diff --git a/-pb3z2w9gDg.txt b/-pb3z2w9gDg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..634bef361c68dea0d370b01184acdcd79e8949d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-pb3z2w9gDg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19212 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what I'm going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this course
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+discuss mostly ideas that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss mostly ideas that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss mostly ideas that are already
+in the book called the emotion machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book called the emotion machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book called the emotion machine
+I'm sorry I used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I used that
+title uh and the older book called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title uh and the older book called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title uh and the older book called The
+Society of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society of
+Mind which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the books are not quite the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the books are not quite the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the books are not quite the same
+they overlap a bit in material but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap a bit in material but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap a bit in material but
+they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of
+complimentary uh I like the old one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary uh I like the old one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary uh I like the old one
+better because the chapters are all one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because the chapters are all one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because the chapters are all one
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+and they're moderately independent so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're moderately independent so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're moderately independent so if
+you don't like one you can skip it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like one you can skip it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like one you can skip it uh
+the new book is much denser and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new book is much denser and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new book is much denser and it has a
+smaller number of long chapters and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of long chapters and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of long chapters and I
+think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+um over the years I got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over the years I got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over the years I got lots of
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+from um young people in high school for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um young people in high school for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um young people in high school for
+example uh almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh almost all of
+whom uh liked the Society of Mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom uh liked the Society of Mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom uh liked the Society of Mind and
+found it easy to read and seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it easy to read and seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it easy to read and seem to
+understand it U there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it U there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it U there are lots of
+criticisms by older people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms by older people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms by older people who
+uh maybe some of them found it harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe some of them found it harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe some of them found it harder to
+put so many fragments together who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put so many fragments together who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put so many fragments together who knows
+but uh most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh most of this
+class most of the things I'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class most of the things I'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class most of the things I'd like to say
+are in those books so it's really like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in those books so it's really like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in those books so it's really like a
+big seminar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big seminar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big seminar and
+I'll uh My Hope Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh My Hope Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh My Hope Is
+that everyone who comes to this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone who comes to this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone who comes to this class
+would have a couple of questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a couple of questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a couple of questions that
+they'd like uh to discuss and if I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like uh to discuss and if I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like uh to discuss and if I can't
+answer them maybe some others if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer them maybe some others if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer them maybe some others if you can
+so I'd like to think of this as a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to think of this as a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to think of this as a super
+seminar and normally I don't prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar and normally I don't prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar and normally I don't prepare
+lectures and uh I just start off asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and uh I just start off asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and uh I just start off asking
+if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any
+questions and if they're not I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and if they're not I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and if they're not I get
+really pissed off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pissed off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pissed off
+because um but anyway I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um but anyway I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um but anyway I'm going to start
+with a series of slides so why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a series of slides so why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a series of slides so why do we
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and
+partly there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly there are a lot of
+problems unlike most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems unlike most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems unlike most
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+uh or kinds of animals humans have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or kinds of animals humans have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or kinds of animals humans have only
+been around a few million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around a few million years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around a few million years
+and uh they're very clever compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they're very clever compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they're very clever compared to
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals but it's not clear how long they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals but it's not clear how long they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals but it's not clear how long they
+will last and when we go we might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will last and when we go we might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will last and when we go we might take
+all the others with us so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others with us so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others with us so there are a
+whole set of serious problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+arising because there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising because there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising because there are so many
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+and here's just a little list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things there's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list in a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in a book
+by the astronomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the astronomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the astronomer
+Royal Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royal Martin
+leas uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leas uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leas uh of
+England anybody know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England anybody know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England anybody know the
+title our final hour yes our final hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title our final hour yes our final hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title our final hour yes our final hour
+it's a slightly scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly scary
+title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+teenager were World War II came to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end with the dropping of two Atomic oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with the dropping of two Atomic oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with the dropping of two Atomic oh
+this is getting terrible two atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting terrible two atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting terrible two atomic
+bombs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Japan and I didn't believe the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and I didn't believe the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and I didn't believe the first one
+was real because it was in heroshima so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was real because it was in heroshima so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was real because it was in heroshima so
+I assumed that the US had somehow made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assumed that the US had somehow made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assumed that the US had somehow made a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+underground underwater tanker with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground underwater tanker with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground underwater tanker with
+20,000 tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 tons of
+TNT and some few grams of radium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TNT and some few grams of radium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TNT and some few grams of radium or
+something and blown it up in the harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and blown it up in the harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and blown it up in the harbor
+and first it it flew an airplane over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first it it flew an airplane over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first it it flew an airplane over
+dropping some little thing and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping some little thing and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping some little thing and this was
+to fool the Japanese into thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fool the Japanese into thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fool the Japanese into thinking that
+we have an atomic bomb um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an atomic bomb um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an atomic bomb um
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+when they did it again over Nagasaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they did it again over Nagasaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they did it again over Nagasaki
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+wasn't feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and when I was in grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school sometimes if I said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school sometimes if I said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school sometimes if I said something
+very bright I would hear a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright I would hear a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright I would hear a teacher
+saying maybe he's another J Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying maybe he's another J Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying maybe he's another J Robert
+Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh that was the name of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was the name of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was the name of a
+scientist who had been head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist who had been head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist who had been head of the
+Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan
+Project and he was I think three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project and he was I think three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project and he was I think three or four
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier in in uh grade school than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in in uh grade school than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in in uh grade school than I
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+and I thought it was very strange for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought it was very strange for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought it was very strange for a
+person to have a first name as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to have a first name as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to have a first name as just
+being a letter rather than a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a letter rather than a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a letter rather than a name
+and uh many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many years
+later when I was at Princeton in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when I was at Princeton in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when I was at Princeton in
+graduate school I met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school I met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school I met
+the Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oppenheimer and that was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer and that was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer and that was a great
+pleasure and in fact he took me to lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure and in fact he took me to lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure and in fact he took me to lunch
+with a couple of other people I admired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of other people I admired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of other people I admired
+namely girdle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely girdle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely girdle and
+Einstein which was very exciting except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein which was very exciting except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein which was very exciting except
+I couldn't understand Einstein because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't understand Einstein because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't understand Einstein because I
+wasn't used to people with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't used to people with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't used to people with a
+strong German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong German
+accent but I understood girdle just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent but I understood girdle just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent but I understood girdle just
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+and after that lunch was over I went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that lunch was over I went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that lunch was over I went and
+spent about a year learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about a year learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about a year learning about
+touring machines and trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines and trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines and trying to prove
+theorems about them and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about them and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about them and so forth so
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in the course of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talks we'll run across a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks we'll run across a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks we'll run across a few of these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and here's a big list of the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a big list of the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a big list of the people that
+I'm mostly indebted to for the ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mostly indebted to for the ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mostly indebted to for the ideas in
+the Society of Mind and the emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Society of Mind and the emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Society of Mind and the emotion
+machine the ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the ones in
+blue are people I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+met it would be nice to have met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aristotle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle because
+uh no one really knows much about him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no one really knows much about him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no one really knows much about him
+but uh you really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you really should
+read just skim through some of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read just skim through some of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read just skim through some of that and
+you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that
+uh this is a really smart guy we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a really smart guy we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a really smart guy we don't
+know if he wrote this stuff or if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if he wrote this stuff or if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if he wrote this stuff or if it
+were compiled by his students like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were compiled by his students like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were compiled by his students like a lot
+of fineman's writing is and Van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fineman's writing is and Van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fineman's writing is and Van
+noyman v Norman's writing is edited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noyman v Norman's writing is edited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noyman v Norman's writing is edited from
+notes by their students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh anyway the astonishing thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway the astonishing thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway the astonishing thing about
+Aristotle is that he seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle is that he seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle is that he seems to be
+slightly more imaginative than most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more imaginative than most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more imaginative than most uh
+cognitive scientists you'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive scientists you'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive scientists you'll run
+into in the present day it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in the present day it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in the present day it would have
+been nice to know Spinosa and Kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nice to know Spinosa and Kant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nice to know Spinosa and Kant
+and uh the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the others
+also Freud wrote 30 or 40 books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so did he fall off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did he fall off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did he fall off this
+list there he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I just made this list the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just made this list the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just made this list the other
+day and I was looking up these people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and I was looking up these people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and I was looking up these people to
+find their birthdays and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their birthdays and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their birthdays and stuff
+yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philosophers because they're religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers because they're religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers because they're religious
+as far as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can
+see well who would you would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well who would you would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well who would you would you say
+Buddha no I mean just Eastern thinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddha no I mean just Eastern thinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddha no I mean just Eastern thinkers
+that name one maybe I never heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them who confusious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them who confusious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them who confusious
+confucious or you know free uh preaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confucious or you know free uh preaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confucious or you know free uh preaching
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+thinkers from China well I only know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers from China well I only know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers from China well I only know of
+them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aphorisms provers single Proverbs but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aphorisms provers single Proverbs but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aphorisms provers single Proverbs but I
+don't know that confucious had a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that confucious had a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that confucious had a theory
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking well I've looked at Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking well I've looked at Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking well I've looked at Buddhist
+theories and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think they would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C+ and one problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C+ and one problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C+ and one problem is
+that there are cultures there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are cultures there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are cultures there's
+something about Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about Greek
+culture because it had science it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture because it had science it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture because it had science it had
+experiments somebody has a theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments somebody has a theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments somebody has a theory and
+they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and like epimenides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like epimenides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like epimenides
+lucretius uh somewhere in the Society of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucretius uh somewhere in the Society of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucretius uh somewhere in the Society of
+mind I think I quoted lucretius about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I think I quoted lucretius about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I think I quoted lucretius about uh
+translucent objects and he says they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translucent objects and he says they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translucent objects and he says they
+they have the particular appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the particular appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the particular appearance
+because the Rays of light bounce many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Rays of light bounce many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Rays of light bounce many
+times before they get to the surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before they get to the surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before they get to the surface so
+you can't tell where they started and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell where they started and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell where they started and I
+don't find in eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find in eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find in eastern
+philosophy theories that say here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy theories that say here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy theories that say here's what
+I think and here's a reason why I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and here's a reason why I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and here's a reason why I've
+looked at Buddhist stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at Buddhist stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at Buddhist stuff
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's strange lists of psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strange lists of psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strange lists of psychological
+principles every one of which is looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles every one of which is looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles every one of which is looks
+pretty wrong and they make nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wrong and they make nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wrong and they make nice uh
+two-dimensional diagrams but no evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional diagrams but no evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional diagrams but no evidence
+for any of them so I don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of them so I don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of them so I don't know whether
+to take it seriously I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it seriously I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it seriously I think
+a having knowledge is from observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a having knowledge is from observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a having knowledge is from observation
+you're right that some really tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that some really tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that some really tested
+because a lot of theology cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of theology cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of theology cannot be
+tested on the other are scientists but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on the other are scientists but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on the other are scientists but
+what can't be tested I mean some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can't be tested I mean some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can't be tested I mean some of
+ideologies probably then why if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologies probably then why if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologies probably then why if they
+can't be tested why should one look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be tested why should one look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be tested why should one look at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice culture can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice culture can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice culture can you
+testure okay I think this is a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testure okay I think this is a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testure okay I think this is a serious
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+it seems to me that science began a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that science began a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that science began a
+little bit in China a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in China a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in China a little bit in
+India uh in the Arabic World they got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India uh in the Arabic World they got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India uh in the Arabic World they got up
+to the middle of high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the middle of high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the middle of high school
+algebra but then what the found well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but then what the found well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but then what the found well but
+it wasn't as good as Archimedes who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't as good as Archimedes who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't as good as Archimedes who got
+to the beginning of calculus so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of calculus so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of calculus so if you
+look at most cultures they never got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at most cultures they never got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at most cultures they never got to
+the critical point of of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point of of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point of of getting
+theories doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories doing
+experiments discussing them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments discussing them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments discussing them and then
+throwing them out and so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing them out and so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing them out and so if you look at
+Buddhist philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist philosophy
+it's 2500 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2500 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2500 years
+old if you look at Greek physics yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old if you look at Greek physics yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old if you look at Greek physics yes
+Archimedes almost got calculus and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes almost got calculus and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes almost got calculus and he
+got lots of nice principles and Buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots of nice principles and Buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots of nice principles and Buddha
+mentions at some point if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions at some point if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions at some point if you want to
+weigh an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh put him in a boat and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put him in a boat and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put him in a boat and then take the
+elephant out and put rocks in till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant out and put rocks in till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant out and put rocks in till the
+boat sinks to the same level so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat sinks to the same level so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat sinks to the same level so there
+you see a good idea but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a good idea but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a good idea but if you look at
+the history of the culture if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the culture if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the culture if people
+still say this thousand year old stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say this thousand year old stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say this thousand year old stuff
+is good then you should say no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good then you should say no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good then you should say no it's not
+by the way story about the elephant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way story about the elephant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way story about the elephant uh
+there's like a story in Chinese history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a story in Chinese history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a story in Chinese history
+that has the same sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same sure I
+mean I don't think maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no the question is why did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the question is why did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the question is why did it
+stop why did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop why did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop why did it
+stop ancient wisdom is generally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop ancient wisdom is generally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop ancient wisdom is generally not
+very good and we shouldn't respect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and we shouldn't respect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good and we shouldn't respect it
+for too long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody no
+everybody no we we got rid of alchemy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody no we we got rid of alchemy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody no we we got rid of alchemy we
+got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh what do you call it what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do you call it what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do you call it what's
+caloric you you you you jump off their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric you you you you jump off their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric you you you you jump off their
+shoulder you don't stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so it's good to know history but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's good to know history but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's good to know history but if
+the history doesn't get anywhere then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history doesn't get anywhere then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history doesn't get anywhere then
+you don't want to admire it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to admire it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to admire it too much
+because you have to ask why did it stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to ask why did it stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to ask why did it stop
+what went wrong and usually it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong and usually it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong and usually it went
+wrong because barbarians came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because barbarians came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because barbarians came in and
+well you know what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know what happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know what happened to
+Archimedes uh some some Roman killed him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes uh some some Roman killed him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes uh some some Roman killed him
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+anyways no it's it's a good it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways no it's it's a good it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways no it's it's a good it's a good
+question why why didn't science happen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why why didn't science happen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why why didn't science happen a
+million years years ago because humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years years ago because humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years years ago because humans
+are 5 million years old so what took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 5 million years old so what took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 5 million years old so what took it
+so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and no it's more sure okay do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no it's more sure okay do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no it's more sure okay do you have a
+theory of why science didn't develop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of why science didn't develop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of why science didn't develop for
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+long in most cultures it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long in most cultures it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long in most cultures it might be
+religion which is a sort of science that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion which is a sort of science that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion which is a sort of science that
+doesn't use evidence and in fact kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use evidence and in fact kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use evidence and in fact kills
+people who try to get it and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who try to get it and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who try to get it and so there
+there systematic reasons why most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there systematic reasons why most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there systematic reasons why most
+cultures failed and uh maybe somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures failed and uh maybe somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures failed and uh maybe somebody
+has written is there a book on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written is there a book on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written is there a book on why
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+disappeared ex except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once a rather remarkable isn't it after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a rather remarkable isn't it after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a rather remarkable isn't it after
+all the idea if somebody says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the idea if somebody says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the idea if somebody says something
+and somebody else says okay let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody else says okay let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody else says okay let's do an
+experiment to see if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to see if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to see if that's
+right you don't have to very be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't have to very be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't have to very be very
+bright so how come it didn't happen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright so how come it didn't happen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright so how come it didn't happen all
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+curious I don't know the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious I don't know the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious I don't know the answer to that
+but I know Paul D has sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know Paul D has sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know Paul D has sort of an
+anecdote about that where he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote about that where he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote about that where he's he's
+speculating even in Europe where it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating even in Europe where it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating even in Europe where it did
+happen was a flu and I think he gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen was a flu and I think he gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen was a flu and I think he gives
+the example of suppose an asteroid or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of suppose an asteroid or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of suppose an asteroid or a
+comet crash in Paris in for what year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comet crash in Paris in for what year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comet crash in Paris in for what year
+1150 or 1200 something then what with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1150 or 1200 something then what with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1150 or 1200 something then what with
+with sign never developed anywhere he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sign never developed anywhere he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sign never developed anywhere he
+just s ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well history is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well history is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well history is full of
+flukes I'm trying to remember who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flukes I'm trying to remember who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flukes I'm trying to remember who wrote
+that nice book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice book about the
+plague some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague some
+woman and she mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and she mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and she mentions
+that uh this was spread by rats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this was spread by rats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this was spread by rats and
+fleas or something and 30 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleas or something and 30 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleas or something and 30 or
+40% of the population of many countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% of the population of many countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% of the population of many countries
+in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe
+died and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and
+uh the Next Generation had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+furniture the standard of living went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture the standard of living went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture the standard of living went
+way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so anyway here's a list of disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go come on and Martin Ree is the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go come on and Martin Ree is the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go come on and Martin Ree is the Royal
+astronomer and has that book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer and has that book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomer and has that book about the
+the last hour or whatever and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last hour or whatever and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last hour or whatever and uh I'm
+making another longer list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making another longer list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making another longer list
+but uh he has lots of obvious disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he has lots of obvious disasters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he has lots of obvious disasters
+like some high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some high school
+student looks looks up the the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student looks looks up the the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student looks looks up the the genetic
+sequence for small pox virus has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for small pox virus has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for small pox virus has been
+published and now you can write a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and now you can write a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and now you can write a list
+of I mean of nuclear tides and send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I mean of nuclear tides and send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I mean of nuclear tides and send it
+somewhere they'll make it for about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere they'll make it for about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere they'll make it for about 50
+cents or a dollar per nucleotide for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents or a dollar per nucleotide for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents or a dollar per nucleotide for so
+for a couple of hundred dollars you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of hundred dollars you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of hundred dollars you can
+make a virus or a few hundred and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a virus or a few hundred and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a virus or a few hundred and so one
+possibility is that some high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that some high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that some high school
+student makes some small pox only gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student makes some small pox only gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student makes some small pox only gets
+it wrong and it kills everyone so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong and it kills everyone so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong and it kills everyone so there
+lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots
+of lots of disasters like that and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of disasters like that and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of disasters like that and no
+one knows what to do about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows what to do about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows what to do about that
+because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+the the DNA synthesis Machinery are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the DNA synthesis Machinery are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the DNA synthesis Machinery are is
+becoming less and less expensive and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming less and less expensive and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming less and less expensive and uh
+probably the average Rich private high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the average Rich private high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the average Rich private high
+school could afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school could afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school could afford
+one um so there are lots of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so there are lots of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so there are lots of other things
+that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one particular
+one is this graph which I just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up um an interesting fact is that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um an interesting fact is that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um an interesting fact is that since
+1950 when the first antibiotics started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 when the first antibiotics started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 when the first antibiotics started
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appear as I mentioned I was a a kid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as I mentioned I was a a kid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as I mentioned I was a a kid in
+the 1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s
+and uh penicillin had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh penicillin had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh penicillin had
+just uh hit the stands and there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh hit the stands and there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh hit the stands and there wasn't
+much of it and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it and there was a
+researcher uh lived a few blocks from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher uh lived a few blocks from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher uh lived a few blocks from us
+whose dog had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose dog had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose dog had
+cancer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and so
+uh its father I don't know what you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its father I don't know what you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its father I don't know what you call
+the owner of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner of a
+dog uh sneaked some penicillin out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog uh sneaked some penicillin out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog uh sneaked some penicillin out of
+the lab and and uh gave it to the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and and uh gave it to the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and and uh gave it to the dog
+who died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died
+anyway but he said well nobody's tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but he said well nobody's tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but he said well nobody's tried
+penicillin on cancer yet maybe it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin on cancer yet maybe it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin on cancer yet maybe it will
+work and uh a lot of people were mad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and uh a lot of people were mad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and uh a lot of people were mad at
+him because he probably cost some human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him because he probably cost some human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him because he probably cost some human
+its life but he said he might have saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its life but he said he might have saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its life but he said he might have saved
+a billion humans their lives so ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion humans their lives so ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion humans their lives so ethics
+ethicists are people who give reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethicists are people who give reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethicists are people who give reasons
+not to do things and I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do things and I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do things and I'm not saying
+they're wrong but it's a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+job so anyway uh since that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so anyway uh since that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so anyway uh since that sort of
+thing happened and Medicine began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happened and Medicine began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happened and Medicine began to
+advance people have been living one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance people have been living one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance people have been living one year
+longer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer every
+12 so it's uh 60 years since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so um that's five of those six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so um that's five of those six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so um that's five of those six
+so they're living six or seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're living six or seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're living six or seven years
+longer now than they were when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer now than they were when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer now than they were when I was
+born and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born and
+uh somebody mentioned that that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody mentioned that that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody mentioned that that curve
+stopped the last few years uh for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped the last few years uh for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped the last few years uh for other
+reasons but uh anyway if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but uh anyway if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but uh anyway if you
+extrapolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolated
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh you find that the lifespan is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you find that the lifespan is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you find that the lifespan is going
+to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep
+increasing how much we don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing how much we don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing how much we don't know um
+another problem is that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that you might
+discover enough about genetics to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover enough about genetics to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover enough about genetics to get
+rid of most of the serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of most of the serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of most of the serious
+diseases maybe just 20 or 30 genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases maybe just 20 or 30 genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases maybe just 20 or 30 genes are
+responsible for most deaths right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for most deaths right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for most deaths right now
+and if you could fix those which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could fix those which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could fix those which we
+can't do yet there's no way to change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do yet there's no way to change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do yet there's no way to change a
+gene in a person because invading all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene in a person because invading all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene in a person because invading all
+the cells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells is
+pretty massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty massive
+intervention but we'll get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention but we'll get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention but we'll get around that
+and then it might be that people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it might be that people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it might be that people will
+suddenly start living 200 or 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly start living 200 or 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly start living 200 or 300
+years now at some point the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now at some point the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now at some point the population
+has to slow down and so you have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to slow down and so you have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to slow down and so you have you can
+only reach equilibrium with one child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reach equilibrium with one child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reach equilibrium with one child
+per family and probably less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per family and probably less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per family and probably less than that
+and so all the work has to be done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the work has to be done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the work has to be done by
+two or 300 year olds and let's hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or 300 year olds and let's hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or 300 year olds and let's hope
+they're good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+healthy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy um
+so anyway I think it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I think it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I think it's very important
+that we get smart robots because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get smart robots because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get smart robots because we're
+going to have to stem the population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to stem the population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to stem the population and
+I hope people will live longer and blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope people will live longer and blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope people will live longer and blah
+blah blah and so these robots have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah and so these robots have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah and so these robots have to be
+smart enough to replace most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to replace most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to replace most
+people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how do you make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you make something
+smart well artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart well artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart well artificial intelligence
+is the field whose goal we has been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the field whose goal we has been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the field whose goal we has been to
+make machines that do things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make machines that do things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make machines that do things that we
+regard as smart or intelligent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard as smart or intelligent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard as smart or intelligent or
+whatever you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and the idea of seriously making machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of seriously making machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of seriously making machine
+smart has roots that go back to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart has roots that go back to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart has roots that go back to a few
+Pioneers like Li nits who wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pioneers like Li nits who wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pioneers like Li nits who wrote about
+autom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autom and
+uh that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that sort of
+thing but the idea of a general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the idea of a general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the idea of a general purpose
+computer didn't appear till the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer didn't appear till the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer didn't appear till the 1930s
+and 40s in some sense the first form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40s in some sense the first form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40s in some sense the first form of
+the general purpose computer appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general purpose computer appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general purpose computer appears in
+really in the 1920s and 30s with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the 1920s and 30s with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the 1920s and 30s with the
+work of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of a
+mathematician who AML post at NYU who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician who AML post at NYU who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician who AML post at NYU who I
+happen to never meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to never meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to never meet
+uh but we had some friends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we had some friends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we had some friends in
+common and uh he had the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and uh he had the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and uh he had the idea of
+production rules and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rules and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rules and basically
+rule-based systems and prove various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-based systems and prove various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-based systems and prove various
+theorems about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about
+them uh then Kurt girdle uh showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh then Kurt girdle uh showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh then Kurt girdle uh showed that
+if you had something like a computer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had something like a computer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had something like a computer or
+a procedure that uh had the right kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure that uh had the right kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure that uh had the right kinds
+of rules it could compute all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules it could compute all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules it could compute all sorts of
+things but there were some things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but there were some things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but there were some things it
+couldn't compute unsolvable problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't compute unsolvable problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't compute unsolvable problems and
+that became an exciting branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became an exciting branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became an exciting branch of
+mathematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and
+the uh the star thinker in that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the star thinker in that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the star thinker in that field
+was Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Alan
+during who invented a very simple kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during who invented a very simple kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during who invented a very simple kind
+of universal general purpose computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of universal general purpose computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of universal general purpose computer
+instead of a random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a random access
+memory it just had a tape which it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it just had a tape which it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it just had a tape which it could
+write on and read and change symbols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on and read and change symbols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on and read and change symbols and
+we go back and forth and if it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and forth and if it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and forth and if it's in
+state X at C symbol y it will print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state X at C symbol y it will print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state X at C symbol y it will print
+symbol Z over The X and move to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol Z over The X and move to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol Z over The X and move to the left
+or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right
+and just a bunch of rules like that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a bunch of rules like that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a bunch of rules like that were
+enough to make a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make a universal
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from about
+1936 it was sort of clear to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1936 it was sort of clear to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1936 it was sort of clear to a large
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+community that these were great things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that these were great things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that these were great things
+and a couple of general purpose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of general purpose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of general purpose like
+computers very simple ones were built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers very simple ones were built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers very simple ones were built in
+the 1930s and more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s and more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s and more in the
+1940s and in the 1950s big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and in the 1950s big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and in the 1950s big companies
+started to make big computers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were rooms full of equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rooms full of equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rooms full of equipment
+and but as you know most programs could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but as you know most programs could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but as you know most programs could
+only do some particular thing and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do some particular thing and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do some particular thing and none
+of them were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were very
+smart um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart um
+whereas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a
+human can handle lots of kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human can handle lots of kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human can handle lots of kinds of
+situations and if you have one that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and if you have one that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and if you have one that that
+you've never seen before there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never seen before there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never seen before there's a good
+chance you'll think of a new way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you'll think of a new way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you'll think of a new way to deal
+with that and so forth and so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and so forth and so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and so forth and so how do you
+make a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a machine
+that doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't get
+stuck almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck almost all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and I like to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resourcefulness although I left an R out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourcefulness although I left an R out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourcefulness although I left an R out
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is there a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word so here's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example my favorite example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example my favorite example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example my favorite example of
+uh situation where a person is born more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation where a person is born more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation where a person is born more
+or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+with a dozen different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dozen different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dozen different ways
+of dealing with something and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with something and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with something and the
+problem that I imagine that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I imagine that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I imagine that you're
+dealing with is this my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is this my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is this my favorite
+example is I'm thirsty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is I'm thirsty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is I'm thirsty
+so I see that glass of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see that glass of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see that glass of water
+and I do that and get it actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+am on the other hand if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I would never in a whole lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would never in a whole lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would never in a whole lifetime
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you never walk out a window by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you never walk out a window by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you never walk out a window by
+mistake a we're incredibly reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake a we're incredibly reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake a we're incredibly reliable
+so uh how do I know how far it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how do I know how far it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how do I know how far it is and
+that slide shows you 12 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide shows you 12 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide shows you 12 different
+ways that your vision system that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that your vision system that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that your vision system that's only
+your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vision
+system has to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to measure
+distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+so gradients if things are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gradients if things are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gradients if things are sort of
+blurry then they must be pretty far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry then they must be pretty far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry then they must be pretty far away
+that's sort of on a foggy day outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of on a foggy day outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of on a foggy day outside
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh here's a situation if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a situation if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a situation if you assume
+those are both chairs of the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both chairs of the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both chairs of the same size
+and you know that this chair is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that this chair is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that this chair is about
+twice as far away as that although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as far away as that although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as far away as that although you
+don't well and you know how far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't well and you know how far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't well and you know how far away
+they are pretty much by the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size if you have two eyes that work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you have two eyes that work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you have two eyes that work well
+then if something is less than 30 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if something is less than 30 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if something is less than 30 ft
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+you can make a pretty good estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a pretty good estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a pretty good estimate of
+its distance by focusing both eyes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance by focusing both eyes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance by focusing both eyes on
+some feature and your brain can tell how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feature and your brain can tell how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feature and your brain can tell how
+far apart your eyes are looking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart your eyes are looking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart your eyes are looking so
+that's there's 12 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's 12 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's 12 different
+things it's more than you need uh lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's more than you need uh lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's more than you need uh lots
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+people are missing half of those uh lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are missing half of those uh lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are missing half of those uh lots
+of people have very poor vision in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have very poor vision in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have very poor vision in one
+eye uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye uh
+some people cannot fuse stereo images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people cannot fuse stereo images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people cannot fuse stereo images
+even though both eyes are seem have 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though both eyes are seem have 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though both eyes are seem have 2020
+Vision uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision uh
+and in some cases nobody knows why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases nobody knows why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases nobody knows why they
+can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do
+that I think I once took a test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I once took a test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I once took a test for
+being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a
+pilot and they wanted to be sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot and they wanted to be sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot and they wanted to be sure you
+could do stereo Vision which seemed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do stereo Vision which seemed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do stereo Vision which seemed very
+strange because if you're an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange because if you're an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange because if you're an airplane
+and you're less less than 30 or 40 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're less less than 30 or 40 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're less less than 30 or 40 ft
+away from something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too then yes you can't use stereo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too then yes you can't use stereo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too then yes you can't use stereo you
+could use stereo but it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+late so anyway that's interesting I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late so anyway that's interesting I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late so anyway that's interesting I see
+if you can think of an example where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of an example where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of an example where a
+person has even more 12 of these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has even more 12 of these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has even more 12 of these but
+it's pretty amazing isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty amazing isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty amazing isn't
+it that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's more
+redundancy this is too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+but somehow I found in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow I found in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow I found in an
+Aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essay the idea that you should represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay the idea that you should represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay the idea that you should represent
+things in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in multiple
+ways you might describe a house one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you might describe a house one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you might describe a house one
+person might describe a house as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might describe a house as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person might describe a house as a
+shelter against destruction by wind rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter against destruction by wind rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter against destruction by wind rain
+and heat another might describe it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat another might describe it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat another might describe it as a
+construction of stones bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of stones bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of stones bricks and
+Timbers but a third possible description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timbers but a third possible description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timbers but a third possible description
+would say it was in that form in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it was in that form in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it was in that form in that
+material with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with that
+purpose so you see there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose so you see there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose so you see there's two different
+descriptions one is the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions one is the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions one is the functional
+description it's a shelter the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's a shelter the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's a shelter the second
+one is a structural description how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a structural description how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a structural description how it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+made and Aristotle says which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and Aristotle says which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and Aristotle says which is the
+better description and he dismisses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better description and he dismisses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better description and he dismisses the
+material one or the functional one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material one or the functional one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material one or the functional one is
+not rather the person who combines both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rather the person who combines both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rather the person who combines both
+in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then I
+found a paragraph by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a paragraph by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a paragraph by
+Fineman who says every theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fineman who says every theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fineman who says every theoretical
+physicist who is any good knows six or s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist who is any good knows six or s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist who is any good knows six or s
+seven different ways to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different ways to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different ways to represent
+exactly the same physics and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same physics and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same physics and you know
+that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all
+equivalent and uh but you keep them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and uh but you keep them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and uh but you keep them all
+in your head hoping that they will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head hoping that they will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head hoping that they will give
+you different ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different ideas for
+guessing guessing I should put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+that whole argument is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole argument is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole argument is to say that
+um the interesting thing about people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the interesting thing about people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the interesting thing about people is
+that they have so many ways to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have so many ways to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have so many ways to do things
+and perceive things and think of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perceive things and think of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perceive things and think of things
+and in some cases we even know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases we even know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases we even know that
+there are different parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different parts of the brain
+that are involved in one aspect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in one aspect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in one aspect or
+another of constructing those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of constructing those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of constructing those different
+representations or descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations or descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations or descriptions
+if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one of my favorite books weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of my favorite books weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of my favorite books weighs
+about 20 pounds it's the book on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 pounds it's the book on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 pounds it's the book on the
+nervous system by candle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz
+and the index to that book is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the index to that book is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the index to that book is quite a
+lot of pages long and it mentions 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pages long and it mentions 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pages long and it mentions 400
+different structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain so the brain is not like the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so the brain is not like the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so the brain is not like the well
+I shouldn't make fun of the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't make fun of the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't make fun of the liver
+because for all I know the liver has 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for all I know the liver has 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for all I know the liver has 400
+different uh mini processes for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh mini processes for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh mini processes for doing
+things but the brain has distinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the brain has distinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the brain has distinguishable
+areas that seem to perform several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that seem to perform several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that seem to perform several
+hundred different functions and uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred different functions and uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred different functions and uh with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+microscope that at first they all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope that at first they all look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope that at first they all look
+pretty much the same but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same but if you look
+closely you see different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely you see different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely you see different
+slightly different patterns of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different patterns of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different patterns of how the
+most layers of the cortex of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most layers of the cortex of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most layers of the cortex of the brain
+most parts of it have six layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most parts of it have six layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most parts of it have six layers and
+each has a population of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each has a population of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each has a population of different kinds
+of cells there are a lot of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells there are a lot of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells there are a lot of cross
+connections up and down and sideways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections up and down and sideways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections up and down and sideways to
+other they're arrang in Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're arrang in Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're arrang in Columns of
+between 400 and a thousand cells and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 400 and a thousand cells and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 400 and a thousand cells and you
+have a couple of million of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple of million of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple of million of those and
+there are lots of differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of differences between
+the columns in different areas and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns in different areas and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns in different areas and we
+know some of the functions most cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of the functions most cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of the functions most cases we
+don't know much about how any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know much about how any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know much about how any of them
+actually work with the main exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work with the main exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work with the main exception of
+vision where the functions of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision where the functions of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision where the functions of the cells
+in the visual cortex are fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual cortex are fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual cortex are fairly well
+understood at low levels so we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood at low levels so we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood at low levels so we know how
+that part of the brain finds the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the brain finds the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the brain finds the edges
+and boundaries of of different areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boundaries of of different areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boundaries of of different areas and
+textures and regions of the visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures and regions of the visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures and regions of the visual field
+but we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do not
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh even a little bit about how the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even a little bit about how the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even a little bit about how the brain
+recognizes something as a chair and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes something as a chair and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes something as a chair and an
+overhead projector and a CRT screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead projector and a CRT screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead projector and a CRT screen
+and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the kind of question that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kind of question that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kind of question that I got
+interested in was how can you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in was how can you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in was how can you have a
+system which has a very large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which has a very large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which has a very large number of
+different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+computers Each of which by itself might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers Each of which by itself might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers Each of which by itself might
+be relatively simple or might not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relatively simple or might not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relatively simple or might not I
+suppose and how could you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and how could you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and how could you put them
+together into a larger system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a larger system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a larger system which
+could do things like learn language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do things like learn language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do things like learn language and
+uh prove theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prove theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prove theorems
+and convince people to do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convince people to do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convince people to do things that
+they would never have dreamed of doing 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would never have dreamed of doing 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would never have dreamed of doing 5
+minutes earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes earlier
+and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now the first sort of things I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the first sort of things I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the first sort of things I was
+interested in was in fact how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make how to simulate simple kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make how to simulate simple kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make how to simulate simple kinds of
+nerve cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve cells
+because in the 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the 19
+1950s there was about almost a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s there was about almost a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s there was about almost a hundred
+years really more like 50 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years really more like 50 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years really more like 50 years of
+science discovering things about neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science discovering things about neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science discovering things about neurons
+and nerve cells the axons and dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nerve cells the axons and dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nerve cells the axons and dendrites
+that they use to communicate with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use to communicate with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use to communicate with other
+neurons so if you go back to 1890 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so if you go back to 1890 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so if you go back to 1890 you
+find a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a few
+anatomists discovering some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists discovering some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists discovering some of the
+functions of or connections of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of or connections of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of or connections of neurons
+in the brain and you find a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and you find a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and you find a few
+experimental physicists there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicists there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicists there was no
+oscilloscope yet but there were very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope yet but there were very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope yet but there were very uh
+High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High
+Gain galvanometers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gain galvanometers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gain galvanometers which
+could which could detect pulse pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could which could detect pulse pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could which could detect pulse pulses
+going along a nerve fiber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along a nerve fiber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along a nerve fiber and
+uh by 1900 it was pretty clear that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by 1900 it was pretty clear that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by 1900 it was pretty clear that part
+part of the activity in a nerve cell was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the activity in a nerve cell was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the activity in a nerve cell was
+chemical and part was electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and part was electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and part was electrical
+and by 1920 or 30 with the cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by 1920 or 30 with the cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by 1920 or 30 with the cathode ray
+tube appearing mostly because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube appearing mostly because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube appearing mostly because of
+Television but um it became possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television but um it became possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television but um it became possible to
+do a lot of neurophysiology by sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of neurophysiology by sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of neurophysiology by sticking
+needles in brains the vacuum tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needles in brains the vacuum tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needles in brains the vacuum tube
+appears around 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears around 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears around 1900
+or and you can make amplifi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and you can make amplifi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and you can make amplifi
+that can see molts and then microvolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can see molts and then microvolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can see molts and then microvolts
+so in the beginning of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the beginning of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the beginning of the 20th century
+there was lots of progress by 1950 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was lots of progress by 1950 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was lots of progress by 1950 we
+knew a lot about the nervous system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a lot about the nervous system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a lot about the nervous system but
+we still don't know much about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't know much about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't know much about how you
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+something uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh in the
+brain it's quite clear that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain it's quite clear that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain it's quite clear that the things
+called synapses are involved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called synapses are involved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called synapses are involved the
+connections between two neurons become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between two neurons become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between two neurons become
+better at conducting nerve impulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at conducting nerve impulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at conducting nerve impulses
+under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but no one knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one knows
+how higher level knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how higher level knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how higher level knowledge is
+represented in the brain yet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the brain yet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the brain yet and the
+Society of Mind book had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society of Mind book had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society of Mind book had a lot of
+theories about that and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about that and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about that and in particular
+there was a theory called K lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a theory called K lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a theory called K lines
+knowledge lines or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge lines or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge lines or something
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+came partly from me and partly from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came partly from me and partly from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came partly from me and partly from a
+couple of other researchers named David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other researchers named David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other researchers named David
+Waltz and Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waltz and Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waltz and Jordan
+poag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's a sort of nice theory of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a sort of nice theory of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a sort of nice theory of how
+neural networks might remember higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks might remember higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks might remember higher
+level Concepts and for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level Concepts and for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level Concepts and for some reason
+although that's that kind of work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's that kind of work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's that kind of work is
+from around 1980 which is 30 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around 1980 which is 30 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around 1980 which is 30 years ago
+it has not hit the Neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has not hit the Neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has not hit the Neuroscience
+community so if you look at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so if you look at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so if you look at the at the
+emotion machine book or the Society of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion machine book or the Society of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion machine book or the Society of
+Mind in Amazon you might run across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mind in Amazon you might run across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mind in Amazon you might run across a
+review by a a neurologist named Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by a a neurologist named Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by a a neurologist named Richard
+restack who says that uh Minsky makes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restack who says that uh Minsky makes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restack who says that uh Minsky makes up
+a lot of Concepts like Kines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Concepts like Kines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Concepts like Kines and
+micronemes and stuff like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micronemes and stuff like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micronemes and stuff like that that
+nobody's ever heard of and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's ever heard of and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's ever heard of and there's no
+evidence for them any he ignores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for them any he ignores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for them any he ignores the
+possibility that it isn't the nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that it isn't the nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that it isn't the nerve
+cells in the brain that are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the brain that are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the brain that are important
+but the supporting tissues called glea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the supporting tissues called glea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the supporting tissues called glea
+which hold the neurons up and feed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hold the neurons up and feed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hold the neurons up and feed them
+and he goes on for a couple of insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paragraphs it's very interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs it's very interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs it's very interesting because
+it doesn't occur to him that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't occur to him that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't occur to him that you can't
+look for something until you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for something until you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for something until you have the
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+it and so here's the this 30-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so here's the this 30-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so here's the this 30-year-old
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+Kines and go and ask your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kines and go and ask your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kines and go and ask your favorite
+neurologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neuroscientist what it is and he said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist what it is and he said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist what it is and he said oh
+I think that's some AI thing but where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's some AI thing but where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's some AI thing but where's
+the evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what do you suppose is my reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that who's supposed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evidence so it seems to me that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence so it seems to me that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence so it seems to me that there's
+a strange field in Neuroscience which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strange field in Neuroscience which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strange field in Neuroscience which is
+that it doesn't want new ideas unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't want new ideas unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't want new ideas unless
+you've proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so I try to have conversations with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I try to have conversations with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I try to have conversations with them
+but get somewhat tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but get somewhat tired of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but get somewhat tired of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway but in this course I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but in this course I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but in this course I'm taking the
+opposite approach which is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite approach which is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite approach which is that uh we
+don't want a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want a theory of
+thinking we want a lot of them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we want a lot of them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we want a lot of them because
+probably psychology is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably psychology is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably psychology is not like
+physics what's the most wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics what's the most wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics what's the most wonderful thing
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+physics most wonderful thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they have unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have unified
+theories there wasn't much of a unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories there wasn't much of a unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories there wasn't much of a unified
+theory until Newton and he got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory until Newton and he got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory until Newton and he got these
+three laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three laws
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws
+uh one was the gravitational idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one was the gravitational idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one was the gravitational idea that
+that things bodies attract each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things bodies attract each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things bodies attract each other
+with a force that's the inverse square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a force that's the inverse square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a force that's the inverse square
+of the distance between them another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance between them another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance between them another is
+that uh kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh kinetic energy is
+conserved I forget what the third one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved I forget what the third one oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved I forget what the third one oh
+equal reaction is equal and opposites if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal reaction is equal and opposites if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal reaction is equal and opposites if
+you hit some if two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit some if two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit some if two things
+Collide they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide they
+transfer equal amount of momentum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer equal amount of momentum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer equal amount of momentum to
+both there was a little problem up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both there was a little problem up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both there was a little problem up to
+Newton's time Galileo got some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's time Galileo got some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's time Galileo got some of those
+ideas and my impression from Reading him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and my impression from Reading him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and my impression from Reading him
+is that he has a dim idea that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that he has a dim idea that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that he has a dim idea that there are
+two things around there's kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things around there's kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things around there's kinetic energy
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+MV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV and
+there's whoops momentum is MV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's whoops momentum is MV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's whoops momentum is MV and
+there's kinetic energy which is MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kinetic energy which is MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kinetic energy which is MV
+squared and he doesn't have the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and he doesn't have the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and he doesn't have the clear
+idea that there are two different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there are two different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there are two different things
+here and you can't blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can't blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can't blame
+him I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I would
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+what you wouldn't think that two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wouldn't think that two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wouldn't think that two two
+quantities would combine in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities would combine in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities would combine in two
+different ways to make two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to make two important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to make two important
+different concepts well that got clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts well that got clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts well that got clear
+to Newton somehow and Galileo is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Newton somehow and Galileo is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Newton somehow and Galileo is a bit
+muddled although Al though he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddled although Al though he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddled although Al though he gets
+almost all the consequences of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the consequences of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the consequences of those
+things right but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't get the orbits and things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get the orbits and things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get the orbits and things to
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+well anyway what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway what's
+happened in artificial intelligence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in artificial intelligence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in artificial intelligence like
+most Fields is that people said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Fields is that people said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Fields is that people said well
+let's try to understand thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to understand thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to understand thinking and
+psychology and let's use physics as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and let's use physics as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and let's use physics as our
+model and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so
+what we want is to get a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is to get a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is to get a very small
+number of universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of universal
+laws and a lot of psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and a lot of psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and a lot of psychologists
+struggled around to do that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled around to do that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled around to do that and then
+they gradually separated so that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gradually separated so that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gradually separated so that there
+were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some
+psychologists like Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists like Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists like Bill
+eses who worked out some very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eses who worked out some very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eses who worked out some very nice
+mathematical rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical rules for
+reinforcement-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement-based
+learning got a simple rule if you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning got a simple rule if you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning got a simple rule if you design
+find an experiment right it predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an experiment right it predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an experiment right it predicted
+pretty well how many trials it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well how many trials it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well how many trials it would
+take a rat or a pigeon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a rat or a pigeon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a rat or a pigeon or
+a dog or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dog or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dog or
+whatever to uh learn a certain thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to uh learn a certain thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to uh learn a certain thing
+from trial and error and SD's got a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trial and error and SD's got a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trial and error and SD's got a set
+of four or five rules which looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four or five rules which looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four or five rules which looked like
+Newton's laws and if you designed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws and if you designed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws and if you designed your
+experiment very carefully and shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment very carefully and shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment very carefully and shielded
+the animal from noise and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal from noise and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal from noise and everything
+else which is what a physicist would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else which is what a physicist would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else which is what a physicist would do
+for a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a physics
+experiment uh the reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh the reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh the reinforcement
+theories got some pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh models of how to make a machine learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh models of how to make a machine learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh models of how to make a machine learn
+but they weren't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+um so here's a whole list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a whole list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a whole list
+of things that happened in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happened in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happened in the early
+years of cognitive psychology when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of cognitive psychology when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of cognitive psychology when
+people were trying to make theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were trying to make theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were trying to make theories of
+thinking and they were imitating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and they were imitating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and they were imitating the
+physicists by physics Envy to borrow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists by physics Envy to borrow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists by physics Envy to borrow a
+term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of
+Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud
+there the idea is can you find a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the idea is can you find a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the idea is can you find a few
+simple rules that will apply to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rules that will apply to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rules that will apply to very
+broad classes of psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad classes of psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad classes of psychological
+phenomena and this led to very various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and this led to very various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and this led to very various
+kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projects uh lots of neural network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh lots of neural network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh lots of neural network and
+reinforcement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement and
+statistical based methods led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical based methods led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical based methods led to
+learning machines that were pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning machines that were pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning machines that were pretty good
+at Learning in some kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Learning in some kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Learning in some kinds of
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+but and they're becoming very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and they're becoming very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and they're becoming very popular
+but I don't like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't like them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't like them
+because if you have a lot lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a lot lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a lot lot of
+variables like 50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like 50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like 50 or
+100 then to use a probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 then to use a probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 then to use a probabilistic
+analysis you have to think of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you have to think of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you have to think of all
+combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those
+variables because if two of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because if two of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because if two of them are
+combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined
+in something like a exclusive or Manor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something like a exclusive or Manor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something like a exclusive or Manor
+um you know I I just put the light pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I I just put the light pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I I just put the light pen
+in a pocket it's either in a left pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pocket it's either in a left pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pocket it's either in a left pocket
+or a right pocket can't be both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a right pocket can't be both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a right pocket can't be both uh
+that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an
+exor uh that will cause a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor uh that will cause a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor uh that will cause a lot of trouble
+to a learning machine and if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a learning machine and if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a learning machine and if there are
+100 variables there's no way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 variables there's no way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 variables there's no way you could
+decide which of the two to the 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which of the two to the 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which of the two to the 100th
+Boolean combinations of those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean combinations of those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean combinations of those variables
+you should think about and so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about and so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about and so lots of
+statistical learning systems are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning systems are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning systems are good
+for lots of applications but they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of applications but they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of applications but they just
+won't cut it to solve hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cut it to solve hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cut it to solve hard problems
+where the hypothesis is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the hypothesis is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the hypothesis is a little bit
+complicated and has seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and has seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and has seven or eight
+variables with complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with complicated
+interactions so um most statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so um most statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so um most statistical
+learning people assume that if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning people assume that if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning people assume that if you get a
+lot of partial ones then you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of partial ones then you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of partial ones then you can look
+for combinations of ones that have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for combinations of ones that have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for combinations of ones that have high
+correlations with with uh the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations with with uh the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations with with uh the result
+then you can start combining them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start combining them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start combining them and
+things get better and better however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get better and better however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get better and better however
+ever if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever if the
+uh mathematically if an effect you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mathematically if an effect you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mathematically if an effect you're
+looking for depends on the exclusive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for depends on the exclusive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for depends on the exclusive or
+of several variables there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several variables there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several variables there's no way to
+approach that by successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that by successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that by successive
+approximations if any one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations if any one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations if any one of the
+variables is missing there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is missing there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is missing there won't be any
+correlation of the Phenomenon with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of the Phenomenon with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of the Phenomenon with the
+others anyway that's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others anyway that's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others anyway that's a long
+story um but I think it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um but I think it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um but I think it's worth
+complaining about because almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about because almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about because almost all
+young people who start working on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people who start working on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people who start working on on
+artificial intelligence look around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence look around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence look around and
+say What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say What's
+popular statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular statistical
+learning so I'll do that that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so I'll do that that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so I'll do that that's exactly
+the way to kill yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to kill yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to kill yourself
+scientifically you don't want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically you don't want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically you don't want to get the
+most popular thing you want to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular thing you want to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular thing you want to see what
+am I really good at that's different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I really good at that's different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I really good at that's different and
+what are the chances that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the chances that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the chances that that would
+provide another thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide another thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide another thing so
+you well end of end of long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well end of end of long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well end of end of long
+speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech
+U another problem in the last 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U another problem in the last 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U another problem in the last 30 years
+and I'm I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm sort
+of as you'll see during my lectures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as you'll see during my lectures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as you'll see during my lectures I
+think a lot of wonderful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of wonderful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of wonderful things
+happened between 1950 when the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened between 1950 when the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened between 1950 when the idea of
+AI first got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI first got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI first got
+articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated
+1950s and then uh the 20 years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and then uh the 20 years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and then uh the 20 years after
+after that from 1960 to 1980 a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that from 1960 to 1980 a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that from 1960 to 1980 a lot of
+early experiments and I'll show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early experiments and I'll show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early experiments and I'll show you some
+of them um looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them um looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them um looked very
+promising in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact they may be here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1961 Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 Jim
+slagel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a young graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young graduate student
+here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT he was
+blind uh he had gotten some retinal de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind uh he had gotten some retinal de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind uh he had gotten some retinal de
+degeneration thing in his first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration thing in his first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration thing in his first second
+year of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of high
+school he was told that he would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school he was told that he would lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school he was told that he would lose
+all his vision and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his vision and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his vision and there was no
+treatment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or
+hope so he learned brail while he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope so he learned brail while he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope so he learned brail while he could
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+see and when he got to MIT he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and when he got to MIT he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and when he got to MIT he was
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+blind but there was a nice big parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind but there was a nice big parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind but there was a nice big parking
+lot in Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in Technology
+Square and he would ride a bicycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and he would ride a bicycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and he would ride a bicycle and
+people like susman and Winston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like susman and Winston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like susman and Winston and
+whoever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever was
+around would yell at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around would yell at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around would yell at
+him telling him where the next obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him telling him where the next obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him telling him where the next obstacle
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+and uh Jim got better and better at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Jim got better and better at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Jim got better and better at that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh nothing would stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nothing would stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nothing would stop
+him and he decided he would write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he decided he would write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he decided he would write a
+program that oh I wrote a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that oh I wrote a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that oh I wrote a program that
+would take any formula and find his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take any formula and find his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take any formula and find his
+derivative was really easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative was really easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative was really easy because
+they're just about five rules like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just about five rules like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just about five rules like if
+there's a product UV then you compute U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a product UV then you compute U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a product UV then you compute U
+times the derivative of v and plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of v and plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of v and plus v
+time you know udv plus vdu so I wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know udv plus vdu so I wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know udv plus vdu so I wrote a
+20 line list program that did all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 line list program that did all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 line list program that did all the
+algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+expressions and what it would do is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and what it would do is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and what it would do is put
+D's in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's in and
+then at the right place and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the right place and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the right place and then it
+would go back through the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go back through the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go back through the expression
+again wherever it saw a d it would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again wherever it saw a d it would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again wherever it saw a d it would do
+the derivative of the thing after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the thing after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the thing after that
+and nothing to it so slagel said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing to it so slagel said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing to it so slagel said well
+I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do
+integrals and we all said well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we all said well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we all said well that's
+very hard nobody knows how to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard nobody knows how to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard nobody knows how to do it and
+in fact in Providence at the uh home of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in Providence at the uh home of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in Providence at the uh home of
+the American mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American mathematical
+Society there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society there is a
+big Library called the baitman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Library called the baitman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Library called the baitman
+manuscript project which has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript project which has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript project which has been
+collecting all known integrals for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all known integrals for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all known integrals for a
+hundred years and when everybody when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years and when everybody when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years and when everybody when
+anybody finds a new integral that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody finds a new integral that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody finds a new integral that they
+can integrate in closed form they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate in closed form they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate in closed form they send
+uh the formulas to the baitman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the formulas to the baitman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the formulas to the baitman
+manuscript project and uh some hackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript project and uh some hackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript project and uh some hackers
+there were had developed ways to index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were had developed ways to index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were had developed ways to index
+it so if you had an integral and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you had an integral and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you had an integral and you
+didn't know how to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you could look at up that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you could look at up that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you could look at up that was pretty
+big I should say that slagel succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I should say that slagel succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I should say that slagel succeeded
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh writing a program that managed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writing a program that managed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writing a program that managed to do
+all of the kinds of integrals that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the kinds of integrals that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the kinds of integrals that one
+usually found on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually found on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually found on
+uh the first year calculus course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first year calculus course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first year calculus course at
+MIT and got an A in those couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and got an A in those couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and got an A in those couldn't do
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and the uncan thing is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the uncan thing is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the uncan thing is that if
+it was a problem that usually took a MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a problem that usually took a MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a problem that usually took a MIT
+student five or 10 minutes slagel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student five or 10 minutes slagel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student five or 10 minutes slagel's
+program would take five or 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program would take five or 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program would take five or 10 minutes
+it's running on a IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running on a IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running on a IBM
+701 with uh 20 millisecond cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+701 with uh 20 millisecond cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+701 with uh 20 millisecond cycle time
+it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly
+slow you can type almost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow you can type almost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow you can type almost that
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and 16k of words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 16k of words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 16k of words of
+memory so there's no significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so there's no significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so there's no significance
+whatever to the this accident of time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to the this accident of time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to the this accident of time it
+would now take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would now take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would now take a
+microsc or so be 100 million time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc or so be 100 million time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc or so be 100 million time
+thousand million times faster than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand million times faster than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand million times faster than a
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+uh quite remarkable I don't have a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite remarkable I don't have a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite remarkable I don't have a slide
+uh Joel Moses then uh SEL went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Joel Moses then uh SEL went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Joel Moses then uh SEL went and
+graduated Joel Moses this was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated Joel Moses this was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated Joel Moses this was another
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+who is he provos now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is he provos now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is he provos now or
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+what he got tired of it a terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he got tired of it a terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he got tired of it a terrific
+student and he set up a project called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and he set up a project called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and he set up a project called
+Maxima for project Mac symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima for project Mac symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima for project Mac symbolic
+something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or
+algebra and uh got people uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and uh got people uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and uh got people uh several
+people all over the country working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over the country working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over the country working on
+integration and at some point a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and at some point a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and at some point a couple
+of them Bobby cavaness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them Bobby cavaness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them Bobby cavaness
+and forget the other one found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget the other one found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget the other one found a
+procedure that could in fact integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that could in fact integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that could in fact integrate
+everything every algebraic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every algebraic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every algebraic expression
+that has a can be integrated in closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a can be integrated in closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a can be integrated in closed
+form I forget the couple of constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I forget the couple of constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I forget the couple of constraints
+on it and uh that became a widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and uh that became a widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and uh that became a widely used
+system It ultimately got replaced by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system It ultimately got replaced by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system It ultimately got replaced by uh
+Steven wolfram's Mathematica but Maxima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven wolfram's Mathematica but Maxima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven wolfram's Mathematica but Maxima
+was sort of the world class symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of the world class symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of the world class symbolic
+mathematician for quite a few years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Moses mentioned to me he had read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Moses mentioned to me he had read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Moses mentioned to me he had read
+slagel's program thesis and it took him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slagel's program thesis and it took him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slagel's program thesis and it took him
+a couple of weeks to understand the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks to understand the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks to understand the two
+pages of or three pages of lisp that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of or three pages of lisp that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of or three pages of lisp that uh
+slagel had written because um being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slagel had written because um being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slagel had written because um being
+blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind
+slagel had tried to get the thing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slagel had tried to get the thing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slagel had tried to get the thing into
+as compact a form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but that's
+symbolic it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic it's too
+easy here's an more ambitious one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here's an more ambitious one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here's an more ambitious one which
+was three years later Dan babro who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three years later Dan babro who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three years later Dan babro who is
+now a vice president doing something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a vice president doing something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a vice president doing something at
+Xerox and it solved problems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox and it solved problems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox and it solved problems like this
+the gas consumption of my car is 15 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas consumption of my car is 15 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas consumption of my car is 15 m
+per gallon the distance between Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gallon the distance between Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gallon the distance between Boston
+and New York is 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New York is 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New York is 250
+miles what is the number of gallons used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles what is the number of gallons used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles what is the number of gallons used
+on a trip between Boston and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a trip between Boston and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a trip between Boston and New
+York and it Chomps away and solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it has about a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has about a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has about a 100
+rules it doesn't really know what any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules it doesn't really know what any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules it doesn't really know what any of
+those words mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words mean
+but uh it thinks that the word is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it thinks that the word is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it thinks that the word is is
+equals the distance between doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the distance between doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the distance between doesn't care
+what Boston and New York is it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Boston and New York is it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Boston and New York is it has a
+format thing which says the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format thing which says the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format thing which says the distance
+between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+things and uh it never bothers to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh it never bothers to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh it never bothers to you
+see because the phrase Boston and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because the phrase Boston and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because the phrase Boston and New
+York occurs twice in the example it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York occurs twice in the example it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York occurs twice in the example it just
+replaces that by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces that by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces that by some
+symbol it was fairly remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it was fairly remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it was fairly remarkable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+generally if you had an algebra problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if you had an algebra problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if you had an algebra problem
+and you told it to barro barro could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you told it to barro barro could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you told it to barro barro could
+type something in and it would solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type something in and it would solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type something in and it would solve it
+if you typed it in uh it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you typed it in uh it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you typed it in uh it probably
+wouldn't but it was you know it had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't but it was you know it had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't but it was you know it had more
+than half a chance or less about half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half a chance or less about half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half a chance or less about half a
+chance so it was pretty good and uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance so it was pretty good and uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance so it was pretty good and uh if
+you look at an outof print book I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at an outof print book I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at an outof print book I wrote
+called I wild called semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I wild called semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I wild called semantic
+information processing most of Barro's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing most of Barro's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing most of Barro's
+program is in that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1964 I'll skip winegrad which is perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 I'll skip winegrad which is perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 I'll skip winegrad which is perhaps
+the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting
+program this was a program where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this was a program where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this was a program where you
+could talk to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk to a
+robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I don't have a good picture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have a good picture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have a good picture in the
+slide but there they're a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but there they're a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but there they're a bunch of
+blocks of different colors they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of different colors they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of different colors they're all
+cubes in the OR rectangular blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes in the OR rectangular blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes in the OR rectangular blocks and
+you can say uh which is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say uh which is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say uh which is the largest
+block on top of the Big Blue Block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block on top of the Big Blue Block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block on top of the Big Blue Block and
+it would answer you and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would answer you and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would answer you and you could
+say uh put the large red block on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh put the large red block on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh put the large red block on top of
+the small green block and it would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small green block and it would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small green block and it would do
+that and um winegrad program was of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um winegrad program was of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um winegrad program was of
+course a symbolic one we actually built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a symbolic one we actually built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a symbolic one we actually built
+a robot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess we built it second our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess we built it second our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess we built it second our
+friends at Stanford in built a robot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends at Stanford in built a robot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends at Stanford in built a robot and
+they imported winegrad program and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they imported winegrad program and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they imported winegrad program and they
+had the robot actually performing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the robot actually performing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the robot actually performing these
+uh operations that you told it to do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operations that you told it to do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operations that you told it to do by
+typing and it was pretty exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing and it was pretty exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing and it was pretty exciting
+my favorite program in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite program in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite program in that
+period was this one because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psychological this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological this is called a
+geometrical analogy test and it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical analogy test and it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical analogy test and it's on
+some IQ tests a is to B as C is to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some IQ tests a is to B as C is to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some IQ tests a is to B as C is to which
+of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following
+five and Evans wrote a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and Evans wrote a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and Evans wrote a set of
+rules which uh were pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules which uh were pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules which uh were pretty good at
+this did as well as 16 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this did as well as 16 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this did as well as 16 year
+olds and it picks this one and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olds and it picks this one and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olds and it picks this one and if you
+ask it why it says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like I don't have a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't have a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't have a reason
+that it moves the largest object down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it moves the largest object down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it moves the largest object down or
+something like that makes up different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that makes up different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that makes up different
+reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see in some sense we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see in some sense we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see in some sense we're going
+backwards in age because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in age because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in age because we're going
+from uh calculus to algebra to simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh calculus to algebra to simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh calculus to algebra to simple
+analogies oh there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that's one where the largest object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's one where the largest object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's one where the largest object
+moves down I don't know why I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down I don't know why I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down I don't know why I have two
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+these are for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are for another
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was a period in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was a period in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was a period in which we
+picked problems that people considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked problems that people considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked problems that people considered
+hard because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because they were
+mathematical but when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical but when you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical but when you think about it
+more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you
+see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well
+those math things are just procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those math things are just procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those math things are just procedures
+and it's once you know what llas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's once you know what llas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's once you know what llas and
+uh gaus and those mathematicians Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gaus and those mathematicians Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gaus and those mathematicians Newton
+and people did you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people did you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people did you can write
+down systematic procedures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down systematic procedures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down systematic procedures for
+integrating or for U solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating or for U solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating or for U solving
+simultaneous algebraic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous algebraic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous algebraic constraint
+equations or things like that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or things like that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or things like that and so
+there's very little to it so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very little to it so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very little to it so in some
+sense if you look at the what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you look at the what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you look at the what you're
+doing in math in high school in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in math in high school in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in math in high school in in
+education you're going from hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you're going from hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you're going from hard to
+easy it's just that people aren't most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it's just that people aren't most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it's just that people aren't most
+people aren't very good at obeying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't very good at obeying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't very good at obeying
+really simple rules because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple rules because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple rules because it's so
+hideously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideously
+boring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring or
+something so we gradually started to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we gradually started to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we gradually started to ask
+well why can't we make machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why can't we make machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why can't we make machines
+understand everyday things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everyday things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everyday things and
+um the things that everyone regards as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the things that everyone regards as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the things that everyone regards as
+common sense and uh people can do so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense and uh people can do so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense and uh people can do so you
+don't need machines to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need machines to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need machines to do
+them one of my favorite examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is why can you pull something with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why can you pull something with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why can you pull something with a
+string but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but not
+push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push
+and there's been a lot of publicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been a lot of publicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been a lot of publicity
+recently about that interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently about that interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently about that interesting uh
+program written at I group at IBM called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program written at I group at IBM called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program written at I group at IBM called
+Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good at
+uh finding facts about sports people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finding facts about sports people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finding facts about sports people and
+celebrities and politics and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities and politics and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities and politics and and so
+forth but there's no way it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but there's no way it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but there's no way it could
+understand why you could push pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you could push pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you could push pull
+something with a string but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a string but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a string but not
+push and I don't know of any program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and I don't know of any program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and I don't know of any program
+that that has that concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that has that concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that has that concept
+way of dealing with it so that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of dealing with it so that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of dealing with it so that's what I
+got interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and starting around the maybe the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting around the maybe the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting around the maybe the middle
+1970s or late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s or late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s or late
+1970s several of us started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s several of us started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s several of us started to
+uh stop doing the easy stuff and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stop doing the easy stuff and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stop doing the easy stuff and trying
+to make theories of how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make theories of how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make theories of how you would
+do the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the kinds of things
+that people are uniquely good at I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are uniquely good at I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are uniquely good at I don't
+know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals well I don't know I'm sure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals well I don't know I'm sure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals well I don't know I'm sure a
+monkey wouldn't try to push anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey wouldn't try to push anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey wouldn't try to push anything
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+string maybe it does it very quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string maybe it does it very quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string maybe it does it very quickly and
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and
+one aspect of Common Sense thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect of Common Sense thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect of Common Sense thinking is
+going right back to that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right back to that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right back to that idea
+of vision having a do dozen different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vision having a do dozen different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vision having a do dozen different
+systems is that whatever a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that whatever a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that whatever a person
+normally is doing they are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is doing they are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is doing they are probably
+representing it in several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing it in several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing it in several different
+ways and here's an actual scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and here's an actual scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and here's an actual scene
+of two kids named Julie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two kids named Julie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two kids named Julie and
+Henry who are playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry who are playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry who are playing with
+blocks it's pretty hard to see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blocks and you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and you can think
+think that Julie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that Julie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that Julie is
+thinking seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking seven
+thoughts I'd like to see a longer list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts I'd like to see a longer list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts I'd like to see a longer list
+maybe a good essay would be to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a good essay would be to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a good essay would be to take a
+few examples and say what are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples and say what are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples and say what are the most
+common micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common micro
+worlds see physical social emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds see physical social emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds see physical social emotional
+mental instrumental whatever that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental instrumental whatever that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental instrumental whatever that is
+visual tactile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual tactile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual tactile
+spatial she's thinking all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial she's thinking all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial she's thinking all these things
+what if I pulled out that bottom block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I pulled out that bottom block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I pulled out that bottom block
+you can't see the tower very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see the tower very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see the tower very
+well should I help him or knock his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well should I help him or knock his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well should I help him or knock his
+Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower
+down how would he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how would he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how would he
+react I forgot where I left the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react I forgot where I left the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react I forgot where I left the arch
+shaped block that was real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped block that was real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped block that was real
+uh it's somewhere over here but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's somewhere over here but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's somewhere over here but I don't
+think we could maybe it's that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could maybe it's that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could maybe it's that I don't
+know I remember when it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I remember when it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I remember when it happened
+she mentioned that she reached around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she mentioned that she reached around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she mentioned that she reached around
+and it wasn't where she thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't where she thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't where she thought it
+was so common sense thinking involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so common sense thinking involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so common sense thinking involves
+this um in most cases I think several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um in most cases I think several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um in most cases I think several
+representations I don't know if it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations I don't know if it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations I don't know if it's as
+many as seven or maybe 20 or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as seven or maybe 20 or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as seven or maybe 20 or what
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's the kind of thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the kind of thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the kind of thing we want to
+know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think I'll stop and we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I'll stop and we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I'll stop and we'll discuss
+things but in the next lecture I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in the next lecture I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in the next lecture I'll talk
+about a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a model
+of how I think thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how I think thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how I think thinking
+Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works
+um what's the difference between us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the difference between us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the difference between us and
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ancestors we know we have a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors we know we have a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors we know we have a larger
+brain but if you think about it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain but if you think about it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain but if you think about it if you
+took the brain that you already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the brain that you already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the brain that you already had
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh try remember the name of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try remember the name of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try remember the name of the little
+monkey that looks like a squirrel jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey that looks like a squirrel jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey that looks like a squirrel jumps
+around in trees anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in trees anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in trees anybody know
+it monkey what maybe what's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it monkey what maybe what's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it monkey what maybe what's it's a
+squirrel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirrel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirrel like
+thing you wouldn't know it was a monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you wouldn't know it was a monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you wouldn't know it was a monkey
+till you took a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you took a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you took a close
+look maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look maybe
+lemur I don't I forget I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemur I don't I forget I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemur I don't I forget I'll have
+to anyway if you just made the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyway if you just made the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyway if you just made the brain
+bigger then the poor animal would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger then the poor animal would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger then the poor animal would be
+slower and heavier and would need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and heavier and would need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and heavier and would need more
+food and take longer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and take longer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and take longer to
+reproduce the joke about more difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the joke about more difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the joke about more difficulty
+to give birth I don't know if any animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give birth I don't know if any animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give birth I don't know if any animal
+has the problem that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the problem that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the problem that humans
+have a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+and so on so how did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so how did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so how did we
+evolve new ways to think and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve new ways to think and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve new ways to think and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+and the my first book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the my first book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the my first book the
+uh Society of Mind had this theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Society of Mind had this theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Society of Mind had this theory that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+maybe we evolved in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we evolved in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we evolved in series
+of higher and higher levels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher and higher levels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher and higher levels or
+management structures built on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management structures built on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management structures built on on the
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this particular picture suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular picture suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular picture suggest that
+I got this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got this idea
+from Sigman Freud's early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sigman Freud's early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sigman Freud's early
+theories there's been a lot of Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories there's been a lot of Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories there's been a lot of Freud
+bashing recently so you can look on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashing recently so you can look on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashing recently so you can look on the
+web I forget the authors but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web I forget the authors but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web I forget the authors but there are a
+couple of books saying that he made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of books saying that he made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of books saying that he made up
+all his data and there's no evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his data and there's no evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his data and there's no evidence
+that he ever cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ever cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ever cured
+anyone and that he l lied about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone and that he l lied about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone and that he l lied about
+uh all the data in mentioned in his 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the data in mentioned in his 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the data in mentioned in his 30
+or 40 books and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth yes
+right but the funny part is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the funny part is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the funny part is that if you
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+his first major book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first major book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first major book
+1895 called the interpretation of Dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 called the interpretation of Dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 called the interpretation of Dreams
+it sort of outlines this theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of outlines this theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of outlines this theory that
+most of thinking is unconscious and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of thinking is unconscious and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of thinking is unconscious and it's
+processes you can't get access to and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can't get access to and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can't get access to and it
+has a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little bit about
+sex but that's not a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex but that's not a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex but that's not a major
+feature and it's just full of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and it's just full of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and it's just full of great
+ideas that the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that the cognitive
+psychologist finally began to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist finally began to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist finally began to get in the
+1960s again and never give credit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s again and never give credit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s again and never give credit to
+Freud so uh he may well have made up his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud so uh he may well have made up his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud so uh he may well have made up his
+data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but
+uh if you have a very good theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a very good theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a very good theory and
+nobody will listen to you what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do his friend Rudolph fleece listened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do his friend Rudolph fleece listened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do his friend Rudolph fleece listened to
+him and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and there was a
+uh another paper on how the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another paper on how the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another paper on how the neurons
+might be involved in thinking which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be involved in thinking which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be involved in thinking which was
+also written around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also written around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also written around
+1895 but never got published till 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 but never got published till 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 but never got published till 1950
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh forget who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forget who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forget who
+um called project for a scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called project for a scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called project for a scientific
+psychology and it's full of ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and it's full of ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and it's full of ideas that
+if they had been published might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had been published might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had been published might have
+changed everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway what's on your mind who has what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what's on your mind who has what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what's on your mind who has what
+would you like to hear about or who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to hear about or who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to hear about or who has
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+got a question great so uh earlier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a question great so uh earlier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a question great so uh earlier you
+talked a little bit about how we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about how we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about how we don't
+really see the Neuroscience all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the Neuroscience all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the Neuroscience all these
+things like Kines Etc do you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Kines Etc do you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Kines Etc do you think it's
+because they're just really hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just really hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just really hard to find
+or no one's actually looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them well restex review says he uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well restex review says he uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well restex review says he uses
+vague IL defined terms like Kine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague IL defined terms like Kine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague IL defined terms like Kine and
+Micron and uh couple of others and frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and uh couple of others and frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and uh couple of others and frame
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+forth they're very well defined defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they're very well defined defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they're very well defined defined
+better I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean when he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when he talks about
+neurotransmitters it's as though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters it's as though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters it's as though he
+thinks that chemical has some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that chemical has some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that chemical has some real
+significance any chemical would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance any chemical would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance any chemical would have the
+same function as any other one provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function as any other one provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function as any other one provided
+there's another receptor that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another receptor that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another receptor that causes
+something to happen in the cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen in the cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen in the cell membrane
+so you don't want to regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to regard
+acetylcholine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine or
+epinephrine as having a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine as having a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine as having a mental
+significance it's just a it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance it's just a it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance it's just a it's just
+another pulse but very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pulse but very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pulse but very low
+resolution and uh yes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and uh yes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and uh yes a
+neurochemical might affect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurochemical might affect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurochemical might affect all the
+neurons a little bit and raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons a little bit and raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons a little bit and raise the
+average amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of
+activity uh of some big population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity uh of some big population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity uh of some big population of
+cells and reduce the average activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and reduce the average activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and reduce the average activity of
+some others but that's nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others but that's nothing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others but that's nothing like
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+that's like saying in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like saying in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like saying in order to
+understand how a Car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how a Car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how a Car
+Works what's the most insulting thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works what's the most insulting thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works what's the most insulting thing I
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say or to understand how a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or to understand how a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or to understand how a computer
+works you have to understand the Arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you have to understand the Arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you have to understand the Arsenic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+phosphorus and or what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus and or what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus and or what's the other
+one you have to understand these atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have to understand these atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have to understand these atoms
+that are what yeah well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are what yeah well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are what yeah well that's the
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+Matrix so there are these one part in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so there are these one part in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so there are these one part in a
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+impurities and that's what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities and that's what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities and that's what's important
+about a computer isn't it the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a computer isn't it the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a computer isn't it the fact that
+the transistor has gain and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transistor has gain and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transistor has gain and so forth
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+no the trouble with the computer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the trouble with the computer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the trouble with the computer is the
+transistors that's why practically every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors that's why practically every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors that's why practically every
+transistor in a computer is M to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor in a computer is M to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor in a computer is M to another
+one in opposite phase to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in opposite phase to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in opposite phase to form a
+flip-flop whose property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flop whose property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flop whose property
+are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the
+same except one in a quadrillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same except one in a quadrillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same except one in a quadrillion
+times in other words everything chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in other words everything chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in other words everything chemical
+about a computer is irrelevant and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a computer is irrelevant and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a computer is irrelevant and I
+suspect that almost everything chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that almost everything chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that almost everything chemical
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+brain is unimportant except that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is unimportant except that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is unimportant except that it
+causes it helps to make the columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes it helps to make the columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes it helps to make the columns in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cortex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex which
+are complicated Arrangements of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complicated Arrangements of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complicated Arrangements of several
+hundred cells work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred cells work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred cells work
+reliably whereas the neuroscientist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably whereas the neuroscientist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably whereas the neuroscientist is
+looking for the secret in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the secret in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the secret in the
+sodium when a neuron fires the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium when a neuron fires the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium when a neuron fires the important
+thing is that that lets the sodium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that that lets the sodium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that that lets the sodium in
+and the pottassium out or vice versa I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pottassium out or vice versa I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pottassium out or vice versa I
+forget which at 500 molts really quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget which at 500 molts really quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget which at 500 molts really quite a
+colossal event but it has no significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colossal event but it has no significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colossal event but it has no significant
+it's only when it's attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only when it's attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only when it's attached to a
+flip-flop or to Something Like A Kline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flop or to Something Like A Kline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flop or to Something Like A Kline
+which has an encoder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an encoder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an encoder and
+decoder uh of a digital sort uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder uh of a digital sort uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder uh of a digital sort uh every
+few microns if its length that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few microns if its length that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few microns if its length that you get
+something functional so the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something functional so the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something functional so the trouble
+is the poor neuroscientists started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the poor neuroscientists started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the poor neuroscientists started out
+with too much knowledge about the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with too much knowledge about the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with too much knowledge about the wrong
+thing the chemistry of the neuron firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the chemistry of the neuron firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the chemistry of the neuron firing
+is very interesting and complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting and complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting and complicated and
+cute and in the case of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute and in the case of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute and in the case of the electric
+eel you know what happened there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eel you know what happened there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eel you know what happened there the
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+synapse it got rid of the next neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse it got rid of the next neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse it got rid of the next neuron
+and it just in the electric eel you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just in the electric eel you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just in the electric eel you have
+a bunch of synapses or motor end plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of synapses or motor end plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of synapses or motor end plates
+they're called uh in series so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called uh in series so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called uh in series so instead
+of half a volt if you have 300 of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of half a volt if you have 300 of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of half a volt if you have 300 of those
+you get 150 volts I think the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 150 volts I think the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 150 volts I think the electric
+shock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock that
+electric eel can give you is about 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric eel can give you is about 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric eel can give you is about 300
+volts and uh this can cause you to drown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and uh this can cause you to drown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and uh this can cause you to drown
+promptly if if you are in the wrong wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promptly if if you are in the wrong wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promptly if if you are in the wrong wave
+when it happens to bump into you I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happens to bump into you I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happens to bump into you I don't
+know why I'm rambling this way uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I'm rambling this way uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I'm rambling this way uh you're
+welcome to study Neuroscience but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to study Neuroscience but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to study Neuroscience but please
+try to help them instead of learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help them instead of learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help them instead of learn from
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and they just don't know what Kine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they just don't know what Kine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they just don't know what Kine
+is and that's a paper that's been widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and that's a paper that's been widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and that's a paper that's been widely
+read published in 1980 and rest act says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read published in 1980 and rest act says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read published in 1980 and rest act says
+IL defined and I guess he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IL defined and I guess he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IL defined and I guess he couldn't
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+yeah why instead of trying to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why instead of trying to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why instead of trying to make the
+neuroscientist like trying to find is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist like trying to find is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist like trying to find is in
+the human life why don't we just like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human life why don't we just like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human life why don't we just like as
+computer scientist program like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist program like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist program like the
+lines and try to Pro all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like why is not is that not widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is not is that not widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is not is that not widespread
+into the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computer
+SCI well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCI well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCI well
+there I'm surprised how little has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm surprised how little has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm surprised how little has been
+done there's Mike Travers has a thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there's Mike Travers has a thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there's Mike Travers has a thesis
+Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony
+Hearn there are three Master's thesis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearn there are three Master's thesis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearn there are three Master's thesis on
+K lines they sort of got them to work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K lines they sort of got them to work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K lines they sort of got them to work to
+solve some simple problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some simple problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some simple problems but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I'd go further I've never met a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go further I've never met a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go further I've never met a
+neuroscientist who knows the pioneering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist who knows the pioneering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist who knows the pioneering
+work of Newell and Simon in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Newell and Simon in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Newell and Simon in the late
+1950s so there's something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s so there's something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s so there's something wrong with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Community they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community they're just
+ignorant it's uh they're proud of it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant it's uh they're proud of it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant it's uh they're proud of it oh
+well I spent some time learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I spent some time learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I spent some time learning
+Neuroscience when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was I once had a great Stroke of Luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I once had a great Stroke of Luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I once had a great Stroke of Luck
+when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was
+a I guess I was a junior at Harvard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I guess I was a junior at Harvard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I guess I was a junior at Harvard and
+there was a great new biology building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great new biology building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great new biology building
+that was just constructed you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just constructed you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just constructed you probably
+know it's a great big thing with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a great big thing with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a great big thing with two
+rhinoceroses what are those what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhinoceroses what are those what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhinoceroses what are those what are
+those two huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two huge
+animals so this building was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finished and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and half
+occupied because it was made with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied because it was made with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied because it was made with the
+future so I wandered over there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I wandered over there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I wandered over there and I
+met a professor named John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a professor named John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a professor named John
+Welsh and I said I'd like to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welsh and I said I'd like to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welsh and I said I'd like to learn
+neurology and he said great well I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurology and he said great well I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurology and he said great well I have
+an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra
+lab why don't you why don't you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab why don't you why don't you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab why don't you why don't you study
+the crayfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crayfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crayfish
+claw I said great so he gave me this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claw I said great so he gave me this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claw I said great so he gave me this lab
+which had four rooms in a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had four rooms in a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had four rooms in a dark
+room and a lot of equipment and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and a lot of equipment and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and a lot of equipment and and
+nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and he had worked on crayfish so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had worked on crayfish so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had worked on crayfish so there
+was somebody who went every week up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somebody who went every week up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somebody who went every week up to
+Walen Ponder somewhere and caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walen Ponder somewhere and caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walen Ponder somewhere and caught
+crayfish and bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crayfish and bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crayfish and bring them
+back and I was a radio amateur hacker at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and I was a radio amateur hacker at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and I was a radio amateur hacker at
+the time so good at Electronics so I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so good at Electronics so I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so good at Electronics so I got
+my crayfish and well showed me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my crayfish and well showed me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my crayfish and well showed me how
+to the great thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the great thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the great thing about this
+preparation is you can take the crayfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation is you can take the crayfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation is you can take the crayfish
+and if you claw and if you hold it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you claw and if you hold it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you claw and if you hold it just
+right go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right go
+snap it comes off grows another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap it comes off grows another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap it comes off grows another one
+takes a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a couple of
+years uh and then there's this white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh and then there's this white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh and then there's this white
+thing hanging out which is the nerve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing hanging out which is the nerve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing hanging out which is the nerve and
+it turns out it's six nerves one big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's six nerves one big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's six nerves one big one
+and a few little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few little
+ones and if you keep it in ringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and if you keep it in ringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and if you keep it in ringer
+solution whatever that is it can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution whatever that is it can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution whatever that is it can live
+for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several
+days so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so I
+got a lot of switches and little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of switches and little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of switches and little
+inductors and things and made a gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors and things and made a gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors and things and made a gadget
+and mounted this thing with six wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mounted this thing with six wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mounted this thing with six wires
+going to these nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to these nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to these nerves
+and then I programmed it to reach down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I programmed it to reach down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I programmed it to reach down
+and pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick up a
+pencil like that and wave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around well that's obviously completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around well that's obviously completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around well that's obviously completely
+trivial and all the neuroscientists came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and all the neuroscientists came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and all the neuroscientists came
+around and Gap gped and said that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and Gap gped and said that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and Gap gped and said that's
+incredible how did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that they had never thought of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had never thought of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had never thought of putting
+the thing back together and making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing back together and making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing back together and making it
+work anyway it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I always reminding myself that I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always reminding myself that I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always reminding myself that I'm the
+luckiest person in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckiest person in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckiest person in the world
+because uh every time I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh every time I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh every time I wanted to do
+something I just happened to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just happened to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just happened to find the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+and they'd give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lab I got an idea for a microscope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I got an idea for a microscope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I got an idea for a microscope and
+there was this great Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this great Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this great Professor
+purcel who got the Nobel Prize after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purcel who got the Nobel Prize after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purcel who got the Nobel Prize after a
+while and he said that sounds like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and he said that sounds like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and he said that sounds like it
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+work uh why don't you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh why don't you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh why don't you take this
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+yeah part of the reason that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah part of the reason that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah part of the reason that you don't
+see experimental neuroscience and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see experimental neuroscience and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see experimental neuroscience and things
+like Kines is that neurons are long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Kines is that neurons are long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Kines is that neurons are long and
+thin so if you want to do an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin so if you want to do an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin so if you want to do an experiment
+to actually measure a real neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually measure a real neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually measure a real neural
+network you have to trace structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you have to trace structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you have to trace structures
+with r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r
+maybe tens of nanometer resolution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe tens of nanometer resolution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe tens of nanometer resolution but
+you need to trace them over what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to trace them over what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to trace them over what might
+be a couple or even tens of millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a couple or even tens of millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a couple or even tens of millimeters
+to T to and you need to do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T to and you need to do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T to and you need to do this for
+thousands and thousands of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of neurons
+before you could get to the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you could get to the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you could get to the point of
+seeing something like a Kine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something like a Kine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something like a Kine and
+understanding it so it's just a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it so it's just a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it so it's just a massive
+data acquisition and processing problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data acquisition and processing problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data acquisition and processing problem
+well but they're doing that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but they're doing that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but they're doing that they're
+starting to try to I they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to try to I they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to try to I they don't have
+they don't know what to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to look
+for maybe you don't maybe you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe you don't maybe you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe you don't maybe you don't have
+to do so much maybe you just have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so much maybe you just have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so much maybe you just have to do
+a few sections here and there and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few sections here and there and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few sections here and there and say
+well look there were 400 of these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look there were 400 of these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look there were 400 of these here
+now there's only 200 it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's only 200 it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's only 200 it looks like this
+is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same
+kind maybe you don't have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind maybe you don't have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind maybe you don't have to do the
+whole brain no but Ian even tracing even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole brain no but Ian even tracing even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole brain no but Ian even tracing even
+getting a single neuron is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a single neuron is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a single neuron is because you
+it might get down to you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might get down to you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might get down to you need to be
+looking at electron micrographs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at electron micrographs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at electron micrographs of
+brains that are sliced at about 30 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that are sliced at about 30 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that are sliced at about 30 mm
+excuse me 30 nanometer slices so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me 30 nanometer slices so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me 30 nanometer slices so even
+just having a single person reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a single person reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a single person reconstruct
+a single n takes might take weeks well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single n takes might take weeks well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single n takes might take weeks well I
+don't know maybe a bundle of K lines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe a bundle of K lines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe a bundle of K lines is
+uh a half a millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a half a millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a half a millimeter
+thick oh so if you actually knew some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick oh so if you actually knew some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick oh so if you actually knew some
+larger scale structure to start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale structure to start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale structure to start looking
+at yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yeah why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yeah why
+not yeah I just think they have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah I just think they have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah I just think they have no idea
+what to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look
+for I could give you 20 of those in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I could give you 20 of those in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I could give you 20 of those in five
+minutes but who nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but who nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but who nobody's
+listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening
+so know it looks like before you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so know it looks like before you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so know it looks like before you could
+look for it at that scale what scale I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it at that scale what scale I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it at that scale what scale I
+don't I mean they know what neurons look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I mean they know what neurons look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I mean they know what neurons look
+like so you know you know what to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you know you know what to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you know you know what to look
+for if you're saying the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you're saying the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you're saying the sort of
+neuronet level I'm saying you may only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuronet level I'm saying you may only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuronet level I'm saying you may only
+have to look at the white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the white matter
+oh ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons because the point of K lines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons because the point of K lines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons because the point of K lines is
+where do these go and uh what go goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these go and uh what go goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these go and uh what go goes
+into them and out I don't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into them and out I don't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into them and out I don't know it's
+just this idea let's map the whole brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this idea let's map the whole brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this idea let's map the whole brain
+100 billion things and then people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion things and then people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion things and then people like
+rest said oh and there's a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest said oh and there's a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest said oh and there's a thousand
+supporting cells for each neuron he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting cells for each neuron he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting cells for each neuron he's
+just gloring in the obscurity of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gloring in the obscurity of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gloring in the obscurity of it
+rather than trying to contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than trying to contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than trying to contribute
+something anyway if you run into him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anyway if you run into him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anyway if you run into him
+give him my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regards I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regards I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regards I really
+wonder how somebody can write something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder how somebody can write something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder how somebody can write something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yes excuse my ignorance but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes excuse my ignorance but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes excuse my ignorance but what is
+a KINE the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a KINE the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a KINE the idea is
+that suppose one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose one part of the
+brain is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is doing
+something and it's in some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's in some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's in some particular
+State that's very important like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's very important like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's very important like I don't
+know that like uh I've Just Seen A glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that like uh I've Just Seen A glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that like uh I've Just Seen A glass
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water then another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then another part of the
+brain would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain would like to
+know there's a glass of water in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a glass of water in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a glass of water in the in
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+environment and I've been looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and I've been looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and I've been looking for
+one so I should try to take over and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I should try to take over and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I should try to take over and uh
+do something about that now at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about that now at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about that now at the
+moment there's no theory of what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's no theory of what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's no theory of what happens
+in different parts of the brain for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the brain for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the brain for a
+simple like that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like that to
+happen no Theory at all except they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen no Theory at all except they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen no Theory at all except they use
+the word association or or they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word association or or they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word association or or they talk
+about what are the purposeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons goal forget okay so my theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons goal forget okay so my theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons goal forget okay so my theory is
+that there there are a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there there are a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there there are a bunch of things
+which are massive collections of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are massive collections of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are massive collections of of
+nerve fibers maybe a few hundred or few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve fibers maybe a few hundred or few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve fibers maybe a few hundred or few
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+and when the visual system sees an apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the visual system sees an apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the visual system sees an apple
+it turns on 50 of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns on 50 of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns on 50 of those
+wires and when it sees a pair it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and when it sees a pair it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and when it sees a pair it turns
+on a different 100 or 50 of those wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different 100 or 50 of those wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different 100 or 50 of those wires
+but about 20 of them are the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about 20 of them are the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about 20 of them are the same so
+forth in other words it's like the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in other words it's like the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in other words it's like the edge
+of a punched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a punched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a punched
+card have you ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card have you ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card have you ever seen
+a card-based retrieval system if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a card-based retrieval system if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a card-based retrieval system if you
+have a book that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a book that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a book that has
+uh suppose it's about physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose it's about physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose it's about physics and
+biology and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and uh
+Sumatra and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sumatra and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sumatra and a
+typical 5 by8 card has 80 holes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical 5 by8 card has 80 holes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical 5 by8 card has 80 holes in the
+top Edge so what you do is if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top Edge so what you do is if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top Edge so what you do is if it's if
+it's Sumatra you punch eight of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Sumatra you punch eight of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Sumatra you punch eight of these
+holes at random particular set they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes at random particular set they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes at random particular set they're
+assigned to the Sumatra and then if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the Sumatra and then if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the Sumatra and then if it's
+I forget what my first two EX samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what my first two EX samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what my first two EX samples
+were but you punch eight or 10 holes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but you punch eight or 10 holes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but you punch eight or 10 holes for
+each of the other two words so now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the other two words so now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the other two words so now there
+are 24 punches only probably four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 24 punches only probably four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 24 punches only probably four or
+five of them are duplicates so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them are duplicates so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them are duplicates so you're
+punching about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching about 20
+holes and now if something is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and now if something is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and now if something is looking
+for the cards that have were punched for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cards that have were punched for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cards that have were punched for
+those three things even if there are 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three things even if there are 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three things even if there are 30
+or 40 other holes punched in the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 40 other holes punched in the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 40 other holes punched in the cart
+you stick your 20 wires through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick your 20 wires through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick your 20 wires through the
+whole deck and lift it up and only cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole deck and lift it up and only cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole deck and lift it up and only cards
+fall out that had those three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out that had those three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out that had those three categories
+punched for so you see even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punched for so you see even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punched for so you see even though you
+had 80 holes you could punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 80 holes you could punch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 80 holes you could punch
+combinations of up to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of up to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of up to a million
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+categories into that and uh if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories into that and uh if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories into that and uh if you have
+to put a bunch of wires through you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a bunch of wires through you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a bunch of wires through you'll
+get all of the ones that were punched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of the ones that were punched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of the ones that were punched
+for those Cate the categories you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those Cate the categories you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those Cate the categories you're
+looking for and you might get three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and you might get three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and you might get three or
+four other cards that will come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four other cards that will come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four other cards that will come down
+also because all of the eight holes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because all of the eight holes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because all of the eight holes were
+punched for for some category by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punched for for some category by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punched for for some category by
+accident do you get the picture it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident do you get the picture it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident do you get the picture it's
+I'll send you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you a
+reference it was invented by a uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference it was invented by a uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference it was invented by a uh in the
+19 early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 early
+1940s by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s by a
+uh Cambridge scientist here named Calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Cambridge scientist here named Calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Cambridge scientist here named Calvin
+Moes and was widely used in libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moes and was widely used in libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moes and was widely used in libraries
+for information retrieval until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for information retrieval until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for information retrieval until
+computers came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers came
+along but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but anyway
+um that's the sort of thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the sort of thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the sort of thing you could
+look for in a brain If you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for in a brain If you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for in a brain If you had the
+concept in your head of zetoc coding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in your head of zetoc coding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in your head of zetoc coding but
+I've never met a neuroscientist who ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never met a neuroscientist who ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never met a neuroscientist who ever
+heard of such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of such a thing
+so you have this whole Community which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this whole Community which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this whole Community which
+doesn't have a set of very clear ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a set of very clear ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a set of very clear ideas
+about different ways that knowledge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ways that knowledge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ways that knowledge or
+symbols could be represented in neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols could be represented in neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols could be represented in neural
+activity so good luck to them when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so good luck to them when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so good luck to them when they
+get their big map they'll still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their big map they'll still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their big map they'll still have to
+say what do I do with a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what do I do with a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what do I do with a 100
+billion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interconnections yeah what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections yeah what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections yeah what are your
+thoughts about the current artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about the current artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about the current artificial
+intelligence research at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence research at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence research at
+MIT such as Winston's Den project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT such as Winston's Den project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT such as Winston's Den project I
+think Winston is just about one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Winston is just about one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Winston is just about one of the
+best ones in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best ones in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best ones in the whole
+world I don't know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I don't know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I don't know any
+other projects that are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects that are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects that are trying to do
+things on that higher level of uh Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on that higher level of uh Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on that higher level of uh Common
+Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense
+knowledge he's just lost a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge he's just lost a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge he's just lost a lot of
+funding so one problem is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so one problem is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so one problem is how do you
+support a project like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have you followed it I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have you followed it I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have you followed it I don't know
+if there's a recent summary of what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a recent summary of what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a recent summary of what what
+they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I
+we used to write a big a new book every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to write a big a new book every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to write a big a new book every
+year called the progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year called the progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year called the progress
+report the nice thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we never wrote we had a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never wrote we had a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never wrote we had a very good
+form of support from arpa or Dara uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of support from arpa or Dara uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of support from arpa or Dara uh
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+was every year we every year we'd tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was every year we every year we'd tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was every year we every year we'd tell
+them what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what we had
+done they didn't they didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done they didn't they didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done they didn't they didn't want to
+hear what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what we wanted to
+do and things have turned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and things have turned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and things have turned the
+opposite so what would happen is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so what would happen is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so what would happen is every
+year we'd say we did these great things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we'd say we did these great things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we'd say we did these great things
+and uh we might do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we might do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we might do some
+more went on for about 20 years and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more went on for about 20 years and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more went on for about 20 years and it
+was and then it fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apart one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart one
+thing it's a nice story there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's a nice story there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's a nice story there was a
+great liberal Senator Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great liberal Senator Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great liberal Senator Mike
+Mansfield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mansfield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mansfield and
+unfortunately he got the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he got the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he got the idea that the
+defense department was getting too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense department was getting too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense department was getting too big
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+influential so he got Congress to pass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential so he got Congress to pass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential so he got Congress to pass a
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+that arpa shouldn't be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arpa shouldn't be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arpa shouldn't be allowed to
+support anything that didn't have direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support anything that didn't have direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support anything that didn't have direct
+military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military
+application and Congress went for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and Congress went for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and Congress went for this
+and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a
+sudden uh a lot of research disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden uh a lot of research disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden uh a lot of research disappeared
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+research it didn't bother us much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research it didn't bother us much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research it didn't bother us much
+because we made up applications and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we made up applications and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we made up applications and said
+well this will make a military robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this will make a military robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this will make a military robot
+that will go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do something
+bad I don't remember ever writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I don't remember ever writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I don't remember ever writing
+anything at all because uh but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all because uh but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all because uh but anyway
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+1980 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the the funding for that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the funding for that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the funding for that sort of
+thing just dried up because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just dried up because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just dried up because of this
+political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+accident it was just an accident that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident it was just an accident that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident it was just an accident that
+arpa mainly through the Office of Naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpa mainly through the Office of Naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arpa mainly through the Office of Naval
+Research was funding basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research was funding basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research was funding basic
+research and that's that was a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and that's that was a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and that's that was a bit of
+History uh if you look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History uh if you look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History uh if you look back at
+uh the year 1900 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the year 1900 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the year 1900 or so
+you see people like Einstein making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people like Einstein making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people like Einstein making
+these nice theories but Einstein wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice theories but Einstein wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice theories but Einstein wasn't
+a very abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very abstract
+mathematician so he had a mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician so he had a mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician so he had a mathematician
+named Hermon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Hermon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Hermon
+vile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vile
+um polishing his tensors and things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um polishing his tensors and things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um polishing his tensors and things for
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+and Herman V's son Joe was at the Office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Herman V's son Joe was at the Office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Herman V's son Joe was at the Office
+of Naval Research in my early time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Naval Research in my early time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Naval Research in my early time
+and uh that office had spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that office had spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that office had spent a lot of
+secret Money Getting scientists out of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret Money Getting scientists out of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret Money Getting scientists out of e
+Europe while Hitler was marching around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe while Hitler was marching around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe while Hitler was marching around
+and sending them to places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sending them to places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sending them to places like
+Princeton and other forms of Heaven in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton and other forms of Heaven in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton and other forms of Heaven in
+the in Cambridge and again one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Cambridge and again one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Cambridge and again one of the
+reasons I was lucky is that uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I was lucky is that uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I was lucky is that uh I was
+here and all these you know if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all these you know if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all these you know if you had a
+mathematical iCal question you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical iCal question you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical iCal question you could
+find the best mathematician in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best mathematician in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best mathematician in the world
+down the block somewhere and uh Joe vile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the block somewhere and uh Joe vile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the block somewhere and uh Joe vile
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+partly responsible for that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly responsible for that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly responsible for that and the
+onr uh was piping all that money to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onr uh was piping all that money to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onr uh was piping all that money to us
+for work on early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work on early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work on early
+AI so it's very sad thing of the maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI so it's very sad thing of the maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI so it's very sad thing of the maybe
+the most influential liberal in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most influential liberal in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most influential liberal in the US
+Government actually ruined everything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accident arpa changed its name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident arpa changed its name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident arpa changed its name to
+DARPA it was Advanced research projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA it was Advanced research projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA it was Advanced research projects
+agency and it had to call itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defense Advanced research project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency
+y Professor do you think the achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Professor do you think the achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Professor do you think the achievement
+of artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artificial intelligence
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+well Christianity wiped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Christianity wiped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Christianity wiped out
+science that might happen tomorrow only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that might happen tomorrow only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that might happen tomorrow only
+uh only choose your religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C it's a hard problem problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's a hard problem problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's a hard problem problem
+U the number of people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on Advanced ideas in AI is has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Advanced ideas in AI is has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Advanced ideas in AI is has gotten
+smaller and smaller as the right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller as the right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller as the right now
+the around 1980 rule-based systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the around 1980 rule-based systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the around 1980 rule-based systems
+became popular there are lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became popular there are lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became popular there are lots of things
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do uh right now statistical based INF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh right now statistical based INF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh right now statistical based INF
+systems are becoming popular and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are becoming popular and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are becoming popular and as I
+said these things are tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said these things are tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said these things are tremendously
+useful but the problem is if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but the problem is if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but the problem is if you have a
+statistical system the important part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical system the important part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical system the important part is
+guessing what are the plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing what are the plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing what are the plausible
+hypotheses and then making up the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and then making up the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and then making up the then
+finding out how many instances of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out how many instances of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out how many instances of that
+are correlated with such and such so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated with such and such so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated with such and such so
+it's a nice idea but but the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice idea but but the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice idea but but the hard
+problem is this is the abstract symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is this is the abstract symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is this is the abstract symbolic
+problem of what sets of variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of what sets of variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of what sets of variables are
+worth considering at all when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth considering at all when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth considering at all when there are
+a lot of them so to me the U the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them so to me the U the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them so to me the U the most
+exciting projects are the kind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting projects are the kind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting projects are the kind that
+Winston is developing for reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winston is developing for reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winston is developing for reasoning
+about real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real life
+situations and the one that Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and the one that Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and the one that Henry
+liberman would you stand up Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberman would you stand up Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberman would you stand up Henry
+liberman runs a worldclass group that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberman runs a worldclass group that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberman runs a worldclass group that's
+working on Common Sense knowledge and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Common Sense knowledge and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Common Sense knowledge and uh
+informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal
+reasoning and it seems to me that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and it seems to me that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and it seems to me that that's
+the critical thing that all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing that all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing that all the other
+systems will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems will
+need uh in the meantime there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh in the meantime there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh in the meantime there are people
+working on logical inference which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on logical inference which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on logical inference which has
+the same problem that statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem that statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem that statistical
+inference has namely how do you guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference has namely how do you guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference has namely how do you guess
+which combinations of variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which combinations of variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which combinations of variables are
+worth thinking about then it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about then it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about then it seems to me
+that the statistics isn't so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the statistics isn't so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the statistics isn't so important
+in fact there's a great researcher named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a great researcher named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a great researcher named
+Douglas lenat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas lenat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas lenat
+in Austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Austin
+Texas who once made an interesting AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas who once made an interesting AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas who once made an interesting AI
+system that uh was good at uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that uh was good at uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that uh was good at uh making
+predictions and guessing explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and guessing explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and guessing explanations
+for things and it was sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things and it was sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things and it was sort of like a
+probabilistic system it had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic system it had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic system it had a lot of
+hypotheses and every time one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and every time one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and every time one of
+them was useful in solving a problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was useful in solving a problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was useful in solving a problem it
+moved it up one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved it up one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved it up one on the
+list so lenet thing never used any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so lenet thing never used any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so lenet thing never used any
+numbers it didn't say this is successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it didn't say this is successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it didn't say this is successful
+73 of the time and now it's successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 of the time and now it's successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 of the time and now it's successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4825 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4825 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4825 of the
+time what it would do is if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what it would do is if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what it would do is if something
+was useful it would move it up past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was useful it would move it up past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was useful it would move it up past
+another hypothesis every now and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hypothesis every now and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hypothesis every now and then it
+would put a new one in well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put a new one in well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put a new one in well if you're
+doing if you're trying to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you're trying to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you're trying to solve a
+problem what do you need to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what do you need to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what do you need to know you
+want to know what's the most use what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the most use what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the most use what's
+the most likely to be useful one and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely to be useful one and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely to be useful one and try
+that you don't care How likely it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't care How likely it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't care How likely it is to
+be useful as long as it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful as long as it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful as long as it's the most
+right I mean if it's one in a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if it's one in a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if it's one in a million
+maybe you should say I'm getting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should say I'm getting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should say I'm getting out of
+here I don't I shouldn't be working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't I shouldn't be working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't I shouldn't be working in
+this field at all or uh uh get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field at all or uh uh get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field at all or uh uh get a better
+problem but lennis thing did rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but lennis thing did rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but lennis thing did rather
+wonderfully at making theories by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully at making theories by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully at making theories by just
+changing the ranking of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the ranking of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the ranking of the uh
+hypothesis that it was considered no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers it it did something very cute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it it did something very cute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it it did something very cute uh
+he gave it examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetic and it actually it was rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and it actually it was rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and it actually it was rather
+long effort and it actually learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long effort and it actually learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long effort and it actually learned to
+do some arithmetic and it invented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some arithmetic and it invented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some arithmetic and it invented the
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+division and the idea of prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and the idea of prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and the idea of prime number
+which was some number that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was some number that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was some number that wasn't
+divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by
+anything it decided that nine was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime didn't do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harm and uh it crept along and it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm and uh it crept along and it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm and uh it crept along and it got
+better and better and uh it invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better and uh it invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better and uh it invented
+modular arithmetic by accident at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular arithmetic by accident at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular arithmetic by accident at some
+point and uh it's a PhD thesis a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and uh it's a PhD thesis a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and uh it's a PhD thesis a lot of
+people didn't believe this PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't believe this PhD thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't believe this PhD thesis
+because Len had lost the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tape so uh so uh he was under some cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape so uh so uh he was under some cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape so uh so uh he was under some cloud
+of Suspicion for people thinking he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Suspicion for people thinking he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Suspicion for people thinking he
+might have faked it but who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have faked it but who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have faked it but who cares
+anyway uh I think there's a lesson there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh I think there's a lesson there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh I think there's a lesson there
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+uh let's start with something that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's start with something that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's start with something that works
+and then uh if it's really good then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh if it's really good then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh if it's really good then
+hire a mathematician who might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire a mathematician who might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire a mathematician who might be able
+to optimize it a little but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize it a little but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize it a little but the
+important thing was the order and this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing was the order and this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing was the order and this a
+good statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good statistical
+one might waste a lot of time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might waste a lot of time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might waste a lot of time because
+here's this one that's 78 and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this one that's 78 and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this one that's 78 and here's
+this one that's five six and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that's five six and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that's five six and it's the
+next one down and you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one down and you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one down and you get a lot of
+experience and it goes up to 57 and 5'8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and it goes up to 57 and 5'8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and it goes up to 57 and 5'8
+and it never you know might be a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it never you know might be a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it never you know might be a long
+time before it gets past the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before it gets past the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before it gets past the other one
+because you're doing arithmetic whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're doing arithmetic whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're doing arithmetic whereas
+in lennet it would just pop up past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lennet it would just pop up past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lennet it would just pop up past the
+other one then it would get tried right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one then it would get tried right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one then it would get tried right
+away and if it were no good it would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and if it were no good it would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and if it were no good it would get
+knocked down again who cares so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked down again who cares so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked down again who cares so it's a
+real question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of I don't know is mathematics is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know is mathematics is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know is mathematics is great
+and I love it and a lot of you do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love it and a lot of you do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love it and a lot of you do but
+there should be a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a name
+for when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when it's
+actually slowing you down and wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slowing you down and wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slowing you down and wasting
+your time because there's a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time because there's a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time because there's a better way
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal
+yeah they were saying there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they were saying there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they were saying there are people
+who know the price of everything and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know the price of everything and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know the price of everything and the
+value of nothing yes that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice yeah um I know you're also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice yeah um I know you're also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice yeah um I know you're also a
+musician music related question what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician music related question what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician music related question what do
+you think is the role of music like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is the role of music like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is the role of music like why
+do all cultures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I have a paper about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have a paper about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have a paper about
+it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um I've been trying to revise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I've been trying to revise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I've been trying to revise it
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's a strange question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a strange question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a strange question because
+there is music everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is music everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is music everywhere
+uh on the other hand I have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the other hand I have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the other hand I have several
+friends who are who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who are who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who are who are
+amusical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusical and
+so when I have this theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I have this theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I have this theory that
+uh music is a way of teaching you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh music is a way of teaching you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh music is a way of teaching you to
+represent things in an orderly fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent things in an orderly fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent things in an orderly fashion
+and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+um well I have three of my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I have three of my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I have three of my colleagues
+who aren't musical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't musical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't musical but
+dance so they may it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance so they may it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance so they may it may be
+that I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer it's interesting the the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's interesting the the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's interesting the the theory
+the first theory in my paper is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first theory in my paper is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first theory in my paper is that
+when you have a lot of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a lot of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a lot of complicated
+things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening
+then the only way to learn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only way to learn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only way to learn is
+to represent things that happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent things that happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent things that happen and then
+look at the differences between things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the differences between things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the differences between things
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+similar and then try to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and then try to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and then try to explain the
+differences right I mean what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right I mean what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right I mean what else is
+there maybe there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe there's something
+else so in order to become intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so in order to become intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so in order to become intelligent
+and understand things you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand things you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand things you have to be
+able to compare things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare things
+and to me the most important feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me the most important feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me the most important feature
+of what's called music is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called music is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called music is that it's
+divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measures and measures are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and measures are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and measures are the same
+number of Beats or whatever they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Beats or whatever they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Beats or whatever they are and
+so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the
+difference you change the eighth notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you change the eighth notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you change the eighth notes
+in the second one the last four eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second one the last four eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second one the last four eighth
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+no the two before last to a quarter note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the two before last to a quarter note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the two before last to a quarter note
+so uh you're taking things that were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you're taking things that were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you're taking things that were in
+different times and you're superimposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times and you're superimposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times and you're superimposing
+those times and now you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times and now you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times and now you can see the
+difference and the reason you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the reason you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the reason you can see
+the difference is that uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that uh you have
+things called measures and the measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called measures and the measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called measures and the measures
+have things called beats and so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things called beats and so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things called beats and so things
+get knocked into very good frames now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get knocked into very good frames now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get knocked into very good frames now
+there's some Indian music which has 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Indian music which has 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Indian music which has 14
+measures for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures for a
+phrase and some of the measures go seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and some of the measures go seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and some of the measures go seven
+and five and I can make no sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five and I can make no sense of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five and I can make no sense of that
+stuff whatever and I've tried fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff whatever and I've tried fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff whatever and I've tried fairly
+hard but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but not
+very so I don't understand how Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very so I don't understand how Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very so I don't understand how Indians
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of
+you can handle Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music I just add what uh you said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music I just add what uh you said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music I just add what uh you said about
+um this my favorite quote from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this my favorite quote from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this my favorite quote from your
+paper onic mind and meaning is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper onic mind and meaning is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper onic mind and meaning is the one
+about uh what good is music about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what good is music about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what good is music about how
+kids play with blocks to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids play with blocks to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids play with blocks to learn about
+space and um people play with music to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and um people play with music to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and um people play with music to
+learn about time and I think um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about time and I think um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about time and I think um in that
+sense both music and dance are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense both music and dance are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense both music and dance are different
+ways that people can arrange things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people can arrange things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people can arrange things in
+time and in a sense like in proposito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in a sense like in proposito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in a sense like in proposito
+music and proposito movement are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and proposito movement are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and proposito movement are both
+ways of like different blocks if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of like different blocks if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of like different blocks if you
+will in time as opposed to space mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in time as opposed to space mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in time as opposed to space mhm
+yeah my friends who see made musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my friends who see made musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my friends who see made musical
+they probably maybe there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably maybe there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably maybe there's something
+different about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about their
+CIA or maybe they have absolute pitch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA or maybe they have absolute pitch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA or maybe they have absolute pitch in
+some sense which is a bad thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense which is a bad thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense which is a bad thing to
+have because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have because if
+you're if you're listening to a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're listening to a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're listening to a piece
+composed by a composer who doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed by a composer who doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed by a composer who doesn't have
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+pitch then you're reading all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch then you're reading all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch then you're reading all sorts of
+things into the music that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the music that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the music that shouldn't be
+there and if you're and the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you're and the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you're and the opposite
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+true I read music criticism sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I read music criticism sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I read music criticism sometimes
+and maybe the reviewer says and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the reviewer says and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the reviewer says and after
+the second and third movement he finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and third movement he finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and third movement he finally
+returns to the initial key of E flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the initial key of E flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the initial key of E flat
+major what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major what a
+relief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relief
+well I once had absolute pitch for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I once had absolute pitch for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I once had absolute pitch for a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weeks because I ran a tuning fork in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks because I ran a tuning fork in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks because I ran a tuning fork in my
+room for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for a
+month and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it because you can't you can't listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you can't you can't listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you can't you can't listen to
+Bach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore oh
+well it's a good question uh why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a good question uh why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a good question uh why do
+people like music and um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like music and um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like music and um I don't know
+any other paper like mine if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other paper like mine if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other paper like mine if you ever
+find one I'd like to see it because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one I'd like to see it because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one I'd like to see it because if
+you go to a big Library there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a big Library there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a big Library there are
+thousands of books about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of books about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of books about
+music and if you open one it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and if you open one it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and if you open one it's mostly
+buros complaining that somebody wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buros complaining that somebody wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buros complaining that somebody wouldn't
+give him enough money to hire a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him enough money to hire a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him enough money to hire a big
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chorus but I found very few books about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus but I found very few books about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus but I found very few books about
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+yes just anym is that all right okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just anym is that all right okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just anym is that all right okay um
+do you think that having body is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that having body is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that having body is a
+necessary component of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary component of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary component of having a
+mind then I mean could you you do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind then I mean could you you do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind then I mean could you you do just
+as well just as a you know sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just as a you know sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just as a you know sort of a
+simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated
+creature oh sure you have all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature oh sure you have all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature oh sure you have all the things
+simulation I think a mind that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation I think a mind that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation I think a mind that's not in
+a world wouldn't have much to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world wouldn't have much to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world wouldn't have much to do it
+would have to invent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to invent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to invent the
+world and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and uh
+I don't see why it couldn't but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see why it couldn't but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see why it couldn't but you
+might have to give it a start like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to give it a start like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to give it a start like the
+idea of three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but can't you what happens if you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can't you what happens if you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can't you what happens if you sit
+back and just think for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and just think for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and just think for a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+U you wouldn't know if your body had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you wouldn't know if your body had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you wouldn't know if your body had
+disappeared for for would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared for for would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared for for would
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are also s of strange ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also s of strange ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also s of strange ideas
+about existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why do you think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world one of the things that bugs me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world one of the things that bugs me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world one of the things that bugs me is
+people say well who created it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say well who created it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say well who created it and that
+can't make any sense because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any sense because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any sense because this is
+just a possible world suppos there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a possible world suppos there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a possible world suppos there are a
+whole lot of possible worlds and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of possible worlds and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of possible worlds and there's
+one real one how could you ever how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one real one how could you ever how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one real one how could you ever how
+could you possibly know which one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you possibly know which one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you possibly know which one you're
+in and then you could say well didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then you could say well didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then you could say well didn't
+someone have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone have to make
+it and what's the next thing you'd ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what's the next thing you'd ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what's the next thing you'd ask
+well who made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who made the
+maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker
+so the body mind thing seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the body mind thing seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the body mind thing seems to me that
+uh once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have a
+computer uh it's it can be its own world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh it's it can be its own world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh it's it can be its own world
+it just can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just can
+sit the program can spend half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit the program can spend half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit the program can spend half the time
+simulating a world and half the time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating a world and half the time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating a world and half the time uh
+thinking about what it's like to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what it's like to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what it's like to be in
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh yes it's an empty concept it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes it's an empty concept it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes it's an empty concept it's
+all right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right to
+say this bottle exists because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this bottle exists because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this bottle exists because that's
+saying this bottle is in this universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this bottle is in this universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this bottle is in this universe
+but what would it what would it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what would it what would it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what would it what would it mean to
+say the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the universe
+exists the universe is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists the universe is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists the universe is in the
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+so so there's something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's something wrong with
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about so they're only possible worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so they're only possible worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so they're only possible worlds
+there's no it doesn't make any sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no it doesn't make any sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no it doesn't make any sense to
+pick one of them out and say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of them out and say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of them out and say that's the
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one but existence is relative yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but existence is relative yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but existence is relative yeah you
+don't say that's this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that's this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that's this is this is the
+world I'm in but you shouldn't say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm in but you shouldn't say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm in but you shouldn't say it
+that doesn't mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean it
+exists like two is in the set of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists like two is in the set of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists like two is in the set of even
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+but what's the set of even numbers in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the set of even numbers in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the set of even numbers in it
+doesn't stop anywhere yeah lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Worlds well you can't tell because five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds well you can't tell because five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds well you can't tell because five
+minutes from now everything might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes from now everything might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes from now everything might change
+so pH nothing ever explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pH nothing ever explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pH nothing ever explains
+anything you just have to take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you just have to take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you just have to take what
+you've got and make the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got and make the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got and make the best of
+it yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system well there people who talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well there people who talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well there people who talk about
+systems theory but I'm not sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems theory but I'm not sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems theory but I'm not sure that
+it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well
+defined artificial intelligence means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined artificial intelligence means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined artificial intelligence means to
+me uh making a system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh making a system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh making a system that is
+resourceful and doesn't get stuck and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourceful and doesn't get stuck and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourceful and doesn't get stuck and so
+if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+system and also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and also it's
+a how do you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh some definitions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some definitions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some definitions are not
+stationary like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+popular popular is what's popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular popular is what's popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular popular is what's popular
+now there there isn't any such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there there isn't any such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there there isn't any such thing as
+popular music in terms of the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were there was once a little Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there was once a little Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there was once a little Department
+called systems analysis at TS which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called systems analysis at TS which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called systems analysis at TS which had
+a couple of rather good philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of rather good philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of rather good philosophers
+trying to make general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make general theory of
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+and they were writing nice little papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were writing nice little papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were writing nice little papers
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+got it moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it moved
+along but then there was a Senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but then there was a Senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but then there was a Senator
+McCarthy you've probably heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy you've probably heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy you've probably heard of
+and he announced that he had evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he announced that he had evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he announced that he had evidence
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the one of the principal investigators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the principal investigators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the principal investigators
+had slept with his wife before they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had slept with his wife before they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had slept with his wife before they were
+married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well TS was very frightened at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well TS was very frightened at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well TS was very frightened at this and
+abolished that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+department and bill schutz went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and bill schutz went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and bill schutz went to
+California and started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and started
+esselin and had a good time for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esselin and had a good time for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esselin and had a good time for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years I don't more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I don't more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I don't more
+stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories
+yeah was a extension of the body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was a extension of the body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was a extension of the body and
+mind question it seems to me like we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind question it seems to me like we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind question it seems to me like we as
+humans we learn a lot from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we learn a lot from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we learn a lot from just
+interacting with the environment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the environment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the environment like
+language we hear it being spoken we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we hear it being spoken we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we hear it being spoken we
+speak it you know we see things we touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it you know we see things we touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it you know we see things we touch
+things uh but it as far as I know it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh but it as far as I know it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh but it as far as I know it a
+lot of the efforts in artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the efforts in artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the efforts in artificial
+intelligence so far have been confined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so far have been confined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so far have been confined
+to the computer that does not go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the computer that does not go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the computer that does not go out
+into the real world interact doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real world interact doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real world interact doesn't
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+learn new things um well here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new things um well here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new things um well here's the
+problem um I look over at Carnegie melon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um I look over at Carnegie melon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um I look over at Carnegie melon
+and there are some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some nice
+projects and the most popular one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and the most popular one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and the most popular one is
+robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot
+soccer and here are these little robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer and here are these little robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer and here are these little robots
+kicking a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking a ball
+around their Sony what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called yes the Sony eyeballs Sony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called yes the Sony eyeballs Sony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called yes the Sony eyeballs Sony
+stopped making the eyeballs but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped making the eyeballs but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped making the eyeballs but it
+respected Carnegie and it made a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected Carnegie and it made a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected Carnegie and it made a little
+stash secret stash of eyeballs to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash secret stash of eyeballs to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash secret stash of eyeballs to send
+to Carnegie if when the present ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Carnegie if when the present ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Carnegie if when the present ones
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but my impression of AI projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my impression of AI projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my impression of AI projects that
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+robots is that they do less less less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots is that they do less less less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots is that they do less less less
+than projects that don't the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than projects that don't the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than projects that don't the reason is
+if you have a robot like Asimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a robot like Asimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a robot like Asimo
+made by Sony no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by Sony no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by Sony no
+Honda Asimo can get in the back seat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honda Asimo can get in the back seat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honda Asimo can get in the back seat of
+a car with some effort usually Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car with some effort usually Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car with some effort usually Falls
+over however if you simulate a stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over however if you simulate a stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over however if you simulate a stick
+figure in a computer getting into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in a computer getting into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in a computer getting into a
+stick figure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick figure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick figure of a
+car then you can make it learn to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car then you can make it learn to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car then you can make it learn to do
+that and get better and better and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get better and better and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get better and better and so
+all AI projects without robots are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all AI projects without robots are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all AI projects without robots are way
+ahead of all AI projects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of all AI projects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of all AI projects with
+robots and the profound reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and the profound reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and the profound reason is that
+robots are usually expensive and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots are usually expensive and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots are usually expensive and they're
+always being fixed so if you have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always being fixed so if you have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always being fixed so if you have five
+students and the robot is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and the robot is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and the robot is being
+fixed I don't know what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed I don't know what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed I don't know what they're doing
+but they have to wait whereas if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have to wait whereas if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have to wait whereas if you
+have a stick figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stick figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stick figure
+robot then uh you can just run it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot then uh you can just run it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot then uh you can just run it on
+this although it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this although it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this although it might be a little
+slower than your main frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than your main frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than your main frame
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+yeah the idea of the mind and the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the idea of the mind and the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the idea of the mind and the body
+um here's here's a theory that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's here's a theory that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's here's a theory that I just
+thought of um the idea of the body as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of um the idea of the body as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of um the idea of the body as a
+seeing in abstract basically a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in abstract basically a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in abstract basically a mechanism
+for input output it's a set of sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for input output it's a set of sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for input output it's a set of sensors
+um in In from which our brains can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in In from which our brains can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in In from which our brains can get
+information about the world and a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the world and a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the world and a set of
+actuators um in which we can display our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators um in which we can display our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators um in which we can display our
+states um so in given in that light it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states um so in given in that light it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states um so in given in that light it's
+it's almost as if our brains aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if our brains aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if our brains aren't
+really independent on our body itself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really independent on our body itself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really independent on our body itself it
+can adapt to like any sort of body if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adapt to like any sort of body if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adapt to like any sort of body if we
+happen to hook it up that way and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to hook it up that way and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to hook it up that way and it it
+just so happens that we've been hooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so happens that we've been hooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so happens that we've been hooked
+up to this body since first that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this body since first that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this body since first that we have
+such like good mental models of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such like good mental models of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such like good mental models of how to
+use this body um and I guess an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this body um and I guess an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this body um and I guess an example
+of um in from experiments that support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um in from experiments that support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um in from experiments that support
+this Theory might be how um when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory might be how um when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory might be how um when people
+have amputated it takes them a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amputated it takes them a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amputated it takes them a while to
+like forget that they they have the limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like forget that they they have the limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like forget that they they have the limb
+cuz their mental models still exist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz their mental models still exist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz their mental models still exist the
+mental models don't go away overnight um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental models don't go away overnight um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental models don't go away overnight um
+and also I guess they train monkeys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I guess they train monkeys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I guess they train monkeys to
+control robot arms with their brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control robot arms with their brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control robot arms with their brains
+sure well but it just seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure well but it just seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure well but it just seems to me
+that a large amount of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a large amount of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a large amount of our
+brain is involved with highly evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is involved with highly evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is involved with highly evolved
+locomotion mechan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion mechan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion mechan
+mechanisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and
+uh as I said when you're sitting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I said when you're sitting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I said when you're sitting back
+with your eyes closed in a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your eyes closed in a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your eyes closed in a chair
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+something then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then
+it's not clear how much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear how much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear how much of that
+Machinery is important but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery is important but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery is important but it might be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um I have a I have a strange paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have a I have a strange paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have a I have a strange paper
+on I don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to remember its name it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do you think I can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't remember the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+title oh I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title oh I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title oh I give
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+um the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe in the older theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psychology everything is learned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology everything is learned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology everything is learned by
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+in the real world so conditioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world so conditioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world so conditioning and
+reinforcement and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+uh in this Theory I call internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this Theory I call internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this Theory I call internal
+grounding I make a conjecture suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding I make a conjecture suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding I make a conjecture suppose
+the brain has a little piece of nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain has a little piece of nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain has a little piece of nerve
+tissue which consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue which consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue which consists
+of a few neurons arranged to make not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few neurons arranged to make not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few neurons arranged to make not a
+flip-flop but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flop but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flop but a
+what would you call a three or a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you call a three or a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you call a three or a four
+flop a flip-flop with three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop a flip-flop with three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop a flip-flop with three or four
+states let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states let's say
+three so when you put a certain input it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so when you put a certain input it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so when you put a certain input it
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from I couldn't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chu so here are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chu so here are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chu so here are three
+states and here's a certain input that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and here's a certain input that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and here's a certain input that
+means if you're in that state you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you're in that state you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you're in that state you go to
+this and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you
+pop that input again it does this and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop that input again it does this and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop that input again it does this and if
+you say uh go clockwise go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say uh go clockwise go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say uh go clockwise go
+counterclockwise it goes so three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise it goes so three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise it goes so three of
+them get you back where you were but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get you back where you were but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get you back where you were but if
+I go this this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go this this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go this this and
+that that would mean to go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would mean to go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would mean to go like this
+this and back so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and back so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and back so this would
+be that means that's equivalent to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that means that's equivalent to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that means that's equivalent to just
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+one get the idea in other words imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one get the idea in other words imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one get the idea in other words imagine
+that there's a little world inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a little world inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a little world inside your
+brain which is very small and only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain which is very small and only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain which is very small and only has
+three states and you have actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three states and you have actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three states and you have actions that
+you can perform on it and you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perform on it and you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perform on it and you have an
+inner eye which can see which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner eye which can see which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner eye which can see which of the
+three points of that triangle you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points of that triangle you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points of that triangle you're
+on then you could learn by experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then you could learn by experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then you could learn by experience
+that if you go left left left you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go left left left you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go left left left you're
+back where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where you
+were but if you go left right left right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but if you go left right left right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but if you go left right left right
+you're back where you are and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're back where you are and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're back where you are and if you go
+left left right that's like going one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left left right that's like going one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left left right that's like going one
+left in other words you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in other words you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in other words you could imagine a
+brain that starts out before it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that starts out before it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that starts out before it connects
+itself to the real world it starts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to the real world it starts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to the real world it starts by
+having the top level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain connected to a little internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain connected to a little internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain connected to a little internal
+World which just has three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World which just has three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World which just has three or four
+states and you get very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and you get very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and you get very good at
+manipulating that then you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating that then you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating that then you add more
+sensory systems to the outer world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory systems to the outer world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory systems to the outer world and
+you get to get learn ways to get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to get learn ways to get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to get learn ways to get around
+in the real world so I call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world so I call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world so I call that the
+internal grounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal grounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal grounding
+hypothesis and my suggestion is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and my suggestion is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and my suggestion is maybe
+somewhere in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain there's a little structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there's a little structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there's a little structure that's
+somewhat like that which is used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like that which is used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like that which is used by the
+frontal part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal part of the
+cortex to make very abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex to make very abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex to make very abstract
+ideas you understand the more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you understand the more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you understand the more abstract
+an idea is the simpler and more stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea is the simpler and more stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea is the simpler and more stupid
+and Elementary it is abstract doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Elementary it is abstract doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Elementary it is abstract doesn't
+mean hard abstract means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hard abstract means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hard abstract means
+stupid real real things like this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid real real things like this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid real real things like this are
+infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely
+complicated so we might have and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so we might have and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so we might have and I
+wouldn't dare suggest this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't dare suggest this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't dare suggest this to a
+neuroscientist there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist there might be some
+little brain Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little brain Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little brain Center
+somewhere near the frontal cortex that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near the frontal cortex that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near the frontal cortex that
+allows the frontal cortex to do some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the frontal cortex to do some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the frontal cortex to do some uh
+predicting and planning and induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting and planning and induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting and planning and induction
+about a very simple few simple finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very simple few simple finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very simple few simple finite
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+Arrangements who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements who
+knows would you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows would you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows would you look for
+it well if you were a neuroscientist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well if you were a neuroscientist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well if you were a neuroscientist you
+could say oh that's completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say oh that's completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say oh that's completely different
+from anything I ever heard let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything I ever heard let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything I ever heard let's look
+for it and if you're wrong you're wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and if you're wrong you're wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and if you're wrong you're wasted
+a year and if you're right then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and if you're right then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and if you're right then you
+become the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh ramoni kahal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ramoni kahal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ramoni kahal or
+someone who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's the
+best who's the currently best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neuroscientist maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+late one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late one more
+question one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question this is Cynthia Salman who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is Cynthia Salman who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is Cynthia Salman who's
+one of the great developers of the logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great developers of the logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great developers of the logo
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yay yes maybe it's question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think about theories such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as Rodney Brook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Rodney Brook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Rodney Brook
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+speak completely weird obviously those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak completely weird obviously those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak completely weird obviously those
+theories have nothing to do with human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories have nothing to do with human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories have nothing to do with human
+thinking but they're very good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but they're very good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but they're very good for
+making stupid robots and the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making stupid robots and the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making stupid robots and the vacuum
+cleaner is one of the great achievements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner is one of the great achievements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner is one of the great achievements
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+it however his his projects what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it however his his projects what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it however his his projects what was it
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+Cog disappeared Without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trace that theory was so wrong that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace that theory was so wrong that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace that theory was so wrong that it
+got a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a national
+award and it corrupted AI research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award and it corrupted AI research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award and it corrupted AI research in
+Japan for several years I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan for several years I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan for several years I can't
+understand Brooks became popular because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Brooks became popular because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Brooks became popular because
+he said maybe the important things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said maybe the important things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said maybe the important things about
+thinking is that there's no internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is that there's no internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is that there's no internal
+representation you're just reacting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you're just reacting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you're just reacting to
+situations and you have a big library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and you have a big library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and you have a big library of
+how to react to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to react to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to react to each
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+well David Hume had that idea and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well David Hume had that idea and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well David Hume had that idea and he was
+a popular philosopher for hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular philosopher for hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular philosopher for hundreds of
+years but it went nowhere and it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but it went nowhere and it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but it went nowhere and it's gone
+and so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is
+Rod however he is one of the great robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod however he is one of the great robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod however he is one of the great robot
+designers and he may be the instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers and he may be the instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers and he may be the instrumental
+in fixing the great Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fixing the great Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fixing the great Japanese
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+meltdown because they're shipping some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltdown because they're shipping some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltdown because they're shipping some
+of his robots out there the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his robots out there the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his robots out there the problem is
+can it open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it open the
+door so far no robot can open the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door so far no robot can open the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door so far no robot can open the door
+even though it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+locked thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0XAJIHttCNs.txt b/0XAJIHttCNs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57d6a3c97596d64339b36f8ae4120e50b89bcb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0XAJIHttCNs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+let's take a look at storyboard number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at storyboard number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at storyboard number
+10 back in earlier sessions we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 back in earlier sessions we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 back in earlier sessions we talked
+about the detail of glycolysis one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the detail of glycolysis one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the detail of glycolysis one of
+the points that I emphasized is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that I emphasized is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that I emphasized is the fact
+that it's necessary to maintain redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's necessary to maintain redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's necessary to maintain redox
+neutrality in the cytoplasm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality in the cytoplasm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality in the cytoplasm of a
+mammalian cell it's also necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian cell it's also necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian cell it's also necessary to
+maintain Redux neutrality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain Redux neutrality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain Redux neutrality and
+prokaryotic cells not just eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic cells not just eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic cells not just eukaryotic
+cells at the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells at the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells at the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+dehydrogenase step of glycolysis nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase step of glycolysis nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase step of glycolysis nad
+plus was consumed and converted to NADH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus was consumed and converted to NADH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus was consumed and converted to NADH
+that means we have to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we have to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we have to find a way to
+convert NADH back to nad plus in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert NADH back to nad plus in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert NADH back to nad plus in order
+to make like Ollis estat continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make like Ollis estat continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make like Ollis estat continuous
+process back in lectures 3 & 4 I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process back in lectures 3 & 4 I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process back in lectures 3 & 4 I said
+that there were three ways to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were three ways to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were three ways to convert
+the NADH back to nad plus these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NADH back to nad plus these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NADH back to nad plus these were
+alcoholic fermentation in anaerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcoholic fermentation in anaerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcoholic fermentation in anaerobic
+cells homo lactic fermentation again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells homo lactic fermentation again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells homo lactic fermentation again in
+an anaerobic environment and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anaerobic environment and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anaerobic environment and the third
+is respiration which occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is respiration which occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is respiration which occurs in the
+presence of oxygen I'm going to loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of oxygen I'm going to loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of oxygen I'm going to loop
+back now and revisit this topic I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now and revisit this topic I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now and revisit this topic I want
+to spotlight three general strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spotlight three general strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spotlight three general strategies
+that cells use to achieve redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells use to achieve redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells use to achieve redox
+neutrality in the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality in the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality in the cytoplasm
+the first is lactate dehydrogenase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is lactate dehydrogenase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is lactate dehydrogenase the
+second is called the glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is called the glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is called the glycerol
+3-phosphate shuttle and the third is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate shuttle and the third is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate shuttle and the third is
+called the malate aspartate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the malate aspartate shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the malate aspartate shuttle
+panel a of this figure shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a of this figure shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a of this figure shows the
+cytoplasm working in concert with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm working in concert with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm working in concert with the
+mitochondrion you can see depicted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion you can see depicted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion you can see depicted on
+the left the pathway of glycolysis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left the pathway of glycolysis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left the pathway of glycolysis in
+the middle pyruvate dehydrogenase and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle pyruvate dehydrogenase and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle pyruvate dehydrogenase and to
+the right the citric acid cycle or TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the citric acid cycle or TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the citric acid cycle or TCA
+cycle which we just covered there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle which we just covered there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle which we just covered there were
+two important boundary conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two important boundary conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two important boundary conditions for
+the discussion we're about to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion we're about to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion we're about to have the
+first is that oxaloacetate is as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that oxaloacetate is as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that oxaloacetate is as I've
+mentioned earlier present only in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier present only in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier present only in very
+small concentrations within the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small concentrations within the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small concentrations within the cell and
+especially in the mitochondrion as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the mitochondrion as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the mitochondrion as a
+consequence the mitochondrion too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence the mitochondrion too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence the mitochondrion too
+not have a transporter to allow it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a transporter to allow it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a transporter to allow it to
+escape in other words it's concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape in other words it's concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape in other words it's concentration
+is preserved at about one micromolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved at about one micromolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved at about one micromolar
+inside the mitochondrion the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the mitochondrion the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the mitochondrion the second
+boundary condition concerns the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition concerns the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition concerns the fact
+that NAD+ and NADH as well as nadp+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NAD+ and NADH as well as nadp+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NAD+ and NADH as well as nadp+ and
+NADPH cannot go directly across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH cannot go directly across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH cannot go directly across the
+mitochondrial membrane so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane so in other words
+there are two separate pools of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two separate pools of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two separate pools of this
+nucleotide cofactor one in the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide cofactor one in the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide cofactor one in the cytoplasm
+one in the mitochondrion I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the mitochondrion I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the mitochondrion I'll come back
+to the importance of the two pools in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the importance of the two pools in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the importance of the two pools in
+just a few minutes let's look first here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes let's look first here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes let's look first here
+in panel a at the mechanism by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel a at the mechanism by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel a at the mechanism by which
+lactate dehydrogenase achieves redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate dehydrogenase achieves redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate dehydrogenase achieves redox
+neutrality in the cytoplasm we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality in the cytoplasm we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality in the cytoplasm we've
+already covered this so this is a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covered this so this is a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covered this so this is a bit of
+a review note that you see nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review note that you see nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review note that you see nad plus
+getting converted to NADH in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting converted to NADH in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting converted to NADH in the
+cytoplasm that's at the gap th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm that's at the gap th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm that's at the gap th or
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+step the hatch lines that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the hatch lines that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the hatch lines that you see
+represent the flow of electrons in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the flow of electrons in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the flow of electrons in other
+words electrons flow from glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words electrons flow from glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words electrons flow from glucose and
+they end up in NADH then the lactate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up in NADH then the lactate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up in NADH then the lactate
+dehydrogenase enzyme transfers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase enzyme transfers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase enzyme transfers the
+electrons from NADH into lactate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from NADH into lactate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from NADH into lactate so
+these electrons from glucose are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons from glucose are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons from glucose are
+involved in the reduction of the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the reduction of the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the reduction of the ketone
+functionality of pyruvate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of pyruvate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of pyruvate into the
+alcohol functionality of lactate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol functionality of lactate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol functionality of lactate and
+that's where the electrons stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the electrons stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the electrons stay the
+other product of this reaction as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other product of this reaction as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other product of this reaction as you'll
+see is nad plus which is now available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is nad plus which is now available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is nad plus which is now available
+to enable the oxidation of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable the oxidation of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable the oxidation of the next
+molecule of glucose what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose what happens to the
+lactate that's produced in a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate that's produced in a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate that's produced in a working
+muscle cell that lactate will escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle cell that lactate will escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle cell that lactate will escape
+from the cell go into the blood and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell go into the blood and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell go into the blood and then
+go to the liver or another organ that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the liver or another organ that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the liver or another organ that's
+capable of doing the pathway of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing the pathway of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing the pathway of
+gluconeogenesis as I've mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis as I've mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis as I've mentioned in the
+past gluconeogenesis is a pathway by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past gluconeogenesis is a pathway by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past gluconeogenesis is a pathway by
+which non carbohydrate precursors such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which non carbohydrate precursors such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which non carbohydrate precursors such
+as lactate are built back up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lactate are built back up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lactate are built back up into
+glucose keep that working muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose keep that working muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose keep that working muscle
+scenario in mind because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario in mind because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario in mind because I'm going to
+come back to it later when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it later when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it later when I talk about
+physiological responses to stress such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological responses to stress such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological responses to stress such
+as what I'll call the fight and flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what I'll call the fight and flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what I'll call the fight and flight
+scenario that's all I'm going to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that's all I'm going to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that's all I'm going to say for
+now about the LDH shuttle that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about the LDH shuttle that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about the LDH shuttle that is
+lactate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate dehydrogenase
+shuttle in panel a which is the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle in panel a which is the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle in panel a which is the first of
+the three pathways by which redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three pathways by which redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three pathways by which redox
+neutrality is maintained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality is maintained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality is maintained in the
+cytoplasm the second pathway to retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm the second pathway to retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm the second pathway to retain
+Redux neutrality is the glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux neutrality is the glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux neutrality is the glycerol
+3-phosphate shuttle this pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate shuttle this pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate shuttle this pathway is
+particularly active in the brain and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly active in the brain and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly active in the brain and in
+skeletal muscle once again follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal muscle once again follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal muscle once again follow the
+hatched lines to follow the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched lines to follow the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched lines to follow the path of
+electrons as they go from glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as they go from glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as they go from glucose and
+ultimately in this case they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately in this case they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately in this case they're going to
+end up being deposited into oxygen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being deposited into oxygen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being deposited into oxygen to
+form water starting at the top you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form water starting at the top you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form water starting at the top you see
+nad plus being reduced to NADH at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus being reduced to NADH at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus being reduced to NADH at the
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+step gap th next we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step gap th next we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step gap th next we're going to
+temporarily borrow a molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily borrow a molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily borrow a molecule of
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP DHAP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP DHAP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP DHAP is
+a ketone and what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketone and what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketone and what we're going to do is
+deposit the electrons from NADH into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit the electrons from NADH into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit the electrons from NADH into the
+ketone functionality to make the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone functionality to make the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone functionality to make the alcohol
+glycerol 3-phosphate the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol 3-phosphate the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol 3-phosphate the source of the
+electrons was NADH and now you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons was NADH and now you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons was NADH and now you've
+accomplished your chemical goal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished your chemical goal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished your chemical goal which
+was to restore the nad Plus pool to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to restore the nad Plus pool to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to restore the nad Plus pool to the
+cytoplasm but we borrowed a molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm but we borrowed a molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm but we borrowed a molecule of
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and we've
+somehow got to get that back let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow got to get that back let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow got to get that back let me
+point out at this point that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out at this point that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out at this point that the
+reduction of DHAP to glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of DHAP to glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of DHAP to glycerol
+3-phosphate was accomplished by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate was accomplished by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate was accomplished by the
+cytoplasmic form of the enzyme lists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic form of the enzyme lists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic form of the enzyme lists are
+all three phosphate dehydrogenase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three phosphate dehydrogenase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three phosphate dehydrogenase which
+catalyze step 2 on the story board we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze step 2 on the story board we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze step 2 on the story board we're
+going to deal more with coins mq in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal more with coins mq in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal more with coins mq in the
+next lecture but for now it's a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture but for now it's a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture but for now it's a molecule
+specifically a quinone that's easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically a quinone that's easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically a quinone that's easily
+reduced to its hydroquinone form called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to its hydroquinone form called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to its hydroquinone form called
+qh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qh2
+the structures of q and q h 2 are shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of q and q h 2 are shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of q and q h 2 are shown
+in the box q h2 is in the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box q h2 is in the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box q h2 is in the mitochondrial
+membrane in glycerol 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in glycerol 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in glycerol 3-phosphate
+dehydrogenase the mitochondrial version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase the mitochondrial version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase the mitochondrial version
+of it is present in the outer part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is present in the outer part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is present in the outer part of
+the mitochondrial inner membrane like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial inner membrane like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial inner membrane like
+nadh and fadh2 q h to the hydroquinone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh and fadh2 q h to the hydroquinone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh and fadh2 q h to the hydroquinone
+is what i've called a mobile electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i've called a mobile electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i've called a mobile electron
+carrier q h2 is going to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier q h2 is going to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier q h2 is going to allow the
+electrons that started out in glucose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that started out in glucose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that started out in glucose or
+an NADH of the gap D H step to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NADH of the gap D H step to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NADH of the gap D H step to flow
+through the electron transport chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the electron transport chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the electron transport chain
+which we'll come to in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll come to in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll come to in the next lecture
+flow into oxygen which is reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into oxygen which is reduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into oxygen which is reduced to
+form water this terminal reduction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form water this terminal reduction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form water this terminal reduction is
+shown in step 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in step 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in step 5
+effectively in the glycerol 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in the glycerol 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in the glycerol 3-phosphate
+shuttle we're using oxygen in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle we're using oxygen in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle we're using oxygen in order to
+oxidize NADH back to nad plus and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize NADH back to nad plus and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize NADH back to nad plus and once
+again maintaining a constant supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maintaining a constant supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maintaining a constant supply of
+nad plus is necessary in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus is necessary in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus is necessary in order to make
+glycolysis a continuous process panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis a continuous process panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis a continuous process panels
+see shows a third strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see shows a third strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see shows a third strategy for
+maintaining redox neutrality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining redox neutrality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining redox neutrality in the
+cytoplasm this is called the malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm this is called the malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm this is called the malate
+aspartate shuttle and this pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate shuttle and this pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate shuttle and this pathway is
+operative in heart liver and kidney to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative in heart liver and kidney to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative in heart liver and kidney to
+the left we see the production of NADH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we see the production of NADH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we see the production of NADH
+just as we did in the previous two small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we did in the previous two small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we did in the previous two small
+pathways at step one let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways at step one let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways at step one let's assume that
+there's a molecule of oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a molecule of oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a molecule of oxaloacetate
+present as part of the cytoplasmic pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as part of the cytoplasmic pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as part of the cytoplasmic pool
+of organic acids oxaloacetate ROA is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organic acids oxaloacetate ROA is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organic acids oxaloacetate ROA is a
+ketone in the cytoplasmic form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone in the cytoplasmic form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone in the cytoplasmic form of the
+enzyme malate dehydrogenase working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme malate dehydrogenase working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme malate dehydrogenase working in
+the reverse direction from the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse direction from the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse direction from the one that
+we see operative in the TCA cycle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see operative in the TCA cycle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see operative in the TCA cycle is
+able to reduce the oxaloacetate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reduce the oxaloacetate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reduce the oxaloacetate to
+malate we just reduced a ketone oay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate we just reduced a ketone oay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate we just reduced a ketone oay to
+an alcohol malate in step three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol malate in step three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol malate in step three the
+accumulating malate is transported by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating malate is transported by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating malate is transported by a
+malate transporter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate transporter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate transporter into the
+mitochondrial matrix which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix which is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix which is of course
+the location of the TCA cycle at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the TCA cycle at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the TCA cycle at this
+point we're going to be using one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're going to be using one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're going to be using one of the
+steps of the TCA cycle specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the TCA cycle specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the TCA cycle specifically
+we're going to use malate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use malate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use malate dehydrogenase
+the mitochondrial version of the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial version of the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial version of the enzyme
+this time to convert malate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to convert malate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to convert malate to
+oxaloacetate that reaction is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate that reaction is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate that reaction is an
+oxidation we use the mitochondrial pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation we use the mitochondrial pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation we use the mitochondrial pool
+of nad plus to carry out that oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nad plus to carry out that oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nad plus to carry out that oxidation
+in effect we're using the electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect we're using the electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect we're using the electrons that
+came in for malate to reduce NAD+ to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in for malate to reduce NAD+ to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in for malate to reduce NAD+ to
+NADH in the mitochondrion now take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH in the mitochondrion now take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH in the mitochondrion now take a
+careful look at step four looking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful look at step four looking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful look at step four looking to the
+left you see the hatched lines go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you see the hatched lines go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you see the hatched lines go all
+the way back to glucose which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back to glucose which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back to glucose which was the
+source of the electrons to the right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the electrons to the right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the electrons to the right the
+hatched nut lines by step five go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched nut lines by step five go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched nut lines by step five go to the
+electron transport chain all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain all the way to
+oxygen we haven't done the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we haven't done the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we haven't done the electron
+transport chain is yet so you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain is yet so you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain is yet so you're just
+going to have to trust me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to trust me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to trust me for
+while there's an enzyme nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while there's an enzyme nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while there's an enzyme nadh
+dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial inner
+membrane that will take the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that will take the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that will take the electrons
+from nadh and eventually regenerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nadh and eventually regenerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nadh and eventually regenerate the
+nad plus in the mitochondrial matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus in the mitochondrial matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus in the mitochondrial matrix in
+step 5 we're taking the electrons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 5 we're taking the electrons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 5 we're taking the electrons from
+the NADH produced by malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NADH produced by malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NADH produced by malate
+dehydrogenase and entering those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase and entering those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase and entering those
+electrons into the electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the electron transport
+chain then in a manner that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain then in a manner that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain then in a manner that's quite
+similar to what we did in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did in the previous
+shuttle the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
+those electrons are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are going to be
+transferred to oxygen to make water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to oxygen to make water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to oxygen to make water
+before I go on let's review a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go on let's review a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go on let's review a little bit
+between step 1 and step 2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between step 1 and step 2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between step 1 and step 2 in the
+cytoplasm we deposited electrons into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm we deposited electrons into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm we deposited electrons into
+oxaloacetate to make malate that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to make malate that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to make malate that step
+restored nad plus levels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored nad plus levels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored nad plus levels in the
+cytoplasm which is what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm which is what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm which is what we wanted to
+accomplish however we've consumed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish however we've consumed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish however we've consumed a
+molecule of oxaloacetate and as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of oxaloacetate and as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of oxaloacetate and as I've
+mentioned before the cell has to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the cell has to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the cell has to try to
+preserve the concentration of this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the concentration of this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the concentration of this very
+precious molecule we now have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious molecule we now have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious molecule we now have to find a
+way to restore oxaloacetate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to restore oxaloacetate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to restore oxaloacetate that we
+borrowed in step 1 now let's look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed in step 1 now let's look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed in step 1 now let's look back
+at the step 4 where malate was converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the step 4 where malate was converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the step 4 where malate was converted
+to oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial
+matrix because the molecule of malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because the molecule of malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because the molecule of malate
+came from the cytoplasm this is a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the cytoplasm this is a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the cytoplasm this is a net
+increase in the mitochondrial matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the mitochondrial matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the mitochondrial matrix of
+one unit of malate and ultimately one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of malate and ultimately one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of malate and ultimately one
+unit of oxaloacetate we need to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of oxaloacetate we need to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of oxaloacetate we need to find a
+way to get that molecule of oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get that molecule of oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get that molecule of oxaloacetate
+back out into the cytoplasm in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out into the cytoplasm in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out into the cytoplasm in order to
+make this shuttle a continuous one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this shuttle a continuous one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this shuttle a continuous one in
+the cofactor section of 507 Joanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofactor section of 507 Joanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofactor section of 507 Joanne
+taught us about the ways that pyridoxal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us about the ways that pyridoxal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us about the ways that pyridoxal
+phosphate and pyridoxamine work in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and pyridoxamine work in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and pyridoxamine work in order
+to put amino groups into organic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put amino groups into organic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put amino groups into organic acids
+such as oxaloacetate and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as oxaloacetate and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as oxaloacetate and that's what's
+going to happen in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in this case
+oxaloacetate is converted into its amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is converted into its amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is converted into its amino
+acid homolog aspartic acid why did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid homolog aspartic acid why did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid homolog aspartic acid why did we do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+emanation reaction well there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanation reaction well there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanation reaction well there is no way
+to get oxaloacetate directly out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oxaloacetate directly out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oxaloacetate directly out of the
+mitochondrion because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion because there's no
+transporter for it but there is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporter for it but there is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporter for it but there is a good
+transporter the aspartate transporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporter the aspartate transporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporter the aspartate transporter
+that will take aspartic acid out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take aspartic acid out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take aspartic acid out into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+plasm so the oxaloacetate is converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasm so the oxaloacetate is converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasm so the oxaloacetate is converted
+temporarily into aspartic acid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily into aspartic acid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily into aspartic acid in the
+mitochondrion and that aspartic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and that aspartic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrion and that aspartic acid
+then slips out through its transporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slips out through its transporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slips out through its transporter
+to the cytoplasm once in the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cytoplasm once in the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cytoplasm once in the cytoplasm
+there's a similar pyridoxal mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a similar pyridoxal mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a similar pyridoxal mediated
+mechanism to deaminate the aspartate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to deaminate the aspartate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to deaminate the aspartate to
+regenerate the cytoplasmic molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate the cytoplasmic molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate the cytoplasmic molecule of
+oxaloacetate that we borrowed at step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate that we borrowed at step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate that we borrowed at step
+one a few minutes ago in panel D I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a few minutes ago in panel D I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a few minutes ago in panel D I
+summarized that we've looked at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized that we've looked at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized that we've looked at three
+different small pathways that enable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different small pathways that enable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different small pathways that enable the
+cytoplasm of the cell to always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm of the cell to always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm of the cell to always have
+enough nad plus to oxidize glucose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough nad plus to oxidize glucose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough nad plus to oxidize glucose to
+pyruvate these pathways are first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate these pathways are first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate these pathways are first the
+lactate dehydrogenase system second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate dehydrogenase system second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate dehydrogenase system second the
+glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle and third
+the malate aspartate shuttle
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0XzBJbfN4-M.txt b/0XzBJbfN4-M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6903f37b37fa78a16747c30f0dfcc270b71b1c63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0XzBJbfN4-M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi this is Janet from the publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi this is Janet from the publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi this is Janet from the publication
+team at MIT open courseware I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at MIT open courseware I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team at MIT open courseware I'd like to
+show you a few sections from a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few sections from a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few sections from a course
+called Gateway planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Gateway planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Gateway planning
+action this is one of the core courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this is one of the core courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this is one of the core courses
+for graduate students in the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graduate students in the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graduate students in the department
+of urban studies and planning at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urban studies and planning at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urban studies and planning at MIT and
+it's full of great resources that guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's full of great resources that guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's full of great resources that guide
+your reading and help you to write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reading and help you to write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reading and help you to write and
+communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate
+effectively students take this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively students take this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively students take this course
+during their first semester in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during their first semester in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during their first semester in the
+graduate program and it introduces them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate program and it introduces them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate program and it introduces them
+to the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the field of
+planning let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning let's take a look at the
+lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes
+section this course actually has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section this course actually has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section this course actually has three
+types of lecture notes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lecture notes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lecture notes there are
+presentations from The Faculty class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations from The Faculty class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations from The Faculty class
+notes taken by students and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes taken by students and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes taken by students and for each
+session a reading tips and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session a reading tips and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session a reading tips and study
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+handout in this handout Professor Briggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout in this handout Professor Briggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout in this handout Professor Briggs
+introduces the first case study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces the first case study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces the first case study of the
+semester which focuses on public housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester which focuses on public housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester which focuses on public housing
+in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston
+at the end there are questions to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there are questions to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there are questions to help
+guide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your
+reading this course also includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this course also includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this course also includes
+individual and team writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and team writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and team writing
+assignments in this assignment students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in this assignment students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in this assignment students
+work in teams to assess recovery plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in teams to assess recovery plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in teams to assess recovery plans
+for New Orleans after Hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Katrina finally this course included two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina finally this course included two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina finally this course included two
+communication workshops you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication workshops you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication workshops you can find
+these in the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the communication
+section these resources show how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section these resources show how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section these resources show how to
+prepare an effective briefing or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare an effective briefing or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare an effective briefing or a
+professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memo you can explore more courses like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo you can explore more courses like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo you can explore more courses like
+this one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu or get email updates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu or get email updates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu or get email updates by
+subscribing to our monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribing to our monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribing to our monthly
+newsletter we hope you will help support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletter we hope you will help support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletter we hope you will help support
+ocw by making a donation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0vVPy62Zpe8.txt b/0vVPy62Zpe8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94ceb93810368a4186b21fdfd06a487992d08017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0vVPy62Zpe8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8800 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and
+the topics are applications in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics are applications in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics are applications in one
+dimension uh and uh this is what's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension uh and uh this is what's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension uh and uh this is what's new
+this is the key part that's new here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key part that's new here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key part that's new here so
+now we're dealing with the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're dealing with the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're dealing with the question of
+finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the
+matrices finding the equations where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices finding the equations where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices finding the equations where do
+they come from and this is the going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from and this is the going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from and this is the going to
+be the key to that so again we we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the key to that so again we we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the key to that so again we we will
+end up with one of these symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with one of these symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with one of these symmetric
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+an A and an a transpose it happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and an a transpose it happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and an a transpose it happens that
+the a goes on the right and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a goes on the right and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a goes on the right and the a
+transpose on the left but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose on the left but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose on the left but the point is
+one is the transpose of the other and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the transpose of the other and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the transpose of the other and uh
+the product is of course square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is of course square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is of course square and
+symmetric okay but now where what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay but now where what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay but now where what's the
+application and these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and these are going to
+be uh the matrices that come up uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the matrices that come up uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the matrices that come up uh if I
+create the right application and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the right application and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the right application and the
+discussion in the text is in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the text is in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the text is in section
+1.4 I there're going to be examples with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 I there're going to be examples with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 I there're going to be examples with
+masses and springs because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and springs because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and springs because that's the
+most basic problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic problem of
+mechanics so I know that your interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so I know that your interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so I know that your interests
+go all over the field of Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all over the field of Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all over the field of Applied
+Mathematics and uh lots of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics and uh lots of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics and uh lots of it so
+mechanics uh are sort of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh are sort of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh are sort of the natural
+topic when I'm lecturing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic when I'm lecturing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic when I'm lecturing to
+uh graduate students say in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graduate students say in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graduate students say in this is
+close to the MIT course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the MIT course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the MIT course
+18.085 18 for math 085 is the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.085 18 for math 085 is the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.085 18 for math 085 is the course
+that's taken by a lot of mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taken by a lot of mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taken by a lot of mechanical
+engineers aeronautical engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers aeronautical engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers aeronautical engineers and
+some electrical engineers but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electrical engineers but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electrical engineers but of course
+as you know the interests in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the interests in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the interests in electrical
+engineering and in estimate well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in estimate well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in estimate well we'll
+see least squares and estimation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see least squares and estimation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see least squares and estimation problem
+s already next Thursday so we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s already next Thursday so we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s already next Thursday so we'll try to
+cover a whole range this so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a whole range this so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a whole range this so here's the
+application that I claim is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that I claim is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that I claim is going to
+lead to that matrix it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to that matrix it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to that matrix it's going to be
+just a line so onedimensional of so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line so onedimensional of so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line so onedimensional of so a
+spring and then a mass then a spring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and then a mass then a spring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and then a mass then a spring and
+a mass and a spring oh sorry I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass and a spring oh sorry I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass and a spring oh sorry I'm using
+more space than I should and a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space than I should and a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space than I should and a spring
+because I need three masses to get a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need three masses to get a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need three masses to get a 3X3
+Matrix and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's going to be
+fixed at the bottom so I've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at the bottom so I've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at the bottom so I've got four
+Springs with three masses okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs with three masses okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs with three masses okay that's
+that this goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this goes with
+k k can I write down right while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k k can I write down right while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k k can I write down right while we're
+looking at it just what the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it just what the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it just what the other ones
+are the next one the one that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the next one the one that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the next one the one that goes with
+t oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t oh
+H damn uh uh I've I've Chang I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H damn uh uh I've I've Chang I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H damn uh uh I've I've Chang I've put
+the boundary condition at the top ah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition at the top ah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition at the top ah how
+can I make a tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I make a tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I make a tower
+of you see my problem I I I I yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you see my problem I I I I yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you see my problem I I I I yes it's
+like it's like a well okay Skyhook a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like a well okay Skyhook a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like a well okay Skyhook a
+skyh all right well I better Dre the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyh all right well I better Dre the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyh all right well I better Dre the one
+that I'm sort of expecting which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sort of expecting which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sort of expecting which is to
+have this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this same
+deal but then what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but then what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but then what's going to be
+different at the at the boundary at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different at the at the boundary at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different at the at the boundary at the
+at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lower
+boundary it's free at the thing ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary it's free at the thing ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary it's free at the thing ends
+there so it's got three masses now only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's got three masses now only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's got three masses now only
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs
+and um I better fix the Matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I better fix the Matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I better fix the Matrix because
+it's not because that that one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because that that one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because that that one has the
+has the has some has the free this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the has some has the free this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the has some has the free this this
+is associated with a free boundary and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with a free boundary and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with a free boundary and I
+want the free boundary at the bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the free boundary at the bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the free boundary at the bottom so
+can I put the one here and the two back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I put the one here and the two back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I put the one here and the two back
+up there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there of
+course I still haven't created these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I still haven't created these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I still haven't created these
+matrices that's going to be my main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's going to be my main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's going to be my main
+point and maybe I'll call it H3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and maybe I'll call it H3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and maybe I'll call it H3 for
+hanging is that all right okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging is that all right okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging is that all right okay so we're
+now we're and now what is this one going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're and now what is this one going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're and now what is this one going
+to be anybody want to make a guess here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anybody want to make a guess here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anybody want to make a guess here
+this is a crazy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crazy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crazy way to
+lecture sorry that's on tape but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture sorry that's on tape but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture sorry that's on tape but it's
+much better if you know what's coming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better if you know what's coming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better if you know what's coming uh
+then uh you're you're right totally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you're you're right totally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you're you're right totally with
+me okay any guess on this one oh no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay any guess on this one oh no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay any guess on this one oh no I
+don't want that two how did that two get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that two how did that two get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that two how did that two get
+there okay yeah I just wanted to be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay yeah I just wanted to be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay yeah I just wanted to be back
+to that one which was remember that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that one which was remember that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that one which was remember that was
+the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and exactly that's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly that's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly that's got a
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+spring and mass but nobody's holding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and mass but nobody's holding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and mass but nobody's holding it
+there it's not it's to it's free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not it's to it's free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not it's to it's free free
+you could say so not surprising it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say so not surprising it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say so not surprising it's
+singular it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's like
+WEA I'm sorry to hear it uh uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WEA I'm sorry to hear it uh uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WEA I'm sorry to hear it uh uh do you
+remember what was the singular what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what was the singular what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what was the singular what was
+the vector in the null space that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector in the null space that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector in the null space that we
+identified for this one 111 and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified for this one 111 and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified for this one 111 and and and
+what does that one one represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that one one represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that one one represent
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+the one one one represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one one represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one one represent the
+displacements of the masses so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the masses so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the masses so what I'm
+saying is I could take the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is I could take the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is I could take the whole thing
+and shift it by any amount so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift it by any amount so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift it by any amount so it's it's
+like uh totally arbitrary constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh totally arbitrary constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh totally arbitrary constant in
+there it's it's almost like calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's it's almost like calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's it's almost like calculus
+where you do those integrals and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do those integrals and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do those integrals and you
+always have to remember plus C or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to remember plus C or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to remember plus C or you
+lose a point or something okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a point or something okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a point or something okay right
+okay well this is the this is the plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is the this is the plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is the this is the plus C
+in in Matrix in linear algebra right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Matrix in linear algebra right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Matrix in linear algebra right
+okay so this no wonder it's singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this no wonder it's singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this no wonder it's singular
+right I mean there's no way we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there's no way we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there's no way we could
+determine the displacements because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the displacements because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the displacements because the
+whole thing could could rigidly shift so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing could could rigidly shift so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing could could rigidly shift so
+that's a rigid motion and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rigid motion and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rigid motion and uh and
+nothing's preventing it whereas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's preventing it whereas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's preventing it whereas here
+those are perfectly statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are perfectly statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are perfectly statically
+stable uh structures right I mean if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh structures right I mean if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh structures right I mean if I
+If gravity acts so these are masses M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If gravity acts so these are masses M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If gravity acts so these are masses M1
+M2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 and
+M3 and gravity and similarly there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M3 and gravity and similarly there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M3 and gravity and similarly there and
+gravity is pulling them down then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is pulling them down then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is pulling them down then it's
+going to stretch those Springs it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stretch those Springs it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stretch those Springs it'll
+stretch these Springs well it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch these Springs well it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch these Springs well it'll
+actually compress that spring I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compress that spring I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compress that spring I guess
+won't it okay so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't it okay so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't it okay so we need
+to we need to think okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we need to think okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we need to think okay what are the
+unknowns what is it we're what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns what is it we're what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns what is it we're what is it
+we're trying to solve for in this Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve for in this Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve for in this Mass
+spring situation what's the setup okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring situation what's the setup okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring situation what's the setup okay
+okay now so the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so the here's the
+structure I'm I'm interested in how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I'm I'm interested in how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I'm I'm interested in how how
+much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the
+masses what's the displacements I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses what's the displacements I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses what's the displacements I'm
+interested in the three displacements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the three displacements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the three displacements so
+let me write those down so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write those down so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write those down so let me call
+them U1 U2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them U1 U2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them U1 U2 and
+u3 those will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3 those will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3 those will be the
+displacements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the
+masses of the three masses okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of the three masses okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of the three masses okay that's a
+principle I want to know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle I want to know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle I want to know I mean
+that's that that's something to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's something to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's something to to
+that's an unknown U for unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an unknown U for unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an unknown U for unknown
+okay another unknown is the forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another unknown is the forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another unknown is the forces in
+the springs and let me call those uh W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the springs and let me call those uh W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the springs and let me call those uh W
+so that'll be now there'll be one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be now there'll be one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be now there'll be one for
+every spring W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every spring W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every spring W1
+W2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 this
+is this is n three is n here I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is n three is n here I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is n three is n here I'll I'll
+try to be consistent that n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be consistent that n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be consistent that n is the
+number of displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of displacement
+unknowns uh here these These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns uh here these These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns uh here these These are
+associated with springs well here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with springs well here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with springs well here I've
+got four Springs so let me stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four Springs so let me stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four Springs so let me stay with
+this picture and and emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and and emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and and emphasize that
+there are four Springs here this four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four Springs here this four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four Springs here this four is
+what I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll call
+M so here M would be three here M would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so here M would be three here M would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so here M would be three here M would
+be two and that's an absolute signal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two and that's an absolute signal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two and that's an absolute signal of
+trouble when m is smaller than n so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble when m is smaller than n so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble when m is smaller than n so this
+is this I'll just write that down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this I'll just write that down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this I'll just write that down again
+m is only two here n is three I have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is only two here n is three I have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is only two here n is three I have M
+less than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+okay but so so what were these this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so so what were these this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so so what were these this four
+was M uh and these are the the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was M uh and these are the the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was M uh and these are the the internal
+forces in the spring right if if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the spring right if if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the spring right if if the if
+the mass If gravity acts so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass If gravity acts so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass If gravity acts so we have
+forces pulling downward on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces pulling downward on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces pulling downward on the
+masses the Springs react this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses the Springs react this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses the Springs react this is the
+reaction force from the Springs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force from the Springs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force from the Springs the
+spring force can I call it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force can I call it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force can I call it that the
+forces is the tension let's let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces is the tension let's let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces is the tension let's let me call
+them tension spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tension and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course I have to say a word about Signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I have to say a word about Signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I have to say a word about Signs
+Now I I'll tension will mean a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I I'll tension will mean a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I I'll tension will mean a a
+positive W would be tension so tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive W would be tension so tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive W would be tension so tension
+is a w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a w
+positive but of course like that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but of course like that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but of course like that last
+spring is going to be in compression or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is going to be in compression or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is going to be in compression or
+compression and compression I'll is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and compression I'll is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and compression I'll is the
+it would be a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W okay so those are my primary unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so those are my primary unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so those are my primary unknowns
+the U's and the W's I'm I'm and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U's and the W's I'm I'm and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U's and the W's I'm I'm and and now
+what's the external Force so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the external Force so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the external Force so the
+external force is gravity so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force is gravity so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force is gravity so I have
+external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces
+fub1 F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 F2
+F3 and those are external forces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F3 and those are external forces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F3 and those are external forces on the
+masses Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses Force
+on the mass gravity in fact in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mass gravity in fact in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mass gravity in fact in this
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay okay so what's my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what's my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what's my goal
+here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given let's see what information do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given let's see what information do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given let's see what information do I
+need to I would like to find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I would like to find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I would like to find these
+displacements and find these forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and find these forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and find these forces in
+the springs these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the springs these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the springs these are the
+unknowns this is a known quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns this is a known quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns this is a known quantity
+here there's one other there's a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's one other there's a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's one other there's a fourth
+box so what I'm describing here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so what I'm describing here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so what I'm describing here is the
+fundamental framework for equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental framework for equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental framework for equilibrium
+problems equilibrium problems mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems equilibrium problems mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems equilibrium problems mean
+steady state these I'm not these Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state these I'm not these Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state these I'm not these Springs
+are not bouncing right now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not bouncing right now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not bouncing right now they're
+they're the mass pulls them down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the mass pulls them down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the mass pulls them down they
+settle down I want to know what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down I want to know what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down I want to know what those
+displacements are what the spring forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements are what the spring forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements are what the spring forces
+are and the in between quantity I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the in between quantity I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the in between quantity I want
+is there'll be M of them because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there'll be M of them because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there'll be M of them because they're
+in the springs E1 E2 E3 E4 if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the springs E1 E2 E3 E4 if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the springs E1 E2 E3 E4 if there are
+four Springs and that e stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Springs and that e stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Springs and that e stands for
+elongations stretching of the spring how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongations stretching of the spring how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongations stretching of the spring how
+much the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the spring
+stretch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of the
+Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs
+okay so I'm emphasizing these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm emphasizing these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm emphasizing these four
+quantities and now I want to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and now I want to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and now I want to get some
+equations up how are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations up how are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations up how are these
+connected see ultimately this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected see ultimately this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected see ultimately this is what
+I'm given this is the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given this is the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given this is the right hand side of
+my equations and I'm interested said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equations and I'm interested said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equations and I'm interested said
+what's the left hand side now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the left hand side now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the left hand side now what
+what's the what's the what equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the what equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the what equals the
+external Force okay and here's my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Force okay and here's my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Force okay and here's my plan
+my plan and this is I've just found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plan and this is I've just found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plan and this is I've just found that
+this is a framework that I see over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a framework that I see over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a framework that I see over and
+over and over again in lectures in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again in lectures in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again in lectures in in
+lectures of the widest variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures of the widest variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures of the widest variety
+statistics chemical engineering wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics chemical engineering wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics chemical engineering wherever
+I just wait for this uh structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wait for this uh structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wait for this uh structure to
+appear and uh does so the the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and uh does so the the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and uh does so the the point is
+that these U's so let me copy it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these U's so let me copy it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these U's so let me copy it again
+here the U's there'll be a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the U's there'll be a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the U's there'll be a matrix
+a that connects the U's to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that connects the U's to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that connects the U's to the
+E there' be a matrix C that connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E there' be a matrix C that connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E there' be a matrix C that connects the
+e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+W's and then there'll be a matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and then there'll be a matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and then there'll be a matrix that
+connects the W's to the fs so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the W's to the fs so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the W's to the fs so this is
+like vector notation if I put arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vector notation if I put arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vector notation if I put arrows
+over them something you realize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them something you realize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them something you realize those
+are vectors and anybody want to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors and anybody want to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors and anybody want to guess
+what that Matrix is it's a transpose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Matrix is it's a transpose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Matrix is it's a transpose it
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's figure out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's figure out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's figure out these
+matrices what's the matric what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what's the matric what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what's the matric what's the
+connection if I know the displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection if I know the displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection if I know the displacements
+how much do the Springs how far do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do the Springs how far do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do the Springs how far do they
+stretch so I'm I'm interested now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch so I'm I'm interested now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch so I'm I'm interested now in
+this connection U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connection U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connection U
+equal e equal Au how much do the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stretch so that's Matrix language it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch so that's Matrix language it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch so that's Matrix language it's a
+vector of four e's a vector of three U's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of four e's a vector of three U's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of four e's a vector of three U's
+I I'm working I'm working always with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm working I'm working always with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm working I'm working always with
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay so ready for ready for help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so ready for ready for help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so ready for ready for help
+here how much does that spring stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how much does that spring stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how much does that spring stretch
+if if that one's fixed so you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if that one's fixed so you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if that one's fixed so you could say
+u0 is zero it's fixed this one drops by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 is zero it's fixed this one drops by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 is zero it's fixed this one drops by
+U1 how much does a spring stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 how much does a spring stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 how much does a spring stretch
+by E1 will be U1 right just that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by E1 will be U1 right just that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by E1 will be U1 right just that so that
+we got a simple equation there the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a simple equation there the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a simple equation there the the
+the the so I'll just write that down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the so I'll just write that down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the so I'll just write that down the
+first spring stretches by U1 okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first spring stretches by U1 okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first spring stretches by U1 okay that's
+because the top of it was fixed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the top of it was fixed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the top of it was fixed now
+let's take a typical spring the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a typical spring the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a typical spring the second
+one what's the stretching in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the stretching in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the stretching in the second
+spring if this goes down by U1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring if this goes down by U1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring if this goes down by U1 and this
+goes down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down by
+U2 how much does the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 how much does the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 how much does the spring
+stretch it's going to be a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch it's going to be a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch it's going to be a difference
+it's going to be a U2 minus U1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a U2 minus U1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a U2 minus U1 because
+if they won't if the masses go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they won't if the masses go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they won't if the masses go down the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+amount then the spring won't stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount then the spring won't stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount then the spring won't stretch
+right it's the difference that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the difference that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the difference that matters
+so this is U2 minus U1 one and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is U2 minus U1 one and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is U2 minus U1 one and what
+about the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the third
+spring how much does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring how much does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring how much does
+it stretch if the displacements are U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stretch if the displacements are U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stretch if the displacements are U1
+U2 u3 u3 minus U2 because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 u3 u3 minus U2 because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 u3 u3 minus U2 because that's the
+different that difference controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that difference controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that difference controls the
+third spring and now the fourth spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third spring and now the fourth spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third spring and now the fourth spring
+is the stretch in the fourth spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stretch in the fourth spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stretch in the fourth spring
+is is minus yeah they're good to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is minus yeah they're good to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is minus yeah they're good to see
+that minus minus u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus minus u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus minus u3
+because you see that the stretching when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see that the stretching when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see that the stretching when
+this comes down it's not stretched then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes down it's not stretched then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes down it's not stretched then
+if if u3 is positive if that mass comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if u3 is positive if that mass comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if u3 is positive if that mass comes
+down then the stretching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then the stretching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then the stretching is
+negative the elongation is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the elongation is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the elongation is actually a
+shortening and it's and this this end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortening and it's and this this end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortening and it's and this this end is
+fixed so so it's minus u3 right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so so it's minus u3 right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so so it's minus u3 right good
+good if for this example everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if for this example everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if for this example everything
+would look the same but there wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look the same but there wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look the same but there wouldn't
+be any fourth spring so that fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any fourth spring so that fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any fourth spring so that fourth
+equation would go okay now I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would go okay now I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would go okay now I'm ready to
+say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the
+Matrix that's what's the Matrix a having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's what's the Matrix a having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's what's the Matrix a having
+written out the the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out the the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out the the four
+equations let's write it let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations let's write it let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations let's write it let's write
+them in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Matrix
+form okay so so the four equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so so the four equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so so the four equations are
+E1 E2 E3 and E4 is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+times U1 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U1 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U1 U2
+u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3
+and what's the what's the first row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the what's the first row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the what's the first row of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Matrix one Z 0 in order to pick up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix one Z 0 in order to pick up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix one Z 0 in order to pick up that
+U1 I want one Z 0 the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row I want minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I want minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I want minus a
+U1 plus the U2 right the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus the U2 right the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus the U2 right the third
+row is minus the U2 plus the u3 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is minus the U2 plus the u3 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is minus the U2 plus the u3 I'm
+looking there I'm just copying that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking there I'm just copying that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking there I'm just copying that out
+into the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the third
+row and then the fourth row is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and then the fourth row is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and then the fourth row is just
+going to be well you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well you see this
+pattern so the fourth row was minus u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so the fourth row was minus u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so the fourth row was minus u3
+that that's our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a our Matrix a is rectangular first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a our Matrix a is rectangular first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a our Matrix a is rectangular first so
+let's notice the key some key facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's notice the key some key facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's notice the key some key facts
+about a it's a rectangular Matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a it's a rectangular Matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a it's a rectangular Matrix that's
+we expect that because it's connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that because it's connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that because it's connecting
+it's giving a connection between n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving a connection between n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving a connection between n
+masses and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and M
+Springs so it's two different quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so it's two different quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so it's two different quantities
+two different numbers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different numbers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different numbers it's
+rectangular uh what kind how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular uh what kind how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular uh what kind how would I
+describe that Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that Matrix in
+words I would call that it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I would call that it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I would call that it's taking
+differences I mean here we we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean here we we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean here we we took
+differences so I would call that a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so I would call that a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so I would call that a first
+difference matrix it's taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference matrix it's taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference matrix it's taking the
+difference between uh U2 when you w so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between uh U2 when you w so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between uh U2 when you w so
+that that's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a difference
+Matrix and it's built in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's built in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's built in the boundary
+conditions cuz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions cuz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions cuz the
+Matrix you know you if tlets were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you know you if tlets were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you know you if tlets were here
+he'd say there should be a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd say there should be a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd say there should be a minus one
+there right or and there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right or and there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right or and there should be
+another one here but what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one here but what happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one here but what happened to
+those so right the The Matrix kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so right the The Matrix kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so right the The Matrix kind of
+got chopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got chopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got chopped
+off that that that diagonal of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that that that diagonal of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that that that diagonal of ones
+ended suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended suddenly
+because and and this diagonal of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and and this diagonal of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and and this diagonal of minus
+ones ended early because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones ended early because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones ended early because the the
+boundary conditions came in you ran into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions came in you ran into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions came in you ran into
+the boundary right that's right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary right that's right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary right that's right exactly
+so the Matrix a includes the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matrix a includes the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matrix a includes the boundary
+tells us something about the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something about the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something about the boundary
+conditions on you it's it's the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on you it's it's the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on you it's it's the boundary
+conditions on you are reflected there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on you are reflected there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on you are reflected there
+okay so that's that's the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's the connection
+that's this first step uh I suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this first step uh I suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this first step uh I suppose I'm
+want to say this that we're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say this that we're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say this that we're creating
+we're doing applied math now creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing applied math now creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing applied math now creating
+the matrices but notice how simple they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices but notice how simple they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices but notice how simple they
+are if we see so we don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we see so we don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we see so we don't have to be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh um experts in elasticity theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um experts in elasticity theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um experts in elasticity theory for
+this example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example but
+nevertheless what's the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless what's the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless what's the structure of
+this example the framework is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example the framework is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example the framework is exactly
+repeated in the much tougher problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in the much tougher problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in the much tougher problems of
+two-dimensional or three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional or three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional or three-dimensional
+last icity it's just we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last icity it's just we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last icity it's just we have more
+complicated matrices but the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated matrices but the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated matrices but the structure
+is what we can keep hold of okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we can keep hold of okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we can keep hold of okay now
+this step what's the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step what's the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step what's the connection
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the the the the distance of spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the distance of spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the distance of spring
+stretches and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and the
+force they're proportional and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force they're proportional and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force they're proportional and who's
+everybody all the old-timers got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody all the old-timers got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody all the old-timers got their
+names on laws here uh which it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names on laws here uh which it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names on laws here uh which it's too
+late for the rest of us but so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late for the rest of us but so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late for the rest of us but so what what
+what so that's the that's this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so that's the that's this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so that's the that's this here is
+the sort of this the physics is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of this the physics is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of this the physics is in this
+step the the constitutive law is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the the constitutive law is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the the constitutive law is in that
+Matrix C so I'm using that letter C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C so I'm using that letter C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C so I'm using that letter C for
+constitutive law for example and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive law for example and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive law for example and who
+who's who cooked up that law hook hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who cooked up that law hook hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who cooked up that law hook hook
+right so this is going to be Hook's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is going to be Hook's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is going to be Hook's law
+and what is Hook's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is Hook's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is Hook's
+law it's Spring by Spring right it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's Spring by Spring right it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's Spring by Spring right it says
+that in the first spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the force and the distance stretched are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force and the distance stretched are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force and the distance stretched are
+proportional and the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional and the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional and the proportionality
+constant is the elastic constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is the elastic constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is the elastic constant for
+that spring so so this step is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spring so so this step is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spring so so this step is going to
+be really easy it's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really easy it's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really easy it's just going to be
+W1 is that first spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 is that first spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 is that first spring constant
+whatever it is times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is times
+E1 that's that's his hooks law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 that's that's his hooks law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 that's that's his hooks law so
+so this I'm just going to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I'm just going to have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I'm just going to have four
+hooks laws here for the four Springs W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooks laws here for the four Springs W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooks laws here for the four Springs W2
+is C2 E2 W3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C2 E2 W3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C2 E2 W3
+W4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 is
+C4 E4 and this of course the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 E4 and this of course the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 E4 and this of course the same for
+W3 so that's I have a I have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 so that's I have a I have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 so that's I have a I have a simple
+relationship there if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship there if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship there if it's
+true well so is hooks law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well so is hooks law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well so is hooks law
+true approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true approximately
+true we'll give it to them right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'll give it to them right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'll give it to them right okay
+for uh but this is a this is a key Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh but this is a this is a key Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh but this is a this is a key Point
+here that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we're going to do
+linear problems linear equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear problems linear equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear problems linear equilibrium
+problems and and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and this is where the
+linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity
+comes is comes in that that Hook's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes is comes in that that Hook's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes is comes in that that Hook's law
+says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that
+approximately the elongation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the elongation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the elongation and the
+force that's needed are proportional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that's needed are proportional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that's needed are proportional and
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+course if the if the elongation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if the if the elongation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if the if the elongation is very
+large that Pro that law won't any longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that Pro that law won't any longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that Pro that law won't any longer
+hold this is these linear laws are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this is these linear laws are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this is these linear laws are in
+the in the framework of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the framework of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the framework of small
+displacements and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and small
+forces and uh fortunately lots of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and uh fortunately lots of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and uh fortunately lots of uh
+applications uh are in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh are in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh are in that in that
+regime and we can deal with Hook's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and we can deal with Hook's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and we can deal with Hook's law
+so what's the Matrix then so now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the Matrix then so now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the Matrix then so now I want
+to write that as a matrix problem uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that as a matrix problem uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that as a matrix problem uh I
+had e equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Au with these differences and now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au with these differences and now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au with these differences and now I've
+repeated e equal Au there so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated e equal Au there so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated e equal Au there so I don't
+need it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it here
+anymore because it's all in that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because it's all in that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because it's all in that Matrix
+okay now I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm ready
+for what's this W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's this W equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's this W equal
+C and tell me the Matrix C so this is W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and tell me the Matrix C so this is W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and tell me the Matrix C so this is W
+is C so what uh so the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C so what uh so the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C so what uh so the four
+W's forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's forgive me
+for doing this simple one again what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this simple one again what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this simple one again what's
+the Matrix then that multiplies I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix then that multiplies I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix then that multiplies I'll put
+it right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right next to the
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+um so what's the Matrix in those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the Matrix in those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the Matrix in those four
+equations it's diagonal it just has W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's diagonal it just has W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's diagonal it just has W1
+is C1 E1 and it has C2 then it has C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C1 E1 and it has C2 then it has C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C1 E1 and it has C2 then it has C3
+then it has C4 okay so there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has C4 okay so there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has C4 okay so there's our
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+C that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+okay good and now finally you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and now finally you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and now finally you see this
+roundabout way I I really want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundabout way I I really want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundabout way I I really want to know
+the this connection how are the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this connection how are the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this connection how are the forces
+in the dis placements related but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dis placements related but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dis placements related but the
+the easy way to get to it is around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to get to it is around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to get to it is around the
+loop connect the U's to the to how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop connect the U's to the to how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop connect the U's to the to how far
+the stretching is to the forces that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching is to the forces that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching is to the forces that it
+took and now what's this what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took and now what's this what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took and now what's this what's going to
+be the final equation what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the final equation what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the final equation what's the
+physical law that connects those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical law that connects those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical law that connects those
+internal forces to these external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forces they have to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces they have to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces they have to balance
+right well it's it's it's certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's it's it's certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's it's it's certainly the
+most fundamental if we're if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental if we're if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental if we're if we're
+interested in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in finding
+equations this equation of force balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this equation of force balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this equation of force balance
+conservation of something conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of something conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of something conservation
+of charge if we were doing uh currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge if we were doing uh currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge if we were doing uh currents
+uh conservation of matter if we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conservation of matter if we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conservation of matter if we're doing
+fluid flow that that there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow that that there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow that that there's always a
+key equation is something uh is balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equation is something uh is balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equation is something uh is balanced
+and here what is what's the balance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what is what's the balance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what is what's the balance here
+the balance is we're in equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance is we're in equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance is we're in equilibrium so
+it means that what's the balance at Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that what's the balance at Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that what's the balance at Mass
+one what's the balance equation so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the balance equation so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the balance equation so so
+now I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready to
+tackle uh the balance equation at Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle uh the balance equation at Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle uh the balance equation at Mass
+one so let me draw what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let me draw what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let me draw what's what's
+balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing
+there so gravity so what are what forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so gravity so what are what forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so gravity so what are what forces
+are pulling on that on that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pulling on that on that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pulling on that on that little
+spot the Spring's pulling up if it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the Spring's pulling up if it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the Spring's pulling up if it's in
+ttention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttention
+the second spring is pulling down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second spring is pulling down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second spring is pulling down and
+gravity is pulling down right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is pulling down right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is pulling down right so the
+three pieces are let's see so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces are let's see so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces are let's see so what's
+pulling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling up
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+W1 and what's pulling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and what's pulling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and what's pulling down
+was W2 right and also the gravity so M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was W2 right and also the gravity so M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was W2 right and also the gravity so M1
+G if we're if we're really uh careful we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G if we're if we're really uh careful we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G if we're if we're really uh careful we
+should put in the so that's the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put in the so that's the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put in the so that's the balance
+there okay okay and now a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay okay and now a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay okay and now a similar
+balance there and a similar balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance there and a similar balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance there and a similar balance
+there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that
+right so of course I want to write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course I want to write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course I want to write those
+as I want to get this in a matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I want to get this in a matrix form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I want to get this in a matrix form
+so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my
+F1 it's the mass times the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 it's the mass times the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 it's the mass times the gravity
+gravitational constant so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational constant so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational constant so that's the
+external force from gravity and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force from gravity and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external force from gravity and of
+course I'll put this over on the the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'll put this over on the the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'll put this over on the the W's
+on the their side of the equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the their side of the equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the their side of the equation so
+it'll bring W2 over with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll bring W2 over with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll bring W2 over with a minus
+sign so here's how I want to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so here's how I want to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so here's how I want to want to
+look at that first equation W1 minus W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that first equation W1 minus W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that first equation W1 minus W2
+we please be patient because we're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we please be patient because we're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we please be patient because we're there
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the uh first equation is W1 minus W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh first equation is W1 minus W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh first equation is W1 minus W2
+is fub1 the second equation is what W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fub1 the second equation is what W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fub1 the second equation is what W2
+minus just by by uh uh follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus just by by uh uh follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus just by by uh uh follow the
+pattern uh the second equation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh the second equation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh the second equation will be
+W2 minus W3 is F2 in the end we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 minus W3 is F2 in the end we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 minus W3 is F2 in the end we're going
+to get to an equation that connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to an equation that connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to an equation that connects the
+fs to the W's and I want to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs to the W's and I want to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs to the W's and I want to know what's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Matrix and we've already guessed what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we've already guessed what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we've already guessed what it
+might be but let's see it happen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be but let's see it happen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be but let's see it happen all
+right let let me let me let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let let me let me let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let let me let me let me do it
+because this is like the crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is like the crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is like the crucial
+moment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the
+lecture is to see that Matrix come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so let me copy W1 minus W2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me copy W1 minus W2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me copy W1 minus W2 is
+F1 W2 - W3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 W2 - W3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 W2 - W3 is
+F2 and W3 - W4 is F3 right those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 and W3 - W4 is F3 right those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 and W3 - W4 is F3 right those are the
+those are the balance equations balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the balance equations balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the balance equations balance
+the forces balance that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces balance that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces balance that's that's the
+equations of equilibrium steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of equilibrium steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of equilibrium steady state
+crucial equations and and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial equations and and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial equations and and what's the
+Matrix that's multiplying W I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's multiplying W I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's multiplying W I'll I'll
+write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+Matrix beside this W again if you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix beside this W again if you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix beside this W again if you'll
+allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me and finally we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and finally we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and finally we have the
+fs so so can I can you pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs so so can I can you pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs so so can I can you pull out the
+Matrix that let me make a space for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that let me make a space for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that let me make a space for a
+matrix here to multiply the W and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here to multiply the W and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here to multiply the W and just
+tell me what that Matrix is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what that Matrix is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what that Matrix is what's the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+Row 1 - one 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row 1 - one 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row 1 - one 0 0
+Z what's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z what's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z what's the second
+row zero because there's no W1 in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row zero because there's no W1 in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row zero because there's no W1 in it a
+one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a
+minus1 and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and there's no
+W4 okay and the third row is no W1 no W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 okay and the third row is no W1 no W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 okay and the third row is no W1 no W2
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+W3 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 and a
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+W4 okay there's the Matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 okay there's the Matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 okay there's the Matrix then
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and now what's the what's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now what's the what's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now what's the what's the key
+point about that Matrix what what name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about that Matrix what what name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about that Matrix what what name
+shall we give it a transpose because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we give it a transpose because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we give it a transpose because it
+is exactly the transpose of this a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the transpose of this a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the transpose of this a so
+that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I mean nature produced a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean nature produced a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean nature produced a transpose
+there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we
+didn't we just sort of watched it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we just sort of watched it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we just sort of watched it happen
+and so this is then the three the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is then the three the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is then the three the three
+equations that take us around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that take us around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that take us around the
+framework and there it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and there it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and there it's completely
+typical so we'll see other examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical so we'll see other examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical so we'll see other examples in
+which uh uh in the middle comes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh uh in the middle comes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh uh in the middle comes the the
+law of physics or or engineering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of physics or or engineering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of physics or or engineering or
+statistics whatever uh whatever sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics whatever uh whatever sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics whatever uh whatever sort of
+external law comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external law comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external law comes in
+these laws somehow produce the Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laws somehow produce the Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laws somehow produce the Matrix a
+and its transpose and they come sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its transpose and they come sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its transpose and they come sort of
+more from the geometry how things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from the geometry how things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from the geometry how things are
+connected so this Matrix a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so this Matrix a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so this Matrix a kind of
+reflects the connections of how how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the connections of how how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the connections of how how is
+mass one connected to mass two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one connected to mass two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one connected to mass two and so
+forth and trans and it's transposed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and trans and it's transposed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and trans and it's transposed so
+that's uh that's the situation now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's the situation now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's the situation now I'm
+ready to put them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to put them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to put them all together
+okay so if I put these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I put these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I put these equations
+together so now I want to now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so now I want to now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so now I want to now I want to
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+shortcut what's the connection between F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut what's the connection between F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut what's the connection between F
+and U well f is a transpose W maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U well f is a transpose W maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U well f is a transpose W maybe I
+can uh take that spring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh take that spring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh take that spring out
+and go here now okay I'm putting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go here now okay I'm putting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go here now okay I'm putting those
+together f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together f
+is a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose
+W but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W but
+W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is
+C but the E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but the E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but the E is
+au so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au so there's
+the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's
+the we've we've done elimination we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we've we've done elimination we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we've we've done elimination we've
+eliminated W and E and we've we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated W and E and we've we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated W and E and we've we're left
+with the equation we wanted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equation we wanted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equation we wanted that
+connects the displacements that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the displacements that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the displacements that the the
+the output from the forces which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from the forces which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from the forces which are the
+input and this is called the stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix that's the stiffness Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's the stiffness Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's the stiffness Matrix and
+the letter K is the standard letter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter K is the standard letter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter K is the standard letter for
+that so that's why we're using K so K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's why we're using K so K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's why we're using K so K is
+a transpose CA and that's the what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose CA and that's the what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose CA and that's the what what
+we expected to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected to happen
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+and maybe I just say where um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I just say where um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I just say where um so this is
+like one dimensional Springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one dimensional Springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one dimensional Springs and
+masses so our equation is Ku equal F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so our equation is Ku equal F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so our equation is Ku equal F so
+this is that's our final equation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's our final equation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's our final equation then
+KU equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F and in the in the static case nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and in the in the static case nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and in the in the static case nothing
+moving what's the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving what's the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving what's the most important
+equation in Dynamics the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in Dynamics the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in Dynamics the most important
+equation in Dynamics has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in Dynamics has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in Dynamics has the
+KU and the F but there's motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KU and the F but there's motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KU and the F but there's motion so
+Newton's law says acceleration mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law says acceleration mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's law says acceleration mass
+times acceleration comes in so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times acceleration comes in so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times acceleration comes in so when we
+allow things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow things to
+move when we look at Dynamic problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when we look at Dynamic problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move when we look at Dynamic problems
+there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a
+term m a mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term m a mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term m a mass times
+acceleration I'm not ready for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration I'm not ready for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration I'm not ready for that
+today but that you I think everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but that you I think everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but that you I think everybody
+would agree is that that mu prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree is that that mu prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree is that that mu prime plus
+kual f is the central equation of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kual f is the central equation of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kual f is the central equation of uh uh
+of Dynamics and so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics and so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics and so for example the
+finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element
+method some of you may be experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method some of you may be experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method some of you may be experts in
+using it so the that's sort of become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it so the that's sort of become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it so the that's sort of become
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+powerful widespread method for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful widespread method for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful widespread method for doing
+structural problems structural analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural problems structural analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural problems structural analysis
+if you have a bridge or a tower or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bridge or a tower or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bridge or a tower or a
+building uh or many many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building uh or many many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building uh or many many other
+structures you would use the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you would use the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you would use the finite
+element method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method
+to estimate the displacements and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate the displacements and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate the displacements and the
+stresses and be sure that your materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and be sure that your materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and be sure that your materials
+could stand them and so what so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stand them and so what so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stand them and so what so this is
+exactly what happens in the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens in the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens in the finite
+element method this this Matrix K has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method this this Matrix K has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method this this Matrix K has to
+get assembled the the first step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get assembled the the first step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get assembled the the first step in the
+finite element method as setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method as setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method as setting up
+these little pieces of your structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little pieces of your structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little pieces of your structure
+looking at the connections they'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the connections they'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the connections they'll go
+into a matrix a looking at the elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a matrix a looking at the elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a matrix a looking at the elastic
+constants that'll go into Matrix C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that'll go into Matrix C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that'll go into Matrix C and
+then assembling that product a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then assembling that product a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then assembling that product a transpose
+CA so when I come to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA so when I come to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA so when I come to find that
+elements later this spring what I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements later this spring what I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements later this spring what I'll be
+doing is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is exactly
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh on a on a much larger more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a on a much larger more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a on a much larger more
+complicated problem okay okay so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated problem okay okay so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated problem okay okay so now uh
+let's do this multiplication on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this multiplication on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this multiplication on uh
+and easy problem on on our problem first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy problem on on our problem first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy problem on on our problem first
+okay so I I'm interested now to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication could I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication could I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication could I start
+with the case when C is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the case when C is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the case when C is the identity
+Matrix so what does that mean in in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so what does that mean in in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so what does that mean in in my
+problem c will be the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem c will be the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem c will be the identity Matrix
+when all the spring constants are one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the spring constants are one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the spring constants are one so
+let's suppose all the Springs are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose all the Springs are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose all the Springs are the
+same that's reasonable and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that's reasonable and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that's reasonable and we can
+normalize those constants to be one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize those constants to be one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize those constants to be one so
+let me start with a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with a transpose
+a before I bring the C part into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a before I bring the C part into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a before I bring the C part into the
+picture okay so what is a transpose a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay so what is a transpose a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay so what is a transpose a so
+I can erase this because I've it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can erase this because I've it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can erase this because I've it's
+copied now in the in the in the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied now in the in the in the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied now in the in the in the a
+transpose okay so everybody's I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so everybody's I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so everybody's I mean so
+like this framework don't I won't erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this framework don't I won't erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this framework don't I won't erase
+that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because
+that's that's that's what this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's what this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's what this lecture
+is illustrating that framework U to e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is illustrating that framework U to e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is illustrating that framework U to e to
+W to F and these are the matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to F and these are the matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to F and these are the matrices that
+do it now could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now could you
+multiply so I think of this as a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so I think of this as a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so I think of this as a first
+difference Matrix and I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference Matrix and I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference Matrix and I guess it's
+transpose is somehow also a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is somehow also a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is somehow also a first
+difference or maybe minus a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or maybe minus a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or maybe minus a first
+difference anyway here's a Tren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference anyway here's a Tren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference anyway here's a Tren
+can you multiply a transpose by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you multiply a transpose by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you multiply a transpose by
+a without my writing them right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a without my writing them right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a without my writing them right next to
+each other let me I'll maybe I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other let me I'll maybe I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other let me I'll maybe I'll take
+these vectors out of the middle so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors out of the middle so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors out of the middle so we've
+got a chance okay now I'm thinking C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chance okay now I'm thinking C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chance okay now I'm thinking C is
+the identity but I'll leave it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity but I'll leave it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity but I'll leave it there
+okay oh yeah now you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yeah now you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yeah now you can do
+it okay so C is the identity so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so C is the identity so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so C is the identity so it's not
+doing anything I want to multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything I want to multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything I want to multiply a
+transposed by a uh what do I get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed by a uh what do I get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed by a uh what do I get in the
+one one entry two what do I get well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one entry two what do I get well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one entry two what do I get well
+tell me the whole first row well tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the whole first row well tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the whole first row well tell me
+the shape of the Matrix first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the Matrix first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the Matrix first of all
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3x4 and of course its transpose is 4x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x4 and of course its transpose is 4x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x4 and of course its transpose is 4x3
+so what's the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the shape of the
+product 3x3 right and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product 3x3 right and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product 3x3 right and now we can
+identify what it is so what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what it is so what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what it is so what's the first
+row then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row then I want
+one of these so what do what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these so what do what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these so what do what what do you
+want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do it better be our friend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it better be our friend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it better be our friend it
+is a transpose a is this guy now we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose a is this guy now we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose a is this guy now we now
+we're now going to recognize this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to recognize this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to recognize this as
+K3 so I've kept the letter K and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3 so I've kept the letter K and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3 so I've kept the letter K and the
+number three and I had to specialize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three and I had to specialize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three and I had to specialize to
+see being the identity Matrix but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see being the identity Matrix but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see being the identity Matrix but but
+now are you okay do you want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are you okay do you want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are you okay do you want to like
+take any special cases on the diagonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any special cases on the diagonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any special cases on the diagonal I
+have say second row times second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say second row times second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say second row times second column
+and that gives me a two off the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me a two off the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me a two off the diagonal
+I have like second row times third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have like second row times third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have like second row times third
+column and the zero the one the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and the zero the one the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and the zero the one the minus
+one is the is what shows up in the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the is what shows up in the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the is what shows up in the off
+the diagonal okay so a transpose a is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal okay so a transpose a is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal okay so a transpose a is is
+the K that I've written above now should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K that I've written above now should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K that I've written above now should
+we tackle it with the c in there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tackle it with the c in there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tackle it with the c in there I think
+so just to see what uh what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to see what uh what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to see what uh what it looks
+like in the physics when we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the physics when we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the physics when we've got the
+physics in see we we sort of took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in see we we sort of took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in see we we sort of took the
+physics out when we let C be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics out when we let C be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics out when we let C be the
+identity now put that back and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity now put that back and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity now put that back and multiply
+those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+matrices ah can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices ah can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices ah can we do
+that so now I'm actually asking you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I'm actually asking you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I'm actually asking you what
+this multiplication I'm actually asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication I'm actually asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication I'm actually asking
+you to do the finite element method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do the finite element method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do the finite element method
+Assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assemble
+assemble the stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble the stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble the stiffness
+Matrix uh how are you going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh how are you going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh how are you going to do that
+multiplication let's see uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication let's see uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication let's see uh well
+fortunately it's diagonal matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately it's diagonal matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately it's diagonal matrix so
+that'll be that let's do that times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be that let's do that times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be that let's do that times that
+first okay do you mind helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay do you mind helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay do you mind helping me
+through this one so this times this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one so this times this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one so this times this will
+put a C1 there and this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a C1 there and this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a C1 there and this will be a
+c2s and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2s and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2s and this will be
+c3s and this will be C4 right because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3s and this will be C4 right because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3s and this will be C4 right because I
+just multiply the rows by the C's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply the rows by the C's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply the rows by the C's okay
+now that times that I'm ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that times that I'm ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that times that I'm ready for
+the for the for this for this triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the for this for this triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the for this for this triple
+product but where am I going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um erase the C we don't need erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um erase the C we don't need erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um erase the C we don't need erase
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+C huh and then put the answer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C huh and then put the answer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C huh and then put the answer in the
+middle all right all right that'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle all right all right that'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle all right all right that'll make
+that's got a lot of space and we okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a lot of space and we okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a lot of space and we okay
+all right so was that okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so was that okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so was that okay in the
+auditorium C just disappeared but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditorium C just disappeared but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditorium C just disappeared but it
+that was because it I've multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was because it I've multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was because it I've multiplied by
+the C there okay now now now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C there okay now now now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C there okay now now now I want to
+do a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a transpose
+CA okay so that Matrix times that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA okay so that Matrix times that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA okay so that Matrix times that Matrix
+can you tell me what it finally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me what it finally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me what it finally is
+what's the shape going to be 3 by3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shape going to be 3 by3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shape going to be 3 by3 okay
+so I can't get out of hand okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't get out of hand okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't get out of hand okay the
+first what so what do I see in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what so what do I see in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what so what do I see in the first
+row do I see C1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row do I see C1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row do I see C1 plus
+C2 and then in the next row what do I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and then in the next row what do I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and then in the next row what do I I
+mean the next next to it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the next next to it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the next next to it it's
+is minus C2 I think and then zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus C2 I think and then zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus C2 I think and then zero is
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right and I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I know it's
+symmetric so that that times this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so that that times this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so that that times this will
+give me the minus C2 all right now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the minus C2 all right now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the minus C2 all right now what
+about on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on the
+diagonal row two * column two what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal row two * column two what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal row two * column two what do I
+get C2 plus C3 thanks C2 plus notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C2 plus C3 thanks C2 plus notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C2 plus C3 thanks C2 plus notice
+these positive numbers showing up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these positive numbers showing up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these positive numbers showing up on the
+diagonal and then the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then the other side of the
+diagonal is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is minus
+C3 and everybody sort of checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 and everybody sort of checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 and everybody sort of checking
+immediately if all the C's are one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately if all the C's are one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately if all the C's are one are
+we getting the right answer and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we getting the right answer and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we getting the right answer and we are
+right if all the C's were one we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if all the C's were one we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if all the C's were one we'd have
+the minus one 2 minus one okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus one 2 minus one okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus one 2 minus one okay and now
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+this this row times this column gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this row times this column gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this row times this column gives me
+a zero and and sort of can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero and and sort of can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero and and sort of can you tell me
+why I'm getting a zero there from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm getting a zero there from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm getting a zero there from the
+from the from the physics here why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the physics here why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the physics here why is
+there a zero in the 31 and the 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a zero in the 31 and the 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a zero in the 31 and the 13
+position there's no effect because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position there's no effect because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position there's no effect because
+there's no yeah because Mass one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no yeah because Mass one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no yeah because Mass one and
+mass three aren't connected if I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass three aren't connected if I added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass three aren't connected if I added
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+spring that would produce something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring that would produce something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring that would produce something
+there it wouldn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it wouldn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it wouldn't change the
+framework it would just it would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework it would just it would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework it would just it would change
+a a little bit it wouldn't be quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little bit it wouldn't be quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little bit it wouldn't be quite so
+it wouldn't be so perfect a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be so perfect a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be so perfect a problem but
+it okay so that's why that zero is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that's why that zero is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that's why that zero is there
+because there's no connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no connection between
+mass one and three directly okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one and three directly okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one and three directly okay and
+then the next to that would must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next to that would must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next to that would must be a
+minus C3 and down here is C3 + C4 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C3 and down here is C3 + C4 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C3 and down here is C3 + C4 okay
+yeah that's the that's the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the that's the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the that's the form of
+the of the stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the stiffness
+Matrix and what I now what what is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and what I now what what is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and what I now what what is I
+what is it my what's my claim what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it my what's my claim what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it my what's my claim what kind
+of what are the properties of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the properties of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the properties of this
+matrix it's Tri diagonal still right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's Tri diagonal still right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's Tri diagonal still right
+it's still symmetric so are all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still symmetric so are all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still symmetric so are all our
+properties still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties still
+true it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's still
+symmetric that's because a transpose CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that's because a transpose CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that's because a transpose CA
+comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out
+symmetric we checked that for LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we checked that for LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we checked that for LDL
+transpose and same here it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and same here it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and same here it's still
+triagonal still triagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal still triagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal still triagonal
+because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um
+because there's no connection because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no connection because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no connection because
+because our system is on a line Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our system is on a line Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our system is on a line Tri
+diagonal matrices are reflecting one 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices are reflecting one 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices are reflecting one 1D
+problems this is a we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems this is a we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems this is a we're only
+onedimensional here each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional here each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional here each person
+connected to its two neighbors that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to its two neighbors that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to its two neighbors that's
+what produces triagonal matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what produces triagonal matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what produces triagonal matrices and
+that's why they're so important so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're so important so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're so important so it's
+local effects neighbor only neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local effects neighbor only neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local effects neighbor only neighbors
+only that produce these banded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that produce these banded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that produce these banded
+matrices okay what other properties is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay what other properties is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay what other properties is
+it is it positive is it Inver now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it positive is it Inver now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it positive is it Inver now I'm
+coming to the The Not So Clear part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the The Not So Clear part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the The Not So Clear part is
+that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix
+invertible you can say wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible you can say wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible you can say wait a minute
+how I mean here's something well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I mean here's something well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I mean here's something well I guess
+Mathematica is better than mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but physically it should be which and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but physically it should be which and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but physically it should be which and
+that's important physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important physically
+this system should be well determined if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system should be well determined if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system should be well determined if
+I tell you the the masses that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you the the masses that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you the the masses that should
+determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the
+displacements so it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements so it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements so it is it is
+invertible of course I'm going to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible of course I'm going to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible of course I'm going to ask is
+it positive definite okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it positive definite okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it positive definite okay and that's
+where I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want
+to use you use an idea here okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use you use an idea here okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use you use an idea here okay so what
+does positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does positive definite
+mean I could check all the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the first pivot I'm happy about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first pivot I'm happy about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first pivot I'm happy about but
+uh the next pivot might not be so easy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the next pivot might not be so easy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the next pivot might not be so easy I
+don't know exact yep I don't really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exact yep I don't really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exact yep I don't really want
+to know what it is or even the det okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it is or even the det okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it is or even the det okay
+the igen values I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values I
+don't want to know so I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to know so I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to know so I'm left
+with the testing whether X transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the testing whether X transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the testing whether X transpose a
+transpose c a x is that positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose c a x is that positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose c a x is that positive right
+right okay and that was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now can you see so this is this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you see so this is this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you see so this is this is not
+using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+pivots because we ar it's those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots because we ar it's those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots because we ar it's those would
+look messy it's not using the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look messy it's not using the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look messy it's not using the igen
+values they would be even worse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values they would be even worse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values they would be even worse it's
+using this fact that if I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this fact that if I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this fact that if I take this
+Matrix which which is a transpose CA I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which which is a transpose CA I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which which is a transpose CA I
+multiply by X on one side and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by X on one side and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by X on one side and X
+transpose on the other does it come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose on the other does it come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose on the other does it come out
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+okay how anybody any suggestion on how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how anybody any suggestion on how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how anybody any suggestion on how I
+order I wan to I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I wan to I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I wan to I want
+to get that yeah maybe the way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that yeah maybe the way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that yeah maybe the way to think
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aose
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right right so this will be yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so this will be yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so this will be yeah this
+will be an energy yeah this will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an energy yeah this will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an energy yeah this will be an
+energy yeah ax is a displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy yeah ax is a displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy yeah ax is a displacement
+actually this is the energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the energy in the
+springs that's the energy in the springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs that's the energy in the springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs that's the energy in the springs
+because that's the displacement e of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the displacement e of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the displacement e of the
+spring there's the spring constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring there's the spring constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring there's the spring constant and
+there's the E so actually yeah actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the E so actually yeah actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the E so actually yeah actually
+that's the the key isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the key isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the key isn't
+it do you realize that can I just say ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do you realize that can I just say ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do you realize that can I just say ax
+is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as oh well there I've used you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I shall I shall I so like yeah X is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shall I shall I so like yeah X is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shall I shall I so like yeah X is any
+Vector yeah it's not the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector yeah it's not the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector yeah it's not the particular
+Vector oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's my idea I I I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's my idea I I I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's my idea I I I like this
+combination ax why do I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination ax why do I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination ax why do I like that
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ax because over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax because over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax because over
+there is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is it's
+transpose it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's really
+C let me call that thing e whatever X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C let me call that thing e whatever X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C let me call that thing e whatever X
+could be anything so e is some ve e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything so e is some ve e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything so e is some ve e is
+just ax then this is e and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ax then this is e and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ax then this is e and what's
+that it's e transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's e transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's e transpose
+L waited that's right I've got I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L waited that's right I've got I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L waited that's right I've got I've got
+a positive quantity here let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive quantity here let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive quantity here let's just see
+so ax I just gave a name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ax I just gave a name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ax I just gave a name to
+e does it have to be that letter no I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e does it have to be that letter no I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e does it have to be that letter no I'll
+accept another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept another
+letter oh you're you're at liberty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter oh you're you're at liberty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter oh you're you're at liberty
+change that letter why would be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that letter why would be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that letter why would be fine
+okay right yeah maybe maybe would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right yeah maybe maybe would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right yeah maybe maybe would you
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather
+why okay so all right so ax I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so all right so ax I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so all right so ax I'm just
+calling e i I don't know what ax is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling e i I don't know what ax is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling e i I don't know what ax is but
+it's an a vector I'll just call it e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an a vector I'll just call it e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an a vector I'll just call it e
+what the point that I do know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the point that I do know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the point that I do know is that
+this Vector is its transpose so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is its transpose so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is its transpose so that
+this thing simplifies to e transpose C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing simplifies to e transpose C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing simplifies to e transpose C
+but now how do I know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive well what is it I mean we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well what is it I mean we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well what is it I mean we could
+figure that one out now that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that one out now that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that one out now that's that's
+this diagonal matrix which I which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal matrix which I which so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal matrix which I which so
+this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the
+E times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E times
+the times this diagonal matrix C1 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times this diagonal matrix C1 down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times this diagonal matrix C1 down
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+C4 times the E E1 to E4 I can I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 times the E E1 to E4 I can I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 times the E E1 to E4 I can I mean
+this is multiplication I can do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is multiplication I can do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is multiplication I can do this is
+E1 over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E4 this is this is important now and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E4 this is this is important now and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E4 this is this is important now and um
+uh do can you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do can you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do can you do that
+multiplication and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and what do you
+get you just get a sum of squares you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you just get a sum of squares you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you just get a sum of squares you
+get a waited by the C's you get a C1 E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a waited by the C's you get a C1 E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a waited by the C's you get a C1 E1
+squared and a C2 E2 squar and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and a C2 E2 squar and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and a C2 E2 squar and so on
+right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's
+positive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it's
+positive so that's the we have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that's the we have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that's the we have actually
+shown that this Matrix is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that this Matrix is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that this Matrix is positive
+definite by by looking at it the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite by by looking at it the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite by by looking at it the right
+way we that Matrix was positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we that Matrix was positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we that Matrix was positive definite
+because the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rule
+is is it giving us an energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it giving us an energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it giving us an energy that's
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+positive and believe me that's the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and believe me that's the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and believe me that's the in
+finite elements that's the key to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements that's the key to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements that's the key to have
+you have you got a good finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you got a good finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you got a good finite
+element you you know you're in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you you know you're in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you you know you're in trouble
+if the energy can never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the energy can never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the energy can never be
+zero here it's never zero it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here it's never zero it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here it's never zero it's it's
+definitely positive as long as e isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely positive as long as e isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely positive as long as e isn't
+zero Vector which of course we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector which of course we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector which of course we have to
+exclude okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude okay so
+uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I
+guess uh my point then is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh my point then is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh my point then is that this
+little uh manipulation in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh manipulation in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh manipulation in linear algebra
+has verified the crucial property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has verified the crucial property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has verified the crucial property of the
+Matrix that it's going to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that it's going to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that it's going to be positive
+definite and in particular it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and in particular it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and in particular it's going to
+be invertible it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invertible it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invertible it's going to have
+positive igen values it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive igen values it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive igen values it's going to have
+positive pivots uh the elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots uh the elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots uh the elimination
+algorithm will go perfectly and the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will go perfectly and the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will go perfectly and the igen
+values will'll use in the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will'll use in the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will'll use in the dynamic
+problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all
+right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the
+closing moment right so that was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing moment right so that was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing moment right so that was a good
+question may I repeat it I guess I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question may I repeat it I guess I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question may I repeat it I guess I have
+to repeat it right since it's not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat it right since it's not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat it right since it's not okay
+the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+is could e have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could e have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could e have been
+zero you see we're we're right if e was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see we're we're right if e was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see we're we're right if e was
+Zero then what would this result come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then what would this result come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then what would this result come
+out to be zero and that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be zero and that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be zero and that's like the
+danger right so so let me let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger right so so let me let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger right so so let me let me write
+this down as a state statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+okay uh so so this this this a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so so this this this a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so so this this this a transpose
+CA is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA is positive
+definite if now what do we what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite if now what do we what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite if now what do we what do we
+need we we need to know that C is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we we need to know that C is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we we need to know that C is good
+and of course C is very good in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course C is very good in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course C is very good in our
+problem C is certainly positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem C is certainly positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem C is certainly positive definite
+so if C is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if C is positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if C is positive definite
+and it's diagonal even so no problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's diagonal even so no problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's diagonal even so no problem but
+and something about a has to come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something about a has to come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something about a has to come into
+it that that's your your question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that that's your your question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that that's your your question and
+it's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely
+right because if we don't control a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if we don't control a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if we don't control a well
+if we don't control a then we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't control a then we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't control a then we could have
+had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this
+example yeah oh yeah maybe that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah oh yeah maybe that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah oh yeah maybe that's the
+way to way to make this final point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to way to make this final point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to way to make this final point
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+that that our we've been creating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that our we've been creating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that our we've been creating this
+Matrix from this structure fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix from this structure fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix from this structure fixed fixed
+now from the fixed free one the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the fixed free one the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the fixed free one the same
+structure the same plan the same a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the same plan the same a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the same plan the same a
+transpose CA but would have been 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA but would have been 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA but would have been 3x3
+would have produced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have produced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have produced this
+guy what would have produced this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy what would have produced this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy what would have produced this one
+this is also an a transpose CA but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also an a transpose CA but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also an a transpose CA but it's
+not positive definite and my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not positive definite and my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not positive definite and my question is
+what went wrong what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong what went
+wrong in this in the B one so I let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this in the B one so I let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this in the B one so I let's
+figure out what the Matrix a would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the Matrix a would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the Matrix a would have
+been and we'll see that it's that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and we'll see that it's that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and we'll see that it's that it's
+uh got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got a
+problem so I'm now turning to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I'm now turning to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I'm now turning to this
+singular case to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular case to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular case to see
+that uh a problem could have Arisen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're at
+the last minute or two of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute or two of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute or two of the of the
+lecture can you create the Matrix a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture can you create the Matrix a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture can you create the Matrix a for
+that you remember what this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you remember what this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you remember what this structure
+was it was a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a mass
+spring Mass spring mass and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring Mass spring mass and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring Mass spring mass and nothing
+holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding
+it okay so the Matrix a for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the Matrix a for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the Matrix a for this one
+it's m byn always now there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's m byn always now there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's m byn always now there are only two
+Springs and three masses so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x3 and can can we review this what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 and can can we review this what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 and can can we review this what was
+the where did a come from it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where did a come from it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where did a come from it came from
+what's the stretching in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the stretching in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the stretching in this
+spring it's was minus one of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring it's was minus one of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring it's was minus one of the top
+displacement and one and zero do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and one and zero do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and one and zero do you
+remember that for the first row and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that for the first row and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that for the first row and the
+stretching in this spring if this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in this spring if this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in this spring if this goes
+down by U2 and this down by u3 we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by U2 and this down by u3 we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by U2 and this down by u3 we have a
+minus U2 and a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U2 and a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U2 and a plus
+u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3
+okay somehow that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isn't enough because if isn't enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough because if isn't enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough because if isn't enough to
+make it positive definite because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it positive definite because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it positive definite because if I
+compute a transpose C with that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a transpose C with that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a transpose C with that Matrix
+I'll get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get this
+answer and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and it's
+singular it's not positive definite it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's not positive definite it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's not positive definite it's
+only semi-definite in other words it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only semi-definite in other words it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only semi-definite in other words it
+will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be
+true even in this case my little e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even in this case my little e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even in this case my little e
+transpose C which would still this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose C which would still this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose C which would still this is
+still e transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and it will still it could never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and it will still it could never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and it will still it could never be
+negative it will still be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it will still be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it will still be greater than
+or equal to zero but now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero but now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero but now we have the
+possibility that it equals zero and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that it equals zero and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that it equals zero and and
+why is that because this e could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because this e could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because this e could be the
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+Vector remember e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector remember e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector remember e is
+ax and if x who's the guilty X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and if x who's the guilty X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and if x who's the guilty X right
+exactly what's what's the X that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's what's the X that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's what's the X that's going
+to going to throw us off it's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to going to throw us off it's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to going to throw us off it's the one
+one one vector right right if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one vector right right if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one vector right right if this
+x if the x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if the x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if the x is the
+111 then when I multiply that a by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 then when I multiply that a by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 then when I multiply that a by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get the zero Vector so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get the zero Vector so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get the zero Vector so that's what
+I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to
+prevent I have to prevent if C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent I have to prevent if C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent I have to prevent if C is
+positive definite and the and and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and the and and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and the and and some
+what I have to say about a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um only only if x equals z should I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only only if x equals z should I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only only if x equals z should I say
+it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way
+and ax is zero only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ax is zero only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ax is zero only
+if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero that the only way to get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that the only way to get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that the only way to get zero
+stretches is not to move at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches is not to move at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches is not to move at
+all that's telling me that I have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's telling me that I have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's telling me that I have a nice
+non- singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- singular
+problem this I can get zero stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this I can get zero stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this I can get zero stretches
+and move because I can move the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move because I can move the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move because I can move the whole
+thing but these if I move anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but these if I move anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but these if I move anything
+something's going to stretch and E will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's going to stretch and E will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's going to stretch and E will
+be not zero and I'm positive definite I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not zero and I'm positive definite I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not zero and I'm positive definite I
+I didn't know I was going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know I was going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know I was going to get to that
+thanks to your question that uh key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to your question that uh key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to your question that uh key
+point there that the test for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there that the test for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there that the test for positive
+definiteness is well C is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness is well C is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness is well C is always
+positive the Hook's law would be crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the Hook's law would be crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the Hook's law would be crazy
+if we had uh a negative spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had uh a negative spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had uh a negative spring constant
+but we also the connection Matrix has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also the connection Matrix has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also the connection Matrix has to
+has to have this additional property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have this additional property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have this additional property
+that that rules out instability see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that rules out instability see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that rules out instability see this
+is this example is up here because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this example is up here because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this example is up here because it
+reminds us of the possibility that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds us of the possibility that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds us of the possibility that we
+haven't got enough connections nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got enough connections nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got enough connections nothing's
+nothing's fixed there and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's fixed there and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's fixed there and the and the
+displacements could be large with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements could be large with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements could be large with zero
+stretching of the Springs so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching of the Springs so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching of the Springs so that would
+that's then the final bit of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then the final bit of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then the final bit of linear
+algebra so you've you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so you've you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so you've you've seen this
+afternoon then quite a bit of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon then quite a bit of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon then quite a bit of linear
+algebra and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and the
+Central Central Construction was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Central Construction was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Central Construction was always
+that a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a transpose
+CA okay and that's section 1.4 and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA okay and that's section 1.4 and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA okay and that's section 1.4 and my
+lectures next time would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures next time would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures next time would be
+uh statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statistical
+estimation and leas squares which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and leas squares which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and leas squares which is the
+key on rectangular matrices and networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key on rectangular matrices and networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key on rectangular matrices and networks
+uh network problems which so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh network problems which so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh network problems which so we're
+seeing like networks everywhere in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing like networks everywhere in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing like networks everywhere in uh in
+modern engineering so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern engineering so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern engineering so those are the two
+lectures for next time thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for next time thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for next time thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/19x213y_uk4.txt b/19x213y_uk4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01eb1fb313230ac0f33b74a83d7c29bf8b54b2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/19x213y_uk4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+what I'd like us to do is practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like us to do is practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like us to do is practice
+tailor Series so I want us to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor Series so I want us to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor Series so I want us to write the
+tailor series for the following function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series for the following function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series for the following function
+FX = 3x Cub + 4x^2 - 2x + 1 so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX = 3x Cub + 4x^2 - 2x + 1 so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX = 3x Cub + 4x^2 - 2x + 1 so why don't
+you pause the video take some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video take some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video take some time to
+work on that and then I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that and then I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that and then I'll come back and
+show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome back well we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back well we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back well we want to
+find the tailor series for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the tailor series for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the tailor series for this
+polinomial F ofx = 3x Cub + 4x^2 - 2x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial F ofx = 3x Cub + 4x^2 - 2x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial F ofx = 3x Cub + 4x^2 - 2x +
+1 so what I'm going to do is I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so what I'm going to do is I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so what I'm going to do is I'm just
+going to write down Taylor or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down Taylor or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down Taylor or the the
+expression we have for the for the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we have for the for the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we have for the for the sum
+for the Taylor series in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Taylor series in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Taylor series in general and
+then I'm going to start Computing what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to start Computing what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to start Computing what I
+need and I'm going to see what I get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and I'm going to see what I get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and I'm going to see what I get so
+what do I need to remember well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to remember well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to remember well let's
+remind ourselves what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what the what the
+formula is we should get f ofx is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is we should get f ofx is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is we should get f ofx is equal
+to the sum from Nal 0 to Infinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum from Nal 0 to Infinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum from Nal 0 to Infinity of the
+N derivative of F at 0 Over N factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N derivative of F at 0 Over N factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N derivative of F at 0 Over N factorial
+* X the N so that's what we want so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* X the N so that's what we want so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* X the N so that's what we want so what
+I obviously need to start doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I obviously need to start doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I obviously need to start doing is
+figuring out derivatives of F at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out derivatives of F at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out derivatives of F at zero
+and so what I'm going to do is I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I'm going to do is I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I'm going to do is I'm just
+going to make myself a little table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make myself a little table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make myself a little table so
+let's see we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we're going to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+F0 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 at
+zero fub1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fub1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fub1
+Z F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z F2
+0 F3 0 F4 at zero and I'm getting tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 F3 0 F4 at zero and I'm getting tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 F3 0 F4 at zero and I'm getting tired
+of writing so I'm going to stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing so I'm going to stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing so I'm going to stop there
+okay so let's take the function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take the function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take the function the
+zeroth derivative of f is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth derivative of f is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth derivative of f is just the
+function itself so let's come back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself so let's come back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself so let's come back here
+what is the function if I evaluate it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the function if I evaluate it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the function if I evaluate it at
+x equal 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal 0 0 0
+0 one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right what is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right what is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right what is the first
+derivative so let I'm going to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so let I'm going to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so let I'm going to write out
+the first derivative and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative and then I'm going
+to say I'm evaluating it at x equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm evaluating it at x equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm evaluating it at x equals z
+so the first derivative looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first derivative looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first derivative looks like it's
+9 x^2 + 8 x - 2 so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 x^2 + 8 x - 2 so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 x^2 + 8 x - 2 so I'm going to write
+this down it's 9 x^2 + 8 x - 2 evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down it's 9 x^2 + 8 x - 2 evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down it's 9 x^2 + 8 x - 2 evaluated
+at X = 0 0 0 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X = 0 0 0 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X = 0 0 0 I get
+-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+hm all right well let me take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm all right well let me take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm all right well let me take the second
+derivative okay let's see what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay let's see what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay let's see what I get
+here I get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I get uh
+18x + 8 and I'm going to evaluate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18x + 8 and I'm going to evaluate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18x + 8 and I'm going to evaluate that
+at xal 0 this is just a way to to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at xal 0 this is just a way to to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at xal 0 this is just a way to to write
+I'm going to I'm going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to evaluate
+what's here at x equal this number if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's here at x equal this number if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's here at x equal this number if
+you haven't seen that before so I get 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then the third derivative is 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the third derivative is 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the third derivative is 18
+oh just 18 evaluated xal 0 I get 18 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh just 18 evaluated xal 0 I get 18 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh just 18 evaluated xal 0 I get 18 then
+the fourth derivative what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth derivative what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth derivative what's the
+derivative of a constant function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a constant function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a constant function at
+zero H what do you think the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero H what do you think the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero H what do you think the fifth
+derivative is evaluated at zero looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is evaluated at zero looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is evaluated at zero looks
+like it'll be zero looks like the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'll be zero looks like the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'll be zero looks like the sixth
+derivative looks like everything bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative looks like everything bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative looks like everything bigger
+than uh three so the nth derivative at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh three so the nth derivative at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh three so the nth derivative at 0
+is equal to 0 for n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 for n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 for n bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+3 so it looks like we should only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so it looks like we should only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so it looks like we should only have
+four terms in this so that maybe seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four terms in this so that maybe seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four terms in this so that maybe seems a
+little weird but let's keep going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird but let's keep going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird but let's keep going and
+and see what happens let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens let's start
+plugging things in so again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging things in so again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging things in so again let's
+remember the formula I'm going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula I'm going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula I'm going to walk
+over here to the right and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to the right and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to the right and I'm going to
+start using that formula and using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using that formula and using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using that formula and using these
+numbers that I have and writing it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I have and writing it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I have and writing it out
+so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first
+term is going to be the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to be the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to be the function
+evaluated 0 ided by 0 factorial * 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated 0 ided by 0 factorial * 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated 0 ided by 0 factorial * 1 0
+factorial is 1 so it's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial is 1 so it's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial is 1 so it's just going to be
+the function evaluated at zero time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at zero time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at zero time one
+the function evaluated at zero we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at zero we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at zero we said
+was one so that's the first term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one so that's the first term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one so that's the first term in the
+Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor
+series okay what's the next term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay what's the next term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay what's the next term the
+next term remember is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term remember is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term remember is the first
+derivative evaluated at zero divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative evaluated at zero divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative evaluated at zero divided by
+one factorial which is still one * X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factorial which is still one * X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factorial which is still one * X so
+the first derivative if I come back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative if I come back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative if I come back over
+here evaluate at zero I get two so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here evaluate at zero I get two so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here evaluate at zero I get two so I'm
+going to get -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get -
+2x the next term so I had zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x the next term so I had zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x the next term so I had zero
+derivative first derivative now I'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative now I'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative now I'm at
+the second derivative now it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative now it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative now it's getting
+confusing I'm going to start writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing I'm going to start writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing I'm going to start writing the
+things above it's the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things above it's the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things above it's the second derivative
+Valu Zer divid 2 factorial * x^2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu Zer divid 2 factorial * x^2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu Zer divid 2 factorial * x^2 that's
+what I should have here let's come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should have here let's come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should have here let's come over
+here second derivative valuated Zer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second derivative valuated Zer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second derivative valuated Zer was
+8 so it's going to be 8 over two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so it's going to be 8 over two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so it's going to be 8 over two because
+two Factor IAL is 2 x^2 so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Factor IAL is 2 x^2 so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Factor IAL is 2 x^2 so it's going to
+be +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be +
+4x^2 and then I have to have the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^2 and then I have to have the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^2 and then I have to have the third
+derivative evaluated 0 / 3 factorial * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative evaluated 0 / 3 factorial * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative evaluated 0 / 3 factorial * X
+cubed what's 3 factorial 3 factorial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed what's 3 factorial 3 factorial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed what's 3 factorial 3 factorial is
+6 what was the third derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 what was the third derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 what was the third derivative
+evaluated at zero it was 18 18 / 6 is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero it was 18 18 / 6 is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero it was 18 18 / 6 is 3
+so I get plus 3 x cubed and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get plus 3 x cubed and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get plus 3 x cubed and all the
+other terms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms were
+zero so I'll just stop writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'll just stop writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'll just stop writing
+them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+now if you watch the video all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you watch the video all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you watch the video all the way
+through here at some point maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here at some point maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here at some point maybe you
+said Christine this is madness well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Christine this is madness well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Christine this is madness well why
+is it Madness because what is this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Madness because what is this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Madness because what is this well
+this is the function again right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function again right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function again right it's
+exactly where we started the orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where we started the orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where we started the orders
+opposite of what it was before because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of what it was before because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of what it was before because
+now the powers go up instead of down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the powers go up instead of down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the powers go up instead of down but
+it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+polinomial okay we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay we talked about this
+briefly I think when we were doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly I think when we were doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly I think when we were doing some
+quadratic approximations and I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations and I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations and I mentioned
+way back that quadratic approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back that quadratic approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back that quadratic approximations
+of pols at x equals z x equals z of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pols at x equals z x equals z of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pols at x equals z x equals z of just
+the polinomial again this is the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial again this is the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial again this is the exact
+same kind of thing happening because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing happening because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing happening because
+what is the tailor series it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the tailor series it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the tailor series it's just
+better and better approximations as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better approximations as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better approximations as n
+gets larger and larger so if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger and larger so if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger and larger so if I wanted to
+to have a fourth order approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a fourth order approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a fourth order approximation of
+this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function f
+ofx at x equals z I would get this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx at x equals z I would get this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx at x equals z I would get this the
+same function back that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function back that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function back that's really the
+idea of what's Happening Here so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what's Happening Here so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what's Happening Here so maybe
+you saw the sort of trick in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw the sort of trick in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw the sort of trick in this
+question and when you saw this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and when you saw this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and when you saw this you
+laughed at me and you said well I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughed at me and you said well I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughed at me and you said well I'm just
+going to write down the function again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down the function again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down the function again
+and I'll be done maybe you didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be done maybe you didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be done maybe you didn't see
+that right away and if you didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right away and if you didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right away and if you didn't see
+that right away that's okay I bet you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right away that's okay I bet you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right away that's okay I bet you're
+in good company and it's totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good company and it's totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good company and it's totally fine
+because now you've seen this you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you've seen this you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you've seen this you've seen
+this how it works out and you know hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how it works out and you know hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how it works out and you know hey
+now anytime I see a polinomial and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now anytime I see a polinomial and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now anytime I see a polinomial and I
+want to do the tailor series for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the tailor series for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the tailor series for this
+polinomial I just have to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I just have to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I just have to write down the
+polinomial again so that was the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial again so that was the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial again so that was the main
+goal of this video took us a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this video took us a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this video took us a long time
+to get there but I think we got it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there but I think we got it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there but I think we got it so
+the answer to the ultimate answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the ultimate answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the ultimate answer to the
+question of what is the write the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what is the write the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what is the write the tailor
+series of this function it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of this function it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of this function it's just this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+again all right that's where I'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1AJbVRQTZlA.txt b/1AJbVRQTZlA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdfa9c590675bf57deb6bee5ba7564380739376b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1AJbVRQTZlA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would now like to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would now like to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would now like to show you how to
+calculate the moment of inertia of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the moment of inertia of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the moment of inertia of a
+typical continuous body let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical continuous body let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical continuous body let's consider a
+rigid Rod very thin and what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid Rod very thin and what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid Rod very thin and what we want to
+do is calculate the moment of inertia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is calculate the moment of inertia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is calculate the moment of inertia of
+this body about the center of mass let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body about the center of mass let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body about the center of mass let's
+say the body is of length L and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the body is of length L and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the body is of length L and it has
+total mass m now recall that the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass m now recall that the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass m now recall that the moment
+of inertia about the center of mass we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia about the center of mass we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia about the center of mass we
+defined as an integral of DM R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as an integral of DM R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as an integral of DM R 2
+integrated over the body now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the body now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the body now our
+challenge today is to understand exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge today is to understand exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge today is to understand exactly
+what all these terms are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all these terms are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all these terms are in this
+expression what is DM what is r and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what is DM what is r and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what is DM what is r and what
+do we mean by an intergral over the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mean by an intergral over the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mean by an intergral over the body
+so now let's do a stepwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do a stepwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do a stepwise
+interpretation of each term The crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of each term The crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of each term The crucial
+thing is to introduce coordinate systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to introduce coordinate systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to introduce coordinate systems
+so let's choose a coordinate system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's choose a coordinate system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's choose a coordinate system and
+let's put the origin at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the origin at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the origin at the center of
+mass now the most important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass now the most important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass now the most important thing is
+that we're going to do an integral so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do an integral so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do an integral so we
+need to introduce the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to introduce the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to introduce the integration
+variable and that's the hardest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and that's the hardest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and that's the hardest part of
+setting up integrals so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up integrals so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up integrals so what we want to
+do is arbitrarily choose an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is arbitrarily choose an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is arbitrarily choose an element
+DM so there's our element DM and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM so there's our element DM and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM so there's our element DM and here's
+our integration variable it's a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integration variable it's a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integration variable it's a distance
+X from the origin so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X from the origin so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X from the origin so that's the
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+variable now there's two things when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now there's two things when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now there's two things when we
+set up the integral R is is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the integral R is is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the integral R is is equal to
+that integration variable R is abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integration variable R is abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integration variable R is abstract
+in this expression but in this concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this expression but in this concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this expression but in this concrete
+realization it is the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization it is the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization it is the integration
+variable the second place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the second place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the second place the
+integration variable shows up is in DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable shows up is in DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable shows up is in DM
+DM is the mass in this small element but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM is the mass in this small element but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM is the mass in this small element but
+if we want to express that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to express that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to express that in terms of
+our integration variable we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integration variable we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integration variable we have to
+express it in terms of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of the differential
+length DX so DM mass is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length DX so DM mass is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length DX so DM mass is equal to the
+total mass per unit length we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass per unit length we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass per unit length we're
+assuming the rod is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the rod is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the rod is
+uniform times the length DX of our small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform times the length DX of our small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform times the length DX of our small
+piece and now we've set up the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and now we've set up the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and now we've set up the two
+pieces that are crucial and all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are crucial and all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are crucial and all we have
+to think about now is what does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about now is what does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about now is what does an
+integral mean well an integral means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral mean well an integral means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral mean well an integral means
+that we're dividing up the piece into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're dividing up the piece into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're dividing up the piece into a
+bunch of small elements and we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of small elements and we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of small elements and we're adding
+the contribution of each small element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of each small element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of each small element
+so in particular when we write ICM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular when we write ICM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular when we write ICM
+equals now can write it as m/ L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals now can write it as m/ L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals now can write it as m/ L
+DX that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that was our
+DM and the distance of D M from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM and the distance of D M from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM and the distance of D M from the
+point we're Computing the axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're Computing the axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're Computing the axis is
+X2 now the question is what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 now the question is what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 now the question is what is our
+integration variable doing well X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable doing well X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable doing well X is
+going from minus L /2 that's at this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from minus L /2 that's at this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from minus L /2 that's at this end
+to x = + L /2 on the other end so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x = + L /2 on the other end so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x = + L /2 on the other end so we
+have x - L2 x = + L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x - L2 x = + L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x - L2 x = + L2
+and now we've set up the integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've set up the integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've set up the integral for
+the moment of inertia and the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia and the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia and the rest is
+just doing an integral recall that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing an integral recall that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing an integral recall that the
+integral of DX x^2 is X cubed over 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of DX x^2 is X cubed over 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of DX x^2 is X cubed over 3 and
+so this integral then simply becomes ICM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this integral then simply becomes ICM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this integral then simply becomes ICM
+= m l x Cub 3 evaluating from the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= m l x Cub 3 evaluating from the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= m l x Cub 3 evaluating from the limits
+- L /2 to x = +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- L /2 to x = +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- L /2 to x = +
+L2 again when you evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 again when you evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 again when you evaluate the
+limits what we get is m L we have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits what we get is m L we have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits what we get is m L we have to put
+in l/ 2 Cub /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l/ 2 Cub /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l/ 2 Cub /
+3us - L over 2 cubed / 3 and that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us - L over 2 cubed / 3 and that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us - L over 2 cubed / 3 and that's 1
+over 2 cubed is an 8 divide by a thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 cubed is an 8 divide by a thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 cubed is an 8 divide by a thir
+that's a 24th 24th minus minus 24th is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 24th 24th minus minus 24th is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 24th 24th minus minus 24th is a
+12th and so what we get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th and so what we get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th and so what we get for
+ICM is m l a 12th L Cub or 1 12th m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICM is m l a 12th L Cub or 1 12th m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICM is m l a 12th L Cub or 1 12th m
+l^2 is the moment of inertia about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 is the moment of inertia about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 is the moment of inertia about the
+center of mass of our rigid rod and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of our rigid rod and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of our rigid rod and this
+is a measure of how the mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how the mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how the mass is
+distributed about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1Aj6M4peeGw.txt b/1Aj6M4peeGw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c051a0a2346ff35272fef9c0e7dd503ef3dcc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1Aj6M4peeGw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11501 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let me tell you what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let me tell you what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let me tell you what I've
+handed out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my argument is that race is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my argument is that race is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my argument is that race is the
+significant factor in the in the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant factor in the in the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant factor in the in the urban
+history of South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of South
+Africa I will justify that in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa I will justify that in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa I will justify that in at the
+beginning of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of my
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+secondly the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the form of
+Johannesburg from 1876
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg from 1876
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg from 1876
+onwards can be judged in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards can be judged in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards can be judged in terms of the
+location of black people and attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of black people and attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of black people and attitudes
+towards black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards black
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+essentially apartate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially apartate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially apartate as a
+philosophy regarded cities as violently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy regarded cities as violently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy regarded cities as violently
+Le against their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le against their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le against their
+Norm which would keep black people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm which would keep black people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm which would keep black people in
+rural or semi- rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural or semi- rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural or semi- rural
+situations by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations by
+tribe is an Old Colonial method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe is an Old Colonial method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe is an Old Colonial method of
+dealing with the population and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the population and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the population and that's
+by deeping them in a tribal situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by deeping them in a tribal situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by deeping them in a tribal situation
+the city at at its most magnificent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city at at its most magnificent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city at at its most magnificent is
+an educative instrument an enabler of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educative instrument an enabler of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educative instrument an enabler of
+Change Change is what South Africa was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change Change is what South Africa was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change Change is what South Africa was
+trying to avoid that is the hemony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid that is the hemony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid that is the hemony of
+white people over black people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white people over black people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white people over black people and the
+city becomes a phenomenally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city becomes a phenomenally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city becomes a phenomenally important
+instrument I will try to take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument I will try to take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument I will try to take you
+through the five stages of South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+African urbanism in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African urbanism in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African urbanism in the case of
+Johannesburg the mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg the mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg the mining
+camp from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp from
+1876 or 1885 to 1917 the informal city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1876 or 1885 to 1917 the informal city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1876 or 1885 to 1917 the informal city
+the rationalized city the regional City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationalized city the regional City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationalized city the regional City
+and the current open City Post apartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current open City Post apartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current open City Post apartate
+City I will look at detail in the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City I will look at detail in the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City I will look at detail in the Second
+City the informal city that is of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City the informal city that is of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City the informal city that is of a
+Township called Western native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township called Western native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township called Western native
+Township which consisted of 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township which consisted of 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township which consisted of 15,000
+people living in 2,000 houses the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people living in 2,000 houses the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people living in 2,000 houses the first
+public housing built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public housing built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public housing built in
+Johannesburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg
+uh during the influenza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during the influenza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during the influenza
+epidemic every time public action takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic every time public action takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic every time public action takes
+place space it's in a site which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place space it's in a site which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place space it's in a site which is
+considered to be either a dump a site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be either a dump a site of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be either a dump a site of
+some low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low
+value uh uh and often the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh uh and often the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh uh and often the decision
+occurs because of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs because of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs because of some
+disease the first movement out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the first movement out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the first movement out of the
+mining camp in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining camp in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining camp in
+194 occurs because of the plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 occurs because of the plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 occurs because of the plague
+epidemic and who happened to be in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic and who happened to be in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic and who happened to be in South
+Africa the most important man ever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa the most important man ever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa the most important man ever to
+live in South Africa even for a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in South Africa even for a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in South Africa even for a short
+time who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time who is
+that Gandhi yes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gandhi yes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gandhi yes of
+course Gandhi learned his politics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Gandhi learned his politics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Gandhi learned his politics in
+South Africa before returning to India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa before returning to India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa before returning to India
+and he was in Johannesburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was in Johannesburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was in Johannesburg
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Indian Township which was burnt down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Township which was burnt down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Township which was burnt down
+because of the plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the plague
+um he interceded with the transval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he interceded with the transval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he interceded with the transval
+government to allow the people to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to allow the people to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to allow the people to return
+at night to dig in their basements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night to dig in their basements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night to dig in their basements to
+retrieve gold which they had stored away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve gold which they had stored away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve gold which they had stored away
+anyway West native Township is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway West native Township is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway West native Township is the first
+publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly
+built housing for black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built housing for black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built housing for black
+people I want to examine it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I want to examine it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I want to examine it from
+1917 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if those of you who read what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if those of you who read what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if those of you who read what I've
+written about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about
+this the story of Western native champ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the story of Western native champ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the story of Western native champ
+appeared on the cover of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared on the cover of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared on the cover of three
+architectural magazines in three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural magazines in three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural magazines in three parts
+of the world in September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1966 uh so it's a fairly well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1966 uh so it's a fairly well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1966 uh so it's a fairly well-known
+story I'm repeating it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I'm repeating it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I'm repeating it for the
+999th time and I hope it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+999th time and I hope it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+999th time and I hope it's not too
+boring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page is a summary of the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page is a summary of the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page is a summary of the location of
+black people over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people over
+these over time you will see that black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these over time you will see that black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these over time you will see that black
+people are moved from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moved from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moved from the center of the
+city further outwards in one vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city further outwards in one vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city further outwards in one vector
+towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Southwest um the bar graphs below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicate I when when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate I when when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate I when when we look at the
+slide I'll indicate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I'll indicate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I'll indicate some of the
+subtleties one of the the the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties one of the the the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties one of the the the solid
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+is housing by the public the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is housing by the public the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is housing by the public the horizontal
+line is housing by the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is housing by the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is housing by the private sector
+you would see at the beginning of Soto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see at the beginning of Soto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see at the beginning of Soto
+the sub yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub yeah no
+I'll go into this in some detail I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go into this in some detail I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go into this in some detail I have
+to worry about time because we cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about time because we cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about time because we cover a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+stuff the graph showing cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the graph showing cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the graph showing cumulative
+housing built indicates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing built indicates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing built indicates that
+the attempt to Marshall the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attempt to Marshall the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attempt to Marshall the black
+population in the city took an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in the city took an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in the city took an enormous
+leap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap in
+number from 19 about 1950 onwards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number from 19 about 1950 onwards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number from 19 about 1950 onwards this
+was the the building of the major part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the building of the major part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the building of the major part
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Soto population of about 1.5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto population of about 1.5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto population of about 1.5 million
+people is this public housing bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is this public housing bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is this public housing bu
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry the next few pages deal with was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the next few pages deal with was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the next few pages deal with was
+the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Township these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pages which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages which
+follow are a little difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow are a little difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow are a little difficult to
+follow but deal with the four stages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow but deal with the four stages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow but deal with the four stages in
+the life and death of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life and death of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life and death of this
+Township in regard to a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township in regard to a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township in regard to a number of things
+the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social
+organization This research was done from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization This research was done from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization This research was done from
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+newspapers uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers uh uh
+and which have a long tradition in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which have a long tradition in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which have a long tradition in South
+African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African
+journalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalism
+uh much of this data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much of this data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much of this data is
+transcribed by one of my black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed by one of my black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed by one of my black
+assistants doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work it's an extraordinary difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's an extraordinary difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's an extraordinary difficult
+piece of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of work to
+do we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we we had
+to justify some of the comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify some of the comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify some of the comments about
+gangs about the origins of jazz and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangs about the origins of jazz and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangs about the origins of jazz and so
+on uh through interview with older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh through interview with older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh through interview with older
+people to justify some of it although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to justify some of it although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to justify some of it although
+this is social science research which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is social science research which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is social science research which
+approximates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates
+things uh more than anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else the next page is a quote from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the next page is a quote from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the next page is a quote from a
+book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on
+cism architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cism architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cism architecture
+classism the paragraph which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classism the paragraph which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classism the paragraph which I
+marked I think explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked I think explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked I think explains
+the formal decoration of this Township
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal decoration of this Township
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal decoration of this Township
+on the walls which I which I will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the walls which I which I will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the walls which I which I will go to
+into some detail with you as a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some detail with you as a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some detail with you as a piece of
+reconstruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction of
+Nature and I think this paragraph which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and I think this paragraph which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and I think this paragraph which
+deals largely with how classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals largely with how classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals largely with how classical
+architecture works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture works
+deals very well with the issue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals very well with the issue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals very well with the issue of the
+facade and the last page is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade and the last page is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade and the last page is just one
+example of the facades of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+houses so to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses so to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses so to return
+to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning
+racial segregation underlies all Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial segregation underlies all Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial segregation underlies all Urban
+history in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in South
+Africa it's the most extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa it's the most extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa it's the most extreme
+version of segregation based legally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of segregation based legally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of segregation based legally on
+the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+race had South Africa not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race had South Africa not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race had South Africa not
+legislated race legally the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislated race legally the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislated race legally the rest of the
+world would be left it alone there dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world would be left it alone there dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world would be left it alone there dis
+this discrimination on the base of race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrimination on the base of race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrimination on the base of race
+in the American South still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the American South still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the American South still
+today although the central government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today although the central government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today although the central government
+has acted in civil rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has acted in civil rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has acted in civil rights
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+uh after many years of not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after many years of not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after many years of not doing
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+about it but in South Africa from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but in South Africa from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but in South Africa from the
+earliest times onwards there was a move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest times onwards there was a move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest times onwards there was a move
+reinforced by the Dutch Reformed Church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced by the Dutch Reformed Church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced by the Dutch Reformed Church
+to regard blacks as temporary inhabit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regard blacks as temporary inhabit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regard blacks as temporary inhabit
+although they were the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were the majority of the
+society in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in
+194 government white paper says let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 government white paper says let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 government white paper says let them
+understand that the towns of the colony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the towns of the colony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the towns of the colony
+are the special place of Abode for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the special place of Abode for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the special place of Abode for the
+white man who are the governing race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white man who are the governing race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white man who are the governing race
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+194 my God South Africa only became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 my God South Africa only became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 my God South Africa only became a
+country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in
+1910 this was under British rule British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 this was under British rule British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 this was under British rule British
+colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial
+rule 192
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule 192
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule 192
+21 it should be understood that the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 it should be understood that the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 it should be understood that the town
+is a European area in which there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a European area in which there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a European area in which there's no
+place for the Redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for the Redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for the Redundant
+native who neither Works nor serves his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native who neither Works nor serves his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native who neither Works nor serves his
+or her people the town is a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her people the town is a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her people the town is a white
+phenomenon blacks only visit for labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temporary between 1960 and 1985 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary between 1960 and 1985 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary between 1960 and 1985 one
+person per minute was prosecuted under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person per minute was prosecuted under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person per minute was prosecuted under
+the P laws in South Africa the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P laws in South Africa the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P laws in South Africa the past
+laws required for you to have work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws required for you to have work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws required for you to have work
+continuously for 10 years for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously for 10 years for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously for 10 years for one
+employer for example if you haven't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer for example if you haven't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer for example if you haven't if
+you were in the city and had couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in the city and had couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in the city and had couldn't
+fulfill that demand you prosecuted under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill that demand you prosecuted under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill that demand you prosecuted under
+past laws so you have a white City and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past laws so you have a white City and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past laws so you have a white City and a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+phenomenally migrant population migrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenally migrant population migrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenally migrant population migrant
+in not in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not in their
+own Bel or judgment but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Bel or judgment but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Bel or judgment but in the
+Judgment of a heinous white population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judgment of a heinous white population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judgment of a heinous white population
+black people are only there to Ser to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people are only there to Ser to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people are only there to Ser to
+serve the whites in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the whites in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the whites in
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 Mr MC bua the minister of banto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 Mr MC bua the minister of banto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 Mr MC bua the minister of banto
+administration again the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration again the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration again the use of
+terminology is interesting blacks Bantu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology is interesting blacks Bantu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology is interesting blacks Bantu
+is a linguistic group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linguistic group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linguistic group of
+languages the minister of Bantu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages the minister of Bantu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages the minister of Bantu
+Administration could either be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration could either be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration could either be the
+minister of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of black
+Administration the the minister of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration the the minister of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration the the minister of
+native education the minister of African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native education the minister of African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native education the minister of African
+education and the minister of azanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the minister of azanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the minister of azanian
+education is one of the independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is one of the independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is one of the independence
+group no named South African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group no named South African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group no named South African
+blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks
+um the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the use
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the racial denomination is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the racial denomination is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the racial denomination is interesting
+because South Africa traded with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because South Africa traded with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because South Africa traded with with
+Japan Japanese were considered white in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan Japanese were considered white in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan Japanese were considered white in
+South Africa Chinese were considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+black colored people almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black colored people almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black colored people almost the
+misogynous group of are considered black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misogynous group of are considered black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misogynous group of are considered black
+but in a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a special
+category the whole idea is if you deem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category the whole idea is if you deem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category the whole idea is if you deem
+nominate the population by tribal group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominate the population by tribal group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominate the population by tribal group
+whites are the superior Race by number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites are the superior Race by number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites are the superior Race by number
+they beat the number of Zulu people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they beat the number of Zulu people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they beat the number of Zulu people in
+South Africa so if you keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa so if you keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa so if you keep on
+categorizing people as Zulu kza tuana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizing people as Zulu kza tuana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizing people as Zulu kza tuana
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+shangan uh whatever deell and so on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shangan uh whatever deell and so on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shangan uh whatever deell and so on you
+will break down the society into tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break down the society into tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break down the society into tribal
+groups of which the whites are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of which the whites are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of which the whites are the
+Superior Group it's an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior Group it's an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior Group it's an incredibly
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+and awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and awful
+phenomenon which comes out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which comes out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which comes out of this
+Doctrine whereby the city the doctrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doctrine whereby the city the doctrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doctrine whereby the city the doctrine
+is that the city is a polluting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the city is a polluting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the city is a polluting
+environment it causes people to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it causes people to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it causes people to change
+it educates people and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it educates people and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it educates people and that's
+frightening because it educates people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening because it educates people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening because it educates people
+to move out of the E of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move out of the E of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move out of the E of
+tribalism where they live according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism where they live according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribalism where they live according to
+code of behavior and move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of behavior and move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of behavior and move into the
+cities where they become industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities where they become industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities where they become industrial
+workers join trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers join trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers join trade
+unions and are open to political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions and are open to political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions and are open to political
+democracy so the South African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy so the South African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy so the South African
+experience is fundamentally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is fundamentally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is fundamentally important
+for those of you who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are interested in
+the the details of policy in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the details of policy in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the details of policy in order to
+maintain wh migrant labor is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain wh migrant labor is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain wh migrant labor is a
+phenomenon all over the world of budabi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon all over the world of budabi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon all over the world of budabi
+depends on migrant labor so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on migrant labor so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on migrant labor so does
+Dubai the the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dubai the the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dubai the the relationship between
+turkey and Germany is for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey and Germany is for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey and Germany is for a long time
+been in the relationship of La migrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the relationship of La migrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the relationship of La migrant
+labor India is phenomenal history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor India is phenomenal history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor India is phenomenal history of
+Migrant labor still today an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Migrant labor still today an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Migrant labor still today an interesting
+aspect of Indian GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+urbanism Mexico to the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism Mexico to the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism Mexico to the US
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+um I don't want to get into a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want to get into a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want to get into a discussion
+of the values or disvalues of Migrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labor but in the South African situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor but in the South African situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor but in the South African situation
+migrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrant
+labor was not only labor from within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor was not only labor from within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor was not only labor from within
+South Africa but black labor from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa but black labor from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa but black labor from the
+adjoining countries from Zim Zimbabwe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining countries from Zim Zimbabwe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining countries from Zim Zimbabwe as
+far away as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away as
+Malawi on the basis of service to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malawi on the basis of service to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malawi on the basis of service to the
+gold Mining and uranium mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold Mining and uranium mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold Mining and uranium mining
+Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries
+uh keeping people outside of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping people outside of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping people outside of the normal
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+situation living in hostels being paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation living in hostels being paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation living in hostels being paid
+money in order for them to export the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in order for them to export the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in order for them to export the
+money to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to the local
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Origins the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins the first
+city was occurred because gold as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city was occurred because gold as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city was occurred because gold as I said
+in a previous class Chicago and gburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a previous class Chicago and gburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a previous class Chicago and gburg
+the two most important cities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most important cities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most important cities of the
+19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+century ah people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argue you can postulate some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue you can postulate some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue you can postulate some other
+candidates but which other cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates but which other cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates but which other cities
+founded in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in the 19th
+century Athens was rebuilt in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Athens was rebuilt in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Athens was rebuilt in the 19th
+century it was virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century it was virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century it was virtually
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+but new cities of the 19th century I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but new cities of the 19th century I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but new cities of the 19th century I
+argue that Johannesburg and Chicago are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that Johannesburg and Chicago are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that Johannesburg and Chicago are
+the two signific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signific
+examples gold was discovered on the reef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples gold was discovered on the reef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples gold was discovered on the reef
+that's the ridge that which ansburg is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ridge that which ansburg is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ridge that which ansburg is
+built and the mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and the mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and the mining
+camp which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp which
+resulted resulted in a plan which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted resulted in a plan which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted resulted in a plan which I'll
+show you which has very small Lots one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you which has very small Lots one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you which has very small Lots one
+of the reason reasons for making small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason reasons for making small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason reasons for making small
+Lots in a mining camp is that there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots in a mining camp is that there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots in a mining camp is that there many
+Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner
+blocks the corners go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the corners go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the corners go to
+bars so you make small Lots whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars so you make small Lots whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars so you make small Lots whenever you
+have to choose on lot size the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose on lot size the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose on lot size the bigger
+the lot the fewer Corners there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot the fewer Corners there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot the fewer Corners there
+are so you can look at the plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so you can look at the plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so you can look at the plan of
+Manhattan in terms of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan in terms of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan in terms of the number of
+Corners there are in the geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners there are in the geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corners there are in the geometry and
+calculate how valuable it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how valuable it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how valuable it would have
+been had the blocks been shorter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been had the blocks been shorter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been had the blocks been shorter in
+length Leon K room's work we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Leon K room's work we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Leon K room's work we'll discuss
+in a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few weeks
+time to argues in his plan for Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to argues in his plan for Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to argues in his plan for Barcelona
+the subdivision of the sarda block of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousand into three three times 300 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand into three three times 300 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand into three three times 300 or
+four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times
+250 Tel Aviv has very small blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 Tel Aviv has very small blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 Tel Aviv has very small blocks
+the are enormous traffic problems caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are enormous traffic problems caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are enormous traffic problems caused
+by small the blocks are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by small the blocks are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by small the blocks are too
+small traffic conditions are bad enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small traffic conditions are bad enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small traffic conditions are bad enough
+in Manhattan given the long length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Manhattan given the long length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Manhattan given the long length of
+the blocks east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks east
+west but uh we're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west but uh we're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west but uh we're not talking about
+Manhattan at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment gold attracts people very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment gold attracts people very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment gold attracts people very quickly
+and 10 years after johannesburg's birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 years after johannesburg's birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 years after johannesburg's birth
+there were 100,000 people in the C City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 100,000 people in the C City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 100,000 people in the C City
+50% were black Africans Mala cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% were black Africans Mala cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% were black Africans Mala cards
+Indians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians and
+Chinese each of these groups was located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese each of these groups was located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese each of these groups was located
+in what is called a location a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what is called a location a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what is called a location a location
+is a British colonial term for locating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a British colonial term for locating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a British colonial term for locating
+people whom you considered to be workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whom you considered to be workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whom you considered to be workers
+and generally they are black or colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally they are black or colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally they are black or colored
+in some form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some form or
+other you find locations in Zimbabwe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you find locations in Zimbabwe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you find locations in Zimbabwe in
+Kenya and other parts of Africa as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this was a city of primitive feudal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was a city of primitive feudal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was a city of primitive feudal
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+relationship there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship there was a
+Bantu there was a CFA location again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bantu there was a CFA location again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bantu there was a CFA location again
+remember look at the word the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember look at the word the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember look at the word the
+terminology CFA is an Arab word which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology CFA is an Arab word which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology CFA is an Arab word which
+refers to bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to bad
+people uh kie what is the word k in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh kie what is the word k in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh kie what is the word k in
+Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian
+mean a worker what does it mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a worker what does it mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a worker what does it mean it's a
+worker a worker but it's a perjorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker a worker but it's a perjorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker a worker but it's a perjorative
+word I grew up in South Africa and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I grew up in South Africa and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I grew up in South Africa and I
+remember buying fruit from the kie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+store language indicates intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store language indicates intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store language indicates intention
+fairly well in urbanism one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well in urbanism one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well in urbanism one should be
+careful what we what how we name things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful what we what how we name things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful what we what how we name things
+numbering streets by number has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering streets by number has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering streets by number has some
+implication calling a street Merry Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication calling a street Merry Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication calling a street Merry Mount
+Street has other implications but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street has other implications but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street has other implications but I
+shouldn't take this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seriously this city ends with disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously this city ends with disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously this city ends with disease
+the plague BB in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plague BB in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plague BB in
+194 forces the emancipation of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 forces the emancipation of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 forces the emancipation of black
+people immediately out of the black the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people immediately out of the black the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people immediately out of the black the
+cafa location to site of the Anglo War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafa location to site of the Anglo War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafa location to site of the Anglo War
+Camp 15 kilomet to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp 15 kilomet to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp 15 kilomet to the
+southwest and that's the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest and that's the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest and that's the origin of
+SEO just it was it's a town called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEO just it was it's a town called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEO just it was it's a town called
+pimville where Miram ARA comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pimville where Miram ARA comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pimville where Miram ARA comes from
+famous black South African singer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous black South African singer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous black South African singer and
+she's known as pims number one pims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's known as pims number one pims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's known as pims number one pims
+number one refers to a British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one refers to a British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one refers to a British
+drink I'm getting too sophisticated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink I'm getting too sophisticated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink I'm getting too sophisticated here
+play g games with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play g games with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play g games with
+language 1917 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language 1917 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language 1917 to
+1948 the informal City it begins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 the informal City it begins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 the informal City it begins with
+the influenza epidemic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influenza epidemic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influenza epidemic of
+1917 the city is now faced to house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 the city is now faced to house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 the city is now faced to house
+blacks for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks for the first
+time next to the municipal dump he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next to the municipal dump he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next to the municipal dump he
+chooses to develop Western native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to develop Western native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to develop Western native
+Township the annual expenditure on black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township the annual expenditure on black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township the annual expenditure on black
+housing is the same as the annual budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing is the same as the annual budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing is the same as the annual budget
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+zoo Safi town which is a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoo Safi town which is a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoo Safi town which is a private
+Enterprise environment nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise environment nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise environment nuclear
+coronation will form the Western areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronation will form the Western areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronation will form the Western areas
+this is the equivalent of Harlem it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equivalent of Harlem it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equivalent of Harlem it is
+where African music journalism African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where African music journalism African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where African music journalism African
+political parties The Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties The Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties The Cooperative
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+gangs the NEX is that black culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangs the NEX is that black culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangs the NEX is that black culture
+develops in next extraordinary period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops in next extraordinary period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops in next extraordinary period of
+time of about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of about 30
+years so fire town is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so fire town is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so fire town is
+Freehold at that time about 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freehold at that time about 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freehold at that time about 50%
+of black housing is private 50% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of black housing is private 50% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of black housing is private 50% is
+public it's a city of informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public it's a city of informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public it's a city of informal
+relationships there's shared shopping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships there's shared shopping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships there's shared shopping on
+the seams generally Indian shops there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seams generally Indian shops there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seams generally Indian shops there's
+a strong self-help identity and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong self-help identity and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong self-help identity and many
+journey to work options including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey to work options including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey to work options including
+walking to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking to work
+the informal cities have becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informal cities have becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informal cities have becomes
+enormously overcrowded with South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously overcrowded with South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously overcrowded with South
+Africa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa's
+industrialization in the 3945 war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization in the 3945 war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization in the 3945 war and
+this South African so-called liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this South African so-called liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this South African so-called liberal
+political parties defeated in the 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties defeated in the 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties defeated in the 48
+elections replaced by the Africana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections replaced by the Africana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections replaced by the Africana
+National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Party the Africana National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party
+driven by a number of fundamentalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by a number of fundamentalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by a number of fundamentalist
+initiatives the word swar which is ofans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives the word swar which is ofans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives the word swar which is ofans
+for black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for black
+danger is a term which is employed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is a term which is employed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is a term which is employed to
+threaten white South Africans that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten white South Africans that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten white South Africans that the
+blacks who are the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks who are the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks who are the majority of the
+population will destroy the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population will destroy the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population will destroy the white
+population and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and white
+civilization white civilization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization white civilization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization white civilization is
+promoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+South African whites produced bad German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Opera whilst blacks were playing jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera whilst blacks were playing jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera whilst blacks were playing jazz
+based on American music and music which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on American music and music which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on American music and music which
+they understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+politically I I was part of the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically I I was part of the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically I I was part of the South
+African Jazz movement for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Jazz movement for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Jazz movement for a
+while because I had a lot of jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while because I had a lot of jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while because I had a lot of jazz
+material from America when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from America when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from America when I was in
+gradu school and I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradu school and I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradu school and I it
+was and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it
+contrasts again the informal popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts again the informal popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts again the informal popular
+notion of uh music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of uh music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of uh music
+which in the South African case in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the South African case in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the South African case in the
+South African black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South African black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South African black
+case migrates from playing the Penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case migrates from playing the Penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case migrates from playing the Penny
+Whistle which is a very primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whistle which is a very primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whistle which is a very primitive
+instrument to the saxophone South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to the saxophone South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to the saxophone South
+African Jazz musicians played the the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Jazz musicians played the the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Jazz musicians played the the T
+alter saxophone more more than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter saxophone more more than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter saxophone more more than they
+played the trumpet again for reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the trumpet again for reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the trumpet again for reasons of
+choice which based on the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice which based on the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice which based on the kind of
+musical vibrations that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical vibrations that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical vibrations that those
+instruments gave to them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments gave to them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments gave to them the
+whites emulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites emulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites emulated
+badly classical Western German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly classical Western German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly classical Western German
+music uh so you have in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music uh so you have in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music uh so you have in the western
+areas the growth of informal movements I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the growth of informal movements I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the growth of informal movements I
+regard the decoration system in Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard the decoration system in Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard the decoration system in Western
+native Township which we'll discuss in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Township which we'll discuss in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Township which we'll discuss in a
+few minutes as a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes as a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes as a popular
+phenomenon helping which people use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon helping which people use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon helping which people use to
+make well let's wait until we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there the notion that blacks are a rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the notion that blacks are a rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the notion that blacks are a rural
+people is manifest in apartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is manifest in apartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is manifest in apartate
+religion it allows one to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion it allows one to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion it allows one to believe that
+black should be returned to rural tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+existence public housing is built at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence public housing is built at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence public housing is built at low
+densities no elevators blacks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities no elevators blacks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities no elevators blacks are
+racially subdivided into tribes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racially subdivided into tribes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racially subdivided into tribes in the
+new apartate regime Soo Western native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new apartate regime Soo Western native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new apartate regime Soo Western native
+Township as you will see did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township as you will see did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township as you will see did not
+separate people by TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate people by TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate people by TR
+this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in
+the the setting of The informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the setting of The informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the setting of The informal
+City and apartate Soo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and apartate Soo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and apartate Soo was
+allocated into separate young ghettos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated into separate young ghettos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated into separate young ghettos of
+tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal
+entity houses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity houses were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity houses were
+built so that people could be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so that people could be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so that people could be seen as
+rural people the house in Western native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural people the house in Western native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural people the house in Western native
+Township was about 250 square Square ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township was about 250 square Square ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township was about 250 square Square ft
+it had seven people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had seven people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had seven people in
+it it had a porch of 100 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it had a porch of 100 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it had a porch of 100 square
+ft the porch was where people at sundown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft the porch was where people at sundown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft the porch was where people at sundown
+should sit and watch the sun go down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sit and watch the sun go down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sit and watch the sun go down or
+the Sun rise in the morning it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun rise in the morning it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun rise in the morning it is
+absolute nonsense to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute nonsense to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute nonsense to build a
+housing at that density with an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing at that density with an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing at that density with an open
+porch no wonder that the porch was 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch no wonder that the porch was 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch no wonder that the porch was 70%
+of the porches were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the porches were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the porches were
+enclosed as we will see in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed as we will see in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed as we will see in the process
+of the changes to the house adding 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the changes to the house adding 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the changes to the house adding 100
+square foot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+house there are couple of other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house there are couple of other pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house there are couple of other pieces
+to the apartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story between 1955 and 1960 33,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story between 1955 and 1960 33,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story between 1955 and 1960 33,000
+houses worlded twice as as many as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses worlded twice as as many as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses worlded twice as as many as in
+the previous 37 years the effort houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous 37 years the effort houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous 37 years the effort houses
+a quarter million people in 5 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter million people in 5 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter million people in 5 years in
+the Johannesburg brochure it talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Johannesburg brochure it talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Johannesburg brochure it talks about
+it being the biggest housing project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being the biggest housing project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being the biggest housing project in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world why were the houses not mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produced why are they houses built of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced why are they houses built of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced why are they houses built of
+bricks and T roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and T roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and T roof
+H they would build themselves not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they would build themselves not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they would build themselves not quite
+but it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+labor the Banting the Bantu building act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor the Banting the Bantu building act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor the Banting the Bantu building act
+eliminated black labor from the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated black labor from the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated black labor from the white
+building industry therefore black labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building industry therefore black labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building industry therefore black labor
+could only build for black houses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only build for black houses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only build for black houses in
+1947 in jabavu building costs were one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1947 in jabavu building costs were one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1947 in jabavu building costs were one
+thand per square foot he dropped to 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thand per square foot he dropped to 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thand per square foot he dropped to 60
+cents per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per square
+foot uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot uh during
+the apartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apartate
+era no industrialized building only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era no industrialized building only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era no industrialized building only
+laying bricks the third city is a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying bricks the third city is a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying bricks the third city is a city
+of total insulation isolation in Soto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total insulation isolation in Soto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total insulation isolation in Soto
+population of 1.5 million with few shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of 1.5 million with few shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of 1.5 million with few shops
+no hardly any entertainment a journey to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hardly any entertainment a journey to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hardly any entertainment a journey to
+work cost 300% more than in the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work cost 300% more than in the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work cost 300% more than in the Second
+City total Reliance on the white Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City total Reliance on the white Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City total Reliance on the white Central
+business district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business district
+in a study of the White Center business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a study of the White Center business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a study of the White Center business
+in jandsburg I was always puzzled by why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jandsburg I was always puzzled by why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jandsburg I was always puzzled by why
+some of the most expensive men's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most expensive men's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most expensive men's
+clothing stores were next to the railway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing stores were next to the railway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing stores were next to the railway
+station were for blacks and Jazz records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station were for blacks and Jazz records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station were for blacks and Jazz records
+the best record stores were close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best record stores were close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best record stores were close
+by if you have 1.5 million people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if you have 1.5 million people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if you have 1.5 million people who
+you whom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whom you
+isolate there is no apartate in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate there is no apartate in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate there is no apartate in the in
+the selling of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selling of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selling of goods
+there's only a parate in where you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a parate in where you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a parate in where you live
+and where you go to school and what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you go to school and what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you go to school and what your
+relationship with between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+race shopping is kept to open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race shopping is kept to open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race shopping is kept to open to
+multi-racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-racial
+Endeavor the market works that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endeavor the market works that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endeavor the market works that way so
+where do the expensive stores which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the expensive stores which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the expensive stores which
+can use the 19th century train system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the 19th century train system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the 19th century train system
+from Soto to J pburg where do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Soto to J pburg where do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Soto to J pburg where do they
+locate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate they
+locate very close to the black railway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+station very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station very
+briefly cuz we have to look at a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material by
+1970 the effort which produced SOA could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 the effort which produced SOA could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 the effort which produced SOA could
+not be sustained there was no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be sustained there was no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be sustained there was no more
+public housing built after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public housing built after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public housing built after
+1970 a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 a new
+Urban Regional pattern was conceived of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban Regional pattern was conceived of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban Regional pattern was conceived of
+that is to create a set of tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to create a set of tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to create a set of tribal
+enclaves called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclaves called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclaves called
+Bantu mainly for the largest for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bantu mainly for the largest for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bantu mainly for the largest for the
+Zulu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zulu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zulu and
+kza kza in the Eastern Province the Zulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kza kza in the Eastern Province the Zulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kza kza in the Eastern Province the Zulu
+in Nal the tuana in on Free State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nal the tuana in on Free State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nal the tuana in on Free State and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+and transval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transval
+provinces the idea would be to induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provinces the idea would be to induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provinces the idea would be to induce
+with incentives factories to locate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with incentives factories to locate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with incentives factories to locate on
+the borders of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borders of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borders of these
+B again and an attempt to Def frustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B again and an attempt to Def frustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B again and an attempt to Def frustrate
+urbanization so the pattern of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization so the pattern of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization so the pattern of the new
+Regional City would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional City would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional City would
+have Industries moving out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Industries moving out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Industries moving out of
+Johannesburg locating on the edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg locating on the edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg locating on the edges of
+ausan a couple of hundred miles away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ausan a couple of hundred miles away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ausan a couple of hundred miles away
+this is the same nonsense as empowerment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same nonsense as empowerment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same nonsense as empowerment
+zones under the Clinton Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones under the Clinton Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones under the Clinton Administration
+in this country that you could induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country that you could induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country that you could induce
+with incentives industry industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with incentives industry industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with incentives industry industry
+nourishes itself on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nourishes itself on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nourishes itself on
+urbanization there are reasons industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization there are reasons industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization there are reasons industry
+are in dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in dense
+cities not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities not
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in by large in Den
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by large in Den
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by large in Den
+ities decentralized industry occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ities decentralized industry occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ities decentralized industry occurs
+under special conditions as well but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under special conditions as well but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under special conditions as well but the
+notion that you take that you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you take that you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you take that you pay
+industry special margins in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry special margins in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry special margins in order to
+locate in order to maintain blacks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate in order to maintain blacks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate in order to maintain blacks in
+rural areas as tribes is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas as tribes is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas as tribes is this is a
+fantasy only to be concocted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy only to be concocted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy only to be concocted by a
+regionally illiterate mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionally illiterate mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionally illiterate mind
+at one point South Africa was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point South Africa was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point South Africa was
+contemplating getting the Japanese to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplating getting the Japanese to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplating getting the Japanese to
+build a mono to build a train line from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a mono to build a train line from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a mono to build a train line from
+the Zulu areas in hotel 500 miles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zulu areas in hotel 500 miles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zulu areas in hotel 500 miles to
+Johannesburg so that the industry could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+locate the famous story of David gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the famous story of David gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate the famous story of David gold
+blood's photographs of 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood's photographs of 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood's photographs of 3 *
+8 a black laborer who lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 a black laborer who lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 a black laborer who lives in the
+bstan and works in Johannesburg spend 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bstan and works in Johannesburg spend 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bstan and works in Johannesburg spend 8
+hours a day commuting 8 hour days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day commuting 8 hour days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day commuting 8 hour days
+sleeping an 8 hour day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping an 8 hour day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping an 8 hour day
+working onethird of his days spent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working onethird of his days spent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working onethird of his days spent in
+commutation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bus of course the system blew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus of course the system blew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus of course the system blew up
+it blew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up for a number of reasons it blew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for a number of reasons it blew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for a number of reasons it blew up
+because there were some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were some important
+figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+involved it would not have occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved it would not have occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved it would not have occurred
+as the new fifth City would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the new fifth City would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the new fifth City would not have
+occurred had thec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred had thec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred had thec
+not there's a long story behind all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's a long story behind all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's a long story behind all of
+this which I haven't got time to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which I haven't got time to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which I haven't got time to tell
+you but one day if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but one day if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but one day if you're interested
+I'll tell you about the about Margaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about the about Margaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about the about Margaret
+sacher's involvement with South Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacher's involvement with South Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacher's involvement with South Africa
+liberalism she just died this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberalism she just died this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberalism she just died this
+week she shouldn't be venerated so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week she shouldn't be venerated so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week she shouldn't be venerated so much
+she was one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was one of the few
+agents who supported the South African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents who supported the South African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents who supported the South African
+white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+government South Africa and the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government South Africa and the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government South Africa and the United
+States of course it boycotted South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States of course it boycotted South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States of course it boycotted South
+Africa and Sandrock the South African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and Sandrock the South African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and Sandrock the South African
+hre Olympic Committee had got South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hre Olympic Committee had got South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hre Olympic Committee had got South
+Africa kicked out of the Olympic Games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa kicked out of the Olympic Games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa kicked out of the Olympic Games
+and a sport obsessed Society such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sport obsessed Society such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sport obsessed Society such as
+South Africa was as much rocked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa was as much rocked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa was as much rocked by
+International punitive actions against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International punitive actions against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International punitive actions against
+it taking part in international sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it taking part in international sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it taking part in international sport
+that Maggie Thatcher in the end couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Maggie Thatcher in the end couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Maggie Thatcher in the end couldn't
+convince the rest of the world South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the rest of the world South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the rest of the world South
+Africa depends on foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa depends on foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa depends on foreign
+investment and Maggi thater finally told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and Maggi thater finally told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and Maggi thater finally told
+Mr whoever the white South African prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr whoever the white South African prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr whoever the white South African prime
+minister was at the time that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister was at the time that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister was at the time that she
+couldn't any longer support the ANC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't any longer support the ANC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't any longer support the ANC the
+African nationalist Congress forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African nationalist Congress forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African nationalist Congress forgive me
+it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long
+story let's say South Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story let's say South Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story let's say South Africa
+changed and let's look at where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and let's look at where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and let's look at where the
+native Township because we can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Township because we can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Township because we can learn
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+from the environment of uh housing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the environment of uh housing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the environment of uh housing by
+Looking In detail at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looking In detail at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looking In detail at
+housing there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing there are
+5,000 the 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 the 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 the 2,000
+houses of different types with 80% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses of different types with 80% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses of different types with 80% of
+them about 250 square ft the house is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about 250 square ft the house is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about 250 square ft the house is
+about 20 ft by 20 ft inside in perim in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 ft by 20 ft inside in perim in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 ft by 20 ft inside in perim in
+in Dimensions with 100 with an 8 by 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+porch over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+people changed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people changed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people changed their
+houses firstly enclosing the porch well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firstly in a very tribal m m and manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly in a very tribal m m and manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly in a very tribal m m and manner
+the first residents who appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first residents who appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first residents who appeared in
+1917 still had cows roaming around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 still had cows roaming around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 still had cows roaming around the
+premises the First Act was to decorate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises the First Act was to decorate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises the First Act was to decorate
+this the front of the houses the fronts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the front of the houses the fronts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the front of the houses the fronts
+of the houses were always decorated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the houses were always decorated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the houses were always decorated
+never the sides or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never the sides or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never the sides or the
+back the house didn't have an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the house didn't have an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the house didn't have an internal
+toilet the toilet was on the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet the toilet was on the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet the toilet was on the back of the
+house the first attempt de the houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house the first attempt de the houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house the first attempt de the houses
+were two rooms plus a port with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two rooms plus a port with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two rooms plus a port with
+a outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a outlet
+for for coold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for coold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for coold
+stove in the first room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first inhabitants reacted to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first inhabitants reacted to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first inhabitants reacted to their
+houses by the way they acted to tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses by the way they acted to tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses by the way they acted to tribal
+circumstances they used mud and mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances they used mud and mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances they used mud and mat
+latma decoration systems you which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latma decoration systems you which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latma decoration systems you which you
+scrape a pattern in the mud and used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape a pattern in the mud and used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape a pattern in the mud and used
+cang to the the house Had No Ceilings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cang to the the house Had No Ceilings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cang to the the house Had No Ceilings
+had no floors had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no floors had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no floors had no
+Gates it was what the most primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates it was what the most primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates it was what the most primitive
+cheap uh item that you that the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap uh item that you that the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap uh item that you that the society
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produce over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce over
+time the enclosure of the porch started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the enclosure of the porch started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the enclosure of the porch started
+it started by people buying rubbish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started by people buying rubbish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started by people buying rubbish
+material from Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from Indian
+shops uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops uh
+old ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ceiling
+tiles thrown away wood some glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles thrown away wood some glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles thrown away wood some glass and
+enclosed the port Tes in this way you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed the port Tes in this way you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed the port Tes in this way you'll
+see them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photographs this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dangerous fires broke out and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous fires broke out and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous fires broke out and the
+magistrate in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magistrate in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magistrate in his
+intelligence proclaimed the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence proclaimed the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence proclaimed the people who
+had enclosed the porch as innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had enclosed the porch as innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had enclosed the porch as innocent
+saying that under such density you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that under such density you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that under such density you
+couldn't blame people for making more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't blame people for making more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't blame people for making more
+space he aured however that the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space he aured however that the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space he aured however that the future
+decoration and enclosure should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration and enclosure should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration and enclosure should be more
+permanent and more safe from that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent and more safe from that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent and more safe from that time
+onwards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards the
+permanent decorations took place these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent decorations took place these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent decorations took place these
+decorations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations
+form uh interesting for number of you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh interesting for number of you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh interesting for number of you'll
+see them I don't know if you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them I don't know if you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them I don't know if you've seen
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+before first of all the decorations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before first of all the decorations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before first of all the decorations are
+only on the fronts of the houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the fronts of the houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the fronts of the houses
+we only decorate the front of our houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only decorate the front of our houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only decorate the front of our houses
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well there's no house in Newton which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's no house in Newton which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's no house in Newton which
+has a decorated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a decorated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a decorated
+backyard it has a antibellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facade number two the houses are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade number two the houses are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade number two the houses are not
+free drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free drawn
+decorations there's a communal language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations there's a communal language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations there's a communal language
+which is created in order to De to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is created in order to De to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is created in order to De to so
+everybody decorates according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody decorates according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody decorates according to a
+communal language the language consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal language the language consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal language the language consists
+of rectangular systems circular systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rectangular systems circular systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rectangular systems circular systems
+Sunrise systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunrise systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunrise systems and
+half half moon systems most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half moon systems most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half moon systems most of them
+refer Ambiguously to the past and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer Ambiguously to the past and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer Ambiguously to the past and the
+present when I talk when I talk to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present when I talk when I talk to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present when I talk when I talk to a
+woman about why she used a circle on her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman about why she used a circle on her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman about why she used a circle on her
+house she says to me and it's mainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house she says to me and it's mainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house she says to me and it's mainly the
+women who decide what the decorations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who decide what the decorations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who decide what the decorations
+are she says to me look you're smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are she says to me look you're smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are she says to me look you're smoking
+the SI this estay you're using is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI this estay you're using is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI this estay you're using is
+circular it's modern another woman says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular it's modern another woman says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular it's modern another woman says
+when you grow up in the country you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you grow up in the country you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you grow up in the country you see
+you live on a flat plane you see the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live on a flat plane you see the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live on a flat plane you see the sun
+rising therefore a half uh a half circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising therefore a half uh a half circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising therefore a half uh a half circle
+decoration is the sun rising or the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration is the sun rising or the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration is the sun rising or the sun
+setting so there's com comination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so there's com comination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so there's com comination of
+there's a syncretism between rural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a syncretism between rural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a syncretism between rural and
+urban it's almost as if the decorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban it's almost as if the decorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban it's almost as if the decorative
+system manages to nourish people both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system manages to nourish people both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system manages to nourish people both in
+terms of with their Origins and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of with their Origins and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of with their Origins and their
+past and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and the
+future that they see in the city the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that they see in the city the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that they see in the city the
+city is allowing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is allowing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is allowing them to
+migrate as individuals and as a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate as individuals and as a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate as individuals and as a society
+from a rural Society to an urban Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a rural Society to an urban Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a rural Society to an urban Society
+some of the houses as I will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the houses as I will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the houses as I will show you
+try to emulate white middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to emulate white middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to emulate white middle class
+houses there's a suburb of expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses there's a suburb of expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses there's a suburb of expensive
+suburb of Johannesburg called Harton h o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburb of Johannesburg called Harton h o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburb of Johannesburg called Harton h o
+u g h t n there's a house called hon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u g h t n there's a house called hon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u g h t n there's a house called hon in
+Western ho y t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western ho y t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western ho y t
+n there's something miraculous about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n there's something miraculous about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n there's something miraculous about a
+system of this kind a communally agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of this kind a communally agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of this kind a communally agreed
+upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+system this is where the first self-help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is where the first self-help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is where the first self-help
+Community organizations AG occurred in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community organizations AG occurred in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community organizations AG occurred in
+black South African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cities another interesting thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities another interesting thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities another interesting thing is that
+you use abstract forms to depict real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use abstract forms to depict real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use abstract forms to depict real
+situations so if the Fai game which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so if the Fai game which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so if the Fai game which is a
+Chinese gambling game he's played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese gambling game he's played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese gambling game he's played
+intense I ly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense I ly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense I ly in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+environment there are 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment there are 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment there are 32
+symbols I think 32 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols I think 32 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols I think 32 or
+24 a woman who runs a fari saloon does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 a woman who runs a fari saloon does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 a woman who runs a fari saloon does
+yeah I'll show you the image does a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll show you the image does a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll show you the image does a half
+Arch form on the outside of her house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arch form on the outside of her house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arch form on the outside of her house
+she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says
+it's if you look at it carefully she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you look at it carefully she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you look at it carefully she
+says to me you will see it's a horse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to me you will see it's a horse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to me you will see it's a horse a
+horse was my lucky symbol it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse was my lucky symbol it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse was my lucky symbol it doesn't
+look like a horse at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a horse at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a horse at
+all the Communist chairman of the firstc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Communist chairman of the firstc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Communist chairman of the firstc
+transval group puts a circle on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transval group puts a circle on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transval group puts a circle on this
+house with a serrated edge to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house with a serrated edge to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house with a serrated edge to the
+circle when he when you ask him why he P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle when he when you ask him why he P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle when he when you ask him why he P
+uses this he says that's a stalinist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this he says that's a stalinist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this he says that's a stalinist
+image it promotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image it promotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image it promotes
+industry there's a whole set I will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there's a whole set I will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there's a whole set I will show
+you two of them of decorations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two of them of decorations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two of them of decorations which are
+based on the rectangular family which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the rectangular family which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the rectangular family which
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+blades why blades because razor blades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades why blades because razor blades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades why blades because razor blades
+was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in
+a people were killed regularly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a people were killed regularly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a people were killed regularly in this
+Township it was a lot of Island a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township it was a lot of Island a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township it was a lot of Island a lot of
+gang Warfare so blades become another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang Warfare so blades become another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang Warfare so blades become another
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+but a Glade what is a razor blade made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a Glade what is a razor blade made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a Glade what is a razor blade made
+of it's made of three circles A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's made of three circles A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's made of three circles A
+Primitive razor blade three circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitive razor blade three circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitive razor blade three circles and
+a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular
+outline the genius of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline the genius of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline the genius of being able to
+conform to a communal language and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to a communal language and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to a communal language and yet
+express your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express your
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+message is what a city should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is what a city should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is what a city should be
+like you should be able to promote your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should be able to promote your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you should be able to promote your
+individual experience but live within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experience but live within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experience but live within a
+communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal
+language at least that's the way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at least that's the way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at least that's the way I would
+describe the form attributes of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the form attributes of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the form attributes of a good
+City don't quote me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it there are lot of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+byproducts let me just mention one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts let me just mention one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts let me just mention one or
+two for you to think about the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for you to think about the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for you to think about the notion of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+popular the Poetics of the popular occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular the Poetics of the popular occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular the Poetics of the popular occur
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+African popular art is extensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African popular art is extensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African popular art is extensive and
+ranges all the way from tombstones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges all the way from tombstones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges all the way from tombstones in
+Nigeria to wall paintings to Barbershop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria to wall paintings to Barbershop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria to wall paintings to Barbershop
+advertisements and so on the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements and so on the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements and so on the popular
+allows a margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a margin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a margin of
+freedom in people to express themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in people to express themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in people to express themselves
+without the classical requirements of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the classical requirements of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the classical requirements of of
+Orthodoxy it bends things it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodoxy it bends things it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodoxy it bends things it changes
+things again I refer you back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things again I refer you back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things again I refer you back to the
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+classicism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism in
+this paragraph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isolated just before we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated just before we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated just before we look at the
+slide images let me see if I've want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide images let me see if I've want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide images let me see if I've want to
+focus your attention on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else the role of the popular decoration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the role of the popular decoration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the role of the popular decoration
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+externalization the idea of the gays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalization the idea of the gays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalization the idea of the gays the
+idea of the house looking out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+street okay I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is when I first showed this material at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I first showed this material at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I first showed this material at
+in London many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London many years
+ago somebody in at the in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago somebody in at the in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago somebody in at the in for
+contemporary art in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary art in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary art in
+London somebody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London somebody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London somebody in the
+audience stood up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience stood up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience stood up and
+said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was
+I sharing this work as if these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sharing this work as if these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sharing this work as if these were
+drawings on Ghetto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings on Ghetto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings on Ghetto
+Walls would I make an exhibition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walls would I make an exhibition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walls would I make an exhibition of
+Jewish markings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish markings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish markings
+on Nazi war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camps I always seen this and experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps I always seen this and experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps I always seen this and experienced
+this work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work as
+optimistic as showing that people under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic as showing that people under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic as showing that people under
+extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+deprivation still have an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation still have an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation still have an image of
+responding to the city through educating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to the city through educating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to the city through educating
+themselves through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves through
+externalizing themselves through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalizing themselves through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalizing themselves through
+communalization and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communalization and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communalization and so
+on and it's curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it's curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it's curious
+that the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the relationship between
+deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation
+and resistance should be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resistance should be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resistance should be seen
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+negative but I can understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but I can understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but I can understand the
+argument as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well does does the popularization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does does the popularization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does does the popularization of
+items done by poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items done by poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items done by poor
+people and sold as tourist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and sold as tourist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and sold as tourist
+Goods enable all it helps them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods enable all it helps them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods enable all it helps them
+economically does it improve prove their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+culture who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture who
+knows we can make we can debate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows we can make we can debate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows we can make we can debate these
+issues I think the issue of deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues I think the issue of deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues I think the issue of deprivation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance as the fundamental aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance as the fundamental aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance as the fundamental aspect of
+an iconography of fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics I was surpris I didn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics I was surpris I didn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics I was surpris I didn't know how
+to answer the gentleman who asked who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer the gentleman who asked who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer the gentleman who asked who
+assaulted me in London I've never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assaulted me in London I've never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assaulted me in London I've never been
+assorted since this material has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assorted since this material has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assorted since this material has been
+showed widely it was part of a BBC film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed widely it was part of a BBC film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed widely it was part of a BBC film
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's look at this stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's look at this stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's look at this stuff I
+think the marginal quality of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the marginal quality of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the marginal quality of things in
+an urban environment is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urban environment is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urban environment is the
+grease which allows people often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease which allows people often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease which allows people often to
+engage marginally in an activity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage marginally in an activity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage marginally in an activity they
+can cannot build their own houses they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cannot build their own houses they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cannot build their own houses they
+cannot select a house under the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot select a house under the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot select a house under the group
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+act these people decorated their houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act these people decorated their houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act these people decorated their houses
+every year despite the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year despite the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year despite the fact that they
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+renters they assumed permanent ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renters they assumed permanent ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renters they assumed permanent ownership
+despite being rented because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being rented because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being rented because they were
+there for 25 years they never assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for 25 years they never assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for 25 years they never assumed
+that they would be moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would be moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would be moved
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+um so the notion of the popular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the notion of the popular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the notion of the popular the
+notion of a fluid system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a fluid system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a fluid system which is
+generated in a city is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in a city is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in a city is an interesting
+idea to me because the presmatic quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to me because the presmatic quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to me because the presmatic quality
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+identifying separate items in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying separate items in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying separate items in a
+city the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the
+situationist view of the city is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situationist view of the city is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situationist view of the city is
+interesting in that regard G Deal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in that regard G Deal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in that regard G Deal's
+notion of Paris as being made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of Paris as being made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of Paris as being made up of
+fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+communities and the co towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and the co towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and the co towards
+Cosmopolis book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmopolis book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmopolis book
+of the other the new migrant environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other the new migrant environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other the new migrant environment
+in cities of permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities of permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities of permanent
+migrations is interesting but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrations is interesting but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrations is interesting but we'll
+touch on these subjects a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on these subjects a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on these subjects a bit
+later let's look at pictures instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later let's look at pictures instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later let's look at pictures instead
+it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+refreshing okay turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the analysis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the analysis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the analysis on the
+right indicates the move towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right indicates the move towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right indicates the move towards the
+Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southwest
+um the horizontal lines of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the horizontal lines of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the horizontal lines of the public
+sector in the in early stages of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in the in early stages of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in the in early stages of the
+city the mining companies provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the mining companies provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the mining companies provide
+housing and there's safire town housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and there's safire town housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and there's safire town housing
+as soon as this supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as this supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as this supply of
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+the is too small for the market you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is too small for the market you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is too small for the market you have
+the these white dots squatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these white dots squatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these white dots squatter
+settlements take place at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements take place at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements take place at the beginning
+of the part8 city because the demand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part8 city because the demand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part8 city because the demand the
+supply of white housing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of white housing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of white housing is
+to and soon the white housing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and soon the white housing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and soon the white housing is
+completely at least the market housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely at least the market housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely at least the market housing
+is completely eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely eliminated
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Soto which is these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto which is these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto which is these two
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volumes creates a second City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this is the mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camp there's the cafa location there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp there's the cafa location there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp there's the cafa location there's
+no embarrassment about using the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no embarrassment about using the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no embarrassment about using the word
+kafa next to the koui location the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kafa next to the koui location the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kafa next to the koui location the the
+kie location is the where the plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kie location is the where the plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kie location is the where the plague
+broke out and Gandhi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervened here are the small blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened here are the small blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened here are the small blocks of
+the white mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white mining
+camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the third City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the third City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the third City
+Soto an Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto an Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto an Engineers
+Madness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+houses are built like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses are built like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses are built like
+Huts the notion that blacks in Harlem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huts the notion that blacks in Harlem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huts the notion that blacks in Harlem in
+the United States are crime ridden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States are crime ridden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States are crime ridden and
+dense housing it produces criminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense housing it produces criminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense housing it produces criminal
+behavior is sold by as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is sold by as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is sold by as part of the
+Nationalist governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationalist governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationalist governments
+Orthodoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodoxy
+uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see
+the only public space or large tracks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only public space or large tracks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only public space or large tracks of
+green space with a few isolated there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green space with a few isolated there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green space with a few isolated there's
+no Central Business area there are few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's whatever it looks like it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the building of
+Soo starts in with pumble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+194 but three black public supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 but three black public supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 but three black public supply of
+black housing increases slowly but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black housing increases slowly but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black housing increases slowly but has
+incredible Spike with the Advent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible Spike with the Advent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible Spike with the Advent of the
+National's government in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National's government in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National's government in
+1948 so from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 so from this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 so from this point
+onwards the whole governmental apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards the whole governmental apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards the whole governmental apparatus
+both at the national and at the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the national and at the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the national and at the city
+level is oriented towards the Imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is oriented towards the Imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is oriented towards the Imp
+application of the group areas act the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the group areas act the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the group areas act the
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+laws the sou the janesv city council P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws the sou the janesv city council P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws the sou the janesv city council P
+passed 96 acts dealing with the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed 96 acts dealing with the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed 96 acts dealing with the black
+people in its City in the few years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in its City in the few years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in its City in the few years of
+this this second third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this second third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this second third
+City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the
+tallest building in Africa 52 floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallest building in Africa 52 floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallest building in Africa 52 floor
+one of the tallest concrete buildings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tallest concrete buildings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tallest concrete buildings in
+the world built designed by is skin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world built designed by is skin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world built designed by is skin and
+Merill with separate toilets for whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merill with separate toilets for whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merill with separate toilets for whites
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+blacks uh s so when I was visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks uh s so when I was visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks uh s so when I was visiting
+visiting here were invited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting here were invited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting here were invited by the
+students to come and give a lecture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to come and give a lecture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to come and give a lecture when
+they were asked by students how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were asked by students how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were asked by students how they
+could design toilets for whites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could design toilets for whites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could design toilets for whites and
+blacks separately they were embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks separately they were embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks separately they were embarrassed
+uh and said well uh you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and said well uh you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and said well uh you know you have to
+work where you the gold mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work where you the gold mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work where you the gold mining
+dumps are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumps are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumps are part of the
+landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next a depiction of the center city this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a depiction of the center city this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a depiction of the center city this
+is a drawing for Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drawing for Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drawing for Charles
+Center all depicting white people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center all depicting white people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center all depicting white people is
+the more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more and
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time
+the everyday environment was that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday environment was that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday environment was that of
+black people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people
+next Soo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Soo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Soo
+produced amongst its Horrors the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced amongst its Horrors the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced amongst its Horrors the use of
+a 19th century fix line rail system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 19th century fix line rail system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 19th century fix line rail system and
+a bus system to take people to work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bus system to take people to work yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bus system to take people to work yeah
+is a line waiting for a train yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line waiting for a train yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line waiting for a train yeah is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Springs is a suburb of Johannesburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs is a suburb of Johannesburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs is a suburb of Johannesburg
+whites only to Springs it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites only to Springs it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites only to Springs it's a bit
+strange to look at this if you grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to look at this if you grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange to look at this if you grew up
+in South Africa this is what you grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in South Africa this is what you grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in South Africa this is what you grew up
+with and you it's amazing what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and you it's amazing what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and you it's amazing what how
+striking it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking it seems
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1976 the f famous shooting of this young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 the f famous shooting of this young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 the f famous shooting of this young
+black boy by the police in this Riot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black boy by the police in this Riot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black boy by the police in this Riot
+against banto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+education one of the beginnings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education one of the beginnings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education one of the beginnings of the
+collapse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of
+the rational City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next I just put in this diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I just put in this diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I just put in this diagram of
+somebody's approximation of the apartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's approximation of the apartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's approximation of the apartate
+city and sector theory of homoo which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and sector theory of homoo which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and sector theory of homoo which we
+refer to a couple of months ago in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a couple of months ago in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a couple of months ago in this
+class the sector theory of white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the sector theory of white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the sector theory of white
+referred to the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to the American
+city segregating itself out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city segregating itself out in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city segregating itself out in terms of
+sectors sectors look moving North in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors sectors look moving North in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors sectors look moving North in in
+the case of Johannesburg in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Johannesburg in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Johannesburg in the opposite
+direction as blacks blacks and Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as blacks blacks and Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as blacks blacks and Industry
+always are in the south of the Southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always are in the south of the Southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always are in the south of the Southwest
+whites always are in the north moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites always are in the north moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites always are in the north moving
+northwards next the these areas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwards next the these areas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwards next the these areas here
+this is the sisy and the trans sky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sisy and the trans sky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sisy and the trans sky and
+this is the the sisy and the trans sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the sisy and the trans sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the sisy and the trans sky
+and zulul land and bwana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are the ban stand here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the ban stand here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the ban stand here is the
+notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+treating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating a
+rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural
+population as rural maintaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as rural maintaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as rural maintaining the
+rurality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rurality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rurality
+but arguing that industry should locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but arguing that industry should locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but arguing that industry should locate
+on the perimeter using this local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population this uses strange terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this uses strange terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this uses strange terms
+deconcentration points what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconcentration points what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconcentration points what's a
+deconcentration point in Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconcentration point in Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconcentration point in Industrial
+Development and deconcentration points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and deconcentration points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and deconcentration points
+in National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in National
+States I mean this is like Nazi language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I mean this is like Nazi language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I mean this is like Nazi language
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know
+in in planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language excuse me for getting a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language excuse me for getting a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language excuse me for getting a little
+sentimental about all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental about all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental about all of this
+next West native Township
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+houses different types of houses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses different types of houses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses different types of houses but
+largely 250 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely 250 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely 250 square
+ft I'll just point out to a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft I'll just point out to a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft I'll just point out to a couple of
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+these black lines running horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these black lines running horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these black lines running horizontally
+or what this community spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what this community spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what this community spontaneously
+does if the blocks sizes is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if the blocks sizes is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if the blocks sizes is too
+large the house becomes a passage way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the house becomes a passage way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the house becomes a passage way
+you are their rituals you knock on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are their rituals you knock on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are their rituals you knock on the
+door you pass through and you say hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door you pass through and you say hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door you pass through and you say hello
+to the woman of the house and you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman of the house and you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman of the house and you walk
+out to the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the back of the
+house um there are number of communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um there are number of communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um there are number of communal
+institutions there are shab beIN which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions there are shab beIN which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions there are shab beIN which
+are illegal drinking alcohol is barred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are illegal drinking alcohol is barred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are illegal drinking alcohol is barred
+to black people inside under parate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to black people inside under parate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to black people inside under parate you
+can only drink CF beer which was sold by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only drink CF beer which was sold by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only drink CF beer which was sold by
+the government to that great profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government to that great profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government to that great profit
+uh a stock Fel is a ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+party they all of these self-help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party they all of these self-help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party they all of these self-help
+institutions which are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions which are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions which are part of the
+popular culture of place of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next here is the house has provided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here is the house has provided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here is the house has provided to
+the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of types of house it's a bit wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of types of house it's a bit wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of types of house it's a bit wrong
+almost 80% of the houses with type B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 80% of the houses with type B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 80% of the houses with type B
+without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+additional dotted area at the top type B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dotted area at the top type B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dotted area at the top type B
+is this plus that if you P Port en close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this plus that if you P Port en close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this plus that if you P Port en close
+it's 250 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a analysis of the walls of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a analysis of the walls of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a analysis of the walls of the house
+these solid black indicates that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solid black indicates that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solid black indicates that the
+walls are in that the porch is enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls are in that the porch is enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls are in that the porch is enclosed
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+decorated the hollow circles or with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorated the hollow circles or with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorated the hollow circles or with the
+porches enclosed but not decorated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porches enclosed but not decorated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porches enclosed but not decorated the
+lot empty lots are where nothing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot empty lots are where nothing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot empty lots are where nothing has
+happened you can see the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you can see the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you can see the intensity of
+decoration is larger in this area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration is larger in this area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration is larger in this area of the
+township large close to the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+township large close to the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+township large close to the outside and
+entrance to the area and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance to the area and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance to the area and also because
+some of the prominent families lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the prominent families lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the prominent families lived in
+this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next that's just what I trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's just what I trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's just what I trying to
+explain this is the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this is the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this is the density of
+decoration and this is the breakdown of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration and this is the breakdown of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration and this is the breakdown of
+facing streets in terms of tribe I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing streets in terms of tribe I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing streets in terms of tribe I think
+yellow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is
+swana blue is Zulu and three is shangan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swana blue is Zulu and three is shangan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swana blue is Zulu and three is shangan
+and four I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four I think is
+kza five iSell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the result is that this is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that this is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that this is that this
+street is made up of a consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street is made up of a consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street is made up of a consistent
+iconography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconography
+circles Sun systems another Sun systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles Sun systems another Sun systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles Sun systems another Sun systems
+a half Arch plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circles this is an undecorated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+house in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in addition to
+changing the face of the house the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the face of the house the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the face of the house the
+external environment of the fences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the male order the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delivery options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates
+trees are added to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are added to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are added to the city
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+the original response on the left mud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original response on the left mud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original response on the left mud
+and using a fork or your fingers to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a fork or your fingers to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a fork or your fingers to make
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+decoration on the second is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration on the second is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration on the second is the second
+attempt to enclose the PCH using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to enclose the PCH using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to enclose the PCH using
+throwaway material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwaway material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwaway material
+next you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see everything is taken into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything is taken into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything is taken into account
+from the male delivery point through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the male delivery point through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the male delivery point through to
+a floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a floor
+polish Zone a garden two half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish Zone a garden two half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish Zone a garden two half
+Gardens uh the porch is not enclosed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens uh the porch is not enclosed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardens uh the porch is not enclosed in
+this case but is made into an outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case but is made into an outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case but is made into an outdoor
+room the major wall is decorated by by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room the major wall is decorated by by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room the major wall is decorated by by a
+Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising
+Sun you can see the architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun you can see the architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun you can see the architectural
+ideas which would make a an architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas which would make a an architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas which would make a an architect
+like Lou KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proud here's an example of a sun system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud here's an example of a sun system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud here's an example of a sun system
+embracing the whole of the think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embracing the whole of the think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embracing the whole of the think the
+porch is enclosed there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch is enclosed there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch is enclosed there's a
+little one of the problems was that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little one of the problems was that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little one of the problems was that this
+porch was always asymmetrical in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch was always asymmetrical in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch was always asymmetrical in the
+facade here is a permanently parked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade here is a permanently parked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade here is a permanently parked
+automobile as an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room an interesting
+idea you could actually use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you could actually use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you could actually use an
+automobile as a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile as a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile as a living
+room I think a Lexus Orville attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room I think a Lexus Orville attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room I think a Lexus Orville attempts to
+be a living room but a mobile one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a living room but a mobile one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a living room but a mobile one I
+think it' be interesting if we ever got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it' be interesting if we ever got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it' be interesting if we ever got
+to the state where we had to regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the state where we had to regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the state where we had to regard
+Lexus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus as
+permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next two other examples he has a razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two other examples he has a razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two other examples he has a razor
+blade phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one the green oh yeah I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one the green oh yeah I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one the green oh yeah I see
+yeah there's a semi there's a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a semi there's a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a semi there's a version of
+it here more abstracted version then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here more abstracted version then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here more abstracted version then the
+more literal version of it there on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more literal version of it there on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more literal version of it there on top
+of which is a Gable and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is a Gable and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is a Gable and a
+classical attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical attempt
+to the sunrise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sunrise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sunrise of the
+gate the sunrise Gates all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate the sunrise Gates all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate the sunrise Gates all over the
+world I know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I know what the
+sunrise I'm suppose if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunrise I'm suppose if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunrise I'm suppose if you're interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+heliocentricity when I once showed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentricity when I once showed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentricity when I once showed this
+material a man who was an Egyptian HELOC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material a man who was an Egyptian HELOC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material a man who was an Egyptian HELOC
+Centrist said that this was all a sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centrist said that this was all a sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centrist said that this was all a sun
+devotion subliminal Sun devotion system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotion subliminal Sun devotion system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotion subliminal Sun devotion system
+I don't understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next here are rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this
+in in Florence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Florence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Florence in
+the in in in decate of wall wooden Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in in decate of wall wooden Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in in decate of wall wooden Wall
+Systems the old idea in helon centricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems the old idea in helon centricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems the old idea in helon centricity
+is that this is a skin which is pinned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is a skin which is pinned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is a skin which is pinned
+down in the four corners allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the four corners allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the four corners allowing
+these quarter Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setbacks the architect ual problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setbacks the architect ual problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setbacks the architect ual problem was
+often dealing with the asymmetry between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often dealing with the asymmetry between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often dealing with the asymmetry between
+the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+here the large form of the facade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the large form of the facade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the large form of the facade is
+reproduced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mailboxes on the other side is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailboxes on the other side is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailboxes on the other side is a
+combination of the retangular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the retangular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the retangular system
+with a circular system next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference in material this is all cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concrete the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete the two
+circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the use of the color of the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the use of the color of the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the use of the color of the back
+wall of the main facade wall and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of the main facade wall and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of the main facade wall and the
+floating of a rectangular texture on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating of a rectangular texture on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating of a rectangular texture on it
+leaving the four circles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the four circles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the four circles in the
+background is predominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next here's the razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's the razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's the razor
+blade three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade three
+circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles
+four empty circles and a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four empty circles and a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four empty circles and a rectangle
+constitutes a razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes a razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes a razor
+blade on the right hand side is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade on the right hand side is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade on the right hand side is another
+version of the Railway we saw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Railway we saw it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Railway we saw it in the
+drawing next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Fai Saloon lady elephant on the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fai Saloon lady elephant on the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fai Saloon lady elephant on the or
+horse I think it is on the right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse I think it is on the right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse I think it is on the right and the
+Communist industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communist industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communist industrial
+rotor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor for
+thec leader on the right are some thata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thec leader on the right are some thata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thec leader on the right are some thata
+themselves like this light blue yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves like this light blue yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves like this light blue yeah
+kind pistachio and this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind pistachio and this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind pistachio and this light
+yeah is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there
+preference yeah no no not that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference yeah no no not that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference yeah no no not that I can
+answer the trouble was that during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the trouble was that during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the trouble was that during the
+period that we studied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that we studied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that we studied this
+community I got to know this community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community I got to know this community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community I got to know this community
+Through The Jazz Movement by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Jazz Movement by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Jazz Movement by taking
+black musicians home at night and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black musicians home at night and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black musicians home at night and one
+night I the light Shone on these walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I the light Shone on these walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I the light Shone on these walls
+and I said my God something strange es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said my God something strange es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said my God something strange es
+happening here I've never been here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here I've never been here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here I've never been here
+whites don't go to Black townships they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites don't go to Black townships they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites don't go to Black townships they
+not at that time in South Africa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at that time in South Africa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at that time in South Africa's
+history it was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history it was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history it was too
+dangerous so by the time I got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous so by the time I got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous so by the time I got involved
+in this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this was in
+protest which was starting against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest which was starting against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest which was starting against the
+removal of blacks from saf town so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal of blacks from saf town so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal of blacks from saf town so the
+demolition of swn caused enormous black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demolition of swn caused enormous black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demolition of swn caused enormous black
+anger and I was one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger and I was one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger and I was one of the people
+who was there as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was there as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was there as a
+supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly
+urbanist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanist
+um and uh I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I came
+back to Western na of Township when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Western na of Township when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Western na of Township when the
+people were starting to be moved out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were starting to be moved out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were starting to be moved out and
+colored people were being moved in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored people were being moved in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored people were being moved in to
+replace the black people as temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the black people as temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the black people as temporary
+houses some of these decorate some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses some of these decorate some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses some of these decorate some of
+the color system is overpainted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color system is overpainted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color system is overpainted by
+colored people on top of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored people on top of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored people on top of the black
+people um I have no record of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um I have no record of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um I have no record of what this
+thing looked like 10 years before nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing looked like 10 years before nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing looked like 10 years before nobody
+has this is the only record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is the only record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is the only record
+of that that exists so I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that exists so I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that exists so I would have to
+guess I think the colors would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I think the colors would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I think the colors would be more
+restrained I think the color color over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained I think the color color over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained I think the color color over
+painting Of You' see pink and bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting Of You' see pink and bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting Of You' see pink and bright
+colors is probably not the colors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors is probably not the colors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors is probably not the colors that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+next this is an example of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is an example of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is an example of the problem
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+symmetry this is the halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry this is the halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry this is the halfway
+line in the facade and this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the facade and this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the facade and this incredible
+architectural move of marking the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural move of marking the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural move of marking the center
+of the side of the facade by a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the side of the facade by a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the side of the facade by a color
+shift and still then using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identical forms on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical forms on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical forms on either side
+next the off Circle again explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the off Circle again explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the off Circle again explained
+consistently as a sunrise or Sunset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the sun itself takes many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next that pink is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that pink is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that pink is a
+color colored painting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+painting one could do a study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting one could do a study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting one could do a study of the
+colored temporary migration before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored temporary migration before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored temporary migration before this
+Township doesn't exist anymore it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township doesn't exist anymore it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Township doesn't exist anymore it's gone
+color removed in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temporary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomenon jul each each inhabitant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon jul each each inhabitant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon jul each each inhabitant of
+the house would design completely their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house would design completely their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house would design completely their
+own yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own yeah yeah
+yeah jally the W woman in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah jally the W woman in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah jally the W woman in the
+house the husband was either too busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house the husband was either too busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house the husband was either too busy
+drinking or or earning a living or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking or or earning a living or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking or or earning a living or being
+member of a gang or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a gang or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a gang or
+whatever the women in this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the women in this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the women in this this is a
+very matrilineal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very matrilineal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very matrilineal
+society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and
+uh women generally the people I spoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh women generally the people I spoke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh women generally the people I spoke to
+who seem to know most about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem to know most about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seem to know most about the
+decoration of the houses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+women and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and often
+the the if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if I
+asked why did you choose the Sun System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked why did you choose the Sun System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked why did you choose the Sun System
+the answer would be the sun represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be the sun represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be the sun represents
+hope or I where I grew up where I grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope or I where I grew up where I grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope or I where I grew up where I grew
+up in the country I saw the rise every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the country I saw the rise every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the country I saw the rise every
+morning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning you
+know what do you expect people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say if I had to ask you why you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I had to ask you why you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I had to ask you why you have a
+painting in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting in your
+house you say I like pela Francesca or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you say I like pela Francesca or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you say I like pela Francesca or I
+prefer ello or I happen to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer ello or I happen to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer ello or I happen to have a
+Picasso because my mother gave it to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picasso because my mother gave it to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picasso because my mother gave it to me
+when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a
+child and do somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and do somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and do somebody
+say give you analysis of because of's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+painting why do you expect these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting why do you expect these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting why do you expect these people
+to know more about the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next two houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two houses
+nearby these are white middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby these are white middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby these are white middle class
+houses lower white income middle houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses lower white income middle houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses lower white income middle houses
+they often refer to as models for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often refer to as models for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often refer to as models for these
+people to look at as a height as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at as a height as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at as a height as a
+symbol of Improvement next was they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of Improvement next was they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of Improvement next was they come
+from an environment in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an environment in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an environment in their own
+Countryside this in the decoration on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countryside this in the decoration on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countryside this in the decoration on
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+and Zulu decoration on the right could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Zulu decoration on the right could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Zulu decoration on the right could
+you just turn on the light of the B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just turn on the light of the B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just turn on the light of the B the
+last one is is a book of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is is a book of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is is a book of all this
+research sorry the the last Light was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research sorry the the last Light was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research sorry the the last Light was a
+book of This research no it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of This research no it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of This research no it was
+published EXT it's been published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published EXT it's been published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published EXT it's been published
+extensively I never wrote a book because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively I never wrote a book because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively I never wrote a book because
+I'm too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too
+lazy to write books I write long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy to write books I write long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy to write books I write long
+articles instead of books books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles instead of books books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles instead of books books
+are was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are was
+that it was inia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was inia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was inia
+Mna uh special issue on Africa which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mna uh special issue on Africa which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mna uh special issue on Africa which I
+edited um the piece which I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited um the piece which I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited um the piece which I gave you
+this appears in a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appears in a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appears in a number of different
+forms the piece which I gave you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the piece which I gave you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the piece which I gave you in the
+required reading is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's got enough of what I've said today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got enough of what I've said today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got enough of what I've said today
+in it it's an endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it's an endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it's an endless
+Story I mean what interests me more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story I mean what interests me more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story I mean what interests me more is
+your reaction to this material than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction to this material than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction to this material than the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+itself what I mean can you enlarge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what I mean can you enlarge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what I mean can you enlarge on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+phenomenon what does it make you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon what does it make you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon what does it make you think
+of why do in Soto people don't decorate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why do in Soto people don't decorate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why do in Soto people don't decorate
+create the external public facades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the external public facades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the external public facades
+anymore they become like all of you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore they become like all of you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore they become like all of you they
+buy expensive over stuffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy expensive over stuffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy expensive over stuffed
+furniture and a television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture and a television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture and a television
+set they've interiorized the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set they've interiorized the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set they've interiorized the environment
+as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+have nobody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nobody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nobody in
+Manhattan cares about the public facade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan cares about the public facade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan cares about the public facade
+of the apartment block except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the apartment block except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the apartment block except for the
+way you enter it you've got to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you enter it you've got to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you enter it you've got to have a
+canopy and a man dressed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy and a man dressed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy and a man dressed up in
+uniform for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform for it to be
+expensive so we all have Notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so we all have Notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so we all have Notions of
+explicating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicating our
+status if you if we were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tribe in an urban tribe in a ghetto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe in an urban tribe in a ghetto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe in an urban tribe in a ghetto and
+has some way of wanting to improve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some way of wanting to improve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some way of wanting to improve our
+conditions does remember there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions does remember there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions does remember there were
+seven people in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes they were additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they were additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they were additional
+items as well of space but 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items as well of space but 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items as well of space but 80% of the
+houses had about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses had about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses had about two
+rooms I think it's a very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms I think it's a very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms I think it's a very positive
+enlarging phenomenon that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarging phenomenon that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarging phenomenon that people have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+capacity we got children as having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we got children as having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we got children as having the
+capacity to demonstrate something un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to demonstrate something un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to demonstrate something un
+unique when they do drawing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique when they do drawing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique when they do drawing that
+capacity is lo lost as we become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity is lo lost as we become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity is lo lost as we become
+adults the you could say these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults the you could say these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults the you could say these people
+are naive they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are naive they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are naive they are
+primitive they still have the courage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive they still have the courage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive they still have the courage
+or whatever it is to do something naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is to do something naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is to do something naive
+in front of their house to them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of their house to them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of their house to them it
+wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+naive but it raises the issue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive but it raises the issue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive but it raises the issue of the
+popular in the urban phenomenon and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in the urban phenomenon and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in the urban phenomenon and it's
+I think an extraordinary interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think an extraordinary interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think an extraordinary interesting and
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+concept why do received such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept why do received such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept why do received such
+publicity when it was published and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity when it was published and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity when it was published and I
+was giving lectures all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was giving lectures all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was giving lectures all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+uh was because people like John Turner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was because people like John Turner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was because people like John Turner
+here at MIT John Aben and Holland before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT John Aben and Holland before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT John Aben and Holland before
+he came to MIT we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came to MIT we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came to MIT we're talking about
+changeable structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeable structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeable structure
+es John AB brin's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es John AB brin's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es John AB brin's book
+supports says that we the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports says that we the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports says that we the that
+indwelling is a creative phenomenon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indwelling is a creative phenomenon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indwelling is a creative phenomenon that
+we only need to build some ports for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need to build some ports for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need to build some ports for
+people who can finish products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who can finish products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who can finish products
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+individuation expression of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuation expression of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuation expression of individual
+identity all of these C meaningful items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity all of these C meaningful items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity all of these C meaningful items
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+urbanism or what this raises for me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism or what this raises for me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism or what this raises for me this
+is an South Africa is an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an South Africa is an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an South Africa is an extreme
+case If This Were class in pathology it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case If This Were class in pathology it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case If This Were class in pathology it
+would be like showing a case of an ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like showing a case of an ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like showing a case of an ex
+dying cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patient you look at the extreme there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you look at the extreme there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you look at the extreme there's
+no more ex public doctrine of racialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more ex public doctrine of racialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more ex public doctrine of racialism
+as in South Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in South Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in South Africa
+and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the
+response this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response this is one of the
+responses hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses hundreds of thousands of
+people died in that regime as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died in that regime as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died in that regime as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't
+know what I can suggest is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I can suggest is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I can suggest is that you
+think about this phenomenon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this phenomenon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this phenomenon and
+transport it into your own understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it into your own understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it into your own understanding
+of the cities that you live in and deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cities that you live in and deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cities that you live in and deal
+with and make plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for if only everybody in the world had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if only everybody in the world had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if only everybody in the world had
+the capacity to react in this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to react in this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to react in this positive
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+to our cities would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1r6cLE2BoTA.txt b/1r6cLE2BoTA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1042cfd913dbf057de1fba13d7590fcaa4681ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1r6cLE2BoTA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi this is Ian and welcome to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi this is Ian and welcome to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi this is Ian and welcome to the
+recitation for the visualization week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation for the visualization week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation for the visualization week
+today we're going to be discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be discussing
+examples of good and bad visualizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of good and bad visualizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of good and bad visualizations
+and then discussing how to make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then discussing how to make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then discussing how to make better
+versions using our our skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions using our our skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions using our our skills
+remember visualization is an art form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember visualization is an art form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember visualization is an art form
+and it's inherently subjective you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inherently subjective you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inherently subjective you
+should try to form your own opinions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to form your own opinions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to form your own opinions on
+the material as we go through it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material as we go through it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material as we go through it so
+let's get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2MaQKFHqYBw.txt b/2MaQKFHqYBw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80020f8805d2c856c2665a2cdbf5d2c2f756d720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2MaQKFHqYBw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3169 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Alright.
+
+So what we are doing
+is covering 8.334,
+
+which is statistical physics.
+
+ANd let me remind you that
+basically statistical physics
+
+is a bridge from microscopic
+to macroscopic perspectives.
+
+And I'm going to emphasize a
+lot on changing perspectives.
+
+So at the level
+of the micro, you
+
+have the microstate that
+is characterized, maybe,
+
+by a collection of momenta
+and coordinates of particles,
+
+such as particles
+of gas in this room.
+
+Maybe those
+particles have spins.
+
+If you are absorbing
+things on a surface,
+
+you may have variables that
+denote the occupation--
+
+whether a particle or
+site is occupied or not.
+
+And when you're looking
+at the microscopic world,
+
+typically you are
+interested in how
+
+things change as a
+function of time.
+
+You have a kind of
+dynamics that is governed
+
+by some kind of a
+[INAUDIBLE] which
+
+is dependent on the microstate
+that you are looking at,
+
+and tells you about the
+evolution of the microstate.
+
+At the other extreme,
+you look at the world
+
+around you and the macro world.
+
+You're dealing with
+things that are described
+
+by completely different things.
+
+For example, if you're
+thinking about the gas,
+
+you have the pressure.
+
+You have the volume.
+
+So somehow, the
+coordinates managed
+
+to define and macrostate,
+which is characterized
+
+by a few parameters
+in equilibrium.
+
+If you have something like
+a collection of spins,
+
+maybe you will have
+a magnetization.
+
+And again, another
+important thing
+
+that characterizes
+the equilibrium we
+
+describe as temperature.
+
+And when you're
+looking at things
+
+from the perspective of
+macro systems in equilibrium,
+
+then you have the
+laws of thermodynamics
+
+that govern constraints that
+are placed on these variables.
+
+So totally different
+perspectives.
+
+And what we have is that we
+need to build a bridge from one
+
+to the other and this
+bridge is provided
+
+by statistical mechanics.
+
+And the way that we described
+it in the previous course
+
+is that to what you need is
+a probabilistic prescription.
+
+So rather than following
+the time evolution
+
+of all of these
+degrees of freedom,
+
+you'll have a
+probability assigned
+
+to the different
+microstates that
+
+are dependent on
+the macro state.
+
+And for example,
+if you are dealing
+
+in the canonical
+ensemble, then you
+
+know you're at the
+particular temperature
+
+this form has E to the
+minus beta, this Hamiltonian
+
+that we you have here
+governing the dynamics.
+
+Beta was one over KT.
+
+So I could write
+it in this fashion.
+
+And the thing that
+enabled us to make
+
+a connection between this
+deterministic perspective
+
+and this equilibrium description
+wire probabilities abilities
+
+was relying on the limit
+where the number of degrees
+
+of freedom was very large.
+
+And this very large number
+of degrees of freedom
+
+enabled us to, although we had
+something that was probably
+
+realistic, to really make very
+precise statements about what
+
+was happening.
+
+Now, when we were doing
+this program in 8-333,
+
+we looked at very simple systems
+that were essentially non
+
+interacting, like the ideal gas.
+
+Or we put a little bit
+of weak perturbation
+
+and by some manipulations,
+we got things like liquids.
+
+But the important thing is
+that where is this program
+
+we could carry out precisely
+when we had no interactions.
+
+In the presence
+of interactions we
+
+encountered, even in our
+simplified perspective,
+
+new things.
+
+We went from the gas
+state to a liquid state.
+
+We didn't discuss
+it, but we certainly
+
+said a few things about solids.
+
+And clearly there are much
+more interesting things
+
+that can happen when
+you have interactions.
+
+You could have other phases of
+matter that we didn't discuss,
+
+such as liquid crystals,
+superconductors,
+
+and many, many other things.
+
+So the key idea is that you
+can solve things that are not
+
+interacting going
+their own ways,
+
+but when you put
+interactions, you
+
+get interesting
+collective behaviors.
+
+And what we want to do
+in 8-334, as opposed
+
+to just building the
+machinery in 8-333,
+
+is to think about all
+of the different types
+
+of collective behavior
+that are possible
+
+and how to describe them in
+the realm of classical systems.
+
+So we won't go much into the
+realm of quantum systems, which
+
+is also quite interesting as far
+as its own collective behaviors
+
+is concerned.
+
+So that's the program.
+
+Now, what I would
+like to do is to go
+
+to the description of the
+organization of the class,
+
+and hopefully this web
+page will come back online.
+
+So repeating what I was
+saying before, the idea is
+
+that interactions
+give rise to a variety
+
+of interesting
+collective behaviors,
+
+starting from pretty much
+simple degrees of freedom
+
+such as atoms and molecules
+and adding a little bit
+
+of interactions and
+complexity to them,
+
+you could get a variety of, for
+example, liquid crystal phases.
+
+But one of things to think about
+is that you think about all
+
+of the different atoms
+and molecules that you
+
+can put together, and the
+different interactions that you
+
+could put among them-- you
+could even imagine things
+
+that you construct in the lab
+that didn't exist in nature--
+
+and you put them together,
+but the types of new behavior
+
+that you encounter
+is not that much.
+
+At some level, you learn about
+the three phases of matter,
+
+gas, liquids, solids, of course,
+as I said, there are many more,
+
+but there are not
+hundreds of them.
+
+There are just a few.
+
+So the question is why, given
+the complexity of interactions
+
+that you can have at
+the microscopic scale,
+
+you put things
+together, and you really
+
+don't get that many
+variety of things
+
+at the macroscopic level.
+
+And the answer has to do with
+mathematical consistency,
+
+and has at its heart
+something that you already
+
+saw in 8-333, which is
+the central limit theorem.
+
+You take many random
+variables of whatever ilk
+
+and you add them
+together, and the sum
+
+has a nice simple
+Gaussian distribution.
+
+So somehow mathematics forces
+things to become simplified
+
+when you put many
+of them together.
+
+So the same thing
+is happening when
+
+you put lots of interacting
+pieces together.
+
+New collective behaviors
+emerge, but because
+
+of the simplification,
+in the same sense
+
+the type of simplification that
+we see with the central limit
+
+theorem, there aren't that
+many consistent mathematical
+
+descriptions that can emerge.
+
+Of course, there
+are nice new ones,
+
+and the question is
+how to describe them.
+
+So this issue of what
+are possible consistent
+
+mathematical forms
+is what we will
+
+address through constructing
+these statistical field
+
+theories.
+
+So one of the
+important things that I
+
+will try to impose upon you
+is to change your perspective.
+
+In the same way that there is
+a big change of perspective
+
+thinking about the microscopic
+and macroscopic board,
+
+there is also a change
+of perspective involved
+
+in the idea of starting from
+interacting degrees of freedom,
+
+and changing perspective
+and constructing
+
+a statistical future.
+
+And I'll give you one
+example of that today
+
+that you're hopefully
+all familiar with,
+
+but it shows very much how this
+change of perspective works,
+
+and that's the
+kind of metallurgy
+
+that we will apply
+in this course.
+
+Basically the syllabus
+is as follows.
+
+So initially I will try
+to emphasize to you how,
+
+by looking at things,
+by averaging over
+
+many degrees of freedom, at long
+lens scales and time scales,
+
+you get simplified statistical
+field theory descriptions.
+
+The simplest one of
+these that appears
+
+in many different contexts
+is this Landau-Ginzburg model
+
+that will occupy us for
+quite a few lectures.
+
+Now once you construct
+a description of one
+
+of these statistical
+field theories,
+
+the question is how
+do you solve it.
+
+And there are a
+number of approaches
+
+that we will follow such as
+mean field theory, et cetera.
+
+And what we'll find is
+that those descriptions
+
+fail in certain dimensions.
+
+And then to do
+better than that, you
+
+have to rely on things such
+as perturbation theory.
+
+So this is kind of
+perturbation theory
+
+that builds upon the types
+of perturbation theory
+
+that we did in the
+previous semester, what
+
+is closer to the kind
+of perturbation theory
+
+that you would be doing
+in quantum field theories.
+
+Alongside these
+continuum theories,
+
+I will also develop some lattice
+models, that in certain limits,
+
+are simpler and admit
+either numerical approaches
+
+or exact solutions.
+
+The key idea that we
+will try to learn about
+
+is that of Kadanoff's
+perspective of renormalization
+
+group and how you
+can, in some sense,
+
+change your perspective
+continuously
+
+by looking at how a
+system would look over
+
+larger and larger
+landscape, and how
+
+the mathematical description
+that you have for the system
+
+changes as a function of
+the scale of observation,
+
+and hopefully becomes simple
+at sufficiently large scales.
+
+So we will conclude by looking
+at a variety of applications
+
+of the methodologies
+that we have developed.
+
+For example, in the context
+of two dimensional films,
+
+and potentially if we have
+time, a number of other systems.
+
+The first thing that I'm going--
+the rest of the lecture today
+
+has essentially nothing in
+common with the material
+
+that we will start to cover
+as of the second lecture.
+
+But it illustrates this
+change in perspective
+
+that is essential to
+the way of thinking
+
+about the material
+in this course.
+
+And the context that I will use
+to introduce this perspective
+
+is phonons and elasticity.
+
+So you look around you,
+there's a whole bunch
+
+of different solids.
+
+There's metals, there's
+wood, et cetera.
+
+And for each one
+of them, you can
+
+ask things about their
+thermodynamic properties, heat
+
+content, for example,
+heat capacity.
+
+They are constructed of various
+very different materials.
+
+And so let's try
+to think, if you're
+
+going to start
+from this left side
+
+from the microscopic
+perspective,
+
+how we would approach
+the problem of the heat
+
+content of these solids.
+
+So you would say that solids,
+if I were to go to 0 temperature
+
+before I put any heat into them,
+they would be perfect crystals.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It means that if I look at
+the positions of these atoms
+
+or particles that are making
+up the crystal-- I guess
+
+I have to be more specific since
+a metal is composed of nuclei
+
+and electrons--
+let's imagine that we
+
+look at the positions
+of the ions.
+
+Then in the perfect
+position they
+
+will form a lattice where I
+will pick three integers, L M
+
+N and three unit
+vectors, and I can
+
+list the positions of all of
+these ions in the crystal.
+
+So this combination
+L M N that indicates
+
+the location of some particular
+ion in the perfect solid
+
+that's indicated by,
+let's say, the vector r.
+
+So this is the position that I
+would have ideally for the ion
+
+at zero temperature
+that is labelled by r.
+
+Now, of course when we go
+to finite temperatures,
+
+the particles, rather than
+forming this nice lattice,
+
+let's imagine a square
+lattice in two dimension,
+
+starts to move around.
+
+And they're no longer going
+to be perfect positions.
+
+And these distortions we can
+indicate by some vector u.
+
+So when we have perfect
+crystals across deformations,
+
+this Q star changes
+to a new position,
+
+Q of r, which is it's ideal
+position plus a distortion
+
+field u, at each location.
+
+OK?
+
+Now associated with these
+change of positions,
+
+you have moved away from the
+lowest energy configuration.
+
+You have put energy
+in the system.
+
+And you would say that
+the energy of the system
+
+is going to be composed
+of the following parts.
+
+There's always going to be
+some kind of a kinetic energy.
+
+That's sum over r p
+r squared over 2 m.
+
+Let's imagine particles
+all have the same mass m.
+
+And then the reason
+that these particles
+
+form this perfect
+crystal was presumably
+
+because of the overlap
+of electronic wave
+
+functions, et cetera.
+
+Eventually, if you're
+looking at these coordinates,
+
+there's some kind of
+a many body potential
+
+as a function of the positions
+of all of these particles.
+
+Now, what we are doing
+is we are looking
+
+at distortions that are small.
+
+So let's imagine
+that you haven't
+
+gone to such high temperatures
+where this crystal completely
+
+melts and disappears and
+gives us something else.
+
+But we have small
+changes from what
+
+we had at zero temperature.
+
+So presumably the
+crystal corresponds
+
+to the configuration that
+gives us the minimum energy.
+
+And then if I make a distortion
+and expand this potential
+
+in the distortion field, the
+lowest order term proportional
+
+to various u's will
+disappear because I'm
+
+expanding around the minimum.
+
+And the first thing
+that I will get
+
+is from the second order term.
+
+So I have one half sum over
+the different positions.
+
+I have to do the second
+derivative of the potential
+
+with respect to
+these deformations.
+
+Of course, if I am
+in three dimensions,
+
+I also have three spatial
+indices, x, y, and z,
+
+so I would have to take
+derivatives with respect
+
+to the different
+coordinates, alpha and beta,
+
+and summed over them.
+
+And then I have u alpha
+of r, u beta of r prime.
+
+And then, of course, I will
+have higher order terms
+
+in this expansion.
+
+This is a general potential,
+so then in higher order terms,
+
+it would be order of
+u cubed and higher.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine?
+
+So I have a system of this form.
+
+Now, typically,
+the next stage if I
+
+stop at the quadratic
+level-- this
+
+I would do for a molecule
+also, not only for a solid--
+
+is to try to find the
+normal modes of the system.
+
+Normal modes I have to
+obtain by diagonalizing
+
+this matrix of
+second derivatives.
+
+Now, there are a few things
+that I know that help me,
+
+and one of the
+things that I know
+
+is that because the original
+structure was a perfect solid,
+
+let's say, then there
+will be a matrix-- sorry,
+
+there will be an element of
+the second derivative that
+
+corresponds to that
+r and this r prime.
+
+That's going to be the same
+as the second derivative that
+
+connects these two points,
+because this pair of points
+
+is obtained by the
+first pair of points
+
+by simple translation
+among the lattice.
+
+The environment for
+this is exactly the same
+
+as the environment for this.
+
+So essentially, what I'm stating
+is that this function does not
+
+depend on r and r prime
+separately, but only
+
+on the difference
+between r and r prime.
+
+So, I know a lot--
+so this is not
+
+if I had n atoms
+in my system, this
+
+is not something like n squared
+over 2 independent things,
+
+it is a much lower number.
+
+The fact that I have
+such a lower number
+
+allows me to calculate the
+normal modes of the system
+
+by Fourier transform.
+
+I won't be very
+precise about how
+
+we perform Fourier transforms.
+
+Basically I start with
+this k alpha beta,
+
+which is a function
+of separation.
+
+I can do a sum over all of
+these separations r of e
+
+to the i K dot r, for
+appropriately chosen k.
+
+And summing over all pairs of
+differences, so the argument
+
+r here now, is what was
+previously r minus r prime.
+
+So basically, what I can
+do is I can pick one point
+
+and go and look at all of the
+separations from that point.
+
+Construct this object, this will
+give me the Fourier transformed
+
+object that depends
+on the vague number k.
+
+So if I look at the
+potential energy
+
+of this system minus its value
+at zero temperature, which
+
+from one perspective was
+one half sum over r r
+
+prime alpha beta, is k alpha
+beta, r minus r prime, u alpha
+
+of r, u beta of r prime, in
+the quadratic approximation.
+
+If I do Fourier transforms
+what happens because it is only
+
+a function of r minus r
+prime, and not r and r prime
+
+separately, is that
+in Fourier space,
+
+it separates out into
+a sum that depends only
+
+on individual K modes.
+
+There's no coupling
+between k and k prime.
+
+So here we have r and r prime,
+but by the time we get here,
+
+we just have one
+k, alpha and beta.
+
+We'll do one example of that
+in more detail later on.
+
+I have the Fourier
+transformed object,
+
+and then I have u alpha
+k Fourier transform.
+
+So in the same manner
+that I Fourier transformed
+
+this kernel, k alpha
+beta, I can put here a u
+
+and end up here with a U tilde
+and u tilde beta of k star.
+
+So we start over
+here, if you like.
+
+If I have n particles with
+a matrix that is n by n--
+
+actually 3n by 3n if I
+account for the three
+
+different orientations-- and
+by going to Fourier transforms,
+
+we have separated it out for
+each of n potential Fourier
+
+components, we just have
+a three by three matrix.
+
+And so then we can potentially
+diagonalize this three
+
+by three matrix to get two
+eigenvalues, lambda alpha of K.
+
+Once I have the
+eigenvalues of the system,
+
+then I can find frequencies
+or eigenfrequencies.
+
+Omega alpha of K,
+which would be related
+
+to this lambda alpha
+of K divided by m.
+
+So you go through
+this entire process.
+
+The idea was you start
+with different solids.
+
+You want to know what the
+heat content of the solid is.
+
+You have to make
+various approximations
+
+to even think about
+the normal modes.
+
+You can see that you
+have to figure out
+
+what this kernel
+of the interaction
+
+is-- Fourier transform it,
+diagonalize it, et cetera
+
+And ultimately thing that
+you're after is that there are
+
+these frequencies as a
+function of wave number.
+
+Actually, it's
+really a wave vector,
+
+because there will be three
+different-- Kx, Ky and Kz.
+
+And at each one
+of these K values,
+
+you will have three
+eigenfrequencies.
+
+And presumably as
+you span K, you
+
+will have a whole
+bunch of lines that
+
+will correspond to the
+variations of these frequencies
+
+as a function of K.
+
+Why is that useful?
+
+Well, the reason
+that it's useful
+
+is that as you go
+to high temperature,
+
+you put the energies into these
+normal modes and frequencies.
+
+That's why this whole
+lattice is vibrating.
+
+And the amount of
+energy that you
+
+have put at temperature
+T on top of this V0
+
+that you had at
+zero temperature,
+
+up to constants
+of proportionality
+
+that I don't want
+to bother with is
+
+a sum over all of these normal
+modes that are characterized
+
+by K and alpha, the polarization
+and the wave vector.
+
+And the amount of
+energy, then, that you
+
+would put in one harmonic
+oscillator of frequency omega.
+
+And that is something
+that's we know
+
+to be h bar omega alpha of
+K, divided by e to the beta h
+
+bar omega alpha of K minus 1.
+
+So the temperature
+dependence then
+
+appears in this factor
+of beta over here.
+
+So the energy
+content went there,
+
+and if you want to,
+for example, ultimately
+
+calculate heat capacity,
+I have to calculate
+
+this whole quantity as a
+function of temperature.
+
+And then take the derivative.
+
+So it seems like, OK, I have to
+do this for every single solid,
+
+whether it's copper,
+aluminium, wood, or whatever.
+
+I have to figure out what
+these frequencies are,
+
+what's the energy content
+in each frequency.
+
+And it seems like a complicated
+engineering problem,
+
+if you like.
+
+Is that it about
+this that transcends
+
+having to look at all of these
+details and come to this?
+
+And of course, you know
+the answer already,
+
+which is that if I go to
+sufficiently low temperature,
+
+I know that the heat capacity
+due to phonons for all solids
+
+goes like t cubed.
+
+So somehow, all of
+this complexity,
+
+if I go to low enough
+temperature, disappears.
+
+And some universal law emerges
+that is completely independent
+
+of all of these
+details-- microscopics,
+
+interactions, et cetera.
+
+So our task-- this is the
+change of perspective--
+
+is to find a way to
+circumvent all of these things
+
+and get immediately to the heart
+of the matter, the part that
+
+is independent of the details.
+
+Not that the details
+are irrelevant.
+
+Because after all, if you
+want to give some material
+
+that functions at some
+particular set of temperatures,
+
+you would need to know much
+more than this t cubed law
+
+that I'm telling you about.
+
+But maybe from the
+perspective of what
+
+I was saying before-- how
+many independent forms there
+
+are, in the same sense that
+adding up random variables
+
+always gives you a Gaussian.
+
+Of course, you don't know
+where the mean and the variance
+
+of the Gaussian is, but you are
+sure that it's a Gaussian form.
+
+So similarly, there is some
+universality in the knowledge
+
+that, no matter how
+complicated the material is,
+
+its low temperature heat
+capacity is t cubed.
+
+Can we get that by an approach
+that circumvents the details?
+
+So I'm going to do that.
+
+But before, since I did a
+little bit of hand-waving,
+
+to be more precise, let's do
+the one-dimensional example
+
+in a little bit more detail.
+
+So my one-dimensional
+solid is going
+
+to be a bunch of
+ions or molecules
+
+or whatever, whose
+zero temperature
+
+positions is uniformly separated
+by some lattice spacing,
+
+a, around one dimension.
+
+And if I look at
+the formations, I'm
+
+going to indicate them by the
+one-dimensional distortion
+
+Un of the nth one
+along this chain.
+
+So then I would say, OK, the
+potential energy of this system
+
+minus whatever it is at zero,
+just because of the distortion,
+
+I will write as follows--
+it is a sum over n.
+
+And one thing that
+I can do is to say
+
+that if I look at two of these
+things that are originally
+
+at distance a, and then they
+go and the deform by Un and Un
+
+plus 1, the additional
+deformation from a
+
+is actually Un plus 1 minus Un.
+
+So I can put some
+kind of Hookean
+
+elasticity and write
+it in this fashion.
+
+Now of course, there could be an
+interaction that goes to second
+
+neighbours.
+
+So I can write that as
+K2 over 2, Un plus 2,
+
+minus Un squared and third
+neighbors, and so forth.
+
+I can add as many
+of these as I like
+
+to make it as
+general as possible.
+
+So in some sense, this is a
+kind of rewriting of the form
+
+that I had written over
+here, where these things that
+
+where a function
+of the separation--
+
+these K alpha beta of separation
+or these K1, K2, K3, et
+
+cetera-- in this series
+that you would write down.
+
+Now if you go to
+Fourier space, what
+
+you can do is each Un
+of Un, is the distortion
+
+in the original perspective,
+you can Fourier transform.
+
+And write it as a sum over K
+e to the ik position the nth
+
+particle is na,
+times u tilde of k.
+
+And once you make
+this Fourier transform
+
+in the expression over
+here, you get an expression
+
+for V minus V0 in terms
+of the Fourier modes.
+
+So rather than
+having an expression
+
+in terms of the amplitudes u
+sub n, after Fourier transform,
+
+I will have an expiration
+in terms of u tilde of k.
+
+So let's see what that is.
+
+Forget about various
+proportionality.
+
+I have the sum over n.
+
+Each one of the Un's I can
+write in this fashion in terms
+
+of U tilde of K. Since
+this is a quadratic form,
+
+I need to have two of these.
+
+So I will have the
+sum of k and k prime.
+
+I have the factor of 1/2.
+
+Each Un goes with a
+factor of e to the i nak.
+
+But then I had 2 Un.
+
+There's a term here, if I do the
+expansion, which is Un squared.
+
+So I have one from k
+and one from k prime.
+
+However, if I have
+Un plus 1 minus Un,
+
+what I have is e
+to the ika minus 1.
+
+I already took the contribution
+that was e to the ink.
+
+From the second
+factor, I will get e
+
+to the ik prime a minus 1.
+
+This multiplies K1 over 2.
+
+And then I will have
+something that's K2 over 2,
+
+e to the 2ika minus 1, e to 2i
+k prime a minus 1, and so forth.
+
+Multiplying at the end
+of the day U tilde of k,
+
+U tilde of k prime.
+
+Now when I do the sum over
+n, and the only n dependence
+
+appears over here,
+then this is the thing
+
+that forces k and k
+prime to add up to 0,
+
+because if they
+don't add up to 0,
+
+then I'm adding lots of
+random phases together.
+
+And the answer will be 0.
+
+So essentially, this
+sum will give me
+
+a delta function that forces
+k plus k prime to be 0.
+
+And so then the additional
+potential energy that you have
+
+because of the distortion ends
+up being proportional to 1/2,
+
+sum over the different k's.
+
+Only one k will
+remain, because k prime
+
+is forced to be minus k.
+
+And so I have U of k,
+U of minus k, which
+
+is the same thing as U
+of k complex conjugate.
+
+So I will get that.
+
+And then from here,
+I will get K1.
+
+Now then, k prime
+is set to minus k.
+
+And when I multiply
+these two factors,
+
+I will get 1 plus 1
+minus e to the ika minus
+
+e to the minus ika.
+
+So I will get 2
+minus 2 cosine of ka.
+
+And then I will have K2, 2 minus
+cosine of 2ka, and so forth.
+
+Why are the lights not on?
+
+OK, still visible.
+
+So yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in your last slide,
+you have an absolute value Uk,
+
+but wouldn't it
+be-- right above it,
+
+is it U of k times U star of k
+prime, or how does that work?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+the way that I have
+
+written is each
+Un I have written
+
+in terms of U tilde of k.
+
+And at this first stage, the two
+factors of Un that I have here,
+
+I treat them completely
+equivalently with indices k
+
+and k prime.
+
+So there is no complex
+conjugation involved here.
+
+But when k prime is
+set to be minus k,
+
+then I additionally realize that
+if I Fourier transform here,
+
+I will find that
+U tilde of minus k
+
+is the same thing as
+U tilde of k star.
+
+Because essentially, the complex
+conjugation appears over here.
+
+It's not that important a point.
+
+The important point
+is that we now
+
+have an expression
+for our frequencies,
+
+or omega alpha of k-- actually,
+there's no polarization.
+
+It's just omega
+of k-- are related
+
+to square root of something
+like a mass down here.
+
+Again, that's not
+particularly important,
+
+but something like k1, 2
+minus 2 cosine of ka, k2, 2
+
+minus 2 cosine of
+2ka, and so forth.
+
+So I can plot these frequencies
+omega as a function of k.
+
+One thing to note
+is first of all,
+
+the expression is
+clearly symmetric under k
+
+goes to minus k, so it only
+depends on cosine of k.
+
+So it is sufficient
+to draw one side.
+
+The other side for negative
+k would be the opposite.
+
+The other thing to
+note is that again,
+
+if I do this Fourier
+transformation,
+
+and I have things
+that are spaced by a,
+
+it effectively means that
+the shortest wavelength
+
+that I have to deal with
+are of the order of k, which
+
+means that the wave numbers
+are also kind of limited
+
+by something that
+I can't go beyond.
+
+So there's something that in
+the generalized over here,
+
+you recall that your k vectors
+are within the Brillouin zone.
+
+In one dimension, the Brillouin
+zone is simply between minus 5
+
+over a and 5 over a.
+
+Now the interesting thing to
+note is that as k goes to 0,
+
+omega goes to 0.
+
+Because all of these factors
+you can see, as k goes to 0,
+
+vanish.
+
+In particular, if I
+start expanding around k
+
+close to zero, what I find
+is that all of these things
+
+are quadratic.
+
+They go like k squared.
+
+So when I take the
+square root, they
+
+will have an
+absolute value of k.
+
+So I know for sure that
+these omegas start with that.
+
+What I don't know, since
+I have no idea what k1,
+
+k2, et cetera are, is
+what they do out here.
+
+So there could be some
+kind of a strange spaghetti
+
+or going on over
+here, I have no idea.
+
+There's all kinds of complexity.
+
+But they are away from
+the k close to 0 part.
+
+Again, why does it go 0?
+
+Of course, k equals
+to 0 corresponds
+
+to taking the entire
+chain and translating it.
+
+And clearly, I
+constructed this such
+
+that all of the U's
+are the same-- I
+
+take everything and translate
+it-- there's no energy cost.
+
+So there's no energy
+costs for k equals to 0.
+
+The energy costs for
+small k have to be small.
+
+By symmetry, they have
+to be quadratic in case,
+
+so I take the square root
+and we will get a linear.
+
+Of course, you know
+that this linear part--
+
+we can say that omega is
+something like a sum velocity.
+
+So all of these
+chains, when I go
+
+to low enough case or
+low enough frequencies,
+
+admit these sound-like waves.
+
+Now heat content-- what
+am I supposed to do?
+
+I'm supposed to take
+these frequencies,
+
+put them in the expression
+that I have over here,
+
+and calculate what's going on.
+
+So again, if I want to look at
+the entirety of everything that
+
+is going on here, I
+would need to know
+
+the details of k2,
+k3, k4, et cetera.
+
+And I don't know all of that.
+
+So you would say
+I haven't really
+
+found anything universal yet.
+
+But if I look at one
+of these functions,
+
+and plot it as a function of
+the frequency, what do I see?
+
+Well, omega goes to 0.
+
+I can expand this.
+
+What I get is kt.
+
+Essentially, it's a statement
+that low frequencies
+
+behave like classical
+oscillators.
+
+A classic oscillator
+has an energy kt.
+
+Once I get to a
+frequency that is
+
+of the order of kt
+over h bar, then
+
+because of the exponential,
+I kind of drop down to 0.
+
+So very approximately,
+I can imagine
+
+that this is a function
+that is kind of like a step.
+
+It is either 1 or 0.
+
+And the change
+from 1 to 0 occurs
+
+at the frequency that is related
+to temperatures by k2 over a.
+
+So if I'm at some high
+temperature, up here,
+
+and I want to-- so this omega
+is k v t sum i over h bar--
+
+that's the corresponding
+high frequency--
+
+I need to know all
+of these frequencies
+
+to know what's going on
+for the energy content.
+
+But if I go to lower
+and lower temperatures,
+
+eventually I will get to
+low enough temperatures
+
+where the only thing that I
+will see is this linear portion.
+
+And I'm guaranteed
+that I will see that.
+
+I know that I will
+see that eventually.
+
+And therefore, I
+know that eventually,
+
+if I go to low
+enough temperatures,
+
+the excitation energy
+becomes low enough,
+
+it's simply proportional
+to this integral from 0.
+
+I can change the upper part
+of the infinity if I like.
+
+dk h bar 1k divided by e to
+the beta h bar dk minus 1,
+
+And again, dimensionally, I
+have two factors of k here.
+
+Each k scales with kt.
+
+So I know that whole thing is
+proportional to kt squared.
+
+In fact, there's some
+proportionality constants
+
+that depend on h
+bar, t, et cetera.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+The point is this t squared.
+
+So I know immediately
+that my heat capacity
+
+is proportional to--
+derivative of this
+
+is going to be
+proportional to t.
+
+The heat capacity of a
+linear chain independent
+
+of what you do.
+
+So no matter what the
+state of interactions
+
+is, if I start with a situation
+such as this at 0 temperature,
+
+I know if I put energy into
+it at low enough temperature,
+
+I would get this heat
+capacity that is linear.
+
+I don't know how
+low I have to do.
+
+Because how I have
+to go to depends
+
+on what this velocity is, what
+the other complication is,
+
+et cetera.
+
+So that's the part
+that I don't know.
+
+I know for sure of
+the functional form,
+
+but I don't know the amplitude
+of that functional form.
+
+So the question is, can
+we somehow get this answer
+
+in a slightly different
+way, without going
+
+through all of these things?
+
+And the idea is to
+do a coarse grain.
+
+So what's going on here?
+
+Why is it that I got is form?
+
+Well, the reason I
+got this form was I
+
+got to low enough temperature.
+
+At low enough temperature,
+I have only the possibility
+
+of exciting emote, whose
+frequencies were small.
+
+I find that frequencies small
+correspond to wave numbers
+
+k that are small,
+or they correspond
+
+to wavelengths that
+are very large.
+
+So essentially, if
+you have you solid,
+
+you go to low
+enough temperature,
+
+you will be exciting modes of
+some characteristic wavelength
+
+that are inversely
+proportional to temperature,
+
+and become larger and larger.
+
+So eventually, these
+long wavelength modes
+
+will encompass whole
+bunches of your atoms.
+
+So this lambda
+becomes much larger
+
+than the spacing of the
+particles in the chain
+
+that you were looking at.
+
+And what you're looking
+at. low temperature,
+
+is a collective behavior that
+encompasses lots of particles
+
+moving collectively
+and together.
+
+And again, because of
+some kind of averaging
+
+that is going on over
+here, you don't really
+
+care about the interactions
+among small particles.
+
+So it's the same idea.
+
+It's the same large
+n limit appearing
+
+in a different context.
+
+It's not the n that
+becomes very large,
+
+but n that becomes of the order
+of, let's say, 100 lattice
+
+spacings-- already much larger
+than an individual atom doing
+
+something, because it's
+a collection of atoms
+
+that are moving together.
+
+So what I drew here was
+an example of a mode.
+
+But I can imagine
+that I have some kind
+
+of a distortion in my system.
+
+Now, I started with
+the distortions Un
+
+that were defined at the
+level of each individual atom,
+
+or molecule, or variable
+that I have over here.
+
+But I know that things
+that are next to each other
+
+are more or less
+moving together.
+
+So what I can do
+is I can average.
+
+I can sort of pick
+aa distance-- let's
+
+call it the x-- and average
+of all of those Un's that
+
+are within that distance
+and find how that averages.
+
+And as I move my interval
+that I'm averaging,
+
+I'm constructing this
+core function U of x.
+
+So there is a moving window
+along the chain constructed
+
+with the Vx which is
+much larger than a,
+
+but is much less than this
+characteristic frequency.
+
+And using that, I can
+construct a distortion field.
+
+I started discrete variables.
+
+And I ended up with a
+continuous function.
+
+So this is an example
+of a statistical field.
+
+So this distortion appears
+to be defined continuously.
+
+But in fact, it has much
+less degrees of freedom,
+
+if you like, compared to all of
+the discrete variables that I
+
+started with.
+
+Because this continuous
+function certainly
+
+does not have, when
+I fully transform it,
+
+variations at short
+length scales.
+
+So we are going
+to be constructing
+
+a lot of these coarse
+grained statistical fields.
+
+If you think about the
+temperature in this room,
+
+bearing from one location to
+another location pressure,
+
+so that we don't strike
+sound waves, et cetera.
+
+All of these things are
+examples of a continuous field.
+
+But clearly, that
+continuous field
+
+comes from averaging things that
+exist at the microscopic level.
+
+So it's kind of
+counter-intuitive
+
+that I start with
+discrete variables,
+
+and I can replace them with
+some continuous function.
+
+But again, the emphasis is
+that this continuous function
+
+has a limited set of
+available and surveyed numbers
+
+over which it is defined.
+
+OK.
+
+So we are going to describe
+the system in terms of this.
+
+So that analog of this
+potential that we have over here
+
+is some b function
+of this U of x.
+
+And I want to construct
+that function.
+
+And so the next step
+after you decided
+
+what your statistical
+field is to construct
+
+some relevant thing, such
+as an potential energy that
+
+is appropriate with
+that statistical field,
+
+putting as limited amount
+of information as possible
+
+in construction of that.
+
+So what are the
+things that we are
+
+going to put in constructing
+this function at.
+
+The first thing
+that I will do is
+
+I will assume that there
+is a kind of locality.
+
+By which, I mean the following.
+
+While this is in
+principle the function
+
+of the entire function,
+locality means
+
+that I will write it as an
+integral of some density, where
+
+the density at location
+x that I'm integrating
+
+depends on you at that location.
+
+But not just you, also
+including derivatives of you.
+
+And you can see
+that this is really
+
+a continuum version of what
+I have written here, this.
+
+If I go to the continuum,
+this goes like a derivative.
+
+And if I look at further
+and further distances,
+
+I can construct higher
+and higher derivatives.
+
+So in the sense that this is
+a quite general description,
+
+I can construct any kind
+of potential in here
+
+by choosing interactions.
+
+K1, K2, K3, K100 that go
+further and further apart,
+
+you would say that if I include
+sufficiently high derivatives
+
+here, I can also
+include interactions
+
+that are extending over
+far away distances.
+
+The idea of locality is that
+while you make this expansion,
+
+our hope is that at
+the end of the day,
+
+we can terminate this
+expansion without needing
+
+to go to many,
+many higher orders.
+
+So locality is two parts.
+
+One, that you will
+write it in this form.
+
+And secondly, that
+this function will not
+
+depend on many, many
+high derivatives.
+
+The second part of
+it is symmetries.
+
+Now, one of the things
+that I constructed in here
+
+and ultimately was very relevant
+to the result that I had
+
+was that if I take
+a distortion U
+
+of x and I add a
+constant to everybody,
+
+so if I replace all of my Uns
+to plus Un plus 5, for example,
+
+the energy does not change.
+
+So V of this is the same
+thing as V of U of x.
+
+So that's a symmetry.
+
+Essentially, it's this
+translation of symmetry
+
+that I was saying right
+here at the beginning,
+
+that this only depends on
+the separation of two points.
+
+It's the same thing.
+
+But what that means is that
+when you write your density
+
+function, then the density
+cannot depend on U of x.
+
+Because that would violate this.
+
+So you can only be
+start with things
+
+that depend on the U of V
+IBX this second, et cetera.
+
+So this is 1.
+
+This is 2.
+
+Another thing is what
+I call stability.
+
+You are looking at distortions
+around a state that corresponds
+
+to being a stable
+configuration of your system.
+
+What that means is that you
+cannot have any pairs in this
+
+expansion that are linear.
+
+So again, this was
+implicit in everything
+
+that we did over here.
+
+We went to second order.
+
+But there's third order, et
+cetera, are not ruled out.
+
+It is more than that.
+
+Because you require the second
+order terms to have the right
+
+sign, so that your
+system corresponds
+
+to being at the bottom
+of a quadratic potential
+
+rather than the top of it.
+
+So there is a bit more than
+the absence of linear terms.
+
+So given that, you would
+say that your potential
+
+for this system as a function
+now of this distortion
+
+is something like
+an integral over x.
+
+And the first thing that is
+consistent with everything
+
+we have written so
+far is that if we
+
+be proportional to
+du by dx squared.
+
+So there's a coefficient
+that I can put here.
+
+Let's call it k over 2.
+
+It cannot depend on you.
+
+It has to be quadratic
+function of derivative.
+
+That's the first thing
+I can write down.
+
+I can certainly write
+down something like d2u
+
+by dx to the fourth power.
+
+And if I consider higher
+order terms, why not something
+
+like the second
+derivative squared,
+
+first derivative squared, a
+whole bunch of other things.
+
+So again, there's still
+many, many, many terms
+
+that I can't write down.
+
+Yes?
+
+Is that second
+term supposed to be
+
+a second derivative
+to the fourth power?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So that when I fully
+transform this,
+
+the quadratic part becomes
+sum over k, k over 2.
+
+This fully transformed,
+becomes k squared.
+
+This fully transformed,
+as you said,
+
+is second derivative squared.
+
+So it becomes k to the fourth.
+
+I have a whole bunch of terms.
+
+And then I have U of k squared.
+
+And then I will have higher
+order terms from Fourier
+
+fully transform of this.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does this actually
+forbid odd derivatives?
+
+Are you saying the third
+derivative and stuff don't--
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't go into
+that, because that depends
+
+on some additional
+considerations,
+
+whether or not you
+have a mirror symmetry.
+
+If you have a mirror symmetry,
+you cannot have terms of that
+
+are odd and x.
+
+Whether or not you have some
+condition on U and minus U may
+
+or may not forbid third order
+terms in [? U ?] [? by  the ?]
+
+x.
+
+So once I go beyond
+the quadratic level,
+
+I need to rely on some
+additional symmetry statement
+
+as to which additional terms
+I am allowed to write down.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Also the coefficients
+could depend on x, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So one of the things
+that I assumed
+
+was this symmetry, which
+means that every position
+
+in the crystal is the same
+as any other position.
+
+So here, if I break and
+make the coefficient
+
+to be different from here,
+different from there,
+
+it amounts to the same thing,
+that the starting point was not
+
+the crystal.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't
+that be written
+
+as-- in the place where you
+wrote down the symmetry,
+
+it should be U of x plus
+c inside the parenthesis?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+No.
+
+So look at this.
+
+So if I take Un and I
+replace Un to Un plus 5,
+
+essentially I take
+the entire lattice
+
+and move it by a distance.
+
+Actually, 5 was
+probably not good.
+
+5.14.
+
+It's not just anything
+I can put over here.
+
+Energy will not change.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: That must be
+different from adding
+
+to all the ends a
+constant displacement.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ends are
+labels of your variables.
+
+So I don't know what mean by--
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, you're right.
+
+But in that picture, where
+instead of N's, we have X?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems like
+displacing in space
+
+would mean adding up to x.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+No.
+
+It is this displacement.
+
+I take U1, U2, U3, U4.
+
+U1 becomes U1 plus .3.
+
+U2 becomes U2 plus .3.
+
+Everybody moves in step.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the conclusion
+is the coefficients
+
+don't depend on x?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you have a
+system that is uniform--
+
+so this statement here
+actually depends on uniformity.
+
+This is an additional
+thing, uniform.
+
+So one part of the
+material is the same.
+
+Now, you have
+non-uniform systems.
+
+So you take your crystal
+and you bombard it
+
+with neutrons or whatever.
+
+Then you have defects
+all over the place.
+
+Then one location
+will be different
+
+from another location.
+
+You are not able to
+write that anymore.
+
+So uniformity is
+another symmetry
+
+that I kind of implicitly used.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: When your
+uniform is a separate part,
+
+why isn't it implied by
+translational symmetry?
+
+PROFESSOR: If I take this
+material that I neutron
+
+bombarded, and I
+translate it in space,
+
+it's internal energy will
+still not change, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So again, once
+I come to this stage,
+
+what it amounts to is
+that I have constructed
+
+a kind of energy as a function
+of a deformation field, which
+
+in the limit of very
+long wavelengths
+
+has this very simple form
+which is the integral du by dx
+
+squared.
+
+There are higher order terms.
+
+But hopefully in the
+limit of long wavelengths,
+
+the higher derivatives
+will disappear.
+
+In the limit of
+small deformation,
+
+the higher order
+terms will disappear.
+
+So the lowest order term
+at long wavelengths,
+
+et cetera, is
+parametrized by this 1k.
+
+If I fully transport it, I will
+just get k over 2k squared.
+
+When I take the frequency
+that corresponds to that,
+
+I will get that
+kind of behavior.
+
+So by kind of relying on
+these kinds of statements
+
+about symmetry, et cetera,
+I was able to guess that.
+
+Now, let's go and do
+with this for the case
+
+of material in three dimensions.
+
+Actually, in any dimensions,
+in higher dimensions.
+
+So I take a solid
+in three dimensions,
+
+or maybe a film in 2 dimensions.
+
+I can still describe
+it's deformations
+
+at low enough temperature in
+terms of long wavelength modes.
+
+I do the coarse graining.
+
+I have U of x.
+
+Actually, both U and
+x are now vectors.
+
+And what I want to
+do is to construct
+
+a potential that
+corresponds to this end.
+
+OK?
+
+So I will use the
+idea of locality.
+
+And I write it as an integral
+over however many dimensions
+
+I have.
+
+So d is the
+dimensionality of space
+
+of some kind of
+an energy density.
+
+And the energy density now
+will depend on U. Actually,
+
+U has many components,
+U alpha of x.
+
+Derivatives of U-- so I will
+have du alpha by dx beta.
+
+And you can see that
+higher order derivatives,
+
+they're really more
+and more indices.
+
+So the complication
+now is that I
+
+have additional
+indices involved.
+
+The symmetry that I will use
+is a slightly more complicated
+
+version of what I had before.
+
+I will take the
+crystal, U of x, and I
+
+can translate it
+just as I did before.
+
+And I just say that this
+translation of crystal
+
+does not change its energy.
+
+But you know something else?
+
+I can take my crystal,
+and I can rotate it.
+
+The internal energy
+should not change.
+
+So there is a rotation
+of this that also you
+
+can put the c inside of.
+
+Before or after rotation,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+The energy should
+not depend on that.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's see what we
+have to construct.
+
+I can write down the answer.
+
+So first of all, we know
+immediately that the energy
+
+cannot depend on U itself for
+the same reason as before.
+
+It can depend on derivatives.
+
+But this rotation
+and derivatives
+
+is a little bit strange.
+
+So I'm going to use a trick.
+
+If I do this in Fourier
+space, like I did over here,
+
+I went from this to
+k over 2 integral dk
+
+k squared U tilde of k squared.
+
+If I stick with sufficiently
+low derivatives,
+
+only at the level of the
+second order derivatives,
+
+if I have a second order form
+that depends on something
+
+like this, I can still
+go to Fourier space.
+
+And the answer will be of
+the form integral d dk.
+
+The different k modes will only
+get coupled from higher order
+
+terms, third order
+terms, et cetera.
+
+At the level of
+quadratic, I know
+
+that the answer is
+proportional to d dk.
+
+And for all of the reasons that
+we have been discussing so far,
+
+the answer is going
+to be U of k squared
+
+times some function of k, like
+k squared, k to the fourth.
+
+Now, whatever I
+put over here has
+
+to be invariant under rotations.
+
+So, let's see.
+
+I know that the answer
+that I write here
+
+should be quadratic
+[INAUDIBLE] tilde.
+
+It should be at
+least quadratic in k,
+
+because I'm looking
+at derivatives.
+
+In the same way
+that I had k here,
+
+I should have factors of k here.
+
+But k is a vector when I
+go to three dimensions.
+
+U becomes a vector when
+I go to three dimensions.
+
+So I want to construct
+something that
+
+involves quadratic in vector
+k, quadratic in vector U,
+
+and is also invariant
+under rotations.
+
+One thing that I
+know is that if I
+
+do a dot product of two
+vectors, that dot product
+
+is invariant on the rotations.
+
+So I have two vectors.
+
+So I know, therefore,
+that k squared,
+
+k dot k is a
+rotational invariant.
+
+The tilde of k squared is
+rotationally invariant.
+
+But also, k dot U
+tilde of k squared
+
+is rotationally invariant.
+
+OK?
+
+So what I can do is I can say
+that the most general form
+
+that I will write down
+will allow 2 terms.
+
+The coefficients of that
+are traditionally called mu.
+
+This is mu over 2.
+
+This one is called mu
+plus lambda over 2.
+
+Actually, I have to put an
+absolute value squared here.
+
+So that's the most
+general theory
+
+of elasticity in any
+number of dimensions
+
+that is consistent with this
+symmetry that I have here.
+
+And it turns out
+that this corresponds
+
+to elasticity of materials
+that are isotropic.
+
+And they are described by
+2 elastic coefficients,
+
+mu and lambda, that are called
+[INAUDIBLE] coefficient.
+
+Mu is also related
+to shear modules.
+
+Actually, mu and lambda combined
+are related to [INAUDIBLE]
+
+And if I want, in fact,
+to fully transform
+
+this back to the space, in
+real space the can be written
+
+as mu over 2 mu alpha
+beta of x mu alpha
+
+beta over x, where the sum over
+alpha and beta takes place.
+
+Alpha and beta run from 1 to d.
+
+And the other term,
+lambda over 2,
+
+is U alpha alpha of
+x, U beta beta of x.
+
+And this object, U
+alpha beta, is one half
+
+of the symmeterized derivatives,
+du alpha by dx beta plus du
+
+beta by dx alpha.
+
+And it's called the strength
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So are
+you still looking
+
+in the regime of low
+energy expectations?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So wouldn't
+the discreteness
+
+of the allowed wave
+vectors become important?
+
+And if so, why are
+you integrating
+
+rather than discrete summon?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's go back to
+what we have over here.
+
+The discreteness is
+present over here.
+
+And what I am looking at for
+the discreteness, this spacing
+
+that I have between these
+objects is 2pi over L.
+
+The L is the size of the system.
+
+So if you like, what
+we are looking at here
+
+is the hierarchy of
+landscapes, where
+
+L is much larger than
+the typical wavelengths
+
+of these excitations that are
+set by the temperature, which
+
+is turn much larger
+than the lattice place.
+
+And so when we are
+talking about, say,
+
+a solid at around 100
+degrees temperature or so,
+
+this-- then say, over
+here, it typically spans
+
+10 to 100 atoms, where as
+the actual size of the system
+
+spans billions of atoms or more.
+
+And so the separations
+that are imposed
+
+by the discreteness
+of k are irrelevant
+
+to the considerations
+that we have.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So before, with
+this adding a constant c, that
+
+corresponds to translating
+almost crystal by some vector.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: For the rotation, is
+this a rotation of the crystal
+
+or is this a rotation of
+the displacement field?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the rotation
+of the entire crystal.
+
+So you can see that
+essentially both x and U
+
+have to be rotated together.
+
+I didn't write it
+precisely enough.
+
+But when I wrote the
+invariant as being k dot U,
+
+the implicit thing was
+that the debate vector
+
+and the distortion are rotated.
+
+AUDIENCE: So does it require an
+isotropic crystal in that case?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I would
+think if you're
+
+rotating everything
+together, who
+
+cares if one axis is
+different than another?
+
+Because if I have a
+non-isotropic crystal
+
+and I rotate it
+around, it shouldn't
+
+change the internal energy.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Where it will make difference
+is at higher order terms.
+
+And so then I have to think
+about the invariants that
+
+are possible at the level
+of higher order terms.
+
+But that's a good question.
+
+Let me come back and try answer
+that more carefully next time
+
+around.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2tq6-8OGNOA.txt b/2tq6-8OGNOA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..768de4e00c965b8f38d181754d5e1a9c7c4a8a3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2tq6-8OGNOA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started talking about the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started talking about the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started talking about the population
+of the drug Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drug Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drug Theory
+and so if we start with a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we start with a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we start with a background
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we can isolate the time depends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can isolate the time depends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can isolate the time depends the
+part which involving Time to whip teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which involving Time to whip teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which involving Time to whip teams
+will inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we interpret this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we interpret this
+as the canonical momentum for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the canonical momentum for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the canonical momentum for um
+for PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have Pepsi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have Pepsi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have Pepsi
+and then this one we just interpret as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one we just interpret as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one we just interpret as
+the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian
+hamiltonian density okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and then we can just proceed to quantize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can just proceed to quantize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can just proceed to quantize
+the theory we write down the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory we write down the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory we write down the canonical
+quantitation condition and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation condition and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation condition and then we
+expand PSI in terms of complete sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand PSI in terms of complete sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand PSI in terms of complete sets of
+solutions Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions Etc
+and then we recognize if we do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we recognize if we do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we recognize if we do it in the
+standard way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way
+say to impose the commutative relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to impose the commutative relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to impose the commutative relation
+and then the hamiltonian actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the hamiltonian actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the hamiltonian actually is
+unbounded From Below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded From Below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded From Below
+so actually the the the the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the the the the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the the the the total energy
+can be as negative as yeah uh can be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah can be arbitrarily relative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can be arbitrarily relative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can be arbitrarily relative okay
+and so that theory does not make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that theory does not make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that theory does not make sense
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+if we use the standard way to quantize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use the standard way to quantize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use the standard way to quantize
+it we would get a theory between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we would get a theory between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we would get a theory between
+exchange two particles which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange two particles which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange two particles which they
+compute uh which are symmetric and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh which are symmetric and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh which are symmetric and uh so
+so that looks like both a poissonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that looks like both a poissonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that looks like both a poissonic
+theory rather than a feminic series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory rather than a feminic series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory rather than a feminic series
+and then there's a simple fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a simple fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a simple fix
+so the fix is that instead of imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fix is that instead of imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fix is that instead of imposing
+the standards quantitation standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards quantitation standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards quantitation standard
+commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation
+we impose the following one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose the following one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose the following one so we
+replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace
+everywhere the commutator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the commutator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the commutator by
+anti-commutation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+for the commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the commutation relation
+we can see the PSI Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the PSI Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the PSI Alpha
+PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+Pi beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi beta
+p x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+I Delta Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Delta Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Delta Alpha Beta
+and the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we impose this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we impose this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we impose this condition
+so which is the same if we plug in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is the same if we plug in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is the same if we plug in this
+pipe Pi it is given by I dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe Pi it is given by I dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe Pi it is given by I dagger
+and then that just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that just give you
+say Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Alpha
+TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX
+and PSI beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PSI beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PSI beta
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+TX Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+and the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three
+x minus Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once in the notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the commutator uh the common the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the commutator uh the common the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the commutator uh the common the
+anti-commutator is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutator is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutator is uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+symmetric between these two okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric between these two okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric between these two okay because
+because the now is the plus rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the now is the plus rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the now is the plus rather than
+minus okay rather than malice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay rather than malice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay rather than malice
+and there's a load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this commutation relation
+is called self-consistent so if we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called self-consistent so if we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called self-consistent so if we call
+this equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation one
+so the one is self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equal to X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal to X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal to X Prime
+okay so if you take these two at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you take these two at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you take these two at the
+same point sorry so this should be Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point sorry so this should be Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point sorry so this should be Prime
+so if to take these two at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if to take these two at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if to take these two at the same
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+so so the left hand side you have PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the left hand side you have PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the left hand side you have PSI
+Alpha and the PSI beta okay so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and the PSI beta okay so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and the PSI beta okay so so you
+just have side PSI dagger so the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have side PSI dagger so the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have side PSI dagger so the left
+hand side is positive definite quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is positive definite quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is positive definite quantity
+okay you have sorry dagger uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have sorry dagger uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have sorry dagger uh and the
+right hand side is also a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is also a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is also a positive
+definite quantity and you have this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite quantity and you have this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite quantity and you have this data
+function value so that is zero okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value so that is zero okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value so that is zero okay yeah
+even though it's uh even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's uh even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's uh even though it's a
+Divergence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence okay
+and so so both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the fact that this is self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that this is self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that this is self-consistent
+if you trace it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you trace it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you trace it back
+has to do with the PSI this Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the PSI this Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the PSI this Pi is
+actually equal to I PSI beta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to I PSI beta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to I PSI beta okay
+so if it's equal to minus I sorry Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's equal to minus I sorry Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's equal to minus I sorry Pi is
+equal to I PSI dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you will have a
+candidation okay because the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidation okay because the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidation okay because the left the
+left hand side will be positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side will be positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side will be positive right
+side will be negative okay you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side will be negative okay you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side will be negative okay you will
+change the sign and that sign then Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign and that sign then Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign and that sign then Trace
+back to this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this side
+so so that's the reason actually we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's the reason actually we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's the reason actually we want
+to have this sign here okay so the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this sign here okay so the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this sign here okay so the sign
+here is for a reason okay even though a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for a reason okay even though a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for a reason okay even though a
+classically when you write it down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically when you write it down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically when you write it down it
+doesn't matter uh what this yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter uh what this yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter uh what this yeah uh
+uh is it was not important what the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it was not important what the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it was not important what the sign
+is but but the quantum mechanically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but but the quantum mechanically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but but the quantum mechanically it's
+actually important okay so so this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually important okay so so this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually important okay so so this comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+so uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so the
+yeah so the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah I'm going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah I'm going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah I'm going to mention
+that yeah I'm going to mention that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the classical limit H bar goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical limit H bar goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical limit H bar goes to zero
+they do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+idea right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah yeah so the classical limits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the classical limits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the classical limits uh
+yeah we actually uh this is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we actually uh this is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we actually uh this is a very good
+question we will discuss later then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we will discuss later then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we will discuss later then
+classical limits they become anti-commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical limits they become anti-commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical limits they become anti-commit
+uh uh yeah in the in the classical limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh yeah in the in the classical limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh yeah in the in the classical limit
+essentially they become a a anti-compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they become a a anti-compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they become a a anti-compute
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah and this is uh crucial when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is uh crucial when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is uh crucial when we
+later describe path integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later describe path integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later describe path integral
+now we will discuss this in detail later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will discuss this in detail later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will discuss this in detail later
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can talk about the commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk about the commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk about the commutative
+relation between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between them
+just you cannot impose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you cannot impose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you cannot impose them
+do you get any physical meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's uh
+these are two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two operators
+you can always consider whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always consider whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always consider whatever uh
+quantities about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities about them
+yeah but but there's no general rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but there's no general rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but there's no general rule
+yeah yeah so uh so the general rule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so uh so the general rule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so uh so the general rule we
+impose for the anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um
+and then in the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the second step
+we just expands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just expands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just expands
+we just expanded the uh uh uh the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just expanded the uh uh uh the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just expanded the uh uh uh the sign
+in terms company size of modes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms company size of modes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms company size of modes okay and
+so in the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the second step
+as we do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we do before
+we expand of PSI X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand of PSI X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand of PSI X
+then so complete set of modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have already worked out last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+so we have a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s for the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s for the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s for the US
+okay then we have a expansion ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we have a expansion ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we have a expansion ikx
+and then similarly with the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly with the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly with the complex
+scalar convention so now let me call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar convention so now let me call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar convention so now let me call the
+C which is just last time I used P but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is just last time I used P but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is just last time I used P but
+it's often convinced conventional to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often convinced conventional to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often convinced conventional to you
+see and I put the dagger here it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and I put the dagger here it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and I put the dagger here it doesn't
+matter it's not so important whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's not so important whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's not so important whether you
+put dagger here so this convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put dagger here so this convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put dagger here so this convention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is our complete sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our complete sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our complete sets of
+Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions
+and then we explain PSI in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we explain PSI in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we explain PSI in terms of
+arbitrary coefficients uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary coefficients uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary coefficients uh in terms of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and since sites generally complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since sites generally complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since sites generally complex
+so these two don't have to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two don't have to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two don't have to be the same
+okay so these two yeah this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these two yeah this is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these two yeah this is a complex
+scalar case they don't have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar case they don't have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar case they don't have to be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the so so Quantum mechanically then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so so Quantum mechanically then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so so Quantum mechanically then
+A and C they are operators okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C they are operators okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C they are operators okay
+A and C The Operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C The Operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C The Operators
+so so if I call this equation Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if I call this equation Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if I call this equation Q
+and then if we plug 2 into 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we plug 2 into 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we plug 2 into 1
+then we can get the commutators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can get the anti-commutators between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the anti-commutators between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the anti-commutators between
+a and C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and C okay
+and so so we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we find
+that the um for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um for example
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+a k Prime s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k Prime s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k Prime s
+stagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagger
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+c k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c k
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+c k Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c k Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c k Prime
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+Agger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now is equal to two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is equal to two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is equal to two pi
+Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+three okay minus K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay minus K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay minus K Prime
+Delta RIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta RIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta RIS
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so emphasize anti-fermentators zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and uh yeah so so the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh yeah so so the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh yeah so so the story
+similarized before except you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarized before except you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarized before except you just
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+replace the commutator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the commutator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the commutator by
+anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the vacuum we can still Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the vacuum we can still Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the vacuum we can still Define
+the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can still divide later we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still divide later we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still divide later we will see
+that this is Justified okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Justified okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Justified okay so we can
+still Define the vacuum as related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Define the vacuum as related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Define the vacuum as related
+by AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for any k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any k
+and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so we Define the vacuum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we Define the vacuum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we Define the vacuum the
+reason this is the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is the vacuum
+is because now if you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because now if you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because now if you find the
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can plug this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can plug this in
+into your expression for the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your expression for the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your expression for the hamiltonian
+for the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hamiltonian
+because they just expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just expressed in terms of
+PSI then you can just work it out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI then you can just work it out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI then you can just work it out okay
+just uh straightforward as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh straightforward as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh straightforward as we did
+previously for the scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously for the scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously for the scalar field
+just now the algebra is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now the algebra is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now the algebra is slightly
+more complicated because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+so so now you get Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you get Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you get Omega k
+and then you have S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have S
+one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+as tiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tiger
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+c k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c k
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+then plus some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then plus some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then plus some constant
+okay just as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just as the
+as in the scalar case we always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the scalar case we always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the scalar case we always have
+some Zero Point Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Zero Point Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Zero Point Energy
+okay we always have some Zero Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we always have some Zero Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we always have some Zero Point
+Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you see if you define so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you see if you define so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you see if you define so now you
+see the hamiltonian is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the hamiltonian is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the hamiltonian is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the hamiltonian is positive
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+and because we have a plus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we have a plus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we have a plus sign here
+rather than the minus sign if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the minus sign if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the minus sign if we do the
+commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation
+okay and then since this is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then since this is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then since this is positive
+definite and then the Justified defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and then the Justified defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and then the Justified defining
+this zero as the vacuum okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero as the vacuum okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero as the vacuum okay because
+this state indeed has the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state indeed has the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state indeed has the lowest energy
+given by this e0 and yeah e0 is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this e0 and yeah e0 is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this e0 and yeah e0 is in the
+bottom in the previous scalar case will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom in the previous scalar case will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom in the previous scalar case will
+be Divergent okay will be Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right sorry yeah yeah indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so so let me make some comments on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me make some comments on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me make some comments on this
+e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah again the the quantize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah again the the quantize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah again the the quantize the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+as in the scalar case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic oscillators
+so now I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I need to
+put those harmonic oscillator by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those harmonic oscillator by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those harmonic oscillator by by by
+codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+because now these harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now these harmonic oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now these harmonic oscillators
+they defined in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defined in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defined in terms of the
+anti-commutators rather than commutators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutators rather than commutators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutators rather than commutators
+and rather than commutators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so so very important feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so very important feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so very important feature
+okay and and normally we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and normally we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and normally we call them
+feminic for reasons we'll be clear very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminic for reasons we'll be clear very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminic for reasons we'll be clear very
+soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+okay so this is for the first note uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is for the first note uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is for the first note uh uh
+for rhythm will be very soon and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rhythm will be very soon and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rhythm will be very soon and the uh
+uh why we call them femionic uh I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why we call them femionic uh I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why we call them femionic uh I'll see
+later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay
+and so so we have for each k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we have for each k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we have for each k
+and the value of the S okay and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the S okay and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the S okay and you have
+a oscillator okay and then you have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a oscillator okay and then you have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a oscillator okay and then you have also
+the generated back a and also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generated back a and also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generated back a and also have
+oscillator Generation by C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each feminic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is like the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the harmonic oscillator
+they contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to e0 to this ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e0 to this ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e0 to this ground state
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+so remember previously for the both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember previously for the both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember previously for the both for
+the scalar case each oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar case each oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar case each oscillator
+contributes one half Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes one half Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes one half Omega k
+okay remember so so now uh in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember so so now uh in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember so so now uh in this case
+uh they they contribute by minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they contribute by minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they contribute by minus one
+half Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's actually opposite sign for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's actually opposite sign for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's actually opposite sign for the
+for the standard harmonic acid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the standard harmonic acid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the standard harmonic acid in the
+standard harmonic acid is one half Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard harmonic acid is one half Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard harmonic acid is one half Omega
+and here is about a minus one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is about a minus one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is about a minus one half
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so uh so let me just uh also saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh so let me just uh also saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh so let me just uh also saying
+why we call the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the feature of this feminic harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature of this feminic harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature of this feminic harmonic
+oscillator is that say you can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can create a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and let me just make some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and let me just make some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and let me just make some general
+remarks uh uh say so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks uh uh say so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks uh uh say so if you have a
+harmonic oscillator satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator satisfy
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to say this kind of commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say this kind of commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say this kind of commutation
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+okay let's just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just look at
+one side of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one side of them just take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one side of them just take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one side of them just take any
+any site with any choice of K and S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any site with any choice of K and S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any site with any choice of K and S and
+uh and then the satisfied that relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the satisfied that relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the satisfied that relation
+so this defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so interesting feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interesting feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interesting feature of this
+oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+is that you can only excite them once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can only excite them once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can only excite them once
+because if you have a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a dagger
+acting on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now if you have a diagram Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a diagram Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a diagram Square
+acting on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero
+then this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is zero
+okay so so the only state you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the only state you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the only state you have you
+only have two states one is zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two states one is zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two states one is zero and one
+is exactly zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly zero
+okay it's because the because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's because the because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's because the because any
+combinated with itself is zero so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinated with itself is zero so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinated with itself is zero so this
+just tells you that a diagram square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you that a diagram square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you that a diagram square is
+equal to zero and also a square is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and also a square is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and also a square is equal
+to zero okay and and so so you X twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay and and so so you X twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay and and so so you X twice
+and this is precisely the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is precisely the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is precisely the party
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+and the two particle on the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two particle on the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two particle on the same state
+and you get identically zero okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get identically zero okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get identically zero okay so so
+if you ask any of K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask any of K here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask any of K here
+a K and S if they are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K and S if they are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K and S if they are the same
+you would act them twice you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would act them twice you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would act them twice you get zero
+okay so if you have two particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have two particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have two particles in the
+same state when K and S is the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state when K and S is the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state when K and S is the same then
+it means that all the quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that all the quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that all the quantum numbers
+are the same and so the poly principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same and so the poly principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same and so the poly principle
+so this is the party principle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+principle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle okay
+so no particle particle can be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no particle particle can be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no particle particle can be in the
+same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here
+let me conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that exagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exagger
+AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+s and the CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and the CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and the CK
+s dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they create
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+create particles which obey the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create particles which obey the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create particles which obey the body
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so now we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as before we can Define single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we can Define single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we can Define single particle
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+so the single particle States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say uh the you just act themed once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again we Define them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we Define them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we Define them by
+with this normalization as in the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this normalization as in the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this normalization as in the scalar
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as
+AK and stagger on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we Define
+k s bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k s bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k s bar
+to be the one created by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as before in the in the in the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as before in the in the in the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as before in the in the in the scalar
+case we can interpret this K as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can interpret this K as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can interpret this K as the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+okay you can uh you can check explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can uh you can check explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can uh you can check explicitly
+as we will describe that the K give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will describe that the K give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will describe that the K give you
+the uh give you the momentum of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh give you the momentum of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh give you the momentum of the uh
+yeah because one into the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because one into the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because one into the momentum
+eigenvalue and then the S can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and then the S can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and then the S can be
+interpreted as some kind of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as some kind of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as some kind of polarization
+okay so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so uh
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um yeah so so this would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so this would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so this would be called
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+so which will call this particle and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which will call this particle and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which will call this particle and we
+will call this antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so each
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+two polarizations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since s equal to one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and they are all satisfied and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they are all satisfied and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they are all satisfied and the
+K square of course all satisfied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square of course all satisfied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square of course all satisfied and
+minus N squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different yeah because Y is created by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah because Y is created by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah because Y is created by a
+and the Y is created by C so so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Y is created by C so so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Y is created by C so so we just
+use the bar to distinguish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah just one course one into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just one course one into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just one course one into a
+polarization of this particle and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of this particle and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of this particle and one
+bar equals one into the correlation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar equals one into the correlation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar equals one into the correlation of
+the antibarticle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah so um so you can also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so um so you can also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so um so you can also find
+say you can find the loss of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can find the loss of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can find the loss of charge
+say say you can find the loss of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we already talked about moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already talked about moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already talked about moment uh
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+you can also find the closer charge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also find the closer charge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also find the closer charge for
+spatial translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you just find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just find the
+P equivalent of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equivalent of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equivalent of P
+is equal to yeah so this is yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to yeah so this is yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to yeah so this is yeah you can
+just similarly work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just similarly work it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just similarly work it out
+it's actually in the in your P set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in the in your P set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in the in your P set you
+will work out the uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work out the uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work out the uh the um
+the stress tensor so so you find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress tensor so so you find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress tensor so so you find the the
+loss of charge for the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of charge for the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of charge for the spatial
+translation is given by this and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is given by this and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is given by this and then if
+you plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in
+and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then again you have this eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again you have this eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again you have this eight
+dagger yeah to save the effort I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger yeah to save the effort I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger yeah to save the effort I just
+say you have a diagram a and the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a diagram a and the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a diagram a and the C
+dagger C okay so so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger C okay so so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger C okay so so you can see
+immediately these two will be a eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately these two will be a eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately these two will be a eigen
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+say of the momentum operator we score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of the momentum operator we score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of the momentum operator we score
+with eigenvalue k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenvalue k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenvalue k
+okay this argument okay so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this argument okay so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this argument okay so so that
+justifies that these are momentum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifies that these are momentum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifies that these are momentum okay
+uh and these are the momentum uh eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these are the momentum uh eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these are the momentum uh eigen
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can also Define normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we Define the normalization yeah uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the normalization yeah uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the normalization yeah uh for
+those you can check the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you can check the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you can check the normalization
+for those States so these are the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those States so these are the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those States so these are the plane
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check
+just by using commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using commutation relation
+and this is created by Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and similarly for the anti-particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the same thing okay the same machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing okay the same machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing okay the same machine
+but if you take the overlap between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take the overlap between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take the overlap between the
+particle and the anti-particle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the anti-particle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the anti-particle you
+always get the zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the commutator between a and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the commutator between a and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the commutator between a and C
+is always zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+and the K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K Prime
+as far it's always zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far it's always zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far it's always zero okay
+they're always a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me so let us make some further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me so let us make some further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me so let us make some further
+loads here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since we have two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we have two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we have two components
+since each particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a fermium so so we already said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fermium so so we already said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fermium so so we already said there
+should be a phobia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a phobia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a phobia
+and has two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we so again we guess there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we so again we guess there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we so again we guess there must
+be spin one half particle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because there must be spin while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because there must be spin while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because there must be spin while
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you can
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you can check explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check explicitly
+yeah so uh so you can guess that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so you can guess that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so you can guess that this
+should be spin one hard particle but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be spin one hard particle but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be spin one hard particle but you
+can check explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indeed
+the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues
+uh so you can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angular momentum operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this series lawrencing warrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this series lawrencing warrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this series lawrencing warrants
+so you can construct the loss of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can construct the loss of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can construct the loss of charge
+associated with the low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the low range
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+and then you can construct the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can construct the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can construct the angular
+momentum operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator
+and then you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you check
+uh and then indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then indeed
+so you find that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find that indeed
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+and K Bar okay S Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Bar okay S Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Bar okay S Bar
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of spin half particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is you can check explicitly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions on this
+and this will be in your P sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be in your P sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be in your P sign okay
+this is in your P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in your P set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in your P set
+and uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit non-trivial calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit non-trivial calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit non-trivial calculation
+but this instructive one okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this instructive one okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this instructive one okay so when
+you see it from your hand I see you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it from your hand I see you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it from your hand I see you use
+your own eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own eye
+and from your own calculation that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from your own calculation that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from your own calculation that this
+has been one half uh uh is satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been one half uh uh is satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been one half uh uh is satisfying
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more generally
+so we will not be able to we were not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will not be able to we were not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will not be able to we were not uh
+certainly proof here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly proof here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly proof here
+so more generally you can prove uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more generally you can prove uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more generally you can prove uh can
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist
+a so-called spin statistical theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh half integer spin fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so half integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so half integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so half integer
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+okay fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be it can only be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be it can only be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be it can only be uh
+can be quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutation
+anti-commutations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not only spin half say three half five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only spin half say three half five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only spin half say three half five
+half Etc okay so so drug is the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Etc okay so so drug is the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Etc okay so so drug is the direct
+field is the uh the simplest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is the uh the simplest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is the uh the simplest of them
+and in the anti-commutation relation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the anti-commutation relation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the anti-commutation relation and
+so uh uh so obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh so obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh so obey
+the this so-called Fermi The Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this so-called Fermi The Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this so-called Fermi The Rock
+statistics okay uh so they obey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics okay uh so they obey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics okay uh so they obey the
+party principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party principle
+yes in statistical physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in statistical physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in statistical physics
+which when you exchange the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when you exchange the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when you exchange the wave
+function you get the minus sign uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you get the minus sign uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you get the minus sign uh it's
+called The Firm is the drug statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Firm is the drug statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Firm is the drug statistics
+and in contrast if you have an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in contrast if you have an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in contrast if you have an integer
+spin say like a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin say like a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin say like a scalar
+or like a photon okay they have integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a photon okay they have integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a photon okay they have integer
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+photographs being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs being one
+and then you can quantize them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can quantize them using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can quantize them using
+commutators okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for integer swing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quantized
+can be consistently quantized in using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be consistently quantized in using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be consistently quantized in using
+commutators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means when you've changed the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when you've changed the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when you've changed the wave
+function of the particles the the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the particles the the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the particles the the wave
+function remains we exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function remains we exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function remains we exchange the
+particle of the wave function remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of the wave function remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of the wave function remains
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is a very general okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a very general okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a very general okay this
+is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah that's a very good question so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a very good question so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a very good question so in
+two plus one dimension very special to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus one dimension very special to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus one dimension very special to
+two plus one dimension so they are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus one dimension so they are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus one dimension so they are more
+General statistics than both Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General statistics than both Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General statistics than both Einstein
+and then bosons and fermions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bosons and fermions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bosons and fermions there are
+things in between called aliens yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in between called aliens yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in between called aliens yeah and
+uh and they they play very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they they play very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they they play very important
+role in this matter of physics yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alien actually was proposed by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien actually was proposed by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien actually was proposed by our
+colleague Frank wheelchak in early 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Frank wheelchak in early 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Frank wheelchak in early 80s
+and uh yeah at the beginning he sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah at the beginning he sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah at the beginning he sounded
+like a fantasy and but the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fantasy and but the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fantasy and but the nature
+actually finds many important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually finds many important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually finds many important
+applications in this matter physics yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it's just convention it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just convention it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just convention it doesn't matter
+you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+as far as they enter each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good good good that's what we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good that's what we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good that's what we are going
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+so it's been well have you can gas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been well have you can gas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been well have you can gas it
+from the two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two components
+but whether this one you can just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether this one you can just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether this one you can just work
+out the eigenvalues you will see is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the eigenvalues you will see is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the eigenvalues you will see is one
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you will have more components yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will have more components yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will have more components yeah
+yeah you will have more components yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will have more components yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will have more components yeah
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is positive positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is positive positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is positive positive definite
+just because you got rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you got rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you got rid of it
+it's not how do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not how do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not how do you know that
+the blue operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue operators
+links in a page like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what do you mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether we know everything about below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we know everything about below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we know everything about below
+uh below everything about them once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh below everything about them once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh below everything about them once I
+specify the anti-commutator everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the anti-commutator everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the anti-commutator everything
+is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed
+everything is fixed the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is fixed the spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is fixed the spectrum is
+fixed the energy fraction just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the energy fraction just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the energy fraction just follow
+from here right so each a or C just can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here right so each a or C just can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here right so each a or C just can
+create the one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the one particle
+yeah yeah so so the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so the spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so the spectrum is
+completely fixed the energy is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed the energy is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed the energy is fixed
+yeah we know everything about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we know everything about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we know everything about them
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh yeah that's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah that's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah that's a very good question
+and so that's the Holy Grail of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the Holy Grail of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the Holy Grail of uh
+neutrino physics and also uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino physics and also uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino physics and also uh uh uh
+internet physics or Quantum computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet physics or Quantum computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet physics or Quantum computation
+so people have been looking for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have been looking for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have been looking for this
+mile around a few minutes which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile around a few minutes which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile around a few minutes which we will
+talk about later people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about later people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about later people have been
+looking for this myronophobians which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this myronophobians which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this myronophobians which
+they uh it's like a real scale is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh it's like a real scale is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh it's like a real scale is the
+counterpart of the real scalar here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart of the real scalar here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart of the real scalar here here
+is more like a complex the counterpart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like a complex the counterpart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like a complex the counterpart
+yeah here is more like a complex scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here is more like a complex scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here is more like a complex scale
+but you can actually we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually we will talk about
+it we'll be able to define something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll be able to define something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll be able to define something
+like a real familiar and then it's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real familiar and then it's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real familiar and then it's its
+own anti-particle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own anti-particle yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own anti-particle yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analogous to the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah you can write it down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah I think you can write down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think you can write down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think you can write down I
+think people are now by law have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people are now by law have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people are now by law have written
+down equations for for any yeah yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down equations for for any yeah yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down equations for for any yeah yeah in
+principle you can write it down for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can write it down for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can write it down for any
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in the end boils down to group Siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the end boils down to group Siri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the end boils down to group Siri
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+I don't know if this makes sense but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this makes sense but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this makes sense but the
+particles that are excited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are excited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are excited the
+expectations of this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of this field
+well they still obey like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they still obey like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they still obey like the
+uncertainty relation given that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation given that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation given that we've
+gotten rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of
+this momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this momentum
+competition relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition relationship
+so even even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even even in the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+even in the in the boson case our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the in the boson case our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the in the boson case our
+commutation relation is not related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation is not related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation is not related to a
+position and momentum right there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum right there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum right there is the
+field with its conjugates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with its conjugates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with its conjugates
+there's no position to operate anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a single particle wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single particle wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single particle wave equation
+yeah in the non-rated basic limit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the non-rated basic limit yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the non-rated basic limit yeah
+you have to take a non-rativistic limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we have solved the rock equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have solved the rock equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have solved the rock equation
+The Rock equation is some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock equation is some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock equation is some linear
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+uh and the uh yeah you solve it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the uh yeah you solve it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the uh yeah you solve it then you
+know you have found all the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have found all the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have found all the solutions
+yeah yeah because we we do a Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because we we do a Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because we we do a Fourier
+transform convert it into algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform convert it into algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform convert it into algebraic
+equation the algebraic equation below or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the algebraic equation below or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the algebraic equation below or
+when we find all the solutions yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we find all the solutions yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we find all the solutions yeah yeah
+so those things we can know for full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those things we can know for full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those things we can know for full
+confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's explain in what sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's explain in what sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's explain in what sense
+we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+one of called the particle and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of called the particle and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of called the particle and under
+particle in what sense they enter each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in what sense they enter each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in what sense they enter each
+other okay so this is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so this is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so this is very similar
+to to in the boson case when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to in the boson case when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to in the boson case when we have a
+complex scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar
+and uh you know I remember in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know I remember in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know I remember in the
+complex scalar case the reason we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar case the reason we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar case the reason we call
+one particle to be particle the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle to be particle the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle to be particle the other uh
+to be under particle is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be under particle is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be under particle is they have
+the same mass the same spin spin zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mass the same spin spin zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mass the same spin spin zero in
+that case but over the charge okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case but over the charge okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case but over the charge okay so
+here we can also Define a charge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can also Define a charge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can also Define a charge for
+them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's talk about the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so remember
+in your uh in your P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in in when we first talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in when we first talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in when we first talk about the
+rock equation in your P said you derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock equation in your P said you derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock equation in your P said you derived
+that if you treat the wrong equation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you treat the wrong equation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you treat the wrong equation as
+a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave equation
+then you can derive a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can derive a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can derive a probability
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+and then the zeros component of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the zeros component of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the zeros component of that
+current is actually positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is actually positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is actually positive definite
+okay remember so so so so so there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember so so so so so there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember so so so so so there when
+we treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rock equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from what we did we showed an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we did we showed an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we did we showed an equation
+similarly from what we did with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly from what we did with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly from what we did with the
+Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can we can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can we can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can we can derive
+equation like partial mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like partial mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like partial mu
+same mu equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mu equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mu equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the J mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so up to your sign so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so up to your sign so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so up to your sign so let me just
+choose the balance sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the balance sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the balance sign here
+so JMU is given by this okay using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so JMU is given by this okay using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so JMU is given by this okay using our
+current rotation okay uh of course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current rotation okay uh of course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current rotation okay uh of course at
+the time we don't know the oh yeah did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we don't know the oh yeah did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we don't know the oh yeah did
+we know the bar I forgot anyway so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the bar I forgot anyway so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the bar I forgot anyway so uh so
+you have this J you can derive this J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this J you can derive this J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this J you can derive this J
+and the zeros component of the J you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zeros component of the J you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zeros component of the J you
+just say diagram side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say diagram side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say diagram side
+okay which is Manifest three uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is Manifest three uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is Manifest three uh uh
+positive as a classical function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as a classical function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as a classical function okay
+and so I mentioned that this was The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I mentioned that this was The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I mentioned that this was The
+Rock's main motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock's main motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock's main motivation
+for written down for writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for written down for writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for written down for writing down the
+rock equation is to look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock equation is to look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock equation is to look for a
+probability the current which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the current which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the current which is the
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+probability okay and so this is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay and so this is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay and so this is positive
+definite classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite classically
+yeah when you treat it as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you treat it as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you treat it as a wave
+equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay
+so now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are
+but now we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we don't think
+The Rock equation as a wave equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock equation as a wave equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock equation as a wave equation we
+treat it as a field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as a field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as a field Theory
+so as a field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a field Theory
+and then the rock equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the uh the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this action has obvious symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this action has obvious symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this action has obvious symmetry
+similar to The Complex boson case so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to The Complex boson case so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to The Complex boson case so so
+this uh you can rotate Side by face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very constant phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then sidebar goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sidebar goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sidebar goes to
+minus Alpha percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha percent
+okay and so so obviously this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so obviously this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so obviously this is the
+environment okay if Alpha is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment okay if Alpha is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment okay if Alpha is a constant
+and so this is a U1 symmetry Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you
+a hypo Symmetry by Rotation by a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypo Symmetry by Rotation by a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypo Symmetry by Rotation by a face
+and it's a U1 symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a U1 symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a U1 symmetry
+and so from the loss of theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from the loss of theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from the loss of theorem
+then there must be a conserved current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there must be a conserved current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there must be a conserved current
+okay corresponding to this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay corresponding to this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay corresponding to this phase
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so without any doing any calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so without any doing any calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so without any doing any calculation
+you should already be able to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should already be able to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should already be able to guess
+okay you should already be able to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should already be able to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should already be able to guess
+and then this is the current okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is the current okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is the current okay so
+this now become the lowest occurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh so it's actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so it's actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so it's actually this
+uh if you find the loss of currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you find the loss of currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you find the loss of currently
+just find this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+instead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we
+interpret j0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret j0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret j0
+rather than integrated this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than integrated this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than integrated this as a
+probability current and this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability current and this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability current and this has a
+probability density if you treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density if you treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density if you treat it as a
+wave equation and here we just interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and here we just interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and here we just interpret
+it as the conserved current for this U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the conserved current for this U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the conserved current for this U1
+symmetry you have some conserved current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry you have some conserved current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry you have some conserved current
+and then this is a a a corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is a a a corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is a a a corresponding to
+the zeros component of this kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros component of this kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros component of this kind of the
+current okay and so this is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and so this is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and so this is we
+interpreted as some kind of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as some kind of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as some kind of charge
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys we did for the uh schedule case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we did for the uh schedule case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we did for the uh schedule case
+okay now this is just interpreted as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is just interpreted as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is just interpreted as the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can just work it out watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can just work it out watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can just work it out watch the
+this uh and then the the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the Q defined this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Q defined this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Q defined this way
+so Q is the total to conserved charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q is the total to conserved charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Q is the total to conserved charge
+which is you integrate j0 over all space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you integrate j0 over all space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you integrate j0 over all space
+and then just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so naively this is the positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively this is the positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively this is the positive definite
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually
+uh now if you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now if you plug in the uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you plug in the uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you plug in the uh the um
+uh uh the expressive expression for PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the expressive expression for PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the expressive expression for PSI
+the then what you find is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then what you find is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then what you find is the following
+you find the Q have the following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+and then plus the infinite constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so we will Define the queue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we will Define the queue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we will Define the queue the
+quantum operate the Q by uh uh uh uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum operate the Q by uh uh uh uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum operate the Q by uh uh uh uh by
+forgetting about this infinite constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting about this infinite constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting about this infinite constant
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now you see something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you see something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you see something very
+interesting happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh yeah uh uh uh so so if we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah uh uh uh so so if we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah uh uh uh so so if we said
+this constant yeah they call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant yeah they call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant yeah they call this
+let me just call this q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just call this q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just call this q0
+and the Q 0 is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just as you have a constant energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you have a constant energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you have a constant energy for
+the uh just you have e0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh just you have e0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh just you have e0 which is
+infinite and here is also infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and here is also infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and here is also infinite
+but we will Define the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will Define the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will Define the uh the the the
+quantum version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum version
+but we can just Define the Q just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can just Define the Q just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can just Define the Q just to
+include this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this part
+okay and then by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then by definition
+so if I Define the Q just by that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I Define the Q just by that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I Define the Q just by that part
+then Q actually on the vacuum just gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Q actually on the vacuum just gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Q actually on the vacuum just gives
+you zero okay because I have C and A on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero okay because I have C and A on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero okay because I have C and A on
+the other side okay so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side okay so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side okay so that means that
+the vacuum have zero charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good but now you see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but now you see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but now you see something
+interesting happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do you observe something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you observe something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you observe something interesting
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right good good so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right good good so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right good good so so this
+quantity is infinitely this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is infinitely this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is infinitely this quantity is
+positively reduction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively reduction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively reduction it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but if we defined in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this quantity by itself is Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when we say something is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we say something is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we say something is a positive
+definite if it's Divergent it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite if it's Divergent it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite if it's Divergent it does not
+mean very much okay so now when we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very much okay so now when we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very much okay so now when we want
+to make it definite the way we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it definite the way we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it definite the way we make it
+definite is we Define this uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite is we Define this uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite is we Define this uh so that
+when you act on the vacuum so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act on the vacuum so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act on the vacuum so that is
+it's zero okay so that the vacuum has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero okay so that the vacuum has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero okay so that the vacuum has
+zero charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero charge
+so when we throw away this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we throw away this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we throw away this infinite
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and then actually this can be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then actually this can be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then actually this can be either
+positive or active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or active
+okay this can be either positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this can be either positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this can be either positive or
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+and uh uh uh yeah yeah so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh uh yeah yeah so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh uh yeah yeah so this is the
+Magic by throwing away some constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magic by throwing away some constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magic by throwing away some constants
+okay throwing of an infinite constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay throwing of an infinite constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay throwing of an infinite constant
+and you can make a positive quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make a positive quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make a positive quantity
+into into a a arbitrary sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into a a arbitrary sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into a a arbitrary sign
+but this is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a good thing
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at when you react on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at when you react on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at when you react on the uh
+A and C because of this sign difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C because of this sign difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C because of this sign difference
+because the sign difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sign difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sign difference
+then you find that when you act on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that when you act on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that when you act on K
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get
+eigenvalue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue one
+when you act on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act on K
+S Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Bar
+you get eigenvalue minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so this has charge one so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this has charge one so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this has charge one so this has
+charge minus one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge minus one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge minus one okay
+so you see that this particle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that this particle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that this particle and the
+particle everything else is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle everything else is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle everything else is the same
+they have the same mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same mass
+they have the same spin as being half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same spin as being half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same spin as being half
+but the only default charge by offer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only default charge by offer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only default charge by offer the
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+so so that's why we call one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's why we call one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's why we call one of them is
+particle and one of them antiparticle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and one of them antiparticle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and one of them antiparticle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this discharge there's no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discharge there's no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discharge there's no probability
+interpretation anymore probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation anymore probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation anymore probability is
+only in the when you treat it as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the when you treat it as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the when you treat it as a wave
+function a wave equation but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a wave equation but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a wave equation but we don't
+treat it as a way we can we treat it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as a way we can we treat it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as a way we can we treat it as
+a field Theory so in the field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field Theory so in the field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field Theory so in the field series
+and and this is just some charge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is just some charge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is just some charge uh
+particles can carry yeah you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can carry yeah you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can carry yeah you have
+nothing to do with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do you mean by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it you always have to uh you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it you always have to uh you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it you always have to uh you always
+speak because you have to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak because you have to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak because you have to choose a
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+because the particle an antiparticle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the particle an antiparticle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the particle an antiparticle
+they create something out of the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they create something out of the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they create something out of the vacuum
+still uh even if you keep this q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh even if you keep this q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh even if you keep this q0
+so that means that your vacuum has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that your vacuum has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that your vacuum has a
+charge which is q0 and again then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which is q0 and again then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which is q0 and again then the
+then the particle will increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the particle will increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the particle will increase the
+charge by one and the other particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by one and the other particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by one and the other particle
+will decrease the charge by one yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease the charge by one yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease the charge by one yeah so
+this aspect is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aspect is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aspect is the same
+so so so when you act this on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so when you act this on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so when you act this on the vacuum
+you just increase charge yeah just here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just increase charge yeah just here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just increase charge yeah just here
+for convenience we choose the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience we choose the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience we choose the uh the uh
+the vacuum to have zero charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so why is the electron one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why is the electron one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why is the electron one is the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+yeah so these are the electric charge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these are the electric charge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these are the electric charge we
+will we we observe uh uh yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we we observe uh uh yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we we observe uh uh yeah so this is
+the election so when you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election so when you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election so when you apply this
+Theory to the electron then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to the electron then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to the electron then this is the
+just the the charge of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the charge of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the charge of the electron
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so so this is actually my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so so this is actually my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so so this is actually my next
+remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+so apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+a few can be interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up to your sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to your sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to your sign okay
+as the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the charge
+that's the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah up to assignment and the unit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah up to assignment and the unit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah up to assignment and the unit so
+this is essentially the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially the electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially the electric charge
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we will see later uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see later uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see later uh this is the
+charge which uh coupled to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which uh coupled to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge which uh coupled to the
+electromagnetism okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism okay yes
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the concept of charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the concept of charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the concept of charge is
+independent of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the force
+yeah even though sometimes the force you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah even though sometimes the force you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah even though sometimes the force you
+use this concept with rechargeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this concept with rechargeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this concept with rechargeable
+charge by itself is an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by itself is an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by itself is an independent
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+yeah yeah when we talk about the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah when we talk about the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah when we talk about the drug
+when we talk about the Maxwell Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the Maxwell Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the Maxwell Theory
+and that then couple this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then couple this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then couple this into the
+Maxwell Theory and then we will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell Theory and then we will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell Theory and then we will become
+clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer
+yeah but but the bottom line is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but the bottom line is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but the bottom line is that the
+charge but yeah uh you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but yeah uh you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but yeah uh you can Define
+independent of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the force
+it's just some quantum number yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some quantum number yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some quantum number yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right yeah so yeah indeed so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah so yeah indeed so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah so yeah indeed so here
+there's a unit okay uh because uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a unit okay uh because uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a unit okay uh because uh you
+can multiply that J by arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply that J by arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply that J by arbitrary
+constant and then what that defines your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then what that defines your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then what that defines your
+unit for your charge and so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit for your charge and so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit for your charge and so so in
+principle yeah yeah so that unit have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle yeah yeah so that unit have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle yeah yeah so that unit have to
+be determined by experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+foreign equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so very important
+is that the rock theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you say this is the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say this is the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say this is the theory of
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+so predict that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so predict that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so predict that electron
+has an anti-particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call it e plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so D Plus have the same mass spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so D Plus have the same mass spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so D Plus have the same mass spin
+but just opposite charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just opposite charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just opposite charge
+from the electron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course when The Rock wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when The Rock wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when The Rock wrote down
+this Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was no e plus yet people only know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no e plus yet people only know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no e plus yet people only know
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+okay even though the rock had all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even though the rock had all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even though the rock had all the
+wrong motivation to write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong motivation to write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong motivation to write down this
+theory try to treat it as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory try to treat it as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory try to treat it as a wave
+equation Etc but he correctly predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Etc but he correctly predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Etc but he correctly predicted
+somehow electron has a this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow electron has a this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow electron has a this series
+predicts a lot of positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts a lot of positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts a lot of positive charge
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so that was in 1930 that was in 19 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was in 1930 that was in 19 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was in 1930 that was in 19 I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+when he did that was a first road this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did that was a first road this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did that was a first road this
+town maybe it was 1929 or 1930.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town maybe it was 1929 or 1930.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town maybe it was 1929 or 1930.
+so at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that time
+you predict a new particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict a new particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict a new particle
+that was considered to be crazy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was considered to be crazy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was considered to be crazy okay
+and 20 years later people uh tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20 years later people uh tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20 years later people uh tried to
+predict one particle a day okay become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict one particle a day okay become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict one particle a day okay become a
+fashion but but in 1929
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but but in 1929
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but but in 1929
+1930 to predict existence of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 to predict existence of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 to predict existence of new
+particle people just absolutely crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle people just absolutely crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle people just absolutely crazy
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah I will not explain how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I will not explain how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I will not explain how he
+predicts this particle anyway uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts this particle anyway uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts this particle anyway uh he
+tried to understand these wave equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to understand these wave equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to understand these wave equations
+and then predict there must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then predict there must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then predict there must be some
+antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but at the at the beginning he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the at the beginning he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the at the beginning he was a
+little bit afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit afraid
+okay he was worried people will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he was worried people will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he was worried people will just
+call him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him
+crazy okay so he said this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy okay so he said this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy okay so he said this particle
+maybe is proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is proton
+say oh because people do proton at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh because people do proton at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh because people do proton at the
+time oh he said maybe this party is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh he said maybe this party is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh he said maybe this party is
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+but of course he should knew immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course he should knew immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course he should knew immediate
+himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself
+that the problem does not have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem does not have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem does not have the same
+mass as electron okay so this cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as electron okay so this cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as electron okay so this cannot be
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+so and then he quickly gave up that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then he quickly gave up that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then he quickly gave up that idea
+and he said oh maybe this is a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said oh maybe this is a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said oh maybe this is a blue
+particle okay maybe this is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay maybe this is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay maybe this is a new
+particle and uh so uh um yeah uh but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and uh so uh um yeah uh but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and uh so uh um yeah uh but not
+kitty luckily uh so so in 1931 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitty luckily uh so so in 1931 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitty luckily uh so so in 1931 he
+changed his mind he said this is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed his mind he said this is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed his mind he said this is a new
+particle okay so luckily in just in 1932
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay so luckily in just in 1932
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay so luckily in just in 1932
+and the Anderson discovered it in Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Anderson discovered it in Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Anderson discovered it in Cosmic
+stream oh no no in Cosmic race okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream oh no no in Cosmic race okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream oh no no in Cosmic race okay and
+then other than they found this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other than they found this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other than they found this new
+particle which have exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which have exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which have exactly the same
+mass as electron but of the charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as electron but of the charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as electron but of the charge in
+cosmic ray okay so so that became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic ray okay so so that became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic ray okay so so that became very
+happy story okay it became a very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy story okay it became a very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy story okay it became a very happy
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so any questions on this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so so uh indeed when he first wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so uh indeed when he first wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so uh indeed when he first wrote
+it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down
+before he treated as a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he treated as a wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he treated as a wave equation
+it's a way between wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way between wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way between wave function is
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+psychologically just treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically just treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically just treat it as a
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+he didn't even try to make it to be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't even try to make it to be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't even try to make it to be real
+yeah it was very likely for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was very likely for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was very likely for him to
+become tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become tax
+yeah and then and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out if he wants to write to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if he wants to write to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if he wants to write to the
+real equation of a require a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real equation of a require a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real equation of a require a little bit
+more more effort which we will describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more effort which we will describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more effort which we will describe
+I think maybe next lecture yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe next lecture yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe next lecture yeah
+you can get the real version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another question but that takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question but that takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question but that takes a little
+bit more effort yeah and then we'll wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more effort yeah and then we'll wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more effort yeah and then we'll wait
+until mayorana uh we discovered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until mayorana uh we discovered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until mayorana uh we discovered it
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Charlie that is we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Charlie that is we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Charlie that is we've been talking
+about uh maybe next time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit more elaborated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so so about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so about this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so after talk about this candidation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after talk about this candidation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after talk about this candidation now
+we can talk about correlation functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about correlation functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about correlation functions
+of the uh this direct field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so let's first look at the say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's first look at the say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's first look at the say
+the white function which you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white function which you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white function which you just don't
+do any time ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at this object and call D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this object and call D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this object and call D
+plus Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha Beta
+which is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined
+again due to the time translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again due to the time translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again due to the time translation
+symmetry we only depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look at this object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah you can also exchange them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can also exchange them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can also exchange them then
+that's called the demanders so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the demanders so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the demanders so it
+doesn't matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter okay
+and uh so um yeah so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um yeah so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um yeah so let's look at this
+object so so this is a two-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so so this is a two-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so so this is a two-point
+relation function between these two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation function between these two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation function between these two for
+meonic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meonic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meonic fields
+and then you can just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just plug in
+the uh the expansion for each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the expansion for each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the expansion for each of them
+okay then you just work it out as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you just work it out as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you just work it out as we did
+before for the uh for the bow song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for the uh for the bow song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for the uh for the bow song and
+so let me just optimize One Step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just optimize One Step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just optimize One Step by
+intermediate step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate step
+so when you plug them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you plug them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you plug them in
+then you find something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you find this sum over s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find this sum over s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find this sum over s equal
+to 1 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 Q
+and then you find us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find us
+Alpha and the US beta bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and the US beta bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and the US beta bar
+and expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expansion
+ikx minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx minus y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now do you recognize this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody recognize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is object we discussed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is object we discussed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is object we discussed last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+but even though yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even though yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even though yeah but
+uh uh uh uh so this is the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh so this is the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh so this is the projector
+to the positive to the space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive to the space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive to the space of the
+positive energy solutions to so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energy solutions to so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energy solutions to so this is
+the projector to the space of the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector to the space of the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector to the space of the U
+Solutions okay so it appears here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mentioned that this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that this actually
+you can work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work it out
+so so this is given by this form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then if yeah so uh uh yeah so so try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if yeah so uh uh yeah so so try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if yeah so uh uh yeah so so try
+to check it in your in your notes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check it in your in your notes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check it in your in your notes of
+last week okay or a Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week okay or a Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week okay or a Monday
+yeah so uh so now if you plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so now if you plug this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so now if you plug this in
+and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get
+the 3x the 3K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i i k slash plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i k slash plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i k slash plus m
+so this is a matrix and you take Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a matrix and you take Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a matrix and you take Alpha
+Beta component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta component
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember the free trans remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the free trans remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the free trans remember in
+free transform any Factor k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free transform any Factor k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free transform any Factor k
+in the integrand you can take it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integrand you can take it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integrand you can take it out in
+terms of a differential operator so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a differential operator so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a differential operator so we
+can actually rewrite this as I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually rewrite this as I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually rewrite this as I take this
+I out and replace this by partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I out and replace this by partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I out and replace this by partial
+slash but with derivative on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash but with derivative on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash but with derivative on x
+plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3K
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can just take this outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just take this outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just take this outside of
+this Fourier transform and then replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fourier transform and then replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fourier transform and then replace
+K slash by uh by partial derivative on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K slash by uh by partial derivative on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K slash by uh by partial derivative on X
+okay when you take a digital X you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you take a digital X you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you take a digital X you bring
+down a factor of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a factor of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a factor of K
+yeah bring down factor of i k okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah bring down factor of i k okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah bring down factor of i k okay so I
+K can be replaced by partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can be replaced by partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can be replaced by partial X
+but now if you recognize this guys so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if you recognize this guys so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if you recognize this guys so so
+do you recognize this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you recognize this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you recognize this guy
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly this is the vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly this is the vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly this is the vitamin
+function for for scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for for scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for for scalar field
+so so now we can just write it as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we can just write it as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we can just write it as I
+partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X
+slash plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash plus m
+Alpha Beta and G Plus x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and G Plus x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and G Plus x minus y
+and so this is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so G Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G Plus
+x minus y say is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y say is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y say is the zero
+by X if I take y over scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X if I take y over scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X if I take y over scalar field
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+say of a complex scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we see that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that actually
+there's a very nice relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very nice relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very nice relation
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+complex scalar white malfunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar white malfunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar white malfunction
+and the uh the formionic ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh the formionic ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh the formionic ones
+okay there's a very nice relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a very nice relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a very nice relation
+between them so so they just differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so so they just differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so so they just differ by
+this Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Factor
+okay divided by this Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay divided by this Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay divided by this Factor
+so similarly you can work out other com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly you can work out other com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly you can work out other com
+other kind of correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of correlation function
+so uh let me just write down the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just write down the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just write down the result
+for the others so you can also Define B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the others so you can also Define B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the others so you can also Define B
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y
+to be so you just exchange the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so you just exchange the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so you just exchange the order
+between them so in general they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so in general they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so in general they don't
+commute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute okay
+so beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beta
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+so alpha x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha x
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and then you find in this case you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find in this case you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find in this case you find
+it given by minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it given by minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it given by minus I
+partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X
+slash plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash plus m
+Alpha Beta and the g minus x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and the g minus x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and the g minus x minus y
+okay the G minus again is defined as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the G minus again is defined as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the G minus again is defined as for
+the scalar field you put you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar field you put you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar field you put you exchange
+this two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two okay
+and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can Define the Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define the Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define the Dr
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta
+to be Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Theta
+say x 0 minus y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x 0 minus y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x 0 minus y 0
+and now you Define using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you Define using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you Define using the
+anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commutator
+rather than the commutator we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the commutator we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the commutator we used
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so for when we Define a for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for when we Define a for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for when we Define a for the
+uh for scalar we use to commutator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for scalar we use to commutator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for scalar we use to commutator and
+now you use anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then now you find this is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now you find this is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now you find this is given by
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+partial X Plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X Plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X Plus m
+the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar two-point function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can also Define the time ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finally we can also Define the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally we can also Define the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally we can also Define the time
+of the defining function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so defined to be DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so defined to be DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so defined to be DF
+Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is defined to be time ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is defined to be time ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is defined to be time ordered
+so Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alpha
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+so beta r y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beta r y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beta r y
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so now this time ordering is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this time ordering is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this time ordering is defined as
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again everything for meonic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again everything for meonic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again everything for meonic fields
+you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace
+commutated by anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutated by anti-commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutated by anti-commutator
+you replace commutation by anti-com by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace commutation by anti-com by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace commutation by anti-com by
+anti-commune so so so so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commune so so so so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commune so so so so remember
+previously when you change the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when you change the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when you change the order
+so if the x0 is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the x0 is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the x0 is greater than
+y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0
+and then you just maintain this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just maintain this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just maintain this order
+so you just have zero so Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just have zero so Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just have zero so Alpha
+x sub R beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y zero
+but now when you when y 0 becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when you when y 0 becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when you when y 0 becomes
+greater than x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than x zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than x zero
+you exchange the order between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you add the actual minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you add the actual minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you add the actual minus sign
+okay for Familia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for Familia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for Familia
+so for boson you would just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for boson you would just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for boson you would just have this
+and now with formula you add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with formula you add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with formula you add a
+additional matter sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional matter sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional matter sign
+okay then you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the same
+as again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross n
+Alpha Beta the scalar GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+so now we can go to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can go to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can go to um
+so if you wanted to find my diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to find my diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to find my diagrams
+exactly you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you have to be
+discussed before you we often need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before you we often need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before you we often need the
+momentum space expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space expression
+so if we go to momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially just do a free transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just do a free transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just do a free transform
+of x minus y okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus y okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus y okay so this is the
+function of x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x minus y
+to a free transform x minus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a free transform x minus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a free transform x minus Phi
+and then you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will get
+DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+K so now I will suppress this Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so now I will suppress this Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so now I will suppress this Alpha Beta
+indices and now you treat this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and now you treat this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and now you treat this as a
+matrix okay I treat this as a matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay I treat this as a matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay I treat this as a matrix in
+the spinner space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinner space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinner space
+and so so you can just free transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you can just free transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you can just free transform
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+so this is easy below how to do how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is easy below how to do how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is easy below how to do how this
+free transform and this just give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free transform and this just give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free transform and this just give us
+some fact of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fact of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fact of K
+okay so so essentially just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so essentially just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so essentially just get
+I ik slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ik slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ik slash
+Class M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class M
+okay so so I partial X slash just become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I partial X slash just become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I partial X slash just become
+a k slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k slash
+and then and then we just uh plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then we just uh plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then we just uh plug in the
+the the the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the expression for
+for scalar propagator just given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so this is a c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a c number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a c number
+this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix
+okay this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a matrix
+and now if you remember again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you remember again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you remember again this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+that I case we we discussed last time ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I case we we discussed last time ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I case we we discussed last time ik
+slash m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash m
+okay slash minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus K Square okay slash minus M Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K Square okay slash minus M Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K Square okay slash minus M Square
+equal to say minus K squared minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to say minus K squared minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to say minus K squared minus M
+Square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+so essentially you see that the K square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you see that the K square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you see that the K square
+plus M Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M Square
+is essentially the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the product of these two
+so this is two matrix product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is two matrix product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is two matrix product
+and the right hand side is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side is the identity
+Matrix okay so then is this number times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so then is this number times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so then is this number times
+the identity Matrix and so this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix and so this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix and so this becomes
+essentially you should view this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you should view this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you should view this as
+times identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see that essentially these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that essentially these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that essentially these two
+Optical counts and these two are inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical counts and these two are inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical counts and these two are inverse
+Matrix of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of each other
+okay so we can actually rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can actually rewrite this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can actually rewrite this as
+just inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix
+minus ik slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ik slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ik slash
+M minus M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M minus M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M minus M so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this x minus m is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this x minus m is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this x minus m is the inverse
+Matrix of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of this
+and and so uh uh uh yeah yeah uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so uh uh uh yeah yeah uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so uh uh uh yeah yeah uh you
+just reach this equation you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reach this equation you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reach this equation you find that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the momentum space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the momentum space
+a key expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key expression
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you said this is one so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this is one so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this is one so let me just
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+very prominent position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prominent position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prominent position
+so this will be used over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a matrix
+and and given by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and given by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and given by that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Oh you mean when the when the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh you mean when the when the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh you mean when the when the drug
+equation acting on it you get some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation acting on it you get some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation acting on it you get some data
+function yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the same it's similar it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same it's similar it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same it's similar it's just it's
+the M minus I Epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M minus I Epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M minus I Epsilon okay
+yeah uh it's yeah it's just always um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh it's yeah it's just always um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh it's yeah it's just always um
+yeah whether it's m Square minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whether it's m Square minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whether it's m Square minus Epsilon
+or M A minus absolutely it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or M A minus absolutely it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or M A minus absolutely it's the same
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay just become yeah yeah here uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just become yeah yeah here uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just become yeah yeah here uh you
+only have one factor of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so so let's conclude our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's conclude our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's conclude our discussion
+of the connotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the connotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the connotation
+of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the uh Iraq Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Iraq Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Iraq Theory
+and now we go to the next topic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we go to the next topic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we go to the next topic which
+you have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already
+asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times
+but we only have a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only have a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only have a couple minutes
+to to motivate it and to discuss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um yes we have a lot of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yes we have a lot of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yes we have a lot of time to
+really uh start discussing and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh start discussing and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh start discussing and let me
+just say a few remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say a few remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say a few remarks
+so so we we derived before that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we we derived before that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we we derived before that the uh
+the rock spinner so so far what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock spinner so so far what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock spinner so so far what we
+discussed normally is called The Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed normally is called The Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed normally is called The Rock
+spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner
+so they transform under low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they transform under low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they transform under low range
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way
+so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a direct equation is covariance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct equation is covariance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct equation is covariance okay
+so it's a natural question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a natural question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a natural question
+and the direct spinner have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direct spinner have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direct spinner have eight
+components so I have eight real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so I have eight real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so I have eight real
+components you have four complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you have four complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you have four complex
+components so all together there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so all together there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so all together there are
+eight uh variables okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight uh variables okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight uh variables okay
+so it's likely to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's likely to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's likely to ask
+whether you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can reduce
+the direct spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct spinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct spinner
+into a smaller set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a smaller set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a smaller set
+okay so so you have instead you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you have instead you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you have instead you have
+eight independent variables into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight independent variables into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight independent variables into a
+smaller set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller set
+that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still
+can give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give rise
+still can give rise to the Rock equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can give rise to the Rock equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can give rise to the Rock equation
+which transform coherently uh uh under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transform coherently uh uh under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transform coherently uh uh under
+the uh uh uh under low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh uh under low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh uh under low range
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+okay and so so the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so the answer is yes
+so there are two ways of doing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two ways of doing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two ways of doing it and
+one is called the Cairo fermions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called the Cairo fermions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called the Cairo fermions and
+another is called myronophobians and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is called myronophobians and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is called myronophobians and the
+chirophomons is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirophomons is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirophomons is like
+to have two component complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two component complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two component complex
+uh to have two component complex Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have two component complex Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have two component complex Vector
+so all together you have four four real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all together you have four four real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all together you have four four real
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+or you have so-called my Runner formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have so-called my Runner formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have so-called my Runner formulas
+which you have four real components okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have four real components okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have four real components okay
+for real components yeah so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real components yeah so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real components yeah so we will
+discuss that uh uh uh next time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that uh uh uh next time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that uh uh uh next time okay
+good good that's all for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3VGZANOQXAM.txt b/3VGZANOQXAM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba4cb7af1480830d564b11579afb35386349c846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3VGZANOQXAM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+Finally, our last instruction!
+
+Branches conditionally transfer control to
+a specific target instruction.
+
+But we'll also need the ability to compute
+the address of the target instruction - that
+
+ability is provided by the JMP instruction
+which simply sets the program counter to value
+
+from register "ra".
+
+Like branches, JMP will write the PC+4 value
+into to the specified destination register.
+
+This capability is very useful for implementing
+procedures in Beta code.
+
+Suppose we have a procedure "sqrt" that computes
+the square root of its argument, which is
+
+passed in, say, R0.
+
+We don't show the code for sqrt on the right,
+except for the last instruction, which is
+
+a JMP.
+
+On the left we see that the programmer wants
+to call the sqrt procedure from two different
+
+places in his program.
+
+Let's watch what happens…
+
+The first call to the sqrt procedure is implemented
+by the unconditional branch at location 0x100
+
+in main memory.
+
+The branch target is the first instruction
+of the sqrt procedure, so execution continues
+
+there.
+
+The BEQ also writes the address of the following
+instruction (0x104) into its destination register,
+
+R28.
+
+When we reach the end of first procedure call,
+the JMP instruction loads the value in R28,
+
+which is 0x104, into the PC, so execution
+continues with the instruction following the
+
+first BEQ.
+
+So we've managed to return from the procedure
+and continue execution where we left off in
+
+the main program.
+
+When we get to the second call to the sqrt
+procedure, the sequence of events is the same
+
+as before except that this time R28 contains
+0x67C, the address of the instruction following
+
+the second BEQ.
+
+So the second time we reach the end of the
+sqrt procedure, the JMP sets the PC to 0x67C
+
+and execution resumes with the instruction
+following the second procedure call.
+
+Neat!
+
+The BEQs and JMP have worked together to implement
+procedure call and return.
+
+We'll discuss the implementation of procedures
+in detail in an upcoming lecture.
+
+That wraps up the design of the Beta instruction
+set architecture.
+
+In summary, the Beta has 32 registers to hold
+values that can be used as operands for the
+
+ALU.
+
+All other values, along with the binary representation
+of the program itself, are stored in main
+
+memory.
+
+The Beta supports 32-bit memory addresses
+and can access values in 2^32 = 4 gigabytes
+
+of main memory.
+
+All Beta memory access refer to 32-bit words,
+so all addresses will be a multiple of 4 since
+
+there are 4 bytes/word.
+
+The are two instruction formats.
+
+The first specifies an opcode, two source
+registers and a destination register.
+
+The second replaces the second source register
+with a 32-bit constant, derived by sign-extending
+
+a 16-bit constant stored in the instruction
+itself.
+
+There are three classes of instructions:
+ALU operations, LD and ST for accessing main
+
+memory, and branches and JMPs that change
+the order of execution.
+
+And that's it!
+
+As we'll see in the next lecture, we'll be
+able parlay this relatively simple repertoire
+
+of operations into a system that can execute
+any computation we can specify.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/45RQrWHzovU.txt b/45RQrWHzovU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbb222ec1255590e90396c5cbb40077f137ab560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/45RQrWHzovU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4292 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK if there
+are no questions,
+
+we will get back to physics.
+
+What I want to do today, as
+it suggests on the slide,
+
+is to finish the kinematics
+of homogeneous expansion
+
+that we were talking
+about last time.
+
+And the one topic in that
+category that we have not
+
+discussed yet is the
+cosmological redshift
+
+So we'll begin by
+going over that.
+
+And then we'll begin to go on
+to the next topic altogether,
+
+which is the dynamics of
+homogeneous expansion --
+
+how do we understand how
+gravity affects the expansion
+
+of the universe?
+
+So that will be the main
+subject of today's lecture,
+
+once we've finished up the issue
+of the cosmological redshift
+
+shift.
+
+Let me remind you that at
+end of the last lecture,
+
+we were talking about the
+synchronization of clocks,
+
+and the coordinate
+system that we'll
+
+be using to describe the
+homogeneously expanding
+
+model of the universe.
+
+Remember, we are introducing
+spatial coordinates
+
+that grow with the
+universe, so that we're
+
+going to be assuming the fact,
+literally, that the universe is
+
+perfectly homogeneous
+and isotropic, which
+
+means that all objects will
+be literally addressed,
+
+relative to this
+coordinate system.
+
+If we're talking about
+the real universe,
+
+then there would be
+some motion relative
+
+to this coordinate system,
+because the universe is not
+
+exactly homogeneous.
+
+But we're going to be working
+for now with the approximation
+
+that our model universe is
+exactly homogeneous, which
+
+means that all
+matter is completely
+
+at rest, relative to this
+expanding coordinate system.
+
+And now we want to talk
+about how to define time,
+
+or to review what we
+said last time when
+
+we talked about
+how to define time.
+
+What we will imagine is that in
+every location in the universe
+
+at rest, relative to
+the matter, is a clock.
+
+And each clock ticks off
+time, and all those clocks
+
+will be acceptable
+as a clock which
+
+measures the time at
+relevant positions-- time
+
+is measured locally--
+but we still
+
+have to talk about
+synchronizing those clocks.
+
+And what we said last time
+is that we can synchronize
+
+the clocks as long as there's
+some cosmic phenomena that
+
+can be seen everywhere, which
+has some time evolution.
+
+And we gave two examples-- one
+is the evolution of the Hubble
+
+expansion rate, which
+can be measured locally,
+
+and everybody can agree to set
+their clocks to midnight when
+
+the Hubble expansion
+rate has a certain value.
+
+And another cosmic
+variable is the temperature
+
+of the cosmic microwave
+background radiation.
+
+So, everybody in
+this model universe
+
+will agree that we'll set
+the clocks to midnight when
+
+the temperature of the
+cosmic background radiation
+
+goes to 5 degrees, or
+any specified number.
+
+So as long as there's a
+phenomena of that sort, which
+
+there is in our universe,
+it's possible to synchronize
+
+these clocks in a unique way.
+
+And the important
+thing to realize
+
+is that once they're
+synchronized at one time,
+
+they will remain
+synchronized as a consequence
+
+of our assumption
+of homogeneity.
+
+That is, if everybody agrees
+that the cosmic background
+
+radiation has a temperature
+of 10 degrees at midnight,
+
+if everybody waits for 15
+minutes after midnight,
+
+everybody should see the
+same fall in temperature
+
+during that time
+interval, otherwise
+
+it would be a violation
+of this hypothesis
+
+of perfect homogeneity.
+
+Yes, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it verified
+that temperature
+
+is invariant for all observers--
+all Lorentz observers?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK the question
+is, is temperature invariant
+
+for all observers?
+
+And the question even included
+all Lorentz observers.
+
+It's not really invariant to
+different Lorentz observers.
+
+We're talking about a privileged
+class of observers, all of whom
+
+are at rest, relative
+to the average matter.
+
+If you move through the
+cosmic background radiation,
+
+then you don't see uniform
+thermal distribution any more.
+
+Rather what you see
+is radiation that's
+
+hotter in the forward
+direction and colder
+
+in the backward direction.
+
+And we in fact, as I think
+I have mentioned here,
+
+see that effect in
+our real universe.
+
+We're apparently moving relative
+to the cosmic background
+
+radiation, at about 1/1000th
+of the speed of light.
+
+So it's not invariant
+with respect to motion.
+
+There's the additional
+question, though is,
+
+is it the same everywhere
+in the visible universe?
+
+As far as we can tell, it is.
+
+There is some direct measurement
+of that, that we'll probably
+
+talk about later in
+the course, by looking
+
+at certain spectral lines
+in distant galaxies.
+
+One can effectively
+measure the temperature
+
+of the cosmic
+microwave background
+
+radiation in some
+distant galaxies.
+
+This line cannot be
+seen in all galaxies,
+
+and the extent that it's
+been measured in degrees.
+
+So certainly in our
+model, we're going
+
+to assume complete homogeneity,
+so everything's the same
+
+everywhere, and there is strong
+evidence for that homogeneity.
+
+Although it's not
+exact, but there's
+
+strong evidence for
+approximate homogeneity
+
+in the real universe.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you were really
+close to the black hole
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question is, suppose we're
+a little bit more careful,
+
+and talk about the fact that
+some people might be living
+
+near black holes, and
+other people are not.
+
+Will that affect the
+synchronization of clocks
+
+for the people who are
+living near black holes?
+
+The answer is sure, it will.
+
+We can only synchronize
+clocks cosmically
+
+if we assume that the universe
+is absolutely homogeneous.
+
+As soon as you introduce
+inhomogeneities
+
+like black holes, or even
+just stars like the sun,
+
+they create small
+perturbations, which
+
+then make it really
+impossible to expect clocks
+
+to stay in sync with each other.
+
+So as soon as you have
+concentrations of mass,
+
+then the fact that what
+we're talking about now
+
+is an approximation
+becomes real.
+
+But those deviations are small.
+
+The deviations
+coming from the sun
+
+are only on the order of
+a part in a million or so.
+
+So, to a very good
+approximation,
+
+the universe obeys
+what we're describing,
+
+although if you went very
+close to the surface of one
+
+of these super-massive
+black holes
+
+in the centers of
+galaxies, or something,
+
+you would in fact
+find they had a very
+
+significant effect
+on your clocks.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Let me move on now.
+
+The next topic, as
+I have warned you,
+
+is the cosmological redshift.
+
+Now in the first lecture
+beyond the overview,
+
+which I guess was a combination
+of the second and third
+
+lectures in the course, we
+talked about the Doppler shift
+
+for sound waves, and we talked
+about the relativistic Doppler
+
+shift for light
+waves-- that was all
+
+in the context of
+special relativity.
+
+Now what we're going
+to face is the fact
+
+that cosmology is not
+really governed entirely
+
+by special relativity, although
+special relativity still
+
+holds locally in our cosmology.
+
+But special relativity does not
+include the effects of gravity,
+
+and on a global scale,
+the effects of gravity
+
+are very important
+for cosmology,
+
+and therefore special
+relativity by itself
+
+is not enough to understand
+many properties of the universe,
+
+including the
+cosmological redshift.
+
+It turns out
+though, that there's
+
+a way of describing the
+cosmological redshift which
+
+will make it sound even simpler
+than special relativity.
+
+And I'll describe
+that first, and then
+
+afterwards, we'll
+talk a little bit
+
+about how this very
+simple-looking derivation jives
+
+with the special relativity
+derivation, which must also
+
+be correct, at least locally.
+
+OK.
+
+So, the question we
+want to ask ourselves,
+
+is suppose we look
+at a distant galaxy,
+
+and light is emitted
+from that galaxy.
+
+How will the frequency
+of that light
+
+shift between the frequency
+it had when it was emitted,
+
+and the frequency
+that we would measure
+
+as we received the light.
+
+So to draw the situation on
+the blackboard, let's introduce
+
+a coordinate system, x.
+
+And this will be our
+comoving coordinate system.
+
+X is measured in notches.
+
+We'll put ourselves at
+the origin-- there is us.
+
+And we'll put our
+galaxy out here
+
+someplace-- there is the
+distant galaxy that we
+
+will be observing.
+
+They galaxy will be at some
+particular coordinate, which
+
+I will call l sub c, c
+for coordinate distance,
+
+so l sub c is the coordinate
+distance to the galaxy.
+
+And then the physical
+distance-- is
+
+what we've been calling
+l sub p, p for physical,
+
+which depends on time, because
+there's Hubble expansion.
+
+So l sub p of t, as we've said
+a number of times already,
+
+is a of t times l sub c.
+
+The scale factor, which
+depends on time, times
+
+the coordinate distance,
+which does not depend on time.
+
+So everything just expands
+with the scale factor a of t.
+
+So this describes the
+situation, and now
+
+what we want to
+ask ourselves, is
+
+suppose a wave is being
+emitted by the galaxy--
+
+and we'll be trying to track
+the distance between wave
+
+crests, which determines
+what the wavelength is.
+
+Since we'll only be
+interested in wave crests,
+
+we will talk in
+language where we just
+
+imagine there's a
+pulse at each crest,
+
+and what happens
+in between doesn't
+
+matter for what
+we're talking about.
+
+So we want to track successive
+pulses emitted by the galaxy.
+
+Now the important
+feature of our system
+
+is that we have
+argued that we know
+
+how to track light waves through
+this kind of coordinate system.
+
+If x is our cosmic coordinate,
+dx dt, the coordinate velocity
+
+of light, is just equal to the
+ordinary velocity of light,
+
+c, but rescaled by
+the scale factor.
+
+And the scale factor
+here is playing
+
+the role of converting
+meters to notches.
+
+So c is measured in
+meters per second.
+
+By dividing by a of
+t, we get the speed
+
+in notches per second,
+which is what we want,
+
+because x is measured, not
+in meters, but in notches.
+
+A notch being the arbitrary
+coordinate-- the arbitrary unit
+
+that we adopt to describe our
+comoving coordinate system.
+
+Now the important
+feature of this equation,
+
+for our current purpose, is that
+the speed of light, as we're
+
+going to follow
+these light pulses
+
+through our coordinate
+system, depends on time,
+
+but it does not depend on x.
+
+Our universe is homogeneous,
+so all points x are the same.
+
+So two pulses will travel at
+the same speed at the same time,
+
+no matter where they are.
+
+And that's all we really
+need, to understand
+
+the fact that if one
+pulse leaves our galaxy
+
+and is coming towards
+us-- I should do that
+
+with my right hand, because
+the second pulse is going
+
+to be my other hand-- as
+that second pulse follows it,
+
+the second pulse,
+at any given time--
+
+even though the speed
+will change with time,
+
+but at any given
+time-- the second pulse
+
+will be traveling at the same
+speed as the first pulse.
+
+And that means that it'll
+look something like this.
+
+The speed might
+change with time,
+
+but as long as they both travel
+at exactly the same speed
+
+at any given time, they will
+stay exactly the same distance
+
+apart in our comoving
+coordinate system.
+
+Delta x, the x distance
+between the two pulses,
+
+will not change with time.
+
+And if the coordinate distance
+does not change with time--
+
+the physical distance is
+always the scale factor
+
+times the coordinate
+distance-- it
+
+means that the physical
+wavelength of the light pulse
+
+will simply be stretched
+with the scale factor, which
+
+means you'll be stretched with
+the expansion of the universe,
+
+in exactly the same way as any
+other distance in this model
+
+universe will be stretched
+as the universe expands.
+
+So that's the key idea,
+and it's very simple,
+
+and those words
+really say it all.
+
+Delta x equals constant
+implies delta l
+
+physical is
+proportional to a of t,
+
+and that implies that the
+wavelength of the light,
+
+as a function of t, is
+proportional to a of t.
+
+Wavelength is actually what I
+was calling delta l physical,
+
+the distance between
+these two pulses,
+
+where each pulse represents
+a crest of the wave.
+
+And lambda is the standard
+letter of the wavelength.
+
+Now the wavelength is related
+to the period of a wave
+
+simply by the
+relationship that lambda
+
+is equal to c times delta t.
+
+Wavelength is just the distance
+the wave travels in one period.
+
+So if lambda is
+proportional to a of t,
+
+so is the time interval, delta
+t, the period of the wave,
+
+going to be
+proportional to delta t.
+
+So we have been
+defining the redshift
+
+in terms of the period.
+
+So delta t observed over
+delta t at the source
+
+is equal to lambda observed
+over lambda at the source.
+
+Lambda and delta t are
+proportional to each other.
+
+And-- let me finish and
+I'll get to you, OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: This then,
+the ratio of the lengths,
+
+is just the amount
+by which universe
+
+has stretched over that time.
+
+So just the ratio of the scale
+factors at the two times.
+
+So this is equal to just a of
+the time of observation, which
+
+I'll call t sub o, over a of
+the time of the source, t sub s.
+
+So this is the scale
+factor at source,
+
+and the numerator here is the
+scale factor at observation.
+
+And this ratio of times,
+or ratio of wavelengths,
+
+or ratio of scale factors,
+is defined to be 1 plus z,
+
+as we have always done.
+
+The ratio of the time intervals
+we had defined originally
+
+as 1 plus z, we'll
+keep that definition,
+
+and that defines the
+redshift shift, z.
+
+Question now?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that
+definition of lambda,
+
+does that have anything to do
+with the Lorentz invariant?
+
+Like, it just kind of
+struck me as the first term?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not
+sure what you mean?
+
+What-- Lorentz invariant what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like the c delta
+tau squared equals c delta t--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Well, the delta t could
+be put into that formula,
+
+but that's formula could
+measure any delta t.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah
+
+PROFESSOR: So of course
+Lorentz is a special case,
+
+but any delta t would be a
+special case of that formula,
+
+so I don't think
+there's a lot to say
+
+about it being a special case.
+
+AUDIENCE: All right, cool.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this like
+fundamentally different?
+
+Or is it similar [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE] I
+was going to come to that.
+
+That's the question of how the
+cosmological redshift relates
+
+to the special
+relativity redshift
+
+that we derived earlier, and
+I'm coming to that immediately.
+
+Good question,
+we're getting there.
+
+Any other questions,
+though, before I go there?
+
+In my point of view,
+that's the next topic.
+
+OK.
+
+OK, so let me move on to
+exactly that question.
+
+How does this relate
+to what we already
+
+said about the redshift?
+
+This answer-- I would like
+to quantify things and say
+
+that it differs in two
+ways from the calculation
+
+that we've done previously.
+
+And the first is-- the
+reason why it's important
+
+to us-- is that this actually
+takes into account, effects
+
+which were not taken into
+account by our earlier
+
+calculation.
+
+In particular, even
+though we derived this
+
+by a very simple
+kinematic argument, which
+
+didn't seem to involve
+much math at all,
+
+it actually is
+incredibly strong,
+
+in that it encompasses not only
+special relativity, but also
+
+general relativity.
+
+It includes all the
+effects of gravity.
+
+If you think about
+what gravity might
+
+do to what we're
+talking about, gravity
+
+doesn't change the fact
+that the speed of light
+
+is going to be c over a of t.
+
+That really is just
+a unit conversion,
+
+combined with the fundamental
+physics assumption
+
+that the speed of
+light is always
+
+measured at c, relative
+to any observer.
+
+So when we put in
+gravity, this relationship
+
+continues to hold--
+that was really
+
+all we used to drive
+this-- so gravity is not
+
+going to affect the answer.
+
+If you think about
+special relativity,
+
+is there something left out?
+
+Everything I said
+here, Newton would
+
+have understood perfectly.
+
+I didn't have to mention
+time dilation, which
+
+was crucial to our special
+relativity calculation
+
+of the redshift shift.
+
+Did I make a mistake?
+
+Is there some place where time
+dilation should come in here?
+
+The answer, really, is
+no, if you think about it.
+
+We had two clocks
+involved in our system,
+
+a clock on the galaxy,
+and a clock at us,
+
+which we used to measure
+the period of emission,
+
+and the period of reception, but
+those clocks are each at rest,
+
+relative to matter
+in the region--
+
+even though they're moving
+with respect to each other--
+
+so by definition, they
+do measure cosmic time.
+
+Cosmic time is a very
+peculiar kind of time,
+
+it's not the time in
+any inertial frame.
+
+These clocks are moving
+with respect to each other,
+
+so if you were defining
+inertial frame time,
+
+their clocks could
+never be synchronized
+
+and would never agree
+with each other.
+
+But in this concept
+of cosmic time,
+
+they do agree with each
+other, by construction.
+
+And since each clock is at rest,
+relative to its local matter,
+
+it measures this t that
+we're talking about,
+
+this cosmic time variable.
+
+And when the pulse
+arrives at us,
+
+when we measure
+delta t on our clock,
+
+that's exactly the
+quantity that, in the end,
+
+we want to talk about--
+delta t sub observer.
+
+The quantity measured
+on our clock,
+
+which is a clock which
+also measures cosmic time.
+
+So there's no place for
+any time dilation to enter.
+
+It's not that we forgot
+it, it's not there.
+
+It's not part of
+this calculation.
+
+So this result, as
+simple as it looks,
+
+actually fully
+encompasses the effects
+
+of both special
+relativity and gravity.
+
+Now let me just mention,
+it's not obvious
+
+how gravity came in here.
+
+I'm telling you it
+satisfies-- includes
+
+all the effects of gravity.
+
+Where is gravity hidden?
+
+Let me throw that
+out as a question.
+
+How does gravity affect
+this calculation,
+
+even though I didn't
+have to mention gravity
+
+when I described
+the calculation?
+
+Yeah, in back.
+
+AUDIENCE: The scale factor?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+right, the scale factor.
+
+We have not yet talked
+about how a of t evolves.
+
+And the evolution of the
+a of t will explicitly
+
+involve the effects of gravity.
+
+And that's why this
+result depends on gravity,
+
+even though we didn't
+need to use gravity,
+
+or say anything about
+gravity to get the results.
+
+So this is the first difference.
+
+This calculation includes
+the effect of gravity.
+
+Which is through a of t.
+
+Now, because this calculation
+seems to include everything
+
+that the first calculation
+included and more,
+
+you'd expect to be
+more complicated,
+
+but it's less complicated.
+
+Could we have saved
+ourselves a lot
+
+of time last week by just
+giving this calculation,
+
+and deriving the
+other answer from it.
+
+The answer is, not easily,
+it would not have saved time,
+
+one can't, in principle,
+do it that way.
+
+But the other
+important difference
+
+between these two
+calculations is the variables
+
+that you're using to
+express your answer.
+
+Once you ask a question, if
+you ask the question vaguely,
+
+there could be many different
+answers to that question,
+
+depending on what variables
+are used to express the answer.
+
+So what we're doing here is
+we're expressing the redshift z
+
+for objects which are in fact at
+rest in the comoving coordinate
+
+system.
+
+The special relativity
+calculation-- I think I'm
+
+going to need
+another blackboard.
+
+The special relativity
+calculation, on the other hand
+
+gives z as a function
+of the velocity,
+
+as measured in an inertial
+coordinate system.
+
+So the answers are
+just being expressed
+
+in terms of totally
+different things,
+
+and the answer is so
+simple here because a of t
+
+already incorporates
+a lot of information,
+
+and we've just taken
+advantage of that
+
+to be able to give a very simple
+answer in terms of a of t,
+
+without yet saying how we're
+going to calculate a of t.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+two questions.
+
+One is about that constant time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: How is that different
+than the Newton or Galilean
+
+idea of absolute time?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question was how does
+the notion of cosmic time
+
+differ from Newton's
+or Galileo's
+
+notion of absolute time?
+
+And the answer is
+perhaps not much.
+
+Operationally, I think it
+is pretty much the same,
+
+but the real point is that
+Newton and Galileo did not
+
+know anything about relative
+effects like time dilation.
+
+So for them, it was just
+obvious that all clocks ran
+
+at the same speed,
+and time was naturally
+
+universal-- naturally absolute.
+
+In this case, we're
+aware of the fact
+
+that moving clocks run
+at different speeds.
+
+So if we were to take
+these clocks between us
+
+and the galaxy, and
+transport one to the other,
+
+depending on what path we
+used to transport them on,
+
+in the end, they would probably
+not agree with each other.
+
+So, we're setting
+up a definition
+
+of what we're going to define
+locally as time, recognizing
+
+that what time means here,
+versus what time means there,
+
+is a consequence of our
+assumptions about how we define
+
+things.
+
+It is not given
+automatically by the fact
+
+that all clocks will
+run at the same speed.
+
+Follow up?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+An addition, this is
+slightly different.
+
+So, in the special
+relativity calculations,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] z could
+be [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: So here we're
+only seeing a red shift,
+
+but we would obtain a blue
+shift if we allowed a of t
+
+to be decreasing, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+If the universe contracted,
+we would get a blue shift.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+It would correspond to the
+special relativity case.
+
+I was going to say a few words
+about the correspondence,
+
+but I'll answer questions first.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'd kind
+of like to add on
+
+to that question
+regarding the causal time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't the
+fact that you've
+
+scaled the speed
+of light, that's
+
+what takes care of this
+discrepancy between the clocks
+
+themselves?
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+does the fact that we've
+
+rescaled the speed
+of light take care
+
+of the discrepancy of times?
+
+Well, partially, but
+it doesn't say anything
+
+about what moving
+clocks will do.
+
+If you had a clock moving
+through this universe,
+
+you would have to calculate a
+time dilation for that clock,
+
+just as in any other case.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about the two
+end points, say, of the path.
+
+Is that why you're scaling
+the speed of light?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not really.
+
+The scaling of
+the speed of light
+
+really comes about through
+the scaling of space.
+
+This in fact is just the scale
+factor that we scale space.
+
+Time is measured
+locally on every clock,
+
+and we don't think of
+it as being rescaled.
+
+The speed of light
+looks different,
+
+simply because a notch
+is changing with time.
+
+And that formula tells you how
+to convert meters per second,
+
+which will always be the
+same to the speed of light,
+
+to notches per second,
+which will change
+
+as the size of a notch changes
+
+AUDIENCE: Right,yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+I understand.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Further in
+the line of questioning
+
+about cosmological
+time-- so we expect
+
+that us and that
+other galaxy have
+
+simultaneous clocks
+relative to the cosmic time,
+
+and also we expect our own
+clocks to be simultaneous
+
+with our cosmological
+clocks, I assume.
+
+So if we-- Is that true?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right, yes.
+
+Our own clock is just
+an example of one
+
+of the clocks sitting
+on the place called us,
+
+and all clocks sitting on that
+place will behave the same way.
+
+And they define the local
+definition of cosmic time.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if we take those
+clocks and move very slowly
+
+across to the other galaxy,
+in cosmological-- in comoving
+
+coordinates, we wouldn't expect
+there to be any time dilation,
+
+in the respect that
+clocks stay simultaneous.
+
+Safe to say, that
+we would think it
+
+would be simultaneous
+with us the whole time,
+
+until we got to
+the other galaxy.
+
+And then it would
+still be simultaneous.
+
+But, they're moving at
+a speed relative to us,
+
+so we wouldn't
+expect [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+OK.
+
+You raise a good
+question, which I
+
+would have to think
+about the answer.
+
+If we brought-- if we
+carried our clock very slowly
+
+to this galaxy, and the
+limit was infinitely slow,
+
+would it agree
+when it got there?
+
+Let me think about that,
+and answer it next time.
+
+I'm not altogether sure.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+I want to say something
+about the relationship
+
+between these two calculations.
+
+What would happen if we
+tried to actually compare
+
+the answers that we got for
+the relativistic Doppler shift,
+
+and for this answer, for
+the cosmological redshift.
+
+There's really
+only one case where
+
+it would be legitimate
+to compare them.
+
+Since the calculation
+we just did
+
+was supposed to include
+the effects of gravity,
+
+and special relativity
+calculation does not
+
+include the effects of
+gravity, the only way
+
+we should be able to compare
+them, and see that they agree,
+
+would be the case where
+gravity is negligible.
+
+And one can talk about a
+cosmological model where
+
+gravity is negligible,
+there's nothing
+
+inconsistent about that.
+
+If gravity were
+negligible, what would we
+
+expect for the behavior of
+a of t for this [INAUDIBLE]
+
+question.
+
+I hear a constant.
+
+Constant is certainly
+a possibility,
+
+but it's not the
+only possibility,
+
+so try to think a
+little harder, and ask
+
+if there are other
+possibilities.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry, could
+you rephrase the question?
+
+PROFESSOR: Rephrase
+the question.
+
+The question is, if
+gravity were negligible,
+
+what would we expect for the
+behavior of the scale factor
+
+a of t?
+
+And so far, it's been suggested
+that it could be a constant,
+
+and that's true, but that's
+not the most general answer.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It could be negative.
+
+PROFESSOR: Could be negative?
+
+I don't know what
+would mean, actually.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do you--
+
+PROFESSOR: It would mean
+the universe was inside out.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: It would
+really Just mean
+
+that you've reversed
+your coordinates.
+
+I don't think it would
+have any significance.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, the
+expansion would actually
+
+be a contraction?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, well
+it could decrease
+
+with time, that's not the
+same as being negative.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I'm sorry
+
+PROFESSOR: It could always
+increase or decrease with time,
+
+whether gravity
+is present or not.
+
+For our universe it's
+increasing with time,
+
+but one could imagine
+a contracting universe.
+
+Yes, Aviv.
+
+AUDIENCE: Linear?
+
+PROFESSOR: Linear.
+
+That's right.
+
+If there's no gravity, a of t
+should be a constant times t.
+
+The constant could be
+zero, and then a of t
+
+is-- and maybe I
+should say it should
+
+be a constant plus
+a constant times t,
+
+and then in a special case
+it could just be a constant.
+
+But it should vary
+linearly with time.
+
+And that simply means that
+all velocities are constant.
+
+If all velocities are constant,
+then a of t is varied linearly
+
+with time, so that
+the distance --
+
+the famous relationship is the
+distance of a of t times l sub
+
+c.
+
+If this distance were
+growing linearly with time,
+
+it could just be a constant
+velocity, which is certainly
+
+allowed in the
+absence of gravity.
+
+It would mean that a of t
+was growing linearly in time.
+
+So that would be the special
+case of absence of gravity, a
+
+of t growing linearly in time.
+
+And one can always
+set the constant
+
+that would be added to
+the linear to be zero,
+
+just by choosing zero of time
+to be the time at which a of t
+
+is zero.
+
+So, in the absence of gravity,
+one can say that a of t
+
+should just be
+proportional to t.
+
+So for that special case,
+these two calculations
+
+should really agree.
+
+And it will be, I'm pretty
+sure, an extra-credit homework
+
+problem coming up soon, in
+which you'll get a chance
+
+to calculate that.
+
+It's not easy,
+which is why it will
+
+be an extra-credit problem,
+probably, not required problem,
+
+because it involves
+understanding the relationship
+
+between these two
+coordinate systems.
+
+The special relativity
+answer is given
+
+in inertial coordinate system
+which, when gravity is present,
+
+doesn't exist at all.
+
+In the presence
+of gravity, there
+
+is no global inertial
+coordinate system.
+
+But without its
+action, there is.
+
+But it's related to this
+coordinate system, where
+
+everything's expending
+in a complicated way,
+
+because of the various
+time dilations and Lorentz
+
+contractions associated
+with the motions that
+
+are taking place in
+our expanding universe.
+
+So what you'll need
+to do is to figure out
+
+the relationship between
+these two coordinate systems.
+
+And when you do, and
+actually compare the answers,
+
+is you find that they
+actually do agree exactly.
+
+This is all perfectly consistent
+with special relativity,
+
+but the special case
+where there is no gravity.
+
+OK.
+
+Ready to leave cosmological
+redshift altogether,
+
+unless there are any
+further questions?
+
+OK.
+
+In that case, Onward to
+the next major topic.
+
+We've now finished
+what I wanted to say
+
+about the kinematics of
+homogeneously expanding
+
+universes, and now we're ready
+to talk about the dynamics.
+
+What happens when we try
+to think about what gravity
+
+is going to do to
+this universe, to be
+
+able to calculate how a of t
+is going to vary with time.
+
+That will be the only
+goal, to understand
+
+the behavior of a of t.
+
+Now this problem, in a way,
+goes back to Isaac Newton.
+
+And I might just give
+a little aside here,
+
+and mention that one of the
+fun things about cosmology,
+
+actually, is that
+if one looks back
+
+at the history of cosmology,
+many great physicists have made
+
+great blunders in trying to
+analyze cosmological questions.
+
+And in the discussion
+today, we'll
+
+be discussing one of
+Newton's blunders.
+
+And to me, it's very
+consoling to know that even
+
+physicists as great as Newton
+can make stupid mistakes.
+
+And he actually did
+make a stupid mistake,
+
+in terms of analyzing
+the cosmological effect
+
+of his own theory of gravity.
+
+At issue was Newton's
+view of the universe,
+
+and Newton, like everybody,
+really, until Hubble,
+
+believed that the
+universe was static.
+
+He imagined the universe
+as a static distribution
+
+of stars scattered
+through space.
+
+And early in his career,
+from what I understand
+
+of the history, he assumed
+that this distribution of stars
+
+was finite, and an
+infinite background space.
+
+But he realized at
+some point that if you
+
+had a finite distribution of
+mass, in otherwise empty space,
+
+that everything would
+attract everything else,
+
+with his one over r squared
+force of gravity-- which
+
+he knew about, he invented
+it-- and the result would
+
+be everything would
+collapse to a point.
+
+So he decided that
+would not work,
+
+but he was still sure
+everything was static.
+
+Because everything
+looked static,
+
+stars don't seem
+to move very much.
+
+So he asked what
+he could change,
+
+and decided that instead of
+assuming that the stars made up
+
+a finite distribution,
+he could assume
+
+that they were an infinite
+distribution, sharing
+
+all of space.
+
+And he reasoned--
+and this is really
+
+where the fallacy
+showed up-- but he
+
+reasoned that if the stars
+filled the infinite space
+
+that, even though they would
+all be tugging on each other
+
+through the force
+of gravity, they
+
+wouldn't know which way to go.
+
+And since they wouldn't
+know which way to go,
+
+because they'd be tugged
+in all directions,
+
+they would stand still.
+
+So he believed that an infinite,
+uniform, distribution of mass
+
+would be stable-- that there'd
+be no gravitational forces
+
+resulting from the masses in
+this infinite distribution.
+
+And I have some
+quotes here, which
+
+I think are kind of cute,
+so I'll show them to you.
+
+Newton had a long discussion
+about these issues
+
+with Richard Bentley,
+the theologian.
+
+And we get to read about it,
+because all these letters have
+
+been preserved.
+
+In fact, I'm told that the
+original letters are actually
+
+still in existence at
+Trinity College in Cambridge
+
+University.
+
+And you can find
+them on the web even,
+
+I'll give you a web reference
+for the text of these letters,
+
+and they're in books
+and various places.
+
+So let me read this to you.
+
+I think it's a cute quotation.
+
+"As to your first
+query"-- by the way,
+
+I think we don't have the
+letters that Richard Bentley
+
+sent to Newton,
+only the responses.
+
+But Newton fortunately
+responded in a way
+
+that made the
+questions pretty clear,
+
+so it's not an important
+problem in understanding what's
+
+going on.
+
+Newton says, "It seems to me
+that if the matter of our sun
+
+and planets and all the matter
+of the universe were evenly
+
+scattered throughout
+all the heavens,
+
+and every particle had an innate
+gravity toward all the rest,
+
+and the whole space throughout
+which this matter was scattered
+
+was but finite, the matter
+on the outside space would,
+
+by its gravity, tend toward
+all the matter on the inside"--
+
+this is a finite universe he's
+talking about -- and he says,
+
+"that by its consequence,
+everything would fall down
+
+into the middle of
+the whole space,
+
+and there compose one
+great spherical mass."
+
+So, there he's describing
+how it would not
+
+work if you had a finite
+collection of matter.
+
+But, he says, "If
+the matter was evenly
+
+disposed throughout
+an infinite space,
+
+it could never convene into
+one mass, but some of it
+
+would convene into
+one mass, and some
+
+into another, to as to
+make an infinite number
+
+of great masses, scattered
+at great distances
+
+from one to another, throughout
+all that infinite space."
+
+So he thought there'd be local
+coagulation, which of course is
+
+what we see in our real world.
+
+We see stars that have
+formed, and now we
+
+know about galaxies,
+which Newton
+
+had no way of knowing about.
+
+That's the kind of coagulation
+process that he's discussing.
+
+And he-- oops, sorry.
+
+"And thus might the
+sun and the fixed stars
+
+be formed, supposing the
+matter were of a lucid nature."
+
+That's a cute phrase.
+
+I can tell you what it
+means, it may not be obvious.
+
+But at this point,
+nobody had any idea
+
+what the sun was
+made out of, and why
+
+the sun was different
+from the earth.
+
+In fact nobody really had
+much of a real idea what
+
+the earth was made
+out of either, here.
+
+Chemistry wasn't
+really invented yet.
+
+So the assumption
+was that there were
+
+two kinds of matter, lucid
+matter and opaque matter.
+
+Where lucid matter is the
+stuff the sun is made out of,
+
+and the stars, that glows,
+and is fundamentally different
+
+in some way, that was of
+course not understood at all,
+
+from opaque matter, which is
+what the Earth is made out of.
+
+You can't see through it, and
+it doesn't, obviously, glow.
+
+So here, when he's
+talking about matter
+
+forming the stars
+and the sun, he
+
+says if the matter
+was lucid, if it
+
+was the kind of
+matter that glows.
+
+Going on-- so far, what he
+said sounds pretty good.
+
+Going on, he goes
+on now to talk more
+
+about this lucid
+versus opaque business.
+
+And I think it's cute.
+
+I don't know where
+exactly it's going,
+
+but it shows something about
+Newton's personality, which
+
+one might not have
+known otherwise.
+
+"But how the matter
+should divide itself"--
+
+I should also warn you, all
+of this is one sentence.
+
+If you think sometimes my
+sentences sound convoluted,
+
+just think how lucky you are
+that you don't have Newton here
+
+as your lecturer.
+
+This is just impossible.
+
+So, "But how the matter should
+divide itself into two sorts"--
+
+how we'd have lucid and opaque
+matter in the right places--
+
+"and that part of it which is to
+comprise a shining body should
+
+fall down into one mass, and
+make a sun, and the rest,
+
+of which is fit to
+compose an opaque body,
+
+should coalesce not into one
+great body, like shiny matter,
+
+but into many little ones"--
+somehow he's forgotten about
+
+the stars here, when he's
+talking about the sun
+
+and the planets, many
+planets and one sun.
+
+So he says that, "how the opaque
+matter should fall instead
+
+into many little
+masses"-- and then
+
+he talks about
+other possibilities.
+
+It's wonderful the way he
+lists all the possibilities.
+
+"Or," he says, "if the sun
+were at first an opaque body,
+
+like the planets, or if the
+planets were lucid bodies like
+
+the sun, how he alone"--
+he being the sun,
+
+if you track everything back,
+"how the sun alone should be
+
+changed into a shiny body,
+while all the"-- lost track --
+
+"where all they"--
+of the planets--
+
+"continue to be opaque,
+or"-- he's considering all
+
+possibilities-- "or they all
+be changed to opaque ones,
+
+while he,"-- the sun-- "remains
+unchanged as a lucid one."
+
+He does not know how to explain
+all that, is what he's saying.
+
+Bottom line of the
+sentence is, I don't know,
+
+I don't have a clue.
+
+And he says, "I don't think
+it's explicable by mere natural
+
+causes, but am
+forced," Newton says,
+
+"to ascribe it to the
+council and contrivance
+
+of a voluntary agent."
+
+So the theory of
+intelligence design,
+
+as well the theory
+of gravity, actually
+
+both go back to
+Newton, it turns out.
+
+Newton was a very
+religious person,
+
+and in certain
+aspects of physics,
+
+he was happy to ascribe
+to a voluntary agent,
+
+as he calls it.
+
+I have some references
+here, and I'll
+
+be posting this so
+you'll be able to read
+
+those references and type
+them in, if you want.
+
+Now Newton decided
+that you could not
+
+have a finite distribution,
+because it would collapse.
+
+If you had an
+infinite distribution,
+
+he thought it would be
+stable, but he apparently
+
+had heard different arguments
+to that same conclusion.
+
+And one argument
+that you might give
+
+for saying that the infinite
+distribution would be stable
+
+would be the argument that
+if you look at the force
+
+one any one particle, there is
+an infinite force pulling it
+
+to the right-- my right,
+your left-- and an infinite
+
+force pulling it to
+my left, your right,
+
+and since they're both infinite,
+they would cancel each other.
+
+Newton did not
+accept that argument.
+
+He was sophisticated enough
+to realize that infinity minus
+
+infinity isn't necessarily zero.
+
+And he has a bit of
+a tirade on that,
+
+that I thought
+was worth quoting.
+
+And this is a second letter
+to the same Richard Bentley.
+
+I guess it was Bentley
+who made this argument,
+
+and Newton rejected it.
+
+Infinity minus infinity,
+Newton realized, is ambiguous.
+
+It's not something that
+we should necessarily
+
+think of zero.
+
+"But you argue in the next
+paragraph of your letter that
+
+every particle of the matter
+in the infinite space has
+
+an infinite quantity
+of matter on all sides,
+
+and by consequence, an
+infinite attraction every way,
+
+and therefore must
+rest in equilibrio,
+
+because all infinities
+are equal:"--
+
+he's summarizing Richard
+Bentley's argument--
+
+"yet you suspect a parologism"--
+that means logical error,
+
+I think-- "in this argument: and
+I can see the paralogism lies
+
+in the position that all
+infinities are equal.
+
+The generality of mankind
+consider infinities no other
+
+ways than indefinitely"-- and
+in this sentence they said all
+
+infinities are equal-- "though
+they would speak more truly
+
+if they should say that they
+are neither equal nor unequal,
+
+nor have any certain difference
+or proportion, one to another."
+
+So he realizes that the ratio
+of infinity could be anything,
+
+and infinity minus infinity
+could be anything, all of which
+
+is consistent with
+our modern view of how
+
+to do the mathematics.
+
+"In this sense,
+therefore, no conclusions
+
+can be drawn from them about
+the equality, proportions
+
+or differences of things, and
+they that attempt to do so
+
+usually fall into paralogisms."
+
+He goes on, now I just have
+one more Newton quote--
+
+I like Newton quotes--
+
+I have one more
+Newton quote, again
+
+from the same series of letters.
+
+These are all from
+1692 and 1693,
+
+I believe, where he
+gives an example--
+
+I think this follows the
+quotes of the previous slide
+
+immediately-- where he gives
+an example of a false argument
+
+that you get into-- and
+apparently it's an argument
+
+that he had heard
+from other people--
+
+if you think all
+infinities are equal.
+
+What he says is, "So when men"--
+he doesn't say who men are,
+
+and I don't really
+know the history.
+
+He may referring to some
+particular philosophers
+
+at the time-- "when men argue
+that the infinite divisibility
+
+of magnitude by saying
+that an inch may be divided
+
+into an infinite number of
+parts, the sum of those parts
+
+would be an inch--
+and a foot can
+
+be divided into an
+infinite number of parts,
+
+the sum of those
+parts must be a foot--
+
+and therefore, since all
+infinities are equal,
+
+these sums must be equal."
+
+Understand the argument here.
+
+He's saying that if
+you divide and inch
+
+into an infinite
+number of parts--
+
+this is all you've
+been given as a foil.
+
+He's not claiming the
+argument is right,
+
+he's claiming it's wrong-- that
+argument is that if you divide
+
+an inch into an infinite
+number of parts,
+
+you get an infinite
+number of points,
+
+if you put them together,
+you get an inch.
+
+If you divide a foot into
+an infinite number of parts,
+
+you get an infinite
+number of points,
+
+and if you put them together,
+you should get a foot.
+
+But they're both
+an infinite number
+
+of points in the description.
+
+So if you think all
+infinities are equal,
+
+the infinite number of
+points that make an inch
+
+should be the same as the
+infinite number of points that
+
+make a foot, therefore a
+foot should equal an inch,
+
+obviously.
+
+Right.
+
+Not right, he know.
+
+So he says that the
+falseness of the conclusion
+
+shows an error in the
+premises, and the error lies
+
+in the position that all
+infinities are equal.
+
+So Newton has given
+us a very nice example
+
+of how you can convince
+yourself that you
+
+get into logical
+paradoxes if you pretend
+
+that all infinities are equal.
+
+But, this does not
+change the fact
+
+that Newton was still convinced
+that an infinite distribution
+
+of mass would be stable.
+
+The argument that convinced
+him was not the infinity
+
+on each side, but
+rather the symmetry.
+
+Newton's argument,
+the one he believed,
+
+was that if you
+look at any point
+
+in this infinite distribution,
+if you look around that point,
+
+all directions would look
+exactly the same, with matter
+
+extending off to infinity,
+and therefore there'd
+
+be no direction that
+the force should
+
+point on any given particle.
+
+And if there's no direction
+in that force at the point,
+
+it must be zero.
+
+That was the argument
+Newton believed.
+
+OK.
+
+What I want to do now is to
+talk about this in a little bit
+
+more detail, and
+try to understand
+
+how modern folks would
+look at the argument.
+
+And by the way, I might
+just add a little bit more
+
+about the history first.
+
+Newton's argument,
+as far as I know,
+
+was not questioned by anybody
+for hundreds of years,
+
+until the time of
+Albert Einstein.
+
+Albert Einstein, in trying
+to describe cosmology using
+
+his new theory of
+general relativity,
+
+was the first
+person, as far as I
+
+know, to realize
+that even if you
+
+had an infinite distribution
+of mass, it would collapse--
+
+and we'll talk about why.
+
+And Einstein did realize that
+the same thing would happen
+
+with Newtonian physics,
+it's not really
+
+a special feature of
+general relativity,
+
+it just somehow
+historically took
+
+the invention of
+general relativity
+
+to cause people to
+rethink these ideas
+
+and realize that
+Newton had been wrong.
+
+So, what's going on.
+
+The difficulty in trying
+to analyze things the way
+
+in which Newton did is that
+Newton was thinking of gravity,
+
+in the language that he
+first proposed it, as a force
+
+at a distance.
+
+If you have two objects in
+space, the distance r apart,
+
+they will exert a force on
+each other proportional to one
+
+over r squared.
+
+Since the time of
+Newton, other ways
+
+of describing Newtonian
+gravity itself
+
+have been invented, which
+make it much more clear what's
+
+going on.
+
+The difficulty in
+using Newton's method--
+
+we'll talk about in more
+detail in a few minutes--
+
+but it's simply that we try to
+add up all of these one over r
+
+squared forces, you
+get divergent sums
+
+that you have to figure
+out how to interpret.
+
+But to understand that
+Newton couldn't possibly
+
+have been right, the
+easiest thing to do
+
+is to look at other formulations
+of Newton's gravity.
+
+And I'll describe two
+of them, both of which
+
+will probably have some
+familiarity to you.
+
+The first one I'm
+quite sure will.
+
+And I'm going to describe it
+by analogy with Coulomb's law,
+
+because 802 goes a little
+further with Coulomb's law
+
+than any course you are
+likely to have taken
+
+has gone with gravity.
+
+But Coulomb's law is really
+the same as the force
+
+law of gravity.
+
+So Coulomb's law
+says that any charged
+
+particle will create an
+electric field, which
+
+is the charge divided by the
+distance squared times the unit
+
+vector pointing
+radially outward.
+
+That's Coulomb's law.
+
+People can-- sometimes
+there's constants in here,
+
+depending on what
+units you measure q in,
+
+but that won't be
+important for us.
+
+So I'm going to
+assume we're using
+
+this where that constant is one.
+
+You know that Coulomb's
+law can be reformulated
+
+in terms of what we
+call Gauss's law.
+
+If Coulomb's law is true, you
+can make a definite statement
+
+about what happens
+when you integrate
+
+the flux of the electric
+field over any surface.
+
+It's proportionate to the
+total amount of charge inside.
+
+So Coulomb's law
+implies Gauss's law,
+
+which says that the integral
+over any closed surface of E
+
+dotted into da is equal to 4
+pi times the total enclosed
+
+charge.
+
+q encloses the total amount
+of charge inside that volume.
+
+And what constants appear
+depends on what constants
+
+appear here, which depends
+on what units you're using,
+
+but these equations
+are consistent.
+
+Those are the correct
+constants, if you
+
+measure charge in a way which
+makes the electric field be
+
+given by that simple formula.
+
+OK, so I'm going to assume you
+know this, that you learned it
+
+in 802 or elsewhere.
+
+If this is true,
+then, since this
+
+is the same inverse square
+law, if we write down
+
+Newton's law of gravity,
+almost as Newton
+
+would have written
+it, we can express it
+
+as the acceleration
+of gravity at a given
+
+distance from an object.
+
+So we could write
+Newton's law of gravity
+
+by saying the
+acceleration of gravity
+
+is equal to minus Newton's
+constant times the mass
+
+of the object, the analog
+of the charge up there,
+
+divided by r
+squared times r hat.
+
+Again, it's the
+inverse r squared law,
+
+and the point radiating outward
+is just like Coulomb's law,
+
+except for the
+constant out front.
+
+The constant actually
+has the opposite sign,
+
+which is important
+for some issues,
+
+but not for what
+we're saying now.
+
+The important point
+is that this can also
+
+be recast as a
+Gauss's law, and it's
+
+called Gauss's law of gravity.
+
+And the only thing that differs
+is a constant out front,
+
+so it's a trivial
+transformation.
+
+The integral over
+any closed surface
+
+of the gravitational
+acceleration vector, little g
+
+dotted into da is
+equal to minus 4 pi
+
+g times the total mass enclosed.
+
+The only difference is the
+minus sign, and the factor
+
+of g, which follow from the
+difference of the minus sign
+
+and the factor of g in
+the formula on the left.
+
+OK, does everybody believe that?
+
+OK, now let's think about
+this homogeneous distribution
+
+of mass that Newton was
+trying to think about.
+
+Newton's claim
+was that you could
+
+have a homogeneous
+distribution of mass filling
+
+all of the infinite space, and
+that would be static, that is,
+
+there would be no acceleration.
+
+No acceleration means Newton
+is claiming in this language
+
+that little g could
+be zero everywhere.
+
+But if you look at this formula,
+if little g is zero everywhere,
+
+then the integral of g over
+any surface is going to zero,
+
+and therefore the total mass
+enclosed had better be zero.
+
+But if we have a uniform
+distribution of mass,
+
+the total mass enclosed
+will certainly not
+
+be zero for anything
+with non-zero volume.
+
+So clearly this assertion that
+the system would be static
+
+was in direct contradiction
+with the Gauss's law formulation
+
+of Newton's law of gravity.
+
+Just for the fun of
+it, I'll give you
+
+another similar argument using
+another more modern formulation
+
+of Newtonian gravity.
+
+Another way of formulating
+Newtonian gravity, which
+
+you may or may not have seen--
+and if you haven't seen it,
+
+don't understand what I'm
+saying, don't worry about it,
+
+it's not that important.
+
+But for those of you
+who have seen it,
+
+I'll give you this argument.
+
+Another way of formulating
+Newtonian gravity
+
+is to introduce the
+gravitational potential.
+
+So I'm going to
+use the letter phi
+
+for the gravitational potential.
+
+I'll tell you in a second how
+that relates to gravity-- well,
+
+I guess I'll tell you now.
+
+It's related to the
+gravitational acceleration
+
+by g is equal to minus
+the gradient of phi,
+
+and gradient of phi is
+something that you probably all
+
+learned in 802, but I'll
+write down the formula anyway.
+
+It's equal to i hat, a unit
+vector in the x direction,
+
+times the derivative
+of phi with respect
+
+to x, plus j hat, a unit
+vector in the y direction,
+
+times the partial of
+phi with respect to y,
+
+plus k hat times the partial
+of phi with respect to z.
+
+And once one defines this
+gravitational potential,
+
+one can write down
+the differential form
+
+of the Gauss's
+law, which becomes
+
+what's called
+Laplace's equation.
+
+And it says the
+del squared phi is
+
+equal to 4 pi times
+Newton's constant times rho,
+
+where rho is the mass density.
+
+And this is called
+Laplace's equation,
+
+and if you're given
+the mass density,
+
+it allows you to find the
+gravitational potential,
+
+and then you can
+take its gradient,
+
+and that determines what g is.
+
+And it's equivalent to the
+other formulations of gravity.
+
+But it gives us another
+test of Newton's claim
+
+that you could have a
+homogeneous distribution
+
+of matter, and no
+gravitational forces.
+
+If there are no
+gravitational forces,
+
+then g would have to be zero,
+as we said a minute ago,
+
+and this formulation
+of g is zero,
+
+that implies the
+gradient of phi is zero.
+
+If we look at the formula for
+the gradient, it's a vector.
+
+For the vector to be zero,
+each of the three components
+
+has to be zero, and
+therefore the derivative
+
+of phi with respect
+to x has to vanish,
+
+the derivative of phi with
+respect to y has to vanish,
+
+the derivative of phi with
+respect to z has to vanish,
+
+that means phi has to
+be constant everywhere,
+
+it has no derivative
+with respect
+
+to any spacial coordinate.
+
+So if g vanishes,
+the gradient of phi
+
+vanishes, and phi is a
+constant throughout space.
+
+And if phi is a constant
+throughout space,
+
+now we can look
+at this formula--
+
+and I forgot to write down
+the definition of del squared.
+
+Del squared phi is defined to
+be the second derivative of phi
+
+with respect to x squared, plus
+the second derivative of phi
+
+with respect to y squared, plus
+the second derivative of phi
+
+with respect to z squared.
+
+So if phi is a
+constant everywhere,
+
+as it would have to be if there
+were no gravitational forces,
+
+then one can see immediately
+from this equation
+
+that del squared phi
+would have to be zero,
+
+and one can see
+from this equation
+
+that rho would have
+to be zero, there
+
+would have to be
+no mass density.
+
+But Newton wanted to
+have a non-zero mass
+
+density, the matter
+of the universe spread
+
+out uniformly over
+an infinite space.
+
+So this is another demonstration
+that Newton's argument
+
+was inconsistent.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry,
+what does phi represent?
+
+PROFESSOR: Phi is really
+defined by these equations,
+
+it's defined, really,
+by this equation.
+
+The name is that it's the
+gravitational potential.
+
+AUDIENCE: Potential.
+
+PROFESSOR: And its
+physical meaning
+
+is simply that it
+gives you another way
+
+of writing what g is.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any other questions?
+
+OK, so the conclusion seems
+to be that Newton has not
+
+gotten the right answer,
+here, but we still
+
+have to analyze Newton's
+argument a little bi
+
+more carefully, to see
+exactly where he went wrong.
+
+So, the next thing
+I want to talk about
+
+is the ambiguity associated with
+trying to add up the Newtonian
+
+gravitational
+forces, as Newton was
+
+thinking, for an
+infinite universe.
+
+I mentioned that the real
+problem with Newton's
+
+calculation is that the quantum
+he was calculating actually
+
+diverges, and you have to
+be more careful about trying
+
+to calculate it
+in a reliable way.
+
+So to make this
+clear, I want to begin
+
+by giving an example of this
+general notion of integrals
+
+that give ambiguous values.
+
+And I want to define just a
+couple of mathematical terms.
+
+I want to consider
+just-- again, starting
+
+talking about general functions,
+and when integrals are well
+
+defined and when they're not.
+
+I want to imagine that we just
+have some arbitrary function
+
+f of x where x would not
+just be one variable.
+
+We'll generalize this to
+three dimensions, which
+
+is the case that we'll
+be interested in,
+
+but we'll start by talking
+in terms of one variable.
+
+If we have a function
+f of x, we can
+
+discuss what I'll
+call I sub 1, which
+
+is the integral, from
+minus infinity to infinity,
+
+of f of x dx.
+
+This is exactly the
+kind of integral
+
+that you're thinking
+of when we wanted
+
+to-- thinking about adding up
+all the gravitational forces
+
+acting on a given body.
+
+Now I want to consider the
+case where I1 is finite.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I need to first define more
+carefully what I mean by I1.
+
+OK, to even define what you mean
+by this minus v to infinity,
+
+you should say something
+a little bit more precise.
+
+So we could define I1 a
+little bit more precisely,
+
+and I'll call this I1
+prime, for clarity.
+
+This will really
+just be a clearer way
+
+of describing what
+one probably meant
+
+when one wrote the first line.
+
+We can define the integral
+from minus infinity
+
+to infinity as the limit,
+as some quantity L goes
+
+to infinity, of the integral
+from minus L to L of f of x dx.
+
+So this says to do the
+integral from minus L to L,
+
+and if we assume f of
+x is itself finite,
+
+this is always finite.
+
+I will assume f of
+x itself is finite,
+
+we'll only worry about the
+convergence of the integral.
+
+So for any given L, this is
+a number, then you can ask,
+
+does this number approach a
+limit as L goes to infinity?
+
+And if it does, you say that's
+the value of this integral.
+
+That just defines what
+we mean by the integral
+
+from minus infinity to infinity.
+
+I want to now consider the
+case where that exists.
+
+So consider the case where
+I1 prime is-- I'll write
+
+is less than infinity, meaning
+it has some finite value.
+
+The limit as L goes
+to infinity exists.
+
+But now, I want
+to also consider--
+
+and I'll move on to
+the next blackboard--
+
+to consider this-- consider
+an integral that I'll call I2,
+
+for future reference,
+which is just
+
+defined to be the integral from
+minus infinity to infinity.
+
+Defined as the same kind
+of limit that we used here,
+
+but I won't rewrite it.
+
+I'll just assume that the
+integral from minus infinity
+
+to infinity means that limit.
+
+But I want to consider the
+integral from minus infinity
+
+to infinity of the absolute
+value of f of x dx.
+
+And now I want to
+introduce some terminology.
+
+If I2 is less than
+infinity, if it converges,
+
+then I1 is called
+absolutely convergent.
+
+So absolutely convergent
+means that it would converge,
+
+even if you had
+absolute value signs.
+
+Conversely, this
+I2 is divergent--
+
+and I'll just write that
+as I2 equals infinity,
+
+if that limit does not exist,
+if its a divergent integral.
+
+But remember, we
+assumed I1 did exist,
+
+so I1 still converges, but
+it's called conditionally
+
+convergent.
+
+So if an integral
+converges, but the integral
+
+of the absolute value of that
+same client does not converge,
+
+that's the case that's called
+conditional convergence.
+
+And the moral of
+the story, that I'll
+
+be beginning to tell you now,
+is that conditionally convergent
+
+integrals are very dangerous.
+
+What makes them dangerous
+is that they're not really
+
+well defined.
+
+You can get any value
+you want by adding up
+
+the integrand in
+different orders.
+
+As long as you stick to
+a particular order, which
+
+is how we define the symbol,
+you will get a unique answer,
+
+but if, for example, you
+just shift your origin,
+
+you can get a
+different answer, which
+
+is something you
+don't usually expect.
+
+You usually think of
+just integrating over
+
+the whole real line,
+it doesn't matter
+
+what you took to be
+the center of the line.
+
+So things become much
+less well defined
+
+when one is discussing
+conditionally
+
+convergent integrals.
+
+And before we get to
+the particular integral
+
+that we're really
+interested in, which
+
+is trying to add up the
+gravitational forces of
+
+and infinite distribution of
+matter, which I'll get to,
+
+I'm going to give you an example
+of a very simple function that
+
+just illustrates this ambiguity,
+that the integral converges,
+
+but is not absolutely
+convergent.
+
+You can get any answer
+you want by adding it
+
+in different orders-- adding
+up the pieces of the integral
+
+in different orders.
+
+So let me consider an
+example-- and this is just
+
+to illustrate the ambiguity--
+the example I'll consider
+
+will be a function f of x, which
+is defined to equal plus 1 if x
+
+is greater than zero, and minus
+one if x is less than zero.
+
+And I have neglected
+to specify what
+
+happens if x is
+exactly equal to zero,
+
+but when you integrate,
+that doesn't matter.
+
+A single point never matters.
+
+So you could measure
+it's anything
+
+you want at x equals zero,
+it won't change anything
+
+you're going to be saying.
+
+Let me draw a graph of this.
+
+f of x versus x.
+
+I'll put plus 1 there,
+and minus 1 there.
+
+The function is plus 1.
+
+Maybe I have a little
+bit of colored chalk
+
+here to draw the function.
+
+The function is plus 1 for
+all positive values of x,
+
+and minus one for all
+negative values of x.
+
+And there's the function.
+
+And if we integrate
+it symmetrically,
+
+following this
+definition of what
+
+we mean by integrating from
+minus infinity to infinity,
+
+we do get a perfect
+cancellation.
+
+When you integrate
+from minus L to L,
+
+we get zero, because you
+get a perfect cancellation
+
+between the negative parts
+and the positive parts.
+
+And then if you take the
+limit as L goes to infinity,
+
+the limit of zero is zero.
+
+There's not really any
+ambiguity to that statement.
+
+So in the order specified,
+this has unique integral,
+
+which is zero.
+
+But, it depends on how you've
+chosen to add things up.
+
+In particular, if you
+just change your origin,
+
+and integrate starting moving
+outward from the new origin,
+
+you'll get a different
+answer, and that's
+
+what I want to illustrate next.
+
+Suppose-- suppose we
+consider the limit
+
+as L goes to infinity, we'll
+pick the limit the same way,
+
+but instead of integrating
+from minus L to L,
+
+we can integrate from a minus
+L to a plus L of f of x dx.
+
+Now this is really
+the same integral,
+
+we've just basically
+changed our origin
+
+by integrating from a outwards.
+
+In the special
+case a equals zero,
+
+it's exactly the same
+as what we did before,
+
+but if a is non-zero, it
+means that our integral
+
+is centered about x equals
+a, instead of centered
+
+about x equals zero.
+
+So we can draw that
+on the blackboard.
+
+If we let a be over
+here, our integral
+
+will go from a minus
+L, and that will
+
+be to the left of
+distance L, you
+
+will extend to a plus L,
+which will be to the right
+
+by distance L. The
+integral defined
+
+by the equation on the
+blackboard at the left
+
+will correspond to that
+region of integration.
+
+And the specification is that we
+should do that interval first,
+
+and then take the limit
+as L goes to infinity,
+
+and see what we get.
+
+It's easy to see
+what we will get.
+
+Once L is bigger
+than a, you can see
+
+that the answer won't change
+any more, as we make L bigger.
+
+As you make L bigger,
+we will always
+
+be adding a certain amount
+of minus 1 on the left,
+
+and certain amount-- the same
+amount of plus 1 on the right,
+
+and they will cancel each
+other once L is bigger than a.
+
+And we don't care about
+small l, because we're
+
+only interested in taking
+the limit of large L,
+
+but we should look
+at what happens
+
+when L equals a, and then
+from any bigger value of L
+
+will give us exactly
+the same number.
+
+And when L equals
+a, the integral
+
+will go from 0 up to
+2a-- a plus L which
+
+is a equals L, so that's 2a.
+
+So the integral will be
+only on the positive side,
+
+and we'll have a
+length of 2a, and that
+
+means the integral will
+be 2a, because we're just
+
+integrating one from 0 to 2a.
+
+And that will be what we get
+for any bigger value of L
+
+also, because as we
+increase L, as I said,
+
+we just get a cancellation
+between adding more plus 1
+
+on the right, and adding
+more minus 1 on the left.
+
+So this limit has a
+perfectly well defined value,
+
+which is 2a.
+
+And a is just where we
+chose to start integrating,
+
+so a could be anything.
+
+We could choose a
+to be anything we
+
+want if we're free to
+integrate in any order.
+
+So we can get any
+answer we want,
+
+if we're free to
+integrate in any order,
+
+to add up the pieces of
+this integral in the order
+
+that we choose.
+
+And that is a
+fundamental ambiguity
+
+of conditionally
+convergent integrals.
+
+And what we'll
+see is that trying
+
+to add up the force on a
+particle in an infinite mass
+
+distribution is
+exactly this kind
+
+of conditionally
+convergent integral.
+
+And that's why you get
+any answer you want,
+
+and it doesn't
+really mean anything
+
+unless you do things
+very carefully.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's move on.
+
+We only have a few
+minutes left, which
+
+I guess means I will
+set up this calculation,
+
+but not quite get the answer,
+and we'll continue next time.
+
+I actually have some
+diagrams here on my slides.
+
+What I want to do now,
+is calculate the force
+
+on some particle in an
+infinite mass distribution,
+
+and show you that I can
+get different answers,
+
+depending on what
+order I add things up.
+
+I will add things up in a
+definite order at each stage,
+
+so I will get a definite answer
+at each stage, though I'll
+
+get different answers, depending
+on what ordering I choose.
+
+So, we're going
+to start by trying
+
+to calculate-- and the only
+thing [? of interest, ?]
+
+actually, in calculating
+the gravitational force
+
+on some point, p in an
+infinite distribution of mass.
+
+Mass fills the slide, and
+everything, out to infinity.
+
+And we're going to add up
+that mass in contributions
+
+that are specified.
+
+And for our first
+calculation, we're
+
+going to add up the
+forces for masses
+
+that are defined in
+concentric shells, where we're
+
+going to take the
+innermost shell first,
+
+then the second shell,
+then the third shell,
+
+going outward from the center.
+
+In that case, it's easy to see
+that the force on p calculated
+
+in that order of
+integration is 0,
+
+because every shell has
+p exactly at the center,
+
+and by symmetry, it
+has to cancel exactly.
+
+In fact, we know-- and we'll
+use this fact shortly--
+
+that the gravitational field
+of a shell, inside the shell,
+
+is exactly zero-- Newton
+figured this out--
+
+and outside the shell, the
+gravitational field of a shell
+
+looks exactly the same as the
+gravitational field of a point
+
+mass located at the
+center of the shell
+
+with the same total mass.
+
+So we're going to be
+using those facts.
+
+And clearly those facts
+indicate that, for this case,
+
+the answer is 0.
+
+P equals 0.
+
+Now we're going to consider a
+more complicated case-- going
+
+too far, here, don't want
+to tell you the answer yet--
+
+this more complicated case,
+we're going to still calculate
+
+the force at the
+point p, but we're
+
+going to choose concentric
+spherical shells
+
+which are centered around
+a different point, q.
+
+So q just defines
+the shells that we're
+
+going to use for
+adding things up,
+
+and we're still going to add up
+all the shells out to infinity,
+
+so we're going to be
+adding up the force on p
+
+due to the entire infinite
+mass distribution,
+
+but we'll be taking
+those contributions
+
+in a different
+order, because we're
+
+going to be ordering it
+according to shells that
+
+are all centered on q, starting
+with the innermost, and then
+
+the second, and then
+the third, and so on.
+
+Now in this case, we can first
+talk about the contribution
+
+of the shaded region, which are
+all the shells around q which
+
+have radii which are less
+than the distance to p.
+
+For all of these shells,
+p lies outside the shell.
+
+And therefore all
+of those shells
+
+act just like a point mass,
+with the same total mass
+
+concentrated at q, the
+center of all those spheres.
+
+So the mass that's
+in the shaded region
+
+will give a contribution
+to the force
+
+at p, which is just equal
+to the force of the mass
+
+given by the same total mass
+the point q, located at q.
+
+On the other hand,
+all the shells outside
+
+will be shells for
+which p is inside.
+
+P is no longer at the
+center of those shells,
+
+but Newton figured out, and
+I'll assume that we all believe,
+
+it doesn't matter.
+
+Inside the spherical shell,
+the gravitational force
+
+is zero anywhere,
+no matter how close
+
+you are to the boundaries.
+
+It just cancels out perfectly.
+
+As you get closer
+to one boundary,
+
+you might think you'd be
+pulled toward that boundary,
+
+but-- let me just tell you
+what's happening here--
+
+as you get closer
+to one boundary,
+
+it is true that the
+force pulling you
+
+towards the particular particles
+at the boundary get stronger,
+
+because it's 1 over r
+squared, but as you get close
+
+to this boundary, there's
+more mass on this side,
+
+because all the mass
+except for a little sliver
+
+is on the other side.
+
+And those two effects
+cancel out exactly.
+
+So the force on a
+particle inside a shell
+
+is exactly zero, as you can
+prove very easily by the way,
+
+from the Gauss's law of
+formulation of gravity.
+
+And therefore, the outer
+shells give no contribution.
+
+So we've completely
+calculated now the force at p
+
+is just equal to the force
+due to the shaded mass.
+
+It's just given by
+that simple formula,
+
+it's g times the total
+mass, divided by b squared,
+
+that would be it's
+distance between q and p.
+
+And it's non-zero.
+
+So you get 0 or non-zero
+answer, depending
+
+on what ordering you
+chose for adding up
+
+the pieces of the mass
+that are going to make up
+
+this infinite distribution.
+
+And furthermore, this answer
+could be anything you want,
+
+because I could let
+b be anything I want.
+
+And this answer depends
+on b, and becomes
+
+arbitrarily large in
+magnitude as b gets bigger.
+
+The mass grows like b cubed.
+
+It might look like
+it falls with b,
+
+but actually it grows with b.
+
+And we could get a
+point in any direction,
+
+by choosing q on any side
+we want of p, so we can get,
+
+really, any answer
+we want by using
+
+this particular way of
+adding up the masses.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, although we
+can get any answer we want,
+
+every answer [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Every
+answer, say again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like every
+single one of those
+
+answers corresponds to a setup.
+
+I mean like the g
+equals 0, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well the
+reason it's a problem
+
+is that these shells
+don't really exist.
+
+We're just thinking
+about these shells.
+
+The shells only
+determine what order
+
+we are going to use for adding
+up the different contributions.
+
+The matter is just
+uniformly distributed
+
+and there's no shells present.
+
+The shells are purely
+a mental construct,
+
+which should not
+affect the answer.
+
+This is not part of the
+physical system at all.
+
+The shells only
+reflect the order
+
+that we have used to
+add up the masses.
+
+So we'll stop there.
+
+If anybody has questions,
+we can talk after class,
+
+and we can talk more about
+the question at the beginning
+
+of the next class, but
+class is over for now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4CkWjk40TBY.txt b/4CkWjk40TBY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e4bf52d076b57585f96facfc311d498cbdc496a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4CkWjk40TBY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now go through another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now go through another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now go through another example
+which will be a little more challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a little more challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a little more challenging
+we're going to revisit an old problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to revisit an old problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to revisit an old problem we
+have a coin that has an unknown bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coin that has an unknown bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coin that has an unknown bias
+theta and we have a prior distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and we have a prior distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and we have a prior distribution
+on this theta we fix some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this theta we fix some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this theta we fix some positive
+integer and we flip a coin and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and we flip a coin and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and we flip a coin and times
+that has this unknown bias and we record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this unknown bias and we record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this unknown bias and we record
+the number of heads on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads on the basis of the
+number of heads that have been observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads that have been observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads that have been observed
+we wish to estimate the bias theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to estimate the bias theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to estimate the bias theta of
+the coin to make things more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin to make things more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin to make things more concrete
+we're going to assume a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume a prior
+distribution on theta that is uniform on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on theta that is uniform on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on theta that is uniform on
+the unit interval now this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit interval now this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit interval now this is a problem
+that we have considered before we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have considered before we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have considered before we have
+calculated the expected value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the expected value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the expected value of theta
+given X and we did find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X and we did find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X and we did find that the
+expected value takes this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value takes this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value takes this particular
+form now notice that this is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now notice that this is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now notice that this is a linear
+function of X and if it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and if it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and if it turns out that
+the least mean square system ATAR is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least mean square system ATAR is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least mean square system ATAR is a
+linear function of X then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of X then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of X then we're
+guaranteed since this is the best that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed since this is the best that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed since this is the best that
+this is also the best within the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also the best within the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also the best within the class
+of linear estimators so we immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear estimators so we immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear estimators so we immediately
+have the conclusion that the linear list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conclusion that the linear list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conclusion that the linear list
+min squares estimator is this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min squares estimator is this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min squares estimator is this particular
+function of X so there's not much left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X so there's not much left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X so there's not much left
+to do on the other hand just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on the other hand just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on the other hand just for
+practice let us derive this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice let us derive this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice let us derive this answer
+directly from the formulas that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the formulas that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the formulas that we have
+for the linear list min squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the linear list min squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the linear list min squares
+estimator and see whether we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and see whether we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and see whether we're going to
+get the same answer so we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same answer so we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same answer so we want to use
+this formula and in order to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and in order to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and in order to apply this
+formula all that we have to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula all that we have to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula all that we have to do is to
+calculate these expected values this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these expected values this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these expected values this
+variance and this covariance so now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this covariance so now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this covariance so now let
+us move on to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us move on to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us move on to this particular
+calculational exercise let us start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculational exercise let us start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculational exercise let us start by
+writing down what we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down what we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down what we know about the
+random variables involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables involved in this
+problem about theta we know that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about theta we know that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about theta we know that it is
+uniform and so that it has a mean of 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and so that it has a mean of 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and so that it has a mean of 1/2
+and the variance of 1 over 12 about X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of 1 over 12 about X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of 1 over 12 about X
+what we know is the following if you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is the following if you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is the following if you fix
+the bias of the coin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias of the coin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias of the coin the
+and the number of heads you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of heads you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of heads you are going to
+obtain in n flips has a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain in n flips has a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain in n flips has a binomial
+distribution with parameters and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with parameters and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with parameters and then
+theta but of course theta itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta but of course theta itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta but of course theta itself is a
+random variable so for this reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so for this reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so for this reason this
+is a conditional distribution but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a conditional distribution but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a conditional distribution but within
+the conditional universe we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional universe we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional universe we know the
+mean and the variance of a binomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the variance of a binomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the variance of a binomial and
+they are as follows the mean of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as follows the mean of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as follows the mean of a
+binomial is n times the bias of the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial is n times the bias of the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial is n times the bias of the coin
+but because we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we're talking about the
+conditional universe this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe this is a
+conditional expectation and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation and it's a
+random variable because it's affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable because it's affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable because it's affected by
+the value of the random variable theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the random variable theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the random variable theta
+and similarly for the variance it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the variance it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the variance it's the
+usual formula for the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual formula for the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual formula for the variance of a
+binomial except that now the bias itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial except that now the bias itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial except that now the bias itself
+is a random variable so now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable so now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable so now let us
+continue with the calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the calculation of the
+quantities that we need for the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we need for the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we need for the formula
+for our estimator let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our estimator let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our estimator let's start with the
+expected value of x since we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x since we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x since we know the
+conditional expectation of X we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of X we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of X we can use
+the law of iterated expectations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of iterated expectations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of iterated expectations the
+unconditional expectation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expectation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional expectation is the
+expected value of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the conditional
+expectation which is n times theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation which is n times theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation which is n times theta and
+since the mean of theta is 1/2 we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the mean of theta is 1/2 we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the mean of theta is 1/2 we obtain
+n over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2
+let us now continue with the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now continue with the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now continue with the calculation
+of the variance there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variance there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variance there are different ways
+that we can calculate it one could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can calculate it one could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can calculate it one could be
+the law of total variance but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of total variance but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of total variance but we will
+take the alternative approach which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the alternative approach which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the alternative approach which is
+to use the general formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the general formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the general formula for the
+variance that the variance is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that the variance is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that the variance is equal to
+the expected value of the square of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the square of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the square of a
+random variable minus the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable minus the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable minus the square of the
+expected value we know the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value we know the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value we know the expected
+value of x so all that's left is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x so all that's left is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x so all that's left is to
+calculate the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected value of x
+squared how are we going to calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared how are we going to calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared how are we going to calculate it
+well we know the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know the conditional
+distribution of X so it should be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X so it should be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X so it should be easy
+to calculate the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the conditional expectation
+of x squared in the conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared in the conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared in the conditional universe
+and then use the law of iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the law of iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the law of iterated
+expectations to obtain the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to obtain the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to obtain the unconditional
+expectation so now we need to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so now we need to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so now we need to calculate
+this conditional expectation here how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional expectation here how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional expectation here how do
+we do it the expected value of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it the expected value of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it the expected value of a square
+of a random variable is always equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable is always equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable is always equal to
+the variance of that random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of that random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of that random variable
+plus the square of the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the square of the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the square of the expected value
+we're going to use this property but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this property but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this property but
+we're going to use it in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use it in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use it in the conditional
+universe so in the conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe so in the conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe so in the conditional universe
+this is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to the
+variance in the conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the conditional universe
+which is n times theta times 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n times theta times 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n times theta times 1 minus
+theta plus the square of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus the square of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus the square of the expected
+value of x but the expected value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x but the expected value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x but the expected value in the
+conditional universe which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe which is this
+quantity n times theta so we obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity n times theta so we obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity n times theta so we obtained
+another term and squared theta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term and squared theta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term and squared theta squared
+so now we can go back to our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can go back to our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can go back to our previous
+calculation and write here the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and write here the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and write here the expected
+value of this expression which is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this expression which is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this expression which is n
+times theta and then we have some theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times theta and then we have some theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times theta and then we have some theta
+squared terms one is N squared the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms one is N squared the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms one is N squared the other
+is a minus end so we obtain plus N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus end so we obtain plus N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus end so we obtain plus N
+squared minus n theta squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus n theta squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus n theta squared the
+expected value of n times theta is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of n times theta is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of n times theta is n
+times the expected value of theta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the expected value of theta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the expected value of theta which
+is 1/2 so we obtain a factor of n over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/2 so we obtain a factor of n over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/2 so we obtain a factor of n over 2
+but then we have this additional term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have this additional term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have this additional term
+here we need the expected value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need the expected value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need the expected value of theta
+squared what is it well since we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared what is it well since we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared what is it well since we know
+the mean and the variance of theta we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean and the variance of theta we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean and the variance of theta we
+can calculate the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the expected value of
+theta squared it is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squared it is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta squared it is equal to the
+variance plus the square of the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance plus the square of the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance plus the square of the mean and
+this evaluates to one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evaluates to one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evaluates to one-third
+so from here we're going to obtain plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here we're going to obtain plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here we're going to obtain plus
+N squared minus n divided by three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared minus n divided by three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared minus n divided by three and
+you can rewrite this term in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite this term in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite this term in a different
+way by collecting first the N terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by collecting first the N terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by collecting first the N terms and
+over two minus n over three this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two minus n over three this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two minus n over three this gives
+us n over six and then there's the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us n over six and then there's the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us n over six and then there's the N
+squared term which is N squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term which is N squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term which is N squared over
+three now that we found the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now that we found the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now that we found the expected
+value of x squared we can go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared we can go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared we can go back to
+this calculation we have n over six plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation we have n over six plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation we have n over six plus
+N squared over three minus the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared over three minus the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared over three minus the square of
+the expected value of x which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x which is this
+expression here so we obtain minus N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here so we obtain minus N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here so we obtain minus N
+squared over four 1/3 minus 1/4 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over four 1/3 minus 1/4 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over four 1/3 minus 1/4 that
+makes 112 so we obtain n over six plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 112 so we obtain n over six plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 112 so we obtain n over six plus n
+squared over 12 or another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 12 or another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 12 or another way of
+writing this is n times n plus 2 over 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this is n times n plus 2 over 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this is n times n plus 2 over 12
+and this completes the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this completes the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this completes the calculation of
+the variance of X the last quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of X the last quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of X the last quantity
+that's left for us to calculate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left for us to calculate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left for us to calculate is the
+covariance of theta with X we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of theta with X we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of theta with X we're going
+to calculate it using the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate it using the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate it using the alternative
+formula for the covariance which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the covariance which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the covariance which is the
+expectation of the product minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product minus the
+product of the expectations we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the expectations we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the expectations we have the
+expectations but we do not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations but we do not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations but we do not have the
+expectation of the product so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product so we need to
+calculate it once more it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it once more it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it once more it's going to be
+the same trick we're going to condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same trick we're going to condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same trick we're going to condition
+on theta and then use the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta and then use the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta and then use the law of
+iterated expectations so the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations so the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations so the law of
+iterated expectations when you condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations when you condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations when you condition
+on theta takes this form and to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta takes this form and to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta takes this form and to continue
+here we need to find this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need to find this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need to find this conditional
+expectation in the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in the inside
+this conditional expectation what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional expectation what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional expectation what is it
+if I give you theta then you know theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you theta then you know theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you theta then you know theta
+it is becoming now a constant there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is becoming now a constant there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is becoming now a constant there's
+nothing random to it so it can be pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random to it so it can be pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random to it so it can be pulled
+outside the expectation and we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation and we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation and we obtain
+theta times the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta times the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta times the conditional expectation
+of X we know what the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we know what the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we know what the conditional
+expectation of X is it's n times theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is it's n times theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is it's n times theta
+so from here we obtain overall term n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here we obtain overall term n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here we obtain overall term n
+times theta squared so now we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times theta squared so now we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times theta squared so now we can go
+back here we have the expected value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here we have the expected value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here we have the expected value and
+the term in the inside we just found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term in the inside we just found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term in the inside we just found it
+it's n times theta squared and since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n times theta squared and since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n times theta squared and since the
+expected value of theta squared is 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta squared is 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta squared is 1/3
+from here we obtain n over 3 and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we obtain n over 3 and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we obtain n over 3 and now we
+can go back finally to the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back finally to the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back finally to the calculation
+of the covariance it's going to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the covariance it's going to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the covariance it's going to be n
+over 3 minus the expected value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 minus the expected value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 minus the expected value of theta
+which is 1/2 times the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1/2 times the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1/2 times the expected value of
+x which is n over 2 so it's minus n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x which is n over 2 so it's minus n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x which is n over 2 so it's minus n over
+4 and this evaluates to n over 12 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and this evaluates to n over 12 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and this evaluates to n over 12 so we
+have succeeded in calculating all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded in calculating all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded in calculating all the
+quantities that are needed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are needed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are needed in the
+formula for the linear lists mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the linear lists mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the linear lists mean
+squares estimator we can now take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator we can now take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator we can now take those
+values that we have just found and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that we have just found and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that we have just found and
+substitute them in this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute them in this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute them in this formula and
+after a little bit of algebra and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a little bit of algebra and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a little bit of algebra and moving
+terms around everything simplifies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms around everything simplifies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms around everything simplifies to
+this expression just to verify that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression just to verify that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression just to verify that this
+makes sense what is the coefficient next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense what is the coefficient next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense what is the coefficient next
+to X its the covariance divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X its the covariance divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X its the covariance divided by the
+variance and over 12 divided by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and over 12 divided by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and over 12 divided by this
+expression this n cancels that n with 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this n cancels that n with 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this n cancels that n with 12
+cancels that 12 were left with an N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels that 12 were left with an N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels that 12 were left with an N plus
+2 in the denominator and indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the denominator and indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the denominator and indeed the
+coefficient that multiplies X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that multiplies X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that multiplies X is the
+term n plus 2 in the denominator and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term n plus 2 in the denominator and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term n plus 2 in the denominator and you
+can similarly verify that the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can similarly verify that the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can similarly verify that the constant
+term as well is the correct one so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term as well is the correct one so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term as well is the correct one so of
+course this answer is what we had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this answer is what we had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this answer is what we had found
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the past to be the optimal the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past to be the optimal the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past to be the optimal the least
+mean squares estimator of X as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squares estimator of X as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squares estimator of X as we
+discussed earlier when this is linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier when this is linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier when this is linear in
+X it has to be the same as the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it has to be the same as the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it has to be the same as the linear
+least mean squares estimator so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least mean squares estimator so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least mean squares estimator so this
+answer is not a surprise but it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not a surprise but it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not a surprise but it was an
+interesting and perhaps useful exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and perhaps useful exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and perhaps useful exercise
+to go through the details of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the details of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the details of this
+calculation to see what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to see what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to see what it takes to
+figure out the different terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the different terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the different terms in this
+formula
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4DmYVsqRbPg.txt b/4DmYVsqRbPg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81761bc75badd24b281f52a6cd214239fdb983d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4DmYVsqRbPg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here's my public disclaimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's my public disclaimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's my public disclaimer
+that will go on the video so that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go on the video so that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go on the video so that no one
+will judge you for having only had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will judge you for having only had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will judge you for having only had one
+day to do this project they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to do this project they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to do this project they will be
+amazed at how much you got done so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed at how much you got done so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed at how much you got done so we're
+gonna present and no one's project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna present and no one's project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna present and no one's project is
+completely finished so don't stress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely finished so don't stress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely finished so don't stress this
+is a thing that you had one day to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing that you had one day to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing that you had one day to do
+and you will have three days and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have three days and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have three days and a
+weekend to do the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend to do the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend to do the next one
+so this is just a practice run because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a practice run because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a practice run because
+next Friday you'll have a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Friday you'll have a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Friday you'll have a much bigger
+project and we'll invite other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we'll invite other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we'll invite other people so
+here is about supporting and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about supporting and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about supporting and learning
+from each other's process and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other's process and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other's process and learning
+about what things you had success with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what things you had success with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what things you had success with
+and what things you didn't so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what things you didn't so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what things you didn't so if
+somebody was able to implement a lien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was able to implement a lien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was able to implement a lien
+then afterward you go hey how did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then afterward you go hey how did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then afterward you go hey how did you do
+that lien can I have your scripts or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lien can I have your scripts or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lien can I have your scripts or if
+somebody had a cool gesture or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a cool gesture or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a cool gesture or if
+somebody had a nice video game animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a nice video game animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a nice video game animation
+where like something grew and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like something grew and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like something grew and something
+did something in response to the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something in response to the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something in response to the growth
+you can ask them how they implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask them how they implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask them how they implemented
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4HRhg4eUiMo.txt b/4HRhg4eUiMo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcb3f6ae0b9b032a9142d1a142a9617b2f218dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4HRhg4eUiMo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13824 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu talking about tests and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu talking about tests and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu talking about tests and to
+be fair we spend most of our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair we spend most of our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair we spend most of our time
+talking about new jargon that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about new jargon that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about new jargon that we're
+using but the main goal is to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using but the main goal is to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using but the main goal is to take a
+binary decision yes and no all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary decision yes and no all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary decision yes and no all right so
+just so that we're clear uh and we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that we're clear uh and we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that we're clear uh and we make
+sure that uh we all speak the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that uh we all speak the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that uh we all speak the same
+language Let me just remind you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language Let me just remind you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language Let me just remind you what the
+key words are uh for test right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key words are uh for test right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key words are uh for test right so the
+first thing is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is that we
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+in Theta KN and Theta 1 both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Theta KN and Theta 1 both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Theta KN and Theta 1 both are
+included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in
+Theta and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and they're
+disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint
+okay so I have my set of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have my set of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have my set of possible
+parameters and then I have Theta KN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and then I have Theta KN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and then I have Theta KN is
+here Theta one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Theta one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Theta one is
+here and there might be something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there might be something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there might be something that I
+leave out okay and um so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out okay and um so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out okay and um so what we're
+doing is we have two hypothesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we have two hypothesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we have two hypothesis so
+here's our hypothesis testing problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our hypothesis testing problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our hypothesis testing problem
+and it's h0 Theta belongs to Theta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's h0 Theta belongs to Theta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's h0 Theta belongs to Theta 0
+versus H1 Theta belongs to Theta 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus H1 Theta belongs to Theta 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus H1 Theta belongs to Theta 1 this
+this guy was called the null and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was called the null and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was called the null and this
+guy was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alternative and why we give him special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and why we give him special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and why we give him special
+names is because we saw that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names is because we saw that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names is because we saw that they have
+an asymmetric role the null represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetric role the null represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetric role the null represents
+the status quo and data is here to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status quo and data is here to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status quo and data is here to bring
+evidence against this guy and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence against this guy and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence against this guy and we can
+really never conclude that h0 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really never conclude that h0 is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really never conclude that h0 is true
+because all we could conclude is that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we could conclude is that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we could conclude is that H
+H1 is not true okay or uh or or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 is not true okay or uh or or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 is not true okay or uh or or may not
+be true okay so um so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true okay so um so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true okay so um so that was the first
+thing the second thing was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the second thing was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the second thing was the uh
+hypothesis the third thing is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis the third thing is what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis the third thing is what is a
+test well s it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistic and it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data and it Maps it into uh zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it Maps it into uh zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it Maps it into uh zero or one
+okay and I didn't really mention it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I didn't really mention it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I didn't really mention it but
+there's something such as called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something such as called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something such as called
+randomized test which is well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized test which is well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized test which is well if I
+cannot really make a decision I might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really make a decision I might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really make a decision I might as
+well flip a coin uh that tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well flip a coin uh that tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well flip a coin uh that tends to be
+biased but that's really I mean think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased but that's really I mean think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased but that's really I mean think
+about it in practice you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in practice you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in practice you probably don't
+want to make decisions based on flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make decisions based on flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make decisions based on flipping
+a coin and so what people typically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin and so what people typically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin and so what people typically do
+this is happening typically at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening typically at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening typically at one
+specific value so rather than flipping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value so rather than flipping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value so rather than flipping a
+coin for this very specific value what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin for this very specific value what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin for this very specific value what
+people typically do is they say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically do is they say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically do is they say okay I'm
+going to side with h zero because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to side with h zero because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to side with h zero because that's
+the most conservative choice I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most conservative choice I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most conservative choice I can make
+right so in a way they think of flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in a way they think of flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in a way they think of flipping
+this coin but always falling on head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coin but always falling on head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coin but always falling on head
+say all right so Associated to this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right so Associated to this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right so Associated to this test
+was uh something called well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh something called well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh something called well the
+rejection region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RI which is just the set of data X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RI which is just the set of data X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RI which is just the set of data X1
+xn such that P of X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn such that P of X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn such that P of X1
+xn is equal to one so that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is equal to one so that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is equal to one so that means we
+reject H zero when the test is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject H zero when the test is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject H zero when the test is one and
+those are the set of data points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the set of data points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the set of data points that
+actually are going to lead me to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are going to lead me to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are going to lead me to uh to
+reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test okay then the things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test okay then the things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test okay then the things that were
+actually slightly a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly a little more
+important and really peculiar to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and really peculiar to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and really peculiar to to
+tests specific to tests were the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests specific to tests were the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests specific to tests were the type
+one and type two error all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and type two error all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and type two error all right so the
+type one error arises when uh uh so type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error arises when uh uh so type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error arises when uh uh so type
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+error is when uh you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is when uh you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is when uh you uh
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas uh uh a zero is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh uh a zero is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh uh a zero is correct
+and the type two error is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite so it's failed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+whereas H1 is correct H is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas H1 is correct H is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas H1 is correct H is correct
+yeah okay so those are the two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so those are the two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so those are the two types of
+Errors you can make and we quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors you can make and we quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors you can make and we quantify
+their probability of type one error all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their probability of type one error all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their probability of type one error all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+Alpha is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the probability
+ility so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability of type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error so p is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so p is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so p is just the
+probability for Theta that SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for Theta that SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for Theta that SI
+Rejects and that's for defined for Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rejects and that's for defined for Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rejects and that's for defined for Theta
+n Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Theta
+KN all right so for different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN all right so for different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN all right so for different values of
+theta not right so h0 being correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta not right so h0 being correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta not right so h0 being correct
+means there exist a Theta in Theta Z for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there exist a Theta in Theta Z for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there exist a Theta in Theta Z for
+which that actually is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that actually is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that actually is the right
+distribution right so for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so for different
+values of theta I might make different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta I might make different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta I might make different
+errors okay so if you think for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay so if you think for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay so if you think for example
+about uh the coin example if uh if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the coin example if uh if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the coin example if uh if I'm
+testing if um the coin is biased towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing if um the coin is biased towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing if um the coin is biased towards
+heads or biased towards Tails right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads or biased towards Tails right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads or biased towards Tails right so
+if I'm testing whether p is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm testing whether p is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm testing whether p is larger than
+1 half or less than 1 half then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half or less than 1 half then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half or less than 1 half then when the
+true P let's say h Zer is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true P let's say h Zer is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true P let's say h Zer is larger than
+1/2 when p is equal to one it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 when p is equal to one it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 when p is equal to one it's actually
+very difficult for me to make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for me to make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for me to make a mistake
+right because I only see heads okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I only see heads okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I only see heads okay so
+when p is getting closer to 1/2 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when p is getting closer to 1/2 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when p is getting closer to 1/2 I'm
+going to start making more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start making more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start making more and more
+probability there okay and so the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there okay and so the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there okay and so the type
+two error so that's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error so that's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error so that's the probability of
+type two is denoted by Beta s and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two is denoted by Beta s and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two is denoted by Beta s and it's
+the function well that does the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function well that does the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function well that does the opposite
+and this time is defined for Theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time is defined for Theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time is defined for Theta in
+Theta KN in Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta KN in Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta KN in Theta
+1 okay and finally we Define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and finally we Define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and finally we Define some
+something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power uh Pi of s and this time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh Pi of s and this time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh Pi of s and this time this is
+actually a number and so this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a number and so this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a number and so this number is
+uh is equal to the maximum over Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to the maximum over Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to the maximum over Theta
+and Theta KN I mean that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta KN I mean that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta KN I mean that could be a
+supremum but think of it as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum but think of it as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum but think of it as being a
+maximum of P Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of P Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of P Theta of
+uh SI is equal sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh SI is equal sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh SI is equal sorry
+um that's in zero right uh give one sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's in zero right uh give one sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's in zero right uh give one sec
+so no that's uh sorry that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Min okay so uh this is not making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min okay so uh this is not making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min okay so uh this is not making a
+mistake right Theta not is in h in Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake right Theta not is in h in Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake right Theta not is in h in Theta
+one so Theta is in Theta one and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so Theta is in Theta one and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so Theta is in Theta one and I I
+conclude one so this is a good thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude one so this is a good thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude one so this is a good thing I
+want this number to be large and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this number to be large and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this number to be large and I'm
+looking at the worst house what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the worst house what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the worst house what is the
+smallest value this number can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value this number can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value this number can
+be okay so what I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so what I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so what I want to show you a
+little bit is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit is a picture
+okay so now I'm going to take Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm going to take Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm going to take Theta and
+think of it as being P okay so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being P okay so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being P okay so I'm going
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+P okay for some Burn only experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay for some Burn only experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay for some Burn only experiment so
+P can range between zero and one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P can range between zero and one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P can range between zero and one that's
+for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+okay and what I'm going to try to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I'm going to try to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I'm going to try to test
+is whether p is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether p is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether p is less
+than2 or larger than 1/2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 or larger than 1/2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 or larger than 1/2 okay
+so this is going to be let's say Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be let's say Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be let's say Theta
+KN and this guy here is Theta 1 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and this guy here is Theta 1 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and this guy here is Theta 1 just
+trying to give you a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give you a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give you a picture of what
+those guys are okay so I have my y- Axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are okay so I have my y- Axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are okay so I have my y- Axis
+now I'm going to start drawing numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to start drawing numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to start drawing numbers
+all these things this function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things this function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things this function this
+function and this number are all numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this number are all numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this number are all numbers
+between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I'm claiming that um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm claiming that um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm claiming that um so when
+I move from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move from left to
+right what is my uh um probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is my uh um probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is my uh um probability of
+rejecting going to do okay so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting going to do okay so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting going to do okay so what I'm
+going to plot is the probability under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot is the probability under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot is the probability under
+Theta the first thing I want to plot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the first thing I want to plot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the first thing I want to plot is
+the probability under Theta that uh uh p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability under Theta that uh uh p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability under Theta that uh uh p
+is equal to one okay and let's say p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one okay and let's say p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one okay and let's say p
+think of p as being just um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of p as being just um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of p as being just um you know
+this uh indicator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh indicator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh indicator that
+um uh square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh square root of n
+uh xn bar minus p over < TK xn bar 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xn bar minus p over < TK xn bar 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xn bar minus p over < TK xn bar 1 -
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+bar is larger than some constant C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is larger than some constant C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is larger than some constant C for
+appropriately chosen C okay so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately chosen C okay so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately chosen C okay so what we
+choose is that C is in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose is that C is in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose is that C is in such a way that
+at 1/2 when we're testing for 1/2 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1/2 when we're testing for 1/2 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1/2 when we're testing for 1/2 what
+we wanted was this number to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted was this number to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted was this number to be equal to
+um Alpha basically okay so we fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alpha basically okay so we fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alpha basically okay so we fix this
+Alpha number so that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha number so that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha number so that this guy
+so if I want SI Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want SI Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want SI Alpha
+of of uh Theta less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh Theta less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh Theta less than
+Alpha given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha given in
+advanced so think of it as being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced so think of it as being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced so think of it as being equal
+to say 5% so I'm fixing this number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say 5% so I'm fixing this number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say 5% so I'm fixing this number and
+I want this to be controlled for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to be controlled for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to be controlled for all
+Theta and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KN okay so if you're going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN okay so if you're going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN okay so if you're going to give me
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+budget well I'm actually going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget well I'm actually going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget well I'm actually going to make
+it equal where I can okay if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal where I can okay if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal where I can okay if you're
+telling me you can make it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me you can make it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me you can make it equal to
+Alpha we know that if I increase my type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha we know that if I increase my type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha we know that if I increase my type
+one error I'm going to decrease my type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one error I'm going to decrease my type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one error I'm going to decrease my type
+two error right if I start putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error right if I start putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error right if I start putting
+everyone in jail or if I start letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in jail or if I start letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in jail or if I start letting
+everyone go free right that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone go free right that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone go free right that's what we're
+discussing last time so since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing last time so since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing last time so since we have
+the straight off and you're giving me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight off and you're giving me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight off and you're giving me a
+budget for one guy I'm just going to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget for one guy I'm just going to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget for one guy I'm just going to Max
+it out okay and where am I going to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out okay and where am I going to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out okay and where am I going to Max
+it out exactly at one half at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out exactly at one half at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out exactly at one half at the
+boundary okay so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5%
+okay so what I know is that since Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I know is that since Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I know is that since Alpha
+of theta is less than Alpha for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta is less than Alpha for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta is less than Alpha for all
+Theta in Theta KN sorry that's for Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in Theta KN sorry that's for Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in Theta KN sorry that's for Theta
+KN right that's where Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN right that's where Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN right that's where Alpha is
+defined so for Theta and Theta I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so for Theta and Theta I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so for Theta and Theta I know
+that my function is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my function is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my function is going to look like
+this it's going to be somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be somewhere in this
+rectangle everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle everybody
+agrees okay so this function for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees okay so this function for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees okay so this function for this
+guy is going to look like this when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is going to look like this when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is going to look like this when I'm
+at zero when p is equal to zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero when p is equal to zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero when p is equal to zero which
+means I only observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I only observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I only observe
+zeros that I know that P is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that I know that P is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that I know that P is going to be
+zero and I will certainly not conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I will certainly not conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I will certainly not conclude
+that P is equal to one right this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P is equal to one right this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P is equal to one right this test
+will never conclude that P is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never conclude that P is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never conclude that P is equal to
+one sorry that was uh yeah that P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sorry that was uh yeah that P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sorry that was uh yeah that P is
+equal to uh that P is larer than 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh that P is larer than 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh that P is larer than 1 half
+just because xn bar is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because xn bar is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because xn bar is going to be equal
+to zero okay well this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay well this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay well this is actually not
+well defined uh so maybe I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined uh so maybe I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined uh so maybe I need to do
+something uh put it equal to zero if xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh put it equal to zero if xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh put it equal to zero if xn
+bar is equal to zero so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is equal to zero so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is equal to zero so I guess
+basically I get something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get something which is
+negative and so it's never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so it's never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so it's never going to be
+larger than what I want and so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than what I want and so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than what I want and so here I'm
+actually starting get zero so now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starting get zero so now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starting get zero so now this
+is this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function
+here that increases I mean it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that increases I mean it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that increases I mean it should
+increase like smoothly this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase like smoothly this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase like smoothly this function
+here is Alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Alpha of
+theta or Alpha of P let's say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta or Alpha of P let's say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta or Alpha of P let's say because
+we're talking about P okay then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about P okay then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about P okay then it
+reaches Alpha here now when I go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches Alpha here now when I go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches Alpha here now when I go on the
+other side I'm actually looking at beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side I'm actually looking at beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side I'm actually looking at beta
+right when I'm on Theta one the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I'm on Theta one the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I'm on Theta one the function
+that matter is the probability of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter is the probability of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter is the probability of type
+two error which is beta and this beta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error which is beta and this beta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error which is beta and this beta s
+is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase so bit UPS is what well bit UPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so bit UPS is what well bit UPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so bit UPS is what well bit UPS
+should also sorry that's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also sorry that's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also sorry that's the probability
+of being equal to Alpha so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being equal to Alpha so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being equal to Alpha so what I'm
+going to do is I'm going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to look at the
+probability of rejecting okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of rejecting okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of rejecting okay so let me
+draw this function all the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this function all the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this function all the way it's
+going to look like this okay now here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this okay now here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this okay now here if
+I look at this function here or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this function here or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this function here or here
+this is the probability under Theta that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability under Theta that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability under Theta that
+SI is equal to one okay and we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is equal to one okay and we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is equal to one okay and we just said
+that in this Reg region this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this Reg region this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this Reg region this function is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+alphi in that region it's not called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphi in that region it's not called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphi in that region it's not called
+Alpha it's not called anything this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's not called anything this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha it's not called anything this is
+the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of
+rejection okay so it's not an error it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection okay so it's not an error it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection okay so it's not an error it's
+actually what you should be doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you should be doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you should be doing what
+we're looking at in this region is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at in this region is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at in this region is one
+minus this guy right we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this guy right we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this guy right we're looking at
+the probability of not rejecting so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of not rejecting so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of not rejecting so I
+need to actually basically look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually basically look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually basically look at one
+minus this thing which here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this thing which here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this thing which here is going to
+be 95% so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+95% and uh uh this is my uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% and uh uh this is my uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% and uh uh this is my uh probability
+and I'm just basically drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just basically drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just basically drawing the
+symmetric of this guy okay so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric of this guy okay so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric of this guy okay so this here
+is the probability under Theta that SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability under Theta that SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability under Theta that SI
+is equal to zero which is 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero which is 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero which is 1 minus P
+Theta that SI is equal to one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that SI is equal to one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that SI is equal to one right so
+it's just one minus the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one minus the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one minus the white
+curve okay and it's actually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and it's actually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and it's actually by
+definition equal to bet up SI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+okay now where do I read pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ey what is p pipes s on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture is ppsi a number or a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a number right it's the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number right it's the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number right it's the minimum of
+a function what is this function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function what is this function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function what is this function it's
+the probability under Theta that Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability under Theta that Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability under Theta that Theta
+is equal to one I drew this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one I drew this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one I drew this entire
+function for between Theta 0 and Theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for between Theta 0 and Theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for between Theta 0 and Theta 1
+right I drew this is this entire white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I drew this is this entire white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I drew this is this entire white
+curve this is this probability now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve this is this probability now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve this is this probability now I'm
+saying look at the smallest value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look at the smallest value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look at the smallest value this
+probability can take on the set Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can take on the set Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can take on the set Theta
+one what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this guy this is where my Pi this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy this is where my Pi this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy this is where my Pi this thing
+here is pii and so it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5% that's for this particular test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% that's for this particular test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% that's for this particular test
+because this test has sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this test has sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this test has sort of a
+continuous curve for this p and so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous curve for this p and so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous curve for this p and so if I
+want to make sure that I'm at 5% when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that I'm at 5% when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that I'm at 5% when I
+come to the right of theta zero if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the right of theta zero if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the right of theta zero if it
+touches Theta one then I better have 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches Theta one then I better have 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches Theta one then I better have 5%
+on the other side if the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side if the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side if the function is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+basically if this function is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if this function is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if this function is increasing
+which will be the case for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be the case for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be the case for most
+tests then what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests then what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests then what's going to happen is
+that and and continuous then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and continuous then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and continuous then what's
+going to happen is that the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the level of the
+test which is Alpha is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test which is Alpha is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test which is Alpha is actually going to
+be equal to the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the power of the
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+okay now there's something I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's something I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's something I didn't
+mention and you know I'm just mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention and you know I'm just mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention and you know I'm just mentioning
+it Passive by here I Define the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Passive by here I Define the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Passive by here I Define the power
+itself this function this entire white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this function this entire white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this function this entire white
+curve here is actually called the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function this thing that's the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this thing that's the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this thing that's the entire
+white curve and what you could have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white curve and what you could have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white curve and what you could have is
+tests that have the entire curve which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that have the entire curve which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that have the entire curve which
+is dominated by another test right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominated by another test right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominated by another test right so
+here if I look at this test and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I look at this test and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I look at this test and let's
+assume I can build another test that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I can build another test that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I can build another test that has
+this curve let's say it's uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but then here it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay what is the power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the power of this
+test it's the same it's 5% because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it's the same it's 5% because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it's the same it's 5% because this
+point touches here exactly at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point touches here exactly at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point touches here exactly at the same
+point however for any other value than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point however for any other value than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point however for any other value than
+the worst possible this guy is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible this guy is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible this guy is doing
+better than this guy can you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this guy can you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this guy can you see that
+having a curve higher on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a curve higher on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a curve higher on the right hand
+side is a good thing because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a good thing because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a good thing because it means
+that you tend to reject more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tend to reject more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tend to reject more
+when you're actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually in
+H1 okay so this guy is definitely better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 okay so this guy is definitely better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 okay so this guy is definitely better
+than this guy and so what we say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this guy and so what we say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this guy and so what we say in this
+case is that the test with the dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that the test with the dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that the test with the dash line
+is uniformly most more powerful than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformly most more powerful than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformly most more powerful than the
+other test but we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other test but we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other test but we're not going to go
+into those details because basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those details because basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those details because basically all
+the tests that we will describe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests that we will describe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests that we will describe are
+already the most powerful ones okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the most powerful ones okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the most powerful ones okay in
+particular this guy is there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this guy is there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this guy is there's no such
+thing all the other guys you can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all the other guys you can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all the other guys you can come up
+with are going to actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are going to actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are going to actually be
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh we saw a couple tests and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we saw a couple tests and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we saw a couple tests and we
+saw how to pick this threshold and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how to pick this threshold and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how to pick this threshold and we
+Define those two things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah because you're given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah because you're given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah because you're given this
+budget of 5% right so in this Paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of 5% right so in this Paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of 5% right so in this Paradigm
+where you're given the actually any if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're given the actually any if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're given the actually any if
+if the if the dash line was this dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the dash line was this dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the dash line was this dash
+line I would still be happy I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I would still be happy I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I would still be happy I mean I
+don't care what this thing does here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what this thing does here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what this thing does here as
+long as it's below 5% but here I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's below 5% but here I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's below 5% but here I'm going
+to try to discover right think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to discover right think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to discover right think about
+again the drug Discovery example you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the drug Discovery example you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the drug Discovery example you're
+trying to find let's say you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find let's say you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find let's say you're a
+scientist and you're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and you're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and you're trying to prove
+that your drug Works what do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your drug Works what do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your drug Works what do you want to
+see well FDA puts on your on you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well FDA puts on your on you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well FDA puts on your on you this
+constraint that your type one error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that your type one error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that your type one error
+should your probability of type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should your probability of type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should your probability of type one
+error should never exceed 5% you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error should never exceed 5% you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error should never exceed 5% you're
+going to work under this assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work under this assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work under this assumption but
+what you're going to do is going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is going to try
+to find a test that will make you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a test that will make you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a test that will make you find
+something as often as possible and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as often as possible and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as often as possible and so
+you're going to Max this constraint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to Max this constraint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to Max this constraint of
+5% and then you're going to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and then you're going to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and then you're going to try to make
+this curve this curve that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve this curve that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve this curve that means that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+basically this number here for any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this number here for any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this number here for any point
+here is the probability that you publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the probability that you publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the probability that you publish
+your paper right that's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper right that's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper right that's the probability
+that you're Mark you can release to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're Mark you can release to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're Mark you can release to
+Market your drug that's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market your drug that's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market your drug that's the probability
+that it works right and so you want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works right and so you want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works right and so you want this
+curve to be as high as possible you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to be as high as possible you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to be as high as possible you want
+to you know make sure that that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know make sure that that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know make sure that that if
+there's evidence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence in the
+data that H1 is the truth you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that H1 is the truth you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that H1 is the truth you want to
+squeeze as much of this evidence as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze as much of this evidence as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze as much of this evidence as
+possible and the test that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the test that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the test that has the
+highest possible curve is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest possible curve is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest possible curve is the most
+powerful one now you have to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful one now you have to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful one now you have to also
+understand that having two curves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that having two curves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that having two curves that
+are on top of each other completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on top of each other completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on top of each other completely
+everywhere is a rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere is a rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere is a rare
+phenomenon right it's not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon right it's not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon right it's not always the
+case that there is a test that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that there is a test that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that there is a test that's
+uniformly more powerful than any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly more powerful than any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly more powerful than any other
+test it might be that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it might be that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it might be that you have some
+tradeoff that it might be better here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff that it might be better here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff that it might be better here
+but then you're losing power here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you're losing power here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you're losing power here maybe
+it's I mean things like this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I mean things like this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I mean things like this well
+actually maybe it should not go down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe it should not go down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe it should not go down but
+let's say it goes like this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it goes like this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it goes like this and then
+maybe this guy goes like this right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this guy goes like this right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this guy goes like this right then
+you know you have to basically make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to basically make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to basically make an
+educated gu whether you think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated gu whether you think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated gu whether you think that the
+Theta you're going to find is here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you're going to find is here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you're going to find is here or
+it's here and then you pick your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here and then you pick your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here and then you pick your
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+okay any other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so the green curve is exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the green curve is exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the green curve is exactly right
+so that's beta SI of theta so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's beta SI of theta so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's beta SI of theta so it's the
+it's really the type two error and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the type two error and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the type two error and it's
+defined only here right so here it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined only here right so here it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined only here right so here it's not
+uh it's not a definition it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a definition it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a definition it's really
+just a I'm just mapping it to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a I'm just mapping it to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a I'm just mapping it to this point
+right so it's defined only here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's defined only here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's defined only here and it's
+the probability of type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of type two
+ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER
+okay so here it's pretty large right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it's pretty large right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it's pretty large right I'm
+making it basically as large as I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it basically as large as I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it basically as large as I I
+could because I'm at the boundary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could because I'm at the boundary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could because I'm at the boundary and
+that means at the boundary since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at the boundary since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at the boundary since the
+status quo is H zero I'm always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo is H zero I'm always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo is H zero I'm always going to
+go for AG zero if I don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for AG zero if I don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for AG zero if I don't have any
+evidence which means that what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence which means that what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence which means that what's going
+to pay it's the type two error that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay it's the type two error that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay it's the type two error that's
+going to basically pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically pay
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other
+question all right so let's move on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so let's move on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so let's move on okay
+so um did we do this no I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um did we do this no I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um did we do this no I think we
+stopped here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped here
+right did I I didn't cover that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did I I didn't cover that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did I I didn't cover that part
+okay so as I said in this Paradigm we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I said in this Paradigm we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I said in this Paradigm we're
+going to actually fix this guy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually fix this guy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually fix this guy to be
+something and this thing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and this thing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and this thing is actually
+called the level of the test I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the level of the test I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the level of the test I'm sorry
+this is again more words actually good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again more words actually good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again more words actually good
+news is that we split into two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is that we split into two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is that we split into two lectures
+so we have you know what is a test what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have you know what is a test what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have you know what is a test what
+is it a hypothesis what is a what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a hypothesis what is a what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a hypothesis what is a what is the
+null what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null what is the
+alternative what is the type one error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative what is the type one error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative what is the type one error
+what is the type two error and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the type two error and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the type two error and now I'm
+telling you there's another thing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you there's another thing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you there's another thing so we
+defined the power which was some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the power which was some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the power which was some sort of
+a lure bound on the on the or it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lure bound on the on the or it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lure bound on the on the or it's one
+minus the upper bound on the type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the upper bound on the type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the upper bound on the type two
+error basically uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error basically uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error basically uh and
+so it's alternative so that's the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's alternative so that's the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's alternative so that's the power
+is the smallest probability of rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the smallest probability of rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the smallest probability of rejecting
+when you're in the null and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in the null and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in the null and it's
+alternative when you're in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative when you're in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative when you're in in in in
+Theta one right so that's my power I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta one right so that's my power I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta one right so that's my power I
+looked here and I looked at the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked here and I looked at the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked here and I looked at the smallest
+value and I can look at this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I can look at this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I can look at this side and
+say well what is the largest probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what is the largest probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what is the largest probability
+that I make a type one error okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I make a type one error okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I make a type one error okay and
+this largest probability is the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this largest probability is the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this largest probability is the level of
+the test okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so this is
+Alpha equal by definition to uh um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equal by definition to uh um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equal by definition to uh um the
+maximum for Theta and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum for Theta and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum for Theta and Theta
+KN of alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN of alpha of
+theta okay so here I just put the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay so here I just put the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay so here I just put the level
+itself as you can see here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as you can see here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself as you can see here it
+essentially says that if I'm of level 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially says that if I'm of level 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially says that if I'm of level 5%
+I'm also of level 10% I'm also of level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also of level 10% I'm also of level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also of level 10% I'm also of level
+15% so here it's really an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% so here it's really an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% so here it's really an upper bound
+whatever you guys wanted to take this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you guys wanted to take this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you guys wanted to take this is
+what it is but as we said if this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but as we said if this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but as we said if this number
+is five is 4.5% you're losing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five is 4.5% you're losing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five is 4.5% you're losing in your
+type two here so if you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two here so if you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two here so if you're allowed to
+have if this maximum here is 4.5% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if this maximum here is 4.5% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if this maximum here is 4.5% and
+FDA told you you can go to 5% you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA told you you can go to 5% you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA told you you can go to 5% you're
+losing in your type two Earth so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing in your type two Earth so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing in your type two Earth so you
+actually want to make sure that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to make sure that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to make sure that this is
+the 5% that's given to you okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5% that's given to you okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5% that's given to you okay so the
+way it works is that you give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is that you give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is that you give me the
+alpha then I'm going to go back pick C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha then I'm going to go back pick C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha then I'm going to go back pick C
+that depends on Alpha here so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on Alpha here so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on Alpha here so that this
+thing is actually equal to 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so uh of course in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so uh of course in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so uh of course in many
+instances we do not know the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances we do not know the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances we do not know the probability
+we do not know how to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know how to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know how to compute the
+probability of type 1 error right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of type 1 error right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of type 1 error right this
+is a maximum value for the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a maximum value for the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a maximum value for the probability
+of type 1 error we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type 1 error we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type 1 error we don't know how to
+compute it I mean it might be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it I mean it might be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it I mean it might be a very
+complicated random variable maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated random variable maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated random variable maybe it's a
+weird binomial we could compute it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird binomial we could compute it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird binomial we could compute it but
+it would be painful but what we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be painful but what we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be painful but what we know how
+to compute it's it's ASM totic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute it's it's ASM totic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute it's it's ASM totic value
+just because of the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the central limit
+theorem convergence and distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem convergence and distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem convergence and distribution
+tells me that the probability of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the probability of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the probability of type
+one error is basically basically going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one error is basically basically going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one error is basically basically going
+towards the probability that some gaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the probability that some gaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the probability that some gaan
+is in some region okay and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some region okay and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some region okay and so we're
+going to compute not the level itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute not the level itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute not the level itself
+but the ASM totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level okay and that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay and that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay and that's basically the
+limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity uh of alpha s of theta and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh of alpha s of theta and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh of alpha s of theta and then
+I'm going to make the max here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how am I going to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how am I going to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how am I going to compute this
+well if I take a test that has rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I take a test that has rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I take a test that has rejection
+region of the form t n because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the form t n because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the form t n because it
+depends on the data right that's TN of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the data right that's TN of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the data right that's TN of
+X1 xn my observations larger than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 xn my observations larger than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 xn my observations larger than some
+numberers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numberers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numberers
+C okay of course I can almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay of course I can almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay of course I can almost always
+write test like that except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write test like that except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write test like that except that
+sometimes there going to be an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there going to be an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there going to be an absolute
+value which essentially means I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which essentially means I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which essentially means I'm going
+away from some value maybe actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from some value maybe actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from some value maybe actually I'm
+less than something but I can always put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than something but I can always put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than something but I can always put
+a negative sign in front of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative sign in front of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative sign in front of everything
+so this is not without much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not without much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not without much of
+generality right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+includes something that looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes something that looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes something that looks like you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um something is uh larger than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something is uh larger than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something is uh larger than a
+constant right so that means which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so that means which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so that means which is
+equivalent to well let me write it as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to well let me write it as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to well let me write it as um
+t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh
+Q okay because then that means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay because then that means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay because then that means that uh
+uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's
+TN but this actually encompasses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN but this actually encompasses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN but this actually encompasses the
+fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qn is larger than C or qn is less than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn is larger than C or qn is less than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn is larger than C or qn is less than C
+then minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus
+C uh so that includes this guy that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh so that includes this guy that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh so that includes this guy that also
+includes uh qn less than C because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes uh qn less than C because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes uh qn less than C because this
+is equivalent to qn is larger than minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to qn is larger than minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to qn is larger than minus
+C minus qn is and so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus qn is and so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus qn is and so that's going to be
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+TN right so I can actually uh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN right so I can actually uh I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN right so I can actually uh I can
+actually encode several type of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encode several type of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encode several type of things
+okay rejection regions that so here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rejection regions that so here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rejection regions that so here in
+this case I have a rejection region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I have a rejection region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I have a rejection region that
+looks like this or a rejection region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this or a rejection region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this or a rejection region
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+this or rejection region that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or rejection region that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or rejection region that looks like
+this okay and here I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and here I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and here I don't really
+presented for the whole data but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented for the whole data but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented for the whole data but maybe
+for the average for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the average for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the average for
+example or the normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average okay so if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so if I write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um then the yeah and in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the yeah and in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the yeah and in this case this
+TN that shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is called test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistic I mean this is sort of uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic I mean this is sort of uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic I mean this is sort of uh I
+mean this is not like set in stone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is not like set in stone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is not like set in stone here
+for example Q could be the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Q could be the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Q could be the test
+statistics it doesn't have to be minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics it doesn't have to be minus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics it doesn't have to be minus Q
+itself that's the test statistic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's the test statistic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's the test statistic right
+so what is the test statistic well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the test statistic well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the test statistic well it's
+what you're going to build from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to build from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to build from your
+data and then compare to some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then compare to some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then compare to some fixed
+value all right so in the example we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right so in the example we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right so in the example we had
+here what is our test statistic well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is our test statistic well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is our test statistic well
+it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy right this was our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy right this was our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy right this was our test
+statistic okay and is this thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and is this thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and is this thing a
+statistic what is what are the criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic what is what are the criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic what is what are the criteria
+for a statistic what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistic I know you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer yeah it's a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah it's a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah it's a measurable function
+of the data that does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data that does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data that does not depend on the
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+is this guy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistic let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again when I implemented the test what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when I implemented the test what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when I implemented the test what
+did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I
+do I was able to compute my test my test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I was able to compute my test my test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I was able to compute my test my test
+did not depend on some unknown parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not depend on some unknown parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not depend on some unknown parameter
+how did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we do
+it we just plugged in 0. five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we just plugged in 0. five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we just plugged in 0. five
+here remember that was the value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember that was the value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember that was the value for
+which which we computed it because under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we computed it because under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we computed it because under
+H Zer that was the value we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Zer that was the value we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Zer that was the value we're
+seeing and if if Theta 0 is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and if if Theta 0 is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and if if Theta 0 is actually an
+entire set I'm just going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set I'm just going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set I'm just going to take the
+value that's the closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's the closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's the closest to
+H1 we'll see that in a second I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 we'll see that in a second I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 we'll see that in a second I mean I
+did not guarantee that to you but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not guarantee that to you but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not guarantee that to you but just
+taking the worse type one error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the worse type one error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the worse type one error and
+bounded it by Alpha is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded it by Alpha is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded it by Alpha is equivalent to
+taking p and taking the value of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking p and taking the value of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking p and taking the value of P
+that's the closest to the uh to H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest to the uh to H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest to the uh to H to
+Theta 1 which is completely intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 which is completely intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 which is completely intuitive
+right the worst type one error is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the worst type one error is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the worst type one error is going
+be attained for the P that's the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attained for the P that's the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attained for the P that's the closest
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+alternative so even if the altern even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative so even if the altern even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative so even if the altern even
+if the null is actually just an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the null is actually just an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the null is actually just an entire
+set it's as if it was just the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's as if it was just the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's as if it was just the point
+that's the closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest to the
+alternative okay so now we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative okay so now we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative okay so now we can compute
+this because there's no unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's no unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's no unknown
+parameters that shows up we replace P by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that shows up we replace P by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that shows up we replace P by
+0.5 and so that was our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and so that was our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and so that was our test
+statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+okay so when you're building a test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you're building a test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you're building a test you
+want to First build a test statistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to First build a test statistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to First build a test statistic and
+then uh and then see what threshold you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then see what threshold you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then see what threshold you
+should be getting okay so now uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting okay so now uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting okay so now uh let's
+go back uh to our example uh where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back uh to our example uh where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back uh to our example uh where we
+want to uh have uh we have X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh have uh we have X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh have uh we have X1
+xn their I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn their I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn their I
+ID burnly p and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID burnly p and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID burnly p and I want to
+test if p is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if p is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if p is 1
+12 versus P not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 versus P not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 versus P not equal
+to2 which as I said is what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 which as I said is what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 which as I said is what you want to
+do if you want to test if if uh if um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you want to test if if uh if um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you want to test if if uh if um um
+a coin is fair okay and so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin is fair okay and so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin is fair okay and so here I'm
+going to build a test statistic and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a test statistic and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a test statistic and we
+concluded last time that what do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded last time that what do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded last time that what do we want
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+statistic we want it to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic we want it to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic we want it to have a
+distribution which under the null does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which under the null does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which under the null does
+not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the
+parameters a distribution that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters a distribution that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters a distribution that I can
+actually compute quental of all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute quental of all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute quental of all right so
+what we did is we said well if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we said well if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we said well if I look at
+the central limit theorem tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central limit theorem tells me that
+root n xnar minus P divid by so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n xnar minus P divid by so if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n xnar minus P divid by so if I do
+central limit theum Plus lety for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theum Plus lety for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theum Plus lety for
+example I'm going to have square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roots okay and we've had this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots okay and we've had this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots okay and we've had this discussion
+whether we want to use or not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we want to use or not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we want to use or not here
+but let's assume we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's assume we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's assume we're taking
+wherever we can so this thing tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we can so this thing tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we can so this thing tells me
+that by the central limit theorem as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the central limit theorem as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the central limit theorem as n
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+Infinity this thing converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this thing converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this thing converges in
+distribution to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to some
+n01 okay now as we said this guy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 okay now as we said this guy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 okay now as we said this guy is not
+something we know but under the null we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we know but under the null we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we know but under the null we
+actually know it and we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know it and we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know it and we can actually
+replace it by one half so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by one half so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by one half so this thing
+holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds
+under a zero when I write under a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a zero when I write under a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a zero when I write under a zero
+it means when this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means when this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means when this is the
+truth okay so now I have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth okay so now I have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth okay so now I have something that
+converges to something that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to something that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to something that has no
+dependence on anything I don't know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on anything I don't know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on anything I don't know and
+in particular if you have any statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you have any statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you have any statistics
+textbook which you don't because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook which you don't because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook which you don't because I
+didn't require one you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't require one you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't require one you should be
+thankful because this things cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful because this things cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful because this things cost
+$350 um this thing actually if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$350 um this thing actually if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$350 um this thing actually if you look
+at the back you actually have a a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back you actually have a a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back you actually have a a um a
+table for a standard Gan I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for a standard Gan I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for a standard Gan I could have
+anything else here I could have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else here I could have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else here I could have an
+exponential distribution I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution I could have a
+I don't know a uh well we'll see the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know a uh well we'll see the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know a uh well we'll see the K
+Square distribution in a minute right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distribution in a minute right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distribution in a minute right
+any distribution from which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any distribution from which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any distribution from which you can
+actually see a table that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see a table that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see a table that somebody
+actually computed this thing for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computed this thing for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computed this thing for which
+you can actually draw the PD F and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually draw the PD F and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually draw the PD F and start
+Computing whatever probability you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing whatever probability you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing whatever probability you want
+on them then this is what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them then this is what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them then this is what you want to
+see at the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at the right hand
+side okay this is any distribution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay this is any distribution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay this is any distribution it's
+called pivotal right I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pivotal right I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pivotal right I think we've
+mentioned that before pivotal means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that before pivotal means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that before pivotal means it
+does not depend on anything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on anything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on anything that you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+know and maybe it's easy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and maybe it's easy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and maybe it's easy to compute
+those things probably typically you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things probably typically you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things probably typically you need
+a computer to simulate them for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer to simulate them for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer to simulate them for you
+because Computing probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Computing probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Computing probabilities for
+gaussin is not an easy thing we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussin is not an easy thing we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussin is not an easy thing we don't
+know how to solve those integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve those integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve those integrals
+exactly we have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we have to do it
+numerically okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to do this test my test statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do this test my test statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do this test my test statistic
+will be declared to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be declared to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be declared to be
+what well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reject if what is larger than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number the absolute value of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the absolute value of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the absolute value of this guy
+okay so my test statistic is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my test statistic is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my test statistic is going to
+beunk of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus5 /un of xn bar one - xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar that's my test statistic absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's my test statistic absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's my test statistic absolute
+value of this guy because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this guy because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this guy because I want to
+reject either when this guy is too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject either when this guy is too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject either when this guy is too large
+or when this guy is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when this guy is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when this guy is too
+small right I I don't know ahead whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right I I don't know ahead whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right I I don't know ahead whether
+I'm going to CP larger than half or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to CP larger than half or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to CP larger than half or less
+than2 so now I need to compute C such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 so now I need to compute C such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 so now I need to compute C such
+that the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TN is lower than C so that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN is lower than C so that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN is lower than C so that's what that's
+the probability under P which is unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability under P which is unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability under P which is unknown
+I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this
+probability to be less than some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be less than some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be less than some level
+Alpha ASM totically okay so I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha ASM totically okay so I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha ASM totically okay so I want the
+limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy to be less than Alpha and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to be less than Alpha and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to be less than Alpha and that's the
+level of my test so that's the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level okay so I want this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay so I want this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay so I want this thing to
+happen now what I know is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit actually I should say given ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic
+okay so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing well okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well okay that's the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+that something that looks like under P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that looks like under P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that looks like under P
+so under P this guy so what I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under P this guy so what I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under P this guy so what I know is
+that TN isun of n minus xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TN isun of n minus xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TN isun of n minus xn
+barus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barus
+.5 / squ of xn bar 1 - xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 / squ of xn bar 1 - xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 / squ of xn bar 1 - xn
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exceeds okay is this true that as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds okay is this true that as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds okay is this true that as n goes
+to Infinity this probability is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity this probability is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity this probability is the same
+as the probability that the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probability that the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probability that the absolute
+value of a gan exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a gan exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a gan exceeds
+C of a standard Gan is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true yeah the absolute so so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah the absolute so so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah the absolute so so you're
+saying that this as n becomes large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this as n becomes large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this as n becomes large
+enough this should be the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this should be the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this should be the probability
+that some absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some absolute value of
+n01 exceeds C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 exceeds C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 exceeds C
+right so I claim that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I claim that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I claim that this is not
+correct can tell somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct can tell somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct can tell somebody tell me
+why even in the limit it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct so what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see exactly right so we picked this 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly right so we picked this 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly right so we picked this 0
+five here but this is for any P right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here but this is for any P right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here but this is for any P right
+but what is the only p i can get so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the only p i can get so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the only p i can get so what
+I want is that this is true for all p in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want is that this is true for all p in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want is that this is true for all p in
+Theta KN but the only p P that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta KN but the only p P that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta KN but the only p P that's in
+Theta KN is actually p is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta KN is actually p is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta KN is actually p is equal
+to.5 so yes what you said was true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to.5 so yes what you said was true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to.5 so yes what you said was true but
+it required to specify P to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it required to specify P to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it required to specify P to be equal to
+0.5 so this in general is not true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so this in general is not true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so this in general is not true but
+it happens to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be true
+if P belongs to th not which is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P belongs to th not which is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P belongs to th not which is strictly
+equivalent to P is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to P is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to P is equal to
+0.5 right because theeta KN is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 right because theeta KN is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 right because theeta KN is really
+just this one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one point
+0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+okay so now this becomes true and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this becomes true and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this becomes true and so
+what I need to do is to find C such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to do is to find C such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to do is to find C such that
+this guy is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I mean just let's just follow right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean just let's just follow right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean just let's just follow right
+so I want this to be less than Alpha but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want this to be less than Alpha but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want this to be less than Alpha but
+then we see that this was equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that this was equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that this was equal to this
+which is equal to this so all I want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to this so all I want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to this so all I want is
+that this guy is less than Alpha but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy is less than Alpha but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy is less than Alpha but we
+said we might as well just make it equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we might as well just make it equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we might as well just make it equal
+to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha
+if you allow me to make it as big as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow me to make it as big as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow me to make it as big as I
+want as long as it's less than Alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as long as it's less than Alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as long as it's less than Alpha so
+so this is a true statement but it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a true statement but it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a true statement but it's if
+under this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'm going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to set
+it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal to
+Alpha and then I'm going to try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and then I'm going to try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and then I'm going to try to solve
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I'm looking for is a c such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm looking for is a c such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm looking for is a c such
+that if I draw a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I draw a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I draw a standard
+Gan okay so that's PDF of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan okay so that's PDF of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan okay so that's PDF of some
+n01 I want the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 I want the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 I want the probability that the
+absolute value of my Gan exceeding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of my Gan exceeding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of my Gan exceeding this
+guy so that means being either here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that means being either here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that means being either here or
+here so that's minus C and C I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's minus C and C I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's minus C and C I want the
+sum of those two things to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two things to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two things to be equal to
+Alpha okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want the
+sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas to
+equal Alpha so by symmetry each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Alpha so by symmetry each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Alpha so by symmetry each of them
+should be equal to Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and so what I'm looking for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so what I'm looking for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so what I'm looking for is
+C such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C such that the
+probability that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my
+n01 exceeds C which is just this area to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 exceeds C which is just this area to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 exceeds C which is just this area to
+the right now equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right now equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right now equals
+Alpha which is equivalent to taking C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha which is equivalent to taking C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha which is equivalent to taking C
+which is Q Alpha over equals Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Q Alpha over equals Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Q Alpha over equals Alpha over
+2 and that's Q Alpha over 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that's Q Alpha over 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and that's Q Alpha over 2 by
+definition of q Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of q Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of q Alpha
+that's just what Q Alpha two is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what Q Alpha two is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what Q Alpha two is and
+that's what the tables at the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the tables at the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the tables at the back of
+the book give you has anybody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book give you has anybody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book give you has anybody who has
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+seen a table for nor gaussin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a table for nor gaussin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a table for nor gaussin
+probabilities all right what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities all right what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities all right what it does is
+just a table I mean it's pretty ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a table I mean it's pretty ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a table I mean it's pretty ancient
+right I mean of course you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean of course you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean of course you can actually
+ask Google to to do it for you now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Google to to do it for you now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Google to to do it for you now you
+could I mean you know it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I mean you know it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I mean you know it's basically
+standard issue uh but back in the day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard issue uh but back in the day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard issue uh but back in the day uh
+they actually had to look at tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually had to look at tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually had to look at tables and
+since the values Alpha were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the values Alpha were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the values Alpha were pretty
+standard right the values Alpha that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard right the values Alpha that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard right the values Alpha that
+people were requesting were typically 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were requesting were typically 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were requesting were typically 1%
+5% 10% all you could do is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 10% all you could do is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 10% all you could do is to compute
+this different values for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different values for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different values for different
+values of alpha that was it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of alpha that was it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of alpha that was it okay so
+that's really not much to give you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not much to give you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not much to give you okay
+so for the Gan uh I can tell you that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the Gan uh I can tell you that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the Gan uh I can tell you that uh
+Alpha is equal to you know if Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is equal to you know if Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is equal to you know if Alpha is
+equal to 5% then Q Alpha over two Q 2.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5% then Q Alpha over two Q 2.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5% then Q Alpha over two Q 2.5%
+is equal to 1.96 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1.96 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1.96 for example
+okay so those are just fixed numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are just fixed numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are just fixed numbers
+that are functions of the gum all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are functions of the gum all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are functions of the gum all right
+so everybody agrees we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody agrees we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody agrees we've done that
+before for um for our uh uh confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for um for our uh uh confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for um for our uh uh confidence
+intervals and um and so now we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and um and so now we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and um and so now we know that
+if I actually plug in this guy to be Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I actually plug in this guy to be Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I actually plug in this guy to be Q
+Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two then this limit is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then this limit is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then this limit is actually equal to
+Alpha and so now I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and so now I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and so now I've actually
+constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh Q Alpha over 2 here is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh Q Alpha over 2 here is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh Q Alpha over 2 here is for
+Alpha equal 5% as I said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equal 5% as I said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equal 5% as I said is
+1.96 uh so in the example one the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 uh so in the example one the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 uh so in the example one the number
+that we found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found was
+3.54 I think or something like that 3.55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.54 I think or something like that 3.55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.54 I think or something like that 3.55
+for T right so right so if we uh scroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for T right so right so if we uh scroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for T right so right so if we uh scroll
+back very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+3.45 that was example one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 that was example one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 that was example one example
+2.77 so if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.77 so if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.77 so if I look at
+T and in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and in example
+one TN was just the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one TN was just the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one TN was just the absolute value of
+3.45 which don't pull out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 which don't pull out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 which don't pull out your
+calculators is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators is equal to
+3.45 example two absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 example two absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 example two absolute value
+of77 was equal to 77 and so all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of77 was equal to 77 and so all I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of77 was equal to 77 and so all I need
+to check is is is this number larger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check is is is this number larger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check is is is this number larger or
+smaller than 1.96 that's what my test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1.96 that's what my test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1.96 that's what my test
+ends up being okay so in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being okay so in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being okay so in example
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+3.45 being larger than uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 being larger than uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 being larger than uh uh
+1.96 that means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 that means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 that means that I
+reject fairness of my coins in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject fairness of my coins in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject fairness of my coins in example
+two 77 being smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 77 being smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 77 being smaller than
+1.96 what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 what do I
+do I fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a
+question in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in example
+one for what level Alpha with SI Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for what level Alpha with SI Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for what level Alpha with SI Alpha
+what is the the the the so okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the the the so okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the the the so okay so here
+what what's going to happen if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's going to happen if I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's going to happen if I start
+increasing my level uh sorry decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing my level uh sorry decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing my level uh sorry decreasing
+My Level all right when I decrease my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My Level all right when I decrease my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My Level all right when I decrease my
+level I'm actually making this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I'm actually making this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I'm actually making this area
+smaller and smaller which means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller which means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller which means that I
+push the C to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the C to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the C to the right
+okay so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm
+asking what is the smallest C I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the smallest C I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the smallest C I should
+pick so that now I actually do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so that now I actually do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so that now I actually do not
+reject H zero what is the smallest C I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject H zero what is the smallest C I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject H zero what is the smallest C I
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+here what is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so C here in the example I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so C here in the example I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so C here in the example I gave you
+for 5% was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5% was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5% was
+1.96 what is the smallest C I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 what is the smallest C I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 what is the smallest C I should be
+taking so that now this inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversed 3.45 I ask only trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed 3.45 I ask only trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed 3.45 I ask only trivial
+questions don't be worried okay so 3.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions don't be worried okay so 3.45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions don't be worried okay so 3.45
+is the smallest C that I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the smallest C that I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the smallest C that I'm actually
+willing to tolerate right so maybe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate right so maybe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate right so maybe so
+let's say this was my 5% if this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this was my 5% if this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this was my 5% if this was uh
+2.5 if Alpha here let's say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 if Alpha here let's say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 if Alpha here let's say in this
+picture Alpha is 5% that means maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Alpha is 5% that means maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Alpha is 5% that means maybe I
+need to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to push
+here and this number should be what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this number should be what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this number should be what so
+this is going to be 1.96 and this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be 1.96 and this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be 1.96 and this number
+here is going to be 3 uh 45 okay clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be 3 uh 45 okay clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be 3 uh 45 okay clearly
+to scale and uh uh so now what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale and uh uh so now what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale and uh uh so now what I need to
+what I want to ask you is well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to ask you is well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to ask you is well there's
+two ways I can understand this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways I can understand this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways I can understand this number
+3.45 it is the number 3.45 but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 it is the number 3.45 but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 it is the number 3.45 but I can
+also try to understand what is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also try to understand what is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also try to understand what is the area
+to the right of this guy and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of this guy and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of this guy and if I
+understand what the area to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the area to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the area to the right of
+this guy is this is actually some Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is this is actually some Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is this is actually some Alpha
+Prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over
+two and that means that if I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that means that if I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that means that if I actually
+fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this
+level Alpha Prime that would be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level Alpha Prime that would be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level Alpha Prime that would be exactly
+the Tipping Point at which I would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tipping Point at which I would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tipping Point at which I would go
+from accepting to rejecting right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from accepting to rejecting right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from accepting to rejecting right so I
+know in terms of absolute thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of absolute thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of absolute thresholds
+3.45 is the trivial answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 is the trivial answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.45 is the trivial answer to the
+question that's the Tipping Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's the Tipping Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's the Tipping Point
+because I'm comparing a number to 3.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm comparing a number to 3.45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm comparing a number to 3.45
+but now if I try to map this back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I try to map this back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I try to map this back and
+understand what level would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what level would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what level would have been
+given me this particular Tipping Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given me this particular Tipping Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given me this particular Tipping Point
+that's a number between zero and one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number between zero and one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number between zero and one the
+smaller the number the larger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the number the larger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the number the larger this
+number here which means that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here which means that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here which means that the more
+evidence I have in my data against h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence I have in my data against h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence I have in my data against h
+z and so this number is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and so this number is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and so this number is actually
+something called the P value okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the P value okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the P value okay and so
+same for example two there's the Tipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for example two there's the Tipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for example two there's the Tipping
+Point Alpha at which I go from feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Alpha at which I go from feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Alpha at which I go from feeling
+to reject to rejecting and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject to rejecting and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject to rejecting and that's
+exactly the number the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number the area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number the area under the
+curve such that here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve such that here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve such that here I
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+77 and this is this Alpha prime prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77 and this is this Alpha prime prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77 and this is this Alpha prime prime
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+and this number is clearly Alpha prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number is clearly Alpha prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number is clearly Alpha prime
+prime is clearly larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is clearly larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is clearly larger than
+5% so what's the advantage of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% so what's the advantage of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% so what's the advantage of thinking
+and mapping back these numbers well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mapping back these numbers well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mapping back these numbers well now
+I'm actually going to spit out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to spit out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to spit out some
+number which is between zero and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is between zero and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is between zero and one and
+that should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be the
+only scale you should have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only scale you should have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only scale you should have in mind
+remember we discussed that last time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we discussed that last time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we discussed that last time I
+was like well if I actually spit out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like well if I actually spit out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like well if I actually spit out a
+number which is 3.45 maybe you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is 3.45 maybe you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is 3.45 maybe you can try
+to think what is 3.45 a large number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think what is 3.45 a large number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think what is 3.45 a large number for
+a gaan right that's a number but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaan right that's a number but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaan right that's a number but if I
+had another random variable that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had another random variable that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had another random variable that was not
+gaan maybe was a double exponential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan maybe was a double exponential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan maybe was a double exponential you
+would have to have another scale in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have another scale in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have another scale in your
+mind is 3.45 a large number for the uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is 3.45 a large number for the uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is 3.45 a large number for the uh a
+large so large that it's unlikely for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so large that it's unlikely for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so large that it's unlikely for to
+come from a double exponential if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a double exponential if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a double exponential if I had
+a gamma distribution I can think of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamma distribution I can think of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamma distribution I can think of any
+distribution and then that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then that means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then that means for
+each distribution you would have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each distribution you would have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each distribution you would have to have
+a scale in mind so of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale in mind so of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale in mind so of course you can
+have the Gin scale in mind I mean I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Gin scale in mind I mean I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Gin scale in mind I mean I have
+the Gin scale in mind but then if I map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gin scale in mind but then if I map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gin scale in mind but then if I map
+it back into this number between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into this number between Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into this number between Z and
+one all the distributions play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all the distributions play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all the distributions play the same
+role so whether I'm talking about if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role so whether I'm talking about if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role so whether I'm talking about if my
+limiting distribution is normal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting distribution is normal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting distribution is normal or
+exponential or Gamma or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or Gamma or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or Gamma or whatever you
+want for all this guys I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for all this guys I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for all this guys I'm just going to
+map it into one number between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it into one number between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it into one number between zero and
+one small number means lots of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small number means lots of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small number means lots of evidence
+against H1 large number means little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against H1 large number means little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against H1 large number means little
+evidence again sorry lots of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence again sorry lots of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence again sorry lots of evidence
+against H zero small number means very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against H zero small number means very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against H zero small number means very
+few evidence against zero H zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few evidence against zero H zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few evidence against zero H zero and
+this is the only number you need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only number you need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only number you need to keep
+in mind and the question is do am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind and the question is do am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind and the question is do am I
+willing to tolerate this number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate this number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate this number between
+5% 6% or maybe 10% 12% and those this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 6% or maybe 10% 12% and those this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 6% or maybe 10% 12% and those this is
+the scale the only scale you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale the only scale you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale the only scale you have to
+have in mind and this scale is the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind and this scale is the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind and this scale is the scale
+of P values all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P values all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P values all right
+so the P value is the Tipping Point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the P value is the Tipping Point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the P value is the Tipping Point in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+alpha in words I can make it formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha in words I can make it formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha in words I can make it formal
+because Tipping Point as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Tipping Point as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Tipping Point as far as I know
+is not a mathematical term so A P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a mathematical term so A P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a mathematical term so A P value
+is the of a test is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the of a test is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the of a test is the smallest
+potentially ASM totic level if I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially ASM totic level if I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially ASM totic level if I talk
+about an ASM totic P value and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an ASM totic P value and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an ASM totic P value and that's
+what we do when we talk about Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do when we talk about Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do when we talk about Central
+liit theorem at which the test rejects H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liit theorem at which the test rejects H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liit theorem at which the test rejects H
+zero if I were to go any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller is sorry it's the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller is sorry it's the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller is sorry it's the smallest
+level yeah if I were to go any smaller I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah if I were to go any smaller I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah if I were to go any smaller I
+would fail to reject right the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fail to reject right the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fail to reject right the smaller
+the level the less likely it is for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level the less likely it is for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level the less likely it is for me
+to reject and if I were to go any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject and if I were to go any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject and if I were to go any
+smaller I would starts uh failing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller I would starts uh failing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller I would starts uh failing to
+reject okay and so it is a random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay and so it is a random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay and so it is a random number
+right it depends on what I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it depends on what I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it depends on what I actually
+observe right so here of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe right so here of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe right so here of course I
+instantiated those two numbers 3.45 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated those two numbers 3.45 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated those two numbers 3.45 and
+0.777 as realizations of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.777 as realizations of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.777 as realizations of random
+variables but if you think of those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but if you think of those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but if you think of those as
+being the random numbers before I see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the random numbers before I see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the random numbers before I see my
+data this was exactly this was a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this was exactly this was a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this was exactly this was a random
+number and therefore the area to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and therefore the area to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and therefore the area to the
+under the curve to the right of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve to the right of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve to the right of it is
+also a random area okay if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a random area okay if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a random area okay if this thing
+fluctuate then the curve the area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate then the curve the area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate then the curve the area and
+the curve fluctuates and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve fluctuates and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve fluctuates and that's what the
+P value is that's what uh uh what is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P value is that's what uh uh what is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P value is that's what uh uh what is his
+name well I forget John Oliver talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name well I forget John Oliver talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name well I forget John Oliver talks
+about when he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when he talks about
+packing okay and so uh we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing okay and so uh we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing okay and so uh we talked about
+this in the first lecture all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the first lecture all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the first lecture all right so
+packing is how do I do oh if I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing is how do I do oh if I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing is how do I do oh if I'm a
+scientist do I want to see a small P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist do I want to see a small P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist do I want to see a small P
+value or a large P value small right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or a large P value small right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or a large P value small right
+scientists want to see small P values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists want to see small P values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists want to see small P values
+because small P values equals rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because small P values equals rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because small P values equals rejecting
+which equals discovery which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals discovery which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals discovery which equals
+Publications which equals promotion all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications which equals promotion all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications which equals promotion all
+right so that's what people want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what people want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what people want to see
+so so people are tempted to see small P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so people are tempted to see small P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so people are tempted to see small P
+values and what's called pcking is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and what's called pcking is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and what's called pcking is well
+find a way to cheat maybe look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to cheat maybe look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to cheat maybe look at your
+data formulate your hypothesis in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data formulate your hypothesis in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data formulate your hypothesis in such a
+way that uh you will actually uh uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh you will actually uh uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh you will actually uh uh have
+a smaller P value than you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller P value than you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller P value than you should have
+all right so here for example there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here for example there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here for example there's
+one thing I did not insist on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I did not insist on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I did not insist on because
+again this is not a particular question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a particular question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a particular question
+statistical thinking but one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thinking but one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thinking but one thing that
+we implicitly did was set those Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we implicitly did was set those Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we implicitly did was set those Val
+those Theta zero and Theta one ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Theta zero and Theta one ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Theta zero and Theta one ahead of
+time okay I fix them and I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay I fix them and I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay I fix them and I'm trying to
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+this this is to be contrasted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is to be contrasted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is to be contrasted with the
+following approach I draw my data all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following approach I draw my data all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following approach I draw my data all
+right so I draw I I run this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I draw I I run this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I draw I I run this experiment
+which is probably going to get me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably going to get me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably going to get me a
+publication in nature I'm trying to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication in nature I'm trying to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication in nature I'm trying to test
+is if a a uh a coin is fair and I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if a a uh a coin is fair and I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if a a uh a coin is fair and I draw
+my data and I see that there's 13 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data and I see that there's 13 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data and I see that there's 13 out of
+30 of my observations that are uh heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 of my observations that are uh heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 of my observations that are uh heads
+okay that means that from this data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means that from this data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means that from this data it
+looks like P is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like P is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like P is less
+than2 so if I look at this data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 so if I look at this data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 so if I look at this data and then
+decide that my alternative is not P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that my alternative is not P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that my alternative is not P not
+equal to 1 12 but rather P less than2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 12 but rather P less than2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 12 but rather P less than2
+that's P hacking I'm actually making my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P hacking I'm actually making my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P hacking I'm actually making my
+P value strictly smaller by first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P value strictly smaller by first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P value strictly smaller by first
+looking at the data and then deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data and then deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data and then deciding
+what my alternative is going to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my alternative is going to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my alternative is going to be and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+cheating okay because all the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating okay because all the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating okay because all the things we
+did were assuming that this 0.5 or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did were assuming that this 0.5 or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did were assuming that this 0.5 or the
+alternative was actually a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative was actually a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative was actually a fix
+everything was deterministic the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was deterministic the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was deterministic the only
+Randomness came from the data but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness came from the data but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness came from the data but if I
+start looking at the data and designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at the data and designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at the data and designing
+my experiment or my Alternatives and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiment or my Alternatives and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiment or my Alternatives and all
+hypothesis based on the data it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis based on the data it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis based on the data it's as if
+I started putting Randomness all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started putting Randomness all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started putting Randomness all over
+the place and then I cannot control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and then I cannot control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and then I cannot control it
+because I don't know how it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know how it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know how it just
+intermingles with each other all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermingles with each other all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermingles with each other all
+right so uh that was for the uh uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh that was for the uh uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh that was for the uh uh John
+Oliver moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver moment uh
+um okay so the P value is nice so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the P value is nice so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the P value is nice so uh
+maybe I mentioned that before but my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mentioned that before but my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mentioned that before but my my
+wife works in market research and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife works in market research and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife works in market research and um
+maybe every two years uh she seems to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe every two years uh she seems to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe every two years uh she seems to uh
+run into a statistician in the hallway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a statistician in the hallway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a statistician in the hallway
+and she comes and say what is a P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she comes and say what is a P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she comes and say what is a P value
+again and for her a P value is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and for her a P value is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and for her a P value is just the
+number is in an Excel spreadsheet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is in an Excel spreadsheet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is in an Excel spreadsheet and
+actually small equals good and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually small equals good and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually small equals good and large
+equals bad and that's all she needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bad and that's all she needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bad and that's all she needs to
+know at this point actually they do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point actually they do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point actually they do the
+job for her small is green uh large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job for her small is green uh large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job for her small is green uh large is
+red and so for her AP value is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and so for her AP value is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and so for her AP value is just
+green or red okay and uh but so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or red okay and uh but so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or red okay and uh but so what
+she's really implicitly doing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's really implicitly doing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's really implicitly doing with this
+colar code is just applying the Golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colar code is just applying the Golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colar code is just applying the Golden
+Rule what the statisticians do for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule what the statisticians do for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule what the statisticians do for her
+in the Excel spreadsheet is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Excel spreadsheet is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Excel spreadsheet is that they
+take the numbers for the P values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the numbers for the P values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the numbers for the P values that
+are less than some fixed level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than some fixed level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than some fixed level so
+depending on the field in which you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the field in which you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the field in which you work
+so she works for fromal companies so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she works for fromal companies so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she works for fromal companies so the
+P values are typically compared uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P values are typically compared uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P values are typically compared uh the
+tests are usually perform at level 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are usually perform at level 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are usually perform at level 1%
+rather than 5% okay so 5% is maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 5% okay so 5% is maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 5% okay so 5% is maybe your
+gold standard if you're doing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard if you're doing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard if you're doing you know
+sociology or trying to I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or trying to I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or trying to I don't know
+release a new you know blueberry flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a new you know blueberry flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release a new you know blueberry flavor
+for your toothpaste like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your toothpaste like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your toothpaste like something
+that's not like going to change the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not like going to change the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not like going to change the life
+of people maybe you're going to run at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people maybe you're going to run at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people maybe you're going to run at
+5% it's okay to make a mistake people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% it's okay to make a mistake people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% it's okay to make a mistake people
+are just going to feel gross but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to feel gross but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to feel gross but that's
+about it all right whereas uh whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all right whereas uh whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all right whereas uh whereas
+here if you have this P value Which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have this P value Which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have this P value Which is
+less than 1% it might be more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% it might be more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% it might be more important
+for some drug Discovery for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some drug Discovery for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some drug Discovery for example and
+so let's say you run at at 1% okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you run at at 1% okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you run at at 1% okay and
+so what they do in this Exel spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do in this Exel spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do in this Exel spreadsheet
+is that all the numbers that are below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the numbers that are below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the numbers that are below
+1% show up in green and all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% show up in green and all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% show up in green and all the numbers
+that are above 1% show up in red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are above 1% show up in red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are above 1% show up in red and
+that's it that's just applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's just applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's just applying the
+Golden Rule if the number is green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden Rule if the number is green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden Rule if the number is green
+reject if the number is uh red fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject if the number is uh red fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject if the number is uh red fail to
+reject okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+your you mean my by achieving my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you mean my by achieving my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you mean my by achieving my goal
+you mean put letting ethics aside right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean put letting ethics aside right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean put letting ethics aside right
+yeah you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you want to be
+published so uh I'm okay so let me teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published so uh I'm okay so let me teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published so uh I'm okay so let me teach
+you how then so uh well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how then so uh well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how then so uh well here
+what do you do you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+um at the end of the day a test is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the day a test is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the day a test is only
+telling you whether you found evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you whether you found evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you whether you found evidence
+in your data that H1 was more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your data that H1 was more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your data that H1 was more likely
+than h0o basically how do you make H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than h0o basically how do you make H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than h0o basically how do you make H1
+more likely well you just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely well you just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely well you just basically
+Target H1 to be what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target H1 to be what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target H1 to be what it
+is what the data is going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the data is going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the data is going to make it
+more likely to be all right so if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be all right so if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be all right so if for
+example I say H1 can be on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I say H1 can be on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I say H1 can be on both sides
+then you know my data is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know my data is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know my data is going to have
+to take into account fluctuations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account fluctuations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account fluctuations on
+both sides and I'm going to lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides and I'm going to lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides and I'm going to lose a
+factor two somewhere because things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor two somewhere because things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor two somewhere because things are
+not symmetric here's the ultimate way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not symmetric here's the ultimate way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not symmetric here's the ultimate way of
+making this work I'm going back to my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this work I'm going back to my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this work I'm going back to my uh
+example of flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of flipping
+coins and now right so here what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and now right so here what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and now right so here what I did
+is I said oh this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I said oh this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I said oh this number
+043 is actually uh very uh is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+043 is actually uh very uh is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+043 is actually uh very uh is actually
+uh uh smaller than five so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh smaller than five so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh smaller than five so I'm just
+going to test whether m.5 or I'm less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test whether m.5 or I'm less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test whether m.5 or I'm less
+than 0.5 but here is something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0.5 but here is something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0.5 but here is something that I
+can promise you I did not make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can promise you I did not make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can promise you I did not make the
+computation will reject okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation will reject okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation will reject okay so here
+this one actually yeah this one fails to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one actually yeah this one fails to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one actually yeah this one fails to
+reject right so here is one that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject right so here is one that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject right so here is one that we'll
+certainly reject h0 is 05 p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly reject h0 is 05 p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly reject h0 is 05 p is
+0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+H1 p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can try
+but I can promise you that your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can promise you that your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can promise you that your data
+will tell you that H1 is the right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you that H1 is the right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you that H1 is the right one
+okay I mean you can check very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean you can check very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean you can check very quickly
+uh that this is really extremely likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this is really extremely likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this is really extremely likely
+to happen right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen right and
+so um actually what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um actually what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um actually what am I
+uh no actually that's not true um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because here the test that I derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because here the test that I derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because here the test that I derive
+that's based on this kind of stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on this kind of stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on this kind of stuff right
+here at some point somewhere under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at some point somewhere under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at some point somewhere under some
+layers I assume that all our tests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers I assume that all our tests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers I assume that all our tests are
+going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this
+form but here this is only when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but here this is only when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but here this is only when you're
+trying to test one region versus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to test one region versus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to test one region versus another
+region next to it or one point versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region next to it or one point versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region next to it or one point versus a
+region around it or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around it or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around it or something like this
+whereas for this guy there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for this guy there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for this guy there's another
+test I could come up with which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I could come up with which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I could come up with which is what
+is the probability that I get 43 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that I get 43 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that I get 43 and
+what is the probability that I get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that I get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that I get uh
+0.5 now what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 now what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 now what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to just conclude it's whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just conclude it's whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just conclude it's whichever
+has the largest probability then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the largest probability then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the largest probability then maybe
+I'm going to have to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to make some
+adjustment so that the level is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment so that the level is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment so that the level is actually
+5% but I can make this happen I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% but I can make this happen I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% but I can make this happen I can make
+the level be 5% and always conclude to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level be 5% and always conclude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level be 5% and always conclude to
+this guy but I would have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy but I would have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy but I would have to use a
+different test now the test that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different test now the test that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different test now the test that I
+described again those T and larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described again those T and larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described again those T and larger than
+C are buil tend to be tests that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C are buil tend to be tests that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C are buil tend to be tests that are
+sort of resilient to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of resilient to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of resilient to this kind of
+manipulations because they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations because they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations because they're sort of
+oblivious towards what the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious towards what the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious towards what the alternative
+looks like I mean they're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I mean they're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I mean they're just saying
+it's either to the left or to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either to the left or to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either to the left or to the right
+but whether it's a point or an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether it's a point or an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether it's a point or an entire
+half line doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half line doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half line doesn't matter
+okay so if you try to look at your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you try to look at your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you try to look at your data
+and just put the data itself into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put the data itself into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put the data itself into your
+hypothesis testing problem then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing problem then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing problem then you're
+you're failing the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're failing the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're failing the the the the
+statistical principle and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical principle and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical principle and that's what
+people are doing right I mean how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing right I mean how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing right I mean how can I
+check I mean of course here it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I mean of course here it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I mean of course here it's going
+to be pretty blatant if you publish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty blatant if you publish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty blatant if you publish a
+paper that looks like this but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that looks like this but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that looks like this but there's
+ways to do it differently right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it differently right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it differently right for
+example one way to do it is to just do M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one way to do it is to just do M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one way to do it is to just do M
+so typically what people do is they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically what people do is they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically what people do is they do
+multiple hypothesis testing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis testing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis testing they're
+doing you know 100 tests at a time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you know 100 tests at a time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you know 100 tests at a time then
+you know you have random fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have random fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have random fluctuations
+every time and so they just pick the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time and so they just pick the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time and so they just pick the one
+that has the random fluctuations that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the random fluctuations that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the random fluctuations that go
+their way I mean sometimes it's going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way I mean sometimes it's going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way I mean sometimes it's going in
+the your way and sometimes going the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your way and sometimes going the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your way and sometimes going the out
+the way so you just pick the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so you just pick the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so you just pick the one that
+works for you we'll talk about multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for you we'll talk about multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for you we'll talk about multiple
+hypothesis testing soon if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing soon if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing soon if you want to
+increase your publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your publication
+counts all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts all right
+um there's actually papers I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's actually papers I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's actually papers I think it
+was uh big news some papers I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh big news some papers I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh big news some papers I think it's
+psychology or psychometrics papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology or psychometrics papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology or psychometrics papers that
+actually ref to publish P values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ref to publish P values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ref to publish P values
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all
+right uh where were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh where were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh where were
+we okay here's the Golden Rule so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay here's the Golden Rule so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay here's the Golden Rule so one
+thing that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I'd like to
+show is this thing just to you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is this thing just to you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is this thing just to you know how
+you apply the Golden Rule and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply the Golden Rule and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply the Golden Rule and how you
+apply the standard test right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the standard test right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the standard test right so the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paradigm is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm is the
+following you have a black box which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you have a black box which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you have a black box which is
+your test right that's uh for my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test right that's uh for my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test right that's uh for my wife
+this is the fourth floor of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fourth floor of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fourth floor of the building
+that's where the statisticians sit what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the statisticians sit what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the statisticians sit what
+she sends there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sends there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sends there is
+data let's say X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's say X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's say X1
+xn and she says well you know this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and she says well you know this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and she says well you know this one
+is about toothpaste so here's a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about toothpaste so here's a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about toothpaste so here's a level
+okay let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say
+5% what the the fourth FL brings back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% what the the fourth FL brings back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% what the the fourth FL brings back is
+an answer yes no green red just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+all right so that's the standard testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the standard testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the standard testing
+you just feeded the data and the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just feeded the data and the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just feeded the data and the level
+at which you want to perform the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you want to perform the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you want to perform the test
+maybe ASM totic it spits out a yes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe ASM totic it spits out a yes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe ASM totic it spits out a yes no
+answer what P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does you just feed it the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself and what it spits out is the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and what it spits out is the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and what it spits out is the P
+value and now it's just up to you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and now it's just up to you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and now it's just up to you I mean
+hopefully you have your bra brain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you have your bra brain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you have your bra brain has
+the computational power of deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational power of deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational power of deciding
+whether a number is larger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a number is larger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a number is larger or smaller
+than 5% without having to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5% without having to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5% without having to call
+statisticians for this right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians for this right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians for this right and that's
+what it does so now we're all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does so now we're all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does so now we're all in one
+scale now if you actually you know I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale now if you actually you know I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale now if you actually you know I see
+some of you nodding when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you nodding when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you nodding when I talk about
+pcking so that means you've seen P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcking so that means you've seen P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcking so that means you've seen P
+values if you've seen more than 100 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you've seen more than 100 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you've seen more than 100 P
+values in your life you have an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in your life you have an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in your life you have an entire
+scale a p a good P value is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale a p a good P value is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale a p a good P value is less than
+you know 10 to the minus four that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 to the minus four that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 to the minus four that's the
+ultimate Sweet Spot all right actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate Sweet Spot all right actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate Sweet Spot all right actually
+software statistical software spit out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software statistical software spit out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software statistical software spit out
+an output which says less than 10 Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output which says less than 10 Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output which says less than 10 Theus
+4 and uh uh but then you know maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and uh uh but then you know maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and uh uh but then you know maybe you
+want a p Val if I tell you my P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a p Val if I tell you my P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a p Val if I tell you my P value
+was you know if you tell me my P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know if you tell me my P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know if you tell me my P value
+was 4.65 then I will say you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 4.65 then I will say you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 4.65 then I will say you've been
+doing some P hacking until you found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some P hacking until you found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some P hacking until you found a
+number that was below 5% right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that was below 5% right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that was below 5% right that's
+typically what people will do but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what people will do but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what people will do but you
+know if you tell me if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you tell me if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you tell me if you if you're
+doing the test if you're saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the test if you're saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the test if you're saying I
+published my result my test at 5% said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published my result my test at 5% said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published my result my test at 5% said
+yes that means that maybe your P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that means that maybe your P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that means that maybe your P value
+was point was 4 99 or your P value was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was point was 4 99 or your P value was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was point was 4 99 or your P value was
+10 Theus 4 I will never know I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Theus 4 I will never know I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Theus 4 I will never know I will
+never know how much evidence you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know how much evidence you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know how much evidence you had
+against the the null but if you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the the null but if you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the the null but if you tell me
+what the P value is I can make my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the P value is I can make my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the P value is I can make my own
+decision I don't have to tell me whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I don't have to tell me whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I don't have to tell me whether
+it's a yes no you tell me it's 4.99 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a yes no you tell me it's 4.99 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a yes no you tell me it's 4.99 I'm
+going to say well you know maybe yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well you know maybe yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well you know maybe yes but
+I'm going to take it with a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take it with a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take it with a grain of
+salt right and so that's why P values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt right and so that's why P values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt right and so that's why P values
+are good numbers to have in mind now I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good numbers to have in mind now I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good numbers to have in mind now I I
+show it as if it was like you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it as if it was like you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it as if it was like you know an
+old trick that you start mastering when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old trick that you start mastering when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old trick that you start mastering when
+you're 45 years old no it's just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 45 years old no it's just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 45 years old no it's just how
+small is a number between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is a number between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is a number between zero and one
+that's really what you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what you need to know
+okay maybe on the log scale if it's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe on the log scale if it's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe on the log scale if it's 10
+to the minus one 10 Theus two 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus one 10 Theus two 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus one 10 Theus two 10 to the
+minus 3 Etc that's probably the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 Etc that's probably the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 Etc that's probably the that's
+probably the extent of the Mastery here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the extent of the Mastery here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the extent of the Mastery here
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so this traditional standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this traditional standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this traditional standard
+Paradigm that I showed is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that I showed is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that I showed is actually
+commonly referred to as the name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly referred to as the name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly referred to as the name and
+Pearson Paradigm right so here it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson Paradigm right so here it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson Paradigm right so here it says
+non and Pearson's Theory so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non and Pearson's Theory so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non and Pearson's Theory so there's an
+an entire theory that comes with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire theory that comes with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire theory that comes with it but
+it's really a paradigm it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a paradigm it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a paradigm it's a way of
+thinking about hypothesis testing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about hypothesis testing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about hypothesis testing that
+says well if I'm not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well if I'm not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well if I'm not going to be able to
+optimize both my type one and type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize both my type one and type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize both my type one and type two
+error I'm actually going to lock in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I'm actually going to lock in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I'm actually going to lock in my
+type one error below some level and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error below some level and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error below some level and just
+and just like maximize minimize the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like maximize minimize the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like maximize minimize the type
+two error under this constraint that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error under this constraint that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two error under this constraint that's
+what the name and piercon Paradigm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name and piercon Paradigm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name and piercon Paradigm is
+and it sort of makes sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of makes sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of makes sense for
+hypothesis testing problems if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing problems if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing problems if you were
+doing some other applications with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some other applications with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some other applications with
+multiobjective optimization you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiobjective optimization you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiobjective optimization you would
+maybe come up with something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe come up with something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe come up with something different
+for example machine learning is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example machine learning is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example machine learning is not
+performing typically under name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing typically under name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing typically under name and
+Pearson Paradigm all right so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson Paradigm all right so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson Paradigm all right so if you do
+spam filtering you could say well I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam filtering you could say well I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam filtering you could say well I want
+to constrain the probability as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constrain the probability as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constrain the probability as much as
+I can of taking somebody's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can of taking somebody's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can of taking somebody's important
+emails and throwing them out a Spam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and throwing them out a Spam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and throwing them out a Spam and
+under this constraint not send too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this constraint not send too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this constraint not send too much
+spam to that person you know that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam to that person you know that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam to that person you know that sort
+of makes sense for spams now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense for spams now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense for spams now if you're
+labeling cats versus dogs it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling cats versus dogs it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling cats versus dogs it's probably
+not like you want to make sure that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you want to make sure that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you want to make sure that no
+more than 5% of the dogs that are label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5% of the dogs that are label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5% of the dogs that are label
+cat because I mean you know it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat because I mean you know it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat because I mean you know it doesn't
+matter so what you typically do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so what you typically do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so what you typically do is you
+just sum up the two types of error you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up the two types of error you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up the two types of error you
+can make and you minimize the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make and you minimize the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make and you minimize the sum
+without putting any more weight on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without putting any more weight on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without putting any more weight on one
+or the other right so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other right so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other right so here's an example
+where doing a binary decision one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where doing a binary decision one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where doing a binary decision one or two
+of the errors you can make you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the errors you can make you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the errors you can make you don't
+have to actually be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually be like
+that so this example here uh I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this example here uh I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this example here uh I did not
+the trivial test size equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trivial test size equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trivial test size equal to
+zero was it what was it in the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero was it what was it in the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero was it what was it in the uh in the
+US trial court example what is s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US trial court example what is s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US trial court example what is s equal
+zero that was concluding always to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that was concluding always to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that was concluding always to the
+null what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null what was the
+null innocent right that's the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null innocent right that's the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null innocent right that's the status
+quo so that means that this guy never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo so that means that this guy never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo so that means that this guy never
+rejects a zero everybody's going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects a zero everybody's going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects a zero everybody's going away
+free so you're sure you're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so you're sure you're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so you're sure you're not actually
+going against uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going against uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going against uh you know the
+Constitution uh uh because Alpha is 0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution uh uh because Alpha is 0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution uh uh because Alpha is 0%
+which is certainly less than 5% but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly less than 5% but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly less than 5% but the
+power the fact that a lot of criminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the fact that a lot of criminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the fact that a lot of criminals
+go back outside uh uh in the Free World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back outside uh uh in the Free World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back outside uh uh in the Free World
+is actually formulated in terms of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually formulated in terms of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually formulated in terms of low
+power which in this case is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which in this case is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which in this case is actually
+zero again the power is a number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again the power is a number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again the power is a number between
+zero and one close to zero good close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one close to zero good close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one close to zero good close to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what is the definition of the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the definition of the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the definition of the P
+value that's going to be something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's going to be something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's going to be something it's
+a mouthful right the definition of the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mouthful right the definition of the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mouthful right the definition of the P
+value is a mouthful it's really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is a mouthful it's really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is a mouthful it's really you know
+it's the Tipping Point it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Tipping Point it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Tipping Point it is the
+smallest level at which blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest level at which blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest level at which blah blah blah
+blah blah right it's complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah right it's complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah right it's complicated to
+remember it now I think that by my sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it now I think that by my sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it now I think that by my sixth
+explanation my wife uh after saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation my wife uh after saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation my wife uh after saying oh
+so it's the probability of making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the probability of making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the probability of making an
+error I said yeah that's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I said yeah that's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I said yeah that's the probability
+of making an error because of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making an error because of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making an error because of course you
+know she can think make probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she can think make probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she can think make probability of
+making an error small good large bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an error small good large bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an error small good large bad
+right so you know that's actually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know that's actually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know that's actually a good
+way to remember I'm pretty sure that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to remember I'm pretty sure that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to remember I'm pretty sure that at
+least 50% of people using p values out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 50% of people using p values out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 50% of people using p values out
+there think that the P value is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there think that the P value is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there think that the P value is the
+probability of making an error now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of making an error now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of making an error now for
+all matters of purposes if your goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all matters of purposes if your goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all matters of purposes if your goal is
+to just threshold the P value this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just threshold the P value this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just threshold the P value this is
+okay to have this in mind but when comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to have this in mind but when comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to have this in mind but when comes
+at least until December 22 I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least until December 22 I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least until December 22 I would
+recommend trying to actually memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend trying to actually memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend trying to actually memorize
+the right definition for the P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right definition for the P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right definition for the P value
+okay um okay so uh so the idea again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay so uh so the idea again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay so uh so the idea again is
+you know fix the level and try to op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fix the level and try to op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fix the level and try to op
+optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we're going to try to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to try to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to try to compute
+some P values from that one okay how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some P values from that one okay how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some P values from that one okay how do
+you compute the P value well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the P value well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the P value well you can
+actually see it in uh from this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in uh from this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in uh from this picture
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there right one thing I didn't show on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right one thing I didn't show on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right one thing I didn't show on
+this picture so here was my Q Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so here was my Q Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so here was my Q Alpha over
+two that had Alpha here Alpha over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that had Alpha here Alpha over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that had Alpha here Alpha over two
+here right that was my Q Alpha over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that was my Q Alpha over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that was my Q Alpha over two
+and I said if I'm to the right of if TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said if I'm to the right of if TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said if I'm to the right of if TN
+is to the right of this guy I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the right of this guy I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the right of this guy I'm going to
+I'm going to reject if TN is to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reject if TN is to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reject if TN is to the left
+of this guy I'm going to fail to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy I'm going to fail to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy I'm going to fail to reject
+okay pictorially you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pictorially you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pictorially you can actually
+represent the P value it's when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the P value it's when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the P value it's when I
+replace this guy by TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself uh sorry that's P value over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh sorry that's P value over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh sorry that's P value over
+two if it no actually that's P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if it no actually that's P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if it no actually that's P
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+so let me just keep it like that and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just keep it like that and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just keep it like that and put
+the absolute value here okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value here okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value here okay so if you
+replace the role of Q Alpha over 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the role of Q Alpha over 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the role of Q Alpha over 2 by
+your test statistic this is what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test statistic this is what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test statistic this is what the the
+the area on the the curve is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area on the the curve is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area on the the curve is actually
+the P value itself up to scaling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P value itself up to scaling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P value itself up to scaling because
+of the symmetric thing okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symmetric thing okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symmetric thing okay so there's a
+good way to see pictorially what the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to see pictorially what the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to see pictorially what the P
+value is it's just the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is it's just the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is it's just the probability that
+some Gans it's just the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Gans it's just the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Gans it's just the probability that
+some absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some absolute value of
+n01 exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TN right that's what the P value is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN right that's what the P value is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN right that's what the P value is now
+this guy has nothing to do with this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has nothing to do with this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has nothing to do with this guy
+so this is really just you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really just you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really just you know one
+minus the gaan CDF of TN and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the gaan CDF of TN and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the gaan CDF of TN and that's
+it so that's how I would compute P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's how I would compute P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's how I would compute P
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+now as I said the P value is a beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I said the P value is a beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I said the P value is a beauty
+because you don't have to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to understand the
+fact that your limiting distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that your limiting distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that your limiting distribution is
+a gussan right it's already factored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gussan right it's already factored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gussan right it's already factored in
+this construction the fact that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this construction the fact that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this construction the fact that I'm
+actually looking at this cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at this cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at this cumulative
+distribution function of a standard Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function of a standard Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function of a standard Gan
+makes my P Val automatically adjust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes my P Val automatically adjust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes my P Val automatically adjust to
+what the limiting distribution is and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the limiting distribution is and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the limiting distribution is and if
+this was the cumulative distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the cumulative distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the cumulative distribution
+function of a uh exponential I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a uh exponential I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a uh exponential I would
+just have a different function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a different function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a different function here
+denoted by f for example and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by f for example and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by f for example and I would
+just compute a different value but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute a different value but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute a different value but in
+the end regardless of what the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end regardless of what the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end regardless of what the limiting
+value is my P value would still be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is my P value would still be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is my P value would still be a
+number between zero and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and one and
+so to illustrate that let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to illustrate that let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to illustrate that let's look at
+other weird distributions that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other weird distributions that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other weird distributions that we could
+get in place of the standard Gan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in place of the standard Gan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in place of the standard Gan and
+we're not going to see many but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to see many but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to see many but we'll
+see one and it's not the K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one and it's not the K Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one and it's not the K Square
+distribution it's actually called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's actually called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's actually called the
+student distribution but it involves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student distribution but it involves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student distribution but it involves uh
+the K Square distribution as a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Square distribution as a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Square distribution as a building
+block so I don't know if my uh Fanatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so I don't know if my uh Fanatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so I don't know if my uh Fanatics
+are not really right there so I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really right there so I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really right there so I try to
+say well it's Kai squar uh maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's Kai squar uh maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's Kai squar uh maybe maybe
+it's key squared above uh in Canada who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's key squared above uh in Canada who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's key squared above uh in Canada who
+knows uh so uh for a positive integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows uh so uh for a positive integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows uh so uh for a positive integer
+right so there's only one parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's only one parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's only one parameter
+right so for the gaon you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for the gaon you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for the gaon you have two
+parameters which are mu and sigma squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which are mu and sigma squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which are mu and sigma squar
+those are real numbers Sig square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are real numbers Sig square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are real numbers Sig square is
+positive here I have one integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here I have one integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here I have one integer
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+okay then the distribution the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the distribution the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the distribution the K
+distribution with d degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with d degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with d degrees of freedom
+so the parameter is called a degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parameter is called a degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parameter is called a degree of
+Freedom just like new is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom just like new is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom just like new is called the
+expected value in Sigma Square called to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value in Sigma Square called to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value in Sigma Square called to
+variance here we call it degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance here we call it degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance here we call it degrees of
+freedom you don't have to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom you don't have to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom you don't have to really
+understand why okay so that's the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why okay so that's the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why okay so that's the law
+that you would get that's the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would get that's the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would get that's the random
+variable you would get if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you would get if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you would get if you were to
+sum the squares of independ dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the squares of independ dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the squares of independ dependent
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+Gans okay so I take the square of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gans okay so I take the square of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gans okay so I take the square of an
+independent uh random Gan I take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh random Gan I take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh random Gan I take another
+one I sum them and that's a Kai square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I sum them and that's a Kai square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I sum them and that's a Kai square
+with two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two degrees of
+freedom okay that's how you get it now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay that's how you get it now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay that's how you get it now I
+could Define it using its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Define it using its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Define it using its
+uh its uh probability density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its uh probability density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its uh probability density function
+right I mean after all this is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean after all this is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean after all this is the sum
+of uh you know positive random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know positive random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know positive random variable
+so it is a a positive random variable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is a a positive random variable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is a a positive random variable it
+has a density on the positive real line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a density on the positive real line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a density on the positive real line
+and uh you know the PDF of k s PDF of k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know the PDF of k s PDF of k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know the PDF of k s PDF of k^
+s with d degrees of freedom is what well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with d degrees of freedom is what well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with d degrees of freedom is what well
+it's uh FD of X is uh what is it x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh FD of X is uh what is it x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh FD of X is uh what is it x to
+the D over 2 minus one e to the Min - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D over 2 minus one e to the Min - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D over 2 minus one e to the Min - x
+over2 and then here I have a gamma of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and then here I have a gamma of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and then here I have a gamma of D
+over2 and the other one is I think 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and the other one is I think 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and the other one is I think 2 to
+the D over 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D over 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D over 2 minus
+one uh no 2 to the D over2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh no 2 to the D over2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh no 2 to the D over2 okay
+that's what it is okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is okay that's the
+density if you were very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density if you were very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density if you were very good at
+probability you can make the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can make the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can make the change of
+variable and write your Jacobian and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and write your Jacobian and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and write your Jacobian and do
+all this stuff and actually check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff and actually check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff and actually check that
+this is true I do not recommend uh doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true I do not recommend uh doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true I do not recommend uh doing
+that okay so this is the density but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is the density but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is the density but
+it's better understood like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better understood like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better understood like that I
+thinking of just something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of just something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of just something that you
+built from standard gaum so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from standard gaum so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from standard gaum so for example
+uh an example of a k Square uh with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of a k Square uh with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of a k Square uh with two
+degrees of freedom is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom is actually the
+following thing let's assume I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing let's assume I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing let's assume I have a
+Target like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and uh I don't aim very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh I don't aim very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh I don't aim very well and
+I'm trying to uh I'm trying to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to uh I'm trying to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to uh I'm trying to hit the
+center and I'm not g to have maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and I'm not g to have maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and I'm not g to have maybe a
+deviation which is standard Gan left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation which is standard Gan left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation which is standard Gan left
+right and standard Gan uh um uh North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and standard Gan uh um uh North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and standard Gan uh um uh North
+South okay so I'm throwing and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South okay so I'm throwing and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South okay so I'm throwing and then I'm
+here and I'm claiming that this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm claiming that this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm claiming that this number
+here by Pythagoras Theorem the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by Pythagoras Theorem the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by Pythagoras Theorem the square
+distance here is the sum of this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is the sum of this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is the sum of this Square
+distance here which is the square of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here which is the square of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here which is the square of a
+gum by assumption this is plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum by assumption this is plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum by assumption this is plus the
+square of this distance which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of this distance which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of this distance which is the
+square of another independent Gan I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of another independent Gan I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of another independent Gan I
+assume those are independent and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume those are independent and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume those are independent and so the
+square distance from this point to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square distance from this point to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square distance from this point to this
+point is a k square with two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a k square with two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a k square with two degrees of
+freedom okay so this is an this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so this is an this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so this is an this guy here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n01 squared this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 squared this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 squared this is
+n01 squared and so this guy here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 squared and so this guy here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 squared and so this guy here this
+distance here is k s with two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is k s with two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is k s with two degrees of
+freedom I mean the squared distance I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I mean the squared distance I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I mean the squared distance I'm
+talking about squar distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you can see that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can see that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can see that actually
+Pythagoras is basically why K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras is basically why K Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras is basically why K Square
+arise right that's why it has it its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise right that's why it has it its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise right that's why it has it its own
+name I mean you know I could Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name I mean you know I could Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name I mean you know I could Define this
+random variable I mean it's actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable I mean it's actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable I mean it's actually you
+know a gamma distribution I could it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a gamma distribution I could it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a gamma distribution I could it's a
+special case of something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of something called the
+gamma distribution the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma distribution the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma distribution the fact that the
+special case has its own name is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case has its own name is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case has its own name is because
+there's many times where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many times where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many times where we're going to
+take sum of squares of independent Gans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take sum of squares of independent Gans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take sum of squares of independent Gans
+because Gans the sum of squares is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Gans the sum of squares is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Gans the sum of squares is
+really the norm the ukian norm Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the norm the ukian norm Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the norm the ukian norm Square
+just by pagora theorem right if I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by pagora theorem right if I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by pagora theorem right if I'm in
+higher Dimension I can start to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimension I can start to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimension I can start to some
+more squared coordinates and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more squared coordinates and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more squared coordinates and I'm going
+to measure the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the norm
+squared okay so if you want to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so if you want to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so if you want to draw this
+picture it looks like this again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it looks like this again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it looks like this again it's
+the sum of positive numbers so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of positive numbers so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of positive numbers so it's
+going to be on zero plus infinity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on zero plus infinity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on zero plus infinity uh
+that's FD and so uh for uh F1 looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's FD and so uh for uh F1 looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's FD and so uh for uh F1 looks like
+this F2 looks like this so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F2 looks like this so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F2 looks like this so the the the
+Tails becomes heavier and heavier here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails becomes heavier and heavier here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails becomes heavier and heavier here
+as D increases and um then at start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as D increases and um then at start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as D increases and um then at start to
+three it starts to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it starts to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it starts to have a different
+shape it starts it starts from zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it starts it starts from zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it starts it starts from zero and
+it looks like this and then as D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this and then as D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this and then as D
+increases it's basically as if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it's basically as if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it's basically as if you were
+to push this thing to the right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push this thing to the right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push this thing to the right right
+it's just like all right so just is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like all right so just is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like all right so just is just
+falling uh like a big ball okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling uh like a big ball okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling uh like a big ball okay
+everybody sees what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees what's going on so
+there's just this fat thing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this fat thing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this fat thing is just
+going there what is the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there what is the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there what is the expected value
+of a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's the expected value of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the expected value of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the expected value of the sum of
+G and random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+Square I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01
+yeah yeah which is D Okay so so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah which is D Okay so so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah which is D Okay so so one
+thing you can check quickly is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can check quickly is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can check quickly is that the
+expected value of a k square is D and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a k square is D and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a k square is D and so
+you see that's why this the mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that's why this the mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that's why this the mass is
+Shifting to the right as D increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shifting to the right as D increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shifting to the right as D increases
+it's just going there actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going there actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going there actually the
+variance is also increasing the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is also increasing the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is also increasing the variance
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+2D okay so uh this is one thing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D okay so uh this is one thing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D okay so uh this is one thing and so
+why do we care about this in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about this in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about this in you know
+basic statistics it's not like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic statistics it's not like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic statistics it's not like we're
+actually have statistics much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have statistics much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have statistics much about
+throwing darts at the high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing darts at the high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing darts at the high dimensional
+boards uh so what's happening is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards uh so what's happening is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards uh so what's happening is that if
+I look at the sample variance right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the sample variance right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the sample variance right the
+average of the sum of squared centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the sum of squared centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the sum of squared centered
+by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+mean then I can actually expand this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then I can actually expand this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then I can actually expand this as
+the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the
+squares minus the average square right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares minus the average square right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares minus the average square right
+it's just same thing that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just same thing that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just same thing that we have the
+same trick that we have for the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick that we have for the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick that we have for the variance
+second moment minus uh first moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second moment minus uh first moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second moment minus uh first moment
+square and uh then I claim that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and uh then I claim that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and uh then I claim that um
+Cochran theorem I will tell you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cochran theorem I will tell you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cochran theorem I will tell you in a
+second what Co theorem tells me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what Co theorem tells me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what Co theorem tells me is that
+this sample variance is actually so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample variance is actually so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample variance is actually so if I
+had only this so now okay look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only this so now okay look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only this so now okay look at those
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+um those guys are Gan with mean mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those guys are Gan with mean mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those guys are Gan with mean mu and
+variant Sigma Square think for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Sigma Square think for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Sigma Square think for one
+second mu being zero and uh and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mu being zero and uh and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mu being zero and uh and sigma
+Square being one now this part would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square being one now this part would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square being one now this part would be
+a k square with n degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k square with n degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k square with n degrees of freedom
+divided by n now I get another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n now I get another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n now I get another thing
+here which is the square of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the square of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the square of something
+that looks like a gaan as well so looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a gaan as well so looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a gaan as well so looks
+like I have something else here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have something else here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have something else here which
+looks also like a k Square now Co crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks also like a k Square now Co crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks also like a k Square now Co crime
+theorem is essentially telling you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is essentially telling you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is essentially telling you that
+those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are
+independent and so that in a way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and so that in a way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and so that in a way you can
+think of those guys as being here n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those guys as being here n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those guys as being here n
+degrees of freedom minus one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom minus one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom minus one degree of
+Freedom now here as I said this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom now here as I said this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom now here as I said this is not
+mean zero and variance one the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean zero and variance one the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean zero and variance one the fact that
+it's not mean zero is not a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not mean zero is not a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not mean zero is not a problem
+because I can remove the mean here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can remove the mean here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can remove the mean here and
+remove the mean here and so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the mean here and so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the mean here and so this thing
+has the same distribution regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same distribution regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same distribution regardless of
+what the actual mean is so without loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the actual mean is so without loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the actual mean is so without loss
+of generality I can assume that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generality I can assume that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generality I can assume that mu is
+equal to zero now the variance I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero now the variance I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero now the variance I'm going
+to have to pay because if I multiply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to pay because if I multiply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to pay because if I multiply all
+these numbers by 10 then this SN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers by 10 then this SN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers by 10 then this SN is
+going to be multiplied by 100 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multiplied by 100 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multiplied by 100 so this
+thing is going to scale with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to scale with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to scale with the
+variance and not surprisingly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and not surprisingly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and not surprisingly it's
+scaling like the square of the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling like the square of the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling like the square of the variance
+so if I look at SN it's distributed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at SN it's distributed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at SN it's distributed as
+Sigma s time the K square with n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma s time the K square with n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma s time the K square with n minus 1
+degrees of freedom divid by n and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom divid by n and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom divid by n and and we
+don't really write that because uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really write that because uh K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really write that because uh K
+Square * Sigma Square divid n is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square * Sigma Square divid n is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square * Sigma Square divid n is not a
+distribution so we put everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we put everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we put everything to the
+left and we say that this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we say that this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we say that this is actually a
+k square with n minus one degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k square with n minus one degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k square with n minus one degrees of
+freedom okay so here I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so here I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so here I'm actually
+dropping a fact on you but you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping a fact on you but you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping a fact on you but you can sort
+of see the building block right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see the building block right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see the building block right what is
+the thing that's sort of fussy at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's sort of fussy at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's sort of fussy at this
+point but the rest should be crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but the rest should be crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but the rest should be crystal
+clear to you the thing that's fussy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to you the thing that's fussy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to you the thing that's fussy is
+that removing this Square guy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removing this Square guy here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removing this Square guy here is
+actually removing one degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually removing one degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually removing one degree of freedom
+that should be weird but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be weird but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be weird but that's what
+cckr theorem tells me it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cckr theorem tells me it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cckr theorem tells me it's essentially
+stating something about orthogonality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating something about orthogonality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating something about orthogonality of
+subspaces with the span of the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces with the span of the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces with the span of the constant
+Vector something like that okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector something like that okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector something like that okay so you
+don't have to think about it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think about it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think about it too much
+but that's what it's telling me but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what it's telling me but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what it's telling me but the
+rest if you plug in so the scaling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest if you plug in so the scaling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest if you plug in so the scaling in
+Sigma squar and in N that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squar and in N that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squar and in N that should be
+completely clear to you so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear to you so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear to you so in particular
+if I remove that part it should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I remove that part it should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I remove that part it should be clear
+to you that this thing if mean is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that this thing if mean is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that this thing if mean is zero
+this thing is actually distributed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is actually distributed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is actually distributed what
+well if mu is zero what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if mu is zero what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if mu is zero what is the
+distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy so I remove that part right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so I remove that part right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so I remove that part right just
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so I have x i which are n0 Sigma s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so I have x i which are n0 Sigma s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so I have x i which are n0 Sigma s
+and I'm asking what is the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm asking what is the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm asking what is the distribution
+of 1/ n Su from I = 1 to n of x i s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it is the sum of there IID so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is the sum of there IID so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is the sum of there IID so it's
+the sum of independent gaans but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of independent gaans but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of independent gaans but not
+standard so the first thing to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so the first thing to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so the first thing to make them
+standard is that I divide all of them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is that I divide all of them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is that I divide all of them by
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+squ okay now this guy is of the form z s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay now this guy is of the form z s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay now this guy is of the form z s
+where Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Z is
+n01 okay so now this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 okay so now this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 okay so now this thing
+here has what distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^ 2
+N and now Sigma Square n * k^ s n so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and now Sigma Square n * k^ s n so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and now Sigma Square n * k^ s n so if
+I have Sigma Square divid n time K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Sigma Square divid n time K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Sigma Square divid n time K
+Square uh sorry so n times this times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh sorry so n times this times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh sorry so n times this times n
+divid by Sigma Square so if I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid by Sigma Square so if I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid by Sigma Square so if I take this
+thing and I multiply it by n divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I multiply it by n divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I multiply it by n divided by
+Sigma Square it means I remove this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Square it means I remove this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Square it means I remove this term
+and now I I'm left with a K square with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I I'm left with a K square with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I I'm left with a K square with
+n decreas of Freedom now the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n decreas of Freedom now the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n decreas of Freedom now the effect of
+centering with the sample mean here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centering with the sample mean here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centering with the sample mean here here
+is only to lose one degree of Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only to lose one degree of Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only to lose one degree of Freedom
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so if I want to do a test about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I want to do a test about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I want to do a test about
+variance since this is supposedly a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance since this is supposedly a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance since this is supposedly a good
+estimator of variance this could be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of variance this could be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of variance this could be my
+pivotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivotal
+distribution this could play the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this could play the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this could play the role of
+a gaussian if I want to know if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaussian if I want to know if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaussian if I want to know if my
+variance is equal to one or larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to one or larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to one or larger than
+one I could actually build a test B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I could actually build a test B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I could actually build a test B on
+this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only
+statement and test if the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and test if the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and test if the variance is
+larger than one or not now this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one or not now this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one or not now this is not a
+symic because I started with the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symic because I started with the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symic because I started with the very
+assumption that my data was g in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that my data was g in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that my data was g in
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+okay now just a side remark you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now just a side remark you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now just a side remark you can
+check that this K squ 22 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this K squ 22 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this K squ 22 is an
+exponential with half degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with half degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with half degrees of freedom
+which is certainly not clear from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly not clear from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly not clear from the
+fact that Z1 S Plus Z2 squ is a Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Z1 S Plus Z2 squ is a Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Z1 S Plus Z2 squ is a Kai
+square with two degrees of freedom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square with two degrees of freedom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square with two degrees of freedom right
+if I give you the sum of the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you the sum of the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you the sum of the square of
+two independent gin this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent gin this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent gin this is actually an
+exponential that's not super clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's not super clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that's not super clear
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+at what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what was
+here uh I don't know if you took note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I don't know if you took note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I don't know if you took note
+but uh let me rewrite it for you so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let me rewrite it for you so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let me rewrite it for you so was
+x to the D / 2 - 1 e- x/ 2 / 2 the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the D / 2 - 1 e- x/ 2 / 2 the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the D / 2 - 1 e- x/ 2 / 2 the D
+over 2 gamma of D over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 gamma of D over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 gamma of D over
+two gamma so if I plug in D is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma so if I plug in D is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma so if I plug in D is equal to
+two gamma of two over two is gamma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma of two over two is gamma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma of two over two is gamma of
+one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which
+is one right factorial zero so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right factorial zero so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right factorial zero so it's one
+so this guy goes away 2 to the D over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy goes away 2 to the D over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy goes away 2 to the D over uh
+2 is 2 to the 1 so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 2 to the 1 so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 2 to the 1 so that's just
+one uh no that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh no that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh no that's just
+two okay then x to the D over 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay then x to the D over 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay then x to the D over 2 minus
+one is X to the zero goes away and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is X to the zero goes away and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is X to the zero goes away and so I
+have x - x over 2 12 which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x - x over 2 12 which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x - x over 2 12 which is really
+indeed of the form Lambda e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed of the form Lambda e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed of the form Lambda e to the minus
+Lambda X for Lambda is equal to 12 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X for Lambda is equal to 12 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X for Lambda is equal to 12 which
+was our exponential distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our exponential distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our exponential distribution
+okay so um well next week is uh uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um well next week is uh uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um well next week is uh uh well
+Columbus Day uh so next um that's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbus Day uh so next um that's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbus Day uh so next um that's next
+Monday so next week we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday so next week we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday so next week we'll talk about
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+distribution and uh so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh so that was
+discovered by a guy who pretended his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a guy who pretended his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a guy who pretended his
+name was student but was not student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was student but was not student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was student but was not student and
+I challenge you to find why in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I challenge you to find why in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I challenge you to find why in the
+meantime all right so I'll see you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime all right so I'll see you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime all right so I'll see you uh
+next week your homework is uh going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week your homework is uh going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week your homework is uh going to
+be outside so we can release um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be outside so we can release um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be outside so we can release um the
+room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4Q37iOyBq44.txt b/4Q37iOyBq44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ed4dc4da098ccb4ccdf75339e939b9e1fb98079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4Q37iOyBq44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1996 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: What we're going
+to talk about today is a
+
+continuation of last time.
+
+I want to review Newton's method
+because I want to talk
+
+to you about its accuracy.
+
+So if you remember, the way
+Newton's method works is this.
+
+If you have a curve and you
+want to know whether it
+
+crosses the axis.
+
+And you don't know where this
+point is, this point which
+
+I'll call x here, what you
+do is you take a guess.
+
+Maybe you take a
+point x0 here.
+
+And then you go down to this
+point on the graph. and you
+
+draw the tangent line.
+
+I'll draw these in a couple of
+different colors so that you
+
+can see the difference
+between them.
+
+So here's a tangent line.
+
+It's coming out like that.
+
+And that one is going to
+get a little closer
+
+to our target point.
+
+But now the trick is, and this
+is rather hard to see because
+
+the scale gets small incredibly
+fast, is that if
+
+you go right up from that,
+and you do this
+
+same trick over again.
+
+That is, this is your second
+guess, x1, and now you draw
+
+the second tangent line.
+
+Which is going to come
+down this way.
+
+That's really close.
+
+You can see here on the
+chalkboard, it's practically
+
+the same as the dot of x.
+
+So that's the next guess.
+
+Which is x2.
+
+And I want to analyze, now,
+how close it gets.
+
+And just describe to
+you how it works.
+
+So let me just remind you
+of the formulas, too.
+
+It's worth having them
+in your head.
+
+So the formula for the
+next one is this.
+
+And then the idea is just
+to repeat this process.
+
+Which has a fancy name, which is
+in algorithms, which is to
+
+iterate, if you like.
+
+So we repeat the process.
+
+And that means, for example, we
+generate x2 from x1 by the
+
+same formula.
+
+And we did this last time.
+
+And, more generally, the n + 1st
+is generated from the nth
+
+guess, by this formula here.
+
+So what I'd like to do is just
+draw the picture of one step a
+
+little bit more closely.
+
+So I want to blow
+up the picture,
+
+which is above me there.
+
+That's a little too high.
+
+Where are my erasers?
+
+Got to get it a little lower
+than that, since I'm going to
+
+depict everything above
+the line here.
+
+So here's my curve
+coming down.
+
+And suppose that x1 is here, so
+this is directly above it
+
+is this point here.
+
+And then as I drew it,
+this green tangent
+
+coming down like that.
+
+It's a little bit closer, and
+this was the place, x2, and
+
+then here was x, our target,
+which is where the curve
+
+crosses as opposed
+to the straight
+
+tangent line crossing.
+
+So that's the picture that I
+want you to keep in mind.
+
+And now, we're just going to do
+a very qualitative kind of
+
+error analysis.
+
+So here's our error analysis.
+
+And we're starting out, the
+distance between x1 and x is
+
+what we want to measure.
+
+In other words, how close we
+are to where we're heading.
+
+And so I've called that, I'm
+going to call that Error 1.
+
+That's x - x1.
+
+In absolute value.
+
+And then, E2 would be x -
+x2, in absolute value.
+
+And so forth.
+
+And, last time, when I was
+estimating the size of this,
+
+so En would be whatever
+it was.
+
+Last time, remember, we did
+it for a specific case.
+
+So last time, I actually
+wrote down the numbers.
+
+And they were these numbers,
+maybe you could call them En,
+
+which was the absolute value
+of square root of 5 - xn.
+
+These are the sizes that I was
+writing down last time.
+
+And I just want to talk about
+in general what to expect.
+
+That worked amazingly well, and
+I want to show you that
+
+that's true pretty
+much in general.
+
+So the first distance, again, is
+E1, is this distance here.
+
+That's the E1.
+
+And then this shorter distance,
+here, this little
+
+bit, which I'll mark maybe
+in green, is E2.
+
+So how much shorter
+is E1 than E2?
+
+Well, the idea is
+pretty simple.
+
+It's that if this distance in
+this vertical, distances are
+
+probably about the same as the
+perpendicular distance.
+
+And this is basically the
+situation of a curve touching
+
+a tangent line.
+
+Then the separation is going
+to be quadratic.
+
+And that's basically what's
+going to happen.
+
+So, in other words the distance
+E2 is going to be
+
+about the square of
+the distance E1.
+
+And that's really the only
+feature of this that I
+
+want to point out.
+
+So, approximately, this
+is the situation that
+
+we're going to get.
+
+And so what that means is, and
+maybe thinking from last time,
+
+what we had was something
+roughly like this.
+
+You have an E0, you have an E1,
+you have an E2, you have
+
+an E3, and so forth.
+
+Maybe I'll write down E4 here.
+
+And last time, this was
+about 10 ^ - 1.
+
+So the expectation based on
+this rule is that the next
+
+error's the square of
+the previous one.
+
+So that's 10 ^ - 2.
+
+The next one is the square
+of the previous one.
+
+So that's 10 ^ - 4.
+
+And the next one is the square
+of that, that's 10 ^ - 8.
+
+And this one is 10 ^ - 16.
+
+So the thing that's impressive
+about this list of numbers is
+
+you can see that the number of
+digits of accuracy doubles at
+
+each stage.
+
+Accuracy doubles at each step.
+
+The number of digits of accuracy
+doubles at each step.
+
+So, very, very quickly you get
+past the accuracy of your
+
+calculator, as you saw
+on your problem set.
+
+And this thing works
+beautifully.
+
+So, let me just summarize by
+saying that Newton's method
+
+works very well.
+
+By which I mean this
+kind of rate.
+
+And I want to be just
+slightly specific.
+
+If, there's really two
+conditions disguised in this,
+
+that are going on.
+
+One is that f' has
+to be, not to be.
+
+To be not small.
+
+And f'' has to be not too big.
+
+That's roughly speaking what's
+going on. i'll explain these
+
+in just a second.
+
+And x0 starts nearby.
+
+Nearby the target value x.
+
+So that's really what's
+going on here.
+
+So let me just illustrate
+to you.
+
+So I'm not going to explain
+this, except to say the reason
+
+why this second derivative gets
+involved is that it's how
+
+curved the curve is, that
+how far away you get.
+
+If the second derivative were
+0, that would be the best
+
+possible case.
+
+Then we would get
+it on the nose.
+
+If the second derivative is not
+too big, that means the
+
+quadratic part is not too big.
+
+So we don't get away very far
+from the green line to the
+
+curve itself.
+
+The other thing to say is,
+as I said, that x0
+
+needs to start nearby.
+
+So I'll explain that
+by explaining what
+
+maybe could go wrong.
+
+So the ways the method can fail,
+and one example which
+
+actually would have happened in
+our example from last time,
+
+which was y = x^2 -
+5, is suppose we'd
+
+started x0 over here.
+
+Then this thing would have gone
+off to the left, and we
+
+would have landed on not
+the square root of 5
+
+but the other root.
+
+So if it's too far away, then
+we get the wrong root.
+
+So that's an example, explaining
+that the x0 needs
+
+to start near the root that
+we're talking about.
+
+Otherwise, the method doesn't
+know which root
+
+you're asking for.
+
+It only knows where
+you started.
+
+So it may go off to
+the wrong place.
+
+OK, it can't read your mind.
+
+Yes, question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, good question.
+
+So the question was, what
+if the first error
+
+is larger than 1.
+
+Are you in trouble?
+
+And the answer is,
+absolutely, yes.
+
+If you have quadratic behavior,
+you can see.
+
+If you have a quadratic nearby,
+it's pretty close to
+
+the straight line.
+
+But far away, a parabola is
+miles from a straight line.
+
+It's way, way, way far away.
+
+So if you're foolish enough to
+start over here, you may have
+
+some trouble making progress.
+
+Actually, it isn't - when I,
+that little wiggle there just
+
+meant proportional to.
+
+In fact, in the particular case
+of a parabola, it manages
+
+to get back.
+
+It saves itself.
+
+But there's no guarantee
+of that sort of thing.
+
+You really do want to start
+reasonably close.
+
+Yep.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What you have to do
+is you have to watch out.
+
+That is, it's hard to know
+what assumptions
+
+to make about x0.
+
+You plug it into the machine
+and you see what you get.
+
+And either it works
+or it doesn't.
+
+You can tell that it's marching
+toward a specific
+
+place, and you can tell
+that that place
+
+probably is a 0, usually.
+
+But maybe it's not the one
+you were looking for.
+
+So in other words, you have
+to use your head.
+
+You run the program and then
+you see what it does.
+
+And if you're lucky - the
+problem is, if you have no
+
+idea where the 0 is, you may
+just wander around forever.
+
+As we'll see in a second.
+
+So the next example here
+is the following.
+
+I said that f' has to
+be not too small.
+
+There's a real catastrophe
+hiding
+
+just inside this picture.
+
+Which is the transition between
+when you find the
+
+positive root and when you find
+the negative root here.
+
+Which is, if you're
+right down here.
+
+If you were foolish enough to
+get 0, then what's going to
+
+happen is your tangent
+line is horizontal.
+
+It doesn't even meet the axis.
+
+So in the formula, you can
+see that's a catastrophe.
+
+Because there's an f'
+in the denominator.
+
+So that's 0.
+
+That's undefined.
+
+It's not surprising, it's
+consistent that the parallel
+
+line doesn't meet the axis.
+
+And you have no x1.
+
+So you had, so if you like,
+another point here is that f'
+
+= 0 is a disaster.
+
+A disaster for the method.
+
+Because the next, so
+say, if f (x0) =
+
+0, then x1 is undefined.
+
+And finally, there's one other
+weird thing that can happen.
+
+Which is, which I'll just draw
+a picture of schematically.
+
+Which you can get
+from a wiggle.
+
+So this wiggle has
+three roots.
+
+The way I've drawn it.
+
+And it can be that you can start
+over here with your x0.
+
+And draw your tangent line and
+go over here to an x1.
+
+And then that tangent
+line will take you
+
+right back to the x0.
+
+I didn't draw it quite right,
+but that's about right.
+
+So it goes over like this.
+
+So let me draw the two tangent
+lines, so that
+
+you can see it properly.
+
+Sorry, I messed it up.
+
+So here are the two
+tangent lines.
+
+This guy and this guy.
+
+And it just goes back and forth.
+x0 cycles to x1, and x1
+
+goes back to x0.
+
+We have a cycle.
+
+And it never goes anywhere.
+
+This is, the grass is
+always greener.
+
+It's over here, it thinks, oh, I
+really would prefer to go to
+
+this 0 and then it thinks
+oh, I want to go back.
+
+And it goes back and forth,
+and back and forth.
+
+Grass is always greener on the
+other side of the fence.
+
+Never, never gets anywhere.
+
+So those are the sorts of things
+that can go wrong with
+
+Newton's method.
+
+Nevertheless, it's fantastic.
+
+It works very well, in
+a lot of situations.
+
+And solves basically any
+equation that you can imagine,
+
+numerically.
+
+Next we're going to move on.
+
+We're going to move on to
+something which is a little
+
+theoretical.
+
+Which is the mean
+value theorem.
+
+And that will allow us in just a
+day or so to launch into the
+
+ideas of integration,
+which is the whole
+
+second half of the course.
+
+So let's get started
+with that.
+
+The mean value theorem will
+henceforth be abbreviated MVT.
+
+So I don't have to write
+quite as much every
+
+time I refer to it.
+
+The mean values theorem,
+
+colloquially, says the following.
+
+If you go from Boston to LA,
+which I think a lot of Red Sox
+
+fans are going to want to do
+soon, so that's 3,000 miles.
+
+In 6 hours, then at some
+time you are going
+
+at a certain speed.
+
+The average of this speed.
+
+Average, so speed, which
+in this case is what?
+
+So we're going at the
+average speed.
+
+That's 3,000 miles times
+6 hours, so that's
+
+500 miles per hour.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So sometime on your journey,
+of course, some of the time
+
+you're going more than 500 miles
+an hour, sometimes you
+
+are going less.
+
+And some time you must've
+been going 500
+
+miles an hour exactly.
+
+That's the mean value theorem.
+
+The reason why it's called mean
+value theorem is that
+
+word mean is the same
+as the word average.
+
+So now I'm going to
+state it in math
+
+symbols, the same theorem.
+
+And it's a formula.
+
+It says that the difference
+quotient, so this is the
+
+distance traveled divided
+by the time elapsed.
+
+That's the average speed, is
+equal to the infinitesimal
+
+speed for some time
+in between.
+
+So some c, which is in
+between a and b.
+
+I'm not quite done.
+
+It's a real theorem,
+it has hypotheses.
+
+I've told you the conclusion
+first, but there are some
+
+hypotheses, they're
+straightforward hypotheses.
+
+Provided f is differentiable;
+that is, it has a derivative
+
+in the interval a < x < b.
+
+And continuous in a < or =
+x, less than or equal to.
+
+There has to be a sense that you
+can make out of the speed,
+
+or the rate of change of f at
+each intermediate point.
+
+And in order for the values at
+the ends to make sense, it has
+
+to be continuous.
+
+There has to be a link between
+the values at the ends and
+
+what's going on in between.
+
+If it were discontinuous, there
+would be no relation
+
+between the left and
+right values and
+
+the rest of the function.
+
+So here's the theorem,
+conclusion and its hypothesis.
+
+And it means what I said more
+colloquially up above.
+
+Now, I'm going to prove this
+theorem immediately.
+
+At least, give a geometric
+intuitive argument, which is
+
+not very different from the
+one that's given in a very
+
+systematic treatment.
+
+So here's the proof of the
+mean value theorem.
+
+It's really just a picture.
+
+So here's a place, and here's
+another place on the graph.
+
+And the graph is going along
+like this, let's say.
+
+And this line here is
+the secant line.
+
+So this is (a, f (
+a )) down here.
+
+And this is (b, f
+( b )) up there.
+
+And this segment is the secant,
+its slope is the slope
+
+that we're aiming for.
+
+The slope of that line is
+the left-hand side of
+
+this formula here.
+
+So we need to find something
+with that slope.
+
+And what we need to find is a
+tangent line with that slope,
+
+because what's on the right-hand
+side is the slip of
+
+a tangent line.
+
+So here's how we construct it.
+
+We take a parallel
+line, down here.
+
+And then we just translate it
+up, leaving it parallel, we
+
+move it up.
+
+Towards this one.
+
+Until it touches.
+
+And where it touches, at this
+point of tangency, down there,
+
+I've just found my value of c.
+
+And you can see that if the
+tangent line is parallel to
+
+this line, that's exactly
+the equation we want.
+
+So this thing has
+slope f' (c).
+
+And this other one has slope
+equal to this complicated
+
+expression, f ( b) -
+f (a) / (b - a).
+
+That is almost the
+end of the proof.
+
+There's one problem.
+
+So, again, we move a
+parallel line up.
+
+Move up the parallel line
+until it touches.
+
+There's a little subtlety
+here, which I
+
+just want to emphasize.
+
+Which is that that dotted line
+keeps on going here.
+
+But when we bring it up, we're
+going to ignore what's
+
+happening outside of a.
+
+And beyond b, alright?
+
+So we're just going to ignore
+the rest of the graph.
+
+But there is one thing
+that can go wrong.
+
+So if it does not touch, then
+the picture looks likes this.
+
+Here are the same two points.
+
+And the graph is all above.
+
+And we brought up our thing.
+
+And it went like that.
+
+So we didn't construct
+a tangent line.
+
+If this happens.
+
+So we're in trouble,
+in that point.
+
+In this situation, sorry.
+
+But there's a trick, which is
+a straightforward trick.
+
+Then bring the tangent lines
+down from the top.
+
+So parallel lines, sorry,
+not tangent lines.
+
+Parallel lines.
+
+From above.
+
+So, that's the whole story.
+
+That's how we cook up this
+point c, with the right
+
+properties.
+
+I want to point out just one
+more theoretical thing.
+
+And then the rest, we're going
+to be drawing conclusions.
+
+So there's one more theoretical
+remark about the
+
+proof, which is something that
+is fairly important to
+
+understand.
+
+When you understand a proof, you
+should always be thinking
+
+about why the hypotheses
+are necessary.
+
+Where do I use the hypothesis.
+
+And I want to give you an
+example where the proof
+
+doesn't work to show you
+that the hypothesis is
+
+an important one.
+
+So the example is
+the following.
+
+I'll just take a function
+which is two
+
+straight lines like this.
+
+And if you try to perform this
+trick with these things, then
+
+it's going to come up and it's
+going to touch here.
+
+But the problem is that
+the tangent line
+
+is not defined here.
+
+There are lots of tangents, and
+there's no derivative at
+
+this point.
+
+So the derivative doesn't
+exist here.
+
+So this is the claim that one
+bad point ruins the proof.
+
+We need f' to exist at
+all so, f' ( x ) to
+
+exist at all x in between.
+
+Can't get away even with
+one defective point.
+
+Now it's time to draw
+some consequences.
+
+And the main consequence is
+going to have to do with
+
+applications to graphing.
+
+But we'll see tomorrow and for
+the rest of the course that
+
+this is even more
+significance.
+
+It's significant to all
+the rest of Calculus.
+
+I'm going to list three
+consequences which you're
+
+quite familiar with already.
+
+So, the first one is if f'
+is positive, then f is
+
+increasing.
+
+And the second one is if f'
+is negative, then f is
+
+decreasing.
+
+And the last one seems like the
+simplest. But even this
+
+one alone is the key
+to everything.
+
+If f' = 0, then f is constant.
+
+These are three consequences,
+now, of
+
+the mean value theorem.
+
+And let me show you how
+they're proved.
+
+I just told you that they were
+true, maybe a while ago.
+
+And certainly I mentioned
+the first two.
+
+The last one was so simple that
+we maybe just swept it
+
+under the rug.
+
+You did use it on a problem
+set, once or twice.
+
+But it turns out that this
+actually requires proof, and
+
+we're going to give the
+proof right now.
+
+The way that the proof goes is
+simply to write down, to
+
+rewrite star.
+
+Rewrite our formula.
+
+Which says that f (b) - f
+(a) / (b - a) = f' (c).
+
+And you see I've written it from
+left to right here to say
+
+that the right-hand side
+information about the
+
+derivative is going to be giving
+the information about
+
+the function.
+
+That's the way I'm
+going to read it.
+
+In order to express this,
+though, I'm going to just
+
+rewrite it a couple
+of times here.
+
+So here's f ( a ), multiplying
+through by the denominator.
+
+And now I'm going to write it in
+another customary form for
+
+the mean value theorem.
+
+Which is f ( b ) = f ( a
+) + f' (c) ( b - a).
+
+So here's another version.
+
+I should probably have put this
+one in the box to begin
+
+with anyway.
+
+And, just changing it around
+algebraically,
+
+it's this fact here.
+
+They're the same thing.
+
+And now with the formula written
+in this form, I claim
+
+that I can check these
+three facts.
+
+Let's start with
+the first one.
+
+I'm going to set things up
+always so that a < b.
+
+And that's the setup
+of the theorem.
+
+And so that means that
+b - a is positive.
+
+Which means that this
+factor over here
+
+is a positive number.
+
+If f' is positive, which is
+what happens in the first
+
+case, that's the assumption that
+we're making, then this
+
+is a positive number.
+
+And so f( b ) > f( a ).
+
+Which means that it's
+increasing.
+
+It goes up as the
+value goes up.
+
+Similarly, if f' (c) is
+negative, then this is a
+
+positive times a negative
+number, this is negative. f (
+
+b ) < f(a).
+
+So it goes the other way.
+
+Maybe I'll write this way.
+
+And finally, if f' (c) =
+0, then f ( b ) = f(a).
+
+Which if you apply it to all
+possible ends means if you can
+
+do it for every interval, which
+you can't, then that
+
+means that f is constant.
+
+It never gets to
+change values.
+
+Well you might have believed
+these facts already.
+
+But I just want to emphasize to
+you that this turns out to
+
+be the one key link between
+infinitesimals, between limits
+
+and these actual differences.
+
+Before, we were saying that the
+difference quotient was
+
+approximately equal
+to the derivative.
+
+Now we're saying that it's
+exactly equal to a derivative.
+
+Although we don't know exactly
+which point to use.
+
+It's some point in between.
+
+I'm going to be deducing some
+other consequences in a
+
+second, but let me stop for
+second to make sure that
+
+everybody's on board.
+
+Especially since I've finished
+the blackboards here.
+
+Before we, everybody happy?
+
+One question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm just going to
+repeat your question first.
+
+I'm a little bit confused, you
+said, about what guarantees
+
+that there's a point
+of tangency.
+
+That's what you said.
+
+So do you want to elaborate, or
+do you want to want to stop
+
+with what you just send?
+
+What is it that confuses you?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm not claiming
+that there's only one point.
+
+This could wiggle a lot of times
+and it maybe touches at
+
+ten places.
+
+In other words, it's
+OK with me if it
+
+touches more than once.
+
+Then I just have more,
+the more the merrier.
+
+In other words, I
+don't want there
+
+necessarily only to be one.
+
+It could come down like this.
+
+And touch a second time.
+
+Is that what was
+concerning you?
+
+So in mathematics, when we claim
+that this is true for
+
+some point, we don't necessarily
+mean that it
+
+doesn't work for others.
+
+In fact, if the function is
+constant, this is 0 and in
+
+fact this equation is
+true for every c.
+
+That satisfies your question?
+
+The fact that this point exists
+
+actually is a touchy point.
+
+I just convinced you
+of it visually.
+
+It's a geometric issue,
+whether you're
+
+allowed to do this.
+
+Indeed, it has to do with the
+existence of tangent lines and
+
+more analysis then we can
+do in this class.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon me.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+what's the difference between
+
+this and the linear
+approximation.
+
+And I think, let me see if
+I can describe that.
+
+I'll leave the theorem
+on the board.
+
+I'm going to get rid
+of the colloquial
+
+version of the theorem.
+
+And I'll try to describe to
+you the difference between
+
+this and the linear
+approximation.
+
+I was planning to do that in a
+while, but we'll do it right
+
+now since that's what
+you're asking.
+
+That's fine.
+
+So here's the situation.
+
+The linear approximation, so
+let's say comparison with
+
+linear approximation.
+
+They're very closely related.
+
+The linear approximation says
+the change in f over the
+
+change in x, that's the
+left-hand side of this thing,
+
+is approximately f' (a).
+
+For b near a, and
+b - a = delta x.
+
+This statement, which is in
+the box, which is sitting
+
+right up there, is the statement
+that this change in
+
+f is actually equal
+to something.
+
+Not approximately equal to it.
+
+It's equal to f' of some c.
+
+And the problem here is that we
+don't know exactly which c.
+
+This is for some c.
+
+Between a and b.
+
+Right, so.
+
+That's the difference
+between the two.
+
+And let me elaborate
+a little bit.
+
+If you're trying to understand
+what f ( b ) - f ( a ) / (b -
+
+a) is, the mean value theorem
+is telling you for sure that
+
+it's equal to this f' (c).
+
+So that means it's less than
+or equal to the largest
+
+possible value on the largest
+value you can get, for sure.
+
+And this is on the
+whole interval.
+
+And I'm going to include the
+ends, because when you take a
+
+max it's sometimes achieved
+at the ends.
+
+And similarly, because it's f'
+(c), it's definitely bigger
+
+than the min on this
+same interval here.
+
+This is all you can say based
+on the mean value theorem.
+
+All you know is this.
+
+And colloquially, what that
+means is that the average
+
+speed is between the maximum
+and the minimum.
+
+Not very surprising.
+
+The mean value theorem is
+supposed to be very
+
+intuitively obvious.
+
+It's saying the average speed is
+trapped between the maximum
+
+speed and the minimum speed.
+
+For sure, that's something,
+that's why, incidentally this
+
+wasn't really proved
+when Newton and
+
+Leibniz were around.
+
+But, let's write this so
+that you can read it.
+
+Average speed is between
+the max and the min.
+
+But nobody had any trouble,
+they didn't disbelieve it
+
+because it's a very
+natural thing.
+
+Now if, for example, I take
+any kind of linear
+
+approximation; say, for
+instance, e ^ x is
+
+approximately 1 + x.
+
+Then I'm making the
+guess, now, don't
+
+want to say this yet.
+
+That's not going to explain
+it to you well enough.
+
+What we're saying, so this
+is the mean value here.
+
+This is what the mean
+value theorem says.
+
+And here's the linear
+approximation.
+
+The linear approximation is
+saying that the average speed
+
+is approximately the
+initial speed, or
+
+possibly the final speed.
+
+So if a is the left endpoint,
+then it's the initial speed.
+
+If it happens to be the right
+endpoint, if the value of x is
+
+to the left then it's
+the final speed.
+
+So those are the - so you can
+see it's approximately right.
+
+Because the speed, when you're
+on a short interval, shouldn't
+
+be varying very much.
+
+The max and the min should
+be pretty close together.
+
+So that's why the linear
+approximation is reasonable.
+
+And this is telling you
+absolutely, it's no less than
+
+the min and no more
+than the max.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The little kink?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: If you approach
+from the top.
+
+So if it's still under here
+I can show you it again.
+
+Oh yeah, it's still there.
+
+Good.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, the one with
+the wiggle on top?
+
+Yeah, this one you can't.
+
+Because there's nothing to touch
+and it also fails from
+
+the bottom because there's
+this bad point.
+
+From the top, it could work.
+
+It can certainly
+work both ways.
+
+So, for example.
+
+See if you're a machine, you
+maybe don't have a way of
+
+doing this.
+
+But if you're a human being you
+can spot all the places.
+
+There are a bunch of spots
+where the slope is right.
+
+And it's perfectly OK.
+
+All of them work.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not that
+the c is the same.
+
+It's just we've now found one,
+two, three, four, five c's for
+
+which it works.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: If you're asked to
+find a c, so first of all
+
+that's kind of a
+phony question.
+
+There are some questions on your
+problem set which ask you
+
+to find a c.
+
+That actually is struggling to
+get you to understand what the
+
+statement of the mean value
+theorem is, but you should not
+
+pay a lot of attention
+to those questions.
+
+They're not very impressive.
+
+But, of course, you would have
+to find all the - if it asked
+
+you to find one, you find one.
+
+If you can find some
+more, fine.
+
+You can pick whichever
+one you want.
+
+Mean value theorem just
+doesn't care.
+
+The mean value theorem doesn't
+care because actually, the
+
+mean value theorem is never
+used except in real life,
+
+except in this context here.
+
+You can never nail down which c
+it is, so the only thing you
+
+can say is that you're going
+slower than the maximum speed
+
+and faster than the
+minimum speed.
+
+Sorry, say that again?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: If you're asked for a
+specific c, you have to find
+
+a specific c.
+
+And it has to be in the range.
+
+In between, it has
+to be in here.
+
+So now I want to tell you
+about another kind of
+
+application, which is really
+just a consequence of what
+
+I've described here.
+
+I should emphasize, by the way,
+this, probably, should be
+
+doing this.
+
+I guess we've never used
+this color here.
+
+This popular.
+
+This is pink.
+
+So this one is so good.
+
+So since we're going
+to do this.
+
+So the reason why the
+exclamation points are
+
+temporary, this is such
+an obvious fact.
+
+But this is the way that you're
+going to want to use
+
+the mean value theorem, and this
+is the only way you need
+
+to understand the mean
+value theorem.
+
+On your test, or ever
+in your whole life.
+
+So this is the way
+it will be used.
+
+As I will make very clear when
+we review for the exam.
+
+In practice what happens is you
+even forget about the mean
+
+value theorem, and what you
+remember is these three
+
+properties here.
+
+Which are themselves
+consequences of
+
+the mean value theorem.
+
+So these are the ones that
+I want to illustrate now.
+
+In my next discussion here.
+
+I'm just going to talk about
+inequalities. inequalities are
+
+relationships between
+functions.
+
+And I'm going to prove a couple
+of them using the
+
+properties over there, the
+properties that functions with
+
+positive derivatives
+are increasing.
+
+Here's an example. e ^ x
+> 1 + x, where x > 0.
+
+The proof is the following.
+
+I consider, so here's a proof.
+
+I consider the function f ( x ),
+which is the difference. e
+
+^ x - (1 + x).
+
+I observe that it starts at f (
+0 ) equal to, well, that's e
+
+^ 0 - (1 + 0), which is 0.
+
+And, it keeps on going.
+f' (x) = e ^ x.
+
+If I differentiate here,
+the 1 goes away.
+
+I get - 1.
+
+That's the derivative
+of the function.
+
+And this function, because
+e ^ x > 1, for
+
+x positive is positive.
+
+As x gets bigger and
+bigger, this rate
+
+of increase is positive.
+
+And therefore, three dots,
+that's therefore, f ( x ) is
+
+bigger than its starting place.
+
+For x > 0.
+
+If it's increasing, then that's,
+in particular, it's
+
+increasing starting from 0.
+
+So this is true.
+
+Now, all I have to do is read
+what this inequality says.
+
+And what it says is that e ^ x,
+just plug in for f ( x ),
+
+which is right here. -( 1 + x)
+is greater than the starting
+
+value, which was 0.
+
+Now, I put the thing that's
+negative on the other side.
+
+So that's the same thing
+as e^x > 1 + x.
+
+That's a typical inequality.
+
+And now, we'll use this
+principle again.
+
+Oh gee, I erased the
+wrong thing.
+
+I erased the statement
+and not the proof.
+
+Well, hide the proof.
+
+The next thing I want to prove
+to you is that e ^ x > 1
+
++ x + (x^2 / 2).
+
+So, how do I do that?
+
+I introduce a function g (x),
+which is e^x minus this.
+
+And now, I'm just going
+to do exactly the
+
+same thing I did before.
+
+Which is, I get started
+with g ( 0 ).
+
+Which is 1 - 1.
+
+Which is 0.
+
+And g' ( x ) is e ^ x minus -
+now, look at what happens when
+
+I differentiate this.
+
+The 1 goes away.
+
+The x gives me a 1, and the
+x^2 / 2 gives me a + x.
+
+And this one is positive for
+x > 0, because of step 1.
+
+Because of the previous
+one that I did.
+
+So this one is increasing.
+g is increasing.
+
+Which says that g
+( x ) > g ( 0 ).
+
+And if you just read that off,
+it's exactly the same as our
+
+inequality here. e^x >
+1 + x + (x^2 / 2).
+
+Now, you can keep on going with
+this essentially forever.
+
+And let me just write
+down what you get.
+
+You get e ^ x > 1
++ x + (x^2 / 2).
+
+The next one turns out
+to be (x^3 / 3 * 2) +
+
+(x^4 / 4 * 3 * 2).
+
+And you can do whatever
+you want.
+
+You can do others.
+
+And this is like the tortoise
+and the hare.
+
+This is the tortoise,
+and this is the
+
+hare, it's always ahead.
+
+But eventually, if you go
+infinitely far, it catches up.
+
+So this turns out to
+be exactly equal to
+
+e ^ x in the limit.
+
+And we'll talk about
+that maybe at
+
+the end of the course.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4kB94UDwJ0M.txt b/4kB94UDwJ0M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f97aae5c9b214d99ef68a865d5654f64b3a6d1e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4kB94UDwJ0M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back sorry for
+the uh technical blip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh technical blip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh technical blip
+there okay so um I guess lecture two I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so um I guess lecture two I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so um I guess lecture two I I
+uh I challenged you we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I challenged you we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I challenged you we talked about the
+phase space of the simple pendulum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase space of the simple pendulum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase space of the simple pendulum and I
+challenged you uh to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged you uh to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged you uh to come up with a
+simple algorithm I guess I didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algorithm I guess I didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algorithm I guess I didn't say
+simple but I challenged you to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but I challenged you to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but I challenged you to come up
+with an algorithm to try to um in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an algorithm to try to um in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an algorithm to try to um in some
+sort of minimal way um change the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minimal way um change the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minimal way um change the phase
+plot of this system so that the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of this system so that the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of this system so that the fix
+points that used to be unstable become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that used to be unstable become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that used to be unstable become
+stable and vice versa so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and vice versa so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and vice versa so today we're
+going to do that I don't know if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that I don't know if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that I don't know if anybody
+anybody do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody do that for
+fun yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun yeah
+okay okay so today we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so today we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so today we're going to do
+that so um yeah the question is um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um yeah the question is um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um yeah the question is um can
+we use optimal control now numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use optimal control now numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use optimal control now numerical
+optimal control to reshape these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control to reshape these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control to reshape these
+Dynamics okay and I want to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay and I want to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay and I want to start by
+um by doing sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by doing sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by doing sort
+of an evil thing but something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an evil thing but something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an evil thing but something that's
+going to get us make thinking about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get us make thinking about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get us make thinking about it a
+lot easier we're going to discretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier we're going to discretize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier we're going to discretize
+everything okay so let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we're going to discretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+actions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and
+time okay so I'm actually going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so I'm actually going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so I'm actually going to take
+my Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector of
+X which lived on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and start thinking
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+integer uh number of states I I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer uh number of states I I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer uh number of states I I'll say
+what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay I'm going to and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm going to and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm going to and I'm going to
+take my actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my continuous action space which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my continuous action space which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my continuous action space which I've
+been thinking of as youu and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking of as youu and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking of as youu and I'm going
+to turn that into a discrete State space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that into a discrete State space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that into a discrete State space
+or discrete action space and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or discrete action space and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or discrete action space and I'm going
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+time and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and turn it
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+some integer um discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integer um discreete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integer um discreete
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and I'm going to try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and I'm going to try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and I'm going to try to be
+throughout the lectures throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the lectures throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the lectures throughout the
+notes I try to be very very careful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I try to be very very careful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I try to be very very careful to
+use x and U and time for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x and U and time for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x and U and time for continuous
+things and S for States a for x actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and S for States a for x actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and S for States a for x actions
+and for for discreet things okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for discreet things okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for discreet things okay so we
+might find ourselves in situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find ourselves in situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find ourselves in situations where
+we have continuous State and discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have continuous State and discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have continuous State and discret
+actions or some other combination but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or some other combination but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or some other combination but
+that that should be a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be a a a
+code okay so if we want to if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so if we want to if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so if we want to if we're
+willing to discretize State and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to discretize State and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to discretize State and time
+then maybe one way to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe one way to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe one way to think about that
+on this picture is by thinking of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this picture is by thinking of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this picture is by thinking of every
+one of these this is the my quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these this is the my quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these this is the my quick
+cartoon of the phase plot of the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the phase plot of the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the phase plot of the simple
+pendulum um let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum um let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum um let's think about
+identifying each one of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying each one of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying each one of these sort of
+possible states in the in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states in the in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states in the in the face
+portrait as a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait as a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait as a particular
+State okay these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay these little
+nodes possible States we could live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes possible States we could live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes possible States we could live in
+and through actions we can transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through actions we can transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through actions we can transition to
+different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states
+right if you see what I'm doing without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you see what I'm doing without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you see what I'm doing without
+drawing 100,000 circles here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing 100,000 circles here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing 100,000 circles here so let's
+tile the state space with um discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile the state space with um discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile the state space with um discret
+States you could also think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you could also think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you could also think of it as
+drawing a grid and calling each um box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a grid and calling each um box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a grid and calling each um box
+in the grid a state and what allow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grid a state and what allow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grid a state and what allow that
+allows us to do we're also discretizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do we're also discretizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do we're also discretizing
+actions so we have a finite number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so we have a finite number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so we have a finite number of of
+possible options coming out of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible options coming out of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible options coming out of each
+state it allows us to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it allows us to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it allows us to turn the
+continuous time optimal control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time optimal control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time optimal control problem
+into a a simple Graph Search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a simple Graph Search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a simple Graph Search
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay um Graph Search we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um Graph Search we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um Graph Search we know how to do
+well we're really good at that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're really good at that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're really good at that in
+computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science
+okay so um let's see how far we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's see how far we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's see how far we can get
+first by just thinking about this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first by just thinking about this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first by just thinking about this very
+nonlinear very Dynamic thing in on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear very Dynamic thing in on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear very Dynamic thing in on a
+graph search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph search
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+um so we're going to do numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to do numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to do numerical
+optimal control this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is in particular when people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in particular when people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in particular when people talk about
+I the dynamic programming algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the dynamic programming algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the dynamic programming algorithm
+they're often talking about discretizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often talking about discretizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often talking about discretizing
+State and actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and actions
+um and we're going to use this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're going to use this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're going to use this this
+standard optimal control formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard optimal control formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard optimal control formulation
+right I'm going to start with a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon and say that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and say that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and say that my
+cost of being in state X time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being in state X time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of being in state X time
+T is H of X at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is the continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the continuous time
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control and I'm going to start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and I'm going to start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and I'm going to start thinking
+of that now as being in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that now as being in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that now as being in state
+s at integer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s at integer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s at integer time
+n and having may be it some final cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and having may be it some final cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and having may be it some final cost
+um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+plus a sum from Nal 0 to n of G sa okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a sum from Nal 0 to n of G sa okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a sum from Nal 0 to n of G sa okay
+and my Dynamics now are going to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my Dynamics now are going to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my Dynamics now are going to be of
+the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S I could maybe I should even write more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I could maybe I should even write more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I could maybe I should even write more
+explicitly SN plus one is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly SN plus one is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly SN plus one is a function of
+SN a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so again dynamic programming exploits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again dynamic programming exploits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again dynamic programming exploits
+the fact that you can write this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you can write this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you can write this in a
+recursive form right so if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive form right so if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive form right so if I want to
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+um cost to go which I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar
+at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the final
+time it's just h of s right and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's just h of s right and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's just h of s right and going
+backwards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time this is just going to be the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is just going to be the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is just going to be the Min
+over a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a of
+GSA plus h of S Prime where S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GSA plus h of S Prime where S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GSA plus h of S Prime where S Prime
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get
+one if n is n minus one I get one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if n is n minus one I get one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if n is n minus one I get one of
+these and then I get the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and then I get the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and then I get the final
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+okay and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and going
+backwards we have this recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form which is min over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is min over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is min over
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+GSA plus the cost to go from S Prime at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GSA plus the cost to go from S Prime at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GSA plus the cost to go from S Prime at
+n+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n+1
+one using that same S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime okay I want to make sure you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay I want to make sure you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay I want to make sure you see
+why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is
+um why this this is this is magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why this this is this is magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why this this is this is magical
+right the fact that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fact that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fact that I can
+summarize um my optimal cost to go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize um my optimal cost to go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize um my optimal cost to go by
+doing a Min over s a single action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a Min over s a single action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a Min over s a single action
+that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really
+magical um just to make that EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical um just to make that EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical um just to make that EX
+extremely clear um think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely clear um think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely clear um think
+about J star at nus 2 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about J star at nus 2 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about J star at nus 2 let's
+say um so I have to minimize over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um so I have to minimize over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um so I have to minimize over two
+actions right I have to minimize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions right I have to minimize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions right I have to minimize over
+let's say I'll call them A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'll call them A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'll call them A1 and
+A2 my I have two steps left to go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 my I have two steps left to go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 my I have two steps left to go right
+so I have to minimize s at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to minimize s at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to minimize s at
+A1 Plus G of S Prime let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus G of S Prime let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus G of S Prime let's call it
+A2 Plus plus h of S Prime right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Plus plus h of S Prime right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Plus plus h of S Prime right that's
+my minimization I'm trying to solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my minimization I'm trying to solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my minimization I'm trying to solve in
+order to find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find the the
+optimal cost to go where S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal cost to go where S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal cost to go where S Prime
+is f of s a s Prime is f of S Prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of s a s Prime is f of S Prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of s a s Prime is f of S Prime this
+is A1 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 right I'm just expanding this sum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 right I'm just expanding this sum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 right I'm just expanding this sum for
+the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two
+G's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's
+right and the cool thing is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the cool thing is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the cool thing is that because
+of this additive form of G this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this additive form of G this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this additive form of G this term
+doesn't depend at all on my decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 I I'm given a current state s right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 I I'm given a current state s right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 I I'm given a current state s right I
+have to decide my action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide my action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide my action
+A1 nothing about this term depends at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 nothing about this term depends at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 nothing about this term depends at
+all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on
+A2 okay in contrast this one does depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 okay in contrast this one does depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 okay in contrast this one does depend
+on A1 right because S Prime depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 this one depends on A1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 this one depends on A1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 this one depends on A1 and a
+A2 right this one certainly depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 right this one certainly depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 right this one certainly depends on
+A2 you see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying so I can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+as Min over A1 G of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Min over A1 G of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Min over A1 G of s
+A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+Plus Min over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Min over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Min over
+A2 G of S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 G of S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 G of S Prime
+A2 plus h of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus h of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus h of S
+Prime right I could just move that Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right I could just move that Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right I could just move that Min
+inside to the terms that only that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside to the terms that only that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside to the terms that only that only
+only terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter this
+is intended to be a Moment of clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is intended to be a Moment of clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is intended to be a Moment of clarity
+then I I don't see Clarity on your faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I don't see Clarity on your faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I don't see Clarity on your faces
+does that make sense right that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense right that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense right that this
+doesn't depend on A2 I know I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on A2 I know I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on A2 I know I'm going to
+A1 is my action at at time n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is my action at at time n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is my action at at time n minus
+2 A2 is my action at n minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 A2 is my action at n minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 A2 is my action at n minus one the
+action I take next time has absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action I take next time has absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action I take next time has absolutely
+no no effect on my current state or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no effect on my current state or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no effect on my current state or my
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the great thing is this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the great thing is this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the great thing is this here is
+just this whole term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this whole term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this whole term right
+here is just J star of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just J star of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just J star of S
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+at I'm calling it n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'm calling it n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'm calling it n minus one
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's really this the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's really this the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's really this the fact that
+we're taking this Min over this additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form that allows us to to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that allows us to to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that allows us to to write the
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement like this that says the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like this that says the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like this that says the best
+thing I can do with addtive cost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can do with addtive cost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can do with addtive cost all
+these things is to in a single step take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is to in a single step take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is to in a single step take
+the action which minimizes my one-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action which minimizes my one-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action which minimizes my one-step
+cost combined with the cost I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost combined with the cost I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost combined with the cost I'm going to
+get from being in the state I trans I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from being in the state I trans I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from being in the state I trans I
+transition to for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to for the rest of
+time it's a magical thing right at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a magical thing right at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a magical thing right at time
+at whatever time I'm at I only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whatever time I'm at I only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whatever time I'm at I only have to
+think one action ahead if I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one action ahead if I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one action ahead if I've already
+got my jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my jar
+computed okay simultaneously it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed okay simultaneously it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed okay simultaneously it's saying
+that I can compute the optimal cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can compute the optimal cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can compute the optimal cost to
+go I can compute the optimal um I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I can compute the optimal um I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I can compute the optimal um I know
+exactly how much cost I'm going to incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much cost I'm going to incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much cost I'm going to incur
+from any state given I follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any state given I follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any state given I follow the
+optimal policy if I just work backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy if I just work backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy if I just work backwards
+in time and only when I'm at time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and only when I'm at time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and only when I'm at time n
+minus one I don't have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I don't have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I don't have to think about
+the actions I was going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions I was going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions I was going to take
+beforehand if as long as I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand if as long as I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand if as long as I know what
+state I'm in right because that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm in right because that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm in right because that state
+encompasses every action I've taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses every action I've taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses every action I've taken in
+the past that state contains all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that state contains all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that state contains all the
+information right all I have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right all I have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right all I have to think
+about is the the The Last Action I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the the The Last Action I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the the The Last Action I'm
+going to take to decide my optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to decide my optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to decide my optimal
+policy One Step from the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy One Step from the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy One Step from the end of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that this the fact that you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the fact that you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the fact that you can solve
+these things backwards in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things backwards in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things backwards in time
+that's the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the principle of
+optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality
+okay ask questions if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ask questions if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ask questions if you if you don't
+like what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said I think that the the graphics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I think that the the graphics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I think that the the graphics that
+are about to come are going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about to come are going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about to come are going to make
+things clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things clear
+too okay so what what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so what what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so what what does that mean
+what are the implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right for the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs I can
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the end of time which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end of time which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end of time which in this case
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and the optimal action the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the optimal action the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the optimal action the optimal
+policy which I've been want to call Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which I've been want to call Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which I've been want to call Pi
+star which could in general depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which could in general depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which could in general depend on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+argman over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argman over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argman over
+a it's the action which minimizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's the action which minimizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's the action which minimizes that
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression so I can compute J star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so I can compute J star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so I can compute J star
+recursively backwards in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively backwards in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively backwards in time
+and if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I know
+jar then I essentially know my optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar then I essentially know my optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar then I essentially know my optimal
+policy I know my the best action okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy I know my the best action okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy I know my the best action okay so
+for this reason the fact that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reason the fact that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reason the fact that the the
+cost to go the cost I expect to incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go the cost I expect to incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go the cost I expect to incur
+given I'm in state s and I'm running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I'm in state s and I'm running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I'm in state s and I'm running
+from time n the cost to go becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time n the cost to go becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time n the cost to go becomes a
+very Central construct in optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control all right so part of the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all right so part of the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all right so part of the goal
+for today is to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is to give you some
+more intuition about J star okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intuition about J star okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intuition about J star okay because
+it's actually a very intuitive thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a very intuitive thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a very intuitive thing but
+I it can be lost I think in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it can be lost I think in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it can be lost I think in the the
+equations so so let's give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so so let's give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so so let's give you more
+intuition about that I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about that I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about that I'm going to do
+that by getting a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by getting a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by getting a little bit more
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+um well sort of simultaneously abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well sort of simultaneously abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well sort of simultaneously abstract
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concrete because it's finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon no but the reward function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon no but the reward function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon no but the reward function is
+dependent on time uh I I Haven an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on time uh I I Haven an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on time uh I I Haven an
+included that you can make the reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included that you can make the reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included that you can make the reward
+reward function depend on time but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward function depend on time but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward function depend on time but even
+if the reward function or cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the reward function or cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the reward function or cost function
+in my world is uh there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my world is uh there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my world is uh there's a there's a
+sort of a a difference between optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a difference between optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a difference between optimal
+control people and reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people and reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people and reinforcement
+learning people right the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning people right the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning people right the optimal
+control people are pessimists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people are pessimists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people are pessimists
+everything's a cost right and the reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a cost right and the reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a cost right and the reward
+reinforcement learning people give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning people give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning people give
+rewards out so um I'm I I guess I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards out so um I'm I I guess I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards out so um I'm I I guess I'm a
+pessimist so my yeah so my cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist so my yeah so my cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist so my yeah so my cost is
+actually not a function of time I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a function of time I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a function of time I could
+have made it that but because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it that but because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it that but because there's a
+finite Horizon time that means my policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Horizon time that means my policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Horizon time that means my policy
+and my cost to go function still depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my cost to go function still depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my cost to go function still depends
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time because you know if time ends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you know if time ends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you know if time ends in
+one step I'm going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step I'm going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step I'm going to do something
+different than if time ends arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than if time ends arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than if time ends arbitrarily
+far in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in the
+future okay so so we're going to my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay so so we're going to my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay so so we're going to my goal
+here is to get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to get um
+intuition about cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and dynamic
+programming which I'm often going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming which I'm often going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming which I'm often going to
+call DP okay and I'm going to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call DP okay and I'm going to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call DP okay and I'm going to do it with
+a grid World example this is right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid World example this is right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grid World example this is right out
+of the reinforcement learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+books okay so in that pendulum phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books okay so in that pendulum phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books okay so in that pendulum phase
+plot I discretized the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I discretized the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I discretized the state
+space and I started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and I started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and I started talking about
+transitions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between
+states okay I can make that even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay I can make that even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay I can make that even more
+transparent by saying okay now you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent by saying okay now you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent by saying okay now you're a
+trash can robot in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can robot in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can robot in a
+room you're going to be in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room you're going to be in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room you're going to be in one of
+these tiles right you're on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiles right you're on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiles right you're on one of these
+blocks so there's a finite discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so there's a finite discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so there's a finite discreet
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+space okay I won't draw trash can robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay I won't draw trash can robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay I won't draw trash can robot
+but let's say I'm here and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say I'm here and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say I'm here and when you're
+here you have um five discrete actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have um five discrete actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have um five discrete actions
+you can take you can move up you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take you can move up you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take you can move up you can
+move right down left or you can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right down left or you can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right down left or you can sit
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and discrete time every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and discrete time every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and discrete time every time you
+take an action in the next time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an action in the next time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an action in the next time step
+you'll be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be in the
+next grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box okay um let's say I've got a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay um let's say I've got a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay um let's say I've got a goal
+State somewhere in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State somewhere in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State somewhere in the in the
+world well we can formulate plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world well we can formulate plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world well we can formulate plenty of
+good optimal control problems to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good optimal control problems to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good optimal control problems to get us
+to that goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that goal
+state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so plenty of good cost to go functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plenty of good cost to go functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plenty of good cost to go functions
+sort of in the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's say um I want to do minimum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say um I want to do minimum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say um I want to do minimum I
+want to get there in the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time well then I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well then I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well then I can just
+set G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set G of
+sa to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa to be
+uh to actually have it in units of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to actually have it in units of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to actually have it in units of time
+I should I should put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should I should put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should I should put a
+one um if s is not at the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um if s is not at the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um if s is not at the goal
+and zero if s is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero if s is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero if s is in the
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I don't actually care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I don't actually care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I don't actually care about
+actions right I have five discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions right I have five discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions right I have five discrete
+actions I can pick from whenever I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions I can pick from whenever I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions I can pick from whenever I'm in
+a state um if I'm not at the goal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state um if I'm not at the goal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state um if I'm not at the goal I'm
+going to incur a cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incur a cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incur a cost of
+one so it it's in my best interest as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it it's in my best interest as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it it's in my best interest as a
+trash can robot to get to the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can robot to get to the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can robot to get to the goal
+if I'm minimizing that cost I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm minimizing that cost I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm minimizing that cost I'm going to
+get the goal as fast as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the goal as fast as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the goal as fast as possible and
+actually the units the cost to go will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the units the cost to go will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the units the cost to go will
+tell me the number of steps to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there right so um I'm going to I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so um I'm going to I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so um I'm going to I'm going
+to do that graphically but let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that graphically but let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that graphically but let's let's
+say there's a finite Horizon now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's a finite Horizon now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's a finite Horizon now but
+this is how I'm going to get to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how I'm going to get to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how I'm going to get to infinite
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and let's say that h of s is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero I don't really care where I am at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I don't really care where I am at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I don't really care where I am at
+the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time or I could I could have H of s be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or I could I could have H of s be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or I could I could have H of s be
+this the same function that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the same function that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the same function that would be
+fine too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay um how's it going to look what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um how's it going to look what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um how's it going to look what is
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+um well let's be let's be specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's be let's be specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's be let's be specific about
+uh H let's make H actually be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H let's make H actually be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H let's make H actually be the same
+as G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as G
+here so I say it's g s the zero action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I say it's g s the zero action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I say it's g s the zero action
+you know so since this doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so since this doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so since this doesn't depend on
+actions it doesn't matter let's say h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions it doesn't matter let's say h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions it doesn't matter let's say h is
+the same function as as G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function as as G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function as as G
+there so what does my cost to go look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what does my cost to go look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what does my cost to go look
+like at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my optimal cost to go given I'm in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my optimal cost to go given I'm in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my optimal cost to go given I'm in some
+State and it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n this is a function over 8 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is a function over 8 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is a function over 8 s
+right and I'm at time n and what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function yeah it's the say it's well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah it's the say it's well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah it's the say it's well if
+I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh
+um not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not in the
+goal it's that it's the same as G right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal it's that it's the same as G right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal it's that it's the same as G right
+or H in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+okay what does G star of s n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does G star of s n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does G star of s n minus one
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I have time to take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have time to take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have time to take one
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay step away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step away
+the Z anywhere else awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z anywhere else awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z anywhere else awesome
+right if I'm on the goal I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm on the goal I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm on the goal I can do
+nothing incur zero cost to go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the best thing for me to do if I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best thing for me to do if I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best thing for me to do if I'm on
+the goal is to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to stay
+there okay if I'm a long way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if I'm a long way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if I'm a long way from the
+goal then I'm not going to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal then I'm not going to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal then I'm not going to get to the
+goal in two steps so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in two steps so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in two steps so I'm going to
+incur two units of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I'll say Loosely far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+and then there's this in between place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this in between place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this in between place
+which is if I'm a one step away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if I'm a one step away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if I'm a one step away from the
+goal I can take the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal I can take the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal I can take the right
+action and get there and incur only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and get there and incur only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and get there and incur only one
+unit of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right what's it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right what's it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right what's it going to be
+what's jsn minus 2 going to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's jsn minus 2 going to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's jsn minus 2 going to be right
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+be three two or one depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three two or one depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three two or one depending on how
+close if I'm near the goal I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close if I'm near the goal I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close if I'm near the goal I've got a
+chance of getting to the goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting to the goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting to the goal and
+stopping this insane added adding cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping this insane added adding cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping this insane added adding cost
+right stop the madness get to the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stop the madness get to the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stop the madness get to the goal
+otherwise I'm going to just incur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to just incur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to just incur the
+cost no matter what I do okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost no matter what I do okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost no matter what I do okay so what's
+the optimal policy if I'm on the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policy if I'm on the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policy if I'm on the goal
+what's the best the best action to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best the best action to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best the best action to take
+is to sit still if I'm one step away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sit still if I'm one step away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sit still if I'm one step away
+from the goal the best thing to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the goal the best thing to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the goal the best thing to do is to
+move to the goal whether it's up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the goal whether it's up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the goal whether it's up down
+left or right what if I'm out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right what if I'm out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right what if I'm out here
+what's the best thing for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do doesn't matter at all right I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do doesn't matter at all right I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do doesn't matter at all right I can do
+anything I want and I'll encourage I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I want and I'll encourage I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I want and I'll encourage I'm
+still going to incur the cost so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to incur the cost so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to incur the cost so you
+might as well just chck choose your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just chck choose your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just chck choose your um
+your policy at random okay so optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy at random okay so optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy at random okay so optimal
+policies aren't necessarily unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies aren't necessarily unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies aren't necessarily unique
+sometimes multiple actions are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes multiple actions are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes multiple actions are equally
+optimal okay here's your world I have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal okay here's your world I have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal okay here's your world I have um
+put the goal always at 2 three just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the goal always at 2 three just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the goal always at 2 three just
+randomly okay um um you are a blue star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly okay um um you are a blue star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly okay um um you are a blue star
+the goal is a red asterisk it's a take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is a red asterisk it's a take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is a red asterisk it's a take
+you back to the 80s or something video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back to the 80s or something video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back to the 80s or something video
+games Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games Okay
+um so let's just very simply I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's just very simply I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's just very simply I'm going
+to run this value iteration algorithm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this value iteration algorithm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this value iteration algorithm on
+it okay and I'm going to plot at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and I'm going to plot at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and I'm going to plot at every
+step of the algorithm the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the algorithm the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the algorithm the cost to go
+okay and the policy actually so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the policy actually so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the policy actually so it's not
+going to be I have my sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I have my sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I have my sort of more
+General value iteration code that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General value iteration code that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General value iteration code that's not
+going to be quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be quite as
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay that went pretty fast I was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that went pretty fast I was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that went pretty fast I was there
+supposed to be a pause there let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a pause there let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a pause there let me get
+that add a pause on there real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add a pause on there real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add a pause on there real quick
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um here is J at time at J at capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is J at time at J at capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is J at time at J at capital N
+right my cost function is zero if I'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my cost function is zero if I'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my cost function is zero if I'm at
+the goal one everywhere else okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal one everywhere else okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal one everywhere else okay my
+policy it could doesn't matter what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it could doesn't matter what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it could doesn't matter what I
+choose I've actually chosen to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose I've actually chosen to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose I've actually chosen to do I
+didn't put this I didn't give you a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put this I didn't give you a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put this I didn't give you a key
+but but zero is the nothing is the do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but zero is the nothing is the do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but zero is the nothing is the do
+nothing action okay so this just has do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing action okay so this just has do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing action okay so this just has do
+nothing everywhere this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing everywhere this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing everywhere this is sort of the
+lazy policy I guess and the cost it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy policy I guess and the cost it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy policy I guess and the cost it's
+going to get is it's going to get no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is it's going to get no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is it's going to get no
+cost if it's at the goal one cost if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if it's at the goal one cost if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if it's at the goal one cost if
+it's everywhere else okay if I take if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everywhere else okay if I take if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everywhere else okay if I take if
+I'm now Computing jsn minus one you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now Computing jsn minus one you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now Computing jsn minus one you guys
+told me what that is that says it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me what that is that says it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me what that is that says it's zero
+here it's one here it's two everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's one here it's two everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's one here it's two everywhere
+else right and the C now you can now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right and the C now you can now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right and the C now you can now you
+can see my key here orange must mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see my key here orange must mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see my key here orange must mean
+move down red must mean move to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down red must mean move to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down red must mean move to the left
+green must mean move to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green must mean move to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green must mean move to the right and
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+okay the value this this backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the value this this backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the value this this backwards
+propagation this dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation this dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation this dynamic programming
+propagation is a very beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation is a very beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation is a very beautiful and
+intuitive thing okay every time I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive thing okay every time I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive thing okay every time I take a
+step a few more States become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a few more States become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a few more States become
+reachable right there's that in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable right there's that in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable right there's that in in that
+amount of time I can get to the goal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time I can get to the goal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time I can get to the goal the
+resulting cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting cost to go
+function is simp it's just the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is simp it's just the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is simp it's just the distance
+the number of cells from the goal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells from the goal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells from the goal yeah
+and the policy again it's not unique but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the policy again it's not unique but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the policy again it's not unique but
+this one just because of the ordering I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one just because of the ordering I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one just because of the ordering I
+chose and I just do a Min over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose and I just do a Min over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose and I just do a Min over the
+actions says it's always going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions says it's always going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions says it's always going to move
+down when in that orange area it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when in that orange area it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when in that orange area it's
+always going to move up in the blue area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to move up in the blue area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to move up in the blue area
+and it's just going to see that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just going to see that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just going to see that's one of
+the optimal policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal policies
+right now Alor asked a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now Alor asked a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now Alor asked a good question
+what's my Horizon time right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my Horizon time right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my Horizon time right so I'm
+actually just working back from right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just working back from right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just working back from right
+back backwards from some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back backwards from some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back backwards from some sort of
+arbitrary capital n and just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary capital n and just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary capital n and just going
+backwards a Time further and further but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards a Time further and further but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards a Time further and further but
+it turns out for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for this
+problem and for many problems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and for many problems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and for many problems um
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+converges okay after some amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges okay after some amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges okay after some amount of time
+the optimal cost of go stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changing and I I know um that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and I I know um that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and I I know um that's my
+optimal policy right walk down and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy right walk down and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy right walk down and this
+is too simple this is painfully simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too simple this is painfully simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too simple this is painfully simple
+but I think that intuition is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that intuition is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that intuition is going to
+take us a long way with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us a long way with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us a long way with the with the
+value methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay yeah this example the optim policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this example the optim policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this example the optim policy
+is not unique the optimal policy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not unique the optimal policy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not unique the optimal policy is not
+unique the guy could have just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique the guy could have just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique the guy could have just as well
+gone left first and then down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone left first and then down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone left first and then down
+right so how does that manifest itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does that manifest itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does that manifest itself
+in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's multiple Min over A's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple Min over A's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple Min over A's right
+there's multiple A's that give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple A's that give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple A's that give me the
+same J star SN n minus or plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same J star SN n minus or plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same J star SN n minus or plus one
+Whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever
+right right multiple a multiple actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right multiple a multiple actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right multiple a multiple actions
+give me the same long-term cost so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the same long-term cost so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the same long-term cost so I
+could equally pick any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equally pick any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equally pick any of them
+yeah okay to to make a more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay to to make a more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay to to make a more careful
+analogy to the um the more continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to the um the more continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to the um the more continuous
+world that was a perfectly good minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that was a perfectly good minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that was a perfectly good minimum
+time problem I could have equally well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time problem I could have equally well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time problem I could have equally well
+chosen a different cost function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a different cost function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a different cost function right
+oh wait let's put the obstacles back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait let's put the obstacles back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait let's put the obstacles back in
+all right so the cool thing is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the cool thing is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the cool thing is you know
+obstacles aren't going to make it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles aren't going to make it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles aren't going to make it any
+harder for us to solve this problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for us to solve this problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for us to solve this problem in
+our head right um it's sort of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head right um it's sort of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head right um it's sort of a nice
+observation that they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that they don't actually
+make it any harder for the algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it any harder for the algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it any harder for the algorithm to
+solve it either right and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it either right and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it either right and that's a
+general principle that's something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principle that's something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principle that's something I
+definitely want you to get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want you to get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want you to get out of this
+course is that um when we're doing sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that um when we're doing sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that um when we're doing sort
+of analytical optimal control every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analytical optimal control every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analytical optimal control every
+piece you add to the Dynamics makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you add to the Dynamics makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you add to the Dynamics makes
+things cripplingly difficult right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cripplingly difficult right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cripplingly difficult right and
+so you have to stay with these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to stay with these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to stay with these very
+simple dynamical systems okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple dynamical systems okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple dynamical systems okay the
+computational algorithms are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational algorithms are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational algorithms are actually
+pretty insensitive to how complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty insensitive to how complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty insensitive to how complex the
+Dynamics are they're going to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics are they're going to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics are they're going to break down
+in a different way okay so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way okay so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way okay so so there's
+these different tools for different that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different tools for different that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different tools for different that
+are good for different problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for different problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for different problems and
+there's a lot of problems which are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of problems which are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of problems which are very
+amenable to these computational tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenable to these computational tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenable to these computational tools
+that people aren't I mean you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people aren't I mean you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people aren't I mean you can solve
+brand new problems um pretty easily with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new problems um pretty easily with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new problems um pretty easily with
+some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+algorithms okay so let's think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay so let's think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay so let's think of a
+another cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cost function
+um let's do the um equivalent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do the um equivalent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do the um equivalent of a
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulator I just had that whole Spiel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator I just had that whole Spiel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator I just had that whole Spiel
+and forgot to run the boundary the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forgot to run the boundary the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forgot to run the boundary the the
+obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles
+didn't Soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Box um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I'm just going to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm just going to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm just going to put in
+um some obstacle and if you see whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some obstacle and if you see whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some obstacle and if you see whoops
+sorry um if my state okay so I promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um if my state okay so I promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um if my state okay so I promised
+to use S and a in my notes and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use S and a in my notes and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use S and a in my notes and on the
+board but I guess I didn't do it my code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but I guess I didn't do it my code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but I guess I didn't do it my code
+sorry so x equals the goal um then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so x equals the goal um then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so x equals the goal um then the
+the cost to go is the cost instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost to go is the cost instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost to go is the cost instantaneous
+cost is zero otherwise it's one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is zero otherwise it's one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is zero otherwise it's one if
+there's an obstacle I just give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obstacle I just give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obstacle I just give it a
+high cost of 10 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost of 10 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost of 10 you know
+you're so if I if I put that obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so if I if I put that obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so if I if I put that obstacle
+function in there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in there then
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um then I've got my same uh zero cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then I've got my same uh zero cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then I've got my same uh zero cost
+for the goal I've got a one cost almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the goal I've got a one cost almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the goal I've got a one cost almost
+everywhere but I've got a 10 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but I've got a 10 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but I've got a 10 there
+that's my cost function and as I back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my cost function and as I back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my cost function and as I back
+up a couple things happen first this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a couple things happen first this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a couple things happen first this
+this thing quickly figures out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing quickly figures out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing quickly figures out how to
+get off that obstacle as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off that obstacle as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off that obstacle as fast as
+possible and and decides not to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and and decides not to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and and decides not to go there
+anymore and then as you back up the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and then as you back up the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and then as you back up the cost
+function the colors are a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the colors are a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the colors are a little more
+muted because I have this High color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muted because I have this High color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muted because I have this High color
+here but um the same basic algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but um the same basic algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but um the same basic algorithm
+plays out until it covers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and that was
+a lucky initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lucky initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lucky initial
+condition okay good now he has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay good now he has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay good now he has to go
+around wow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay so adding an obstacle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so adding an obstacle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so adding an obstacle in the
+grid world is clearly trivial um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid world is clearly trivial um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid world is clearly trivial um it's
+nice to think that adding an obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to think that adding an obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to think that adding an obstacle
+when I get back to the pendulum would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get back to the pendulum would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get back to the pendulum would be
+trivial because that's not trivial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial because that's not trivial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial because that's not trivial for
+most of your other control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of your other control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of your other control
+derivations okay so minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations okay so minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations okay so minimum the
+quadratic um regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now now here um the cost I want is x viu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now here um the cost I want is x viu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now here um the cost I want is x viu
+in the continuous world is is Su x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous world is is Su x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous world is is Su x - x
+goal transpose Q x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal and I you have to sort of map that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and I you have to sort of map that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and I you have to sort of map that
+down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into
+the the integer world the states there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integer world the states there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integer world the states there's
+not a sort of particularly clean way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a sort of particularly clean way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a sort of particularly clean way to
+to write that so I'm just going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that so I'm just going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that so I'm just going to allow
+you to imagine that it's trivial to code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to imagine that it's trivial to code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to imagine that it's trivial to code
+um imagine that trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position okay now my my cost function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay now my my cost function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay now my my cost function is
+just penalizing me for being away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just penalizing me for being away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just penalizing me for being away from
+the goal right but it's pen it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal right but it's pen it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal right but it's pen it's not a
+zero and one it's it's penalizing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one it's it's penalizing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one it's it's penalizing me
+more smoothly for being away away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more smoothly for being away away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more smoothly for being away away from
+the goal so what's the best thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal so what's the best thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal so what's the best thing to do
+the best thing to do is still to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing to do is still to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing to do is still to get to
+the goal as quickly as possible it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal as quickly as possible it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal as quickly as possible it
+actually doesn't really change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't really change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't really change the
+optimal policy here um but it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy here um but it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy here um but it's just a
+it's a more smooth cost function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a more smooth cost function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a more smooth cost function which
+in some problems gives you a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some problems gives you a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some problems gives you a nice
+properties turns out the optimal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties turns out the optimal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties turns out the optimal policy
+is more unique in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more unique in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more unique in this
+case but that would have been optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but that would have been optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but that would have been optimal
+for the minimum time problem too and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum time problem too and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum time problem too and it
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and goes to the goal in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes to the goal in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes to the goal in the same
+way and works fine with the Obstacle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you have a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a little bit more
+intuition to to work with on these cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition to to work with on these cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition to to work with on these cost
+to go functions right um a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go functions right um a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go functions right um a couple of
+important things things happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things things happened there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things things happened there
+that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to
+highlight um first of all I really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight um first of all I really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight um first of all I really want
+you to to to think in terms of cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to to think in terms of cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to to think in terms of cost to
+go functions it's they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go functions it's they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go functions it's they're really
+intuitive they're the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive they're the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive they're the the
+cost um the cost that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um the cost that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um the cost that I will
+obtain till the end of time the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain till the end of time the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain till the end of time the optimal
+cost to go is says if I'm being if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go is says if I'm being if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go is says if I'm being if I'm
+acting optimally this is the cost I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting optimally this is the cost I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting optimally this is the cost I'm
+going to incur and the optimal cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incur and the optimal cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incur and the optimal cost to
+go gives me the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go gives me the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go gives me the optimal
+policy okay um the uh and just to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay um the uh and just to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay um the uh and just to to
+calibrate you here jar is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate you here jar is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate you here jar is called the
+optimal cost to go but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal cost to go but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal cost to go but it's also
+sometimes called um a value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called um a value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called um a value function
+optimal value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal value
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a bunch of different
+communities talk about the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities talk about the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities talk about the same things
+with different words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the optimists these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pessimists okay the other thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimists okay the other thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimists okay the other thing that we
+saw is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is that
+um for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the
+limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+n goes to sort of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to sort of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to sort of negative
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know that's a silly thing to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that's a silly thing to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that's a silly thing to say I
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that it a lot of times this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that it a lot of times this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that it a lot of times this thing
+actually goes to some um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to some um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to some um well
+posed J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed J
+star it doesn't have to right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star it doesn't have to right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star it doesn't have to right um
+sometimes it blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+another way to think of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of this is that
+U right I said JS of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U right I said JS of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U right I said JS of
+n It's s of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N it's the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N it's the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N it's the limit of
+this as capital N goes to Infinity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as capital N goes to Infinity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as capital N goes to Infinity if
+you think of it in the forward way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it in the forward way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it in the forward way okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um in order for this thing to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order for this thing to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order for this thing to converge
+to some nice solution this sum had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some nice solution this sum had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some nice solution this sum had
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+converge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in the
+limit right for my choice of G for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right for my choice of G for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right for my choice of G for the
+minimum time problem and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time problem and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time problem and for the
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+regulator both of these had the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator both of these had the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator both of these had the property
+that when you get to the goal you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you get to the goal you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you get to the goal you stop
+occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring
+cost right so that integral as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right so that integral as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right so that integral as long as
+you can get to the goal that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to the goal that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to the goal that integral
+the sum sorry is going to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if I had if I had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I had if I had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I had if I had uh
+chosen that I give a cost of one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen that I give a cost of one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen that I give a cost of one when
+I'm at the goal in two when I'm anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the goal in two when I'm anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the goal in two when I'm anywhere
+else then it wouldn't have converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right the cost to go would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right the cost to go would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right the cost to go would would
+have gone to that same shape but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone to that same shape but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone to that same shape but then
+that shape would have just kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape would have just kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape would have just kept
+increasing every time I go farther back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing every time I go farther back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing every time I go farther back
+in time that whole function would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time that whole function would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time that whole function would just
+move up by one every in incremented time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up by one every in incremented time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up by one every in incremented time
+okay but for a lot of problems um we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for a lot of problems um we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for a lot of problems um we do
+have this limiting Behavior okay and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this limiting Behavior okay and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this limiting Behavior okay and um
+that gives rise to the infinite Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to the infinite Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to the infinite Horizon
+um infinite Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems so I so far I had talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I so far I had talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I so far I had talked about
+finite Horizon but a lot of time a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Horizon but a lot of time a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Horizon but a lot of time a lot
+of problems we write as infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when your problems are infinite Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your problems are infinite Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your problems are infinite Horizon
+J and J star don't depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and J star don't depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and J star don't depend on time
+anymore and the optimal policy doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and the optimal policy doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and the optimal policy doesn't
+depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+time so J star um and and Pi all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so J star um and and Pi all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so J star um and and Pi all these
+things are just functions of of S now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just functions of of S now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just functions of of S now of
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for these to be well posed that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these to be well posed that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these to be well posed that sum
+had better converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now just to say it but not to dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to say it but not to dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to say it but not to dwell on
+it a lot of people do um write other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of people do um write other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of people do um write other
+formulations that that handle that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations that that handle that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations that that handle that for
+instance a lot of people do discount um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance a lot of people do discount um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance a lot of people do discount um
+discounting a lot of people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting a lot of people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting a lot of people like to
+solve problems of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just to sort of make it more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to sort of make it more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to sort of make it more likely
+that that sum's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sum's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sum's going to
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+right for instance and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for instance and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for instance and there's some
+problems which really do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which really do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which really do have
+discounting yeah so that's less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting yeah so that's less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting yeah so that's less than one
+yes thank you good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you know the basic dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know the basic dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know the basic dynamic
+programming equations now um let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming equations now um let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming equations now um let me just
+say one word about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one word about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one word about
+implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation
+um if you want to go home and make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to go home and make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to go home and make your
+own 80s Graphics game in mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+for discrete States discrete actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um J even J star of s at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um J even J star of s at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um J even J star of s at some
+n um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector right typically I think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right typically I think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right typically I think of it as
+a um sort of a dimension of s by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and dimension isn't the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and dimension isn't the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and dimension isn't the right
+word this is this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um something the cardinality of s let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something the cardinality of s let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something the cardinality of s let's
+say something like that a big S the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something like that a big S the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something like that a big S the
+number of possible States right by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and it's very practical to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it's very practical to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it's very practical to to
+write that recursion for all states as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that recursion for all states as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that recursion for all states as a
+vector equation so if I think of J Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation so if I think of J Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation so if I think of J Star
+as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+um I have to do a Min over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have to do a Min over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have to do a Min over
+a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of
+GSA but G is another Vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GSA but G is another Vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GSA but G is another Vector which
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+a it's an S by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an S by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an S by
+one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right
+plus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can write it as a vector equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it as a vector equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it as a vector equation
+where this is a vector this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a vector this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a vector this is a matrix
+this is the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and this is my Vector again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is my Vector again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is my Vector again
+right and then transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix is just one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+f i a equals J and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i a equals J and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i a equals J and zero
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's just a standard sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just a standard sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just a standard sort of
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation so it's trivial to code these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so it's trivial to code these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so it's trivial to code these
+things in mat lab with just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in mat lab with just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in mat lab with just a bunch of
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manipulations okay we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations okay we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations okay we understand
+everything about the grid World um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the grid World um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the grid World um it's
+I think it is a very helpful example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it is a very helpful example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it is a very helpful example
+actually um now let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um now let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um now let's think about the
+more continuous problems that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more continuous problems that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more continuous problems that I that I
+care about what if instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what if instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what if instead of the
+uh um instead of having the the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um instead of having the the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um instead of having the the Dynamics
+of this movie left right whatever my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this movie left right whatever my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this movie left right whatever my
+Dynamics my transitions came from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics my transitions came from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics my transitions came from my
+equations of motion from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion from one of the
+systems we care about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we care about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we care about right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's think about the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the double
+integrator Q do equals U let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator Q do equals U let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator Q do equals U let's do the
+mintime pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem I can use the same minimum time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I can use the same minimum time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I can use the same minimum time
+cost function I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function I did
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one I
+uh I didn't leave the pause in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I didn't leave the pause in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I didn't leave the pause in there
+but look what happens oops sorry meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look what happens oops sorry meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look what happens oops sorry meant
+to do make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger I pop the same um let me turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I pop the same um let me turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I pop the same um let me turn the
+lights down I pop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights down I pop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights down I pop that
+same exact set of equations I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exact set of equations I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exact set of equations I run the
+same value iteration algorithm dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value iteration algorithm dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value iteration algorithm dynamic
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+algorithm I should have said people tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I should have said people tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I should have said people tend
+to call it value iteration for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it value iteration for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it value iteration for the for
+when you take the the infinite Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the the infinite Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the the infinite Horizon
+version and dynamic programming if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and dynamic programming if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and dynamic programming if you
+call it if you do the finite Horizon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it if you do the finite Horizon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it if you do the finite Horizon but
+they're sort of exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of exactly the same thing
+okay so I might accidentally say value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I might accidentally say value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I might accidentally say value
+iteration because I'm used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration because I'm used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration because I'm used to
+it okay um so I took my my uh double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um so I took my my uh double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um so I took my my uh double
+integrator Dynamics I discretized my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator Dynamics I discretized my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator Dynamics I discretized my
+space I made my cost function exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I made my cost function exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I made my cost function exactly
+the same as the minimum time cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the minimum time cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the minimum time cost
+function I used in the grid world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I used in the grid world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I used in the grid world where
+there's a zero cost of being at the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zero cost of being at the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zero cost of being at the goal
+and one everywhere else and look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one everywhere else and look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one everywhere else and look what
+pops out this is the the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops out this is the the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops out this is the the cost to go
+function is a function of state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function of state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function of state and
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy remind you of
+anything right now I got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right now I got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right now I got a big
+disclaimer that goes on the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimer that goes on the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimer that goes on the end of the
+at the end of the lecture but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the lecture but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the lecture but for now
+let's just say that that's the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say that that's the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say that that's the perfect
+solution the discretization is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the discretization is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the discretization is going to
+make this thing a little bit wrong I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing a little bit wrong I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing a little bit wrong I'm
+going to I'm going to say some a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to say some a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to say some a few
+things about that at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about that at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about that at the end of the
+class but the cool thing is that I pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but the cool thing is that I pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but the cool thing is that I pop
+my cost function in I pop my dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cost function in I pop my dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cost function in I pop my dynamical
+my continuous dynamical system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my continuous dynamical system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my continuous dynamical system it's
+discretized run dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized run dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized run dynamic
+programming the as I back it up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming the as I back it up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming the as I back it up it
+converges to some um as as n goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some um as as n goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some um as as n goes back
+it does converge for this it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does converge for this it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does converge for this it was the
+minimum time problem and I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time problem and I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time problem and I get my
+optimal policy out which is a bang bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy out which is a bang bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy out which is a bang bang
+policy which is decelerate when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which is decelerate when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which is decelerate when you're
+at the bottom accelerate when you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom accelerate when you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom accelerate when you're at
+top and that switching surface shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and that switching surface shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and that switching surface shows up
+in green just because it's interpolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green just because it's interpolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green just because it's interpolated
+but when you know it that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you know it that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you know it that's that's what
+we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+um bang bang controllers okay yeah did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bang bang controllers okay yeah did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bang bang controllers okay yeah did
+you have to incude that your only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to incude that your only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to incude that your only three
+actions were full forward full backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions were full forward full backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions were full forward full backward
+and the minimum over a is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum over a is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum over a is always going
+to choose the rails in fact there's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the rails in fact there's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the rails in fact there's in
+this implementation they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implementation they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implementation they could have
+chosen in between things and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen in between things and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen in between things and that's what
+it did right on the switching surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did right on the switching surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did right on the switching surface
+because of some it chose zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some it chose zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some it chose zero okay so
+you left the general just I left a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you left the general just I left a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you left the general just I left a
+general yeah so so always when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yeah so so always when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yeah so so always when I
+discretize the state and I discretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize the state and I discretize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize the state and I discretize
+the actions of these continuous problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions of these continuous problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions of these continuous problems
+I'm left with a finite set of States a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with a finite set of States a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with a finite set of States a
+finite set of actions so it can't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of actions so it can't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of actions so it can't pick
+unbounded it's it's fundamentally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded it's it's fundamentally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded it's it's fundamentally just
+um bounded in in actions that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bounded in in actions that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bounded in in actions that it can
+choose and it CH the those bounds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and it CH the those bounds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and it CH the those bounds right
+how did you define the model say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you define the model say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you define the model say it
+again how did you find a transission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how did you find a transission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how did you find a transission
+model uh good I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh good I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh good I'm going to I'm going to
+say some words about that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some words about that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some words about that in a minute
+too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay
+yep um but not yet just give me a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um but not yet just give me a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um but not yet just give me a minute
+okay um let's say we want to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's say we want to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's say we want to solve the
+lqr problem right the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr problem right the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr problem right the quadratic
+regulator cost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I I animated the brick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I animated the brick for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I animated the brick for
+you and just to keep it exciting um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and just to keep it exciting um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and just to keep it exciting um okay
+so what pops out this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what pops out this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what pops out this beautiful
+quadratic cost to go function okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cost to go function okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cost to go function okay now
+this is is a little bit off it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is a little bit off it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is a little bit off it's
+supposed to be a linear function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a linear function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a linear function it
+almost is but there's some saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost is but there's some saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost is but there's some saturation
+because my actuator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my actuator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my actuator
+limits okay but within the resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay but within the resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay but within the resolution of
+sort of my discrete actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of my discrete actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of my discrete actions
+that's what we expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we expected
+okay so I can do this for the the Brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can do this for the the Brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can do this for the the Brick
+I'm going to tell you the caveats again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you the caveats again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you the caveats again
+in a minute I'm going to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I'm going to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I'm going to tell you the
+interpolation in a minute but first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation in a minute but first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation in a minute but first I
+just want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sort
+of help you realize that this we can pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of help you realize that this we can pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of help you realize that this we can pop
+these equations in if we're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations in if we're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations in if we're willing to
+discretize a state in action space even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize a state in action space even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize a state in action space even
+for pretty hard problems I can just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pretty hard problems I can just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pretty hard problems I can just let
+it go it's pretty fast too actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go it's pretty fast too actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go it's pretty fast too actually
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so now why not analytically we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now why not analytically we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now why not analytically we have
+a hard time doing the pendulum those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard time doing the pendulum those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard time doing the pendulum those
+nonlinear equations okay but if we tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations okay but if we tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations okay but if we tile
+the space turn it into a graph then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space turn it into a graph then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space turn it into a graph then I
+can run the exact same algorithm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the exact same algorithm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the exact same algorithm on the
+simple pendulum okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh what am I going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh what am I going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh what am I going to get
+here so minimum time for the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pendulum I've got my uh my Paws back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum I've got my uh my Paws back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum I've got my uh my Paws back in
+here it's hard to see but you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's hard to see but you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's hard to see but you there's
+actually it's one everywhere except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's one everywhere except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's one everywhere except for
+zero at the goal which is the now I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the goal which is the now I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the goal which is the now I'm in
+Phase space so this is that's pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase space so this is that's pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase space so this is that's pi and
+zero that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's my
+unsteady uh fix Point okay got a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady uh fix Point okay got a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady uh fix Point okay got a blue
+zero there one everywhere else my my at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there one everywhere else my my at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there one everywhere else my my at
+the end of time my cost to go or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time my cost to go or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time my cost to go or my
+action is just do nothing because no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is just do nothing because no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is just do nothing because no
+benefit to doing anything and as I back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to doing anything and as I back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to doing anything and as I back
+up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in
+time this will give you a key to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this will give you a key to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this will give you a key to what
+you can see a little bit about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a little bit about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a little bit about my
+interpolation as I do this okay then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation as I do this okay then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation as I do this okay then um
+it starts giving me incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts giving me incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts giving me incentive to
+move uh again the the the out when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh again the the the out when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh again the the the out when you
+can't get to the goal that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get to the goal that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get to the goal that's actually
+just sort of noise there but this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of noise there but this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of noise there but this thing
+quickly figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops let me do the same thing and let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh not plot every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time figures out um a cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time figures out um a cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time figures out um a cost to go
+function the optimal cost to go function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the optimal cost to go function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the optimal cost to go function
+and an optimal policy now it looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an optimal policy now it looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an optimal policy now it looks a
+little noisy there again we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little noisy there again we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little noisy there again we're going to
+talk about the the sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the the sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the the sensitivity to
+discretization but this is very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization but this is very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization but this is very much a
+bang bang policy with the blue area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang bang policy with the blue area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang bang policy with the blue area
+being do one action the red area doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being do one action the red area doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being do one action the red area doing
+the other action the the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other action the the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other action the the switching
+surface is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is actually pretty
+complicated right it's some complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right it's some complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right it's some complicated
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+state but it gets this beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it gets this beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it gets this beautifully
+smooth cost too function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's take a second and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take a second and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take a second and look at
+the phase plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here let me actually do it in order here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the phase
+plot of The Damp passive pendulum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of The Damp passive pendulum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of The Damp passive pendulum okay
+the original one we thought about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original one we thought about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original one we thought about in
+class right if I I just drew a few lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right if I I just drew a few lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right if I I just drew a few lines
+to help you so if I start at down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you so if I start at down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you so if I start at down right
+position with a little bit of velocity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with a little bit of velocity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position with a little bit of velocity I
+I slow down and stop if I start um near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I slow down and stop if I start um near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I slow down and stop if I start um near
+an unstable fixed point with near zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable fixed point with near zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable fixed point with near zero
+velocity then I actually fall down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity then I actually fall down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity then I actually fall down and
+go like this and end up standing still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this and end up standing still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this and end up standing still
+near the sort of the closest uh unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the sort of the closest uh unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the sort of the closest uh unstable
+fix Point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if I um do my feedback linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I um do my feedback linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I um do my feedback linearization
+invert gravity controller to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert gravity controller to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert gravity controller to stabilize
+the fix point then what's the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix point then what's the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix point then what's the phase
+block going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like it's going to look just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to look just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to look just like this
+but it's going to be moved over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to be moved over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to be moved over there
+right so let's make sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true what did I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what did I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what did I call it
+invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity okay yeah so I see the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity okay yeah so I see the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity okay yeah so I see the exact
+same things my used to be my stable fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things my used to be my stable fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things my used to be my stable fix
+Point are now going over to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point are now going over to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point are now going over to the to the
+closest unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest unstable
+one this works great the only objection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this works great the only objection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this works great the only objection
+to it is it required an enormous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it is it required an enormous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it is it required an enormous amount
+of torque to just pretend like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torque to just pretend like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of torque to just pretend like you're
+inverted gravity okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted gravity okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted gravity okay so what's the
+minimum um time solution going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dep on what your torque is it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep on what your torque is it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep on what your torque is it's going to
+depend on what my torque and straint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what my torque and straint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what my torque and straint is
+yeah so for whatever torque con strain I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for whatever torque con strain I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for whatever torque con strain I
+have now we can even figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now we can even figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now we can even figure out the
+units here my torque and strain was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here my torque and strain was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here my torque and strain was
+chosen to be something like half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to be something like half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to be something like half of the
+stall torque required to um hold out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall torque required to um hold out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall torque required to um hold out
+like this then let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the uh the minimum time solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the minimum time solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the minimum time solution
+which is exactly right if I had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly right if I had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly right if I had more
+torque to give it could got could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to give it could got could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to give it could got could have
+gotten out there quicker and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten out there quicker and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten out there quicker and this is
+this had enough that it after going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had enough that it after going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had enough that it after going
+around once it could get up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me see see why is it not drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see see why is it not drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see see why is it not drawing
+anymore I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+com so that was that's a random initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com so that was that's a random initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com so that was that's a random initial
+condition so from the one I had shown it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so from the one I had shown it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so from the one I had shown it
+took one pump that one took two pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one pump that one took two pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one pump that one took two pumps
+and that gets to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets to the top
+right okay but now remember my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but now remember my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but now remember my original
+challenge was to not just get to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge was to not just get to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge was to not just get to the top
+in minimum time that's sort of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minimum time that's sort of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minimum time that's sort of this is
+minimum time with bounded torque so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time with bounded torque so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time with bounded torque so
+that's a little bit more satisfying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more satisfying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more satisfying I
+don't pump in more torque than I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pump in more torque than I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pump in more torque than I could
+possibly implement but what if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly implement but what if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly implement but what if I want to
+be sensitive about the torque right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensitive about the torque right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensitive about the torque right I
+want to get to the top but I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the top but I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the top but I don't want
+to use a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a bunch of
+energy okay now the quadratic cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay now the quadratic cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay now the quadratic cost
+function makes a lot of sense okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function makes a lot of sense okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function makes a lot of sense okay so
+I'm going to put a quadratic cost on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put a quadratic cost on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put a quadratic cost on
+being away from the top and a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being away from the top and a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being away from the top and a big
+quadratic cost on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cost on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cost on using
+actions so that'll give me some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so that'll give me some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so that'll give me some sense of
+sort of minimally stabilizing the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minimally stabilizing the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minimally stabilizing the top
+okay what's that one going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like would you expect it to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would you expect it to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would you expect it to look like
+what I saw pH plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going okay what about if it's near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay what about if it's near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay what about if it's near the
+top is it going to look like a damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is it going to look like a damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is it going to look like a damp
+pendulum at the top or what's it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum at the top or what's it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum at the top or what's it going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well if it's headed the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if it's headed the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if it's headed the wrong way
+near the top it'll probably swing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the top it'll probably swing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the top it'll probably swing all
+the way around good right but if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around good right but if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around good right but if you put
+too much cost on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance perfect okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance perfect okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance perfect okay so
+let's switch this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch this to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um my quadratic regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost right so that's what you said took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right so that's what you said took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right so that's what you said took
+more pumps to get up and if you plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pumps to get up and if you plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pumps to get up and if you plot the
+phase plot from a couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plot from a couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plot from a couple of these
+different places oh crap sorry I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places oh crap sorry I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places oh crap sorry I thought
+I picked initial conditions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked initial conditions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked initial conditions that were
+far enough to show me show you the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough to show me show you the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough to show me show you the other
+thing this this is what you said okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this this is what you said okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this this is what you said okay if
+this one happens to be close enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one happens to be close enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one happens to be close enough that
+it got to the top right um this one took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got to the top right um this one took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got to the top right um this one took
+a lot of pumps and got out there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pumps and got out there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pumps and got out there with
+the point I was trying to illustrate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I was trying to illustrate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I was trying to illustrate I
+guess I need to either penalize torque a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I need to either penalize torque a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I need to either penalize torque a
+little bit more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I never changed things by effect two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I never changed things by effect two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I never changed things by effect two
+it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slow oh I made it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow oh I made it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow oh I made it not
+move sorry but it showed my point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move sorry but it showed my point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move sorry but it showed my point okay
+so uh yeah it has no incentive to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah it has no incentive to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah it has no incentive to move
+from the bottom it says I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom it says I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom it says I'm going to
+incur more cost by moving than by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur more cost by moving than by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur more cost by moving than by
+getting close to the goal not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to the goal not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to the goal not getting
+close Okay but up at the top uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Okay but up at the top uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Okay but up at the top uh it is
+able to given it was near the top with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to given it was near the top with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to given it was near the top with
+with some velocity you know with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some velocity you know with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some velocity you know with little
+effort it's worth going around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it's worth going around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it's worth going around and
+stabilizing itself at the at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing itself at the at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing itself at the at the top
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good if you were there it far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good if you were there it far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good if you were there it far
+enough it should go the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it should go the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it should go the top
+but no let's see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no let's see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no let's see so
+um it's because of the damping oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's because of the damping oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's because of the damping oh okay
+yeah good because that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good because that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good because that is actually the
+steady state solution I'm plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state solution I'm plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state solution I'm plotting
+mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you care about simple pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you care about simple pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you care about simple pendula
+sorry and you want Optimal Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and you want Optimal Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and you want Optimal Solutions
+this looks like a pretty satisfying way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a pretty satisfying way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a pretty satisfying way
+to do it you could come up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you could come up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you could come up with your
+arbitary cost functions and and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary cost functions and and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary cost functions and and see what
+you get it runs a no time on my laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it runs a no time on my laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it runs a no time on my laptop
+and you know get things that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know get things that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know get things that look like
+Optimal policies nice face plots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimal policies nice face plots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimal policies nice face plots you
+name it okay um what's the catch first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it okay um what's the catch first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it okay um what's the catch first
+First Catch is inter how do I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Catch is inter how do I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Catch is inter how do I do the
+interpolation the uh how do I make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation the uh how do I make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation the uh how do I make that
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix right so on my pendulum example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so on my pendulum example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so on my pendulum example I
+discretized some states I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized some states I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized some states I
+have a handful I've already discretized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a handful I've already discretized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a handful I've already discretized
+actions and I've got some other states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and I've got some other states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and I've got some other states
+over here that I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that I've already
+discretized I'd have to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized I'd have to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized I'd have to be pretty
+remarkably lucky to have it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably lucky to have it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably lucky to have it that the
+random actions that I chose integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random actions that I chose integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random actions that I chose integrated
+for some small amount of time actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some small amount of time actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some small amount of time actually
+landed right on top of one of my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed right on top of one of my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed right on top of one of my other
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in fact they they tend to land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact they they tend to land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact they they tend to land in
+between the states okay so we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the states okay so we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the states okay so we do a
+little bit of interpolation between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of interpolation between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of interpolation between them
+and the one of the reasons I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one of the reasons I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one of the reasons I showed you
+that um that transition Matrix form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that transition Matrix form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that transition Matrix form is
+that it's actually quite okay quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually quite okay quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually quite okay quite
+standard to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to say
+um the the the my transition Matrix my T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the my transition Matrix my T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the my transition Matrix my T
+from s to S Prime as a function of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to S Prime as a function of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to S Prime as a function of a is
+some um let me just hand wve it here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um let me just hand wve it here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um let me just hand wve it here but
+is some interpolated um set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights for S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights for S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights for S1
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+Okay Zach just showed me a sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Zach just showed me a sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Zach just showed me a sign that
+said the pendulum Works having mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the pendulum Works having mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the pendulum Works having mat lab
+licensing issues so we might I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing issues so we might I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing issues so we might I was
+hoping to run these on the real pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to run these on the real pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to run these on the real pendulum
+we'll do it on Tuesday if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it on Tuesday if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it on Tuesday if not
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+I don't know why I didn't just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I didn't just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I didn't just say that
+but it was a big bright green sign uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a big bright green sign uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a big bright green sign uh so
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let me write it like this for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me write it like this for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me write it like this for for the
+moment okay so if I end up being sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay so if I end up being sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay so if I end up being sort of
+near some states in two Dimensions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near some states in two Dimensions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near some states in two Dimensions I
+tend to interpolate between the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to interpolate between the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to interpolate between the three
+closest States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest States
+okay so I'll call those S S1 s i sjs SK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll call those S S1 s i sjs SK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll call those S S1 s i sjs SK
+and I get some inter Ence W1 W2 and W3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get some inter Ence W1 W2 and W3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get some inter Ence W1 W2 and W3
+they'd better sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd better sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd better sum
+to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and there's actually lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's actually lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's actually lots of ways
+to do that so actually in previous times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so actually in previous times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so actually in previous times
+I've given the class I went into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given the class I went into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given the class I went into some
+detail about that I think that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that I think that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that I think that you could
+if you care about it there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you care about it there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you care about it there's there's a
+lot of ways to do that you could use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways to do that you could use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways to do that you could use the
+mat lab inter 2 function um the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab inter 2 function um the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab inter 2 function um the one we
+use is called bicentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the RL community that was popularized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the RL community that was popularized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the RL community that was popularized
+by Munos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more that'll be cited in in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and it uses if you're operating in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it uses if you're operating in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it uses if you're operating in an
+n-dimensional space it uses n+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space it uses n+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space it uses n+ one
+interpolant so in a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolant so in a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolant so in a two-dimensional
+space it it uses the the three closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it it uses the the three closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it it uses the the three closest
+points if you're in a four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if you're in a four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if you're in a four dimensional
+space it use the five closest points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it use the five closest points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it use the five closest points
+okay um and there's a very clean simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and there's a very clean simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and there's a very clean simple
+algorithm to find the the the factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to find the the the factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to find the the the factors of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+interpolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolant
+okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+caveat is that um everything spreads out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat is that um everything spreads out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat is that um everything spreads out
+right if I simulate my Dynamics My Graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I simulate my Dynamics My Graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I simulate my Dynamics My Graph
+Dynamics what it's roughly saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics what it's roughly saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics what it's roughly saying is
+that if I started from this state I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I started from this state I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I started from this state I'm
+going to be a little bit in that state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit in that state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit in that state a
+little bit in that in it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in that in it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in that in it's a little bit
+in state you know 48 a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state you know 48 a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state you know 48 a little bit in
+state 52 and then I my transition's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 52 and then I my transition's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 52 and then I my transition's out
+of there so I I get the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there so I I get the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there so I I get the sort of
+diffusion across my graph of where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion across my graph of where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion across my graph of where my
+state is if that makes sense yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is if that makes sense yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is if that makes sense yeah and
+that's why you get some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you get some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you get some of the the
+smoothing effects that you you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing effects that you you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing effects that you you saw in
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+plots okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's a bigger problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a bigger problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a bigger problem with that
+the smoothing effects a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoothing effects a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoothing effects a lot of times
+don't look too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look too too
+dangerous but um they can do bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous but um they can do bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous but um they can do bad things
+to your solution if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your solution if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your solution if you're not
+careful okay so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+caveat is the solution you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimal only for the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal only for the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal only for the discrete
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we hope that it's a pro we hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that it's a pro we hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that it's a pro we hope that
+it's approximately optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous but compared to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but compared to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous but compared to sort of the
+finite element analysis world or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element analysis world or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element analysis world or the
+computational fluid dynamics world or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational fluid dynamics world or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational fluid dynamics world or
+other people that solve these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that solve these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that solve these kind of
+problems we have sort of relatively less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have sort of relatively less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have sort of relatively less
+strict understanding of when of how bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict understanding of when of how bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict understanding of when of how bad
+this approximation can be compared by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation can be compared by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation can be compared by
+based on the discretization right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the discretization right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the discretization right there
+might actually be people out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be people out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be people out there that
+know it I don't I don't know how to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it I don't I don't know how to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it I don't I don't know how to tell
+you how bad it's going to get uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how bad it's going to get uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how bad it's going to get uh with
+the approx with the discretization but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approx with the discretization but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approx with the discretization but I
+will ask you on your problem set to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ask you on your problem set to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ask you on your problem set to plot
+the um bang bang solution of the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um bang bang solution of the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um bang bang solution of the double
+pendulum or of the sorry of the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum or of the sorry of the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum or of the sorry of the double
+integrator and plot the analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator and plot the analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator and plot the analytical
+Solution on top of it and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution on top of it and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution on top of it and you'll see
+that if you're not careful it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're not careful it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're not careful it's not just
+a little bit wrong it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit wrong it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit wrong it can be
+systematically wrong the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically wrong the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically wrong the switching
+surface turns out in the wrong place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface turns out in the wrong place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface turns out in the wrong place and
+we'll ask you to think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ask you to think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ask you to think a little bit
+about why that is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's really the
+only um caveat if you care about low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um caveat if you care about low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um caveat if you care about low
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems the the the the more cited one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the the the the more cited one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the the the the more cited one
+though of course is that there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though of course is that there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though of course is that there's this
+cursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursive
+dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+reason that everybody doesn't use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that everybody doesn't use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that everybody doesn't use this
+stuff is because if I had to if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is because if I had to if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is because if I had to if I had a
+10 degree of Freedom robot and I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degree of Freedom robot and I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degree of Freedom robot and I had to
+break up that 10 dimensional space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up that 10 dimensional space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up that 10 dimensional space in
+discrete points discrete buckets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete points discrete buckets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete points discrete buckets and
+made a graph I would need a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a graph I would need a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a graph I would need a bigger
+computer not not just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer not not just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer not not just a little bit
+bigger an exponentially bigger computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger an exponentially bigger computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger an exponentially bigger computer
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to be able to discretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be able to discretize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be able to discretize
+your space and discretizing the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space and discretizing the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space and discretizing the space is
+exponentially expensive in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially expensive in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially expensive in the number of
+states okay um but so people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay um but so people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay um but so people actually
+historically um value methods um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically um value methods um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically um value methods um were
+very popular in the 80s sort of say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular in the 80s sort of say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular in the 80s sort of say um
+and there's a lot of work that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of work that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of work that we're
+going to talk about that continues to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that continues to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that continues to be
+popular about using approximations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular about using approximations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular about using approximations where
+you don't do a strict discretization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do a strict discretization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do a strict discretization but
+you do so try to approximate the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do so try to approximate the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do so try to approximate the cost
+these dynamic programming algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamic programming algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamic programming algorithms
+with function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with function
+approximation um but because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um but because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um but because of this
+sort of curs of dimensionality a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of curs of dimensionality a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of curs of dimensionality a lot of
+people switched gears to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people switched gears to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people switched gears to a different
+class of of optimization algorithms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of of optimization algorithms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of of optimization algorithms um
+based more on the Pagen principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based more on the Pagen principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based more on the Pagen principle and
+more on on on gradient methods um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on on on gradient methods um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on on on gradient methods um we're
+going to talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about those
+too but I think um we have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but I think um we have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but I think um we have to remember
+that you know since the 1980s our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know since the 1980s our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know since the 1980s our
+computers actually got a lot better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers actually got a lot better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers actually got a lot better okay
+sounds silly but you know so in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds silly but you know so in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds silly but you know so in the the
+80s they could tile two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s they could tile two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s they could tile two dimensional
+spaces and threedimensional HT right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and threedimensional HT right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and threedimensional HT right now
+we could probably do four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could probably do four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could probably do four five six
+dimensional spaces okay um we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional spaces okay um we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional spaces okay um we actually
+did for um we made that airplane land on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for um we made that airplane land on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for um we made that airplane land on
+a perch by just tiling the state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perch by just tiling the state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perch by just tiling the state space
+and doing Brute Force computation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing Brute Force computation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing Brute Force computation on
+that okay so you should look around if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so you should look around if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so you should look around if
+there's some hard control problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some hard control problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some hard control problems that
+are sort of you know four-dimensional or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of you know four-dimensional or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of you know four-dimensional or
+less that you consider to be unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less that you consider to be unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less that you consider to be unsolved
+you could probably just hand them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably just hand them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably just hand them to
+dynamic programming and and get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming and and get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming and and get a very
+nice solution okay and say Hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice solution okay and say Hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice solution okay and say Hey you
+couldn't do it 10 years ago but I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it 10 years ago but I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it 10 years ago but I can do
+it today on my laptop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it today on my laptop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it today on my laptop right
+um awesome okay so um unless Zach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um awesome okay so um unless Zach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um awesome okay so um unless Zach
+appears here there's only one last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears here there's only one last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears here there's only one last thing
+I want to say and that is I want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say and that is I want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say and that is I want to um
+observe quickly um we we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe quickly um we we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe quickly um we we talked about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we talked about the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about the fact that that
+that optimal policies are not unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimal policies are not unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimal policies are not unique
+right um but there's there's more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but there's there's more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but there's there's more things
+you can sort of learn by by staring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of learn by by staring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of learn by by staring at
+these guys a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's put my R down to something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manageable go go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay can you see it in this it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you see it in this it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you see it in this it's a
+little bit hard to see it um I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to see it um I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to see it um I think you
+can see it if I turn the lights down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it if I turn the lights down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it if I turn the lights down
+this is the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the quadratic
+regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again now this isn't quite the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now this isn't quite the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now this isn't quite the quadratic
+reg regulator from the double integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg regulator from the double integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg regulator from the double integrator
+right this is now a quadratic cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is now a quadratic cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is now a quadratic cost
+function on a nonlinear dynamical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a nonlinear dynamical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a nonlinear dynamical system
+okay in this case the Dynamics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case the Dynamics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case the Dynamics are
+smooth they're nonlinear but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth they're nonlinear but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth they're nonlinear but they're
+smooth there's nothing that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth there's nothing that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth there's nothing that changes
+abruptly in the derivatives right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly in the derivatives right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly in the derivatives right and
+the cost function is smooth but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function is smooth but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function is smooth but you can
+find that the optimal policy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the optimal policy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the optimal policy can
+actually still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still be
+discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous
+okay so cost so so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cost so so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cost so so why is it
+discontinuous in this case because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous in this case because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous in this case because if
+I'm if I'm here and I'm going this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm here and I'm going this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm here and I'm going this way I
+want to push up but but at some point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to push up but but at some point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to push up but but at some point I
+have to change my mind and go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change my mind and go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change my mind and go the
+opposite way to pump up energy and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way to pump up energy and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way to pump up energy and get
+to the top right so this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top right so this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top right so this this sort of
+pump up strategy is inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump up strategy is inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump up strategy is inherently
+discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous
+okay so this is the uh the gordian knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the uh the gordian knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the uh the gordian knot
+sort of of optimal control is as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of optimal control is as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of optimal control is as soon as
+things stop being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stop being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stop being
+linear Computing optimal cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Computing optimal cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Computing optimal cost to go
+functions get can get sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions get can get sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions get can get sort of
+arbitrarily hard okay and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily hard okay and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily hard okay and that's why
+computation is so great because it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is so great because it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is so great because it does
+that stuff for me but but know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff for me but but know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff for me but but know that it
+doesn't take much to make it so the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much to make it so the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much to make it so the cost
+to go function gets a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go function gets a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go function gets a lot more
+subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm good so the the class will proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm good so the the class will proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm good so the the class will proceed
+sort of taking these methods as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking these methods as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taking these methods as far as
+we can breaking them and then showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can breaking them and then showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can breaking them and then showing
+you approximation methods that that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approximation methods that that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approximation methods that that work
+in higher dimensional spaces and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher dimensional spaces and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher dimensional spaces and when we
+give up on optimality oil together we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up on optimality oil together we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up on optimality oil together we'll
+do motion planning and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do motion planning and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do motion planning and we're going to
+get to more and more interesting robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to more and more interesting robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to more and more interesting robots
+but this is really the the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really the the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really the the this is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+a key idea so I hope that the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key idea so I hope that the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key idea so I hope that the intuition
+sort of came through um and through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of came through um and through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of came through um and through your
+problem set and and if you if we I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and and if you if we I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and and if you if we I can
+share some of this code and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some of this code and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some of this code and everything
+um I hope I hope you play with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope I hope you play with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope I hope you play with it and
+and think about it and change cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about it and change cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about it and change cost
+functions and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and see what
+happens okay see you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4pPggNBGK88.txt b/4pPggNBGK88.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ad66ace6af6606e3e7661dc6eca4368ec0d2da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4pPggNBGK88.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+remote-control cars and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote-control cars and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote-control cars and this was
+supposed to be able to do was use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to do was use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to do was use this
+accelerometer and in control date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometer and in control date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometer and in control date
+forward backwards left and right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward backwards left and right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward backwards left and right and
+it'll tell us a car which weighed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell us a car which weighed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell us a car which weighed over
+so they're kilometres of working parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're kilometres of working parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're kilometres of working parts
+we're able to make the car move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to make the car move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to make the car move forward
+backwards something right we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards something right we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards something right we're able to
+have it send signals and we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it send signals and we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it send signals and we're able to
+the bike recognize the accelerometer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bike recognize the accelerometer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bike recognize the accelerometer but
+unfortunately in the short timeframe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately in the short timeframe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately in the short timeframe you
+weren't able to put all 3d events but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to put all 3d events but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to put all 3d events but we
+can show you the separate part to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you the separate part to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you the separate part to make
+this constant at the receiver that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant at the receiver that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant at the receiver that's not
+working everything out this way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working everything out this way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working everything out this way and then
+we have an ultrasound to stop before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+they're actually working but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you move this around if you got snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move this around if you got snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move this around if you got snow
+here we go laughs stop go left go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go laughs stop go left go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go laughs stop go left go right
+I need the pretty need some work but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the pretty need some work but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the pretty need some work but so
+you turn this around right left forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn this around right left forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn this around right left forward
+stop okay but this guy does not somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay but this guy does not somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay but this guy does not somehow
+we didn't get there too so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get there too so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get there too so for example
+they communicated and for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they communicated and for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they communicated and for example you
+telling the car to go forward stop for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the car to go forward stop for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the car to go forward stop for a
+few seconds and then turn left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds and then turn left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds and then turn left and then
+stop at mr. right and it uses beats two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at mr. right and it uses beats two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at mr. right and it uses beats two
+and three and sighs okay so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three and sighs okay so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three and sighs okay so for example
+the community and now this gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and now this gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and now this gradually
+going to another part we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to another part we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to another part we call it
+we just have it going is there if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have it going is there if we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have it going is there if we put
+it on the floor will you be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the floor will you be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the floor will you be able to
+capture it so we just have a preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it so we just have a preset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it so we just have a preset
+program on the car so you can just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the car so you can just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the car so you can just see
+it in motion so we'll let you guys take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in motion so we'll let you guys take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in motion so we'll let you guys take
+a look at that now so as soon as I plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at that now so as soon as I plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at that now so as soon as I plug
+it in it should start on accessory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in it should start on accessory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in it should start on accessory in
+put together that day yes the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together that day yes the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together that day yes the only thing
+is that because we wanted from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because we wanted from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because we wanted from the
+accelerometer tell this car to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometer tell this car to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometer tell this car to go
+forward and then we have ultrasound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and then we have ultrasound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and then we have ultrasound in
+you like if he receives the action words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like if he receives the action words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like if he receives the action words
+but for the pretest no the preset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the pretest no the preset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the pretest no the preset is
+just to show you that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5KhcA454er0.txt b/5KhcA454er0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2163e08d619f6cec7cd62ce628b210e05e3cd9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5KhcA454er0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the next few lectures we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the next few lectures we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the next few lectures we're going
+to be looking at developing methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at developing methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at developing methods of
+studying the computational properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the computational properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the computational properties of
+networks of neurons this is the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks of neurons this is the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks of neurons this is the outline
+for the next few lectures today we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next few lectures today we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next few lectures today we are
+going to introduce a method of studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce a method of studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce a method of studying
+networks called a rate model where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks called a rate model where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks called a rate model where we
+basically replace spike trains with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically replace spike trains with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically replace spike trains with
+firing rates in order to develop simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in order to develop simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in order to develop simple
+mathematical descriptions of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical descriptions of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical descriptions of neural
+networks and we're going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and we're going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and we're going to start by
+introducing that technique to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing that technique to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing that technique to the
+problem of studying feed-forward neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of studying feed-forward neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of studying feed-forward neural
+networks and we'll introduce the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and we'll introduce the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and we'll introduce the idea of
+perceptrons as a method of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptrons as a method of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptrons as a method of developing
+networks that can classify their inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that can classify their inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that can classify their inputs
+then in the next lecture we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the next lecture we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the next lecture we're going to
+turn to largely a math describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to largely a math describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to largely a math describing
+mathematical tools based on matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools based on matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools based on matrix
+operations and and the idea of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and and the idea of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and and the idea of basis
+sets matrix operations are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets matrix operations are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets matrix operations are very
+important for studying neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for studying neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for studying neural networks
+but there are also fundamental tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also fundamental tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also fundamental tool for
+analyzing data and doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing data and doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing data and doing things like
+reducing the dimensionality of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the dimensionality of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the dimensionality of high
+dimensional data sets including methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data sets including methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data sets including methods
+such as principal components analysis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as principal components analysis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as principal components analysis so
+it's a very powerful set of methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very powerful set of methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very powerful set of methods that
+apply both to studying the brain and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply both to studying the brain and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply both to studying the brain and to
+studying analyzing the data that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying analyzing the data that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying analyzing the data that we get
+when we study the brain and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we study the brain and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we study the brain and then finally
+we'll turn to a few lectures that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll turn to a few lectures that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll turn to a few lectures that that
+focus on recurrent neural networks these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on recurrent neural networks these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on recurrent neural networks these
+are networks where the neurons connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are networks where the neurons connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are networks where the neurons connect
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+densely in in a recurrent way meaning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely in in a recurrent way meaning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely in in a recurrent way meaning a
+neuron will connect to another neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron will connect to another neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron will connect to another neuron
+and that neuron will connect back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that neuron will connect back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that neuron will connect back to the
+first neuron and networks that have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron and networks that have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron and networks that have that
+property have very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property have very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property have very interesting
+computational abilities and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational abilities and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational abilities and we're going
+to study that in the context of line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study that in the context of line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study that in the context of line
+attractors and short-term memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors and short-term memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors and short-term memory and
+hopfield networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopfield networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopfield networks
+okay so for today the plan is to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for today the plan is to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for today the plan is to develop
+the rape model we're going to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rape model we're going to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rape model we're going to show how
+we can build receptive fields with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build receptive fields with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build receptive fields with
+feed-forward networks that were we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward networks that were we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward networks that were we've
+described with the rape model we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described with the rape model we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described with the rape model we're
+going to take a little detour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a little detour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a little detour and
+describe vector notation and vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe vector notation and vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe vector notation and vector
+algebra which is very important for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which is very important for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which is very important for for
+these models and also for building up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models and also for building up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models and also for building up to
+the matrix methods that we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix methods that we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix methods that we'll talk about
+in the next lecture again we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture again we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture again we'll talk
+about neural networks for classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about neural networks for classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about neural networks for classification
+and introduce the idea of a perceptron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce the idea of a perceptron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce the idea of a perceptron
+okay so that's for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's for today
+okay so I've already talked about most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've already talked about most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've already talked about most
+of this why is it that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this why is it that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this why is it that we want to
+develop a simplified mathematical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a simplified mathematical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a simplified mathematical model
+of neurons that we can study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons that we can study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons that we can study
+analytically well the reason is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically well the reason is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically well the reason is that we
+can really develop our intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really develop our intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really develop our intuition about
+how networks work and that intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how networks work and that intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how networks work and that intuition
+applies not just to the very simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies not just to the very simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies not just to the very simplified
+mathematical model that we're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model that we're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model that we're developing
+but also applies more broadly to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also applies more broadly to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also applies more broadly to real
+networks with real neurons that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks with real neurons that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks with real neurons that actually
+generate spikes and interact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate spikes and interact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate spikes and interact with each
+other by the more complex biophysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by the more complex biophysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by the more complex biophysical
+mechanisms that are going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that are going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that are going on in the
+brain so a good example of this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so a good example of this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so a good example of this is how
+we simplified the detailed spiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simplified the detailed spiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simplified the detailed spiking
+neurons of the hodgkin-huxley model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the hodgkin-huxley model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the hodgkin-huxley model and
+an approximated that as an integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximated that as an integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximated that as an integrate and
+fire model which captures a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire model which captures a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire model which captures a lot of the
+properties of real neurons simplifies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of real neurons simplifies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of real neurons simplifies it
+enough to develop an intuition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to develop an intuition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to develop an intuition but
+captures a lot of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures a lot of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures a lot of the important
+properties of real neural circuits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of real neural circuits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of real neural circuits okay
+all right so let's start by developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start by developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start by developing a
+the basic idea of a rate model let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea of a rate model let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea of a rate model let's
+start with two neurons we have an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with two neurons we have an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with two neurons we have an input
+neuron and an output neuron the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and an output neuron the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and an output neuron the input
+neuron has some firing rate given by U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has some firing rate given by U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has some firing rate given by U
+and the output neuron has some firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output neuron has some firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output neuron has some firing
+rate given by V so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate given by V so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate given by V so we're going to
+essentially ignore the times of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially ignore the times of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially ignore the times of the
+spikes and describe the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and describe the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and describe the inputs and
+outputs of this network just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of this network just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of this network just with
+it's okay you can think of the rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay you can think of the rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay you can think of the rate as
+just having units of spikes per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having units of spikes per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having units of spikes per second
+for example those neurons the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example those neurons the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example those neurons the input
+neuron in the output neuron are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the output neuron are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the output neuron are
+connected to each other by a synapse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other by a synapse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other by a synapse and
+we're going to replace all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to replace all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to replace all of the
+complex structure of of synapses vesicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex structure of of synapses vesicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex structure of of synapses vesicle
+release neurotransmitter receptors long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release neurotransmitter receptors long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release neurotransmitter receptors long
+you know long term depression and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know long term depression and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know long term depression and you
+know paired spike facilitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know paired spike facilitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know paired spike facilitation and
+depression all that stuff we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression all that stuff we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression all that stuff we're just
+going to ignore and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ignore and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ignore and we're going to
+replace that synapse with a synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that synapse with a synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that synapse with a synaptic
+weight W okay and we're going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight W okay and we're going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight W okay and we're going to kind of
+just to give you the the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you the the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you the the simplest
+intuition of how a rate model works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of how a rate model works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of how a rate model works
+there are models where we can just treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are models where we can just treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are models where we can just treat
+the the firing rate of the output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the firing rate of the output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the firing rate of the output neuron
+for example as as linear in its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example as as linear in its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example as as linear in its input
+and we can simplify this even to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can simplify this even to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can simplify this even to the
+point where we can describe the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we can describe the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we can describe the firing
+rate of the output neuron as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the output neuron as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the output neuron as the
+synaptic weight W times the firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic weight W times the firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic weight W times the firing rate
+of the input nerve okay so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input nerve okay so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input nerve okay so that's kind
+of just to give you a flavor of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just to give you a flavor of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just to give you a flavor of where
+we're heading and I'm going to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're heading and I'm going to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're heading and I'm going to justify
+how we can do this and or why we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can do this and or why we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can do this and or why we can do
+this and then we're going to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we're going to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we're going to build this
+up from the case of one input neuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from the case of one input neuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from the case of one input neuron and
+one output neuron to the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one output neuron to the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one output neuron to the case where we
+can have many input neurons and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have many input neurons and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have many input neurons and many
+output neurons okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons okay all right
+so how do we justify going from spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we justify going from spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we justify going from spikes
+to firing rates so remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firing rates so remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firing rates so remember that the
+response of a real output neuron a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a real output neuron a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a real output neuron a real
+neuron to a single spike at its input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron to a single spike at its input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron to a single spike at its input is
+some change in the post synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in the post synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in the post synaptic
+conductance that follows an input spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance that follows an input spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance that follows an input spike
+and in our model of a synapse we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our model of a synapse we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our model of a synapse we
+described that the input spike produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described that the input spike produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described that the input spike produces
+a transient increase in the synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transient increase in the synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transient increase in the synaptic
+conductance and that synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and that synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and that synaptic
+conductance we modeled as a simple step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance we modeled as a simple step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance we modeled as a simple step
+increase in the conductance followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the conductance followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the conductance followed by
+an exponential decay as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential decay as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential decay as the
+neurotransmitter gradually unbinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter gradually unbinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter gradually unbinds
+the neurotransmitter receptors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitter receptors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitter receptors okay
+alright so we have a transient change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we have a transient change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we have a transient change in
+the synaptic conductance that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic conductance that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic conductance that's just a
+maximum conductance times an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum conductance times an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum conductance times an exponential
+decay now remember that we wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay now remember that we wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay now remember that we wrote down
+the postsynaptic we can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the postsynaptic we can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the postsynaptic we can write down the
+postsynaptic current that results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsynaptic current that results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsynaptic current that results from
+this synaptic input as the synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this synaptic input as the synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this synaptic input as the synaptic
+conductance times V minus e synapse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance times V minus e synapse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance times V minus e synapse the
+synaptic reversal potential we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic reversal potential we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic reversal potential we are going
+to in moving forward in this model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in moving forward in this model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in moving forward in this model where
+we're not going to worry about synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about synaptic
+saturation so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation so we're just going to
+imagine that the synaptic current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the synaptic current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the synaptic current is
+just proportional to the synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to the synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to the synaptic
+conductance okay all right so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay all right so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay all right so now we can
+write the conductance is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the conductance is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the conductance is just some
+weight times a kernel that is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight times a kernel that is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight times a kernel that is just some
+kernel of unit area okay so what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel of unit area okay so what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel of unit area okay so what we've
+done here is we've just taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is we've just taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is we've just taken the
+synaptic current and we've written it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic current and we've written it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic current and we've written it as
+a constant a synaptic weight times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant a synaptic weight times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant a synaptic weight times an
+exponentially decaying a kernel of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying a kernel of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying a kernel of area
+area 1 ok all right so now if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area 1 ok all right so now if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area 1 ok all right so now if we have a
+train of spikes at the input instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of spikes at the input instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of spikes at the input instead of
+a single spike we can write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single spike we can write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single spike we can write down that
+train of spikes the spike train as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of spikes the spike train as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of spikes the spike train as a sum
+of Delta functions where the spike times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta functions where the spike times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta functions where the spike times
+are T sub I ok and if you if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are T sub I ok and if you if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are T sub I ok and if you if you want to
+plot to the synaptic current as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot to the synaptic current as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot to the synaptic current as a
+function of time you would just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time you would just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time you would just take
+that spike train input and and do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spike train input and and do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spike train input and and do what
+with that linear kernel we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that linear kernel we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that linear kernel we would
+convolve it right so we would take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve it right so we would take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve it right so we would take that
+spike train convolve it with that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train convolve it with that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train convolve it with that that
+little exponential kernel and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little exponential kernel and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little exponential kernel and that would
+give us that synaptic current that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us that synaptic current that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us that synaptic current that
+results from that spike train okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from that spike train okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from that spike train okay so
+let's think for a moment about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think for a moment about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think for a moment about what this
+quantity is right here what is K this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is right here what is K this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is right here what is K this K
+which is a little kernel that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little kernel that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little kernel that has an
+exponential step and then an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential step and then an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential step and then an exponential
+decay what do you get when you convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay what do you get when you convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay what do you get when you convolve
+that kind of smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of smooth
+colonel with this spike train here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel with this spike train here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel with this spike train here what
+does that look like we did that at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like we did that at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like we did that at one
+point when we were in class when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when we were in class when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when we were in class when we were
+talking about how you would estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you would estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you would estimate
+something from us by train what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from us by train what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from us by train what is that
+what is that quantity right there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that quantity right there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that quantity right there it's
+sort of a smooth version of a spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a smooth version of a spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a smooth version of a spike
+train which is how you would calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train which is how you would calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train which is how you would calculate
+what a be by yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a be by yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a be by yep
+it's it's window but what is it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's window but what is it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's window but what is it that you
+are calculating when you take us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are calculating when you take us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are calculating when you take us by
+train and you convolve it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and you convolve it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and you convolve it with some
+smooth window yep it's like a low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth window yep it's like a low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth window yep it's like a low-pass
+version of the spike train and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the spike train and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the spike train and remember
+in in the lecture on on firing rates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the lecture on on firing rates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the lecture on on firing rates we
+talked about how that's a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how that's a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how that's a good way to
+get a time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a time-dependent
+estimate of the firing rate of a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the firing rate of a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the firing rate of a neuron
+we take the spike train and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the spike train and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the spike train and just
+convolve it with a smooth window and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve it with a smooth window and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve it with a smooth window and if
+the area of that smooth window is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of that smooth window is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of that smooth window is one
+then what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're doing is we're
+estimating the firing rate of the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the firing rate of the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the firing rate of the neuron
+as a function of time does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time does that make
+sense yes yeah okay is just a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes yeah okay is just a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes yeah okay is just a smooth
+kernel that happens to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel that happens to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel that happens to have this
+exponential shape well that's that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential shape well that's that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential shape well that's that's our
+our model for how a synapse basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model for how a synapse basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model for how a synapse basically
+the way what I'm saying is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way what I'm saying is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way what I'm saying is that when you
+take us by train and put it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us by train and put it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us by train and put it through a
+synapse what comes out the other end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse what comes out the other end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse what comes out the other end is
+a smooth version of the spike train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smooth version of the spike train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smooth version of the spike train
+that's that's all this is saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep if K has you you remember that if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep if K has you you remember that if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep if K has you you remember that if K
+has an area one then then this that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an area one then then this that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an area one then then this that when
+you convolve that kernel with the spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you convolve that kernel with the spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you convolve that kernel with the spike
+train you get a number that has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train you get a number that has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train you get a number that has units of
+spikes per second and that that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes per second and that that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes per second and that that quantity
+is an estimate of the local firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an estimate of the local firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an estimate of the local firing rate
+of the neuron does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically we can take this spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can take this spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can take this spike
+train and by convolving it with a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and by convolving it with a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and by convolving it with a smooth
+window we can estimate the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window we can estimate the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window we can estimate the number of
+spikes per second in that window okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes per second in that window okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes per second in that window okay so
+what do we have here we have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here we have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here we have that the
+current is just a constant times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just a constant times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is just a constant times an
+estimate of the firing rate at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the firing rate at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the firing rate at that time
+okay if the K is is a kernel smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the K is is a kernel smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the K is is a kernel smooth
+kernel with an area normalized to 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel with an area normalized to 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel with an area normalized to 1 then
+this quantity is just an estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is just an estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is just an estimate of the
+firing rate okay so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate okay so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate okay so let's take a look at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so here I've just made a sample spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've just made a sample spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've just made a sample spike
+train with a bunch of spikes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train with a bunch of spikes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train with a bunch of spikes that you
+know look like they're increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look like they're increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look like they're increasing and
+firing rated and decreasing and firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rated and decreasing and firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rated and decreasing and firing
+rate if we take that spike train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if we take that spike train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if we take that spike train and
+convolve it with this kernel you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve it with this kernel you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve it with this kernel you can see
+that you get this sort of broad bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get this sort of broad bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get this sort of broad bump
+that looks like it gets higher in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like it gets higher in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like it gets higher in the
+middle where the firing rate is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle where the firing rate is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle where the firing rate is higher
+and it's lower at the edges where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's lower at the edges where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's lower at the edges where the
+firing rate is lower okay so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate is lower okay so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate is lower okay so the point
+is that you can take a spike train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can take a spike train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can take a spike train and
+put it into a neuron the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a neuron the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a neuron the response of the
+neuron is sort of a smooth low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is sort of a smooth low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is sort of a smooth low-pass
+version of the fight of the rate of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the fight of the rate of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the fight of the rate of this
+input spike train okay and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input spike train okay and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input spike train okay and so you can
+think about writing down the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about writing down the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about writing down the input to
+this neuron as a wait times the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron as a wait times the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron as a wait times the firing
+rate of the input all right so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the input all right so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the input all right so that was
+a way of writing down the input to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of writing down the input to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of writing down the input to this
+output neuron from the input neuron ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron from the input neuron ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron from the input neuron ok
+the current input now what is the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current input now what is the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current input now what is the firing
+rate of the output neuron in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the output neuron in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the output neuron in response to
+that current injection okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current injection okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current injection okay so that's
+what we're going to ask next and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to ask next and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to ask next and you can
+remember that when we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that when we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that when we talked about the
+integrating fire model we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating fire model we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating fire model we saw that
+neurons in the limit of sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the limit of sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the limit of sort of in the
+approximation of large inputs have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of large inputs have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of large inputs have a
+firing rate as a function of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate as a function of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate as a function of current
+that looks like this it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this it's zero
+for inputs below the threshold current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inputs below the threshold current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inputs below the threshold current
+right for input currents that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for input currents that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for input currents that aren't
+large enough to drive the neuron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to drive the neuron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to drive the neuron to
+threshold the neuron doesn't spike at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold the neuron doesn't spike at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold the neuron doesn't spike at
+all and then above some threshold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and then above some threshold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and then above some threshold the
+neuron fires approximately linearly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron fires approximately linearly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron fires approximately linearly at
+higher input currents right so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher input currents right so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher input currents right so the way
+that we think about this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think about this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think about this is that the
+input nan is spiking at some rate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input nan is spiking at some rate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input nan is spiking at some rate it
+goes through a synapse that synapse kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a synapse that synapse kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a synapse that synapse kind
+of smoothes the input and produces some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smoothes the input and produces some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smoothes the input and produces some
+current in the postsynaptic neuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the postsynaptic neuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the postsynaptic neuron and
+that's proportional approximately to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional approximately to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional approximately to the
+firing rate of the input neuron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the input neuron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the input neuron and the
+and the output neuron has some output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output neuron has some output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output neuron has some output
+firing rate that's some function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate that's some function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate that's some function of the
+input current okay so we can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input current okay so we can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input current okay so we can write down
+the firing rate of our output neuron V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of our output neuron V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of our output neuron V
+is just equal to some function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to some function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to some function of the
+input current which is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input current which is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input current which is just some
+function of W times the firing rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of W times the firing rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of W times the firing rate of
+the input neuron okay and that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input neuron okay and that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input neuron okay and that right
+there is the basic equation of the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the basic equation of the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the basic equation of the rate
+model okay the output firing rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay the output firing rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay the output firing rate is
+some function of a wait times the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of a wait times the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of a wait times the firing
+rate of the input okay and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the input okay and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the input okay and everything
+else about the rate model is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about the rate model is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about the rate model is just
+different rate models have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate models have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate models have different
+numbers of input neurons where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of input neurons where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of input neurons where we have
+more than one contribution to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one contribution to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one contribution to the input
+current they can have many output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current they can have many output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current they can have many output
+neurons they can have different fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they can have different fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they can have different fi
+curves for the output neurons some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves for the output neurons some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves for the output neurons some of
+them are nonlinear like this some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are nonlinear like this some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are nonlinear like this some of
+them are linear and we're gonna come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are linear and we're gonna come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are linear and we're gonna come
+back and talk about the the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and talk about the the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and talk about the the function of
+different fi curves and why different fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fi curves and why different fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fi curves and why different fi
+curves are useful okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are useful okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are useful okay any questions
+about this that's the basic idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that's the basic idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that's the basic idea okay
+all right good all right so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good all right so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good all right so let's take
+one particularly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+version of the rape model called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the rape model called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the rape model called a
+linear rate model and the linear rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear rate model and the linear rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear rate model and the linear rate
+model has a particular fi curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has a particular fi curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has a particular fi curve okay
+that fi curve says that the firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fi curve says that the firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fi curve says that the firing rate
+of the neuron is linear in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neuron is linear in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neuron is linear in the input
+current okay now why is this a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay now why is this a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay now why is this a really
+weird model of a neuron what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird model of a neuron what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird model of a neuron what's what's
+fundamentally non-biological about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally non-biological about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally non-biological about this
+yes what's that I'm hearing a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what's that I'm hearing a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what's that I'm hearing a bunch of
+right answers at the same time yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answers at the same time yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answers at the same time yeah this
+neuron has is allowed to fire at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has is allowed to fire at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has is allowed to fire at a
+negative firing rate if the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative firing rate if the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative firing rate if the input
+current is negative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is negative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is negative okay
+now that's a pretty crazy thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a pretty crazy thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a pretty crazy thing to do
+why why do you think we would want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do you think we would want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do you think we would want to do
+that well no actually we do so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well no actually we do so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well no actually we do so you can
+have inhibitory inputs right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inhibitory inputs right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inhibitory inputs right that
+produce negative right that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce negative right that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce negative right that produce
+outward currents that hyperpolarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward currents that hyperpolarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward currents that hyperpolarizing
+arlynn any any thoughts about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arlynn any any thoughts about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arlynn any any thoughts about that okay
+it turns out that as soon as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that as soon as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that as soon as you have
+your output neurons have this kind of fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your output neurons have this kind of fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your output neurons have this kind of fi
+curve a linear fi curve then the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a linear fi curve then the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a linear fi curve then the math
+becomes super simple you can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes super simple you can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes super simple you can write down
+very complex networks of neurons with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex networks of neurons with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex networks of neurons with a
+bunch of linear differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of linear differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of linear differential equations
+okay and it becomes very easy to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it becomes very easy to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it becomes very easy to write
+down what the solution is to how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what the solution is to how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what the solution is to how a
+network behaves as a function of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network behaves as a function of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network behaves as a function of its
+inputs and we're going to spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and we're going to spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and we're going to spend a lot of
+time working with network models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time working with network models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time working with network models that
+have linear fi curves because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear fi curves because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear fi curves because you
+develop you can develop a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop you can develop a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop you can develop a lot of
+intuition about how networks behave by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about how networks behave by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about how networks behave by
+using models like this as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using models like this as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using models like this as soon as you
+have models like this you can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have models like this you can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have models like this you can't solve
+the behavior of the network analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the network analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the network analytically
+you have to do everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do everything on the
+computer and it becomes very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and it becomes very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and it becomes very hard to
+develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+derive general solutions for how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive general solutions for how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive general solutions for how things
+behave okay all right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave okay all right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave okay all right so we're going to
+we're going to use this model a lot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this model a lot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this model a lot okay
+and in this case again for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case again for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case again for the case of
+this two neural network where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two neural network where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two neural network where we have
+one output neuron that receives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one output neuron that receives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one output neuron that receives a
+synaptic input from an input neuron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic input from an input neuron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic input from an input neuron the
+firing rate of the output neuron is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the output neuron is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the output neuron is just
+W the synaptic weight times the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the synaptic weight times the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the synaptic weight times the firing
+rate of the input okay okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the input okay okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the input okay okay all right
+and we're gonna come back to nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna come back to nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna come back to nonlinear
+neurons because that non-linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons because that non-linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons because that non-linearity
+actually does really important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does really important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does really important things
+and we're gonna talk about what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna talk about what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna talk about what what
+that does okay so now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does okay so now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does okay so now let's look at the
+case where our output neuron has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where our output neuron has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where our output neuron has not
+just one input but actually many inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one input but actually many inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one input but actually many inputs
+from a bunch of input neurons so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bunch of input neurons so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bunch of input neurons so here we
+have what we call an input layer okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what we call an input layer okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what we call an input layer okay a
+layer of neurons in the input layer each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of neurons in the input layer each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of neurons in the input layer each
+one of those neurons has a firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those neurons has a firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those neurons has a firing rate
+u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 those neurons send ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 those neurons send ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 those neurons send ace
+each of those neurons sends a synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those neurons sends a synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those neurons sends a synapse
+onto our output neuron each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto our output neuron each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto our output neuron each one of those
+synapses has a synaptic weight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses has a synaptic weight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses has a synaptic weight this
+weight is w 1 and that's W 2 W 3 w 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is w 1 and that's W 2 W 3 w 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is w 1 and that's W 2 W 3 w 4 and
+W 5 okay now you can see that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 5 okay now you can see that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 5 okay now you can see that the total
+input the total current to this output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the total current to this output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the total current to this output
+neuron is just going to be a sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is just going to be a sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is just going to be a sum of the
+inputs from each of the input neurons ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from each of the input neurons ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from each of the input neurons ok
+the total input is just a sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total input is just a sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total input is just a sum of the
+inputs from each of the input neuron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from each of the input neuron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from each of the input neuron so
+the synaptic current total synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic current total synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic current total synaptic
+current into this neuron is W 1 times u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into this neuron is W 1 times u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into this neuron is W 1 times u
+1 plus W 2 times u 2 plus W 3 times u 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus W 2 times u 2 plus W 3 times u 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus W 2 times u 2 plus W 3 times u 3
+okay plus all the rest okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus all the rest okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus all the rest okay so the
+response of our linear nod okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our linear nod okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our linear nod okay
+the firing rate of our linear neuron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of our linear neuron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of our linear neuron is
+just a sum over all of those inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sum over all of those inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sum over all of those inputs
+okay so again in this case we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again in this case we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again in this case we're going
+to say that the total input current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the total input current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the total input current to
+this neuron is the sum over over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron is the sum over over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron is the sum over over this
+but then because this is a linear neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then because this is a linear neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then because this is a linear neuron
+the firing rate is just equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate is just equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate is just equal to that
+current input okay that makes sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current input okay that makes sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current input okay that makes sense okay
+all right so you can see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you can see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you can see that this
+description of the firing rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the firing rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the firing rate of the
+output neuron is a sum over all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron is a sum over all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron is a sum over all of those
+contributions it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions it turns out that this
+actually can be written in a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be written in a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be written in a much more
+compact way in vector notation what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way in vector notation what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way in vector notation what does
+that look like does anyone know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like does anyone know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like does anyone know in
+vector notation what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector notation what that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector notation what that looks like
+that's a dot product that's right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dot product that's right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dot product that's right okay
+so in general it's much easier to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general it's much easier to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general it's much easier to write
+these responses in vector notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these responses in vector notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these responses in vector notation and
+so I'm just gonna walk you through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna walk you through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna walk you through some
+basics of vector notation for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of vector notation for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of vector notation for those of
+you who might need a few minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who might need a few minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who might need a few minutes of
+reminder okay actually before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder okay actually before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder okay actually before we get to
+the vector notation I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector notation I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector notation I just want to
+describe how we can use a simple network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how we can use a simple network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how we can use a simple network
+like this to build a receptive field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to build a receptive field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to build a receptive field so
+you remember that when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that when we were talking
+about receptive fields of neurons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about receptive fields of neurons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about receptive fields of neurons we
+described how a neuron can have maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described how a neuron can have maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described how a neuron can have maximal
+response to a particular pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a particular pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a particular pattern of
+input so let's say we have a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so let's say we have a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so let's say we have a neuron
+that's sensitive to visual inputs and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sensitive to visual inputs and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sensitive to visual inputs and as
+a function of one dimension let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of one dimension let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of one dimension let's say
+along the retina this neuron has a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the retina this neuron has a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the retina this neuron has a big
+response if light comes in and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if light comes in and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if light comes in and some
+central field some inhibitory response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central field some inhibitory response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central field some inhibitory response
+if light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if light comes in
+outside of that central lobe well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that central lobe well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that central lobe well it
+turns out that a very simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that a very simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that a very simple way to
+build neurons that have receptive fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build neurons that have receptive fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build neurons that have receptive fields
+like this for example is to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for example is to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for example is to have an
+input layer that projects to this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input layer that projects to this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input layer that projects to this neuron
+that has this receptive field and has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this receptive field and has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this receptive field and has a
+pattern of synaptic inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of synaptic inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of synaptic inputs that
+corresponds to that pattern in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that pattern in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that pattern in the field
+okay so you can see that if this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that if this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that if this neuron
+so let's say these are neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say these are neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say these are neurons in the
+retina let's say retinal ganglion cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina let's say retinal ganglion cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina let's say retinal ganglion cells
+and this neuron is in the thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this neuron is in the thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this neuron is in the thumb
+we can build a thalamic neuron that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build a thalamic neuron that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build a thalamic neuron that has
+a center surround receptive field like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center surround receptive field like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center surround receptive field like
+this by having not let's say this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by having not let's say this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by having not let's say this neuron
+has a strong positive excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a strong positive excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a strong positive excitatory
+synaptic weight onto our output neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic weight onto our output neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic weight onto our output neurons
+so you can see that if you have light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that if you have light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that if you have light
+here that corresponds to this round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that corresponds to this round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that corresponds to this round
+having a high firing rate that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a high firing rate that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a high firing rate that's that
+neuron is very effective at driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is very effective at driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is very effective at driving the
+output neuron and so the output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron and so the output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron and so the output neuron
+has a positive component of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive component of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive component of its
+receptive field right there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field right there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field right there in the
+middle now if this neuron here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle now if this neuron here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle now if this neuron here which is
+in this part of the retina if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the retina if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the retina if that
+neuron has a negative weight onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has a negative weight onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron has a negative weight onto the
+output neuron then light coming in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron then light coming in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron then light coming in here
+driving this neuron will inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this neuron will inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this neuron will inhibit the
+output neuron okay so they see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron okay so they see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron okay so they see that if
+you have a pattern of weights that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pattern of weights that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pattern of weights that looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+zero minus one two minus one zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero minus one two minus one zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero minus one two minus one zero that
+this neuron will have a receptive field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron will have a receptive field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron will have a receptive field
+that looks like that as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like that as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like that as a function of
+its inputs yeah okay so that's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inputs yeah okay so that's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inputs yeah okay so that's a one
+dimensional example and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional example and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional example and you can see that
+you write down the output here as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down the output here as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down the output here as as a
+weighted sum of each one of those inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of each one of those inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of each one of those inputs
+this also works for two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also works for two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also works for two-dimensional
+receptive fields for example if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields for example if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields for example if we have
+input from the retina that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the retina that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the retina that looks like
+this where we have I guess this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we have I guess this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we have I guess this was
+excitatory here in the center inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory here in the center inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory here in the center inhibitory
+around you can make a neuron that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you can make a neuron that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you can make a neuron that has a
+two dimensional receptive feel like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional receptive feel like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional receptive feel like this
+by having inputs to this neuron from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having inputs to this neuron from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having inputs to this neuron from all
+of those different regions of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those different regions of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those different regions of the visual
+field that have different weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that have different weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that have different weights
+corresponding to positive in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to positive in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to positive in the center
+so neurons positive synaptic weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so neurons positive synaptic weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so neurons positive synaptic weights
+onto the output neuron and neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the output neuron and neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the output neuron and neurons
+around the edges have negative synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the edges have negative synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the edges have negative synaptic
+weights okay so we can build any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights okay so we can build any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights okay so we can build any
+receptive field we want into a neuron by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field we want into a neuron by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field we want into a neuron by
+just plugging in by putting in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plugging in by putting in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plugging in by putting in the right
+set of weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of weights
+yes so in real life I assume you mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in real life I assume you mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in real life I assume you mean in
+the brain so in the brain we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain so in the brain we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain so in the brain we don't
+really know how these weights are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how these weights are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how these weights are built
+so one idea is that there are synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one idea is that there are synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one idea is that there are synaptic
+there are rules that control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rules that control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rules that control the
+development of these you know circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of these you know circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of these you know circuits
+let's say connections of bipolar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say connections of bipolar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say connections of bipolar cells
+in the retina to retinal ganglion cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retina to retinal ganglion cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retina to retinal ganglion cells
+that control how these weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control how these weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control how these weights are
+determined to be positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined to be positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined to be positive or negative
+negative weights are implemented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights are implemented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights are implemented by
+bipolar cells connected to a Makran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells connected to a Makran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells connected to a Makran
+cells which are inhibitory and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which are inhibitory and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which are inhibitory and then
+connect to to the retinal ganglion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to to the retinal ganglion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to to the retinal ganglion so
+there's a whole circuit that gets built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole circuit that gets built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole circuit that gets built
+in the retina that controls whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retina that controls whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retina that controls whether
+these weights are positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights are positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights are positive or negative
+and those can be programmed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those can be programmed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those can be programmed by
+developmental you know genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental you know genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental you know genetic
+developmental programs they can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental programs they can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental programs they can also be
+controlled by experience with visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by experience with visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by experience with visual
+stimuli okay so there's a lot we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli okay so there's a lot we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli okay so there's a lot we don't
+understand about how these weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about how these weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about how these weights are
+controlled or set up or programmed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled or set up or programmed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled or set up or programmed but
+the way we think about how receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about how receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about how receptive
+fields of these neurons emerge is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of these neurons emerge is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of these neurons emerge is by
+controlling the weight of those synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the weight of those synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the weight of those synaptic
+inputs that's the message here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that's the message here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that's the message here that
+receptive fields emerge from the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields emerge from the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields emerge from the pattern
+of weights from an input layer onto an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights from an input layer onto an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights from an input layer onto an
+output layer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're gonna build a model let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna build a model let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna build a model let's say
+of the retina so it kind of just depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the retina so it kind of just depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the retina so it kind of just depends
+on how realistic you want it to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how realistic you want it to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how realistic you want it to be like
+you could build a model of the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build a model of the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build a model of the retina
+that has you know if you wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know if you wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has you know if you wanted to make
+a model of a retinal ganglion cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of a retinal ganglion cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of a retinal ganglion cell you
+could try to build a model that has as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to build a model that has as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to build a model that has as
+bipolar neurons as are actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar neurons as are actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar neurons as are actually you know
+in the receptive field of that retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the receptive field of that retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the receptive field of that retinal
+ganglion cell or you could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cell or you could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cell or you could make a
+simplified model right that only has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model right that only has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model right that only has you
+know ten or a hundred neurons depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ten or a hundred neurons depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ten or a hundred neurons depends on
+what you want to study okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to study okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to study okay all right
+any other questions okay all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay all right and
+again even for these more complex models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even for these more complex models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even for these more complex models
+the you can still write down a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you can still write down a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you can still write down a simple
+rate model formulation of the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate model formulation of the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate model formulation of the firing
+rate of the output neuron it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the output neuron it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the output neuron it's just a
+weighted sum of the input firing rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of the input firing rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of the input firing rate so
+each neuron in the input layer fires at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each neuron in the input layer fires at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each neuron in the input layer fires at
+some rate it has a weight W you sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rate it has a weight W you sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rate it has a weight W you sum up
+you you to get the contribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you to get the contribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you to get the contribution of this
+neuron to the firing rate of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron to the firing rate of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron to the firing rate of the output
+neuron you just take that input firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron you just take that input firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron you just take that input firing
+rate times the senate weight and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate times the senate weight and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate times the senate weight and add
+that up then for all the input layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up then for all the input layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up then for all the input layer
+neurons okay okay all right so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay okay all right so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay okay all right so we've
+been as I said we've been describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been as I said we've been describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been as I said we've been describing the
+response of our linear neuron as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our linear neuron as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our linear neuron as this
+weighted sum and that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum and that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum and that's a little bit
+cumbersome to carry around so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome to carry around so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome to carry around so we're
+gonna start using vector notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start using vector notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start using vector notation and
+matrix notation to describe networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation to describe networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation to describe networks
+it's just much more compact okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just much more compact okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just much more compact okay all
+right so we're gonna take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna take a little
+detour talk about vectors so a vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour talk about vectors so a vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour talk about vectors so a vector is
+just a collection of numbers the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a collection of numbers the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a collection of numbers the number
+of numbers is called the dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers is called the dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers is called the dimensionality
+of the vector if these are if they're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector if these are if they're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector if these are if they're if
+a vector has only two numbers then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector has only two numbers then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector has only two numbers then we
+can just plot that vector in in a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for a 2d vector if that vector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a 2d vector if that vector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a 2d vector if that vector has
+two components X 1 and X 2 then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components X 1 and X 2 then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components X 1 and X 2 then we can
+plot that vector in that space of X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that vector in that space of X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that vector in that space of X 1
+and X 2 put the origin at 0 in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 put the origin at 0 in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 put the origin at 0 in this case
+the vector has two vector components or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector has two vector components or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector has two vector components or
+elements X 1 and X 2 and we described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements X 1 and X 2 and we described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements X 1 and X 2 and we described in
+two dimensions we describe that as space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions we describe that as space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions we describe that as space
+as that as r2 the space of two real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that as r2 the space of two real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that as r2 the space of two real
+numbers we can write down that vector as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we can write down that vector as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we can write down that vector as
+a row in row vector notation so X is X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row in row vector notation so X is X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row in row vector notation so X is X 1
+X 2 we can write it as a column vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 we can write it as a column vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 we can write it as a column vector X
+1 X 2 organized on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 X 2 organized on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 X 2 organized on top of each other
+like this vector sums are very simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this vector sums are very simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this vector sums are very simple so
+if you have two vectors x and y you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two vectors x and y you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two vectors x and y you can
+write down the sum of x and y is x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the sum of x and y is x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the sum of x and y is x plus
+y that's called the resultant X plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's called the resultant X plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's called the resultant X plus y
+it can be written like this in column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be written like this in column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be written like this in column
+vector notation you can see that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector notation you can see that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector notation you can see that the sum
+of X and y is just an element by element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and y is just an element by element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and y is just an element by element
+sum of the nature of the vector elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the nature of the vector elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the nature of the vector elements
+yeah it's called element by element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's called element by element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's called element by element
+addition let's look at vector products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition let's look at vector products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition let's look at vector products
+so there are multiple ways of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are multiple ways of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are multiple ways of taking the
+product of two vectors there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two vectors there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two vectors there's an
+element by element product an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by element product an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by element product an inner
+product and outer product that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and outer product that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and outer product that we'll
+cover in in later lectures and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in in later lectures and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in in later lectures and also
+something called the cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the cross product
+that's very common in physics but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common in physics but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common in physics but I have
+not yet seen the application of a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet seen the application of a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet seen the application of a cross
+product to neuroscience now if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to neuroscience now if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to neuroscience now if anybody
+can find one of those give extra credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find one of those give extra credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find one of those give extra credit
+okay all right element by element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right element by element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right element by element
+product is called a Hadamard product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is called a Hadamard product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is called a Hadamard product so
+x times y is just the element by element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times y is just the element by element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times y is just the element by element
+product of the elements in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the elements in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the elements in the two
+vectors at lab that element by element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors at lab that element by element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors at lab that element by element
+product you compute by X dot star Y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay inner product or dot product looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay inner product or dot product looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay inner product or dot product looks
+like this so if we have two column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so if we have two column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so if we have two column
+vectors the dot product of X and y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the dot product of X and y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the dot product of X and y the
+sum of the element by element products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the element by element products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the element by element products
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so x dot y is just x one times y 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x dot y is just x one times y 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x dot y is just x one times y 1 plus
+X 2 times y 2 and so on plus X and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 times y 2 and so on plus X and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 times y 2 and so on plus X and times
+y in okay and that's that sum that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in okay and that's that sum that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in okay and that's that sum that we
+saw earlier in our feed-forward network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier in our feed-forward network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier in our feed-forward network
+okay so notice that this the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so notice that this the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so notice that this the dot product
+is a scalar it's a single number it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar it's a single number it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar it's a single number it's no
+longer a vector products have some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a vector products have some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a vector products have some nice
+properties they're commutative so X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they're commutative so X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they're commutative so X dot
+Y is equal to Y dot X their distributive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to Y dot X their distributive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to Y dot X their distributive
+so that vector W dotted into the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that vector W dotted into the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that vector W dotted into the sum of
+two vectors is just the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors is just the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors is just the sum of the two
+separate dot products so W dot X plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate dot products so W dot X plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate dot products so W dot X plus y
+is just ww-why and it's also linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just ww-why and it's also linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just ww-why and it's also linear so
+if you have a X dot Y that is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a X dot Y that is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a X dot Y that is equal to a
+time's the quantity x dot y okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the quantity x dot y okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the quantity x dot y okay so if
+you have vector x and y dot it into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have vector x and y dot it into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have vector x and y dot it into each
+other if you make one of those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if you make one of those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if you make one of those vectors
+twice as long and then the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as long and then the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as long and then the dot product
+is just twice as big okay a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just twice as big okay a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just twice as big okay a little bit
+more about inner products so we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about inner products so we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about inner products so we can also
+write down the inner product in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the inner product in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the inner product in matrix
+notation so x dot y is a matrix product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so x dot y is a matrix product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so x dot y is a matrix product
+of a row vector time column vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a row vector time column vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a row vector time column vector you
+remember how to multiply two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to multiply two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to multiply two matrices
+you multiply the elements of a row times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the elements of a row times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the elements of a row times
+the elements of sorry each row times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of sorry each row times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of sorry each row times the
+elements of each column so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of each column so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of each column so you can see
+that this in matrix notation is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in matrix notation is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in matrix notation is just the
+dot product of those two vectors it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of those two vectors it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of those two vectors it's in
+matrix notation this is a 1 by n matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation this is a 1 by n matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation this is a 1 by n matrix
+this is an N by one so one row by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an N by one so one row by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an N by one so one row by n
+columns times n rows by one column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns times n rows by one column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns times n rows by one column
+and that is equal to a one by one matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is equal to a one by one matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is equal to a one by one matrix
+which is just a scalar okay alright in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a scalar okay alright in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a scalar okay alright in
+MATLAB let me just show you how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB let me just show you how to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB let me just show you how to write
+down these components so in this case X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these components so in this case X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these components so in this case X
+is a column vector a one by three column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a column vector a one by three column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a column vector a one by three column
+vector Y is a one by three column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y is a one by three column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y is a one by three column vector
+you can cut those vectors like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cut those vectors like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cut those vectors like this and
+Z is X transpose times y okay and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is X transpose times y okay and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is X transpose times y okay and and so
+that's how you can write down the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can write down the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can write down the dot
+product of two of two vectors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the dot product of a vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the dot product of a vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the dot product of a vector with
+itself it's the square magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's the square magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's the square magnitude of the
+vector okay so X is just the norm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay so X is just the norm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay so X is just the norm or
+magnitude of the vector and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the vector and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the vector and you can see
+that the norm of the vector is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of the vector is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of the vector is just you
+can think about this as being analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this as being analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this as being analogous
+to the Pythagorean theorem the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Pythagorean theorem the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Pythagorean theorem the the
+length of one side of a triangle is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of one side of a triangle is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of one side of a triangle is just
+the sum of the squares of all the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the squares of all the sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the squares of all the sides
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+square root of that okay so a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that okay so a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that okay so a unit
+vector is a vector that has length one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is a vector that has length one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is a vector that has length one
+so a unit vector by definition has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a unit vector by definition has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a unit vector by definition has a
+magnitude of one which means it's a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of one which means it's a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of one which means it's a dot
+product with itself is one we can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with itself is one we can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with itself is one we can turn
+any vector into a unit vector by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector into a unit vector by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector into a unit vector by just
+taking that back riding by its norm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that back riding by its norm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that back riding by its norm I'm
+going to always use this notation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to always use this notation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to always use this notation with
+this little caret symbol to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little caret symbol to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little caret symbol to represent a
+unit vector so if you see a vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector so if you see a vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector so if you see a vector with
+that little hat on it that means it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little hat on it that means it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little hat on it that means it's a
+unit vector you can express any vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector you can express any vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector you can express any vector
+as a product of a scalar a length times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product of a scalar a length times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product of a scalar a length times
+a unit vector in that direction okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit vector in that direction okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit vector in that direction okay we
+can find the projection or component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the projection or component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the projection or component of
+any vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector in
+direction of this unit vector as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this unit vector as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this unit vector as follows
+so if we have a unit vector X we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a unit vector X we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a unit vector X we can
+find the projection of a vector Y onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the projection of a vector Y onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the projection of a vector Y onto
+that unit vector X how do we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit vector X how do we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit vector X how do we do that we
+just find the normal projection of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just find the normal projection of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just find the normal projection of that
+vector that distance right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that distance right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that distance right there is
+called the scalar projection of Y onto X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you write down the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write down the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write down the length of the
+vector Y the norm of the vector Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y the norm of the vector Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Y the norm of the vector Y and
+the angle between y and X then the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between y and X then the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between y and X then the dot
+product Y dot X is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Y dot X is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product Y dot X is just equal to the
+magnitude of Y times the cosine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Y times the cosine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Y times the cosine of the
+angle between the two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the two vectors
+okay just simple trigonometry we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just simple trigonometry we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just simple trigonometry we can
+also define what's called the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also define what's called the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also define what's called the vector
+projection of Y onto X as follows so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of Y onto X as follows so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of Y onto X as follows so we
+just draw that same picture so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw that same picture so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw that same picture so we can
+find the projection of Y onto X and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the projection of Y onto X and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the projection of Y onto X and add
+that as a vector okay and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a vector okay and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a vector okay and that's just
+this scalar projection of Y onto x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scalar projection of Y onto x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scalar projection of Y onto x times
+a unit vector in the X direction okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit vector in the X direction okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit vector in the X direction okay so
+X actually is a unit vector in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X actually is a unit vector in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X actually is a unit vector in this
+example so this vector projection of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so this vector projection of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so this vector projection of Y
+onto X is just defined as at x times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto X is just defined as at x times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto X is just defined as at x times X
+any questions about that I'm guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that I'm guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that I'm guessing
+most of you have seen all of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have seen all of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have seen all of this stuff
+already but we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but we're going to be using
+these things a lot so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things a lot so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things a lot so I just want to
+make sure that we're all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're all on the same
+page okay okay and that's just a skip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay okay and that's just a skip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay okay and that's just a skip a
+unit vector okay let me just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector okay let me just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector okay let me just give you a
+little bit intuition about dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intuition about dot products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intuition about dot products
+here so a dot product is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so a dot product is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so a dot product is related to the
+cosine of the angle between two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the angle between two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the angle between two vectors
+as we talked about before the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about before the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about before the dot
+product is just magnitude of x times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is just magnitude of x times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is just magnitude of x times the
+magnitude of Y times the cosine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Y times the cosine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Y times the cosine of the
+angle between them so the cosine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them so the cosine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them so the cosine of the
+angle between two vectors is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between two vectors is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between two vectors is just
+the dot product divided by the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product divided by the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product divided by the product
+of the magnitude of each of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitude of each of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitude of each of the two
+vectors okay so if x and y are unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so if x and y are unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so if x and y are unit
+vectors the cosine of the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the cosine of the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the cosine of the angle between
+them is just the dot product of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is just the dot product of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is just the dot product of the unit
+vectors okay so again if x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so again if x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so again if x and y are
+unit vectors then that dot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors then that dot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors then that dot product is
+just the cosine of the angle all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the cosine of the angle all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the cosine of the angle all right
+orthogonal T so two vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal T so two vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal T so two vectors are
+orthogonal or perpendicular if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal or perpendicular if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal or perpendicular if and only
+if to zero so if we have two vectors x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if to zero so if we have two vectors x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if to zero so if we have two vectors x
+and y they're are orthogonal if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y they're are orthogonal if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y they're are orthogonal if the
+angle between them is 90 degrees X dot Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them is 90 degrees X dot Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them is 90 degrees X dot Y
+is just proportional to the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just proportional to the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just proportional to the cosine of
+the angle cosine of 90 degrees is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle cosine of 90 degrees is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle cosine of 90 degrees is zero
+okay so if two vectors are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if two vectors are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if two vectors are orthogonal
+then their dot product will be zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then their dot product will be zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then their dot product will be zero if
+there's dot product is zero then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dot product is zero then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dot product is zero then they're
+orthogonal with each other okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal with each other okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal with each other okay and
+using the notation we just developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the notation we just developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the notation we just developed the
+vector projection of Y along X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector projection of Y along X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector projection of Y along X is the
+zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector
+okay if those two vectors are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if those two vectors are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if those two vectors are orthogonal
+there is an intuition that one can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an intuition that one can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an intuition that one can think
+about in terms of the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of the relation between
+dot product and correlation so the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product and correlation so the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product and correlation so the dot
+product is related to the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is related to the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is related to the statistical
+correlation between the elinoz two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the elinoz two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the elinoz two
+vectors okay so if you have a vector x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so if you have a vector x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so if you have a vector x
+and y you can write down the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y you can write down the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y you can write down the cosine of
+the angle between those two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between those two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between those two vectors
+again as X dot Y over the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as X dot Y over the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as X dot Y over the product of the
+norms and you if you write that out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms and you if you write that out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms and you if you write that out as
+sums you can see that this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums you can see that this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums you can see that this is just the
+sum of the element by element products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the element by element products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the element by element products
+that's the dot product divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dot product divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dot product divided by the
+norm of X and the norm of Y and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of X and the norm of Y and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of X and the norm of Y and if you
+have taken a statistics class you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken a statistics class you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken a statistics class you will
+recognize that as just the Pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that as just the Pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that as just the Pearson
+correlation of a set of numbers X and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of a set of numbers X and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of a set of numbers X and a
+set of numbers Y okay the dot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of numbers Y okay the dot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of numbers Y okay the dot product is
+closely related to the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to the correlation
+between two sets of numbers okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two sets of numbers okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two sets of numbers okay one
+other thing that I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I want to point out
+coming back to the idea of using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to the idea of using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to the idea of using this
+feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward
+at work as a way of receptive field you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work as a way of receptive field you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work as a way of receptive field you
+can see that the response of an on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the response of an on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the response of an on in
+this model is just the dot product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is just the dot product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is just the dot product of
+the stimulus vector you the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus vector you the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus vector you the vector of
+input firing rates represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input firing rates represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input firing rates represents the
+stimulus the dot product of the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus the dot product of the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus the dot product of the stimulus
+vector you with the weight vector W okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you with the weight vector W okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you with the weight vector W okay
+so the firing rate of the output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the firing rate of the output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the firing rate of the output neuron
+is just W dot u okay so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just W dot u okay so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just W dot u okay so you can see that
+what this means is that the firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is that the firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is that the firing rate
+of the output neuron will be high if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output neuron will be high if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output neuron will be high if
+there is a high degree of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high degree of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high degree of overlap
+between the input the pattern of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input the pattern of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input the pattern of the
+input and the pattern of synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the pattern of synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the pattern of synaptic
+weights from the input layer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights from the input layer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights from the input layer to the
+output neuron okay you can see that W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron okay you can see that W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron okay you can see that W
+dot u is big when W and you are parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot u is big when W and you are parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot u is big when W and you are parallel
+are highly correlated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly correlated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly correlated okay
+which means a neuron fires a lot when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a neuron fires a lot when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a neuron fires a lot when
+the stimulus matches the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus matches the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus matches the pattern of
+those synaptic weights okay now so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those synaptic weights okay now so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those synaptic weights okay now so you
+can see that for a given amount of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that for a given amount of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that for a given amount of power
+and the stimulus okay so the power this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stimulus okay so the power this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stimulus okay so the power this
+is just the square magnitude of U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the square magnitude of U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the square magnitude of U the
+stimulus that has the best overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that has the best overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that has the best overlap with
+the receptive field where a cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptive field where a cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptive field where a cosine of
+that angle is one produces the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle is one produces the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle is one produces the largest
+response okay and so we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay and so we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay and so we now have
+actually a definition of the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a definition of the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a definition of the optimal
+stimulus of a neuron in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus of a neuron in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus of a neuron in terms of the
+pattern of synaptic weights in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of synaptic weights in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of synaptic weights in other
+words when you can write the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words when you can write the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words when you can write the optimal
+stimulus is one that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus is one that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus is one that's essentially
+proportional to the weight matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the weight matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the weight matrix okay
+any questions so far all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far all right so now
+let's turn to the question of how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to the question of how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to the question of how we use
+neural networks to to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks to to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks to to do some
+interesting computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting computation
+okay so classification is a is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so classification is a is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so classification is a is a very
+important computation that neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important computation that neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important computation that neural
+networks do in the brain and in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks do in the brain and in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks do in the brain and in and
+actually in the application of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the application of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the application of neural
+networks for for technology okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks for for technology okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks for for technology okay all
+right so what does classification mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does classification mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does classification mean
+so how does the brain how does a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does the brain how does a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does the brain how does a neural
+circuit decide how a particular input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit decide how a particular input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit decide how a particular input
+you know let's say that it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say that it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say that it looks like
+you know you might eat it how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might eat it how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might eat it how do we
+decide how do the neural circuits in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how do the neural circuits in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how do the neural circuits in our
+brain decide whether that thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain decide whether that thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain decide whether that thing that
+we're seeing is something edible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is something edible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is something edible or
+something that you know will make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know will make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know will make us
+sick okay based on past experience if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick okay based on past experience if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick okay based on past experience if we
+see something that looks like a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that looks like a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that looks like a an
+animal or a dog how do we know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal or a dog how do we know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal or a dog how do we know whether
+that's a friendly puppy or a you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a friendly puppy or a you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a friendly puppy or a you know or
+a wolf so these are classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wolf so these are classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wolf so these are classification
+problems and feed-forward circuits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and feed-forward circuits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and feed-forward circuits are
+actually very can be very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very can be very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very can be very good at
+classification in fact recent advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification in fact recent advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification in fact recent advances
+in training neural networks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in training neural networks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in training neural networks have
+actually resulted in feed-forward neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually resulted in feed-forward neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually resulted in feed-forward neural
+networks that actually approach human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that actually approach human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that actually approach human
+performance in terms of their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in terms of their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in terms of their ability to
+make decisions like this okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions like this okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions like this okay all right
+so so basically a feed-forward circuit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically a feed-forward circuit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically a feed-forward circuit a
+feed-forward that does classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward that does classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward that does classification
+like this typically has an input layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this typically has an input layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this typically has an input layer
+it has a bunch of inputs that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a bunch of inputs that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a bunch of inputs that represent
+a sensory stimulus and a bunch of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensory stimulus and a bunch of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensory stimulus and a bunch of output
+neurons that represent different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that represent different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that represent different
+categorizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizations
+of that input stimulus okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that input stimulus okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that input stimulus okay so you can
+have retinal input here going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have retinal input here going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have retinal input here going to you
+know other layers of a network and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other layers of a network and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other layers of a network and then
+at the end of that you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of that you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of that you can have a
+network that that starts firing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that that starts firing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that that starts firing when
+that input was a dog or starts firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that input was a dog or starts firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that input was a dog or starts firing
+another neuron that starts firing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neuron that starts firing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neuron that starts firing with
+that when that input was a cat okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when that input was a cat okay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when that input was a cat okay or
+something else all right now in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else all right now in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else all right now in general
+classification networks that run input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification networks that run input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification networks that run input
+layer and one output layer can't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and one output layer can't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and one output layer can't do this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+you can't take a visual input and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take a visual input and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take a visual input and have
+connections to another layer of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to another layer of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to another layer of neurons
+that just light up when one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just light up when one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just light up when one of those
+when the picture that the network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the picture that the network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the picture that the network is
+seeing is a dog another neuron lights up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is a dog another neuron lights up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is a dog another neuron lights up
+when when it's a cat generally many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when it's a cat generally many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when it's a cat generally many
+layers of neurons in between and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of neurons in between and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of neurons in between and but
+today we're going to talk about a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about a very
+simplified version of the classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of the classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of the classification
+problem okay and kind of build up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay and kind of build up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay and kind of build up to the
+sorts of networks that can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of networks that can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of networks that can actually do
+those more complex problems okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those more complex problems okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those more complex problems okay so I
+just want to point out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that the
+obviously our brains are very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously our brains are very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously our brains are very good at
+recognizing things right we do this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing things right we do this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing things right we do this all
+the time every you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time every you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time every you know there are
+hundreds of objects in every visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of objects in every visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of objects in every visual
+scene and we're able to recognize every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and we're able to recognize every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and we're able to recognize every
+one of those objects but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those objects but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those objects but it turns out
+that there are individuals so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are individuals so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are individuals so in this
+case I alluded to the idea that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I alluded to the idea that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I alluded to the idea that there
+are individual neurons in this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individual neurons in this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individual neurons in this network
+that light up when the sensory input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light up when the sensory input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light up when the sensory input is
+a dog or light up when the input is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dog or light up when the input is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dog or light up when the input is an
+elephant okay and and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant okay and and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant okay and and it turns out that
+that's actually true in the brain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually true in the brain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually true in the brain so
+there have recently been studying where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have recently been studying where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have recently been studying where
+it's been possible to record in parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been possible to record in parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been possible to record in parts of
+the human brain in patients that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain in patients that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain in patients that are
+undergoing brain surgery for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing brain surgery for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing brain surgery for the
+treatment of epilepsy or other or tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of epilepsy or other or tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of epilepsy or other or tumors
+or things like that where you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that where you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that where you have to go
+in and and find parts of the brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and find parts of the brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and find parts of the brain that
+are defective fine parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defective fine parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defective fine parts of the brain
+that are healthy so when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are healthy so when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are healthy so when you do a
+surgery you can be very careful to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery you can be very careful to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery you can be very careful to just
+do surgery on the damaged parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do surgery on the damaged parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do surgery on the damaged parts of the
+brain and not impact parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and not impact parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and not impact parts of the brain
+that are healthy so there are cases now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are healthy so there are cases now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are healthy so there are cases now
+more more and more commonly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more and more commonly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more and more commonly where
+neuroscientists can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists can work with
+neurosurgeons to actually record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeons to actually record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeons to actually record from
+neurons in the brain in these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the brain in these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the brain in these patients
+who are in preparation for surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in preparation for surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in preparation for surgery
+and so it's been possible to record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's been possible to record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's been possible to record from
+neurons in the brain these this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study from itzhak lab at UCLA and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study from itzhak lab at UCLA and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study from itzhak lab at UCLA and this
+shows recording in the right anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows recording in the right anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows recording in the right anterior
+hippocampus and what these what this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and what these what this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and what these what this lab
+did was to find neurons so these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to find neurons so these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to find neurons so these were
+electrodes implanted in the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes implanted in the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes implanted in the brain and
+then they basically take these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they basically take these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they basically take these patients
+and they show them thousands of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show them thousands of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they show them thousands of pictures
+and look at how to respond to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at how to respond to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at how to respond to different
+visual inputs okay so let me just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs okay so let me just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs okay so let me just show
+you what you're looking at this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you're looking at this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you're looking at this is a
+these are just different pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just different pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just different pictures of
+celebrities there's Luke Skywalker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities there's Luke Skywalker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities there's Luke Skywalker
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+mother Teresa some others yeah okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother Teresa some others yeah okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother Teresa some others yeah okay you
+know this paper is getting old enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this paper is getting old enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this paper is getting old enough
+that you may not recognize most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may not recognize most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may not recognize most of these
+people but if you record from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but if you record from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but if you record from from
+neurons in the brain you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the brain you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the brain you can see that
+okay so what do you see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you see here this is
+this image is flat I think that's Oprah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is flat I think that's Oprah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is flat I think that's Oprah
+images flashed up on the screen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images flashed up on the screen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images flashed up on the screen for
+about a second you record this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a second you record this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a second you record this neuron
+spiky there you see a couple spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiky there you see a couple spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiky there you see a couple spikes
+here's when the image was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's when the image was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's when the image was actually
+presented and here's when the image was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and here's when the image was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and here's when the image was
+turned off you can see different trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off you can see different trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off you can see different trials
+so this neuron actually had a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this neuron actually had a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this neuron actually had a little bit
+of a response right there shortly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a response right there shortly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a response right there shortly after
+the stimulus was turned on but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus was turned on but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus was turned on but you can
+see there's not that much response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's not that much response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's not that much response in
+these neurons it's okay but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons it's okay but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons it's okay but when they
+flashed a different stimulus anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashed a different stimulus anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashed a different stimulus anybody
+know who that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who that is
+it's Halle Berry okay so look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Halle Berry okay so look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Halle Berry okay so look at this
+neuron every time you show this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron every time you show this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron every time you show this picture
+that neuron fires off a couple spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron fires off a couple spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron fires off a couple spikes
+very precisely okay if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precisely okay if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precisely okay if you look at the
+histogram this these are histograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram this these are histograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram this these are histograms
+underneath showing at as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath showing at as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath showing at as a function of
+time relative to the onset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time relative to the onset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time relative to the onset of the
+stimulus you could see that this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus you could see that this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus you could see that this neuron
+very reliably spikes there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reliably spikes there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reliably spikes there's a different
+picture of Halle Berry neuron spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Halle Berry neuron spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Halle Berry neuron spikes
+different picture neuron spikes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture neuron spikes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture neuron spikes another
+picture neuron spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawing line drawing of Halle Berry then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing line drawing of Halle Berry then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing line drawing of Halle Berry then
+there on spikes Catwoman the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on spikes Catwoman the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on spikes Catwoman the neuron
+spikes the text Halle Berry the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes the text Halle Berry the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes the text Halle Berry the neuron
+spikes it's amazing huh so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes it's amazing huh so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes it's amazing huh so this this
+group was got a lot of press for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group was got a lot of press for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group was got a lot of press for this
+because they also found Jennifer Aniston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they also found Jennifer Aniston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they also found Jennifer Aniston
+neurons they found other celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they found other celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons they found other celebrities
+it's just like some celebrity part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like some celebrity part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like some celebrity part of
+the brain oh it's actually a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain oh it's actually a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain oh it's actually a part of the
+brain where you have neurons that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain where you have neurons that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain where you have neurons that have
+very sparse responses to a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse responses to a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse responses to a wide range of
+things but they're extremely specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they're extremely specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they're extremely specific to
+particular people or categories or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular people or categories or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular people or categories or
+objects and and it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and and it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and and it actually is
+consistent with this old notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this old notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this old notion of
+what's called the grandmother cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the grandmother cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the grandmother cell so
+back before people were able to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back before people were able to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back before people were able to record
+in the human brain like this there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human brain like this there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human brain like this there was
+speculation that there might be neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation that there might be neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation that there might be neurons
+in the brain that are so stiff or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain that are so stiff or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain that are so stiff or
+particular things that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things that there might be
+one neuron in your brain that responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one neuron in your brain that responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one neuron in your brain that responds
+when you see your grandmother okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see your grandmother okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see your grandmother okay and
+so it turns out it's actually true there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out it's actually true there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out it's actually true there
+are neurons in your brain that respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neurons in your brain that respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neurons in your brain that respond
+very specifically to particular concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically to particular concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically to particular concepts
+or or people or things okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or people or things okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or people or things okay so the
+question of how these kinds of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acquire their responses is really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire their responses is really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire their responses is really cool
+and interesting okay okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting okay okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting okay okay all right so
+that that leads us to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that leads us to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that leads us to the idea of
+perceptrons okay which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptrons okay which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptrons okay which are the
+perceptron is kind of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron is kind of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron is kind of the simplest
+notion of how you can have a neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of how you can have a neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of how you can have a neuron that
+responds to a particular thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to a particular thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to a particular thing that
+detects a particular thing and responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects a particular thing and responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects a particular thing and responds
+when it sees it and doesn't respond when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it sees it and doesn't respond when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it sees it and doesn't respond when
+it doesn't all right so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't all right so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't all right so let's start with
+the simplest notion of a perceptron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest notion of a perceptron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest notion of a perceptron okay
+so how do we make a neuron that fires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we make a neuron that fires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we make a neuron that fires
+when it sees something let's say a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it sees something let's say a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it sees something let's say a dog
+and doesn't fire when there is no dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't fire when there is no dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't fire when there is no dog
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so in order to think about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in order to think about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in order to think about this a
+little bit more so if we have we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more so if we have we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more so if we have we can
+begin thinking about this in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about this in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about this in the case
+where we have a single neuron input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a single neuron input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a single neuron input and
+a single output neuron okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single output neuron okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single output neuron okay so if we
+have a single input neuron then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single input neuron then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single input neuron then what
+comes in has to be it can't be an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in has to be it can't be an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in has to be it can't be an image
+right an image is a high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right an image is a high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right an image is a high dimensional
+thing that has many you know thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has many you know thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has many you know thousands
+of pixels so that's that's not a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pixels so that's that's not a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pixels so that's that's not a you
+can't write that down as a simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write that down as a simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write that down as a simple model
+with a single input neuron and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single input neuron and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single input neuron and a single
+output neuron so you need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron so you need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron so you need to do this
+classification problem in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem in one dimension
+so we can imagine that we have an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can imagine that we have an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can imagine that we have an input
+neuron that comes from a let's say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that comes from a let's say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that comes from a let's say some
+set of neurons I make up a story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of neurons I make up a story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of neurons I make up a story here
+some set of neurons that measure the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of neurons that measure the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of neurons that measure the dog
+enos of an input okay so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enos of an input okay so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enos of an input okay so let's say that
+we have a single input right that fires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a single input right that fires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a single input right that fires
+like crazy when it sees this cute little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy when it sees this cute little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy when it sees this cute little
+guy here and fires at a negative rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here and fires at a negative rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here and fires at a negative rate
+okay when it sees that thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when it sees that thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when it sees that thing which
+doesn't look much like a dog okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look much like a dog okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look much like a dog okay so we
+have a single input that's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single input that's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single input that's a measure of
+dog enos and now let's say that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog enos and now let's say that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog enos and now let's say that we we
+take this dog enos detector and we point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this dog enos detector and we point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this dog enos detector and we point
+it around the world we walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the world we walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the world we walk around
+outside with our dog enos detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside with our dog enos detector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside with our dog enos detector and
+we make a bunch of measurements okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a bunch of measurements okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a bunch of measurements okay so
+we're gonna something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna something that looks like
+this we're gonna see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're gonna see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're gonna see a lot of
+measurements a lot of observations down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements a lot of observations down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements a lot of observations down
+here that are close to zero dog enos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are close to zero dog enos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are close to zero dog enos and
+then we're gonna see some a bump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna see some a bump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna see some a bump of
+things up here that correspond to dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up here that correspond to dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up here that correspond to dogs
+whenever we point our dog enos detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we point our dog enos detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we point our dog enos detector
+at a dog it's going to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a dog it's going to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a dog it's going to give us a
+measurement up here and we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement up here and we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement up here and we're gonna get
+a bunch of those and those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of those and those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of those and those things
+correspondence so we need to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence so we need to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence so we need to build a
+network that fires when the input is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that fires when the input is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that fires when the input is up
+here and doesn't fire when the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and doesn't fire when the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and doesn't fire when the input is
+down there right so how do we do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there right so how do we do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there right so how do we do that so
+that the central feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the central feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the central feature of
+classification is this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is this notion
+binary nough sub decision-making okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary nough sub decision-making okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary nough sub decision-making okay
+that it fires when you see a dog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it fires when you see a dog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it fires when you see a dog and
+doesn't fire when you don't see a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire when you don't see a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire when you don't see a dog
+okay so there exists a classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there exists a classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there exists a classification
+boundary in this stimulus space you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in this stimulus space you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in this stimulus space you can
+imagine that there's some points along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there's some points along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there's some points along
+this dimension above which you'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dimension above which you'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dimension above which you'll say
+that that input is a dog below which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that input is a dog below which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that input is a dog below which you
+say that it isn't okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it isn't okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it isn't okay and we can
+imagine that that classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that classification
+boundary is right here it's a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is right here it's a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is right here it's a particular
+number it's a particular value of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's a particular value of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's a particular value of our
+dog eNOS detector above which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog eNOS detector above which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog eNOS detector above which we're
+gonna call it a dog and below which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call it a dog and below which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call it a dog and below which
+we're gonna call it something else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call it something else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call it something else okay
+how do we make this neuron respond by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make this neuron respond by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make this neuron respond by
+firing when there's a dog and not firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing when there's a dog and not firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing when there's a dog and not firing
+when there's no dog can we use a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's no dog can we use a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's no dog can we use a linear
+neuron okay can we use one of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron okay can we use one of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron okay can we use one of our our
+linear neurons that we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear neurons that we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear neurons that we just talked about
+before we can't do that right because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can't do that right because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can't do that right because a
+linear nod will always fire more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear nod will always fire more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear nod will always fire more the
+bigger the input is and it will fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the input is and it will fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the input is and it will fire
+less if the dog eNOS is zero and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if the dog eNOS is zero and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if the dog eNOS is zero and it will
+even fire more negatively if the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even fire more negatively if the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even fire more negatively if the dog
+eNOS input is negative right so a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eNOS input is negative right so a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eNOS input is negative right so a linear
+neuron is terrible for actually making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is terrible for actually making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is terrible for actually making
+any decisions linear neurons always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any decisions linear neurons always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any decisions linear neurons always go
+well maybe that's a dog yeah not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe that's a dog yeah not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe that's a dog yeah not really
+there's no decisions right so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no decisions right so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no decisions right so in order
+to have a decision we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a decision we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a decision we need to have a
+particular kind of neuron okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of neuron okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of neuron okay and and
+that kind of neuron uses something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of neuron uses something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of neuron uses something very
+natural in biophysics is the spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in biophysics is the spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in biophysics is the spike
+threshold of neurons neurons only fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of neurons neurons only fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of neurons neurons only fire
+when the input is above some threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input is above some threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input is above some threshold
+okay generally there are neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay generally there are neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay generally there are neurons that
+are tonically active but let's not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tonically active but let's not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tonically active but let's not worry
+about those okay so many neurons only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those okay so many neurons only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those okay so many neurons only
+fire when the input is above some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire when the input is above some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire when the input is above some
+threshold so for decision-making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so for decision-making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so for decision-making a
+classification of commonly used kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of commonly used kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of commonly used kind of
+neuron takes this idea to an extreme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron takes this idea to an extreme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron takes this idea to an extreme so
+for perceptrons we're going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perceptrons we're going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perceptrons we're going to use a
+simplified model of a neuron that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model of a neuron that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model of a neuron that's
+particularly good at making decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good at making decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good at making decisions
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+no if ands or buts about it it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if ands or buts about it it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if ands or buts about it it's either
+off or on okay it's called a binary unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or on okay it's called a binary unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or on okay it's called a binary unit
+and a binary unit uses what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a binary unit uses what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a binary unit uses what's called a
+step function for its Fi curve that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function for its Fi curve that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function for its Fi curve that step
+function is zero the output is zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero the output is zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero the output is zero if
+the input is zero or below and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is zero or below and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is zero or below and the
+output is one if the output is a if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is one if the output is a if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is one if the output is a if the
+input is above zero okay we can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is above zero okay we can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is above zero okay we can use that
+step function to create a neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function to create a neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function to create a neuron that
+responds when the input is above any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds when the input is above any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds when the input is above any
+threshold we want okay so we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold we want okay so we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold we want okay so we write down
+we can write down the output firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down the output firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down the output firing rate
+is this function a step function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function a step function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function a step function that
+function of a quantity that's given by W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a quantity that's given by W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a quantity that's given by W
+times u the synaptic weight times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u the synaptic weight times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u the synaptic weight times the
+input firing rate minus that threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input firing rate minus that threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input firing rate minus that threshold
+so you can see if W times U which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see if W times U which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see if W times U which is the
+input synaptic current if that synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input synaptic current if that synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input synaptic current if that synaptic
+current is above theta then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is above theta then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is above theta then this
+argument to this function is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to this function is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to this function is greater
+than zero then the neuron spikes if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero then the neuron spikes if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero then the neuron spikes if this
+argument is negative then the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is negative then the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is negative then the neuron
+doesn't spike okay so by changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't spike okay so by changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't spike okay so by changing that
+we can put that decision boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put that decision boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put that decision boundary
+anywhere we want does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay usually the way we do this is liq a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay usually the way we do this is liq a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay usually the way we do this is liq a
+theta okay we say our neuron has a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay we say our neuron has a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay we say our neuron has a theta
+of one okay and then we do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one okay and then we do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one okay and then we do everything
+else we do everything else we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we do everything else we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we do everything else we're going
+to do with this network with a theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this network with a theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this network with a theta so
+what I'm going to talk about today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to talk about today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to talk about today are
+just two cases where theta is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two cases where theta is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two cases where theta is a fixed
+number that's nonzero or a theta that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's nonzero or a theta that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's nonzero or a theta that's
+a fixed number that is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed number that is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed number that is equal to zero
+okay so we're going to talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to talk about those
+two cases all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases all right
+alright so the non fighters when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the non fighters when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the non fighters when the
+input W u is greater than theta and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input W u is greater than theta and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input W u is greater than theta and it
+doesn't fire when it's less okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire when it's less okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire when it's less okay so now
+the output neuron fires whenever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neuron fires whenever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neuron fires whenever the
+input neuron has a firing rate greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron has a firing rate greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron has a firing rate greater
+than this decision boundary okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this decision boundary okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this decision boundary okay so the
+decision boundary that you threshold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary that you threshold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary that you threshold is
+equal to theta divided by W does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta divided by W does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta divided by W does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+you threshold is the neuron fires when u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you threshold is the neuron fires when u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you threshold is the neuron fires when u
+is greater than theta divided by W okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than theta divided by W okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than theta divided by W okay
+all right so the way we learn the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way we learn the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way we learn the way
+this network learns to fire when that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network learns to fire when that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network learns to fire when that u
+is above this classification boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above this classification boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above this classification boundary is
+simply by changing the weight that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by changing the weight that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by changing the weight that make
+sense so we're going to learn the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we're going to learn the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we're going to learn the weight
+such that this network fires whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this network fires whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this network fires whenever
+the input says there's a dog and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input says there's a dog and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input says there's a dog and it
+doesn't fire whenever the input says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire whenever the input says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire whenever the input says
+there's no dog ok so you can see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dog ok so you can see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dog ok so you can see so
+let's see what happens when W is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens when W is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens when W is really
+small if W is really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if W is really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if W is really small
+then what happens is all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is all of these
+remember this is the input that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the input that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the input that's the
+the dog enos detector ok if W is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog enos detector ok if W is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog enos detector ok if W is really
+small then all these inputs get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then all these inputs get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then all these inputs get
+collapsed to a small input current into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed to a small input current into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed to a small input current into
+our output neuron does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our output neuron does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our output neuron does that make sense
+so all those different inputs dogs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those different inputs dogs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those different inputs dogs and
+non dogs gets multiplied by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non dogs gets multiplied by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non dogs gets multiplied by a small
+number and they're all all those inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and they're all all those inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and they're all all those inputs
+are close to and if all those inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to and if all those inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to and if all those inputs are
+close to zero they're all below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero they're all below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero they're all below the
+threshold for making this neuron spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for making this neuron spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for making this neuron spike
+so this neuron this network is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this neuron this network is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this neuron this network is not good
+for detecting dogs right because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting dogs right because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting dogs right because it says
+it never fires whether the input is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never fires whether the input is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never fires whether the input is a
+dog or a non dog ok now what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog or a non dog ok now what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog or a non dog ok now what happens if
+W is too big if W is really big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is too big if W is really big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is too big if W is really big then
+this range of dog enos values gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of dog enos values gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of dog enos values gets
+multiplied by a big number and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a big number and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a big number and you can
+see that a bunch of non dogs make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a bunch of non dogs make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a bunch of non dogs make the
+neuron fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron fire
+that makes sense so now this one fires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so now this one fires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so now this one fires
+four dogs plus you know doggy ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dogs plus you know doggy ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dogs plus you know doggy ish
+looking things which you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking things which you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking things which you know I don't
+know maybe it'll fire when it sees a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it'll fire when it sees a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it'll fire when it sees a cat
+it's terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrible
+okay alright so you have to choose W to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright so you have to choose W to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright so you have to choose W to
+make this classification network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this classification network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this classification network
+function properly that makes sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function properly that makes sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function properly that makes sense and
+choose W just right then that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose W just right then that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose W just right then that that
+classification boundary lands right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification boundary lands right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification boundary lands right on
+the threshold of the neuron and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold of the neuron and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold of the neuron and now the
+neuron spikes whenever there's a dog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron spikes whenever there's a dog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron spikes whenever there's a dog and
+it doesn't spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't spike
+whenever there's not a dog okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever there's not a dog okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever there's not a dog okay so
+what's the message here the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the message here the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the message here the message is
+we can have a non that has this binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a non that has this binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a non that has this binary
+threshold okay and what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold okay and what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold okay and what we can do is
+simply by changing the weight we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by changing the weight we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by changing the weight we can
+make that threshold land anywhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that threshold land anywhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that threshold land anywhere on
+this space of inputs okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space of inputs okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space of inputs okay and we can
+actually use the errors to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the errors to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the errors to set the
+weight so let's say that we made errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so let's say that we made errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so let's say that we made errors
+here we classified dogs as non dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we classified dogs as non dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we classified dogs as non dogs
+because the neuron didn't fire you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the neuron didn't fire you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the neuron didn't fire you can
+see that in this this was the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in this this was the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in this this was the case when
+W was too small so if you classify dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W was too small so if you classify dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W was too small so if you classify dogs
+as non dogs then you need to make W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as non dogs then you need to make W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as non dogs then you need to make W
+bigger and if you classify non dogs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and if you classify non dogs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and if you classify non dogs as
+dogs you need to make W smaller and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs you need to make W smaller and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs you need to make W smaller and by
+measuring what kind of errors you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring what kind of errors you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring what kind of errors you make
+you can actually fix the weights to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually fix the weights to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually fix the weights to get
+to the right answer okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right answer okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right answer okay so this is a
+method called supervised learning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called supervised learning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called supervised learning where
+you set W kind of randomly you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set W kind of randomly you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set W kind of randomly you take a
+guess and then you look at the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and then you look at the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and then you look at the kind of
+mistakes you make and you use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes you make and you use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes you make and you use those
+mistakes to fix the W okay in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes to fix the W okay in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes to fix the W okay in other
+words you just look at the world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you just look at the world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you just look at the world right
+and you say oh that's a dog and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say oh that's a dog and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say oh that's a dog and then
+your mom says no that's not a dog that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom says no that's not a dog that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom says no that's not a dog that's
+something else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and
+you adjust your weights I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust your weights I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust your weights I think that was
+the example I just gave you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I just gave you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I just gave you're gonna
+make that W smaller and another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that W smaller and another case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that W smaller and another case
+you'll make the other kind of mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make the other kind of mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make the other kind of mistake
+and you'll fix the weights okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll fix the weights okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll fix the weights okay that's
+called so this is called a perceptron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so this is called a perceptron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so this is called a perceptron
+and the way you learn the weights in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you learn the weights in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you learn the weights in a
+perceptron is you just ossify things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron is you just ossify things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron is you just ossify things and
+you figure out what kind of mistake you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out what kind of mistake you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out what kind of mistake you
+made and you use that to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and you use that to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and you use that to adjust the
+weights okay so it's the basic idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights okay so it's the basic idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights okay so it's the basic idea of a
+perceptron and perceptron learning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron and perceptron learning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron and perceptron learning okay
+and there's a lot of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of mathematical
+formalism that goes into how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism that goes into how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism that goes into how that
+learning happens and we're gonna get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning happens and we're gonna get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning happens and we're gonna get to
+that in more detail in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more detail in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more detail in the next lecture
+but before we do that I want to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that I want to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that I want to go from
+having a one-dimensional case so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a one-dimensional case so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a one-dimensional case so here we
+had a one-dimensional network that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a one-dimensional network that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a one-dimensional network that was
+just operating on dog eNOS okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operating on dog eNOS okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operating on dog eNOS okay and then
+we have a single neuron that says was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a single neuron that says was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a single neuron that says was
+that a dog or not but in general you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a dog or not but in general you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a dog or not but in general you're
+not classifying things based on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not classifying things based on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not classifying things based on one
+input like for example when you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input like for example when you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input like for example when you have to
+identify a dog you have a whole image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a dog you have a whole image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a dog you have a whole image of
+something and you have to classify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you have to classify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you have to classify that
+based on an image so let's go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an image so let's go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an image so let's go from the
+one dimensional case to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional case to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional case to a
+two-dimensional case so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional case so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional case so the
+classification isn't done on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification isn't done on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification isn't done on one
+dimension but it's based on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but it's based on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but it's based on many
+different features okay so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features okay so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features okay so let's say
+that we have two features fariñas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have two features fariñas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have two features fariñas and
+bad breath okay that dog doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad breath okay that dog doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad breath okay that dog doesn't really
+look like it has bad breath but but mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it has bad breath but but mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it has bad breath but but mine
+does so okay so you can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so okay so you can have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so okay so you can have two
+different features fariñas and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features fariñas and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features fariñas and bad
+breath and dogs are generally let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath and dogs are generally let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath and dogs are generally let's say
+up here okay now you can't have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here okay now you can't have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here okay now you can't have other
+animals okay this guy is definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals okay this guy is definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals okay this guy is definitely not
+furry okay so he's down here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furry okay so he's down here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furry okay so he's down here somewhere
+and you can have this guy up here he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have this guy up here he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have this guy up here he's
+definitely furry okay so you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely furry okay so you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely furry okay so you have these
+two dimensions and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions and a bunch of
+observations in those two dimensions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in those two dimensions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in those two dimensions in
+those higher dimensions and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher dimensions and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher dimensions and you can see
+that in this case you can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case you can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case you can't actually
+apply that one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decision-making circuit criminate dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making circuit criminate dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making circuit criminate dogs
+from these other animals why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these other animals why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these other animals why is that
+because if I apply my one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I apply my one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I apply my one-dimensional
+perceptron to this problem you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron to this problem you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptron to this problem you can see
+that I could put a boundary here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could put a boundary here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could put a boundary here and it
+will it will miss classify some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it will miss classify some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it will miss classify some of these
+non furry animals as bugs okay or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non furry animals as bugs okay or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non furry animals as bugs okay or I
+could put my classifier here and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put my classifier here and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put my classifier here and it will
+miss classify some of these cats as dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss classify some of these cats as dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss classify some of these cats as dogs
+okay so how would I separate dogs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how would I separate dogs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how would I separate dogs from
+these other animals if I had this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other animals if I had this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other animals if I had this two
+dimensional space what would I do how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space what would I do how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space what would I do how
+would I put a classification about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I put a classification about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I put a classification about if
+this doesn't work and this doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work and this doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work and this doesn't work
+what would I do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do yeah
+you could put a boundary right there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put a boundary right there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put a boundary right there so
+in this little toy problem that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this little toy problem that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this little toy problem that would
+perfectly separate dogs from all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly separate dogs from all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly separate dogs from all these
+non dogs right so how do we do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non dogs right so how do we do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non dogs right so how do we do that well
+what we want is some way of projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is some way of projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is some way of projecting
+these inputs onto some other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs onto some other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs onto some other direction
+so that we can put a classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can put a classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can put a classification
+boundary right there and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right there and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right there and it turns out
+there's a very simple network that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple network that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple network that does
+that it looks like this we each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks like this we each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks like this we each one of
+those detectors a fariñas detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those detectors a fariñas detector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those detectors a fariñas detector and
+this bad-breath detector and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad-breath detector and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad-breath detector and we have
+those two inputs we have those inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two inputs we have those inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two inputs we have those inputs
+synapse onto our output neuron with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse onto our output neuron with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse onto our output neuron with some
+weight w1 in some weight w2 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight w1 in some weight w2 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight w1 in some weight w2 and we
+calculate the firing rate of this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the firing rate of this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the firing rate of this neuron
+now we have this problem of how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this problem of how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this problem of how do we
+place this decision boundary correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place this decision boundary correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place this decision boundary correctly
+what's the answer well in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the answer well in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the answer well in the one
+dimensional example what is it that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional example what is it that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional example what is it that we
+learned we learned the what was it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we learned the what was it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we learned the what was it that
+we were actually changing we were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually changing we were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually changing we were taking
+guesses and if we were right or wrong we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and if we were right or wrong we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and if we were right or wrong we
+did what we changed the weight right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what we changed the weight right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what we changed the weight right and
+that's exactly what we do here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we do here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we do here we're
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+learn to change these weights to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to change these weights to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to change these weights to put
+that boundary in the right place okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary in the right place okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary in the right place okay we
+just take a random guess for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a random guess for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a random guess for these
+weights that line is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights that line is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights that line is just going to be
+some random position right but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random position right but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random position right but we can
+learn to place that line exactly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to place that line exactly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to place that line exactly in the
+right place to separate dogs from non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place to separate dogs from non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place to separate dogs from non
+dogs okay all right so let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs okay all right so let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs okay all right so let's just think
+a little bit more about how these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about how these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about how these these
+how that decision boundary looks as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that decision boundary looks as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that decision boundary looks as a
+function of the weight okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the weight okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the weight okay so let's
+look at this case where we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this case where we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this case where we have two
+inputs so now you can see that the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so now you can see that the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so now you can see that the input
+to this neuron is W dot u okay so now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this neuron is W dot u okay so now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this neuron is W dot u okay so now if
+we use our binary now binary neuron with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use our binary now binary neuron with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use our binary now binary neuron with
+a threshold we can see that the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold we can see that the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold we can see that the firing
+rate of this output neuron is this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this output neuron is this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this output neuron is this step
+function operating on or acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function operating on or acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function operating on or acting on this
+input W dot u minus theta okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input W dot u minus theta okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input W dot u minus theta okay all right
+so now what what does that look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what what does that look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what what does that look like the
+decision boundary happens when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary happens when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary happens when this
+quantity is pulled to zero right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is pulled to zero right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is pulled to zero right when
+this input is greater than zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input is greater than zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input is greater than zero the
+neuron fires when this input is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron fires when this input is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron fires when this input is less
+than zero it doesn't fire so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero it doesn't fire so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero it doesn't fire so what does
+that look like so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like so you can see the
+decision boundaries when W dot u minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundaries when W dot u minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundaries when W dot u minus
+theta equals zero does anyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero does anyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero does anyone know what
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember U is our input space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember U is our input space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember U is our input space that's
+what we're asking you know where is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're asking you know where is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're asking you know where is this
+decision boundary in the input space W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary in the input space W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary in the input space W
+is some weights that are fixed right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some weights that are fixed right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some weights that are fixed right now
+but we're gradually going to change them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gradually going to change them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gradually going to change them
+later so what is that an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so what is that an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so what is that an equation for
+it's a line right that's an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a line right that's an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a line right that's an equation for
+a line if u U is our our input you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line if u U is our our input you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line if u U is our our input you can
+see W dot u equals theta that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see W dot u equals theta that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see W dot u equals theta that's an
+equation for a long face of you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a long face of you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a long face of you that the
+slope and position of that line are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and position of that line are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and position of that line are
+controlled by the weights W and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the weights W and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the weights W and and the
+threshold theta okay so you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold theta okay so you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold theta okay so you can see this
+is w1 u1 plus w2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is w1 u1 plus w2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is w1 u1 plus w2 you
+equals theta in the space of u1 and u2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals theta in the space of u1 and u2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals theta in the space of u1 and u2
+that's just a line okay alright so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a line okay alright so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a line okay alright so let's
+look at the case where theta equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case where theta equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case where theta equals zero
+you can see that if you have this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you have this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you have this input
+space you want in you to if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you want in you to if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you want in you to if you take a
+particular input u and dot it into W so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input u and dot it into W so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input u and dot it into W so
+let's just pick a W in some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just pick a W in some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just pick a W in some random
+direction the neuron fires when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the neuron fires when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the neuron fires when the
+projection of U along W is positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of U along W is positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of U along W is positive so
+you can see here the projection of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here the projection of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here the projection of U
+along W is positive right so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along W is positive right so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along W is positive right so in this
+case for this u the neuron will fire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this u the neuron will fire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this u the neuron will fire so
+any you that has a positive projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you that has a positive projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you that has a positive projection
+along W will make the neuron spike okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along W will make the neuron spike okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along W will make the neuron spike okay
+so you can see that all of these inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that all of these inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that all of these inputs
+will make the neuron spike all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the neuron spike all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the neuron spike all of these
+inputs will make the neuron not spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs will make the neuron not spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs will make the neuron not spike
+that makes sense so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so you can see that the
+decision boundary this boundary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary this boundary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary this boundary between
+the inputs that make the neuron spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs that make the neuron spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs that make the neuron spike
+and the inputs that don't make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inputs that don't make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inputs that don't make the
+neuron spike is a line that's orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron spike is a line that's orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron spike is a line that's orthogonal
+to W that make sense okay right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W that make sense okay right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W that make sense okay right because
+you can see that any you any input along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that any you any input along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that any you any input along
+this line will have zero projection will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line will have zero projection will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line will have zero projection will
+be orthogonal to W will have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be orthogonal to W will have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be orthogonal to W will have zero
+projection and that's that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and that's that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and that's that's going to
+correspond to that decision boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to that decision boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to that decision boundary
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so let's just look at a case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's just look at a case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's just look at a case a
+couple of cases so here is here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of cases so here is here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of cases so here is here are a
+set of points that are that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points that are that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points that are that correspond
+to our non dogs here a set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our non dogs here a set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our non dogs here a set of points
+that correspond to our dog you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to our dog you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to our dog you can see
+that if you have a W in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a W in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a W in this direction
+that produces a decision boundary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a decision boundary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a decision boundary that
+nicely operates the dogs from the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely operates the dogs from the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely operates the dogs from the non
+dogs right okay so what is that W that W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs right okay so what is that W that W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs right okay so what is that W that W
+is 1 comma 0 and we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 comma 0 and we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 comma 0 and we're going to consider
+the case where theta is 0 okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where theta is 0 okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where theta is 0 okay let's
+look at this case here so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this case here so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this case here so you can see
+that here are all of the dogs here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here are all of the dogs here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here are all of the dogs here all
+the non dogs you can see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non dogs you can see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non dogs you can see that if you
+drew a line in this direction that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a line in this direction that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a line in this direction that would
+be a good decision boundary for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good decision boundary for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good decision boundary for those
+two for that classification problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for that classification problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for that classification problem you
+can see that a W corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that a W corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that a W corresponding to that
+solving that problem is 1 comma minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that problem is 1 comma minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that problem is 1 comma minus 1
+and theta equals 0 okay all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta equals 0 okay all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta equals 0 okay all right let's
+look at the case where theta is not 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case where theta is not 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case where theta is not 0 so
+here we have W minus theta when theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have W minus theta when theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have W minus theta when theta is
+not 0 then the decision boundary is W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 then the decision boundary is W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 then the decision boundary is W
+equals some nonzero theta that's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some nonzero theta that's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some nonzero theta that's also a
+line this equation for a line alright in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this equation for a line alright in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this equation for a line alright in
+when theta is 0 that decision boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta is 0 that decision boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta is 0 that decision boundary
+goes through the origin when theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the origin when theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the origin when theta is
+not 0 the decision boundary is offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 the decision boundary is offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 the decision boundary is offset
+from the origin ok so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin ok so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin ok so you can see that
+when we had theta 0 the decision bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had theta 0 the decision bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had theta 0 the decision bound
+if the decision boundary is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the decision boundary is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the decision boundary is going
+through the origin ok in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin ok in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin ok in general
+although we can put the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we can put the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we can put the decision
+boundary anywhere we want by having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary anywhere we want by having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary anywhere we want by having this
+non 0 theta ok so here's an example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non 0 theta ok so here's an example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non 0 theta ok so here's an example here
+a set of points that are the dogs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of points that are the dogs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of points that are the dogs here
+are a set of points that are the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of points that are the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of points that are the non
+dogs we can just if we wanted to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs we can just if we wanted to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs we can just if we wanted to design
+a network that separates the dogs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network that separates the dogs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network that separates the dogs from
+the non dogs we could just draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non dogs we could just draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non dogs we could just draw a line
+that cleanly separates the green from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cleanly separates the green from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cleanly separates the green from
+the red dots okay and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red dots okay and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red dots okay and now we can
+calculate to you that gives us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to you that gives us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to you that gives us that
+decision boundary right how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary right how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary right how do we do
+that so the decision boundary is w minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the decision boundary is w minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the decision boundary is w minus
+u theta let's say that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u theta let's say that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u theta let's say that we want to
+calculate this weight vector W 1 and W 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this weight vector W 1 and W 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this weight vector W 1 and W 2
+and let's just say that our neuron has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just say that our neuron has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just say that our neuron has a
+threshold of one okay so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of one okay so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of one okay so you can see
+that we have two points on the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have two points on the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have two points on the decision
+boundary we have one point here a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary we have one point here a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary we have one point here a comma
+zero right there we have another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right there we have another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right there we have another point
+here zero comma B and we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero comma B and we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero comma B and we can calculate
+the decision boundary using uaw equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision boundary using uaw equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision boundary using uaw equals
+theta ubw equals theta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta ubw equals theta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta ubw equals theta okay
+that's 2 equations and 2 unknowns W 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 equations and 2 unknowns W 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 equations and 2 unknowns W 1
+and W 2 okay so if I gave you a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W 2 okay so if I gave you a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W 2 okay so if I gave you a set of
+points and I said calculate a wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and I said calculate a wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and I said calculate a wait for
+this perceptron that will separate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perceptron that will separate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perceptron that will separate one
+set of points from another set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points from another set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points from another set of points
+and I give you a theta for the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give you a theta for the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give you a theta for the output
+neuron all you have to do is draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron all you have to do is draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron all you have to do is draw a line
+that separates them and then solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that separates them and then solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that separates them and then solve those
+two equations to get W 1 and W 2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations to get W 1 and W 2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations to get W 1 and W 2 for
+that network okay very easy to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that network okay very easy to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that network okay very easy to do this
+in two dimensions you can just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions you can just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions you can just draw a
+line and calculate the W that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and calculate the W that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and calculate the W that
+corresponds to that decision boundary ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that decision boundary ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that decision boundary ok
+any questions about that just if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that just if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that just if you
+have questions you should ask because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions you should ask because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions you should ask because
+that's going to be a question you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a question you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a question you'll
+have to solve okay all right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve okay all right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve okay all right so you can
+see in two dimensions you can just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in two dimensions you can just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in two dimensions you can just look
+at the data decide where the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data decide where the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data decide where the decision
+boundary draw a line and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary draw a line and calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary draw a line and calculate the
+weights W all right but in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights W all right but in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights W all right but in higher
+dimensions it's a really hard problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's a really hard problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's a really hard problem
+right in high dimensions well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in high dimensions well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in high dimensions well if you
+have a case where you have member in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a case where you have member in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a case where you have member in
+high dimensions you've got like images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensions you've got like images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensions you've got like images
+right each pixel in that image is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each pixel in that image is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each pixel in that image is a
+different dimension in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimension in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimension in the
+classification problem right so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem right so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem right so how do
+you write down a set of weights right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a set of weights right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a set of weights right so
+imagine that's an image that's pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's an image that's pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's an image that's pitch
+right and you want to find a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you want to find a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you want to find a set of
+weights so that this neuron fires when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so that this neuron fires when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so that this neuron fires when
+you have the dog but doesn't fire when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the dog but doesn't fire when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the dog but doesn't fire when
+you have the cat that's a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the cat that's a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the cat that's a really hard
+problem you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can't
+hit those things and decide what that W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit those things and decide what that W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit those things and decide what that W
+should be right so so there's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be right so so there's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be right so so there's a way of
+taking inputs and taking the answer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking inputs and taking the answer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking inputs and taking the answer like
+a one for a dog in a 0 for non dogs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one for a dog in a 0 for non dogs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one for a dog in a 0 for non dogs and
+actually finding a set of weights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually finding a set of weights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually finding a set of weights that
+will properly classify those inputs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will properly classify those inputs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will properly classify those inputs okay
+and that's called the perceptron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the perceptron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the perceptron
+learning rule and I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rule and I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rule and I'm going to talk
+about that in the next lecture okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the next lecture okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the next lecture okay so
+that's what we did today and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did today and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did today and we're going
+to continue working on understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue working on understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue working on understanding
+developing methods for understanding nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing methods for understanding nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing methods for understanding nor
+neural networks next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5McjE8e5gIg.txt b/5McjE8e5gIg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ea6e33057ade2548b5e32d2048ec7e369aa8d5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5McjE8e5gIg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+all right so we have this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have this function is
+even same one as before except now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even same one as before except now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even same one as before except now I'm
+giving you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you this
+implementation if n is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation if n is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation if n is positive and
+N um has a remain n divided by two's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um has a remain n divided by two's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um has a remain n divided by two's
+remainder is zero return true so if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder is zero return true so if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder is zero return true so if n is
+even and positive return true the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and positive return true the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and positive return true the next
+one if n is negative and divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if n is negative and divisible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if n is negative and divisible by
+two return true okay so far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two return true okay so far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two return true okay so far and
+otherwise return false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise return false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise return false
+question being with that implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question being with that implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question being with that implementation
+is this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this test
+set and is for and is minus four path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and is for and is minus four path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and is for and is minus four path
+complete and the answer is yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and the answer is yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and the answer is yes because
+four is an even number is is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is an even number is is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is an even number is is a positive
+number and divisible by two minus 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and divisible by two minus 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and divisible by two minus 4 is
+an even number is a sorry minus four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even number is a sorry minus four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even number is a sorry minus four is
+a negative number and divisible by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative number and divisible by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative number and divisible by two
+and five would hit upon the else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the answer is actually yes for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is actually yes for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is actually yes for that
+first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect second question without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect second question without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect second question without
+implementation which value for n is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation which value for n is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation which value for n is is
+incorrectly labeled by that program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly labeled by that program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly labeled by that program and
+well n is very large still works n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well n is very large still works n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well n is very large still works n is
+very small still works and remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small still works and remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small still works and remember I
+said you have to test boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to test boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to test boundary
+conditions in this case boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in this case boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in this case boundary
+conditions for this program being when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for this program being when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for this program being when n
+is equal to zero so I think the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so I think the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so I think the orange
+is and is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and is equal to zero
+perfect
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/62nDLA_A8gs.txt b/62nDLA_A8gs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3150750fc1533396d82d829445db266887938b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/62nDLA_A8gs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's get started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's get started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's get started so
+before I get into any poker I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into any poker I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into any poker I want to
+talk about the mentality I want everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the mentality I want everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the mentality I want everyone
+to try to have when analyzing poker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to have when analyzing poker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to have when analyzing poker in
+this class so call it the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so call it the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so call it the decision
+mentality so I'm going to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality so I'm going to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality so I'm going to start with a
+story um who here has heard of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um who here has heard of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um who here has heard of credit
+card roulette it's like a game you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card roulette it's like a game you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card roulette it's like a game you play
+at the end of I going to restaurants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of I going to restaurants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of I going to restaurants so
+what happens is poker players they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is poker players they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is poker players they're
+going to split the bill by instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to split the bill by instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to split the bill by instead of
+everyone paying your own bill which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone paying your own bill which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone paying your own bill which is
+annoying right you have to like keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying right you have to like keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying right you have to like keep
+track you might have to Bemo people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track you might have to Bemo people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track you might have to Bemo people
+after the exact amount and sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the exact amount and sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the exact amount and sometimes the
+waiter or waitress doesn't want to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiter or waitress doesn't want to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiter or waitress doesn't want to split
+the bill per person so poker players get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill per person so poker players get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill per person so poker players get
+around this by just picking one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this by just picking one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this by just picking one person
+at random to pay the bill and know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random to pay the bill and know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random to pay the bill and know we
+like making this exciting so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making this exciting so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making this exciting so what we do
+is we ask everyone to put in your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we ask everyone to put in your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we ask everyone to put in your credit
+card and then we pull out the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and then we pull out the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and then we pull out the credit
+cards one at a time and if your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards one at a time and if your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards one at a time and if your credit
+card is pulled out then you're safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is pulled out then you're safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is pulled out then you're safe and
+the last person in has to pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last person in has to pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last person in has to pay for the
+whole table um so yeah so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table um so yeah so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table um so yeah so it's a it's a
+pretty fun game um I think yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun game um I think yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun game um I think yeah I think
+I'm pretty lucky at it the biggest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty lucky at it the biggest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty lucky at it the biggest one
+I've lost was in Hong Kong I once had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost was in Hong Kong I once had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost was in Hong Kong I once had to
+pay around 1,200 USD it was a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay around 1,200 USD it was a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay around 1,200 USD it was a pretty big
+table um but overall I'm pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um but overall I'm pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um but overall I'm pretty good at
+this game um it's a game of skill for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game um it's a game of skill for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game um it's a game of skill for
+sure so um all right so but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so um all right so but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so um all right so but sometimes
+this results in some funny stories with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this results in some funny stories with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this results in some funny stories with
+non-poker players so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-poker players so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-poker players so this is something
+that happened to some poker players um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to some poker players um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to some poker players um
+so poker Pro Matt he goes to dinner with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poker Pro Matt he goes to dinner with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poker Pro Matt he goes to dinner with
+poker Pro Steven and then Matt brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker Pro Steven and then Matt brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker Pro Steven and then Matt brings
+Emily who's a close friend who he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily who's a close friend who he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily who's a close friend who he also
+has romantic interest in so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has romantic interest in so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has romantic interest in so when the
+bill comes Matt's like okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill comes Matt's like okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill comes Matt's like okay I'm going to
+pay for Emily um so he puts in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for Emily um so he puts in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for Emily um so he puts in two
+credit cards he's like the second credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards he's like the second credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards he's like the second credit
+card is for Steven is for Emily and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is for Steven is for Emily and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is for Steven is for Emily and then
+Steven pays for himself so Steven puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven pays for himself so Steven puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven pays for himself so Steven puts
+in One credit card um so they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in One credit card um so they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in One credit card um so they play
+credit cardette and then Matt being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cardette and then Matt being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cardette and then Matt being a
+very lucky guy pulls out both of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lucky guy pulls out both of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lucky guy pulls out both of his
+credit cards before Stevens and Steven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards before Stevens and Steven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards before Stevens and Steven
+ends up paying for all three of them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up paying for all three of them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up paying for all three of them um
+okay so now the question is who should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the question is who should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the question is who should
+Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily
+think so um just so who would you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so um just so who would you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so um just so who would you think
+if you were in Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were in Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were in Emily
+shees not uh does anyone want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shees not uh does anyone want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shees not uh does anyone want to say
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+stepen okay cuz Stephen actually paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen okay cuz Stephen actually paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen okay cuz Stephen actually paid
+for the meal right so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the meal right so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the meal right so I think it's a
+totally reasonable thing to do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally reasonable thing to do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally reasonable thing to do as a
+reasonable person you think Steven who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable person you think Steven who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable person you think Steven who
+actually had to follow his wallet um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to follow his wallet um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to follow his wallet um so
+in this class we want everyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we want everyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we want everyone who
+thinks in terms of expected results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks in terms of expected results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks in terms of expected results and
+not actual results so Emily should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actual results so Emily should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actual results so Emily should be
+thanking Matt because on average Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking Matt because on average Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking Matt because on average Matt
+put in the card for Emily and on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the card for Emily and on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the card for Emily and on average
+um Matt is going to be paying for Emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Matt is going to be paying for Emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Matt is going to be paying for Emily
+because Matt's going to be paying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Matt's going to be paying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Matt's going to be paying the
+onethird of the time that Emily would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird of the time that Emily would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird of the time that Emily would be
+paying but at the time um Emily thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying but at the time um Emily thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying but at the time um Emily thank
+stepen for her meal and then didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen for her meal and then didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen for her meal and then didn't say
+anything to Matt and then Matt was upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to Matt and then Matt was upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to Matt and then Matt was upset
+about it and told the entire community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and told the entire community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and told the entire community
+and that's that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's all I
+thought okay so right so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay so right so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay so right so we want to
+think about in terms of EX on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in terms of EX on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in terms of EX on average
+what your decision would have had what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your decision would have had what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your decision would have had what
+would have made whether you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have made whether you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have made whether you would have
+made money in expectation or on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made money in expectation or on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made money in expectation or on average
+so roughly the law of large numbers says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly the law of large numbers says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly the law of large numbers says
+over your lifetime the amount you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your lifetime the amount you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your lifetime the amount you end up
+paying from credit card left is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying from credit card left is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying from credit card left is the same
+as you would have paid from splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would have paid from splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would have paid from splitting
+the bill so you know why split the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill so you know why split the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill so you know why split the bill
+you might as well just save a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well just save a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well just save a lot of
+time by playing this fun game every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by playing this fun game every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by playing this fun game every
+single time and over your lifetime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time and over your lifetime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time and over your lifetime the
+amount you pay in credit card rette is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you pay in credit card rette is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you pay in credit card rette is
+roughly going to be what you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly going to be what you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly going to be what you would have
+paid from splitting um and so so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid from splitting um and so so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid from splitting um and so so all
+Randomness eventually averages out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness eventually averages out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness eventually averages out to
+its expected value that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expected value that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expected value that's what this is
+saying um so what does eventually mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um so what does eventually mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um so what does eventually mean
+so basically when we say a gamble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when we say a gamble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when we say a gamble is
+very risky I'm not mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very risky I'm not mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very risky I'm not mathematically
+defining anything here but um I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining anything here but um I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining anything here but um I just
+want to throw out some intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to throw out some intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to throw out some intuitive
+Concepts so a risky gamble is a gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so a risky gamble is a gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so a risky gamble is a gamble
+where it takes a long time to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it takes a long time to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it takes a long time to converge
+at your expectation but the point is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your expectation but the point is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your expectation but the point is no
+matter how risky it is eventually it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how risky it is eventually it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how risky it is eventually it'll
+get you so poker players so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you so poker players so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you so poker players so there's a
+saying that like death taxes are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that like death taxes are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that like death taxes are the two
+things that eventually get you um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that eventually get you um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that eventually get you um as
+poker players we like to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker players we like to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker players we like to think that
+three things eventually get you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things eventually get you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things eventually get you it's
+death taxes and the law of large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death taxes and the law of large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death taxes and the law of large numbers
+well eventually you're going to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well eventually you're going to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well eventually you're going to reach
+your long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long
+run okay so so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay so so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay so so here's another
+hypothetical situation so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical situation so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical situation so let's say you
+get off at the wrong bus stop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off at the wrong bus stop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off at the wrong bus stop because
+you were distracted and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were distracted and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were distracted and then you're
+upset yourself you analyze how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset yourself you analyze how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset yourself you analyze how do you
+not get distracted in the future and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get distracted in the future and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get distracted in the future and get
+off at the right bus stop but then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at the right bus stop but then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at the right bus stop but then after
+you get off at the the wrong bus stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get off at the the wrong bus stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get off at the the wrong bus stop
+you find $1,000 on the ground and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find $1,000 on the ground and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find $1,000 on the ground and then
+you immediately you're no longer upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you immediately you're no longer upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you immediately you're no longer upset
+and you're you Marvel at your riches so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're you Marvel at your riches so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're you Marvel at your riches so
+this's is sort of an absurd story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this's is sort of an absurd story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this's is sort of an absurd story but
+situations like this happen all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like this happen all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like this happen all the time
+in poker um you're going to make a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poker um you're going to make a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poker um you're going to make a bad
+decision but bad decisions still get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but bad decisions still get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but bad decisions still get a
+good result 49% of the time and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good result 49% of the time and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good result 49% of the time and if you
+make the right right decision you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right right decision you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right right decision you're
+still going to get a bad result 49% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to get a bad result 49% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to get a bad result 49% of
+the time so it's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so it's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so it's very important to
+analyze your decisions without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze your decisions without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze your decisions without being
+biased by the actual outcome that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased by the actual outcome that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased by the actual outcome that that
+occurred so you really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so you really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so you really want to be
+obsessed with this like self-improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed with this like self-improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed with this like self-improvement
+analyzing your decisions um you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing your decisions um you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing your decisions um you know if
+you made like $10,000 in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made like $10,000 in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made like $10,000 in a situation
+where you could have made 12,000 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could have made 12,000 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could have made 12,000 then
+that's not good enough so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough so I want
+everyone to think in terms of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to think in terms of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to think in terms of you know
+what's the maximum you could have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum you could have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum you could have made
+and analyzing what's the best decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analyzing what's the best decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analyzing what's the best decision
+you could have possibly made in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have possibly made in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have possibly made in every
+situation and sometimes it's hard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and sometimes it's hard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and sometimes it's hard right
+because if the result is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the result is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the result is exactly
+correlated with the decision then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the decision then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the decision then you
+can just go back and look at the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just go back and look at the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just go back and look at the result
+and know whether you made a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know whether you made a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know whether you made a good
+decision or not but that's why learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision or not but that's why learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision or not but that's why learning
+poker can sometimes be very very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker can sometimes be very very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker can sometimes be very very hard
+because you don't have immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have immediate
+feedback you're not sure whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you're not sure whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you're not sure whether the
+decision you made was is what caused you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you made was is what caused you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you made was is what caused you
+to make that money or you just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that money or you just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that money or you just got
+lucky okay so with that being said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky okay so with that being said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky okay so with that being said so
+now let's talk about some ways to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about some ways to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about some ways to reason
+about poker hands so roughly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poker hands so roughly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poker hands so roughly there's
+three levels of reasoning at poker hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three levels of reasoning at poker hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three levels of reasoning at poker hands
+um so level one is my hand versus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so level one is my hand versus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so level one is my hand versus your
+hand so but by this I mean you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so but by this I mean you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so but by this I mean you you can
+see what your cardss are and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what your cardss are and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what your cardss are and you look
+into your opponent's eyes and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your opponent's eyes and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your opponent's eyes and you say
+okay I can tell your cards must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can tell your cards must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can tell your cards must be
+pocket canes or whatever your hand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket canes or whatever your hand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket canes or whatever your hand your
+hand must be this other hand and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand must be this other hand and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand must be this other hand and you
+play your hand exactly against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play your hand exactly against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play your hand exactly against your
+opponent's specific hand because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's specific hand because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's specific hand because you
+have a soul read on them so all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a soul read on them so all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a soul read on them so all right so
+let's see an example of this um so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see an example of this um so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see an example of this um so we'll
+watch a episode of Poker After Dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1200 the logo IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it think you would call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think you would call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think you would call it the
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure but R say never anything contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but R say never anything contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but R say never anything contrary
+to what Patrick might think Jennifer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what Patrick might think Jennifer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what Patrick might think Jennifer has
+a real hand and it just got better she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real hand and it just got better she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real hand and it just got better she's
+flopped top set Patrick flopped a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flopped top set Patrick flopped a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flopped top set Patrick flopped a pair
+of tens with a gutshot straight Dr that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CH good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH good
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+House
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be
+that I thought you had pocket kings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought you had pocket kings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought you had pocket kings I
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like I almost thought I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay so so yeah so this is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so so yeah so this is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so so yeah so this is a sort of
+well-known poker fan from way back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known poker fan from way back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known poker fan from way back in
+the day um if you're a Jennifer tillan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day um if you're a Jennifer tillan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day um if you're a Jennifer tillan
+I'm sorry if I'm making FR of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry if I'm making FR of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry if I'm making FR of her
+um but basically right so she put her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but basically right so she put her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but basically right so she put her
+opponent on a specific hand she looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent on a specific hand she looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent on a specific hand she looked
+at Patrick Antonius and had a feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Patrick Antonius and had a feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Patrick Antonius and had a feeling
+that he had pocket kings for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had pocket kings for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had pocket kings for some
+strange reason and then what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange reason and then what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange reason and then what happened
+was so she has pocket Jacks here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so she has pocket Jacks here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so she has pocket Jacks here um
+which is a really really good hand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a really really good hand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a really really good hand it's
+a full house and she just checked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full house and she just checked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full house and she just checked the
+turn and checked the river instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and checked the river instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and checked the river instead of
+trying to get Patrick to put more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get Patrick to put more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get Patrick to put more money
+in um because she was so certain Patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um because she was so certain Patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um because she was so certain Patrick
+head pocket kings and you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head pocket kings and you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head pocket kings and you know just
+mathematically speaking out of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically speaking out of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically speaking out of all the
+possible combinations of cards you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible combinations of cards you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible combinations of cards you could
+have have to put your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have to put your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have to put your opponent
+specifically on pocket kings in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on pocket kings in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on pocket kings in this
+example is um basically unfounded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is um basically unfounded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is um basically unfounded so
+this gets to level two reasoning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets to level two reasoning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets to level two reasoning so
+level two reasoning is my hand versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two reasoning is my hand versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two reasoning is my hand versus
+your range of hands versus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range of hands versus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range of hands versus your
+probability distribution of hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of hands and
+another name for this is exploitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for this is exploitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for this is exploitative
+play so let's look at a different hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play so let's look at a different hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play so let's look at a different hand
+and I'm going to show you how to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you how to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you how to reason
+about this hand using level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hand using level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hand using level two
+exploitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative
+reasoning so okay so I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning so okay so I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning so okay so I'm not going to go
+through the whole hand but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole hand but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole hand but this is a
+real hand I played in maau about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real hand I played in maau about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real hand I played in maau about five
+six years ago so we get to the river and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years ago so we get to the river and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years ago so we get to the river and
+I have Ace 10 in the in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Ace 10 in the in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Ace 10 in the in this situation
+um so the pot is 21,000 roughly and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the pot is 21,000 roughly and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the pot is 21,000 roughly and my
+opponent bets 8800 sorry so so the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent bets 8800 sorry so so the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent bets 8800 sorry so so the pot
+is 21,000 after my opponent bets 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 21,000 after my opponent bets 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 21,000 after my opponent bets 8,000
+so basically the pot was 13,000 and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the pot was 13,000 and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the pot was 13,000 and my
+opponent bet 8,000 making it 21,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent bet 8,000 making it 21,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent bet 8,000 making it 21,000 and
+I have to decide whether to call with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to decide whether to call with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to decide whether to call with a
+pretty good hand I have a pair of acases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hand I have a pair of acases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hand I have a pair of acases
+here but I know my opponent is rain KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I know my opponent is rain KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I know my opponent is rain KH
+who's a very tight player and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a very tight player and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a very tight player and doesn't
+really like bluffing so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like bluffing so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like bluffing so I don't think
+he's really ever bluffing if I'm beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really ever bluffing if I'm beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's really ever bluffing if I'm beating
+him here it's because he's betting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him here it's because he's betting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him here it's because he's betting a
+hand that he thinks is good but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that he thinks is good but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that he thinks is good but is
+actually worse than mine like ace8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worse than mine like ace8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worse than mine like ace8
+basically um so I model my opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um so I model my opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um so I model my opponent's
+range as Ace King through ACE 8 I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as Ace King through ACE 8 I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as Ace King through ACE 8 I don't
+think he has something even stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he has something even stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he has something even stronger
+like pocket 9es because he would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pocket 9es because he would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pocket 9es because he would have
+raised more earlier in the hand um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised more earlier in the hand um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised more earlier in the hand um but
+basically okay so let me let me run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so let me let me run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so let me let me run
+through this calculation sort of slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this calculation sort of slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this calculation sort of slowly
+for those of you seeing pot odds for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you seeing pot odds for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you seeing pot odds for the
+first time so here basically I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time so here basically I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time so here basically I want to
+think of it like this the pot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like this the pot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like this the pot which
+includes the 8,000 he just put out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the 8,000 he just put out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the 8,000 he just put out is
+21,000 we're considering calling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21,000 we're considering calling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21,000 we're considering calling for
+8,000 so if we lose if we call and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 so if we lose if we call and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 so if we lose if we call and he
+turns up Ace King which is a better hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns up Ace King which is a better hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns up Ace King which is a better hand
+then our net result from this decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our net result from this decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our net result from this decision
+is $8,000 if we win we get our 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $8,000 if we win we get our 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $8,000 if we win we get our 8,000
+back as well as the 21,000 in the pot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back as well as the 21,000 in the pot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back as well as the 21,000 in the pot so
+we make our net is plus 21,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make our net is plus 21,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make our net is plus 21,000 so
+therefore our win to lose ratio needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our win to lose ratio needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our win to lose ratio needs to
+be at least 8,000 to 21,000 in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least 8,000 to 21,000 in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least 8,000 to 21,000 in order for
+calling to be positive expectancy so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling to be positive expectancy so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling to be positive expectancy so all
+right so we'll do the exact calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll do the exact calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll do the exact calculation
+I'll try to do it somewhat slowly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to do it somewhat slowly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to do it somewhat slowly to
+show an example of how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an example of how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an example of how to do this
+calculation so essentially what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so essentially what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so essentially what I do is
+I count the combinations of um I I count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I count the combinations of um I I count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I count the combinations of um I I count
+the combinations of each hand that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations of each hand that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations of each hand that exist
+so Ace King there's eight com Ace King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ace King there's eight com Ace King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ace King there's eight com Ace King
+there's eight combinations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight combinations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight combinations because
+there's two Aces remaining that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two Aces remaining that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two Aces remaining that I
+haven't seen and there's four Kings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen and there's four Kings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen and there's four Kings
+remaining so it's 2 * 4 there's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining so it's 2 * 4 there's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining so it's 2 * 4 there's eight
+combinations same with Ace Queen Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations same with Ace Queen Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations same with Ace Queen Ace
+Jack and Ace 8 Ace 10 and Ace 9 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack and Ace 8 Ace 10 and Ace 9 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack and Ace 8 Ace 10 and Ace 9 there's
+only six combinations each because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only six combinations each because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only six combinations each because I
+have a 10 which makes him having Ace 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 10 which makes him having Ace 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 10 which makes him having Ace 10
+less likely and for Ace 9 there's a nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely and for Ace 9 there's a nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely and for Ace 9 there's a nine
+on the board so Ace 9 is also slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board so Ace 9 is also slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board so Ace 9 is also slightly
+less likely um so Ace 10 we actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely um so Ace 10 we actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely um so Ace 10 we actually get
+half the pot so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the pot so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the pot so I'm just going to
+roughly I'm going to um make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly I'm going to um make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly I'm going to um make that
+equivalent to US winning three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to US winning three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to US winning three of those
+times and US losing three of those times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and US losing three of those times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and US losing three of those times
+which is equivalent in expectation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent in expectation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent in expectation so
+basically if you do this counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you do this counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you do this counting
+there's 33 combinations that beat us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 33 combinations that beat us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 33 combinations that beat us um
+there's 11 combinations that we beat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 11 combinations that we beat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 11 combinations that we beat and
+so our Equity is basically our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our Equity is basically our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our Equity is basically our
+probability of winning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning which is
+equivalently the fraction of the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the fraction of the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the fraction of the pot
+that we own um so our equity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we own um so our equity in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we own um so our equity in this
+case is 25% and the PO odds are 218 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 25% and the PO odds are 218 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 25% and the PO odds are 218 and
+then so we need we need basically 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we need we need basically 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we need we need basically 1 over
+3.56 so 21 to 8 is 2.56 to1 we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.56 so 21 to 8 is 2.56 to1 we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.56 so 21 to 8 is 2.56 to1 we need
+Equity 1 over 3.56 to call which is 28%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity 1 over 3.56 to call which is 28%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity 1 over 3.56 to call which is 28%
+which we don't have so I folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't have so I folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't have so I folded
+um oops uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops uh sorry
+so so so unfortunately this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so unfortunately this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so unfortunately this calculation
+is a bit ugly you just have to do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit ugly you just have to do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit ugly you just have to do it a
+bunch of times and convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and convince yourself
+that you're doing the right calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing the right calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing the right calculation
+basically you got to remember to add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you got to remember to add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you got to remember to add one
+when you're converting the odds ratio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're converting the odds ratio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're converting the odds ratio to
+an equity but it's um but yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equity but it's um but yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equity but it's um but yeah so it's
+it's it should be fairly simple math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it should be fairly simple math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it should be fairly simple math but
+um so in this case I I folded because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this case I I folded because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this case I I folded because I
+didn't have the desired Equity um so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the desired Equity um so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the desired Equity um so is
+there any questions about that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions about that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions about that that was
+maybe a bit confusing but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a bit confusing but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a bit confusing but I don't know
+of a great way to I don't know of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a great way to I don't know of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a great way to I don't know of a
+great way to sort of show the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to sort of show the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to sort of show the exact
+conversion from pot odds into Equity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion from pot odds into Equity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion from pot odds into Equity but
+I just want to point out that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to point out that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to point out that they're
+slightly different just one is one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different just one is one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different just one is one is a
+ratio of win to lose and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of win to lose and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of win to lose and one is
+basically a fraction of win overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a fraction of win overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a fraction of win overall
+possible outcomes so just don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes so just don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes so just don't get
+confused by this that's what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by this that's what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by this that's what I'm saying
+I'm going to sort of quickly interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sort of quickly interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to sort of quickly interchange
+between the two throughout the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two throughout the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two throughout the course
+and you should try to get in a habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should try to get in a habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should try to get in a habit of
+being able to quickly compute between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to quickly compute between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to quickly compute between
+the two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two um
+okay so this is an example of level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an example of level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an example of level two
+reasoning and hand reading is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and hand reading is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and hand reading is about
+using your opponent's past actions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your opponent's past actions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your opponent's past actions and
+your knowledge of their Tendencies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge of their Tendencies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge of their Tendencies to
+tweak your probability distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak your probability distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak your probability distribution of
+over what you think their hand is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what you think their hand is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what you think their hand is so
+hand reing hand reading is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand reing hand reading is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand reing hand reading is not about
+pegging your opponent on a specific hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegging your opponent on a specific hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegging your opponent on a specific hand
+um so you know it's sort of a marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know it's sort of a marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know it's sort of a marketing
+message Pro players they wear sunglasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message Pro players they wear sunglasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message Pro players they wear sunglasses
+they have earplugs to prevent people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have earplugs to prevent people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have earplugs to prevent people
+from Reading their soul I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Reading their soul I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Reading their soul I mean it
+matters a bit but really these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a bit but really these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a bit but really these things
+you know things like I scratched my ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like I scratched my ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like I scratched my ear
+before I raised it should affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I raised it should affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I raised it should affect your
+belief about my cards a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief about my cards a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief about my cards a very small
+amount way less than what Lady Gaga in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount way less than what Lady Gaga in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount way less than what Lady Gaga in
+the media makes it seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media makes it seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media makes it seem
+like okay so I so that's sort of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so I so that's sort of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so I so that's sort of how you
+reason about a hand exploitatively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about a hand exploitatively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about a hand exploitatively you
+build a model for how your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model for how your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model for how your opponent
+behaves and you make the decision that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves and you make the decision that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves and you make the decision that's
+the most positive expectancy against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most positive expectancy against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most positive expectancy against
+that model and you can go very very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and you can go very very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and you can go very very far
+with level two reasoning um you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with level two reasoning um you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with level two reasoning um you know you
+can basically build a career out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically build a career out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically build a career out of
+level two reasoning and it's best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two reasoning and it's best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two reasoning and it's best
+targeted towards individual opponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted towards individual opponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted towards individual opponents
+with specific tendencies that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific tendencies that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific tendencies that you're
+trying to take advantage of so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take advantage of so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take advantage of so okay so
+this sounds very good right this sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds very good right this sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds very good right this sounds
+like a great great way to play poker I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a great great way to play poker I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a great great way to play poker I I
+figure out what my opponent's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what my opponent's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what my opponent's doing
+right I I just I figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I just I figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I I just I figure out the
+probability distribution and playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and playing a
+way to make the most money from him so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make the most money from him so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make the most money from him so
+does anyone have does anyone have any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have does anyone have any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have does anyone have any uh
+problems with this type of reasoning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this type of reasoning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this type of reasoning so
+okay so I've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've got some
+$20 uh Amazon gifts certificates from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 uh Amazon gifts certificates from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 uh Amazon gifts certificates from uh
+AA Capital someone can point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA Capital someone can point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA Capital someone can point out
+potentially something you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially something you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially something you don't like
+about this type of reasoning uh I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this type of reasoning uh I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this type of reasoning uh I I'll
+give you this gift certificate uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this gift certificate uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this gift certificate uh yeah
+you reveal a lot of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reveal a lot of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reveal a lot of information about
+what your hand is when you think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your hand is when you think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your hand is when you think like
+this you right but what if your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you right but what if your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you right but what if your model
+incorporates the fact that they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates the fact that they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates the fact that they're going
+to behave based on what they think is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave based on what they think is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave based on what they think is in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+hand yeah well I mean it might take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand yeah well I mean it might take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand yeah well I mean it might take you
+a long time to build this model and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time to build this model and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time to build this model and if
+players your table or whatever like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players your table or whatever like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players your table or whatever like you
+you spent like cuz before you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent like cuz before you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent like cuz before you have the
+model you can't use this line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you can't use this line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you can't use this line of
+reasoning right so it's expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning right so it's expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning right so it's expensive to
+like do it right right yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do it right right yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do it right right yeah that's a
+good point yeah so so first of all yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point yeah so so first of all yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point yeah so so first of all yeah
+this so first of all level two reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so first of all level two reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so first of all level two reasoning
+is not easy even though it has flaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not easy even though it has flaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not easy even though it has flaws
+even playing very good level two poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even playing very good level two poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even playing very good level two poker
+is not easy building the model can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not easy building the model can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not easy building the model can be
+very hard and you could be wrong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard and you could be wrong yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard and you could be wrong yeah
+but that's not really what I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not really what I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not really what I'm looking
+for um yeah calling yeah um because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um yeah calling yeah um because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um yeah calling yeah um because if
+he if your opponent knows your reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he if your opponent knows your reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he if your opponent knows your reasoning
+like you could maybe bet a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could maybe bet a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could maybe bet a certain way
+to push it to 28% where you would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push it to 28% where you would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push it to 28% where you would only
+call if it's right okay okay yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call if it's right okay okay yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call if it's right okay okay yeah um
+okay I think that'll be good enough okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that'll be good enough okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that'll be good enough okay
+I'm going to I'm going to give this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to give this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to give this to
+you I'll give it to you at the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll give it to you at the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll give it to you at the end okay
+um right so so essentially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so so essentially so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so so essentially so
+essentially yeah the problem is the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially yeah the problem is the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially yeah the problem is the so
+it's this assumption the Fatal flaw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this assumption the Fatal flaw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this assumption the Fatal flaw in
+every plan is the assumption that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every plan is the assumption that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every plan is the assumption that you
+know more than your enemy does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more than your enemy does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more than your enemy does anyone
+know where this is from by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where this is from by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where this is from by the way if
+you do I'll I have another $20 GI does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do I'll I have another $20 GI does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do I'll I have another $20 GI does
+anyone know where this phrases from H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know where this phrases from H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know where this phrases from H
+yeah right from claws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no yeah the of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah the of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah the of w
+no okay it's okay if no one knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay it's okay if no one knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay it's okay if no one knows how
+keep okay it's okay um all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep okay it's okay um all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep okay it's okay um all right so
+essentially the problem with this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the problem with this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the problem with this line
+of reasoning is your opponent does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning is your opponent does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning is your opponent does not
+play according to a fixed static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play according to a fixed static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play according to a fixed static
+algorithm they're also an intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm they're also an intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm they're also an intelligent
+human who's taking this class who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human who's taking this class who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human who's taking this class who's
+building models for you and adapting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building models for you and adapting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building models for you and adapting the
+strategy to be you right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to be you right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to be you right so if you
+assume your opponent plays with a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume your opponent plays with a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume your opponent plays with a fixed
+strategy but what if they're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy but what if they're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy but what if they're doing the
+same for you so so now I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for you so so now I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for you so so now I'm going to get
+you the third level of reasoning which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the third level of reasoning which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the third level of reasoning which I
+call um optimal play so let's analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um optimal play so let's analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um optimal play so let's analyze
+the exact same hand using level three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same hand using level three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same hand using level three
+reasoning so don't get me wrong level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning so don't get me wrong level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning so don't get me wrong level
+two reasoning is great if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reasoning is great if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reasoning is great if you can do
+level two reasoning very well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two reasoning very well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two reasoning very well you can
+make a ton of money but level three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a ton of money but level three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a ton of money but level three
+reasoning is a completely different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is a completely different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is a completely different way
+to analyze this hand that can also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this hand that can also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this hand that can also make
+you a lot of money so okay so level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of money so okay so level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of money so okay so level
+reasoning I'm going to think like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning I'm going to think like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning I'm going to think like this
+instead of thinking so level three is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking so level three is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking so level three is my
+range of hands over your range of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hands over your range of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hands over your range of hands
+so instead of looking at my specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of looking at my specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of looking at my specific
+cards and figuring out what my cards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and figuring out what my cards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and figuring out what my cards are
+I'm actually going to also put a dist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to also put a dist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to also put a dist
+probability dist distribution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability dist distribution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability dist distribution over
+myself and ask myself to my opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and ask myself to my opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and ask myself to my opponent's
+eyes what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes what is the probability
+distribution of my hands and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of my hands and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of my hands and in this
+specific spot let's just say I decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific spot let's just say I decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific spot let's just say I decide
+that my range in this spot is Ace Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my range in this spot is Ace Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my range in this spot is Ace Jack
+through A7 so not including A9 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through A7 so not including A9 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through A7 so not including A9 it's
+basically Ace Jack ace1 a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Ace Jack ace1 a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Ace Jack ace1 a a
+A7 so this is the way I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 so this is the way I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A7 so this is the way I do the
+calculation so I let's just assume I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so I let's just assume I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so I let's just assume I
+know my opponent's propensity is to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my opponent's propensity is to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my opponent's propensity is to bet
+one 1 over 1.6% of the pot on the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 over 1.6% of the pot on the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 over 1.6% of the pot on the river
+uh so roughly in this spot so so the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so roughly in this spot so so the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so roughly in this spot so so the pot
+was 13,000 on the river and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 13,000 on the river and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 13,000 on the river and I know that
+my opponent's going to bet 8,000 um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opponent's going to bet 8,000 um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opponent's going to bet 8,000 um so
+and so I must call with the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I must call with the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I must call with the frequency
+such that their EV from bluffing is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that their EV from bluffing is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that their EV from bluffing is zero
+so that's essentially my goal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially my goal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially my goal with
+optimal play so ENT what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play so ENT what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play so ENT what I'm saying is
+let's say they have a really bad hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they have a really bad hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they have a really bad hand
+they have like Jack 10 for Jack High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like Jack 10 for Jack High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like Jack 10 for Jack High
+which is almost certainly going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost certainly going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost certainly going to lose
+the pot if they if they don't bet to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot if they if they don't bet to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot if they if they don't bet to try
+to get me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me to
+fold then I want to call with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold then I want to call with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold then I want to call with a
+frequency such that with those hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency such that with those hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency such that with those hands
+regardless of whether they Bluff their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether they Bluff their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether they Bluff their
+expectation is zero so how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is zero so how do I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is zero so how do I do that
+I just make my quality fold ratio 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just make my quality fold ratio 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just make my quality fold ratio 1.6
+to1 um sorry in all these computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 um sorry in all these computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 um sorry in all these computations
+to make it easier I'm assuming uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easier I'm assuming uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easier I'm assuming uh I'm
+rough 1.6 is like approximate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough 1.6 is like approximate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough 1.6 is like approximate for the
+ratio it's it's actually 13 over 8 but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio it's it's actually 13 over 8 but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio it's it's actually 13 over 8 but I
+chose it actually turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose it actually turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose it actually turned out to be
+mostly Fibonacci numbers so the ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly Fibonacci numbers so the ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly Fibonacci numbers so the ratio is
+around 1.6 to1 for all of them so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1.6 to1 for all of them so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1.6 to1 for all of them so I'm
+making that shortcut okay so my quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that shortcut okay so my quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that shortcut okay so my quality
+fold ratio needs to be 1.6 to1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold ratio needs to be 1.6 to1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold ratio needs to be 1.6 to1 so that
+if they have a bad hand their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a bad hand their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a bad hand their
+expectation from from bluffing is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation from from bluffing is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation from from bluffing is zero
+it's doesn't matter whether they Bluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doesn't matter whether they Bluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doesn't matter whether they Bluff
+so if I do this calculation then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do this calculation then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do this calculation then then
+Ace 10 there's a typ A10 is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace 10 there's a typ A10 is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace 10 there's a typ A10 is definitely
+in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top
+61.5% of hands I can call have so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61.5% of hands I can call have so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61.5% of hands I can call have so I need
+to call okay so I'm not building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call okay so I'm not building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call okay so I'm not building a
+probability model for them what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model for them what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model for them what I'm
+essentially saying is if I'm not calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying is if I'm not calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying is if I'm not calling
+A10 here then they can exploit Me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A10 here then they can exploit Me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A10 here then they can exploit Me by
+bluffing too much and I'm just folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing too much and I'm just folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing too much and I'm just folding
+all my hands here and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my hands here and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my hands here and they're going to
+be able to make money off of me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make money off of me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make money off of me to
+prevent this I must call ace10 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent this I must call ace10 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent this I must call ace10 which is
+a 61.5 percentile hand in my range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 61.5 percentile hand in my range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 61.5 percentile hand in my range so
+that they can't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't explain
+so I'm going to make an analogy with RPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to make an analogy with RPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to make an analogy with RPS
+so rock paper scissors does everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rock paper scissors does everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rock paper scissors does everyone
+know how to play this game so you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to play this game so you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to play this game so you either
+throw rock scissors or paper so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw rock scissors or paper so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw rock scissors or paper so there's
+no way to do it with this game right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to do it with this game right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to do it with this game right I
+know people if you grew up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people if you grew up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people if you grew up in a
+different background you might call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different background you might call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different background you might call it
+something else or you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else or you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else or you might have
+different rules but the rules I play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules but the rules I play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules but the rules I play
+with is rock beats scissors scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is rock beats scissors scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is rock beats scissors scissors
+beats paper and paper beats Rock okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats paper and paper beats Rock okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats paper and paper beats Rock okay so
+so exploit exploitative play you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exploit exploitative play you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exploit exploitative play you think
+like this you say since my opponent just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you say since my opponent just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you say since my opponent just
+played Rock three times in a row I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Rock three times in a row I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Rock three times in a row I think
+think they're probably not going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're probably not going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're probably not going to play
+Rock a fourth time in a row so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock a fourth time in a row so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock a fourth time in a row so I'm going
+to play Scissors because I know I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play Scissors because I know I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play Scissors because I know I can't
+DP optimal play just says I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP optimal play just says I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP optimal play just says I'm going to
+memorize a sequence of random bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a sequence of random bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a sequence of random bits and
+always play each of rock paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always play each of rock paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always play each of rock paper and
+scissors with probability of third so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors with probability of third so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors with probability of third so
+this is an analogy with rock paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an analogy with rock paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an analogy with rock paper
+scissors and so one question I often get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors and so one question I often get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors and so one question I often get
+is you know if when you play optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if when you play optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know if when you play optimally
+you're making all your opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making all your opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making all your opponent's
+decisions the same then your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the same then your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the same then your opponent
+essentially is never making a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is never making a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is never making a mistake
+cuz regardless what they do it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz regardless what they do it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz regardless what they do it's the
+same um then how do you even make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um then how do you even make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um then how do you even make money
+playing off ly so in rock paper scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing off ly so in rock paper scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing off ly so in rock paper scissors
+that's true you know if my strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true you know if my strategy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true you know if my strategy is
+just play Rock Paper Scissors each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play Rock Paper Scissors each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play Rock Paper Scissors each with
+probability a third I'm never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a third I'm never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a third I'm never going to
+beat you more often than I should but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you more often than I should but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you more often than I should but um
+in poker there's enough opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poker there's enough opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poker there's enough opportunities to
+essentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be
+inconsistent for for example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent for for example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent for for example like
+sometimes you'll see players fold um 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll see players fold um 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll see players fold um 76
+suited and then because later they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited and then because later they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited and then because later they're
+like bored and feel like playing a worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bored and feel like playing a worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bored and feel like playing a worse
+hand they'll like call 65 suited in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they'll like call 65 suited in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they'll like call 65 suited in the
+exact same situation which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same situation which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same situation which is like
+basically a strictly dominated strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a strictly dominated strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a strictly dominated strategy
+or like check raising a strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like check raising a strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like check raising a strictly
+inferior range essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior range essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior range essentially the
+theoretical optimal strategy will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical optimal strategy will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical optimal strategy will still
+extract money slowly from even the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract money slowly from even the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract money slowly from even the best
+players because even the best players in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players because even the best players in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players because even the best players in
+poker right now there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker right now there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker right now there's going to be
+slight inconsistencies that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight inconsistencies that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight inconsistencies that are not
+theoretical theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical theoretically
+optimal so essentially okay so this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so essentially okay so this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so essentially okay so this so
+the optimal strategy another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal strategy another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal strategy another way to
+think about it is a Nash equilibrium if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is a Nash equilibrium if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is a Nash equilibrium if
+you've heard of the term because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of the term because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of the term because the
+best response to the optimal strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response to the optimal strategy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response to the optimal strategy is
+the optimal strategy itself whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal strategy itself whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal strategy itself whereas the
+best response to any exploitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response to any exploitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response to any exploitative
+strategy is going to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is going to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is going to be a different
+strategy whenever you play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy whenever you play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy whenever you play an
+exploitative strategy you stand to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative strategy you stand to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative strategy you stand to be
+beaten by a different exploited strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten by a different exploited strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten by a different exploited strategy
+that re exploits you so um so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that re exploits you so um so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that re exploits you so um so yeah so
+this is difference optimal play as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is difference optimal play as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is difference optimal play as you
+play each with the same probability um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play each with the same probability um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play each with the same probability um
+optimal play You're indiffer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play You're indiffer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play You're indiffer to your
+opponent's move so optimal play you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's move so optimal play you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's move so optimal play you're
+making a lot of money when your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of money when your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of money when your opponent
+does something strictly suboptimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something strictly suboptimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something strictly suboptimal
+whereas in exploit play you make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in exploit play you make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in exploit play you make a lot
+of money when you're winning the Mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money when you're winning the Mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money when you're winning the Mind
+Games and and you lose a lot when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Games and and you lose a lot when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Games and and you lose a lot when you're
+losing them you know so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing them you know so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing them you know so it's
+exploitative play is sort of like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative play is sort of like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative play is sort of like I know
+that you know that I know that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that I know that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that I know that you know
+that I know this but you know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know this but you know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know this but you know that I
+know that you know that I know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know that I know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know that I know that you
+know that I know this so basic it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I know this so basic it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I know this so basic it's you
+get into these mind games and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into these mind games and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into these mind games and if you're
+good at them then it's pretty good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at them then it's pretty good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at them then it's pretty good right
+if you're playing rock paper scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're playing rock paper scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're playing rock paper scissors
+against uh four-year-old child probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh four-year-old child probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh four-year-old child probably
+you don't want to play optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to play optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to play optimally
+probably you want to like look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you want to like look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you want to like look at their
+face and try to figure out what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and try to figure out what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and try to figure out what they're
+going to do and try to beat them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and try to beat them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and try to beat them right
+but if you're playing rock paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're playing rock paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're playing rock paper
+scissors against The Rock Paper Scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors against The Rock Paper Scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors against The Rock Paper Scissors
+world champion which they actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world champion which they actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world champion which they actually um
+then probably you just want to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably you just want to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably you just want to memorize
+a sequence of random bits and play each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of random bits and play each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of random bits and play each
+with probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability a
+third so another good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so another good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so another good thing about
+exploitative play is it's intuitive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative play is it's intuitive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative play is it's intuitive you
+know we're sort of we sort of grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're sort of we sort of grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're sort of we sort of grow up
+thinking in terms of exploitative play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of exploitative play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of exploitative play
+right I think I think that's a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I think that's a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I think that's a fair
+statement you know in most things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know in most things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know in most things it's
+like what do you think might happen Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do you think might happen Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do you think might happen Okay
+if that might happen okay I'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that might happen okay I'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that might happen okay I'll do this
+but often we'll play sort of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often we'll play sort of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often we'll play sort of a weird
+mentality because it's sort of like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality because it's sort of like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality because it's sort of like I
+don't I I'm just going to anal what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I I'm just going to anal what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I I'm just going to anal what my
+opponent could potentially do so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent could potentially do so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent could potentially do so you
+need an opponent essentially and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an opponent essentially and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an opponent essentially and then
+I'm just going to perform an action that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to perform an action that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to perform an action that
+sort of makes it so that my opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes it so that my opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes it so that my opponent
+can't really beat me okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really beat me okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really beat me okay so that's
+enough about those two general concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about those two general concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about those two general concepts
+I'm going to take a short break right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a short break right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a short break right
+here since it's a good time so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since it's a good time so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since it's a good time so I'm going
+to continue um and yeah we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue um and yeah we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue um and yeah we'll get into
+some actual poker but first okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual poker but first okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual poker but first okay we're
+going to play one last game so okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play one last game so okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play one last game so okay I'm
+going to play we're going to play game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play we're going to play game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play we're going to play game
+who's taller okay anyone can join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taller okay anyone can join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taller okay anyone can join the
+contest for a dollar okay we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest for a dollar okay we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest for a dollar okay we're not
+actually having this so don't get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having this so don't get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having this so don't get out of
+your ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ball
+okay basically okay so and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically okay so and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically okay so and then the
+tallest person who's joined the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallest person who's joined the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallest person who's joined the game
+gets the entire pot so all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the entire pot so all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the entire pot so all the all the
+money all the people who joined the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money all the people who joined the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money all the people who joined the game
+we're going to measure who's the tallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure who's the tallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure who's the tallest
+and that person gets everyone's money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that person gets everyone's money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that person gets everyone's money
+okay so okay let's play right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay let's play right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay let's play right now so
+everyone close your eyes so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone close your eyes so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone close your eyes so that you
+can't look in your room everyone close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't look in your room everyone close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't look in your room everyone close
+your eyes no peeking no piing at how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes no peeking no piing at how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes no peeking no piing at how to
+okay so I want everyone close your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want everyone close your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want everyone close your eyes
+is everyone's eyes closed okay so put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone's eyes closed okay so put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone's eyes closed okay so put up
+your hand if you want to join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you want to join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you want to join the
+contest put it nice and high so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest put it nice and high so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest put it nice and high so that I
+can see if you want to join the cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see if you want to join the cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see if you want to join the cont
+contest all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest all right
+so so okay raise your hand highly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so okay raise your hand highly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so okay raise your hand highly it's
+okay there's no embarrassment the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's no embarrassment the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's no embarrassment the whole
+point of Poker is where Okay cool so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of Poker is where Okay cool so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of Poker is where Okay cool so now
+everyone open your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone open your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone open your
+eyes Okay so I think five people joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes Okay so I think five people joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes Okay so I think five people joined
+okay so guys come down here let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so guys come down here let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so guys come down here let's see
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+would let's see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would don't be sh if you join it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would don't be sh if you join it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would don't be sh if you join it's okay
+it's totally okay if you lost um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally okay if you lost um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally okay if you lost um okay so
+I think the four of you okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what's your name Justin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what's your name Justin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what's your name Justin okay
+Justin okay so I think Justin would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justin okay so I think Justin would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justin okay so I think Justin would have
+won so good job Justin you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won so good job Justin you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won so good job Justin you would have
+made three bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made three bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made three bucks
+for all right cool so okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all right cool so okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all right cool so okay what's the
+point of this game um the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this game um the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this game um the point of this
+game is so from a game theoretic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is so from a game theoretic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is so from a game theoretic point
+of view no one really should be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view no one really should be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view no one really should be playing
+this game so this is only known as the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game so this is only known as the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game so this is only known as the K
+Beauty game if from Game Theory so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty game if from Game Theory so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty game if from Game Theory so so
+let's so how how tall are you Justin 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so how how tall are you Justin 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so how how tall are you Justin 65
+65 okay so why did you play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 okay so why did you play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 okay so why did you play the game
+because you thought there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you thought there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you thought there's probably
+someone who's going to be like 6'2 who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's going to be like 6'2 who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's going to be like 6'2 who
+might play the game right so right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might play the game right so right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might play the game right so right but
+if you but if everyone knew that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you but if everyone knew that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you but if everyone knew that you
+know if you're only 6'2 you shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're only 6'2 you shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're only 6'2 you shouldn't be
+playing this game because someone might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game because someone might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game because someone might
+be 6'5 then you wouldn't play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 6'5 then you wouldn't play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 6'5 then you wouldn't play the game
+right cuz someone else is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz someone else is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz someone else is only going to
+play the game if they were like 68 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game if they were like 68 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game if they were like 68 or
+something right so essentially basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so essentially basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so essentially basically
+once you so let's say we played this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you so let's say we played this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you so let's say we played this
+game again probably only just play um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again probably only just play um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again probably only just play um
+but eventually this game always devolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually this game always devolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually this game always devolves
+to a situation where no basically no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a situation where no basically no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a situation where no basically no one
+is willing to join because you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to join because you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to join because you know that
+no matter even if you're like 7t tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter even if you're like 7t tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter even if you're like 7t tall
+you're LeBron James you you would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're LeBron James you you would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're LeBron James you you would know
+that um someone would only play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um someone would only play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um someone would only play this
+game if they were the tallest person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if they were the tallest person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if they were the tallest person in
+the world essentially so basically poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world essentially so basically poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world essentially so basically poker
+without blinds which is the money that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without blinds which is the money that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without blinds which is the money that's
+put into the pot at the start of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the pot at the start of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the pot at the start of every
+hand would essentially be like the twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand would essentially be like the twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand would essentially be like the twos
+taller G so when you play poker you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller G so when you play poker you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller G so when you play poker you want
+the motivation of every hand to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation of every hand to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation of every hand to be
+stealing the blinds stealing the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing the blinds stealing the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing the blinds stealing the money
+that was forced into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was forced into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was forced into the
+without the choice of the person so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the choice of the person so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the choice of the person so you
+would always F King King which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always F King King which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always F King King which is the
+second best hand in poker pre flop if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best hand in poker pre flop if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best hand in poker pre flop if
+there were no blinds so okay so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no blinds so okay so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no blinds so okay so suppose
+we were to play who's taller again but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to play who's taller again but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to play who's taller again but I
+told you that I'm going to force liar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that I'm going to force liar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that I'm going to force liar to
+play okay so then so now we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay so then so now we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay so then so now we've got a
+game because now even if you're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because now even if you're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because now even if you're not sure
+whether you're the tallest person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're the tallest person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're the tallest person in the
+room if you're if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room if you're if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room if you're if you're if you're
+taller than Larie then you have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller than Larie then you have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller than Larie then you have a chance
+of winning so that's essentially how why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning so that's essentially how why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning so that's essentially how why
+we need blinds to have a um so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need blinds to have a um so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need blinds to have a um so basically
+you want to think of um so you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of um so you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of um so you always
+want to think of how many chips you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of how many chips you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of how many chips you have
+in terms of the blinds and so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the blinds and so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the blinds and so having
+$400 in front of you in a game where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400 in front of you in a game where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400 in front of you in a game where the
+blinds are one $1 $2 for our purposes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds are one $1 $2 for our purposes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds are one $1 $2 for our purposes is
+equivalent to having $4,000 in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having $4,000 in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having $4,000 in front of
+you in in a game where the blinds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in in a game where the blinds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in in a game where the blinds are
+$10 and $20 because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 and $20 because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 and $20 because essentially
+everything you're wagering is relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you're wagering is relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you're wagering is relative
+to stealing the Linds that were forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stealing the Linds that were forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stealing the Linds that were forced
+into the game at the beginning so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the game at the beginning so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the game at the beginning so in
+both of these situations we say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these situations we say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these situations we say that you
+have 200 bets or 200 big blinds or 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 200 bets or 200 big blinds or 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 200 bets or 200 big blinds or 200
+BB okay so so that's how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BB okay so so that's how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BB okay so so that's how to calculate
+your stack size but um what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack size but um what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack size but um what's actually
+important isn't stack size it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important isn't stack size it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important isn't stack size it's
+effective stack size so effective stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective stack size so effective stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective stack size so effective stack
+size takes into account the stack sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size takes into account the stack sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size takes into account the stack sizes
+of the people remaining in the pot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people remaining in the pot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people remaining in the pot as
+well so okay so I I'll give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so okay so I I'll give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so okay so I I'll give an example
+so in this case so we're the player with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case so we're the player with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case so we're the player with
+the East Jack and we decided to go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East Jack and we decided to go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East Jack and we decided to go all
+in so what is our exact stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what is our exact stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what is our exact stack
+size so the so the big blinds is 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so the so the big blinds is 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so the so the big blinds is 2,000
+the small blind is 1,000 and we wagered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind is 1,000 and we wagered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind is 1,000 and we wagered
+in total 42,000 so what's our what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total 42,000 so what's our what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total 42,000 so what's our what's our
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size 21 right it's essentially it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 21 right it's essentially it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 21 right it's essentially it's
+around 21 it's around 21 big blinds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 21 it's around 21 big blinds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 21 it's around 21 big blinds but
+we didn't really risk 21 big blinds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't really risk 21 big blinds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't really risk 21 big blinds here
+did we um does someone okay I'll give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we um does someone okay I'll give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we um does someone okay I'll give a
+$20 gift certificate how much did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 gift certificate how much did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 gift certificate how much did we
+actually risk in some sense yeah um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually risk in some sense yeah um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually risk in some sense yeah um I
+can't see quite well but I think 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see quite well but I think 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see quite well but I think 12 and
+a half big lines okay yeah exactly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half big lines okay yeah exactly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half big lines okay yeah exactly okay
+cool okay I I'll remember I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay I I'll remember I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay I I'll remember I'll put it
+here okay so right so we only risked 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so right so we only risked 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so right so we only risked 12
+and a half big blinds because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half big blinds because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half big blinds because the
+everyone in front of us has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in front of us has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in front of us has already
+folded and the two players behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded and the two players behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded and the two players behind the
+small blind and the big blind one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind and the big blind one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind and the big blind one of
+them only has seven and a half big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them only has seven and a half big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them only has seven and a half big
+blinds and the other one only has 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds and the other one only has 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds and the other one only has 12 and
+A2 big blinds can everyone see that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 big blinds can everyone see that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 big blinds can everyone see that so
+even though you know utg plus 2 has 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know utg plus 2 has 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know utg plus 2 has 32
+and A2 big blinds could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 big blinds could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 big blinds could have
+theoretically covered us and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically covered us and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically covered us and we could
+have could have theoretically taken all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have could have theoretically taken all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have could have theoretically taken all
+our money but on this hand because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money but on this hand because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money but on this hand because they
+already folded we're essentially only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already folded we're essentially only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already folded we're essentially only
+risking at most 12 and a half big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking at most 12 and a half big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking at most 12 and a half big blinds
+that's the most we can lose so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most we can lose so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most we can lose so we can't
+be eliminated from the tournament this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T so here's another example um so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so here's another example um so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so here's another example um so here
+you see this guy that I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this guy that I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this guy that I'm going to call
+lowjack for now you see him go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowjack for now you see him go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowjack for now you see him go all in
+for 16 big blinds um so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 16 big blinds um so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 16 big blinds um so in this case
+technically he could lose all his money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically he could lose all his money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically he could lose all his money
+because we have more than 16 big lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have more than 16 big lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have more than 16 big lines
+and we do cover him but you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do cover him but you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do cover him but you know in
+reality I'd say he's probably not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I'd say he's probably not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I'd say he's probably not on
+average risking 16 big blinds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average risking 16 big blinds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average risking 16 big blinds because
+most of the people if you could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people if you could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people if you could call
+them other than us have way less than 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them other than us have way less than 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them other than us have way less than 16
+big blinds does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds does that make sense so
+essentially so there's not like an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so there's not like an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so there's not like an exact
+formula for Effective sax size but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for Effective sax size but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for Effective sax size but you
+want to sort of think of it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of think of it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of think of it in terms of
+you look at the stack sizes of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the stack sizes of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the stack sizes of all the
+people who could potentially play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who could potentially play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who could potentially play the
+hand against you and you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand against you and you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand against you and you want to look at
+you know roughly how much am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly how much am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly how much am I going to
+be justking in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be justking in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be justking in this
+hand okay okay so that's effective stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay okay so that's effective stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay okay so that's effective stack
+size that that makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that that makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that that makes sense to
+everyone okay um okay so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay um okay so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay um okay so the second
+thing I want to talk about that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to talk about that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to talk about that's very
+important is position so position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is position so position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is position so position is
+basically where you are at the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where you are at the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where you are at the table
+relative to the blinds so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the blinds so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the blinds so how many
+players are remaining to compete versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are remaining to compete versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are remaining to compete versus
+me for the blinds essentially the fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for the blinds essentially the fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for the blinds essentially the fewer
+players that are left the less strong my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that are left the less strong my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that are left the less strong my
+hand needs to be to attack the blinds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand needs to be to attack the blinds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand needs to be to attack the blinds so
+I'm going to give names for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give names for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give names for the
+positions um basically the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions um basically the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions um basically the thing that
+matters is how far you are from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how far you are from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how far you are from the
+button so in this example with Ace Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button so in this example with Ace Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button so in this example with Ace Jack
+when everyone folded to you and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everyone folded to you and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everyone folded to you and you're
+on the you're the dealer which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the you're the dealer which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the you're the dealer which is also
+known as the button essentially to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the button essentially to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the button essentially to to
+steal the blinds you just need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal the blinds you just need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal the blinds you just need to get
+through the two blinds themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the two blinds themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the two blinds themselves so
+that's essentially two players and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially two players and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially two players and then
+you know if you're one position earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're one position earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're one position earlier
+when it was full two cut off then he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was full two cut off then he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was full two cut off then he had
+to deal with three players so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with three players so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with three players so you want
+to name everything relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name everything relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name everything relative to the
+dealer essentially um so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer essentially um so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer essentially um so we can just
+quickly go through the names they'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go through the names they'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go through the names they'll get
+more familiar as time goes on so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar as time goes on so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar as time goes on so um so
+the first person who act is we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person who act is we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person who act is we call them
+under the gun uh so that's uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun uh so that's uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun uh so that's uh that's
+this guy here and then we go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here and then we go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here and then we go around the
+table it's under the gun plus one under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it's under the gun plus one under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it's under the gun plus one under
+the gun plus two there's there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun plus two there's there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun plus two there's there can be
+different names for the same position um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names for the same position um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names for the same position um
+so in in this specific hand where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in this specific hand where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in this specific hand where there
+were only six players at the table you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only six players at the table you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only six players at the table you
+know you could have called lowjack under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could have called lowjack under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could have called lowjack under
+the gun because under the gun is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun because under the gun is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun because under the gun is the
+first person to act to the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to act to the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to act to the left of the
+big blind but essentially it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind but essentially it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind but essentially it's more
+clear to say low Jack because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to say low Jack because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to say low Jack because when you
+say under the gun you have to say under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say under the gun you have to say under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say under the gun you have to say under
+the gun at a six hand a table and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun at a six hand a table and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun at a six hand a table and then
+people will know okay that means you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will know okay that means you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will know okay that means you got
+to get through five hands but if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get through five hands but if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get through five hands but if you say
+low Jack it's very clear you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Jack it's very clear you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Jack it's very clear you have to get
+through five hands so um under the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through five hands so um under the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through five hands so um under the gun
+and then plus two and then low Jack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus two and then low Jack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus two and then low Jack you
+can also call under the gun plus two low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also call under the gun plus two low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also call under the gun plus two low
+Jack minus one if you want and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack minus one if you want and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack minus one if you want and then
+hijack cut off button don't ask me where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hijack cut off button don't ask me where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hijack cut off button don't ask me where
+these names came from I actually have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names came from I actually have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names came from I actually have no
+idea um okay and then spell blind big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um okay and then spell blind big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um okay and then spell blind big
+blind so okay so that's position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so okay so that's position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so okay so that's position and the
+importance of position is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of position is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of position is basically the
+the the later you are the fewer hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the later you are the fewer hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the later you are the fewer hands
+you got to get through to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to get through to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to get through to steal the
+button to steal the blinds if everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button to steal the blinds if everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button to steal the blinds if everyone
+has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already
+folded okay so the third thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded okay so the third thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded okay so the third thing is that
+matters in a poker hand is equity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters in a poker hand is equity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters in a poker hand is equity so we
+talked about stack size we about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stack size we about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stack size we about
+position the last thing is actually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position the last thing is actually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position the last thing is actually your
+cards so the equity of your cards is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards so the equity of your cards is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards so the equity of your cards is
+basically your secret height for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your secret height for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your secret height for the
+who's tolerating so you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's tolerating so you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's tolerating so you can think of it
+like that your cards is like your secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that your cards is like your secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that your cards is like your secret
+height and the probability of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and the probability of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and the probability of you
+winning the pot or equivalently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the pot or equivalently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the pot or equivalently the
+fraction of the pot you would win once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the pot you would win once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the pot you would win once
+the remaining cards are dealt is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining cards are dealt is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining cards are dealt is called
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+Equity so okay I'm going to give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity so okay I'm going to give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity so okay I'm going to give some
+examples of calculating Equity um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of calculating Equity um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of calculating Equity um so
+here's an example where uh it's we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example where uh it's we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example where uh it's we get
+it all in on the turn and and so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all in on the turn and and so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all in on the turn and and so I I
+have five4 of Spades here so I'm not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five4 of Spades here so I'm not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five4 of Spades here so I'm not in
+a great position but let's try to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great position but let's try to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great position but let's try to count
+how many outs um how many outs I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many outs um how many outs I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many outs um how many outs I have so
+does someone want to just name a river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone want to just name a river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone want to just name a river
+card that would help me win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that would help me win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that would help me win the
+P seven of SP right seven of Spades so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P seven of SP right seven of Spades so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P seven of SP right seven of Spades so
+that gives me a straight and a flesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a straight and a flesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a straight and a flesh
+actually um so okay so let's go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um so okay so let's go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um so okay so let's go along
+those lines so how many Spades are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines so how many Spades are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines so how many Spades are there
+left in the deck yeah should be nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the deck yeah should be nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the deck yeah should be nine
+Spades right nine Spades and then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades right nine Spades and then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades right nine Spades and then how
+many cards help me make a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cards help me make a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cards help me make a straight
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+more right a seven or a two right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right a seven or a two right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right a seven or a two right so
+it's six more because it's there's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six more because it's there's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six more because it's there's eight
+sevens and twos but I'm double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens and twos but I'm double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens and twos but I'm double counting
+the seven of Spades and the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven of Spades and the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven of Spades and the two of
+spades so that's N9 plus six and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spades so that's N9 plus six and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spades so that's N9 plus six and then I
+actually have to subtract one more card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to subtract one more card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to subtract one more card
+does anyone see what it is yeah Queen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone see what it is yeah Queen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone see what it is yeah Queen of
+Spades right the Queen of Spades because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades right the Queen of Spades because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades right the Queen of Spades because
+that's actually a disastrous situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a disastrous situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a disastrous situation
+um because then if it wasn't all and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because then if it wasn't all and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because then if it wasn't all and I
+would probably put in more money on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably put in more money on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably put in more money on the
+river thinking I have a flush and lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river thinking I have a flush and lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river thinking I have a flush and lose
+to a full house um right so it's 14 outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a full house um right so it's 14 outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a full house um right so it's 14 outs
+uh 17 minus 3 our Equity is around 32%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 17 minus 3 our Equity is around 32%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 17 minus 3 our Equity is around 32%
+it's 14 over the 44 cards that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 14 over the 44 cards that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 14 over the 44 cards that could
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+come um okay did that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come um okay did that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come um okay did that make sense to
+everyone so that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so that's one way of
+calculating Equity it's just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating Equity it's just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating Equity it's just a very
+simple probability distribution over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probability distribution over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probability distribution over the
+remaining cards in the deck that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining cards in the deck that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining cards in the deck that could
+come and you know if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and you know if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and you know if you if you're
+worried like you know what if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried like you know what if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried like you know what if someone
+folded the Queen of Spades so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded the Queen of Spades so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded the Queen of Spades so I
+shouldn't be counting that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be counting that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be counting that essentially
+you just want to pretend that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to pretend that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to pretend that the the
+cards that are in the muck like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that are in the muck like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that are in the muck like the
+cards that were folded by other players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that were folded by other players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that were folded by other players
+they're essentially irrelevant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially irrelevant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially irrelevant because
+you know they could have folded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they could have folded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they could have folded the
+Queen of Spades but they could have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen of Spades but they could have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen of Spades but they could have also
+folded an irrelevant card like the Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded an irrelevant card like the Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded an irrelevant card like the Jack
+of Hearts or something so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hearts or something so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hearts or something so essentially
+you just want to all the cards that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to all the cards that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to all the cards that you
+haven't seen it's easier to just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it's easier to just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it's easier to just assume
+that they don't affect anything I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't affect anything I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't affect anything I mean
+in theory they affect things a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory they affect things a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory they affect things a bit
+because you know if you know that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you know that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you know that if you
+know that the dealer button folded two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the dealer button folded two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the dealer button folded two
+cards even if you don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards even if you don't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards even if you don't know what they
+are they're probably more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're probably more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're probably more likely to be
+really crappy cards like twos and threes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crappy cards like twos and threes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crappy cards like twos and threes
+other than Aces because if they had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Aces because if they had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Aces because if they had an
+ace they would have played it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace they would have played it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace they would have played it but I
+think not worrying about that is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think not worrying about that is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think not worrying about that is fine
+you you don't need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't need to worry about
+it okay another example of equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay another example of equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay another example of equity
+calculation so it's the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so it's the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so it's the exact same
+example as before but in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as before but in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as before but in this case the
+probability distribution isn't over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution isn't over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution isn't over
+cards that could come all the cards have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that could come all the cards have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that could come all the cards have
+already come the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already come the probability
+distribution is just over my opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is just over my opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is just over my opponent's
+hand so you know this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so you know this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so you know this is the same
+calculation we calculated our Equity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we calculated our Equity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we calculated our Equity is
+25% and that's not a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% and that's not a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% and that's not a probability
+distribution over curs and come that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over curs and come that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over curs and come that's a
+probability distribution over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over our
+beliefs of our opponent's hand okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of our opponent's hand okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of our opponent's hand okay so
+example three of calculating Equity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example three of calculating Equity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example three of calculating Equity so
+this one you can't really do by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you can't really do by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you can't really do by hand
+it's um let's say you get it all in Pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um let's say you get it all in Pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um let's say you get it all in Pre
+flop with uh Ace King suited against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop with uh Ace King suited against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop with uh Ace King suited against
+pocket twos and um you basically need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket twos and um you basically need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket twos and um you basically need a
+calculator there's certain websites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator there's certain websites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator there's certain websites that
+help you do this and Ace King suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you do this and Ace King suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you do this and Ace King suited
+against pocket twos if you if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against pocket twos if you if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against pocket twos if you if they don't
+have a two of your suit is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two of your suit is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two of your suit is actually a
+very small favorite which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small favorite which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small favorite which is kind of
+cool but if they have the two parts then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool but if they have the two parts then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool but if they have the two parts then
+you're actually a slight Underdog um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually a slight Underdog um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually a slight Underdog um
+okay so right so so just make sure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so so just make sure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so so just make sure for
+all the different all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different all the different
+things Equity could mean Equity could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Equity could mean Equity could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Equity could mean Equity could
+mean uh probability over a river cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh probability over a river cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh probability over a river cars
+probability over the unknown um a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over the unknown um a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over the unknown um a very
+good calculator in general is poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good calculator in general is poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good calculator in general is poker
+stove which I'll have lots of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove which I'll have lots of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove which I'll have lots of examples
+of in my slides and you can download it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in my slides and you can download it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in my slides and you can download it
+via this link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this link
+here right so this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so this is an example of
+using poker stove so you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using poker stove so you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using poker stove so you know you can
+put in exact calculations like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in exact calculations like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in exact calculations like let's say
+you get it in with uh two of diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it in with uh two of diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it in with uh two of diamonds
+two of spades so pocket twos on a flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of spades so pocket twos on a flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of spades so pocket twos on a flop
+of 532 versus a range where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 532 versus a range where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 532 versus a range where you know
+your opponent is going to have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent is going to have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent is going to have a big
+pair like pocket Jacks plus you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair like pocket Jacks plus you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair like pocket Jacks plus you can
+actually run it and your Equity is 85%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run it and your Equity is 85%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run it and your Equity is 85%
+which is actually surprisingly low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually surprisingly low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually surprisingly low I
+think you know CU it seems like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know CU it seems like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know CU it seems like you know
+you've got three of a kind they've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got three of a kind they've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got three of a kind they've only
+got a pair they have two chances to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a pair they have two chances to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a pair they have two chances to hit
+one of two cards but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two cards but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two cards but there's a lot of
+random stuff that can happen like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random stuff that can happen like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random stuff that can happen like if
+they have Aces they can make a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have Aces they can make a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have Aces they can make a straight
+they can make a back for flush um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make a back for flush um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make a back for flush um the
+board could come two more fives which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board could come two more fives which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board could come two more fives which
+counterfeits or three other kind Deuces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeits or three other kind Deuces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeits or three other kind Deuces
+um so this is another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is another example of
+calculating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating in
+equity right so this is just a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity right so this is just a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity right so this is just a summary
+of the different situations you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different situations you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different situations you might
+want to calculate equity and yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate equity and yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate equity and yeah I
+recommend you download poker still but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you download poker still but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you download poker still but
+it's you don't really have to um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you don't really have to um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you don't really have to um and I
+guess one question you could ask is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one question you could ask is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one question you could ask is you
+know how do you actually do this at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you actually do this at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you actually do this at a
+table uh so essentially you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table uh so essentially you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table uh so essentially you just have to
+if you do this a lot while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this a lot while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this a lot while you're
+studying about hands and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying about hands and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying about hands and thinking about
+poker eventually I've been able to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker eventually I've been able to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker eventually I've been able to just
+memorize a lot of situations in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a lot of situations in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a lot of situations in general
+what the probabilities are or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probabilities are or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probabilities are or at least
+what the correct decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the correct decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the correct decision
+is okay so now let's talk about raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so now let's talk about raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so now let's talk about raising
+to win the blinds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win the blinds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win the blinds and
+antes okay so the anes an antee is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antes okay so the anes an antee is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antes okay so the anes an antee is an
+extra small bet that each player must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra small bet that each player must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra small bet that each player must
+put into the pot each hand and these sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the pot each hand and these sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the pot each hand and these sum
+to around a big blind and they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to around a big blind and they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to around a big blind and they come in
+during the later stages of a tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the later stages of a tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the later stages of a tournament
+and they're inexistent in cash games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're inexistent in cash games so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're inexistent in cash games so
+I sort of I sort of swept this under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of I sort of swept this under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of I sort of swept this under the
+rug in the earlier examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rug in the earlier examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rug in the earlier examples
+um so in uh let me go back so like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in uh let me go back so like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in uh let me go back so like in
+here do you see the 1,200 in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do you see the 1,200 in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do you see the 1,200 in the middle
+so I actually sort of stuff this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually sort of stuff this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually sort of stuff this under
+the rug but that comes from each player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rug but that comes from each player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rug but that comes from each player
+being forced to put in 200 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being forced to put in 200 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being forced to put in 200 which is
+oneth of the big blind at the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneth of the big blind at the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneth of the big blind at the start of
+every hand and if you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hand and if you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hand and if you're playing
+tournaments then this will usually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments then this will usually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments then this will usually be
+the case anties will come in fairly soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case anties will come in fairly soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case anties will come in fairly soon
+if you're playing cash games where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're playing cash games where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're playing cash games where you
+just sit down and you can leave whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit down and you can leave whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit down and you can leave whenever
+and you sit down and just play for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sit down and just play for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sit down and just play for uh
+your own play money then there's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own play money then there's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own play money then there's usually
+no anties but anties actually make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anties but anties actually make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anties but anties actually make a
+world difference in terms of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world difference in terms of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world difference in terms of what you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so it's not just the stakes are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just the stakes are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just the stakes are bigger
+when there's anties because you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's anties because you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's anties because you know you
+don't want to just think of it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to just think of it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to just think of it like
+there's extra money in the pot every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extra money in the pot every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extra money in the pot every
+hand it's equivalent to the blinds being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's equivalent to the blinds being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's equivalent to the blinds being
+bigger that's not true because you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger that's not true because you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger that's not true because you also
+have to put in an ante so if the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put in an ante so if the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put in an ante so if the blinds
+were proportionally bigger to cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were proportionally bigger to cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were proportionally bigger to cover the
+antes you would have to raise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antes you would have to raise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antes you would have to raise to a
+bigger size to try to steal the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger size to try to steal the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger size to try to steal the blinds
+but with anties you don't need to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with anties you don't need to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with anties you don't need to raise
+do any bigger size to try to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any bigger size to try to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any bigger size to try to steal the
+points so it's actually very action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so it's actually very action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so it's actually very action
+driving it's it's very exciting it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it's it's very exciting it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it's it's very exciting it makes
+so that you basically you want to play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you basically you want to play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you basically you want to play a
+very wide range of hands and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide range of hands and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide range of hands and you really
+just want to be trying to win the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to be trying to win the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to be trying to win the blinds
+as often as possible because winning one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often as possible because winning one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often as possible because winning one
+pot with the anti is is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot with the anti is is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot with the anti is is so
+big okay so this is what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay so this is what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay so this is what it looks
+like all right so the first thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so the first thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so the first thing I'm
+going to say is you know if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say is you know if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say is you know if you're going
+to start playing tournaments tonight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start playing tournaments tonight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start playing tournaments tonight is
+if no one has raised yet you really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if no one has raised yet you really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if no one has raised yet you really you
+don't want to call you want to raise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to call you want to raise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to call you want to raise to
+give yourself a chance of winning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself a chance of winning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself a chance of winning the
+blinds without seeing a flock so I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds without seeing a flock so I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds without seeing a flock so I'd say
+the most common beginner mistake I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common beginner mistake I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common beginner mistake I see
+uh poker player beginner poker players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh poker player beginner poker players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh poker player beginner poker players
+make is not raising when no one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is not raising when no one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is not raising when no one has
+raised before so in this case it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised before so in this case it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised before so in this case it would
+be just calling for 2000 and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just calling for 2000 and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just calling for 2000 and trying to
+see a flop but the main issue is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a flop but the main issue is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a flop but the main issue is you're
+giving the big blind they can just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the big blind they can just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the big blind they can just check
+and see the flop for free whereas if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see the flop for free whereas if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see the flop for free whereas if you
+raise you put them to a decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise you put them to a decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise you put them to a decision and
+they might fold and you might just win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might fold and you might just win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might fold and you might just win
+the pot for free without having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot for free without having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot for free without having to do
+anything essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything essentially
+so how much do you raise when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much do you raise when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much do you raise when I say
+raise um so the minimum raise size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise um so the minimum raise size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise um so the minimum raise size you
+can do is Raising to two big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is Raising to two big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is Raising to two big blinds
+however this is a bit small because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this is a bit small because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this is a bit small because you
+give the blinds fairly good odds to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the blinds fairly good odds to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the blinds fairly good odds to make
+a profitable call although it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profitable call although it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profitable call although it's not even
+that bad so so let me just talk a bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad so so let me just talk a bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad so so let me just talk a bit in
+general about raising Big versus raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general about raising Big versus raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general about raising Big versus raising
+small so the advantage of raising small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so the advantage of raising small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so the advantage of raising small
+is that you're risking less like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're risking less like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're risking less like let's
+say you raise and then the next person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you raise and then the next person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you raise and then the next person
+re raises and then the next person goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re raises and then the next person goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re raises and then the next person goes
+all in right so you know probably those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in right so you know probably those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in right so you know probably those
+two people have pretty good hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people have pretty good hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people have pretty good hands and
+you want to fold if you raise to a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to fold if you raise to a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to fold if you raise to a small
+size then you can fold and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size then you can fold and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size then you can fold and you don't
+lose that much if if I raise through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that much if if I raise through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that much if if I raise through
+like five big blinds then I'm losing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five big blinds then I'm losing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five big blinds then I'm losing a
+lot more but what's the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more but what's the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more but what's the benefit of
+raising big is you give other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising big is you give other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising big is you give other people
+worse odds to call if I only raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse odds to call if I only raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse odds to call if I only raise the
+two big blinds let's actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big blinds let's actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big blinds let's actually do this
+calculation let's say here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation let's say here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation let's say here instead of
+going all in I raise to two big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all in I raise to two big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all in I raise to two big blinds
+which is 4,000 right what odds am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 4,000 right what odds am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 4,000 right what odds am I
+essentially giving the big blind to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving the big blind to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving the big blind to call
+to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call
+um so think about it as so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so think about it as so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so think about it as so this is
+actually in this very exact situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this very exact situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this very exact situation
+this is a very common mistake I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very common mistake I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very common mistake I see
+beginners make which is you you raise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginners make which is you you raise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginners make which is you you raise to
+only 4,000 uh yeah so there's 8,000 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 4,000 uh yeah so there's 8,000 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 4,000 uh yeah so there's 8,000 in
+the p and they have to call 2,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p and they have to call 2,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p and they have to call 2,000 so
+it's 41 right right so it's 41 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 41 right right so it's 41 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 41 right right so it's 41 but
+there's also the small blind so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the small blind so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the small blind so there's
+there's actually going to be 9,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually going to be 9,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually going to be 9,000
+essentially in the PO is yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the PO is yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the PO is yeah so it's
+going to be 8,800 it's going to be 8,800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 8,800 it's going to be 8,800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 8,800 it's going to be 8,800
+so approximately 9,000 and they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so approximately 9,000 and they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so approximately 9,000 and they only
+have to call 2,000 to see the this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to call 2,000 to see the this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to call 2,000 to see the this does
+that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to
+everyone so it's so their odds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so it's so their odds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so it's so their odds are
+actually 4.5 to1 and you know Ace jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 4.5 to1 and you know Ace jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 4.5 to1 and you know Ace jack
+off suit is a great hand but Ace but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is a great hand but Ace but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is a great hand but Ace but
+there's there's no hand that Ace jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no hand that Ace jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no hand that Ace jack
+off suit is more than a 4.1 4.5 to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is more than a 4.1 4.5 to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is more than a 4.1 4.5 to1
+favorite against so in some sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite against so in some sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite against so in some sense you
+know it's basically even if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's basically even if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's basically even if they have
+Jack two or whatever Ace to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack two or whatever Ace to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack two or whatever Ace to think of the
+think of the best possible case for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the best possible case for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the best possible case for you
+you're you're still not doing better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're still not doing better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're still not doing better
+than the odds are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the odds are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the odds are giving
+them okay so but on so on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so but on so on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so but on so on the other hand
+though you really don't want to it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you really don't want to it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you really don't want to it is
+really risky to raise more than 2.25 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really risky to raise more than 2.25 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really risky to raise more than 2.25 so
+I'm so a reasonable rule of thumb might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so a reasonable rule of thumb might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so a reasonable rule of thumb might
+say is to raise the 2.25 big blinds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is to raise the 2.25 big blinds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is to raise the 2.25 big blinds in
+tournaments um I know it's pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments um I know it's pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments um I know it's pretty close
+to do if you just raise the two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you just raise the two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you just raise the two it's
+probably not that bad um but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that bad um but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that bad um but roughly
+speaking I think this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking I think this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking I think this is a reasonable
+rule of thumb earlier you could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb earlier you could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb earlier you could try to
+raise do more I think that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise do more I think that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise do more I think that's sort of
+customary although I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customary although I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customary although I don't think it's
+theoretically optimal um you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically optimal um you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically optimal um you could you
+you'll often see players raised to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often see players raised to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often see players raised to like
+three big blinds especially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big blinds especially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big blinds especially when you
+watch like Pro players they'll raise do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch like Pro players they'll raise do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch like Pro players they'll raise do
+bigger but the main reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger but the main reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger but the main reason is because
+they're the better player by a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the better player by a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the better player by a lot and
+they're just trying to make big pots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just trying to make big pots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just trying to make big pots
+which is reasonable you know if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is reasonable you know if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is reasonable you know if if you
+think you're if you're trying to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're if you're trying to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're if you're trying to just
+play Big pots and win big pots then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Big pots and win big pots then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Big pots and win big pots then
+raising to a bigger size is fine but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising to a bigger size is fine but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising to a bigger size is fine but I
+don't think there's any theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's any theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's any theoretical
+reason to raise to more than 2.25 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to raise to more than 2.25 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to raise to more than 2.25 big
+blinds in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds in most
+situations um other than when like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um other than when like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um other than when like in
+cash games where it's where all players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash games where it's where all players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash games where it's where all players
+have a lot of money then it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of money then it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of money then it's a bit
+different because also in cash games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because also in cash games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because also in cash games
+you're not worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not worried about
+um you're not worried about risking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not worried about risking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not worried about risking more
+because you're not worried about losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not worried about losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not worried about losing
+out of the tournament but um okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the tournament but um okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the tournament but um okay so the
+other thing is instead of raising you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is instead of raising you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is instead of raising you
+should just go all in if the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just go all in if the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just go all in if the effective
+stack size is 12 big blinds or less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size is 12 big blinds or less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size is 12 big blinds or less so
+recall the rationale for raising big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the rationale for raising big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the rationale for raising big is
+to prevent others from calling for cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent others from calling for cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent others from calling for cheap
+but the rationale for raising small is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rationale for raising small is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rationale for raising small is
+to lose less if we get rised and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose less if we get rised and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose less if we get rised and have to
+fold but 12 big blinds is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold but 12 big blinds is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold but 12 big blinds is sort of the
+point where it's small enough that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it's small enough that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it's small enough that you
+never really want to fold after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really want to fold after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really want to fold after
+committing 2.25 big blinds so if I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing 2.25 big blinds so if I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing 2.25 big blinds so if I only
+have 12 big blinds I raised 2.25 I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 big blinds I raised 2.25 I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 big blinds I raised 2.25 I've
+only got 9.75 left after you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got 9.75 left after you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got 9.75 left after you know even
+if I get okay fine if I get raised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get okay fine if I get raised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get okay fine if I get raised and
+re raised maybe I'll fold but even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re raised maybe I'll fold but even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re raised maybe I'll fold but even if I
+get R raised once if I'm raising in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get R raised once if I'm raising in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get R raised once if I'm raising in the
+first place you know my hand is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place you know my hand is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place you know my hand is going to
+be reasonable like I'm if for the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonable like I'm if for the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonable like I'm if for the huge
+taller game I'm not going to raise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller game I'm not going to raise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller game I'm not going to raise in
+the first place if I'm like if I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place if I'm like if I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place if I'm like if I'm like
+5 ft or something so um your hand will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 ft or something so um your hand will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 ft or something so um your hand will
+be reasonable um so this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonable um so this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonable um so this is sort of
+beginner mistake number two is being too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginner mistake number two is being too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginner mistake number two is being too
+scared to go all in Pre flop so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared to go all in Pre flop so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared to go all in Pre flop so that's
+why this Ace Jack Hand um I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this Ace Jack Hand um I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this Ace Jack Hand um I actually
+cheated a bit I so technically here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated a bit I so technically here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated a bit I so technically here the
+effective sack size is well the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sack size is well the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sack size is well the big
+blind has 12 and a half big blinds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind has 12 and a half big blinds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind has 12 and a half big blinds um
+but the small blind only has seven and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the small blind only has seven and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the small blind only has seven and a
+half so I roughly said the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I roughly said the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I roughly said the effective
+stack size is less than 12 and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size is less than 12 and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size is less than 12 and I just
+went all in um so that's definitely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all in um so that's definitely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all in um so that's definitely be
+beginner mistake number two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginner mistake number two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginner mistake number two in
+tournaments is to be too scared to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments is to be too scared to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments is to be too scared to go
+all in Pre flop um so what your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Pre flop um so what your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Pre flop um so what your goal
+essentially should be oh sorry I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially should be oh sorry I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially should be oh sorry I should
+say the rule is if there's so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the rule is if there's so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the rule is if there's so all the
+numbers I said assume there's anes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I said assume there's anes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I said assume there's anes if
+there's no antes you should change it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no antes you should change it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no antes you should change it to
+10 big blinds so the threshold for going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 big blinds so the threshold for going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 big blinds so the threshold for going
+on should be less because when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on should be less because when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on should be less because when there's
+no anes you don't you want to be risking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anes you don't you want to be risking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anes you don't you want to be risking
+less because the pl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less because the pl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less because the pl is
+smaller okay so yeah so overall what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay so yeah so overall what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay so yeah so overall what you
+know when I talked about position I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I talked about position I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I talked about position I
+talked about stack size essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stack size essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stack size essentially what
+I'm trying to get the point across is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to get the point across is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to get the point across is if
+you're just starting out you uh players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just starting out you uh players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just starting out you uh players
+tend to make all decision based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make all decision based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make all decision based on their
+cards it's just I like I have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards it's just I like I have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards it's just I like I have a pair of
+jacks I see my pair of jacks on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacks I see my pair of jacks on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacks I see my pair of jacks on this
+board I have a pair that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I have a pair that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I have a pair that's pretty good
+and you sort of tend to ignore what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of tend to ignore what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of tend to ignore what the
+effective staff size is how much your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective staff size is how much your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective staff size is how much your
+wag ring and position but experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wag ring and position but experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wag ring and position but experience
+players the cards actually matter much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players the cards actually matter much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players the cards actually matter much
+much less to them in fact you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less to them in fact you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less to them in fact you know if
+you're playing if you're doing optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing if you're doing optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing if you're doing optimal
+play you don't even care in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you don't even care in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you don't even care in some sense
+what your cards are you just care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your cards are you just care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your cards are you just care what
+your range of cards are at that point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range of cards are at that point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range of cards are at that point um
+so experience play they're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so experience play they're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so experience play they're willing to
+raise the blinds with much weaker hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the blinds with much weaker hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the blinds with much weaker hands
+from good positions rather than early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from good positions rather than early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from good positions rather than early
+positions and they're going to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and they're going to risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and they're going to risk
+going on a lot more frequently with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a lot more frequently with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a lot more frequently with a
+lot worse hands if their stack size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot worse hands if their stack size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot worse hands if their stack size is
+low so I want you to think about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so I want you to think about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so I want you to think about that so
+so you know if you're just starting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're just starting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're just starting out
+that's fine you know if you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you know if you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you know if you're still
+trying to figure out whether you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out whether you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out whether you have a
+straight and stuff like that that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and stuff like that that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and stuff like that that's fine
+and it's totally fine if you try to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's totally fine if you try to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's totally fine if you try to play
+base just on your cards but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base just on your cards but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base just on your cards but I want
+everyone's goal by the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's goal by the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's goal by the end of the class
+to be able to play based on these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to play based on these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to play based on these other
+factors more so than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors more so than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors more so than your
+cards okay so that being said I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards okay so that being said I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards okay so that being said I'm going
+to give you some concrete suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some concrete suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some concrete suggestions
+for instead for those of you who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instead for those of you who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instead for those of you who might
+want to start playing tonight of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start playing tonight of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start playing tonight of what
+hands you should be playing uh from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you should be playing uh from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you should be playing uh from each
+position and so here this is so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so here this is so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so here this is so most of
+the tournaments will be have nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tournaments will be have nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tournaments will be have nine
+players per table and um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players per table and um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players per table and um so this is
+going to be roughly a range I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be roughly a range I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be roughly a range I recommend
+to open so these These are the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open so these These are the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open so these These are the range of
+hands you should be playing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you should be playing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you should be playing from the
+worst position so under the gun at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst position so under the gun at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst position so under the gun at a
+nine handed table so there's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine handed table so there's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine handed table so there's eight
+players left behind you who can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players left behind you who can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players left behind you who can pick up
+really good hands so it's Aces King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good hands so it's Aces King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good hands so it's Aces King
+Queens Jacks Ace King suited Ace King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens Jacks Ace King suited Ace King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens Jacks Ace King suited Ace King
+off suit tens Ace Queen suited Ace Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit tens Ace Queen suited Ace Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit tens Ace Queen suited Ace Queen
+off okay so that's basically the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so that's basically the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so that's basically the list of
+hands so this is a you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so this is a you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so this is a you know these are
+only premium hands right this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only premium hands right this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only premium hands right this is like
+6.2% of hands I think um it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2% of hands I think um it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2% of hands I think um it's it's a
+very premium range so note how tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very premium range so note how tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very premium range so note how tight
+this is um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um okay
+so yeah because the thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah because the thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah because the thing to remember is
+only the best hand out of nine hands at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the best hand out of nine hands at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the best hand out of nine hands at
+the table is going to get the pot when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table is going to get the pot when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table is going to get the pot when
+there's nine hand you know the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nine hand you know the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nine hand you know the even
+though the average hand is really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the average hand is really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the average hand is really bad
+the best hand out of nine hands is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best hand out of nine hands is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best hand out of nine hands is
+always going to be pretty good so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be pretty good so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be pretty good so to
+even think that you have a chance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think that you have a chance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think that you have a chance you
+need to start up with a very premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start up with a very premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start up with a very premium
+holding okay so so okay so roughly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding okay so so okay so roughly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding okay so so okay so roughly what
+do you add uh as you go around the tabl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you add uh as you go around the tabl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you add uh as you go around the tabl
+for the second position um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second position um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second position um I'm going to
+post all these slides before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post all these slides before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post all these slides before the
+tournament start by the way so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament start by the way so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament start by the way so you don't
+need to feel the scramble to write all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to feel the scramble to write all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to feel the scramble to write all
+this down um I'm going to post it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down um I'm going to post it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down um I'm going to post it so so
+this from the second position uh I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the second position uh I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the second position uh I so
+the I I put in Black the hands that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I I put in Black the hands that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I I put in Black the hands that I
+would open from the previous position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would open from the previous position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would open from the previous position
+and I put in red the hands that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put in red the hands that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put in red the hands that I would
+open from that position in addition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open from that position in addition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open from that position in addition so
+you know second position there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know second position there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know second position there's one
+less player okay I'll gamble with Sev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less player okay I'll gamble with Sev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less player okay I'll gamble with Sev
+Ace Jack king queen Ace 10 suited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace Jack king queen Ace 10 suited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace Jack king queen Ace 10 suited so
+we'll get we'll get around the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get we'll get around the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get we'll get around the table and
+then the range will will slowly increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the range will will slowly increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the range will will slowly increase
+um oh also note that these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh also note that these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh also note that these are very
+conservative ranges if you watch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative ranges if you watch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative ranges if you watch like
+high St poker probably the players will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high St poker probably the players will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high St poker probably the players will
+open a lot more hands than what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a lot more hands than what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a lot more hands than what I'm
+recommending here but my general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending here but my general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending here but my general
+experience has been when you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience has been when you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience has been when you're just
+starting out to play poker it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out to play poker it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out to play poker it's much
+easier to air on the side of being too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to air on the side of being too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to air on the side of being too
+tight than being too loose so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight than being too loose so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight than being too loose so because
+it's it's in some sense a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in some sense a lot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in some sense a lot easier to
+play pocket aces than 75 suited with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play pocket aces than 75 suited with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play pocket aces than 75 suited with
+pocket aces you're always going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket aces you're always going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket aces you're always going to have
+a pair of Aces or better you just bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of Aces or better you just bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of Aces or better you just bet
+bet bet um and then with 75 suited you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet bet um and then with 75 suited you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet bet um and then with 75 suited you
+need to be able to Bluff very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to Bluff very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to Bluff very carefully
+you need to sometimes be able to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sometimes be able to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sometimes be able to try to
+get value when you just hit a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get value when you just hit a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get value when you just hit a pair of
+sevens and it's just a lot harder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens and it's just a lot harder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens and it's just a lot harder so
+always so the ranges I'm suggesting are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so the ranges I'm suggesting are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so the ranges I'm suggesting are
+very tight by most poker standards by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight by most poker standards by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight by most poker standards by
+tight I mean conservative but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight I mean conservative but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight I mean conservative but I think
+that's the right side to airon when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right side to airon when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right side to airon when
+you're just starting um so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just starting um so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just starting um so these are the
+range okay so now we're going to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay so now we're going to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay so now we're going to get as
+we get to the later position so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the later position so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the later position so this is
+low Jack we're opening more hands now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Jack we're opening more hands now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Jack we're opening more hands now um
+any two suited Broadways so that's hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two suited Broadways so that's hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two suited Broadways so that's hands
+like Jack 10 suited Queen 10 suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jack 10 suited Queen 10 suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jack 10 suited Queen 10 suited
+basically any two cards that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any two cards that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any two cards that are the
+same suit and both 10 or higher um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same suit and both 10 or higher um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same suit and both 10 or higher um so
+maybe I should just run through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should just run through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should just run through this
+quickly so why is being having your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so why is being having your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so why is being having your
+cards be suited good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards be suited good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards be suited good
+you get the flush right right so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the flush right right so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the flush right right so if it's
+suited you're more likely to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited you're more likely to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited you're more likely to make it
+flush but if you have two unsuited codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush but if you have two unsuited codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush but if you have two unsuited codes
+then there's two different plushes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two different plushes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two different plushes you
+right so okay like if you have Queen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay like if you have Queen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay like if you have Queen of
+Diamonds tenis space and you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds tenis space and you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds tenis space and you can make a
+diamond flesh or a Spate flesh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond flesh or a Spate flesh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond flesh or a Spate flesh but
+essentially that that argument is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that that argument is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that that argument is wrong
+because there's two reasons why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's two reasons why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's two reasons why it's
+wrong one is it's not more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong one is it's not more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong one is it's not more likely
+because you need four of the suit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need four of the suit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need four of the suit to
+make the flush and two is when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the flush and two is when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the flush and two is when you make
+the flush it's also more obvious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flush it's also more obvious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flush it's also more obvious you
+have the flush like if there's like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the flush like if there's like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the flush like if there's like if
+you only have one Diamond even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one Diamond even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one Diamond even if it's
+the E of diamonds once there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E of diamonds once there's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E of diamonds once there's four
+diamonds on the board it's way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds on the board it's way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds on the board it's way more
+likely that you have a flush so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you have a flush so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that you have a flush so you're
+going to get paid off less whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get paid off less whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get paid off less whereas if
+you have two diamonds in your hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two diamonds in your hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two diamonds in your hand and
+there's only three diamonds on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only three diamonds on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only three diamonds on the board
+it's less susceptible that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less susceptible that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less susceptible that you have a
+flush okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush okay so
+um okay so hijack is 3 to the button so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so hijack is 3 to the button so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so hijack is 3 to the button so
+this is what I would recommend okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I would recommend okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I would recommend okay so
+any pair so pairs are pairs are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair so pairs are pairs are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair so pairs are pairs are pretty
+good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um
+any suited Ace so suited Ace means any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any suited Ace so suited Ace means any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any suited Ace so suited Ace means any
+card with any hand with an Ace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with any hand with an Ace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with any hand with an Ace and
+another card of the same suit any suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another card of the same suit any suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another card of the same suit any suited
+connector um by that I mean hands like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector um by that I mean hands like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector um by that I mean hands like
+basically two cards that are next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two cards that are next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two cards that are next to
+each other and also the same suit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and also the same suit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and also the same suit um
+like 10 nine 10 of Spades nine of Spades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 nine 10 of Spades nine of Spades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 nine 10 of Spades nine of Spades
+or um any two unsuited Broadway cards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um any two unsuited Broadway cards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um any two unsuited Broadway cards so
+I do use a lot of terminology here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do use a lot of terminology here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do use a lot of terminology here so
+yeah please stop me if something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please stop me if something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please stop me if something is
+unclear um you can Google most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear um you can Google most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear um you can Google most of these
+I think but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so yeah and pseud connectors are good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah and pseud connectors are good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah and pseud connectors are good so
+like a hand like 7 six suited is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hand like 7 six suited is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hand like 7 six suited is often
+better than a hand like 10 10 six suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a hand like 10 10 six suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a hand like 10 10 six suited
+even though even though the 10 is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though even though the 10 is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though even though the 10 is bigger
+than the six because 10 is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the six because 10 is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the six because 10 is sort of a
+small enough card where it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough card where it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough card where it's not that
+relevant the fact that it's a big card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant the fact that it's a big card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant the fact that it's a big card
+but the fact that 7 six is connected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that 7 six is connected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that 7 six is connected and
+can hit a lot more straights is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hit a lot more straights is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hit a lot more straights is very
+relevant okay so for cut off I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay so for cut off I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay so for cut off I'm just
+going to show you on poker stove because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you on poker stove because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you on poker stove because
+there's sort of too many to list but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of too many to list but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of too many to list but the
+thing I want you to note is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want you to note is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want you to note is the
+percentage it's 30% right so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage it's 30% right so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage it's 30% right so remember
+under the gun I recommended playing 6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun I recommended playing 6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun I recommended playing 6%
+so we've multiplied what how B hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've multiplied what how B hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've multiplied what how B hand
+could be for us to play by five and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be for us to play by five and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be for us to play by five and I
+think this is what I really want to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is what I really want to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is what I really want to want
+you to try to do and I think what a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to do and I think what a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to do and I think what a lot
+of new players don't do enough is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new players don't do enough is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new players don't do enough is they
+always play the same cards regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always play the same cards regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always play the same cards regardless of
+your position and then even crazier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your position and then even crazier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your position and then even crazier on
+the button if everyone in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button if everyone in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button if everyone in front of you
+folds I recommend playing about 55% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds I recommend playing about 55% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds I recommend playing about 55% of
+hands you know this is huge I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you know this is huge I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you know this is huge I want you
+to play Jack 3 suited who thinks Jack 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play Jack 3 suited who thinks Jack 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play Jack 3 suited who thinks Jack 3
+suited is a good name or King 4 offit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited is a good name or King 4 offit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited is a good name or King 4 offit or
+queen 6 offit um okay so okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen 6 offit um okay so okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen 6 offit um okay so okay so now
+what hands do you play from the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hands do you play from the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hands do you play from the small
+blind if it's folded to you uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind if it's folded to you uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind if it's folded to you uh so let's
+compare opening from the small blind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare opening from the small blind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare opening from the small blind to
+opening from the button so so for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening from the button so so for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening from the button so so for small
+blind it's a bit different now um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind it's a bit different now um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind it's a bit different now um so
+yeah so I should so I should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I should so I should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I should so I should mention
+this because when you're raising from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because when you're raising from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because when you're raising from
+the button from the dealer if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button from the dealer if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button from the dealer if you get
+you get to act last postf so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to act last postf so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to act last postf so I'm going
+to talk more about this in future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about this in future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about this in future
+lectures but this is basically called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but this is basically called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but this is basically called
+having position uh post flop and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having position uh post flop and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having position uh post flop and having
+position is basically good yeah for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is basically good yeah for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is basically good yeah for all
+these for all these hands are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for all these hands are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for all these hands are you
+assuming that everyone's folded behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that everyone's folded behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that everyone's folded behind
+you yes yes um if people haven't folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yes yes um if people haven't folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yes yes um if people haven't folded
+essentially I'll talk more about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I'll talk more about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I'll talk more about this in
+future classes but essentially what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes but essentially what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes but essentially what you
+need to do if uh so like let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do if uh so like let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do if uh so like let's say this
+guy raised and you're the button right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy raised and you're the button right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy raised and you're the button right
+essentially you need to consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you need to consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you need to consider what
+his range is and calculate your Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his range is and calculate your Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his range is and calculate your Equity
+against his range which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against his range which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against his range which you can
+completely different right right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different right right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different right right so the
+calculation is essentially completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is essentially completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is essentially completely
+different um so essentially the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so essentially the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so essentially the first
+guy who raised sort of determines sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who raised sort of determines sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who raised sort of determines sort
+of what the barrier to entry to the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the barrier to entry to the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the barrier to entry to the pot
+is because essentially the first guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because essentially the first guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because essentially the first guy
+that raises is if it's from under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that raises is if it's from under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that raises is if it's from under the
+gun you know he's telling you my range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun you know he's telling you my range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun you know he's telling you my range
+is pocket eight plus even if he's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pocket eight plus even if he's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pocket eight plus even if he's sort
+of loose it's still going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loose it's still going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loose it's still going to be like
+pocket fours plus and like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket fours plus and like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket fours plus and like you know
+Queen 10 suited plus basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen 10 suited plus basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen 10 suited plus basically it's
+saying you know if you're playing 8 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know if you're playing 8 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know if you're playing 8 six
+suited then you're basically an idiot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited then you're basically an idiot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited then you're basically an idiot
+because my range is way better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my range is way better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my range is way better than that
+so essentially the first guy who plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the first guy who plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the first guy who plays
+this hand sort of sets the tone on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hand sort of sets the tone on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hand sort of sets the tone on what
+how good your hand needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes so yeah thanks for that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes so yeah thanks for that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes so yeah thanks for that question
+so I'll talk more about this in a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll talk more about this in a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll talk more about this in a future
+lecture but essentially uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but essentially uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but essentially uh yeah
+essentially that's what you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's what you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's what you need to do
+okay so from the small blind let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the small blind let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the small blind let's
+compare opening the small blind from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare opening the small blind from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare opening the small blind from
+opening the button so the issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the button so the issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the button so the issue with
+opening the small blind is if the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the small blind is if the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the small blind is if the big
+blind calls you actually don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind calls you actually don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind calls you actually don't have
+position post blot the big blind gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position post blot the big blind gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position post blot the big blind gets to
+act after you post plot so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act after you post plot so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act after you post plot so it's actually
+a lot worse in some sense than opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot worse in some sense than opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot worse in some sense than opening
+from the button because you don't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button because you don't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button because you don't get to
+act last but it is better in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act last but it is better in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act last but it is better in the sense
+that there's one through person you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's one through person you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's one through person you get
+through and also you have you have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and also you have you have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and also you have you have less
+to wager which is actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wager which is actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wager which is actually really
+relevant because from the button you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant because from the button you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant because from the button you
+know if you want to if the blinds are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you want to if the blinds are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you want to if the blinds are uh
+oops sorry if the blinds are 2,000 or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops sorry if the blinds are 2,000 or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops sorry if the blinds are 2,000 or 1
+000 or okay let's just take this if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 or okay let's just take this if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 or okay let's just take this if the
+blinds are 2040 if you want to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds are 2040 if you want to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds are 2040 if you want to steal the
+blinds from the button and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds from the button and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds from the button and you want to
+do 2.25 you need to put in 90 right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 2.25 you need to put in 90 right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 2.25 you need to put in 90 right you
+need to raise the 90 and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to raise the 90 and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to raise the 90 and you need to
+wage your 90 but if you're raising from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage your 90 but if you're raising from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage your 90 but if you're raising from
+the small blind you only need to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind you only need to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind you only need to put in
+70 more so you're actually paying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 more so you're actually paying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 more so you're actually paying a
+smaller price to try to steal the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller price to try to steal the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller price to try to steal the blinds
+um but the factor out of position is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the factor out of position is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the factor out of position is a
+very important negative so I'd say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important negative so I'd say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important negative so I'd say all
+these factors balance out and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors balance out and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors balance out and you can
+roughly play the same range of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly play the same range of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly play the same range of hands
+from the small blind as you would from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the small blind as you would from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the small blind as you would from
+the big blind I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blind I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blind I think that's a
+reasonable rule of thumb um um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule of thumb um um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule of thumb um um but the
+fact that you're out of position hurts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're out of position hurts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're out of position hurts a
+lot less as Stacks get shallower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less as Stacks get shallower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less as Stacks get shallower
+essentially as effective stack sizes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as effective stack sizes get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as effective stack sizes get
+a lot smaller so it's um so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot smaller so it's um so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot smaller so it's um so you know you
+could really drastically increase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really drastically increase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really drastically increase this
+range if you only have like 10 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range if you only have like 10 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range if you only have like 10 big
+blinds from the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds from the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds from the small
+blind okay um all right so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind okay um all right so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind okay um all right so let me just
+give a few caveats about this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a few caveats about this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a few caveats about this okay so
+actually I'll leave it to you guys okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll leave it to you guys okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll leave it to you guys okay
+if someone comes up with a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone comes up with a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone comes up with a very good
+complaint about these recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint about these recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint about these recommendations
+I'm giving you I'll I'll I'll give out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you I'll I'll I'll give out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you I'll I'll I'll give out
+the last $20 gift card um um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last $20 gift card um um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last $20 gift card um um okay so
+what are some problems sort of okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some problems sort of okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some problems sort of okay so I
+mean normally I get lots of complaints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean normally I get lots of complaints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean normally I get lots of complaints
+in this section you you already got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section you you already got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section you you already got one
+but you can answer yeah um you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can answer yeah um you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can answer yeah um you're very
+predictable so right okay right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable so right okay right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable so right okay right good
+that that's a very good point so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a very good point so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a very good point so a lot
+of people ask me you know why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people ask me you know why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people ask me you know why would you
+follow these if I follow these everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow these if I follow these everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow these if I follow these everyone
+knows what I'm doing well the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what I'm doing well the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what I'm doing well the point is
+for most of these um for most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of these um for most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of these um for most of these
+even this range right it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this range right it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this range right it sort of
+incompasses enough hands so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompasses enough hands so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompasses enough hands so this is
+where I'm talking about optimal balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm talking about optimal balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm talking about optimal balanced
+play I think you know even though humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I think you know even though humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I think you know even though humans
+have it solve poker I think roughly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it solve poker I think roughly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it solve poker I think roughly if
+you want to ask you know I would I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask you know I would I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask you know I would I would
+guess that roughly the optimal range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that roughly the optimal range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that roughly the optimal range of
+hands to open from this position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands to open from this position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands to open from this position is
+something like this it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it's going to be
+looser but it's something roughly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looser but it's something roughly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looser but it's something roughly like
+this you know probably you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know probably you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know probably you want to
+probabilistically play some smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically play some smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically play some smaller
+cards just so when the Flop comes 224
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards just so when the Flop comes 224
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards just so when the Flop comes 224
+you can potentially have it two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can potentially have it two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can potentially have it two but
+essentially you're not doing bad here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're not doing bad here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're not doing bad here
+because if the Flop comes three small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the Flop comes three small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the Flop comes three small
+cards then you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards then you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards then you're going to be doing
+pretty well with all your big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well with all your big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well with all your big
+and and if the Flop comes big cards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if the Flop comes big cards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if the Flop comes big cards you
+still got Ace King Ace Queen Ace jack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got Ace King Ace Queen Ace jack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got Ace King Ace Queen Ace jack in
+your range um so yeah but but that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range um so yeah but but that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range um so yeah but but that is a
+correct you know that is a good that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you know that is a good that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you know that is a good that is
+a good complaint and if you um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good complaint and if you um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good complaint and if you um so you
+know in theory it's in theory optimal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in theory it's in theory optimal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in theory it's in theory optimal to
+play 7 seven some fraction of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play 7 seven some fraction of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play 7 seven some fraction of the time
+66 some fraction of the time and like 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 some fraction of the time and like 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 some fraction of the time and like 22
+some fraction of the time but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of the time but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of the time but that's
+sort of making things really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of making things really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of making things really complicated
+and you know if I I don't want to add 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if I I don't want to add 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if I I don't want to add 2
+two to the list cuz if you play 2 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the list cuz if you play 2 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the list cuz if you play 2 two
+every sing single time then that's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sing single time then that's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sing single time then that's way
+too loose you're just spewing money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too loose you're just spewing money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too loose you're just spewing money by
+raising with 2 two against this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising with 2 two against this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising with 2 two against this many
+players behind but you know so ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players behind but you know so ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players behind but you know so ideally
+maybe with 2 two you should you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with 2 two you should you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with 2 two you should you should
+do a random number generator and 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a random number generator and 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a random number generator and 10% of
+the time play 22 that would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time play 22 that would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time play 22 that would probably be
+theoretically off um okay good uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically off um okay good uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically off um okay good uh that
+would have gotten this but okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gotten this but okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gotten this but okay I'll
+give it to yeah I think another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to yeah I think another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to yeah I think another problem
+with playing really tight all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with playing really tight all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with playing really tight all the time
+is that you are also very easily bullied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are also very easily bullied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are also very easily bullied
+around the table right so some if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the table right so some if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the table right so some if
+someone bets and you know you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone bets and you know you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone bets and you know you really
+want to play you really want to stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play you really want to stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play you really want to stick to
+your tight range you'll fold and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tight range you'll fold and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tight range you'll fold and you'll
+maybe miss out on something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe miss out on something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe miss out on something that you
+shouldn't have depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have depending on your
+position and things right okay okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and things right okay okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and things right okay okay good
+yeah so yeah so these are pretty tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so these are pretty tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so these are pretty tight
+in that you know it does give other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you know it does give other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you know it does give other
+people incentive to raise a lot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people incentive to raise a lot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people incentive to raise a lot because
+everyone's going to be folding a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's going to be folding a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's going to be folding a lot
+because they're just waiting for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just waiting for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just waiting for these
+really good hands okay um okay yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good hands okay um okay yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good hands okay um okay yeah that
+that's good so okay are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so okay are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so okay are there any other
+questions about these suggestions I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about these suggestions I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about these suggestions I give
+you guys or other other um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys or other other um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys or other other um other
+potential complaints I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential complaints I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential complaints I'm going to give
+this GI certificate to you unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GI certificate to you unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GI certificate to you unless
+someone thinks they have a they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone thinks they have a they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone thinks they have a they have
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+complaint okay okay so I'm I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint okay okay so I'm I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint okay okay so I'm I'll give
+this to you at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so all right so okay so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so okay so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so okay so this is one
+thing that I didn't really address so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't really address so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't really address so I
+talked about so I talked about going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so I talked about going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so I talked about going all
+in as well as just raising so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as well as just raising so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as well as just raising so how do
+these ranges differ um the the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ranges differ um the the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ranges differ um the the answer
+essentially is They Don't Really differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is They Don't Really differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is They Don't Really differ
+so you know let's say you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know let's say you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know let's say you know here
+these are the hands I told you to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the hands I told you to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the hands I told you to play
+right let's say you're sort of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say you're sort of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say you're sort of small
+enough you only have 12 big blinds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you only have 12 big blinds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you only have 12 big blinds with
+anties and you're supposed to go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anties and you're supposed to go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anties and you're supposed to go all in
+instead of raay what which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of raay what which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of raay what which of these
+hands do you go all all in with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands do you go all all in with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands do you go all all in with it's
+roughly the same range um so yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same range um so yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same range um so yeah I
+think as a decent rule of thumb if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a decent rule of thumb if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a decent rule of thumb if you
+just go all in with the same range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go all in with the same range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go all in with the same range
+you're not going to be doing badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be doing badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be doing badly
+um but when the effective stack size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when the effective stack size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when the effective stack size is
+much smaller like let's say you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller like let's say you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller like let's say you only
+have three big blinds then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three big blinds then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three big blinds then you can
+drastically increase this range um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically increase this range um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically increase this range um
+okay so when your when your effective sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when your when your effective sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when your when your effective sa
+size is actually say 10 or uh or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is actually say 10 or uh or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is actually say 10 or uh or let's
+say your effective sack size is five big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your effective sack size is five big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your effective sack size is five big
+blinds you know intuitively you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds you know intuitively you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds you know intuitively you might
+think I can wager a lot I can wager a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can wager a lot I can wager a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can wager a lot I can wager a
+lot wider a range of hands so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot wider a range of hands so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot wider a range of hands so here's the
+argument the argument is I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the argument is I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the argument is I'm only
+risking five big blinds in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking five big blinds in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking five big blinds in the other
+case I was risking 12 big blinds why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I was risking 12 big blinds why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I was risking 12 big blinds why
+should I I should be way more aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I I should be way more aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I I should be way more aggressive
+with five big blinds than 12 big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five big blinds than 12 big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five big blinds than 12 big ones
+right so that's the argument but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the argument but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the argument but the the
+reason why that argument is wrong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why that argument is wrong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why that argument is wrong is
+because with five big blinds you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with five big blinds you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with five big blinds you're
+going to get called every time with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get called every time with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get called every time with five
+big blinds you can't just go all in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you can't just go all in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you can't just go all in with
+72 off suit because your opponent has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 off suit because your opponent has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 off suit because your opponent has
+such good odds to call they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such good odds to call they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such good odds to call they're going to
+call you whereas with 12 big blinds even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you whereas with 12 big blinds even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you whereas with 12 big blinds even
+though you're risking more you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're risking more you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're risking more you also have
+more chances of getting everyone to fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chances of getting everyone to fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chances of getting everyone to fold
+so even though it seems like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though it seems like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though it seems like you're
+risking way more in some sense you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking way more in some sense you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking way more in some sense you're
+not because the more chips you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because the more chips you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because the more chips you're
+risking the more likely it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking the more likely it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking the more likely it is that
+everyone else folds does that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else folds does that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else folds does that argument
+make sense to everyone so make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to everyone so make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to everyone so make sure you
+don't get tricked by that because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get tricked by that because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get tricked by that because it is
+easy to get tricked but but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get tricked but but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get tricked but but the fact
+that you the fact that when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you the fact that when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you the fact that when you have
+when you're risking more you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're risking more you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're risking more you're getting
+people to fold more means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to fold more means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to fold more means you're
+actually not risking as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not risking as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not risking as much as you
+think you are and it's and that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you are and it's and that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you are and it's and that's like a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+fallacy Okay cool so uh okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy Okay cool so uh okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy Okay cool so uh okay so I'm
+going so we're near the last part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so we're near the last part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so we're near the last part of the
+class so are there any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so are there any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so are there any other questions
+so I know some of you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know some of you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know some of you probably want to
+start playing tonight and I definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start playing tonight and I definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start playing tonight and I definitely
+did not address uh any everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not address uh any everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not address uh any everything you
+need um but uh are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um but uh are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um but uh are there any other
+questions roughly in terms of opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions roughly in terms of opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions roughly in terms of opening
+and going all in that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going all in that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going all in that you might want to
+know before like playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before like playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before like playing
+tonight because I do think we have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight because I do think we have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight because I do think we have maybe
+five extra minutes so I can answer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five extra minutes so I can answer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five extra minutes so I can answer some
+questions um does anyone not know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um does anyone not know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um does anyone not know what
+the term like Bluff means I said Bluff a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term like Bluff means I said Bluff a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term like Bluff means I said Bluff a
+bunch of times but I realized I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times but I realized I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times but I realized I never
+explained so bluffing essentially means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained so bluffing essentially means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained so bluffing essentially means
+you have a bad hand and because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bad hand and because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bad hand and because you have
+such a bad hand you know the only way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a bad hand you know the only way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a bad hand you know the only way of
+winning that hand is to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning that hand is to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning that hand is to get your
+opponent to fold so basically you bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent to fold so basically you bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent to fold so basically you bet
+big to hope that your opponent folds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to hope that your opponent folds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to hope that your opponent folds um
+if you have a better hand like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a better hand like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a better hand like an
+average hand often you actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average hand often you actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average hand often you actually don't
+want to be betting because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be betting because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be betting because there's no
+point because when you bet you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because when you bet you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because when you bet you're
+essentially just getting adversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just getting adversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just getting adversely
+selected where your opponent calls you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected where your opponent calls you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected where your opponent calls you
+when their hand is better and you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their hand is better and you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their hand is better and you lose
+more money to a better hand and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money to a better hand and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money to a better hand and your
+opponent folds when their hand is worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent folds when their hand is worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent folds when their hand is worse
+so you're not making any money from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not making any money from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not making any money from a
+worse hand and then with your best hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse hand and then with your best hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse hand and then with your best hands
+you want to bet to try to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to bet to try to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to bet to try to get your
+opponent to call and increase the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent to call and increase the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent to call and increase the amount
+that you win and we call this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you win and we call this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you win and we call this value
+betting so I'm going to get more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting so I'm going to get more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting so I'm going to get more into
+this more into this in future lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more into this in future lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more into this in future lectures
+but essentially in poker the Paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially in poker the Paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially in poker the Paradigm
+you want to play is you want to Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to play is you want to Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to play is you want to Value
+bet your very best hands and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet your very best hands and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet your very best hands and then you
+want to basically check and try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to basically check and try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to basically check and try to get
+you Showdown like try to show your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Showdown like try to show your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Showdown like try to show your hand
+on the river with your medium hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the river with your medium hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the river with your medium hands and
+then also bet with your bad hands to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also bet with your bad hands to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also bet with your bad hands to try
+to get your opponent to fold better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your opponent to fold better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your opponent to fold better
+hands okay so okay I'm going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands okay so okay I'm going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands okay so okay I'm going to get to
+the last part now okay so quick tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part now okay so quick tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part now okay so quick tests
+okay so here what would you do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here what would you do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here what would you do it's
+folded to you you're in the hijack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded to you you're in the hijack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded to you you're in the hijack you
+have A5 of clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have A5 of clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have A5 of clubs
+um so someone want to suggest what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so someone want to suggest what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so someone want to suggest what what
+would you do what would your play be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call okay good so not not call that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay good so not not call that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay good so not not call that was
+that's that was mistake number one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was mistake number one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was mistake number one to
+not do you always want to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you always want to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you always want to raise the
+Blind and fold but it's fine it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blind and fold but it's fine it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blind and fold but it's fine it's it's
+it's fine that's fine we're all here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine that's fine we're all here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine that's fine we're all here to
+learn about these hands okay now should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about these hands okay now should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about these hands okay now should
+I go all in or should I just raise to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go all in or should I just raise to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go all in or should I just raise to uh
+to to 450 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.25 I should go all in so okay I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 I should go all in so okay I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 I should go all in so okay I think
+it's not terrible to just raise to 450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terrible to just raise to 450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terrible to just raise to 450
+but I said if it's 10 big blinds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I said if it's 10 big blinds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I said if it's 10 big blinds with
+there's no ant right so you need um 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ant right so you need um 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ant right so you need um 10
+or less and you have 10 so going all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less and you have 10 so going all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less and you have 10 so going all in
+I think is fine okay so we decide to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is fine okay so we decide to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is fine okay so we decide to go
+all in um and yeah so so roughly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in um and yeah so so roughly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in um and yeah so so roughly this is
+what so there are Nash calculators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so there are Nash calculators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so there are Nash calculators
+they're they're complicated but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're complicated but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're complicated but if you
+run this through a Nash equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this through a Nash equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this through a Nash equilibrium
+calculator this is roughly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator this is roughly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator this is roughly what you
+should be going all in with um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be going all in with um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be going all in with um okay so
+we go all in so this range is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all in so this range is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all in so this range is a bit
+different than what I showed you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what I showed you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what I showed you before
+because this is this is an actual Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this is an actual Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this is an actual Nash
+calculation just not just my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation just not just my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation just not just my
+recommendation it's going to be wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation it's going to be wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation it's going to be wider
+than you saw before but that's fine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you saw before but that's fine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you saw before but that's fine um
+okay so now you're this guy you're seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you're this guy you're seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you're this guy you're seat
+9 okay so I'm going to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 okay so I'm going to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 okay so I'm going to show you how to
+do a quick calculation of what Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick calculation of what Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick calculation of what Equity
+you need to call here and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to call here and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to call here and I'm going to
+um yeah so what Equity you need to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so what Equity you need to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so what Equity you need to call
+here so a a straight up HT odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so a a straight up HT odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so a a straight up HT odds
+calculation says you're getting 23 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation says you're getting 23 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation says you're getting 23 to 20
+or uh you or 1.1 5 to1 so you roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh you or 1.1 5 to1 so you roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh you or 1.1 5 to1 so you roughly
+need 46.5% Equity to call as this player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 46.5% Equity to call as this player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 46.5% Equity to call as this player
+but um there's there's two players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there's there's two players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there's there's two players
+behind there's a graphics glitch SE one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind there's a graphics glitch SE one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind there's a graphics glitch SE one
+has not folded seat 1 and seat 2 both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not folded seat 1 and seat 2 both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not folded seat 1 and seat 2 both
+has cards so you actually need more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cards so you actually need more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cards so you actually need more than
+46.5% Equity because the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46.5% Equity because the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46.5% Equity because the calculation of
+46.5% assumes C1 and C2 can't wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46.5% assumes C1 and C2 can't wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46.5% assumes C1 and C2 can't wake up
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+populaces so you know you can so poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populaces so you know you can so poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populaces so you know you can so poker
+so is very good for this and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is very good for this and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is very good for this and you can do
+this right now I've taught you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now I've taught you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now I've taught you
+everything you need to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to do these
+calculations and poker so is also easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and poker so is also easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and poker so is also easy
+to figure out how to use um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to use um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to use um you can
+essentially just plug in you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just plug in you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just plug in you know you
+look at pocket fives it has 48% you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at pocket fives it has 48% you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at pocket fives it has 48% you need
+46.5% and I said you need a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46.5% and I said you need a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46.5% and I said you need a bit more
+than 46.5 due to the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 46.5 due to the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 46.5 due to the fact that there's
+two players behind so pocket F you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two players behind so pocket F you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two players behind so pocket F you know
+it's good enough okay well I'll call Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good enough okay well I'll call Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good enough okay well I'll call Ace
+9 suited I'll call so I'm just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 suited I'll call so I'm just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 suited I'll call so I'm just showing
+you some calculations on poker so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some calculations on poker so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some calculations on poker so it
+really is a really good tool um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a really good tool um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a really good tool um so you
+can do some calculations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some calculations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some calculations and
+you okay so so basically okay the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so so basically okay the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so so basically okay the day
+call um and the hands I showed you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um and the hands I showed you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um and the hands I showed you here
+is actually sort of the worst hands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually sort of the worst hands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually sort of the worst hands that
+it's plus CV call with pocket fives Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus CV call with pocket fives Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus CV call with pocket fives Ace
+9 suited plus so ace9 suited plus means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 suited plus so ace9 suited plus means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 suited plus so ace9 suited plus means
+Ace 9 suited Ace 10 suited Ace Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace 9 suited Ace 10 suited Ace Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace 9 suited Ace 10 suited Ace Jack
+suited all the hands that are strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited all the hands that are strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited all the hands that are strictly
+better than Ace KN suited Ace 10 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Ace KN suited Ace 10 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Ace KN suited Ace 10 off
+suit uh king queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit uh king queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit uh king queen
+suited okay so now as the last player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited okay so now as the last player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited okay so now as the last player
+here do you call with king queen suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do you call with king queen suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do you call with king queen suited
+um it's just rough guess how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just rough guess how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just rough guess how many of you
+intuitively would call with king queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively would call with king queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively would call with king queen
+suited so two players have already gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited so two players have already gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited so two players have already gone
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+in how so most people would fold oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how so most people would fold oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how so most people would fold oh you
+guys would call Okay so it turns out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would call Okay so it turns out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would call Okay so it turns out at
+least according to the Nash calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least according to the Nash calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least according to the Nash calculator
+which is not so so here you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not so so here you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not so so here you calculate
+the C odds and this is an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C odds and this is an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C odds and this is an exact
+calculation cuz there's no more players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation cuz there's no more players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation cuz there's no more players
+behind so you just calculate do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so you just calculate do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so you just calculate do I have
+29.5% Equity um and basically if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29.5% Equity um and basically if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29.5% Equity um and basically if you if
+I assume that player one and player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume that player one and player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume that player one and player two
+are playing according to Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing according to Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing according to Nash
+equilibrium or optimal ranges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium or optimal ranges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium or optimal ranges you
+actually have way more than enough um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have way more than enough um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have way more than enough um
+you actually have 34% where you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have 34% where you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have 34% where you only
+need needed 25% so this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need needed 25% so this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need needed 25% so this is sort of a
+trick question I set up that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question I set up that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question I set up that the the the
+trick was king queen CED doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick was king queen CED doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick was king queen CED doesn't seem
+like a good hand but against two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good hand but against two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good hand but against two other
+hands it's actually relatively a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands it's actually relatively a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands it's actually relatively a very
+good hand you know against one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hand you know against one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hand you know against one other
+hand they could just have a pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they could just have a pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they could just have a pair and
+you're behind they could have an ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're behind they could have an ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're behind they could have an ace
+most of the time and you're behind but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time and you're behind but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time and you're behind but
+against two other hands you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against two other hands you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against two other hands you actually
+have really good Equity because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really good Equity because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really good Equity because when you
+hit a king or a queen you have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a king or a queen you have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a king or a queen you have a big
+pair you can also hit straights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you can also hit straights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you can also hit straights and
+flushes with king queen suited and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushes with king queen suited and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushes with king queen suited and your
+Equity against two other hands is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity against two other hands is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity against two other hands is very
+good okay so you have way more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so you have way more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so you have way more than
+enough so so they call okay so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so so they call okay so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so so they call okay so so we're
+going to get in this all in prea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get in this all in prea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get in this all in prea okay so
+who are the people I gave these cards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the people I gave these cards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the people I gave these cards to
+um do you want so you guys can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you want so you guys can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you want so you guys can come up
+to the front and I'm going to hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and I'm going to hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and I'm going to hand you
+your cards the people who I gave these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cards the people who I gave these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cards the people who I gave these
+gift certificates to who I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift certificates to who I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift certificates to who I said
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you want to yeah yeah stay stay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to yeah yeah stay stay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to yeah yeah stay stay up
+here stay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here stay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here stay up
+here okay so so what I want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so what I want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so what I want you guys to
+do is okay so these are the hands people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is okay so these are the hands people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is okay so these are the hands people
+went all in with okay so who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all in with okay so who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all in with okay so who was the
+first person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to
+answer okay so you get to pick which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so you get to pick which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so you get to pick which
+hand do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand do you want
+yeah I'll go with Jack Jack okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll go with Jack Jack okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll go with Jack Jack okay so
+Colin Colin is gonna take Jack Jack um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin Colin is gonna take Jack Jack um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin Colin is gonna take Jack Jack um
+okay so what's your name Kevin Kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's your name Kevin Kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's your name Kevin Kevin
+Kevin which hand do you want so he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin which hand do you want so he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin which hand do you want so he took
+Jack Jack which of these remaining you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Jack which of these remaining you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Jack which of these remaining you
+were second right yeah you were okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were second right yeah you were okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were second right yeah you were okay
+which hand do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want I want king queen okay so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want king queen okay so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want king queen okay so he's
+going to take king queen seed so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take king queen seed so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take king queen seed so you're
+going to take ace5 Club okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take ace5 Club okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take ace5 Club okay so so this
+is okay this is sort of mean but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay this is sort of mean but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay this is sort of mean but this is
+I want to show you guys this is how fker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you guys this is how fker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you guys this is how fker
+works when you already won you've won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you already won you've won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you already won you've won
+$20 um so we're going to you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 um so we're going to you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 um so we're going to you guys are
+going to put your money in and whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put your money in and whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put your money in and whoever
+wins this hand is going to get all 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins this hand is going to get all 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins this hand is going to get all 60
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winner okay so this um okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner okay so this um okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner okay so this um okay so we're
+going to go forward predeter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go forward predeter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go forward predeter okay so
+this is the free flop equities um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the free flop equities um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the free flop equities um yeah
+so it is it is pre predetermined okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is it is pre predetermined okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is it is pre predetermined okay so
+so looks like you guys did very well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looks like you guys did very well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looks like you guys did very well you
+guys picked correctly you got to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys picked correctly you got to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys picked correctly you got to pick
+first you picked the best hand with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you picked the best hand with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you picked the best hand with
+Equity of 34.7 three you got 33.9 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity of 34.7 three you got 33.9 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity of 34.7 three you got 33.9 5
+you're only a bit behind with 31.1 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only a bit behind with 31.1 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only a bit behind with 31.1 all
+right um okay so the FL is 678 so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so the FL is 678 so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so the FL is 678 so let's
+look at the probabilities now Jax is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the probabilities now Jax is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the probabilities now Jax is
+still ahead uh ace5 has picked up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ahead uh ace5 has picked up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ahead uh ace5 has picked up a lot
+of outs um King Queen of Diamonds is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outs um King Queen of Diamonds is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outs um King Queen of Diamonds is not
+looking too good but they did pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking too good but they did pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking too good but they did pick up
+one Diamond okay darn turn is the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Diamond okay darn turn is the nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Diamond okay darn turn is the nine
+of Hearts um so I'm sorry uh you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hearts um so I'm sorry uh you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hearts um so I'm sorry uh you guys
+seen Queens I'm sorry uh so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Queens I'm sorry uh so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Queens I'm sorry uh so you're
+you're out of the running and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of the running and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of the running and then he
+needs a okay uh do people want to cheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a okay uh do people want to cheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a okay uh do people want to cheer
+is there any card you're hoping for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any card you're hoping for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any card you're hoping for what
+are you hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for heart oh okay so you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heart oh okay so you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heart oh okay so you want to be
+screaming okay I'm going to press it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming okay I'm going to press it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming okay I'm going to press it on
+the count of three you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count of three you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count of three you want to be
+screaming 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming 10
+or and you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and you want to be
+screaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+okay so um I guess we got all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um I guess we got all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um I guess we got all three of
+this um but there's more there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but there's more there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but there's more there's going
+to be more of these gift cards during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more of these gift cards during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more of these gift cards during
+class so participate in class you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so participate in class you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so participate in class you're
+going to get gifts certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get gifts certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get gifts certificates
+cour all right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cour all right thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cour all right thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6UXba5MKsfc.txt b/6UXba5MKsfc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13083e3841c47547d2cc756085fd4b3d7fa4eb57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6UXba5MKsfc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi several times in our course up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi several times in our course up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi several times in our course up until
+now we have referred to linearity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have referred to linearity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have referred to linearity we
+referred to it when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to it when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to it when we talked about
+systems of linear equations we referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of linear equations we referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of linear equations we referred
+to it when we talked about systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it when we talked about systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it when we talked about systems of
+linear differential equations we refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations we refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations we refer
+to it when we talked about llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it when we talked about llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it when we talked about llast
+transforms we refer to it when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms we refer to it when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms we refer to it when we were
+mapping the XY plane into the UV plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the XY plane into the UV plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the XY plane into the UV plane
+and talking about differentials and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking about differentials and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking about differentials and now
+what we'd like to do in today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do in today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do in today's lesson
+is to show how the general concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show how the general concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show how the general concept of a
+vector space gives us a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space gives us a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space gives us a very nice
+vehicle to tie together all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle to tie together all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle to tie together all of these
+different applications of linearity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications of linearity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications of linearity in
+fact today's lesson is called linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact today's lesson is called linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact today's lesson is called linear
+Transformations and by way of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and by way of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and by way of a very
+quick definition one which I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick definition one which I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick definition one which I will not
+bother motivating because we've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother motivating because we've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother motivating because we've seen the
+definition on many many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition on many many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition on many many different
+occasions all we're doing now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions all we're doing now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions all we're doing now is
+formalizing it let's suppose I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalizing it let's suppose I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalizing it let's suppose I have two
+Vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces
+V and W and a mapping F that carries V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and W and a mapping F that carries V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and W and a mapping F that carries V
+into W see remember these Vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into W see remember these Vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into W see remember these Vector spaces
+are in particular sets and we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in particular sets and we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in particular sets and we've talked
+about functions that map sets into sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions that map sets into sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions that map sets into sets
+now we're ma mapping a set into a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ma mapping a set into a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ma mapping a set into a set
+where the set has a structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the set has a structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the set has a structure the
+structure of a vector space and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a vector space and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a vector space and what
+we're saying is that a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that a function that
+Maps a vector space V into a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps a vector space V into a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps a vector space V into a vector
+space w is called a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space w is called a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space w is called a linear
+transformation if given any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation if given any linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation if given any linear
+combination of elements in the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of elements in the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of elements in the domain
+say C1 alpha 1 plus C2 Alpha 2 where C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C1 alpha 1 plus C2 Alpha 2 where C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C1 alpha 1 plus C2 Alpha 2 where C1
+and C2 are real numbers and Alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 are real numbers and Alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 are real numbers and Alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 are vectors in V if F of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 are vectors in V if F of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 are vectors in V if F of that is
+C1 F of alpha 1 plus C2 F of Alpha 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 F of alpha 1 plus C2 F of Alpha 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 F of alpha 1 plus C2 F of Alpha 2 the
+same linearity definition that we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linearity definition that we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linearity definition that we've had
+in the past and again if this is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past and again if this is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past and again if this is hard
+for you to visualize think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to visualize think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to visualize think in terms of
+pictures think of V is for example being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures think of V is for example being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures think of V is for example being
+the XY plane think of w as denoting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane think of w as denoting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane think of w as denoting the
+UV plane and we're mapping the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV plane and we're mapping the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV plane and we're mapping the XY plane
+say into the UV plane not all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say into the UV plane not all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say into the UV plane not all such
+mappings will be linear right we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings will be linear right we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings will be linear right we we
+studied that when we talked about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that when we talked about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that when we talked about linear
+systems of equations now what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of equations now what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of equations now what we would
+like to do now is to show how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do now is to show how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do now is to show how many of
+the properties of linearity that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of linearity that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of linearity that we've
+used in the past are immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the past are immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the past are immediate
+consequences of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of this particular
+definition well let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well let's take a look at
+some of the consequences the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the consequences the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the consequences the first thing
+I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim
+is that if f is a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if f is a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if f is a linear transformation
+it must map the zero element of V into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must map the zero element of V into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must map the zero element of V into
+the zero element of w in other words F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero element of w in other words F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero element of w in other words F
+acting on zero Maps it into zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero Maps it into zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on zero Maps it into zero and the
+easiest way to prove that is to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to prove that is to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to prove that is to notice
+that since 0 is equal to 0 + 0 by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since 0 is equal to 0 + 0 by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since 0 is equal to 0 + 0 by that
+property F of 0 was certainly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property F of 0 was certainly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property F of 0 was certainly the same
+as F of 0 + 0 and now by linearity F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as F of 0 + 0 and now by linearity F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as F of 0 + 0 and now by linearity F of
+0 + 0 is f of 0+ plus F of 0 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 + 0 is f of 0+ plus F of 0 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 + 0 is f of 0+ plus F of 0 and now
+comparing this with this remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this with this remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this with this remember these
+are vectors the cancellation rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors the cancellation rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors the cancellation rule
+applies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies for
+vectors we then obtain that F of 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we then obtain that F of 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we then obtain that F of 0 is
+zero by the way this is a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero by the way this is a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero by the way this is a rather
+interesting uh subtlety that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh subtlety that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh subtlety that comes up
+remember when we talked about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about linear
+equations in the plane in other words F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the plane in other words F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the plane in other words F
+ofx = MX plus b that is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx = MX plus b that is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx = MX plus b that is not the same as
+a linear transformation in fact let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear transformation in fact let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear transformation in fact let me
+just see if I can scribble something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if I can scribble something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if I can scribble something in
+over here look at this suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here look at this suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here look at this suppose I have
+that f ofx is equal to mx + b see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f ofx is equal to mx + b see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f ofx is equal to mx + b see that's
+the equation of a straight line what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a straight line what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a straight line what is
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+of0 if f of x is MX plus b if I replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 if f of x is MX plus b if I replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 if f of x is MX plus b if I replace
+X by Z I get what 0 * m which is 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X by Z I get what 0 * m which is 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X by Z I get what 0 * m which is 0 plus
+b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and
+therefore for f to be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for f to be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for f to be a linear
+transformation according to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation according to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation according to our
+definition this must equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this must equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this must equal
+zero and therefore what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore what this means is
+that b itself must equal zero in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b itself must equal zero in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b itself must equal zero in other
+words the even though we think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the even though we think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the even though we think of a
+straight line as being linear to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line as being linear to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line as being linear to be to
+represent a linear transformation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a linear transformation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a linear transformation the
+straight line must pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line must pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line must pass through the
+origin but I don't want to uh hop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but I don't want to uh hop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but I don't want to uh hop on
+that now I want to let that go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I want to let that go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I want to let that go for the
+exercises because I'm afraid again if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises because I'm afraid again if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises because I'm afraid again if we
+spend too much time on details you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend too much time on details you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend too much time on details you'll
+fail to get the overall picture but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to get the overall picture but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to get the overall picture but at
+any rate one property of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate one property of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate one property of a linear
+transformation is that it Maps the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that it Maps the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that it Maps the zero
+Vector into the zero Vector now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector into the zero Vector now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector into the zero Vector now of
+course other vectors may be mapped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course other vectors may be mapped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course other vectors may be mapped into
+the zero Vector as well I mean we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector as well I mean we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector as well I mean we'll
+talk about that in more detail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in more detail in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in more detail in the
+form of a review in fact later on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a review in fact later on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a review in fact later on but
+for the time being let me show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time being let me show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time being let me show you the
+next property of linear Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next property of linear Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next property of linear Transformations
+that are very important and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very important and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very important and that is that
+if V1 and V2 are mapped into Zero by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if V1 and V2 are mapped into Zero by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if V1 and V2 are mapped into Zero by the
+linear transformation F then any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation F then any linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation F then any linear
+combination of V1 and V2 is also mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of V1 and V2 is also mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of V1 and V2 is also mapped
+into zero and by the way you may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero and by the way you may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero and by the way you may think
+when I say this this may ring a bell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say this this may ring a bell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say this this may ring a bell and
+remind you of what we were doing when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of what we were doing when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of what we were doing when we
+talked about homogeneous linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about homogeneous linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about homogeneous linear
+differential equations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and the
+interesting point is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point is that this is
+exactly the same as what we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as what we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as what we were doing
+there only now we're not restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only now we're not restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only now we're not restricted to
+be dealing only with linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing only with linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing only with linear differential
+equations this is now any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is now any linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is now any linear
+transformation from one vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from one vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from one vector space
+into another and the proof goes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another and the proof goes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another and the proof goes exactly
+the way it did in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it did in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it did in the linear
+differential equation case namely given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation case namely given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation case namely given
+given F of C1 V1 plus C2 V2 we certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given F of C1 V1 plus C2 V2 we certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given F of C1 V1 plus C2 V2 we certainly
+know that by linearity that C1 F of V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that by linearity that C1 F of V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that by linearity that C1 F of V1
+plus C2 F of V2 but given that F of V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C2 F of V2 but given that F of V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C2 F of V2 but given that F of V1
+is zero and F of V2 is zero certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and F of V2 is zero certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and F of V2 is zero certainly
+this then becomes zero which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then becomes zero which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then becomes zero which is what we
+wanted to show in other words if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show in other words if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show in other words if you
+have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear
+transformation the set of elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the set of elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the set of elements that
+are mapped into the zero element are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mapped into the zero element are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mapped into the zero element are
+more than a set they are themselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a set they are themselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a set they are themselves a
+vector space a sub sub space of v a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space a sub sub space of v a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space a sub sub space of v a
+Subspace of the domain of f because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of the domain of f because why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of the domain of f because why
+any linear combinations of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combinations of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combinations of elements
+mapped into Zero by f are themselves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into Zero by f are themselves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into Zero by f are themselves is
+itself any linear combination is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself any linear combination is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself any linear combination is itself
+mapped into F in other words let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into F in other words let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into F in other words let's
+define n to be the set of all elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define n to be the set of all elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define n to be the set of all elements
+Ada in v such that F of ADA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada in v such that F of ADA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada in v such that F of ADA is
+zero and that space is called the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that space is called the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that space is called the null
+space of f it's a Subspace of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of f it's a Subspace of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of f it's a Subspace of the of the
+domain of FV and all we're saying is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of FV and all we're saying is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of FV and all we're saying is by
+our previous remark if two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous remark if two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous remark if two elements
+belong to n the sum belongs to n and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to n the sum belongs to n and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to n the sum belongs to n and any
+scal of multiple of an element n also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of multiple of an element n also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of multiple of an element n also
+belongs to n so n is indeed a Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to n so n is indeed a Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to n so n is indeed a Subspace
+of V it's a very important Subspace it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V it's a very important Subspace it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V it's a very important Subspace it's
+called the null space and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the null space and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the null space and one of the
+things about the null space and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the null space and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the null space and by the
+way many people get confused by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way many people get confused by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way many people get confused by this
+name they say the null space they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they say the null space they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they say the null space they think
+of null as being empty nothing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of null as being empty nothing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of null as being empty nothing and they
+say the null space has nothing in it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the null space has nothing in it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the null space has nothing in it no
+think of it in terms of the mapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of the mapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of the mapping the
+null space is part of the domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space is part of the domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space is part of the domain and
+what it is it's that part of the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's that part of the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's that part of the domain
+that's mapped into the zero element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mapped into the zero element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mapped into the zero element of
+the image you see it is not nothing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image you see it is not nothing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image you see it is not nothing it's
+the set of all elements that are mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all elements that are mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all elements that are mapped
+into zero and what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero and what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero and what we're saying is that
+that Subspace is enough to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Subspace is enough to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Subspace is enough to determine the
+entire mapping let me show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire mapping let me show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire mapping let me show you what I
+mean by that abstractly I claim that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that abstractly I claim that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that abstractly I claim that n
+determines the image of f namely I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the image of f namely I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the image of f namely I claim
+that if I know that F of alpha equals F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I know that F of alpha equals F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I know that F of alpha equals F
+of beta and F is a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta and F is a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta and F is a linear transformation
+Alpha and beta cannot be very random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta cannot be very random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta cannot be very random
+elements of v in fact what I claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of v in fact what I claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of v in fact what I claim is
+that the difference between Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference between Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference between Alpha and
+beta must be an element of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta must be an element of the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta must be an element of the null
+space n or another way of saying that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space n or another way of saying that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space n or another way of saying that I
+claim that Alpha has the form beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that Alpha has the form beta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that Alpha has the form beta plus
+Ada where Ada is an element of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada where Ada is an element of the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada where Ada is an element of the null
+space n and again this may ring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space n and again this may ring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space n and again this may ring a
+familiar Bell for you when you think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar Bell for you when you think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar Bell for you when you think in
+terms of linear differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of linear differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of linear differential equations
+and the like where we essentially saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like where we essentially saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like where we essentially saw
+that any two solutions of a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any two solutions of a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any two solutions of a differential
+equation that their difference was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that their difference was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that their difference was a
+solution of the homogenous linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the homogenous linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the homogenous linear
+different differential equation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different differential equation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different differential equation but
+again I don't want to dwell on that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't want to dwell on that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't want to dwell on that now
+I want to talk on the abstract most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk on the abstract most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk on the abstract most
+abstract version of this how do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract version of this how do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract version of this how do I know
+that this is true well look it what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is true well look it what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is true well look it what does
+it mean to say that F of alpha equal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to say that F of alpha equal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to say that F of alpha equal F
+of beta it means that F of alpha minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta it means that F of alpha minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta it means that F of alpha minus F
+of beta is zero but by linearity F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta is zero but by linearity F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta is zero but by linearity F of
+alpha minus F of beta is the same as F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha minus F of beta is the same as F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha minus F of beta is the same as F
+of alpha minus beta therefore the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha minus beta therefore the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha minus beta therefore the fact
+that F of alpha minus F of beta is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of alpha minus F of beta is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of alpha minus F of beta is zero
+says that F of alpha minus beta is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that F of alpha minus beta is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that F of alpha minus beta is zero
+by definition of the null space n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition of the null space n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition of the null space n the
+fact that Alpha minus beta is mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Alpha minus beta is mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Alpha minus beta is mapped
+into zero means that Alpha minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero means that Alpha minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zero means that Alpha minus beta
+belongs to n and that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to n and that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to n and that's the same as
+saying what that Alpha minus beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what that Alpha minus beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what that Alpha minus beta is
+some element in N or Alpha is beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element in N or Alpha is beta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element in N or Alpha is beta plus
+some element in N same thing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element in N same thing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element in N same thing as we
+asserted by the way another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted by the way another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted by the way another interesting
+way of seeing oneto Oneness of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing oneto Oneness of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing oneto Oneness of a linear
+transformation is that since the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that since the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that since the only
+way that two elements can have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that two elements can have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that two elements can have the same
+image is for one of them to equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is for one of them to equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is for one of them to equal the
+other plus something that belongs to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plus something that belongs to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plus something that belongs to n
+the only way we can be sure that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way we can be sure that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way we can be sure that Alpha
+equals beta is if this element must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals beta is if this element must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals beta is if this element must be
+zero you see Alpha equal beta Plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see Alpha equal beta Plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see Alpha equal beta Plus Z
+would say Alpha equals beta so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Alpha equals beta so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Alpha equals beta so in
+particular if a linear transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if a linear transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if a linear transformation is
+1: one the null space must consist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1: one the null space must consist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1: one the null space must consist of
+zero alone and conversely if the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero alone and conversely if the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero alone and conversely if the null
+space consists of zero alone the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space consists of zero alone the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space consists of zero alone the linear
+transformation is one to one notice by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is one to one notice by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is one to one notice by
+the way the null space can never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the null space can never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the null space can never be
+empty because by our first property we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty because by our first property we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty because by our first property we
+showed that the zero Vector is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the zero Vector is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the zero Vector is always
+mapped into zero so at least the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into zero so at least the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into zero so at least the zero
+Vector belongs to the null space if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector belongs to the null space if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector belongs to the null space if
+other vector belong to the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vector belong to the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vector belong to the null space
+the linear transformation will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear transformation will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear transformation will not be
+one: one if zero is the only Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one: one if zero is the only Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one: one if zero is the only Vector that
+belongs to the null space of f then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the null space of f then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the null space of f then the
+linear transformation will be one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation will be one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation will be one to one
+now I think the time has come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think the time has come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think the time has come to
+illustrate some of these remarks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate some of these remarks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate some of these remarks in
+terms of concrete examples for my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of concrete examples for my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of concrete examples for my first
+example let's recall that the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's recall that the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's recall that the mapping
+that Maps functions into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Maps functions into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Maps functions into their
+derivative is a well defined linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a well defined linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a well defined linear
+transformation on the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on the set of
+differentiable functions remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions remember the
+derivative of a sum is a sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a sum is a sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a sum is a sum of the
+derivatives the derivative of a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the derivative of a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the derivative of a scalar
+times a function is a scalar times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a function is a scalar times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a function is a scalar times the
+derivative of a function in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a function in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a function in other words
+then the mapping D which Maps a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mapping D which Maps a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mapping D which Maps a function
+into into its derivative is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into its derivative is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into its derivative is a vector
+space is a linear transformation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a linear transformation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a linear transformation from
+one vector space to another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector space to another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector space to another in
+particular what does the null space look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what does the null space look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what does the null space look
+like the null space of D must be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the null space of D must be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the null space of D must be what
+all functions F such that D Maps F into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all functions F such that D Maps F into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all functions F such that D Maps F into
+zero the only way that D of f can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the only way that D of f can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the only way that D of f can be
+zero is if F Prime is zero but F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is if F Prime is zero but F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is if F Prime is zero but F Prime
+being identically zero is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being identically zero is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being identically zero is the same as
+saying f equals a constant therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying f equals a constant therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying f equals a constant therefore the
+null space in this case is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space in this case is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space in this case is the set of
+all constants notice by the way the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all constants notice by the way the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all constants notice by the way the null
+space does not consist of zero alone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space does not consist of zero alone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space does not consist of zero alone it
+consists of infinitely many numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of infinitely many numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of infinitely many numbers
+namely all the constants by the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely all the constants by the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely all the constants by the way that
+shouldn't be too surprising because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be too surprising because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be too surprising because
+after all the derivative is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the derivative is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the derivative is not a
+onetoone mapping of differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetoone mapping of differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetoone mapping of differentiable
+functions into the set of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions into the set of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions into the set of functions
+namely two different functions can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely two different functions can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely two different functions can have
+the same derivative in fact what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same derivative in fact what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same derivative in fact what is the
+property the for D of f to equal D of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the for D of f to equal D of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the for D of f to equal D of G
+it's necessary and sufficient that f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's necessary and sufficient that f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's necessary and sufficient that f and
+g differ by a constant and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g differ by a constant and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g differ by a constant and notice that
+that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as
+saying what we said before that for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what we said before that for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what we said before that for two
+function for two elements to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for two elements to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for two elements to have the
+same image under a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same image under a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same image under a linear transformation
+they must differ by at most an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must differ by at most an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must differ by at most an element
+in the null space that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the null space that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the null space that's exactly what
+happens in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this particular
+example as a second example let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as a second example let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as a second example let's go
+back to our study of linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our study of linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our study of linear differential
+equations we wanted to find uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we wanted to find uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we wanted to find uh the
+solution of the equation L of yal f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the equation L of yal f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the equation L of yal f ofx
+notice that L is a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that L is a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that L is a linear transformation
+mapping functions into functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping functions into functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping functions into functions the
+interesting point was you may recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point was you may recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point was you may recall
+that we emphasize the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we emphasize the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we emphasize the homogeneous
+equation where the right hand side was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the right hand side was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the right hand side was
+replaced by zero notice that the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by zero notice that the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by zero notice that the null
+space of the mapping L see the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the mapping L see the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the mapping L see the null
+space namely what all functions y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space namely what all functions y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space namely what all functions y that
+map into zero with respect to L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map into zero with respect to L that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map into zero with respect to L that
+means what L of Y is zero well the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what L of Y is zero well the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what L of Y is zero well the null
+space is just what the solution set of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is just what the solution set of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is just what the solution set of L
+of y equals z that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y equals z that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y equals z that's just the
+homogeneous equation and to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation and to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation and to show you
+what we mean by this notice what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by this notice what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by this notice what the
+general theory was for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory was for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory was for linear
+differential equations namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations namely the
+general solution was the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution was the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution was the homogeneous
+solution plus a particular solution no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus a particular solution no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus a particular solution no
+noticing that for the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that for the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that for the homogeneous
+solution it was characterized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it was characterized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it was characterized by the
+fact that it belonged to the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it belonged to the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it belonged to the null space
+namely L of Y subh was0 the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely L of Y subh was0 the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely L of Y subh was0 the particular
+solution was just anything in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was just anything in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was just anything in the space
+namely L of YP equals F ofx same as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely L of YP equals F ofx same as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely L of YP equals F ofx same as we
+have over here and so that structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over here and so that structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over here and so that structure for
+linear differential equations was not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations was not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equations was not an
+exception but rather one concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception but rather one concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception but rather one concrete
+illustration of what a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of what a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of what a linear
+transformation means in an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation means in an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation means in an abstract
+Vector space as a third and final and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space as a third and final and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space as a third and final and
+more visual example let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visual example let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visual example let's go back to
+mapping the XY plane into the UV plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the XY plane into the UV plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the XY plane into the UV plane
+let's suppose I take the mapping u = x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I take the mapping u = x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I take the mapping u = x +
+y v = 2x + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y v = 2x + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y v = 2x + 2
+y and notice by the way that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and notice by the way that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and notice by the way that's just
+another way of saying V equals twice U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying V equals twice U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying V equals twice U
+the induced function is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induced function is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induced function is the one that
+carries X comma y in the XY plane into U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries X comma y in the XY plane into U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries X comma y in the XY plane into U
+comma V in the UV plane so my induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma V in the UV plane so my induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma V in the UV plane so my induced
+function f bar is the one that Maps X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f bar is the one that Maps X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f bar is the one that Maps X
+comma Y into x + y comma 2x + 2 y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma Y into x + y comma 2x + 2 y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma Y into x + y comma 2x + 2 y okay
+and now the question is what and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the question is what and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the question is what and you can
+you can look at X comma y as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at X comma y as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at X comma y as being the
+vector x i + y j in the XY plane or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector x i + y j in the XY plane or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector x i + y j in the XY plane or you
+can look at it as being the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at it as being the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at it as being the point x
+comma y in the XY plane I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y in the XY plane I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y in the XY plane I don't care
+which interpretation you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which interpretation you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which interpretation you want to use
+there but the point is what we now would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the point is what we now would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the point is what we now would
+like to know in terms of the n space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know in terms of the n space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know in terms of the n space is
+what points X comma y are mapped into Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what points X comma y are mapped into Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what points X comma y are mapped into Z
+0 in the UV plane under the mapping FB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in the UV plane under the mapping FB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in the UV plane under the mapping FB
+bar or in terms of vectors what vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or in terms of vectors what vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or in terms of vectors what vectors
+x i + YJ are mapped into the zero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i + YJ are mapped into the zero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i + YJ are mapped into the zero Vector
+under the mapping FB bar well notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the mapping FB bar well notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the mapping FB bar well notice
+that for this to be zero we must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this to be zero we must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this to be zero we must have
+what that both components are zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that both components are zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that both components are zero that
+means that X + Y Must Be zero and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that X + Y Must Be zero and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that X + Y Must Be zero and that
+2x + 2 y is Zer but of course that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x + 2 y is Zer but of course that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x + 2 y is Zer but of course that's the
+same as this condition in other words F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this condition in other words F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this condition in other words F
+Bar of X comma Y is zero meaning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar of X comma Y is zero meaning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar of X comma Y is zero meaning what
+it's mapped into the origin if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mapped into the origin if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mapped into the origin if and only
+if x + y is zero in other words the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x + y is zero in other words the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x + y is zero in other words the null
+space of FB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of FB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of FB
+bar is the set of all points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is the set of all points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is the set of all points in the
+plane X comma y for which x + y equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane X comma y for which x + y equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane X comma y for which x + y equal 0
+or again if you want to State this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again if you want to State this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again if you want to State this
+vectorially it's all vectors x i + y j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorially it's all vectors x i + y j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorially it's all vectors x i + y j
+in the XY plane for which x + y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane for which x + y is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane for which x + y is zero
+and what this means pictorially is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this means pictorially is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this means pictorially is this
+notice that the Set n is nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the Set n is nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the Set n is nothing more
+than what we call the line yal minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we call the line yal minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we call the line yal minus X
+instead of all points X comma y such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all points X comma y such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all points X comma y such as
+x + y = 0 is the same as of all points X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y = 0 is the same as of all points X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + y = 0 is the same as of all points X
+comma y such that y = - x y = - x or x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y such that y = - x y = - x or x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y such that y = - x y = - x or x +
+y = z is a straight line through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = z is a straight line through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = z is a straight line through the
+origin notice again that key Point F of0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin notice again that key Point F of0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin notice again that key Point F of0
+must be zero for a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero for a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero for a linear transformation
+if that line didn't pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that line didn't pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that line didn't pass through the
+origin the mapping wouldn't be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin the mapping wouldn't be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin the mapping wouldn't be linear
+now notice by the way if I come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice by the way if I come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice by the way if I come back
+here the mapping defined by u and v Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the mapping defined by u and v Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the mapping defined by u and v Maps
+the XY plane into the single line V = 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane into the single line V = 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane into the single line V = 2
+U in other words the XY plane is mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in other words the XY plane is mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in other words the XY plane is mapped
+into the line V = 2 U and the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the line V = 2 U and the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the line V = 2 U and the entire
+line x + y equals 0 is mapped into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x + y equals 0 is mapped into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x + y equals 0 is mapped into the
+origin over here in other words the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin over here in other words the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin over here in other words the null
+space here is an entire line what line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here is an entire line what line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here is an entire line what line
+is it it's the line x + yal 0 why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it it's the line x + yal 0 why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it it's the line x + yal 0 why is it
+called the null space it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the null space it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the null space it's called the
+null space not because it has no points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space not because it has no points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space not because it has no points
+but rather because its image consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because its image consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because its image consists of
+the single point zero in the UV plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single point zero in the UV plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single point zero in the UV plane
+and by the way notice again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way notice again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way notice again the
+parallelism here and that which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism here and that which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism here and that which would
+happened when we studied linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when we studied linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when we studied linear
+differential equations let's suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations let's suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations let's suppose for
+the sake of argument that I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of argument that I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of argument that I want to find
+all points X comma y that map into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points X comma y that map into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points X comma y that map into the
+point 1 comma 2 in the UV plane uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 comma 2 in the UV plane uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 comma 2 in the UV plane uh
+essentially what I want is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I want is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I want is a particular
+solution here I would like to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here I would like to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here I would like to find one
+point that Maps into one comma 2 and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that Maps into one comma 2 and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that Maps into one comma 2 and my
+claim is that knowing the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that knowing the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that knowing the null space
+once I know one such point I know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I know one such point I know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I know one such point I know them
+all well one point that Maps into 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well one point that Maps into 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well one point that Maps into 1
+comma 2 trivially is 0 comma 1 namely 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 2 trivially is 0 comma 1 namely 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 2 trivially is 0 comma 1 namely 0
++ 1 is 1 and twice 0 + twice one is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 is 1 and twice 0 + twice one is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 is 1 and twice 0 + twice one is two
+so 01 is mapped into 1 comma 2 by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 01 is mapped into 1 comma 2 by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 01 is mapped into 1 comma 2 by the
+mapping F bar now the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping F bar now the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping F bar now the question is what
+other points map into 1 comma 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other points map into 1 comma 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other points map into 1 comma 2 and the
+answer is it's every point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's every point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's every point on the
+straight line line which passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line line which passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line line which passes through
+0 comma 1 and is parallel to the line x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma 1 and is parallel to the line x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma 1 and is parallel to the line x
++ y = 0 in other words the line x + y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y = 0 in other words the line x + y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y = 0 in other words the line x + y =
+1 is the line which Maps into the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the line which Maps into the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the line which Maps into the point
+1 comma 2 Under the mapping F Bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 comma 2 Under the mapping F Bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 comma 2 Under the mapping F Bar and
+the easiest way to see this I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way to see this I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way to see this I would say
+is vectorially pick any point on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vectorially pick any point on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vectorially pick any point on this
+line look at it as a vector that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line look at it as a vector that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line look at it as a vector that Vector
+is the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of these two
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+this Vector being a member of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector being a member of the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector being a member of the null
+space is mapped into I'm sorry I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is mapped into I'm sorry I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is mapped into I'm sorry I don't
+want to do it this way i' rather do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it this way i' rather do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it this way i' rather do it
+excuse me I'd rather do it this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me I'd rather do it this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me I'd rather do it this way I
+want to utilize the fact that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to utilize the fact that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to utilize the fact that I know
+that this Vector is mapped into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Vector is mapped into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Vector is mapped into this
+Vector so I'll break down this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so I'll break down this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so I'll break down this Vector
+into components this way I'll take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into components this way I'll take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into components this way I'll take one
+component like this and one like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component like this and one like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component like this and one like this
+you see this component here is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this component here is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this component here is indeed
+the same as this Vector cuz these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this Vector cuz these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this Vector cuz these two
+lines a parallel so therefore F of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines a parallel so therefore F of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines a parallel so therefore F of this
+is f of this plus F of this by linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of this plus F of this by linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of this plus F of this by linearity
+that's F of this plus F of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's F of this plus F of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's F of this plus F of this this
+being a vector in a null space Maps into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a vector in a null space Maps into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a vector in a null space Maps into
+zero so the image is just whatever F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the image is just whatever F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the image is just whatever F of
+this happens to be you see the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be you see the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be you see the idea
+again call this Vector if you will alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again call this Vector if you will alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again call this Vector if you will alpha
+call this Vector here beta F of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this Vector here beta F of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this Vector here beta F of alpha
+plus beta is f of alpha which is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta is f of alpha which is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta is f of alpha which is zero
+because Alpha is the no space plus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Alpha is the no space plus F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Alpha is the no space plus F of
+beta which is just one comma 2 again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta which is just one comma 2 again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta which is just one comma 2 again I
+think I've made too much of a mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've made too much of a mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've made too much of a mountain
+out of a mole hill not because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a mole hill not because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a mole hill not because this
+isn't important but because you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't important but because you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't important but because you recall
+back in our block four treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in our block four treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in our block four treatment of
+linear equations linear algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations linear algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations linear algebraic
+equations we discussed things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we discussed things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we discussed things like this
+and I don't want to get too deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to get too deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to get too deeply
+involved in reviewing the details what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in reviewing the details what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in reviewing the details what I
+am interested in seeing is that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am interested in seeing is that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am interested in seeing is that you see
+the structure of what a n space really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of what a n space really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of what a n space really
+is and by the way let's continue on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and by the way let's continue on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and by the way let's continue on with
+what the properties of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the properties of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the properties of a linear
+transformation happen to be uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happen to be uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happen to be uh let's
+leave this go for the time being that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this go for the time being that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this go for the time being that's
+enough in terms of examples let's go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in terms of examples let's go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in terms of examples let's go on
+with the properties our fourth property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the properties our fourth property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the properties our fourth property
+is that if V is a vector space and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if V is a vector space and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if V is a vector space and we
+pick a particular basis U one up to un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a particular basis U one up to un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a particular basis U one up to un
+then V is neatly determined I say neatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then V is neatly determined I say neatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then V is neatly determined I say neatly
+determined by its effect on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by its effect on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by its effect on the basis
+vectors U1 up to unu n and what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors U1 up to unu n and what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors U1 up to unu n and what I mean
+by neatly determined is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by neatly determined is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by neatly determined is the following
+let's do a specific example suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a specific example suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a specific example suppose for
+the sake of argument that n is two let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of argument that n is two let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of argument that n is two let's
+look at V which is has as its basis U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at V which is has as its basis U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at V which is has as its basis U1
+and U2 pick any Vector Little V and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U2 pick any Vector Little V and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U2 pick any Vector Little V and V
+relative to U1 and U2 V has a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to U1 and U2 V has a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to U1 and U2 V has a unique
+representation X1 U1 plus X2 U2 F of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation X1 U1 plus X2 U2 F of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation X1 U1 plus X2 U2 F of V
+by the linear property of f f being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the linear property of f f being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the linear property of f f being a
+linear transformation is simply what X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation is simply what X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation is simply what X1
+F of U1 plus X2 F of U2 and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of U1 plus X2 F of U2 and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of U1 plus X2 F of U2 and notice that
+once we know what F does to U1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information v f Maps V into V itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information v f Maps V into V itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information v f Maps V into V itself in
+other words that V and W are equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that V and W are equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that V and W are equal in
+this case just for the sake of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case just for the sake of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case just for the sake of argument
+now what did I just say I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what did I just say I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what did I just say I said before
+that the transformation is uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transformation is uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transformation is uniquely
+determined once we know what it does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined once we know what it does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined once we know what it does to
+each element of a basis what does f do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element of a basis what does f do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element of a basis what does f do
+to U1 and U2 well since f is mapping V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U1 and U2 well since f is mapping V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U1 and U2 well since f is mapping V
+into V and since this implies that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into V and since this implies that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into V and since this implies that every
+Vector in V is going to be with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in V is going to be with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in V is going to be with respect
+to a coordinate system U1 U2 what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a coordinate system U1 U2 what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a coordinate system U1 U2 what I do
+know is that whatever F of U1 and F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that whatever F of U1 and F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that whatever F of U1 and F of
+U2 are they are linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 are they are linear combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 are they are linear combinations of
+the basis vectors of V U1 and U2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors of V U1 and U2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors of V U1 and U2 so
+let's say for the sake of argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for the sake of argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for the sake of argument that
+F of U1 is this linear combination F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of U1 is this linear combination F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of U1 is this linear combination F of
+U2 is this linear combination where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 is this linear combination where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 is this linear combination where
+we're using the usual double subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the usual double subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the usual double subscript
+notation that seems to indicate a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that seems to indicate a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that seems to indicate a matrix
+treatment coming up well let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment coming up well let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment coming up well let me show you
+now what happens next let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens next let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens next let's suppose we
+again pick our arbitrary vector and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again pick our arbitrary vector and fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again pick our arbitrary vector and fix
+it some arbitrary vector v in our space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some arbitrary vector v in our space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some arbitrary vector v in our space
+V Let's suppose that relative to U1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Let's suppose that relative to U1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Let's suppose that relative to U1 and
+U2 that vector v is X1 U1 + X2 U2 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 that vector v is X1 U1 + X2 U2 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 that vector v is X1 U1 + X2 U2 well
+we just saw that F of V must therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw that F of V must therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw that F of V must therefore
+be X1 F of U1 plus X2 F of U2 but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X1 F of U1 plus X2 F of U2 but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X1 F of U1 plus X2 F of U2 but now we
+know what F of U1 and F of U2 look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what F of U1 and F of U2 look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what F of U1 and F of U2 look like
+explicitly as linear combinations of U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly as linear combinations of U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly as linear combinations of U1
+and U2 and therefore simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U2 and therefore simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U2 and therefore simply by
+substituting these expressions for f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting these expressions for f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting these expressions for f of
+U1 and F of U2 in here leaving leing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 and F of U2 in here leaving leing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 and F of U2 in here leaving leing
+again the details for you to verify I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the details for you to verify I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the details for you to verify I
+find that relative to a twole notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that relative to a twole notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that relative to a twole notation
+where we're using U1 and U2 as our basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using U1 and U2 as our basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using U1 and U2 as our basis
+vectors that F of V is X1 a11 plus X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that F of V is X1 a11 plus X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that F of V is X1 a11 plus X2
+a21 comma X1 a12 plus X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 comma X1 a12 plus X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 comma X1 a12 plus X2
+a22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22
+now this at first glance may not seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this at first glance may not seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this at first glance may not seem to
+suggest a matrix to you but at Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a matrix to you but at Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a matrix to you but at Second
+Glance hopefully it will namely if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glance hopefully it will namely if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glance hopefully it will namely if I
+look at the Matrix a11 a21 a12 a22 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Matrix a11 a21 a12 a22 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Matrix a11 a21 a12 a22 and
+notice by the way now a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way now a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way now a very important
+subtlty that's come up here in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlty that's come up here in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlty that's come up here in the past
+the Matrix has always been written a11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix has always been written a11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix has always been written a11
+a12 a21 a22 to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 a21 a22 to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 a21 a22 to match the
+coefficients as they occur in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as they occur in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as they occur in these
+Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+here but notice I know what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but notice I know what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but notice I know what the answer
+has to be it has to be this all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be it has to be this all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be it has to be this all I'm
+saying is if you look at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is if you look at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is if you look at this particular
+Matrix this is what a11 X1 Plus a21 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this is what a11 X1 Plus a21 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this is what a11 X1 Plus a21 X2
+and if you want the Matrix to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want the Matrix to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want the Matrix to represent
+the right twole it has to be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right twole it has to be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right twole it has to be written
+this way by the way this is a two row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way by the way this is a two row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way by the way this is a two row
+Matrix to make the thing come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to make the thing come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to make the thing come out
+exactly right I simply take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right I simply take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right I simply take the
+transpose of this in other words notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this in other words notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this in other words notice
+that this without the transpose comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this without the transpose comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this without the transpose comes
+out to be two rows and one column where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be two rows and one column where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be two rows and one column where
+this is the first row this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first row this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first row this is the second
+row to make this look exactly right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to make this look exactly right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to make this look exactly right I
+put the transpose in here by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the transpose in here by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the transpose in here by the way
+remember that we have already seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we have already seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we have already seen that
+to take the transpose of two matrices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the transpose of two matrices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the transpose of two matrices a
+time to take the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to take the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to take the transpose of the
+product of two matrices a b it's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two matrices a b it's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two matrices a b it's B
+transpose a transpose so the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a transpose so the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a transpose so the transpose
+would be what you transpose this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what you transpose this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what you transpose this which
+is x1x2 and multiply that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x1x2 and multiply that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x1x2 and multiply that by the
+transpose of this which is a11 a12 a21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this which is a11 a12 a21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this which is a11 a12 a21
+a22 in other words if you do want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 in other words if you do want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 in other words if you do want this
+Matrix to look exactly like the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to look exactly like the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to look exactly like the Matrix
+of coefficients what we're saying is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coefficients what we're saying is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coefficients what we're saying is you
+are going to have to write the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to write the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to write the vector
+x1x2 on the left hand side rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 on the left hand side rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1x2 on the left hand side rather than
+on the right hand side and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and by the way
+that's why in many textbooks of uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in many textbooks of uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in many textbooks of uh that
+deal with Matrix algebra and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with Matrix algebra and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with Matrix algebra and the like
+they always put the variable on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always put the variable on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always put the variable on the left
+hand side it's because if you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side it's because if you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side it's because if you put the
+variable on the left hand side you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the left hand side you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the left hand side you can
+identify the Matrix as it stands with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the Matrix as it stands with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the Matrix as it stands with
+the Matrix of coefficients verbatim here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of coefficients verbatim here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of coefficients verbatim here
+if you don't do that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do that if you want to
+write the x1x2 on the right then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the x1x2 on the right then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the x1x2 on the right then you
+have to remember that the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember that the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember that the Matrix that
+you're multiplying it by has its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying it by has its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying it by has its first
+column not its first row representing F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column not its first row representing F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column not its first row representing F
+of U1 and its second column representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U1 and its second column representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U1 and its second column representing
+F of U2 and now let's illustrate that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of U2 and now let's illustrate that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of U2 and now let's illustrate that by
+means of a still more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a still more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of a still more concrete
+example let's again let F be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's again let F be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's again let F be a linear
+transformation that Maps V into V again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that Maps V into V again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that Maps V into V again
+let's assume that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that V
+is given in terms of a basis U1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given in terms of a basis U1 and U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given in terms of a basis U1 and U2
+but let's become more concrete now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's become more concrete now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's become more concrete now and
+replace the A's by specific numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the A's by specific numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the A's by specific numbers
+let's assume for example that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume for example that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume for example that we know
+that F of U1 is 3 U1 + 4 U2 F of U2 is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of U1 is 3 U1 + 4 U2 F of U2 is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of U1 is 3 U1 + 4 U2 F of U2 is 5
+U1 + 7 U2 what we're saying now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 + 7 U2 what we're saying now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 + 7 U2 what we're saying now is that
+by linearity we know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linearity we know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linearity we know exactly
+what F does to every Vector in V simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what F does to every Vector in V simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what F does to every Vector in V simply
+in terms of what it does here now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what it does here now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what it does here now let's
+see how that works let me pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that works let me pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that works let me pick an
+arbitrary Vector in capital V let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Vector in capital V let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Vector in capital V let's call
+let's say for example it's 2 U1 plus U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for example it's 2 U1 plus U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for example it's 2 U1 plus U2
+to according to my theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to according to my theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to according to my theory of the
+previous example what must F of V equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example what must F of V equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example what must F of V equal
+well what I do is I take the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I do is I take the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I do is I take the Matrix
+whose First Column has three and four as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose First Column has three and four as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose First Column has three and four as
+entries and whose second column has five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and whose second column has five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and whose second column has five
+and seven as entries and I multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven as entries and I multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven as entries and I multiply that
+by the column Matrix 2 one and to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the column Matrix 2 one and to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the column Matrix 2 one and to make
+this come out to be a row Vector I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this come out to be a row Vector I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this come out to be a row Vector I take
+the transpose of this and that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this and that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this and that indeed
+does turn out to be what 3 * 2 5 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does turn out to be what 3 * 2 5 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does turn out to be what 3 * 2 5 * 1
+that adds up to 11 4 * 2 is 8 7 * 1 is 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds up to 11 4 * 2 is 8 7 * 1 is 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds up to 11 4 * 2 is 8 7 * 1 is 7
+that adds up to 15 that's the vector 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds up to 15 that's the vector 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds up to 15 that's the vector 11
+comma 15 relative to the basis U1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 15 relative to the basis U1 and U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 15 relative to the basis U1 and U2
+again if you don't like the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you don't like the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you don't like the idea of
+having to in transpose this if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to in transpose this if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to in transpose this if you want
+to be able to write the Matrix 3457
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to write the Matrix 3457
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to write the Matrix 3457
+directly the way you do it is write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the way you do it is write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the way you do it is write that
+Matrix directly but now write the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix directly but now write the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix directly but now write the vector
+v as a row Vector on the left side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v as a row Vector on the left side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v as a row Vector on the left side of
+this Matrix you see again I get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix you see again I get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix you see again I get the same
+answer won't I 2 * 3 is 6 1 * 5 is 5 6 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer won't I 2 * 3 is 6 1 * 5 is 5 6 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer won't I 2 * 3 is 6 1 * 5 is 5 6 +
+5 is 11 okay 2 * 4 is 8 1 * 7 is 7 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is 11 okay 2 * 4 is 8 1 * 7 is 7 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is 11 okay 2 * 4 is 8 1 * 7 is 7 I get
+15 other words whichever way I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 other words whichever way I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 other words whichever way I do this
+notice that F of V is 11 U1 + 15 U2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that F of V is 11 U1 + 15 U2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that F of V is 11 U1 + 15 U2 and
+notice also there was nothing sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice also there was nothing sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice also there was nothing sacred
+about this choice of V I just picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this choice of V I just picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this choice of V I just picked a
+concrete example to show you how I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example to show you how I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example to show you how I can
+determine what the image of any vector V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the image of any vector V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the image of any vector V
+with respect to the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the linear
+transformation F looks like once I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation F looks like once I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation F looks like once I know
+the Matrix of coefficients of f relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of coefficients of f relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of coefficients of f relative
+to the basis U1 and U2 by the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the basis U1 and U2 by the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the basis U1 and U2 by the way in
+every lecture so far I've been coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lecture so far I've been coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lecture so far I've been coming
+back to this rather difficult point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this rather difficult point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this rather difficult point that
+everything seems to depend on what basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems to depend on what basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems to depend on what basis
+we choose and the interesting point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose and the interesting point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose and the interesting point is
+that whereas a linear transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whereas a linear transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whereas a linear transformation is
+defined independently of any coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined independently of any coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined independently of any coordinate
+system The Matrix that represents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system The Matrix that represents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system The Matrix that represents that
+linear transformation does indeed depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation does indeed depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation does indeed depend
+on the coordinate system for example let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the coordinate system for example let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the coordinate system for example let
+me just say that the Matrix of f does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say that the Matrix of f does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say that the Matrix of f does
+depend on the basis that you've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the basis that you've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the basis that you've chosen
+and by means of an example let's let F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by means of an example let's let F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by means of an example let's let F
+U1 U2 and V be the same as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 U2 and V be the same as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 U2 and V be the same as in the
+previous exercise okay remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exercise okay remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exercise okay remember what
+that is now now I'm going to pick a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now now I'm going to pick a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now now I'm going to pick a new
+basis for my Vector space V in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for my Vector space V in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for my Vector space V in fact
+let's call capital V the same thing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call capital V the same thing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call capital V the same thing too
+let let all this be the same as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let all this be the same as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let all this be the same as in
+exercise five example five now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise five example five now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise five example five now I'm going
+to pick a new basis alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a new basis alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a new basis alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+relative to U1 and U2 alpha 1 is 2 U1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to U1 and U2 alpha 1 is 2 U1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to U1 and U2 alpha 1 is 2 U1 +
+3 U2 Alpha 2 is U1 + U2 since these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 U2 Alpha 2 is U1 + U2 since these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 U2 Alpha 2 is U1 + U2 since these are
+not constant multiples of one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant multiples of one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant multiples of one another
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 are linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 are linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 are linearly
+independent because they're linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because they're linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because they're linearly
+independent they form a basis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent they form a basis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent they form a basis because
+they they are what the dimension of V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are what the dimension of V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are what the dimension of V is
+two and so any two any set of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so any two any set of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so any two any set of two
+linearly independent vectors in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent vectors in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent vectors in a
+two-dimensional space will be a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space will be a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space will be a basis
+for that space so I now have a new basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that space so I now have a new basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that space so I now have a new basis
+for V Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by the way in
+the same way that I can express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that I can express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that I can express the
+alphas in terms of the use I can invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas in terms of the use I can invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas in terms of the use I can invert
+this by any method that I wish and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by any method that I wish and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by any method that I wish and show
+that the 's can be expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 's can be expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 's can be expressed in terms of
+the alphas in particularly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas in particularly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas in particularly in this
+particular manner what this means now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular manner what this means now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular manner what this means now of
+course is that V is still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that V is still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that V is still the same
+Vector space but I can view it as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space but I can view it as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space but I can view it as being
+with respect to the basis alpha 1 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the basis alpha 1 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the basis alpha 1 Alpha
+2 but it's the same Vector space that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but it's the same Vector space that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but it's the same Vector space that I
+had back in example five when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had back in example five when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had back in example five when I was
+viewing this with respect to the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing this with respect to the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing this with respect to the basis
+U1 and U2 now the thing that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 and U2 now the thing that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 and U2 now the thing that comes up
+now is can I convert everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is can I convert everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is can I convert everything from
+example five into the language of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example five into the language of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example five into the language of the
+alphas for example we knew in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas for example we knew in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas for example we knew in example
+five that V was 2 U1 plus U2 but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that V was 2 U1 plus U2 but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that V was 2 U1 plus U2 but now
+knowing what U1 and U2 look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what U1 and U2 look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what U1 and U2 look like in
+terms of the alphas I simply make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the alphas I simply make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the alphas I simply make this
+substitution replacing U1 and U2 by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution replacing U1 and U2 by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution replacing U1 and U2 by what
+they look like in terms of the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like in terms of the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like in terms of the alphas
+and I conclude that in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I conclude that in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I conclude that in terms of the
+alphas V is minus Alpha 1 + 4 Alpha 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas V is minus Alpha 1 + 4 Alpha 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas V is minus Alpha 1 + 4 Alpha 2 in
+other words notice that V is the twole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words notice that V is the twole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words notice that V is the twole
+min-1 comma 4 relative to the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 comma 4 relative to the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-1 comma 4 relative to the basis
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 but it's the twole 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 but it's the twole 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 but it's the twole 2
+comma one relative to U1 and U2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma one relative to U1 and U2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma one relative to U1 and U2 is the
+basis but that we already knew from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but that we already knew from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but that we already knew from the
+previous uh lecture that this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh lecture that this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh lecture that this was the
+case that the twole depended on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the twole depended on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the twole depended on the
+basis that was chosen but now I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that was chosen but now I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that was chosen but now I'd like
+to show you that the Matrix also depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that the Matrix also depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that the Matrix also depends
+on the basis chosen well how do we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis chosen well how do we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis chosen well how do we write
+F of V relative to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of V relative to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of V relative to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+according to my general Theory all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to my general Theory all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to my general Theory all I
+have to know is what alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know is what alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know is what alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+get mapped into and then I'm home free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mapped into and then I'm home free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mapped into and then I'm home free
+in other words I would like to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I would like to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I would like to know what
+F of alpha 1 and F of Alpha 2 look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of alpha 1 and F of Alpha 2 look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of alpha 1 and F of Alpha 2 look like
+but now as linear combinations of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now as linear combinations of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now as linear combinations of alpha
+1 and Alpha 2 all right how do I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Alpha 2 all right how do I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Alpha 2 all right how do I do this
+how do I express F of alpha 1 and F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I express F of alpha 1 and F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I express F of alpha 1 and F of
+Alpha 2 as linear combinations of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 as linear combinations of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 as linear combinations of alpha
+1 and Alpha 2 well from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Alpha 2 well from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Alpha 2 well from the previous
+example the easiest thing to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the easiest thing to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the easiest thing to do is to
+express F of alpha 1 and F of Alpha 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express F of alpha 1 and F of Alpha 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express F of alpha 1 and F of Alpha 2 in
+terms of U1 and U2 namely F of alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of U1 and U2 namely F of alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of U1 and U2 namely F of alpha 1
+is what the Matrix relative to U1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the Matrix relative to U1 and U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the Matrix relative to U1 and U2
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+3547 alpha 1 written in U1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3547 alpha 1 written in U1 and U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3547 alpha 1 written in U1 and U2
+components is 2 U1 + 3 U2 so F of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is 2 U1 + 3 U2 so F of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is 2 U1 + 3 U2 so F of alpha
+1 is the twole 21 comma 29 where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the twole 21 comma 29 where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the twole 21 comma 29 where this is
+relative to U1 and U2 in other words F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to U1 and U2 in other words F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to U1 and U2 in other words F
+of alpha 1 is 21 U1 plus 29 U2 we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha 1 is 21 U1 plus 29 U2 we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha 1 is 21 U1 plus 29 U2 we know
+what Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 look like in
+terms of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 we just
+were talking about that leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about that leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about that leaving the
+details to you replacing Al U1 and U2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to you replacing Al U1 and U2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to you replacing Al U1 and U2 by
+what they're equal to in terms of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're equal to in terms of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're equal to in terms of alpha
+1 and Alpha 2 we see that F of alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Alpha 2 we see that F of alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Alpha 2 we see that F of alpha 1
+is 8 alpha 1 + 5 Alpha 2 we have now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 8 alpha 1 + 5 Alpha 2 we have now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 8 alpha 1 + 5 Alpha 2 we have now you
+see expressed F of alpha 1 as a twole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see expressed F of alpha 1 as a twole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see expressed F of alpha 1 as a twole
+relative to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 in a
+similar way F of Alpha 2 is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way F of Alpha 2 is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way F of Alpha 2 is given by
+this which again replacing U1 and U2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which again replacing U1 and U2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which again replacing U1 and U2 by
+what they equal to in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they equal to in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they equal to in terms of the
+alphas turns out to be this so I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas turns out to be this so I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas turns out to be this so I now
+know the Matrix of alpha 1 of f in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Matrix of alpha 1 of f in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Matrix of alpha 1 of f in terms
+of what it does to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it does to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it does to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+in fact what will that Matrix do writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what will that Matrix do writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what will that Matrix do writing
+it in terms of the transposed idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the transposed idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the transposed idea here
+the First Column of my Matrix will be 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column of my Matrix will be 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column of my Matrix will be 85
+the second column will be 32 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column will be 32 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column will be 32 so the
+Matrix now of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now of f is
+8352 I multi mply that by the vector v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8352 I multi mply that by the vector v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8352 I multi mply that by the vector v
+which as we just saw over here is -1a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we just saw over here is -1a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we just saw over here is -1a
+4 if I carry out this operation I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 if I carry out this operation I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 if I carry out this operation I have
+what - 8 + 12 which is 4 - 5 + 8 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what - 8 + 12 which is 4 - 5 + 8 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what - 8 + 12 which is 4 - 5 + 8 which
+is 3 so F of V is now the twole 4 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 so F of V is now the twole 4 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 so F of V is now the twole 4 comma
+3 relative to the basis alpha 1 Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 relative to the basis alpha 1 Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 relative to the basis alpha 1 Alpha 2
+in other words F of V is 4 alpha 1 + 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words F of V is 4 alpha 1 + 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words F of V is 4 alpha 1 + 3
+Alpha 2 and remembering that Alpha 1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 and remembering that Alpha 1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 and remembering that Alpha 1 was
+2 U1 + 3u U2 and at Alpha 2 was U1 + U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U1 + 3u U2 and at Alpha 2 was U1 + U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U1 + 3u U2 and at Alpha 2 was U1 + U2
+I can now as a check convert this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now as a check convert this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now as a check convert this into
+U's and I then find what this is 8 + 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and I then find what this is 8 + 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U's and I then find what this is 8 + 3
+is 11 12 + 3 is 15 F of V is indeed 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 11 12 + 3 is 15 F of V is indeed 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 11 12 + 3 is 15 F of V is indeed 11
+U1 + 15 U2 which does check with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 + 15 U2 which does check with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 + 15 U2 which does check with our
+result of EX the example what number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of EX the example what number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of EX the example what number was
+example five the previous example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example five the previous example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example five the previous example where
+we did the same problem in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the same problem in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the same problem in terms of the
+use and what I want you to see is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and what I want you to see is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and what I want you to see is this
+not only obviously V is a fixed Vector f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only obviously V is a fixed Vector f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only obviously V is a fixed Vector f
+is a fixed linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fixed linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fixed linear
+transformation so F of V must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so F of V must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so F of V must be the
+same Vector no matter what the basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Vector no matter what the basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Vector no matter what the basis is
+but in terms of one basis F of V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of one basis F of V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of one basis F of V is the
+twole 4 comma 3 in terms of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole 4 comma 3 in terms of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole 4 comma 3 in terms of another
+basis it's the twole 11 comma 15 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis it's the twole 11 comma 15 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis it's the twole 11 comma 15 in
+terms of one basis f is represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of one basis f is represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of one basis f is represented by
+the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+8352 in terms of another basis f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8352 in terms of another basis f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8352 in terms of another basis f is
+represented by the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the Matrix
+3547 so what you see indeed is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3547 so what you see indeed is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3547 so what you see indeed is nothing
+more than this that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this that there are two
+difficult problems that we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problems that we have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problems that we have to deal
+with one problem which is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one problem which is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one problem which is relatively
+easy once you get the basic ideas down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy once you get the basic ideas down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy once you get the basic ideas down
+is the fact that linear Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that linear Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that linear Transformations
+have nothing to do with the basis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to do with the basis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to do with the basis you
+see it's uh it's defined for a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's uh it's defined for a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's uh it's defined for a vector
+space but the difficult point is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the difficult point is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the difficult point is that in
+many cases we are dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases we are dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases we are dealing with a
+specific basis in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific basis in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific basis in the middle of a
+problem we change from one basis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we change from one basis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we change from one basis to
+another conse quently the basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another conse quently the basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another conse quently the basis that
+represents a linear transformation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a linear transformation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a linear transformation will
+in general change as we go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general change as we go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general change as we go from one
+representation to another and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to another and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to another and this is
+where a lot of computational difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of computational difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of computational difficulty
+seems to creep in again I will Hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to creep in again I will Hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to creep in again I will Hammer
+this home during the exercises but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this home during the exercises but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this home during the exercises but for
+now what I hope you've gotten out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I hope you've gotten out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I hope you've gotten out of
+this lecture is the overall view of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is the overall view of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is the overall view of what
+a linear transformation means and how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear transformation means and how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear transformation means and how in
+terms of vector spaces the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of vector spaces the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of vector spaces the concept of
+linearity finds a very nice uni ified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity finds a very nice uni ified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity finds a very nice uni ified
+home to live in at any rate then until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to live in at any rate then until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to live in at any rate then until
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6v9cN4-do64.txt b/6v9cN4-do64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e29af4354f489dc27474d5c6581fc144072f799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6v9cN4-do64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so the course covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so the course covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so the course covers
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+um intended to um give the students a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intended to um give the students a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intended to um give the students a
+sense of uh both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh both the
+fundamentals physics and chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals physics and chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals physics and chemistry and
+Dynamics fundamentals of a modern energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics fundamentals of a modern energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics fundamentals of a modern energy
+conversion system and tools to help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion system and tools to help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion system and tools to help them
+analyze um the performance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze um the performance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze um the performance of these
+systems uh the course has uh students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh the course has uh students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh the course has uh students
+participation from mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation from mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation from mechanical
+engineering from chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering from chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering from chemical engineering
+and from nuclear engineering that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from nuclear engineering that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from nuclear engineering that's why
+we have three different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three different number
+numbers and has uh guest lectures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and has uh guest lectures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and has uh guest lectures from
+these three departments the course has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three departments the course has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three departments the course has
+both an undergraduate version and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both an undergraduate version and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both an undergraduate version and a
+graduate version we teach them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate version we teach them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate version we teach them together
+and we have students from the two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have students from the two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have students from the two levels
+sit together U they are graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit together U they are graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit together U they are graded
+differently depending on whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently depending on whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently depending on whether they're
+undergraduate or graduate and the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate or graduate and the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate or graduate and the load
+is also different but the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also different but the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also different but the material
+covered is the same in both versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered is the same in both versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered is the same in both versions of
+the course one of the reasons why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course one of the reasons why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course one of the reasons why we
+started the course is we realized at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the course is we realized at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the course is we realized at a
+certain point that energy without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point that energy without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point that energy without
+education is extremely dangerous that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is extremely dangerous that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is extremely dangerous that
+especially engineering students need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially engineering students need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially engineering students need to
+have the level of understanding and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the level of understanding and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the level of understanding and the
+sort of tools that they can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tools that they can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tools that they can use to
+analyze and distinguish between ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and distinguish between ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and distinguish between ideas
+that may work and ideas that may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may work and ideas that may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may work and ideas that may not
+work and we felt at a certain point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and we felt at a certain point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and we felt at a certain point that
+perhaps perhaps we were lacking in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps perhaps we were lacking in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps perhaps we were lacking in terms
+of giving the students the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving the students the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving the students the kind of
+framework they need to use to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework they need to use to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework they need to use to think
+about energy both from the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy both from the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy both from the physical
+science point of view what may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science point of view what may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science point of view what may or may
+not work as well as its impact on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work as well as its impact on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work as well as its impact on our
+life in terms of the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in terms of the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in terms of the environmental
+impact people interactions and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact people interactions and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact people interactions and and
+obviously the economic impact uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the economic impact uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the economic impact uh whether
+whether it's affordable or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's affordable or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's affordable or not and
+putting the class together we were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the class together we were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the class together we were very
+much um aware of that need in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um aware of that need in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um aware of that need in this class
+we're uh uh using a different philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh uh using a different philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh uh using a different philosophy
+where where we using same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we using same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we using same set of
+principles to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to analyze
+these potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these potentially
+dissociated uh Concepts but analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated uh Concepts but analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated uh Concepts but analyzing
+analyzing them in a in a more unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing them in a in a more unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing them in a in a more unified
+way and to make sure that the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and to make sure that the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and to make sure that the point is
+clear we also use examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear we also use examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear we also use examples
+constantly to see how one can draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly to see how one can draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly to see how one can draw on
+different tools and ideas to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tools and ideas to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tools and ideas to analyze
+complex system and at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system and at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system and at the end of the day
+learn something about the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about the performance
+the course is primarily done in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is primarily done in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is primarily done in lecture
+format but again um every year out of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format but again um every year out of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format but again um every year out of um
+every week out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week out of
+four uh uh hours of lectures we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh uh hours of lectures we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh uh hours of lectures we usually
+spend one of these hours in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend one of these hours in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend one of these hours in recitation
+format where we encourage uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format where we encourage uh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format where we encourage uh questions
+and inquiries as well as well as cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inquiries as well as well as cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inquiries as well as well as cover
+some of the problem solving techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problem solving techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problem solving techniques
+that we we need in analyzing Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we need in analyzing Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we need in analyzing Energy
+System uh in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System uh in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System uh in the second part of the
+semester when when students have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester when when students have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester when when students have to do
+their project uh we spend more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project uh we spend more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project uh we spend more time
+talking about how to do research related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to do research related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to do research related
+to projects and give students some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to projects and give students some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to projects and give students some time
+to uh give us some feedback on again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give us some feedback on again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give us some feedback on again
+research methodologies and tools I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research methodologies and tools I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research methodologies and tools I think
+some of the unique aspects of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the unique aspects of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the unique aspects of the class
+CL is the fact that's interde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL is the fact that's interde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL is the fact that's interde
+departmental uh most of our courses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departmental uh most of our courses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departmental uh most of our courses are
+owned by single departments and faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by single departments and faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by single departments and faculty
+within that single Department teach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that single Department teach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that single Department teach in
+this case we have faculty from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have faculty from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have faculty from three
+different departments and we invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different departments and we invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different departments and we invite
+faculty from even outside the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty from even outside the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty from even outside the three
+departments to tell us what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments to tell us what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments to tell us what they're
+doing within the context of the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing within the context of the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing within the context of the class so
+the educational component of energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educational component of energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educational component of energy is
+extremely important in the in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important in the in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important in the in the sense
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+W without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W without
+knowing what the impact of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what the impact of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what the impact of what we're
+doing on our life it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on our life it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on our life it's
+it's U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's U
+um nearly um impossible to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nearly um impossible to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nearly um impossible to determine
+what approaches should we be taking both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what approaches should we be taking both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what approaches should we be taking both
+in the short term and the long term
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/76WdBlGpxVw.txt b/76WdBlGpxVw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f3895d4628bbcab8e9562dd071400901af37b0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/76WdBlGpxVw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to this session on separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this session on separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this session on separable
+equations so in this problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so in this problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so in this problem you're
+asked in the first question to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in the first question to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in the first question to solve the
+initial value problem Dy DX = y s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value problem Dy DX = y s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value problem Dy DX = y s with
+initial condition y of 0 equals 1 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition y of 0 equals 1 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition y of 0 equals 1 in the
+second part of the problem you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the problem you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the problem you're asked
+to find the general solution where no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the general solution where no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the general solution where no
+initial condition is imposed so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition is imposed so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition is imposed so here you
+need to remember your method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember your method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember your method of
+separation of variables to tackle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables to tackle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables to tackle the
+first question and then in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question and then in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question and then in the second
+part of the problem remember all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem remember all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem remember all the the
+type of solutions and conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of solutions and conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of solutions and conditions that
+you applied in the first part to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you applied in the first part to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you applied in the first part to recover
+the lost equ the Lost Solutions so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lost equ the Lost Solutions so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lost equ the Lost Solutions so why
+don't you take a minute pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take a minute pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take a minute pause the video
+work through the questions A and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through the questions A and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through the questions A and B and
+then we'll continue together when I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back welcome back so in the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back so in the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back so in the first part
+of the problem we'll be solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem we'll be solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem we'll be solving the
+equation Dy DX equal y s so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Dy DX equal y s so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Dy DX equal y s so here the
+method of separation of variables tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of separation of variables tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of separation of variables tells
+us that we should regroup the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we should regroup the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we should regroup the variables
+of the same kind so all the Y variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same kind so all the Y variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same kind so all the Y variables
+in one side and DX variable on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one side and DX variable on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one side and DX variable on the other
+side of the equation and then integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation and then integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation and then integrate
+from this point so here from for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point so here from for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point so here from for this
+step notice that I divided by Y squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step notice that I divided by Y squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step notice that I divided by Y squ
+which means that we need to impose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we need to impose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we need to impose the
+condition y not equal to zero from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so from this step we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so from this step we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so from this step we just use
+infinite integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite integrals
+to integrate both sides of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate both sides of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate both sides of the equation
+so the left hand side is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left hand side is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left hand side is the integral of
+d y over y s so integral of this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y over y s so integral of this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y over y s so integral of this gives
+us Min -1 over Y and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Min -1 over Y and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Min -1 over Y and the right hand side
+integral of DX is just X both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of DX is just X both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of DX is just X both sides
+would give us U constant Integrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us U constant Integrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us U constant Integrations
+but we only need one because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only need one because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only need one because this is a
+first order differential equation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation and so
+we group them together on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we group them together on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we group them together on the right hand
+side with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so from this point given that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so from this point given that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so from this point given that we're
+interested in variable y we need just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in variable y we need just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in variable y we need just to
+inverse the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression and that gives us partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that gives us partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that gives us partial
+answer which is y of x = -1 /x + C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which is y of x = -1 /x + C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which is y of x = -1 /x + C so
+now we need to use our initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to use our initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to use our initial condition
+y of 0 = to 1 to determine the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 0 = to 1 to determine the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 0 = to 1 to determine the value of
+C for this particular initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so our initial
+condition was y of 0 = to 1 so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was y of 0 = to 1 so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was y of 0 = to 1 so if we
+substitute this in the expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this in the expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this in the expression that
+we just obtained we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just obtained we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just obtained we just
+have 0 + C which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 + C which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 + C which then
+only gives us C equals to 1 so we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives us C equals to 1 so we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives us C equals to 1 so we end up
+with a value for our constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a value for our constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a value for our constant of
+integration C equals 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and so the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem is y ofx = 1 / 1 - x so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is y ofx = 1 / 1 - x so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is y ofx = 1 / 1 - x so if you
+examine this expression you see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine this expression you see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine this expression you see right
+away that we have a problem for xal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that we have a problem for xal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that we have a problem for xal to 1
+because at xals to 1 we have a one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at xals to 1 we have a one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at xals to 1 we have a one over
+zero which means that then the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means that then the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means that then the solution
+blows up and we have a vertical ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up and we have a vertical ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up and we have a vertical ASM
+toote so let me draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to
+have an Asm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Asm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Asm
+toote on x equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote on x equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote on x equal to 1
+and a solution that passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through our initial condition y = to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our initial condition y = to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our initial condition y = to 1
+going to Infinity When approaching X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Infinity When approaching X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Infinity When approaching X
+xals to 1 but then on the right side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals to 1 but then on the right side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals to 1 but then on the right side of
+the value xals to 1 we Al have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value xals to 1 we Al have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value xals to 1 we Al have another
+part of the solution that goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution that goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution that goes to zero
+as X goes to infinity and that dires to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X goes to infinity and that dires to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X goes to infinity and that dires to
+minus infinity when X approaches one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity when X approaches one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity when X approaches one so
+by convention the Solutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by convention the Solutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by convention the Solutions of
+differential equations are defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations are defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations are defined in
+one single interval so we need here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single interval so we need here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single interval so we need here to
+realize that the solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the solution we
+had is two is basically two parts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is two is basically two parts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is two is basically two parts the
+parts on the left of the ASM toote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on the left of the ASM toote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on the left of the ASM toote and
+the part on the right of the Asm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the solution to our initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution to our initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution to our initial value
+problem needs to be the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem needs to be the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem needs to be the solution that
+passes through the imposed initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the imposed initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the imposed initial
+condition which was y of 0 equals to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which was y of 0 equals to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which was y of 0 equals to 1
+so it needs to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so now if we move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so now if we move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so now if we move on to the
+solution of the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the second part of the
+problem B we were asked to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B we were asked to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B we were asked to find the
+general solution of the problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the problem which
+means that we need to account now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we need to account now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we need to account now for
+all the solutions regardless of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions regardless of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions regardless of their
+initial condition so we already answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition so we already answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition so we already answered
+this partially during the solution of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partially during the solution of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partially during the solution of of
+part A where we solved using indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A where we solved using indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A where we solved using indefinite
+integrals and arrived to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and arrived to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and arrived to the
+solution minus one over X plus C where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution minus one over X plus C where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution minus one over X plus C where
+here we had basically an undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we had basically an undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we had basically an undetermined
+constant of integration so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of integration so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of integration so this is one
+General solution but remember that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General solution but remember that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General solution but remember that we
+need to give all the general Sol all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give all the general Sol all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give all the general Sol all the
+solutions of the problem so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the problem so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the problem so when we
+arrive to this solution we excluded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive to this solution we excluded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive to this solution we excluded the
+solution that y equals to Z which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that y equals to Z which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that y equals to Z which was
+basically a lost solution because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a lost solution because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a lost solution because we had
+to impose the condition y not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose the condition y not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose the condition y not equal to
+zero so we need when we give the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we need when we give the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we need when we give the general
+solution to this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this differential equation
+to recover the lost solution and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover the lost solution and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover the lost solution and then we
+basically have one kind of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have one kind of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have one kind of solution
+minus one /x + C that excludes yal to0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one /x + C that excludes yal to0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one /x + C that excludes yal to0
+and another kind of solution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another kind of solution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another kind of solution that is
+simply the zero solution so to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the zero solution so to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the zero solution so to summarize
+the important points of this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important points of this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important points of this problem is
+to remember the separation of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the separation of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the separation of variables
+and how to use it and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to use it and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to use it and the fact that
+using it imposes imposes us imposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it imposes imposes us imposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it imposes imposes us imposes
+conditions that require us to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that require us to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that require us to recover
+lost Solutions at the end of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost Solutions at the end of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost Solutions at the end of the problem
+if we're asked to give General Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're asked to give General Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're asked to give General Solutions
+another point to remember is that even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point to remember is that even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point to remember is that even a
+simple OD can lead to relatively complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple OD can lead to relatively complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple OD can lead to relatively complex
+Behavior such as the presence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior such as the presence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior such as the presence of this
+vertical asmt that you need to then know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical asmt that you need to then know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical asmt that you need to then know
+how how to deal with and determine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how to deal with and determine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how to deal with and determine which
+part of the solutions that you obtain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solutions that you obtain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solutions that you obtain is
+the real solution to the initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real solution to the initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real solution to the initial value
+problem that you are given so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you are given so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you are given so I hope
+that uh you are okay with this with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you are okay with this with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you are okay with this with with
+this problem and you will use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and you will use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and you will use these
+approaches many times for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches many times for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches many times for the rest of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+course
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7uCfPTwwYIc.txt b/7uCfPTwwYIc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8fba6bc1dcb632cdea49da94fba3ea428428a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7uCfPTwwYIc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+today i want to continue our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to continue our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to continue our discussion
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+amino acid metabolism and before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid metabolism and before we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid metabolism and before we do
+that i just want to come back for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just want to come back for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just want to come back for a few
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+and revisit the urea cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revisit the urea cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revisit the urea cycle and
+the krebs bicycle that we discussed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the krebs bicycle that we discussed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the krebs bicycle that we discussed at
+the very end of the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the last lecture
+i only want to do that because it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only want to do that because it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only want to do that because it a lot
+going on with this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with this cycle
+it can appear on the surface to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can appear on the surface to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can appear on the surface to be
+confusing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the
+molecules are hard to draw and so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are hard to draw and so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are hard to draw and so i just
+wanted to draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to draw it
+neatly here for you one last time and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neatly here for you one last time and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neatly here for you one last time and go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+it um you know again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know again and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know again and so
+remember if we start from the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we start from the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we start from the amino acid
+arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine
+arginine can be converted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine can be converted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine can be converted into the
+non-proteinogenic amino acid ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-proteinogenic amino acid ornithine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-proteinogenic amino acid ornithine
+and in the process release urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process release urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process release urea
+that ornithine can then be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ornithine can then be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ornithine can then be in the
+mitochondria converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria converted to
+citrulline another non-proteinogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline another non-proteinogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline another non-proteinogenic
+amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+by picking up a carbon and a nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by picking up a carbon and a nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by picking up a carbon and a nitrogen
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+this molecule carbomolyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule carbomolyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule carbomolyl phosphate
+which is generated from co2 slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is generated from co2 slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is generated from co2 slash
+bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate
+as well as ammonia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as ammonia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as ammonia and
+two phosphorylations with atp to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phosphorylations with atp to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phosphorylations with atp to get
+carbonyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl phosphate
+that's added to ornithine to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's added to ornithine to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's added to ornithine to get
+citrulline that citrulline can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline that citrulline can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline that citrulline can then
+combine with the amino acid aspartate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with the amino acid aspartate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with the amino acid aspartate to
+give this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this molecule
+arginosuccinate so arginine plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginosuccinate so arginine plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginosuccinate so arginine plus a
+succinate on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate on it
+and then loss of fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then loss of fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then loss of fumarate
+leaves you with arginine that fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you with arginine that fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you with arginine that fumarate
+can of course go through the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course go through the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course go through the tca cycle
+to regenerate malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate malate
+oxaloacetate ultimately pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate ultimately pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate ultimately pick up
+nitrogen on oxaloacetate is that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen on oxaloacetate is that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen on oxaloacetate is that alpha
+keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+is transaminated to aspartate of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transaminated to aspartate of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transaminated to aspartate of course
+getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that
+nitrogen from glutamate to alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen from glutamate to alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen from glutamate to alpha
+ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate
+and glutamate of course can get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate of course can get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate of course can get its
+nitrogen either by transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen either by transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen either by transamination
+with another um uh amino acid to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another um uh amino acid to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another um uh amino acid to an
+alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+converting alpha-ketoglutarate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting alpha-ketoglutarate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting alpha-ketoglutarate to
+glutamate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate or
+glutamate can be generated by this redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate can be generated by this redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate can be generated by this redox
+reaction where it picks up on ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where it picks up on ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where it picks up on ammonia
+by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase
+so you'll notice in this cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll notice in this cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll notice in this cycle that
+ultimately the arginine the urea group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the arginine the urea group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the arginine the urea group
+what is released as urea from arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is released as urea from arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is released as urea from arginine
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+the carbomyl phosphate so that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbomyl phosphate so that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbomyl phosphate so that's one of
+these nitrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nitrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nitrogens
+that was picked up in the synthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was picked up in the synthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was picked up in the synthesis of
+carbonyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl phosphate
+and the other one comes from aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one comes from aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one comes from aspartate
+which of course can come from ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course can come from ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course can come from ammonia
+via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+glutamate dehydrogenase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase and
+transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination
+or from transamination from nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from transamination from nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from transamination from nitrogen
+picked up from any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up from any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up from any other
+amino acid to ultimately end up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid to ultimately end up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid to ultimately end up on
+aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate
+you'll notice that there's redox balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that there's redox balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that there's redox balance
+across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this
+whole cycle and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cycle and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cycle and so there's a
+nad that's required to reconvert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad that's required to reconvert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad that's required to reconvert the
+malate oxaloacetate to run this half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate oxaloacetate to run this half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate oxaloacetate to run this half of
+the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+but of course if we pick up an ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if we pick up an ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if we pick up an ammonia
+we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+have a redox reaction involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a redox reaction involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a redox reaction involved in the
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
+you'll see that atp is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that atp is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that atp is also
+quite a bit of atp is needed you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of atp is needed you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of atp is needed you need
+two atp to generate each carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp to generate each carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp to generate each carbonyl
+phosphate as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate as well as
+two atp equivalents to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp equivalents to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp equivalents to generate
+arginosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginosuccinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginosuccinate
+because remember if you go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember if you go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember if you go back to your
+notes from last time you'll see that atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes from last time you'll see that atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes from last time you'll see that atp
+to amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amp
+plus pyrophosphate was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pyrophosphate was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pyrophosphate was part of the
+citrulline and aspartate generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline and aspartate generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline and aspartate generating
+arginosuccinate reaction and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginosuccinate reaction and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginosuccinate reaction and the last
+thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that
+co2 is required to run the urea cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 is required to run the urea cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 is required to run the urea cycle
+that's where the carbon and urea comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the carbon and urea comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the carbon and urea comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+and that co2 is of course picked up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that co2 is of course picked up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that co2 is of course picked up in
+the generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation
+of carbonyl phosphate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbonyl phosphate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbonyl phosphate now
+i think sometimes we can fall into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think sometimes we can fall into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think sometimes we can fall into the
+you know misconception when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know misconception when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know misconception when we talk
+about these that all cells generate urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these that all cells generate urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these that all cells generate urea
+that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true
+so remember different organisms use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember different organisms use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember different organisms use
+different strategies to excrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies to excrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies to excrete
+nitrogen so in us as humans the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so in us as humans the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so in us as humans the liver
+and the kidney would run the urea cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kidney would run the urea cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kidney would run the urea cycle
+as i've drawn it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've drawn it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've drawn it here
+as a way to ultimately produce urea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to ultimately produce urea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to ultimately produce urea that
+gets excreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets excreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets excreted
+in the blood i mean sorry in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blood i mean sorry in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blood i mean sorry in in the
+urine whereas most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine whereas most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine whereas most
+tissues in our body would simply ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues in our body would simply ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues in our body would simply ship
+off excess nitrogen from the catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off excess nitrogen from the catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off excess nitrogen from the catabolism
+of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino acids
+to the liver and the kidney by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the liver and the kidney by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the liver and the kidney by
+generating either glutamate or glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating either glutamate or glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating either glutamate or glutamine
+and the reactions that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reactions that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reactions that we talked about
+last time and then those organs would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and then those organs would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and then those organs would
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+with use the real cycle to produce urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with use the real cycle to produce urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with use the real cycle to produce urea
+and get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of
+excess nitrogen but of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen but of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen but of course there's
+other animals that will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals that will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals that will use
+other strategies secreted as ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strategies secreted as ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strategies secreted as ammonia
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+or produce the purine uric acid which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or produce the purine uric acid which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or produce the purine uric acid which of
+course we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll talk about
+um next time how one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next time how one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next time how one can
+interconnect all this amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect all this amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect all this amino acid
+nitrogen metabolism with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen metabolism with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen metabolism with
+nucleic acid nitrogen metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid nitrogen metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid nitrogen metabolism
+i just want to re-stress that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to re-stress that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to re-stress that this
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+dehydrogenase reaction is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction is a really
+key reaction that is necessary to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key reaction that is necessary to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key reaction that is necessary to get
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+in and out of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of the system and
+once you get nitrogen in and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get nitrogen in and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get nitrogen in and out of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+you can then use these transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then use these transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then use these transamination
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+to move nitrogens around between amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move nitrogens around between amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move nitrogens around between amino
+acids and alpha keto acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and alpha keto acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and alpha keto acids
+using pyridoxal phosphate as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pyridoxal phosphate as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pyridoxal phosphate as we
+discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is shown up above also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is shown up above also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is shown up above also as
+the bicycle reaction and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bicycle reaction and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bicycle reaction and again
+just stresses that you sort of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stresses that you sort of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stresses that you sort of are
+running the urea cycle on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the urea cycle on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the urea cycle on the right
+this other tca modified tca cycle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other tca modified tca cycle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other tca modified tca cycle if you
+will on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will on the left
+and ultimately illustrates how you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately illustrates how you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately illustrates how you pick
+up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up those
+nitrogens and um co2 to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens and um co2 to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens and um co2 to to
+generate urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate urea
+but of course if we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if we're going to talk
+about how you would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you would make
+amino acids which is really the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids which is really the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids which is really the topic of
+today how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today how you
+break down and synthesize the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down and synthesize the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down and synthesize the carbon
+skeletons of different amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletons of different amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletons of different amino acids
+well obviously here's arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously here's arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously here's arginine
+metabolism you can imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism you can imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism you can imagine that you
+could use the same reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the same reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the same reactions to
+produce or break down arginine and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce or break down arginine and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce or break down arginine and that
+is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens
+but i also want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also want to talk about the
+remaining amino acids and the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining amino acids and the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining amino acids and the remaining
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+it's really about how do we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about how do we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about how do we deal with
+the carbon skeleton the alpha keto acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon skeleton the alpha keto acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon skeleton the alpha keto acids
+and of course these are linked via this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these are linked via this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these are linked via this
+pyridoxal phosphate driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate driven
+transamination reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reactions
+now i don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't have time to
+in this course to go through how each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course to go through how each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course to go through how each
+amino acid carbon skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid carbon skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid carbon skeleton
+is produced and broken down we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced and broken down we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced and broken down we'll
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+some major themes however if i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some major themes however if i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some major themes however if i don't
+cover your favorite amino acid because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover your favorite amino acid because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover your favorite amino acid because
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+all people should have a favorite amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all people should have a favorite amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all people should have a favorite amino
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+you can look up the pathways to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up the pathways to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up the pathways to make it
+or break it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or break it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or break it down
+and i promise that if you paid attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i promise that if you paid attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i promise that if you paid attention
+through the whole class you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole class you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole class you have the
+skills to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to
+understand that particular pathway even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that particular pathway even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that particular pathway even
+if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't
+study it in class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it in class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it in class so
+i want to remind you that in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to remind you that in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to remind you that in general for
+amino acid catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is in general of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in general of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in general of course there
+are exceptions arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exceptions arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exceptions arginine
+would behave as i just described for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would behave as i just described for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would behave as i just described for the
+urea cycle but for most amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea cycle but for most amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea cycle but for most amino acids
+you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what does that give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that give you that
+gives the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the nitrogen
+to alpha-ketoglutarate to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha-ketoglutarate to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha-ketoglutarate to generate
+glutamate okay and so that glutamate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate okay and so that glutamate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate okay and so that glutamate can
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+be shipped off to generate ammonia if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shipped off to generate ammonia if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shipped off to generate ammonia if
+you're a fish generate your urea if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a fish generate your urea if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a fish generate your urea if
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+a human etc okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human etc okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human etc okay and
+what does that leave you with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that leave you with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that leave you with that
+leaves you with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you with um
+a alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha keto acid
+related to the amino acid that can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the amino acid that can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the amino acid that can then
+be oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to co2 using various pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co2 using various pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co2 using various pathways
+burn it and get energy just like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn it and get energy just like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn it and get energy just like we've
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+for carbohydrates and fatty acids or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbohydrates and fatty acids or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbohydrates and fatty acids or of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+you know in some cases produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some cases produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some cases produce
+glucose or some other molecule that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose or some other molecule that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose or some other molecule that can
+then be used to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used to support
+gluconeogenesis in the liver keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis in the liver keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis in the liver keep
+glucose high in our blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose high in our blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose high in our blood
+okay and so that's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's generally
+how most amino acids are catabolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how most amino acids are catabolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how most amino acids are catabolized
+it's very clear how this works if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear how this works if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear how this works if we
+start with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some of the
+more obvious ones so we talked last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more obvious ones so we talked last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more obvious ones so we talked last time
+about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how
+alanine the amino acid is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine the amino acid is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine the amino acid is related
+so transamination get the alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transamination get the alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transamination get the alpha keto
+acid that alpha keto acid is pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid that alpha keto acid is pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid that alpha keto acid is pyruvate
+aspartate amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate amino acid
+undergoes transamination the alpha-keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes transamination the alpha-keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes transamination the alpha-keto
+acid is oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is oxaloacetate
+glutamate undergoes transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate undergoes transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate undergoes transamination
+alpha-keto acid is alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid is alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid is alpha-ketoglutarate
+it's very clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear how
+all of these can end up in the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these can end up in the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these can end up in the tca cycle
+or gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the cell to either oxidize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cell to either oxidize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cell to either oxidize for
+for energy or to produce something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy or to produce something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy or to produce something
+like glucose that can be used elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glucose that can be used elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glucose that can be used elsewhere
+now of course there's other amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course there's other amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course there's other amino acids
+out there that we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that we've already talked
+about so remember asparagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so remember asparagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so remember asparagine
+very similar to aspartate glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to aspartate glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to aspartate glutamine
+similar to glutamate so those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to glutamate so those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to glutamate so those were the
+ammonia group on the side chain we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia group on the side chain we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia group on the side chain we can
+simply remove those should be clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply remove those should be clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply remove those should be clear how
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+then get those into the tca cycle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get those into the tca cycle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get those into the tca cycle or
+gluconeogenesis a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis a little
+bit of metabolic trivia humans we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of metabolic trivia humans we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of metabolic trivia humans we
+actually don't have an enzyme to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't have an enzyme to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't have an enzyme to break
+down asparagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down asparagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down asparagine
+other organisms do and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms do and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms do and then the other
+one that we alluded to last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we alluded to last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we alluded to last time was
+proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline
+which is cyclized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cyclized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cyclized
+and and oxidized glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and oxidized glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and oxidized glutamate
+and so i'll just illustrate here quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll just illustrate here quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll just illustrate here quickly
+how proline can be metabolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how proline can be metabolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how proline can be metabolized
+just so you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the amino acid
+proline okay and so proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline okay and so proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline okay and so proline
+to show you if we do oxidation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you if we do oxidation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you if we do oxidation of this
+carbon nitrogen bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nitrogen bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nitrogen bond so
+that utilizes he's an electron acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utilizes he's an electron acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utilizes he's an electron acceptor
+that electron acceptor happens to be fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron acceptor happens to be fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron acceptor happens to be fad
+being reduced to fadh2 okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+this molecule we can then add water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule we can then add water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule we can then add water
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+that double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we can open up the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can open up the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can open up the ring
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just opened up the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just opened up the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just opened up the ring
+now i'm going to oxidize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to oxidize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to oxidize this
+aldehyde to the acid so if i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde to the acid so if i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde to the acid so if i do that
+something else has to be reduced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else has to be reduced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else has to be reduced that
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+can be nad plus or nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be nad plus or nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be nad plus or nadp
+plus depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus depending on
+the enzyme there's enzymes that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme there's enzymes that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme there's enzymes that use
+either nad or nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nad or nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nad or nadp
+to make nadp h or nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make nadp h or nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make nadp h or nadh
+respectively and then what i'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and then what i'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and then what i'm left with
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this amino acid glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amino acid glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amino acid glutamate
+and so that's how i turn proline into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how i turn proline into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how i turn proline into
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+to additional um oxidation steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to additional um oxidation steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to additional um oxidation steps
+um generating fadh2 and nadh or nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generating fadh2 and nadh or nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generating fadh2 and nadh or nadph
+and so that's how you would derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how you would derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how you would derive
+energy from the catabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the catabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the catabolism of
+proline by feeding it into glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline by feeding it into glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline by feeding it into glutamate
+which can then of course be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then of course be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then of course be
+transaminated off a ketoglutarate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminated off a ketoglutarate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminated off a ketoglutarate and
+the rest of the carbon enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the carbon enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the carbon enter
+the tca cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle okay
+so that covers one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that covers one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that covers one two three four five
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+amino acids seven if you count arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids seven if you count arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids seven if you count arginine
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+talked about the euthuria cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the euthuria cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the euthuria cycle that
+leaves 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves 13
+additional amino acids many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional amino acids many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional amino acids many of them
+are first transaminated to the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first transaminated to the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first transaminated to the alpha
+keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+and then ultimately use the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately use the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately use the carbon
+skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton
+can be used to generate a um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to generate a um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to generate a um another
+intermediate that's either involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate that's either involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate that's either involved in
+the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle
+or glycolysis and shown here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glycolysis and shown here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glycolysis and shown here on the
+slide is basically just a figure from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is basically just a figure from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is basically just a figure from a
+textbook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that
+contains all of the various um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains all of the various um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains all of the various um
+all of the 20 amino acids from protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the 20 amino acids from protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the 20 amino acids from protein
+and what they generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they generate
+um either in the tca cycle or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either in the tca cycle or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either in the tca cycle or um
+or up here so you can see here the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or up here so you can see here the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or up here so you can see here the sun
+make oxaloacetate fumarate sectional coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make oxaloacetate fumarate sectional coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make oxaloacetate fumarate sectional coa
+alpha ketoglutarate acetyl coa pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate acetyl coa pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate acetyl coa pyruvate
+acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+which of course as we saw last time can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course as we saw last time can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course as we saw last time can
+be used to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to generate
+two stokoa or be used to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stokoa or be used to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stokoa or be used to generate the
+ketone body beta hydroxy butyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone body beta hydroxy butyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone body beta hydroxy butyrate
+now obviously if you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if you can generate
+any of these things we already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things we already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things we already know the
+pathways about how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways about how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways about how you can
+oxidize them or in some cases how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize them or in some cases how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize them or in some cases how you
+can turn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn them
+into glucose but now i want to return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose but now i want to return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glucose but now i want to return to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+idea that we've come to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we've come to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we've come to a bunch of
+different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times
+that really comes down to this fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really comes down to this fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really comes down to this fact of
+what we talked about with the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about with the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about with the tca cycle
+how the tca cycle can't net do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the tca cycle can't net do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the tca cycle can't net do
+anaplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis
+from two carbon units that is you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two carbon units that is you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two carbon units that is you can't
+turn acetyl co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn acetyl co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn acetyl co
+acetyl coa or acetoacetate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa or acetoacetate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa or acetoacetate because
+that's just two acetyl coa molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just two acetyl coa molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just two acetyl coa molecules
+into anything that can generate glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anything that can generate glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anything that can generate glucose
+right that's we don't have the glaxolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's we don't have the glaxolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's we don't have the glaxolate
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+organisms that have the glaxology cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that have the glaxology cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that have the glaxology cycle
+can do this but we as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this but we as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this but we as humans
+cannot do that now many of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do that now many of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do that now many of our
+amino acids can be used to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids can be used to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids can be used to produce
+you know things like fumarate suctional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like fumarate suctional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things like fumarate suctional
+coax aloe acetate all right all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coax aloe acetate all right all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coax aloe acetate all right all of that
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+can easily be turned into glucose and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily be turned into glucose and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily be turned into glucose and so
+if we starve ourselves or go on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we starve ourselves or go on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we starve ourselves or go on a
+low carbohydrate diet well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low carbohydrate diet well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low carbohydrate diet well what happens
+is our liver will break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our liver will break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our liver will break down
+amino acids and use those amino acids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and use those amino acids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and use those amino acids to
+make glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make glucose
+but we can only make glucose from amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can only make glucose from amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can only make glucose from amino
+acids if those amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids if those amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids if those amino acids
+are broken down into something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are broken down into something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are broken down into something that's
+not acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acetyl coa
+or acetyl acetate because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or acetyl acetate because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or acetyl acetate because we don't have
+a glyoxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glyoxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glyoxylate
+cycle all right just remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right just remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right just remember i
+mentioned a couple lectures ago when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a couple lectures ago when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a couple lectures ago when we
+talked about the ketogenic diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the ketogenic diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the ketogenic diet
+a true ketogenic diet isn't just low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true ketogenic diet isn't just low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true ketogenic diet isn't just low
+carbohydrates it's also low protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates it's also low protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates it's also low protein
+because your liver will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your liver will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your liver will
+turn that protein back into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that protein back into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that protein back into glucose
+and so if you really want to be ketotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you really want to be ketotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you really want to be ketotic
+you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+limit both glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit both glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit both glucose and
+both sugars and proteins because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sugars and proteins because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sugars and proteins because
+fat of course will only be broken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat of course will only be broken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat of course will only be broken into
+two carbon units and you can't turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units and you can't turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units and you can't turn
+those into glucose so you instead turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those into glucose so you instead turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those into glucose so you instead turn
+them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into
+ketones all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones all right now
+not all amino acids skeletons though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all amino acids skeletons though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all amino acids skeletons though
+can be used to make something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to make something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to make something that can
+generate glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glucose
+some can only make stuff acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some can only make stuff acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some can only make stuff acetyl coa
+acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+that can be used to generate um ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used to generate um ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used to generate um ketones
+and so this defines another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this defines another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this defines another way to
+classify amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify amino acids
+as so-called glucogenic amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a direct consequence of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a direct consequence of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a direct consequence of what
+those amino acid carbon skeletons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acid carbon skeletons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acid carbon skeletons
+are broken into and so a glucogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are broken into and so a glucogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are broken into and so a glucogen
+glucogenic amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic amino acid
+is really any amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where product
+of breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is greater than two carbons that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than two carbons that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than two carbons that is
+not acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acetyl
+coa all right whereas a ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa all right whereas a ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa all right whereas a ketogenic
+amino acid is an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product of breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i should mention or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+because acetoacetate as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because acetoacetate as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because acetoacetate as we saw
+is two acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coase okay so acetyl coa acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coase okay so acetyl coa acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coase okay so acetyl coa acetoacetate
+can be turned into the ketone body beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be turned into the ketone body beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be turned into the ketone body beta
+hydroxybutyrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxybutyrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxybutyrate
+okay an alternative fuel for the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an alternative fuel for the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an alternative fuel for the brain
+if you break down an amino acid and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break down an amino acid and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break down an amino acid and all
+you get is acetyl coa or acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is acetyl coa or acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is acetyl coa or acetoacetate
+you can't turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't turn that
+um carbon skeleton back into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um carbon skeleton back into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um carbon skeleton back into glucose
+therefore it's a ketogenic amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's a ketogenic amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's a ketogenic amino acid
+all other amino acids that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other amino acids that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other amino acids that generate
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+succinyl coa whatever something greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinyl coa whatever something greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinyl coa whatever something greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+two carbons not acetyl coa it can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons not acetyl coa it can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons not acetyl coa it can then
+be turned into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turned into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turned into glucose
+therefore it's a glucogenic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's a glucogenic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's a glucogenic um
+amino acids now if we come back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids now if we come back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids now if we come back over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+to our slide and you look at the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our slide and you look at the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our slide and you look at the various
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+most of the amino acids are turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the amino acids are turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the amino acids are turned into
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that can be turned into glucose and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be turned into glucose and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be turned into glucose and so
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+amino acids are so-called glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are so-called glucogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are so-called glucogenic
+however there's a few amino acids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's a few amino acids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's a few amino acids that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ketogenic and there's some amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketogenic and there's some amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketogenic and there's some amino acids
+that are both glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both glucogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both glucogenic
+and ketogenic and so if you look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ketogenic and so if you look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ketogenic and so if you look here
+through the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the slide
+what you'll find is that tyrosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll find is that tyrosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll find is that tyrosine and
+isoleucine so there's isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine so there's isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine so there's isoleucine
+here's tyrosine so they're turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's tyrosine so they're turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's tyrosine so they're turned into
+ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones
+but they can also be here's tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can also be here's tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can also be here's tyrosine
+here's isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's isoleucine
+can also be turned into something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be turned into something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be turned into something that
+can be used to make glucose and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to make glucose and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to make glucose and so
+they're referred to as both glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're referred to as both glucogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're referred to as both glucogenic
+and ketogenic all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ketogenic all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ketogenic all right now
+as i said before we don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said before we don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said before we don't have time to
+go through how to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through how to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through how to break down
+all of the amino acids okay but i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the amino acids okay but i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the amino acids okay but i will
+take you through how you break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you through how you break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you through how you break down
+the three branched chain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three branched chain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three branched chain amino acids
+and i will do that because first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will do that because first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will do that because first of all
+it will illustrate that you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will illustrate that you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will illustrate that you already know
+a lot about metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about metabolism
+you'll see that how these are broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that how these are broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that how these are broken
+down is just variations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is just variations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is just variations on
+pathways that we've already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that we've already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that we've already discussed
+and so it really drives home the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it really drives home the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it really drives home the fact
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the complexity of metabolism is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of metabolism is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of metabolism is really
+just nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nature
+repurposing relatively few reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing relatively few reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing relatively few reactions
+over and over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again
+in a way that ultimately builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that ultimately builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that ultimately builds
+complexity and diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and diversity
+but in the end is actually quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end is actually quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end is actually quite quite
+consistent across the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent across the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent across the whole thing
+um and you'll also see examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'll also see examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you'll also see examples of how
+amino acid skeleton breakdown can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid skeleton breakdown can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid skeleton breakdown can end up
+either as glucagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as glucagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as glucagon
+glucogenic or ketogenic and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic or ketogenic and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic or ketogenic and that's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+of the various branched chain amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various branched chain amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various branched chain amino
+acids so there's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so there's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so there's of course
+leucine valine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine valine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine valine and
+isoleucine okay so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine okay so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine okay so those are the
+three branch chain amino acids you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three branch chain amino acids you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three branch chain amino acids you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that leucine is ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leucine is ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leucine is ketogenic
+valine is glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and isoleucine as i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoleucine as i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoleucine as i just said
+is both ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both ketogenic
+and glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so three very related amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so three very related amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so three very related amino acids
+in genetic terms very conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genetic terms very conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genetic terms very conservative
+substitutions within a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions within a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions within a protein
+okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very
+related structures however the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related structures however the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related structures however the way
+they're broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken down
+in the case of leucine generates only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of leucine generates only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of leucine generates only
+things that are ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are ketogenic
+valine generates things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valine generates things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valine generates things that are
+glucogenic and isoleucine generates both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic and isoleucine generates both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic and isoleucine generates both
+and so um we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um we'll go through
+each of these and see how that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these and see how that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these and see how that happens
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so let's start with leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so leucine is a as i said above is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so leucine is a as i said above is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so leucine is a as i said above is
+a ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketogenic
+amino acid all right and so leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid all right and so leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid all right and so leucine
+like many amino acids starts breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many amino acids starts breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many amino acids starts breakdown
+by transamination so this transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transamination so this transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transamination so this transamination
+will of course take the nitrogen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of course take the nitrogen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of course take the nitrogen from
+leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine
+alpha an alpha-keto acid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha an alpha-keto acid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha an alpha-keto acid the
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+generate glutamate as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glutamate as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glutamate as well as the
+alpha-keto acid of leucine which just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid of leucine which just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid of leucine which just to
+remind you what leucine looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what leucine looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what leucine looks like
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the side chain over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the side chain over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the side chain over here
+of leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leucine
+here's the alpha keto acid related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the alpha keto acid related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the alpha keto acid related to
+leucine if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine if i
+take this alpha keto group turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this alpha keto group turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this alpha keto group turn it into
+an amino group that's leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino group that's leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino group that's leucine
+so this is the alpha keto acid related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the alpha keto acid related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the alpha keto acid related
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+leucine all right so the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine all right so the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine all right so the next step
+of leucine breakdown involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leucine breakdown involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leucine breakdown involves
+oxidative decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative decarboxylation
+of this alpha keto acid okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this alpha keto acid okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this alpha keto acid okay so
+if you remember we've seen this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we've seen this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we've seen this reaction
+before we did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we did it in
+pyruvate to generate acetaldehyde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to generate acetaldehyde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to generate acetaldehyde and
+ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol
+metabolism we did it in what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism we did it in what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism we did it in what we did
+alpha decarboxylation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decarboxylation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decarboxylation there
+and then we did oxidative alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we did oxidative alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we did oxidative alpha
+decarboxylation when we turned pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation when we turned pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation when we turned pyruvate
+into acetyl-coa and we turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetyl-coa and we turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetyl-coa and we turned
+alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl coa
+well that exact reaction which we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that exact reaction which we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that exact reaction which we saw
+with pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pyruvate dehydrogenase
+as well as what we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as what we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as what we saw with
+alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+generating acyl coa and succinyl coa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating acyl coa and succinyl coa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating acyl coa and succinyl coa is
+what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here
+for the alpha-keto acids produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the alpha-keto acids produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the alpha-keto acids produced
+from breakdown of leucine and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from breakdown of leucine and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from breakdown of leucine and other
+branched chain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain amino acids
+and so if you look back in your notes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look back in your notes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look back in your notes we
+went through the mechanism of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the mechanism of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the mechanism of this in
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+remember this involved addition of coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this involved addition of coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this involved addition of coa
+loss of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an oxidation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an oxidation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an oxidation reaction
+okay so remember the electrons needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember the electrons needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember the electrons needed to
+go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go somewhere
+and so they ended up going to nadh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they ended up going to nadh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they ended up going to nadh so
+that's oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oxidized
+nad plus is reduced to nadh and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus is reduced to nadh and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus is reduced to nadh and remember
+this involved that mini electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involved that mini electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involved that mini electron
+transport chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain
+with fad lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fad lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fad lipoic acid
+and tpp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tpp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tpp plus
+okay and in the end that releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the end that releases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the end that releases the
+co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2
+and you end up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branch chain acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain acyl coa
+all right so same reaction as pdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so same reaction as pdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so same reaction as pdh
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase just
+like those two reactions remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those two reactions remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those two reactions remember that
+had an e1 an e2 and an e3 subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an e1 an e2 and an e3 subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an e1 an e2 and an e3 subunit
+so this actually uses the exact same e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually uses the exact same e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually uses the exact same e2
+and e3 subunit as those reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3 subunit as those reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3 subunit as those reactions
+the e1 subunit is of course different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e1 subunit is of course different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e1 subunit is of course different
+because it's unique to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's unique to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's unique to the
+um to the branch chain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the branch chain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the branch chain amino acids
+whereas in pyruvate dehydrogenase would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in pyruvate dehydrogenase would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in pyruvate dehydrogenase would
+be unique to pyruvate and alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unique to pyruvate and alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unique to pyruvate and alpha
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase unique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase unique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase unique to
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+in this case this enzyme is called bckdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this enzyme is called bckdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this enzyme is called bckdh
+for branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+and allows the oxidative decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows the oxidative decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows the oxidative decarboxylation
+to generate this branch chain acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this branch chain acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this branch chain acyl
+coa now this branched chain acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa now this branched chain acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa now this branched chain acyl coa
+looks a lot like a fatty acid and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like a fatty acid and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like a fatty acid and in
+fact it's metabolized very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's metabolized very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's metabolized very much
+like we would do fatty acid oxidation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would do fatty acid oxidation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would do fatty acid oxidation so
+what's the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first step in
+beta oxidation of fatty acids well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta oxidation of fatty acids well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta oxidation of fatty acids well we
+would introduce a double bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would introduce a double bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would introduce a double bond here
+and so that's exactly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's exactly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's exactly what happens
+next so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so this would be
+a membrane-bound fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a membrane-bound fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a membrane-bound fad
+containing enzyme part of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing enzyme part of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing enzyme part of the electron
+transport chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain
+gonna oxidize that carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna oxidize that carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna oxidize that carbon-carbon bond
+okay what does that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now if we're doing fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now if we're doing fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now if we're doing fatty acid
+oxidation we of course add water across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation we of course add water across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation we of course add water across
+that bond we'll do that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond we'll do that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond we'll do that in a minute
+before that happens the next step though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that happens the next step though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that happens the next step though
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+to facilitate ultimately breakdown of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate ultimately breakdown of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate ultimately breakdown of
+this we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to end up
+adding a carboxyl group to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a carboxyl group to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a carboxyl group to the end of
+the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule
+so if we're going to add co2 to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to add co2 to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to add co2 to the end
+of the molecule how would we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule how would we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule how would we do that
+well we've seen that reaction many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've seen that reaction many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've seen that reaction many times
+before as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as well
+so if we're going to add a co2 group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to add a co2 group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to add a co2 group
+that's going to come from biotin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to come from biotin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to come from biotin okay
+so the next enzyme would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next enzyme would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next enzyme would have
+biotin in the active site that can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin in the active site that can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin in the active site that can pick
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+a co2 how does it pick up the co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 how does it pick up the co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 how does it pick up the co2
+well it picks up the co2 via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it picks up the co2 via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it picks up the co2 via
+bicarbonate plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate plus
+atp and that's going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and that's going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and that's going to go to
+that's going to phosphorylate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to phosphorylate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to phosphorylate the
+bicarbonate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate and then
+when we transfer that phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we transfer that phosphorylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we transfer that phosphorylated
+bicarbonate onto biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate onto biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate onto biotin
+we'll release the pi then the co2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll release the pi then the co2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll release the pi then the co2 from
+biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+can be added to uh to carboxylate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be added to uh to carboxylate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be added to uh to carboxylate that
+molecule just like we've saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule just like we've saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule just like we've saw
+before with other carboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with other carboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with other carboxylation
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+and that will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this intermediate here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this intermediate here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this intermediate here okay so
+no new chemistry you've seen all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new chemistry you've seen all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new chemistry you've seen all this
+many times before now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times before now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times before now we're going to
+continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with
+what we would do is if we were breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would do is if we were breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would do is if we were breaking
+this down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down uh
+oxidizing it as a fatty acid and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it as a fatty acid and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it as a fatty acid and so now
+we're going to add water across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add water across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add water across
+that double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we added water across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we added water across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we added water across that
+double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+and then now we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do this reaction which will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reaction which will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reaction which will generate
+from this side of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you look on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look on the other side of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+what we are left with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are left with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are left with is
+aceto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay acetoacetate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay acetoacetate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay acetoacetate can be
+broken down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two acetyl coas if i break it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two acetyl coas if i break it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two acetyl coas if i break it in half
+add coat to each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add coat to each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add coat to each one of them
+by reactions i showed you before as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reactions i showed you before as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reactions i showed you before as well
+or of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of course
+we can reduce this ketone to the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reduce this ketone to the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reduce this ketone to the alcohol
+and make the ketone body beta hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the ketone body beta hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the ketone body beta hydroxy
+butyrate okay you can look that up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butyrate okay you can look that up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butyrate okay you can look that up from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end of the last lecture but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the last lecture but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the last lecture but in the end
+this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how
+one can break down the leucine skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can break down the leucine skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can break down the leucine skeleton
+you get acetyl coa or acetyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get acetyl coa or acetyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get acetyl coa or acetyl acetate
+can't generate glucose from any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't generate glucose from any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't generate glucose from any of those
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+as humans because we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as humans because we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as humans because we don't have a
+glaxology cycle therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glaxology cycle therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glaxology cycle therefore
+leucine is a ketogenic amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine is a ketogenic amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine is a ketogenic amino acid
+all right valine let's look at valine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right valine let's look at valine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right valine let's look at valine so
+valine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so valine is glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+despite the fact that it's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it's very similar
+to leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leucine
+and broken down in a way that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broken down in a way that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broken down in a way that's very
+similar to leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to leucine
+so how do we break it down so first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we break it down so first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we break it down so first step
+transamination nitrogen from valine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination nitrogen from valine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination nitrogen from valine to
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+generate glutamate and as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glutamate and as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glutamate and as well as the
+branch chain alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain alpha keto acid
+that's related to valine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the alpha keto acid
+related to valine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to valine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to valine
+one carbon shorter than side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon shorter than side chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon shorter than side chain
+one carbon shorter than leucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon shorter than leucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon shorter than leucine
+just like we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we did with
+leucine we're going to metabolize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine we're going to metabolize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine we're going to metabolize
+the alpha keto acid with the branched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha keto acid with the branched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha keto acid with the branched
+chain keto acid dehydrogenase same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain keto acid dehydrogenase same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain keto acid dehydrogenase same
+reaction oxidative decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction oxidative decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction oxidative decarboxylation
+here that releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that releases
+co2 adds coa reaction involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 adds coa reaction involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 adds coa reaction involves
+also nad plus to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also nad plus to nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also nad plus to nadh
+requires lipoic acid tpp plus fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires lipoic acid tpp plus fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires lipoic acid tpp plus fad
+just like what we described before i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what we described before i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what we described before i'm
+not going to draw out all the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out all the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out all the pieces
+of it again but we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it again but we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it again but we're going to end up
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the branch chain acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch chain acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch chain acyl coa
+metabolize this branched chain acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize this branched chain acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize this branched chain acyl coa
+as if it's a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's a fatty acid
+and so first step oxidize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first step oxidize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first step oxidize this
+carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond
+that electrons go to fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons go to fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons go to fad
+make fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this product
+add water across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay water across that double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next if we oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if we oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if we oxidize
+this alcohol twice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol twice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol twice so
+oxidize it once we'll get the aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it once we'll get the aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it once we'll get the aldehyde
+oxidize it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it again
+we can get the carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so oxidizing twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oxidizing twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oxidizing twice
+means nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means nad
+plus times two and nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus times two and nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus times two and nadh
+times two and now that becomes the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so same molecule but now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so same molecule but now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so same molecule but now this
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+becomes an acid i drew it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an acid i drew it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an acid i drew it that way
+on purpose if you look back in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose if you look back in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose if you look back in your
+notes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes this
+is methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coa which we saw before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa which we saw before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa which we saw before in
+our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of
+odd chain fatty acid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd chain fatty acid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd chain fatty acid metabolism
+and you'll remember that there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll remember that there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll remember that there was this
+b12 dependent reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b12 dependent reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b12 dependent reaction
+where i can basically swap the positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can basically swap the positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can basically swap the positions
+of this proton and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this proton and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this proton and this
+um uh thioester group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh thioester group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh thioester group
+here this is not arrow pushing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not arrow pushing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not arrow pushing this is
+this b12 dependent reaction that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this b12 dependent reaction that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this b12 dependent reaction that i
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+before where i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where i can
+rearrange methylmalonyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange methylmalonyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange methylmalonyl coa
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this molecule which is suctional coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suctional coa oxidizing the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suctional coa oxidizing the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suctional coa oxidizing the tca cycle
+generate atp but also can use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate atp but also can use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate atp but also can use it as a
+substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate
+anaplerosis for the tca cycle so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis for the tca cycle so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis for the tca cycle so it can
+be used to generate glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to generate glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to generate glucose
+and so that's why valine is a glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why valine is a glucogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why valine is a glucogenic
+amino acid all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid all right
+last branch chain amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last branch chain amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last branch chain amino acid
+is isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is isoleucine
+okay so isoleucine is both ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so isoleucine is both ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so isoleucine is both ketogenic
+and glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see how that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how that happens
+so if we start with isoleucine first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we start with isoleucine first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we start with isoleucine first we
+undergo transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo transamination
+alpha alluterate to glutamate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alluterate to glutamate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alluterate to glutamate and you
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branch chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha keto acid okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha keto acid okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha keto acid okay so that's
+isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine
+as an alpha-keto acid rather than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an alpha-keto acid rather than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an alpha-keto acid rather than an
+amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the alpha decarboxylation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the alpha decarboxylation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the alpha decarboxylation with
+branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+that removes that co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removes that co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removes that co2
+oxidizes that carbon to the acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizes that carbon to the acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizes that carbon to the acid and
+we end up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is branch chain acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is branch chain acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is branch chain acyl coa
+all right same first steps as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right same first steps as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right same first steps as we saw
+before metabolize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before metabolize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before metabolize that
+as if it's a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so oxidize that carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add water across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add water across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add water across
+the double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay get this intermediate all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay get this intermediate all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay get this intermediate all right
+now oxidize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oxidize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oxidize this
+alcohol to the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol to the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol to the ketone
+electrons go to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons go to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons go to nad plus
+which is reduced to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we can use co-a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take off this end of the molecule here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off this end of the molecule here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off this end of the molecule here
+which is acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is acetyl-coa
+hence ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the remainder of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of the molecule
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three carbon acyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon acyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon acyl coa
+we saw this from odd chain fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this from odd chain fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this from odd chain fatty acid
+metabolism this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism this is
+propionil coe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propionil coe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propionil coe
+okay remember to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember to deal with that
+we can add co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add co2
+okay so that of course requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that of course requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that of course requires
+biotin and atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin and atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin and atp
+okay so remember we add co2 to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we add co2 to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we add co2 to this
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that gives us methyl not going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us methyl not going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us methyl not going to draw
+it all out for the sake of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all out for the sake of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all out for the sake of time
+but that gives us methyl malonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that gives us methyl malonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that gives us methyl malonyl
+coa okay methylmalonyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa okay methylmalonyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa okay methylmalonyl coa
+shown up there so it's adding co2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up there so it's adding co2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up there so it's adding co2 to
+this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule
+and then we can do the vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b12
+rearrangement to get succinyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that can be turned into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that can be turned into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that can be turned into glucose
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+it generates an acetyl coa and suctional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generates an acetyl coa and suctional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generates an acetyl coa and suctional
+coa isoleucine is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa isoleucine is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa isoleucine is both
+glucogenic and ketogenic all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic and ketogenic all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenic and ketogenic all right
+and so a little tedious to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a little tedious to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a little tedious to go through
+how you break down all three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you break down all three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you break down all three of those
+branched chain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain amino acids
+but it really illustrates that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really illustrates that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really illustrates that it's just
+variations on the same chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the same chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the same chemistry that
+we've seen before with fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before with fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before with fatty acid
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+tca cycle reactions that ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle reactions that ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle reactions that ultimately
+generate intermediates that can be fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate intermediates that can be fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate intermediates that can be fed
+into the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tca cycle
+oxidized further to co2 generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized further to co2 generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized further to co2 generate
+atp generate nadh electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp generate nadh electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp generate nadh electron transport
+chain oxidative phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain oxidative phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain oxidative phosphorylation
+supply the cell with energy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the cell with energy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the cell with energy to do
+various kinds of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of work
+or can be turned into a ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be turned into a ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be turned into a ketone
+if you're a human and you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a human and you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a human and you start with
+acetyl in which you get is acetyl coa or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl in which you get is acetyl coa or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl in which you get is acetyl coa or
+acetoacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoacetate
+or even into glucose if you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even into glucose if you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even into glucose if you start with a
+um something like succinyl coa that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something like succinyl coa that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something like succinyl coa that can
+be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turned
+back into glucose by the liver defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into glucose by the liver defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into glucose by the liver defining
+the difference between the glucogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the glucogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the glucogenic
+and the ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ketogenic
+amino acids all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids all right
+now going through branch chain amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going through branch chain amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going through branch chain amino
+acid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid metabolism
+also allows transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows transition
+into a discussion of another topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a discussion of another topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a discussion of another topic
+which are the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's an inborn error of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an inborn error of metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an inborn error of metabolism
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+sometimes individuals are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes individuals are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes individuals are born
+that have deficiencies in enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have deficiencies in enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have deficiencies in enzymes
+that are necessary to carry out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are necessary to carry out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are necessary to carry out some
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+of metabolism some aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolism some aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolism some aspect of the
+biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry
+we've been learning about now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been learning about now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been learning about now you can
+imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+some of these genetic deficiencies if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these genetic deficiencies if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these genetic deficiencies if
+it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere
+smack in the middle of central carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack in the middle of central carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack in the middle of central carbon
+metabolism and you can't generate energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and you can't generate energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and you can't generate energy
+is not going to be compatible with life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be compatible with life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be compatible with life
+but it turns out that some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that some of them are
+quite compatible with life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compatible with life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compatible with life
+like deficiency in branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deficiency in branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deficiency in branch
+chain keto acid dehydrogenase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain keto acid dehydrogenase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain keto acid dehydrogenase so
+b c k d h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deficiency is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency is something that
+children are sometimes born with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are sometimes born with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are sometimes born with and
+this deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deficiency
+results in a disorder called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a disorder called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a disorder called
+maple syrup urine disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's called maple syrup urine disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called maple syrup urine disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called maple syrup urine disease
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the urine smells like maple syrup all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urine smells like maple syrup all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urine smells like maple syrup all
+right but effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but effectively
+what this is is this is a disorder where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is this is a disorder where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is this is a disorder where
+there's a deficiency in the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a deficiency in the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a deficiency in the activity of
+branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+that means the cells can't break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the cells can't break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the cells can't break down
+branch chain amino acids they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain amino acids they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain amino acids they end up
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+some otherwise side toxic product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some otherwise side toxic product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some otherwise side toxic product
+some of it ends up in the urine smells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it ends up in the urine smells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it ends up in the urine smells
+like maple syrup um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maple syrup um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maple syrup um
+but it also can result in damage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also can result in damage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also can result in damage to the
+cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns
+and um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and uh
+problems with um you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with um you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with um you know thinking
+mental retardation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental retardation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental retardation
+etc and so can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and so can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and so can be quite
+devastating to have loss of this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating to have loss of this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating to have loss of this enzyme
+which prevents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which prevents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which prevents you
+from breaking down branch chain amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from breaking down branch chain amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from breaking down branch chain amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+a so-called inborn error of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-called inborn error of metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-called inborn error of metabolism
+now this is a relatively rare disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a relatively rare disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a relatively rare disease
+all of these are but if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are but if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are but if you go to
+medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school
+these are questions because they lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are questions because they lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are questions because they lend
+themselves to questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to questions
+that often short up on various board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often short up on various board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often short up on various board
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+exams and so it's good to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and so it's good to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams and so it's good to know that
+deficiencies of some of these enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiencies of some of these enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiencies of some of these enzymes
+can result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can result
+in um you know diseases so maple syrup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um you know diseases so maple syrup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um you know diseases so maple syrup
+urine disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine disease
+caused by an inability to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by an inability to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by an inability to break down
+branched chain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched chain amino acids
+because you're deficient in the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're deficient in the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're deficient in the enzyme
+branch chain amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch chain amino acid
+or branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
+which catalyzes the step i showed you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which catalyzes the step i showed you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which catalyzes the step i showed you up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+in in breakdown of all three branched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in breakdown of all three branched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in breakdown of all three branched
+chain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain amino acids
+by no means is this the only one often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means is this the only one often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means is this the only one often
+these are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are associated
+with um amino acid breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um amino acid breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um amino acid breakdown
+and so two of the other more common all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two of the other more common all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two of the other more common all
+of these are very rare but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are very rare but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are very rare but
+relatively more common ones is a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively more common ones is a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively more common ones is a disease
+called alkaptonuria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's alcaptanuria well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's alcaptanuria well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's alcaptanuria well that's
+missing an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so enzyme deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enzyme deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enzyme deficiency
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tryptophan metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and another one is
+fennel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketonuria which is an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deficiency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency in
+phenylalanine metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine metabolism
+okay branch chain amino acids are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay branch chain amino acids are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay branch chain amino acids are very
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+all right but tryptophan phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but tryptophan phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but tryptophan phenylalanine
+two of the more rare amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the more rare amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the more rare amino acids
+it turns out these are two of the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out these are two of the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out these are two of the amino
+acid breakdown deficiencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid breakdown deficiencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid breakdown deficiencies that
+have less severe phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less severe phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less severe phenotypes
+and so they're somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're somewhat
+you know more people walking around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more people walking around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more people walking around with
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+conditions if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions if any of you
+have had children or someday when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had children or someday when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had children or someday when you
+have children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have children
+what will happen is is that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is is that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is is that you will
+notice that when babies are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when babies are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when babies are born
+one of the first things that's done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things that's done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things that's done with
+infants is they have a blood test send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants is they have a blood test send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants is they have a blood test send
+out they do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they do a little
+heel stick collect some blood and send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel stick collect some blood and send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel stick collect some blood and send
+it to the state lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the state lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the state lab
+where they test for various inborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they test for various inborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they test for various inborn
+errors of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors of metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors of metabolism
+what they're looking for is things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're looking for is things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're looking for is things like
+phenylketonuria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylketonuria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylketonuria
+maple syrup urine disease etc why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maple syrup urine disease etc why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maple syrup urine disease etc why do
+they want to find these things well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to find these things well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to find these things well it's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+if you have too much of the product too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have too much of the product too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have too much of the product too
+much phenylalanine too much tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much phenylalanine too much tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much phenylalanine too much tryptophan
+too much branched chain amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much branched chain amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much branched chain amino acid
+and you can't break them down it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't break them down it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't break them down it's not
+the lack of the ability to break them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of the ability to break them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of the ability to break them
+down that's necessarily the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's necessarily the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's necessarily the problem the
+problem is is that the inability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that the inability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that the inability to
+break them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them down
+leads to overwhelming a system building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to overwhelming a system building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to overwhelming a system building
+up of toxic intermediates that damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of toxic intermediates that damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of toxic intermediates that damage
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+and so by doing these newborn screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by doing these newborn screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by doing these newborn screening
+panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels
+it's greatly enhanced the management of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greatly enhanced the management of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greatly enhanced the management of
+these things because often you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things because often you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things because often you can
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+the symptoms by dietary intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symptoms by dietary intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symptoms by dietary intervention
+simply limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply limiting
+the phenylalanine or the branch chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenylalanine or the branch chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenylalanine or the branch chain
+amino acid or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid or the
+tryptophan intake in the diet is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan intake in the diet is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan intake in the diet is a
+treatment for these diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for these diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for these diseases
+and so therefore if you know about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore if you know about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore if you know about them
+early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+limiting exposure to those things limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting exposure to those things limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting exposure to those things limits
+the breakth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breakth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breakth
+up the the exposure to the toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the exposure to the toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the exposure to the toxic
+breakdown products that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown products that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown products that can't be
+metabolized because of the deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized because of the deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized because of the deficiency
+and therefore limits the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore limits the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore limits the effects
+on the brain if you drink diet soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the brain if you drink diet soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the brain if you drink diet soda
+and you look at the side of your diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the side of your diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the side of your diet
+soda can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda can
+what's written on the side of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written on the side of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written on the side of it is
+phenylketonurics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylketonurics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylketonurics
+contains phenylalanine why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains phenylalanine why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains phenylalanine why is that
+written there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there well
+because if you happen to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you happen to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you happen to be a
+phenylketonuric you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylketonuric you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylketonuric you shouldn't
+dr drink diet soda why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr drink diet soda why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr drink diet soda why
+because the artificial sweetener in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the artificial sweetener in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the artificial sweetener in
+there contains phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there contains phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there contains phenylalanine
+and so this will give you a big dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this will give you a big dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this will give you a big dose of
+phenylalanine and if you can't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and if you can't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and if you can't break
+down phenylalanine that's a problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down phenylalanine that's a problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down phenylalanine that's a problem so
+it's a warning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a warning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a warning to
+the people in the population who happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the population who happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the population who happen
+to have phenylketonuria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have phenylketonuria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have phenylketonuria
+not to drink diet soda okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now i want to say a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i want to say a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i want to say a few other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+about amino acid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about amino acid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about amino acid metabolism
+only because these things will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because these things will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because these things will come
+up for you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you as you
+go through other aspects of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is that amino acids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that amino acids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that amino acids are
+very versatile starting points to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very versatile starting points to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very versatile starting points to build
+all kinds of hormones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of hormones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of hormones and
+neurotransmitters and bioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters and bioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters and bioactive
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+so i know some people some of the mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i know some people some of the mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i know some people some of the mit
+students in the class are course nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class are course nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class are course nine
+that's uh um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh um the
+brain and cognitive science okay classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and cognitive science okay classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and cognitive science okay classes
+you take you'll learn a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you'll learn a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you'll learn a lot about
+different neurotransmitters well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurotransmitters well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurotransmitters well
+one of the canonical neurotransmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the canonical neurotransmitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the canonical neurotransmitters
+is an amino acid itself it's the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amino acid itself it's the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amino acid itself it's the amino
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+glutamate okay so obviously that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate okay so obviously that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate okay so obviously that's
+important for the brain to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the brain to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the brain to work
+but what are the other neurotransmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the other neurotransmitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the other neurotransmitters
+well there's things like dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norepinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are all bioactive molecules have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all bioactive molecules have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all bioactive molecules have
+to come from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from somewhere
+well it turns out all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out all of these
+ultimately come from the metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come from the metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come from the metabolism
+of tyrosine which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tyrosine which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tyrosine which of course
+can also come from the metabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also come from the metabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also come from the metabolism of
+phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine
+and so don't have time to go into it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so don't have time to go into it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so don't have time to go into it but
+you can look up the pathways to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up the pathways to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up the pathways to generate
+these various neurotransmitters from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various neurotransmitters from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various neurotransmitters from
+tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine
+um if you're interested all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're interested all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're interested all right
+what's the other big neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other big neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other big neurotransmitter
+well it's acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's acetyl
+choline okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline okay
+what's acetylcholine well let's break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's acetylcholine well let's break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's acetylcholine well let's break it
+down well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an acetyl group so that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetyl group so that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetyl group so that comes from
+acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+and choline and what's choline well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choline and what's choline well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choline and what's choline well
+choline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline
+comes from ultimately as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from ultimately as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from ultimately as i
+showed you alluded to before ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you alluded to before ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you alluded to before ethanol
+amine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine
+and ethanolamine comes from serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ethanolamine comes from serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ethanolamine comes from serine
+we'll come back to this later and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this later and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this later and so
+serine metabolism as well as acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine metabolism as well as acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine metabolism as well as acetyl coa
+is how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you get
+acetylcholine it's also choline for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine it's also choline for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine it's also choline for the
+phospholipids and ethanol amine for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and ethanol amine for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and ethanol amine for the
+phospholipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're not into the brain but into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not into the brain but into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not into the brain but into other
+aspects of physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of physiology
+so thyroid hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thyroid hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thyroid hormone
+very common thing that many people need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common thing that many people need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common thing that many people need
+replacement of very important to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement of very important to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement of very important to manage
+physiology in our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology in our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology in our body
+thyroid hormone also comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid hormone also comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid hormone also comes from
+tyrosine okay melanin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pigment that makes our skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigment that makes our skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigment that makes our skin
+different shades okay melanin the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shades okay melanin the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shades okay melanin the skin
+pigment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment it
+is basically produced from dopamine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically produced from dopamine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically produced from dopamine are
+actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+dopamine metabolite so dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine metabolite so dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine metabolite so dopamine
+precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which comes from tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from tyrosine
+as well and so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so if you're interested in
+any of these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these particular
+molecules of course you can look up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of course you can look up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of course you can look up in
+the book and you'll see how they're made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and you'll see how they're made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and you'll see how they're made
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i promise you have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise you have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise you have the ability to
+understand it it's repurposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it it's repurposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it it's repurposing
+some reactions that we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactions that we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactions that we've already seen
+there's some unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some unique
+ones in there like melanin synthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in there like melanin synthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in there like melanin synthesis is
+actually parts of it are non-enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parts of it are non-enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parts of it are non-enzymatic
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+but this i like to mention this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this i like to mention this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this i like to mention this because
+obviously we don't have time to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we don't have time to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we don't have time to study
+and discuss the entire complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss the entire complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss the entire complexity of the
+metabolic map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic map
+but really you understand the basics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really you understand the basics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really you understand the basics the
+central parts of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central parts of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central parts of it
+and it's the same reactions repurposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same reactions repurposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same reactions repurposed
+out in different directions that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in different directions that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in different directions that allows
+this complexity in this diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity in this diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity in this diversity of
+metabolism making all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism making all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism making all of these different
+biomolecules that are necessary for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules that are necessary for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules that are necessary for the
+cells to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to do things
+and of course you can go look these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can go look these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can go look these up
+if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in
+any of them specifically and regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them specifically and regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them specifically and regardless
+you should have some appreciation of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have some appreciation of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have some appreciation of how
+these things all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all
+interconnect with the other pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect with the other pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect with the other pathways
+that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+talked about all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now i want to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now i want to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now i want to turn to
+amino acid synthesis and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid synthesis and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid synthesis and say
+a few words about how amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words about how amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words about how amino acids
+are built so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built so of course
+we've covered some of these already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered some of these already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered some of these already and
+as a very general statement many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very general statement many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very general statement many of them
+are made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made by
+transamination so first you build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination so first you build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination so first you build the
+alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha keto acid
+and then you transaminate that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you transaminate that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you transaminate that alpha
+keto acid from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid from
+glutamate to generate the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate to generate the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate to generate the amino acid
+now of course the pathways that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course the pathways that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course the pathways that you use
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+amino acids are not the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are not the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are not the same as the
+pathways that use to break down amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that use to break down amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that use to break down amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+so again if you paid attention for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if you paid attention for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if you paid attention for the
+entire course it should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course it should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course it should be clear
+for both thermodynamic energetic reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both thermodynamic energetic reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both thermodynamic energetic reasons
+that you can't have the same pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't have the same pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't have the same pathways to
+build and break stuff down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and break stuff down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and break stuff down
+because all pathways delta g has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all pathways delta g has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all pathways delta g has to be
+less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero
+so we saw this with glucose and fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw this with glucose and fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw this with glucose and fatty
+acids right we can repurpose some steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids right we can repurpose some steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids right we can repurpose some steps
+can be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the same
+but the ones that allow the energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that allow the energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that allow the energetic
+driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+have to be different because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be different because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be different because you have to
+couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+one direction to energy consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction to energy consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction to energy consumption and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+other one could be spontaneous if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one could be spontaneous if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one could be spontaneous if it
+releases energy and you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases energy and you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases energy and you have to have
+pathways that can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that can work
+in either direction all right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either direction all right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either direction all right but
+in general if you can build an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you can build an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you can build an alpha
+keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+like oxaloacetic acid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oxaloacetic acid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oxaloacetic acid or
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+or pyruvate well obviously we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pyruvate well obviously we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pyruvate well obviously we can
+transaminate all of these things to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminate all of these things to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminate all of these things to get
+the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+soft literate to glutamate it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft literate to glutamate it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft literate to glutamate it can also
+be from glutamate dehydrogenase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from glutamate dehydrogenase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from glutamate dehydrogenase that's
+how you can get new nitrogen into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can get new nitrogen into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can get new nitrogen into the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and that way we can generate aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way we can generate aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way we can generate aspartate
+glutamate and alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate and alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate and alanine
+turn aspartate into asparagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn aspartate into asparagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn aspartate into asparagine
+asparagine by adding the ammonia to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine by adding the ammonia to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine by adding the ammonia to it
+that'd be a very similar reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be a very similar reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be a very similar reaction to
+glutamine glutamate into glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine glutamate into glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine glutamate into glutamine
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+glutamate synthase asparagine synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate synthase asparagine synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate synthase asparagine synthase
+same mechanism described glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mechanism described glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mechanism described glutamate
+synthase last time to make glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase last time to make glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase last time to make glutamine
+and of course proline as i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course proline as i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course proline as i showed you
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+is cyclized and in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cyclized and in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cyclized and in this case um
+oxidized uh or sorry cyclized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized uh or sorry cyclized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized uh or sorry cyclized and
+reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+um glutamate all right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glutamate all right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glutamate all right and then
+um so that's six of the amino acids we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's six of the amino acids we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's six of the amino acids we
+covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered
+um arginine earlier that's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um arginine earlier that's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um arginine earlier that's seven
+and so 13 other amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so 13 other amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so 13 other amino acids
+here's another figure from a book just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another figure from a book just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another figure from a book just
+showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the
+starting material to make all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material to make all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material to make all of the
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+um amino acids obviously we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um amino acids obviously we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um amino acids obviously we know how to
+make oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make oxaloacetate
+phosphoenolpyruvate erythros4 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate erythros4 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate erythros4 phosphate
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ribose 5-phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate
+now for ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for ketoglutarate
+and so generation of those by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so generation of those by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so generation of those by the
+pathways we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we've already talked about
+then allows those molecules to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows those molecules to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows those molecules to be
+shunted into pathways to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunted into pathways to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunted into pathways to generate
+all of the various amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the various amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the various amino acids
+now i want to reiterate humans we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to reiterate humans we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to reiterate humans we can't
+make all 20 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all 20 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all 20 amino acids
+okay animals can't do that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay animals can't do that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay animals can't do that many
+organisms of course can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms of course can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms of course can
+we lost the ability to make nine of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lost the ability to make nine of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lost the ability to make nine of our
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+and in fact if you count the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you count the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you count the two
+conditional ones really 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional ones really 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional ones really 11
+of our amino acids even though we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our amino acids even though we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our amino acids even though we can
+turn phenylalanine into tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn phenylalanine into tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn phenylalanine into tyrosine
+we still need a source of phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need a source of phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need a source of phenylalanine
+to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so
+and so each of these 9 or 11 depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each of these 9 or 11 depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each of these 9 or 11 depending
+on how you count it essential amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you count it essential amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you count it essential amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+must be eaten in the diet okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be eaten in the diet okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be eaten in the diet okay so there
+are obviously pathways to do them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously pathways to do them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously pathways to do them we
+just don't have the enzymes and humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have the enzymes and humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have the enzymes and humans
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+um and then the other ones we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the other ones we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the other ones we do
+retain you can obviously look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain you can obviously look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain you can obviously look up the
+pathway that's used by whatever organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that's used by whatever organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that's used by whatever organism
+to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your
+favorite amino acid today what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite amino acid today what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite amino acid today what i want to
+discuss is how we will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today i want to discuss how we will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to discuss how we will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to discuss how we will make
+serine and glycine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine and glycine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine and glycine because
+it turns out serine and glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out serine and glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out serine and glycine
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+play a key role in other pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a key role in other pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a key role in other pathways
+including nucleotide synthesis which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including nucleotide synthesis which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including nucleotide synthesis which we
+will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover
+in the next lecture all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture all right
+serine glycine metabolism also is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine glycine metabolism also is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine glycine metabolism also is a way
+to make one carbon units that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make one carbon units that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make one carbon units that are more
+reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+than co2 and these will be critical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than co2 and these will be critical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than co2 and these will be critical for
+one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon
+transfer reactions that you'll encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer reactions that you'll encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer reactions that you'll encounter
+throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout
+other aspects of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of biology
+okay so serine and glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so serine and glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so serine and glycine
+very important amino acids all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important amino acids all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important amino acids all right
+and so just to be clear about this so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to be clear about this so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to be clear about this so it
+turns out serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out serine
+glycine metabolism important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine metabolism important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine metabolism important for
+nucleotides in one carbon units we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides in one carbon units we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides in one carbon units we'll
+see that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a lot
+but serine and glycine also used to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but serine and glycine also used to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but serine and glycine also used to make
+phospholipid head groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay nucleotides one carbon units we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nucleotides one carbon units we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nucleotides one carbon units we're
+going to talk about i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about i want you to
+appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate
+also need serine to make phospholipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need serine to make phospholipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need serine to make phospholipid
+head groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head groups
+so what do i mean by that well of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that well of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that well of course
+there's phosphatidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's phosphatidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's phosphatidyl
+serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously that's serine is the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's serine is the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's serine is the head
+group and so serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so serine
+the amino acid is required for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid is required for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid is required for that but
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+used to generate ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is ethanolamine
+well again just to remind you of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is the amino acid serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the amino acid serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the amino acid serine
+okay so to generate ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to generate ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to generate ethanolamine
+it's decarboxylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decarboxylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decarboxylation of
+serine to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine to do that so
+loss of this co2 this is a reaction i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of this co2 this is a reaction i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of this co2 this is a reaction i
+don't have time to go into you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to go into you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to go into you can look
+it up it is another repurposing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up it is another repurposing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up it is another repurposing of
+pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate
+and that generates this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is ethanolamine that ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ethanolamine that ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ethanolamine that ends up
+head group on phosphatidylethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head group on phosphatidylethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head group on phosphatidylethanolamine
+and if i want to turn it into choline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i want to turn it into choline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i want to turn it into choline
+either for acetylcholine as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for acetylcholine as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for acetylcholine as a
+neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter
+or for phosphatidylcholine as a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for phosphatidylcholine as a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for phosphatidylcholine as a head
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+it's basically adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically adding
+three methyl groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onto this nitrogen of ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this nitrogen of ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this nitrogen of ethanolamine
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those three methyl groups that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three methyl groups that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three methyl groups that's a
+carbon that's more reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon that's more reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon that's more reduced
+than co2 that's a so-called one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than co2 that's a so-called one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than co2 that's a so-called one carbon
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+it turns out as you'll see those also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out as you'll see those also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out as you'll see those also
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+from serine all right last thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from serine all right last thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from serine all right last thing is
+serine is necessary to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is necessary to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is necessary to make a
+head groups for a class of lipids called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head groups for a class of lipids called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head groups for a class of lipids called
+sphingolipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a sphingosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sphingosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sphingosine
+is another amino alcohol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another amino alcohol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another amino alcohol that
+is generated from serine and ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated from serine and ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated from serine and ends up
+being the head group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the head group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the head group for
+sphingolipids especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphingolipids especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphingolipids especially if you're
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+in the immune system or the brain these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the immune system or the brain these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the immune system or the brain these
+end up being important molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being important molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being important molecules
+and so you can look up how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can look up how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can look up how they're
+related to serine but just appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to serine but just appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to serine but just appreciate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for now that they another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now that they another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now that they another important
+downstream thing that's generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream thing that's generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream thing that's generated from
+serine metabolism also illustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine metabolism also illustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine metabolism also illustrating
+how amino acids can be very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how amino acids can be very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how amino acids can be very important to
+generate lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate lots of other
+biomolecules okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules okay so
+how do we make serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make serine
+well we go over here you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we go over here you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we go over here you'll see that
+serine is downstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is downstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is downstream of
+3-phosphoglycerate from glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphoglycerate from glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphoglycerate from glycolysis
+so what's 3-phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's three phosphoglycerate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's three phosphoglycerate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's three phosphoglycerate from
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+or product of rubisco if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or product of rubisco if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or product of rubisco if you like
+all right so photosynthesis so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so photosynthesis so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so photosynthesis so there's
+three possible glycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i oxidize this alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i oxidize this alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i oxidize this alcohol
+to ketone electrons have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ketone electrons have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ketone electrons have to go
+somewhere nad plus reduced to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere nad plus reduced to nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere nad plus reduced to nadh
+i get this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's uh phospho hydroxy pyruvate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's uh phospho hydroxy pyruvate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's uh phospho hydroxy pyruvate so
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+with a phospho on it hydroxy pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phospho on it hydroxy pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phospho on it hydroxy pyruvate
+um this molecule can undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this molecule can undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this molecule can undergo
+a transamination reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transamination reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transamination reaction
+so pick up nitrogen from glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pick up nitrogen from glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pick up nitrogen from glutamate
+make the alpha keto acid take this alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the alpha keto acid take this alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the alpha keto acid take this alpha
+keto acid and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphoserine okay the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoserine okay the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoserine okay the amino acid
+that's phosphorylated phosphoserine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's phosphorylated phosphoserine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's phosphorylated phosphoserine and
+then all i need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all i need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all i need to do
+is de-phosphorylate it and i end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is de-phosphorylate it and i end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is de-phosphorylate it and i end up with
+the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+serum cool all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serum cool all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serum cool all right
+to make glycine from serine so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make glycine from serine so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make glycine from serine so remember
+glycine is one basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine is one basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine is one basically
+the amino acid with no side chain on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid with no side chain on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid with no side chain on it
+so i need to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i need to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i need to remove
+this carbon and the alcohol all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon and the alcohol all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon and the alcohol all right so
+just redraw serine this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's redrawing searing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's redrawing searing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's redrawing searing
+need to lose that group to get glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lose that group to get glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lose that group to get glycine
+this is helped along by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is helped along by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is helped along by
+paradoxical phosphate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay reminder this is pyrodoxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay reminder this is pyrodoxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay reminder this is pyrodoxyl
+phosphate all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is exactly what we drew is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is exactly what we drew is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is exactly what we drew is
+the first steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first steps
+in transamination okay except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transamination okay except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transamination okay except
+if instead of basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of basically
+going like this i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like this i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like this i do this
+to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this carbon-carbon bond what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon-carbon bond what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon-carbon bond what do i
+get well i release a one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well i release a one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well i release a one carbon
+unit okay in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit okay in this case
+it's the one carbon unit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+okay the one carbon aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the one carbon aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the one carbon aldehyde
+formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now i'm just exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i'm just exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i'm just exactly what
+we showed before for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed before for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed before for
+resolving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i am left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glycine as well as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine as well as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine as well as i
+regenerated pyridoxal phosphate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated pyridoxal phosphate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated pyridoxal phosphate for the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+catalytic cycle of the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic cycle of the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic cycle of the enzyme
+and so illustrates the flexibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so illustrates the flexibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so illustrates the flexibility of
+paradoxical phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical phosphate
+in this case helping convert serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case helping convert serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case helping convert serine
+into glycine and a one carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glycine and a one carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glycine and a one carbon unit
+shown here as formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here as formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here as formaldehyde
+now the enzyme that carries out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the enzyme that carries out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the enzyme that carries out this
+reaction is an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shmt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shmt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shmt
+which stands for serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydroxy methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transferase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+serine hydroxy methyl transferase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine hydroxy methyl transferase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine hydroxy methyl transferase and
+it actually doesn't release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually doesn't release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually doesn't release the
+formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+directly instead it transfers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly instead it transfers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly instead it transfers that
+formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde
+to an important one carbon donor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an important one carbon donor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an important one carbon donor for
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+one carbon reactions um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon reactions um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon reactions um that
+is called a folate species or folic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a folate species or folic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a folate species or folic acid
+so remember if we transferred co2 in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember if we transferred co2 in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember if we transferred co2 in a
+carboxylation reaction we used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction we used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction we used a
+cofactor biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor biotin
+biotin's useful to transfer co2 but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin's useful to transfer co2 but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin's useful to transfer co2 but if
+we're going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do something
+like transfer the methyl groups shown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transfer the methyl groups shown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transfer the methyl groups shown up
+there for choline synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for choline synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for choline synthesis
+that's transferring carbon that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's transferring carbon that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's transferring carbon that's more
+reduced than co2 and you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced than co2 and you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced than co2 and you don't use
+biotin for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin for that
+instead you use um a cofactor called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you use um a cofactor called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you use um a cofactor called
+folate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate
+that's derived from the vitamin folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's derived from the vitamin folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's derived from the vitamin folic
+acid okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay so
+folic acid very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid very important
+vitamin it's the primary thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin it's the primary thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin it's the primary thing that's
+included in prenatal vitamins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in prenatal vitamins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in prenatal vitamins
+why is that because deficiency in folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because deficiency in folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because deficiency in folic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+was shown a while back to cause um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown a while back to cause um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown a while back to cause um
+neural tube defects so developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube defects so developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube defects so developmental
+defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects
+where the neural tube does not close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neural tube does not close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neural tube does not close
+this leads to things like spina bifida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to things like spina bifida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to things like spina bifida
+one of the real successes of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the real successes of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the real successes of public
+health intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health intervention
+was the recognition of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the recognition of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the recognition of this and
+fortifying various cereals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortifying various cereals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortifying various cereals
+with folic acid and doing so has greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folic acid and doing so has greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folic acid and doing so has greatly
+reduced the incidence of these birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the incidence of these birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the incidence of these birth
+defects involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects involving
+folate deficiency folate deficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate deficiency folate deficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate deficiency folate deficiency is
+also a common cause of anemia and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a common cause of anemia and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a common cause of anemia and so
+folic acid is a vitamin that lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid is a vitamin that lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid is a vitamin that lots of
+people take for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take for that reason
+um and in fact folic acid also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in fact folic acid also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in fact folic acid also very
+important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the
+history of cancer treatment and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of cancer treatment and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of cancer treatment and if you
+want to learn more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn more about that
+take 7 45 which is offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 7 45 which is offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 7 45 which is offered
+in the fall all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fall all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fall all right
+so folic acid is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folic acid is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folic acid is a complex
+molecule that is converted in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is converted in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is converted in cells
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a molecule called thf which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+okay so i'll draw out folic acid for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is
+folic acid the folic acid molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid the folic acid molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid the folic acid molecule is
+tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+it is has a peptide bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is has a peptide bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is has a peptide bond here
+to a glutamate molecule and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a glutamate molecule and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a glutamate molecule and it's
+actually a polyglutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a polyglutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a polyglutamate
+tail that is there to trap it in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail that is there to trap it in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail that is there to trap it in cells
+it's this central part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that actually carries the one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually carries the one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually carries the one carbon
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+and so the way that the nitrogens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way that the nitrogens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way that the nitrogens are
+numbered this is nitrogen five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered this is nitrogen five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered this is nitrogen five
+this is nitrogen 10 that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nitrogen 10 that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nitrogen 10 that will be
+important in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a minute
+but it's really this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really this sort of
+central part here of the molecule that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part here of the molecule that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part here of the molecule that i
+will draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw
+over and over again as the one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again as the one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again as the one carbon
+unit carrying species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit carrying species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit carrying species
+to show how this works it's easier if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how this works it's easier if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how this works it's easier if i
+start off by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by showing
+how it can pick up a more oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it can pick up a more oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it can pick up a more oxidized
+one carbon unit so the one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon unit so the one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon unit so the one carbon
+carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid
+is this that's formate okay and so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this that's formate okay and so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this that's formate okay and so if i
+phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate
+formic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this formic acid can then be picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this formic acid can then be picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this formic acid can then be picked
+up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the that
+carrying part of the one carbon the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying part of the one carbon the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying part of the one carbon the box
+part of of tetrahydrofolate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of of tetrahydrofolate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of of tetrahydrofolate and so
+this can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can pick up
+formic acid like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that gives us this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives us this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives us this molecule
+which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called
+n10 formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tetrahydrofolate thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate thf
+i can create a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can create a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can create a ring
+out of this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this molecule
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if i remove water from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if i remove water from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if i remove water from this
+ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redraw it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is called n5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called n5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called n5
+and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methenol thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methenol thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methenol thf
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+reduce that molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's nadph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then i end up with this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is n5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n5
+and 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10.
+methylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf and if i further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf and if i further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf and if i further
+reduce this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then i end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this molecule which is n5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methyl thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl thf
+appears incredibly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears incredibly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears incredibly complex
+what's going on here but i went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here but i went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here but i went through
+this because what i want you to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because what i want you to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because what i want you to realize
+is that each of these species are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each of these species are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each of these species are simply
+tetrahydrofolate carrying a one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate carrying a one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate carrying a one carbon
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+in a different oxidation state okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different oxidation state okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different oxidation state okay
+so this n10 formal thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this n10 formal thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this n10 formal thf
+is carrying formic acid the one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carrying formic acid the one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carrying formic acid the one carbon
+acid i can reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid i can reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid i can reduce it to
+n5n10 methylene thf that's carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5n10 methylene thf that's carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5n10 methylene thf that's carrying the
+one carbon aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon aldehyde
+formaldehyde or i could reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde or i could reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde or i could reduce it
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+this is carrying the one carbon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carrying the one carbon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carrying the one carbon um
+methyl group as n5 methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group as n5 methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group as n5 methyl
+thf and it turns out that this allows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf and it turns out that this allows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf and it turns out that this allows a
+lot of flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of flexibility
+in carrying out one carbon reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carrying out one carbon reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carrying out one carbon reactions
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is a same thing written from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a same thing written from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a same thing written from
+a textbook the direction the order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook the direction the order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook the direction the order is
+shown a little bit differently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown a little bit differently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown a little bit differently the
+molecules are rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are rotated
+and it includes a couple other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it includes a couple other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it includes a couple other species
+that are added in for histidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are added in for histidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are added in for histidine
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+but if you look at this you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at this you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at this you'll see it's
+exactly what i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i just
+drawn where you get these key species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn where you get these key species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn where you get these key species
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+n5-methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf is effectively
+carrying a methyl group so one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a methyl group so one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a methyl group so one carbon
+methyl donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl donor
+n5n10 methylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf is carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formaldehyde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde and
+n10 formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf is carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the formate group um to donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formate group um to donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formate group um to donate
+as a one carbon unit this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one carbon unit this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one carbon unit this will be the
+donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor
+ultimately for things like choline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately for things like choline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately for things like choline
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+formaldehyde and n5n10 methylene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde and n5n10 methylene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde and n5n10 methylene and
+formal thf will be important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal thf will be important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal thf will be important in
+nucleic acid synthesis and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid synthesis and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid synthesis and we'll see
+that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time
+and so now if we go back to our shmt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we go back to our shmt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we go back to our shmt
+reaction i can show you how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction i can show you how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction i can show you how these things
+really work and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf molecule and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf molecule and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf molecule and so
+here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate in serine glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in serine glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in serine glycine
+conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and
+that will release glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will release glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will release glycine
+and eventually plp so glycine and plp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually plp so glycine and plp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually plp so glycine and plp
+can be generated from that and what ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generated from that and what ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generated from that and what ends
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here on the folate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the folate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the folate
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a n5 n10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methylene thf okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene thf okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene thf okay
+and if i take this and i oxidize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take this and i oxidize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take this and i oxidize it
+okay can take the aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can take the aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can take the aldehyde
+to the acid so oxidation nad plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the acid so oxidation nad plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the acid so oxidation nad plus is
+reduced to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to nadh
+now i get an n10 formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i get an n10 formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i get an n10 formal
+thf and if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf and if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf and if instead
+i reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so electrons from nadph go to nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electrons from nadph go to nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electrons from nadph go to nadp
+plus so nadph gets oxidized electrons go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so nadph gets oxidized electrons go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so nadph gets oxidized electrons go
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and then i get an n5 methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thf this gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf this gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf this gives me
+a donor of methyl groups this gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a donor of methyl groups this gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a donor of methyl groups this gives me a
+donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor
+of formal groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal groups
+all right very last thing i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very last thing i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very last thing i want to talk
+about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+is we'll talk a lot about how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll talk a lot about how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll talk a lot about how we use
+the more oxidized species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more oxidized species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more oxidized species
+next time to generate nucleotides but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time to generate nucleotides but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time to generate nucleotides but i
+want to say a few words about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a few words about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a few words about how
+these methyl groups are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methyl groups are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methyl groups are used to
+be involved in methylation reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in methylation reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in methylation reactions
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+choline synthesis shown up there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline synthesis shown up there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline synthesis shown up there um
+but also not just choline synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not just choline synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not just choline synthesis
+also can be used for reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can be used for reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can be used for reactions
+involved in say epigenetics and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in say epigenetics and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in say epigenetics and so
+for those of you who will never think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who will never think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who will never think
+about biochemistry again after taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biochemistry again after taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biochemistry again after taking
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+but we'll take um think about genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll take um think about genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll take um think about genetics
+you'll certainly know the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll certainly know the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll certainly know the gene
+expression is controlled by methylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is controlled by methylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is controlled by methylation
+of dna and histones and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna and histones and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna and histones and things like that
+those methyl groups have to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methyl groups have to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methyl groups have to come from
+somewhere and they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and they come
+ultimately from these methylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately from these methylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately from these methylation
+reactions the serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions the serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions the serine
+um there now i don't have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there now i don't have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there now i don't have time to go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+all of one carbon metabolism this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of one carbon metabolism this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of one carbon metabolism this gets
+very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex
+but it turns out the one carbon donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out the one carbon donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out the one carbon donor
+for most methylation reactions isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most methylation reactions isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most methylation reactions isn't
+n5-methyl thf even though that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5-methyl thf even though that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n5-methyl thf even though that's where
+the methyl group comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group comes from
+it's actually this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here is the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i put it here onto an adenine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i put it here onto an adenine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i put it here onto an adenine
+what i end up with is this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i end up with is this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i end up with is this molecule
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+s adenosial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s adenosial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s adenosial
+methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sam
+this methyl group on sam is very labile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methyl group on sam is very labile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methyl group on sam is very labile
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+it is the universal methyl donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the universal methyl donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the universal methyl donor
+to be used in methylation reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in methylation reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in methylation reactions
+choline synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choline synthesis
+epigenetic you know methylation of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epigenetic you know methylation of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epigenetic you know methylation of dna
+or histones whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or histones whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or histones whatever
+and if you transfer that methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you transfer that methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you transfer that methyl group
+off you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you're left with
+this non-proteinogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-proteinogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-proteinogenic
+amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+that's called homocysteine and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called homocysteine and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called homocysteine and that
+homocysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onto an adenine to make s adenosil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homocysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is abbreviated sah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is abbreviated sah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is abbreviated sah or
+saw saw picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+needs to regenerate sam methyl group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to regenerate sam methyl group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to regenerate sam methyl group has
+to come from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from somewhere
+this comes from n5-methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from n5-methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from n5-methyl
+thf okay of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf okay of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thf okay of course
+generates thf and then thf can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates thf and then thf can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates thf and then thf can pick up
+another methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another methyl group
+ultimately from serine to glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately from serine to glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately from serine to glycine
+conversion and reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and reduction
+with nadph to make n5 methyl thf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nadph to make n5 methyl thf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nadph to make n5 methyl thf
+i show here on the slide here's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show here on the slide here's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show here on the slide here's just
+a picture of one carbon metabolism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of one carbon metabolism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of one carbon metabolism that
+i took from a review article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took from a review article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took from a review article
+and so here's sam metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's sam metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's sam metabolism
+lots and lots of complicated reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of complicated reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of complicated reactions
+there linked to cysteine metabolism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there linked to cysteine metabolism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there linked to cysteine metabolism and
+polyamine metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyamine metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyamine metabolism
+obviously don't have time to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously don't have time to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously don't have time to get into
+this but i want you to appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i want you to appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i want you to appreciate that
+this happens where salmon saw come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens where salmon saw come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens where salmon saw come from
+how they're involved in one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're involved in one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're involved in one carbon
+metabolism because this will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism because this will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism because this will come up
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+in your future endeavors if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your future endeavors if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your future endeavors if you do
+something with biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with biology
+all right final topic next time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right final topic next time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right final topic next time is
+nucleic acid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid metabolism
+and then we will have covered all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will have covered all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will have covered all of the
+basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of
+metabolism thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism thanks
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/98cyATFdwIk.txt b/98cyATFdwIk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d89cb1f70be63f78f5a94b3d4551774b5723ff20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/98cyATFdwIk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's take a look at a full example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at a full example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at a full example
+of a case this is a head and neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a case this is a head and neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a case this is a head and neck
+example and the CT scans are shown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and the CT scans are shown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and the CT scans are shown on
+the right there are a total of 132
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there are a total of 132
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there are a total of 132
+thousand eight hundred and seventy eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eight hundred and seventy eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eight hundred and seventy eight
+voxels the target or tumor has nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels the target or tumor has nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels the target or tumor has nine
+thousand seven hundred and seventy seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand seven hundred and seventy seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand seven hundred and seventy seven
+voxels there are five critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels there are five critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels there are five critical
+structures that we want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we want to minimize the
+dose to the spinal cord the brain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to the spinal cord the brain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to the spinal cord the brain the
+brainstem the parotid glands and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem the parotid glands and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem the parotid glands and the
+mandible or jaw we're using five beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible or jaw we're using five beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible or jaw we're using five beams
+and each beam is composed of about sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each beam is composed of about sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each beam is composed of about sixty
+beam let's in total there are 328 beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam let's in total there are 328 beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam let's in total there are 328 beam
+ones in this example we want the dose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in this example we want the dose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in this example we want the dose to
+the whole tumor to be between 70 and 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole tumor to be between 70 and 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole tumor to be between 70 and 77
+gray the spinal cord dose should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray the spinal cord dose should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray the spinal cord dose should be no
+more than 45 gray since significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 45 gray since significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 45 gray since significant
+damage to any voxel in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to any voxel in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to any voxel in the spinal cord
+will result in loss of function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in loss of function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in loss of function the
+brainstem dose should be no more than 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem dose should be no more than 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem dose should be no more than 54
+gray and the mandible dough should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray and the mandible dough should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray and the mandible dough should be no
+more than 70 gray the average parotid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 70 gray the average parotid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 70 gray the average parotid
+gland dose should be at most 26 gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland dose should be at most 26 gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland dose should be at most 26 gray
+this constraints a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraints a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraints a little different
+since the parotid gland is a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the parotid gland is a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the parotid gland is a parallel
+structure significant damage to any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure significant damage to any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure significant damage to any one
+voxel does not jeopardize function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel does not jeopardize function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel does not jeopardize function of
+the entire organ so what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire organ so what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire organ so what is our
+optimization problem now again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem now again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem now again our
+decisions are the intensities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are the intensities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are the intensities of the
+beam let's our objective is to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam let's our objective is to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam let's our objective is to minimize
+the total dose to healthy tissue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total dose to healthy tissue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total dose to healthy tissue our
+constraints are limits on the tumor dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are limits on the tumor dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are limits on the tumor dose
+and upper bounds for the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper bounds for the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper bounds for the spinal cord
+brain stem and mandible we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem and mandible we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem and mandible we also have a
+constraint to limit the average parotid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to limit the average parotid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to limit the average parotid
+dose to 26 gray lastly all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to 26 gray lastly all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to 26 gray lastly all of our
+intensities or decision variables should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities or decision variables should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities or decision variables should
+be non-negative we solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-negative we solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-negative we solved this
+optimization problem and this plot shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and this plot shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and this plot shows
+the results on the x-axis is the dose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results on the x-axis is the dose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results on the x-axis is the dose in
+gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray
+and on the y-axis is the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis is the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis is the fraction of
+voxels that received that dose or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels that received that dose or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels that received that dose or higher
+each line corresponds to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line corresponds to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line corresponds to a different
+structure we can see that for the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can see that for the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can see that for the tumor
+which is shown as the red line 100% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown as the red line 100% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown as the red line 100% of
+the voxels get a dose of 70 gray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voxels get a dose of 70 gray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voxels get a dose of 70 gray and
+zero percent of the voxels get a dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero percent of the voxels get a dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero percent of the voxels get a dose of
+more than 77 gray this is what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 77 gray this is what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 77 gray this is what our
+constraints specified while none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints specified while none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints specified while none of the
+critical structures are getting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical structures are getting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical structures are getting very
+high doses it looks like the mandible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high doses it looks like the mandible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high doses it looks like the mandible
+which is shown as the blue line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown as the blue line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown as the blue line is
+receiving the highest dose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the highest dose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the highest dose of the
+healthy organs in the next video we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy organs in the next video we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy organs in the next video we'll
+explore different solutions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore different solutions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore different solutions and the
+shadow prices of our constraints
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9AtMQqCBdhw.txt b/9AtMQqCBdhw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61e57beabf5056995ea9f393a577982b8d1af852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9AtMQqCBdhw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16245 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let's uh let's get going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's uh let's get going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's uh let's get going
+on uh system integration and interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh system integration and interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh system integration and interface
+management so we're uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so we're uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so we're uh essentially
+moving up the right side of the V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up the right side of the V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up the right side of the V and
+the idea is all the details have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is all the details have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is all the details have been
+designed the concept has been selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the concept has been selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the concept has been selected
+you know this we we know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this we we know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this we we know what we're
+doing but now we have to reintegrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but now we have to reintegrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but now we have to reintegrate the
+system and make sure it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and make sure it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and make sure it works it
+performs the functions that are intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs the functions that are intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs the functions that are intended
+and satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfies the
+requirements and so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and so what I'm going to
+cover today is three things first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today is three things first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today is three things first of all
+why do we care why is interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care why is interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care why is interface
+management important uh why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management important uh why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management important uh why is it
+important there's two main reasons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there's two main reasons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there's two main reasons one
+is because a lot of failures originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because a lot of failures originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because a lot of failures originate
+so uh a lot of failures originate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a lot of failures originate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a lot of failures originate at
+interfaces and uh the other reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and uh the other reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and uh the other reason is
+because in order to design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to design and
+manufacture a lot of systems we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture a lot of systems we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture a lot of systems we need to
+work with uh partners and suppliers then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with uh partners and suppliers then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with uh partners and suppliers then
+I'll talk about interface management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about interface management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about interface management
+sort of the details of it the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the details of it the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the details of it the types of
+interfaces I'll introduce um the DSM the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces I'll introduce um the DSM the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces I'll introduce um the DSM the
+design structure Matrix as An important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design structure Matrix as An important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design structure Matrix as An important
+method and then we'll talk about icds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and then we'll talk about icds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and then we'll talk about icds
+I'm um interface control documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm um interface control documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm um interface control documents
+they're a very big deal in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a very big deal in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a very big deal in practice and
+then finally talk about system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally talk about system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally talk about system
+integration in particular the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in particular the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in particular the sequence
+in which you integrate systems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you integrate systems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you integrate systems and then
+the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of
+Standards all right so um here the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standards all right so um here the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standards all right so um here the point
+that I want to make here is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to make here is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to make here is when you
+deal talk about interfaces the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal talk about interfaces the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal talk about interfaces the first
+thing you need to be clear is is it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you need to be clear is is it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you need to be clear is is it an
+internal interface or an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal interface or an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal interface or an external
+interface of the system and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of the system and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of the system and so I think
+you remember this this chart here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this this chart here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this this chart here that
+has is this you guys that has a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is this you guys that has a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is this you guys that has a system
+boundary that's defined so the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary that's defined so the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary that's defined so the system
+boundary in this case we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in this case we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in this case we have this this
+digital camera here um and the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera here um and the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera here um and the internal
+interfaces are essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces are essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces are essentially the
+interfaces that are within this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that are within this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that are within this boundary
+so those are internal interfaces within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are internal interfaces within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are internal interfaces within
+the camera or within the peripherals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera or within the peripherals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera or within the peripherals
+that are included in the system boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are included in the system boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are included in the system boundary
+and then we have external interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have external interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have external interfaces
+which would be the interfaces between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be the interfaces between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be the interfaces between
+the system boundary and anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system boundary and anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system boundary and anything that's
+on the outside that you don't design or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside that you don't design or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside that you don't design or
+control directly so that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control directly so that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control directly so that's that's an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+distinction um the next uh point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction um the next uh point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction um the next uh point I want
+to make is that you have to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is that you have to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is that you have to really
+carefully think about interfaces as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully think about interfaces as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully think about interfaces as um
+seeds of potential system failures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds of potential system failures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds of potential system failures and
+so I have three examples here for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have three examples here for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have three examples here for you um
+so the first one is this is actually Kya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is this is actually Kya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is this is actually Kya
+sorry this is from Russia from 2007 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is from Russia from 2007 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is from Russia from 2007 this
+is traffic this is is one of the big you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traffic this is is one of the big you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traffic this is is one of the big you
+know uh not ulit but prosp you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh not ulit but prosp you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh not ulit but prosp you know the
+big uh with six Lanes or eight Lanes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh with six Lanes or eight Lanes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh with six Lanes or eight Lanes on
+one one side and there's a crossroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one side and there's a crossroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one side and there's a crossroad
+coming in here right this is a traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here right this is a traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here right this is a traffic
+intersection and you can see traffic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and you can see traffic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and you can see traffic is
+completely blocked on this side right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blocked on this side right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blocked on this side right so
+Traffic Engineers think a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traffic Engineers think a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traffic Engineers think a lot about
+interfaces which are mainly your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces which are mainly your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces which are mainly your
+intersections you know the roundabouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections you know the roundabouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections you know the roundabouts
+interfaces are really where a traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces are really where a traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces are really where a traffic
+system makes or breaks the traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes or breaks the traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes or breaks the traffic
+system so that's a bottleneck an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's a bottleneck an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's a bottleneck an
+interface as a bottleneck basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as a bottleneck basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as a bottleneck basically uh
+the second example here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example here in the middle
+this is actually an example from uh MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually an example from uh MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually an example from uh MIT
+uh from an undergrad class in design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from an undergrad class in design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from an undergrad class in design
+where the students were designing a air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the students were designing a air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the students were designing a air
+foil so this has been uh produced with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil so this has been uh produced with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil so this has been uh produced with a
+foam cutter and you have a spar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam cutter and you have a spar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam cutter and you have a spar that
+goes through here and this was intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through here and this was intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through here and this was intended
+for the MIT Formula SAE race car to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT Formula SAE race car to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT Formula SAE race car to
+create downward pressure on the rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create downward pressure on the rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create downward pressure on the rear
+axle uh they tested it in the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle uh they tested it in the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle uh they tested it in the wind
+tunnel and it worked well at 20 mph 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and it worked well at 20 mph 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and it worked well at 20 mph 40
+mph and then at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mph and then at 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mph and then at 60
+MPH uh there was a failure and the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MPH uh there was a failure and the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MPH uh there was a failure and the air
+for dis basically uh disintegrated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dis basically uh disintegrated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dis basically uh disintegrated and
+was carried off into the wind tunnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was carried off into the wind tunnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was carried off into the wind tunnel and
+completely shredded by the propeller why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shredded by the propeller why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shredded by the propeller why
+did that happen well they thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that happen well they thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that happen well they thought about
+the shear loads so when you have an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear loads so when you have an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear loads so when you have an air
+foil there's a force right that's acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil there's a force right that's acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil there's a force right that's acting
+orthogonally to the air foil so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonally to the air foil so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonally to the air foil so they
+thought about that the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that the problem is
+there's also a torque like a pitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a torque like a pitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a torque like a pitching
+moment the torque that's generated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the torque that's generated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the torque that's generated and
+the higher the air speed is the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the air speed is the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the air speed is the higher
+the torque they didn't think there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque they didn't think there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque they didn't think there was
+no real good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real good way to
+um react against the torque that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um react against the torque that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um react against the torque that was
+being generated so at that high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated so at that high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated so at that high speed
+the air foil all of a sudden tilted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air foil all of a sudden tilted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air foil all of a sudden tilted and
+created a lot of drag and basically was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a lot of drag and basically was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a lot of drag and basically was
+destroyed so the the air foil itself was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed so the the air foil itself was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed so the the air foil itself was
+okay but the interface was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the interface was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the interface was
+not uh the third example here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the third example here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the third example here is a
+software example of the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software example of the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software example of the software
+interface very famous this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface very famous this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface very famous this was the
+launch failure of the Aran 501 the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch failure of the Aran 501 the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch failure of the Aran 501 the very
+first launch of the Aran 5 basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first launch of the Aran 5 basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first launch of the Aran 5 basically uh
+led to an autod destructive a rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to an autod destructive a rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to an autod destructive a rocket
+upon Ascent there was an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon Ascent there was an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon Ascent there was an accident
+investigation and I'm just quoting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation and I'm just quoting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation and I'm just quoting you
+here uh from the key passage which said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh from the key passage which said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh from the key passage which said
+that the um active inertial reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um active inertial reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um active inertial reference
+system transmitted essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system transmitted essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system transmitted essentially
+diagnostic information to the launcher's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic information to the launcher's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic information to the launcher's
+main computer and so the main computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main computer and so the main computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main computer and so the main computer
+was interpreting this information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interpreting this information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interpreting this information as
+though the rocket has come um uh gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the rocket has come um uh gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the rocket has come um uh gone
+off course and trying to correct for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off course and trying to correct for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off course and trying to correct for it
+when in fact it hadn't it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in fact it hadn't it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in fact it hadn't it was actually
+physically going exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically going exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically going exactly the right
+trajectory but it was misinterpreted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory but it was misinterpreted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory but it was misinterpreted and
+this is also a very famous uh failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a very famous uh failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a very famous uh failure
+due to software reuse so three examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to software reuse so three examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to software reuse so three examples
+of uh interfaces bottlenecks and traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh interfaces bottlenecks and traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh interfaces bottlenecks and traffic
+structural failures and erroneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural failures and erroneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural failures and erroneous
+function calls in in software and so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls in in software and so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls in in software and so be
+careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about
+interfaces the second reason we care is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces the second reason we care is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces the second reason we care is
+uh working with manufacturers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh working with manufacturers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh working with manufacturers and
+suppliers so the the picture here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers so the the picture here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers so the the picture here is
+essentially the uh Dreamliner the Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the uh Dreamliner the Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the uh Dreamliner the Boeing
+787 and you can see here the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 and you can see here the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 and you can see here the different
+colors essentially represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors essentially represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors essentially represent the
+different countries or the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries or the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries or the different
+suppliers that are providing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers that are providing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers that are providing different
+parts of the airplane now does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the airplane now does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the airplane now does anybody
+let me ask this question to MIT see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask this question to MIT see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask this question to MIT see if
+we can hear them now uh no so um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can hear them now uh no so um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can hear them now uh no so um well
+maybe we can use the chat uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can use the chat uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can use the chat uh what's
+different between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the
+Dreamliner and you guys have seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreamliner and you guys have seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreamliner and you guys have seen a
+similar picture say for the 737 or prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar picture say for the 737 or prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar picture say for the 737 or prior
+generation aircraft so what's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation aircraft so what's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation aircraft so what's the real
+difference here with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here with the with the
+interfaces with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+787 so you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 so you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 so you just say
+comp yeah that's true composits is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp yeah that's true composits is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp yeah that's true composits is one
+uh composits is one thing but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh composits is one thing but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh composits is one thing but that's not
+that's you know that's a structure thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know that's a structure thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know that's a structure thing
+I have something else in mind there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have something else in mind there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have something else in mind there's
+some other fundamental change that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other fundamental change that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other fundamental change that was
+made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the
+787 Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 Beyond
+composits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composits
+nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope
+or um this has to do with the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um this has to do with the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um this has to do with the way the
+airplane is assembled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assembly yes yes exactly so the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly yes yes exactly so the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly yes yes exactly so the supply
+chain is very different and I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is very different and I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is very different and I guess I
+lost my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I reverse this so the point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I reverse this so the point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I reverse this so the point I want
+to make is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is that in the
+787 the modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the modules are essentially pre-out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the modules are essentially pre-out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the modules are essentially pre-out
+fitted like all the systems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted like all the systems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted like all the systems like the
+electrical system the Hydraulics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical system the Hydraulics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical system the Hydraulics
+everything is already installed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is already installed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is already installed by the
+time the module arrives at the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the module arrives at the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the module arrives at the assembly
+plant in Everett and close to Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in Everett and close to Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in Everett and close to Seattle
+before you got the structural sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you got the structural sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you got the structural sections
+but then all the electricals all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then all the electricals all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then all the electricals all the
+inside was done on site so the modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside was done on site so the modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside was done on site so the modules
+are pre-out fitted with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pre-out fitted with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pre-out fitted with all the
+subsystems and the final assembly itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and the final assembly itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and the final assembly itself
+is very short only a few days so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very short only a few days so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very short only a few days so that
+big big uh step and and it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big uh step and and it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big uh step and and it's exactly
+right it's the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the supply chain
+impact okay so then the the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact okay so then the the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact okay so then the the the final
+Point here is uh this is an examp this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is uh this is an examp this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is uh this is an examp this
+is essentially a launch vehicle designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a launch vehicle designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a launch vehicle designed
+a new launch vehicle that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new launch vehicle that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new launch vehicle that's being
+designed at NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed at NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed at NASA
+the SLS uh and if you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SLS uh and if you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SLS uh and if you think about a
+launch vehicle you have the first stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle you have the first stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle you have the first stage
+second stage third stage payload the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage third stage payload the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage third stage payload the
+fairing um actually a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairing um actually a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairing um actually a lot of these
+fairings are made here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairings are made here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairings are made here in
+Switzerland uh and uh defining these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland uh and uh defining these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland uh and uh defining these
+interfaces very clearly is is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces very clearly is is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces very clearly is is critical
+to reduce complexity understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce complexity understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce complexity understanding the
+different types which we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types which we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types which we're going to get
+into next um identifying the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into next um identifying the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into next um identifying the interfaces
+as a way to reduce risk and uh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to reduce risk and uh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to reduce risk and uh I just
+talked about these problems originating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about these problems originating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about these problems originating
+at interfaces and so hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at interfaces and so hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at interfaces and so hopefully it's
+pretty clear now that you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear now that you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear now that you know this is a
+critical issue so what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issue so what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issue so what I'd like to do
+now and we'll try to troubleshoot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll try to troubleshoot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll try to troubleshoot the
+audio issues in the meantime is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio issues in the meantime is for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio issues in the meantime is for you
+to do a a turn to your partner exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a a turn to your partner exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a a turn to your partner exercise
+and uh share with each other what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh share with each other what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh share with each other what is an
+instance in your past experience maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in your past experience maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in your past experience maybe
+during an internship or on a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an internship or on a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an internship or on a project
+that you worked on where uh interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you worked on where uh interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you worked on where uh interface
+definition and management was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and management was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and management was
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we well some of us went this summer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we well some of us went this summer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we well some of us went this summer to
+Russia to Moscow to follow a summer camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia to Moscow to follow a summer camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia to Moscow to follow a summer camp
+on uh system engineering and Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh system engineering and Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh system engineering and Space
+Engineering and we had a project there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering and we had a project there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering and we had a project there
+where we had to design a mission deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had to design a mission deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had to design a mission deep
+space and everyone was assigned to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and everyone was assigned to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and everyone was assigned to a
+group the groups were like around five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the groups were like around five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the groups were like around five
+to seven people and there were five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven people and there were five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven people and there were five to
+certain groups and each group had um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups and each group had um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups and each group had um a
+subsystem to design but no group was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem to design but no group was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem to design but no group was
+assigned to system engineering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to system engineering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to system engineering so
+actually there was no one to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there was no one to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there was no one to to make
+sure that all the interfaces were okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that all the interfaces were okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that all the interfaces were okay
+so we had to go to each other group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to go to each other group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to go to each other group and
+ask for the interfaces and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the interfaces and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the interfaces and then when we
+had to go back and and it was a mess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go back and and it was a mess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go back and and it was a mess and
+at the end every group had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end every group had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end every group had something
+good but when we tried to put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but when we tried to put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but when we tried to put all the
+system together it it was a big mess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system together it it was a big mess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system together it it was a big mess and
+no nothing nothing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nothing nothing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nothing nothing was
+working that's a that's a pitch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working that's a that's a pitch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working that's a that's a pitch for
+assistance engineering um so that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance engineering um so that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance engineering um so that it's a
+good point so even if you negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point so even if you negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point so even if you negotiate
+bilateral interfaces among subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral interfaces among subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral interfaces among subsystems
+there's no guarantee that it will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantee that it will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantee that it will work
+at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the system
+level okay uh can we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay uh can we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay uh can we get from
+MIT can somebody give us uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussed is is the mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is is the mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is is the mic
+working yeah now we can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working yeah now we can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working yeah now we can hear
+you great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you great
+um so my uh my grad school project here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so my uh my grad school project here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so my uh my grad school project here
+at MIT is a secondary payload on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT is a secondary payload on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT is a secondary payload on a on a
+big NASA Mission and uh as a secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big NASA Mission and uh as a secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big NASA Mission and uh as a secondary
+payload the the interface control is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload the the interface control is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload the the interface control is a
+really big deal so we're getting all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big deal so we're getting all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big deal so we're getting all of
+our power and all our communication from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our power and all our communication from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our power and all our communication from
+the spacecraft and we're also getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacecraft and we're also getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacecraft and we're also getting a
+a heater circuit from them so any change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heater circuit from them so any change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heater circuit from them so any change
+is uh like a big deal we had to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh like a big deal we had to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh like a big deal we had to change
+our heater circuit and we had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heater circuit and we had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heater circuit and we had to go
+through like a lot of paperwork just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like a lot of paperwork just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like a lot of paperwork just to
+splice a wire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice a wire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice a wire so
+uh no like issue with it but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no like issue with it but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no like issue with it but you know
+it's not as easy as it sounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as easy as it sounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as easy as it sounds and
+there's a lot of you know control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of you know control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of you know control over
+it I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say okay maybe another example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT somebody else um yeah does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT somebody else um yeah does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT somebody else um yeah does this work
+um so the we've got it figured out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the we've got it figured out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the we've got it figured out now
+by the way I think this is all working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I think this is all working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I think this is all working
+now so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so good
+uh the last project I was a part of was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last project I was a part of was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last project I was a part of was
+uh building an aircraft for Red Bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh building an aircraft for Red Bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh building an aircraft for Red Bull
+fluke dog uh so it was like a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke dog uh so it was like a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke dog uh so it was like a giant
+glider that we'd push off a platform um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider that we'd push off a platform um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider that we'd push off a platform um
+but we were kind of building it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we were kind of building it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we were kind of building it in a
+hurry the time constraints were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry the time constraints were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry the time constraints were pretty
+quick um and we didn't really have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um and we didn't really have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um and we didn't really have all
+the requirements until a month or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements until a month or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements until a month or two
+before the competition so we winged a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the competition so we winged a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the competition so we winged a
+lot of the design and construction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the design and construction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the design and construction and
+so um we thought about how to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we thought about how to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we thought about how to build the
+wing and how to build the EMP and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing and how to build the EMP and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing and how to build the EMP and how to
+build the cockpit but we didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the cockpit but we didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the cockpit but we didn't think
+about how to put them all together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to put them all together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to put them all together um
+and so it turned out just being wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turned out just being wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turned out just being wrapped
+with a lot of carbon fiber and epoxy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of carbon fiber and epoxy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of carbon fiber and epoxy and
+in some cases we used wood uh and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases we used wood uh and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases we used wood uh and it was
+a very heavy and poor looking assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very heavy and poor looking assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very heavy and poor looking assembly
+um once all that was together even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once all that was together even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once all that was together even
+though each part individually looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though each part individually looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though each part individually looked
+great uh they didn't really come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh they didn't really come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh they didn't really come
+together perfectly so we'll change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together perfectly so we'll change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together perfectly so we'll change that
+next year but could have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year but could have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year but could have thought
+more okay good great example um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay good great example um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay good great example um all
+right so hopefully you know this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully you know this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully you know this is sort
+of motivation that in in a in a sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motivation that in in a in a sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motivation that in in a in a sense a
+system is you know the functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is you know the functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is you know the functions you
+want the components and the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the components and the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the components and the interfaces
+you got to have all three if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to have all three if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to have all three if you only
+have great components but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have great components but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have great components but you don't
+understand the interfaces you stick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the interfaces you stick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the interfaces you stick them
+together you may not you know you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you may not you know you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you may not you know you get
+not sure what you're going to get yes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what you're going to get yes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what you're going to get yes do
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to isn't also important the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isn't also important the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isn't also important the interfaces
+with testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with testing
+facilities yeah absolutely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities yeah absolutely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities yeah absolutely so
+testability requirements you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testability requirements you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testability requirements you know how
+you're going to test it is critical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to test it is critical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to test it is critical uh
+also ground support equipment you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ground support equipment you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ground support equipment you know
+like maintenance equipment so not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maintenance equipment so not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maintenance equipment so not just
+the interfaces the system when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interfaces the system when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interfaces the system when you're
+operating it but during testing during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating it but during testing during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating it but during testing during
+maintenance and those are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and those are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and those are often
+forgotten as well so great point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten as well so great point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten as well so great point so
+let's uh let's keep moving here uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's keep moving here uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's keep moving here uh I
+want to talk about the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the types of
+interfaces and um and then we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and um and then we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and um and then we'll get to
+DSM so here's an a set of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM so here's an a set of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM so here's an a set of examples of
+interfaces that um that we encounter see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that um that we encounter see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that um that we encounter see
+if we can uh Le can we get the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can uh Le can we get the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can uh Le can we get the slides
+back up here um so essentially here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up here um so essentially here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up here um so essentially here's
+some examples uh on the upper left we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples uh on the upper left we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples uh on the upper left we
+have a valve and then a tank on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a valve and then a tank on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a valve and then a tank on the
+right side and we essentially have mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and we essentially have mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and we essentially have mass
+flow from the valve to the tank and um m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the valve to the tank and um m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the valve to the tank and um m
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+dmdt we have a rocket if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmdt we have a rocket if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmdt we have a rocket if you think about
+the rocket interface with a payload it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket interface with a payload it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket interface with a payload it's
+transferring momentum right the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring momentum right the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring momentum right the rocket
+provides thrust Force f for some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides thrust Force f for some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides thrust Force f for some amount
+of time delta T and that's the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time delta T and that's the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time delta T and that's the momentum
+imparted we have uh a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted we have uh a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted we have uh a heat
+exchanger um that is maybe giving heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger um that is maybe giving heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger um that is maybe giving heat
+off to the air the surrounding air so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the air the surrounding air so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the air the surrounding air so we
+have a heat flux Q dot uh we have solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a heat flux Q dot uh we have solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a heat flux Q dot uh we have solar
+cells PV cells that are producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells PV cells that are producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells PV cells that are producing
+electrical power voltage times current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power voltage times current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power voltage times current
+and this power flux is being sent to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this power flux is being sent to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this power flux is being sent to a
+battery where the energy is stored so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery where the energy is stored so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery where the energy is stored so
+these are all pretty obvious examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all pretty obvious examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all pretty obvious examples
+and then on the right side things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the right side things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the right side things get
+maybe a little bit less obvious uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit less obvious uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit less obvious uh you
+download um you go to a URL and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download um you go to a URL and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download um you go to a URL and you
+download an HTML file into your browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download an HTML file into your browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download an HTML file into your browser
+that's an information you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an information you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an information you're getting
+data you have a motion sensor attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have a motion sensor attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have a motion sensor attached
+say to your house and it triggers an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to your house and it triggers an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to your house and it triggers an
+alarm that's a command different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm that's a command different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm that's a command different from
+data uh NPR is national public radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh NPR is national public radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh NPR is national public radio
+this is kind of the you know high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the you know high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the you know high
+quality radio news reporting and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality radio news reporting and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality radio news reporting and you
+listen to this uh so there's a cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to this uh so there's a cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to this uh so there's a cognitive
+interface and then if any of you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and then if any of you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and then if any of you have uh
+had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any
+Psychotherapy uh this is an effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychotherapy uh this is an effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychotherapy uh this is an effective in
+this is also an interface between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also an interface between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also an interface between the
+patient and the psychotherapist this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and the psychotherapist this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and the psychotherapist this is
+a effective interface so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a effective interface so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a effective interface so these are all
+very different and you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and you can say well
+there's hundreds of types of interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hundreds of types of interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hundreds of types of interfaces
+well no the argument here is there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no the argument here is there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no the argument here is there all
+interfaces can be reduced or described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces can be reduced or described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces can be reduced or described
+by these four canonical types the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these four canonical types the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these four canonical types the first
+one is physical connection so a connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is physical connection so a connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is physical connection so a connects
+to b b connects to a a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b b connects to a a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b b connects to a a physical
+connection typically implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection typically implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection typically implies that
+there's uh a force or Torque that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a force or Torque that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a force or Torque that can be
+transmitted across the interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted across the interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted across the interface and
+it's always symmetrical and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always symmetrical and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always symmetrical and then we have
+energy mass and information flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy mass and information flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy mass and information flows and
+we'll I'll give you some example of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'll give you some example of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'll give you some example of each
+each of these types of interfaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these types of interfaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these types of interfaces and
+these uh energy mass and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh energy mass and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh energy mass and information
+flows typically are asymmetric it flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows typically are asymmetric it flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows typically are asymmetric it flows
+from one to the other physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the other physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the other physical
+connection is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is always
+symmetric so let's go through these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so let's go through these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so let's go through these and
+I'll give you examples and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you examples and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you examples and then we'll
+see what can we do with it so here's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what can we do with it so here's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what can we do with it so here's um
+physical connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection
+examples um rollers brake pads a finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um rollers brake pads a finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um rollers brake pads a finger
+touching a touchcreen is a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching a touchcreen is a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching a touchcreen is a physical
+interface uh the the interface can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh the the interface can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh the the interface can be
+reversible in other words the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible in other words the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible in other words the connection
+is temporary and examples of that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is temporary and examples of that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is temporary and examples of that would
+be electrical connectors USB ports latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be electrical connectors USB ports latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be electrical connectors USB ports latch
+mechanisms nuts and bolts or permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms nuts and bolts or permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms nuts and bolts or permanently
+connected such as in so one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected such as in so one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected such as in so one of you
+mentioned riveting spot welding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned riveting spot welding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned riveting spot welding
+fusing and one question that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusing and one question that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusing and one question that comes up
+well I'm a software engineer what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm a software engineer what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm a software engineer what does
+physical connection mean for software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection mean for software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection mean for software
+well it it's it's a it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it it's it's a it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it it's it's a it's a kind of
+tricky question I think the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky question I think the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky question I think the closest
+analog we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog we have is
+compiling if you have pieces of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling if you have pieces of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling if you have pieces of of
+source code and you compile your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code and you compile your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code and you compile your program
+then you've essentially fused this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've essentially fused this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've essentially fused this
+together into something new right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into something new right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into something new right so
+we'll we I'll show you the example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we I'll show you the example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we I'll show you the example so
+how do we describe it well here's an OPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we describe it well here's an OPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we describe it well here's an OPM
+model of uh I give you a couple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of uh I give you a couple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of uh I give you a couple examples
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zographou to number two and number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zographou to number two and number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zographou to number two and number three
+and the process linking them is engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process linking them is engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process linking them is engaging
+right the main motor engages through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the main motor engages through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the main motor engages through the
+clutch we can hide the process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutch we can hide the process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutch we can hide the process and then
+we just have this bidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have this bidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have this bidirectional
+interface between 1 and two and 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between 1 and two and 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between 1 and two and 1 and
+three and then if we show this as a mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then if we show this as a mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then if we show this as a mini
+DSM here one connects to two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM here one connects to two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM here one connects to two one
+connects to three but two and three do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to three but two and three do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to three but two and three do
+not connect directly with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connect directly with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connect directly with each other
+they don't have a direct physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a direct physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a direct physical
+interface and you can see that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and you can see that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and you can see that because
+those cells are empty so physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells are empty so physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells are empty so physical
+connection implies symmetry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection implies symmetry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection implies symmetry in the
+design structure Matrix that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design structure Matrix that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design structure Matrix that we can
+build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up
+yes oh DSM so DSM means design structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh DSM so DSM means design structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh DSM so DSM means design structure
+Matrix and I will introduce that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I will introduce that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I will introduce that in a
+minute we've briefly mentioned it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we've briefly mentioned it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we've briefly mentioned it before
+in the class but I'll I'll get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class but I'll I'll get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class but I'll I'll get into it
+in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+detail um here's some you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um here's some you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um here's some you know more
+picture examples of physical connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture examples of physical connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture examples of physical connections
+so a welding a welding joint uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a welding a welding joint uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a welding a welding joint uh
+irreversible reversible you know bolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reversible you know bolt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reversible you know bolt
+nuts and bolts RJ45 and electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts RJ45 and electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts RJ45 and electrical
+connector and then here's your hey I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector and then here's your hey I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector and then here's your hey I'm
+an old guy I I learned Fortran well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old guy I I learned Fortran well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old guy I I learned Fortran well
+basic was my first language and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic was my first language and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic was my first language and then
+Fortran did a lot of Fortran you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran did a lot of Fortran you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran did a lot of Fortran you you
+guys probably don't even know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys probably don't even know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys probably don't even know what that
+is but Fortran right Mel for Fortran is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but Fortran right Mel for Fortran is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but Fortran right Mel for Fortran is
+kind of a big deal still and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a big deal still and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a big deal still and
+some okay so basically the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some okay so basically the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some okay so basically the way this
+works is you have your source code which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you have your source code which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you have your source code which
+aref files these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aref files these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aref files these are
+basically asky files right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically asky files right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically asky files right and then
+first you transform them into binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you transform them into binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you transform them into binary
+files object files and then these get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files object files and then these get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files object files and then these get
+merged together into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged together into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged together into an
+executable so that's the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable so that's the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable so that's the process of
+compiling any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling any any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling any any questions about
+physical connections this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connections this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connections this type of
+interface physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface physical
+connection is it clear okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is it clear okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is it clear okay any
+questions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT can you still hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT can you still hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT can you still hear
+me yes what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yes what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yes what a
+good okay good so let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay good so let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay good so let's move on to
+energy flows energy flows are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flows energy flows are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flows energy flows are present
+when there's a net exchange of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a net exchange of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a net exchange of work
+between two components so power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two components so power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two components so power is
+Flowing across the interface DW DT right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing across the interface DW DT right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing across the interface DW DT right
+Jews per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews per second
+watts and the energy this energy flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts and the energy this energy flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts and the energy this energy flow
+this power flow can take different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power flow can take different forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power flow can take different forms
+electrical power which is very common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power which is very common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power which is very common in
+many products and so the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many products and so the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many products and so the electrical
+power usually comes either as DC direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power usually comes either as DC direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power usually comes either as DC direct
+current or or AC alternating current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or or AC alternating current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or or AC alternating current and
+if you know a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know a little bit about the
+history of electrical systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of electrical systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of electrical systems and
+networks there was a huge War it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks there was a huge War it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks there was a huge War it's
+called the ACDC Wars it's not the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ACDC Wars it's not the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ACDC Wars it's not the band
+this is not the rock music this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the rock music this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the rock music this is the
+war between Edison who was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war between Edison who was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war between Edison who was a big
+proponent of direct current and uh Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponent of direct current and uh Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponent of direct current and uh Tesla
+and Westinghouse who were really pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Westinghouse who were really pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Westinghouse who were really pushing
+AC and so for big power distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and so for big power distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and so for big power distribution so
+who won in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won in the end
+ac1 right it looked like initially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac1 right it looked like initially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac1 right it looked like initially like
+Edison was really and they're still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison was really and they're still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison was really and they're still in
+New York City they're for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City they're for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City they're for a long time
+and other places you still had DC Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places you still had DC Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places you still had DC Power
+Systems the problem with DC power is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems the problem with DC power is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems the problem with DC power is you
+lose a lot of uh there's huge losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a lot of uh there's huge losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a lot of uh there's huge losses
+with distance and with AC you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with distance and with AC you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with distance and with AC you can go to
+very high voltages and transmit power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high voltages and transmit power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high voltages and transmit power
+with relatively little loss over large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively little loss over large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively little loss over large
+distance that's the main reason that AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that's the main reason that AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that's the main reason that AC
+won out essentially um the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won out essentially um the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won out essentially um the thing that's
+important here and power of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here and power of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here and power of course is
+current times voltage the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times voltage the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times voltage the thing that's
+important is that these uh voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that these uh voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that these uh voltage
+levels and in the case of AC power also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and in the case of AC power also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and in the case of AC power also
+the frequency is very important 50 or 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is very important 50 or 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is very important 50 or 60
+hertz this is very standardized okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz this is very standardized okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz this is very standardized okay so
+if you're going to design a satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to design a satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to design a satellite
+system or you know a Rover or an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or you know a Rover or an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or you know a Rover or an an
+automotive system or a medical device or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive system or a medical device or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive system or a medical device or
+a consumer product the voltage levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumer product the voltage levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumer product the voltage levels
+are pretty uh there's a few choices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty uh there's a few choices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty uh there's a few choices but
+you can't just choose some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just choose some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just choose some arbitrary
+number you know because your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know because your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know because your whole
+industry your batteries your connectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry your batteries your connectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry your batteries your connectors
+everything is now pretty standardized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is now pretty standardized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is now pretty standardized so
+so for the octanus one rafhael what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the octanus one rafhael what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the octanus one rafhael what did
+you guys choose for your power system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys choose for your power system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys choose for your power system
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your 3.3 Volt Bus across okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 3.3 Volt Bus across okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 3.3 Volt Bus across okay and then
+you know if you need more if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you need more if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you need more if you need
+more energy you just have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy you just have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy you just have to add
+batteries you but that will essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries you but that will essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries you but that will essentially
+and you can do Transformations as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do Transformations as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do Transformations as well
+you can have different voltage levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different voltage levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different voltage levels in
+your system but that adds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system but that adds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system but that adds the
+complexity thermal flux is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity thermal flux is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity thermal flux is essentially
+heat flux dqdt there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux dqdt there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux dqdt there are three
+fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer
+right conduction convection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right conduction convection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right conduction convection and
+radiation uh in spacecraft radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh in spacecraft radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh in spacecraft radiation is
+probably the most important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important because
+that's the only way to get rid of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to get rid of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to get rid of heat
+out of your spacecraft uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your spacecraft uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your spacecraft uh and then you
+can do conduction and convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do conduction and convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do conduction and convection
+internally RS power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally RS power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally RS power so
+microwaves uh transmitting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves uh transmitting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves uh transmitting or
+transferring power through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring power through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring power through
+microwaves uh is is becoming uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves uh is is becoming uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves uh is is becoming uh of
+course we've you know had microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've you know had microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've you know had microwave
+ovens for a long time but even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovens for a long time but even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovens for a long time but even like
+doing power beaming over larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing power beaming over larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing power beaming over larger
+distances with microwaves is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances with microwaves is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances with microwaves is is
+definitely something that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that's been
+demonstrated and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated and there's a lot of
+interest in it uh here also we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in it uh here also we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in it uh here also we have
+pretty standard frequencies so 2.4 GHz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard frequencies so 2.4 GHz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard frequencies so 2.4 GHz
+5.8 GHz you have a whole industry built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.8 GHz you have a whole industry built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.8 GHz you have a whole industry built
+around these standards uh by the way why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these standards uh by the way why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these standards uh by the way why
+why the 2.4 GHz let's see if at MIT this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the 2.4 GHz let's see if at MIT this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the 2.4 GHz let's see if at MIT this
+2.4 GHz for microwaves where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4 GHz for microwaves where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4 GHz for microwaves where does that
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from anybody know where that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anybody know where that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anybody know where that comes
+from is that the frequency that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is that the frequency that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is that the frequency that can be
+transmitted easily through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted easily through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted easily through the
+atmosphere H actually no it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere H actually no it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere H actually no it's not good
+uh it's absorbed it's absorbed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's absorbed it's absorbed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's absorbed it's absorbed in the
+atmosphere it's the it's the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it's the it's the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it's the it's the it's the
+opposite it's 2.4 is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite it's 2.4 is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite it's 2.4 is very important for
+because it's a resonant frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a resonant frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a resonant frequency of the
+water molecule so your microwave oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule so your microwave oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule so your microwave oven
+will work at 2.4 GHz why because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work at 2.4 GHz why because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work at 2.4 GHz why because if you
+radiate microwaves at that frequency it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate microwaves at that frequency it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate microwaves at that frequency it
+makes the water molecules vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the water molecules vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the water molecules vibrate
+because that's a resonant frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a resonant frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a resonant frequency and
+you transfer a lot of heat or a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transfer a lot of heat or a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transfer a lot of heat or a lot of
+uh energy into your water molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy into your water molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy into your water molecules
+which are you know the majority of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you know the majority of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you know the majority of your
+food that's so it's actually really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that's so it's actually really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that's so it's actually really bad
+for it's you'd like to use 2.4 GHz but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's you'd like to use 2.4 GHz but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's you'd like to use 2.4 GHz but
+if you try to use that frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to use that frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to use that frequency for
+atmospheric power transfer you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric power transfer you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric power transfer you're right
+at the resonant mode so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the resonant mode so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the resonant mode so if you have a
+high level of humidity in the air you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of humidity in the air you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of humidity in the air you're
+going to lose a lot of that power Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose a lot of that power Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose a lot of that power Just
+heating the atmosphere up and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the atmosphere up and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the atmosphere up and not
+transmitting the power does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the power does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the power does that make
+sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah
+thanks okay and then another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay and then another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay and then another very
+popular frequency is 5.8 GHz and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular frequency is 5.8 GHz and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular frequency is 5.8 GHz and then we
+can go to xand which is closer to 8 gahz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to xand which is closer to 8 gahz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to xand which is closer to 8 gahz
+Etc but uh anyway so this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but uh anyway so this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but uh anyway so this is a kind of
+growing area is microwave power transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing area is microwave power transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing area is microwave power transfer
+uh and then of course the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then of course the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then of course the more
+old-fashioned perhaps but still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned perhaps but still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned perhaps but still very
+important is mechanical Power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is mechanical Power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is mechanical Power so
+transferring energy and power through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring energy and power through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring energy and power through a
+mechanical interface so if it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical interface so if it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical interface so if it's linear
+uh it's force times velocity if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's force times velocity if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's force times velocity if it's
+rotary it's torque times the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotary it's torque times the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotary it's torque times the angular
+rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+rotation um and then finally uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation um and then finally uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation um and then finally uh energy
+TP typically if if you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP typically if if you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP typically if if you want to have
+energy flow it does imply that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow it does imply that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow it does imply that there's a
+physical connection as well like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection as well like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection as well like some
+kind of wires or a gearbox or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wires or a gearbox or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wires or a gearbox or something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+however a lot of interest now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a lot of interest now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a lot of interest now in
+Wireless power transfer but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless power transfer but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless power transfer but it's still
+kind of a you know for it to really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a you know for it to really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a you know for it to really work
+reliably at high power levels uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably at high power levels uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably at high power levels uh this is
+pretty immature technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty immature technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty immature technology
+still so here's some examples of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so here's some examples of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so here's some examples of again
+from this is from xerography and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is from xerography and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is from xerography and you'll
+understand why I'm using these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why I'm using these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why I'm using these examples
+in a minute here's we U so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute here's we U so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute here's we U so we have a
+paper we have toner unfused toner and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we have toner unfused toner and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we have toner unfused toner and we
+want to fuse those two together we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fuse those two together we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fuse those two together we do
+this through a heat roller and heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through a heat roller and heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through a heat roller and heat and
+a belt and essentially we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a belt and essentially we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a belt and essentially we're
+transferring energy from the heat roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring energy from the heat roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring energy from the heat roll
+to the paper which allows it to fuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the paper which allows it to fuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the paper which allows it to fuse the
+toner so we have transfer of energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner so we have transfer of energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner so we have transfer of energy from
+one to two which is shown by this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two which is shown by this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two which is shown by this uh
+this green Mark here in the DSM so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green Mark here in the DSM so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green Mark here in the DSM so
+energy is he energy is transferred from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is he energy is transferred from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is he energy is transferred from
+system one to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one to system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one to system
+two um one question that often comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um one question that often comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um one question that often comes up
+is well what if we have like uh waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what if we have like uh waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what if we have like uh waste
+heat you know there's heat losses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you know there's heat losses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you know there's heat losses and
+there's parasitic energy flows do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's parasitic energy flows do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's parasitic energy flows do we
+care about those do we represent those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about those do we represent those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about those do we represent those
+and the answer is yes you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes you should
+especially if they affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if they affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if they affect your
+performance or your requirements so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or your requirements so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or your requirements so the
+first thing you typically do as you map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you typically do as you map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you typically do as you map
+out your interfaces is you map the flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your interfaces is you map the flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your interfaces is you map the flows
+that you want to happen that need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to happen that need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to happen that need to
+happen right and then uh on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right and then uh on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right and then uh on top of that
+you map out the flows that happen even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you map out the flows that happen even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you map out the flows that happen even
+though you didn't design for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you didn't design for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you didn't design for that but
+you need to account for them so heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to account for them so heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to account for them so heat
+losses would be an example of that waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses would be an example of that waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses would be an example of that waste
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+flux any questions about energy or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flows MIT any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions energy or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions energy or power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions energy or power
+flux we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux we're good
+thanks okay uh next one Mass flows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay uh next one Mass flows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay uh next one Mass flows uh
+Mass flows is when matter physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass flows is when matter physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass flows is when matter physical
+matter is being exchanged between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is being exchanged between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is being exchanged between two
+elements or subsystems so Mass flows is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or subsystems so Mass flows is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or subsystems so Mass flows is
+dmdt or kilogram per second and the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmdt or kilogram per second and the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmdt or kilogram per second and the form
+of the matter can be um fluids gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter can be um fluids gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter can be um fluids gases
+solids I guess plasma as well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids I guess plasma as well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids I guess plasma as well there's a
+big plasma center here on campus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big plasma center here on campus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big plasma center here on campus um
+and and so but the primary three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so but the primary three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so but the primary three are
+fluid so if it's fluids it could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid so if it's fluids it could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid so if it's fluids it could be like
+a cooling liquid a refrigerant fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cooling liquid a refrigerant fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cooling liquid a refrigerant fuel
+water if it's gases air exhaust gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if it's gases air exhaust gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if it's gases air exhaust gas and
+then for solids examples would be toner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for solids examples would be toner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for solids examples would be toner
+paper um you know if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um you know if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um you know if you're in the
+mining industry it's iron ore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining industry it's iron ore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining industry it's iron ore and
+typically mass flow implies an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically mass flow implies an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically mass flow implies an
+underlying physical connection you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical connection you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical connection you know
+like some kind of Channel or conduit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some kind of Channel or conduit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some kind of Channel or conduit so
+Raphael your example of you're sucking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael your example of you're sucking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael your example of you're sucking
+up and melting the snow and you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and melting the snow and you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and melting the snow and you said
+there's a hose so the hose is itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hose so the hose is itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hose so the hose is itself a
+component but um it enables the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component but um it enables the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component but um it enables the mass
+flow of the melted snow into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the melted snow into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the melted snow into some
+holding tank or Reservoir and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding tank or Reservoir and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding tank or Reservoir and so the
+hose is the physical connection and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hose is the physical connection and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hose is the physical connection and then
+the mass blow that happens through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass blow that happens through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass blow that happens through that
+hose is what's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hose is what's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hose is what's shown
+here uh Mass flows can be open so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh Mass flows can be open so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh Mass flows can be open so
+there's a source and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source and there's a
+sink right The Source in the sink could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink right The Source in the sink could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink right The Source in the sink could
+be inside or outside your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inside or outside your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inside or outside your system
+boundary you have to think about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you have to think about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you have to think about it uh
+but also Mass flows can form continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also Mass flows can form continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also Mass flows can form continuous
+Loops particularly if you recycle things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops particularly if you recycle things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops particularly if you recycle things
+like for example in the refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example in the refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example in the refrigerator
+your cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cooling
+liquid continuously Cycles through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid continuously Cycles through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid continuously Cycles through your
+system so here's some examples of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so here's some examples of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so here's some examples of mass
+flows we have a heat exchanger this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows we have a heat exchanger this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows we have a heat exchanger this is a
+utype heat exchanger so on the top we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utype heat exchanger so on the top we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utype heat exchanger so on the top we
+have uh what's called here the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh what's called here the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh what's called here the shell
+side uh fluid is coming in and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh fluid is coming in and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh fluid is coming in and is
+running out on this end and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out on this end and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out on this end and then we have
+horizontally a fluid that's coming in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally a fluid that's coming in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally a fluid that's coming in on
+the Lower Side cycling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower Side cycling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower Side cycling through
+exchanging the Heat and moving out so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging the Heat and moving out so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging the Heat and moving out so a
+heat exchanger is interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger is interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger is interesting because
+what kind of flows happen in a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanger of the flows we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger of the flows we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger of the flows we've discussed
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far energy and mass flow right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far energy and mass flow right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far energy and mass flow right so the
+two of them happen together in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them happen together in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them happen together in order for
+the energy flow to happen or transfer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy flow to happen or transfer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy flow to happen or transfer to
+happen the mass flow has to happen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the mass flow has to happen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the mass flow has to happen as
+well so the these two flows are tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the these two flows are tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the these two flows are tied to
+each other um here's an example from zor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other um here's an example from zor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other um here's an example from zor
+ography so we have our photo receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ography so we have our photo receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ography so we have our photo receptor
+belt we have uh residual toner on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt we have uh residual toner on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt we have uh residual toner on the
+photo receptor that needs to be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo receptor that needs to be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo receptor that needs to be removed
+from the photo receptor and we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the photo receptor and we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the photo receptor and we do this
+through a a cleaning lamp and then a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a a cleaning lamp and then a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a a cleaning lamp and then a a
+blade so in this case uh you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade so in this case uh you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade so in this case uh you can show
+this as an OPM and then you can show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an OPM and then you can show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an OPM and then you can show it
+here where the residual toner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the residual toner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the residual toner is
+transferred from photo receptor one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from photo receptor one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from photo receptor one to
+the cleaning Blade Two and this is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleaning Blade Two and this is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleaning Blade Two and this is shown
+in the DSM as a mass flow from 1 to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DSM as a mass flow from 1 to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DSM as a mass flow from 1 to two
+Okay and then we have one more which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and then we have one more which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and then we have one more which is
+the information flows so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information flows so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information flows so this is really
+where the big revolution has happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the big revolution has happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the big revolution has happened in
+the last few decades uh since a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few decades uh since a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few decades uh since a lot of
+our systems uh function a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems uh function a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems uh function a lot of
+functions that used to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that used to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that used to be done
+mechanically have been replaced through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically have been replaced through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically have been replaced through
+software and here's some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and here's some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and here's some examples of
+these information flows so um if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these information flows so um if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these information flows so um if you if
+your system has a user interface right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system has a user interface right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system has a user interface right a
+guy a graphical user interface or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a graphical user interface or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a graphical user interface or some
+kind of IO input output with the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of IO input output with the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of IO input output with the user
+that's um that's critical that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um that's critical that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um that's critical that's an
+information interface and so Rafael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information interface and so Rafael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information interface and so Rafael
+again coming to your presentation so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again coming to your presentation so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again coming to your presentation so I'm
+going to pick on you a lot today not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick on you a lot today not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick on you a lot today not
+pick on you but I'm going to site you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick on you but I'm going to site you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick on you but I'm going to site you a
+lot uh you said this Rover is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh you said this Rover is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh you said this Rover is going to
+be controlled somehow right and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be controlled somehow right and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be controlled somehow right and the big
+question is always how much autonomy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is always how much autonomy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is always how much autonomy do
+you put inside the thing and how much do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put inside the thing and how much do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put inside the thing and how much do
+you rely on a user that's remote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rely on a user that's remote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rely on a user that's remote and
+that's that's clearly an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's clearly an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's clearly an information
+interface um the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um the nature of the
+information is that analog is it digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is that analog is it digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is that analog is it digital
+is it Wireless so on the analog side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Wireless so on the analog side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Wireless so on the analog side
+we're essentially talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're essentially talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're essentially talking about some
+signal some voltage and there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal some voltage and there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal some voltage and there's been a
+lot of work done on ad ADC analog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work done on ad ADC analog to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work done on ad ADC analog to
+digital conversion and then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital conversion and then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital conversion and then uh the
+opposite is digital to analog right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is digital to analog right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is digital to analog right and
+you depending on how many bits you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depending on how many bits you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depending on how many bits you have
+available to you you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you you're going to have
+some discretization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discretization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discretization
+errors um a purely digital interface we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors um a purely digital interface we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors um a purely digital interface we
+refer to as Dio digital input output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as Dio digital input output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as Dio digital input output and
+then of course Wireless this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course Wireless this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course Wireless this is the
+standard the uh 80211 standard which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard the uh 80211 standard which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard the uh 80211 standard which is
+really very important these days um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very important these days um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very important these days um if
+you think about uh why we need all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about uh why we need all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about uh why we need all this
+it's really mainly the main reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really mainly the main reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really mainly the main reason is
+control right we have sensors actuators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control right we have sensors actuators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control right we have sensors actuators
+controllers and because this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and because this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and because this information
+is never perfect it's always uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never perfect it's always uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never perfect it's always uh you know
+there's gaps in the information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gaps in the information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gaps in the information or
+there's noise superimposed we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise superimposed we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise superimposed we have to
+also filter and amplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also filter and amplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also filter and amplify the
+information and so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so if you think about
+the type of information flows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of information flows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of information flows for
+example in spacecraft we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in spacecraft we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in spacecraft we could have
+Telemetry sensor data and Telemetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry sensor data and Telemetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry sensor data and Telemetry
+fundamentally means I want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally means I want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally means I want to know how
+is my system doing is it healthy are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my system doing is it healthy are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my system doing is it healthy are all
+the subsystems working is are there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsystems working is are there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsystems working is are there some
+anomalies are components within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies are components within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies are components within their
+temperature limits that's what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature limits that's what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature limits that's what we call
+Telemetry and then commands are when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry and then commands are when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry and then commands are when you
+are sending a command to the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sending a command to the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sending a command to the system and
+say you know turn this way turn that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know turn this way turn that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know turn this way turn that way
+um and fundamentally Telemetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and fundamentally Telemetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and fundamentally Telemetry and
+commands are treated quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands are treated quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands are treated quite
+differently uh so where where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh so where where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh so where where do you
+need better quality information where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need better quality information where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need better quality information where is
+the link more important on the Telemetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link more important on the Telemetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link more important on the Telemetry
+side or sending commands what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh actually
+no so so the if if your Telemetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so so the if if your Telemetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so so the if if your Telemetry is
+imperfect I mean it depends a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect I mean it depends a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect I mean it depends a little bit
+you know what you do with it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you do with it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you do with it but the
+commands are typically more critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands are typically more critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands are typically more critical
+like if you have a a bit error in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you have a a bit error in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you have a a bit error in a
+command um and it says you know fire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command um and it says you know fire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command um and it says you know fire the
+engine but you didn't want to fire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine but you didn't want to fire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine but you didn't want to fire the
+engine you can lose your mission so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you can lose your mission so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you can lose your mission so
+typically the what's known as the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the what's known as the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the what's known as the bit
+error rate has to be much higher or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate has to be much higher or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate has to be much higher or the
+bit error rate has to be lower meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit error rate has to be lower meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit error rate has to be lower meaning
+the the link budget is much better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the link budget is much better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the link budget is much better for
+commands so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands so there's an
+asymmetry um okay so here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry um okay so here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry um okay so here's some
+examples so here's a typ control Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so here's a typ control Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so here's a typ control Loop
+you have your plant your system your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your plant your system your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your plant your system your
+actuator sensors a comparator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator sensors a comparator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator sensors a comparator that
+compares your your reference signal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares your your reference signal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares your your reference signal this
+is how you want the system to behave via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you want the system to behave via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you want the system to behave via
+uh and sends that to a controller which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sends that to a controller which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sends that to a controller which
+then closes the loop um the example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then closes the loop um the example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then closes the loop um the example here
+again from zor ography is you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from zor ography is you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from zor ography is you're you
+have some original document you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some original document you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some original document you want to
+um make a copy here so there's a lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make a copy here so there's a lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make a copy here so there's a lamp
+that shines light onto your document it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shines light onto your document it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shines light onto your document it
+goes through a lens a laser diode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a lens a laser diode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a lens a laser diode and
+then to your marking system the OPM you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to your marking system the OPM you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to your marking system the OPM you
+have your original your Optical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your original your Optical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your original your Optical system
+you create a digital image file which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create a digital image file which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create a digital image file which
+then is sent to the marking system so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is sent to the marking system so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is sent to the marking system so if
+we simplify all this we can say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simplify all this we can say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simplify all this we can say there's
+information flow from the optical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow from the optical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow from the optical system
+to the marking system from one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the marking system from one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the marking system from one to two
+information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is
+transferred so um any question those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred so um any question those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred so um any question those are
+the four fundamental types of interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four fundamental types of interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four fundamental types of interfaces
+and examples with that any and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and examples with that any and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and examples with that any and so the
+the theory what the theory of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory what the theory of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory what the theory of design
+tells us is that this is universal any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that this is universal any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that this is universal any
+kind of interface falls into one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interface falls into one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interface falls into one of
+these types and in fact uh even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types and in fact uh even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types and in fact uh even in
+biological systems that's true yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems that's true yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems that's true yeah you
+have a system when there two M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system when there two M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system when there two M and
+energy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy do
+you I'll show that to you in the DSM you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll show that to you in the DSM you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll show that to you in the DSM you
+actually track them separately but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually track them separately but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually track them separately but
+they're within the same it's one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the same it's one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the same it's one big
+interface but it has these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but it has these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but it has these different
+subflows within it which means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subflows within it which means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subflows within it which means that it's
+not just the fact that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the fact that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the fact that there is an
+interface but the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but the complexity of the
+interface is important so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is important so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is important so the most
+complex interfaces obviously would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex interfaces obviously would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex interfaces obviously would be
+the ones where you have all four types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where you have all four types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where you have all four types
+right it's a physical connection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a physical connection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a physical connection and
+there's an information flow and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an information flow and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an information flow and there's
+an energy flow and there's a mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy flow and there's a mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy flow and there's a mass flow
+across the interface usually it's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the interface usually it's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the interface usually it's only a
+subset of those but you you can have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those but you you can have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those but you you can have uh
+interfaces where you have all these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces where you have all these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces where you have all these four
+present at once any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at once any any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at once any any questions about
+these types of interfaces at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no we're good thank you okay hey can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're good thank you okay hey can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're good thank you okay hey can you
+in general can you hear better now is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general can you hear better now is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general can you hear better now is it
+is it pretty stable over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it pretty stable over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it pretty stable over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+yeah good all right so let me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good all right so let me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good all right so let me talk about
+DSM uh Mel was asking about DSM so DSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM uh Mel was asking about DSM so DSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM uh Mel was asking about DSM so DSM
+is a fairly recent uh method you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairly recent uh method you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairly recent uh method you know
+last couple decades for really making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple decades for really making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple decades for really making a
+map of your system that contains shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of your system that contains shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of your system that contains shows
+explicitly these interfaces so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly these interfaces so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly these interfaces so here's a
+a very simple example this is a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example this is a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example this is a sample
+system with five components it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with five components it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with five components it has a
+pump a controller a motor a valve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump a controller a motor a valve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump a controller a motor a valve a
+filter and in this case we have mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and in this case we have mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and in this case we have mass
+flow from the pump through the valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the pump through the valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the pump through the valve
+into the filter and so you can this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the filter and so you can this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the filter and so you can this this
+block diagram on the upper left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram on the upper left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram on the upper left the
+exact same information is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same information is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same information is contained in
+this Matrix so a DSM is always a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so a DSM is always a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so a DSM is always a square
+Matrix where your components are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix where your components are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix where your components are the
+rows and columns equally layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and columns equally layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and columns equally layer
+and the diagonal here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the diagonal here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the diagonal here there's no
+information on the diagonal since sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the diagonal since sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the diagonal since sort
+of the the component connects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the component connects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the component connects with
+itself obviously so that that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself obviously so that that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself obviously so that that you you
+keep the diagonal sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the diagonal sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the diagonal sort of
+blank and then all of those interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank and then all of those interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank and then all of those interfaces
+and flows we mentioned are shown as off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flows we mentioned are shown as off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flows we mentioned are shown as off
+diagonals you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals you have to be a little
+careful because uh there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because uh there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because uh there's two
+definitions of DSM depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of DSM depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of DSM depending on the
+inflows and then the outflows so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflows and then the outflows so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflows and then the outflows so that
+definition that we mainly use in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we mainly use in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we mainly use in North
+America is where the inflows into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is where the inflows into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is where the inflows into a
+component are horizontal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component are horizontal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component are horizontal so the
+controller sends information to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller sends information to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller sends information to the
+valve this is that blue that blue square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve this is that blue that blue square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve this is that blue that blue square
+right there and you can see that shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and you can see that shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and you can see that shown
+here on the block diagram but the valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the block diagram but the valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the block diagram but the valve
+also sends information back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sends information back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sends information back to the
+controller and that information would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and that information would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and that information would
+probably be valve should open or close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be valve should open or close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be valve should open or close
+and when the valve is actually open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the valve is actually open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the valve is actually open it
+would confirm that back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would confirm that back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would confirm that back to the
+controller that the the St status of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that the the St status of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that the the St status of the
+valve is open or closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve is open or closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve is open or closed
+and then we have the energy flows uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the energy flows uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the energy flows uh the
+numbers that are shown here um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are shown here um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are shown here um I don't
+want to get too much into this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get too much into this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get too much into this but
+there's a a really cool binary scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a really cool binary scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a really cool binary scheme
+for putting a number that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting a number that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting a number that you can then
+have one number in that cell and based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one number in that cell and based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one number in that cell and based
+on that you can through the binary code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that you can through the binary code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that you can through the binary code
+reverse engineer what kind of interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineer what kind of interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineer what kind of interface
+is it is it just physical is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it just physical is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it just physical is it just
+binary it's a it's a kind of trick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary it's a it's a kind of trick for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary it's a it's a kind of trick for
+uh replacing these colors and cells with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh replacing these colors and cells with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh replacing these colors and cells with
+just a number that allows you to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number that allows you to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number that allows you to then
+reverse engineer what kind of interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineer what kind of interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineer what kind of interface
+is it uh so if it's empty it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it uh so if it's empty it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it uh so if it's empty it means
+there's no direct connection and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct connection and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct connection and then
+you have mechanical Mass flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have mechanical Mass flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have mechanical Mass flows
+information and energy flows okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and energy flows okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and energy flows okay so let
+me show you this on a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you this on a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you this on a real
+example in a minute so this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a minute so this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a minute so this method
+design structure Matrix method there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design structure Matrix method there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design structure Matrix method there's
+some synonyms for it um designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some synonyms for it um designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some synonyms for it um designed
+dependency Matrix n squar Matrix n squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency Matrix n squar Matrix n squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency Matrix n squar Matrix n squar
+diagram uh in in Matrix or graph Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh in in Matrix or graph Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh in in Matrix or graph Theory
+it's called an adjacency Matrix don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called an adjacency Matrix don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called an adjacency Matrix don't be
+fooled it's the same thing it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled it's the same thing it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled it's the same thing it's just a
+square Matrix that shows you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Matrix that shows you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Matrix that shows you what
+connects to what and then the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to what and then the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to what and then the simplest
+one is just a binary zeros and ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just a binary zeros and ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just a binary zeros and ones but
+the more the Richer dsms they contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the Richer dsms they contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the Richer dsms they contain
+more information about the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information about the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information about the type of
+interface um so a lot of work was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um so a lot of work was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um so a lot of work was done
+originally by Don Stewart on this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally by Don Stewart on this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally by Don Stewart on this this
+is an original reference from 81 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an original reference from 81 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an original reference from 81 and
+then at MIT Professor Steve epinger at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at MIT Professor Steve epinger at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at MIT Professor Steve epinger at
+the Sloan school has done a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sloan school has done a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sloan school has done a lot of work
+on dsms so fundamentally it's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dsms so fundamentally it's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dsms so fundamentally it's a matrix
+representation of your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of your product
+architecture most of the literature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture most of the literature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture most of the literature you
+find use just uses the simplest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find use just uses the simplest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find use just uses the simplest the
+binary DSM but um I'm actually a fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary DSM but um I'm actually a fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary DSM but um I'm actually a fan of
+adding information into the DSM that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding information into the DSM that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding information into the DSM that
+tells you about the physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about the physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about the physics of the
+interface as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as
+well so let's look at an example here do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's look at an example here do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's look at an example here do
+you remember the refrigerator case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the refrigerator case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the refrigerator case study
+we did a few sessions ago so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a few sessions ago so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a few sessions ago so this is a
+Le liaison diagram level one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le liaison diagram level one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le liaison diagram level one
+decomposition um so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um so we have the
+refrigerator has been decomposed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator has been decomposed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator has been decomposed in the
+10 components the door the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 components the door the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 components the door the condenser
+power supply all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply all the way to the
+compressor and all we're doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor and all we're doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor and all we're doing here is
+saying what is physically connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what is physically connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what is physically connected to
+what this is and the reason it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is and the reason it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is and the reason it's called
+a liaison diagram is because it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liaison diagram is because it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liaison diagram is because it's going
+to help you think about the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you think about the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you think about the assembly
+sequence of how this should be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of how this should be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of how this should be put
+together so this is like another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is like another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is like another way to
+think about this is like the skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is like the skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is like the skeleton
+this is the skeleton of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the skeleton of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the skeleton of your
+system so uh if you do have a liaison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so uh if you do have a liaison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so uh if you do have a liaison
+diagram shown again this is the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram shown again this is the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram shown again this is the same one
+on the left here you can just translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here you can just translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here you can just translate
+that to a matrix right The Matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a matrix right The Matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a matrix right The Matrix this
+DSM here I'm I'm using X's instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM here I'm I'm using X's instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM here I'm I'm using X's instead of
+ones but these two contain exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but these two contain exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but these two contain exactly the
+same information one is a graph View and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information one is a graph View and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information one is a graph View and
+the other is a matrix view but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is a matrix view but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is a matrix view but they're
+identical the same thing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the same thing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the same thing the same
+information presented in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information presented in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information presented in a different way
+and of course if you pay close attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you pay close attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you pay close attention
+to the Matrix you'll see it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric so then we can say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so then we can say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so then we can say well what
+kinds of interfaces and here come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interfaces and here come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interfaces and here come the
+four types that we just discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four types that we just discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four types that we just discussed the
+physical connection energy flow mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection energy flow mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection energy flow mass
+flow and information flow so if we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and information flow so if we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and information flow so if we apply
+that idea to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea to the
+refrigerator uh you know here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator uh you know here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator uh you know here's our
+10x10 uh physical connections so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10x10 uh physical connections so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10x10 uh physical connections so we have
+a design structure Matrix with only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design structure Matrix with only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design structure Matrix with only the
+black marks so it's symmetric and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black marks so it's symmetric and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black marks so it's symmetric and this
+reflects the liaison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the liaison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the liaison
+diagram and then we can add on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and then we can add on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and then we can add on top of
+that the mass flows which are in Red so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass flows which are in Red so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass flows which are in Red so
+the mass flows the way you read this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass flows the way you read this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass flows the way you read this is
+we have mass flow from the compressor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have mass flow from the compressor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have mass flow from the compressor to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+condenser okay and then from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser okay and then from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser okay and then from the
+condenser to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser to the
+evaporator and then from the evaporator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporator and then from the evaporator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporator and then from the evaporator
+back to the compressor you see that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the compressor you see that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the compressor you see that and
+we could rearrange these to be closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could rearrange these to be closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could rearrange these to be closer to
+each other we could Resort regroup the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other we could Resort regroup the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other we could Resort regroup the
+DSM but this essentially these red marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM but this essentially these red marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM but this essentially these red marks
+represent the cooling the refrigerant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the cooling the refrigerant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the cooling the refrigerant
+cycle within within the refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle within within the refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle within within the refrigerator
+within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+machine so you can you can check by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so you can you can check by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so you can you can check by
+tracing these from row to column you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing these from row to column you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing these from row to column you can
+actually check whether the loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check whether the loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check whether the loop is
+properly closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly closed
+so then energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then energy
+flows since uh the refrigerant Loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows since uh the refrigerant Loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows since uh the refrigerant Loop that
+I just talked to you about is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just talked to you about is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just talked to you about is um is
+important you can see that um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you can see that um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you can see that um those
+connections we just talked about always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections we just talked about always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections we just talked about always
+also carry a energy flow with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also carry a energy flow with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also carry a energy flow with them and
+then finally information flow is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally information flow is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally information flow is very
+little so in this case uh there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so in this case uh there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so in this case uh there's only
+one that I've represented which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I've represented which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I've represented which is the
+flow from the thermostat to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the thermostat to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the thermostat to the power
+supply right the thermostat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply right the thermostat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply right the thermostat
+defines the temperature at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the temperature at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the temperature at which you
+want to hold the refrigerator and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold the refrigerator and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold the refrigerator and if
+temperature goes up the power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes up the power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes up the power supply
+kicks in and drives the um drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in and drives the um drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in and drives the um drives the
+compressor and uh as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor and uh as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor and uh as soon as the
+temperature Falls below you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Falls below you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Falls below you know some
+threshold then uh it reverses and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold then uh it reverses and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold then uh it reverses and the
+compressor turns off right so when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor turns off right so when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor turns off right so when your
+refrigerator kicks in and K that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator kicks in and K that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator kicks in and K that's an
+information floor from the thermostat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information floor from the thermostat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information floor from the thermostat to
+to the compressor to the power supply um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the compressor to the power supply um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the compressor to the power supply um
+if you own one of those fancy new you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you own one of those fancy new you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you own one of those fancy new you
+know Samsung refrigerators where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Samsung refrigerators where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Samsung refrigerators where the
+door has like a flat screen TV in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door has like a flat screen TV in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door has like a flat screen TV in it and
+you can push buttons there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can push buttons there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can push buttons there's a lot more
+there's a lot more blue here right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more blue here right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more blue here right there
+would be a lot more blue in a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot more blue in a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot more blue in a really
+high-end refrigerator these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end refrigerator these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end refrigerator these
+days okay any any yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay any any yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay any any yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please yeah so the question I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yeah so the question I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yeah so the question I'm just
+going to repeat the question is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat the question is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat the question is can you
+also map the external interfaces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also map the external interfaces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also map the external interfaces and the
+answer is absolutely so what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is absolutely so what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is absolutely so what what you
+have to do though then is to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do though then is to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do though then is to kind of
+draw a bigger box around this and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a bigger box around this and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a bigger box around this and add
+here the external elements so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the external elements so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the external elements so you know
+the the human user the wall outlet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the human user the wall outlet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the human user the wall outlet um
+the grocery store you know whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grocery store you know whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grocery store you know whatever
+whatever you're including in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're including in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're including in your
+external world that's interfacing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external world that's interfacing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external world that's interfacing with
+it you would have to represent at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you would have to represent at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you would have to represent at least
+those elements that have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements that have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements that have a direct
+connection with any of it across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with any of it across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with any of it across the
+system boundary you would add them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary you would add them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary you would add them here
+and then show that you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then show that you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then show that you would have to
+then put a big box around it to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put a big box around it to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put a big box around it to make it
+clear what's inside the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's inside the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's inside the system and
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside that's correct that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that's correct that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that's correct that's correct
+and you you know we can argue of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know we can argue of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know we can argue of course
+for the refrigerator you know the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the refrigerator you know the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the refrigerator you know the main
+interface that you typically have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that you typically have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that you typically have well
+there two what would you say for let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two what would you say for let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two what would you say for let's
+say we go for what you saying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we go for what you saying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we go for what you saying we're
+going to add some external interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add some external interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add some external interfaces
+for a refrigerator what are the two most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a refrigerator what are the two most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a refrigerator what are the two most
+important two or three most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important correct so where where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important correct so where where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important correct so where where would
+that enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+supply right so we would add like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply right so we would add like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply right so we would add like you
+know wall wall AC power you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wall wall AC power you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wall wall AC power you know if we
+added that then in this in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that then in this in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that then in this in the cell
+corresponding to that you would have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that you would have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that you would have an
+inflow of power right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then so this is the power supply inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is the power supply inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is the power supply inside
+of the refrigerator inside the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the refrigerator inside the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the refrigerator inside the system
+boundary but if you had a the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary but if you had a the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary but if you had a the wall
+Outlet then uh that would be an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet then uh that would be an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet then uh that would be an external
+and then you'd have an interface across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have an interface across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have an interface across
+but into the power supply so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but into the power supply so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but into the power supply so that's one
+what's the other one uh do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other one uh do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other one uh do you remember
+we talked about the caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the caral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the caral
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+um well yes what do you have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well yes what do you have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well yes what do you have to do with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+heat yeah so the heat has to be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat yeah so the heat has to be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat yeah so the heat has to be removed
+right radiated out and where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right radiated out and where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right radiated out and where does that
+happen which which element here is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which which element here is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which which element here is where
+the heat gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat gets
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 not really the refrigerant does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 not really the refrigerant does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 not really the refrigerant does the
+internal heat transfer but the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal heat transfer but the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal heat transfer but the heat
+transfer to the outside to the air right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to the outside to the air right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to the outside to the air right
+refrigerators don't work well in vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators don't work well in vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators don't work well in vacuum
+Chambers remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chambers remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chambers remember
+that it it would be the evaporator right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it would be the evaporator right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it would be the evaporator right
+it's at the evaporator that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the evaporator that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the evaporator that you're
+radiating the heat to the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating the heat to the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating the heat to the surrounding
+air environment so you'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air environment so you'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air environment so you'd have the
+surrounding air as an external system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding air as an external system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding air as an external system
+and then an interface a heat or energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an interface a heat or energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an interface a heat or energy
+transfer from the evaporator to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer from the evaporator to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer from the evaporator to the
+outside but it's a it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but it's a it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but it's a it's a good question
+so you have to always Define your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to always Define your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to always Define your system
+boundary so you know the question then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so you know the question then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so you know the question then
+is well how do you generate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well how do you generate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well how do you generate these
+dsms and fundamentally there's two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsms and fundamentally there's two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsms and fundamentally there's two ways
+top down or bottom up so top down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down or bottom up so top down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down or bottom up so top down you
+start with a of your system and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a of your system and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a of your system and we
+talked about those system modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those system modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those system modeling
+languages like CML or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like CML or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like CML or in this case
+OPM and then you hide some things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM and then you hide some things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPM and then you hide some things you
+hide attributes and states you collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide attributes and states you collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide attributes and states you collapse
+all your processes in into these tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your processes in into these tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your processes in into these tag
+structural links and then you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural links and then you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural links and then you generate
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+DSM and then the other way to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM and then the other way to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM and then the other way to do it is
+bottom up where you already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up where you already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up where you already have a
+design or a system you decompose it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or a system you decompose it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or a system you decompose it for
+example you do product dissection you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you do product dissection you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you do product dissection you do
+your bill of materials or your parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bill of materials or your parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bill of materials or your parts
+list then you do your Le aison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then you do your Le aison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then you do your Le aison
+diagram right you you show the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right you you show the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right you you show the physical
+connections and then on top of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and then on top of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and then on top of those
+physical connections you map your mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connections you map your mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connections you map your mass
+energy and information flows and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and information flows and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and information flows and once
+you have that then you can uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that then you can uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that then you can uh start
+manipulating the DSM you can group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the DSM you can group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the DSM you can group
+components differently you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components differently you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components differently you can show
+modules and so forth so I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and so forth so I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and so forth so I want to show
+you a real world this is not just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a real world this is not just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a real world this is not just sort
+of an academic example but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an academic example but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an academic example but this is a
+real world example of a DSM that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world example of a DSM that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world example of a DSM that we
+built for a research project with Xerox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for a research project with Xerox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for a research project with Xerox
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+um the machine that's represented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the machine that's represented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the machine that's represented here
+is in the upper right this is uh the IGN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the upper right this is uh the IGN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the upper right this is uh the IGN
+3 digital printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 digital printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 digital printing
+press and represented here is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press and represented here is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press and represented here is its
+architecture its interfaces as an 84 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture its interfaces as an 84 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture its interfaces as an 84 by
+84 DSM so the machine has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 DSM so the machine has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 DSM so the machine has been
+decomposed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into
+84 really subsystems because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 really subsystems because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 really subsystems because you have a
+lot more than 84 Parts but that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than 84 Parts but that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than 84 Parts but that at that
+at this level of abstraction of 84 84 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this level of abstraction of 84 84 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this level of abstraction of 84 84 we
+have a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of
+572 physical connections 45 Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+572 physical connections 45 Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+572 physical connections 45 Mass
+flows 167 energy flows and 165
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows 167 energy flows and 165
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows 167 energy flows and 165
+information flows and there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows and there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows and there's a little
+more detail here in terms of the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail here in terms of the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail here in terms of the types
+of flows so in red we have uh Mass flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flows so in red we have uh Mass flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flows so in red we have uh Mass flows
+paper toner air ozone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper toner air ozone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper toner air ozone and
+dirt right cuz you got to keep dirt out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt right cuz you got to keep dirt out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt right cuz you got to keep dirt out
+of the the printing engine is is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the printing engine is is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the printing engine is is shown
+here in the middle let me just show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle let me just show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle let me just show this
+so you like you're probably scratching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you like you're probably scratching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you like you're probably scratching
+your head now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head now
+ozone really ozone why do we keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone really ozone why do we keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone really ozone why do we keep track
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ozone what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone what do you
+think why do we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ozone it's a pollutant at ground level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone it's a pollutant at ground level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone it's a pollutant at ground level
+and where does the pollutant come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from so it's generating inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so it's generating inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so it's generating inside the
+machine the reason is these machines use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the reason is these machines use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the reason is these machines use
+very high voltages zero zero graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high voltages zero zero graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high voltages zero zero graphic
+processes use pretty high voltages so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes use pretty high voltages so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes use pretty high voltages so if
+you apply a very high voltage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a very high voltage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a very high voltage you
+actually generate ozone so a chem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate ozone so a chem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate ozone so a chem
+there's a it's an electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it's an electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it's an electrochemical
+reaction that happens inside the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that happens inside the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that happens inside the machine
+nobody used to care about this until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody used to care about this until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody used to care about this until
+people working in these print shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working in these print shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working in these print shops
+started to you know feel symptoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to you know feel symptoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to you know feel symptoms and
+started to complain so the uh in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to complain so the uh in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to complain so the uh in the US
+it's called OSHA that's the occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called OSHA that's the occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called OSHA that's the occupation
+safety and health administration they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and health administration they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and health administration they
+came in and they took some measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in and they took some measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in and they took some measurements
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+wow the ozone level is through the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow the ozone level is through the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow the ozone level is through the roof
+it's way above multiple times above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way above multiple times above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way above multiple times above the
+minimum you know the allowable maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum you know the allowable maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum you know the allowable maximum
+limit and the reason is because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and the reason is because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and the reason is because of this
+kind of zerog graphic process so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of zerog graphic process so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of zerog graphic process so now
+these machines have to control the ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines have to control the ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines have to control the ozone
+and essentially the this box here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the this box here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the this box here the
+printing engine is is sealed it has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing engine is is sealed it has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing engine is is sealed it has its
+own own air conditioning system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own own air conditioning system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own own air conditioning system to
+prevent the ozone from leaking out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the ozone from leaking out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the ozone from leaking out it's
+a great example of how uh occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great example of how uh occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great example of how uh occupational
+safety drove new requirements which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety drove new requirements which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety drove new requirements which then
+increased the complexity of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the complexity of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the complexity of the machine
+so we keep track of the ozone flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we keep track of the ozone flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we keep track of the ozone flows and
+then in green we have you know the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in green we have you know the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in green we have you know the usual
+suspects high voltage low voltage DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspects high voltage low voltage DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspects high voltage low voltage DC
+mechanical energy and then heat energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and then heat energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy and then heat energy
+so there's some coding that goes on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some coding that goes on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some coding that goes on here
+so in total we have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in total we have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in total we have 1
+33 non-empty cells here which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 non-empty cells here which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 non-empty cells here which is about
+3.7% so about 4% this DSM has a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.7% so about 4% this DSM has a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.7% so about 4% this DSM has a density
+of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about
+4% and that doesn't sound very high but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% and that doesn't sound very high but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% and that doesn't sound very high but
+believe believe me this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe believe me this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe believe me this is a very
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+machine um this DSM that you see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um this DSM that you see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um this DSM that you see here is
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+31 so it took 31 versions to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 so it took 31 versions to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 so it took 31 versions to create this
+DSM and you say well why did take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM and you say well why did take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM and you say well why did take that
+long because this is this was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because this is this was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because this is this was published
+as an official document uh capturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an official document uh capturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an official document uh capturing the
+architecture of this machine so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of this machine so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of this machine so what
+that means in practice is of these 84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in practice is of these 84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in practice is of these 84
+components or subsystems every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or subsystems every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or subsystems every one of
+those components or subsystems is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components or subsystems is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components or subsystems is is
+owned by a different person or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by a different person or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by a different person or a
+different team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different team
+and um we went through a process where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we went through a process where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we went through a process where
+all of these 84 teams for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these 84 teams for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these 84 teams for their
+component had to to sign off and say yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component had to to sign off and say yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component had to to sign off and say yep
+you've you've accurately captured my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've accurately captured my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've accurately captured my
+interfaces my physical Mass information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces my physical Mass information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces my physical Mass information
+and energy interfaces have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy interfaces have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy interfaces have been
+correctly captured in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured in this
+Matrix and oh by the way the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and oh by the way the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and oh by the way the empty
+cells have also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have also been
+certified so if there's an empty cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified so if there's an empty cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified so if there's an empty cell
+here there's no question whether well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's no question whether well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's no question whether well
+maybe just somebody forgot to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just somebody forgot to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just somebody forgot to put the
+interface there no the owner of that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface there no the owner of that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface there no the owner of that row
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+column certified that there is no direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column certified that there is no direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column certified that there is no direct
+interface between this component and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between this component and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between this component and the
+other component that's why it took 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other component that's why it took 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other component that's why it took 31
+versions but now that that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions but now that that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions but now that that you have this
+map you can do a lot of things with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map you can do a lot of things with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map you can do a lot of things with it
+you can do architectural analysis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do architectural analysis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do architectural analysis you
+can Benchmark against other products you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Benchmark against other products you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Benchmark against other products you
+can do what we call technology infusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do what we call technology infusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do what we call technology infusion
+analysis which was done you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which was done you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which was done you can say well
+what if we add this feature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we add this feature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we add this feature in the
+machine okay well uh where is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay well uh where is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay well uh where is that
+feature going to go what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature going to go what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature going to go what are the
+interfaces of that new feature do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces of that new feature do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces of that new feature do we
+have to change the software do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the software do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the software do we have
+to physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically
+integrated this is a fantastic very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated this is a fantastic very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated this is a fantastic very
+powerful tool for showing the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool for showing the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool for showing the interfaces
+and managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and managing
+them um any any questions about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um any any questions about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um any any questions about this uh
+DSM approach you know the the real way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM approach you know the the real way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM approach you know the the real way
+to do this is to actually you know build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is to actually you know build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is to actually you know build
+one yourself and you can see it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yourself and you can see it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yourself and you can see it's a lot
+of work but once you have it it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work but once you have it it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work but once you have it it's very
+powerful yes Mia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so there's there's uh there's templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's uh there's templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's uh there's templates
+like Excel templates but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Excel templates but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Excel templates but there's also
+software um there's a whole website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software um there's a whole website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software um there's a whole website
+called DSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called DSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called DSM
+web.org um and I'm happy to send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web.org um and I'm happy to send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web.org um and I'm happy to send that
+out for you as a resour there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for you as a resour there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for you as a resour there's a whole
+Community there's even yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community there's even yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community there's even yearly
+conferences there DSM conferences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences there DSM conferences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences there DSM conferences where
+people get together from Academia from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get together from Academia from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get together from Academia from
+different companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies
+um like BMW for example I I'm I'm a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like BMW for example I I'm I'm a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like BMW for example I I'm I'm a big
+fan of BMW I think they do a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan of BMW I think they do a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan of BMW I think they do a great job
+um their system engineering is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their system engineering is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their system engineering is very very
+strong they use this on all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong they use this on all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong they use this on all their
+vehicles on all their subsystems and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles on all their subsystems and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles on all their subsystems and so
+this DSM web.org you'll see sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DSM web.org you'll see sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DSM web.org you'll see sort of
+the um software that's available and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um software that's available and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um software that's available and so
+forth there's a also some commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth there's a also some commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth there's a also some commercial
+software available so yeah please go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead ah so so let's think about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead ah so so let's think about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead ah so so let's think about this uh
+the 7 plus or minus 2 how does the 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7 plus or minus 2 how does the 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7 plus or minus 2 how does the 7
+plus or minus 2 relate to the 84 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 2 relate to the 84 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 2 relate to the 84 this is
+an 84 by 84 DSM so how do the two relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 84 by 84 DSM so how do the two relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 84 by 84 DSM so how do the two relate
+to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other right so but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so but what's the
+relationship of that rule with the 84 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+84 yeah so this machine might have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 yeah so this machine might have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 yeah so this machine might have if
+you really want every little detail this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want every little detail this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want every little detail this
+is probably a level four level five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably a level four level five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably a level four level five
+right but what's shown here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's shown here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's shown here this is
+essentially the equivalent of a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equivalent of a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equivalent of a level
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+representation right so do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right so do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right so do you remember
+7 plus or minus 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 plus or minus 2^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 plus or minus 2^
+squared right is you're somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right is you're somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right is you're somewhere
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+25 at the low end and 81 right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 at the low end and 81 right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 at the low end and 81 right so we're
+just slightly above this so my argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly above this so my argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly above this so my argument
+here is this is essentially a level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is essentially a level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is essentially a level two
+DSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM
+where you've decomposed the system down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've decomposed the system down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've decomposed the system down
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+levels and then you show the DSM the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and then you show the DSM the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and then you show the DSM the
+interfaces at this level of abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces at this level of abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces at this level of abstraction
+you could go level three but now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go level three but now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go level three but now you're
+going to have a you know 500 by 500 DSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a you know 500 by 500 DSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a you know 500 by 500 DSM
+which is almost impossible for a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost impossible for a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost impossible for a human
+to really understand and get any get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand and get any get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand and get any get any
+use out of it there's also been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use out of it there's also been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use out of it there's also been some
+work in hierarchical dsms so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in hierarchical dsms so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in hierarchical dsms so for example
+if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+at the feeder system you see the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the feeder system you see the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the feeder system you see the upper
+left here there says feeder well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here there says feeder well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here there says feeder well what is
+the feeder it's all this upfront stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeder it's all this upfront stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeder it's all this upfront stuff
+that feeds your paper and your media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feeds your paper and your media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feeds your paper and your media
+media into the print engine so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media into the print engine so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media into the print engine so you could
+take you know this is just two rows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you know this is just two rows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you know this is just two rows here
+you could take those and break those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take those and break those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take those and break those
+into much greater detail so you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into much greater detail so you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into much greater detail so you'd have
+like kind of like you guys did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of like you guys did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of like you guys did the
+requirements tree right the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements tree right the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements tree right the requirements
+hierarchy you can have a hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy you can have a hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy you can have a hierarchy of
+dsms I'm not showing that here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsms I'm not showing that here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsms I'm not showing that here but
+that's the relationship this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the relationship this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the relationship this is
+essentially a level two decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a level two decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a level two decomposition
+DSM good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM good question
+um MIT any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh yeah I just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh yeah I just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh yeah I just have one
+question about the liazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the liazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the liazon
+diagram yeah is there uh I guess any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram yeah is there uh I guess any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram yeah is there uh I guess any
+meaning or information that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning or information that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning or information that comes from
+uh the distances between like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distances between like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distances between like when you
+draw it the way that you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it the way that you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it the way that you draw
+it no uh there really isn't so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no uh there really isn't so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no uh there really isn't so the the
+tricky thing is if it's a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky thing is if it's a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky thing is if it's a very complex
+system like if did the liaison diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like if did the liaison diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like if did the liaison diagram
+for the uh 84 by 84 let me just go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh 84 by 84 let me just go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh 84 by 84 let me just go back
+here uh it would be pretty messy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it would be pretty messy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it would be pretty messy and so
+you want to sort of do the the layout of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sort of do the the layout of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sort of do the the layout of
+the leison diagram so you minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leison diagram so you minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leison diagram so you minimize the
+number of Crossing Lines for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Crossing Lines for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Crossing Lines for example
+there's some there's actually some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some there's actually some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some there's actually some uh
+graph graph visualization algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph graph visualization algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph graph visualization algorithms
+that try to uh create as clean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to uh create as clean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to uh create as clean as
+possible of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible of a
+graph uh one of those is for it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh one of those is for it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh one of those is for it's called
+a spring spring energy algorithm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring spring energy algorithm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring spring energy algorithm it
+basically treats these links as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically treats these links as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically treats these links as though
+they were Springs mechan and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Springs mechan and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Springs mechan and then
+depending on how far things are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how far things are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how far things are there's
+spring energy and you want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring energy and you want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring energy and you want to minimize
+the total energy of the system and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of the system and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of the system and and
+by doing that usually the graph looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that usually the graph looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that usually the graph looks
+pretty clean but there's no inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean but there's no inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean but there's no inherent
+meaning in how you lay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in how you lay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in how you lay it
+out does that make sense Sam yeah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out does that make sense Sam yeah thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out does that make sense Sam yeah thank
+you I have a question too um about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have a question too um about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have a question too um about the
+Le liaison diagrams um I I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le liaison diagrams um I I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le liaison diagrams um I I was doing
+something similar at least where I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar at least where I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar at least where I had
+each block as a functional um aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each block as a functional um aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each block as a functional um aspect of
+the system it was for avionic system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it was for avionic system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it was for avionic system and
+um I found that I needed to like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I found that I needed to like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I found that I needed to like make
+Power a separate thing cuz it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power a separate thing cuz it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power a separate thing cuz it was more
+of like a tree you had one power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a tree you had one power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a tree you had one power
+distribution system but the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution system but the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution system but the thing I
+wanted to bring up was um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to bring up was um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to bring up was um the
+information flow originally I just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow originally I just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow originally I just had
+like one color for that but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one color for that but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one color for that but I didn't
+find that too useful um what I had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that too useful um what I had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that too useful um what I had to do
+or what I plan on doing is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what I plan on doing is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what I plan on doing is like
+splitting it up into command and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it up into command and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it up into command and
+Telemetry um so is is drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry um so is is drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry um so is is drawing
+information just as one entity typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just as one entity typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just as one entity typically
+done because I I think it's more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because I I think it's more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because I I think it's more useful
+to have command and Telemetry or like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have command and Telemetry or like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have command and Telemetry or like in
+like data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like data and
+commands so so you know um that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands so so you know um that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands so so you know um that's fine
+and you know depending on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know depending on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know depending on what you're
+going to use it for you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it for you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it for you can you can
+redefine the colors there's no like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine the colors there's no like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine the colors there's no like
+global standard for how to properly do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global standard for how to properly do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global standard for how to properly do a
+DSM that's still kind of evolving so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM that's still kind of evolving so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM that's still kind of evolving so uh
+you know if if you have different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you have different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you have different types
+and you saw in the the Xerox example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw in the the Xerox example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw in the the Xerox example we
+used letters as well for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used letters as well for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used letters as well for the different
+types of mass flows you know P for paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of mass flows you know P for paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of mass flows you know P for paper
+t for toner so the the the way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for toner so the the the way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for toner so the the the way you're
+going to code it is really up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to code it is really up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to code it is really up to you
+there's no like Global right one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like Global right one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like Global right one way to
+do it yet um so that that sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yet um so that that sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yet um so that that sounds good
+actually you did the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you did the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you did the right thing
+there cool thanks what we doing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cool thanks what we doing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cool thanks what we doing time
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+wise okay um any other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise okay um any other questions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise okay um any other questions yes
+what kind of Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of Al
+outcome can we have from these diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome can we have from these diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome can we have from these diagrams
+so why are we doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we doing this
+yes well pretty pictures no I'm I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well pretty pictures no I'm I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well pretty pictures no I'm I'm I'm
+sort of half joking um part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of half joking um part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of half joking um part of it is
+definitely a graphical visual powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a graphical visual powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a graphical visual powerful
+way to convey the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to convey the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to convey the whole system
+architecture if you think about it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture if you think about it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture if you think about it there
+aren't too many ways of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too many ways of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too many ways of actually
+visualizing the whole system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing the whole system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing the whole system right
+include this is a very abstract view but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this is a very abstract view but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this is a very abstract view but
+there's there's a um you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a um you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a um you know and then
+this this DSM here at zero they print it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this DSM here at zero they print it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this DSM here at zero they print it
+out as a huge like wall-size poster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a huge like wall-size poster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a huge like wall-size poster and
+you put it on the wall and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it on the wall and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it on the wall and people
+actually go up there and say Ah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go up there and say Ah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go up there and say Ah that's
+my Subs system and then you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Subs system and then you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Subs system and then you know they
+argue and so forth so part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue and so forth so part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue and so forth so part of it is
+definitely a visualization but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a visualization but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a visualization but the other
+thing you can do with it particularly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do with it particularly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do with it particularly if
+you start putting the numbers in you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start putting the numbers in you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start putting the numbers in you can
+use this for complexity quantification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this for complexity quantification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this for complexity quantification
+so you can quantify the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can quantify the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can quantify the complexity of
+your system and then compare it against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and then compare it against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and then compare it against
+a competing system or a prior generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competing system or a prior generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competing system or a prior generation
+system but you have to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you have to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you have to go into the
+details to understand correct and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to understand correct and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to understand correct and you
+could not have a macro view on it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not have a macro view on it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not have a macro view on it right
+so this is a macro view but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a macro view but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a macro view but if you
+really then then you need to uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really then then you need to uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really then then you need to uh put
+numbers for the component complexities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for the component complexities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for the component complexities
+the interface complexities and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface complexities and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface complexities and so forth
+and there's quite a bit of research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's quite a bit of research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's quite a bit of research in
+this so you can then move this from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can then move this from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can then move this from a
+purely visual tool to becoming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely visual tool to becoming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely visual tool to becoming an
+analytic tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah and one thing we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah and one thing we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah and one thing we'll talk about
+next is interface control documents as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is interface control documents as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is interface control documents as
+an important so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important so in
+theory in theory every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in theory every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in theory every one of these
+interfaces you can have a document or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces you can have a document or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces you can have a document or
+you know a digital file if you click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a digital file if you click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a digital file if you click on
+this and this is you know this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is you know this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is you know this is where
+the tools are not fully mature yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools are not fully mature yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools are not fully mature yet but
+you'd like to be able to click on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to be able to click on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to be able to click on this
+and then it links you to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it links you to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it links you to another
+document and what is that other document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and what is that other document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and what is that other document
+it's the ICD the interface control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ICD the interface control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ICD the interface control
+document that defines that interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that defines that interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that defines that interface and
+then you have a lot of details like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a lot of details like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a lot of details like if
+it's an electrical connector you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electrical connector you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electrical connector you know
+how many pins what's the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pins what's the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pins what's the function of
+each pin and that's really where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pin and that's really where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pin and that's really where where
+things become useful okay all right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things become useful okay all right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things become useful okay all right let
+me uh move on so what I what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh move on so what I what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh move on so what I what I did
+upload for you guys so I if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload for you guys so I if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload for you guys so I if it's really
+up to you if you want to do a DSM at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you if you want to do a DSM at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you if you want to do a DSM at
+your PDR you you know it it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your PDR you you know it it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your PDR you you know it it would be
+nice but I don't absolutely uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but I don't absolutely uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but I don't absolutely uh you know
+if you if you like this if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you like this if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you like this if you think
+it's useful try it out for the PDR but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful try it out for the PDR but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful try it out for the PDR but
+it's not a must have requirement but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a must have requirement but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a must have requirement but in
+our you know in the in the full year SDM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know in the in the full year SDM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know in the in the full year SDM
+class that we teach we actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we teach we actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we teach we actually we're
+just doing that right now and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing that right now and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing that right now and so you can
+use it for uh reverse engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for uh reverse engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for uh reverse engineering the
+architecture of a software package you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of a software package you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of a software package you
+like open source software you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like open source software you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like open source software you just
+download it you generate a DSM and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it you generate a DSM and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it you generate a DSM and you
+can start seeing you know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start seeing you know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start seeing you know what are the
+different modules in the code what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modules in the code what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modules in the code what do
+they do how do they talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do how do they talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do how do they talk to each other
+it's incredibly powerful but what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly powerful but what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly powerful but what I did
+do is I uploaded for you guys this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I uploaded for you guys this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I uploaded for you guys this this
+is I said there's a there's a top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I said there's a there's a top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I said there's a there's a top down
+and then there's a reverse engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a reverse engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a reverse engineering
+or bottom up way of doing it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bottom up way of doing it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bottom up way of doing it this is a
+17st step procedure pretty detailed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17st step procedure pretty detailed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17st step procedure pretty detailed a
+document that I uploaded on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that I uploaded on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that I uploaded on on the
+reading section so if you go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading section so if you go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading section so if you go on the
+website under the reading section you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website under the reading section you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website under the reading section you
+will find this is like a four five page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find this is like a four five page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find this is like a four five page
+document that says step by step how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that says step by step how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that says step by step how do
+you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a
+DSM okay and again so at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM okay and again so at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSM okay and again so at a high level
+then what you get out of it is here i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get out of it is here i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get out of it is here i'
+I've sort of hidden the details from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of hidden the details from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of hidden the details from
+what you saw before is the high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw before is the high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw before is the high level
+architecture you can see so in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture you can see so in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture you can see so in the case
+of the Xerox example we have our front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Xerox example we have our front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Xerox example we have our front
+end system the feeder system the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end system the feeder system the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end system the feeder system the main
+marking engine you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking engine you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking engine you can see the
+modules uh and then you have a finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh and then you have a finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh and then you have a finishing
+system down here and so many systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system down here and so many systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system down here and so many systems and
+products have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products have similar
+architectures okay um any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures okay um any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures okay um any questions
+before I move on let's talk about icds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on let's talk about icds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on let's talk about icds
+interface control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface control
+documents and in the system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and in the system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and in the system engineering
+engine from the handbook this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine from the handbook this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine from the handbook this is right
+here in the middle this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle this is in the
+technical management processes number 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical management processes number 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical management processes number 12
+interface management it's a huge deal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface management it's a huge deal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface management it's a huge deal if
+you don't do it well if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it well if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it well if you if you don't
+do interface management well well and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do interface management well well and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do interface management well well and we
+heard some examples it it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some examples it it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some examples it it's really
+trouble um so the what the purpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble um so the what the purpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble um so the what the purpose is
+for controlling your development effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for controlling your development effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for controlling your development effort
+is really important I just highlighted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important I just highlighted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important I just highlighted a
+few words here if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words here if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words here if you have
+geographically diverse technical teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically diverse technical teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically diverse technical teams
+and maintaining interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintaining interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintaining interface
+definition uh once you've decomposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh once you've decomposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh once you've decomposed
+your system is is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system is is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system is is absolutely
+critical um so let me talk briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical um so let me talk briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical um so let me talk briefly about
+the different so this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different so this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different so this is a little bit
+more like traditional system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like traditional system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like traditional system engineering
+where you define interface with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you define interface with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you define interface with a
+document right we we've said that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document right we we've said that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document right we we've said that system
+engineering is moving to become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is moving to become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is moving to become more
+modelbased right we we don't want big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelbased right we we don't want big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelbased right we we don't want big
+piles of paper anymore but the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles of paper anymore but the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles of paper anymore but the reality
+is that many projects and programs still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that many projects and programs still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that many projects and programs still
+have a lot of these documents ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of these documents ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of these documents ideally
+you just have a Model A Digital model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a Model A Digital model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a Model A Digital model of
+the interface then you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface then you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface then you don't need a
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+document but if you are working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document but if you are working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document but if you are working with
+suppliers or contractors that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers or contractors that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers or contractors that don't have
+the same modeling capability as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same modeling capability as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same modeling capability as you have
+these documents are critical so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documents are critical so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documents are critical so the
+first one it's called ird interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one it's called ird interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one it's called ird interface
+requirements document and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements document and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements document and this is you
+know uh you remember in the when you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh you remember in the when you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh you remember in the when you did
+the requirements analysis in assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements analysis in assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements analysis in assignment
+2 this is one of the six classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is one of the six classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is one of the six classes of
+requirements it's interface requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements it's interface requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements it's interface requirements
+so that's the idea is all the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea is all the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea is all the interface
+requirements are pulled together into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are pulled together into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are pulled together into an
+ird IT defines the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ird IT defines the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ird IT defines the functional
+performance electrical environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance electrical environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance electrical environmental
+human physical requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human physical requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human physical requirements and
+constraints that exist at the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that exist at the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that exist at the common
+boundary between two or more functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between two or more functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between two or more functions
+or system elements so you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or system elements so you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or system elements so you haven't
+designed the interface yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the interface yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the interface yet
+physically but you've defined what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically but you've defined what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically but you've defined what the
+interface should be able to do its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface should be able to do its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface should be able to do its
+functionality then we have this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality then we have this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality then we have this is the
+most common you've probably heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common you've probably heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common you've probably heard this
+acronym before is icds interface control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym before is icds interface control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym before is icds interface control
+document or interface control drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document or interface control drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document or interface control drawing
+and so that is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is essentially the
+specification of the interface what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the interface what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the interface what does
+the interface look like so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface look like so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface look like so if you look
+at a ICD of an electrical connector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a ICD of an electrical connector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a ICD of an electrical connector
+you'll see the pin out you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the pin out you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the pin out you see the
+voltage levels you'll see the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage levels you'll see the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage levels you'll see the purpose of
+each signal for each pin maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each signal for each pin maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each signal for each pin maybe there's
+some pins that are unused they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pins that are unused they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pins that are unused they're
+reserved for future use that's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved for future use that's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved for future use that's also very
+clearly defined and the key about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly defined and the key about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly defined and the key about the
+ICD is it's a two-sided document so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD is it's a two-sided document so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD is it's a two-sided document so
+there's a subsystem a and a subsystem b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a subsystem a and a subsystem b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a subsystem a and a subsystem b
+and they share a common interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they share a common interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they share a common interface and
+the ICD the interface control document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ICD the interface control document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ICD the interface control document
+will Define both sides of the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Define both sides of the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Define both sides of the interface
+as a opposed to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a opposed to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a opposed to an
+ID interface definition document which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID interface definition document which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID interface definition document which
+is only a one-sided or unilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a one-sided or unilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a one-sided or unilateral
+document so for example let's say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document so for example let's say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document so for example let's say your
+company makes a very fancy camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company makes a very fancy camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company makes a very fancy camera or
+sensor to be used on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to be used on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor to be used on a
+spacecraft but you don't know uh who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft but you don't know uh who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft but you don't know uh who's
+going to use that camera how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that camera how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that camera how they're
+going to use it so what you're defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it so what you're defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it so what you're defining
+is essentially your your your side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially your your your side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially your your your side of
+the interface physical functional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface physical functional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface physical functional and
+then it's up to whoever your customer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's up to whoever your customer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's up to whoever your customer is
+to take to take the ID and turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take to take the ID and turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take to take the ID and turn it into
+an ICD but the ID is only one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ICD but the ID is only one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ICD but the ID is only one-sided
+unilateral and the ICD is bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unilateral and the ICD is bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unilateral and the ICD is bilateral
+interface definition does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface definition does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface definition does that make
+sense okay so here's uh again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so here's uh again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so here's uh again this is
+from the uh handbook the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh handbook the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh handbook the system
+engineering handbook uh inter interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering handbook uh inter interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering handbook uh inter interface
+Management on the input side you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management on the input side you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management on the input side you start
+with your interface requirements any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your interface requirements any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your interface requirements any
+changes to the interface that come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the interface that come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the interface that come up
+during the life cycle of the project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the life cycle of the project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the life cycle of the project you
+go through these steps and outcome your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these steps and outcome your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these steps and outcome your
+interface control documents any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface control documents any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface control documents any
+requirements changes and then interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements changes and then interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements changes and then interface
+management work products which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management work products which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management work products which might be
+you know other supporting documents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other supporting documents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other supporting documents for
+example a user manual or an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a user manual or an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a user manual or an operator
+manual that will actually tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual that will actually tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual that will actually tell you how
+to properly use the interface would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to properly use the interface would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to properly use the interface would be
+an example of a supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a supporting
+document okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document okay any questions about that
+before we get to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to system
+integration so who's actually read an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so who's actually read an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so who's actually read an
+ICD or had an actual ICD in their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD or had an actual ICD in their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD or had an actual ICD in their hands
+you have yeah M I'm sure you've had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have yeah M I'm sure you've had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have yeah M I'm sure you've had that
+many times do you can you tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do you can you tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do you can you tell us what
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was let me give you the mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was let me give you the mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was let me give you the mic
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so kist so uh we were working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kist so uh we were working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kist so uh we were working on a
+project uh where Chinese assers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh where Chinese assers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh where Chinese assers to
+contribute um uh camera payload for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute um uh camera payload for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute um uh camera payload for the
+satellite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and
+um so we had to Define all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we had to Define all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we had to Define all the
+electrical and the data interfaces I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and the data interfaces I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and the data interfaces I was
+in charge of the data interfaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge of the data interfaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge of the data interfaces and
+there I designed uh a document saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I designed uh a document saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I designed uh a document saying
+how should how will the interaction work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should how will the interaction work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should how will the interaction work
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+systems uh what um let's see because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh what um let's see because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh what um let's see because I
+designed the protocol I had to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the protocol I had to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the protocol I had to tell the
+the satellite what to do if the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satellite what to do if the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satellite what to do if the camera
+fails and how should the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and how should the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and how should the camera
+fail if there's a problem on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail if there's a problem on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail if there's a problem on the the
+computer set like all this failure cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer set like all this failure cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer set like all this failure cases
+and this kind of things it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like yeah it's yeah it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ICD and was it used then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or great excellent uh any examples of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or great excellent uh any examples of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or great excellent uh any examples of an
+ICD or ID or ird on the MIT side anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD or ID or ird on the MIT side anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD or ID or ird on the MIT side anybody
+have experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+no uh was that you Yanna uh yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh was that you Yanna uh yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh was that you Yanna uh yes I
+personally have experience with um icds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally have experience with um icds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally have experience with um icds
+but no one in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one in the room
+does okay well why don't you tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay well why don't you tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay well why don't you tell us
+about yours because I know you worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yours because I know you worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yours because I know you worked on
+this uh gravity gradient sensor so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh gravity gradient sensor so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh gravity gradient sensor so maybe
+it's that example yeah why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that example yeah why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that example yeah why don't you
+tell us about that um so each system had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about that um so each system had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about that um so each system had
+its own ICD and that was primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own ICD and that was primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own ICD and that was primarily
+because um the rest of the team needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um the rest of the team needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um the rest of the team needed
+to understand the inputs and outputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the inputs and outputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the inputs and outputs and
+how the specific system works um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the specific system works um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the specific system works um so it
+not only works for system integration it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only works for system integration it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only works for system integration it
+just works for um the team as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just works for um the team as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just works for um the team as a whole
+and its understanding of the project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its understanding of the project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its understanding of the project and
+the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems okay good all right so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay good all right so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay good all right so um this
+is a really really big deal in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really really big deal in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really really big deal in practice
+you know if you if you um do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you if you um do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you if you um do something
+that's so for example if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so for example if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so for example if you make a
+design or an inter you modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or an inter you modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or an inter you modify the
+interface because you think it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface because you think it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface because you think it's better
+for me I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I'm going to change
+this um and it's different from the ICD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and it's different from the ICD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and it's different from the ICD
+and then there's a failure in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a failure in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a failure in your
+system and then you say you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then you say you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then you say you're going to
+blame the supplier and say your box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame the supplier and say your box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame the supplier and say your box
+failed my mission got screwed up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed my mission got screwed up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed my mission got screwed up because
+of your box and then it turns out ah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your box and then it turns out ah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your box and then it turns out ah you
+actually implemented a uh an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented a uh an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented a uh an interface
+that's in conflict with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in conflict with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in conflict with the
+ICD the supplier will step back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD the supplier will step back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICD the supplier will step back and say
+that's not my problem you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not my problem you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not my problem you know you
+changed the you you didn't follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the you you didn't follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the you you didn't follow the
+interface definition and just changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface definition and just changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface definition and just changing
+one pin or one polarity can can uh lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pin or one polarity can can uh lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pin or one polarity can can uh lead
+to a system failure right so this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system failure right so this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system failure right so this really
+you have to pay a lot of attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay a lot of attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay a lot of attention to
+the details here okay uh let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details here okay uh let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details here okay uh let's talk
+about system integration so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about system integration so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about system integration so what is it
+it's essentially the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially the process of
+deliberately so let's say you you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately so let's say you you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately so let's say you you've
+designed your system the interfaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed your system the interfaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed your system the interfaces are
+clear when you physically put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear when you physically put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear when you physically put together
+your system you have to uh integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system you have to uh integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system you have to uh integrate the
+system so that means different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that means different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that means different things
+physical assembly of the parts that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical assembly of the parts that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical assembly of the parts that's
+the liaison diagram right what fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liaison diagram right what fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liaison diagram right what fits into
+what and we'll talk about sequencing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and we'll talk about sequencing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and we'll talk about sequencing in
+a minute you need to connect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute you need to connect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute you need to connect your
+different conduits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conduits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conduits and
+hoses um you need to fill in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoses um you need to fill in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoses um you need to fill in various
+consumables you know fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumables you know fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumables you know fuel
+lubricants um an examp example in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricants um an examp example in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricants um an examp example in space
+flight would be um if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight would be um if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight would be um if you're going to
+use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+cryocooler you know you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryocooler you know you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryocooler you know you might have to
+use some gases or liquids for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some gases or liquids for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some gases or liquids for the
+cryocooler uh that are consumables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryocooler uh that are consumables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryocooler uh that are consumables
+finite consumables connecting all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite consumables connecting all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite consumables connecting all your
+electronics to the power sources the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics to the power sources the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics to the power sources the
+avionics wire harnesses are still used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics wire harnesses are still used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics wire harnesses are still used a
+lot we try we would love to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot we try we would love to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot we try we would love to get rid of
+wire harnesses right they're heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire harnesses right they're heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire harnesses right they're heavy
+they're cumbersome they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cumbersome they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cumbersome they're
+expensive and we've been trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and we've been trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and we've been trying to
+replace you know wire harnesses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace you know wire harnesses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace you know wire harnesses with
+wireless but it's really hard to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless but it's really hard to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless but it's really hard to make it
+work reliably so we still use wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work reliably so we still use wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work reliably so we still use wire
+harnesses quite a bit um and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harnesses quite a bit um and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harnesses quite a bit um and then you
+need to upload and test your operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to upload and test your operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to upload and test your operational
+software that sits in inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that sits in inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that sits in inside your
+system so that's a lot of work and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's a lot of work and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's a lot of work and it
+has to be done very carefully a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done very carefully a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done very carefully a lot of
+this is done in uh you know facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done in uh you know facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done in uh you know facilities
+that are very clean clean rooms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very clean clean rooms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very clean clean rooms uh
+because you really need to do every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really need to do every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really need to do every step
+properly you need to document every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you need to document every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you need to document every step
+there's quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quality
+control um and that's why it's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um and that's why it's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um and that's why it's expensive
+I and slow um so the the next Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and slow um so the the next Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and slow um so the the next Point here
+is the sequence in which the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sequence in which the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sequence in which the integration
+occurs may be important and I want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs may be important and I want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs may be important and I want to I
+one so the reading the post reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the reading the post reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the reading the post reading
+associated with this lecture is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this lecture is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this lecture is a paper
+by uh Ben Asher who's uh professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh Ben Asher who's uh professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh Ben Asher who's uh professor at
+techon in Israel who I think has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techon in Israel who I think has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techon in Israel who I think has done
+some of the best work theoretical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best work theoretical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best work theoretical work
+on system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on system
+integration and you know unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and you know unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and you know unfortunately
+in complex systems a lot of problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in complex systems a lot of problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in complex systems a lot of problems are
+errors we often discover them during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors we often discover them during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors we often discover them during
+system migration and testing so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system migration and testing so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system migration and testing so that's
+also uh a key Point here okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh a key Point here okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh a key Point here okay so let me
+um I hope you have the chance to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope you have the chance to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope you have the chance to read
+the this Ben Asher paper because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this Ben Asher paper because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this Ben Asher paper because it's
+pretty interesting but I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting but I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting but I'll give you
+I'll give you sort of the summary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you sort of the summary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you sort of the summary here
+on one slide so what they looked at was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one slide so what they looked at was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one slide so what they looked at was
+does it matter whether you do a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter whether you do a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter whether you do a single
+stage integration everything at once or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage integration everything at once or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage integration everything at once or
+you do what's called incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what's called incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what's called incremental
+integration so the idea of incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so the idea of incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so the idea of incremental
+integration is you just integrate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is you just integrate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is you just integrate two
+components or subsystems in isolation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or subsystems in isolation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or subsystems in isolation at
+a time you check them and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time you check them and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time you check them and then you know
+you gradually integrate as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gradually integrate as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gradually integrate as opposed to
+doing it all at once and the example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it all at once and the example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it all at once and the example in
+the paper is a UAV unmanned aerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is a UAV unmanned aerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is a UAV unmanned aerial
+vehicle and it's you know there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and it's you know there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and it's you know there's not a
+lot of detail but there's four major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of detail but there's four major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of detail but there's four major
+subsystems the engine the flight control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems the engine the flight control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems the engine the flight control
+system the optronic payload and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the optronic payload and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the optronic payload and then the
+payload control system and so in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload control system and so in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload control system and so in one
+case you do single stage integration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you do single stage integration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you do single stage integration so
+here's your four subsystems and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your four subsystems and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your four subsystems and you just
+integrate them all at once and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them all at once and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them all at once and that's
+shown here in this upper gra so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here in this upper gra so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here in this upper gra so this is
+this is not the this is not the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the this is not the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the this is not the graph of
+components this is the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components this is the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components this is the graph of
+integration steps and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration steps and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration steps and then you have to
+put the system once it's integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the system once it's integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the system once it's integrated
+these steps 789 through different tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps 789 through different tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps 789 through different tests
+and then the idea is that um the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea is that um the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea is that um the amount
+of time that it takes to do each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that it takes to do each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that it takes to do each of
+these integration steps is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integration steps is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integration steps is somewhat
+stochastic it's not a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic it's not a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic it's not a deterministic
+number and so this upper graph here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so this upper graph here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so this upper graph here that
+looks kind of like a ski jump right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like a ski jump right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like a ski jump right uh
+this is time number of days versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time number of days versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time number of days versus the
+probability right so what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so what you see here
+is that it's a right skewed or left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a right skewed or left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a right skewed or left
+skewed depending on how you define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed depending on how you define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed depending on how you define it
+but the peak here is is to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the peak here is is to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the peak here is is to the right and
+and so the idea is that if everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is that if everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is that if everything
+goes Super smoothly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes Super smoothly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes Super smoothly
+actually single stage integration could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually single stage integration could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually single stage integration could
+work very well but the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well but the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well but the likelihood of
+that happening is not high and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening is not high and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening is not high and if you
+think about it if you do all at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it if you do all at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it if you do all at once
+single stage integration troubleshooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stage integration troubleshooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stage integration troubleshooting
+becomes more complex as well and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more complex as well and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more complex as well and so
+that's why this curve is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this curve is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this curve is actually
+shifted to the right incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted to the right incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted to the right incremental
+integration in this case you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in this case you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in this case you're just
+integrating two two and two two and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating two two and two two and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating two two and two two and two
+and then you integrate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you integrate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you integrate your
+pre-integrated subsystem together so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-integrated subsystem together so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-integrated subsystem together so it
+looks a little it looks more gradual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little it looks more gradual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little it looks more gradual and
+then here is again using their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here is again using their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here is again using their model
+they made certain assumptions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made certain assumptions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made certain assumptions about this
+you get a somewhat broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a somewhat broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a somewhat broader
+distribution of outcomes but the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of outcomes but the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of outcomes but the mean
+the expected amount of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected amount of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected amount of time for
+integration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is
+actually less so you you have a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less so you you have a faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less so you you have a faster
+integration time on average with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration time on average with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration time on average with
+incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental
+approach but the worst case you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but the worst case you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but the worst case you know in
+the worst case you may be little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case you may be little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case you may be little bit
+longer than you know than the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than you know than the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than you know than the single
+stage integration but what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage integration but what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage integration but what really
+matters is you know what's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is you know what's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is you know what's the average
+so the conclusion in the paper is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conclusion in the paper is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conclusion in the paper is that
+the integration sequence is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration sequence is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration sequence is important
+that the integration sequence can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integration sequence can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integration sequence can be
+optimized that there's advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized that there's advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized that there's advantages of
+doing incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing incremental
+integration uh primarily from a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh primarily from a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh primarily from a risk
+perspective so again uh octanus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so again uh octanus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so again uh octanus one
+project maybe you guys haven't thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project maybe you guys haven't thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project maybe you guys haven't thought
+about this too much yet maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this too much yet maybe you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this too much yet maybe you have
+but when you when you do your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you when you do your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you when you do your final
+vehicle right the sequence in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle right the sequence in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle right the sequence in which
+everything gets integrated and tested is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets integrated and tested is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets integrated and tested is
+is important that's really what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important that's really what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important that's really what this
+says and an incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and an incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and an incremental
+approach uh can be very helpful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh can be very helpful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh can be very helpful and
+there the more components you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the more components you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the more components you have the
+more the combinatorial space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the combinatorial space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the combinatorial space of
+integration sequences gets bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration sequences gets bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration sequences gets bigger and
+bigger so you have to do this at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so you have to do this at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so you have to do this at some
+level of abstraction okay is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of abstraction okay is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of abstraction okay is that is
+that clear we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we yeah and so the way you describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah and so the way you describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah and so the way you describe this
+is driven by your supply chain when are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by your supply chain when are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by your supply chain when are
+things becoming available but um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things becoming available but um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things becoming available but um you
+have to be careful because there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because there could
+be other you know could be sort of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other you know could be sort of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other you know could be sort of risk
+risk driven as well so okay uh good any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk driven as well so okay uh good any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk driven as well so okay uh good any
+any questions at MIT any comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+I have a question I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a question I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a question I have a
+question yeah so I guess the takeaways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah so I guess the takeaways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah so I guess the takeaways
+the incremental integration is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental integration is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental integration is usually
+preferred for most things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred for most things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred for most things on the
+average um I yeah I'm not sure um read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average um I yeah I'm not sure um read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average um I yeah I'm not sure um read
+the paper I think I think the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper I think I think the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper I think I think the conclusion
+is that for new systems that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for new systems that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for new systems that you've
+never integrated before where your level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never integrated before where your level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never integrated before where your level
+of knowledge and you know the TRL levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and you know the TRL levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and you know the TRL levels
+or your your actual you've never done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your your actual you've never done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your your actual you've never done
+this before first of aind integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before first of aind integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before first of aind integration
+that incremental is better because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incremental is better because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incremental is better because if
+there's a problem then troubleshooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem then troubleshooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem then troubleshooting
+is easier now if you're integrating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier now if you're integrating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier now if you're integrating a
+very well-known system right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well-known system right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well-known system right so it's
+sort of uh you know the tenth system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh you know the tenth system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh you know the tenth system but
+you've you've sort of figured out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've sort of figured out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've sort of figured out where
+the bugs are uh so the risk level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bugs are uh so the risk level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bugs are uh so the risk level the
+uncertainty is low maybe then single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is low maybe then single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is low maybe then single
+stage integration is okay so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage integration is okay so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage integration is okay so it really
+depends on on sort of the novelty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on sort of the novelty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on sort of the novelty and
+risk so I I I don't think the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so I I I don't think the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so I I I don't think the conclusion
+of the paper is uh single stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper is uh single stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper is uh single stage
+integration is bad always I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is bad always I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is bad always I think it's
+it's it's that um you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's that um you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's that um you should think
+carefully about the sequencing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about the sequencing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about the sequencing and it's
+driven by the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay
+thanks all right good um so um so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks all right good um so um so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks all right good um so um so I want
+to we're almost at the end here I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're almost at the end here I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're almost at the end here I want
+to ask you a quick question this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you a quick question this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you a quick question this is our
+concept question for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept question for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept question for today
+and this is about interface standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about interface standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about interface standards
+right so over time in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so over time in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so over time in different
+Industries we have you know rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries we have you know rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries we have you know rather than
+Reinventing the wheel and coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reinventing the wheel and coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reinventing the wheel and coming up with
+custom interfaces for every project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom interfaces for every project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom interfaces for every project you
+do you say do the interface according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you say do the interface according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you say do the interface according to
+this standard or that standard so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard or that standard so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard or that standard so I'm
+just curious to know from you guys and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curious to know from you guys and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curious to know from you guys and I
+I asked this question last week from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked this question last week from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked this question last week from uh
+another class I teach at MIT so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class I teach at MIT so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class I teach at MIT so please
+answer this and then I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this and then I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this and then I'm going to show
+you the your answers and the answers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the your answers and the answers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the your answers and the answers of
+the other class combined so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other class combined so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other class combined so the
+interface uh definitions here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh definitions here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh definitions here are
+80211 mil standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 mil standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 mil standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs232 BBJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs232 BBJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs232 BBJ
+23100 and then if you know of any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23100 and then if you know of any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23100 and then if you know of any other
+interface standards that you think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface standards that you think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface standards that you think are
+important just click other you this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important just click other you this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important just click other you this is a
+multi there's not just one right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi there's not just one right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi there's not just one right answer
+here this is a multi- checkbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a multi- checkbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a multi- checkbox
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+all right um so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so here's the
+responses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so
+56% uh so this is your results and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56% uh so this is your results and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56% uh so this is your results and then
+my class from last week uh kind of mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class from last week uh kind of mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class from last week uh kind of mixed
+together so 56% know the 88211 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so 56% know the 88211 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so 56% know the 88211 so what
+is I thought it might be more than 56%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I thought it might be more than 56%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I thought it might be more than 56%
+but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is
+80211 it's the Wi-Fi standard right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 it's the Wi-Fi standard right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 it's the Wi-Fi standard right and
+now I think where're is G I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think where're is G I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think where're is G I think is the
+latest I think sort of you know a BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest I think sort of you know a BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest I think sort of you know a BC
+80211 ABC so it's it's kind of evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 ABC so it's it's kind of evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 ABC so it's it's kind of evolving
+standard um very important obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard um very important obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard um very important obviously
+Mill standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill standard
+1553 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1553 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1553 uh
+24% know about that one anybody here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24% know about that one anybody here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24% know about that one anybody here at
+epfl mil standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl mil standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl mil standard
+1553 so you've done you've done real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1553 so you've done you've done real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1553 so you've done you've done real
+engineering I can tell so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering I can tell so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering I can tell so what is the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a DOD so that's why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a DOD so that's why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's a DOD so that's why it's a
+military standard it's essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military standard it's essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military standard it's essentially a
+data bus so for example on uh military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bus so for example on uh military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bus so for example on uh military
+airplanes on Min satellites it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes on Min satellites it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes on Min satellites it's
+essentially the architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the architecture of the
+avionics it's a bus architecture so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics it's a bus architecture so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics it's a bus architecture so you
+typically have like a mission control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have like a mission control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have like a mission control
+Mission computer that's the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission computer that's the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission computer that's the brain and
+then it directs how the messages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it directs how the messages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it directs how the messages are
+sent from the different you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent from the different you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent from the different you know like
+the flight control system or the payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight control system or the payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight control system or the payload
+it's a it's a kind of an old standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a kind of an old standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a kind of an old standard
+but it's a very robust standard for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very robust standard for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very robust standard for uh
+avionics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics
+architectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures
+um okay at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rs232 this is also kind of an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs232 this is also kind of an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs232 this is also kind of an older
+standard anybody chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that just a did anybody go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a did anybody go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a did anybody go ahead
+communication protocol for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication protocol for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication protocol for uh
+electronics right but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics right but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics right but it's a very
+specific one there's a key word I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific one there's a key word I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific one there's a key word I'm
+looking for serial yeah serial right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for serial yeah serial right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for serial yeah serial right
+it's a Serial interface as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Serial interface as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Serial interface as opposed to a
+parallel interface so it's a Serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel interface so it's a Serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel interface so it's a Serial
+interface um uh and still you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um uh and still you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um uh and still you know it's
+kind of old-fashioned but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of old-fashioned but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of old-fashioned but it's still
+used all right now comes BBA J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all right now comes BBA J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used all right now comes BBA J
+23100 and uh nobody out of 119 knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23100 and uh nobody out of 119 knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23100 and uh nobody out of 119 knew what
+that is so and this is kind of the tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so and this is kind of the tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so and this is kind of the tri
+question this is a biob bricks interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is a biob bricks interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is a biob bricks interface
+so are you familiar with uh synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you familiar with uh synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you familiar with uh synthetic
+biology so synthetic biology the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so synthetic biology the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so synthetic biology the basic
+idea is that uh you can do what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that uh you can do what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that uh you can do what we do
+here for biological systems so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for biological systems so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for biological systems so there's a
+you know libraries of Parts biologic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know libraries of Parts biologic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know libraries of Parts biologic
+standard library of biological Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard library of biological Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard library of biological Parts
+like different proteins different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different proteins different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different proteins different and
+that you can actually uh assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually uh assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually uh assemble
+organisms there's an annual comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms there's an annual comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms there's an annual comp
+competition it's been going on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it's been going on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it's been going on for
+almost a decade now it's kind of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a decade now it's kind of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a decade now it's kind of scary
+actually but uh you know so far nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but uh you know so far nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but uh you know so far nothing
+really bad has happened I guess uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad has happened I guess uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad has happened I guess uh but
+the idea is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that in
+biology it's going this way so this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's going this way so this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's going this way so this you
+can you can look this up uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can look this up uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can look this up uh you can
+Google for this uh particular reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google for this uh particular reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google for this uh particular reference
+and it'll it'll guide you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll it'll guide you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll it'll guide you to a
+essentially a protein interface it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a protein interface it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a protein interface it's
+essentially a molecular biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a molecular biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a molecular biological
+interface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so
+the prediction here is that you know 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction here is that you know 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction here is that you know 10
+20 30 years from now people will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 years from now people will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 years from now people will know
+you know what this is and there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this is and there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this is and there'll be a
+very internationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very internationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very internationally
+recognized set of biological interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized set of biological interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized set of biological interfaces
+that people actually use and and uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people actually use and and uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people actually use and and uh no
+and then uh anybody chose other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh anybody chose other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh anybody chose other
+here any anybody choose other yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did like standard you ban HTMI yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did like standard you ban HTMI yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did like standard you ban HTMI yeah and
+USB has evolved as well right we had USB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB has evolved as well right we had USB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB has evolved as well right we had USB
+1 and then USB 2 is that the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then USB 2 is that the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then USB 2 is that the latest
+still uh us USBC C okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh us USBC C okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh us USBC C okay a
+reversible yeah so standards evolve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible yeah so standards evolve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible yeah so standards evolve as
+well right as the technology behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right as the technology behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right as the technology behind the
+standards you know so this is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards you know so this is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards you know so this is a huge
+deal in practice uh anybody at MIT chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in practice uh anybody at MIT chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in practice uh anybody at MIT chose
+other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other
+examples yeah yeah I chose other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yeah yeah I chose other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yeah yeah I chose other um
+things that come to mind are like SPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come to mind are like SPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come to mind are like SPI
+and i2c like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i2c like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i2c like
+um more like serial Electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more like serial Electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more like serial Electronics
+communication protocols that are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication protocols that are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication protocols that are useful
+for talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking to
+chips okay um good so those are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips okay um good so those are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips okay um good so those are sort of
+inside the uh IC world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right okay excellent so um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay excellent so um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay excellent so um all right
+well uh we are actually uh at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh we are actually uh at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh we are actually uh at the end of
+today's lecture so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture so I just want to
+summarize the key points um why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the key points um why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the key points um why is
+interface management important there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface management important there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface management important there are
+many reasons but I think the two top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons but I think the two top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons but I think the two top
+reasons are think of interfaces as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons are think of interfaces as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons are think of interfaces as a
+potential uh achillis heel they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh achillis heel they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh achillis heel they're
+potentially seeds for failures right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially seeds for failures right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially seeds for failures right we
+look we saw bottlenecks we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we saw bottlenecks we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we saw bottlenecks we saw
+structural failures we saw uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural failures we saw uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural failures we saw uh you know
+the wrong kind of information being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong kind of information being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong kind of information being
+passed through software and so um be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through software and so um be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through software and so um be
+careful and uh if there's no no body in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and uh if there's no no body in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and uh if there's no no body in
+charge in your project to really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in your project to really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in your project to really look
+after the interfaces that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the interfaces that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the interfaces that's a problem
+right so you want to really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you want to really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you want to really think about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um because almost any project today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because almost any project today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because almost any project today
+you're decomposing it and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're decomposing it and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're decomposing it and you're not
+doing everything in-house yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything in-house yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything in-house yourself
+you're going to deal with suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to deal with suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to deal with suppliers
+you're going to deal with Partners so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to deal with Partners so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to deal with Partners so
+what's your of course you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your of course you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your of course you have a
+organizational contractual interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational contractual interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational contractual interface
+with them but there's a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them but there's a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them but there's a physical
+interface as well the longer you wait to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as well the longer you wait to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface as well the longer you wait to
+the find that interface with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find that interface with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find that interface with your
+partners and suppliers the fuzzier it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and suppliers the fuzzier it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and suppliers the fuzzier it is
+the more problems you will have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more problems you will have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more problems you will have so
+critical to really Define the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to really Define the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to really Define the interface
+and then stick with the interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stick with the interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stick with the interface uh
+very kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of
+sharply interface management um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharply interface management um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharply interface management um has
+different aspects to it so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects to it so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects to it so first of all
+types of interfaces there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of interfaces there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of interfaces there are many many
+you know dozens or hundreds of types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dozens or hundreds of types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dozens or hundreds of types of
+interfaces but they can all be boiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces but they can all be boiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces but they can all be boiled
+down to the four canonical types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the four canonical types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the four canonical types
+physical connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical connection
+mass energy and information flows I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass energy and information flows I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass energy and information flows I've
+introduced you to the DSM the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to the DSM the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to the DSM the design
+structure Matrix method and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Matrix method and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Matrix method and that's where
+you you basically decompose your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you basically decompose your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you basically decompose your system
+and you show it as an N byn Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you show it as an N byn Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you show it as an N byn Matrix and
+then you put all the interfaces into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put all the interfaces into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put all the interfaces into
+that Matrix that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix that you know
+about not just the interfaces that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not just the interfaces that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not just the interfaces that you
+want to have but the interfaces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have but the interfaces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have but the interfaces that are
+actually there so if there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there so if there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there so if there's you know
+noise or vibration or Emi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise or vibration or Emi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise or vibration or Emi
+electromagnetic interference or waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference or waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference or waste
+you know waste heat those are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know waste heat those are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know waste heat those are also
+important uh because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh because you're going to
+have to deal with them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with them in some
+way finally icds uh so icds and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way finally icds uh so icds and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way finally icds uh so icds and we said
+there's irds interface requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's irds interface requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's irds interface requirements
+documents which are the requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents which are the requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents which are the requirements for
+the interface IDs one-sided and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface IDs one-sided and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface IDs one-sided and then
+icds are the most important it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icds are the most important it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icds are the most important it's the
+two-sided interface definition that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided interface definition that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided interface definition that's
+the NASA approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NASA approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NASA approach
+but EA uses that uh many many Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but EA uses that uh many many Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but EA uses that uh many many Industries
+now use these interface control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use these interface control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use these interface control
+documents ideally in the long term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents ideally in the long term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents ideally in the long term we
+want to get rid of them we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of them we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of them we don't want
+documents in system engineering we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents in system engineering we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents in system engineering we just
+want to have models that we share but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have models that we share but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have models that we share but
+we're this still moving in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this still moving in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this still moving in that
+direction okay and then finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and then finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and then finally the
+point about system integration do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about system integration do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about system integration do not
+just do it randomly think about system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it randomly think about system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it randomly think about system
+how will you assemble the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you assemble the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you assemble the system
+physically how are you going to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically how are you going to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically how are you going to connect
+all your Electronics the consumables how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your Electronics the consumables how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your Electronics the consumables how
+will you load your your software how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you load your your software how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you load your your software how
+will you test it we we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you test it we we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you test it we we'll talk about
+testing verification and validation next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing verification and validation next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing verification and validation next
+week but uh the way in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but uh the way in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but uh the way in which you
+integrate the sequence of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the sequence of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the sequence of integration
+could be very important um and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very important um and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very important um and it's a
+pretty active area of research so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty active area of research so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty active area of research so in
+sort of system engineering research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system engineering research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system engineering research is
+really understanding and modeling system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding and modeling system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding and modeling system
+integration as a um as something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as a um as something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as a um as something you can
+optimize and then the last point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and then the last point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and then the last point was
+industry standards really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry standards really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry standards really understand
+what are the key standards in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the key standards in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the key standards in your
+industry what are the key interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry what are the key interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry what are the key interface
+standards and if you're going to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and if you're going to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and if you're going to deviate
+if you're going to choose something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to choose something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to choose something else
+than an industry standard you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an industry standard you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an industry standard you better
+know why you're doing it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why you're doing it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why you're doing it because the
+minute you decide not to use an industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you decide not to use an industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you decide not to use an industry
+standard you probably just inflated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you probably just inflated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you probably just inflated the
+cost by you know a factor of 10 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost by you know a factor of 10 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost by you know a factor of 10 because
+now there's no longer any off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's no longer any off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's no longer any off-the-shelf
+components you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you know you have to
+basically do everything yourself but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do everything yourself but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do everything yourself but it
+it's possible that there's good reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that there's good reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that there's good reasons
+for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9Cl8mj5VIHA.txt b/9Cl8mj5VIHA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe29521f38d1a1625c15ddf97e04cbe6548748e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9Cl8mj5VIHA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right um going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right um going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right um going to start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh Friday's lecture notes because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Friday's lecture notes because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Friday's lecture notes because there
+was a significant amount on them that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a significant amount on them that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a significant amount on them that I
+hadn't finished up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't finished up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't finished up
+yet we had finally gotten to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we had finally gotten to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we had finally gotten to the point
+where uh were talking about what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh were talking about what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh were talking about what does a
+wave function mean what is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function mean what is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function mean what is the physical
+significance of it how does it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of it how does it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of it how does it actually
+represent the presence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and what we
+saw was that the physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was that the physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was that the physically
+significant representation of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant representation of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant representation of the uh
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function if you have some wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you have some wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you have some wave function
+side labeled by three quantum numbers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side labeled by three quantum numbers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side labeled by three quantum numbers n
+l and m and of course it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and m and of course it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and m and of course it's a function of
+r Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theta and
+F the physically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the physically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the physically significant
+quantity was this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity was this wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity was this wave function
+squared that wave function squared that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that wave function squared that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that wave function squared that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+interpreted as a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density so the wave function squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so the wave function squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so the wave function squared is
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+it has units of inverse volume it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has units of inverse volume it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has units of inverse volume it's a
+density it's a probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a probability per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a probability per unit
+volume now as an aside because someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume now as an aside because someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume now as an aside because someone
+asked me I should tell you that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me I should tell you that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me I should tell you that the more
+comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive
+definition of the probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the probability density is
+s not squared but s times s star where s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s not squared but s times s star where s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s not squared but s times s star where s
+star is the complex con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is the complex con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is the complex con
+ugate because turns out that some wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugate because turns out that some wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugate because turns out that some wave
+functions are imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are imaginary
+functions and so if you took an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so if you took an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so if you took an
+imaginary function and squared it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary function and squared it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary function and squared it well
+then you'd still get an imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd still get an imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd still get an imaginary
+function after it and then it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function after it and then it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function after it and then it's hard to
+interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+the a uh imaginary function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a uh imaginary function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a uh imaginary function as a
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and
+so the more comprehensive definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more comprehensive definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more comprehensive definition is
+s times s star where s star is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times s star where s star is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times s star where s star is the
+complex conjugate of s and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of s and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of s and when you
+multiply s by S star if s is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply s by S star if s is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply s by S star if s is a complex
+function well then you get a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well then you get a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well then you get a real
+function okay so this is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so this is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so this is the more
+comprehensive def definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive def definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive def definition of the
+probability density It's s times s star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density It's s times s star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density It's s times s star
+we won't use that I just wanted to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't use that I just wanted to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't use that I just wanted to let
+you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so probability
+density but not only do we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but not only do we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but not only do we want to know
+something about the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the probability density
+what uh we also want to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh we also want to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh we also want to know something
+about the probability all right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability all right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability all right of
+finding the electron some distance away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electron some distance away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electron some distance away
+from the nucleus and to do that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nucleus and to do that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nucleus and to do that what we
+were talking about is this quantity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about is this quantity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about is this quantity this
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+distribution Pro uh the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Pro uh the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Pro uh the radial
+probability uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh
+distribution and what that is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what that is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what that is is the
+probability of finding an electron in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron in a
+spherical shell of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell of radius
+R and distance or thickness Dr so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and distance or thickness Dr so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and distance or thickness Dr so for
+example if this gray portion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if this gray portion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if this gray portion here
+represented the probability density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the probability density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the probability density of
+the 1s wave function in our DOT density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s wave function in our DOT density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s wave function in our DOT density
+diagram remember we squared the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram remember we squared the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram remember we squared the wave
+function got the probability density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function got the probability density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function got the probability density and
+then represented it with a DOT density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then represented it with a DOT density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then represented it with a DOT density
+diagram where the the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where the the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where the the density of the
+dots was proportional to the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots was proportional to the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots was proportional to the value of
+the wave function squared and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function squared and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function squared and in the
+case of the 1s wave function we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the 1s wave function we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the 1s wave function we saw that
+the probability density was largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density was largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density was largest
+right at R equals z and that it exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at R equals z and that it exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at R equals z and that it exp
+exponentially decayed isot um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decayed isot um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decayed isot um uh
+isotropically it sorry it exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically it sorry it exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically it sorry it exponentially
+decayed uh in all uh directions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed uh in all uh directions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed uh in all uh directions uh
+uniformly all right so that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly all right so that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly all right so that's what that
+gray part represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray part represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray part represent
+sense but now this uh this blue here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but now this uh this blue here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but now this uh this blue here the
+blue is my spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is my spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is my spherical
+shell it has a radius R right and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell it has a radius R right and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell it has a radius R right and it has
+a thickness here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thickness here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thickness here
+Dr and the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and the radial probability
+distribution is asking what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is asking what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is asking what is the
+probability of finding the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+this spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical
+shell and that spherical shell has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and that spherical shell has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and that spherical shell has a
+thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick
+Dr all right so another way to ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr all right so another way to ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr all right so another way to ask that
+is the probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of finding the
+electron between R and R plus Dr that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron between R and R plus Dr that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron between R and R plus Dr that's
+what we want to know and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know and that's what the
+radial probability distribution tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution tells us
+all right now how do you get a value out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now how do you get a value out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now how do you get a value out
+of that how do you actually calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that how do you actually calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that how do you actually calculate
+the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial
+probability well to do that what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well to do that what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well to do that what we have
+to know is this volume here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is this volume here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is this volume here of the
+spherical shell all right the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell all right the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell all right the volume of
+the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical
+shell is just the surface area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is just the surface area of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is just the surface area of that
+spherical shell 4 pi r SAR and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell 4 pi r SAR and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell 4 pi r SAR and the
+volume is times this thickness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is times this thickness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is times this thickness that
+thickness Dr it's a very thin shell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness Dr it's a very thin shell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness Dr it's a very thin shell it's
+infinite asally thin shell of thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite asally thin shell of thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite asally thin shell of thickness
+Dr okay well if we know that if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay well if we know that if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay well if we know that if we know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+volume then what we can do is we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then what we can do is we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then what we can do is we take
+our probability density size squar which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our probability density size squar which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our probability density size squar which
+has units of probability per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of probability per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of probability per unit volume
+and we're multiplying it here by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're multiplying it here by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're multiplying it here by our
+unit volume the unit volumes cancel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume the unit volumes cancel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume the unit volumes cancel and
+we're left with a probability so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with a probability so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with a probability so that's
+our probability of finding that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our probability of finding that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our probability of finding that electron
+in a shell of radius R and A thickness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dr okay so let's uh look at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay so let's uh look at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay so let's uh look at at the
+result of uh calculating the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of uh calculating the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of uh calculating the radial
+probability distribution for the 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for the 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for the 1s wave
+function so what did I do I took s squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what did I do I took s squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what did I do I took s squar
+for the 1 s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1 s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1 s wave
+function and then I multip some value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then I multip some value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then I multip some value of
+R and then I multiplied it by 4 pi r 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then I multiplied it by 4 pi r 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then I multiplied it by 4 pi r 2
+Dr and I did that for many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and I did that for many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and I did that for many different
+values of r and i plotted the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of r and i plotted the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of r and i plotted the result
+here so that's what that radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what that radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what that radial
+probability is as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is as a function of
+r okay well the first thing that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r okay well the first thing that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r okay well the first thing that you see
+is that the most probable value of r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the most probable value of r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the most probable value of r or
+the most um the value of R where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most um the value of R where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most um the value of R where the
+electron has the highest probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has the highest probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has the highest probability of
+being is at this value a KN the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being is at this value a KN the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being is at this value a KN the most
+probable value of R is this value a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R is this value a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R is this value a not
+a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not
+is H what we call the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius and today in a moment or so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and today in a moment or so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and today in a moment or so I'll
+tell you why it's h called the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you why it's h called the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you why it's h called the bore
+radius it has a numerical value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius it has a numerical value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius it has a numerical value of
+0.529
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529
+angstroms okay and so it is most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms okay and so it is most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms okay and so it is most likely
+that the electron is about a half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron is about a half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron is about a half an
+angstrom away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom away from the
+nucleus making then the diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus making then the diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus making then the diameter of the
+hydrogen atom on the average a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom on the average a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom on the average a little
+bit over one angstrom all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit over one angstrom all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit over one angstrom all right that's
+how we think about the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we think about the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we think about the size of a
+hydrogen animous to take this most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen animous to take this most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen animous to take this most
+probable value of R and double it to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R and double it to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R and double it to get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+diameter so the most probable uh value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter so the most probable uh value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter so the most probable uh value
+of R the most probable distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R the most probable distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R the most probable distance of the
+electron from the nucleus is half an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the nucleus is half an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the nucleus is half an H
+from away the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from away the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from away the most
+probable distance of the electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable distance of the electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable distance of the electron from
+the nucleus is not r equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is not r equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is not r equal to zero
+because look the radial probability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look the radial probability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look the radial probability here
+is zero at r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero at r equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero at r equal
+zero Hey that seems a little strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Hey that seems a little strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Hey that seems a little strange
+because the other day we plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other day we plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other day we plotted the
+probability density for the 1 s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the 1 s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the 1 s wave
+function and when we did that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when we did that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when we did that we saw
+that uh so here's side one0 squar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so here's side one0 squar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so here's side one0 squar right
+versus R what we saw is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus R what we saw is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus R what we saw is that the
+probability density was some Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density was some Maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density was some Maximum
+value at R equals z and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at R equals z and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at R equals z and that it
+decayed with increasing R exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed with increasing R exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed with increasing R exponentially
+decayed with increasing R and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed with increasing R and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed with increasing R and that is
+the case probability density for the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case probability density for the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case probability density for the S
+Wave functions is a maximum at r equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave functions is a maximum at r equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave functions is a maximum at r equal 0
+but the radial probability here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the radial probability here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the radial probability here is
+actually zero at R equals z why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero at R equals z why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero at R equals z why because
+look at right how we Define that radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at right how we Define that radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at right how we Define that radial
+probability here right it is s^ squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here right it is s^ squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here right it is s^ squar
+times this volume element our volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this volume element our volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this volume element our volume
+element is a spherical shell and at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is a spherical shell and at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is a spherical shell and at R
+equals z the spherical shell goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the spherical shell goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the spherical shell goes to a
+volume of zero so our radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of zero so our radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of zero so our radial probability
+here is equal to Z at r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to Z at r equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to Z at r equal
+0 okay that is really important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay that is really important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay that is really important that you
+understand that this radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this radial probability
+here is always going to be zero at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is always going to be zero at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is always going to be zero at R
+equals zero for all of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero for all of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero for all of the wave
+functions that we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're going to look at
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now and we'll talk about this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll talk about this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll talk about this a little
+bit more the fact that the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more the fact that the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more the fact that the electron is
+uh about a half an angstrom away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about a half an angstrom away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about a half an angstrom away from
+the nucleus but before I do that I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus but before I do that I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus but before I do that I also
+just want to point out that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that in your
+textbook and sometimes in the notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and sometimes in the notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and sometimes in the notes that
+sometimes that radial probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that radial probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that radial probability is
+actually written as the following it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written as the following it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written as the following it's
+written as this R squar the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as this R squar the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as this R squar the distance
+variable times the radial part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable times the radial part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable times the radial part of the
+wave function that's the radial part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that's the radial part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that's the radial part we
+talked about the radial in the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the radial in the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the radial in the angular
+part last time the radial part squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part last time the radial part squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part last time the radial part squared
+and the radial part is labeled only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radial part is labeled only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radial part is labeled only by
+two quantum numbers n and L and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantum numbers n and L and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantum numbers n and L and so for
+the 1 s that's n equal 1 L equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 s that's n equal 1 L equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 s that's n equal 1 L equal
+Z where does this come from well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z where does this come from well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z where does this come from well let me
+just emphasize or to explain where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize or to explain where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize or to explain where this
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this radial probability
+distribution here we said for the SWA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here we said for the SWA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here we said for the SWA
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+was size squar you could take size squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was size squar you could take size squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was size squar you could take size squar
+probability density and multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density and multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density and multiply it by
+this this unit volume or the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this unit volume or the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this unit volume or the volume of
+the shell 4 pi r 2 drr all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell 4 pi r 2 drr all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell 4 pi r 2 drr all
+right let's write that out again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's write that out again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's write that out again but
+write it out now so that we write out s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out now so that we write out s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out now so that we write out s
+squared in terms of the radial part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in terms of the radial part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in terms of the radial part and
+the angular part remember we said last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular part remember we said last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular part remember we said last
+time for the 1s wave for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the 1s wave for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the 1s wave for the hydrogen
+atom wave functions that side was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom wave functions that side was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom wave functions that side was always
+a product of a factor only in R which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of a factor only in R which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of a factor only in R which
+was the radial part and a factor only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the radial part and a factor only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the radial part and a factor only in
+Theta and five which are the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and five which are the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and five which are the angular
+Parts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts all
+right now what you also have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what you also have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what you also have to remember
+in looking at this is that that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at this is that that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at this is that that angular
+part for the 1s wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for the 1s wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for the 1s wave functions
+that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular
+part for 1s 2s 3s all sway functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for 1s 2s 3s all sway functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for 1s 2s 3s all sway functions
+that angular part was equal to 1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular part was equal to 1 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular part was equal to 1 over 4
+pi to the 12 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to the 12 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to the 12 all
+right so if you square that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you square that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you square that you're going
+to get 1 over 4 pi and therefore the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 1 over 4 pi and therefore the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 1 over 4 pi and therefore the 4
+pies here are going to cancel for the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pies here are going to cancel for the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pies here are going to cancel for the 1s
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+functions and what you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what you're going to have
+left is this R 2 times just the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is this R 2 times just the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is this R 2 times just the radial
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+Dr okay so that's why the axis the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay so that's why the axis the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay so that's why the axis the y
+axis in your book is sometimes labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in your book is sometimes labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in your book is sometimes labeled
+this way for the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way for the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way for the radial probability
+distribution but this is also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but this is also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but this is also important
+because if you were calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you were calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you were calculating the
+radial probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution function
+or something other than an swave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something other than an swave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something other than an swave
+function the way you would do it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the way you would do it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the way you would do it is to
+take just the radial part of that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take just the radial part of that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take just the radial part of that wave
+function times R 2 or just the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times R 2 or just the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times R 2 or just the radial
+part of that wave function evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that wave function evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that wave function evaluated at
+that value of R times R 2 Dr all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of R times R 2 Dr all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of R times R 2 Dr all right
+you could not for the other wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not for the other wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not for the other wave
+functions take S 2 * 4 pi r 2 Dr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions take S 2 * 4 pi r 2 Dr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions take S 2 * 4 pi r 2 Dr and
+that's because the angular part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the angular part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the angular part in the
+other for the other wave functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for the other wave functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for the other wave functions that
+aren't spherically symmetric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't spherically symmetric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't spherically symmetric that
+angular part isn't one over the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part isn't one over the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part isn't one over the what
+isn't the square root of 1 over 4 Pi all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the square root of 1 over 4 Pi all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the square root of 1 over 4 Pi all
+right so this is a broader definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a broader definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a broader definition
+for what the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the radial probability
+distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function
+is okay it just works out in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay it just works out in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay it just works out in the case
+for the swave functions these four pies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the swave functions these four pies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the swave functions these four pies
+cancel and so you can write the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and so you can write the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and so you can write the radial
+probability for the SWA functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for the SWA functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for the SWA functions like
+that okay so that's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+okay but um I want to talk uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but um I want to talk uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but um I want to talk uh some
+more about this um this radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this um this radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this um this radial
+probability distribution function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function here
+for the 1s wave function I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1s wave function I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1s wave function I want to talk
+about it and also to explain why uh a KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and also to explain why uh a KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and also to explain why uh a KN
+is called the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the bore
+radius and the reason for that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and the reason for that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and the reason for that is the
+following um nucleus discovered in 1911
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um nucleus discovered in 1911
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um nucleus discovered in 1911
+electron known before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron known before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron known before
+that and schinger didn't write down his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and schinger didn't write down his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and schinger didn't write down his
+wave equation until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation until
+1926 and in between that 1911 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 and in between that 1911 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 and in between that 1911 to
+1926 you know the scientific Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 you know the scientific Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 you know the scientific Community
+was really working very hard to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really working very hard to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really working very hard to try to
+understand the structure of the atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the structure of the atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the structure of the atom and
+we saw how the classical ideas predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw how the classical ideas predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw how the classical ideas predicted
+it would live a whopping 10 Theus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would live a whopping 10 Theus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would live a whopping 10 Theus 10
+seconds and um one of the uh people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and um one of the uh people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and um one of the uh people who
+were working on that problem was Neil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on that problem was Neil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on that problem was Neil's
+bore and uh in 1919 Neil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore and uh in 1919 Neil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore and uh in 1919 Neil's
+bore he of course realized that uh hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore he of course realized that uh hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore he of course realized that uh hey
+you know classical physics fails this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know classical physics fails this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know classical physics fails this
+kind of planetary model for the uh atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of planetary model for the uh atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of planetary model for the uh atom
+where you put the nucleus in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put the nucleus in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put the nucleus in the center
+and the electron is going around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron is going around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron is going around that
+nucleus with some fixed orbit we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with some fixed orbit we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with some fixed orbit we'll call
+it R well he knew that that wasn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R well he knew that that wasn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R well he knew that that wasn't going
+to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work that
+that those classical ideas would predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those classical ideas would predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those classical ideas would predict
+this would plummet into the nucleus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would plummet into the nucleus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would plummet into the nucleus in
+10 of the minus 10 seconds but he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of the minus 10 seconds but he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of the minus 10 seconds but he said
+hey obviously that doesn't happen so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey obviously that doesn't happen so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey obviously that doesn't happen so let
+me just forget classical physics at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just forget classical physics at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just forget classical physics at the
+moment and then what he did is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and then what he did is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and then what he did is to
+impose some quantization on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose some quantization on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose some quantization on this
+classical model for the hydrogen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model for the hydrogen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model for the hydrogen at
+and the reason he got this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason he got this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason he got this idea of
+quantization is because he already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization is because he already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization is because he already knew
+the hydrogen atom emission spectrum he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom emission spectrum he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom emission spectrum he
+knew that in the hydrogen atom emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that in the hydrogen atom emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that in the hydrogen atom emission
+spectrum that light of only certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that light of only certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that light of only certain
+frequencies was emitted that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies was emitted that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies was emitted that is there
+was some idea that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some idea that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some idea that there's something
+about this hydrogen atom that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hydrogen atom that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hydrogen atom that's
+quantized all right so he said well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized all right so he said well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized all right so he said well okay
+let me just ignore classical physics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just ignore classical physics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just ignore classical physics for
+a moment may give this a circular orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment may give this a circular orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment may give this a circular orbit
+but let me quantize something about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me quantize something about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me quantize something about this
+hydrogen atom and in particular what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and in particular what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and in particular what he
+went and did is he quantized the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and did is he quantized the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and did is he quantized the angular
+momentum of that electron he kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that electron he kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that electron he kind of
+just pasted the quantization onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pasted the quantization onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pasted the quantization onto a
+classical model for the atom because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model for the atom because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model for the atom because
+he's trying to work toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to work toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to work toward
+explaining what the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what the observations
+were when he pasted there model onto or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when he pasted there model onto or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when he pasted there model onto or
+when he pasted that quantization onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he pasted that quantization onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he pasted that quantization onto
+this classical model he was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical model he was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical model he was able to
+calculate a value of R and that value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a value of R and that value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a value of R and that value of
+R is what we call the boore radius a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is what we call the boore radius a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is what we call the boore radius a
+knot all right and has the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot all right and has the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot all right and has the value
+0.529 angstroms all right that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529 angstroms all right that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529 angstroms all right that came out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and if you look then at what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look then at what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look then at what you would
+predict for the or if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict for the or if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict for the or if you calculate the
+radial probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution function
+for this model which is called the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this model which is called the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this model which is called the bore
+atom well the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom well the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom well the radial probability
+distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function
+for this bore atom would be one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this bore atom would be one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this bore atom would be one where
+that radial probability is one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radial probability is one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radial probability is one right
+here at Ral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at Ral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at Ral
+a okay in B's model the electron had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay in B's model the electron had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay in B's model the electron had a
+well defined precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined precise
+orbit the value of r at which it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit the value of r at which it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit the value of r at which it went
+around the nucleus was given by a knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the nucleus was given by a knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the nucleus was given by a knot
+we knew exactly or he knew exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew exactly or he knew exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew exactly or he knew exactly where
+the electron was in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron was in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron was in his
+model this kind of model which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this kind of model which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this kind of model which is this
+classical model really is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model really is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model really is what we call
+deterministic it's deterministic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic it's deterministic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic it's deterministic because
+we know exactly where the particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know exactly where the particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know exactly where the particle in
+this case the electron is right I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the electron is right I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the electron is right I want
+you to contrast it with the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to contrast it with the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to contrast it with the quantum
+mechanical result from the Shing J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical result from the Shing J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical result from the Shing J
+equation what you see in the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what you see in the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what you see in the quantum
+mechanical result is that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical result is that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical result is that we don't
+really know where the electron is so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know where the electron is so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know where the electron is so to
+speak the best we can tell you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the best we can tell you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the best we can tell you is a
+probability of finding the electron at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron at
+some value r R to r + Dr that's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value r R to r + Dr that's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value r R to r + Dr that's the best
+we can do because quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nondeterministic there is a limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministic there is a limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministic there is a limit to
+which we can know the position of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can know the position of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can know the position of a
+particle that limit is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that limit is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that limit is given by
+something called the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the uncertainty
+principle the uncertainty principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the uncertainty principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the uncertainty principle is
+not something that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that we are going to
+discuss but the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss but the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss but the uncertainty
+principle tells us that there's a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells us that there's a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells us that there's a limit
+to which we can know both the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which we can know both the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which we can know both the position
+and the momentum of a particle right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of a particle right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of a particle right and
+that is the bases for why here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bases for why here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bases for why here we have a
+probability distribution in uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution in uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution in uh no
+probability distribution and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and knowing
+sort of where the electron is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where the electron is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where the electron is we don't
+exactly know where the electron is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly know where the electron is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly know where the electron is here
+okay this is a classical model on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a classical model on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a classical model on which
+boore just kind of P tted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boore just kind of P tted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boore just kind of P tted the
+quantization of the um angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the um angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the um angular momentum
+of the electron onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron onto
+it in the case of the schinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the case of the schinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the case of the schinger equation
+the quantization drops out when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantization drops out when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantization drops out when you
+solve the differential equation it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the differential equation it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the differential equation it comes
+out of the equations naturally we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the equations naturally we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the equations naturally we didn't
+paste it onto it we didn't make an ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste it onto it we didn't make an ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste it onto it we didn't make an ad
+hoc kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoc kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoc kind of
+representation all right so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation all right so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation all right so so that's
+the big difference here between quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big difference here between quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big difference here between quantum
+mechanics and classical mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and classical mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and classical mechanics and
+quantum mechanics can only tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics can only tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics can only tell you
+about a probability I can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a probability I can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a probability I can't tell you
+exactly where the particle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the particle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the particle is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+okay questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but anyway
+um this value a not that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this value a not that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this value a not that's why it's
+called the the the bore radius and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the the the bore radius and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the the the bore radius and then
+it turns out Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out Quantum
+mechanically that this value of R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically that this value of R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically that this value of R the
+most prob able value of R is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most prob able value of R is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most prob able value of R is in fact
+exactly a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a not
+okay in a sense bore was pretty lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in a sense bore was pretty lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in a sense bore was pretty lucky
+and this is kind of an accident that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of an accident that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of an accident that he
+got a KN out of this and it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a KN out of this and it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a KN out of this and it has to do
+with the actual form of the kolam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual form of the kolam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual form of the kolam
+interaction okay all right but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay all right but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay all right but of course
+this doesn't work for anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work for anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work for anything else
+other than a hydrogen atom whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than a hydrogen atom whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than a hydrogen atom whereas the
+shower equation as we're going to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower equation as we're going to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower equation as we're going to see in
+a moment is applicable to all the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment is applicable to all the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment is applicable to all the atoms
+that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+okay so that's the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the radial probability
+distribution function for the 1s uh atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for the 1s uh atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for the 1s uh atom
+for the 1s State we want to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1s State we want to take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 1s State we want to take a look
+at the radial probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the radial probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the radial probability distribution
+for 2s and for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2s and for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2s and for uh
+3s so let me uh let me plot those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so let me uh let me plot those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so let me uh let me plot those and
+you can actually put these lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually put these lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually put these lights on
+here cuz yeah that's okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cuz yeah that's okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cuz yeah that's okay I'm going to
+I'm going to use this word for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this word for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this word for a moment
+so here's the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the radial probability
+distribution function I can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function I can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function I can write it as
+little r * R to Z of r squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r * R to Z of r squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r * R to Z of r squared or
+RPD this is for 2s versus R right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPD this is for 2s versus R right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPD this is for 2s versus R right and
+when I do that I get a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that I get a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that I get a function that
+looks like this and if I evaluated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and if I evaluated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and if I evaluated here
+what is this value of r at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this value of r at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this value of r at which the
+probability is a Max maximum well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is a Max maximum well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is a Max maximum well this
+most probable value of R is 6 a hey look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value of R is 6 a hey look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value of R is 6 a hey look
+at that the most probable value of R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that the most probable value of R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that the most probable value of R for
+1s was a KN in the case of the 2s State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s was a KN in the case of the 2s State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s was a KN in the case of the 2s State
+here the electron the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electron the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electron the most probable
+value is 6 a six times as far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 6 a six times as far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 6 a six times as far from the
+nucleus so if you have a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so if you have a hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so if you have a hydrogen atom
+in the first excited state in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first excited state in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first excited state in a sense
+that hydrogen atom is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydrogen atom is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydrogen atom is bigger
+it's bigger in the sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger in the sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger in the sense that the
+probability of you finding the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of you finding the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of you finding the electron
+at a larger distance away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a larger distance away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a larger distance away from the
+nucleus is larger okay and that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is larger okay and that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is larger okay and that in
+general is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is the
+case the radial probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the radial probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the radial probability distribution
+here also reflects the radial node that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also reflects the radial node that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also reflects the radial node that
+we talked about last time that radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time that radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time that radial
+node is r equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is r equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is r equal to
+a radial node is the value of r that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial node is the value of r that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial node is the value of r that
+makes your wave function go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes your wave function go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes your wave function go to zero
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+notice again that this radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice again that this radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice again that this radial
+probability distribution function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function right
+here is zero at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is zero at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is zero at R equals
+z this is not a node this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z this is not a node this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z this is not a node this is not a
+radial node this is a consequence right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node this is a consequence right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node this is a consequence right
+here right of our definition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right of our definition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right of our definition for the
+radial probability our volume element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability our volume element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability our volume element
+has gone to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone to zero
+so R equals z is never a radial node in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R equals z is never a radial node in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R equals z is never a radial node in
+any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay all right what about 3s well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what about 3s well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what about 3s well uh
+let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3s so here's 3s is the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so here's 3s is the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so here's 3s is the radial
+probability distribution I take s s for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution I take s s for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution I take s s for
+3s Cube it Square it multiply by 4 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s Cube it Square it multiply by 4 pi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s Cube it Square it multiply by 4 pi r
+2 Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Dr
+and to do so for all the values of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so for all the values of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so for all the values of R and
+I'm going to get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get something that looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this and now this most Val probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now this most Val probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now this most Val probable
+value of R here for the 3s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R here for the 3s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R here for the 3s wave function
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+11.46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.46
+a so for the second excited state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so for the second excited state of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so for the second excited state of a
+hydrogen atom right for that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom right for that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom right for that second
+excited state that electron on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state that electron on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state that electron on the
+average average is 11 and 1 half times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average average is 11 and 1 half times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average average is 11 and 1 half times
+farther out from the nucleus than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out from the nucleus than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out from the nucleus than it is
+in the case of the 1s state right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the 1s state right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the 1s state right here
+okay so again for that second excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again for that second excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again for that second excited
+state that hydrogen atom is bigger in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that hydrogen atom is bigger in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that hydrogen atom is bigger in a
+sense in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in the sense
+that the probability of it being farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of it being farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of it being farther
+away from the nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the nucleus is
+larger that radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that radial probability
+distribution of the 3s also reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the 3s also reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the 3s also reflects the
+two radial nodes in the 3s way function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two radial nodes in the 3s way function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two radial nodes in the 3s way function
+the radial nodes are at 1.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial nodes are at 1.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial nodes are at 1.9
+a here and 7.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here and 7.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here and 7.1
+a and again the value here at R equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and again the value here at R equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and again the value here at R equals z
+hey that's not a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's not a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's not a radial
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+okay but now as you look at this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now as you look at this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now as you look at this it's
+tempting to uh ask the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to uh ask the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to uh ask the following
+question you might want to ask that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you might want to ask that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you might want to ask that say
+if the electron can be at these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the electron can be at these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the electron can be at these values
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+R and it can be at these values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and it can be at these values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and it can be at these values of
+R and it can be at these values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and it can be at these values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and it can be at these values of
+R how does the electron actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R how does the electron actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R how does the electron actually
+get from here to here to here if right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from here to here to here if right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from here to here to here if right
+at r equal 1.9 9 a and 7.1 a KN the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at r equal 1.9 9 a and 7.1 a KN the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at r equal 1.9 9 a and 7.1 a KN the
+probability is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is equal to
+zero oh you might say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero oh you might say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero oh you might say well you know
+maybe this probability isn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this probability isn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this probability isn't exactly
+zero it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's something
+small but hey I'm telling you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but hey I'm telling you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but hey I'm telling you that it's
+zero it's Goose EG it's zil Zippo NADA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's Goose EG it's zil Zippo NADA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's Goose EG it's zil Zippo NADA
+Cipher NX not anybody else got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cipher NX not anybody else got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cipher NX not anybody else got another
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+no okay it is nothing it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay it is nothing it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay it is nothing it is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so how do you answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you answer that question
+Well turns out of course that that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well turns out of course that that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well turns out of course that that isn't
+an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appropriate
+question and the reason it isn't is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the reason it isn't is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the reason it isn't is
+because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that
+question is asked in the framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is asked in the framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is asked in the framework of
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+mechanics when you ask how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics when you ask how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics when you ask how does a
+particle get from one place to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle get from one place to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle get from one place to another
+you're asking about a trajectory you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking about a trajectory you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking about a trajectory you're
+asking about a path a particle is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about a path a particle is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about a path a particle is over
+here then it's over here it's here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it's over here it's here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it's over here it's here how
+does it get from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it get from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it get from one place to
+another and in quantum mechanics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and in quantum mechanics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and in quantum mechanics we
+don't have the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the concept of
+trajectories and instead what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and instead what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and instead what we have to
+think of is the electron as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is the electron as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is the electron as a
+wave and we already know that a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and we already know that a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and we already know that a wave
+can have amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have amplitude
+simultaneously at many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at many different
+positions and so it has simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and so it has simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and so it has simultaneous
+amplitude or probability here here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude or probability here here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude or probability here here and
+here all at the same time okay we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all at the same time okay we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all at the same time okay we can't
+talk about trajectories anymore and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about trajectories anymore and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about trajectories anymore and that
+all again ties into the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all again ties into the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all again ties into the uncertainty
+principle all right our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle all right our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle all right our
+inability to know exactly the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to know exactly the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to know exactly the position
+and the momentum of a particle at at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of a particle at at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of a particle at at any
+given uh instance all right the best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh instance all right the best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh instance all right the best we
+can tell you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you is a
+probability all right so we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all right so we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all right so we got to
+change the way we think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way we think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way we think about um
+electrons you can't cast them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you can't cast them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you can't cast them in the
+framework of your everyday world this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of your everyday world this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of your everyday world this is
+part of our world but you have to go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our world but you have to go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our world but you have to go do
+a specific type of experiment to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific type of experiment to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific type of experiment to see
+this part of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the world
+right that's why it seems so strange to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why it seems so strange to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why it seems so strange to
+you because it's not part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because it's not part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because it's not part of your
+everyday experience but this world works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday experience but this world works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday experience but this world works
+with different rules that you really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different rules that you really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different rules that you really do
+have to accept that it just works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to accept that it just works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to accept that it just works
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay well so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to stop talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop talking about the
+um stop talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stop talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stop talking about
+the swave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swave
+functions and uh we're going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and uh we're going to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and uh we're going to move on
+and talk about the p-wave functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the p-wave functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the p-wave functions with
+the s-wave functions we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s-wave functions we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s-wave functions we talked about the
+significance of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the wave function
+probability density radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density radial probability
+distribution we um talked about what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we um talked about what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we um talked about what a
+radial node was so now it's time to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node was so now it's time to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node was so now it's time to move
+on to the p-wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the p-wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the p-wave
+functions and the p-wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions p-wave functions of course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions p-wave functions of course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions p-wave functions of course are
+not a spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a spherically
+symmetric and uh to represent them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and uh to represent them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and uh to represent them we're
+going to do our do density diagram again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do our do density diagram again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do our do density diagram again
+so we're going to take the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to take the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to take the wave function
+and we're going to square it to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to square it to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to square it to get the
+probability density and then plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density and then plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density and then plot that
+probability density as a density of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density as a density of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density as a density of dots
+so where the dots are most dense well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where the dots are most dense well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where the dots are most dense well
+that means the highest probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the highest probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the highest probability
+density all right so here's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all right so here's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all right so here's the result
+for the pz wave function it's pz because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pz wave function it's pz because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pz wave function it's pz because
+you can see the highest probability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the highest probability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the highest probability here
+is long along the Z axis it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long along the Z axis it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long along the Z axis it's symmetric
+along the Z axis right here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Z axis right here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Z axis right here's the
+probability density for the PX wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the PX wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the PX wave
+function you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can see that the
+probability density is greatest along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is greatest along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is greatest along
+the xaxis it's symmetric along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xaxis it's symmetric along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xaxis it's symmetric along the
+xaxis and if you look really carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis and if you look really carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis and if you look really carefully
+you can see that there's no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's no probability
+density in the YZ plane for the PX for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the YZ plane for the PX for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the YZ plane for the PX for
+the PX wave function and over here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PX wave function and over here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PX wave function and over here if
+you look carefully you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look carefully you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look carefully you can see that
+there's no probability density in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no probability density in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no probability density in the XY
+plan for the pz wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for the pz wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for the pz wave
+function and here's the py wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here's the py wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here's the py wave function
+the probability density of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density of it
+probability density is concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is concentrated
+along the y axis it's symmetric along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the y axis it's symmetric along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the y axis it's symmetric along
+the y axis and if you look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis and if you look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis and if you look very
+carefully there's no probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully there's no probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully there's no probability density
+here in the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane okay well the fact that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay well the fact that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay well the fact that there's no
+probability density here in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density here in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density here in the XY plane
+in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of
+pz indicates that we have an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz indicates that we have an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz indicates that we have an angular
+node an angular node at Theta equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node an angular node at Theta equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node an angular node at Theta equal
+90° an angular node is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° an angular node is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° an angular node is the same thing as
+a radial node in the sense that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial node in the sense that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial node in the sense that it's the
+value of the angle that makes the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the angle that makes the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the angle that makes the wave
+function be equal to zero so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be equal to zero so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be equal to zero so here's the
+wave function for pz you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for pz you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for pz you can see that
+when Theta is equal to zero this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta is equal to zero this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta is equal to zero this wave
+function is going to be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to be equal to zero
+all right so an angular node is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an angular node is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an angular node is the
+value of theta or F that makes the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta or F that makes the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta or F that makes the wave
+function be zero and the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be zero and the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be zero and the consequence
+then is that we have a nodal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that we have a nodal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that we have a nodal plane
+because everywhere on the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everywhere on the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everywhere on the XY plane
+everywhere on that plane Theta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on that plane Theta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on that plane Theta is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90°
+okay for the PX uh wave function the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the PX uh wave function the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the PX uh wave function the the
+uh value of the angle that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value of the angle that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value of the angle that gives you
+that nodal plane is 5 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nodal plane is 5 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nodal plane is 5 equal
+90 5 equal 90 that means everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 5 equal 90 that means everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 5 equal 90 that means everywhere in
+the YZ plane all right everywhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the YZ plane all right everywhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the YZ plane all right everywhere in the
+YZ plane is 5 equal to 90 and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ plane is 5 equal to 90 and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ plane is 5 equal to 90 and in the
+case of py when pi is equal to zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of py when pi is equal to zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of py when pi is equal to zero well
+that is everywhere in the XZ plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is everywhere in the XZ plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is everywhere in the XZ plane
+everywhere in the XZ plane Pi is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the XZ plane Pi is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the XZ plane Pi is equal
+to zero so that's the angular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes um so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes um so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes um so in
+general and this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and this is something that you
+do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to
+know in general an orbital has n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in general an orbital has n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in general an orbital has n minus
+one total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one total
+nodes and what I mean by total nodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and what I mean by total nodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and what I mean by total nodes is
+angular plus radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular plus radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular plus radial
+nodes the number of angular nodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes the number of angular nodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes the number of angular nodes is
+given by this quantity L the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this quantity L the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this quantity L the quantum
+number L that labels your wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number L that labels your wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number L that labels your wave function
+always gives you the number of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gives you the number of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gives you the number of angular
+nodes and therefore if n minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and therefore if n minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and therefore if n minus one is
+the total and L is the number of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total and L is the number of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total and L is the number of angular
+well then the number of radial nodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the number of radial nodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the number of radial nodes is
+nus1 minus L all right this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 minus L all right this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 minus L all right this is something
+that you do have to know so if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do have to know so if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do have to know so if I give
+you a wave function and ask you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a wave function and ask you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a wave function and ask you how many
+radial and angular noes it has you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial and angular noes it has you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial and angular noes it has you need
+to be able to calculate that and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to calculate that and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to calculate that and vice
+versa sometimes I will tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa sometimes I will tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa sometimes I will tell you a
+function has three radial nodes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has three radial nodes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has three radial nodes and uh
+you know six or seven angular nodes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know six or seven angular nodes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know six or seven angular nodes or
+something what is the wave function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what is the wave function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what is the wave function okay
+so we go both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well I also want to uh take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I also want to uh take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I also want to uh take a look
+at the radial probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the radial probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the radial probability distribution
+functions for the P wve functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the P wve functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the P wve functions
+we looked at it for the S functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at it for the S functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at it for the S functions
+already and I actually want to contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and I actually want to contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and I actually want to contrast
+the radial probability distribution say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial probability distribution say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial probability distribution say
+for 2 p here it is with that of a 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 p here it is with that of a 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 p here it is with that of a 2s
+that we looked at a moment ago remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at a moment ago remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at a moment ago remember
+how do you get the rad the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the rad the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the rad the radial
+probability distribution function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function here
+for 2p is the radial part of the 2p wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2p is the radial part of the 2p wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2p is the radial part of the 2p wave
+function time R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time R 2
+Dr gives me the the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr gives me the the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr gives me the the probability of
+finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the
+electron a distance between R and r+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a distance between R and r+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a distance between R and r+
+Dr and again what you see is that at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and again what you see is that at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and again what you see is that at R
+is equal to zero Hey That's zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero Hey That's zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero Hey That's zero okay
+that's not a radial node but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a radial node but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a radial node but what I
+really want to point out here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to point out here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to point out here is that
+the most probable value of R for the 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable value of R for the 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable value of R for the 2p
+wave function is actually smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is actually smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is actually smaller than
+it is for the 2s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for the 2s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for the 2s wave function
+function that is it is more likely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is it is more likely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is it is more likely for
+the electron in a 2p state to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in a 2p state to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in a 2p state to be a
+little closer in to the nucleus than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer in to the nucleus than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer in to the nucleus than it
+is for the 2s State all right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the 2s State all right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the 2s State all right so in
+general as you increase the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as you increase the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as you increase the angular
+momentum quantum number the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number the most
+probable value of R gets smaller for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R gets smaller for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R gets smaller for the
+same value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of
+n similarly here's the 3s radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n similarly here's the 3s radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n similarly here's the 3s radial
+probability distribution function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function that
+we looked at here's the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at here's the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at here's the radial
+probability distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for
+3p now with the 3p you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3p now with the 3p you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3p now with the 3p you can
+see the value of the uh radial node you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the value of the uh radial node you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the value of the uh radial node you
+can see the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the radial probability
+distribution reflects a radial node here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution reflects a radial node here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution reflects a radial node here
+all right and here's the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and here's the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and here's the radial
+probability distribution function for 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function for 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function for 3D
+we didn't look at the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't look at the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't look at the probability
+density of 3D you'll do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of 3D you'll do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of 3D you'll do that with
+Professor cumins when you uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor cumins when you uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor cumins when you uh talk about
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+metals but here I just drew in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but here I just drew in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but here I just drew in the
+radial probability distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution for
+3D but the point again I want to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D but the point again I want to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D but the point again I want to make is
+here's the most probable value of R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the most probable value of R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the most probable value of R for
+3s here it is for 3 p here it is for 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s here it is for 3 p here it is for 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s here it is for 3 p here it is for 3D
+Hey again the most probable value for 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey again the most probable value for 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey again the most probable value for 3D
+is smaller than it is for 3 p than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than it is for 3 p than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than it is for 3 p than it is
+for 3s again as you increase the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3s again as you increase the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3s again as you increase the angular
+momentum quantum number that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number that most
+probable value gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value gets
+smaller however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller however
+ironically if you actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironically if you actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironically if you actually look
+at the probability of the electron being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the probability of the electron being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the probability of the electron being
+very very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to the
+nucleus that probability is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that probability is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that probability is only
+significant for the sway function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant for the sway function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant for the sway function
+because look look at the S3s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look look at the S3s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look look at the S3s wave
+function here you see that you really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here you see that you really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here you see that you really do
+have some probability very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some probability very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some probability very close to the
+nucleus you don't see that in the 3p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus you don't see that in the 3p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus you don't see that in the 3p
+wave function you certainly don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you certainly don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you certainly don't see
+that in the 3D wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the 3D wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the 3D wave
+function and again in the swaave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and again in the swaave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and again in the swaave
+function 2s you have some significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2s you have some significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2s you have some significant
+probability of the electron being really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the electron being really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the electron being really
+close to the nucleus in 2s but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the nucleus in 2s but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the nucleus in 2s but you don't
+in 2p all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2p all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2p all right that's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+right that's important and it seems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's important and it seems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's important and it seems in
+contradiction to the fact that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction to the fact that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction to the fact that on the
+average the most probable value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the most probable value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the most probable value of R
+gets smaller as L gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller as L gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller as L gets
+larger these two facts that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger these two facts that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger these two facts that look
+contradictory are important they dictate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory are important they dictate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory are important they dictate
+the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of
+atoms so these two facts seem like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so these two facts seem like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so these two facts seem like kind
+of loose threads at the moment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loose threads at the moment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loose threads at the moment in the
+sense that you're probably wondering why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you're probably wondering why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you're probably wondering why
+I'm telling you what I'm telling you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you what I'm telling you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you what I'm telling you but
+we're going to use that information in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that information in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that information in a
+few days all right so in a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days all right so in a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days all right so in a few days
+you'll see really the significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see really the significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see really the significance of
+this plot and this plot will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and this plot will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and this plot will be an
+important one for you to refer back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one for you to refer back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one for you to refer back to
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes out from the center does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes out from the center does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes out from the center does he
+necessarily have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have more
+energy and secondly simplified High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and secondly simplified High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and secondly simplified High
+School models we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School models we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School models we always
+the the did they aage it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the did they aage it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the did they aage it they
+probability probably I'm not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probably I'm not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probably I'm not exactly
+sure the picture that you drew in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the picture that you drew in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the picture that you drew in high
+school but yes if the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but yes if the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but yes if the electron in
+general is further out from the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is further out from the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is further out from the nucleus
+that's a higher energy State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a higher energy State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a higher energy State the
+electron is less strongly bound right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is less strongly bound right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is less strongly bound right as
+we're going to see in the multielectron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in the multielectron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in the multielectron
+atoms here doing the homework we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here doing the homework we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here doing the homework we
+simplified things when we had to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified things when we had to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified things when we had to just
+plug in three regardless of whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in three regardless of whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in three regardless of whether it's
+3s or 3p or 3D oh no for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s or 3p or 3D oh no for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s or 3p or 3D oh no for the hydrogen
+atom no okay let me let me explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom no okay let me let me explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom no okay let me let me explain that
+for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen
+atom uh the energies are only dictated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh the energies are only dictated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh the energies are only dictated
+by the N quantum number so 3s 3p 3D all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the N quantum number so 3s 3p 3D all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the N quantum number so 3s 3p 3D all
+have the same energies okay where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same energies okay where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same energies okay where the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+become degenerate is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become degenerate is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become degenerate is with a
+multi-electron atom and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron atom and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron atom and we're going to
+talk about that and how that reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and how that reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and how that reflects
+here okay of these wave functions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay of these wave functions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay of these wave functions in the
+next next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next day
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay okay so um that's all I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um that's all I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um that's all I'm going to
+say about the hydrogen atom and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the hydrogen atom and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the hydrogen atom and now it's
+time to move on to helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to move on to helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to move on to helium
+okay and of course the shrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the shrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the shrodinger
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+predicts the uh binding energies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the uh binding energies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the uh binding energies of the
+electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to
+uh to the nucleus in a helium atom also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the nucleus in a helium atom also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the nucleus in a helium atom also
+very well but of course it is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well but of course it is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well but of course it is a much
+more complicated shoing dur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated shoing dur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated shoing dur
+equation and I'm not even going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'm not even going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'm not even going to write
+out the hamiltonian in this case but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the hamiltonian in this case but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the hamiltonian in this case but uh
+I want to show you the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you the wave function
+here see the wave function the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see the wave function the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see the wave function the wave
+function is a function of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function of six
+variables it's a function of two RS two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's a function of two RS two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's a function of two RS two
+distances from the nucleus one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances from the nucleus one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances from the nucleus one for
+electron one one for electron two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one one for electron two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one one for electron two two
+thetas and two fivs okay we got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas and two fivs okay we got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas and two fivs okay we got six
+variables for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for the wave
+function and the consequence of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the consequence of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the consequence of this is
+that uh our solutions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh our solutions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh our solutions for the
+energies of the The Binding energies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the The Binding energies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the The Binding energies for
+the electrons in helium or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons in helium or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons in helium or any other
+atoms are not going to be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are not going to be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are not going to be nice
+analytical forms we're no longer going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical forms we're no longer going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical forms we're no longer going
+to have e subn equal minus the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have e subn equal minus the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have e subn equal minus the red
+constant Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Over N
+squ if you actually solve for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if you actually solve for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if you actually solve for those
+energies and you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and you have to do it
+numerically if you solve for them you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically if you solve for them you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically if you solve for them you're
+going to just get a list of numbers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just get a list of numbers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just get a list of numbers a
+table of numbers but not a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of numbers but not a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of numbers but not a nice
+analytical form if you solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical form if you solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical form if you solve for the
+wave function you're not going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you're not going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you're not going to get a
+nice analytical form for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice analytical form for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice analytical form for the wave
+functions like we got for hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like we got for hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like we got for hydrogen and
+instead what you'll get is a value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what you'll get is a value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what you'll get is a value for
+the amplitude of s as a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of s as a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of s as a function of r
+Theta and Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and Pi
+okay all right but if you get actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but if you get actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but if you get actually
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+above three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above three
+electrons it turns out that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it turns out that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it turns out that even
+numerically you can't solve the schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically you can't solve the schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically you can't solve the schinger
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+exactly right you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right you have to use
+approximations and we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and we're going to look
+at the most basic approximation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the most basic approximation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the most basic approximation that is
+used that works amazingly works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that works amazingly works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that works amazingly works well
+enough for us to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for us to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for us to have a
+framework in which to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in which to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in which to understand the
+reactions of these atoms okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of these atoms okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of these atoms okay and what
+is that approximation well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that approximation well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that approximation well that
+approximation is called the one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is called the one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is called the one electron
+wave approximation or the one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave approximation or the one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave approximation or the one electron
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+what does that mean well that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well that means this
+I'm going to take my wave function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take my wave function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take my wave function here
+for the helium atom this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the helium atom this wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the helium atom this wave function
+which strictly is a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which strictly is a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which strictly is a wave function that
+is a function of six variables and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of six variables and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of six variables and I'm
+going to separate it I'm going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to separate it I'm going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to separate it I'm going to let
+electron one have its own wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one have its own wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one have its own wave function
+and electron two have its own wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electron two have its own wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electron two have its own wave
+function that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's an
+approximation in addition what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in addition what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in addition what I'm going
+to do is that I am going to let the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that I am going to let the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that I am going to let the wave
+function for electron one have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for electron one have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for electron one have a
+hydrogen like wave function I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen like wave function I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen like wave function I'm going to
+say that it has the 1 s wave function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it has the 1 s wave function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it has the 1 s wave function or
+the S one0 0 wave function of a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S one0 0 wave function of a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S one0 0 wave function of a hydrogen
+atom and I'm going to let electron 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and I'm going to let electron 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and I'm going to let electron 2
+have the S one0 0 wave function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the S one0 0 wave function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the S one0 0 wave function of a
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+atom or or I'm going to write it as 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom or or I'm going to write it as 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom or or I'm going to write it as 1 s
+of one for electron 1 Time 1 s of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one for electron 1 Time 1 s of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one for electron 1 Time 1 s of two
+for electron 2 or another short hand I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electron 2 or another short hand I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electron 2 or another short hand I'm
+going to write it as 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it as 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it as 1 s
+s and if I continue on here it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and if I continue on here it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and if I continue on here it is for
+lithium lithium the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium lithium the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium lithium the wave function
+strictly has nine coordinates but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly has nine coordinates but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly has nine coordinates but I'm
+going to let every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let every one of those
+electrons in the one electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the one electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the one electron wave
+approximation have its own wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation have its own wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation have its own wave function
+and I'm going to let electron one have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to let electron one have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to let electron one have a
+wave function that looks like a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that looks like a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that looks like a hydrogen
+atom wave function the 1s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom wave function the 1s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom wave function the 1s wave function
+same thing with electron 2 and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with electron 2 and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with electron 2 and then I'm
+going to let electron 3 have the 2s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let electron 3 have the 2s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let electron 3 have the 2s wave
+function of a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a hydrogen
+atom and in simplified notation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and in simplified notation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and in simplified notation that's
+just 1 S squ 2 s and here's burum 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 S squ 2 s and here's burum 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 S squ 2 s and here's burum 16
+variables but I'm going to let every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but I'm going to let every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but I'm going to let every
+wave fun electron have its own wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave fun electron have its own wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave fun electron have its own wave
+function and I'm going to give electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I'm going to give electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I'm going to give electron
+one the 1s wave function electron 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the 1s wave function electron 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the 1s wave function electron 2 the
+1s electron 3 the 2s electron 4 the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s electron 3 the 2s electron 4 the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s electron 3 the 2s electron 4 the 2s
+hey I can also write that as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I can also write that as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I can also write that as you've
+already done one S2 2 S2 and I can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done one S2 2 S2 and I can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done one S2 2 S2 and I can keep
+going and these electron configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and these electron configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and these electron configurations
+that you've been writing down in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've been writing down in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've been writing down in high
+school that's what they are electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school that's what they are electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school that's what they are electron
+configurations well they're nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations well they're nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations well they're nothing
+other than our shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than our shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than our shorthand
+notation for the electron wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the electron wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the electron wave functions
+within this one electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this one electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this one electron wave
+approximation that's what those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's what those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's what those were
+that you were writing down those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were writing down those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were writing down those were
+approx those were our shorthand notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approx those were our shorthand notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approx those were our shorthand notation
+for the wave functions and shoing J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave functions and shoing J's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave functions and shoing J's
+equation within this one electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation within this one electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation within this one electron wave
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now one thing you do notice is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing you do notice is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing you do notice is that I
+didn't in the case of oron here let all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't in the case of oron here let all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't in the case of oron here let all
+five electrons be in the 1s state or let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five electrons be in the 1s state or let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five electrons be in the 1s state or let
+all five electrons be be represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five electrons be be represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five electrons be be represented by
+a 1s hydrogen atom wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1s hydrogen atom wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1s hydrogen atom wave
+function I didn't because of a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I didn't because of a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I didn't because of a quantity
+that you already know about called spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already know about called spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already know about called spin
+right you already know that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you already know that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you already know that if you're
+going to put electrons in the 1s State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put electrons in the 1s State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put electrons in the 1s State
+here that one electron has to go in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that one electron has to go in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that one electron has to go in with
+spin up and the other spin down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up and the other spin down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up and the other spin down in the
+2s one up spin down spin up and spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s one up spin down spin up and spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s one up spin down spin up and spin
+down etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down etc
+etc okay so what is this uh quantity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc okay so what is this uh quantity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc okay so what is this uh quantity or
+what is this phenomena called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this phenomena called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this phenomena called
+spin well spin is entirely a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin well spin is entirely a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin well spin is entirely a quantum
+mechanical phenomena there's no correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical phenomena there's no correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical phenomena there's no correct
+classical analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical analogy to
+spin spin is intrinsic angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin spin is intrinsic angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin spin is intrinsic angular
+momentum it is angular momentum that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it is angular momentum that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it is angular momentum that is
+just part of a particle such as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of a particle such as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of a particle such as an
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+okay spin come the spin quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay spin come the spin quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay spin come the spin quantum numbers
+actually come from solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come from solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come from solving the
+relativistic Shing J equation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic Shing J equation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic Shing J equation which we
+didn't even write down right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even write down right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even write down right when you
+solve the relativistic Shing J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the relativistic Shing J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the relativistic Shing J
+equation out drops a fourth quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation out drops a fourth quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation out drops a fourth quantum
+number that fourth quantum number what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that fourth quantum number what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that fourth quantum number what
+we're going to call M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call M
+subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs
+and we find that M Subs has two allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that M Subs has two allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that M Subs has two allowed
+values one of those values is 1/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values one of those values is 1/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values one of those values is 1/2 and
+the other is minus one2 so here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is minus one2 so here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is minus one2 so here we've
+got a case where the quantum number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a case where the quantum number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a case where the quantum number is
+not an integer it's 1/2 and it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an integer it's 1/2 and it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an integer it's 1/2 and it's minus
+one2 now if it helps you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 now if it helps you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 now if it helps you to think about
+the electron spinning around its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron spinning around its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron spinning around its own
+axis like I depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis like I depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis like I depict
+here well if that's the case then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well if that's the case then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well if that's the case then the
+angel momentum quantum number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel momentum quantum number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel momentum quantum number is
+perpendicular here to this plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular here to this plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular here to this plane in
+which it's rotating and you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's rotating and you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's rotating and you might want
+to call that spin up and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that spin up and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that spin up and of course if
+it's spinning in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spinning in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spinning in the other direction
+well then the angular momentum Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the angular momentum Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the angular momentum Vector is
+pointed in the opposite direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in the opposite direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in the opposite direction you
+might want to call this spin down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to call this spin down okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to call this spin down okay
+if it helps to for you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it helps to for you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it helps to for you to think about
+this okay but remember that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but remember that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but remember that this is not
+correct this is a classical analogy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this is a classical analogy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this is a classical analogy that
+we're trying to draw here we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to draw here we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to draw here we're trying
+to say that this electron is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this electron is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this electron is rotating
+around its own axis that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its own axis that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its own axis that's not true
+right this angular momentum is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this angular momentum is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this angular momentum is just an
+intrinsic part it's the intrinsic nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic part it's the intrinsic nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic part it's the intrinsic nature
+of a particle such as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle such as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle such as an
+electron and next time I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and next time I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and next time I'll tell you
+about anen Beck and Hoot schmi see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9QVLu0n_bzg.txt b/9QVLu0n_bzg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0764715e2ef9a741414b9371f13e67a0568e3fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9QVLu0n_bzg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we need to make it works okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to make it works okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to make it works okay but
+it's very very powerful it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very powerful it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very powerful it's interesting
+because it's the most important new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the most important new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the most important new
+thing after the four steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after the four steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after the four steps
+experiential learning cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential learning cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential learning cycle
+this this approach is very it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this approach is very it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this approach is very it makes
+clear a lot of things No and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a lot of things No and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a lot of things No and it it
+rescued the importance of tacit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescued the importance of tacit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescued the importance of tacit
+knowledge that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that in the
+experiential learning cycle is not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential learning cycle is not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential learning cycle is not clear
+the role of test knowledge so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of test knowledge so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of test knowledge so I think
+that we time we will develop methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we time we will develop methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we time we will develop methods for
+use in this approach much much more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in this approach much much more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in this approach much much more okay
+yeah to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the way we define education or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way we define education or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way we define education or
+the wave mainstream society defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave mainstream society defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave mainstream society defines
+education is that of a school you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is that of a school you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is that of a school you know a
+formal school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal school and
+that is why we think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why we think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why we think like
+people can so that it does it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can so that it does it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can so that it does it does
+something when when we think that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something when when we think that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something when when we think that way
+that formal education is this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal education is this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal education is this is the way
+to really you know correct to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really you know correct to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really you know correct to expand
+people's knowledge base and all that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's knowledge base and all that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's knowledge base and all that to
+refine what they already know me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine what they already know me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine what they already know me know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it can go to a power control because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go to a power control because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go to a power control because I
+think because sometimes you obliterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because sometimes you obliterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because sometimes you obliterate
+you annihilate you know you kill what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you annihilate you know you kill what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you annihilate you know you kill what
+you you know it's and I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know it's and I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know it's and I'm talking about
+this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I
+personal context of also working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal context of also working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal context of also working with
+indigenous peoples you know with tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous peoples you know with tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous peoples you know with tribes
+and that's what we do basically when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we do basically when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we do basically when we
+when we define when we define expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we define when we define expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we define when we define expansion
+of knowledge as formal education and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge as formal education and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge as formal education and I
+think that's that's dangerous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's dangerous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's dangerous because
+then truly when when people come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then truly when when people come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then truly when when people come and
+interact in society then then truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in society then then truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in society then then truly
+there are those who are powerful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are those who are powerful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are those who are powerful you
+know and and when we go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and when we go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and when we go into a
+development work we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development work we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development work we see that the
+solution for people like indigenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for people like indigenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for people like indigenous
+communities is to educate themselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities is to educate themselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities is to educate themselves um
+I'm not so sure I'm not too sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure I'm not too sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure I'm not too sure if
+that's the way but I also am NOT saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way but I also am NOT saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way but I also am NOT saying
+that that's not the way because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the way because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the way because that's
+where in my experience that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in my experience that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in my experience that's where
+that's where actually the tension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where actually the tension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where actually the tension is
+because how do you preserve a culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how do you preserve a culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how do you preserve a culture
+you know at the same time how the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the same time how the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the same time how the people
+how do people actually interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people actually interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people actually interact with
+mainstream society because it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream society because it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream society because it has a
+different way of you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of you know thinking
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+educate that you know it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate that you know it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate that you know it has the
+language it has it's a very refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it has it's a very refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it has it's a very refined
+language and all that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and all that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and all that so I
+don't know and I'm actually just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and I'm actually just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and I'm actually just showing
+out something that the propels me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something that the propels me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something that the propels me that
+you know provides a lot of tension on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know provides a lot of tension on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know provides a lot of tension on
+the ground the realities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground the realities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground the realities I
+was thinking like and I'm not so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking like and I'm not so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking like and I'm not so sure
+that I come to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I come to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I come to think
+now of how about in America how does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of how about in America how does how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of how about in America how does how
+does things work like you know when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things work like you know when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things work like you know when when
+when that Americans actually appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that Americans actually appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that Americans actually appropriate
+the education of the white America like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education of the white America like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education of the white America like
+you know is that isn't that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is that isn't that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is that isn't that something
+that supposed to be because then we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supposed to be because then we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supposed to be because then we I
+don't know is because when you try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is because when you try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is because when you try to do
+that you become in one sense you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you become in one sense you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you become in one sense you're able
+to assimilate into the mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assimilate into the mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assimilate into the mainstream
+society but in a sense I I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but in a sense I I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but in a sense I I don't know if
+that's actually like you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually like you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually like you know um
+annihilating a whole cultural identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating a whole cultural identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating a whole cultural identity
+I'm not so sure okay okay yeah you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure okay okay yeah you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure okay okay yeah you have
+a concern about this kind of issues okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concern about this kind of issues okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concern about this kind of issues okay
+because socialization is dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because socialization is dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because socialization is dangerous
+because it happens as you say so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it happens as you say so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it happens as you say so it
+happens so fluidly you're not conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so fluidly you're not conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so fluidly you're not conscious
+about it it goes around it goes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it goes around it goes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it goes around it goes every
+day and dangerous because you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and dangerous because you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and dangerous because you know we
+are all in a mainstream society and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in a mainstream society and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in a mainstream society and what
+we assimilate are mainstream ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assimilate are mainstream ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assimilate are mainstream ideas
+powerful ideas of the educated and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ideas of the educated and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ideas of the educated and all
+the great thinkers and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thinkers and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thinkers and all that
+I'm not so sure if like sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure if like sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so sure if like sometimes you
+want to be a great thinker but says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a great thinker but says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a great thinker but says I
+just think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think like
+that's it's it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's it good
+thank you yes I need to control time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes I need to control time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes I need to control time I
+need I will ask you to be a bit more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I will ask you to be a bit more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I will ask you to be a bit more a
+direct to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct to the point
+we you ask it to talk something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on how you're combining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you're combining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you're combining and
+internalizing your knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalizing your knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalizing your knowledge
+and also you know the same I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know the same I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know the same I really
+think the same with the reframing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the same with the reframing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the same with the reframing and
+the design the process and how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the process and how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the process and how people
+get along with backwards and forward but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get along with backwards and forward but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get along with backwards and forward but
+you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+regression and deterioration it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and deterioration it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and deterioration it's just
+not I think it's very positive it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I think it's very positive it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I think it's very positive it's just
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+part of the sort of notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thrown out even after they come to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown out even after they come to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown out even after they come to a
+fairly far along and prototyping stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly far along and prototyping stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly far along and prototyping stage
+which doesn't mean it's gradual but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't mean it's gradual but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't mean it's gradual but it
+means that that particular designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that particular designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that particular designs
+back to the drawing board and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the drawing board and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the drawing board and I was
+thinking about your comment on here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your comment on here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your comment on here I
+think the reframing might be a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reframing might be a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reframing might be a way that
+you could go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I learned that in tacit to tacit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I learned that in tacit to tacit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I learned that in tacit to tacit
+you know you're not normally but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're not normally but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're not normally but just
+when you told me or the teacher told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you told me or the teacher told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you told me or the teacher told me
+not to say code I didn't learn it I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say code I didn't learn it I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say code I didn't learn it I had
+to go back and hear it and I got to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and hear it and I got to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and hear it and I got to wait
+so it's not that's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that's as
+linear as it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear as it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear as it might be
+it's it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always
+interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive
+we can come back again from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come back again from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come back again from the
+beginning no the question is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning no the question is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning no the question is that when
+we come back to the beginning we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to the beginning we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to the beginning we are
+different this is them okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is them okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is them okay so you
+we have another thing somewhere might we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another thing somewhere might we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another thing somewhere might we
+could talk about this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about this is very
+interesting but we need to go forward we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but we need to go forward we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but we need to go forward we
+our program today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our program today okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our program today okay
+we have to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to now
+to discuss about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss about the
+theme of theory in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of theory in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of theory in use
+series of actions knowing in action some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of actions knowing in action some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of actions knowing in action some
+basic concepts of the Sean's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concepts of the Sean's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concepts of the Sean's
+approach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will make a brief presentation this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a brief presentation this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a brief presentation this time
+will be really brief presentation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what because I I forgot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what because I I forgot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what because I I forgot it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could talk about this kind of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could talk about this kind of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could talk about this kind of issues
+a lot because are very very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot because are very very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot because are very very interesting
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this course is only introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this course is only introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this course is only introductory
+it's only for to see that this exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only for to see that this exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only for to see that this exists
+not for going much deeper in each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for going much deeper in each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for going much deeper in each one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is from Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from Japan
+it's basic most of all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basic most of all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basic most of all in the
+understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of
+Oriental people about reality it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oriental people about reality it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oriental people about reality it's very
+different from the Occidental vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the Occidental vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the Occidental vision
+but now most of people who are studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now most of people who are studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now most of people who are studying
+this here in the United States are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here in the United States are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here in the United States are
+taking this approach and including this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this approach and including this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this approach and including this
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's turkey in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Turkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Elif lakita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Elif lakita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Elif lakita
+Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+removable disk a removable disk theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removable disk a removable disk theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removable disk a removable disk theory
+in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first idea is that
+the theory are means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory are means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory are means
+we don't think always in theory as means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think always in theory as means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think always in theory as means
+in theory in use our means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shown in Aries develop tried to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in Aries develop tried to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in Aries develop tried to develop
+an understanding of theories of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an understanding of theories of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an understanding of theories of action
+and industry in he they expressed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and industry in he they expressed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and industry in he they expressed to
+kind two basic kinds of three areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind two basic kinds of three areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind two basic kinds of three areas of
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+espouses theories and theories in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espouses theories and theories in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espouses theories and theories in use
+but the general term they use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the general term they use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the general term they use is
+theory of action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they define it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define it this way
+if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want
+in situation see if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in situation see if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in situation see if I want
+the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence
+see situation s if I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see situation s if I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see situation s if I want the
+consequence see and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence see and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence see and there are some
+conditions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I
+should do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do something
+this is the concept they use for theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they say that theory are used for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that theory are used for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that theory are used for three
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+four three goes for explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three goes for explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three goes for explanation
+something that we do we need the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do we need the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do we need the other
+people to understand why we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to understand why we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to understand why we are doing
+this for prediction and for managing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for prediction and for managing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for prediction and for managing the
+process of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of change
+these three main purpose of series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they try to make a very clear difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to make a very clear difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to make a very clear difference
+between spouses Furies and fury in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between spouses Furies and fury in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between spouses Furies and fury in use
+spawns and series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawns and series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawns and series is
+how we explain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we explain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we explain things
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+theory in use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in use is
+the cognitive part of our actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive part of our actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive part of our actions
+when we are we think at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are we think at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are we think at the same time
+that we are acting ok we don't act when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are acting ok we don't act when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are acting ok we don't act when
+we are doing something we are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing something we are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing something we are not just
+doing something we are amazing things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something we are amazing things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something we are amazing things we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+analyzing things we are evaluating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing things we are evaluating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing things we are evaluating what
+we are doing in the moment that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing in the moment that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing in the moment that we are
+doing we receive in the process of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we receive in the process of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we receive in the process of the
+action oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action oh this
+support for cognitive support for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for cognitive support for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for cognitive support for our
+action is what they call theory in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they say that it's important to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that it's important to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that it's important to be aware
+of our theory in use because our theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our theory in use because our theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our theory in use because our theory
+in use define our performance but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use define our performance but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use define our performance but also
+define our ineffectiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define our ineffectiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define our ineffectiveness
+ok with some kind of usually use we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok with some kind of usually use we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok with some kind of usually use we are
+capable of doing some things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing some things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing some things and
+incapable of doing other things and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incapable of doing other things and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incapable of doing other things and if
+you are not aware about how we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not aware about how we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not aware about how we are
+reasoning in the action we will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning in the action we will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning in the action we will not be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+to solve this kind of ineffectiveness ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two ideas here one is that our theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas here one is that our theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas here one is that our theory
+use are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are in
+general one generation old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way we think in practice is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think in practice is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think in practice is not the
+way we are studying is not our updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we are studying is not our updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we are studying is not our updated
+knowledge the way we think in action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the way we think in action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the way we think in action is
+the way we learners throughout our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we learners throughout our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we learners throughout our lives
+we learn from our parents from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from our parents from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from our parents from our
+friends from our experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends from our experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends from our experience and
+in general these ideas are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general these ideas are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general these ideas are already
+out of date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of date
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory use is a construction made with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory use is a construction made with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory use is a construction made with
+bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks
+from the last generation knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we in some way
+organize them for make them useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize them for make them useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize them for make them useful
+but if we ask our theory about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness
+climate weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate weather
+football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football
+we always have a theory that is not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have a theory that is not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have a theory that is not at
+the same level that the science is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level that the science is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level that the science is about
+this issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issues
+in in feeding is very very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in feeding is very very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in feeding is very very interesting
+to to see the theory people have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see the theory people have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see the theory people have about
+nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most of the theory about nutrition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the theory about nutrition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the theory about nutrition is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+adequate and when they feed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate and when they feed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate and when they feed their
+children for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for example in
+when the babe stop to to feed milk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the babe stop to to feed milk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the babe stop to to feed milk and
+began to feed a solid food it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to feed a solid food it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to feed a solid food it's
+interesting to talk with mothers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to talk with mothers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to talk with mothers about
+this theory they have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory they have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory they have of
+nutrition in babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition in babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition in babies
+some of of the ideas I found have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of of the ideas I found have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of of the ideas I found have five
+five centuries old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five centuries old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five centuries old
+some some decades is absolutely common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some decades is absolutely common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some decades is absolutely common
+that we have in our theory in use very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in our theory in use very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in our theory in use very
+old knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old knowledge
+combine it with knowledge not so old but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it with knowledge not so old but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it with knowledge not so old but
+in general the combination is old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the combination is old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the combination is old
+the other idea important in this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other idea important in this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other idea important in this is that
+theory in use our group of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in use our group of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in use our group of assumptions
+assumptions organizing in some way so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions organizing in some way so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions organizing in some way so we
+are not aware about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not aware about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not aware about them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+can you please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a theory in use in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a theory in use in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a theory in use in building
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+we were talking about this okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this okay in
+diagnosis in planning of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis in planning of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis in planning of cities
+the effort of shown was help people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort of shown was help people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort of shown was help people to
+modernize they're serious news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the source for constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the source for constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the source for constructor
+theories in use for discovery the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in use for discovery the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in use for discovery the
+theories news is observing the action in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories news is observing the action in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories news is observing the action in
+itself it's the most important source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's the most important source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's the most important source
+and they define they try to to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they define they try to to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they define they try to to organize
+knowledge about theory in use around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about theory in use around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about theory in use around
+three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things
+governing variables I will explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing variables I will explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing variables I will explain this
+a bit more later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more later okay
+actually strategies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strategies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strategies and
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+they say they understand that we frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they understand that we frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they understand that we frame
+problems using these three groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems using these three groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems using these three groups of
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+am suggesting this for the exercise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am suggesting this for the exercise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am suggesting this for the exercise that
+we will do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do next
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how can discover the theory in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we may have to kind of situations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to kind of situations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to kind of situations the
+starting point maybe in spouses theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point maybe in spouses theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point maybe in spouses theory
+one person explaining me how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person explaining me how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person explaining me how he
+visualized this solution of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized this solution of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized this solution of a problem
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other situation is I have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situation is I have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situation is I have a sequence of
+actions that I can look how it happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first question the first step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question the first step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question the first step is to
+be clear about the logic or of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear about the logic or of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear about the logic or of the
+spouses theory or or the logic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses theory or or the logic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses theory or or the logic of the
+actions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions I
+will not commit I will not analyze I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not commit I will not analyze I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not commit I will not analyze I
+would just try to reproduce to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just try to reproduce to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just try to reproduce to describe
+them in a very clear way when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a very clear way when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a very clear way when we are
+talking with people it's necessary to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with people it's necessary to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with people it's necessary to to
+repeat the argumentation of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the argumentation of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the argumentation of the person
+to be clear that we have understood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear that we have understood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear that we have understood in
+the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+is explaining his idea it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explaining his idea it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explaining his idea it's the first
+step okay we need be clear that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay we need be clear that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay we need be clear that we got
+to understand the way the the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the way the the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the way the the person is
+thinking or the logic of their actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or the logic of their actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or the logic of their actions
+this second step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second step is to
+go deeper and the to the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go deeper and the to the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go deeper and the to the most important
+- we have found it's interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- we have found it's interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- we have found it's interesting because
+I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+had this conclusion from my work before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this conclusion from my work before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this conclusion from my work before
+to meet nope cloudy and Caesar and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet nope cloudy and Caesar and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet nope cloudy and Caesar and in
+sincere CP they use the same tool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere CP they use the same tool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere CP they use the same tool it's
+actually the same tool is the chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same tool is the chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same tool is the chain of
+wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+when one person describe the actions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one person describe the actions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one person describe the actions we
+explain we ask quite the next action was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain we ask quite the next action was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain we ask quite the next action was
+made after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made after that
+okay the the relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the relation between the
+actions should be questioning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions should be questioning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions should be questioning for
+understanding why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why
+the person did this new action okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person did this new action okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person did this new action okay and
+so we can discover from we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can discover from we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can discover from we have the
+actions and we discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and we discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and we discover a
+lot of wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wise
+under the actions okay not visible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the actions okay not visible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the actions okay not visible at
+the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I was using the concept of chain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was using the concept of chain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was using the concept of chain or
+price I was using the idea of chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I was using the idea of chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I was using the idea of chain of
+wise because the next toy is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise because the next toy is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise because the next toy is connected
+to the first one okay and we get deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first one okay and we get deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first one okay and we get deeper
+and deeper and deeper and deeper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeper and deeper and deeper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeper and deeper and deeper the
+chain of wise is very powerful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of wise is very powerful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of wise is very powerful for
+going from tacit to explicit when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from tacit to explicit when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from tacit to explicit when they
+kill them ask why they are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill them ask why they are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill them ask why they are trying to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+the logic of the actions okay it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic of the actions okay it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic of the actions okay it's very
+powerful so at the end of the chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so at the end of the chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so at the end of the chain of
+wise we have the same actions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise we have the same actions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise we have the same actions and we
+have a portfolio of wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a portfolio of wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a portfolio of wise
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+once we have a lot of wise we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have a lot of wise we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have a lot of wise we try to
+discover the relation among the why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the relation among the why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the relation among the why they
+the assumptions we when we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions we when we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions we when we have a lot of
+assumptions we try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we try to understand the
+logic of the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of the assumptions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct
+with this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two parts of can you come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts of can you come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts of can you come back
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answering the device and constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the device and constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the device and constructing
+the relation among the assumptions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation among the assumptions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation among the assumptions we
+will be clear about these two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be clear about these two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be clear about these two parts
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more general you can be a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general you can be a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general you can be a more general
+level of analysis if when we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes a more general level of analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a more general level of analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a more general level of analysis is
+when we are able to discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are able to discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are able to discover the
+governing variables we will not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing variables we will not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing variables we will not make
+this exercise now but it requires to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise now but it requires to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise now but it requires to see
+all the the the the approach and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the the the approach and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the the the approach and to
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the principles of these actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of these actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of these actions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the five the fifth step is to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five the fifth step is to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five the fifth step is to construct
+the theory in use base it on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory in use base it on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory in use base it on these
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+we will make an exercise today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make an exercise today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make an exercise today
+only until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only until
+step one two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one two and three
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we have a very good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very good example
+you will see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see and
+we will make this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make this exercise
+my idea is to talk about these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my idea is to talk about these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my idea is to talk about these questions
+the concept or questions of here after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept or questions of here after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept or questions of here after
+the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise
+because I think that we get much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that we get much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that we get much much
+more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a
+concreteness and deepness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concreteness and deepness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concreteness and deepness
+depth when we discuss after the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth when we discuss after the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth when we discuss after the exercise
+okay so now we will have a break but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we will have a break but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we will have a break but
+before the break I like to ask you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the break I like to ask you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the break I like to ask you some
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+one we need to begin the classes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+more on time we need began the classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on time we need began the classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on time we need began the classes
+on time I was killed and we need not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time I was killed and we need not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time I was killed and we need not to
+lose much time in the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose much time in the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose much time in the break
+15 minutes it's okay for you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes it's okay for you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes it's okay for you in the
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+okay we will began ever saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1511 less 15 minutes for we have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1511 less 15 minutes for we have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1511 less 15 minutes for we have time to
+talk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the problem no okay 15 minutes but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem no okay 15 minutes but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem no okay 15 minutes but we
+will begin exactly 15 minutes okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin exactly 15 minutes okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin exactly 15 minutes okay thank
+you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the exercise will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have
+few time to conceive a solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few time to conceive a solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few time to conceive a solution to this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will be able to define the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to define the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to define the problem
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+create a solution for this problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a solution for this problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a solution for this problem you
+do not have much time the purpose is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have much time the purpose is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have much time the purpose is not
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+a good solution the purpose is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good solution the purpose is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good solution the purpose is to create
+material for reflecting on it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each person has five minutes no five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has five minutes no five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has five minutes no five
+minutes for conceiving his solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for conceiving his solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for conceiving his solution to
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+individually after that we will form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually after that we will form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually after that we will form
+groups and each group will decide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and each group will decide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and each group will decide for
+one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any strategy for four technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any strategy for four technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any strategy for four technically
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are free to define the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are free to define the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are free to define the problem you
+have the information okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information okay
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+look these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+groups of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of data
+we are talking about basically on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking about basically on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking about basically on the
+white people in the african-american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white people in the african-american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white people in the african-american
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need to treat the other components okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to treat the other components okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to treat the other components okay
+just the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first two
+okay five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Joan is the graphic okay don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joan is the graphic okay don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joan is the graphic okay don't you don't
+need to consider the other components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider the other components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider the other components
+that are in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's form the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is to create three groups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to create three groups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to create three groups in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+aleatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one two three one two three one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three one two three one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three one two three one two
+three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not participate now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participate now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participate now okay
+the ones meet together the tooth meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones meet together the tooth meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones meet together the tooth meet
+together the trees meet together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the trees meet together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the trees meet together and
+they in each group will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a common
+proposition it's not possible to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition it's not possible to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition it's not possible to to
+achieve a common proposition you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a common proposition you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a common proposition you can
+present too but the effort should be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present too but the effort should be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present too but the effort should be to
+achieve a common proposition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a common proposition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a common proposition okay
+you have ten minutes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see let's get out there now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get up
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this that's what they think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the populations breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and understand other ways to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand other ways to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand other ways to get more
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously like email and studying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like email and studying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like email and studying and
+understanding offenders and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding offenders and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding offenders and none
+offenders we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offenders we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offenders we are
+vendors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question are we looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are we looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are we looking at the
+populations and why the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and why the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and why the numbers are
+skewed where they are in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed where they are in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed where they are in terms of their
+general representation of the organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general representation of the organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general representation of the organ
+system where we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we're looking at the
+differences and they all of these crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and they all of these crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and they all of these crime
+or the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this
+a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+justice if my concern is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice if my concern is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice if my concern is not what
+they're in jail were primarily my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in jail were primarily my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in jail were primarily my
+concern is that you have this tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern is that you have this tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern is that you have this tremendous
+skewing of the prison population but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing of the prison population but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing of the prison population but
+don't you think that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you think that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you think that is you
+do something about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think that's me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those two started together some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two started together some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two started together some kind of
+picture wise obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is that happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can you tell from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on these two I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these two I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these two I think you can
+recent addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get to in order you know so we say oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to in order you know so we say oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to in order you know so we say oh we
+think that the problem is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the problem is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the problem is that people
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the next thing we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paucity of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem q
+we're gonna say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say is
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we want to find out more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can throw out a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prosecuted persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted persons
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+versus oh there you go project versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus oh there you go project versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus oh there you go project versus
+enter the system at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're referred to social services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preventive direct direct services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effective direct services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it seems like everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+processing through the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drug charge you can't never get federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug charge you can't never get federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug charge you can't never get federal
+financial aid you can't look for public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial aid you can't look for public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial aid you can't look for public
+housing you can't get a lease you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing you can't get a lease you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing you can't get a lease you could
+never again pass a credit check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but before you begin I need to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you begin I need to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you begin I need to explain
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+roles of the listeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the listeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the listeners
+our effort will be first try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effort will be first try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effort will be first try to
+understand the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the solution
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+we will we can make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will we can make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will we can make them
+questions of wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of wise
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+try to discover the logic ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to discover the logic ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to discover the logic ok
+after your group present you will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your group present you will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your group present you will make
+questions to the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to the other people
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really have any sort of I'm saying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any sort of I'm saying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any sort of I'm saying with
+problem was what the solution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was what the solution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was what the solution was
+but given the fact that we had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given the fact that we had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given the fact that we had you know
+15 minutes to solve the world problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes to solve the world problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes to solve the world problems
+and one sheet of paper to it you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one sheet of paper to it you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one sheet of paper to it you're a
+little bit more you know practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more you know practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more you know practice
+oriented and had to come to some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented and had to come to some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented and had to come to some sort of
+decision about what problem might be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about what problem might be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about what problem might be so
+we can't we thought that maybe if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't we thought that maybe if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't we thought that maybe if we
+made a couple of hypotheses about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a couple of hypotheses about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a couple of hypotheses about what
+the problem might be that would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem might be that would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem might be that would give us
+a some idea of what the data would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some idea of what the data would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some idea of what the data would be
+that we would go out and collect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would go out and collect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would go out and collect in
+order to fully understand whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fully understand whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fully understand whether or not
+he was correct about that and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was correct about that and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was correct about that and then we
+came up with some potential solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with some potential solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with some potential solutions
+that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could
+think of if it were the case that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of if it were the case that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of if it were the case that these
+hypotheses were correct so before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses were correct so before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses were correct so before you
+got idea what what might we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got idea what what might we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got idea what what might we need to do
+is there something we can do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something we can do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something we can do those
+things so one hypothesis was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so one hypothesis was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so one hypothesis was that the
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+clearly just there's some race disparity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly just there's some race disparity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly just there's some race disparity
+here but we don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we don't know why
+the offense profiles don't really give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offense profiles don't really give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offense profiles don't really give
+us a heck of a lot more information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a heck of a lot more information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a heck of a lot more information so
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+one of the ideas was maybe it's the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ideas was maybe it's the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ideas was maybe it's the fact
+that more white people are committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more white people are committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more white people are committing
+crimes there's nothing more than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes there's nothing more than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes there's nothing more than being
+caught and not being prosecuted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and not being prosecuted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and not being prosecuted so
+maybe the problem is is through that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the problem is is through that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the problem is is through that is
+it systematic within the court system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it systematic within the court system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it systematic within the court system so
+that was one hypothesis the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one hypothesis the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one hypothesis the second
+hypothesis was well maybe we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was well maybe we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was well maybe we need to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+maybe it's socio-economic and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's socio-economic and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's socio-economic and not a
+racial issue at all and so those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial issue at all and so those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial issue at all and so those two
+hypotheses would then lead to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses would then lead to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses would then lead to completely
+different solutions one would be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions one would be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions one would be you
+need to improve the process and the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to improve the process and the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to improve the process and the flow
+of offenders through the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of offenders through the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of offenders through the system
+get all bad guys and make sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all bad guys and make sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all bad guys and make sure they're
+all kind of prosecuted the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of prosecuted the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of prosecuted the other one is
+a little bit more back-end preventive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more back-end preventive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more back-end preventive
+thinking about economic development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about economic development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about economic development and
+some sort of effective set of direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of effective set of direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of effective set of direct
+services that might have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that might have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that might have some sort of
+direct change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct change
+we probably himself I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then what's gonna make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's gonna make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's gonna make some
+questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah
+why is the paucity of data part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paucity of data and what the paucity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paucity of data and what the paucity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paucity of data and what the paucity of
+data was in completely cause you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was in completely cause you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was in completely cause you know is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+that's a positive data was problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a positive data was problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a positive data was problematic
+because it only provides one extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only provides one extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only provides one extremely
+narrow piece of information from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow piece of information from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow piece of information from which
+to view a much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view a much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view a much a
+much broader problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of it is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many
+rich kids commit crime versus poor kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich kids commit crime versus poor kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich kids commit crime versus poor kids
+clients I mean all that sort of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients I mean all that sort of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients I mean all that sort of stuff
+like what's your what's your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's your what's your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's your what's your data
+looking like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like I
+don't know I mean just on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I mean just on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I mean just on a number of
+fronts I haven't had enough caffeine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronts I haven't had enough caffeine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronts I haven't had enough caffeine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then I thought in order to really form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I thought in order to really form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I thought in order to really form a
+better definition of the problem within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better definition of the problem within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better definition of the problem within
+the exercise we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those pieces maybe why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pieces maybe why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pieces maybe why is it that
+different races what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different races what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different races what is the
+socio-economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio-economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio-economic
+background of those different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of those different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of those different people
+were committing these crimes people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were committing these crimes people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were committing these crimes people are
+repeat offenders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat offenders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat offenders
+what socioeconomic status education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what socioeconomic status education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what socioeconomic status education
+levels gender age different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels gender age different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels gender age different things that
+might give you a clearer sense you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a clearer sense you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a clearer sense you know
+existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+some small suburb of Chicago or is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small suburb of Chicago or is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small suburb of Chicago or is this
+right in the inner city what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the inner city what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the inner city what are we
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially company a you because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially company a you because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially company a you because if you
+have you know if you have a hundred kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know if you have a hundred kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know if you have a hundred kids
+who are white committing crimes that 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are white committing crimes that 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are white committing crimes that 78
+percent of them have drug offenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of them have drug offenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of them have drug offenses
+sixty-seven percent of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-seven percent of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-seven percent of people are
+cooperating lenses it's a much different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating lenses it's a much different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating lenses it's a much different
+number than if you have a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number than if you have a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number than if you have a hundred
+thousand african-american kids moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand african-american kids moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand african-american kids moving
+through the same court system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same court system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same court system and then
+you break it up play 60 percent 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it up play 60 percent 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it up play 60 percent 30
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trends this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's getting better or worse who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting better or worse who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting better or worse who are
+they what does that mean if it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what does that mean if it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what does that mean if it's getting
+better what kind of solution we fellas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what kind of solution we fellas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what kind of solution we fellas
+versus getting worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talking about the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the conditions
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+tackling the problem but we need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackling the problem but we need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackling the problem but we need to go
+for forward in the discussion about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forward in the discussion about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forward in the discussion about the
+problem and the solutions okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the solutions okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the solutions okay the
+problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different level participation of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level participation of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level participation of black
+people in the population and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the population and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the population and in the
+court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court
+the problem you have had trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you have had trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you have had trying to solve
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's different from the other groups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different from the other groups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different from the other groups so
+we should focus on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should focus on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should focus on the same
+okay the same problem that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same problem that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same problem that is the
+problem that you formulated as problem -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you formulated as problem -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you formulated as problem -
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first is a problem of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is a problem of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is a problem of the group
+okay the second is the problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second is the problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second is the problem of the
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the groups have the same problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the groups have the same problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the groups have the same problem you
+have incomplete information all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have incomplete information all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have incomplete information all the
+group's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group's and
+frequently in society we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in society we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in society we need to solve
+problems with incomplete information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with incomplete information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with incomplete information
+so we construct assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we construct assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we construct assumptions
+example okay it's a very good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay it's a very good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay it's a very good example
+that we need to construct assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to construct assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to construct assumptions
+because we have not enough information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have not enough information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have not enough information
+okay let's try to understand the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try to understand the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try to understand the problem
+in the solution you made for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solution you made for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solution you made for you the
+first problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether or not maybe more like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not maybe more like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not maybe more like more
+black people are being caught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people are being caught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black people are being caught and
+prosecuted for their crimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted for their crimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted for their crimes
+okay white people are not being caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay white people are not being caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay white people are not being caught
+or maybe they're not being prosecuted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe they're not being prosecuted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe they're not being prosecuted
+this seems to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to suggest
+it says referrals to the juvenile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay the question is why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the question is why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the question is why you
+formulated these hypotheses why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated these hypotheses why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated these hypotheses why do you
+think that this hypothesis should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this hypothesis should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this hypothesis should be
+trustful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we assume
+we're problems for us women for us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're problems for us women for us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're problems for us women for us there
+was this problem and inequitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this problem and inequitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this problem and inequitable
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+justice system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay not necessarily a social problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not necessarily a social problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not necessarily a social problem in
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we got one assumption okay the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got one assumption okay the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got one assumption okay the exercise
+is working yeah okay and who I did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working yeah okay and who I did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working yeah okay and who I did you
+thought that should be a socio-economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that should be a socio-economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that should be a socio-economic
+issue and not a racial issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and not a racial issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and not a racial issue
+yes yeah the second high pot why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but you should
+assume a fifty different hypothesis why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a fifty different hypothesis why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a fifty different hypothesis why
+you select this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay can you see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay can you see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay can you see the difference
+between the explanation and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the explanation and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the explanation and what is
+written in the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are the assumptions that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the assumptions that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the assumptions that maybe
+maybe not only racial issues know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not only racial issues know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not only racial issues know with
+the information we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we have
+okay but in this positive series is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in this positive series is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in this positive series is we
+have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there
+we're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that
+it's a socio-economic problem not a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a socio-economic problem not a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a socio-economic problem not a race
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+okay you was asking to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you was asking to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you was asking to make some
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+or some comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a very good comment I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good comment I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good comment I think that
+explain how we have been working our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how we have been working our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how we have been working our
+minds in reality yes okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes but we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation we have this moment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we have this moment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we have this moment okay
+let's go to the solution can you explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the solution can you explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the solution can you explain
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe maybe they're catching more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe they're catching more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe they're catching more more
+black criminals because they think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black criminals because they think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black criminals because they think that
+they're there many more crimes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there many more crimes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there many more crimes maybe
+they're letting off more like for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're letting off more like for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're letting off more like for most
+because they think they aren't maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they think they aren't maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they think they aren't maybe
+there is something about the prosecution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something about the prosecution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something about the prosecution
+system where the the court system using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where the the court system using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where the the court system using
+prosecuting white offenders for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuting white offenders for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuting white offenders for various
+reasons or is acting more harshly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons or is acting more harshly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons or is acting more harshly
+towards American fenders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards American fenders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards American fenders
+so maybe that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that's okay
+there's also a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a certain amount of
+stagnancy in juvenile justice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnancy in juvenile justice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnancy in juvenile justice because
+they're juveniles so when they enter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're juveniles so when they enter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're juveniles so when they enter a
+system and they're referred to juvenile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they're referred to juvenile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they're referred to juvenile
+court it brings in social services it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court it brings in social services it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court it brings in social services it
+brings in foster care it brings in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in foster care it brings in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in foster care it brings in a
+whole different group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different group of people
+which slows which closes the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which slows which closes the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which slows which closes the process
+down I mean as juveniles they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I mean as juveniles they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I mean as juveniles they have
+certain rights and our process very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rights and our process very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rights and our process very
+differently than adults have processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than adults have processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than adults have processed
+so part of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of that is
+part of that is to float through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that is to float through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that is to float through the
+system you know somebody's mom has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know somebody's mom has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know somebody's mom has to
+come to court but nobody really knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to court but nobody really knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to court but nobody really knows
+where she is so they said six spend six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she is so they said six spend six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she is so they said six spend six
+or eight months sending out letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight months sending out letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight months sending out letters
+because she might be living with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she might be living with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she might be living with this
+cousin or this friend in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousin or this friend in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousin or this friend in the meantime
+this kid just languages and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid just languages and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid just languages and that would
+not be happening if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be happening if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be happening if
+if there was a better if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was a better if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was a better if there was a
+better design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about
+you you begin to express saying it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you begin to express saying it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you begin to express saying it may
+be that we hypothesize that so you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that we hypothesize that so you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that we hypothesize that so you are
+our about some hypothesis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our about some hypothesis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our about some hypothesis okay
+the effort should be go a bit forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort should be go a bit forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort should be go a bit forward
+why do you think that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that it can be
+a question of discrimination in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of discrimination in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of discrimination in the
+prosecution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecution
+no I don't think that should be this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think that should be this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think that should be this the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+do have some reasons for why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have some reasons for why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have some reasons for why do you
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you give some okay but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give some okay but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give some okay but it's the
+general name of the Assumption I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general name of the Assumption I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general name of the Assumption I need
+that the concrete name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you can put it but this is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can put it but this is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can put it but this is too
+general we cannot define these concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we cannot define these concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we cannot define these concrete
+hypotheses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses I
+am trying to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am trying to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am trying to to get
+that he should be able to explain why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he should be able to explain why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he should be able to explain why he
+thinks that the justice system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that the justice system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that the justice system is
+persecuting more black people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't necessarily think that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't necessarily think that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't necessarily think that I just
+think that's a possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a possibility
+oh yeah yes I understand but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yes I understand but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yes I understand but once you
+say at the moment that you say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the moment that you say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the moment that you say it's a
+possibility you begins to work with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility you begins to work with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility you begins to work with this
+okay this is the problem in thinking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the problem in thinking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the problem in thinking at
+the moment that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment that I have
+hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesize something I begin to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize something I begin to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize something I begin to work
+with it as if it was true true okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as if it was true true okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as if it was true true okay so
+it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very
+dangerous though to make hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our participation is not to help them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our participation is not to help them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our participation is not to help them to
+answer the question is to make question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question is to make question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question is to make question
+to them okay to put them in problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not try to understand what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try to understand what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try to understand what they are
+trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say
+for helping them but to to bomb them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping them but to to bomb them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping them but to to bomb them
+with a lot of questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of questions okay
+bombard them with a lot of person yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will have your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay at the front a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the front a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the front a
+bit later now capitulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no you're saying the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no you're saying the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no you're saying the problem
+hypothesis 1 population is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis 1 population is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis 1 population is kind of
+prosecuted in a different way depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted in a different way depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted in a different way depending
+depending on race so what's your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on race so what's your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on race so what's your model
+for understanding how race enters into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding how race enters into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding how race enters into
+changing how we would understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing how we would understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing how we would understand that
+word like what kind of data we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like what kind of data we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like what kind of data we need to
+collect in order to make that sure or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect in order to make that sure or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect in order to make that sure or I
+needed what some mechanism like suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed what some mechanism like suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed what some mechanism like suppose
+it's true you know what you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true you know what you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true you know what you know what is
+it about race that makes the justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about race that makes the justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about race that makes the justice
+system prosecute an african-american you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system prosecute an african-american you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system prosecute an african-american you
+is different than before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is are you you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are you you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are you you're gonna
+pop you're going to prosecute the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop you're going to prosecute the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop you're going to prosecute the people
+that enter the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter the system
+and part of the hypothesis my previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the hypothesis my previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the hypothesis my previous
+experience is that pure white kids the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that pure white kids the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that pure white kids the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that the white kids who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the white kids who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the white kids who get
+caught don't enter the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she explicit and an idea for we it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she explicit and an idea for we it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she explicit and an idea for we it was
+not clear now we have clarity about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear now we have clarity about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear now we have clarity about this
+idea okay I think this is enough for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay I think this is enough for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay I think this is enough for you
+thank you very much let's change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the next
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+thank you very much and thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and thank you for
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we both were like you know why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we both were like you know why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we both were like you know why is
+everything in America always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in America always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in America always
+characterized in terms of grace you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in terms of grace you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in terms of grace you know
+it's you know it's something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it's something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it's something that's very
+prevalent and very predominant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent and very predominant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent and very predominant that's
+here too if you're not from here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too if you're not from here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too if you're not from here and you
+come here you know you recognize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here you know you recognize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here you know you recognize it and
+you pick it up pretty quickly so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick it up pretty quickly so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick it up pretty quickly so what we
+trying to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get as
+turn the problem on its head a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the problem on its head a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the problem on its head a little
+bit and kind of reframed it I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and kind of reframed it I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and kind of reframed it I guess
+maybe based on you know like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe based on you know like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe based on you know like our
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+so the problem is why is juvenile being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is why is juvenile being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is why is juvenile being
+looked at as being viewed as a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at as being viewed as a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at as being viewed as a problem
+of race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of race
+and really our solution is to reframe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really our solution is to reframe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really our solution is to reframe
+the problem in terms of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem in terms of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem in terms of thinking about
+it you know what is going on with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know what is going on with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know what is going on with our
+use in general whether black or white or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in general whether black or white or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in general whether black or white or
+red or yellow or whatever why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red or yellow or whatever why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red or yellow or whatever why is it that
+they feel that they need to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel that they need to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel that they need to turn to
+either drugs or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either drugs or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either drugs or to
+personal property crime or any type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal property crime or any type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal property crime or any type of
+crime why do they feel the need to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime why do they feel the need to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime why do they feel the need to turn
+to these outlets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these outlets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these outlets
+you know in their lives as young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in their lives as young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in their lives as young people
+and so our solution is really to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our solution is really to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our solution is really to take a
+step back and not look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and not look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and not look at what happens
+when they get into the system but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get into the system but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get into the system but how
+can we prevent them from entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we prevent them from entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we prevent them from entering the
+system in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the first place
+and that might be in terms of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might be in terms of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might be in terms of you know
+providing opportunities and alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing opportunities and alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing opportunities and alternatives
+for these youth whether that's education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these youth whether that's education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these youth whether that's education
+skill building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill building
+whatever it takes to just keep them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes to just keep them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes to just keep them out
+of the system in the first place so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system in the first place so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system in the first place so that
+we don't you know get to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't you know get to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't you know get to this point
+where we have such a problem with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have such a problem with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have such a problem with what
+these youths in the system whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these youths in the system whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these youths in the system whether
+they're there for drugs or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there for drugs or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there for drugs or whether
+they're there for a personal property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there for a personal property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there for a personal property
+you know or whatever so that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or whatever so that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or whatever so that was kind of
+the way to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to me
+that we reframed it but how can we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we reframed it but how can we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we reframed it but how can we be
+effective before they enter the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective before they enter the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective before they enter the system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+why do you think that should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that should be more
+effective to act before they enter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to act before they enter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to act before they enter to
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+it's your assumption No why do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your assumption No why do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your assumption No why do you think
+that this is more effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation waiting to see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation waiting to see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation waiting to see what happens
+okay why do you think that it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do you think that it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do you think that it's possible
+to prevent the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think it's very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it's very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it's very interesting
+because if we are not prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to discover it this moment the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover it this moment the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover it this moment the source of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can you prevent people from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you prevent people from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you prevent people from getting
+in the system in the first place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system in the first place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system in the first place I
+believe that it can be done I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it can be done I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it can be done I believe
+that if you can provide people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can provide people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can provide people with
+you know opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know opportunities
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+better alternatives if you can support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better alternatives if you can support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better alternatives if you can support
+groups in it like support use and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in it like support use and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in it like support use and help
+them to see attend a tangible vision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see attend a tangible vision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see attend a tangible vision for
+their lives that it can be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives that it can be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives that it can be possible
+you know and that's going to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's going to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's going to come from
+community support whether in school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volcano helping them economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay it's the now the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay it's the now the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay it's the now the reason is
+clear no we need to move a tulip at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear no we need to move a tulip at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear no we need to move a tulip at the
+same time is in our minds my at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time is in our minds my at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time is in our minds my at the
+level of the problem and at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the problem and at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the problem and at the level of
+our cognitive tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cognitive tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cognitive tasks
+okay how we think we need to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how we think we need to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how we think we need to manage
+these two levels in our mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory that laws exist to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that laws exist to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that laws exist to create the
+boundaries of society without law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of society without law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of society without law
+breakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it is actually impossible to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is actually impossible to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is actually impossible to prevent
+all problems from occurring because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all problems from occurring because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all problems from occurring because
+without problem definition no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without problem definition no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without problem definition no
+no I mean obviously I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean obviously I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean obviously I don't think that
+you know by you know having prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by you know having prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by you know having prevention
+program setups with people don't enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program setups with people don't enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program setups with people don't enter
+the system that doesn't mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that doesn't mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that doesn't mean that you
+know we're gonna have 100% nobody's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're gonna have 100% nobody's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're gonna have 100% nobody's you
+know gonna be there but I do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gonna be there but I do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gonna be there but I do think that
+you can see you know maybe some blurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you know maybe some blurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you know maybe some blurring
+are so many improvements and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many improvements and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many improvements and in those
+levels but I mean it's never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but I mean it's never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but I mean it's never going to be
+like a woman 2% crime free society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a woman 2% crime free society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a woman 2% crime free society
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+she asked it the first time after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you presume that the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you presume that the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you presume that the only way
+that youth has a voice is through crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that youth has a voice is through crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that youth has a voice is through crime
+that they have no alternative voice ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have no alternative voice ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have no alternative voice ah
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+know we were know we were saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were know we were saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were know we were saying that
+I'm sorry I didn't explain that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I didn't explain that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I didn't explain that very
+much we were saying also like in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we were saying also like in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we were saying also like in terms
+of in terms of you know figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in terms of you know figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in terms of you know figuring out how
+to prevent you from entering the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent you from entering the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent you from entering the system
+that you should be a part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be a part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be a part of that
+process so it shouldn't just be a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so it shouldn't just be a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so it shouldn't just be a bunch
+of adults or policemen or justice people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adults or policemen or justice people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adults or policemen or justice people
+sitting around and deciding okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around and deciding okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around and deciding okay this is
+how we're going to prevent you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to prevent you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to prevent you from
+being a system but to give them a voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a system but to give them a voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a system but to give them a voice
+and allow them to participate in form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow them to participate in form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow them to participate in form
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+it's a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a choice
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if they have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a choice
+yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grace I think that what is behind all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace I think that what is behind all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace I think that what is behind all
+this what is race why do you speak about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is race why do you speak about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is race why do you speak about
+race so much what does that mean what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race so much what does that mean what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race so much what does that mean what is
+weight it's just the color of your skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight it's just the color of your skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight it's just the color of your skin
+it's something else how can you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else how can you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else how can you define
+how can you give this data based on race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you give this data based on race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you give this data based on race
+why is not based on something else when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is not based on something else when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is not based on something else when
+you have a different data if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different data if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different data if it was
+based on something else I mean all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on something else I mean all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on something else I mean all these
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you are asking question to hell no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you are asking question to hell no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you are asking question to hell no
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a sociological perspective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sociological perspective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sociological perspective it's
+very difficult to make a graph like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to make a graph like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to make a graph like this
+however we do know that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we do know that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we do know that people
+make presumptions based upon very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make presumptions based upon very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make presumptions based upon very
+external appearances of people whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external appearances of people whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external appearances of people whether
+they perceive the real race or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perceive the real race or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perceive the real race or not it's
+pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there isn't such a thing that's why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't such a thing that's why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't such a thing that's why I'm
+saying that it's not really very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's not really very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's not really very useful
+to make any sort of argument like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make any sort of argument like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make any sort of argument like well
+African Americans of meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Americans of meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Americans of meaningless
+category because this person's mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category because this person's mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category because this person's mixed
+they're not really fully whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really fully whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really fully whatever the
+hell that it means but the fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell that it means but the fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell that it means but the fact the
+matter that maybe there was a crime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that maybe there was a crime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that maybe there was a crime that
+was committed because someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was committed because someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was committed because someone was
+perceived as one race or another so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived as one race or another so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived as one race or another so that
+makes those categories realistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes those categories realistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes those categories realistically
+exist whether they are backed up by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist whether they are backed up by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist whether they are backed up by some
+sort of you know genetic coding or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know genetic coding or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know genetic coding or or
+what it is pretty much irrelevant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is pretty much irrelevant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is pretty much irrelevant the
+point is that socially socially those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that socially socially those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that socially socially those
+things exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exist and
+both in the minds of the socio just and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the minds of the socio just and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the minds of the socio just and
+in the minds of the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minds of the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minds of the people who are
+committing and in the minds of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing and in the minds of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing and in the minds of people
+who are prosecuting and so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are prosecuting and so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are prosecuting and so it's not
+something that you can necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can necessarily
+explain away by saying that well people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain away by saying that well people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain away by saying that well people
+are just thinking in terms of race so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just thinking in terms of race so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just thinking in terms of race so
+you know it's something with a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's something with a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's something with a problem
+with their assumption there isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their assumption there isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their assumption there isn't really
+this category of race because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this category of race because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this category of race because there is
+our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solution
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+because you know there are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there are those
+categories exist in the minds of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories exist in the minds of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories exist in the minds of other
+people even if you don't think that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even if you don't think that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even if you don't think that they
+are they make sense for you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they make sense for you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they make sense for you you need to
+work towards that doing something and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work towards that doing something and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work towards that doing something and I
+think away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say a way of working towards that D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a way of working towards that D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a way of working towards that D
+categorization of society ok whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization of society ok whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization of society ok whatever
+working toward is giving other solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working toward is giving other solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working toward is giving other solution
+then our solution was that this action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our solution was that this action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our solution was that this action
+could work towards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work towards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work towards that
+okay one minute before to to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we changed the level of our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the level of our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the level of our discussion
+we was discussing about the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we was discussing about the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we was discussing about the assumptions
+and after why we began to discuss about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after why we began to discuss about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after why we began to discuss about
+the concept of race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we're saying but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're saying but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're saying but we're
+saying why should it be why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying why should it be why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying why should it be why don't you
+take it a step back and look at it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it a step back and look at it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it a step back and look at it as
+you know that's what we're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's what we're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's what we're saying that
+currently the frame is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the frame is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the frame is that we're
+looking at distance this is a racing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at distance this is a racing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at distance this is a racing why
+aren't we looking at this like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we looking at this like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we looking at this like this is a
+problem you know that our youth you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know that our youth you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know that our youth you know
+are suffering from whether they're black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suffering from whether they're black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suffering from whether they're black
+or white whether they're white and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or white whether they're white and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or white whether they're white and doing
+drugs or whether they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or whether they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or whether they're you know
+property crimes you know the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property crimes you know the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property crimes you know the bigger
+picture the larger issue you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the larger issue you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the larger issue you know is
+that we have youth that are committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have youth that are committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have youth that are committing
+crimes and we need to find solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes and we need to find solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes and we need to find solutions for
+our youth no matter who they are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our youth no matter who they are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our youth no matter who they are what
+color they are where they come from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color they are where they come from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color they are where they come from you
+know but to improve you know improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but to improve you know improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but to improve you know improve
+their lives improve their environment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives improve their environment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives improve their environment so
+that they don't end up into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't end up into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't end up into the system
+whether they're black our way we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're black our way we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're black our way we don't
+want any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any of them
+okay if we remember the plans we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we remember the plans we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we remember the plans we need to
+have in our minds okay don't don't focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our minds okay don't don't focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our minds okay don't don't focus
+only in the problem in itself but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the problem in itself but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the problem in itself but in
+their reasoning about the problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reasoning about the problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reasoning about the problem okay
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well because they're choosing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they're choosing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they're choosing to do
+crime so I've seen whenever they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so I've seen whenever they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so I've seen whenever they had
+said whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said whatever they're
+right you're in their choices obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're in their choices obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're in their choices obviously
+you know the crime must you know be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the crime must you know be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the crime must you know be a
+better alternative or because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better alternative or because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better alternative or because of their
+environment or background or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or background or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or background or whatever
+you know these letter you know things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these letter you know things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these letter you know things
+that they're you know choosing to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're you know choosing to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're you know choosing to do the
+crime so that's why we need to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so that's why we need to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so that's why we need to take a
+step back and improve you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and improve you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and improve you know
+improvements going on before they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements going on before they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements going on before they get
+here really you know what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really you know what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really you know what's happening
+now that they're here we need to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they're here we need to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they're here we need to take a
+step back and improve what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and improve what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and improve what's going on
+before they get into the system part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they get into the system part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they get into the system part of
+that might be educating people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be educating people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be educating people you know
+on race that might be part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on race that might be part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on race that might be part of this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here will you will remake the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will you will remake the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will you will remake the question
+something like that for the the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that for the the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that for the the next one
+please wait him to finish his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well obviously but I'm saying if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously but I'm saying if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously but I'm saying if you
+have a choice you're gonna take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice you're gonna take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice you're gonna take the
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey okay you've got two options okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's cheap after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how listening to the assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how listening to the assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how listening to the assumption is
+end up you know you actually is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up you know you actually is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up you know you actually is your
+after trying to pinpoint the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after trying to pinpoint the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after trying to pinpoint the determinant
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+juvenile delinquency so racist thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold on tight say your solution does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on tight say your solution does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on tight say your solution does not
+make sense it doesn't make sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense it doesn't make sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense it doesn't make sense to me
+in terms of the problem you fix ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the problem you fix ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the problem you fix ratio
+yeah because you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you're looking at the
+racial change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because I felt like you said like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I felt like you said like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I felt like you said like
+you know that's how we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's how we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's how we just
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stating the problem in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the problem in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the problem in terms of what
+it's not supposed to be right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supposed to be right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supposed to be right so we're
+words I mean it and we're saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I mean it and we're saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I mean it and we're saying the
+problem is that you should look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that you should look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that you should look at it
+you know what happens to you before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens to you before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens to you before they
+enter the system how can we how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the system how can we how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the system how can we how can we
+prevent them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the answer would be reframing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer would be reframing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer would be reframing the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a
+question II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question II
+it's okay you will have no formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay you will have no formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay you will have no formulation
+for the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem
+that fits with the solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits with the solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits with the solution we
+it's no problem now but it it's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no problem now but it it's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no problem now but it it's correct
+to your observation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why what what the translation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what what the translation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what what the translation between
+opportunities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and
+less let's use right I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less let's use right I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less let's use right I don't understand
+I mean basically you don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean basically you don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean basically you don't have enough
+opportunities and then creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and then creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and then creating
+opportunities will somehow make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities will somehow make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities will somehow make you
+commit less crime so I guess I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit less crime so I guess I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit less crime so I guess I think
+there's a lot of just creating creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of just creating creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of just creating creating
+opportunities and I would say creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and I would say creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and I would say creating
+the right environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another assumption okay it's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption okay it's necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption okay it's necessary
+to create an adequate environment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an adequate environment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an adequate environment right
+it's an assumption that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an assumption that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an assumption that we have here
+okay no it's it's gorgeous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go over there soldier it's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go over there soldier it's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go over there soldier it's working
+so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank you very much what's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much what's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much what's the last
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first we want to get a model trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we want to get a model trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we want to get a model trying to
+understand what we thought was causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we thought was causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we thought was causing
+this so we came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we came up with a
+hypothesized prime model which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized prime model which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized prime model which is that
+there's a african-americans tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a african-americans tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a african-americans tend to have
+lower economic status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower economic status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower economic status
+we think sort of respect stems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think sort of respect stems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think sort of respect stems from
+lower education our combination of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower education our combination of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower education our combination of lower
+education racism and poor integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education racism and poor integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education racism and poor integration
+socially and geographically economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially and geographically economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially and geographically economically
+let me just leads to higher crime and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just leads to higher crime and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just leads to higher crime and so
+we wanted to test the theory via action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to test the theory via action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to test the theory via action
+research so our proposal is are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so our proposal is are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so our proposal is are we doing
+an intervention on education that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intervention on education that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intervention on education that would
+increase empowerment of african-american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase empowerment of african-american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase empowerment of african-american
+youth which we then improve economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth which we then improve economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth which we then improve economic
+status and then the combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status and then the combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status and then the combination of these
+factors would then lead to lower crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors would then lead to lower crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors would then lead to lower crime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's very clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear the
+spouses you know with hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses you know with hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses you know with hypothesis
+everything is well constructed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is well constructed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is well constructed very
+useful for us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes well why why do you believe that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well why why do you believe that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well why why do you believe that is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think that this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think that this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think that this hypothesis
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very interesting in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting in this case
+sometimes we have not any static a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have not any static a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have not any static a
+completely study about the question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely study about the question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely study about the question we
+need some example ok some meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some example ok some meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some example ok some meaningful
+example that should help us to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that should help us to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that should help us to to
+reforge or not our trust in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforge or not our trust in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforge or not our trust in the
+hypothesis can you give us an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's all okay it's your belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+youth Braun call of you and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth Braun call of you and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth Braun call of you and so it's
+based on real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on real
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would you say that there's I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say that there's I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say that there's I mean so
+you're saying basically that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying basically that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying basically that your
+experiences that use stone they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that use stone they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that use stone they don't
+feel empowered so they're angry or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel empowered so they're angry or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel empowered so they're angry or I
+mean I guess what sees were they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess what sees were they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess what sees were they don't
+feel like they have enough money or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they have enough money or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they have enough money or they
+can't do the things they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+one-block radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+youth who are incarcerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth who are incarcerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth who are incarcerated
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+it it's really rather than a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really rather than a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really rather than a lot of the
+things they don't have and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they don't have and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they don't have and you know that
+in the end - what does that mean - that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end - what does that mean - that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end - what does that mean - that
+that leads them to commit crime I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads them to commit crime I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads them to commit crime I guess
+would be assumption I'd be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be assumption I'd be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be assumption I'd be interested in
+assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that
+and committing time to get access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and committing time to get access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and committing time to get access to
+money to buy the things that society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to buy the things that society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to buy the things that society
+should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't have access to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it that way is that there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that way is that there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that way is that there's also
+some time just basic needs you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time just basic needs you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time just basic needs you know just
+you know generations of this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know generations of this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know generations of this type of
+behavior are just their family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior are just their family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior are just their family
+generations who don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my car and cars on credit even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my car and cars on credit even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my car and cars on credit even though
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+just have this homepage this play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this homepage this play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this homepage this play with
+it you know they stole the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know they stole the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know they stole the car
+do you have that and you have people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have that and you have people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have that and you have people who
+don't have fancy cars who are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have fancy cars who are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have fancy cars who are just
+basically trying to to get the money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to to get the money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to to get the money to
+buy Wonder Bread and walk in to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Wonder Bread and walk in to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Wonder Bread and walk in to commit
+the crime to get the money to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crime to get the money to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crime to get the money to buy the
+one of it so you know I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it so you know I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it so you know I'm just trying to
+show the balance between what I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the balance between what I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the balance between what I've seen
+in my world that while we popularize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my world that while we popularize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my world that while we popularize you
+know the notion of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the notion of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the notion of having the
+bling-bling so so there's so to speak on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bling-bling so so there's so to speak on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bling-bling so so there's so to speak on
+the other hand you also have those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you also have those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you also have those who
+just don't have anything and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have anything and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have anything and so there's
+they're attempting here they're engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're attempting here they're engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're attempting here they're engaged
+and coming back to it just to get basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+she asked him the first solo they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked him the first solo they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked him the first solo they what
+you're saying that if they had all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that if they had all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that if they had all the
+material needs fulfilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material needs fulfilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material needs fulfilled
+they wouldn't commit any crime now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't commit any crime now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't commit any crime now I
+don't think that we can actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that we can actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that we can actually make
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+as a glaring assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at in my work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in my work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in my work from
+dungeon the vast majority of farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dungeon the vast majority of farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dungeon the vast majority of farms
+related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+them okay okay I think you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay okay I think you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay okay I think you would not
+need to go forward at we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go forward at we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go forward at we
+to each point the answer should be brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each point the answer should be brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each point the answer should be brief
+and the the question should be brief in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the question should be brief in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the question should be brief in
+the answer brief okay we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer brief okay we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer brief okay we have two
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+you after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will hopefully reduce that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will hopefully reduce that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will hopefully reduce that part of
+the percentage it's not going to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage it's not going to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage it's not going to resolve
+all the percentage or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the percentage or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the percentage or whatever
+type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+the type of crime that is caused by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of crime that is caused by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of crime that is caused by you
+know a need for basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay thank you
+kill my do you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I won a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won a part of
+discriminating themselves of in only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating themselves of in only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating themselves of in only
+it's almost like well we are black that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like well we are black that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like well we are black that
+like I see a lot of issues with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see a lot of issues with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see a lot of issues with like a
+black pitch and now a black gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black pitch and now a black gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black pitch and now a black gathering
+and blackness where it's almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blackness where it's almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blackness where it's almost like the
+separation itself and and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation itself and and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation itself and and I think the
+kids at some point like growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids at some point like growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids at some point like growing up
+seeing I'm black and I this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing I'm black and I this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing I'm black and I this is my
+reality I set up looking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I set up looking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I set up looking a little
+selfish as a person who lives in the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish as a person who lives in the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish as a person who lives in the you
+know I feel like the Internet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I feel like the Internet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I feel like the Internet and the
+black because we grew up I'm black I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black because we grew up I'm black I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black because we grew up I'm black I'm
+Tom pursue it there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom pursue it there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom pursue it there's a lot of
+discrimination in pursuit as well but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination in pursuit as well but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination in pursuit as well but I
+never seen as much because I'm black you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen as much because I'm black you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen as much because I'm black you
+know and I hear it's almost like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I hear it's almost like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I hear it's almost like you
+have to know you're black and I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know you're black and I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know you're black and I'm like
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+community and also the language and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and also the language and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and also the language and the
+continent stuff of understand being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent stuff of understand being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent stuff of understand being
+black not is okay but but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black not is okay but but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black not is okay but but it's the
+father I always think I'm better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father I always think I'm better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father I always think I'm better because
+I look better because my you know see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look better because my you know see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look better because my you know see
+the violence of the community are set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violence of the community are set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violence of the community are set up
+the prosecutor I think it's too much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prosecutor I think it's too much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prosecutor I think it's too much of
+the problems I said of the bodies okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems I said of the bodies okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems I said of the bodies okay I
+don't think that makes sense okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that makes sense okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that makes sense okay yes
+do you want to answer you can say yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to answer you can say yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to answer you can say yes or
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay she she's stating an assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she she's stating an assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she she's stating an assumption is
+trying she's tried to verify if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying she's tried to verify if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying she's tried to verify if you
+agree or not with this assumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree or not with this assumption okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree or not with this assumption okay
+this is the the the sense of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the the sense of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the the sense of care
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay thank you very much the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you very much the last one
+very brief please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materials you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you know
+because it's just materials materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just materials materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just materials materials
+you see that people are able to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that people are able to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that people are able to either
+buy anything because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy anything because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy anything because
+psychology also says that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology also says that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology also says that you know the
+material said people have something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material said people have something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material said people have something to
+eat people have told people have sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat people have told people have sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat people have told people have sharper
+actually it's also connected to a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's also connected to a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's also connected to a sense
+of person would the sense of self-esteem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person would the sense of self-esteem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person would the sense of self-esteem
+right though since the fact which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though since the fact which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though since the fact which are
+able to provide for yourself you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to provide for yourself you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to provide for yourself you can
+achieve like you know feed your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve like you know feed your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve like you know feed your children
+feed yourself and all that it does it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed yourself and all that it does it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed yourself and all that it does it's
+not something that's just materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's just materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that's just materials
+materials that people you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that people you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that people you know it's it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's easy stating here assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's easy stating here assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's easy stating here assumption
+okay okay okay yeah thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my evaluation is that the exercise work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my evaluation is that the exercise work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my evaluation is that the exercise work
+it okay well not easy for us we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay well not easy for us we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay well not easy for us we are we
+our time is over okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time is over okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time is over okay
+tomorrow we will have a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we will have a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we will have a brief
+conversation about this and I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about this and I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about this and I'm sure
+that the Claudia wants to make a lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Claudia wants to make a lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Claudia wants to make a lace
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow because our know you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow because our know you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow because our know you if you
+have something to say today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get people you had your identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people you had your identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people you had your identifying
+if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to maintain the mind at the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the mind at the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the mind at the cognitive
+level okay always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay always
+not trying to get to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to get to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to get to two
+to go forward in the discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go forward in the discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go forward in the discussion of the
+issue itself but trying to discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue itself but trying to discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue itself but trying to discover the
+thinking of the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of the other person
+this is our exercise and it worked well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A4-kg_F34qc.txt b/A4-kg_F34qc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f6315ad266d28cd76cb5f9666f2e3f19e43180f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A4-kg_F34qc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a problem the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a problem the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a problem the general
+perturbation theory again and States but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory again and States but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory again and States but
+this time the degeneracy is not broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the degeneracy is not broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the degeneracy is not broken
+so degeneracy not lifted at first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so degeneracy not lifted at first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so degeneracy not lifted at first order
+or surprisingly this subject as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or surprisingly this subject as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or surprisingly this subject as you can
+see you have to do things with care it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you have to do things with care it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you have to do things with care it's
+not in any of the textbooks that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in any of the textbooks that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in any of the textbooks that I know
+in fact I don't know of any place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I don't know of any place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I don't know of any place where
+it is discussed in detail or even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is discussed in detail or even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is discussed in detail or even though
+this result is pretty useful and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result is pretty useful and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result is pretty useful and you
+need it and I think people improvise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it and I think people improvise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it and I think people improvise
+when they do this even this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do this even this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do this even this discussion
+that we did here is not in any of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did here is not in any of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did here is not in any of your
+textbooks in Sakurai they advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks in Sakurai they advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks in Sakurai they advanced
+quantum mechanics there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics there's some
+discussion and mentions this factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and mentions this factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and mentions this factor and
+how subtle it is but doesn't quite do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how subtle it is but doesn't quite do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how subtle it is but doesn't quite do
+everything till the bitter end this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything till the bitter end this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything till the bitter end this case
+is harder this is simple compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is harder this is simple compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is harder this is simple compared to
+what we're gonna do now but we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna do now but we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna do now but we're gonna
+sketch it so that you see the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch it so that you see the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch it so that you see the picture
+we're gonna do everything but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do everything but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do everything but we're
+going to try to keep the picture clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to keep the picture clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to keep the picture clear
+because it gets sophisticated so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets sophisticated so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets sophisticated so what's
+the situation that is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation that is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation that is happening
+physically you have lambda here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically you have lambda here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically you have lambda here and you
+have the state and two first-order they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the state and two first-order they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the state and two first-order they
+don't split so therefore state and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't split so therefore state and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't split so therefore state and what
+we will assume is that to first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assume is that to first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assume is that to first-order
+they don't split so they sort of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't split so they sort of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't split so they sort of come
+together and then to second-order they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then to second-order they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then to second-order they
+will split we will assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split we will assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split we will assume that the
+second-order they will split if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order they will split if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order they will split if they
+don't split the second-order the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't split the second-order the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't split the second-order the things
+get complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get complicated
+I actually curious about that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually curious about that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually curious about that but I
+don't know if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if any
+physics example that they don't split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics example that they don't split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics example that they don't split
+the first nor to second order you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first nor to second order you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first nor to second order you will
+have in the homework things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the homework things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the homework things that don't
+split to first order that really happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split to first order that really happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split to first order that really happens
+often then to second order if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often then to second order if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often then to second order if you have
+four states and then split means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four states and then split means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four states and then split means that
+the second order they don't do like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order they don't do like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order they don't do like this
+and you'll start looking like that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll start looking like that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll start looking like that maybe
+something like that so the slope is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so the slope is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so the slope is the
+same to begin with but then they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to begin with but then they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to begin with but then they split
+okay so the generous e not lifted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the generous e not lifted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the generous e not lifted at
+first order so what is the problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order so what is the problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order so what is the problem here
+that the degeneracy is not lifted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the degeneracy is not lifted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the degeneracy is not lifted to
+first order the problem is physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order the problem is physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order the problem is physically
+that this concept of a good basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this concept of a good basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this concept of a good basis that
+basis that corresponds to the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that corresponds to the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that corresponds to the continuous
+changing eigenstates you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing eigenstates you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing eigenstates you did the
+perturbation theory the first order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory the first order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory the first order and
+you still don't know what is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still don't know what is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still don't know what is the good
+basis because the good basis is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because the good basis is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because the good basis is the one
+that the states change continuously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states change continuously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states change continuously so
+suppose that you know we had an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you know we had an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you know we had an example
+where we had in two dimensions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had in two dimensions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had in two dimensions the
+conventional eigenstates 1 0 and 0 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional eigenstates 1 0 and 0 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional eigenstates 1 0 and 0 1 but
+the good basis was the 1 1 and 1 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good basis was the 1 1 and 1 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good basis was the 1 1 and 1 minus 1
+and you say all did they jump but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say all did they jump but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say all did they jump but you
+have to choose the right basis you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose the right basis you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose the right basis you do
+first order degenerate perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order degenerate perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order degenerate perturbation
+theory and if the state split you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and if the state split you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and if the state split you have
+the good basis but if they don't split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good basis but if they don't split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good basis but if they don't split
+you'll have no idea what is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have no idea what is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have no idea what is the good
+basis so in that sense is you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so in that sense is you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so in that sense is you're trying
+to go high because you did first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go high because you did first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go high because you did first order
+now you have to go to second order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to go to second order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to go to second order of
+perturbation theory to see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to see if you can
+find what the good basis is so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the good basis is so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the good basis is so we will
+have to diagonalize something to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagonalize something to second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagonalize something to second
+order to find the good basis and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find the good basis and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find the good basis and once
+you have the good basis you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the good basis you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the good basis you sort of have
+to start from the beginning now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from the beginning now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from the beginning now I have a
+good basis let's do the nice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good basis let's do the nice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good basis let's do the nice the
+perturbation theory nicely so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory nicely so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory nicely so if the
+degeneracy not broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broken degeneracy we have that n 0 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken degeneracy we have that n 0 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken degeneracy we have that n 0 K
+Delta H and 0 L is em1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and 0 L is em1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and 0 L is em1
+Delta K L it is diagonal still you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K L it is diagonal still you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K L it is diagonal still you do
+have a basis that diagonalizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a basis that diagonalizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a basis that diagonalizes the
+perturbation it's still done generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation it's still done generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation it's still done generalize
+it but once you diagonalize it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but once you diagonalize it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but once you diagonalize it all the
+eigen values are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values are the same
+there's no account for M L here all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no account for M L here all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no account for M L here all of
+them are the same so what is the catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are the same so what is the catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are the same so what is the catch
+the catch is that you now need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catch is that you now need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catch is that you now need to find
+good eigenstates so what is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good eigenstates so what is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good eigenstates so what is the good
+basis good basis will write it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis good basis will write it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis good basis will write it in the
+following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way
+I will form linear combinations k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will form linear combinations k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will form linear combinations k equal
+1 to n of the n 0 k and i will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n of the n 0 k and i will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n of the n 0 k and i will put
+coefficients a k 0 here and i will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a k 0 here and i will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a k 0 here and i will say
+look if you give me some coefficients a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if you give me some coefficients a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if you give me some coefficients a
+k 0 i know how to superimpose now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 i know how to superimpose now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 i know how to superimpose now the
+capital n states and let's hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n states and let's hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n states and let's hope that
+that's one good basis vector you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one good basis vector you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one good basis vector you know
+I've written one good basis vector if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written one good basis vector if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written one good basis vector if a
+k it's a column vector of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k it's a column vector of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k it's a column vector of numbers
+it gives me what is the superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me what is the superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me what is the superposition of
+those degenerate states that makes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those degenerate states that makes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those degenerate states that makes one
+vector so I'll call this a vector size 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think of this a K naught as unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think of this a K naught as unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think of this a K naught as unknown
+numbers unknown vector that specifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a good state and moreover if I do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good state and moreover if I do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good state and moreover if I do things
+right I should calculate these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I should calculate these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I should calculate these things
+and I should find that my equations end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should find that my equations end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should find that my equations end
+up giving me capital n of those good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up giving me capital n of those good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up giving me capital n of those good
+vectors you see if I specify a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you see if I specify a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you see if I specify a column
+vector of constants here I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of constants here I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of constants here I get one
+vector here a linear superposition but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here a linear superposition but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here a linear superposition but I
+should get n linear superpositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get n linear superpositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get n linear superpositions
+because at the end of the day there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end of the day there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end of the day there has
+to be an good vectors in that basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an good vectors in that basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an good vectors in that basis so
+in some sense I hope for four and a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense I hope for four and a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense I hope for four and a zero
+with an index I okay with I going from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an index I okay with I going from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an index I okay with I going from 1
+to N in which this by varying I provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N in which this by varying I provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N in which this by varying I provides
+me K capital n column vectors each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me K capital n column vectors each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me K capital n column vectors each one
+of which gives me a state so this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which gives me a state so this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which gives me a state so this gives
+me one state if I had n capital n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one state if I had n capital n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one state if I had n capital n of
+those coefficients I would get n state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients I would get n state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients I would get n state
+so that's my hope so suppose we get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my hope so suppose we get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my hope so suppose we get one
+of those good states how should it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those good states how should it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those good states how should it look
+in perturbation theory well the states I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perturbation theory well the states I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perturbation theory well the states I
+lambda is gonna be the state's I zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is gonna be the state's I zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is gonna be the state's I zero
+that in fact the zeroth order state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact the zeroth order state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact the zeroth order state we
+don't know those coefficients that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know those coefficients that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know those coefficients that our
+ignorance about the zeroth order states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance about the zeroth order states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance about the zeroth order states
+now size 0 + lambda sy 1 + and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now size 0 + lambda sy 1 + and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now size 0 + lambda sy 1 + and the
+energies e n lambda is e m 0 the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies e n lambda is e m 0 the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies e n lambda is e m 0 the 0
+energy plus the first order energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus the first order energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus the first order energy
+correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+plus the second order energy correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second order energy correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second order energy correction
+z' and from this the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z' and from this the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z' and from this the Schrodinger
+equation that as usual says that H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that as usual says that H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that as usual says that H of
+lambda sy of lambda is equal to e n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda sy of lambda is equal to e n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda sy of lambda is equal to e n of
+lambda sy of lambda gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda sy of lambda gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda sy of lambda gives you this
+equation that by now you're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that by now you're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that by now you're pretty
+familiar and will need a couple of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and will need a couple of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and will need a couple of them
+so I'll write them again to order lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write them again to order lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write them again to order lambda
+0 you get H 0 minus e and 0 on sy 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 you get H 0 minus e and 0 on sy 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 you get H 0 minus e and 0 on sy 0
+equals 0 that's a trivial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 that's a trivial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 that's a trivial equation
+because sy 0 is made up of states all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sy 0 is made up of states all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sy 0 is made up of states all of
+which have energy e and 0 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have energy e and 0 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have energy e and 0 so that's
+always a trivial equation then to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a trivial equation then to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a trivial equation then to order
+lambda you have h 0 minus e and 0 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda you have h 0 minus e and 0 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda you have h 0 minus e and 0 on the
+first date we've done this already a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date we've done this already a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date we've done this already a few
+times so sure you don't have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so sure you don't have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so sure you don't have trouble
+believing this and do order lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing this and do order lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing this and do order lambda
+squared the last one that I'll write e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the last one that I'll write e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the last one that I'll write e
+and 0 sy 2 is equal to e and 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 sy 2 is equal to e and 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 sy 2 is equal to e and 1 minus
+delta h sy 1 plus e n to size 0 ok kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta h sy 1 plus e n to size 0 ok kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta h sy 1 plus e n to size 0 ok kind
+of tired of writing these equations ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tired of writing these equations ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tired of writing these equations ok
+so let's see what we should do so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what we should do so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what we should do so we can
+start calculating things and the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start calculating things and the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start calculating things and the way I'm
+gonna do it for the benefit of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it for the benefit of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it for the benefit of time is
+that I will indicate the steps and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will indicate the steps and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will indicate the steps and what
+you do and skip the algebra it will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and skip the algebra it will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and skip the algebra it will all
+be in the notes and in fact the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the notes and in fact the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the notes and in fact the whole
+calculation will if you want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will if you want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will if you want to go to
+the very end of it and exploit it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of it and exploit it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of it and exploit it to a
+maximum there's lots of things one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum there's lots of things one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum there's lots of things one can
+do and some of that will be left for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and some of that will be left for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and some of that will be left for
+homework so our idea here is to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so our idea here is to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so our idea here is to give you
+the roadmap and for you to see how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roadmap and for you to see how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roadmap and for you to see how we're
+doing things so let me see here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things so let me see here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things so let me see here we can
+do a few things with these equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a few things with these equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a few things with these equations so
+first equation is trivial so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation is trivial so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation is trivial so we don't
+bother with it and the second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's kind of interesting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of interesting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of interesting to see
+what it does we can find from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does we can find from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does we can find from this
+equation a confirmation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a confirmation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a confirmation of what
+first-order perturbation Theory does if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order perturbation Theory does if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order perturbation Theory does if
+we inject here one of the states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we inject here one of the states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we inject here one of the states in
+capital VN those n 0 else you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital VN those n 0 else you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital VN those n 0 else you get the
+statement again that Delta H should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement again that Delta H should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement again that Delta H should
+diagonalize the perturbation so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the perturbation so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the perturbation so I think
+I'll skip that we'll discuss it in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip that we'll discuss it in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip that we'll discuss it in now
+in the notes but let's do the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes but let's do the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes but let's do the case when
+this equation gives something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation gives something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation gives something
+non-trivial so let's calculate P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial so let's calculate P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial so let's calculate P
+acting on the order lambda equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the order lambda equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the order lambda equation so
+when we had n 0 L say on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had n 0 L say on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had n 0 L say on the order
+lambda equation that is kind of familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equation that is kind of familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equation that is kind of familiar
+we've already done it a few times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done it a few times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done it a few times so
+I'll skip it but let's do there P acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip it but let's do there P acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll skip it but let's do there P acting
+on this equation so p0 h 0 minus e m 0 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this equation so p0 h 0 minus e m 0 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this equation so p0 h 0 minus e m 0 x
+sy 1 is equal to p0 e and 1 minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy 1 is equal to p0 e and 1 minus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy 1 is equal to p0 e and 1 minus delta
+h sy 0 H 0 is known from Italian this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h sy 0 H 0 is known from Italian this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h sy 0 H 0 is known from Italian this we
+know the energy so this gives you a p0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy so this gives you a p0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy so this gives you a p0
+minus e and 0 on p 0 sy 1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is a state in v hat and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a state in v hat and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a state in v hat and this is a
+stated that the generate subspace will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated that the generate subspace will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated that the generate subspace will
+route it up there that's our answers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route it up there that's our answers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route it up there that's our answers we
+don't know even the zeroth order States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know even the zeroth order States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know even the zeroth order States
+that's our problem but this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our problem but this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our problem but this term is
+orthogonal to that so across the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to that so across the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to that so across the number
+it gives us 0 on the other hand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us 0 on the other hand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us 0 on the other hand here
+what do we get we get minus the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get we get minus the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get we get minus the sum
+think of this state being the sum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this state being the sum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this state being the sum that
+we wrote in the previous thing the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote in the previous thing the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote in the previous thing the sum
+from k equal 1 to n Delta H P NK is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equal 1 to n Delta H P NK is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equal 1 to n Delta H P NK is 0
+okay I've substituted this formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've substituted this formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've substituted this formula for
+the states I zero in there and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states I zero in there and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states I zero in there and now we
+have computed this overlaps because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computed this overlaps because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computed this overlaps because this
+is in principle known in terms of a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in principle known in terms of a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in principle known in terms of a zero
+and now we have this constants this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have this constants this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have this constants this
+overlaps of the states outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps of the states outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps of the states outside the
+degenerate space with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate space with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate space with the first
+correction and this part so I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and this part so I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and this part so I'll write
+it this way sy one of V hat is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way sy one of V hat is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way sy one of V hat is equal to
+P a p1 p0 and what is this a p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's those coefficients we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's those coefficients we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's those coefficients we're trying to
+find here so this is the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find here so this is the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find here so this is the component of
+Taiwan along p0 so that component should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan along p0 so that component should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan along p0 so that component should
+go here and therefore it's minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here and therefore it's minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here and therefore it's minus one
+over e P minus e n zeros old and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e P minus e n zeros old and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e P minus e n zeros old and here we
+have sum from k equals 1 to N Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sum from k equals 1 to N Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sum from k equals 1 to N Delta H
+and H P and K a k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're pretty close to her though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're pretty close to her though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're pretty close to her though
+believe it or not so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not so what have we
+achieved let's let's see again where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved let's let's see again where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved let's let's see again where we
+are we have no idea what are the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we have no idea what are the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we have no idea what are the good
+state so we introduced a 0 a 0 parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so we introduced a 0 a 0 parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so we introduced a 0 a 0 parameter
+eise's our ignorance of the good states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eise's our ignorance of the good states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eise's our ignorance of the good states
+so we know however that the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know however that the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know however that the first order
+correction doesn't lift the degeneracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction doesn't lift the degeneracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction doesn't lift the degeneracy
+and therefore I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I don't have to
+recalculate that from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate that from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate that from the second
+equation I just find the piece of sy1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I just find the piece of sy1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I just find the piece of sy1
+that is also determined from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also determined from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also determined from that
+equation and now we've done completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and now we've done completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and now we've done completely
+the first order equation and what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order equation and what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order equation and what did we
+learn we learned that the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn we learned that the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn we learned that the first order
+correction to the state is known if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the state is known if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the state is known if I
+know the good basis because all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the good basis because all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the good basis because all this
+first order correction to the states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correction to the states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correction to the states in
+the outside subspace in the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside subspace in the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside subspace in the rest of the
+is the term and if I know the AZ Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the term and if I know the AZ Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the term and if I know the AZ Rose
+but I don't know there is 0 so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know there is 0 so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know there is 0 so we are
+calculating the face but we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the face but we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the face but we have not
+solved our problem but we run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved our problem but we run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved our problem but we run out of
+equations with the order lambda we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with the order lambda we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with the order lambda we've
+finished no more lambda equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished no more lambda equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished no more lambda equation so we
+have to look into this equation now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BKsi-Khu7Bs.txt b/BKsi-Khu7Bs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79905f7d92b4ba1ab4f2b09c6039d483d475aafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BKsi-Khu7Bs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Hello.
+
+This week we'll be discussing
+the application of analytics
+
+into very different
+areas-- the Supreme Court
+
+and health care cost prediction.
+
+In the first lecture,
+we'll discuss
+
+how the decisions of the
+United States Supreme Court
+
+can be predicted before the
+case even gets to the court.
+
+In the second lecture,
+we'll discuss the story
+
+of D2Hawkeye, a medical
+data-mining company I have been
+
+involved with for
+several years that
+
+use analytics to gain an edge.
+
+Through these examples,
+we'll introduce the method
+
+of classification and regression
+trees, a very interpretable
+
+analytics method.
+
+Let's get started.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BWvjy0a1Ffg.txt b/BWvjy0a1Ffg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82650ee22c345e81ef6b94335a860ce0fb2331bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BWvjy0a1Ffg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this here is just to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is just to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is just to make sure that
+you at the right place. This is uh 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the right place. This is uh 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the right place. This is uh 18
+100B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100B
+or uh 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh 18
+uh 0 uh 100 uh and two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 uh 100 uh and two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 uh 100 uh and two.
+Um and my name is Toby. So Toby coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh by so we will be uh recorded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh by so we will be uh recorded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh by so we will be uh recorded uh
+and the video from the lecture will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the video from the lecture will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the video from the lecture will be
+posted online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted online
+uh and I will also write uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I will also write uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I will also write uh lecture
+notes. I hope you appreciate it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. I hope you appreciate it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. I hope you appreciate it because
+it I wrote the first one. It actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wrote the first one. It actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wrote the first one. It actually
+took me quite a long time. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me quite a long time. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me quite a long time. I don't
+typically uh type the lecture notes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh type the lecture notes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh type the lecture notes but
+I will do this for this class. Um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will do this for this class. Um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will do this for this class. Um and I
+also wanted to just give you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to just give you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to just give you an idea of
+the structure. First of all, this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure. First of all, this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure. First of all, this is one
+of the most important math classes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important math classes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important math classes at
+MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.
+Uh and I'll tell you in a minute why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and I'll tell you in a minute why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and I'll tell you in a minute why it
+is important. And of course I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important. And of course I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important. And of course I think that
+being one of the most important math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one of the most important math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one of the most important math
+classes is one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes is one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes is one of the most important
+classes period. uh but um right but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes period. uh but um right but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes period. uh but um right but so
+just to give you an idea of what's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea of what's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea of what's uh
+the what will be expected from the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what will be expected from the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what will be expected from the class
+so there would be uh 10 weekly homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the first one
+the first one uh will be due it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one uh will be due it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one uh will be due it won't be
+due next week it will probably be due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due next week it will probably be due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due next week it will probably be due
+the week after next week and the and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week after next week and the and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week after next week and the and in
+part it just allow you to kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it just allow you to kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it just allow you to kind of get
+settle in a bit. But also um I'm waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle in a bit. But also um I'm waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle in a bit. But also um I'm waiting
+for somebody else to assign the TA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody else to assign the TA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody else to assign the TA and
+the graders. So it will be I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graders. So it will be I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graders. So it will be I think it
+will be at least one graduate TA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at least one graduate TA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at least one graduate TA and
+there will be some undergraduate uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some undergraduate uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some undergraduate uh uh
+TAs and then there will also probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAs and then there will also probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAs and then there will also probably be
+some graders and uh and most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graders and uh and most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graders and uh and most of these
+including myself will have office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself will have office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself will have office hours
+also. So it'll be 10 weekly weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also. So it'll be 10 weekly weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also. So it'll be 10 weekly weekly
+homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework.
+There will be a midterm. So one midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one final.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one final.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one final.
+And the midterm is on March 20th.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the midterm is on March 20th.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the midterm is on March 20th.
+And the the final u is uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the final u is uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the final u is uh I don't know
+when it is. it's uh I'm not the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is. it's uh I'm not the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is. it's uh I'm not the one that
+is uh deciding the date and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh deciding the date and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh deciding the date and it would be
+a while before we know what date that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while before we know what date that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while before we know what date that
+will be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be.
+And so and in terms of the grade uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so and in terms of the grade uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so and in terms of the grade uh the
+homework will count for 50% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework will count for 50% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework will count for 50% of your
+grades. Uh midterm will count for 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades. Uh midterm will count for 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades. Uh midterm will count for 20%
+and the final for 30%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final for 30%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final for 30%.
+And you can see all this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see all this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see all this information
+about this uh in there's a syllabus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh in there's a syllabus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh in there's a syllabus and
+a course information posted uh in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course information posted uh in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course information posted uh in on the
+Canvas. So right so make sure to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas. So right so make sure to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas. So right so make sure to check
+out the Canvas site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the class and there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class and there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class and there's also the
+information about the book and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the book and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the book and also the
+lecture notes will be posted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes will be posted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes will be posted on the
+Canvas site. The lecture notes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas site. The lecture notes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas site. The lecture notes I think
+will probably be posted on the files. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably be posted on the files. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably be posted on the files. So
+lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh will be posted under files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one other thing is that uh that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one other thing is that uh that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one other thing is that uh that I
+have activated what's called pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have activated what's called pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have activated what's called pet
+partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So you are encouraged to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So you are encouraged to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So you are encouraged to uh to
+work with other people on the pets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with other people on the pets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with other people on the pets but
+you have everybody have to hand in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have everybody have to hand in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have everybody have to hand in their
+own pets. Okay. Uh and and pet partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own pets. Okay. Uh and and pet partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own pets. Okay. Uh and and pet partners
+is a way of finding uh other people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of finding uh other people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of finding uh other people uh
+to work with. I mean of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with. I mean of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with. I mean of course you can
+do it another way but but this is a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it another way but but this is a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it another way but but this is a tool
+that is used in in a lot of classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I think this sort of covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think this sort of covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think this sort of covered the
+basic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic information
+and so the class here is so um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the class here is so um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the class here is so um the the
+the two key topics for this class is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two key topics for this class is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two key topics for this class is so
+key topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is uh one is to uh you will learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh one is to uh you will learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh one is to uh you will learn how
+to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write
+uh a mathematical proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what does it mean to to to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does it mean to to to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does it mean to to to write
+something so that it's kind of ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that it's kind of ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that it's kind of ma
+mathematically rigorous and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically rigorous and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically rigorous and the second
+thing that you will learn is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you will learn is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you will learn is how to
+prove themsel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+that suppose you have a function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose you have a function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose you have a function.
+So suppose you have some interval. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have some interval. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have some interval. So a
+and b are real numbers and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are real numbers and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are real numbers and you have a
+function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f
+defined on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on this interval
+and they take real values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take real values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take real values
+and so here you have the interval here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here you have the interval here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here you have the interval here a
+here's b and assume that the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's b and assume that the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's b and assume that the value at
+let's say that the value at a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the value at a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the value at a is
+negative and the value at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the value at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the value at the other end
+point b is positive right so you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point b is positive right so you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point b is positive right so you have so
+if You sort of were drawing the graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You sort of were drawing the graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You sort of were drawing the graph.
+Here you have a maybe here you have b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you have a maybe here you have b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you have a maybe here you have b
+and then the function initially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the function initially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the function initially is
+negative and it end up being positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and it end up being positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and it end up being positive.
+So this is f of a here you have f of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is f of a here you have f of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is f of a here you have f of b
+and then this function here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this function here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this function here is
+continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the function sort of looks maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the function sort of looks maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the function sort of looks maybe like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so f is continuous. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so f is continuous. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so f is continuous. So the
+intermediate value theorem say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value theorem say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value theorem say
+so there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it say the following that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say the following that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say the following that if you have a
+continuous function on an interval then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on an interval then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on an interval then
+it takes all values in between. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes all values in between. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes all values in between. Right?
+So the intermediate var say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the intermediate var say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the intermediate var say in
+particular that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a c and the c here is between a and b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c and the c here is between a and b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c and the c here is between a and b.
+So that the value of the function at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the value of the function at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the value of the function at c
+is zero right because the function start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero right because the function start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero right because the function start
+off negative and it end positive. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off negative and it end positive. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off negative and it end positive. So
+there must be somewhere in between where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be somewhere in between where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be somewhere in between where
+it hits zero. Right? That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hits zero. Right? That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hits zero. Right? That's the
+intermediate value. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value. Right?
+But now the question is then how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now the question is then how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now the question is then how do we
+make this into right? So and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this into right? So and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this into right? So and and it's
+kind of obvious. It's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious. It's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious. It's sort of
+intuitively obvious that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively obvious that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively obvious that if you take a
+function, right? Continuous just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? Continuous just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? Continuous just means
+continuous means um something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous means um something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous means um something like that.
+If you were drawing the graph then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you were drawing the graph then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you were drawing the graph then and
+you have this like piece of chalk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this like piece of chalk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this like piece of chalk here
+then then as you're drawing the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then as you're drawing the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then as you're drawing the graph
+the chalk is not allowed to leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chalk is not allowed to leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chalk is not allowed to leave the
+paper, right? It can't have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, right? It can't have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, right? It can't have a function
+like this here that sort of jumps. So go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here that sort of jumps. So go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here that sort of jumps. So go
+like this and then you jumps like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then you jumps like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then you jumps like this.
+That's not continuous. Right? This here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not continuous. Right? This here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not continuous. Right? This here
+is not continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So continuous function is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So continuous function is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So continuous function is like
+that you have to when you draw it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to when you draw it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to when you draw it it's
+like in one motion the chalk doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in one motion the chalk doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in one motion the chalk doesn't
+leave the the blackboard. Right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the the blackboard. Right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the the blackboard. Right? And so
+it seems obvious that there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems obvious that there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems obvious that there should be
+some point in between where the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in between where the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in between where the value
+where you're crossing this axis here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're crossing this axis here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're crossing this axis here.
+But how do we make this into a rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how do we make this into a rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how do we make this into a rigorous
+proof? Right? And what is the property?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof? Right? And what is the property?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof? Right? And what is the property?
+Right? So how do we make this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So how do we make this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So how do we make this into a
+proof?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof?
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into a proof,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And this is not just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this is not just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this is not just sort of a
+semantic question. It's not just a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic question. It's not just a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic question. It's not just a sort
+of crazy question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy question.
+Maybe in this case it sort of seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe in this case it sort of seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe in this case it sort of seemed
+clear but very quickly if if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but very quickly if if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but very quickly if if your
+foundation is not totally rigorous then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation is not totally rigorous then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation is not totally rigorous then
+you get into something where it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into something where it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into something where it seems to
+be the case but it might not be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case but it might not be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case but it might not be the case
+right and it's also very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's also very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's also very difficult to
+then you know it's quickly that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know it's quickly that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know it's quickly that's where
+you arrive and you also quickly arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you arrive and you also quickly arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you arrive and you also quickly arrive
+to that you don't even know whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you don't even know whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you don't even know whether it
+should be the case or not right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the case or not right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the case or not right and so
+it's really important to kind of build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to kind of build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to kind of build
+things up step for step where each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up step for step where each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up step for step where each step
+is totally rigorous and you um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally rigorous and you um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally rigorous and you um right
+because it it's it not only uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's it not only uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's it not only uh you know
+for sure that things are right but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that things are right but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that things are right but it
+also makes it much easier to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also makes it much easier to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also makes it much easier to predict
+what should be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be true
+and so in order to to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in order to to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in order to to understand
+uh why there should be some uh c between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why there should be some uh c between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why there should be some uh c between
+uh a and b where the value is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a and b where the value is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a and b where the value is zero.
+it immediately it's the first thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it immediately it's the first thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it immediately it's the first thing the
+first question that arises what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question that arises what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question that arises what are you
+using what property do we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what property do we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what property do we need to make
+this into a proof what property do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a proof what property do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a proof what property do we
+need of the real numbers right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need of the real numbers right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need of the real numbers right so this
+is like the first question that arise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the first question that arise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the first question that arise so
+what property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh are we using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the real numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And so in fact, what is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in fact, what is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in fact, what is the real
+numbers, right? So what are the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, right? So what are the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, right? So what are the real
+numbers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and and so the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and and so the thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and and so the thing is that
+in particular you what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you what you know
+what is square root of of two. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is square root of of two. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is square root of of two. So what
+is square root of two?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square root of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And is that a real number?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And is that a real number?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And is that a real number?
+Is square root of two a real number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So those are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So those are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So those are some of the
+questions that you immediately get to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you immediately get to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you immediately get to.
+And so now but so the answer to what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now but so the answer to what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now but so the answer to what are
+the properties that you're using of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that you're using of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that you're using of the
+real numbers. So the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. So the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. So the answer to this
+question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here
+is is the following. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the following. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the following. And
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the answer to this question is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer to this question is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer to this question is so
+what are the property of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the property of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the property of the real
+numbers that you're using?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you're using?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you're using?
+So the answer to that is the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that we that the real number so r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we that the real number so r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we that the real number so r
+is a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rational numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rational numbers Q and denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers Q and denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers Q and denote the
+rational numbers by Q and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers by Q and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers by Q and the real
+numbers by capital R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers by capital R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers by capital R.
+So that is the to in order to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is the to in order to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is the to in order to make this
+proof this this proof of the the to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof this this proof of the the to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof this this proof of the the to to
+make this the intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this the intermediate value theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this the intermediate value theorem
+this property that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property that if you have a
+interval from a to b you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from a to b you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from a to b you have a
+continuous function on that interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on that interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on that interval and
+it start off negative and it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start off negative and it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start off negative and it ends
+positive that then there is some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that then there is some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that then there is some value
+in between where zero is achieved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between where zero is achieved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between where zero is achieved in
+order to make that rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make that rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make that rigorous
+what you're using about the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're using about the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're using about the real numbers
+is that is complete ordered field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is complete ordered field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is complete ordered field that
+contains a rising number. So we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a rising number. So we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a rising number. So we need to
+understand what this here means right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this here means right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what this here means right
+and I will I will in this lecture here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will I will in this lecture here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will I will in this lecture here I
+will not explain complete I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not explain complete I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not explain complete I'll do that
+at a later lecture but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a later lecture but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a later lecture but we will
+understand the rest of of of of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rest of of of of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rest of of of of what is
+in what what are these properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what what are these properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what what are these properties that
+we're using. So just first some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using. So just first some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using. So just first some
+notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation.
+So first some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first some notation
+the natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the natural numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the natural numbers.
+So the natural numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the natural numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the natural numbers here
+and this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is
+one two three four five etc. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five etc. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five etc. Right? So
+these are the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integers.
+So two uh set here these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So two uh set here these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So two uh set here these are the
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the integers are simply the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integers are simply the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integers are simply the natural
+numbers but then it also allow them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but then it also allow them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but then it also allow them to
+be negative and it also includes zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative and it also includes zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative and it also includes zero.
+So this is 0 plus or minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 0 plus or minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 0 plus or minus1
+plus and minus 2 plus and minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus 2 plus and minus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus 2 plus and minus three
+etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc.
+These are the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the integers
+the rational numbers are then so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers are then so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers are then so the
+rational numbers Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are numbers of the form m / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are numbers of the form m / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are numbers of the form m / n
+where m here is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m here is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m here is an integer
+and n here sorry yeah m is a integer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n here sorry yeah m is a integer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n here sorry yeah m is a integer and
+n here is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rational number
+and so now what are the properties right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now what are the properties right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now what are the properties right
+so in order so we're building up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order so we're building up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order so we're building up to
+trying to understand what property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what property of
+the real numbers is. But let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers is. But let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers is. But let's try to
+somehow understand a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow understand a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow understand a little bit better
+what are the property that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the property that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the property that we really
+have about the rational numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the rational numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the rational numbers.
+So for rational numbers we have right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for rational numbers we have right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for rational numbers we have right so
+we write a rational number as a quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write a rational number as a quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write a rational number as a quotient
+like that right but of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right but of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right but of course there are
+many ways that you can write a quotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways that you can write a quotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways that you can write a quotion
+right so so property of the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so property of the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so property of the rational
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so We write it as a quotion like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so We write it as a quotion like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so We write it as a quotion like this.
+But this is not uniquely defined. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is not uniquely defined. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is not uniquely defined. Right?
+There are you know if you take a quotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are you know if you take a quotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are you know if you take a quotion
+like this you you think that this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you you think that this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you you think that this here
+is equal to another quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to another quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to another quotient
+right? Again, sorry. Again, m1 and m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Again, sorry. Again, m1 and m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Again, sorry. Again, m1 and m2
+are integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integers
+and n1 and n2 are natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n1 and n2 are natural numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n1 and n2 are natural numbers.
+Two quotients are the same, right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two quotients are the same, right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two quotients are the same, right? If
+and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if
+right that if you multiply this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if you multiply this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if you multiply this over
+here and this over there, then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this over there, then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this over there, then those
+numbers are the same. So m_sub_1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are the same. So m_sub_1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are the same. So m_sub_1 *
+n_sub_2 is equal to m_sub_2 * n1. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n_sub_2 is equal to m_sub_2 * n1. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n_sub_2 is equal to m_sub_2 * n1. Right?
+Those two rational numbers are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those two rational numbers are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those two rational numbers are the same
+if and only if those two natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if those two natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if those two natural numbers
+are the same or integers, sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same or integers, sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same or integers, sorry,
+integers, right? Because m is could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers, right? Because m is could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers, right? Because m is could be
+negative. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Right? So
+right. So this is so again a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this is so again a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this is so again a rational
+number it has a representative like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it has a representative like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it has a representative like this
+but it's really kind of always you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really kind of always you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really kind of always you could
+think about it as always you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as always you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as always you can write
+this quotion right and two quotients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quotion right and two quotients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quotion right and two quotients are
+the same if and only if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if and only if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if and only if this is the
+case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+So this is what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what it means to be a
+rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but then there are some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then there are some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then there are some some
+operations right if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations right if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations right if you have two
+rational numbers then you can add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers then you can add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers then you can add two
+rational numbers together right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers together right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers together right so and
+that's really important that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important that you have
+some operations on the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operations on the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operations on the rational numbers
+so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take
+this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is
+this here is one rational number and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is one rational number and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is one rational number and if
+you Now take another rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Now take another rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Now take another rational number
+m_sub_2 over m_sub_2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh then how do you add two rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then how do you add two rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then how do you add two rational
+numbers together? Right? Well, of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers together? Right? Well, of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers together? Right? Well, of course
+you know that you put it on the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you put it on the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you put it on the common
+denominator. So this here is m_sub_1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So this here is m_sub_1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So this here is m_sub_1 *
+n_sub_2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n_sub_2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n_sub_2 plus
+m_sub_2 * n1 / n1 * n2. Right? This here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m_sub_2 * n1 / n1 * n2. Right? This here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m_sub_2 * n1 / n1 * n2. Right? This here
+gives you this here is a integer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this here is a integer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this here is a integer in the
+denominator and this is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and this is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and this is a natural number
+in the denominator. Right? And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator. Right? And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator. Right? And so that's
+a representative of a of a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representative of a of a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representative of a of a rational
+number. Right? So that's an operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Right? So that's an operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Right? So that's an operation.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+in order to to really know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to really know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to really know that this is
+all right. So the idea here is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So the idea here is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So the idea here is that if
+you take one rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one rational number
+like this and you take another rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you take another rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you take another rational
+number like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like that
+then you can add them and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can add them and that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can add them and that gives you
+another rational number. Right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another rational number. Right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another rational number. Right? That's
+that's that's this operation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's this operation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's this operation that we
+know so well and is addition. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so well and is addition. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so well and is addition. Right?
+In order to for this really to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to for this really to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to for this really to make
+sense, you should check that this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, you should check that this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, you should check that this that
+this that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this
+rational number you get is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number you get is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number you get is independent
+on the representation. Right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the representation. Right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the representation. Right? If you
+have another representation for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another representation for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another representation for the same
+rational number and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number and another
+representation for the same rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for the same rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for the same rational
+number, then when you add them, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, then when you add them, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, then when you add them, you
+should get another representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get another representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get another representation for
+the same natural number. rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same natural number. rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same natural number. rational
+number, right? Um, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, right? Um, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, right? Um, okay.
+And we'll check uh one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll check uh one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll check uh one of these things
+in just a minute, right? The other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute, right? The other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute, right? The other thing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+right so that was one operation, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was one operation, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was one operation, right?
+When you have the the the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have the the the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have the the the rational
+number, then addition is one operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, then addition is one operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, then addition is one operation.
+Another operation is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another operation is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another operation is of course
+multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another operation is multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if you take one rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you take one rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you take one rational number
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and you take another rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take another rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take another rational number
+like that, then if you multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, then if you multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, then if you multiply them
+together, right? So what does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, right? So what does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, right? So what does it mean to
+multiply two rational numbers together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply two rational numbers together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply two rational numbers together?
+Well, of course you know this very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, of course you know this very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, of course you know this very well.
+It's just multiplying the denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just multiplying the denominator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just multiplying the denominator.
+So that gives you a integer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives you a integer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives you a integer and then
+multiplying the denominator that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the denominator that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the denominator that gives
+you a natural number. So this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a natural number. So this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a natural number. So this here is a
+rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+And then there's another thing. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's another thing. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's another thing. So this
+is addition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addition.
+This was addition. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was addition. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was addition. This is
+multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication.
+But there's another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's another important
+property that you have for the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you have for the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you have for the rational
+number and that is an ordering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Again, we're trying to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, we're trying to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, we're trying to understand this
+question up there. We just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question up there. We just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question up there. We just trying to
+understand how do we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how do we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how do we make the
+intermediate value uh theorem? How do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value uh theorem? How do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value uh theorem? How do we
+make this rigorous? And so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this rigorous? And so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this rigorous? And so we need to
+understand what property of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what property of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what property of the real
+numbers we we we need. And so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we we we need. And so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we we we need. And so this is
+explained in this and we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in this and we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in this and we were working
+towards trying to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards trying to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards trying to understand the
+different concepts in this. What is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts in this. What is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts in this. What is a
+field? That's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field? That's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field? That's what we're trying to
+understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand.
+And so so we have addition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so we have addition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so we have addition in the
+rational numbers. We have addition. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers. We have addition. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers. We have addition. We
+have multiplication. But we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiplication. But we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiplication. But we have another
+operation on which is an ordering. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on which is an ordering. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on which is an ordering. So if
+you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a
+If you take a a rational number here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take a a rational number here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take a a rational number here,
+then you can say that this rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say that this rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say that this rational
+number is less than another rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is less than another rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is less than another rational
+number, right? When is it less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, right? When is it less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, right? When is it less than
+another rational number? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another rational number? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another rational number? This is
+equivalent. You're saying remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent. You're saying remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent. You're saying remember that
+the that these here are natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that these here are natural numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that these here are natural numbers.
+So they're positive. So that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're positive. So that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're positive. So that this
+rational number is less than that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number is less than that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number is less than that just
+means that m_sub_1 * n_sub_2 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that m_sub_1 * n_sub_2 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that m_sub_1 * n_sub_2 is less
+than m_sub_2 * n1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than m_sub_2 * n1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than m_sub_2 * n1 right
+here I'm using right I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm using right I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm using right I'm just
+multiplying over here over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying over here over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying over here over here right
+and I'm using of course that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using of course that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using of course that these
+numbers here are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here are positive
+okay so this is an ordering so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an ordering so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an ordering so in the
+rational numbers there is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers there is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers there is actually
+ordering. Okay, so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. Okay, so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. Okay, so that's really
+important also. Right. So we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important also. Right. So we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important also. Right. So we have these
+two operations and then we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations and then we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations and then we have an
+ordering. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. Okay.
+And so here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here is so
+right. So here is so let me just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So here is so let me just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So here is so let me just check
+right. So I said that when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So I said that when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So I said that when we talked
+about addition right when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about addition right when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about addition right when we talked
+about addition here then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about addition here then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about addition here then there was
+something really you had to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really you had to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really you had to check that
+this even made any sense right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even made any sense right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even made any sense right and if
+for this to make any sense means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to make any sense means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to make any sense means that
+that this rational number you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this rational number you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this rational number you get from
+adding these two is independent on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these two is independent on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these two is independent on how
+you write this rational number and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write this rational number and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write this rational number and how
+you write that rational number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write that rational number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write that rational number and the
+same for multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for multiplication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for multiplication.
+So let us check that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+so this here is checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a well- definfined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+it is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is uh independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the
+the representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so we are multiplying we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we are multiplying we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we are multiplying we take this
+rational number sorry write a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number sorry write a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number sorry write a little bit
+bigger this rational number. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger this rational number. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger this rational number. So this is
+one rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rational number
+and we multiply it uh by we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply it uh by we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply it uh by we multiply
+this rational number uh by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rational number uh by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rational number uh by another
+rational number let's call it p1 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number let's call it p1 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number let's call it p1 comma
+uh q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we take another representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we take another representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we take another representative
+for the same rational number and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same rational number and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same rational number and let's
+call this m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this m2
+m2 and for this rational number. We take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 and for this rational number. We take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 and for this rational number. We take
+another representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to prove that this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to prove that this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to prove that this here is
+the same, right? This number here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same, right? This number here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same, right? This number here is the
+same as that number here. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that number here. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that number here. Right.
+So, how do we do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So we have that this here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we have that this here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we have that this here and
+this here is the same this two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the same this two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the same this two different
+representation of the same rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the same rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the same rational
+number. So we have that m1 / n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So we have that m1 / n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So we have that m1 / n1
+is equal to m_sub_2 / n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to m_sub_2 / n2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to m_sub_2 / n2.
+So this just meant that remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this just meant that remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this just meant that remember that
+this just meant that when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just meant that when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just meant that when you multiply
+over here like that then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here like that then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here like that then you get the
+same integers. So this here N2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same integers. So this here N2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same integers. So this here N2 plus
+N_sub_2 * N1 right that's what it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N_sub_2 * N1 right that's what it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N_sub_2 * N1 right that's what it meant
+that these here were the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these here were the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these here were the same and
+likewise you have the two rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you have the two rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you have the two rational
+numbers here this is one this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here this is one this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here this is one this here is
+equal to that P2 / Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that P2 / Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that P2 / Q2
+this just meant that when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just meant that when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just meant that when you multiply
+over P1 Q2 is equal to P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P1 Q2 is equal to P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P1 Q2 is equal to P2
+uh Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q1
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So this just meant that these that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this just meant that these that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this just meant that these that these
+two represent the same rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two represent the same rational number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two represent the same rational number.
+These two represent the same natural a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These two represent the same natural a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These two represent the same natural a
+rational number. And now what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number. And now what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number. And now what we need to
+prove is that the product here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is that the product here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is that the product here is
+independent of these of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of these of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of these of these
+representation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation.
+So the product here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the product here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the product here
+is so we need to prove the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we need to prove the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we need to prove the product of
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+uh right the product this product here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the product this product here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the product this product here
+this product here this is just m1 * p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product here this is just m1 * p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product here this is just m1 * p1
+divided by n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n1
+* q1 and we want to show this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* q1 and we want to show this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* q1 and we want to show this is what we
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this thing here is the same if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is the same if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is the same if we
+took this other representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this other representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this other representation and
+multiply by the other reputation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the other reputation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the other reputation of
+this. Right? So this is M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? So this is M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? So this is M2
+* P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P2
+M2 * Q2 that's what we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 * Q2 that's what we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 * Q2 that's what we want to prove
+that those two are same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those two are same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those two are same.
+And so we need to prove that. So we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we need to prove that. So we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we need to prove that. So we need
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M1
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+times this denominator here N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this denominator here N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this denominator here N2
+Q2. Right? We need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2. Right? We need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2. Right? We need to prove
+need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this thing here is equal to N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 N1 Q1. That's what we need to prove,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 N1 Q1. That's what we need to prove,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 N1 Q1. That's what we need to prove,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+But now let's let's see. So we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now let's let's see. So we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now let's let's see. So we know that
+if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take
+um if we take m1 right if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we take m1 right if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we take m1 right if we take
+m_sub_1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m_sub_1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m_sub_1
+and together with n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together with n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together with n2
+right m1 together with n2 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right m1 together with n2 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right m1 together with n2 this is the
+same as so this here is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as so this here is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as so this here is the same as
+m_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m_sub_2
+n1 right this is what this here saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 right this is what this here saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 right this is what this here saying
+Right? And it also say that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And it also say that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And it also say that if you take
+P1 together with Q2, then you may as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 together with Q2, then you may as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 together with Q2, then you may as
+well write this thing here. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well write this thing here. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well write this thing here. Right? So
+you may as well write P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may as well write P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may as well write P2
+Q1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q1.
+Right? So this thing here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this thing here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this thing here is equal to
+that. But now you see that here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But now you see that here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But now you see that here you have
+M2, here you have N1, here you have P2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2, here you have N1, here you have P2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2, here you have N1, here you have P2,
+here you have Q1. So those two are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have Q1. So those two are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have Q1. So those two are the
+same. Right? So this proves that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Right? So this proves that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Right? So this proves that this
+operation of multiplication is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of multiplication is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of multiplication is well
+defined in the rational number right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in the rational number right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in the rational number right and
+similarly for addition. The reason of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for addition. The reason of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for addition. The reason of
+course why I chose multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course why I chose multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course why I chose multiplication is
+that it's looks a little simpler on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's looks a little simpler on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's looks a little simpler on the
+blackboard right it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard right it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard right it's a little more
+messy if you did addition but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy if you did addition but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy if you did addition but that's
+really you know it's just exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know it's just exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know it's just exactly the
+same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same.
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so now um so now and then so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now um so now and then so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now um so now and then so this
+is also supposed to illustrate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also supposed to illustrate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also supposed to illustrate you know
+how detail a proof is right that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how detail a proof is right that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how detail a proof is right that so you
+know when we have a concept like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when we have a concept like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when we have a concept like this we
+want to make sure that it really makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that it really makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that it really makes
+sense right and in this case makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and in this case makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and in this case makes sense
+that it's well defined it's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's well defined it's independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's well defined it's independent
+on the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the representation
+and so the proof here this here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the proof here this here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the proof here this here would be
+the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. So now, so now, so, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So now, so now, so, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So now, so now, so, so the
+takeaway here at the moment is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here at the moment is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here at the moment is we're
+building towards this with understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building towards this with understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building towards this with understanding
+a field. We want to understand the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field. We want to understand the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field. We want to understand the the
+real numbers. But the takeaway at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. But the takeaway at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers. But the takeaway at the
+moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is
+that on the rational numbers, there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the rational numbers, there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the rational numbers, there is a
+way of adding two rational numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of adding two rational numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of adding two rational numbers and
+multiplying two rational numbers. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying two rational numbers. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying two rational numbers. And
+there's also an ordering. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also an ordering. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also an ordering. Okay.
+And so this leads us to to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this leads us to to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this leads us to to um the
+following definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this is the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is the definition of a
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+So a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I will use uh f here capital f for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I will use uh f here capital f for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I will use uh f here capital f for
+for a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a field
+uh um is the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the operations we are denoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the operations we are denoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the operations we are denoting
+suggestively by. So the two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively by. So the two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively by. So the two operations
+are denoted suggestively by plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are denoted suggestively by plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are denoted suggestively by plus
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+and uh and and multip like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and multip like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and multip like a
+multiplication like a dot right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication like a dot right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication like a dot right so and
+but these are this is just abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are this is just abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are this is just abstract
+right so we have a set and we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have a set and we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have a set and we have these
+two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations
+what property do these two operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what property do these two operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what property do these two operation
+need to have they each of them have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have they each of them have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have they each of them have five
+properties and then there's a so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and then there's a so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and then there's a so that
+means that there are 10 properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are 10 properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are 10 properties and
+then there's 11 property that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's 11 property that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's 11 property that chain
+those two operations together. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two operations together. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two operations together. Okay. So
+let's start with addition. So properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of addition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the first property is that addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first property is that addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first property is that addition
+make any sense. So if you take a element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense. So if you take a element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense. So if you take a element
+in the field and you take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field and you take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field and you take another
+element in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the field
+then addition gives you a third element.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then addition gives you a third element.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then addition gives you a third element.
+So when you add these together this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you add these together this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you add these together this is
+just a third element in the field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a third element in the field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a third element in the field.
+So this is the first property that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the first property that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the first property that it
+really is an operation that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is an operation that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is an operation that when you
+take two elements of the field then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two elements of the field then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two elements of the field then you
+get another element in the field. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another element in the field. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another element in the field. So
+this is one. Uh the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one. Uh the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one. Uh the second is
+um that if you add two elements together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if you add two elements together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if you add two elements together
+so x and y are in the field if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x and y are in the field if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x and y are in the field if you add
+two elements together then the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements together then the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements together then the ordering
+that you're adding it is is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're adding it is is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're adding it is is is is
+irrelevant. So this here is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant. So this here is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant. So this here is the same as
+y + x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then uh then the next one is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then uh then the next one is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then uh then the next one is this is
+sometimes called a billion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a billion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a billion or
+commutative this property here. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative this property here. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative this property here. Then
+there's a third property uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third property uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third property uh which is
+that if you add two elements together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you add two elements together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you add two elements together
+and then you add a third element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add a third element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add a third element
+to the sum of these two then this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of these two then this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of these two then this here
+is the same as that you can add the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that you can add the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that you can add the last
+two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then add the first one to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add the first one to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add the first one to the sum of
+the other two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so the fourth property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the fourth property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the fourth property is that
+there is a what is sometimes referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a what is sometimes referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a what is sometimes referred to
+as a neutral element. So there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a neutral element. So there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a neutral element. So there is uh
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that we denote by denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by zero but it's just to to make it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero but it's just to to make it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero but it's just to to make it kind
+of easier to understand that we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easier to understand that we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easier to understand that we denote
+it by zero and it has a property having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by zero and it has a property having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by zero and it has a property having
+the property that has a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you take this zero element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take this zero element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take this zero element and
+you add it to any other element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add it to any other element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add it to any other element
+then it just gives you back that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just gives you back that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just gives you back that other
+element. So it's kind of neutral for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. So it's kind of neutral for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. So it's kind of neutral for the
+operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then there's supposed to be a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's supposed to be a fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's supposed to be a fifth
+property and the fifth property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and the fifth property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and the fifth property is that
+for any element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again we s we write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we s we write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we s we write this
+suggestively by minus X with a bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively by minus X with a bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively by minus X with a bracket
+around like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this.
+So there is another element with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is another element with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is another element with a
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you take X and you're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take X and you're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take X and you're adding
+this other element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other element
+then you get zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get zero.
+Okay. So those are the five properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So those are the five properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So those are the five properties
+that addition has to have right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that addition has to have right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that addition has to have right and then
+multiplication have to have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication have to have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication have to have five
+properties also and it's these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties also and it's these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties also and it's these are
+similar to this with a little twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this with a little twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this with a little twist
+uh and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so so
+for multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multiplication
+you need to have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have the following
+properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So again it's five properties. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again it's five properties. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again it's five properties. The first
+one is is the similar property to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is the similar property to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is the similar property to the
+property one up there. Namely that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one up there. Namely that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one up there. Namely that if
+you take two elements X and Y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two elements X and Y in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two elements X and Y in the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+when you multiply them together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply them together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply them together that
+should give you another element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you another element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you another element in the
+field. Right? So that's the first. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Right? So that's the first. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Right? So that's the first. The
+second one is similar to true up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is similar to true up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is similar to true up there
+is that x * y should be the same as y *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x * y should be the same as y *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x * y should be the same as y *
+x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So again that's often referred to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again that's often referred to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again that's often referred to that
+it is a billion of community.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a billion of community.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a billion of community.
+The third property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's similar to the third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's similar to the third property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's similar to the third property
+up there is that if you take X time Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is that if you take X time Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is that if you take X time Y
+and then you multiply it by a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you multiply it by a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you multiply it by a third
+element, then you could as well have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, then you could as well have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, then you could as well have
+first multiplied the two last elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multiplied the two last elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first multiplied the two last elements
+and then multiply by the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiply by the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiply by the first element
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+And then the then the uh the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the then the uh the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the then the uh the fourth
+property is similar to that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is similar to that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is similar to that property
+four up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four up there
+is that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denoted by denoted suggestively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by denoted suggestively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by denoted suggestively
+by one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one here
+with a property that one times any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a property that one times any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a property that one times any
+element x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element x
+just give you back that element x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you back that element x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you back that element x.
+And then the fifth is similar except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the fifth is similar except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the fifth is similar except
+there's a twist slight twist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a twist slight twist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a twist slight twist.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+and so the fifth property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fifth property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fifth property is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but it's very similar to that fifth over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very similar to that fifth over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very similar to that fifth over
+there. The fifth property is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. The fifth property is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. The fifth property is the
+following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The fifth property here is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fifth property here is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fifth property here is that they
+exist that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist that for any
+for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+uh x in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x in the field
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+zero. You have to disregard zero. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You have to disregard zero. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You have to disregard zero. For
+any other element there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again denoted by suggestively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again denoted by suggestively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again denoted by suggestively
+denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by
+by one of x with a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that x* * 1 /x is equal to 1. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x* * 1 /x is equal to 1. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x* * 1 /x is equal to 1. Okay. So
+those are the five properties for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the five properties for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the five properties for um for
+addition, five properties for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, five properties for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, five properties for
+multiplication. And you see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. And you see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. And you see that they
+are like you know the one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like you know the one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like you know the one for
+multiplication is like a mirror of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is like a mirror of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is like a mirror of the
+one for addition except the fifth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for addition except the fifth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for addition except the fifth one
+has this that you have to to look away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this that you have to to look away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this that you have to to look away
+from the zero elements. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the zero elements. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the zero elements. Right?
+and and then there is a right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then there is a right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then there is a right and so
+again this is this is just one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is this is just one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is this is just one is just
+that it is an operation two is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is an operation two is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is an operation two is usually
+called the billion property or commutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the billion property or commutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the billion property or commutive
+property this is called the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this is called the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this is called the associative
+property this is called it's often also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this is called it's often also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this is called it's often also
+referred to that's a neutral element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to that's a neutral element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to that's a neutral element and
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+um that exist this element in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that exist this element in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that exist this element in this case
+minus X is sometimes called the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and and likewise for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and likewise for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and likewise for for
+multiplication and then there is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then there is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then there is again
+an 11th property and that's a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 11th property and that's a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 11th property and that's a property
+because you see that those at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see that those at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see that those at the moment
+is basically no interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically no interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically no interaction between
+these two operations. The only way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations. The only way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations. The only way that
+you see some interaction but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some interaction but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some interaction but this is
+very little is that the fifth property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little is that the fifth property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little is that the fifth property
+over here refer to the neutral element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here refer to the neutral element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here refer to the neutral element
+for addition right but they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addition right but they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addition right but they don't really
+chain the two operations together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain the two operations together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain the two operations together and
+that is the last property that is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the last property that is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the last property that is often
+referred to as a distributive law. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a distributive law. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a distributive law. So
+this is a action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addition
+write like this addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write like this addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write like this addition
+uh together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh with multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is that
+that if you take x and you multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take x and you multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take x and you multiply it
+by y + c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y + c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y + c
+is you take this sum here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take this sum here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take this sum here and then you
+multiply by x. That is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by x. That is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by x. That is supposed to be
+the same as where you first multiply x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as where you first multiply x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as where you first multiply x
+with y and then you add when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with y and then you add when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with y and then you add when you
+multiply x by c. So this is often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply x by c. So this is often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply x by c. So this is often called
+the distributive law. Okay. And that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributive law. Okay. And that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributive law. Okay. And that's a
+law again or action that is chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law again or action that is chaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law again or action that is chaining
+these two operations together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations together.
+Okay. So now let's try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's try to see
+um let's try to see. So, so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's try to see. So, so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's try to see. So, so let me just
+establish just one little property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish just one little property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish just one little property of a
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+And you see like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see like that
+when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about
+when we talked about the the actions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the the actions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the the actions for
+addition, right? I just said that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, right? I just said that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, right? I just said that there
+had to exist one element that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to exist one element that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to exist one element that we call
+the zero element and it had to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero element and it had to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero element and it had to have some
+property. But maybe there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. But maybe there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. But maybe there are many
+elements, right? And so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, right? And so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, right? And so this is the
+first field theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for any field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any field I I just write it as capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any field I I just write it as capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any field I I just write it as capital
+field but it's just to kind of but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but it's just to kind of but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but it's just to kind of but you
+don't really have to uh for any field um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have to uh for any field um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have to uh for any field um
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+uh there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one z sure z sure z sure z sure z sure z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one z sure z sure z sure z sure z sure z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one z sure z sure z sure z sure z sure z
+sure z sure z sure z sure z sure zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure z sure z sure z sure z sure zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure z sure z sure z sure z sure zero
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's try to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's try to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's try to prove this
+and again you know I'm um I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know I'm um I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know I'm um I'm trying to
+I mean I mean there's all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I mean there's all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I mean there's all kind of
+important concept in this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept in this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept in this class but
+there's also there's also um the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also there's also um the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also there's also um the thing I
+mean another thing that is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean another thing that is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean another thing that is important to
+learn and usually uh and you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and usually uh and you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and usually uh and you have to be
+a little bit patient because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit patient because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit patient because it will
+take you a little bit of time to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you a little bit of time to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you a little bit of time to learn
+it. Um is how to write a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um is how to write a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um is how to write a mathematical
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+and so this here just gives you just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here just gives you just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here just gives you just a
+little bit of idea of it. So we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of idea of it. So we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of idea of it. So we need to
+we want to prove that there exist only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove that there exist only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove that there exist only
+one zero element. So we have so assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero element. So we have so assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero element. So we have so assume
+so assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+01 and O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and O2
+are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh zero elements,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? So, so this means that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, so this means that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, so this means that so this
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you take 01 that is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take 01 that is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take 01 that is a zero
+element just means that if you take 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element just means that if you take 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element just means that if you take 01
+and you add anything to it right x could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add anything to it right x could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add anything to it right x could
+be anything in the field then you get x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything in the field then you get x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything in the field then you get x
+back right that is that 01 is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right that is that 01 is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right that is that 01 is a zero
+element that O2 is a zero element just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that O2 is a zero element just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that O2 is a zero element just
+mean the same thing that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing that if you take
+anything in x then you get x back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in x then you get x back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in x then you get x back
+Now we want to prove that 01 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we want to prove that 01 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we want to prove that 01 is equal to
+O2. So I just write 01 plus O2. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2. So I just write 01 plus O2. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2. So I just write 01 plus O2. But now
+I'm just thinking about this O2 as my X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just thinking about this O2 as my X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just thinking about this O2 as my X.
+So I'm adding 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm adding 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm adding 01
+to this X. So I know that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this X. So I know that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this X. So I know that I'm just
+getting this here back. Right? That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this here back. Right? That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this here back. Right? That is
+because 01 is a zero element. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 01 is a zero element. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 01 is a zero element. But I
+could do the same with O2 that I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same with O2 that I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same with O2 that I take
+and the ordering I know already is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ordering I know already is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ordering I know already is is
+irrelevant, right? Whether it's 01 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant, right? Whether it's 01 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant, right? Whether it's 01 plus
+O2 plus 01, that's the same. So I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 plus 01, that's the same. So I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 plus 01, that's the same. So I can
+take I can think about this 01 here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I can think about this 01 here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I can think about this 01 here as
+my X. And so I'm adding the O2 to it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X. And so I'm adding the O2 to it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X. And so I'm adding the O2 to it,
+right? But then I know that I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But then I know that I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But then I know that I'm getting
+this here back, right? So this here must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here back, right? So this here must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here back, right? So this here must
+also be equal to 01, right? And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be equal to 01, right? And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be equal to 01, right? And so you
+see that 01 is equal to O2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And of course in the you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course in the you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course in the you know in the
+notes uh in the in the notes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh in the in the notes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh in the in the notes that are
+post things are kind of written slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post things are kind of written slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post things are kind of written slightly
+more rigorous. I mean you know it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous. I mean you know it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous. I mean you know it's I
+mean there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a little bit more
+there's a little bit more meat to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more meat to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more meat to it.
+Here I write it a little bit shorter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here I write it a little bit shorter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here I write it a little bit shorter on
+the board but so so look also at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but so so look also at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but so so look also at the
+notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now we so so now we know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we so so now we know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we so so now we know what a
+field is right. So a field again it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is right. So a field again it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is right. So a field again it has
+these two operations additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations additions and
+multiplication. Each of those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Each of those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Each of those operations
+have five property and then there's 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five property and then there's 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five property and then there's 11
+property that chain those two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that chain those two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that chain those two operations
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+And so the examples of a fields is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we already have an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the rational numbers here is a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. It has these two operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It has these two operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It has these two operations and
+with all the 11 properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the natural numbers is not is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers is not is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers is not is not a
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+it's not a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a field
+it fails even the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fails even the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fails even the most basic
+I mean it fails many of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it fails many of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it fails many of the properties
+it needs but it fails that even the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs but it fails that even the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs but it fails that even the zero
+element is not in it right of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is not in it right of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is not in it right of course
+it's not even a yeah it's I And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even a yeah it's I And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even a yeah it's I And it
+so and the integers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the integers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the integers here
+is also is not a field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also is not a field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also is not a field.
+It's not a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+slightly closer to being a field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly closer to being a field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly closer to being a field but
+it's still not. And why is this not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not. And why is this not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not. And why is this not a
+field? It's for multiplication. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field? It's for multiplication. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field? It's for multiplication. Right?
+If you take two then by two if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take two then by two if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take two then by two if you think
+about two then there should be right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two then there should be right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two then there should be right the
+the neutral element for multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral element for multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral element for multiplication
+that's a usual one right but if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a usual one right but if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a usual one right but if you take
+say the element two then there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the element two then there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the element two then there should be
+an element like the inverse there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element like the inverse there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element like the inverse there should
+be an element with a property that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an element with a property that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an element with a property that if
+you take two and you multiply with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two and you multiply with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two and you multiply with with
+that element then you should get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element then you should get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element then you should get one
+right that should be the inverse element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that should be the inverse element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that should be the inverse element
+right? One over it. But this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? One over it. But this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? One over it. But this is like a
+half, but you're missing a half in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half, but you're missing a half in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half, but you're missing a half in the
+in the integers, right? So that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integers, right? So that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integers, right? So that's why
+this is not a field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the next concept is so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next concept is so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next concept is so we're
+again we're working our way towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're working our way towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're working our way towards
+trying to understand what property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what property of
+the real numbers that we need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers that we need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers that we need in order
+to make that the intermediate value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that the intermediate value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that the intermediate value
+theorem. uh proof rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+so so we have now we now know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have now we now know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have now we now know what a
+field is next time I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is next time I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is next time I'll talk about
+or the next few times I'll talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the next few times I'll talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the next few times I'll talk about uh
+complete what that means but but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete what that means but but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete what that means but but um but
+we also have this ordering so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have this ordering so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have this ordering so what does
+it mean that a field is ordered So, so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean that a field is ordered So, so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean that a field is ordered So, so,
+so let's start with an ordered set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, an ordered set. So, this is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, an ordered set. So, this is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, an ordered set. So, this is a set
+is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set
+denoted by a capital S. And it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by a capital S. And it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by a capital S. And it has a
+property that whenever you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that whenever you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that whenever you have two
+elements in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the set
+then it should either be and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should either be and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should either be and the
+ordering by the way. So an order set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering by the way. So an order set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering by the way. So an order set
+with an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I denote the ordering again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I denote the ordering again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I denote the ordering again
+suggestively by this. I could have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively by this. I could have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively by this. I could have used
+any other symbol but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other symbol but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other symbol but I'm just
+suggestively using this symbol just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively using this symbol just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestively using this symbol just to
+kind of make it easier to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make it easier to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make it easier to remember the
+property you know it's like this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you know it's like this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you know it's like this sort of
+property that you know so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you know so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you know so well
+so an order set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an order set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an order set
+is a set with an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again denoted by this so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again denoted by this so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again denoted by this so that if you
+take any two elements in the set then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any two elements in the set then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any two elements in the set then
+one of the three properties should hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following three property should hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+should.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One is that uh so either x should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is that uh so either x should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is that uh so either x should be
+equal to y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y.
+Two the other possibility is that x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two the other possibility is that x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two the other possibility is that x is
+smaller than y or three y is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than y or three y is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than y or three y is smaller
+than x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x.
+So basically if you have an order set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically if you have an order set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically if you have an order set
+whenever you take two element you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take two element you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take two element you should
+be able to compare these two elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to compare these two elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to compare these two elements.
+Of course, these two element could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, these two element could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, these two element could be
+the same elements, right? But if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same elements, right? But if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same elements, right? But if they're
+not the same elements, then one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same elements, then one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same elements, then one should
+be smaller than the other, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller than the other, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller than the other, right?
+So that's the idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the idea.
+Okay. And so now uh the next concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now uh the next concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now uh the next concept is
+uh an ordered field. And so again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an ordered field. And so again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an ordered field. And so again,
+now we need so so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need so so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need so so now we have
+a field and we have an ordered set. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field and we have an ordered set. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field and we have an ordered set. So
+an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+uh an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the operations from the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the operations from the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the operations from the fields
+and the ordering they should be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ordering they should be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ordering they should be they
+should speak to each other right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should speak to each other right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should speak to each other right so
+there should be an interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be an interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be an interaction between
+these two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations
+uh so it has to have with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it has to have with the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it has to have with the following
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+with the following properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take
+if you take if uh so it's finding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take if uh so it's finding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take if uh so it's finding two
+properties that if x is less than y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that if x is less than y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that if x is less than y so
+and you adding a uh c to both so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you adding a uh c to both so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you adding a uh c to both so if
+you're adding so this here implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding so this here implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding so this here implies that
+for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+set in in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in in the field
+uh if you add the sets to both sides. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you add the sets to both sides. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you add the sets to both sides. So
+x + set is less than y + z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + set is less than y + z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + set is less than y + z.
+So you should have you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should have you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should have you should be able to
+add something to both sides and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something to both sides and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something to both sides and it does
+it's still less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still less than
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+And the other thing is so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other thing is so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other thing is so this is this
+here is how how do the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how how do the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how how do the ordering
+interacts with addition and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with addition and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with addition and the other
+thing is how do it act interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how do it act interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how do it act interact with
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+and there the property is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the property is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the property is that if you
+take a x that is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a x that is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a x that is positive
+and y is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is positive
+and y and y so you have both x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y and y so you have both x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y and y so you have both x and y
+that are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are positive
+Then the product of these two should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the product of these two should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the product of these two should
+also be positive. Right? So then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be positive. Right? So then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be positive. Right? So then this
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the product of the two should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two should also be
+positive. Right? And so this is how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Right? And so this is how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Right? And so this is how how
+do the ordering interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ordering interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ordering interact with
+multiplication. Right? This is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Right? This is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Right? This is how it
+interacts with addition. This is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with addition. This is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with addition. This is how it
+interacts with multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh well the first thing you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh well the first thing you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh well the first thing you observe
+is that again you already know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that again you already know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that again you already know an
+example of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the rational number of Q here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rational number of Q here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rational number of Q here
+is an order field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? We've already seen that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We've already seen that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We've already seen that it is a
+field has those 11 property. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has those 11 property. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has those 11 property. It has
+addition multiplication has each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition multiplication has each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition multiplication has each of
+those are fine property. It has the 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are fine property. It has the 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are fine property. It has the 11
+that chain the two together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain the two together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain the two together.
+And we also discussed the ordering. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also discussed the ordering. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also discussed the ordering. If
+you take two rational numbers, what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two rational numbers, what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two rational numbers, what does
+mean that one is less than the other?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that one is less than the other?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that one is less than the other?
+Right? It has the property of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It has the property of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It has the property of an
+ordering that you can compare any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that you can compare any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that you can compare any two
+elements, any two rational numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, any two rational numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, any two rational numbers that
+either they are the same or if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they are the same or if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they are the same or if you have
+two, one is less than the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, one is less than the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, one is less than the other.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and it also has this the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it also has this the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it also has this the additive
+property, right? and also the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, right? and also the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, right? and also the ordering
+interact with addition in this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with addition in this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with addition in this way and
+it interacts with multiplication in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with multiplication in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with multiplication in this
+way. Okay. So the rational number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. So the rational number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. So the rational number is
+indeed an ordered field. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed an ordered field. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed an ordered field. Okay.
+Now let me just establish one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let me just establish one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let me just establish one last
+property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property.
+Uh and that is that um if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and that is that um if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and that is that um if I take
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so let me try to prove a little theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to prove a little theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to prove a little theorem
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we have uh so f here is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we have uh so f here is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we have uh so f here is supposed
+to be an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an ordered
+uh field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and then we have that x here is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then we have that x here is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then we have that x here is less
+than y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than y.
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+and uh and and C here is is positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and C here is is positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and C here is is positive.
+Fine. So I I assume I have this and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine. So I I assume I have this and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine. So I I assume I have this and now
+I want to show that then I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show that then I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show that then I claim that
+from these properties uh that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these properties uh that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these properties uh that order
+field have I get automatically then uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field have I get automatically then uh X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field have I get automatically then uh X
+* C is less than Y * C. So I claim I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C is less than Y * C. So I claim I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C is less than Y * C. So I claim I get
+the this property here right that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this property here right that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this property here right that you
+know from the these properties over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the these properties over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the these properties over
+here. Okay. So let's try to prove that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what I want to do is I want to so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I want to do is I want to so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I want to do is I want to so so
+we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that x * set is less than y * z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x * set is less than y * z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x * set is less than y * z.
+This is what we want to show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we want to show.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we want to show.
+Now to say this here, right? This here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to say this here, right? This here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to say this here, right? This here
+is equivalent. This is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that right. So if you take this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right. So if you take this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right. So if you take this you
+could because this here if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could because this here if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could because this here if you if you
+take if you add minus y * set sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if you add minus y * set sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if you add minus y * set sorry if
+you add sorry if you take this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add sorry if you take this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add sorry if you take this thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and to both sides so you take x + time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to both sides so you take x + time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to both sides so you take x + time
+set and then you plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then you plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then you plus
+- x * set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x * set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x * set
+then this here is the same as by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here is the same as by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here is the same as by this
+here that to say that this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that to say that this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that to say that this is less than
+that is equivalent to saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equivalent to saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equivalent to saying that this
+thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right why is that equivalent but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is that equivalent but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is that equivalent but this is
+this this law here that is chaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this law here that is chaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this law here that is chaining the
+ordering together with addition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering together with addition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering together with addition right
+and this here this element here is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here this element here is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here this element here is right
+this is just the the inverse element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the the inverse element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the the inverse element of
+this product here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now you see that these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that these two things
+together that just gives you zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that just gives you zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that just gives you zero,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This thing here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing here is this here is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is this here is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is this here is the same
+as um as x. Okay. So, we need to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um as x. Okay. So, we need to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um as x. Okay. So, we need to maybe
+we need to show this, but this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show this, but this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show this, but this here is
+not hard to believe that this this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard to believe that this this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard to believe that this this here
+is the same as uh y * set minus uh x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as uh y * set minus uh x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as uh y * set minus uh x *
+set. So, this here is now you can factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So, this here is now you can factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So, this here is now you can factor
+out. So, this is this law, the 11th law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So, this is this law, the 11th law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So, this is this law, the 11th law
+that allow you to factor this one out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to factor this one out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to factor this one out.
+So this is the same as y - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the same as y - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the same as y - x
+* 7, right? This was this distributive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 7, right? This was this distributive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 7, right? This was this distributive
+law. That was the 11th law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now you see that because y was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that because y was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that because y was
+bigger than x, right? Since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than x, right? Since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than x, right? Since
+y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y here
+was bigger than x, this here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bigger than x, this here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bigger than x, this here was
+equivalent to saying that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that this is
+equivalent to saying that y is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that y is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that y is bigger
+than x, right? If you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x, right? If you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x, right? If you subtract
+um x on both sides, this is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x on both sides, this is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x on both sides, this is equivalent
+to saying that y - x is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying that y - x is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying that y - x is bigger than
+zero. Right? This is again using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? This is again using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? This is again using the
+first action over here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first action over here, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first action over here, right?
+And so you see that now we have that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that now we have that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that now we have that. So
+we want to prove we want to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove we want to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove we want to prove that
+this thing here right we this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here right we this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here right we this here is
+all equivalent to proving that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent to proving that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent to proving that this
+thing here is bigger than zero right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is bigger than zero right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is bigger than zero right the
+claim up there is equivalent to proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim up there is equivalent to proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim up there is equivalent to proving
+that this thing here is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is bigger than
+zero. Right? But the difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? But the difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? But the difference here
+this difference here is positive. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference here is positive. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference here is positive. This
+is assumed to be positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assumed to be positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assumed to be positive.
+The second law that is chaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second law that is chaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second law that is chaining the
+ordering together with multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering together with multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering together with multiplication
+say that if you have something positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if you have something positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if you have something positive
+and you multiply by something positive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply by something positive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply by something positive,
+you're getting something positive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting something positive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting something positive,
+right? And so, so in order to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so, so in order to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so, so in order to prove this
+here, it was the same as proving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it was the same as proving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it was the same as proving that
+this thing here is actually positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is actually positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is actually positive and
+we have now just reduced it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now just reduced it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now just reduced it to this
+second action.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is is that clear?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is is that clear?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is is that clear?
+Okay, that's really so we go just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's really so we go just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's really so we go just a
+little bit easy here in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easy here in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easy here in the first
+lecture. This is this is what I have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. This is this is what I have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. This is this is what I have for
+the first lecture, but there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture, but there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture, but there's a bunch
+of different concepts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different concepts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different concepts.
+Uh and again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and again,
+um feel free of course to ask any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feel free of course to ask any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feel free of course to ask any
+questions uh on the class. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh on the class. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh on the class. Um I
+typically just linger around for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically just linger around for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically just linger around for a few
+minutes afterwards if anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes afterwards if anybody have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes afterwards if anybody have any
+questions after the class and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions after the class and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions after the class and we will
+also have office hours. I'm just waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have office hours. I'm just waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have office hours. I'm just waiting
+for the assignment for of the TAs. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the assignment for of the TAs. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the assignment for of the TAs. So
+that will be put all on online right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be put all on online right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be put all on online right and
+um yeah okay let me know how it goes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah okay let me know how it goes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah okay let me know how it goes but
+and one more thing is that this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one more thing is that this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one more thing is that this again
+this I mentioned before but so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mentioned before but so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mentioned before but so my
+experience is that it takes people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that it takes people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that it takes people a
+little bit of time to get a hang of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time to get a hang of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time to get a hang of this
+with writing proofs so don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with writing proofs so don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with writing proofs so don't be
+discouraged you know you know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged you know you know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged you know you know a few
+weeks or months into the class things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks or months into the class things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks or months into the class things
+will really turn around and and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really turn around and and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really turn around and and it will
+all make sense and and then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make sense and and then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make sense and and then it will be
+more fun also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun also.
+Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CHvQ3q_gJ7E.txt b/CHvQ3q_gJ7E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ccb2b238ce2bfedaad04cb27e27366f983811fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CHvQ3q_gJ7E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2624 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thanks for coming.
+
+I know there's a
+problem set due.
+
+There's a quiz coming
+up on Thursday.
+
+We won't have
+lecture on Thursday.
+
+But we will have a
+quiz in the evening.
+
+And there will be a
+recitation section tomorrow,
+
+which will be a quiz review.
+
+So, today's lecture is the last
+of the lectures in the shortest
+
+path module.
+
+And, unlike previous
+lectures, we're
+
+going to be talking about
+optimizations that don't change
+
+the worst case, or
+asymptotic, complexity.
+
+But improve empirical,
+real life performance.
+
+Or potentially, and we can't
+prove this, but performance
+
+in the average case.
+
+And so we look at a
+couple of examples.
+
+The first one
+you've already done.
+
+You can optimize
+Dijkstra when you're
+
+looking for a single target.
+
+So, implicitly, we've
+assumed that we're
+
+solving the single source, any
+or all destination problem,
+
+when we've looked at
+the original Dijkstra
+
+algorithm, and the
+Bellman-Ford algorithm.
+
+Many a time, you're going
+to have a source, s.
+
+And you want to find
+the shortest path
+
+to a specific destination, t.
+
+And you're doing this
+in your problem set.
+
+And you can do
+some optimization.
+
+It doesn't change the
+worst case complexity.
+
+But it reduces runtime.
+
+And then you have
+a specific target.
+
+Especially if the
+target is close to you.
+
+And you don't have to
+traverse the entire graph.
+
+Obviously, the
+algorithm has to prove
+
+that the particular
+path that was chosen
+
+is, in fact, the shortest
+path from s to t.
+
+But it's a fairly
+straightforward modification.
+
+And I will go over it,
+but you're actually
+
+implementing it in PS 6.
+
+We talked about
+bi-directional search.
+
+Again, something you're
+doing from a standpoint
+
+of breadth-first search.
+
+How can you get from one
+source to a destination,
+
+by doing bi-directional
+Dijkstra?
+
+And you can think of this as
+a frontier off shortest paths
+
+is being constructed from
+the source, s, forward.
+
+And this backward frontier,
+you're falling edges backward,
+
+is being constructed
+from the destination.
+
+And, effectively, when
+these two frontiers meet,
+
+you're going to be able to
+discover shortest paths.
+
+And, it turns out, it's not
+as simple as what I just
+
+described.
+
+And so we'll have to look at
+that a little more carefully.
+
+So that is our single source,
+single target problem.
+
+We won't cover this in 006.
+
+But there's also this notion of
+all pairs shortest paths, which
+
+is something that 6046 covers.
+
+And that is something
+that says, well, I
+
+don't know what the source is.
+
+I don't know what
+the destination is.
+
+For any pair of vertices,
+find me the shortest path
+
+from s to t, given that pair.
+
+And so that, of
+course, is more work
+
+than even the single source,
+all destination problem
+
+because you're
+varying the source.
+
+All right?
+
+So those are the three different
+shortest path problems.
+
+And we've looked at that.
+
+And we're going to
+look at this today.
+
+And we looked at it
+in the problem set.
+
+But we'll spend time,
+specifically on this one.
+
+And try and see if we can do
+some coding optimizations,
+
+if you will, to
+improve run time.
+
+All right?
+
+So, I emphasize that
+worst case complexity
+
+is unchanged for all of
+the Dijkstra versions
+
+that we'll be looking at today.
+
+So I want to put up a pseudocode
+that you've written code
+
+for at this point, which
+is the Dijkstra pseudocode.
+
+Because we'll take a look at it,
+and modify it, and execute it.
+
+So you have your set
+of vertices that you
+
+don't know the
+shortest paths to.
+
+So we do have initialize is
+going to set d of s to be 0.
+
+And b of u, not equal
+to s, to be infinity.
+
+And we have this
+set, Q, that we're
+
+going to process and continually
+extract the minimum priority
+
+from Q. And, once we
+do that, we actually
+
+know the shortest
+path to you already.
+
+That's what the
+Dijkstra invariant is.
+
+And the process of
+extracting u implies
+
+that we have to do a
+relaxation step that
+
+updates the priorities.
+
+And also modifies
+the parent pointers.
+
+So there's also the pi
+of v that is set to u.
+
+As well as d of v
+getting decremented.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the
+Dijkstra algorithm.
+
+And one of the things
+that we can do,
+
+the straightforward thing, which
+is one line of code literally,
+
+is to say that, if you know
+what the single target is, then
+
+you simply stop if u equals t.
+
+So no need to stop
+when Q becomes null.
+
+Or, you don't get to the
+point where Q is null.
+
+You stop when you've lifted off
+the y vertex from Q. All right?
+
+And so, obviously,
+this will run faster,
+
+assuming this check
+is a 0 time check.
+
+And that's really
+one instruction,
+
+so you can think of it that way.
+
+And you will, basically,
+run faster for sure,
+
+when you have a specific target.
+
+It may be the case that your
+target is the last vertex
+
+that you find.
+
+And in that case,
+you run no slower.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's something
+that you looked at.
+
+And that takes care of the
+first optimization corresponding
+
+to single source, single target.
+
+Let's talk about
+something that's
+
+a little more interesting,
+and non-obvious,
+
+which is the notion of
+bi-directional search.
+
+And, in bi-directional
+search, we have s.
+
+And we have t.
+
+And we have a bunch
+of nodes in between,
+
+corresponding to
+this graph here.
+
+And what you do is,
+you alternate search
+
+in the forward direction
+and backward direction.
+
+So, you're going to do one step
+of Dijkstra, standard Dijkstra
+
+that starts with s.
+
+And goes forward.
+
+And so, you could imagine
+that you're forward
+
+search in the first step, you're
+going to pick the vertex, s,
+
+off of Q. And you're
+going to process
+
+the edges that come out of s.
+
+And that would correspond
+with these two edges.
+
+And so that's one step of
+forward search, going forward.
+
+And then you stop with
+the forward search,
+
+and you do a step
+of backward search.
+
+And so, you go backward
+search, and I'll
+
+explain exactly what this
+means, backward search from t.
+
+And the important
+thing is that you're
+
+following edges backward.
+
+So that means your
+data structure
+
+has to, essentially, have these
+edges that can be traversed
+
+in either the forward direction,
+or the reverse direction.
+
+So that's something
+to keep in mind.
+
+But what will happen
+here is simply
+
+that your first frontier
+of backward search,
+
+t now, in the backward search,
+is the minimum priority.
+
+So , we're going to have to have
+two priorities corresponding
+
+to s in the fourth search, where
+that's a straightforward one.
+
+v of s equals 0.
+
+And we should think of
+it as d of f s equals 0.
+
+And we have d of b t equals 0.
+
+And these subscripts
+correspond to these two
+
+different priorities.
+
+And it's exactly complimentary.
+
+Only the source, s,
+in the forward search,
+
+has 0 priority in the beginning.
+
+Everything else has
+infinite priority.
+
+Only the target,
+or destination, has
+
+0 priority in the
+backward search.
+
+Everything else is infinity.
+
+And you go forward,
+backward, forward, backward.
+
+And so on.
+
+And the question is,
+when do you stop?
+
+And we have to talk about that.
+
+And, it turns out, it's not
+a perfectly straightforward
+
+stopping condition.
+
+But it's something that
+will make sense, hopefully,
+
+when I get around
+to describing it.
+
+But, having said
+all that, let's just
+
+put down all of the
+different data structures
+
+that we have to have.
+
+And it's kind of a doubling
+of the data structure,
+
+right, because just like
+I double the priorities,
+
+I also need two
+different min priority
+
+queues, corresponding
+to Q f and Q b.
+
+And, as I said
+before, these edges
+
+have to be traversable in
+the backward direction.
+
+So this edge, in the
+graph, goes this way.
+
+But you're going in
+the backward direction,
+
+as you are growing
+your backward frontier.
+
+OK?
+
+That's important to understand.
+
+So let me put down all of
+the specifics associated
+
+with these data structures.
+
+df u correspond to the distances
+for the forward search.
+
+And db u correspond
+to the distances
+
+for the backward search.
+
+OK?
+
+And, of course,
+we're going to have
+
+to have priority queues, plural.
+
+Qf corresponding to
+the forward search.
+
+And Qb corresponding
+to the backward search.
+
+And in initialize,
+as I said before,
+
+we're going to initialize df
+s to be 0 and db t equals 0.
+
+And then everything, the
+df's and the db's, are
+
+going to be infinity.
+
+All right?
+
+OK.
+
+Great.
+
+So that's what we have here.
+
+Now, first question.
+
+Roughly speaking, as I said,
+you can imagine intuitively
+
+that you're going to
+terminate the search when
+
+these frontiers meet, OK?
+
+Clearly, you can't
+terminate it when
+
+these frontiers
+look like this, OK.
+
+So that's the intuition.
+
+And you see that
+for the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+first, as well, in
+your problem set.
+
+But in the context of Dijkstra,
+single source, single target,
+
+can someone tell me what
+the termination condition
+
+should be by
+looking at the code?
+
+I want a more specific,
+or a more concrete,
+
+termination condition that
+I can actually code up,
+
+as opposed to saying,
+the frontiers meet.
+
+Which, you know, I
+don't know how to code.
+
+OK?
+
+Someone else?
+
+All right, go for it.
+
+AUDIENCE: When
+there's some node that
+
+can keep track of two
+different cost values from--
+
+PROFESSOR: The Qf and
+the Qb, that's correct.
+
+And, somehow--
+
+AUDIENCE: Somehow
+they're cost runs
+
+to get there from the start
+and from the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+It's close.
+
+It's not quite
+something I can code up.
+
+Someone want to improve that?
+
+Someone want to improve that?
+
+I want something
+very, very specific.
+
+Someone?
+
+Go for it.
+
+AUDIENCE: The node has been
+extracted from both Qf and Qb.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+node which has been
+
+extracted from both Qf and Qb.
+
+So, the reason I didn't
+quite buy your answer
+
+was, finite part is
+obviously correct.
+
+But I wanted a
+specific condition
+
+that says, I'm going
+to do extract-min,
+
+just like I said when I
+extract-min and u equals t,
+
+I stop with the single
+source, single target.
+
+In the bi-directional
+case, I need
+
+to pull out a node from Qf.
+
+And pull out a node from Qb.
+
+And then I get to
+stop, all right?
+
+So, you get a cushion.
+
+You don't need to
+feel too bad because I
+
+think you already
+have a cushion.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I know that.
+
+I know everyone
+who has cushions.
+
+Right.
+
+Actually, I don't.
+
+But I'm going to pretend I do.
+
+So, the termination condition
+is that some vertex, and this is
+
+correct, some vertex,
+u, has been processed,
+
+both in the forward search
+and the backward search.
+
+OK?
+
+That corresponds to
+the frontiers meeting.
+
+But, specifically,
+it's been deleted,
+
+or extracted from
+both Qf and Qb.
+
+So that's actually
+the easier question.
+
+Visit a harder question, which
+is how do we find the shortest
+
+path after termination
+from s to t?
+
+OK?
+
+And I should say specifically,
+that-- and I forgot
+
+to put this up, which
+I should-- that we're
+
+going to have to have
+pi f and pi b, which
+
+this is the normal
+data structure.
+
+And the pi b is following
+the edges backward.
+
+So, in some sense,
+the predecessor,
+
+in the case of pi b, what
+you're saying is, on this node
+
+here-- which I'll
+call v2 for example--
+
+is, if I'm going to
+choose this path here--
+
+and I need to obviously choose
+this edge here in any shortest
+
+path that gets to t, right?
+
+Because that's the only
+edge that goes to t.
+
+And so, what I'm saying here
+is that a predecessor of pi b t
+
+equals v2.
+
+OK?
+
+That make sense?
+
+And then over here,
+if this was v1,
+
+then I would have
+pi f v1 equals s.
+
+Right?
+
+That make sense?
+
+Everybody buy that?
+
+All right, so how do I find
+the shortest path from s to t,
+
+after these frontiers have met,
+and I've terminated the search?
+
+How do I do that?
+
+Someone?
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, given that data
+structure, you start at your t.
+
+And you keep on going
+back to the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+until you get to the point
+where they've peaked.
+
+Then you use the pi f
+to go from that node,
+
+all the way back to s.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, what
+I'm going to have to do
+
+is-- but where do I
+switch, is the question.
+
+Where do I switch
+from pi f to pi b?
+
+There has to be some point where
+I switch from-- Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: At the meeting
+point of the node
+
+that was [INAUDIBLE]
+Q [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Is that what you
+were saying, too?
+
+OK.
+
+So the claim is, if w was
+processed first, extracted
+
+from both Qf and Qb, then find
+the shortest path using pi
+
+f from s to w.
+
+Right?
+
+So, you can use pi f
+to get from s to w.
+
+And the way you do that
+is by applying pi f to w.
+
+And then keep applying it
+until you get to s, OK?
+
+This is normal search, right?
+
+Everybody knows this.
+
+You coded it.
+
+So I hope you know it.
+
+And then, we go find shortest
+path using pi b, right?
+
+And you're going
+to constantly apply
+
+pi b-- and this is the
+backward path-- from t to w.
+
+And this follows the
+edges backward, all right?
+
+This sounds pretty good?
+
+Everybody agree with this?
+
+Anybody disagree?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Pi b.
+
+If [INAUDIBLE], pi b would
+be like pi b b2 equals t,
+
+because b2 [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+I might have done this wrong.
+
+So, in the backward search,
+this can get pretty confusing.
+
+So what do I have here?
+
+I want to follow
+the predecessor.
+
+You're exactly right.
+
+You're exactly right.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Thank you for pointing that out.
+
+All right, so what
+I have here is
+
+when I look at this path that
+goes this way, all right?
+
+I'm going to look at the
+path that goes this way.
+
+s is the predecessor of v1.
+
+v1 is a predecessor
+of, let's call this v3.
+
+v3 is a predecessor of v4.
+
+I'm just talking about
+the regular forward path.
+
+We have s to v1.
+
+v1 to v3.
+
+v3 to v4.
+
+All the way to t, right?
+
+So what I have here is correct.
+
+The predecessor of v1 is s.
+
+The predecessor
+of v3 would be v1.
+
+So I could write,
+pi f v3 equals v1.
+
+Et cetera.
+
+Now, let's just forget about
+the forward path, and let's
+
+just talk about
+the backward path.
+
+In the backwoods
+path, I want to be
+
+able to construct
+this backward path.
+
+It's got to be the reverse
+of what I have, OK?
+
+And, in that case,
+what I'm saying
+
+is that I want to move
+in this direction.
+
+So pretend that I've
+made the edges flip, OK?
+
+So, in that case, if I pretend
+that this edge is like that,
+
+and then I just apply
+the regular predecessor
+
+relationship, then t is
+the predecessor of v2.
+
+And that's the
+point you're making.
+
+OK? t is the predecessor of v2.
+
+And so, my apologies.
+
+I have pi b v2 equals t.
+
+And, if I follow this
+edge here, then I'd
+
+have the appropriate
+relationship.
+
+But let's just stick to
+this one because that's
+
+the simple example.
+
+I don't quite know
+whether this edge
+
+is going to be part of
+my shortest path or not.
+
+It might be.
+
+And that's something
+that we'll compute.
+
+But what I have here is the
+predecessor relationship
+
+corresponding to
+the backward edge.
+
+And so, that's like
+flipping this edge.
+
+And, hopefully, that
+makes sense now.
+
+Thanks for pointing that out.
+
+And so, let's talk
+about what happens here.
+
+We know what happens
+in the forward search.
+
+You've done that before.
+
+In the backward
+search, what happens
+
+is that I need to start--
+according to this condition--
+
+just like in the forward
+search, I found a w.
+
+And I continually
+applied pi of f to w.
+
+So, this is apply pi of f to w.
+
+And then do pi of f pi of f w.
+
+And so on and so forth.
+
+And that's what you do in order
+to construct the shortest path.
+
+People buy that?
+
+Right?
+
+And what I want to do
+here is apply pi b to w.
+
+And then, pi b of pi b to w.
+
+And so on and so
+forth, till I get to t.
+
+Right?
+
+And this one, till I get to s.
+
+Right?
+
+So, what I wrote
+here, s to w, t to w.
+
+There's nothing
+incorrect about that.
+
+What's important to understand
+is the application of the pi
+
+f and the pi b.
+
+Both, according to
+this, start with w,
+
+which is this vertex that caused
+the termination to happen.
+
+All right?
+
+So, people buy this?
+
+Any other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+Turns out this is
+not quite correct.
+
+OK?
+
+This is not quite
+correct, right?
+
+And not because of the pi b
+inversion that I had before,
+
+right?
+
+So what have I said, so far?
+
+It makes perfect sense.
+
+It says, I have a vertex
+that caused the termination.
+
+I'm going to call it w.
+
+OK?
+
+And that vertex is on the
+intersection of these two
+
+frontiers, OK?
+
+And I'm going to use that
+to construct the shortest
+
+path by constructing
+two sub paths,
+
+using the forward pointers
+and the backward pointers.
+
+All right?
+
+So all of that
+makes sense except,
+
+it turns out, that w may
+not be on the shortest path.
+
+OK?
+
+And I'll show you
+an example where
+
+w is not on the shortest path.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's at a real
+subtle condition.
+
+So we have to actually augment
+the termination condition.
+
+Or, we have to do something more
+than the termination condition.
+
+So, I will tell you right
+away, the termination condition
+
+is correct.
+
+OK?
+
+And so, the guy who got the
+cushion, deserved the cushion.
+
+OK?
+
+So the termination
+condition as correct.
+
+You are going to run Dijkstra
+'s ultimate forward search
+
+and backward search.
+
+And you're going to terminate
+when a particular vertex, call
+
+it w, is going to get pulled
+out from both Qf and Qb.
+
+All right?
+
+What is incorrect
+here is the use of w
+
+to construct the shortest path.
+
+All right?
+
+It turns out, we have
+to do a little more work
+
+to go find the shortest
+path, after we've terminated.
+
+And w may not be on
+the shortest path.
+
+All right?
+
+Any ideas as to
+what we might do?
+
+This is a bit of
+an unfair question,
+
+but certainly worth a cushion.
+
+How do you think
+we can fix this?
+
+If w is not on
+the shortest path,
+
+what do you think would
+be on the shortest path?
+
+Is there a way of
+finding this vertex,
+
+so we can break this up?
+
+We absolutely have to
+use both pi f and pi b.
+
+There's no getting
+away from that
+
+because these two frontiers
+have just barely collided.
+
+The instant they barely
+collided, we've stopped.
+
+OK?
+
+So we can't use pi f
+all the way from s to t.
+
+We can't use pi b all
+the way from t to s.
+
+These frontiers have
+just barely collided.
+
+OK?
+
+So what happens if w is
+not on the shortest path?
+
+And why is that the case?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I just had a question.
+
+Are all the edge
+weights identical?
+
+Or are they--
+
+PROFESSOR: So, the edge
+weights don't change.
+
+There are no new edges.
+
+The way you want
+to think about is
+
+that, you can traverse
+the edges backward.
+
+And so, it's not like
+there are two edges here.
+
+Now, you could fake
+it, and have two edges
+
+with exactly the same
+weights over here.
+
+But are you saying there are
+edge weights in the graph,
+
+all identical across the edges?
+
+Or are you asking about
+the forward search
+
+versus the backward search?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+what I was asking.
+
+Is each edge weight
+the same in the graph.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+They're using Dijkstra.
+
+The edge ways can be arbitrary.
+
+But they're non-negative.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the usual
+Dijkstra requirement.
+
+They could be real numbers.
+
+They could be
+irrational numbers.
+
+They could be whatever.
+
+But they're all non-negative.
+
+All right?
+
+Now, in the backward search
+and the forward search-- just
+
+to make that clear-- while I've
+drawn this particular edge,
+
+that weight hasn't changed, OK?
+
+That weight had
+better be the same.
+
+OK?
+
+All right, so I'll
+show you an example.
+
+And we'll take an example, a
+fairly straightforward example,
+
+it turns out.
+
+It took a while to
+concoct this five node
+
+example that shows
+the idea here.
+
+But what we're going to do is,
+take a look at the termination
+
+condition in a
+specific case, where
+
+we're going to do this
+alternation of forward
+
+and backward search.
+
+And we'll see,
+when it terminates,
+
+as to what the correct way is
+to construct the shortest path.
+
+All right?
+
+And, as I said before,
+the termination condition
+
+is correct.
+
+It's not like we stop too early.
+
+When one of those nodes
+gets off from Qf and Qb,
+
+you get to stop.
+
+So that's my s, over here.
+
+And I have a fairly
+straightforward graph.
+
+I have 5, 5, 3, 3, 3.
+
+So we don't need
+a computer program
+
+to tell us that the
+shortest path from s to t
+
+is the path with three
+edges that goes on top, OK,
+
+which has a weight of 9.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is a forward search.
+
+And I'm going to call all
+of these vertices names.
+
+So I have u prime.
+
+t. et cetera.
+
+OK?
+
+So, in the first step
+of the forward search,
+
+I'm going to be able
+to set-- oh, I'm sorry.
+
+This one is a w.
+
+I'm going to be able
+to set df w equals 5.
+
+And df u equals 3.
+
+And, obviously,
+df of s equals 0.
+
+And I'm not going to bother
+writing the infinities.
+
+It's just going to clutter
+up the board, all right?
+
+So, stop me if you have
+questions on anything
+
+I'm writing here.
+
+So that's a forward search.
+
+Now, let's do the first step
+of backward search, right?
+
+Alternate, remember?
+
+Alternate forward
+search, backward search,
+
+forward search, backward search.
+
+And I'm just going to
+write this out again,
+
+so bear with me,
+because I think it'd
+
+be clearer if you see
+this graph many times.
+
+As opposed to my erasing
+what I've written.
+
+So I've got an s, here.
+
+t there.
+
+u.
+
+u prime.
+
+w.
+
+And I'm going to hash
+this vertex vertically
+
+because that's my
+backward search.
+
+And db of t equals 0.
+
+OK?
+
+And I'm going to follow this
+backward, and this backward.
+
+And my weights are the same.
+
+It's the same graph.
+
+So I'm going to have d
+of b u prime equals 3.
+
+And db of w equals 5.
+
+And I haven't seen u yet.
+
+I haven't seen s yet.
+
+And so, all I've done
+is mark these two.
+
+All right?
+
+So far, so good?
+
+Again, stop me if
+you have questions.
+
+We've got, obviously, a
+couple more steps to go here.
+
+And let's keep going.
+
+So now we do a
+forward search again.
+
+Yeah, that's fine.
+
+That's this hash that
+way, just to make sure.
+
+This is s, u, u prime, w, t.
+
+And what I have
+now is, I'm going
+
+process this vertex
+in the forward search
+
+because I have a choice
+in the forward search
+
+to either pick w or w.
+
+This clearly has lower
+priority because df w equals 5.
+
+And df of u equals 3.
+
+So extract-min is
+obviously going to pick u.
+
+And it's going to process this
+edge now, after extract-min.
+
+And I'm going have df
+of u prime equals 6.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 3 over there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh,
+it's 3 over there.
+
+Thanks.
+
+Good.
+
+So, so far, so good?
+
+Yeah?
+
+All right.
+
+So now, I go to the
+backward search.
+
+And again, I have
+s, t, u, u prime, w.
+
+I'm going to go
+ahead and hash this.
+
+This has been
+hashed horizontally.
+
+The hash horizontally means
+that it's been removed from Qf.
+
+The hash vertically means that
+it's been removed from Qb.
+
+And so, when I look at this,
+and I do a backward search,
+
+I'm going to hash this.
+
+And I'm going to set
+db of u prime equals 3.
+
+And I have db of w equals 5.
+
+So, that I already had.
+
+And so, when I have db of w
+equals 5 and db of u prime
+
+equals 3, then,
+obviously, I'm going
+
+to pick the one with
+the min priority.
+
+This corresponds to this one.
+
+And what it's going
+to do is, it's
+
+going to go process that
+and set db of u equals 6.
+
+All right?
+
+So what happened here simply was
+that I picked this vertex off
+
+of Qb because that
+was the min priority.
+
+And all I did was relax
+this particular edge
+
+in the backward direction.
+
+And said db u equals 6.
+
+All right?
+
+Almost there.
+
+Any questions so far?
+
+Any bugs you noticed so
+far, in what I've written?
+
+Yeah, back there, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+So people agree with this.
+
+All right, one more.
+
+One more board to draw.
+
+And we'll be done.
+
+We will have terminated.
+
+All right, so
+getting pretty close.
+
+So I'm set up this way.
+
+Oh, shoot.
+
+Sorry.
+
+This is horizontal.
+
+So, now I'm looking at it, and
+I've taken care of these two.
+
+And I'm talking about
+the forward search here.
+
+So this is, again, the forward.
+
+And that's the backward.
+
+And now I'm doing
+a forward again.
+
+And my only choice, now, is to
+pick the w vertex off of Qf.
+
+Right?
+
+Because df w equals 5.
+
+And this one has
+already been processed.
+
+df of u equals 3.
+
+But I've hashed that.
+
+And so I've gone ahead
+and processed that vertex.
+
+And this one, df of
+u prime equals 6.
+
+So, in Qf, I would be
+comparing u prime and w.
+
+And I would take w, OK?
+
+People buy that?
+
+That's because, I guess you by
+the fact that 5 is less than 6.
+
+I hope.
+
+So that's what happens in
+the step of forward search.
+
+And then you go ahead
+and process this.
+
+You're going to set
+df of t to be 10.
+
+OK?
+
+And now you're
+starting to see why
+
+there may be a bit of a
+problem with our shortest path
+
+computation, right?
+
+Maybe.
+
+All right?
+
+Everything good?
+
+All right.
+
+So what have I done here?
+
+I've removed w from Qf.
+
+OK.
+
+I've removed w from Qf.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, let's look at the last step
+here, of the backward search.
+
+s, t.
+
+And so, this was hashed.
+
+That was hashed.
+
+And, if I look at
+what I have here,
+
+I have db u prime equals 3.
+
+df u prime equals 6.
+
+This was df w equals 5.
+
+db w equals 5.
+
+And so on and so forth.
+
+Again, you compare w.
+
+And you see that db w equals 5.
+
+And df u prime equals 6.
+
+So therefore, you will pick w.
+
+OK?
+
+You will pick w, and
+remove it from Qf.
+
+So remove w from Qf.
+
+All right?
+
+And process it.
+
+And what you end up with
+is df of s equals 10.
+
+OK?
+
+That's what you get
+because this is a 5.
+
+And that's a 5.
+
+OK?
+
+People see the problem here?
+
+What's the problem?
+
+Someone articulate the problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I mean, so, what I have so
+far is, I've terminated.
+
+But it looks like I
+end up with d of s.
+
+If I look at it
+from a standpoint
+
+of the forward weight,
+I got a 10 for t.
+
+I get db t equals 10.
+
+If I look from a standpoint
+of the backward weight,
+
+I get db s equals 10.
+
+OK?
+
+And we all know that the
+shortest path should be 9.
+
+OK.
+
+So what happened here?
+
+Well, we terminated
+according to this condition.
+
+We terminated when w was
+pulled off from Qf and Qb
+
+because that was the
+short path, in some sense,
+
+in terms of number
+of edges, right?
+
+It was only of length 2.
+
+And so, then the
+frontiers collide.
+
+This is a subtlety
+in the algorithm.
+
+The frontiers collide
+at some vertex,
+
+regardless of the
+weights of the edges.
+
+Because we are alternating
+the forward search
+
+and the backward
+search, in effect,
+
+the frontiers are going to
+collide on the shortest length
+
+path.
+
+Right?
+
+That makes sense, right?
+
+So this example is set up so
+the shortest length path is not
+
+the shortest weight path.
+
+OK?
+
+So we can't take the w
+and use pi f to construct
+
+part of the path, and
+use pi b to construct
+
+the other part of the path.
+
+And find the
+shortest weight path.
+
+We would get
+something incorrect.
+
+Right?
+
+We would get a path of
+length 10, in this case,
+
+if we did that.
+
+So how do we fix it?
+
+How do we fix it?
+
+One little termination
+condition doesn't change.
+
+How do we fix it?
+
+Someone?
+
+Back there.
+
+Or, actually, you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ordinate
+based on the weight.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ordinate
+based on the weight.
+
+So exactly how would we do that?
+
+AUDIENCE: At each
+point you take the one
+
+that has the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: But that's what
+we're doing now, right?
+
+So, are you changing
+the alternation
+
+between the forward search
+and the backward search?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're
+saying that you're
+
+going to do more forward
+searches, as opposed
+
+to backward searches?
+
+AUDIENCE: If the
+overall cost is lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: Overall
+cost is lower.
+
+You know, if you code it
+up, you get to keep this.
+
+If I want a slightly
+different, simpler
+
+fix because I think what
+you're saying here--
+
+and I like the idea.
+
+I actually do like the idea.
+
+You're saying you're going
+to not do strict alternation.
+
+But you're going to do some
+sort of weighted alternation,
+
+from what I can tell,
+based on the weights.
+
+OK?
+
+And I think there's an
+algorithm there that's correct.
+
+OK?
+
+I probably won't
+be able to prove
+
+that it's correct to
+myself in five minutes.
+
+OK.
+
+Or 10 minutes.
+
+But let's talk
+about that offline.
+
+And see if there's a way.
+
+I'm a little
+worried that, if you
+
+have positive rational
+numbers, and you've
+
+got root 2, square
+root of 2, and pi.
+
+And the transcendental number
+corresponding to these weights,
+
+that this weighted
+alternation is
+
+going to be a bit hard
+to implement correctly.
+
+But it's a neat idea.
+
+I would actually like
+a follow up on that.
+
+Something that's a
+little-- yeah, back there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you look at the
+neighbors of all the nodes that
+
+are in your forward
+[INAUDIBLE], and see
+
+if any of their neighbors
+are in backwards [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And see if that's going to give
+you a shorter path than the one
+
+that you pulled out previously.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+That's almost exactly correct.
+
+I won't bother throwing it
+over, but this is yours.
+
+You want to catch it?
+
+AUDIENCE: I already have one.
+
+PROFESSOR: You already
+have a cushion.
+
+All right.
+
+So how about I just throw it.
+
+And anybody who wants
+to catch it gets it.
+
+How's that?
+
+Whoa.
+
+All right.
+
+I didn't hit anybody.
+
+Anybody who wants it, who
+doesn't have a cushion.
+
+Right.
+
+We've got all these cushions in
+my office, and Eric's office.
+
+We've got to do
+something about them.
+
+They're actually not that great.
+
+You know, it's bit of
+an issue, I understand.
+
+You know, we've got to
+do Frisbees next time,
+
+or something.
+
+I can see why you're not
+enthusiastic about this.
+
+Right?
+
+OK.
+
+All right, so the answer
+was, in fact, correct.
+
+And let me write
+it up over here.
+
+So we had to do a
+little more work.
+
+We terminate properly.
+
+We do the strict alternation.
+
+But we have to do a
+little bit more work.
+
+OK.
+
+And the work we have to do
+is summarized very neatly
+
+by saying, we want to
+find an x, which is maybe
+
+different from w,
+possibly, that has
+
+minimum value of
+d of x plus db x.
+
+All right?
+
+So we have to actually look.
+
+And this x is going
+to be neighboring.
+
+But we don't really
+need to specify that.
+
+What we say is, you're going
+to have to look at Qf and Qb.
+
+And it's possible
+that w is the one that
+
+has minimum df w plus db w.
+
+But, clearly, that wasn't
+the case in this example.
+
+So, in this example, w
+caused the termination.
+
+But now we need to scan.
+
+And there's only
+two other vertices
+
+that are interesting here,
+which are u and u prime.
+
+And either of those
+will fit the bill
+
+because we see that df of u
+plus db of u equals 3 plus 6
+
+equals 9.
+
+And df of u prime plus db of
+u prime equals-- I'm sorry,
+
+I should have out db here.
+
+db of u prime would
+be 6 plus 3 equals 9.
+
+Right?
+
+So both of these
+are less than 10.
+
+And so we had to pick
+one of these as our x.
+
+OK.
+
+And if you pick one of these
+as our x, then, at that point,
+
+we don't do w here.
+
+We do x.
+
+OK?
+
+Let me write it as x.
+
+It looks like a cross here.
+
+So that's what happens.
+
+So this small little tweak.
+
+Do the alternation.
+
+Do the termination.
+
+Once you do the
+termination, go look
+
+and see if you can
+minimize the shortest path
+
+length by finding
+an appropriate x.
+
+Which has the minimum sum of
+the forward and the backward
+
+priorities.
+
+And then, you're in business.
+
+And then, everything works.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+Great.
+
+So, so much for
+bi-directional search.
+
+Let me talk a little
+bit about heuristics
+
+that people use to modify the
+graph so things run faster
+
+in practice.
+
+So, in particular, you can think
+about the goal directed search,
+
+or a star, if
+you're taking 6034.
+
+And there's some
+commonality between what
+
+I'm going to talk about
+here, and that material.
+
+The basic idea is
+that we're going
+
+to modify the edge
+weights in such a way
+
+that you go downhill
+toward the shortest path.
+
+And so, the priorities are
+modified heuristically.
+
+So things run a
+little bit quicker.
+
+You're trying to
+prune the search here.
+
+So we're going to
+modify edge weights.
+
+And we have to be careful
+when we do this, obviously.
+
+We don't want to do
+things that are incorrect.
+
+But the way we want to
+modify the edge weights
+
+is by having some sort
+of potential function
+
+that corresponds to lambda.
+
+And, if the edge
+is between u and v,
+
+then we have an equation
+given a lambda that says,
+
+the new w, w bar, is w u, v
+minus lambda u plus lambda
+
+v. OK?
+
+Now, we have to be a little
+careful here, with respect
+
+to the choice of lambda.
+
+But the basic idea,
+in terms of lambda,
+
+is that, suppose you
+have something like this,
+
+where you have a
+source vertex, s.
+
+And you're again trying
+to do a single source,
+
+single target going to t.
+
+And let's say I have an
+edge of weight 5 going out
+
+and an edge of a 5
+going out this way.
+
+Is there a way
+that you can guess
+
+that this is the
+edge that is more
+
+likely to be on
+your shortest path?
+
+As opposed to this other edge?
+
+Essentially increase
+the potential
+
+of this node, all right?
+
+So this node here
+may be the node t2.
+
+And this node may
+be the node t1.
+
+You want to increase the
+potential of node t2,
+
+such that, you're
+actually trying
+
+to go uphill when
+you go this way.
+
+And this goes downhill.
+
+And that has the
+appropriate modifications
+
+on the edge weights, such
+that the Dijkstra algorithm is
+
+steered towards going downhill.
+
+And going down this path.
+
+And it terminates a
+little bit quicker.
+
+Right?
+
+It doesn't change as
+asymptotic complexity.
+
+It just makes things run, in
+practice, a little bit faster.
+
+If you choose the
+right potentials.
+
+Right?
+
+Feels like magic.
+
+How do you know how to
+increase the potential?
+
+What would you increase
+the potential for?
+
+What nodes do you
+want to make uphill?
+
+What nodes do you
+want to make downhill?
+
+So there's a bunch of questions.
+
+I'm not going to get
+into a lot of details.
+
+But I will tell you
+a couple of things.
+
+I'm going to give you, really
+quickly, a simple example
+
+that is both correct, in terms
+of the actual shortest path you
+
+will get is the correct one.
+
+And a particular
+mechanism off modifying
+
+the potentials that
+uses landmarks.
+
+Right.
+
+So the way we are
+going to do this
+
+is by saying that
+any path wp is going
+
+to get modified based on
+its destination and source.
+
+So the only way that we can
+use the potential method
+
+is by ensuring that
+all of the shortest
+
+paths between any pair
+of vertices, we're
+
+only concerned about single
+source, single target here.
+
+But, in general,
+it's a good thing
+
+to not change any of
+the shortest paths.
+
+So what used to
+be a shortest path
+
+should stay the shortest path.
+
+And the way you do
+that is by having
+
+a potential function that,
+if you have an arbitrary
+
+path, essentially-- and
+this is a path from s to t.
+
+That you subtract
+out something based
+
+on a function of the vertex.
+
+In this case, you have s.
+
+And, in this case, you have t.
+
+So the nice thing is
+that, any path from s to t
+
+is going to get shifted by
+the same amount, corresponding
+
+to this additional term here.
+
+So what that means is
+that the final shortest
+
+path that you discover will
+be the correct shortest path.
+
+You just may, hopefully,
+discover it faster.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's the correctness check.
+
+And I'll put this in the notes.
+
+And maybe the TAs can
+cover it in the section.
+
+But one way of getting
+this potential function
+
+is to use what's
+called a landmark.
+
+And so the basic idea is
+that you have a landmark, l,
+
+which is a vertex
+belonging to v.
+
+And we're going to pre-compute
+delta of u comma l.
+
+So, for any input
+vertex, you want
+
+to find the shortest
+path to this landmark.
+
+So it's like, change the
+source, but the destination
+
+stays the same.
+
+And the potential
+lambda t u is defined
+
+as delta of u, l
+minus delta of t, l.
+
+OK?
+
+So you have the source, s.
+
+You have a destination, t.
+
+And now you have a landmark, l.
+
+I'm going to pre-compute delta
+u,l for all u belonging to v.
+
+And I'm also going to
+pre-compute, for a given t,
+
+delta t, l.
+
+So that's just a single t.
+
+So that's just one computation.
+
+This one is much
+more computation.
+
+And, if I use this potential,
+you can show that it's correct,
+
+using the triangle inequality.
+
+And this is not a heuristic.
+
+With the correct
+choice of landmark,
+
+Dijkstra, empirically,
+will run faster.
+
+So, if you know
+for sure that you
+
+need to go through middle
+America to get from Cal Tech
+
+to Boston-- and there's
+one particular landmark
+
+you want to go through--
+Texas or something.
+
+And you pick Austin, Texas, then
+you can do this computation.
+
+And maybe Dijkstra runs
+2x faster, 20% faster.
+
+All right?
+
+I'll put the argument about
+correctness, and the specifics
+
+of these things, in the notes.
+
+And you can take a
+look at it offline.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CSFPR1UDePI.txt b/CSFPR1UDePI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8c8fe181f6ab9ced83c6f9c2dce4a55e20b3d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CSFPR1UDePI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7722 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any question U problem set four was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any question U problem set four was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any question U problem set four was
+just turned in a couple people have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned in a couple people have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned in a couple people have um
+have asked for and been granted uh small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have asked for and been granted uh small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have asked for and been granted uh small
+extensions on that so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions on that so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions on that so I'm not going to
+uh be talking through the solution set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be talking through the solution set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be talking through the solution set
+today but anything that came up that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but anything that came up that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but anything that came up that you
+found interesting appalling uh strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting appalling uh strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting appalling uh strange
+Adam for the T and the I I use that o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam for the T and the I I use that o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam for the T and the I I use that o of
+n factorial algorithm the O of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial algorithm the O of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial algorithm the O of n
+factorial algorithm how how high can n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial algorithm how how high can n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial algorithm how how high can n
+get 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 25
+25 for what so if I had 25 notes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 for what so if I had 25 notes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 for what so if I had 25 notes and I
+was trying to find optic or obdc it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to find optic or obdc it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to find optic or obdc it
+turns out within a few seconds yep so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out within a few seconds yep so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out within a few seconds yep so so
+with the O so you have an O of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the O so you have an O of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the O so you have an O of n
+factorial algorithm which is uh usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial algorithm which is uh usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial algorithm which is uh usually
+one of the worst you'd ever be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the worst you'd ever be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the worst you'd ever be thinking
+about except for n to the n n to the n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about except for n to the n n to the n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about except for n to the n n to the n's
+worst right I can't remember there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst right I can't remember there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst right I can't remember there the
+types of things as a professional music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things as a professional music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things as a professional music
+person you don't really have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you don't really have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you don't really have to think
+once you're thinking about things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're thinking about things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're thinking about things this
+bad you usually don't but um but yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad you usually don't but um but yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad you usually don't but um but yeah uh
+25 was the number that I was weirdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 was the number that I was weirdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 was the number that I was weirdly
+thinking that would constrain n anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that would constrain n anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that would constrain n anybody
+have a different number that often comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different number that often comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different number that often comes
+up in music for the max the end yeah 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in music for the max the end yeah 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in music for the max the end yeah 12
+12 with 12 pictures so you can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 with 12 pictures so you can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 with 12 pictures so you can end up
+with an algorithm that is O of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an algorithm that is O of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an algorithm that is O of 12
+factorial which is decently big but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which is decently big but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which is decently big but not
+too bad um which reduces to O of one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad um which reduces to O of one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad um which reduces to O of one one
+very slow one but o of one so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow one but o of one so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow one but o of one so I don't
+think that that would be that bad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that would be that bad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that would be that bad I
+believe there is an there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe there is an there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe there is an there is an
+algorithm that runs in uh o of n time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that runs in uh o of n time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that runs in uh o of n time I
+believe yeah or it may it might be o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe yeah or it may it might be o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe yeah or it may it might be o of
+n^2 I'll look back at it so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 I'll look back at it so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 I'll look back at it so there is a
+way to go better but good good for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go better but good good for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go better but good good for this
+class again we're not you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class again we're not you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class again we're not you're not going
+to be quizzed on your algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quizzed on your algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quizzed on your algorithmic
+complexity of your um work but um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of your um work but um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of your um work but um it's
+always a good thing to be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good thing to be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good thing to be thinking about
+as we uh do things I've um I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we uh do things I've um I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we uh do things I've um I took the
+summer to look through all the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer to look through all the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer to look through all the places
+where I wasn't using Heap tables I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wasn't using Heap tables I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wasn't using Heap tables I don't
+know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if
+anybody do they cover heaps in 6 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody do they cover heaps in 6 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody do they cover heaps in 6 uh
+69 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+66 okay yeah so the idea of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 okay yeah so the idea of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 okay yeah so the idea of an
+organization that allows you to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that allows you to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that allows you to any
+point get the smallest or the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point get the smallest or the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point get the smallest or the largest
+value but not everything else is sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but not everything else is sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but not everything else is sorted
+and that can be a very useful um tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a very useful um tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a very useful um tool
+often but good but most of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but good but most of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but good but most of the things
+aren't going to be on that any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be on that any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be on that any other
+questions or weird concerns that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or weird concerns that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or weird concerns that come
+up I'll be curious out after class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'll be curious out after class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'll be curious out after class to
+figure out where 25 comes from I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where 25 comes from I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where 25 comes from I just
+put in 25 notes and then C actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in 25 notes and then C actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in 25 notes and then C actually
+killed a lot of effort yeah yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed a lot of effort yeah yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed a lot of effort yeah yeah so so
+as long as you do your cardinality or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you do your cardinality or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you do your cardinality or
+your what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what's the other
+one oh yeah but what's what's the op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh yeah but what's what's the op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh yeah but what's what's the op
+octave yeah sorry I was hearing optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave yeah sorry I was hearing optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave yeah sorry I was hearing optic
+but but you were saying octave which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you were saying octave which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you were saying octave which is
+correct as long as you've done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct as long as you've done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct as long as you've done something
+like that you're Pro an op the OPC which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you're Pro an op the OPC which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you're Pro an op the OPC which
+is almost always um a requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost always um a requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost always um a requirement for
+using t or I because the transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using t or I because the transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using t or I because the transposition
+operation um in some or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation um in some or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation um in some or the
+transposition in operations can in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition in operations can in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition in operations can in some
+cases not be well defined if especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases not be well defined if especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases not be well defined if especially
+if you're thinking of a chord um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking of a chord um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking of a chord um what
+when you invert it does do the order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you invert it does do the order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you invert it does do the order the
+notes change in a Melody the order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes change in a Melody the order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes change in a Melody the order you
+know obviously matters more good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously matters more good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously matters more good yeah
+can you give some intuition for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give some intuition for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give some intuition for when
+inversion is useful I like in doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is useful I like in doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is useful I like in doing the
+assignment I just to wrap yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment I just to wrap yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment I just to wrap yeah yeah so
+what when is it useful the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when is it useful the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when is it useful the one of the
+first um reasons why it can be uh useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um reasons why it can be uh useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um reasons why it can be uh useful
+is a lot of composers have thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of composers have thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of composers have thought it
+useful including um tal composers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful including um tal composers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful including um tal composers like
+Bach but uh 20th century composers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bach but uh 20th century composers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bach but uh 20th century composers uh
+like Arnold schernberg or car hunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Arnold schernberg or car hunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Arnold schernberg or car hunch
+stock Housen they've used um inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock Housen they've used um inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock Housen they've used um inversion
+Cemetery a lot the other the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cemetery a lot the other the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cemetery a lot the other the other thing
+is that things are inversions of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that things are inversions of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that things are inversions of each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+um have the same um interval structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have the same um interval structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have the same um interval structure
+so if you're playing with a piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're playing with a piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're playing with a piece and
+you're thinking about oh how can I reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about oh how can I reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about oh how can I reuse
+those intervals um that can uh that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intervals um that can uh that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intervals um that can uh that can
+be a place that's done um I I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a place that's done um I I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a place that's done um I I think it's
+um you know you can Google online people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you can Google online people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you can Google online people
+singing Happy Birthday in inversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing Happy Birthday in inversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing Happy Birthday in inversion and
+stuff like that so quite a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so quite a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so quite a number of
+people do hear it in special cases as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do hear it in special cases as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do hear it in special cases as an
+equivalence class um as we we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class um as we we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class um as we we saw with
+the um Gustaf Holst uh example where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Gustaf Holst uh example where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Gustaf Holst uh example where the
+sixth time through the shakon theme he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth time through the shakon theme he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth time through the shakon theme he
+decides to play Upside Down do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to play Upside Down do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to play Upside Down do you
+remember that from the band thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that from the band thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that from the band thing that
+we have so that that's one of the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so that that's one of the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so that that's one of the places
+that's the there um I think we've moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the there um I think we've moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the there um I think we've moved
+to a world that's different from even 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a world that's different from even 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a world that's different from even 25
+30 years ago where it was this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years ago where it was this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years ago where it was this notion
+that oh eventually we're all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh eventually we're all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh eventually we're all going to
+hear inversions uh the way we hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear inversions uh the way we hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear inversions uh the way we hear
+transpositions and I think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpositions and I think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpositions and I think that that's
+uh not something composers are asserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not something composers are asserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not something composers are asserting
+as much great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much great
+question other things um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other things um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other things um there's one
+case and I haven't run your things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I haven't run your things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I haven't run your things
+through it that is uh interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it that is uh interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it that is uh interesting that
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+all here I'll just go over here almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all here I'll just go over here almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all here I'll just go over here almost
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+musical structures that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical structures that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical structures that have the same
+built on the same numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on the same numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on the same numbers of
+intervals like once you do reduce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals like once you do reduce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals like once you do reduce them
+OCT equivalent and so on such as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCT equivalent and so on such as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCT equivalent and so on such as you
+know here we have a major third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here we have a major third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here we have a major third
+especially if we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we don't care about
+spelling and here we have a minor third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling and here we have a minor third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling and here we have a minor third
+and together we have a perfect fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together we have a perfect fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together we have a perfect fifth
+um and here we have M minor major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here we have M minor major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here we have M minor major
+perfect fifth major Triad Minor triad uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fifth major Triad Minor triad uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fifth major Triad Minor triad uh
+most cases that chords that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases that chords that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases that chords that have the
+same interval content can be transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same interval content can be transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same interval content can be transposed
+or inverted to make each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverted to make each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverted to make each other and
+there's a the cool thing is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a the cool thing is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a the cool thing is there's a
+very few exceptions to that uh rule um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few exceptions to that uh rule um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few exceptions to that uh rule um
+two of the most famous one is is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the most famous one is is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the most famous one is is any
+transposition or inversion of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition or inversion of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition or inversion of this um
+I'll use pitch class numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use pitch class numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use pitch class numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 terrible that's an e 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 terrible that's an e 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 terrible that's an e 4
+6 0 1 4 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 0 1 4 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 0 1 4 6
+um somebody while I'm getting a new pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody while I'm getting a new pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody while I'm getting a new pen
+verify that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that those
+are those have the same interval content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those have the same interval content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those have the same interval content
+do they both have a semitone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere yeah between the zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah between the zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah between the zero and the
+one right do they both sorry you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right do they both sorry you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right do they both sorry you need
+you do need that better pen before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need that better pen before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need that better pen before you
+do it do they both have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step yeah where where's the whole step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step yeah where where's the whole step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step yeah where where's the whole step
+in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+one 1 to three yep it's written this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 to three yep it's written this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 to three yep it's written this way
+with spelling uh thing so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spelling uh thing so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spelling uh thing so it's a little
+hard do they both have a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard do they both have a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard do they both have a minor
+third do they both have a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third do they both have a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third do they both have a major
+third yes this one's a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third yes this one's a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third yes this one's a little bit harder
+yeah so two things at four there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so two things at four there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so two things at four there's the
+major third it's a major third do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third it's a major third do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third it's a major third do they
+both have um a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have um a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have um a perfect
+fourth yeah and yeah where's the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth yeah and yeah where's the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth yeah and yeah where's the perfect
+fourth in this ah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth in this ah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth in this ah so
+this this one pretty easy and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one pretty easy and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one pretty easy and here the
+perfect fourth is because we have octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fourth is because we have octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fourth is because we have octave
+equivalents we just move this one up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents we just move this one up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents we just move this one up and
+then we get a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get a perfect
+fourth and do they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth and do they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth and do they have a
+trone augmented yeah this one's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trone augmented yeah this one's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trone augmented yeah this one's pretty
+easy because there's a trone from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because there's a trone from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because there's a trone from the
+lowest to highest and here it's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest to highest and here it's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest to highest and here it's between
+the first and the last this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the last this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the last this one's
+particularly interesting because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting because any
+four note chord will have six um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four note chord will have six um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four note chord will have six um
+intervals in it and if we think of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in it and if we think of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in it and if we think of how
+many how many semmit tones how many hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many semmit tones how many hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many semmit tones how many hold
+steps how many minor thirds major thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps how many minor thirds major thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps how many minor thirds major thirds
+perfect fourths trones and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fourths trones and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fourths trones and everything
+else above that is just an inversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else above that is just an inversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else above that is just an inversion of
+these uh they each have one so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh they each have one so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh they each have one so these are
+um SI it's called the all interval Tetra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um SI it's called the all interval Tetra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um SI it's called the all interval Tetra
+chords and the fascinating thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and the fascinating thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and the fascinating thing is that
+you cannot invert one to make the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot invert one to make the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot invert one to make the other
+there's only a few things like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a few things like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a few things like this and
+they they're called Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related nobody really knows what the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related nobody really knows what the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related nobody really knows what the Z
+stands for um it's not a Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for um it's not a Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for um it's not a Russian
+propaganda thing or whatever um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda thing or whatever um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda thing or whatever um so
+they're z- related and they always come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're z- related and they always come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're z- related and they always come
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs if we use a 16 tone system then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs if we use a 16 tone system then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs if we use a 16 tone system then
+all the z- related things come in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the z- related things come in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the z- related things come in in
+triples and somebody has worked out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples and somebody has worked out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples and somebody has worked out the
+math if we use a 30 tone system they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math if we use a 30 tone system they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math if we use a 30 tone system they all
+come in groups of five and stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in groups of five and stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in groups of five and stuff and
+it's a one of these things that we that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one of these things that we that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one of these things that we that
+those of us in the music theory have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us in the music theory have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us in the music theory have
+never um worked with a mathematician to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never um worked with a mathematician to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never um worked with a mathematician to
+figure out what the general pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the general pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the general pattern is
+of where Z related um systems come okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where Z related um systems come okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where Z related um systems come okay
+nice little side but um kind of the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little side but um kind of the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little side but um kind of the fun
+things you can do uh if you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do uh if you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do uh if you're doing a
+little bit more pure math side uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more pure math side uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more pure math side uh less
+computation yeah Jake that be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation yeah Jake that be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation yeah Jake that be an
+interesting final that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting final that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting final that would
+be that would be a final project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that would be a final project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that would be a final project that
+have a backup planned because do not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a backup planned because do not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a backup planned because do not do
+not bet your entire grade on being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bet your entire grade on being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bet your entire grade on being able
+to figure out but but yeah enumerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out but but yeah enumerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out but but yeah enumerating
+um in various things and yep would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in various things and yep would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in various things and yep would be
+great and a lot of lot of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and a lot of lot of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and a lot of lot of people who are
+interested in postt music will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in postt music will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in postt music will be
+interested in that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that good
+okay let's move off the computer we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move off the computer we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move off the computer we're
+gone from computer to math to let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from computer to math to let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from computer to math to let's go
+to Pure music I'm going to play in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pure music I'm going to play in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pure music I'm going to play in a
+second but you can get started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but you can get started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but you can get started the
+Corral that I've passed out for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral that I've passed out for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral that I've passed out for you the
+class theme Corral Allelujah Allelujah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class theme Corral Allelujah Allelujah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class theme Corral Allelujah Allelujah
+um Corral and your job talk with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Corral and your job talk with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Corral and your job talk with other
+people around this is first to spend um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around this is first to spend um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around this is first to spend um
+let's spend five minutes just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's spend five minutes just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's spend five minutes just doing
+whatever Roman num numeral or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Roman num numeral or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Roman num numeral or other
+analysis you've been taught on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you've been taught on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you've been taught on this
+project and let's not all start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and let's not all start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and let's not all start at the
+beginning so that some of us can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so that some of us can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so that some of us can have
+some interesting comments about the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting comments about the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting comments about the end
+or something but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something but just
+pretty 5 minutes until I give more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty 5 minutes until I give more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty 5 minutes until I give more
+instructions if you talk with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions if you talk with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions if you talk with each other
+you'll make fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistakes okay let's uh bring it back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes okay let's uh bring it back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes okay let's uh bring it back for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second everybody I'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second everybody I'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second everybody I'm going to start by
+asking people for um something that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking people for um something that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking people for um something that they
+found interesting let's let's um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting let's let's um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting let's let's um let's
+let's number guys let's number our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's number guys let's number our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's number guys let's number our
+measures so so one measure 1 2 3 4 five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures so so one measure 1 2 3 4 five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures so so one measure 1 2 3 4 five
+six seven 8 nine did I count that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven 8 nine did I count that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven 8 nine did I count that right
+um so I just so when you say if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just so when you say if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just so when you say if there's
+something interesting in a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting in a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting in a specific
+place um that I want to know it um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um that I want to know it um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um that I want to know it um well
+we'll just we'll jump around a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just we'll jump around a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just we'll jump around a little
+bit Jason what' you find that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Jason what' you find that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Jason what' you find that's
+interesting uh I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh I believe
+the starting the end of the first uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting the end of the first uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting the end of the first uh I
+think it's 511 and then uh 51 51 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's 511 and then uh 51 51 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's 511 and then uh 51 51 uh and
+the following one is basically 5151 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following one is basically 5151 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following one is basically 5151 but
+an minor inste oh so we have so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an minor inste oh so we have so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an minor inste oh so we have so your
+interesting thing is that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that we have some
+sort of um I don't know what do you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um I don't know what do you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um I don't know what do you call
+it modulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it modulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it modulating
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+modulating or a repetition on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating or a repetition on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating or a repetition on different
+keys this is the one I wanted to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys this is the one I wanted to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys this is the one I wanted to get rid
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh let's see
+uh who hasn't been calling for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Angelica it's Weir that they Choice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angelica it's Weir that they Choice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angelica it's Weir that they Choice the
+exra minor because if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exra minor because if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exra minor because if you're looking at
+an a major it's like equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a major it's like equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a major it's like equal to
+maor so we're we're starting in you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maor so we're we're starting in you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maor so we're we're starting in you in a
+major and then it goes to the what' you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and then it goes to the what' you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and then it goes to the what' you
+say the when it goes to minor it's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the when it goes to minor it's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the when it goes to minor it's a key
+to like go from from a major because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like go from from a major because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like go from from a major because it
+goes between like a six and third so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between like a six and third so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between like a six and third so it
+goes between it goes down a sixth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between it goes down a sixth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between it goes down a sixth and
+then what then like it goes between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what then like it goes between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what then like it goes between a
+major third and sixth chord minor six oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third and sixth chord minor six oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third and sixth chord minor six oh
+it goes from a minor sixth chord to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from a minor sixth chord to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from a minor sixth chord to a
+major sixth chord something cool great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major sixth chord something cool great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major sixth chord something cool great
+super very interesting uh we'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super very interesting uh we'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super very interesting uh we'll keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+who hasn't been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hasn't been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hasn't been called
+Jordan um something interesting I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan um something interesting I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan um something interesting I guess
+is I was trying to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I was trying to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I was trying to figure out what the
+cord was when measure two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord was when measure two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord was when measure two the
+last yeah I don't know if to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last yeah I don't know if to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last yeah I don't know if to call that
+yeah who who who gave a label to a chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who who who gave a label to a chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who who who gave a label to a chord
+here okay good let's let's see Matthew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay good let's let's see Matthew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay good let's let's see Matthew
+what what label did you give it 56 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what label did you give it 56 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what label did you give it 56 of
+six five six of six and for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six five six of six and for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six five six of six and for those who
+don't yet translating those numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yet translating those numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yet translating those numbers to
+symbols in head were you thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols in head were you thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols in head were you thinking of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like okay um I can over time you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay um I can over time you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay um I can over time you do
+learn to hear the lower cases and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to hear the lower cases and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to hear the lower cases and the
+slashes and the and the things what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slashes and the and the things what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slashes and the and the things what's
+what's in Roman numerals and what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in Roman numerals and what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in Roman numerals and what's in
+Arabic uh anybody give a different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic uh anybody give a different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic uh anybody give a different thing
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that yeah I ja a question wa just let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I ja a question wa just let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I ja a question wa just let me
+let's let's finish on this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's finish on this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's finish on this particular
+question yes okay go ahead yeah so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes okay go ahead yeah so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes okay go ahead yeah so like
+um worked from the end so um yeah I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worked from the end so um yeah I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worked from the end so um yeah I just
+kind of assumed it was an F minor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assumed it was an F minor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assumed it was an F minor like
+this was just like this 56 so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just like this 56 so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just like this 56 so this was
+just in 56 good so I think we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in 56 good so I think we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in 56 good so I think we're getting
+to our next question how many people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our next question how many people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our next question how many people um
+noted a key change in the piece not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted a key change in the piece not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted a key change in the piece not
+everybody got far enough to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got far enough to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got far enough to do one
+person did two people you presumably did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person did two people you presumably did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person did two people you presumably did
+or did not uh I mean I only got through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did not uh I mean I only got through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did not uh I mean I only got through
+like halfway through measure three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like halfway through measure three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like halfway through measure three
+that's fine that's fine good uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's fine good uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's fine good uh and
+anybody not find key chain so John yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody not find key chain so John yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody not find key chain so John yep
+so for those who um for those who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who um for those who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who um for those who did
+think of a key change where did you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a key change where did you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a key change where did you put
+the key change Adam between measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key change Adam between measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key change Adam between measure
+seven and eight between measure seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and eight between measure seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and eight between measure seven
+and8 five six 7 between here key change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and8 five six 7 between here key change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and8 five six 7 between here key change
+good any other things Jason I didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any other things Jason I didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any other things Jason I didn't get
+that far but it does feel like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far but it does feel like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far but it does feel like there's a
+key change like between two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key change like between two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key change like between two and three
+between two and three great um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two and three great um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two and three great um where
+would we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly if if you are if you are buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if if you are if you are buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if if you are if you are buying
+Jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason
+S if Adam if if you're going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S if Adam if if you're going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S if Adam if if you're going with
+Jason's where would you put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason's where would you put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason's where would you put that in
+between the two mens of that eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two mens of that eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two mens of that eight
+letter word within the for second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter word within the for second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter word within the for second
+measure third and fourth beats second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure third and fourth beats second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure third and fourth beats second
+measure between third and fourth beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure between third and fourth beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure between third and fourth beat
+just after the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just after the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just after the f
+anybody would place it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place anybody think that you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place anybody think that you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place anybody think that you know it
+might be ambiguous and we might be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be ambiguous and we might be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be ambiguous and we might be um
+kind of floating between two keys for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of floating between two keys for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of floating between two keys for a
+while when we do certain key changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when we do certain key changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when we do certain key changes
+anyone ever think that uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever think that uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever think that uh I would
+there's a a type of P chord that chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a type of P chord that chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a type of P chord that chord
+thing that begins with a p that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that begins with a p that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that begins with a p that some
+people use for that yeah John piery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for that yeah John piery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for that yeah John piery
+piery is is a type of cord and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piery is is a type of cord and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piery is is a type of cord and it does
+apply to this piece where where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to this piece where where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to this piece where where do we
+see some uh that might be a picker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some uh that might be a picker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some uh that might be a picker
+D anybody picker D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D anybody picker D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D anybody picker D
+third uh major third in a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh major third in a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh major third in a minor
+context good the very last chord very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context good the very last chord very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context good the very last chord very
+last chord yep think the p word you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chord yep think the p word you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chord yep think the p word you were
+looking for is Pivot pivot yep so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is Pivot pivot yep so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is Pivot pivot yep so we
+went with two different ones we great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went with two different ones we great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went with two different ones we great we
+got two different great uh P chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two different great uh P chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two different great uh P chords
+there yeah so pivot chords are what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so pivot chords are what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so pivot chords are what some
+people use to say that oh you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use to say that oh you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use to say that oh you know that
+this is the moment when we're in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the moment when we're in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the moment when we're in two
+keys for a while and I remember asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys for a while and I remember asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys for a while and I remember asking
+my teachers well can there be a pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my teachers well can there be a pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my teachers well can there be a pivot
+region and one teacher said no now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and one teacher said no now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and one teacher said no now you
+choose a chord and stick to it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a chord and stick to it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a chord and stick to it and then
+another teacher said no no of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another teacher said no no of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another teacher said no no of course
+there could be so um good any any um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be so um good any any um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be so um good any any um oh
+a couple things uh for those who did do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things uh for those who did do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things uh for those who did do
+the end or get to the end uh how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end or get to the end uh how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end or get to the end uh how many
+thought we were in a major at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we were in a major at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we were in a major at the
+end how many thought we were in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end how many thought we were in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end how many thought we were in F
+major how many thought we were an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major how many thought we were an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major how many thought we were an F
+minor couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor couple
+how many thought we were in another key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many thought we were in another key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many thought we were in another key
+Al together drian no okay good that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al together drian no okay good that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al together drian no okay good that last
+one's the only one that I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the only one that I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the only one that I wouldn't have
+liked uh somebody who thought we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked uh somebody who thought we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked uh somebody who thought we were in
+F major um explain to the F minor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F major um explain to the F minor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F major um explain to the F minor people
+why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're
+wrong yeah go ahead think well like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong yeah go ahead think well like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong yeah go ahead think well like the
+all the aars in the last two bars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the aars in the last two bars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the aars in the last two bars are
+indicator but also um I think we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator but also um I think we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator but also um I think we thought
+that the verada measur 7 uh sounded like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verada measur 7 uh sounded like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verada measur 7 uh sounded like
+uh like the dominant five after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the dominant five after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the dominant five after
+but it end up resolving into major in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it end up resolving into major in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it end up resolving into major in
+the next quarter which kind of for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next quarter which kind of for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next quarter which kind of for the
+next okay good um couple things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay good um couple things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay good um couple things that I
+heard that's always a very good um way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that's always a very good um way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that's always a very good um way
+of not necessarily winning but advancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not necessarily winning but advancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not necessarily winning but advancing
+an analysis argument you said it sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis argument you said it sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis argument you said it sounded
+like good always always think and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good always always think and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good always always think and let
+our ears do it not just what's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ears do it not just what's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ears do it not just what's written
+on the paper somebody who is an F minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the paper somebody who is an F minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the paper somebody who is an F minor
+winner um what try to convince the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner um what try to convince the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner um what try to convince the F
+major people that they're wrong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major people that they're wrong yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major people that they're wrong yeah
+John quite a bit piece we hear hints a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John quite a bit piece we hear hints a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John quite a bit piece we hear hints a
+lot at uh minor so like you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at uh minor so like you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at uh minor so like you have a lot
+ofor cords leing to up minor so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofor cords leing to up minor so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofor cords leing to up minor so last
+kind be seen as Bob just like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind be seen as Bob just like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind be seen as Bob just like kind of
+stylizing things keep keeping it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylizing things keep keeping it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylizing things keep keeping it still
+in minor so a stylization but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minor so a stylization but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minor so a stylization but it doesn't
+change uhuh yeah so we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uhuh yeah so we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uhuh yeah so we can have a
+disagreement on this um I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement on this um I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement on this um I'm not going to
+say at this moment which side I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at this moment which side I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at this moment which side I'm more
+on because uh I I can see the validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because uh I I can see the validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because uh I I can see the validity
+of both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides
+um I can't because I know the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't because I know the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't because I know the world of
+Bach I I myself cannot really hear it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bach I I myself cannot really hear it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bach I I myself cannot really hear it as
+oh we're still in a major and we um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're still in a major and we um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're still in a major and we um are
+ending on the sixth chord and the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on the sixth chord and the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on the sixth chord and the sixth
+chords are very important but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords are very important but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords are very important but on the
+other hand if I listen to a lot more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I listen to a lot more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I listen to a lot more uh
+contemporary popular music where six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary popular music where six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary popular music where six is
+a perfectly valid chord to to begin on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly valid chord to to begin on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly valid chord to to begin on
+and occasionally to end on um seemed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and occasionally to end on um seemed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and occasionally to end on um seemed you
+know quite quite possible good so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quite quite possible good so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quite quite possible good so we
+just spent 30 minutes looking at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spent 30 minutes looking at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spent 30 minutes looking at one
+Coral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral in
+particular um and that's not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um and that's not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um and that's not something
+we're going to do very often in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do very often in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do very often in this
+class but that is the normal way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but that is the normal way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but that is the normal way of
+analyzing music right so what I um want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing music right so what I um want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing music right so what I um want
+to do is to bring up the concept of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to bring up the concept of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to bring up the concept of why
+what we're doing with Corpus analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing with Corpus analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing with Corpus analysis
+which is what we're going to be doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to be doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to be doing uh
+for most of the rest of the um of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the rest of the um of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the rest of the um of this
+unit um so I'll just put this up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um so I'll just put this up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um so I'll just put this up for a
+second and there's a there a way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and there's a there a way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and there's a there a way I can
+blank this does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank this does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank this does that
+work yep there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yep there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yep there we
+go so we often think uh you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so we often think uh you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so we often think uh you may have
+heard this in one of your literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this in one of your literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this in one of your literature
+classes about close reading you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes about close reading you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes about close reading you know
+where you're looking through in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're looking through in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're looking through in finding
+all of Mark Twain's metaphors or all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Mark Twain's metaphors or all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Mark Twain's metaphors or all of
+uh Jane Austin's foreshadowings and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jane Austin's foreshadowings and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jane Austin's foreshadowings and how
+many Greek rooted words are used in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Greek rooted words are used in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Greek rooted words are used in this
+sentence this paragraph compared to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence this paragraph compared to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence this paragraph compared to uh
+the Latin words or the Anglo-Saxon ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Latin words or the Anglo-Saxon ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Latin words or the Anglo-Saxon ones
+and stuff so close reading is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff so close reading is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff so close reading is the main
+type of literary analysis um starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of literary analysis um starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of literary analysis um starting
+about uh it goes back to sort of the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh it goes back to sort of the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh it goes back to sort of the 80s
+but really in the last 20 years there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really in the last 20 years there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really in the last 20 years there's
+been a movement associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a movement associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a movement associated with the
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+um called distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called distant
+reading the other people were doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the other people were doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the other people were doing this
+before but um the term is connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but um the term is connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but um the term is connected to a
+literary critic named uh Franco Moretti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary critic named uh Franco Moretti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary critic named uh Franco Moretti
+and that's not going to be on exam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not going to be on exam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not going to be on exam or
+anything but uh so the notion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but uh so the notion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but uh so the notion is that
+distant reading is something you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant reading is something you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant reading is something you do when
+you're not close enough to the text to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not close enough to the text to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not close enough to the text to
+really make these kinds of precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make these kinds of precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make these kinds of precise
+arguments but you are far enough away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments but you are far enough away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments but you are far enough away
+that you can see not just one text but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see not just one text but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see not just one text but
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+texts so uh some of us who work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts so uh some of us who work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts so uh some of us who work on
+Corpus Studies have started in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus Studies have started in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus Studies have started in music
+have started replacing these terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started replacing these terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started replacing these terms with
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listening which is conventional music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening which is conventional music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening which is conventional music
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listening which is Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what what do you think some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you think some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you think some of the
+things that we can do with close reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can do with close reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can do with close reading
+or close listening better close anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or close listening better close anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or close listening better close anal
+analysis whatever you want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis whatever you want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis whatever you want to call it
+better than distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis yeah CL analysis we can't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis yeah CL analysis we can't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis yeah CL analysis we can't look
+for specific phrases motiv specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific phrases motiv specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific phrases motiv specific
+phrases or motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep anything else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep anything else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep anything else you
+think and let's let's think of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and let's let's think of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and let's let's think of sort of
+the world we're in today not not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we're in today not not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we're in today not not the
+world of of 5,000 years in the future or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of of 5,000 years in the future or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of of 5,000 years in the future or
+maybe 5 minutes depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 5 minutes depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 5 minutes depending on what
+happened at open a today but um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at open a today but um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at open a today but um you know
+where the computer can do many things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the computer can do many things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the computer can do many things it
+can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do
+but what are some things that we that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are some things that we that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are some things that we that
+we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+losing yeah yeah what makes distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing yeah yeah what makes distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing yeah yeah what makes distance
+dist listening different mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dist listening different mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dist listening different mean because
+like in a corporate study can study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a corporate study can study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a corporate study can study
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+close sure so let's let's let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close sure so let's let's let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close sure so let's let's let's think of
+some of the things um let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things um let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things um let's think of
+some of the things we we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things we we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things we we'll go back to
+literature Stu what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature Stu what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature Stu what are some of the
+things that humans are good at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that humans are good at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that humans are good at in
+picking out of literature that computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out of literature that computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out of literature that computers
+are still not very good ATA um like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still not very good ATA um like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still not very good ATA um like more
+abstract like we can be like oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract like we can be like oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract like we can be like oh this is
+an illusion like Shakespeare so similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illusion like Shakespeare so similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illusion like Shakespeare so similar
+like we can like notice patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we can like notice patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we can like notice patterns that
+like are hard to really yeah condense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are hard to really yeah condense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are hard to really yeah condense
+into like one formula function can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like one formula function can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like one formula function can be
+like oh this like is a similar Melody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this like is a similar Melody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this like is a similar Melody to
+like something that was us previous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that was us previous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that was us previous um
+so that's a good one other things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good one other things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good one other things what
+about for you um let's let's let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for you um let's let's let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for you um let's let's let's start
+with some one that that's hot in my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some one that that's hot in my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some one that that's hot in my head
+but I really want to make sure we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really want to make sure we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really want to make sure we don't
+lose track of this um anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of this um anyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of this um anyone have a
+piece of music they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of music they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of music they
+love okay almost everybody good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love okay almost everybody good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love okay almost everybody good good
+good how did you fall in love with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good how did you fall in love with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good how did you fall in love with that
+piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of
+music um listening to it listening to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um listening to it listening to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um listening to it listening to it
+good how many people have fallen in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good how many people have fallen in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good how many people have fallen in love
+with a piece of music via Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studies via o ooh this one has 47% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies via o ooh this one has 47% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies via o ooh this one has 47% of
+Sharps and so let's let's not forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharps and so let's let's not forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharps and so let's let's not forget
+that the reason why we make music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason why we make music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason why we make music and
+listen to it is the enjoyment happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it is the enjoyment happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it is the enjoyment happens at
+the a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a close
+level um the other thing I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um the other thing I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um the other thing I was thinking
+of with the literature is this character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with the literature is this character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with the literature is this character
+I'm writing um reading crying in Hmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing um reading crying in Hmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing um reading crying in Hmart
+right now I don't know if anyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I don't know if anyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I don't know if anyone knows
+this Memoir but the car one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Memoir but the car one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Memoir but the car one of the
+characters in it is going through a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in it is going through a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in it is going through a very
+similar experience that I went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar experience that I went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar experience that I went through
+in my life um with the family death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life um with the family death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life um with the family death and
+it was very deeply resonating with me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very deeply resonating with me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very deeply resonating with me so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+resonance outside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance outside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance outside your
+life or outside not outside your life I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or outside not outside your life I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or outside not outside your life I
+can't really outside my life outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really outside my life outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really outside my life outside the
+text and we'll use text to mean both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and we'll use text to mean both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and we'll use text to mean both
+literature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and
+music um so there are some what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um so there are some what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um so there are some what are some
+things that however that distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that however that distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that however that distant
+listening or distant reading that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening or distant reading that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening or distant reading that is to
+say having a computer look at a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say having a computer look at a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say having a computer look at a thousand
+pieces might do better than close than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces might do better than close than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces might do better than close than
+close re let's first first assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close re let's first first assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close re let's first first assume we
+have infinite time then close reading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite time then close reading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite time then close reading a
+th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces yeah it can allow you to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces yeah it can allow you to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces yeah it can allow you to more
+effectively when listening to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively when listening to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively when listening to a new
+piece guess who the composer was or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece guess who the composer was or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece guess who the composer was or what
+the time period was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period was
+okay so you could use that yeah distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could use that yeah distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could use that yeah distance
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+guessing uh genre or period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing uh genre or period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing uh genre or period
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authorship you might be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorship you might be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorship you might be able to do that
+with the Thousand scores but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Thousand scores but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Thousand scores but that would
+take a long lot longer good what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long lot longer good what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long lot longer good what are
+other things we want to solve yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things we want to solve yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things we want to solve yeah I
+think you could do like a less abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could do like a less abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could do like a less abstract
+way of describing any patterns you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of describing any patterns you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of describing any patterns you might
+hear it's like easy to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it's like easy to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it's like easy to say something
+sounds similar but actually analyzing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds similar but actually analyzing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds similar but actually analyzing it
+gives you words to put that into uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you words to put that into uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you words to put that into uh so
+it gives you words for describing gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you words for describing gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you words for describing gives
+words for describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+and what else besides words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else besides words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else besides words for
+describing similarity what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing similarity what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing similarity what are some
+other things that we like to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that we like to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that we like to get out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+class yeah numbers numbers numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistics so this these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so this these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so this these are some of the
+reasons why um I want to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why um I want to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why um I want to be thinking
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+I think I I'll just say because I'm me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I'll just say because I'm me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I'll just say because I'm me a
+couple minutes behind where like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes behind where like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes behind where like to be
+that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most
+effective way of working with any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way of working with any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way of working with any sort
+of new genre new style new anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new genre new style new anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new genre new style new anything is
+to start with close listening close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with close listening close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with close listening close
+reading start with the analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading start with the analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading start with the analysis that
+you've done now and try to do things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done now and try to do things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done now and try to do things by
+hand before moving to the programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand before moving to the programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand before moving to the programming
+how are we going to do distant listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do distant listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do distant listening
+how are we going to do teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do teach the
+computer to do this because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to do this because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to do this because there's
+something oh that didn't come up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh that didn't come up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh that didn't come up that
+the ambiguity and the the types of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity and the the types of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity and the the types of um
+sort of oh I'm going to have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of oh I'm going to have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of oh I'm going to have to make a
+judgment call on this on where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment call on this on where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment call on this on where the
+modulation happened or is this really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation happened or is this really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation happened or is this really um
+five six of six or did we already jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six of six or did we already jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six of six or did we already jump
+directly to the new key or um is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the new key or um is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the new key or um is this
+thing that I'm labeling actually a cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I'm labeling actually a cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I'm labeling actually a cord
+at all or is a whole bunch of passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or is a whole bunch of passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or is a whole bunch of passing
+tones that happen to look like a chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones that happen to look like a chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones that happen to look like a chord
+these kinds of ambiguities are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of ambiguities are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of ambiguities are things
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+um that I think will come up when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I think will come up when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I think will come up when you're
+doing the close listening close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the close listening close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the close listening close
+analysis and that you'll know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and that you'll know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and that you'll know you have
+to account for them in some way during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for them in some way during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for them in some way during
+the distant analysis and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distant analysis and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distant analysis and sometimes
+accounting for them in some way is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for them in some way is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for them in some way is just
+leaving a footnote saying there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a footnote saying there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a footnote saying there's this
+really complex problem but I only saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex problem but I only saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex problem but I only saw it
+twice in close listening to four pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in close listening to four pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in close listening to four pieces
+so hopefully we can ignore it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully we can ignore it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully we can ignore it as a
+rounding error but at least declaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding error but at least declaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding error but at least declaring
+that then when you've done your Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then when you've done your Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then when you've done your Corpus
+study there's something really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study there's something really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study there's something really valuable
+about finding things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding things that are
+interesting there right what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there right what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there right what's that
+piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that
+completely throws that outlier piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely throws that outlier piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely throws that outlier piece
+this completely throws out and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this completely throws out and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this completely throws out and going
+back and listening to it maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and listening to it maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and listening to it maybe it
+doesn't even have to be close listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be close listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be close listing
+but actually just human listing so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually just human listing so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually just human listing so that
+we get what's the end result why why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get what's the end result why why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get what's the end result why why we
+do any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we can get to the enjoyment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we can get to the enjoyment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we can get to the enjoyment the
+point of trying to do one of my dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of trying to do one of my dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of trying to do one of my dream
+projects you you all have heard of imslp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you you all have heard of imslp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you you all have heard of imslp
+huge seat music score I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge seat music score I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge seat music score I want to find the
+most interesting unusual piece by every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting unusual piece by every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting unusual piece by every
+minor composer that's on there that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor composer that's on there that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor composer that's on there that has
+the thing the one piece that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the one piece that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the one piece that this one
+forgotten person that that she or he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten person that that she or he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten person that that she or he
+wrote that we that we should actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that we that we should actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that we that we should actually be
+listening to maybe it's not even the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to maybe it's not even the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to maybe it's not even the one
+piece this 13 second excerpt that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece this 13 second excerpt that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece this 13 second excerpt that uh
+grower wrote that I don't know and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grower wrote that I don't know and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grower wrote that I don't know and I'd
+love to know it uh we're not there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to know it uh we're not there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to know it uh we're not there yet
+not there yet but maybe we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there yet but maybe we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there yet but maybe we can get
+there great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there great um
+so the next thing you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing you're going to be
+doing is trying to figure out what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is trying to figure out what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is trying to figure out what kinds
+of things we can do this kind of close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we can do this kind of close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we can do this kind of close
+analysis on we did the Irish music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on we did the Irish music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on we did the Irish music
+Corpus uh in class on on Wednesday that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus uh in class on on Wednesday that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus uh in class on on Wednesday that
+was a pretty small Corpus what 60 pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pretty small Corpus what 60 pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pretty small Corpus what 60 pieces
+or something um then online I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something um then online I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something um then online I gave you
+tools for using the entire Bach Corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for using the entire Bach Corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for using the entire Bach Corral
+Corpus so if you want to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus so if you want to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus so if you want to find uh
+anything super unusual in there that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything super unusual in there that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything super unusual in there that can
+be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good
+place but be boring if those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but be boring if those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but be boring if those are the
+only two ones so your next problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two ones so your next problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two ones so your next problem set
+and it's up is problem set five and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's up is problem set five and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's up is problem set five and let
+me put this back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put this back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put this back up
+here so this one um we want to do is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this one um we want to do is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this one um we want to do is in
+groups of two prepare three to five page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of two prepare three to five page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of two prepare three to five page
+short paper three pages is except is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short paper three pages is except is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short paper three pages is except is
+totally fine five pages sometimes is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine five pages sometimes is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine five pages sometimes is you
+know might be something you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might be something you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might be something you want to do
+that tries to figure out some Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to figure out some Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to figure out some Corpus
+that's out there that's been active in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there that's been active in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there that's been active in
+the past 10 years and um try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past 10 years and um try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past 10 years and um try to figure
+figure out um how it works so and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out um how it works so and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out um how it works so and why
+it's out there and what its extent is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there and what its extent is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there and what its extent is so
+what are the goals of the project who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the goals of the project who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the goals of the project who
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+participants how are the scores or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants how are the scores or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants how are the scores or other
+musical data encoded I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical data encoded I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical data encoded I think I've
+forgotten to put on here uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten to put on here uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten to put on here uh what's
+actually in there what's the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in there what's the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in there what's the project
+actually trying to do I suppose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to do I suppose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to do I suppose that's
+the goal of the project um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the project um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the project um but what
+pieces are collected what is the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are collected what is the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are collected what is the overall
+extent of the problem there is what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of the problem there is what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of the problem there is what's it
+trying to solve and how much by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve and how much by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve and how much by doing
+this and how much of the problem do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how much of the problem do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how much of the problem do you
+think could be reasonably solved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think could be reasonably solved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think could be reasonably solved in a
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+timetable you don't have to do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable you don't have to do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable you don't have to do all of
+these except for the first one and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these except for the first one and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these except for the first one and we'll
+get to the last one um what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the last one um what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the last one um what are the
+strengths and weaknesses and what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and weaknesses and what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and weaknesses and what could
+you do with the scorpus what questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with the scorpus what questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with the scorpus what questions
+relevant to this class could you answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this class could you answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this class could you answer
+by having this um just like we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having this um just like we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having this um just like we did with
+the uh what questions could you answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what questions could you answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what questions could you answer
+with a whole collection of Bach Corrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole collection of Bach Corrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole collection of Bach Corrals
+on um was that piece at one or or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um was that piece at one or or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um was that piece at one or or three
+or something like that um you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um you don't need
+to use the Corpus to answer it they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Corpus to answer it they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Corpus to answer it they're
+not being asked to download and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being asked to download and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being asked to download and do the
+things but um anyhow uh you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but um anyhow uh you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but um anyhow uh you'll probably
+need to know a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a little bit about the
+kinds of music and the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of music and the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of music and the problems
+associated with the project and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the project and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the project and what
+they're trying to do and my preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do and my preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do and my preference
+is that you focus on a corpus of musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you focus on a corpus of musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you focus on a corpus of musical
+scores sorry it's too high up there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores sorry it's too high up there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores sorry it's too high up there um
+scores that can be readable by music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores that can be readable by music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores that can be readable by music 21
+or something else but if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else but if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else but if something
+really grabs you and you're like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grabs you and you're like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really grabs you and you're like this
+this is the music I really like and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the music I really like and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the music I really like and it's
+all audio it's all images or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all audio it's all images or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all audio it's all images or something
+like that uh go ahead and do that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh go ahead and do that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh go ahead and do that just
+um the only two things I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the only two things I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the only two things I'm going to say
+imslp and Wikipedia are out uh too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imslp and Wikipedia are out uh too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imslp and Wikipedia are out uh too
+obvious right I've given some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right I've given some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right I've given some places
+that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+begin some of them I was nice enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin some of them I was nice enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin some of them I was nice enough to
+give the links and other ones I'm like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the links and other ones I'm like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the links and other ones I'm like n
+um and then some directories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then some directories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then some directories of
+projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and
+um and how what you're going to be asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how what you're going to be asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how what you're going to be asked
+for URLs screenshots uh how many How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for URLs screenshots uh how many How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for URLs screenshots uh how many How
+Deeply the questions you were answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deeply the questions you were answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deeply the questions you were answered
+so um hope that you'll find this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um hope that you'll find this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um hope that you'll find this kind of
+fun it's due in a week I what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun it's due in a week I what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun it's due in a week I what I want to
+do is give you now um 10 minutes to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is give you now um 10 minutes to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is give you now um 10 minutes to um
+find the person that you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the person that you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the person that you want to do this
+work with the only caveat is you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the only caveat is you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the only caveat is you cannot
+have been in the same pet to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in the same pet to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in the same pet to group
+that's just because um you know when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because um you know when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because um you know when we
+do a lot of group work and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of group work and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of group work and you have
+group grades I want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group grades I want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group grades I want to make sure that
+you're um getting uh things from you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um getting uh things from you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um getting uh things from you and
+so we rotate that around and um start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we rotate that around and um start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we rotate that around and um start
+talking about what potential types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what potential types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what potential types of
+things you've seen or um done this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've seen or um done this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've seen or um done this is a
+good time to Google and mess around on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to Google and mess around on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to Google and mess around on
+the internet in class with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet in class with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet in class with your
+professor's um blessing couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's um blessing couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's um blessing couple things
+going on here that just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here that just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here that just want to make
+sure that we get to we're doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we get to we're doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we get to we're doing these
+big topics uh um you know Corpus studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big topics uh um you know Corpus studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big topics uh um you know Corpus studies
+representation intervals and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation intervals and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation intervals and stuff like
+that but then along the way there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then along the way there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then along the way there's a
+bunch of little things that will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little things that will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little things that will make
+your life easier that you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life easier that you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life easier that you know like
+eventually you'll need to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll need to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll need to know how to
+deal with cs and stuff so I'm um make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with cs and stuff so I'm um make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with cs and stuff so I'm um make
+sure if you haven't been reading through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you haven't been reading through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you haven't been reading through
+parts of the music 21 users guide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the music 21 users guide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the music 21 users guide that
+you um that you continue to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um that you continue to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um that you continue to do that and
+that this is a place when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a place when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a place when you want to
+know something um there is the users's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something um there is the users's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something um there is the users's
+guide and the complete reference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and the complete reference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and the complete reference the
+complete reference doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete reference doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete reference doesn't really
+distinguish between what is uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between what is uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between what is uh important
+and what isn't whereas uh hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what isn't whereas uh hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what isn't whereas uh hopefully
+we've done a decent job explaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a decent job explaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a decent job explaining that
+you've should have by now read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've should have by now read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've should have by now read through
+up to um up to chapter six here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to um up to chapter six here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to um up to chapter six here if you
+haven't uh most MIT students probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't uh most MIT students probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't uh most MIT students probably
+won't need to go through chapter five on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need to go through chapter five on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need to go through chapter five on
+uh recursion and lists of lists if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recursion and lists of lists if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recursion and lists of lists if
+you're in this but um we've skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this but um we've skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this but um we've skipped
+chords and sign called cify for a bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and sign called cify for a bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and sign called cify for a bit um
+I think you can uh well we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you can uh well we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you can uh well we'll get to
+that later um but definitely start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later um but definitely start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later um but definitely start
+reading through um the music 21 object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading through um the music 21 object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading through um the music 21 object
+thing what is a music 21 object you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what is a music 21 object you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what is a music 21 object you'll
+see durations are not music 21 objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see durations are not music 21 objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see durations are not music 21 objects
+so not everything that's in music 21 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not everything that's in music 21 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not everything that's in music 21 is
+one um and basically the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and basically the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and basically the easiest
+definition is a music 21 object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a music 21 object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a music 21 object is
+something that can go into a stream it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can go into a stream it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can go into a stream it
+knows how to position itself and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to position itself and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to position itself and it has
+a duration and um some other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a duration and um some other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a duration and um some other things so
+want to go through um this at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through um this at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through um this at some point
+just to that when I'm giving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to that when I'm giving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to that when I'm giving an
+assignment um everything's unlocked here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment um everything's unlocked here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment um everything's unlocked here
+how you can give um who who has worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can give um who who has worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can give um who who has worked
+with JavaScript um Dom manipulation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with JavaScript um Dom manipulation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with JavaScript um Dom manipulation like
+get Elements by class so so quite a PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by class so so quite a PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by class so so quite a PE
+number of people have tried to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people have tried to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people have tried to make
+music 21 to be a lot like the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 to be a lot like the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 to be a lot like the version of
+JavaScript that was around at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript that was around at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript that was around at the time
+in um 20 whenever it was 2006 2007 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um 20 whenever it was 2006 2007 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um 20 whenever it was 2006 2007 so
+there's things like get element by ID um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like get element by ID um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like get element by ID um
+get Elements by group group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by group group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Elements by group group is
+equivalent in music 21 to um JavaScript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in music 21 to um JavaScript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in music 21 to um JavaScript
+uh class the class so multiple thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class the class so multiple thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class the class so multiple thing the
+dot selector so multiple things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot selector so multiple things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot selector so multiple things can be
+in the same group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same group and
+um so on and then um there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so on and then um there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so on and then um there's a nice
+little discussion of the thing that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little discussion of the thing that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little discussion of the thing that will
+that will probably drive you baffling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will probably drive you baffling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will probably drive you baffling
+baffled um at some point the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baffled um at some point the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baffled um at some point the active site
+which is telling you which stream is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is telling you which stream is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is telling you which stream is and
+we uh still haven't figured out who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh still haven't figured out who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh still haven't figured out who um
+that one bug that we saw in class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one bug that we saw in class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one bug that we saw in class with
+the active site being wrong or the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site being wrong or the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site being wrong or the get
+context by class being wrong so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context by class being wrong so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context by class being wrong so this
+chapter um just goes through the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um just goes through the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um just goes through the basic
+things and um it will tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and um it will tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and um it will tell you how to
+sort objects which will sometimes be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort objects which will sometimes be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort objects which will sometimes be
+useful how to move two things are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful how to move two things are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful how to move two things are at the
+same place and what sorting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and what sorting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and what sorting is
+uh the next chapter uh has um a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the next chapter uh has um a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the next chapter uh has um a little
+bit of the details on how things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the details on how things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the details on how things work
+how you can transpose a note and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can transpose a note and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can transpose a note and how you
+can get back from the transpose note to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get back from the transpose note to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get back from the transpose note to
+its original note and so on except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original note and so on except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original note and so on except
+you're not a yeah I think transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a yeah I think transpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a yeah I think transpose is
+about to be unlocked for you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to be unlocked for you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to be unlocked for you right
+because you've just done all of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've just done all of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've just done all of this um
+work and um a bunch of other little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um a bunch of other little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um a bunch of other little
+things but that's kind of a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but that's kind of a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but that's kind of a little bit
+boring one so read through that read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring one so read through that read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring one so read through that read
+through the time signatures and beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the time signatures and beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the time signatures and beats
+and the keys and key signatures uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the keys and key signatures uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the keys and key signatures uh this
+last one lets you do your first little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one lets you do your first little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one lets you do your first little
+algorithmic composition uh exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic composition uh exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic composition uh exercise
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um toward the very end sorry scrolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast um here we go where we can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um here we go where we can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um here we go where we can create a
+little Melody something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Melody something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Melody something like this
+and automatically change it and have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and automatically change it and have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and automatically change it and have um
+I don't know why SI this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why SI this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why SI this goes
+um have a piece of music that I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a piece of music that I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a piece of music that I remember
+having to play a lot in junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to play a lot in junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to play a lot in junior
+high and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so it's nice to make little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so it's nice to make little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so it's nice to make little
+algorithmic pieces um before we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic pieces um before we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic pieces um before we write
+our first um true algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first um true algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first um true algorithmic
+composition for um W problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for um W problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for um W problem set
+8 so uh those are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so uh those are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so uh those are some of the things
+that you've probably been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've probably been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've probably been looking at
+also optionally might want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also optionally might want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also optionally might want to go through
+CS articulations and ornaments and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS articulations and ornaments and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS articulations and ornaments and we'll
+do a little bit of that right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of that right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of that right now we're
+not going to get um time to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get um time to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get um time to get to
+intervals right now um okay so let's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals right now um okay so let's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals right now um okay so let's but
+let's let's play with a little bit so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's play with a little bit so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's play with a little bit so if
+you have a second and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second and you have your
+laptop out and uh if you have Jupiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop out and uh if you have Jupiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop out and uh if you have Jupiter
+able to be got up sorry I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be got up sorry I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be got up sorry I should have
+should have said that 5 minutes ago like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said that 5 minutes ago like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said that 5 minutes ago like
+always um you know like the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always um you know like the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always um you know like the way the
+conductor says I want you to play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor says I want you to play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor says I want you to play a
+little bit louder and and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit louder and and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit louder and and make sure
+speciically separate all the notes of 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciically separate all the notes of 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciically separate all the notes of 32
+measures after a right you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures after a right you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures after a right you know the
+worst worst order um yeah so sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst worst order um yeah so sorry sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst worst order um yeah so sorry sorry
+about that that's just me vamping while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's just me vamping while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's just me vamping while
+we give this chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give this chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give this chance to
+um who who cannot see a Jupiter notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who who cannot see a Jupiter notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who who cannot see a Jupiter notebook
+that's that's on or I suppose you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's on or I suppose you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's on or I suppose you can
+all see mine so um given the time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all see mine so um given the time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all see mine so um given the time with
+10 minutes let's um do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes let's um do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes let's um do a little bit of
+um more work on um on things you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more work on um on things you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more work on um on things you can so
+I'm going to import Corpus stream note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to import Corpus stream note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to import Corpus stream note
+meter and we're going to look at um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and we're going to look at um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and we're going to look at um a
+couple other little uh things in a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other little uh things in a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other little uh things in a piece
+by ysep heyen so Corpus parse I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ysep heyen so Corpus parse I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ysep heyen so Corpus parse I'm going
+to assign it to heyen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign it to heyen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign it to heyen
+heyen Opus One Number One movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heyen Opus One Number One movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heyen Opus One Number One movement
+one so that's than give everybody a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's than give everybody a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's than give everybody a
+chance to do it and you can show it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do it and you can show it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do it and you can show it when
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready this is the first string quartet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready this is the first string quartet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready this is the first string quartet
+that heyen ever published um pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heyen ever published um pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heyen ever published um pretty
+young there was mostly an old man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young there was mostly an old man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young there was mostly an old man
+thought of as a sort of old man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a sort of old man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a sort of old man
+composer and start with our um close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer and start with our um close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer and start with our um close
+listening for even just a few seconds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening for even just a few seconds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening for even just a few seconds um
+until while I grab the recording of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until while I grab the recording of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until while I grab the recording of this
+um what's interesting about the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's interesting about the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's interesting about the opening
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+joh it's all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joh it's all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joh it's all in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unison do we hear that's all in un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't give you the second page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't give you the second page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't give you the second page
+because I did it in the notebook just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I did it in the notebook just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I did it in the notebook just
+remember you can always um show hien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you can always um show hien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you can always um show hien
+show U music xml. PDF to get it or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show U music xml. PDF to get it or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show U music xml. PDF to get it or just
+um to get the whole thing up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get the whole thing up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get the whole thing up okay so
+it's all in unison at the beginning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in unison at the beginning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in unison at the beginning um
+we're not going to do another um thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do another um thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do another um thing
+like we did with trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with trying to figure out
+you what are the where are the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are the where are the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are the where are the notes
+outside the key uh and so on but go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the key uh and so on but go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the key uh and so on but go
+ahead and tell me how many how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and tell me how many how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and tell me how many how many
+notes are there in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are there in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are there in this
+piece so when you've got it I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so when you've got it I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so when you've got it I'm not
+going to not going to call on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not going to call on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not going to call on the first
+person shout out so but let's make just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person shout out so but let's make just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person shout out so but let's make just
+be sure we can still do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure we can still do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure we can still do something like
+that so what what is the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what what is the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what what is the question that
+we're trying to do somebody how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do somebody how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do somebody how many
+notes are there how many notes are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are there how many notes are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are there how many notes are there
+in this piece so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this piece so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this piece so
+um what uh who haven't who hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh who haven't who hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh who haven't who hasn't been
+called on very much check you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on very much check you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on very much check you haven't
+called on usually I pick on you too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on usually I pick on you too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called on usually I pick on you too much
+what what what um what did you do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what um what did you do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what um what did you do on
+your thing let's I'm assume you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing let's I'm assume you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing let's I'm assume you started
+with hien do something uh I four okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hien do something uh I four okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hien do something uh I four okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and and then in no do and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then in no do and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then in no do and I
+counted no do cter counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted no do cter counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted no do cter counter
+good I equals 0 right I plus equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I equals 0 right I plus equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I equals 0 right I plus equals 1
+and then I good anyone so we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I good anyone so we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I good anyone so we use the
+what kind of what kind of iteration does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of what kind of iteration does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of what kind of iteration does
+this do recurse recurse good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do recurse recurse good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do recurse recurse good
+so somebody get that number that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody get that number that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody get that number that's good
+I saw a lot of fours in the middle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw a lot of fours in the middle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw a lot of fours in the middle there
+um what's another way we could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's another way we could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's another way we could do this
+somebody have a different way yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody have a different way yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody have a different way yeah um
+hi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi.
+rec. hien do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurse doget elements by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse doget elements by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse doget elements by
+class note. note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class note. note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class note. note and
+then link like yep yeah it's when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then link like yep yeah it's when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then link like yep yeah it's when you
+it's when you forget to put that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you forget to put that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you forget to put that at the
+beginning that you really wish python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that you really wish python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that you really wish python
+were more like JavaScript or Java where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more like JavaScript or Java where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more like JavaScript or Java where
+you could just do length at the end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just do length at the end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just do length at the end but
+yep good any other ways that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep good any other ways that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep good any other ways that people
+did okay enough enough note counting U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay enough enough note counting U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay enough enough note counting U
+by the way you hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you hope
+that um that this should um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that this should um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that this should um
+Len also get something pretty similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Len also get something pretty similar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Len also get something pretty similar so
+flattening it doesn't matter which order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening it doesn't matter which order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening it doesn't matter which order
+you're iterating through you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're iterating through you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're iterating through you're still
+going to hit every single thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit every single thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit every single thing right
+good um okay so let's grab the viola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um okay so let's grab the viola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um okay so let's grab the viola
+part I'm going to call it vaa equals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I'm going to call it vaa equals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I'm going to call it vaa equals and
+take the second to see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the second to see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the second to see if you can
+remember how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and what the question is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what the question is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what the question is going to
+be uh this will be one of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh this will be one of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh this will be one of the last
+second to last thing uh get the viart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to last thing uh get the viart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to last thing uh get the viart
+and let's change its cff to uh trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's change its cff to uh trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's change its cff to uh trouble
+cff because um a little bit harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cff because um a little bit harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cff because um a little bit harder for
+us to read who are not vists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might need to um from music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to um from music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to um from music 21
+import cff I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember has everyone gotten the raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember has everyone gotten the raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember has everyone gotten the raise
+your hand if you've gotten the viola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you've gotten the viola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you've gotten the viola
+part out even if you not get CL good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part out even if you not get CL good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part out even if you not get CL good
+good okay so I'm going to put in what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so I'm going to put in what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so I'm going to put in what I
+did um to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um to get that
+hidden. Parts Viola notice it's not case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden. Parts Viola notice it's not case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden. Parts Viola notice it's not case
+sensitive and let me just make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and let me just make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and let me just make sure I
+got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the right
+one you could also have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you could also have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you could also have done
+index one two three two right good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one two three two right good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one two three two right good so
+keep going on that so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going on that so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going on that so I'm going to go
+through a couple ways I did it Viola um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple ways I did it Viola um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple ways I did it Viola um
+we call it Alto CL hopefully it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it Alto CL hopefully it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it Alto CL hopefully it's that
+equals what viola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what viola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what viola
+cf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf.
+cf. first hopefully that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf. first hopefully that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf. first hopefully that's
+right or Viola recurse doget Elements by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Viola recurse doget Elements by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Viola recurse doget Elements by
+class clef whatever so um and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class clef whatever so um and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class clef whatever so um and do this
+one here's one of the ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's one of the ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's one of the ways that you
+could do that I'll I'll just give the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that I'll I'll just give the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that I'll I'll just give the uh
+EAS the way that's probably not the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EAS the way that's probably not the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EAS the way that's probably not the best
+way but looking at the time um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but looking at the time um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but looking at the time um I'll
+explain the best way later we can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the best way later we can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the best way later we can put it
+as a g two cluff we're going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a g two cluff we're going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a g two cluff we're going to change
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um piece should be beginning with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um piece should be beginning with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um piece should be beginning with a
+bunch of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of B
+flats and it still is so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flats and it still is so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flats and it still is so that's one way
+to do it I want to just point out two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I want to just point out two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I want to just point out two
+things um here notice we did not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um here notice we did not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um here notice we did not change
+the stem directions of anything so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stem directions of anything so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stem directions of anything so it
+looks a little bit weird it looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit weird it looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit weird it looks very
+weird when you go from treble cluff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird when you go from treble cluff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird when you go from treble cluff to
+base cluff or something like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base cluff or something like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base cluff or something like that the
+other thing is uh what do you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is uh what do you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is uh what do you call it
+Alto C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alto C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alto C
+that now we we have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we we have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we we have a particular
+subclass of clefs so that clefs are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass of clefs so that clefs are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass of clefs so that clefs are in a
+taxonic or Alto cluff is in a taxonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonic or Alto cluff is in a taxonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonic or Alto cluff is in a taxonomy
+or morony with a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or morony with a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or morony with a generic
+cff taom Alto is another cff great so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cff taom Alto is another cff great so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cff taom Alto is another cff great so we
+might be having a problem we might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be having a problem we might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be having a problem we might need
+to see if there's a way we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there's a way we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there's a way we can actually
+replace it with another cff thank you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with another cff thank you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with another cff thank you I
+did broke my promise your 20 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did broke my promise your 20 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did broke my promise your 20 seconds
+late so um thanks great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late so um thanks great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late so um thanks great
+class e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CdAgzk5tQhs.txt b/CdAgzk5tQhs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6677dfee08eb7d7b531c66e4fa64f3f1e63affd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CdAgzk5tQhs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+PROFESSOR: So, first step,
+we need to cut our DNA.
+
+Step one, cut, which is going to
+be DNA restriction enzymes.
+
+It turns out, quite remarkably,
+that if I have a
+
+sequence of DNA, five prime A G
+C T A G A A T T C T T A C C
+
+three prime, and we'll
+come backwards
+
+filling in the sequence.
+
+It turns out that molecular
+biologists are so cool that
+
+they invented a protein that is
+able to recognize that six
+
+letter sequence, G-A-A-T-T-C.
+
+And it is able-- actually it's
+G-A-A-T-T-C on this strand,
+
+but what is it coming back?
+
+It's G-A-A-T-T-C. It's
+the same thing.
+
+So actually this is
+a palindrome.
+
+That's kind of nice.
+
+It's a palindrome--
+
+it's a reverse palindrome.
+
+It's the same word spelled
+backwards on the other strand.
+
+So what it does is it
+cuts it like that.
+
+And what it produces is a DNA
+molecule like this and a DNA
+
+molecule like that, that's
+mostly double stranded, but
+
+has a four base pair overhang.
+
+The overhang reads
+T-T-A-A here.
+
+It reads A-A-T-T there.
+
+And remember this is five prime
+to three prime, five
+
+prime to three prime.
+
+And there you go.
+
+This guy has its little
+phosphate at the end there.
+
+This guy has his little
+hydroxyl over there.
+
+And it cuts it.
+
+Now that is an incredible
+piece of engineering.
+
+To come up with a protein, to
+devise a protein, that is able
+
+to recognize those six bases
+and cut at those six bases.
+
+And cut in just this
+way making a really
+
+clean overhang here.
+
+It's this cool five
+prime overhang.
+
+Who do you think invented
+this cool protein?
+
+What engineer came up with
+this cool protein?
+
+AUDIENCE: MIT engineers.
+
+PROFESSOR: MIT engineers,
+yeah.
+
+Not a chance.
+
+Not a chance.
+
+This is a really tough feat.
+
+This is something that can only
+be done by the smartest
+
+engineers on the planet.
+
+And MIT engineers are
+unfortunately only the
+
+smartest human engineers
+on the planet.
+
+Who came up with this
+is E. coli.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you found it
+somewhere in nature?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: You found it
+somewhere in nature?
+
+PROFESSOR: Of course you find
+it somewhere in nature.
+
+Almost everything important
+that we say molecular
+
+biologists have come up with, it
+means molecular sat at the
+
+feet of the true masters,
+bacteria, and learned from the
+
+true masters.
+
+This protein is found
+in nature.
+
+And it's found in E. coli.
+
+In fact, it's found in E. coli
+strain R. And it was the first
+
+such protein found in E.
+coli strain R, so it
+
+gets the name EcoR1.
+
+And it cuts the DNA like this.
+
+Pretty cool.
+
+Pretty cool.
+
+Now, it turns out that E.
+coli has this EcoR1.
+
+How often does E. coli--
+
+so whenever I take EcoR1, this
+protein, purified from E.
+
+coli, and I add it to DNA it
+always cuts at this site,
+
+which we call an EcoR1 site.
+
+How frequently do we
+expect, what's the
+
+frequency of EcoR1 sites?
+
+G-A-A-T-T-C, how often will
+that occur at random?
+
+One in--
+
+AUDIENCE: Two to the sixth?
+
+PROFESSOR: One in two
+to the sixth?
+
+How many letters do I have?
+
+AUDIENCE: Four, oh,
+four to the sixth.
+
+PROFESSOR: One in four
+to the sixth.
+
+My frequency should be about
+one in four to the sixth,
+
+which is about what?
+
+What's four to the sixth?
+
+It's two to the 12th.
+
+It's about 4,000.
+
+It's about one in
+4,000 letters.
+
+One in 4,000 bases.
+
+So it's very convenient.
+
+One in every 4,000 bases
+it'll roughly cut.
+
+It'll cut at roughly
+one 4,000 bases.
+
+Why doesn't E. coli
+cut its own DNA?
+
+If it's got this protein
+floating around in its cell,
+
+why isn't it chopping
+up its own DNA?
+
+Doesn't have G-A-A-T-T-C?
+
+Yeah, the problem is
+it's so frequent.
+
+That'd be really hard
+to make sure--
+
+I mean, E. coli has 4 million
+letters in its genome.
+
+This should cut every
+4,000 bases.
+
+You expect about 1,000
+such sequences.
+
+It might be hard to arrange
+not to cut--
+
+not to have any such
+sequences.
+
+It's a good idea, is not to have
+any, but an alternative--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It protects them.
+
+It turns out E. coli, instead
+of avoiding the sequence
+
+altogether, has another
+trick up its sleeve.
+
+E. coli protects this sequence
+whenever it occurs.
+
+So it turns out that whenever
+you have a stretch of the E.
+
+coli genome that has this
+G-A-A-T-T-C in it, what E.
+
+coli does is it puts--
+
+I'm just writing M-E here
+for a methyl group.
+
+Right, C-H three up there.
+
+It puts a methyl group--
+
+I'll write C-H three.
+
+There we go.
+
+It puts a methyl group on
+the A, that middle A.
+
+Well, that is a cute trick that
+E. coli uses, putting a
+
+methyl group there.
+
+Because what happens is, when
+there's a methyl group, right
+
+at that position, the enzyme
+no longer recognizes and no
+
+longer cuts there.
+
+So that's kind of clever.
+
+E. coli makes this protein
+that can recognize
+
+G-A-A-T-T-C, but it has a
+second protein that puts
+
+methyl groups there.
+
+And this protein happens
+by accident
+
+to be called a methylase.
+
+It has a methylase.
+
+And the methylase protects
+that sequence.
+
+So now, this is really cool
+engineering, but kind of dumb.
+
+What's it doing there?
+
+It has something that cuts the
+sequence and it protects the
+
+sequence, why bother
+having this?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can use it to cut
+it at places to unwrap the
+
+true strands.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's an
+interesting idea.
+
+We could use it to cut our DNA
+and open it up to unravel our
+
+true strands.
+
+It's a thought.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: To protect the
+bacteria from viruses?
+
+PROFESSOR: Protect the bacteria
+from viruses.
+
+How do you protect yourself
+from viruses?
+
+Well, you have an immune system
+with immune cells and
+
+antibodies and all that.
+
+Does E. coli have an
+immune system?
+
+Why doesn't it have
+immune cells?
+
+Because it's like one cell.
+
+How's it going to have an
+immune system, right?
+
+So suppose E. coli
+gets a cold.
+
+Suppose it gets infected
+by a virus.
+
+How's it going to
+protect itself?
+
+Cut at a frequently occurring
+DNA sequence.
+
+Now the virus, of course, isn't
+methylated there, bingo.
+
+That's how it tells its own--
+
+you can tell cell
+from an invader.
+
+E. coli can tell cell from
+an invader because it's
+
+methylated its own G-A-A-T-T-C
+sites, but the virus isn't
+
+methylated there.
+
+Way cool.
+
+This is an immune system
+for E. coli.
+
+Now, it turns out-- so
+this is protection.
+
+These restriction enzymes
+protect E. coli from viruses.
+
+It turns out that E.
+coli is not alone
+
+in this clever trick.
+
+It turns out that other bacteria
+have also thought of
+
+this trick.
+
+So it turns out that there is
+another restriction enzyme
+
+that cuts at G-G-A-T-C-C. And
+on the other strand it goes
+
+G-G-A-T-C-C. It, again, cuts in
+that distinctive pattern.
+
+And it's called BamH1.
+
+And there's another guy.
+
+And he cuts at A-A-G-C-T-T,
+A-A-G-C-T-T. And it
+
+also cuts like that.
+
+And it's called HindIII.
+
+And there's some that
+cut at G-A-T-C, just
+
+the four letter word.
+
+And they cut like that.
+
+And there's some that cut at
+C-A-G-C-T-G, C-A-G-C-T-G, and
+
+this, cuts smack
+in the middle.
+
+In other words, there's a wide
+number of different tricks.
+
+Some cut at six bases.
+
+Some cut at four bases.
+
+Some cut at eight bases.
+
+Some cut leaving an overhang.
+
+Some cut smack in the middle.
+
+Some cut leaving the overhang
+in the other direction.
+
+Some allow a degenerate
+base in the middle.
+
+It doesn't care which base
+is in the middle.
+
+There's a zillion different
+solutions that bacteria have
+
+come up with for their
+immune system.
+
+And so, if I want to cut up some
+human DNA all I need is
+
+say, this protein EcoR1 or BamH1
+or HindIII or MVL 1 or
+
+PVU 2 or et cetera.
+
+And I can do that by growing
+up E. coli and
+
+purifying the protein.
+
+And if I wanted HindIII, I
+would grow up haemophilus
+
+influenza and purify
+the protein.
+
+So in a molecular biology lab,
+today, if you want to cut up
+
+human DNA, you could grow up
+some E. coli and purify EcoR1
+
+or haemophilus influenza.
+
+And that is indeed what ancient
+molecular biologists
+
+did in prehistoric days in
+the 1970s and 1980s.
+
+They would purify their own
+restriction enzymes.
+
+They're still alive today.
+
+You can talk to them.
+
+There are many of them
+on the faculty.
+
+And they'll tell you how it put
+hair on their chest to be
+
+able to purify their own
+restriction enzymes.
+
+What do you do today?
+
+Order it online from
+the catalog, right?
+
+You know, there's the
+catalog, the New
+
+England Bio Labs catalog.
+
+Let's see what we got here.
+
+Restriction enzymes, modifying
+enzymes, polymerases, all
+
+right, EcoR1, sale on
+EcoR1 right now.
+
+$100 buys you 10,000
+units of EcoR1.
+
+It's in the catalog.
+
+You can go online.
+
+You can order it.
+
+You can have it tomorrow
+by FedEx.
+
+So, but that's how it works.
+
+It's in the catalog.
+
+So you can get any restriction
+enzyme you want to cut DNA
+
+anywhere you want to.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D32g7Vv3_gA.txt b/D32g7Vv3_gA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3338b1495a0e102b3c0d41ffa28607181f90b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D32g7Vv3_gA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that in our previous video we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in our previous video we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in our previous video we
+created four new variables high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created four new variables high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created four new variables high sodium
+high fat high carbs and high protein now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat high carbs and high protein now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat high carbs and high protein now
+in this video we will try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will try to understand
+our data and the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data and the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data and the relationships between
+our variables better using the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables better using the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables better using the table and
+T apply functions to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T apply functions to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T apply functions to figure out how many
+foods have higher sodium level than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods have higher sodium level than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods have higher sodium level than
+average we want to look at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we want to look at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we want to look at the high
+sodium variable and count the foods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium variable and count the foods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium variable and count the foods that
+have values 1 we can do this using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values 1 we can do this using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values 1 we can do this using the
+table function and give it as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table function and give it as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table function and give it as an input
+the high sodium vector now pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector now pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector now pressing
+enter we obtain the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter we obtain the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter we obtain the following
+information most of the foods in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information most of the foods in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information most of the foods in our
+dataset and precisely 4800 of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset and precisely 4800 of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset and precisely 4800 of them have
+lower sodium than average and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sodium than average and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sodium than average and we have
+2090 foods that have higher sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2090 foods that have higher sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2090 foods that have higher sodium
+content than average now let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average now let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average now let's see how
+many foods have both high sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many foods have both high sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many foods have both high sodium and
+high fat well to do this we can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat well to do this we can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat well to do this we can also use
+the table function but instead of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table function but instead of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table function but instead of giving
+it one input now we can give it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one input now we can give it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one input now we can give it two
+inputs so let's go back using the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so let's go back using the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so let's go back using the up
+arrow and now have the first input being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and now have the first input being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and now have the first input being
+the high sodium vector and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and the second
+input being the high fat factor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input being the high fat factor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input being the high fat factor and we
+obtain the following table the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the following table the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the following table the rows
+belong to the first input which has high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the first input which has high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the first input which has high
+sodium and the columns correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and the columns correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and the columns correspond to the
+second input which has high fat so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input which has high fat so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input which has high fat so from
+the table we see that we have 3529 foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table we see that we have 3529 foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table we see that we have 3529 foods
+with low sodium and low fat 1355 foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and low fat 1355 foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and low fat 1355 foods
+with low sodium and high fat 1378 films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and high fat 1378 films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low sodium and high fat 1378 films
+with high sodium but low fat and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high sodium but low fat and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high sodium but low fat and finally
+712 foods with both high sodium and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+712 foods with both high sodium and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+712 foods with both high sodium and high
+fat now what if we want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat now what if we want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat now what if we want to compute the
+average amount of ayran sorted by high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of ayran sorted by high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of ayran sorted by high
+and low protein well to do this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low protein well to do this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low protein well to do this we can
+use the T apply function let us have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the T apply function let us have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the T apply function let us have a
+little refresher on how the T apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little refresher on how the T apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little refresher on how the T apply
+function works the T apply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function works the T apply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function works the T apply function
+takes three arguments and groups the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three arguments and groups the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three arguments and groups the
+first argument according to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument according to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument according to the second
+argument and then applies argument 3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then applies argument 3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then applies argument 3 for
+instance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we
+wanted to compute the average amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the average amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to compute the average amount of
+ayran sorted by high and low protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ayran sorted by high and low protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ayran sorted by high and low protein in
+this case the first argument is wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the first argument is wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the first argument is wherever
+we are trying to analyze which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to analyze which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to analyze which is the
+iron factor and we are sorting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron factor and we are sorting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron factor and we are sorting it
+according to the vector high protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the vector high protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the vector high protein
+which is our second argument and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our second argument and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our second argument and finally
+we apply the mean function in our on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the mean function in our on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the mean function in our on the
+sort of iron values and we should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of iron values and we should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of iron values and we should not
+forget to remove the non available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+entries so what does G apply do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so what does G apply do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so what does G apply do exactly
+suppose that we have the following data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have the following data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have the following data
+frame with the foods 1 through 6 along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with the foods 1 through 6 along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with the foods 1 through 6 along
+with information about their iron levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information about their iron levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information about their iron levels
+and their values of high proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their values of high proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their values of high proteins that
+we just added earlier the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just added earlier the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just added earlier the first step is
+grouping the iron data according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping the iron data according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping the iron data according to the
+values of high protein so first group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of high protein so first group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of high protein so first group
+all the foods that have high protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the foods that have high protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the foods that have high protein
+equal 1 and that would be food number 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and that would be food number 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and that would be food number 2
+with twelve point eight milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with twelve point eight milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with twelve point eight milligrams of
+iron food number three with one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron food number three with one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron food number three with one point
+forty four milligrams of iron and food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty four milligrams of iron and food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty four milligrams of iron and food
+number six with two point twenty nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six with two point twenty nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six with two point twenty nine
+milligrams of iron then we group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of iron then we group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of iron then we group the
+remaining foods that have protein levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining foods that have protein levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining foods that have protein levels
+below average and this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below average and this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below average and this corresponds to
+food one food four and food five then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food one food four and food five then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food one food four and food five then we
+compute the mean of iron level for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the mean of iron level for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the mean of iron level for each
+group in this case the mean of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in this case the mean of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in this case the mean of the group
+with high protein levels is 5 point 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high protein levels is 5 point 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high protein levels is 5 point 51
+and the mean of the group with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mean of the group with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mean of the group with low
+protein levels is one point seventy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein levels is one point seventy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein levels is one point seventy two
+and this is the result of the t apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result of the t apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result of the t apply
+function now let's go back to our and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now let's go back to our and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now let's go back to our and
+have a hands-on practice on how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hands-on practice on how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hands-on practice on how to use
+the t apply function so let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t apply function so let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t apply function so let's compute
+the average amount of iron sorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average amount of iron sorted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average amount of iron sorted by
+protein levels so we're going to type T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein levels so we're going to type T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein levels so we're going to type T
+apply and then the first argument is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and then the first argument is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and then the first argument is the
+iron vector which we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron vector which we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron vector which we're trying to
+analyze and we are sorting it according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and we are sorting it according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and we are sorting it according
+to the high protein vector so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the high protein vector so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the high protein vector so this is
+our second argument and then the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second argument and then the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second argument and then the mean
+statistic is used because we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is used because we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is used because we're trying
+to calculate the average level of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the average level of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the average level of iron
+and do not forget to remove the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do not forget to remove the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do not forget to remove the non
+available entries by typing in a dot R M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available entries by typing in a dot R M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available entries by typing in a dot R M
+equals true and here's the result foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and here's the result foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and here's the result foods
+with low protein content have on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low protein content have on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low protein content have on average
+two point fifty five milligrams of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point fifty five milligrams of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point fifty five milligrams of iron
+and foods with high protein content have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foods with high protein content have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foods with high protein content have
+on average 3.2 milligrams of iron now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average 3.2 milligrams of iron now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average 3.2 milligrams of iron now
+how about the maximum level of vitamin C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the maximum level of vitamin C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the maximum level of vitamin C
+in foods with high and low carbs again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in foods with high and low carbs again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in foods with high and low carbs again
+we're going to use the T apply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the T apply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the T apply function
+so use the up-arrow to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use the up-arrow to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use the up-arrow to go back to the
+previous command but now we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command but now we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command but now we're trying to
+analyze the vitamin C vector so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the vitamin C vector so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the vitamin C vector so this is
+our first argument and we are sorting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first argument and we are sorting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first argument and we are sorting it
+according to high and low carbs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to high and low carbs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to high and low carbs so the
+second argument is the vector high carbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument is the vector high carbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument is the vector high carbs
+and instead of the mean we're applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of the mean we're applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of the mean we're applying
+here the max the Cystic and we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the max the Cystic and we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the max the Cystic and we obtain
+the following the maximum vitamin C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the maximum vitamin C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the maximum vitamin C
+level which is 2400 milligrams is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is 2400 milligrams is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is 2400 milligrams is
+actually present in a food that is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present in a food that is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present in a food that is high
+in carbs well is it true that foods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carbs well is it true that foods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in carbs well is it true that foods that
+are high in carbs have generally high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high in carbs have generally high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high in carbs have generally high
+vitamin C content well to see if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C content well to see if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C content well to see if this is
+the case now we're gonna go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case now we're gonna go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case now we're gonna go back to our
+t apply function and instead of the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t apply function and instead of the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t apply function and instead of the max
+sophistic we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistic we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistic we're going to use this
+summary function we obtain the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function we obtain the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary function we obtain the following
+two sets of information the first set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of information the first set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of information the first set
+corresponds to the foods with low carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the foods with low carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the foods with low carb
+content and the second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and the second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and the second set of
+information corresponds to foods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information corresponds to foods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information corresponds to foods with
+higher carb content than average now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher carb content than average now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher carb content than average now the
+statistical information that the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical information that the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical information that the summary
+function gives us pertains to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives us pertains to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives us pertains to the
+vitamin C levels this means that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C levels this means that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C levels this means that we have
+on average six point 36 milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average six point 36 milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average six point 36 milligrams of
+vitamin C in foods with low carb content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C in foods with low carb content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C in foods with low carb content
+and on average 16 point 31 milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on average 16 point 31 milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on average 16 point 31 milligrams of
+vitamin C in foods with high carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C in foods with high carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C in foods with high carb
+content so it does seem like a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so it does seem like a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so it does seem like a general
+trend foods with high carb content are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend foods with high carb content are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend foods with high carb content are
+on average richer in vitamin C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average richer in vitamin C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average richer in vitamin C
+compared to foods with low carb content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to foods with low carb content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to foods with low carb content
+now we reach the end of our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we reach the end of our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we reach the end of our first
+recitation I hope this was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I hope this was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I hope this was a good
+exercise to familiarize yourself better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to familiarize yourself better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to familiarize yourself better
+with our and learn some fun facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our and learn some fun facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our and learn some fun facts about
+nutrition stay healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D9l-pIg1Ayo.txt b/D9l-pIg1Ayo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cc55459bc2b4ec6dd45c11463c798a358af0015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D9l-pIg1Ayo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for practice with expectation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for practice with expectation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for practice with expectation let's
+calculate the expected number of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected number of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected number of heads
+in end coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in end coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in end coin
+flips and just working directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips and just working directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips and just working directly from the
+definition because we have tools to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because we have tools to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because we have tools to do
+that so we're imagining n independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're imagining n independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're imagining n independent
+flips of a coin with bias P so the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips of a coin with bias P so the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips of a coin with bias P so the coin
+not might not be fair the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not might not be fair the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not might not be fair the probability of
+heads is p it would be biased in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is p it would be biased in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is p it would be biased in favor
+of heads if p is greater than half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads if p is greater than half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads if p is greater than half and
+and biased against heads if p is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biased against heads if p is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biased against heads if p is less
+than a half and we want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a half and we want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a half and we want to know how many
+heads are expected this is a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads are expected this is a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads are expected this is a basic
+question that will come up again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that will come up again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that will come up again and
+again um when we look at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um when we look at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um when we look at random
+variables and probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and probability
+Theory so what's the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so what's the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so what's the expected number of
+heads well we already know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads well we already know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads well we already know we've
+examined the binomial distribution BNP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the binomial distribution BNP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the binomial distribution BNP
+uh BNP is telling us how many heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh BNP is telling us how many heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh BNP is telling us how many heads
+there are and and and and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are and and and and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are and and and and independent
+flips so we're asking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips so we're asking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips so we're asking about the
+expectation of the binomial variable B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the binomial variable B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the binomial variable B
+and P well let's look at the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P well let's look at the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P well let's look at the definition
+definition of that of B and P is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of that of B and P is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of that of B and P is it's
+the sum over all the possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over all the possible values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over all the possible values of
+uh B namely all the numbers from Z to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B namely all the numbers from Z to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B namely all the numbers from Z to n
+that's k um of the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's k um of the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's k um of the probability of
+getting K heads and this formula here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting K heads and this formula here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting K heads and this formula here is
+the probability of getting K heads which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of getting K heads which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of getting K heads which
+we've worked at previously and choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked at previously and choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked at previously and choose K
+* P the K1 minus P to the N minus K well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P the K1 minus P to the N minus K well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P the K1 minus P to the N minus K well
+let's introduce an abbreviation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce an abbreviation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce an abbreviation a
+standard abbreviation let's replace 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard abbreviation let's replace 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard abbreviation let's replace 1
+minus P by Q where so P plus Q equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P by Q where so P plus Q equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P by Q where so P plus Q equal 1
+they're both not negative um and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both not negative um and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both not negative um and between
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+one and when I express uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when I express uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when I express uh the
+expectation this way it starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this way it starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this way it starts to look
+like something a little bit familiar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something a little bit familiar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something a little bit familiar and
+our strategy is going to be to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our strategy is going to be to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our strategy is going to be to use the
+binomial theorem and then the trick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem and then the trick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem and then the trick of
+differentiating it is going to wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating it is going to wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating it is going to wind up
+giving us a closed formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a closed formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a closed formula for this
+expression for the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the expectation of the
+binomial random variable so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variable so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variable so let's
+remember the binomial theorem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the binomial theorem says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the binomial theorem says that
+the nth power of x + y is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth power of x + y is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth power of x + y is the sum of
+from k equal 0 to n of n choose k x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equal 0 to n of n choose k x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equal 0 to n of n choose k x to
+the k y the N minus K and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k y the N minus K and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k y the N minus K and if I
+differentiate this what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this what happens is that
+on the left hand side if I differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side if I differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side if I differentiate
+with respect to X I get x + y the nus1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X I get x + y the nus1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X I get x + y the nus1 *
+n and if I differentiate the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if I differentiate the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if I differentiate the right hand
+side let's differentiate it term by term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side let's differentiate it term by term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side let's differentiate it term by term
+and differentiating with respect to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differentiating with respect to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differentiating with respect to X is
+going to turn this n choose k x the k y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn this n choose k x the k y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn this n choose k x the k y
+the N minus K into an x to the K-1 * K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus K into an x to the K-1 * K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus K into an x to the K-1 * K
+term but I'd like to keep uh the n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but I'd like to keep uh the n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but I'd like to keep uh the n and
+the the K here and the K there matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the K here and the K there matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the K here and the K there matching
+so that after differentiate after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that after differentiate after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that after differentiate after
+differentiating that becomes an x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating that becomes an x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating that becomes an x to the
+K minus one let's multiply it by X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus one let's multiply it by X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus one let's multiply it by X to
+make it x to the K and of course I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it x to the K and of course I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it x to the K and of course I have
+to undo that multiplication by dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undo that multiplication by dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undo that multiplication by dividing
+the whole thing by 1 /x so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing by 1 /x so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing by 1 /x so by
+differentiating the binomial formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the binomial formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the binomial formula we
+get the following formula for um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the following formula for um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the following formula for um this
+for sum that is starting to look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sum that is starting to look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sum that is starting to look just
+like the expectation of BNP 1 /x * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expectation of BNP 1 /x * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expectation of BNP 1 /x * the
+sum from k0 one of K * n is k x the k y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k0 one of K * n is k x the k y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k0 one of K * n is k x the k y
+n minus K well let's compare the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus K well let's compare the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus K well let's compare the two
+terms so here's this term there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so here's this term there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so here's this term there's this
+one I'm going to replace this line by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to replace this line by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to replace this line by
+the formula for expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for expectation of the
+binomial variable so this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial variable so this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial variable so this is what we're
+trying to evaluate and I have this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate and I have this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate and I have this great
+theorem you can see how they match up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you can see how they match up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you can see how they match up um
+so what I'm going to do is replace uh p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is replace uh p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is replace uh p
+and Q replace X and Y in this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q replace X and Y in this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q replace X and Y in this general
+formula that I got by differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I got by differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I got by differentiating
+the binomial theorem with p and Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem with p and Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial theorem with p and Q and
+what happens so I just plug in the p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so I just plug in the p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so I just plug in the p and
+Q now the left hand side P plus Q is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q now the left hand side P plus Q is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q now the left hand side P plus Q is one
+so the left hand side is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left hand side is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left hand side is going to
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+n and this right hand side now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this right hand side now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this right hand side now is
+exactly the expectation of BNP this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the expectation of BNP this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the expectation of BNP this part
+of it anyway so what I'm going to wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it anyway so what I'm going to wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it anyway so what I'm going to wind
+up with is that n is equal to the expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is that n is equal to the expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is that n is equal to the expect
+1 over P times the expectation of BN p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over P times the expectation of BN p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over P times the expectation of BN p
+in other words the expectation of BNP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the expectation of BNP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the expectation of BNP is
+n * p and that is the basic formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * p and that is the basic formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * p and that is the basic formula that
+we were deriving by first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were deriving by first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were deriving by first principles
+without using any general properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using any general properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using any general properties of
+expectation just the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation just the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation just the definition of
+expectation and uh the stuff that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and uh the stuff that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and uh the stuff that we had
+already worked out in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already worked out in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already worked out in terms of the
+binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+theorem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DdPNsGRIw6o.txt b/DdPNsGRIw6o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62a75f67a69ad820a219dd667d5ee98d9a951931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DdPNsGRIw6o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's xkcd comic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's xkcd comic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's xkcd comic kind of
+points out and Siesta can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out and Siesta can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out and Siesta can be very
+difficult to figure out when something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out when something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out when something
+is just really hard or something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just really hard or something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just really hard or something is
+virtually impossible and until a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible and until a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible and until a couple
+years ago people thought this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago people thought this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago people thought this idea of
+image classification would be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image classification would be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image classification would be something
+that was closer to the impossible side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was closer to the impossible side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was closer to the impossible side
+but with the advent of deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the advent of deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the advent of deep learning
+technology we've made significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we've made significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we've made significant
+strides in which classification and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strides in which classification and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strides in which classification and now
+the problem is actually quite practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is actually quite practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is actually quite practical
+so today we'll be going through how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we'll be going through how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we'll be going through how the
+process of image classification with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of image classification with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of image classification with
+deep learning works so well first we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning works so well first we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning works so well first we'll
+talk about what deep learning is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what deep learning is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what deep learning is and
+then we'll move into some of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move into some of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move into some of the image
+processing techniques that researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing techniques that researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing techniques that researchers
+use followed by the architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use followed by the architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use followed by the architecture of the
+convolutional neural networks which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks which will
+be the the main focus in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the the main focus in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the the main focus in our
+presentation we'll also talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we'll also talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we'll also talk about the
+training process and then go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training process and then go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training process and then go through
+some results and limitations of cnn's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some results and limitations of cnn's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some results and limitations of cnn's
+and image classification so what is deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image classification so what is deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image classification so what is deep
+learning well the term is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning well the term is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning well the term is particularly
+vague and it's purposely so for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague and it's purposely so for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague and it's purposely so for a couple
+of reasons the first is mystery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons the first is mystery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons the first is mystery is
+always good for marketing but the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good for marketing but the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good for marketing but the second
+reason is that people earning actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that people earning actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that people earning actually
+refers to a pretty wide range of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to a pretty wide range of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to a pretty wide range of machine
+learning algorithms they do have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms they do have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms they do have some
+commonalities they all seek to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities they all seek to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities they all seek to solve
+problems of a complexity that previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of a complexity that previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of a complexity that previously
+people thought only people itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought only people itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought only people itself so
+these are more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are more sophisticated
+classification problems than traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problems than traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problems than traditional
+conventional machine learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional machine learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional machine learning algorithms
+can do so how do they go about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so how do they go about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so how do they go about doing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well all of these deep learning programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all of these deep learning programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all of these deep learning programs
+tend to take all the processes that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take all the processes that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take all the processes that need
+to happen and split them up they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and split them up they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and split them up they've got
+different parts of their program working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of their program working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of their program working
+on different things all in performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different things all in performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different things all in performing
+calculations and then at the end it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and then at the end it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and then at the end it all
+comes together and we get a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes together and we get a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes together and we get a result of
+course this isn't unique to deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this isn't unique to deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this isn't unique to deep
+learning and in lots of just even system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and in lots of just even system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and in lots of just even system
+decentralized their calculations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized their calculations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized their calculations but the
+key thing about deep learning is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing about deep learning is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing about deep learning is that
+every part is performing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part is performing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part is performing these
+calculations the influences are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the influences are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the influences are not
+simple calculations they're not we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculations they're not we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculations they're not we'll do
+this one simple operation over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one simple operation over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one simple operation over and over
+again on a lot of data and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on a lot of data and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on a lot of data and then we'll
+get a result at the end each part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a result at the end each part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a result at the end each part is
+performing some particularly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing some particularly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing some particularly complicated
+complicated process on all the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process on all the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process on all the little
+parts before they come together so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts before they come together so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts before they come together so why
+is this architecture a good idea why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this architecture a good idea why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this architecture a good idea why did
+engineers come up with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers come up with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers come up with this sort of
+decentralized multi-layered complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized multi-layered complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized multi-layered complex
+process well we take the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process well we take the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process well we take the example of
+image specification it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image specification it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image specification it turns out that
+the human brain does a pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain does a pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain does a pretty similar
+process so here's the human visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so here's the human visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so here's the human visual
+system and it's very much a hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's very much a hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's very much a hierarchical
+process so you begin by moving from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you begin by moving from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you begin by moving from the
+retina into the first areas of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina into the first areas of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina into the first areas of the brain
+and as the information gets processed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the information gets processed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the information gets processed it
+moves from one region of the brain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from one region of the brain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from one region of the brain to
+the other and each spatial element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and each spatial element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and each spatial element of
+your brain is performing an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain is performing an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain is performing an entirely
+different calculation for example the v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calculation for example the v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calculation for example the v1
+area over here is picking out edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area over here is picking out edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area over here is picking out edges and
+corners and then over here a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and then over here a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and then over here a couple
+steps later and before you're straighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps later and before you're straighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps later and before you're straighten
+group those fingers together and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group those fingers together and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group those fingers together and so the
+brain kind of operates in a way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain kind of operates in a way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain kind of operates in a way that is
+very similar to the way these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the way these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the way these you know
+let works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let works
+operate so let's talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate so let's talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate so let's talk about how to
+classify face if I asked you guys how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify face if I asked you guys how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify face if I asked you guys how
+would you classify face what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you classify face what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you classify face what is the
+first thing you might do well as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you might do well as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you might do well as I
+mentioned before the first in our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the first in our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the first in our brain
+does is it finds these edges right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it finds these edges right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it finds these edges right the
+first thing to do is identify where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is identify where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is identify where the
+face is versus everything else now does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is versus everything else now does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is versus everything else now does
+anyone have any idea as to what we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any idea as to what we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any idea as to what we could
+do with the next step Julian immune idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the next step Julian immune idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the next step Julian immune idea
+maybe you could group these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could group these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could group these edges
+together right we could maybe identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right we could maybe identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right we could maybe identify
+some of these features that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these features that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these features that we're
+working with so these are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with so these are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with so these are things like
+noses and lips and eyes right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noses and lips and eyes right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noses and lips and eyes right and then
+what would we do after we have these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we do after we have these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we do after we have these you
+know individual features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Steve well maybe we could poop some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve well maybe we could poop some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve well maybe we could poop some of
+those together exactly yeah we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together exactly yeah we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together exactly yeah we can
+organize them into what we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize them into what we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize them into what we know the
+pattern to be right we know that a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to be right we know that a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to be right we know that a face
+has to have two eyes above the nose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have two eyes above the nose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have two eyes above the nose and
+then above the mouth right so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then above the mouth right so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then above the mouth right so that is
+precisely what a neural network actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what a neural network actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what a neural network actually
+ends up doing we'll walk through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up doing we'll walk through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up doing we'll walk through the
+process of how it does this later on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of how it does this later on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of how it does this later on the
+top but as you can see the intuitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but as you can see the intuitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but as you can see the intuitive way
+that we would cost my face and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would cost my face and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would cost my face and the way
+our brains are wired to do it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our brains are wired to do it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our brains are wired to do it it is
+pretty similar to the way that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to the way that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to the way that we've
+gotten these neural networks to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten these neural networks to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten these neural networks to operate
+so like I said we're talking a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I said we're talking a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I said we're talking a lot about
+these convolutional neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these convolutional neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these convolutional neural networks
+there aren't other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't other types of
+architectures involved like we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures involved like we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures involved like we mentioned
+before deep learning is a pretty wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before deep learning is a pretty wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before deep learning is a pretty wide
+variety of elements but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of elements but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of elements but we're going to
+focus on these cnn's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on these cnn's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on these cnn's
+so give you kind of a precursor idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so give you kind of a precursor idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so give you kind of a precursor idea of
+how good these CN NS are this is results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good these CN NS are this is results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good these CN NS are this is results
+from the imagenet competition so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the imagenet competition so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the imagenet competition so the
+immature competition is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immature competition is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immature competition is basically
+exactly what it sounds like a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it sounds like a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it sounds like a bunch of
+computer scientists get together and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists get together and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists get together and see
+how many images they can correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many images they can correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many images they can correctly
+classify and you know their error rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify and you know their error rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify and you know their error rate
+was pretty high you know almost almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty high you know almost almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty high you know almost almost a
+third error rate over here in 2010-2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third error rate over here in 2010-2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third error rate over here in 2010-2011
+and then in 2011 these CNN's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in 2011 these CNN's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in 2011 these CNN's are
+introduced to the topic and the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to the topic and the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to the topic and the error
+rate plummeted as you can see over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate plummeted as you can see over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate plummeted as you can see over here
+2015 we've got a significant improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 we've got a significant improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 we've got a significant improvement
+in these submission of competitions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these submission of competitions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these submission of competitions so
+clearly these CN NS have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly these CN NS have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly these CN NS have been very
+effective and it's definitely something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and it's definitely something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and it's definitely something
+that is exciting the field I'm happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exciting the field I'm happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exciting the field I'm happening
+right now all right so now we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now all right so now we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now all right so now we're gonna
+move into image processing okay so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into image processing okay so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into image processing okay so right
+give a sort of a nice overview of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a sort of a nice overview of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a sort of a nice overview of where
+we get this concept of neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this concept of neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this concept of neural networks
+but let's take a kind of a time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take a kind of a time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take a kind of a time travel
+and going to a quick history lesson so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going to a quick history lesson so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going to a quick history lesson so
+something was I had a chair and I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was I had a chair and I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was I had a chair and I wanted
+the computer to classify this chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer to classify this chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer to classify this chair
+right I have some a priori knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have some a priori knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have some a priori knowledge
+about what sort of things make up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what sort of things make up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what sort of things make up a
+chair so I might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair so I might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair so I might be interested in
+looking at arms in corners of the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at arms in corners of the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at arms in corners of the chair
+legs things like that so I would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs things like that so I would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs things like that so I would go
+ahead and to the feature engineer my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and to the feature engineer my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and to the feature engineer my my
+discovery scheme to be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery scheme to be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery scheme to be looking for
+specific things so I'm gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific things so I'm gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific things so I'm gonna talk about
+some techniques that are traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some techniques that are traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some techniques that are traditionally
+used for example chairs doors these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for example chairs doors these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for example chairs doors these
+things have corners so I might use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have corners so I might use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have corners so I might use an
+image processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing
+we call the Harris corner detector where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the Harris corner detector where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the Harris corner detector where
+we basically look at large changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically look at large changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically look at large changes in
+intensity as groups of pixels move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as groups of pixels move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as groups of pixels move from
+an image to image that indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image to image that indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image to image that indicate the
+presence of corners and you can use use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of corners and you can use use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of corners and you can use use
+common corners to say that okay all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common corners to say that okay all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common corners to say that okay all of
+these images are chairs or doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images are chairs or doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images are chairs or doors
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+similarly I want to say I have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly I want to say I have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly I want to say I have a bunch
+of pictures of chairs of different sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures of chairs of different sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures of chairs of different sizes
+but they all must have you know so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all must have you know so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all must have you know so many
+corners or something so typically we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners or something so typically we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners or something so typically we use
+a search algorithm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search algorithm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search algorithm which is
+scale-invariant feature transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-invariant feature transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-invariant feature transform
+mislead says across different sizes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislead says across different sizes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislead says across different sizes I
+still should be able to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still should be able to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still should be able to extract
+information about the placement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the placement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the placement of
+corners say another common technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners say another common technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners say another common technique
+that's used in image processing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in image processing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in image processing is what
+we call hog histogram of greetings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call hog histogram of greetings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call hog histogram of greetings so
+basically for example in this image if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for example in this image if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for example in this image if I
+want to say I want to find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say I want to find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say I want to find all the
+images that have faces in them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that have faces in them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that have faces in them or
+consist of faces let's say I might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of faces let's say I might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of faces let's say I might come
+up with the template of a face that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the template of a face that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the template of a face that
+basically assigns gradients to groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assigns gradients to groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assigns gradients to groups of
+pixels that form that that an outline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels that form that that an outline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels that form that that an outline of
+what sort of looks like a face then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of looks like a face then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of looks like a face then
+scanning across my sample images and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning across my sample images and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning across my sample images and say
+ok a face is present in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok a face is present in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok a face is present in this image
+obviously varies from areas in the cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously varies from areas in the cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously varies from areas in the cap
+and a logo back here have become a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a logo back here have become a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a logo back here have become a face
+but this is sort of the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is sort of the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is sort of the traditional
+approach but here's the problem what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but here's the problem what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but here's the problem what if
+I don't actually necessarily know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually necessarily know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually necessarily know what
+features are the most critical depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are the most critical depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are the most critical depending
+on the data set that I get I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set that I get I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set that I get I want the
+system itself to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself to figure out what
+techniques to apply without having any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to apply without having any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to apply without having any
+apparent a priori knowledge about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent a priori knowledge about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent a priori knowledge about the
+data set so this is exactly the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set so this is exactly the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set so this is exactly the idea of
+CNN's the convolutional neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNN's the convolutional neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNN's the convolutional neural networks
+we want the techniques to be learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the techniques to be learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the techniques to be learned
+automatically by the process by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically by the process by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically by the process by the
+system so if I'm trying to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if I'm trying to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if I'm trying to classify
+faces I want the system to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I want the system to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I want the system to figure out
+that eyes and ears and nose these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eyes and ears and nose these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eyes and ears and nose these are
+the most important things or if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important things or if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important things or if I'm
+trying to classify elephants their ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to classify elephants their ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to classify elephants their ears
+and trunks are the critical features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trunks are the critical features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trunks are the critical features
+without me having to say ok we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without me having to say ok we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without me having to say ok we're going
+to do coordinate detection so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do coordinate detection so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do coordinate detection so on and so
+forth so this is the idea so to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so this is the idea so to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so this is the idea so to be able
+to understand this process in greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this process in greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this process in greater
+detail I'm first going to go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I'm first going to go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I'm first going to go into a
+little bit of math and the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of math and the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of math and the idea is to
+present the most fundamental operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the most fundamental operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the most fundamental operation
+here which is the convolution so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the convolution so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the convolution so this is
+the formal definition of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal definition of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal definition of the true
+menschell convolution and since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menschell convolution and since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menschell convolution and since we're
+working with images we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with images we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with images we're only
+considered considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered considering the
+two-dimensional case so in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional case so in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional case so in a more
+graphical presentation which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical presentation which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical presentation which is a little
+bit easier to understand than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier to understand than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier to understand than just
+seeing the formula the idea is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the formula the idea is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the formula the idea is that we
+have a kernel or a convolutional filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kernel or a convolutional filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kernel or a convolutional filter
+that we seek to apply on another image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we seek to apply on another image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we seek to apply on another image
+and that extracts some information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that extracts some information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that extracts some information about
+that image that we can use to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image that we can use to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image that we can use to help us
+classify the file so assume that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the file so assume that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the file so assume that this is
+our kernel or this is our subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kernel or this is our subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kernel or this is our subject and
+suppose this there's so suppose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this there's so suppose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this there's so suppose we're
+applying the the kernel from here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the the kernel from here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the the kernel from here to the
+image that's in green city is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that's in green city is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that's in green city is we want to
+slide this filter across the image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this filter across the image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this filter across the image and
+what we're basically doing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're basically doing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're basically doing is a
+succession of dot products so if each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of dot products so if each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of dot products so if each
+placement of the image we multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of the image we multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of the image we multiply the
+overlay numbers and the sum becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay numbers and the sum becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay numbers and the sum becomes a
+good image honorable vault upload so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good image honorable vault upload so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good image honorable vault upload so
+this is basically the way the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the way the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the way the process
+works you've probably noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you've probably noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you've probably noticed that
+there's a reduction in dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reduction in dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reduction in dimension and
+Henry will talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry will talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry will talk a little bit more about
+why this is when we get to it that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is when we get to it that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is when we get to it that your
+conversation so these are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so these are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so these are examples of
+what information we get by applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information we get by applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information we get by applying the
+convolution so you see at the image of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so you see at the image of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so you see at the image of a
+tiger at the top left when we apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger at the top left when we apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger at the top left when we apply a
+filter that's a low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that's a low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that's a low-pass filter
+basically it's it's a Gaussian then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's a Gaussian then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's a Gaussian then we
+get low spatial frequency information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get low spatial frequency information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get low spatial frequency information
+about this image so basically we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this image so basically we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this image so basically we've
+learned it and this tells us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it and this tells us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it and this tells us something
+that's specific that we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specific that we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specific that we might want to
+learn so the kernel actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so the kernel actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so the kernel actually looks like
+a two-dimensional Gaussian function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional Gaussian function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional Gaussian function
+that's been distributed across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been distributed across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been distributed across this
+three by three curl similarly we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three curl similarly we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three curl similarly we might
+be interested in high spatial frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in high spatial frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in high spatial frequency
+information so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so in this case we're
+looking at sharp sharp features so edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sharp sharp features so edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sharp sharp features so edges
+horizontal edges or vertical edges so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal edges or vertical edges so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal edges or vertical edges so a
+question for you is if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you is if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you is if I have this
+kernel which of these outputs when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel which of these outputs when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel which of these outputs when this
+kernel is applied to the original image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel is applied to the original image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel is applied to the original image
+which of these outputs do you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these outputs do you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these outputs do you think it
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's exactly right and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right and it's
+probably pretty easy to see why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty easy to see why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty easy to see why that's
+the case given that the numbers are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case given that the numbers are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case given that the numbers are all
+horizontal bands here lastly we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal bands here lastly we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal bands here lastly we also
+might be interested in extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in extracting
+information at a particular frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at a particular frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at a particular frequency so
+we can take the difference of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the difference of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the difference of you know
+say hi a high-pass filter and a low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hi a high-pass filter and a low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hi a high-pass filter and a low-pass
+filter and add if you're too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and add if you're too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and add if you're too low
+frequency you can extract information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you can extract information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you can extract information
+about that as well okay one last sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well okay one last sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well okay one last sort of
+helpful piece of information is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful piece of information is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful piece of information is that
+there's another way that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way that you can think
+of the information that's learned at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the information that's learned at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the information that's learned at
+each stage because our convolution can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage because our convolution can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage because our convolution can
+also be thought of as Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be thought of as Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be thought of as Fourier transform
+in the frequency that maybe don't if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency that maybe don't if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency that maybe don't if you
+think of the image transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the image transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the image transformation that
+way so from an image perspective what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so from an image perspective what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so from an image perspective what
+Fourier transform is is basically a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is is basically a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is is basically a sum
+of a set of sinusoidal gratings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set of sinusoidal gratings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set of sinusoidal gratings that
+defer say in frequency and orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defer say in frequency and orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defer say in frequency and orientation
+and amplitude and phase so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplitude and phase so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplitude and phase so you can think
+about the zebra image here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the zebra image here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the zebra image here that's
+actually a composite of a difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a composite of a difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a composite of a difference of
+different gradients that might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gradients that might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gradients that might look like
+this and the coefficients the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the coefficients the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the coefficients the Fourier
+coefficients would be how much of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients would be how much of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients would be how much of each
+of these pieces come together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pieces come together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pieces come together to make
+that final image so just to get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final image so just to get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final image so just to get a sense
+of what kind of information this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kind of information this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what kind of information this could
+convey we typically take a Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey we typically take a Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey we typically take a Fourier
+transform I break it apart into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I break it apart into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I break it apart into
+magnitude and phase representation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase representation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase representation so
+you see magnitude and you see phase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see magnitude and you see phase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see magnitude and you see phase so
+those are meters weren't particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are meters weren't particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are meters weren't particularly
+clear but this is a really good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but this is a really good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but this is a really good example
+for this so if we take the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so if we take the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so if we take the Fourier
+transform of all the horizontal text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of all the horizontal text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of all the horizontal text
+here you see how the magnitude reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see how the magnitude reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see how the magnitude reflects
+this you can go back to the maps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go back to the maps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go back to the maps to
+understand why it's reflected in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's reflected in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's reflected in a
+vertical working but and similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical working but and similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical working but and similarly if
+I'm going to take the same image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the same image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the same image and
+rotate it and then ask for the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it and then ask for the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it and then ask for the Fourier
+transform you see how that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you see how that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you see how that information
+is contained very clearly the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained very clearly the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained very clearly the magnitude
+spectrum so these might be things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so these might be things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so these might be things that
+if the network would learn at each stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the network would learn at each stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the network would learn at each stage
+to identify the size as a text or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify the size as a text or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify the size as a text or as
+body of text that's tilted one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of text that's tilted one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of text that's tilted one way or
+the other so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so on and so forth
+so with that we can now go into what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that we can now go into what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that we can now go into what the
+actual architecture a convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual architecture a convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual architecture a convolutional
+all right so as as was said earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so as as was said earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so as as was said earlier in
+order to classify or detect objects you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to classify or detect objects you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to classify or detect objects you
+actually need certain features you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need certain features you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need certain features you need
+to be able to identify these features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to identify these features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to identify these features
+and the way you can identify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you can identify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you can identify these
+features is using certain convolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features is using certain convolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features is using certain convolutions
+or certain filters in many cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain filters in many cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain filters in many cases we
+don't know what these features are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what these features are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what these features are and
+we and as a result of that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and as a result of that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and as a result of that we don't
+actually know what the filters are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what the filters are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what the filters are to
+extract these features and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract these features and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract these features and what
+convolutional neural networks allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks allow us
+to do is actually determine determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is actually determine determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is actually determine determine
+what these features are and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these features are and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these features are and also the
+turn about the filters art in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn about the filters art in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn about the filters art in order to
+extract these features now the idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract these features now the idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract these features now the idea for
+you know convolution neural networks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know convolution neural networks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know convolution neural networks or
+the idea for replicating how the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea for replicating how the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea for replicating how the brain
+works started in about 1960s or 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works started in about 1960s or 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works started in about 1960s or 1950s
+after some experiments by uh by Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some experiments by uh by Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some experiments by uh by Hubble
+and Wiesel and what happened in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wiesel and what happened in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wiesel and what happened in these
+experiments as can be seen here is a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as can be seen here is a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as can be seen here is a cat
+was actually shown a light band at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually shown a light band at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually shown a light band at
+different angles and the neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and the neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and the neural activity
+of the cat was measured using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cat was measured using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cat was measured using an
+electrode and the outcome from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and the outcome from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and the outcome from these
+experiments show that based on the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments show that based on the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments show that based on the angle
+at which the light was shown the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the light was shown the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the light was shown the neural
+response of the cat was different as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the cat was different as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the cat was different as you
+can see here the number of neurons as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here the number of neurons as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here the number of neurons as
+well as the neurons that were firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the neurons that were firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the neurons that were firing
+were very different based on the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very different based on the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very different based on the angle
+so what you can see also here is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can see also here is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can see also here is really
+a plot of the response versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot of the response versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot of the response versus the
+orientation of the light and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the light and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the light and what this
+led that problem easel to is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led that problem easel to is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led that problem easel to is the idea
+that neurons in the brain are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neurons in the brain are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neurons in the brain are organized
+in a certain topographical order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain topographical order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain topographical order and
+that each neuron both acts a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each neuron both acts a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each neuron both acts a specific
+role and only fires when it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and only fires when it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and only fires when it's you know
+when a specific input is shown or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a specific input is shown or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a specific input is shown or when
+the angle is shown or the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle is shown or the angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle is shown or the angle is
+specified now the first step to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified now the first step to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified now the first step to actually
+replicating how the brain works in code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating how the brain works in code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating how the brain works in code
+is really understanding how you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really understanding how you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really understanding how you know the
+building block the neuron works that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block the neuron works that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block the neuron works that's a
+quick reminder of 701 to here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick reminder of 701 to here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick reminder of 701 to here so the
+neuron is actually a cell with dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is actually a cell with dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is actually a cell with dendrites
+nucleus axon and E terminal and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus axon and E terminal and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus axon and E terminal and what the
+neuron actually does is aggregate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron actually does is aggregate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron actually does is aggregate the
+action potentials or the inputs it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials or the inputs it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials or the inputs it gets
+from all the neighboring neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the neighboring neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the neighboring neurons that
+are connected to it through the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to it through the ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to it through the ten
+nodes and it sums these actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and it sums these actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and it sums these actions
+potentials and then compares them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and then compares them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and then compares them to
+certain threshold that it has internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain threshold that it has internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain threshold that it has internally
+and that would determine whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would determine whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would determine whether or not
+this neuron will fire an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron will fire an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron will fire an action
+potential and that very simple idea it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that very simple idea it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that very simple idea it
+can actually be replicated in code so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be replicated in code so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be replicated in code so an
+artificial Europe now the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial Europe now the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial Europe now the official
+neuron looks looks very much like it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron looks looks very much like it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron looks looks very much like it and
+like a natural one so what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a natural one so what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a natural one so what you would
+have is the set of inputs here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the set of inputs here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the set of inputs here we have
+three inputs there are some inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three inputs there are some inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three inputs there are some inside of a
+cell or inner on the sum here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or inner on the sum here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or inner on the sum here is not
+just a regular sound it's a weighted sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular sound it's a weighted sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular sound it's a weighted sum
+so the neuron specifies some ways which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the neuron specifies some ways which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the neuron specifies some ways which
+you can think of this how much it values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this how much it values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this how much it values
+the input coming from a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input coming from a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input coming from a specific
+specific neuron and then the Emperor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific neuron and then the Emperor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific neuron and then the Emperor is
+multiplied by its weight and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by its weight and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by its weight and then the
+total sum that that the neuron computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum that that the neuron computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum that that the neuron computes
+is then fed into an activation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then fed into an activation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then fed into an activation function
+that produces the output that the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces the output that the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces the output that the neuron
+then that then basically produces now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that then basically produces now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that then basically produces now
+what we just saw here is is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw here is is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw here is is really a
+simple neuron a single neuron you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple neuron a single neuron you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple neuron a single neuron you can't
+really do much with just one year on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much with just one year on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much with just one year on so
+what you would do is really combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do is really combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do is really combine
+these neuron in a certain topography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neuron in a certain topography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neuron in a certain topography or
+in that case we have a network with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we have a network with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we have a network with with
+seven neurons organized in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven neurons organized in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven neurons organized in three
+different layers and what you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers and what you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers and what you can think
+of of that as really as one big neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that as really as one big neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that as really as one big neuron
+with 12 inputs and one output so in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 12 inputs and one output so in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 12 inputs and one output so in for
+example in the case of the chair that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of the chair that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of the chair that
+was previously mentioned if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was previously mentioned if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was previously mentioned if you're
+trying to identify whether a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify whether a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify whether a specific
+image has a chair in it or not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image has a chair in it or not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image has a chair in it or not you can
+these 12 inputs here could be some sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 12 inputs here could be some sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 12 inputs here could be some sub
+images or some you know small areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or some you know small areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or some you know small areas of
+the initial image that you feed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial image that you feed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial image that you feed into the
+network and the output here could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the output here could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the output here could be a
+yes or a no whether the image has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or a no whether the image has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or a no whether the image has a
+chair or doesn't have a chair and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair or doesn't have a chair and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair or doesn't have a chair and that
+is really the concept behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the concept behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the concept behind
+convolutional neural networks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks which
+we'll go into into details in a bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into into details in a bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into into details in a bit so
+what each neuron would be doing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each neuron would be doing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each neuron would be doing in that
+case is really just performing a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is really just performing a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is really just performing a dot
+product which if you aggregate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which if you aggregate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which if you aggregate that with
+you know with the dot products computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the dot products computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the dot products computed
+by each of the other neurons you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each of the other neurons you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each of the other neurons you would
+be a you with obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a you with obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a you with obtaining
+volution so what we have here is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volution so what we have here is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volution so what we have here is three
+inputs if the input in that case is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs if the input in that case is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs if the input in that case is an
+image or a sub image then the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image or a sub image then the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image or a sub image then the inputs
+would be pixels the weights that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pixels the weights that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pixels the weights that you
+would be using here would be the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be using here would be the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be using here would be the filter
+weights which you know is the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights which you know is the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights which you know is the filter
+that you use in the convolution and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use in the convolution and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use in the convolution and then
+the sum here would be the dot product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here would be the dot product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here would be the dot product of
+the weights and the inverse and that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights and the inverse and that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights and the inverse and that sum
+would be computed by a specific neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be computed by a specific neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be computed by a specific neuron
+in your network then that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your network then that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your network then that would be the
+convolution step and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution step and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution step and then that
+convolution step would happen at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution step would happen at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution step would happen at the
+first layer in the networks you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first layer in the networks you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first layer in the networks you'd be
+applying this to the input but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to the input but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to the input but you also
+would apply this and the second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would apply this and the second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would apply this and the second layer
+and third layer that case we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third layer that case we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third layer that case we're only
+showing what happens in the first layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what happens in the first layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what happens in the first layer
+the next step after the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step after the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step after the convolution
+would be the activation step so the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the activation step so the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the activation step so the dot
+product computed here would would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product computed here would would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product computed here would would be
+there's a function that would be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a function that would be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a function that would be applied
+to that to the sum and then predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that to the sum and then predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that to the sum and then predict that
+function to produce the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to produce the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to produce the output of the
+neuron and this is where the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and this is where the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and this is where the activation
+layer is you also have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is you also have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is you also have another
+activation layer here and the final one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation layer here and the final one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation layer here and the final one
+here what we just what we just went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we just what we just went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we just what we just went to
+now or you know convolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or you know convolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or you know convolutions and
+activations but this is not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activations but this is not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activations but this is not the only
+thing that actually happens in a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that actually happens in a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that actually happens in a neural
+net well your we also have is a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net well your we also have is a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net well your we also have is a step
+called sub sampling which we will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sub sampling which we will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sub sampling which we will we
+will be talking about next for now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking about next for now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking about next for now we
+will dig deeper into the activation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will dig deeper into the activation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will dig deeper into the activation and
+specifically you know what activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically you know what activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically you know what activation
+functions to use in that case we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to use in that case we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to use in that case we can see
+that that's that's in your on and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's in your on and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's in your on and what
+the neuron is doing here is the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron is doing here is the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron is doing here is the way that
+some that we talked about or the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that we talked about or the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that we talked about or the dot
+product and then the output from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then the output from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then the output from this
+should be fed into a certain activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fed into a certain activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fed into a certain activation
+function common activation functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function common activation functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function common activation functions are
+sigmoid 10 H or rectified linear unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid 10 H or rectified linear unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid 10 H or rectified linear unit
+and we will go through each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will go through each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will go through each one
+independently so here we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so here we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so here we can see the
+sigmoid activation function so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid activation function so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid activation function so what this
+function essentially does is map any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function essentially does is map any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function essentially does is map any
+input to an output in the range of 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to an output in the range of 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to an output in the range of 0 to
+1 and it's defined as 1 divided by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it's defined as 1 divided by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it's defined as 1 divided by 1
+plus e to the minus X the other common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the minus X the other common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the minus X the other common
+activation function is tan H and maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function is tan H and maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function is tan H and maps
+any input to an output between minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any input to an output between minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any input to an output between minus 1
+and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1
+and then finally would be the rectified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally would be the rectified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally would be the rectified
+linear unit which Maps an input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear unit which Maps an input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear unit which Maps an input to
+itself if it's positive or to zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if it's positive or to zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if it's positive or to zero if
+it's negative now in theory you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative now in theory you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative now in theory you could
+have you could use any function as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you could use any function as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you could use any function as an
+activation function you know in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function you know in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation function you know in your
+network but that's not what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but that's not what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but that's not what you want to
+do in practice you want your activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in practice you want your activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in practice you want your activation
+functions to be nonlinear for one main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be nonlinear for one main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be nonlinear for one main
+reason that the goal of the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the goal of the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the goal of the activation
+function is actually to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually to introduce
+non-linearity in your system and if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity in your system and if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity in your system and if all
+your activation functions are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activation functions are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activation functions are linear
+then you would essentially be having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would essentially be having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would essentially be having a
+linear system which prevents you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system which prevents you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system which prevents you from
+achieving the level of complexity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the level of complexity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving the level of complexity that
+you would you would ideally want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would ideally want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would ideally want to
+achieve for the neural network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve for the neural network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve for the neural network and
+there's a formal proof for it as to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formal proof for it as to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formal proof for it as to why
+you need nonlinear activation functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need nonlinear activation functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need nonlinear activation functions
+they don't all need to be nonlinear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all need to be nonlinear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all need to be nonlinear but
+you need to have at least a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have at least a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have at least a few
+nonlinear activation functions in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear activation functions in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear activation functions in your
+network and the proof is available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the proof is available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the proof is available in
+the appendix or the link to the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appendix or the link to the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appendix or the link to the paper
+that has the proof so after after we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the proof so after after we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the proof so after after we've
+discussed what happens at the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed what happens at the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed what happens at the activation
+layer now we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer now we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer now we want to talk about
+convolution so as I was as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so as I was as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so as I was as I said
+earlier an image is is obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier an image is is obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier an image is is obviously a
+two-dimensional image but we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional image but we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional image but we're using
+RGB images so we actually need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGB images so we actually need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGB images so we actually need three
+channels so what this means is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so what this means is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so what this means is that an
+image is actually three dimensional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is actually three dimensional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is actually three dimensional and
+each 2d matrix represents one channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each 2d matrix represents one channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each 2d matrix represents one channel
+one of them corresponding to all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them corresponding to all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them corresponding to all of them
+corresponding to G one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to G one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to G one of them
+corresponding to B so a 32 by 32 image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to B so a 32 by 32 image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to B so a 32 by 32 image
+would essentially be represented by 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would essentially be represented by 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would essentially be represented by 32
+30 by 30 2 by 3 matrix as can be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 by 30 2 by 3 matrix as can be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 by 30 2 by 3 matrix as can be seen
+here so what happens at the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens at the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens at the convolution
+there so here we have a nice animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so here we have a nice animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so here we have a nice animation
+that shows what is happening at each you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows what is happening at each you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows what is happening at each you
+know and each convolutional layer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and each convolutional layer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and each convolutional layer and so
+assume we have a 5 by 5 by 3 filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have a 5 by 5 by 3 filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have a 5 by 5 by 3 filter so
+what this essentially would be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this essentially would be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this essentially would be doing is
+covering a certain patch in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering a certain patch in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering a certain patch in the original
+image which is 32 by 32 by 3 so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image which is 32 by 32 by 3 so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image which is 32 by 32 by 3 so what we
+can see here is that for that 5 by 5 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here is that for that 5 by 5 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here is that for that 5 by 5 by
+3 patch in the original image we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 patch in the original image we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 patch in the original image we have a
+neuron that is actually performing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that is actually performing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that is actually performing the
+dot product on all the pixels in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product on all the pixels in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product on all the pixels in that
+specific patch so what is happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific patch so what is happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific patch so what is happening here
+is the pixel values which in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pixel values which in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pixel values which in that case
+we have 5 by 5 5 by 3 pixels are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 5 by 5 5 by 3 pixels are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 5 by 5 5 by 3 pixels are being
+multiplied by the filter values and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the filter values and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the filter values and this
+operation is being performed here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is being performed here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is being performed here then
+after that dot product is performed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that dot product is performed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that dot product is performed on
+it's fed into an activation function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fed into an activation function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fed into an activation function as
+can be seen here and this produces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be seen here and this produces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be seen here and this produces the
+output of this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this neuron
+now this is what this single neuron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is what this single neuron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is what this single neuron is
+actually doing it's just covering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing it's just covering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing it's just covering that
+area of the original image what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the original image what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the original image what you
+would have in a neural net is many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have in a neural net is many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have in a neural net is many
+neurons each covering a certain area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons each covering a certain area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons each covering a certain area of
+the original image and if you aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original image and if you aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original image and if you aggregate
+the output of all of these neurons what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of all of these neurons what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of all of these neurons what
+you would be doing or performing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be doing or performing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be doing or performing is
+essentially a convolution on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a convolution on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a convolution on the
+original image and to formalize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image and to formalize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image and to formalize what
+happens here or what what's the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here or what what's the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here or what what's the output
+that's being produced from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being produced from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being produced from that
+operation we can look at that from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we can look at that from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we can look at that from a
+more mathematical perspective so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematical perspective so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematical perspective so if you
+have an input of size H 1 w1 d1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an input of size H 1 w1 d1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an input of size H 1 w1 d1 and
+you're performing a convolution where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're performing a convolution where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're performing a convolution where
+the filter then the output w2 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter then the output w2 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter then the output w2 will be
+related to w1 with the following formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to w1 with the following formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to w1 with the following formula
+so w2 is w1 - fortuity plus 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w2 is w1 - fortuity plus 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w2 is w1 - fortuity plus 1 and the
+same formula applies for for the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula applies for for the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula applies for for the height
+and the depth will actually be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the depth will actually be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the depth will actually be the same
+because in that case we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that case we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that case we're using a
+filter that has the same depth or 3 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that has the same depth or 3 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that has the same depth or 3 as
+the original image so what this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original image so what this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original image so what this what
+this would produce in aggregate is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would produce in aggregate is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would produce in aggregate is if
+you have 28 by 28 by 1 neurons each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 28 by 28 by 1 neurons each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 28 by 28 by 1 neurons each one
+performing a dot product on some pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a dot product on some pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a dot product on some pixels
+in the original image the output would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original image the output would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original image the output would
+be an activation of size 28 by 28 by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an activation of size 28 by 28 by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an activation of size 28 by 28 by 1
+and the actor of each neuron would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actor of each neuron would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actor of each neuron would be
+one pixel in the activation map now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pixel in the activation map now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pixel in the activation map now if
+we go back to the points that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to the points that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to the points that we made
+earlier one thing we said was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one thing we said was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one thing we said was that you
+the reason you using your network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you using your network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you using your network is
+because you don't know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know exactly what
+features you want to extract and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you want to extract and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you want to extract and you
+don't actually have specific filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have specific filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have specific filters
+that you want to apply to the image so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to apply to the image so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to apply to the image so
+ideally what you want to do is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally what you want to do is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally what you want to do is have
+multiple filters being applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple filters being applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple filters being applied to the
+first image and perform multiple con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first image and perform multiple con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first image and perform multiple con
+and this is what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you can do with
+multiple neuron layers so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple neuron layers so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple neuron layers so what we
+described before was just for one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before was just for one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before was just for one year
+and there in that case we can assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there in that case we can assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there in that case we can assume we
+have five different neuron layers each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five different neuron layers each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five different neuron layers each
+one performing a different convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one performing a different convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one performing a different convolution
+on the original image so in that case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the original image so in that case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the original image so in that case we
+would have 28 by 28 by one neuron per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 28 by 28 by one neuron per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 28 by 28 by one neuron per
+layer and then if we aggregate all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and then if we aggregate all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and then if we aggregate all these
+neurons together we all need to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons together we all need to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons together we all need to multiply
+it by five and that would be the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by five and that would be the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by five and that would be the total
+number of neurons we have in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neurons we have in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of neurons we have in that
+specific and that specific network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and that specific network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and that specific network so
+this this actually leaves us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this actually leaves us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this actually leaves us with a
+pretty complicated system we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated system we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated system we would have
+many parameters the neurons have weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parameters the neurons have weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parameters the neurons have weights
+the number of neurons is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neurons is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neurons is also a
+parameter so how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so how do we actually
+formalize that if we have an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that if we have an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that if we have an input
+volume of 32 by 32 by 3 which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of 32 by 32 by 3 which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of 32 by 32 by 3 which is our
+original image and the filter size of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image and the filter size of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image and the filter size of 5
+by 5 by 3 then the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 5 by 3 then the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 5 by 3 then the size of the
+activation map that would be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation map that would be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation map that would be produced
+would be 28 by 28 by 1 then in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 28 by 28 by 1 then in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 28 by 28 by 1 then in that case
+we also said we have 5 different neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also said we have 5 different neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also said we have 5 different neuron
+layers that perform five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers that perform five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers that perform five different
+convolutions then the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions then the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions then the total number of
+neurons would be 28 by 28 by 5 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons would be 28 by 28 by 5 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons would be 28 by 28 by 5 and then
+the weights per neuron or 5 by 5 by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights per neuron or 5 by 5 by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights per neuron or 5 by 5 by 3
+which is 75 in that case we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 75 in that case we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 75 in that case we're assuming
+that the neurons in depends the e-track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neurons in depends the e-track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neurons in depends the e-track
+of their own weights this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own weights this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own weights this could be
+simplified to each layer having their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified to each layer having their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified to each layer having their
+own weights which would tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weights which would tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weights which would tremendously
+reduce the number of parameters but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of parameters but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of parameters but in
+that case just to get an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case just to get an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case just to get an upper bound
+this leaves us with a total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leaves us with a total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leaves us with a total number of
+parameters of 294,000 and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of 294,000 and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of 294,000 and this is just
+using a 32 by 32 by 3 image you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 32 by 32 by 3 image you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 32 by 32 by 3 image you can
+think of you know this is a pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know this is a pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know this is a pretty small
+image so if you have a bigger image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so if you have a bigger image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so if you have a bigger image you
+can you will have many more parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you will have many more parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you will have many more parameters
+great so what we just saw now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so what we just saw now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so what we just saw now and
+described were convolutions activations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described were convolutions activations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described were convolutions activations
+and this these these steps happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this these these steps happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this these these steps happen
+sequentially in your network near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially in your network near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially in your network near the
+convolution here and I work specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution here and I work specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution here and I work specifically
+as can be seen here now one step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as can be seen here now one step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as can be seen here now one step that
+also happens at occasionally is sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happens at occasionally is sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happens at occasionally is sub
+sampling and we'll discuss that step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and we'll discuss that step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and we'll discuss that step in
+details here so there are two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here so there are two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here so there are two main
+reasons why you would actually sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why you would actually sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why you would actually sub
+sample your input one is dogs to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample your input one is dogs to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample your input one is dogs to reduce
+the size of your in your input and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your in your input and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your in your input and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+your feature space but also because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feature space but also because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feature space but also because you
+want to keep track of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep track of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep track of the most important
+information get rid of everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information get rid of everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information get rid of everything else
+that you don't you don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't you don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't you don't think it's
+going to be relevant to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relevant to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relevant to your
+classification and the common methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and the common methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and the common methods
+used in subsampling are either max blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in subsampling are either max blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in subsampling are either max blue
+or average bullying we will describe max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or average bullying we will describe max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or average bullying we will describe max
+pooling here so what happens in max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling here so what happens in max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling here so what happens in max
+bullying is essentially you're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullying is essentially you're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullying is essentially you're dividing
+the image into different sub images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image into different sub images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image into different sub images
+non-overlapping sub images and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-overlapping sub images and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-overlapping sub images and you would
+perform an IMAX operation so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform an IMAX operation so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform an IMAX operation so in that
+case if we consider two by two filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if we consider two by two filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if we consider two by two filters
+we would split the image which in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would split the image which in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would split the image which in that
+case is four by four it's better to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is four by four it's better to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is four by four it's better to four
+sub images and for each two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub images and for each two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub images and for each two by two
+square would take the maximum in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square would take the maximum in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square would take the maximum in that
+case you know for the first square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know for the first square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know for the first square it
+would be six then 8 then three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be six then 8 then three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be six then 8 then three and four
+and the reason that actually works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that actually works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that actually works is
+because what you want to do is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you want to do is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you want to do is really
+keep track of the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the response of the
+neurons depth or did the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons depth or did the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons depth or did the highest
+response produced by your neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response produced by your neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response produced by your neurons and
+that case for example the first highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case for example the first highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case for example the first highest
+response in the first squared is 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the first squared is 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the first squared is 6 and
+that means that if you get that high of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you get that high of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you get that high of
+a response he means that something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response he means that something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response he means that something's
+been detected in the image or it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been detected in the image or it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been detected in the image or it's been
+detected and this was this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected and this was this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected and this was this is something
+you want to keep track of as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep track of as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep track of as you go
+forward in your network and although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in your network and although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in your network and although
+this you know moves around the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know moves around the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know moves around the location
+of pixels because you can think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pixels because you can think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pixels because you can think of that
+as you know sub something it image it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know sub something it image it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know sub something it image it
+does keep track of the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does keep track of the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does keep track of the information you
+care about because you only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about because you only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about because you only care about
+the fact that something it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that something it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that something it has been
+detecting in the image at this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting in the image at this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting in the image at this point you
+don't really care about where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about where it's
+located in the image and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in the image and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in the image and you want to
+keep track of you know all the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of you know all the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of you know all the features
+that your neurons have detected in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your neurons have detected in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your neurons have detected in order
+to be able to eventually classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to eventually classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to eventually classify
+classify the input correctly so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the input correctly so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the input correctly so if you
+have multiple feature Maps so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple feature Maps so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple feature Maps so in that
+case if you have to 1024 by 1024 by 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you have to 1024 by 1024 by 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you have to 1024 by 1024 by 64
+what your sub sampling operation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your sub sampling operation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your sub sampling operation will be
+doing is reducing reducing the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is reducing reducing the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is reducing reducing the height
+and the width so the depth would remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width so the depth would remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width so the depth would remain
+unchanged so in that case you would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged so in that case you would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged so in that case you would go
+from 224 by 224 by 64 to 112 by 112 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 224 by 224 by 64 to 112 by 112 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 224 by 224 by 64 to 112 by 112 by
+64 and that would be reducing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and that would be reducing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and that would be reducing your
+output size by by a factor of four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output size by by a factor of four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output size by by a factor of four and
+formally what this would look like is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally what this would look like is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally what this would look like is if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+input of size each one w1 d1 your I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of size each one w1 d1 your I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of size each one w1 d1 your I put
+W the size of your output do edit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the size of your output do edit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the size of your output do edit your
+input in the following way so w2 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in the following way so w2 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in the following way so w2 would
+be W 1 minus the pool with plus 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W 1 minus the pool with plus 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W 1 minus the pool with plus 1 the
+same applies for H 2 and the depth would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same applies for H 2 and the depth would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same applies for H 2 and the depth would
+remain unchanged right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged right so these are
+these are essentially these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially these are the
+steps that happen in a convolution your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that happen in a convolution your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that happen in a convolution your
+network then what you could be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network then what you could be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network then what you could be doing is
+repeating these steps on a certain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating these steps on a certain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating these steps on a certain a
+certain a number of times in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain a number of times in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain a number of times in your in
+your network but eventually you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network but eventually you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network but eventually you would
+have to make a classification and decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a classification and decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a classification and decide
+you know and that can our case whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that can our case whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that can our case whether
+our image has a chair or doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our image has a chair or doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our image has a chair or doesn't have a
+chair so how does that happen so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair so how does that happen so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair so how does that happen so after
+you perform all these steps there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform all these steps there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform all these steps there's a
+step that happens here that would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that happens here that would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that happens here that would allow
+you to make that prediction and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make that prediction and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make that prediction and that
+step is usually called a fully connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is usually called a fully connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is usually called a fully connected
+layer or a multi-layer perceptron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer or a multi-layer perceptron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer or a multi-layer perceptron and
+what this essentially is is layers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this essentially is is layers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this essentially is is layers that
+are very similar or exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar or exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar or exactly the same as
+what you had before except that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you had before except that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you had before except that every
+neuron in a layer is connected to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in a layer is connected to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in a layer is connected to all
+the previous neurons so what it's allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous neurons so what it's allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous neurons so what it's allows
+you to do is really consider everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is really consider everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is really consider everything
+you currently have about your input or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you currently have about your input or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you currently have about your input or
+everything that's left about your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's left about your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's left about your input
+to to and and compute a dot product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to and and compute a dot product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to and and compute a dot product and
+that rather than specify a time focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather than specify a time focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather than specify a time focusing
+on a subset subsample of your input like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a subset subsample of your input like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a subset subsample of your input like
+like previous layers do in that case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like previous layers do in that case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like previous layers do in that case if
+you're actually trying to classify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually trying to classify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually trying to classify your
+input into four classes you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into four classes you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into four classes you that you
+only have four different neurons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have four different neurons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have four different neurons in your
+Apple layer each one corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple layer each one corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple layer each one corresponding to
+one of the classes that you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the classes that you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the classes that you have and
+then you would perform the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would perform the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would perform the same
+operation as you would in a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation as you would in a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation as you would in a previous
+layer compute the dot product and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer compute the dot product and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer compute the dot product and then
+once you obtain values your the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you obtain values your the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you obtain values your the values
+that every year on you would perform an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every year on you would perform an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every year on you would perform an
+organization operation and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization operation and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization operation and all the
+output the summarization operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the summarization operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the summarization operation is
+called softmax or normalized exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called softmax or normalized exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called softmax or normalized exponential
+and what it does is really puts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is really puts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is really puts more
+weight on the highest value and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on the highest value and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on the highest value and by
+computing the softmax at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the softmax at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the softmax at the output
+you're able to compute you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to compute you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to compute you know the
+posterior probabilities and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior probabilities and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior probabilities and this will
+allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you
+make them more informed or basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them more informed or basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them more informed or basically
+make a classification decision on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a classification decision on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a classification decision on on
+your input great so that's everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input great so that's everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input great so that's everything
+and now the next step would be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the next step would be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the next step would be talking
+about back propagation okay so now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back propagation okay so now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back propagation okay so now that
+Henry's given us an overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's given us an overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's given us an overview of the
+entire architecture to see and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire architecture to see and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire architecture to see and then I'm
+gonna quickly spend some time and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna quickly spend some time and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna quickly spend some time and talk
+about standard pre-processing tricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standard pre-processing tricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standard pre-processing tricks and
+tips that people might use on the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips that people might use on the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips that people might use on the image
+data set before they actually feed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set before they actually feed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set before they actually feed it
+through a neural net to classify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a neural net to classify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a neural net to classify the
+images um so let's imagine suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images um so let's imagine suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images um so let's imagine suppose we
+have a table a dataset X and there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a table a dataset X and there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a table a dataset X and there are n
+number of data points in the dataset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data points in the dataset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data points in the dataset and
+each point has a dimensional value D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point has a dimensional value D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point has a dimensional value D so
+they have D features per point so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have D features per point so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have D features per point so in
+this example we use these graphs as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we use these graphs as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we use these graphs as an
+example basically our original data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example basically our original data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example basically our original data here
+has just two dimensions and it spans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just two dimensions and it spans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just two dimensions and it spans
+this range of values so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of values so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of values so for example if
+we want to Center this data what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to Center this data what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to Center this data what we
+would do is the mean subtraction so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is the mean subtraction so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is the mean subtraction so you
+basically subtract the mean across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically subtract the mean across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically subtract the mean across all
+the features of all the points and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features of all the points and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features of all the points and we
+basically Center it and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Center it and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Center it and you can see that
+transformation here and then we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation here and then we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation here and then we might
+again go for normalizing the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again go for normalizing the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again go for normalizing the dimension
+so that you have it the data points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you have it the data points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you have it the data points and
+the same range of values in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same range of values in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same range of values in both
+dimensions so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so you can see that
+transformation and how it's taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and how it's taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and how it's taking place
+here and we just divide by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we just divide by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we just divide by the standard
+deviation to do this something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation to do this something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation to do this something that's
+very commonly done is called PCA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very commonly done is called PCA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very commonly done is called PCA or
+principal component analysis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component analysis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component analysis and the
+idea here is sometimes we have a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is sometimes we have a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is sometimes we have a data
+set that has a very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that has a very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that has a very very high
+dimensionality and we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality and we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality and we would like to
+reduce that dimensionality so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that dimensionality so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that dimensionality so basically
+what our goal is is to project a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our goal is is to project a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our goal is is to project a higher
+dimensionality space onto a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality space onto a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality space onto a lower
+dimensionality space by taking a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality space by taking a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality space by taking a soft
+side with those features and if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with those features and if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with those features and if you've
+seen a little bit of 1806 from linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a little bit of 1806 from linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a little bit of 1806 from linear
+algebra the way we do this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra the way we do this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra the way we do this is by
+generating a covariance matrix and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a covariance matrix and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a covariance matrix and doing
+the single IRB composition and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single IRB composition and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single IRB composition and also
+cluster the math now but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the math now but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the math now but that's that's
+the idea and you can kind of see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea and you can kind of see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea and you can kind of see here
+where the original data spanned two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the original data spanned two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the original data spanned two
+dimensions I'm D correlated so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions I'm D correlated so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions I'm D correlated so that it
+spans a single dimension and either with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans a single dimension and either with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans a single dimension and either with
+this data you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data you might want
+and sure that it's whitened which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure that it's whitened which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure that it's whitened which is the
+single you want the values to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single you want the values to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single you want the values to spend the
+same range in both dimensions so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same range in both dimensions so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same range in both dimensions so then
+you would just divide by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would just divide by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would just divide by your
+eigenvalues to get the wedding data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues to get the wedding data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues to get the wedding data this
+last bit is something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last bit is something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last bit is something that's very
+commonly done as a pre-processing trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done as a pre-processing trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done as a pre-processing trick
+though people aren't entirely sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though people aren't entirely sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though people aren't entirely sure why
+it works very well very well or that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works very well very well or that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works very well very well or that it
+that it really does help but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really does help but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really does help but it's
+something that people do and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that people do and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that people do and it's called
+data augmentation so basically if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data augmentation so basically if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data augmentation so basically if I have
+a data set that contains you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data set that contains you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data set that contains you know a
+bunch of a bunch of interests a chair as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of a bunch of interests a chair as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of a bunch of interests a chair as
+much of images of tables and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of images of tables and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of images of tables and then a
+bunch of images of say trees I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of images of say trees I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of images of say trees I might
+want to intentionally augment that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to intentionally augment that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to intentionally augment that data
+set further by introducing a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set further by introducing a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set further by introducing a few
+variations on these on these state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on these on these state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on these on these state
+manages so I might take the chair image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages so I might take the chair image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages so I might take the chair image
+rotate some reflect a few more scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate some reflect a few more scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate some reflect a few more scale
+crop the amount the color space or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop the amount the color space or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop the amount the color space or just
+kind of have a process that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have a process that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have a process that does this
+randomly to create more variation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to create more variation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to create more variation on the
+same data set and this is what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data set and this is what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data set and this is what kind of a
+good illustration of why you know why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good illustration of why you know why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good illustration of why you know why is
+makes a difference I can give an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference I can give an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference I can give an image
+here of what looks like a waterfall or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what looks like a waterfall or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what looks like a waterfall or
+some spotted nature and simply just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spotted nature and simply just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spotted nature and simply just
+inverted the colors and what I see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted the colors and what I see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted the colors and what I see if I
+were to just see this limiter luma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just see this limiter luma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just see this limiter luma
+thinking looks like a curtain north of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking looks like a curtain north of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking looks like a curtain north of a
+texture or something yeah yeah into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture or something yeah yeah into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture or something yeah yeah into a
+human perception these they would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human perception these they would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human perception these they would just
+have effect two very different meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have effect two very different meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have effect two very different meanings
+and so it's interesting to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's interesting to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's interesting to see what
+effect they would have on a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect they would have on a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect they would have on a neural
+network and if that will go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and if that will go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and if that will go over to
+image classification results so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image classification results so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image classification results so so far
+we've seen how convolutional neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen how convolutional neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen how convolutional neural
+networks are built and certain image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are built and certain image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are built and certain image
+processing techniques we can use on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing techniques we can use on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing techniques we can use on the
+input images to get them into formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input images to get them into formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input images to get them into formats
+that are there for the classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there for the classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there for the classification
+process but so far it seems a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but so far it seems a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but so far it seems a bit
+abstract it's good to know how CNN's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it's good to know how CNN's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it's good to know how CNN's
+word why CNN's work but why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word why CNN's work but why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word why CNN's work but why don't we
+take a look at some of the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some of the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some of the practical
+results from CNN's and what they're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from CNN's and what they're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from CNN's and what they're used
+for so so that when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so so that when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so so that when you're doing
+watching this lecture you can go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this lecture you can go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this lecture you can go home
+and try stuff try classifying images on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try stuff try classifying images on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try stuff try classifying images on
+your own time with that let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own time with that let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own time with that let's first
+revisit the original competition I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the original competition I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the original competition I hope
+you remember the graph at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the graph at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the graph at the bottom
+from the beginning of lecture where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning of lecture where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning of lecture where we
+sort you system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort you system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort you system
+the use of CNN's CMS came onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of CNN's CMS came onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of CNN's CMS came onto the
+picture in 2012 but the winning CNN for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in 2012 but the winning CNN for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in 2012 but the winning CNN for
+2012 was used on the 2010 imagenet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 was used on the 2010 imagenet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 was used on the 2010 imagenet
+competition as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as well
+and it managed to bring down the top-5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it managed to bring down the top-5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it managed to bring down the top-5
+Airy 2017 which is pretty much on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airy 2017 which is pretty much on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airy 2017 which is pretty much on the
+same level as how performed in the 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level as how performed in the 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level as how performed in the 2012
+competition when it was first used which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition when it was first used which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition when it was first used which
+was at point 60 so this just goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at point 60 so this just goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at point 60 so this just goes to
+show you that accomplished in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that accomplished in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that accomplished in here and
+that works are the state of the art when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works are the state of the art when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works are the state of the art when
+it comes to energy conservation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to energy conservation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to energy conservation and
+that's why we're currently focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're currently focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're currently focusing on
+that but you might be wondering what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you might be wondering what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you might be wondering what the
+image net competition exactly looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image net competition exactly looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image net competition exactly looks like
+what David just look like so let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what David just look like so let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what David just look like so let me take
+a look at that as you can see here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at that as you can see here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at that as you can see here these
+are certain images from the image net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain images from the image net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain images from the image net
+competition underneath each image is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition underneath each image is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition underneath each image is a
+bold caption which is considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold caption which is considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold caption which is considered to be
+the ground truth or what the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth or what the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth or what the competition
+believes to be the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes to be the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes to be the correct
+classification of damage underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of damage underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of damage underneath that
+ground truth you see a list of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth you see a list of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth you see a list of five
+different labels now these five labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labels now these five labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labels now these five labels
+are produced by a convolutional neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced by a convolutional neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced by a convolutional neural
+network and the different bars the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the different bars the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the different bars the
+different length bars some pink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different length bars some pink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different length bars some pink and
+others blue represent how confident the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others blue represent how confident the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others blue represent how confident the
+CNN is the waited season that image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNN is the waited season that image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNN is the waited season that image is
+not specifically well as you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specifically well as you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specifically well as you can see in
+certain examples the CNN is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain examples the CNN is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain examples the CNN is pretty
+confident in the house the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident in the house the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident in the house the correct
+answer for example when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for example when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for example when you look at the
+container ship it's pretty confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container ship it's pretty confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container ship it's pretty confident
+that what's in that image is exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's in that image is exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's in that image is exactly a
+container ship there are certain cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container ship there are certain cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container ship there are certain cases
+when it doesn't get the correct label on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't get the correct label on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't get the correct label on
+this first try but does happen spot five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first try but does happen spot five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first try but does happen spot five
+labels for example you can see in grill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels for example you can see in grill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels for example you can see in grill
+and mushroom now the funny thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mushroom now the funny thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mushroom now the funny thing about
+the mushroom image is that what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom image is that what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom image is that what it
+thinks the image should be classified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks the image should be classified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks the image should be classified as
+bizarre Garrett if you don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre Garrett if you don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre Garrett if you don't know a
+Garak is actually a type of mushroom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garak is actually a type of mushroom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garak is actually a type of mushroom and
+in fact it's a mushroom in that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a mushroom in that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a mushroom in that image
+and it makes sense that their confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense that their confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense that their confidence
+levels are pretty much the same I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are pretty much the same I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are pretty much the same I get it
+just slightly it's more slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly it's more slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly it's more slightly more
+confident that what it sees an image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that what it sees an image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that what it sees an image is
+a Garrett one but there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Garrett one but there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Garrett one but there are certain
+cases one the CNN fails to classify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one the CNN fails to classify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one the CNN fails to classify the
+correctly its top five labels this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly its top five labels this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly its top five labels this would
+be registered as a top five air as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be registered as a top five air as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be registered as a top five air as you
+just saw in the previous slide about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw in the previous slide about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw in the previous slide about the
+top five very what an example here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top five very what an example here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top five very what an example here on
+this slide is cherry now the images are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is cherry now the images are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is cherry now the images are
+composition believe that this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition believe that this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition believe that this should be
+classified frankly as cherry even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified frankly as cherry even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified frankly as cherry even though
+there's also a domination in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a domination in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a domination in the
+background the CM on the other hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the CM on the other hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the CM on the other hand is
+pretty confident that would sees in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that would sees in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that would sees in this
+image is the Dalmatian but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is the Dalmatian but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is the Dalmatian but if you look
+at some of the other results within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the other results within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the other results within the
+top although it doesn't just share you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top although it doesn't just share you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top although it doesn't just share you
+at all it does get served fruits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it does get served fruits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it does get served fruits that
+you may think looks sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think looks sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think looks sort of like
+cherries like great or elderberry so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherries like great or elderberry so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherries like great or elderberry so the
+CN n those actually picked up on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN n those actually picked up on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN n those actually picked up on two
+different distinct objects within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distinct objects within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distinct objects within the
+image but as a result of how it's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but as a result of how it's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but as a result of how it's built
+or its training side and so classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its training side and so classifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its training side and so classifying
+it as a combination but opposed to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a combination but opposed to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a combination but opposed to show
+you that CNS could also be used not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that CNS could also be used not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that CNS could also be used not just
+as it was supposed to be she was also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was supposed to be she was also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was supposed to be she was also as
+object detection which we did not touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object detection which we did not touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object detection which we did not touch
+upon in this lecture so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon in this lecture so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon in this lecture so I'm not going to
+go further into that now this is all fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further into that now this is all fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further into that now this is all fun
+and all but what about some real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all but what about some real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all but what about some real world
+applications so this is a study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so this is a study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so this is a study that
+they did at Google with Google Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did at Google with Google Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did at Google with Google Street
+View house numbers where they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View house numbers where they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View house numbers where they use the
+CMM to classify photographic images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMM to classify photographic images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMM to classify photographic images of
+house numbers as you can see here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house numbers as you can see here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house numbers as you can see here of
+certain examples of these customers what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain examples of these customers what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain examples of these customers what
+they look like now so what the CMM was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like now so what the CMM was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like now so what the CMM was
+task of tasked with doing was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of tasked with doing was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of tasked with doing was that was
+supposed to recognize the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to recognize the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to recognize the individual
+digits within the image and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits within the image and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits within the image and then
+understand that's not just one image one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that's not just one image one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that's not just one image one
+digit that's looking at but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit that's looking at but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit that's looking at but it's
+actually a string of digits connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a string of digits connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a string of digits connected
+and successfully classified as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successfully classified as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successfully classified as the
+current house number this can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current house number this can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current house number this can be quite
+challenging even for human sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging even for human sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging even for human sometimes
+when the image is quite blurry you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the image is quite blurry you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the image is quite blurry you might
+not exactly know what the house number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly know what the house number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly know what the house number
+exactly is but they managed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is but they managed to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is but they managed to get the
+convolutional neural network to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network to operate
+around human operator levels so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around human operator levels so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around human operator levels so that
+corresponds to around 96 and 97 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to around 96 and 97 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to around 96 and 97 percent
+accuracy and what that enables Google to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and what that enables Google to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and what that enables Google to
+do is that they can deploy the CNN such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that they can deploy the CNN such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that they can deploy the CNN such
+that the CNN automatically extracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the CNN automatically extracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the CNN automatically extracts the
+house numbers from the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house numbers from the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house numbers from the edge
+from the images and uses that to geocode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the images and uses that to geocode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the images and uses that to geocode
+these addresses and it's gone to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these addresses and it's gone to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these addresses and it's gone to a point
+where the CNN is successfully able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the CNN is successfully able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the CNN is successfully able to do
+this process in less than an hour for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process in less than an hour for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process in less than an hour for
+all those Street View house numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those Street View house numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those Street View house numbers in
+France and all the friends now you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France and all the friends now you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France and all the friends now you ask
+me where did this could be useful for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where did this could be useful for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where did this could be useful for if
+you don't have a lot of if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a lot of if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a lot of if you don't
+have access to a lot of resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to a lot of resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to a lot of resources to
+actually do this geocoding process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this geocoding process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this geocoding process
+pretty much latitude and longitude to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much latitude and longitude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much latitude and longitude to
+street street addresses then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street street addresses then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street street addresses then you might
+want then your only resource might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then your only resource might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then your only resource might be
+actually these photographic images so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these photographic images so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these photographic images so
+you actually need something hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually need something hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually need something hopefully
+not human but some sort of software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not human but some sort of software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not human but some sort of software that
+can do this successfully and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this successfully and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this successfully and so this is
+for example a place in South Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a place in South Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a place in South Africa
+bird's eye view not sure if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's eye view not sure if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's eye view not sure if you can
+exactly see but there are these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly see but there are these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly see but there are these small
+numbers on top of each of the houses all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on top of each of the houses all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on top of each of the houses all
+of these numbers were extracted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these numbers were extracted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these numbers were extracted and
+correctly classified using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly classified using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly classified using this
+previously seen CNN another example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously seen CNN another example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously seen CNN another example is
+from robotics is recognizing hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from robotics is recognizing hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from robotics is recognizing hand
+gestures so obviously robots come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures so obviously robots come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures so obviously robots come
+equipped with a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped with a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped with a lot of different
+hardware they can send sounds they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware they can send sounds they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware they can send sounds they can
+also capture images of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also capture images of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also capture images of their
+surroundings and if you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and if you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and if you're able to
+classify what you see if they're robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify what you see if they're robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify what you see if they're robots
+able to classify what it sees that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify what it sees that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify what it sees that it
+can actually act upon and take certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually act upon and take certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually act upon and take certain
+actions that's why it could becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that's why it could becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that's why it could becomes
+really helpful to successfully classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful to successfully classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful to successfully classify
+the images so this is what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images so this is what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images so this is what they did
+using hand gestures where there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using hand gestures where there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using hand gestures where there were
+five different classes each class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different classes each class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different classes each class
+corresponds to the number of extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the number of extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the number of extended
+fingers so a b c d the top for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers so a b c d the top for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers so a b c d the top for a
+corresponds to the same possibly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the same possibly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the same possibly all
+have two fingers sticking out the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two fingers sticking out the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two fingers sticking out the barn
+row has three fingers sticking out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row has three fingers sticking out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row has three fingers sticking out so
+that's another class and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another class and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another class and they've
+actually dipped down to get the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dipped down to get the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dipped down to get the error
+rate down all the way to 3% so 97% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate down all the way to 3% so 97% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate down all the way to 3% so 97% of
+the time the convolutional neural net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the convolutional neural net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the convolutional neural net
+correctly classified the hand gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly classified the hand gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly classified the hand gesture
+and you can use these hand gestures then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use these hand gestures then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use these hand gestures then
+to give certain commands to robot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give certain commands to robot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give certain commands to robot and
+you can train if you train to CNN to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can train if you train to CNN to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can train if you train to CNN to act
+up on something else besides hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on something else besides hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on something else besides hand
+gestures for example if it's in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures for example if it's in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures for example if it's in some
+sort of terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of terrain
+you train there are certain images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train there are certain images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train there are certain images that
+you might find in nature then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find in nature then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find in nature then it can
+take those classifications and act upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those classifications and act upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those classifications and act upon
+it once it sees for example a tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once it sees for example a tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once it sees for example a tree or
+some sort of body of water it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of body of water it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of body of water it's all
+things to image classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to image classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to image classification
+now obviously gestures are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously gestures are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously gestures are not
+necessarily static you could be waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily static you could be waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily static you could be waving
+your hand and so that would require your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and so that would require your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and so that would require your
+a temporal coppola component so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temporal coppola component so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temporal coppola component so it's not
+just an image you are looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an image you are looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an image you are looking at the
+video and so it follows that it follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and so it follows that it follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and so it follows that it follows
+that we can probably extend image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can probably extend image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can probably extend image
+classification into video classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification into video classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification into video classification
+after all videos are just images with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all videos are just images with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all videos are just images with an
+attic components specifically time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attic components specifically time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attic components specifically time
+obviously this the added temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this the added temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this the added temporal
+component comes with a lot of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component comes with a lot of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component comes with a lot of additional
+complexity so we're not going to dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so we're not going to dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so we're not going to dive
+into any of that but in the end it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any of that but in the end it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any of that but in the end it comes
+out to the same thing you extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the same thing you extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the same thing you extract
+features from the videos and you attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features from the videos and you attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features from the videos and you attempt
+to classify them using convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify them using convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify them using convolutional
+neural nets so why don't we look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets so why don't we look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets so why don't we look at a
+study done again at Google where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study done again at Google where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study done again at Google where they
+extracted a 1 million videos from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted a 1 million videos from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted a 1 million videos from
+YouTube sports videos with or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube sports videos with or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube sports videos with or is
+somewhere between 400 to 500 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 400 to 500 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 400 to 500 different
+classes and they use TMS to attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and they use TMS to attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and they use TMS to attempt to
+classify these videos now they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these videos now they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these videos now they use
+different approaches they use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches they use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches they use different
+approaches different tests different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches different tests different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches different tests different
+types of CMS but I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of CMS but I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of CMS but I'm not going to go
+into but as you can see here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into but as you can see here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into but as you can see here these are
+service spills from these videos where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service spills from these videos where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service spills from these videos where
+the caption highlighted in blue is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caption highlighted in blue is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caption highlighted in blue is the
+what the correct answer should be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the correct answer should be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the correct answer should be and
+underneath it the top five labels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it the top five labels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it the top five labels that
+the convolutional neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolutional neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolutional neural network
+producers the one highlighted in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers the one highlighted in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers the one highlighted in green
+is the correct that's supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct that's supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct that's supposed to be a
+correct answer so you can see on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer so you can see on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer so you can see on all of
+these it gets it within the top five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these it gets it within the top five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these it gets it within the top five and
+used for the most part within the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the most part within the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the most part within the top
+two and it's pretty confident when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it's pretty confident when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it's pretty confident when it
+does get it correctly now when I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get it correctly now when I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get it correctly now when I said
+that they use different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use different types of
+classifiers some of them work more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers some of them work more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers some of them work more a
+stack possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack possible
+were they just were they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they just were they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they just were they were just
+trained on stills within these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on stills within these images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on stills within these images
+while others were what they call future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while others were what they call future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while others were what they call future
+ones where they sort of add the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where they sort of add the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where they sort of add the temporal
+component by fusing in different stills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by fusing in different stills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by fusing in different stills
+from these footages together now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these footages together now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these footages together now the
+current accuracy rate the best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current accuracy rate the best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current accuracy rate the best one
+they've achieved so far has been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've achieved so far has been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've achieved so far has been around
+80% accuracy within the top five label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% accuracy within the top five label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% accuracy within the top five label
+now 80% accuracy is nowhere near what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 80% accuracy is nowhere near what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 80% accuracy is nowhere near what we
+saw with the image that classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the image that classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the image that classification
+we're in 2015 they had managed to get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in 2015 they had managed to get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in 2015 they had managed to get up
+to 98 or 99 percent accuracy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 98 or 99 percent accuracy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 98 or 99 percent accuracy but
+obviously there's way more complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's way more complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's way more complexity
+involved in this so it makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this so it makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this so it makes sense that
+it's not quite there yet but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite there yet but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite there yet but it does
+provide a good benchmark and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a good benchmark and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a good benchmark and something
+to improve upon in the future as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve upon in the future as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve upon in the future as well
+now that being said every convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that being said every convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that being said every convolutional
+neural networks do come with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks do come with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks do come with certain
+limitations they're not perfect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations they're not perfect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations they're not perfect and so
+Julian will now talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian will now talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian will now talk about the
+limitations thanks Sully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations thanks Sully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations thanks Sully
+so only talked about the imagenet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only talked about the imagenet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only talked about the imagenet
+competition and talked about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and talked about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and talked about how the
+recent winners have been convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent winners have been convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent winners have been convolutional
+neural nets so before the best was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets so before the best was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets so before the best was about
+26% top-five arrey but now they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26% top-five arrey but now they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26% top-five arrey but now they've
+actually gotten it down to a four point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gotten it down to a four point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gotten it down to a four point
+nine percent top-5 area and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent top-5 area and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent top-5 area and that was the
+winner of that competition the 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner of that competition the 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner of that competition the 2015
+level is actually Microsoft they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is actually Microsoft they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is actually Microsoft they've got
+the current state of the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of the art
+implementation and so because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and so because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and so because it's the
+imagenet competition that means they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet competition that means they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet competition that means they can
+identify exactly 1,000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify exactly 1,000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify exactly 1,000 different
+categories of images so there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of images so there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of images so there are a few
+problems actually with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems actually with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems actually with the
+implementation and we're just in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and we're just in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and we're just in general
+with convolutional neural nets so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with convolutional neural nets so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with convolutional neural nets so one of
+them is that thousand categories while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that thousand categories while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that thousand categories while
+it may seem like a lot of English notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem like a lot of English notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem like a lot of English notice
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+one of the largest competitions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest competitions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest competitions that's
+not actually that many categories so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually that many categories so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually that many categories so it
+doesn't contain things like a hot-air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contain things like a hot-air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contain things like a hot-air
+balloons for instance so so these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons for instance so so these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons for instance so so these these
+things that children would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that children would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that children would be able to
+classify the neural nets actually aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the neural nets actually aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the neural nets actually aren't
+able to even in the biggest competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to even in the biggest competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to even in the biggest competition
+and each of these categories also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these categories also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these categories also
+requires thousands of training images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires thousands of training images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires thousands of training images
+whereas you could show a child a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you could show a child a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you could show a child a couple
+examples of you know a dog or a cat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of you know a dog or a cat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of you know a dog or a cat and
+they'd be able to generally get a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be able to generally get a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be able to generally get a feel
+for what a dog account looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what a dog account looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what a dog account looks like it
+takes thousands of images per category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes thousands of images per category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes thousands of images per category
+for the neural nets to learn them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neural nets to learn them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neural nets to learn them which
+means the total number of images you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the total number of images you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the total number of images you
+need to train for the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to train for the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to train for the internet
+competition is over a million and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is over a million and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is over a million and so
+this leads very long training times even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads very long training times even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads very long training times even
+with all the heavy optimizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the heavy optimizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the heavy optimizations that
+Ishwara it was telling us about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ishwara it was telling us about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ishwara it was telling us about how
+efficient competition is this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient competition is this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient competition is this still
+takes weeks to train an ottoman multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes weeks to train an ottoman multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes weeks to train an ottoman multiple
+parallel GPUs is working another to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel GPUs is working another to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel GPUs is working another to
+train in that there's actually a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train in that there's actually a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train in that there's actually a more
+fundamental problem with neural nets as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem with neural nets as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem with neural nets as
+well so so here on the Left we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so here on the Left we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so here on the Left we have
+school bus some kind of bird and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school bus some kind of bird and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school bus some kind of bird and an
+Indian temple and all of these images on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian temple and all of these images on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian temple and all of these images on
+the left side are actually correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side are actually correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side are actually correctly
+identified by called convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by called convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by called convolutional
+neural nets but when we add the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets but when we add the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets but when we add the small
+distortion here in the middle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion here in the middle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion here in the middle that
+doesn't change any of the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change any of the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change any of the images
+perceptively to the human this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptively to the human this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptively to the human this actually
+causes the neural network to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the neural network to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the neural network to miss
+classify these images and now all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these images and now all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these images and now all three
+of them are ostriches so that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are ostriches so that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are ostriches so that's a little
+bigger how does this work how did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger how does this work how did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger how does this work how did we
+find those distortions so here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those distortions so here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those distortions so here in the
+left side we see how a neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side we see how a neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side we see how a neural network
+typically works you start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically works you start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically works you start with some
+images you put it through the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you put it through the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you put it through the different
+layers than your own network and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers than your own network and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers than your own network and then it
+tells you a certain probability that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a certain probability that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a certain probability that is
+a guitar or a penguin so it classifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guitar or a penguin so it classifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guitar or a penguin so it classifies
+it and so we can use I guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we can use I guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we can use I guess a
+modification of that method by applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of that method by applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of that method by applying
+an evolutionary algorithm or a hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary algorithm or a hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary algorithm or a hill
+climbing or gradient descent algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing or gradient descent algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing or gradient descent algorithm
+we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take
+a couple images when you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple images when you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple images when you put them
+through it classifies it and we see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it classifies it and we see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it classifies it and we see what
+the pasta fication is and then we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pasta fication is and then we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pasta fication is and then we can do
+some crossover between the images so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crossover between the images so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crossover between the images so we
+take the ones that look a lot like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ones that look a lot like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ones that look a lot like what
+we're training for the guitars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're training for the guitars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're training for the guitars or
+penguins in this case and we we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penguins in this case and we we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penguins in this case and we we take the
+features of those that identify very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of those that identify very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of those that identify very
+strongly as a guitar and we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly as a guitar and we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly as a guitar and we combine
+those together in a crossover face this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together in a crossover face this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together in a crossover face this
+is for the evolutionary algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the evolutionary algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the evolutionary algorithm and
+then we mutate the images which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we mutate the images which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we mutate the images which is
+making small changes to each one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making small changes to each one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making small changes to each one and
+then we reevaluate by plugging it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we reevaluate by plugging it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we reevaluate by plugging it back
+in through the neural network and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in through the neural network and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in through the neural network and only
+the best images the ones that looks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best images the ones that looks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best images the ones that looks the
+most like a guitar or penguin are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most like a guitar or penguin are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most like a guitar or penguin are then
+selected for the next iteration and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for the next iteration and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for the next iteration and this
+continues until you get to a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues until you get to a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues until you get to a very high
+identification rates even higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification rates even higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification rates even higher than
+actual images of the objects so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual images of the objects so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual images of the objects so using
+gradient ascent these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient ascent these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient ascent these are some of the
+images that you could produce if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that you could produce if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that you could produce if you
+start with just a flat gray image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with just a flat gray image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with just a flat gray image and
+then you run it through this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run it through this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run it through this algorithm
+so if you're here on the side we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're here on the side we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're here on the side we have
+the backpack and you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backpack and you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backpack and you can actually see
+the outline of what looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outline of what looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outline of what looks like a
+backpack in there and over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack in there and over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack in there and over here we have
+what looks sort of like a Windsor tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks sort of like a Windsor tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks sort of like a Windsor tie
+right here but but all of these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here but but all of these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here but but all of these objects
+perhaps there are things in these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there are things in these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there are things in these other
+images but they seem to be lost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images but they seem to be lost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images but they seem to be lost in the
+LSD trip of colors here so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LSD trip of colors here so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LSD trip of colors here so that's kind
+of strange that's definitely not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange that's definitely not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange that's definitely not how
+humans do it so let's try a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans do it so let's try a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans do it so let's try a different
+method what if instead of directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what if instead of directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what if instead of directly
+encoding which is where we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding which is where we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding which is where we change
+individual pixels what if we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pixels what if we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pixels what if we change
+patterns and images like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and images like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and images like different
+shapes then this is the kind of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes then this is the kind of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes then this is the kind of output
+that we get so never left we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get so never left we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get so never left we have a
+starfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starfish
+so you can see that it has the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that it has the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that it has the orange
+and blue of the orange of the starfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue of the orange of the starfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue of the orange of the starfish
+and also the blue of the ocean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the blue of the ocean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the blue of the ocean of the
+environment the typical images of star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the typical images of star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the typical images of star
+fishes are taken and you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes are taken and you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes are taken and you can also see
+that it has the points you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has the points you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has the points you know the
+jagged lines the triangles that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jagged lines the triangles that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jagged lines the triangles that we
+associate with the arms of a starfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the arms of a starfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the arms of a starfish
+but the strange thing here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the strange thing here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the strange thing here is that
+they're not arranged in a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not arranged in a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not arranged in a circular
+pattern they're not pointing outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern they're not pointing outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern they're not pointing outwards
+like this like we would expect of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like we would expect of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like we would expect of a
+national starfish so clearly it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national starfish so clearly it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national starfish so clearly it's not
+watching on to the same large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching on to the same large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching on to the same large scale
+features that humans do it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that humans do it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that humans do it's actually
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+the lowdown features even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowdown features even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowdown features even though it's a
+deep neural network it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network it doesn't it
+doesn't grab on to these more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't grab on to these more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't grab on to these more abstract
+concepts like the human would so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts like the human would so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts like the human would so the
+reason for this problem or at least why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this problem or at least why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this problem or at least why
+we think neural networks aren't as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think neural networks aren't as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think neural networks aren't as good
+as humans things like this is the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as humans things like this is the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as humans things like this is the type
+of model so a human would have more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model so a human would have more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model so a human would have more of
+what's called the generative model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the generative model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the generative model which
+means if we have examples here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if we have examples here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if we have examples here these
+dark blue dots say of lions a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue dots say of lions a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue dots say of lions a few
+examples of like images of lions then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of like images of lions then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of like images of lions then we
+could construct a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could construct a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could construct a probability
+distribution and say that images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and say that images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and say that images that
+fall somewhere in this region are lions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall somewhere in this region are lions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall somewhere in this region are lions
+and over here we have a few examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we have a few examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we have a few examples of
+giraffes say that's so anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffes say that's so anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffes say that's so anything that
+falls in this region would be a giraffe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this region would be a giraffe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this region would be a giraffe
+and so if you had a red triangle in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you had a red triangle in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you had a red triangle in here
+that would be aligned but if the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be aligned but if the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be aligned but if the red
+triangle is instead over here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is instead over here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is instead over here it
+actually wouldn't classify at all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wouldn't classify at all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wouldn't classify at all we
+wouldn't know what that didn't mean say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know what that didn't mean say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know what that didn't mean say
+that that's something other than a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's something other than a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's something other than a lot
+better giraffe but neural networks don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better giraffe but neural networks don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better giraffe but neural networks don't
+work the same way they just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the same way they just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the same way they just draw a
+decision boundary they just draw lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary they just draw lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary they just draw lines
+between the different categories so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different categories so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different categories so they
+don't say that something really far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that something really far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that something really far away
+from the lion class is necessarily not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lion class is necessarily not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lion class is necessarily not a
+line it just depends how far away it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it just depends how far away it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it just depends how far away it is
+from a decision boundary so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a decision boundary so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a decision boundary so if we have
+the red triangle way over there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red triangle way over there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red triangle way over there it's
+very far away from giraffes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away from giraffes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away from giraffes and it's
+just generally closer to lions even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally closer to lions even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally closer to lions even
+though it isn't explicitly very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it isn't explicitly very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it isn't explicitly very close to
+it at all and that will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all and that will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all and that will still be
+identified as a lion so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as a lion so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as a lion so that's why we
+think I were able to fool these neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I were able to fool these neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I were able to fool these neural
+networks in such a simplistic way or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks in such a simplistic way or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks in such a simplistic way or in
+such a really abstract way so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a really abstract way so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a really abstract way so the main
+takeaways from our presentation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways from our presentation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways from our presentation that the
+salient points are that deep learning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient points are that deep learning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient points are that deep learning it
+is a very powerful tool for image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very powerful tool for image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very powerful tool for image
+classification and it relies on multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and it relies on multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and it relies on multiple
+layers of a network so multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of a network so multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of a network so multiple
+processing layers also a CNS outperform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing layers also a CNS outperform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing layers also a CNS outperform
+basically every other method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every other method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every other method for
+classifying images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying images
+that's their primary use right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their primary use right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their primary use right now we're
+currently exploring other other uses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently exploring other other uses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently exploring other other uses but
+that's generally where it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally where it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally where it's at
+and this is because of convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is because of convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is because of convolutional
+filters are just so incredibly powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters are just so incredibly powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters are just so incredibly powerful
+there's very fast and very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very fast and very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very fast and very efficient
+also back propagation is the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also back propagation is the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also back propagation is the way that we
+train neural networks normally it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train neural networks normally it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train neural networks normally it if you
+were to train a neural network that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to train a neural network that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to train a neural network that has
+a lot of layers that actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of layers that actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of layers that actually an
+exponential growth in the time it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth in the time it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth in the time it takes
+to train because of the branching when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train because of the branching when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train because of the branching when
+you go backwards because each neuron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go backwards because each neuron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go backwards because each neuron is
+connected to a large number of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a large number of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a large number of neurons
+in the previous layer you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous layer you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous layer you get this
+exponential growth in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth in the number of
+dependencies from a given neuron we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies from a given neuron we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies from a given neuron we
+using back propagation it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using back propagation it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using back propagation it actually
+reduces it to linear time to train the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it to linear time to train the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it to linear time to train the
+networks this allows for efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks this allows for efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks this allows for efficient
+training and even with back propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and even with back propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and even with back propagation
+and convolution being so efficient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convolution being so efficient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convolution being so efficient it
+still takes a very large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still takes a very large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still takes a very large number of
+images at a long time a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images at a long time a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images at a long time a lot of
+processing power to train a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing power to train a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing power to train a neural
+networks also if you'd like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks also if you'd like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks also if you'd like to get
+started working with networks there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working with networks there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working with networks there are
+a couple really nice open-source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple really nice open-source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple really nice open-source
+programming platforms for neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming platforms for neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming platforms for neural
+networks so one of them that we used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks so one of them that we used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks so one of them that we used for
+our pset was actually tensorflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pset was actually tensorflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pset was actually tensorflow
+which is Google's open source a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Google's open source a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Google's open source a neural
+network platform and another one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network platform and another one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network platform and another one would
+be cafe which is Berkeley's network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cafe which is Berkeley's network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cafe which is Berkeley's network
+platform and actually have an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and actually have an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and actually have an online
+demo where you can plug in images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo where you can plug in images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo where you can plug in images and
+immediately get identifications so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get identifications so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get identifications so you
+can get started very quickly quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get started very quickly quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get started very quickly quickly
+with that one thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DuPbUcsmNuI.txt b/DuPbUcsmNuI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cf03fe9d3e615764efad82e408a0e5135d9e39f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DuPbUcsmNuI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+fernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fernel
+defraction we're going to look at fernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction we're going to look at fernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction we're going to look at fernel
+defraction associated with a single slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction associated with a single slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction associated with a single slit
+and then later we'll look at forel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later we'll look at forel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later we'll look at forel
+defraction associated with circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction associated with circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction associated with circular
+apertures the the setup for observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures the the setup for observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures the the setup for observing
+Fel defraction is is here here's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fel defraction is is here here's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fel defraction is is here here's the uh
+laser is's the beam from the laser again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is's the beam from the laser again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is's the beam from the laser again
+we reflected by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reflected by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reflected by this
+mirror and then we reflect the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then we reflect the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then we reflect the beam
+Again by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by this
+mirror into into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror into into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror into into this
+lens now this is a short focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens now this is a short focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens now this is a short focal length
+lens that Focus the light and passes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens that Focus the light and passes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens that Focus the light and passes it
+through a through a pin hole over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a through a pin hole over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a through a pin hole over here
+which we uh uh Center it at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we uh uh Center it at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we uh uh Center it at the at the
+focus spot the light coming out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus spot the light coming out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus spot the light coming out from the
+pin hole then is shown on the card here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin hole then is shown on the card here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin hole then is shown on the card here
+and then goes and falls on onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes and falls on onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes and falls on onto the
+screen so this is this is the setup now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so this is this is the setup now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so this is this is the setup now
+I'm going to bring in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bring in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bring in the the
+slit so I'm going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit so I'm going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit so I'm going to put the
+slit in front of the of the laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit in front of the of the laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit in front of the of the laser beam
+without disturbing anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hope so here is here's the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope so here is here's the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope so here is here's the single
+slit now I'm going to adjust the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit now I'm going to adjust the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit now I'm going to adjust the spacing
+to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very
+small so that we start out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so that we start out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so that we start out with the
+front halfer defraction pattern now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front halfer defraction pattern now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front halfer defraction pattern now here
+it is you can see on the screen we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you can see on the screen we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you can see on the screen we see
+the front half a defraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front half a defraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front half a defraction pattern
+because the slit is the slit width is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the slit is the slit width is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the slit is the slit width is
+small enough so that we're in the Fran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough so that we're in the Fran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough so that we're in the Fran
+haer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region now what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region now what I'm going to do
+is start I'm going to start to widen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start I'm going to start to widen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start I'm going to start to widen the
+slit so to to bring in the Fel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit so to to bring in the Fel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit so to to bring in the Fel
+defraction pattern so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern so here I
+am and start widening and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am and start widening and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am and start widening and you can see
+now you have to watch what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to watch what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to watch what happens to
+the to the fringes now things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the fringes now things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the fringes now things are going
+to get pretty bright and so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get pretty bright and so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get pretty bright and so what I'm
+going to do uh I'm going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh I'm going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh I'm going to introduce
+another screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another screen
+that is not so sensitive so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not so sensitive so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not so sensitive so that we can
+observe the bright Fel pattern on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the bright Fel pattern on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the bright Fel pattern on that
+one here we are and you can see I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here we are and you can see I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here we are and you can see I get a
+dark line in the middle now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and and others you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others you can see
+how the fringes behave in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the fringes behave in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the fringes behave in this case you
+want to see what the fringes near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what the fringes near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what the fringes near the
+edges look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges look
+like and and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I know
+that the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect is
+not observable very well under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not observable very well under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not observable very well under these
+conditions so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so what I'm going to
+do is to turn down the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to turn down the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to turn down the room
+lights and see if we can improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and see if we can improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and see if we can improve the
+visibility of the Fel defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of the Fel defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of the Fel defraction
+pen now with the room lights dimmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen now with the room lights dimmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen now with the room lights dimmed
+we're going to start again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start again with the
+front halfa defraction pattern on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front halfa defraction pattern on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front halfa defraction pattern on the
+sensitive screen so again you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive screen so again you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive screen so again you can see
+that at present we have front halfa uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at present we have front halfa uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at present we have front halfa uh
+defraction and I hope it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and I hope it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and I hope it's a little
+clearer than uh than with the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer than uh than with the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer than uh than with the room
+lights on okay so I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on okay so I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on okay so I'm going to start
+here and then as I uh increase the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then as I uh increase the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then as I uh increase the uh
+the slit width we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slit width we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slit width we're going to have a
+transition to to finel fraction but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to to finel fraction but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to to finel fraction but as
+we know the the brightness is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the the brightness is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the the brightness is going to
+get pretty large so I will then bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pretty large so I will then bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pretty large so I will then bring in
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+screen here so that uh we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here so that uh we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here so that uh we're not going
+to saturate the camera too much when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saturate the camera too much when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saturate the camera too much when we
+observe fil defraction so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe fil defraction so here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe fil defraction so here we go
+this is Fran hoer then I will now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Fran hoer then I will now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Fran hoer then I will now go
+make the transition to to fernel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the transition to to fernel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the transition to to fernel and
+it's very very interesting how how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very interesting how how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very interesting how how the
+the light going through the slit solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light going through the slit solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light going through the slit solves
+Max Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Maxwell's
+equations and uh here we are we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and uh here we are we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and uh here we are we got that
+dark line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark line in the
+middle and then now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then now we
+have let me go back again I have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines then the three now it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines then the three now it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines then the three now it's very
+important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+notice that the contrast is not 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the contrast is not 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the contrast is not 100%
+like it is in in the uh Fran Huffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is in in the uh Fran Huffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is in in the uh Fran Huffer
+defraction and those of you who will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and those of you who will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and those of you who will do
+the calculation will of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation will of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation will of course uh
+understand what I'm referring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what I'm referring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what I'm referring to the
+spacing you notice that the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing you notice that the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing you notice that the spacing
+between the fringes gets Tighter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the fringes gets Tighter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the fringes gets Tighter and
+Tighter as you approach the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter as you approach the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter as you approach the the the
+center or the center between the two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center or the center between the two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center or the center between the two the
+two slits in fact The Fringe spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits in fact The Fringe spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits in fact The Fringe spacing
+gets so fine with large uh slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets so fine with large uh slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets so fine with large uh slit
+separation that you can't even resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation that you can't even resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation that you can't even resolve
+them uh by ey so there lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh by ey so there lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh by ey so there lots of
+information in that defraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in that defraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in that defraction pattern
+and I hope that you've adjusted your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that you've adjusted your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that you've adjusted your
+monitors so that uh you can see these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors so that uh you can see these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors so that uh you can see these uh
+these pattern so here we are all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pattern so here we are all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pattern so here we are all the way
+to to Fran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Fran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Fran
+Hofer and there's a little transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hofer and there's a little transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hofer and there's a little transition
+which is not that easy to calculate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not that easy to calculate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not that easy to calculate and
+then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go
+into in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fel there we are as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fel there we are as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fel there we are as we get
+larger and larger you can see you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger you can see you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger you can see you can't
+even see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see the
+fringes in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes in the in the
+center now that we've seen Fel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center now that we've seen Fel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center now that we've seen Fel
+defraction associated with a single slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction associated with a single slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction associated with a single slit
+now we're ready to look at Fel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at Fel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at Fel
+diffraction associated with circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction associated with circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction associated with circular
+apertures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ET15GHDbbeA.txt b/ET15GHDbbeA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca6d47c576be8da6e285b9c10acb8de7fabee81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ET15GHDbbeA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+JOEL SCHINDALL:
+Initially, the course
+
+was taught in a more or less
+conventional manner where
+
+Blade and I did the
+teaching, and we
+
+had one teaching assistant
+who was actually someone
+
+that Blade new from
+Tufts University who
+
+came in and helped
+the students with some
+
+of the technical issues
+in the design problems.
+
+But after the first term,
+some of the students
+
+volunteered to be teaching
+assistants the following term.
+
+And they brought a
+whole new dimension
+
+to the teaching of the
+course, because the students
+
+were encouraged to--
+
+The students don't do their
+homework during class,
+
+they do it typically at
+10:00 PM or 2:00 AM or 4:00
+
+AM, any time of
+the day or night.
+
+And it's frustrating
+to run into an obstacle
+
+and not be able to get an
+answer to your question.
+
+So we established a website
+where the students can go to it
+
+and ask their question.
+
+And we have three or
+four teaching assistants
+
+who are monitoring
+that website 24/7.
+
+Literally 24/7.
+
+And it's fun to watch the
+dialogue because you'll
+
+often-- at 2:00 AM a
+question will come in.
+
+One of the students
+will say, well, Jim
+
+is best equipped to
+answer this question,
+
+but he's sleeping now.
+
+I'm going to give you
+an initial answer.
+
+And about 5:00 or 6:00
+in the morning, Jim
+
+will get back on and give
+you the rest of the answer.
+
+We have probably,
+over the course
+
+of the term, at least 1,000
+question-answer exchanges that
+
+take place.
+
+The students who
+evaluate the course
+
+often give perfect
+scores of seven
+
+to the teaching assistants.
+
+A little bit humbling for
+us and the faculty who
+
+are getting good
+scores-- 6.1, 6.2--
+
+but the teaching assistants
+get the best scores
+
+because they're
+actually one-on-one
+
+guiding the students
+through a problem.
+
+And they're doing it very much
+from the student's perspective,
+
+because this is the
+same problem that they
+
+had to deal with
+the previous year
+
+so they know what
+questions to ask.
+
+They phrase their
+answers so eloquently.
+
+You know, today's
+younger generation
+
+is accustomed to electronic
+tools, to chatting, you know,
+
+to social media, and they have
+a very nice deferential and yet
+
+effective style of interacting
+with this communication.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ETmIxkbTm3I.txt b/ETmIxkbTm3I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..846a0f16bb3bb3bb18a1c41278abedb06ca2773e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ETmIxkbTm3I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13943 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so last lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last lecture we
+concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded
+our discussion about measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion about measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion about measurable
+functions I mean measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I mean measurable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I mean measurable sets
+and remember our original motivation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember our original motivation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember our original motivation was
+that we're trying to build an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to build an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to build an integral
+that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow
+surpasses the the properties of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpasses the the properties of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpasses the the properties of that of
+the Riemann integral in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann integral in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann integral in that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know hopefully this larger class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hopefully this larger class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hopefully this larger class of
+functions that are integrable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are integrable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are integrable with
+respect to this integral form a bonox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this integral form a bonox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this integral form a bonox
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+um as opposed to Riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as opposed to Riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as opposed to Riemann integrable
+functions and we started off by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we started off by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we started off by you know
+asking the question you know how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the question you know how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the question you know how would
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+integrate the simplest types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the simplest types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the simplest types of
+functions which are just one on a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are just one on a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are just one on a set
+and zero off of it and that led us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero off of it and that led us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero off of it and that led us to
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+how to define measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define measure
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so then we Define lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we Define lebeg measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we Define lebeg measurable
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+um proved that they form this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um proved that they form this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um proved that they form this special
+collection type of collection of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection type of collection of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection type of collection of sets
+called the sigma algebra and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the sigma algebra and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the sigma algebra and that they
+contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain
+um you know a lot of sets a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a lot of sets a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a lot of sets a lot of
+interesting sets you know open closed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sets you know open closed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sets you know open closed uh
+unions accountable unions have closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions accountable unions have closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions accountable unions have closed
+which are not necessarily closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not necessarily closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not necessarily closed
+accountable intersections of opens which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable intersections of opens which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable intersections of opens which
+are not necessarily open and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily open and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily open and so on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now not every set is lebeg measurable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not every set is lebeg measurable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not every set is lebeg measurable we
+will not go through that construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not go through that construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not go through that construction of
+a non-measurable set the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-measurable set the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-measurable set the construction of
+this set or what it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set or what it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set or what it uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how one obtains it also is is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one obtains it also is is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one obtains it also is is kind of
+would provide a proof that we could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide a proof that we could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide a proof that we could not
+build a measure that's defined on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a measure that's defined on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a measure that's defined on all
+subsets of real numbers having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of real numbers having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of real numbers having this
+these three properties that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three properties that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three properties that is
+translation invariant the measure of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation invariant the measure of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation invariant the measure of an
+interval is the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is the length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is the length of the interval
+and the measure of a disjoint Union is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measure of a disjoint Union is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measure of a disjoint Union is
+the sum of the measures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the measures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the measures but
+you know this is a functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a functional analysis
+class our goal is to build up a bonox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class our goal is to build up a bonox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class our goal is to build up a bonox
+space of you know integrable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of you know integrable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of you know integrable functions
+so we needed to define a better notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we needed to define a better notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we needed to define a better notion
+of integral than Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integral than Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integral than Riemann
+um I imagine in a measured Theory class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I imagine in a measured Theory class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I imagine in a measured Theory class
+you would see such a construction but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see such a construction but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see such a construction but we
+won't cover that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cover that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cover that here
+so in some sense if we've built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense if we've built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense if we've built up
+measure we kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure we kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure we kind of know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+roughly speaking how we would integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking how we would integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking how we would integrate
+the simplest type of function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest type of function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest type of function which is
+one on a measurable set and zero off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on a measurable set and zero off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on a measurable set and zero off of
+it now what about you know what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now what about you know what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now what about you know what would be
+a method of of trying to integrate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method of of trying to integrate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method of of trying to integrate more
+General functions so this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+that's how it's spelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to motivate the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to motivate the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to motivate the definition of a
+measurable function let me just give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function let me just give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function let me just give a
+few minutes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes of of
+you know why we introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why we introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why we introduce this
+definition what what's really behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what what's really behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what what's really behind it
+so historically you know when lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so historically you know when lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so historically you know when lebeg
+thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+his uh theory of integration if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh theory of integration if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh theory of integration if we had a
+function on a closed interval a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a closed interval a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on a closed interval a b and
+let me draw it let's say it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw it let's say it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw it let's say it's uh
+you know just increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just increasing
+um so what Riemann does of course is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what Riemann does of course is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what Riemann does of course is you
+partition up a b and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition up a b and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition up a b and uh
+then you form you know essentially a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you form you know essentially a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you form you know essentially a you
+know these boxes these uh that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these boxes these uh that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these boxes these uh that have
+width uh given by how you've chopped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width uh given by how you've chopped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width uh given by how you've chopped up
+a b and height given by the F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and height given by the F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and height given by the F the
+function f evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f evaluated
+at some point in those sub intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in those sub intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in those sub intervals
+right and you form a Riemann sum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you form a Riemann sum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you form a Riemann sum and you
+take a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a limit
+yeah and that gives you the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that gives you the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that gives you the Riemann
+integral and so when lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so when lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so when lebeg
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+thought of doing was instead of chopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of doing was instead of chopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of doing was instead of chopping
+up the domain chopping up the range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the domain chopping up the range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the domain chopping up the range so
+let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this function is only this height so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this function is only this height so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this function is only this height so
+what he would do or what one would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would do or what one would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would do or what one would do is
+Let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh
+and let's say we're just interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we're just interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we're just interested in
+integrating non-negative things uh chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating non-negative things uh chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating non-negative things uh chop
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+um you know up to some finite point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now how do you form you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now how do you form you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now how do you form you know your
+your boxes if you like that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boxes if you like that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boxes if you like that you're gonna
+take the size of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+look at the piece of f that's in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the piece of f that's in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the piece of f that's in between
+a given uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given uh
+partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+portion of f will okay in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll call this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call this uh
+Point C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then you take this portion of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you take this portion of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you take this portion of f
+that's in here and then AC would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in here and then AC would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in here and then AC would be
+given by is the set F inverse of in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by is the set F inverse of in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by is the set F inverse of in this
+picture and I'm just going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I'm just going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I'm just going to write
+write it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in this way
+y i y or y i minus 1 y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could build up a box by uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could build up a box by uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could build up a box by uh now
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it to be the lower value Y2 and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the lower value Y2 and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the lower value Y2 and having
+width given by uh you know a to c and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width given by uh you know a to c and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width given by uh you know a to c and I
+can actually do this because this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do this because this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do this because this is an
+increasing function so this will be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function so this will be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function so this will be you
+know an actual box now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an actual box now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an actual box now
+what am I getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I getting at
+and then you would say something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would say something like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would say something like uh
+you know we would like to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we would like to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we would like to Define
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+of f over a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f over a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f over a b
+so this is all you know motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all you know motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all you know motivation
+informal discussion don't take this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal discussion don't take this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal discussion don't take this to
+heart too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart too much
+then we would like to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would like to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would like to define the
+integral from a b to F to be somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a b to F to be somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a b to F to be somehow
+this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit
+and I'm not even going to write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even going to write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even going to write as
+something goes to 0 or Infinity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes to 0 or Infinity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes to 0 or Infinity you can
+think of as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions
+get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a
+sum now where I'm summing from I equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum now where I'm summing from I equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum now where I'm summing from I equals
+1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n of
+y i minus 1 so the the lower part times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i minus 1 so the the lower part times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i minus 1 so the the lower part times
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the length
+of at least for this picture so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least for this picture so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least for this picture so this
+would be the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the length
+of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval
+given by F inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by F inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by F inverse
+of y i minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y i minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y i minus 1.
+y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this would be you know kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be you know kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be you know kind of an
+analogous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+procedure to what Riemann does on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to what Riemann does on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to what Riemann does on the
+domain except now focusing on the Range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain except now focusing on the Range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain except now focusing on the Range
+now I wrote length here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I wrote length here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I wrote length here because this
+function I drew is you know increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I drew is you know increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I drew is you know increasing
+so the inverse image of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inverse image of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inverse image of one of these
+intervals is going to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals is going to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals is going to be another
+interval so the length is is Meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so the length is is Meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so the length is is Meaningful
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f is more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F inverse doesn't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of y i minus 1 y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need not be an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not be an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not be an interval
+and so you know taking its length would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know taking its length would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know taking its length would
+not be a meaningful thing but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a meaningful thing but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a meaningful thing but remember
+we now have this notion of measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this notion of measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this notion of measure
+right which should be the substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which should be the substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which should be the substitute for
+length for more General sets measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for more General sets measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for more General sets measurable
+sets so you know this procedure could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so you know this procedure could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so you know this procedure could
+still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work
+um if instead of this requiring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if instead of this requiring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if instead of this requiring that
+this is an interval requiring that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interval requiring that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interval requiring that this
+is a lebeg measurable set okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lebeg measurable set okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lebeg measurable set okay and then
+perhaps one could Define the integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one could Define the integral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one could Define the integral in
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+and there you know these kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you know these kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you know these kind of things
+would no longer be boxes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+so that should motivate why uh perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should motivate why uh perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should motivate why uh perhaps
+we should look at functions so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should look at functions so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should look at functions so that the
+inverse image of closed intervals uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of closed intervals uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of closed intervals uh is
+a measurable set so that we can take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable set so that we can take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable set so that we can take its
+measure and maybe do this procedure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and maybe do this procedure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and maybe do this procedure of
+defining an integral now all of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining an integral now all of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining an integral now all of that is
+a bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit uh
+again this is all informal discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is all informal discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is all informal discussion
+just meant to be motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant to be motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant to be motivation
+um in fact and how we'll Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact and how we'll Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact and how we'll Define the
+labague integral we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labague integral we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labague integral we're not going to
+Define it in this way because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it in this way because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it in this way because you know
+what this way of doing it uh suffers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this way of doing it uh suffers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this way of doing it uh suffers is
+not clear that this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that this is you know
+independent of how I partitioned up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of how I partitioned up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of how I partitioned up the
+the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range
+okay so maybe if I take a limit as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe if I take a limit as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe if I take a limit as the
+partitions get smaller along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions get smaller along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions get smaller along some
+sequence of partitions I get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions I get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions I get a different
+number from the other so that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number from the other so that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number from the other so that would have
+to be checked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be checked but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be checked but
+as we'll see when we do Define the lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see when we do Define the lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see when we do Define the lebeg
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+um this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this number
+you can compute it by essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute it by essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute it by essentially this
+uh procedure I gave here where you chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh procedure I gave here where you chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh procedure I gave here where you chop
+up the range of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the range of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the range of f
+and take kind of approximations to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take kind of approximations to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take kind of approximations to F
+that are more General than just step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more General than just step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more General than just step
+functions which is you know what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which is you know what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which is you know what this is
+you know it's a function that's uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a function that's uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a function that's uh a
+given value off on an interval and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value off on an interval and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value off on an interval and then
+zero outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that'll be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be you know
+a a way of seeing that this motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a way of seeing that this motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a way of seeing that this motivation
+um you know connects to actually how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know connects to actually how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know connects to actually how we
+Define the big integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the big integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the big integral
+um but again the whole point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again the whole point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again the whole point uh
+of what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm saying is that
+or trying to motivate is that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to motivate is that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to motivate is that we should
+uh and at least historically this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and at least historically this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and at least historically this is why
+one considers these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one considers these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one considers these things
+uh consider functions so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider functions so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider functions so that the
+inverse image of closed intervals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of closed intervals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of closed intervals is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's sort of the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of the motivation for
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know as we saw when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as we saw when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as we saw when we were
+discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+what sets are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sets are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sets are measurable
+you know we didn't exactly conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we didn't exactly conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we didn't exactly conclude
+directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that
+um you know closed intervals were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know closed intervals were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know closed intervals were were
+measurable we started with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable we started with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable we started with something
+kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+something a little more basic which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more basic which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more basic which was
+half you know half infinite intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half you know half infinite intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half you know half infinite intervals
+proved those were measurable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved those were measurable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved those were measurable and then
+concluded that uh you know closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that uh you know closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that uh you know closed
+intervals are measurable any interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are measurable any interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are measurable any interval is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+um and so you know when we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know when we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know when we actually
+Define measurable functions we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define measurable functions we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define measurable functions we'll be
+using as input more of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as input more of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as input more of uh
+um these half infinite intervals being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these half infinite intervals being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these half infinite intervals being
+measurable rather than this so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable rather than this so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable rather than this so let's get
+to it let's uh Define measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it let's uh Define measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it let's uh Define measurable
+functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this comes with the territory but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes with the territory but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes with the territory but we're
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+considering extended uh real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real valued functions and what we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued functions and what we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued functions and what we uh
+uh do so I shouldn't have written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do so I shouldn't have written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do so I shouldn't have written that
+down I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+extended real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real numbers
+what does this mean this is just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean this is just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean this is just means
+the set of real numbers along with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of real numbers along with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of real numbers along with uh
+plus and minus infinity so when I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus infinity so when I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus infinity so when I write
+the interval minus infinity infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval minus infinity infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval minus infinity infinity
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+R Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Union
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the two symbols plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the two symbols plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the two symbols plus or minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+now you know we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know we're going to have
+Expressions where we allow a function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions where we allow a function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions where we allow a function to
+take on the value plus infinity or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on the value plus infinity or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on the value plus infinity or minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+um so it should we should set down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it should we should set down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it should we should set down you
+know what we mean when we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we mean when we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we mean when we multiply
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know uh some of these uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh some of these uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh some of these uh things
+together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sums are defined as uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sums are defined as uh X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sums are defined as uh X
+plus or minus infinity equals plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity equals plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity equals plus or
+minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+for all X and R so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all X and R so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all X and R so if I have a
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+two extend two functions which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two extend two functions which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two extend two functions which you know
+whose values could be in the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose values could be in the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose values could be in the extended
+real numbers and I have one is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and I have one is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and I have one is finite
+and the other is infinite then I just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is infinite then I just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is infinite then I just by
+convention their sum is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention their sum is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention their sum is defined to be
+plus uh plus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but I'm not allowed to take Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not allowed to take Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not allowed to take Infinity
+minus infinity or infinity plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity or infinity plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity or infinity plus uh
+um minus infinity so uh this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined as
+we take the convention that zero times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the convention that zero times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the convention that zero times
+plus or minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+and I'll you know we won't come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll you know we won't come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll you know we won't come up
+against this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this uh
+until we discuss the integral why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we discuss the integral why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we discuss the integral why we
+would need such Expressions but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need such Expressions but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need such Expressions but you know
+you could have a function that's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a function that's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a function that's let's
+say identically equal to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say identically equal to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say identically equal to Infinity
+identically gives this symbol plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically gives this symbol plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically gives this symbol plus
+infinity If I multiply that function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity If I multiply that function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity If I multiply that function by
+zero then I should get 0. this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I should get 0. this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I should get 0. this has
+nothing to do with limiting processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with limiting processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with limiting processing
+though these are purely algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these are purely algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these are purely algebraic
+expressions we'll be dealing with I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions we'll be dealing with I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions we'll be dealing with I'm
+not saying that everything you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that everything you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that everything you learned
+in 18100 real analysis about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 18100 real analysis about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 18100 real analysis about being
+careful when you have Infinity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when you have Infinity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when you have Infinity over
+infinity or zero times infinity is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or zero times infinity is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or zero times infinity is is
+you know I'm not saying throw that away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not saying throw that away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not saying throw that away
+I'm just saying when we have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying when we have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying when we have certain
+algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+Expressions these are the conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions these are the conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions these are the conventions
+that we adopt okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we adopt okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we adopt okay and
+x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times
+plus or minus infinity equals plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity equals plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity equals plus or
+minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+for all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all X
+and R take away zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R take away zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R take away zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let me just recall for you what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just recall for you what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just recall for you what it means
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we'll have be making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll have be making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll have be making some
+limiting statements about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting statements about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting statements about you know
+certain numbers approaching other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain numbers approaching other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain numbers approaching other
+numbers so what would it mean to for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what would it mean to for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what would it mean to for a
+sequence of numbers to approach plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers to approach plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers to approach plus
+infinity or minus infinity I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or minus infinity I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or minus infinity I want you to
+recall that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sequence a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence a n
+of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+infinity and then you can make you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and then you can make you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and then you can make you know
+a similar definition for minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar definition for minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar definition for minus infinity
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every our positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every our positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every our positive
+there exists a natural number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n
+is bigger than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I mean I've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I mean I've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I mean I've been using
+something equals infinity already kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals infinity already kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals infinity already kind
+of when we've been just discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when we've been just discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when we've been just discussing
+measure you know the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you know the outer measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you know the outer measure of
+something being equal to Infinity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being equal to Infinity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being equal to Infinity but
+and what follows will be having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what follows will be having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what follows will be having
+Expressions where we allow something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions where we allow something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions where we allow something to
+equal infinity and we'll have algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal infinity and we'll have algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal infinity and we'll have algebraic
+expressions uh of this type so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions uh of this type so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions uh of this type so I just
+need a set down convention that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a set down convention that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a set down convention that if I
+have a real number plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real number plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real number plus or minus
+infinity that is by definition equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that is by definition equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that is by definition equal to
+plus or minus infinity if I have 0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity if I have 0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity if I have 0 times
+something that equals plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that equals plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that equals plus or minus
+infinity then that is by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then that is by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then that is by convention
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+and and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on okay
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+I said should be those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said should be those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said should be those functions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+at least motivated by this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least motivated by this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least motivated by this discussion
+before those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before those functions
+um or or the functions we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or the functions we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or the functions we're interested
+in are those functions so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in are those functions so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in are those functions so that the
+inverse image of closed intervals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of closed intervals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of closed intervals are
+measurable so that's how we'll Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so that's how we'll Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so that's how we'll Define
+measurable functions almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean an equivalent way which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean an equivalent way which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean an equivalent way which is a
+little bit easier to work with is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to work with is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to work with is the
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+e be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e be uh
+measurable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set
+F from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F from e
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the extended reels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+so it's new terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's new terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's new terminology
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Alpha and r
+if I take the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the half infinite interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half infinite interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half infinite interval
+Alpha to Infinity uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable I should say we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable I should say we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable I should say we had some
+notation last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation last time
+the script M being uh the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script M being uh the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script M being uh the collection of
+measurable sets I.E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lebeg measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lebeg measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a as we'll see in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a as we'll see in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a as we'll see in a minute
+this is an equivalent definition really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equivalent definition really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equivalent definition really
+of of require requiring that the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of require requiring that the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of require requiring that the inverse
+image of a closed uh and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a closed uh and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a closed uh and bounded
+interval is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is measurable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or at least we'll see One Direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least we'll see One Direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least we'll see One Direction of
+why that's equivalent and then in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's equivalent and then in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's equivalent and then in the in
+your own time you can figure out why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own time you can figure out why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own time you can figure out why it
+it's actually equivalent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually equivalent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually equivalent so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+why not uh you know include Alpha why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not uh you know include Alpha why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not uh you know include Alpha why do
+I have to look at the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to look at the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to look at the inverse image of
+this half open interval and why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half open interval and why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half open interval and why am I
+going from alpha to infinity and not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from alpha to infinity and not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from alpha to infinity and not say
+Alpha to minus infinity or include Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to minus infinity or include Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to minus infinity or include Alpha
+there why this specific kind and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there why this specific kind and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there why this specific kind and then so
+what I want to First tell you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to First tell you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to First tell you is that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking at those types of sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those types of sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those types of sets and
+seeing if those are measurable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing if those are measurable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing if those are measurable is
+equivalent to this definition that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this definition that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this definition that I'm
+giving here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take a function from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a function from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a function from a
+measurable set e a subset of R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set e a subset of R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set e a subset of R to the
+extended reels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of the definition the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the definition the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the definition the property
+that's in the definition of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the definition of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the definition of being
+measurable for all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable for all Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable for all Alpha and r
+F inverse of alpha Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of alpha Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of alpha Infinity
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+for all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Alpha and r
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+F inverse including Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+we're all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus infinity to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to Alpha
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the last condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roll Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll Alpha and r
+uh the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now include Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable okay so uh to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable okay so uh to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable okay so uh to check
+you know what's what's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's what's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's what's uh
+what do you get from this to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you get from this to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you get from this to check that
+a function is a big measurable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is a big measurable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is a big measurable it
+suffices not to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices not to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices not to just
+solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+prove this property or or check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this property or or check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this property or or check this
+property you can check it on other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you can check it on other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you can check it on other types
+of sets right it suffices to only check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets right it suffices to only check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets right it suffices to only check
+it it suffices to check it on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it suffices to check it on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it suffices to check it on either
+these types of sets or these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of sets or these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of sets or these types of
+sets or these types of sets Okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or these types of sets Okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or these types of sets Okay so if
+you can prove that for all Alpha this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that for all Alpha this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that for all Alpha this uh
+type of set is is or the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of set is is or the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of set is is or the inverse image
+of these types of intervals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of intervals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of intervals are
+measurable then it's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable then it's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable then it's equivalent to
+saying that f is the big measurable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the proof is not hard based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the proof is not hard based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the proof is not hard based on what
+we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+the big measurable sets which again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big measurable sets which again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big measurable sets which again we
+proved last time that they form a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time that they form a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time that they form a sigma
+algebra they're closed undertaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra they're closed undertaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra they're closed undertaking
+countable unions intersections and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable unions intersections and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable unions intersections and so
+complements and so on so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements and so on so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements and so on so let's first
+prove that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that uh
+one implies two so I'm saying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one implies two so I'm saying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one implies two so I'm saying they're
+all equivalent which means they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent which means they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent which means they should
+all imply each other so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all imply each other so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all imply each other so let's first
+prove one implies two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove one implies two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove one implies two
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's suppose one holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all Alpha and r
+now I want to check that two holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to check that two holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to check that two holds
+I can write Alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the intersection over natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the intersection over natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the intersection over natural numbers
+n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of
+Alpha minus 1 over n infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus 1 over n infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus 1 over n infinity
+which implies the great thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies the great thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies the great thing about
+taking inverse images is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking inverse images is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking inverse images is that they
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+operations you can do on set so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can do on set so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can do on set so the
+inverse image of any type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of any type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of any type of
+intersection is the intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is the intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is the intersection of the
+inverse images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if I'm assuming each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm assuming each of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm assuming each of these is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one then
+this is a countable intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a countable intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a countable intersection of
+measurable lebeg measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable lebeg measurable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable lebeg measurable sets
+again when I say what is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when I say what is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when I say what is the big
+measurable sets I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets I'm talking about the
+inverse image of this set not this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set not this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set not this set
+in here I'm talking about the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here I'm talking about the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here I'm talking about the inverse
+image of this interval so each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this interval so each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this interval so each of those
+is a lebeg measurable set so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lebeg measurable set so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lebeg measurable set so their
+intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+is lebeg measurable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lebeg measurable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lebeg measurable okay
+so and therefore for every Alpha and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and therefore for every Alpha and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and therefore for every Alpha and R
+the inverse image of these closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of these closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of these closed
+intervals are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are are
+measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so
+and how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I
+show two implies one by you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show two implies one by you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show two implies one by you know a
+similar game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar game
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose two holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then for all Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all Alpha
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+half open interval now I can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half open interval now I can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half open interval now I can write as
+the union over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union over n
+Alpha plus 1 over n to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus 1 over n to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus 1 over n to Infinity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the inverse image
+of alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to Infinity
+is equal to the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the union
+of the inverse images of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again if I'm assuming 2 Then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if I'm assuming 2 Then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if I'm assuming 2 Then I'm
+assuming each of these for each N is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming each of these for each N is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming each of these for each N is a
+label measurable set and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label measurable set and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label measurable set and we know
+countable unions of lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable unions of lebeg measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable unions of lebeg measurable
+sets are again the big measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are again the big measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are again the big measurable so
+this is the big measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the big measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the big measurable
+okay so that proves one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that proves one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that proves one and two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you know we sort of get three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we sort of get three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we sort of get three and
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+is equivalent to three simply because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to three simply because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to three simply because if
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+take let's see minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's see minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's see minus
+Infinity to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to Alpha
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Alpha Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Infinity
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+and therefore again when I take inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore again when I take inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore again when I take inverse
+images and knowing that the labic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and knowing that the labic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and knowing that the labic uh
+that the complement of a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complement of a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complement of a label
+measurable set is is lebeg measurable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set is is lebeg measurable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set is is lebeg measurable I
+get that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that uh
+2 is equivalent to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equivalent to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equivalent to three
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one is equivalent to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equivalent to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equivalent to four
+again since I have that this last type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again since I have that this last type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again since I have that this last type
+of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set
+minus infinity to Alpha this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to Alpha this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to Alpha this is equal to
+so this is for all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for all Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for all Alpha and r
+since we're all Alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're all Alpha and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're all Alpha and r
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complement so if again if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so if again if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so if again if I take the
+inverse image of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this
+set I will get the complement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I will get the complement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I will get the complement of the
+inverse image of this set and if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set and if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set and if that's
+measurable that inverse image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable that inverse image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable that inverse image is
+measurable then it's complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable then it's complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable then it's complement is
+measurable implying that's measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable implying that's measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable implying that's measurable
+okay so this you know it's a simple game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this you know it's a simple game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this you know it's a simple game
+or it's a simple proof just based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's a simple proof just based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's a simple proof just based on the
+fact that we know that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we know that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we know that um
+lebeg measurable sets are closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measurable sets are closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measurable sets are closed
+undertaking countable unions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking countable unions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking countable unions
+intersections uh and compliments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections uh and compliments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections uh and compliments
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then we get the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we get the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we get the following theorem
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e
+is measurable so e is a subset of R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable so e is a subset of R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable so e is a subset of R is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F from E to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measurable function
+and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the future I will probably just say f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future I will probably just say f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future I will probably just say f
+is measurable not a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable not a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable not a measurable function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+for all F in the Borel Sigma algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F inverse of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of f
+is measurable the inverse image of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable the inverse image of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable the inverse image of f is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F measurable implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F measurable implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F measurable implies that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+a less than b F inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the open interval a b which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open interval a b which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open interval a b which is equal to
+the f f inverse of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals F inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so if I take the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I take the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I take the inverse image of
+this open interval a b then it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open interval a b then it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open interval a b then it's equal
+to the inverse image of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse image of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse image of this
+intersection which is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection which is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection which is equal to the
+intersection of these two inverse images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these two inverse images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these two inverse images
+and if I'm assuming f is measurable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm assuming f is measurable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm assuming f is measurable then
+each of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these sets
+each of these pre-images are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pre-images are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pre-images are measurable
+so by the previous theorem that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the previous theorem that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the previous theorem that I just
+proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's measurable so I've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's measurable so I've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's measurable so I've shown that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open intervals are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know similar to how uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know similar to how uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know similar to how uh we
+concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that
+um you know open sets are measurable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know open sets are measurable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know open sets are measurable you
+can then you know we use the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then you know we use the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then you know we use the fact that
+every open set which approved which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every open set which approved which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every open set which approved which you
+proved in assignment three that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in assignment three that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in assignment three that every
+open set can be written as a union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open set can be written as a union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open set can be written as a union
+accountable Union of disjoint open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable Union of disjoint open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable Union of disjoint open
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F inverse of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of U
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+open sets subsets of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+the set let's call it a which is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set let's call it a which is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set let's call it a which is the set
+of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a so you're also proving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a so you're also proving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a so you're also proving in the
+assignment this collection of sets such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment this collection of sets such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment this collection of sets such
+that the inverse images are lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse images are lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse images are lebeg
+measurable this is a sigma algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since we've now proved that all open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've now proved that all open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've now proved that all open
+sets are in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+the Borel Sigma algebra which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Borel Sigma algebra which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Borel Sigma algebra which is again
+the smallest Sigma algebra containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest Sigma algebra containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest Sigma algebra containing
+all open sets is the subset of this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the statement of the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the statement of the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the statement of the theorem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know just add on here another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just add on here another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just add on here another thing
+that okay so now we know that if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we know that if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we know that if we have
+a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable function
+it takes the the inverse image of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the the inverse image of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the the inverse image of uh
+Borel measure Burrell sets so sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borel measure Burrell sets so sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borel measure Burrell sets so sets that
+belong in the Borel Sigma algebra are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in the Borel Sigma algebra are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in the Borel Sigma algebra are
+measurable this includes all open sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable this includes all open sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable this includes all open sets
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know what about uh throwing plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what about uh throwing plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what about uh throwing plus or
+minus infinity into the into the mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity into the into the mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity into the into the mix
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if F goes from one measurable set e to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F goes from one measurable set e to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F goes from one measurable set e to R
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh sets so well let me write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sets so well let me write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sets so well let me write it this way
+the inverse image of where f is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or minus infant uh equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus infant uh equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus infant uh equal to minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+these are measurable as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are measurable as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are measurable as well
+and how does one prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again we could just use the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we could just use the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we could just use the definition
+of how this works and the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this works and the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this works and the fact that we
+know the big measurable functions uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the big measurable functions uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the big measurable functions uh or
+lebeg measurable sets are closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measurable sets are closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measurable sets are closed
+undertaking accountable intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking accountable intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking accountable intersections
+unions and complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions and complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions and complements
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that uh
+F inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse of
+Infinity this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is equal to the
+intersection overall n of f inverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection overall n of f inverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection overall n of f inverse the
+inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if I'm assuming f is measurable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm assuming f is measurable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm assuming f is measurable then
+each of these is a measurable set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a measurable set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a measurable set the
+inverse image of into Infinity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of into Infinity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of into Infinity is a
+measurable set I will often use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set I will often use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set I will often use uh
+inverse image or pre-image uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image or pre-image uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image or pre-image uh these are
+meant to be taken as saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be taken as saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be taken as saying the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+each of these is a measurable set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a measurable set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a measurable set so
+it's the accountable intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the accountable intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the accountable intersection of
+measurable sets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets is
+measurable so that's measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly if I
+look at the set where it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the set where it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the set where it's equal to
+minus infinity this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity this is equal to the
+intersection of the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the inverse image of
+minus infinity to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to n
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take these positives so then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take these positives so then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take these positives so then I'll
+put minus in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put minus in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put minus in here
+and by the theorem that we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the theorem that we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the theorem that we've just
+proved a minute ago you know each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved a minute ago you know each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved a minute ago you know each of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+well I mean we just proved that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean we just proved that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean we just proved that the
+inverse image of borrel measurable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of borrel measurable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of borrel measurable or
+Borel sets are lebeg measurable so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borel sets are lebeg measurable so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borel sets are lebeg measurable so it
+well that won't apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that won't apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that won't apply
+never mind forget what I just said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind forget what I just said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind forget what I just said the
+theorem we just proved a minute ago that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we just proved a minute ago that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we just proved a minute ago that
+uh the bag measurable functions take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the bag measurable functions take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the bag measurable functions take
+sets of this type to lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of this type to lebeg measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of this type to lebeg measurable
+sets implies that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets implies that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets implies that each of these
+is lebeg measurable and therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lebeg measurable and therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lebeg measurable and therefore it's
+accountable Union of lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable Union of lebeg measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable Union of lebeg measurable
+sets so so for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so so for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so so for all n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+you know if I have an extended real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I have an extended real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I have an extended real
+valued function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the inverse image of every Borel set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inverse image of every Borel set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inverse image of every Borel set
+you can even toss in uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even toss in uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even toss in uh the two
+Infinities if you like the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinities if you like the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinities if you like the inverse image
+of those sets is lebeg measurable so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sets is lebeg measurable so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sets is lebeg measurable so in
+particular we conclude that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we conclude that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we conclude that you know the
+inverse images of closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse images of closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse images of closed and bounded
+intervals is lebeg measurable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals is lebeg measurable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals is lebeg measurable for
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+okay now what are the simplest types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what are the simplest types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what are the simplest types
+again you see a definition you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see a definition you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see a definition you should
+ask for an example what are the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for an example what are the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for an example what are the simplest
+types of measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of measurable functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+from R to R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous then that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is measurable so you know in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is measurable so you know in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is measurable so you know in the end
+when we build our definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we build our definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we build our definition of the
+lebeg integral we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral we should
+Encompass uh Riemann integration as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass uh Riemann integration as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass uh Riemann integration as well
+in other words we should be able to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we should be able to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we should be able to also
+integrate uh continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh continuous functions
+and later we'll see in something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we'll see in something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we'll see in something that we
+want as well is that the label integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as well is that the label integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as well is that the label integral
+of a continuous function should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuous function should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuous function should
+reduce down to the Riemann integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce down to the Riemann integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce down to the Riemann integral of
+uh of a continuous function so at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a continuous function so at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a continuous function so at a
+minimum you know when we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum you know when we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum you know when we're building
+these Concepts we should check as a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts we should check as a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts we should check as a kind
+of Sanity check that we are including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sanity check that we are including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sanity check that we are including
+continuous functions in these def in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions in these def in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions in these def in
+these uh possible functions which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh possible functions which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh possible functions which we
+will integrate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will integrate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will integrate so
+uh if f is continuous f is measurable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if f is continuous f is measurable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if f is continuous f is measurable Y
+is this this is because for all Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is because for all Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is because for all Alpha
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+if I look at the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of alpha Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha Infinity
+so first off this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to this set and this is an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this set and this is an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this set and this is an open
+set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is open
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the inverse image of an open set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inverse image of an open set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inverse image of an open set for
+a continuous function is open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function is open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function is open and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+uh is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is measurable
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how about a different example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take a measurable subset e of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+be another measurable subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Define
+the indicator function Chi of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function Chi of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function Chi of f
+of x to be one if x is in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to be one if x is in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to be one if x is in F
+0 if x is not in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this function Chi f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if I think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I think of it
+as being a function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a function from
+e to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measurable
+okay now why is that well we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why is that well we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why is that well we can just
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if Alpha is in R if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is in R if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is in R if I look at
+the inverse image of alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of alpha to
+Infinity this is equal to one of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is equal to one of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is equal to one of three
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+since Chi takes on only the values one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Chi takes on only the values one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Chi takes on only the values one
+and zero if Alpha is bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero if Alpha is bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero if Alpha is bigger than one
+this is the empty set which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the empty set which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the empty set which is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+if Alpha's uh bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha's uh bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha's uh bigger than or equal to
+one since this set does not include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one since this set does not include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one since this set does not include
+would not include one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not include one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not include one
+uh if Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if Alpha
+is between 0 and less than one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between 0 and less than one then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between 0 and less than one then the
+inverse image of this set is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set is equal to
+e intersect f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e intersect f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e intersect f
+e is measurable f is measurable so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is measurable f is measurable so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is measurable f is measurable so their
+intersection is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is measurable
+and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+Alpha is less than zero then the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is less than zero then the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is less than zero then the inverse
+image of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this set
+in other words what sets map into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what sets map into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what sets map into
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from one negative number to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one negative number to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one negative number to Infinity
+well both one and zero map into there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both one and zero map into there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both one and zero map into there
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the entire set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire set e
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever you
+no matter what Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what Alpha is
+the inverse image of these of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of these of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of these of that set
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's so these are basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's so these are basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's so these are basic
+properties of of measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of measurable functions
+let's let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's continue
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would we like more so what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we like more so what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we like more so what other
+properties of measurable functions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of measurable functions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of measurable functions again
+which we would hope to integrate or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would hope to integrate or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would hope to integrate or we
+will be integrating at least a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be integrating at least a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be integrating at least a class of
+these in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the end
+um to satisfy well you know we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to satisfy well you know we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to satisfy well you know we would
+like them to be closed under taking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them to be closed under taking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them to be closed under taking uh
+you know linear combinations and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linear combinations and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linear combinations and also
+products because in the end we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products because in the end we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products because in the end we'll have
+LP spaces which is you know uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LP spaces which is you know uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LP spaces which is you know uh kind of
+products of integrals of products of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of integrals of products of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of integrals of products of uh
+integrable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we have the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the following theorem
+if e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose e is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose e is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose e is measurable
+and I have two functions going from E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have two functions going from E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have two functions going from E to
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+that are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+c times f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times f
+plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G
+and F times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F times G
+so these are now all functions from E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are now all functions from E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are now all functions from E to
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable
+okay our measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's start with scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start with scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start with scalar
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if C equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C equals zero
+then C times f equals zero which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C times f equals zero which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C times f equals zero which is a
+continuous function it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function it's a constant
+function zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's continuous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous uh
+hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+so let's suppose C is non-zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose C is non-zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose C is non-zero so the
+we're out of the the silly case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if C does not equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C does not equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C does not equal zero
+and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha
+is the element of R then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the element of R then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the element of R then
+c times f of x greater than Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times f of x greater than Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times f of x greater than Alpha
+this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to
+f of x is greater than Alpha over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is greater than Alpha over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is greater than Alpha over C
+so this implies that if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies that if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies that if I want
+the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+if I look at c times F and I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at c times F and I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at c times F and I look at the
+inverse image of alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of alpha to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of alpha to Infinity
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+the inverse image of by F of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of by F of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of by F of the set
+Alpha over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over C
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now if I'm assuming f is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I'm assuming f is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I'm assuming f is measurable
+then the inverse image of this set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse image of this set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse image of this set is
+measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable so
+that's a measurable set and therefore c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a measurable set and therefore c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a measurable set and therefore c
+times F uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times F uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times F uh
+is a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's let's look at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's look at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's look at the function
+f plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose Alpha is an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let's do something kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's do something kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's do something kind of similar
+then f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f of x
+plus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is greater than Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+if and only if f of x is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if f of x is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if f of x is greater than
+Alpha minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus G of x
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know I didn't say this but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I didn't say this but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I didn't say this but when
+I'm looking at such a condition I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at such a condition I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at such a condition I'm
+looking at those X's that will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those X's that will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those X's that will be in
+this inverse image okay so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse image okay so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse image okay so I'm just
+trying to figure out an equivalent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out an equivalent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out an equivalent way
+of expressing this condition which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expressing this condition which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expressing this condition which we
+saw was this condition so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was this condition so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was this condition so what I'm
+really looking at is those X's which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at is those X's which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at is those X's which
+would lie in the this pre-image here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lie in the this pre-image here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lie in the this pre-image here
+okay and what I did a minute ago was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I did a minute ago was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I did a minute ago was
+show it's equal to this pre-image here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's equal to this pre-image here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's equal to this pre-image here
+okay so this is why I'm considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is why I'm considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is why I'm considering
+you know f of x plus G of X Plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know f of x plus G of X Plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know f of x plus G of X Plus Alpha
+this is the condition that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe I'll just write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out then X is in this set if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then X is in this set if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then X is in this set if and only if
+f of x plus G of X is bigger than Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus G of X is bigger than Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus G of X is bigger than Alpha
+which is equivalent to f of x plus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent to f of x plus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent to f of x plus f of
+x is greater than Alpha minus G of X now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is greater than Alpha minus G of X now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is greater than Alpha minus G of X now
+you learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a b p q whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b p q whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b p q whatever that
+if I have any two real numbers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have any two real numbers one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have any two real numbers one
+bigger than the other then I can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the other then I can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the other then I can find a
+rational number in between them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number in between them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number in between them okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if this number is bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this number is bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this number is bigger than this
+number there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a rational number R such that f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational number R such that f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational number R such that f of x is
+greater than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than r
+is greater than Alpha minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha minus G of x
+okay so this assuming this does imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this assuming this does imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this assuming this does imply
+this and of course this condition also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course this condition also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course this condition also
+implies this condition if I if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies this condition if I if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies this condition if I if there
+exists a rational number so that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a rational number so that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a rational number so that f of x
+is bigger than R is bigger than Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than R is bigger than Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than R is bigger than Alpha
+minus G of X then of course f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of X then of course f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of X then of course f of x is
+bigger than Alpha minus G of X so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Alpha minus G of X so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Alpha minus G of X so these
+two conditions are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is equivalent to saying there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to saying there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to saying there
+exists an r in q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an r in q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an r in q
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+X is in the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in the inverse image
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+R to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R is bigger than Alpha minus G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is bigger than Alpha minus G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is bigger than Alpha minus G of X
+which one can State as X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one can State as X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one can State as X is in the
+inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of
+Alpha minus r to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this last expression here so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last expression here so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last expression here so let me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start erasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've shown that uh X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've shown that uh X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've shown that uh X is in the
+inverse image of this set f plus G the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set f plus G the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of this set f plus G the
+inverse image by f plus G of this set if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image by f plus G of this set if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image by f plus G of this set if
+and only if there exists a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there exists a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there exists a rational
+number so that X is in the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that X is in the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that X is in the intersection
+of these two types of sets which we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two types of sets which we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two types of sets which we know
+are measurable right so we can express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable right so we can express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable right so we can express
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or summarizing what we just found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or summarizing what we just found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or summarizing what we just found
+that f plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f plus G
+in inverse image of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inverse image of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inverse image of alpha
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+this is equal to the union over rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the union over rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the union over rational
+numbers Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Q
+R and Q such that or the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and Q such that or the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and Q such that or the inverse image
+of f inverse or the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Infinity
+intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha minus r Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus r Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus r Infinity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's just uh again expressing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just uh again expressing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just uh again expressing what
+we did over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did over there
+and now what do we know if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do we know if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do we know if we're
+assuming f is measurable then this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming f is measurable then this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming f is measurable then this whole
+set is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is measurable
+and we're assuming G is measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming G is measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming G is measurable so
+this whole set is measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole set is measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole set is measurable and
+therefore this intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this intersection
+of these two sets is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two sets is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two sets is measurable
+and now I have a countable Union because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have a countable Union because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have a countable Union because
+again the rational numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the rational numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the rational numbers are
+accountable one of the first things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable one of the first things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable one of the first things you
+prove uh in analysis is that a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh in analysis is that a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh in analysis is that a set of
+rational numbers is countable this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers is countable this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers is countable this is a
+countable Union of measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable Union of measurable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable Union of measurable sets
+so that's measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what about F times G here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about F times G here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about F times G here we'll
+pull a little trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a little trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a little trick
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll put we'll prove that if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll put we'll prove that if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll put we'll prove that if f is
+measurable then its square is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable then its square is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable then its square is measurable
+and then we'll use a simple identity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll use a simple identity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll use a simple identity to
+conclude that F times G is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that F times G is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that F times G is measurable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+I claim that F squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let Alpha be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Alpha be a subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Alpha be a subset of r
+if Alpha is bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is bigger than or equal to zero
+well let's do kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do kind of this
+stupid case first if Alpha is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid case first if Alpha is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid case first if Alpha is less than
+zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F squared this is a non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F squared this is a non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F squared this is a non-negative
+function so if I take the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if I take the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if I take the inverse image
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Alpha to Infinity this is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Infinity this is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to Infinity this is just equal to
+the domain e so this is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain e so this is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain e so this is measurable
+okay remember this is the set of all X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember this is the set of all X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember this is the set of all X's
+that get mapped by F squared to Alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get mapped by F squared to Alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get mapped by F squared to Alpha to
+infinity and if Alpha is negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and if Alpha is negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and if Alpha is negative then
+no matter what x is is an e f squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what x is is an e f squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what x is is an e f squared of
+X is going to be in Alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is going to be in Alpha to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is going to be in Alpha to Infinity
+again for Alpha less than zero so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for Alpha less than zero so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for Alpha less than zero so then
+this inverse image equals e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse image equals e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse image equals e
+which is measurable by assumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the other
+uh less trivial cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less trivial cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less trivial cases
+if Alpha is bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is bigger than or equal to zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+okay F squared of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay F squared of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay F squared of x
+is bigger than Alpha if and only if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than Alpha if and only if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than Alpha if and only if uh
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+f of x is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than
+the square root of alpha or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of alpha or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of alpha or
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+f of x is less than minus square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than minus square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than minus square root of
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+so again this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this expression here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this expression is expressing but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is expressing but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is expressing but this
+relation here is expressing X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here is expressing X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here is expressing X is in the
+inverse image of alpha to Infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of alpha to Infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of alpha to Infinity so
+this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that
+the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+Alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the set of all X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the set of all X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the set of all X's
+satisfying this condition on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying this condition on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying this condition on the right
+of this if and only if which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if and only if which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if and only if which
+is can be written as X is in the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be written as X is in the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be written as X is in the inverse
+image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is bigger than a square root of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is bigger than a square root of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is bigger than a square root of alpha
+Union again coming from the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union again coming from the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union again coming from the or
+F inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again if we have a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if we have a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if we have a measurable
+function then not only are these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then not only are these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then not only are these types
+of uh the premium edges of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the premium edges of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the premium edges of these types
+of sets measurable but the pre-images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets measurable but the pre-images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets measurable but the pre-images of
+these types of sets are also measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of sets are also measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of sets are also measurable
+right there's the first thing we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the first thing we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the first thing we proved
+and so since each of these pre-images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since each of these pre-images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since each of these pre-images
+are measurable their Union is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable their Union is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable their Union is measurable
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we proved that F squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we proved that F squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we proved that F squared is
+measurable now we conclude that F times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable now we conclude that F times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable now we conclude that F times
+G is measurable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by a simple identity that F times G this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a simple identity that F times G this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a simple identity that F times G this
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+1 4 f plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 f plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 f plus G
+squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus
+F minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus G
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so F times G is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so F times G is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so F times G is equal to this
+function squared if f and g are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared if f and g are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared if f and g are
+measurable their sum is measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable their sum is measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable their sum is measurable and
+therefore by what we just proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore by what we just proved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore by what we just proved the
+square is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is measurable
+and again over here this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again over here this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again over here this is going to be
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+and by scalar multiple of -1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by scalar multiple of -1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by scalar multiple of -1 that
+thing's measurable scalar multiple 1 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's measurable scalar multiple 1 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's measurable scalar multiple 1 4
+on the outside is is fine as well so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside is is fine as well so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside is is fine as well so we
+conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that
+this thing is measurable all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is measurable all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is measurable all right
+because every operation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every operation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every operation in this
+expression uh preserves the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh preserves the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh preserves the function
+being measurable as as we proved before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable as as we proved before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable as as we proved before
+this before this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before this expression
+okay and that's uh that concludes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's uh that concludes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's uh that concludes the
+proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sum of two
+you know measurable functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know measurable functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know measurable functions is
+measurable scalar products are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable scalar products are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable scalar products are
+measurable products are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable products are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable products are measurable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know big deal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big deal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big deal because
+as far as Riemann integration goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as far as Riemann integration goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as Riemann integration goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as Riemann integration goes
+that's a you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that still holds right uh so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still holds right uh so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still holds right uh so what's
+something that sets apart you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that sets apart you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that sets apart you know a
+function being measurable and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function being measurable and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function being measurable and and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+eventually the big integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the big integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the big integrable
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+it has better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has better
+you know it's closed under taking limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's closed under taking limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's closed under taking limits
+as opposed to being rieman integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to being rieman integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to being rieman integrable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I have a measurable set and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a measurable set and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a measurable set and then I
+have a sequence of functions FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going from minus infinity to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from minus infinity to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from minus infinity to Infinity
+um oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and
+so I should have said a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should have said a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should have said a minute ago
+I'm just kind of catching myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just kind of catching myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just kind of catching myself
+oh no everything's fine so I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no everything's fine so I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no everything's fine so I just wanted
+to make sure I had gone to R because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I had gone to R because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I had gone to R because you
+know f plus G is only defined going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know f plus G is only defined going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know f plus G is only defined going from
+E to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but again if I have one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again if I have one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again if I have one function
+that is finite everywhere and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is finite everywhere and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is finite everywhere and another
+function that's an extended real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's an extended real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's an extended real valued
+function you can check that f plus G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can check that f plus G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can check that f plus G is
+then going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to be
+measurable as well okay the I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable as well okay the I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable as well okay the I can't make
+sense of you know the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of you know the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of you know the sum of two
+extended real valued functions because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued functions because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued functions because I
+might be in a situation where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in a situation where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in a situation where I have
+plus infinity uh minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity uh minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity uh minus infinity
+um which is an undefined expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is an undefined expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is an undefined expression
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+what I'm saying is I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is I can take
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all of this for you know one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of this for you know one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of this for you know one of them
+to be extended real valued is fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extended real valued is fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extended real valued is fine and
+also the product of extended real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the product of extended real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the product of extended real valued
+is fine although I left it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine although I left it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine although I left it out of the
+list of rules plus infinity times minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of rules plus infinity times minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of rules plus infinity times minus
+infinity is defined to be minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is defined to be minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is defined to be minus infinity
+and kind of with the usual sign rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of with the usual sign rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of with the usual sign rules
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so back to the theorem if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the theorem if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the theorem if I have a
+sequence of measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+some other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other functions
+are measurable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function G1 of x equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function G1 of x equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function G1 of x equal to
+soup in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup in
+FN of X so that's now a function defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN of X so that's now a function defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN of X so that's now a function defined
+on E this is also measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on E this is also measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on E this is also measurable
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so I'll just list the functions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just list the functions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just list the functions and then
+say they're all measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of x equals
+the M over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M over n
+f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limb soup is n goes to Infinity of f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup is n goes to Infinity of f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup is n goes to Infinity of f n
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+which I will recall the definition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will recall the definition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will recall the definition you
+can write as the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write as the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write as the m
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Imp over all n of the soup overall K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imp over all n of the soup overall K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imp over all n of the soup overall K
+bigger than or equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to n
+F K of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't know why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know why I'm
+double labeling them I have one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double labeling them I have one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double labeling them I have one two
+three and four but I also have one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four but I also have one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four but I also have one two
+three and four here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the limb imp of the point wise limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limb imp of the point wise limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the limb imp of the point wise limb
+imp of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I will recall is equal to the soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will recall is equal to the soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will recall is equal to the soup
+over M of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are all measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this
+um so the proof is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the proof is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the proof is not
+too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too difficult
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's start with the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with the first one
+actually the third and the fourth follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the third and the fourth follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the third and the fourth follow
+from the first and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first and the second
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in
+the inverse image by G one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image by G one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image by G one
+Alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+soup in FN of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup in FN of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup in FN of x
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is greater than Alpha and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha and this is
+equivalent to the soup over all n of FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the soup over all n of FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the soup over all n of FN
+of X is bigger than Alpha if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is bigger than Alpha if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is bigger than Alpha if and only if
+there exists some n so that FN of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some n so that FN of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some n so that FN of X is
+bigger than Alpha right if all the FNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Alpha right if all the FNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Alpha right if all the FNS
+stay below Alpha when evaluated at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay below Alpha when evaluated at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay below Alpha when evaluated at X
+then the soup is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the soup is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the soup is less than or equal to
+Alpha right so since the soup is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right so since the soup is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right so since the soup is the uh
+least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound
+so if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if and only if
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there exists an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an n
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only if
+there exists an N so that X is in F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an N so that X is in F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an N so that X is in F in
+inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and therefore we've proven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we've proven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we've proven that
+the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+of this set by G1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set by G1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set by G1 is equal to
+the union overall n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union overall n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union overall n of
+F inverse F sub n inverse the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse F sub n inverse the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inverse F sub n inverse the inverse
+image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of alpha to infinity and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to infinity and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to infinity and now we're
+assuming the FNS are all measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the FNS are all measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the FNS are all measurable so
+each of these is measurable it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is measurable it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is measurable it's a
+countable Union of measurable sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable Union of measurable sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable Union of measurable sets so
+it's again a measurable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we've proven that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've proven that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've proven that for all
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a measurable set so G1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a measurable set so G1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a measurable set so G1 is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we go on to G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we go on to G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we go on to G2
+it's it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the same thing
+I can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can prove
+that the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse image of
+let's see what do I do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'm going to include Alpha here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to include Alpha here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to include Alpha here
+the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+of alpha to Infinity so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to Infinity so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to Infinity so this is equal to
+the requiring that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requiring that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requiring that uh
+the Imp over F in of X is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imp over F in of X is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imp over F in of X is bigger than or
+equal to Alpha this is equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Alpha this is equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Alpha this is equivalent to the
+intersection now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection now of
+F inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these guys okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys okay
+now each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now each of these
+is again measurable by assumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again measurable by assumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again measurable by assumption and
+therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's
+accountable uh intersection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable uh intersection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable uh intersection is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've proven that taking soups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've proven that taking soups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've proven that taking soups and
+imps of sequences of functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps of sequences of functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps of sequences of functions are
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by
+how the limb soup and limb infer defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the limb soup and limb infer defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the limb soup and limb infer defined
+so now we've proven that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've proven that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've proven that for any
+sequence of measurable functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of measurable functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of measurable functions the
+soup and the amps are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup and the amps are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup and the amps are measurable
+functions but the limb soup is the soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but the limb soup is the soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but the limb soup is the soup
+is this soup first followed by an imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this soup first followed by an imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this soup first followed by an imp
+now if all of the F's are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if all of the F's are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if all of the F's are measurable
+this soup is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this soup is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this soup is measurable
+uh for All In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for All In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for All In
+uh and therefore this imp is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and therefore this imp is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and therefore this imp is measurable
+so G uh three being measurable follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G uh three being measurable follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G uh three being measurable follows
+immediately from proving that soups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from proving that soups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from proving that soups and
+imps of measurable functions uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps of measurable functions uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps of measurable functions uh are
+measurable and the same thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and the same thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and the same thing with the
+limb imp uh if F sub K is measurable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb imp uh if F sub K is measurable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb imp uh if F sub K is measurable for
+all k then we've already proven that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k then we've already proven that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k then we've already proven that the
+imps over the K's bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps over the K's bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps over the K's bigger than or equal
+to n doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n doesn't matter
+um is measurable a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is measurable a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is measurable a measurable function
+and therefore the soup over the ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the soup over the ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the soup over the ends of
+all these measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these measurable functions
+are again measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again measurable so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that G3 and G4 are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that G3 and G4 are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that G3 and G4 are measurable
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the previous two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that we proved imps and soups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we proved imps and soups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we proved imps and soups of
+measurable functions are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions are measurable
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what do we get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we get from this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so an immediate theorem is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+FN goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and FN is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they converge Point wise to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge Point wise to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge Point wise to some
+function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is measurable
+okay I mean I shouldn't write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean I shouldn't write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean I shouldn't write it as a
+theorem I should write it as a corollary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I should write it as a corollary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I should write it as a corollary
+why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because
+if these converge then f is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these converge then f is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these converge then f is equal to the
+limb soup it's also equal to the Limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup it's also equal to the Limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup it's also equal to the Limit
+but f is equal to the limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but f is equal to the limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but f is equal to the limb soup
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the proof is one line for all X and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof is one line for all X and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof is one line for all X and E
+f of x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is equal to
+limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of FN of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FN of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FN of x
+and it's also equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also equal to
+the limph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the the FNS are converging to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the FNS are converging to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the FNS are converging to f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right right you covered this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right right you covered this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right right you covered this in
+18100 uh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18100 uh you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18100 uh you have a
+the limit of a sequence if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sequence if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sequence if and only if
+the limb soup equals the limb imp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb soup equals the limb imp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb soup equals the limb imp and
+this also holds if I include you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also holds if I include you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also holds if I include you know
+plus or minus infinity as as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity as as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus infinity as as being
+possible elements of uh the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible elements of uh the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible elements of uh the extended
+real numbers that are you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers that are you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers that are you know in the
+sequence or the possible limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence or the possible limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence or the possible limit
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and since each of these since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and since each of these since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and since each of these since this is
+measurable by the previous theorem f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable by the previous theorem f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable by the previous theorem f is
+measurable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this says something that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says something that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says something that um
+you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is
+an indicator that we're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator that we're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator that we're doing something
+that's a little that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little that's
+or we're building something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're building something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're building something that's
+stronger than uh being Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than uh being Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than uh being Riemann
+integrable as I've said you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable as I've said you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable as I've said you know the
+functions which we will Define a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which we will Define a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which we will Define a big
+integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+will be a certain subset of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a certain subset of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a certain subset of you know
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking them as our possible candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them as our possible candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them as our possible candidates
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just make the the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make the the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make the the following
+remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+which now separates you know measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now separates you know measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now separates you know measurable
+functions which are again our candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are again our candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are again our candidates
+for being labeled integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being labeled integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being labeled integrable
+um from Riemann integrable is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from Riemann integrable is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from Riemann integrable is that this
+fails if I replace measurable by Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails if I replace measurable by Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails if I replace measurable by Riemann
+integral right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if FN let's go from a b to even r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if FN let's go from a b to even r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if FN let's go from a b to even r
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+Riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FNS converge to F pointwise which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FNS converge to F pointwise which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FNS converge to F pointwise which just
+means this for all X in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this for all X in a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this for all X in a b
+limit as n goes to Infinity of f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of f n of x
+equals f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f
+needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+Riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integrable
+okay in other words when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words when I look at
+Riemann integrable functions they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integrable functions they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integrable functions they're not
+closed under taking pointwise uh limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under taking pointwise uh limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under taking pointwise uh limits
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+yet for the label integral at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet for the label integral at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet for the label integral at least you
+know for our candidates of lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for our candidates of lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for our candidates of lebeg
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+those are closed undertaking point-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are closed undertaking point-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are closed undertaking point-wise
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+okay as we just proved now which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as we just proved now which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as we just proved now which you
+know says that we're kind of on track to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know says that we're kind of on track to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know says that we're kind of on track to
+proving something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something that's a
+uh that has better qualities than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has better qualities than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has better qualities than the
+Riemann integral now as it turns out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integral now as it turns out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integral now as it turns out you
+know the point wise limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the point wise limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the point wise limit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the bag integrable functions need not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag integrable functions need not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag integrable functions need not be
+labeled integrable but if you add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled integrable but if you add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled integrable but if you add a
+another condition very minor condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another condition very minor condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another condition very minor condition
+the answer is yes it is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes it is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes it is the big
+integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but you know at the very least we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know at the very least we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know at the very least we would
+like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for
+are candidates again lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are candidates again lebeg measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are candidates again lebeg measurable
+functions to be closed under taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be closed under taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be closed under taking
+pointwise limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limits
+um or at least that should indicate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or at least that should indicate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or at least that should indicate to
+us that we're doing something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we're doing something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we're doing something that will
+have better properties than Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better properties than Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better properties than Riemann
+interval functions so you know why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval functions so you know why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval functions so you know why is
+this what's a sequence of functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's a sequence of functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's a sequence of functions that
+are Riemann integrable but not uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Riemann integrable but not uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Riemann integrable but not uh but
+their pointwise limit is not Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pointwise limit is not Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pointwise limit is not Riemann
+integrable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable so
+for example you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you could take
+um the function FN to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know what I'll I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'll I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'll I'm actually going to
+add this to the assignment then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this to the assignment then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this to the assignment then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it won't be no okay so I'll go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't be no okay so I'll go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't be no okay so I'll go ahead
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+why this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the rational numbers q and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the rational numbers q and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the rational numbers q and let's
+say intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+this is a countable set right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a countable set right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a countable set right it's a
+subset of the rational number so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the rational number so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the rational number so this is
+accountable set so we can list them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable set so we can list them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable set so we can list them this
+is equal to R1 R2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to R1 R2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to R1 R2 and so on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if I Define f in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Define f in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Define f in
+of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to be
+one if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if x
+is in R1 up to RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in R1 up to RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in R1 up to RN
+and 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a function which is
+piecewise continuous on zero one so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise continuous on zero one so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise continuous on zero one so it's
+Riemann integrable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+what happens is I take n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is I take n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is I take n goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the point wise limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these functions
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+the indicator function of the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of the rational
+numbers intersect 0 1 and hopefully this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers intersect 0 1 and hopefully this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers intersect 0 1 and hopefully this
+was something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that you
+uh check when you learned about Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh check when you learned about Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh check when you learned about Riemann
+integration if you just learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration if you just learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration if you just learned about
+you know the Riemann integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Riemann integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Riemann integral of
+continuous functions and that's fine too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions and that's fine too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions and that's fine too
+but anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this function is one on the rationals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is one on the rationals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is one on the rationals
+and zero elsewhere and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero elsewhere and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero elsewhere and which is
+you know a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a function which is
+discontinuous everywhere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous everywhere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous everywhere or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+see not everywhere or yeah everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and you can convince yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can convince yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can convince yourself that
+that's too crazy of a function to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too crazy of a function to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too crazy of a function to be
+rieman integrable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rieman integrable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rieman integrable if
+you know if all you knew was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if all you knew was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if all you knew was that
+continuous functions are rieman integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions are rieman integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions are rieman integral
+but if you learned more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you learned more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you learned more about the
+Riemann integral then one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integral then one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integral then one of the things
+that you learned was that this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learned was that this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learned was that this function
+is not Riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+taking the pointwise limit of Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the pointwise limit of Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the pointwise limit of Riemann
+interval functions may not be Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval functions may not be Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval functions may not be Riemann
+integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable
+however what we've proven is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what we've proven is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what we've proven is you know
+that the candidates for being lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the candidates for being lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the candidates for being lebeg
+integrable namely those measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable namely those measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable namely those measurable
+functions are closed undertaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are closed undertaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are closed undertaken
+pointwise limits which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limits which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limits which is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said
+an indication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this theory of the integral that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of the integral that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of the integral that we're
+building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up
+is going to be a stronger theory in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a stronger theory in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a stronger theory in the
+sense that we can prove more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that we can prove more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that we can prove more things
+than that of Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that of Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that of Riemann
+and one of those things will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of those things will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of those things will prove
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the space of Riemann I mean the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of Riemann I mean the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of Riemann I mean the big
+integrable functions with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable functions with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable functions with a
+Norm being the integral of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm being the integral of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm being the integral of the absolute
+values in fact a banox space as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in fact a banox space as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in fact a banox space as opposed
+to the Riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let me just make a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me just make a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me just make a couple of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+final statements and then uh we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final statements and then uh we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final statements and then uh we'll call
+it a day for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a day for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a day for this lecture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is just really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I make a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P of X and I say that with X to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and I say that with X to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and I say that with X to you know
+an element of uh of a measurable set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of uh of a measurable set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of uh of a measurable set e
+if I say this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on E
+and I'll usually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll usually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll usually say
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+shorten that to just a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on E or just a e if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+deleting even more from what I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting even more from what I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting even more from what I write
+this holds almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds almost everywhere
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the set where it doesn't where it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set where it doesn't where it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set where it doesn't where it's uh
+doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has measure zero so you know I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has measure zero so you know I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has measure zero so you know I'm kind of
+saying you may think I'm saying two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you may think I'm saying two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you may think I'm saying two
+things here that this set is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here that this set is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here that this set is measurable
+and its measure is zero but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its measure is zero but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its measure is zero but remember
+when we developed the theory of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we developed the theory of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we developed the theory of uh
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+first thing we learned about measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we learned about measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we learned about measurable
+sets is that if it has outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is that if it has outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is that if it has outer measure
+equal to zero then it's measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then it's measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then it's measurable and
+remember the outer the measure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the outer the measure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the outer the measure of a
+measurable set is just this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set is just this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set is just this outer
+measure so perhaps I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so a statement holds almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a statement holds almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a statement holds almost everywhere
+if the set where it doesn't hold has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the set where it doesn't hold has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the set where it doesn't hold has the
+bag measure zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is equivalent to saying it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent to saying it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent to saying it has
+outer measure equal to zero because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure equal to zero because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure equal to zero because we
+proved that sets that have outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that sets that have outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that sets that have outer measure
+equal to zero are labeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the final theorem that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the final theorem that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the final theorem that we'll
+prove today is that if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove today is that if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove today is that if I have two
+functions one measurable the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions one measurable the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions one measurable the other
+differing by that measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing by that measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing by that measurable function
+Alpha on a set of measure zero then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha on a set of measure zero then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha on a set of measure zero then uh
+the second function is also measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second function is also measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second function is also measurable
+so if so somehow uh sets of measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if so somehow uh sets of measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if so somehow uh sets of measures
+zero don't affect uh being a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero don't affect uh being a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero don't affect uh being a measurable
+function so if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if f
+g go from a measurable set e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g go from a measurable set e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g go from a measurable set e to the
+extended real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f equals g almost everywhere on E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals g almost everywhere on E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals g almost everywhere on E
+meaning the set of x's where F does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the set of x's where F does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the set of x's where F does not
+equal G is a set of measures zero and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you take a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you take a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you take a measurable
+function f change it on a set of the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f change it on a set of the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f change it on a set of the bag
+measures zero you still get a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures zero you still get a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures zero you still get a measurable
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this just follows from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this just follows from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this just follows from the fact
+that all sets of the bag measure zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all sets of the bag measure zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all sets of the bag measure zero or
+outer measure equal to zero are labeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure equal to zero are labeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure equal to zero are labeg
+measurable and then again the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and then again the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable and then again the fact that
+we know measurable sets are closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know measurable sets are closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know measurable sets are closed
+undertaking unions and complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking unions and complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking unions and complements
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let in
+be the set of x's in E such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of x's in E such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of x's in E such that
+f of x does not equal G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this is a set of outer measure zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a set of outer measure zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a set of outer measure zero
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and therefore it's lebeg measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if I take an alpha and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define another set call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N Sub Alpha to be the set of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Sub Alpha to be the set of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Sub Alpha to be the set of all uh
+X is In N such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is In N such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is In N such that
+G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x
+is greater than Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than Alpha
+this is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subset
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is uh how I'm defining this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh how I'm defining this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh how I'm defining this set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it has outer measure equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has outer measure equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has outer measure equal to zero
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's measurable because n has outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measurable because n has outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measurable because n has outer
+measure zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if I take the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of alpha to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha to Infinity
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inverse image by F of alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image by F of alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image by F of alpha to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+intersect where they equal each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect where they equal each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect where they equal each other so
+intersect the complement of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect the complement of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect the complement of n
+Union uh this set in sub Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+in has a outer measure zero so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in has a outer measure zero so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in has a outer measure zero so it's
+lebeg measurable and therefore its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measurable and therefore its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measurable and therefore its
+complement is measurable this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is measurable this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is measurable this is
+measurable by assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable by assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable by assumption
+and therefore this intersection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this intersection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this intersection is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+and this set here is measurable so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this set here is measurable so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this set here is measurable so the
+union of this measurable set with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of this measurable set with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of this measurable set with this
+measurable set is again measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set is again measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable set is again measurable and
+we conclude that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that uh
+this is measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measurable so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+defined measurable real extended real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined measurable real extended real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined measurable real extended real
+valued functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and proven some properties of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proven some properties of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proven some properties of them
+the most striking of which being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most striking of which being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most striking of which being that
+being measurable is closed under taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable is closed under taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable is closed under taking
+pointwise limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise limits
+and uh that you can change a function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that you can change a function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that you can change a function on
+a set of measure zero and still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of measure zero and still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of measure zero and still be
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+okay next time we'll extend this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next time we'll extend this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next time we'll extend this notion
+in a kind of trivial way to functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of trivial way to functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of trivial way to functions
+which take on complex values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take on complex values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take on complex values
+uh not extended com you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not extended com you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not extended com you know
+just complex finite complex numbers not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complex finite complex numbers not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complex finite complex numbers not
+including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+um pointed at at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pointed at at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pointed at at Infinity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will move on to
+defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+so once we have these myths so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have these myths so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have these myths so here's
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+here's the game plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the game plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the game plan
+so we'll extend this uh notion of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll extend this uh notion of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll extend this uh notion of being
+measurable to complex valued functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable to complex valued functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable to complex valued functions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then we'll show that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll show that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll show that there's a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+class of functions called Simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of functions called Simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of functions called Simple
+functions which again are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which again are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which again are
+simplest in the sense that they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest in the sense that they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest in the sense that they just
+take on finitely many values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on finitely many values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on finitely many values
+and show that those are kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that those are kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that those are kind of the
+universal measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal measurable functions
+and from there we will then Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from there we will then Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from there we will then Define the
+label integral of a non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label integral of a non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label integral of a non-negative
+measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+prove some properties of that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some properties of that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some properties of that and then
+once we've done that so you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've done that so you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've done that so you can Define
+the you know an integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know an integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know an integral of a
+non-negative and arbitrary non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and arbitrary non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and arbitrary non-negative
+measurable function we will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function we will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function we will then
+restrict to those functions which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict to those functions which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict to those functions which we
+call labague integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which now can uh not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now can uh not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now can uh not necessarily
+non-negative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have
+finite labague integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite labague integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite labague integral
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then prove those are and then prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then prove those are and then prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then prove those are and then prove
+some properties of that including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of that including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of that including the
+big convergence theorems and then close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big convergence theorems and then close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big convergence theorems and then close
+out our section on our chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our section on our chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our section on our chapter on
+measure and integration by proving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and integration by proving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and integration by proving that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the labaic integrable functions form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labaic integrable functions form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labaic integrable functions form a
+bionic space with a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bionic space with a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bionic space with a natural
+Norm put on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm put on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm put on it
+as opposed to Riemann integral functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to Riemann integral functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to Riemann integral functions
+all right we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FykIDSC3bik.txt b/FykIDSC3bik.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..666e817ca9756c8f13c73d971f60d35de920b42c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FykIDSC3bik.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Pi is
+
+3 point 1 4
+
+3 point 1 4 1 5 9
+
+三点一四一五九二六
+
+3 dot 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5
+
+3 5 8 9 7 9
+
+Aaaaaaaaa
+
+3 point 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5 8 9 7 9 3 2 3
+
+3 point 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5 8 9 7 9 3 2 3 8 4
+
+3 point 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5
+
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+
+1 2  1 2 3 4 5 6  1 2  1 2
+
+3 point 1 4
+
+fn-2187
+
+3 point 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5 8 9 7 9 3 2 3 8 4
+
+6 2 6 2 4 3 3 8 3 2 7 9 5 0 2 8 8 4 1 9
+
+7 1 6 9 3 9 9 3 7 5 1
+
+Pi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GARQ31BrKQA.txt b/GARQ31BrKQA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40fa7a48e339dacfe90c86143b40ef7b35c23209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GARQ31BrKQA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now note some elementary properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now note some elementary properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now note some elementary properties
+of expectations these will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectations these will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectations these will be some
+properties that are extremely natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are extremely natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are extremely natural
+and intuitive but even so they're worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuitive but even so they're worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuitive but even so they're worth
+recording the first property is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the first property is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the first property is the
+following if you have a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you have a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you have a random variable
+which is non-negative then its expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non-negative then its expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non-negative then its expected
+value is also non-negative what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is also non-negative what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is also non-negative what does it
+mean that the random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the random variable is
+non-negative what it means is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative what it means is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative what it means is that for
+all possible outcomes of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible outcomes of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible outcomes of the experiment
+no matter what the outcome is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the outcome is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the outcome is the
+Associated numerical value of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated numerical value of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated numerical value of the random
+variable is a non-negative number what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a non-negative number what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a non-negative number what's
+the implication of this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication of this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication of this when we
+calculate an expectation we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an expectation we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an expectation we're adding
+over all the possible numerical values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possible numerical values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possible numerical values
+of the random variable all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable all the possible
+numerical values of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values of the random variable
+under this assumption are non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this assumption are non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this assumption are non-negative
+probabilities are also non-negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are also non-negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are also non-negative so
+we have a sum of non-negative entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sum of non-negative entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sum of non-negative entries
+and therefore the expected value is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the expected value is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the expected value is also
+going to be non-negative the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-negative the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-negative the next
+property is a generalization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is a generalization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is a generalization of this
+consider now a random variable that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider now a random variable that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider now a random variable that has
+the property that no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that no matter what the
+outcome of the experiment is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment is the value
+of this random variable lies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable lies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable lies in the
+range between two constants a and B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between two constants a and B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between two constants a and B in
+this case we argue as follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we argue as follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we argue as follows the
+expected value by definition is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value by definition is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value by definition is a sum
+over all possible values of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible values of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible values of the random
+variable of certain terms now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of certain terms now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of certain terms now the
+possible numerical values of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible numerical values of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible numerical values of the random
+variable are all of them at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable are all of them at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable are all of them at least as
+large as a so this gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as a so this gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as a so this gives us an
+inequality of this type then we pull a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality of this type then we pull a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality of this type then we pull a
+factor of a outside the summation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a outside the summation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a outside the summation and
+finally we recall that the sum of a PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we recall that the sum of a PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we recall that the sum of a PMF
+over all possible values of little X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible values of little X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible values of little X is
+equal to 1 why is that the case well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 why is that the case well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 why is that the case well
+these are the probabilities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the probabilities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the probabilities for the
+different numerical values of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numerical values of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numerical values of the random
+variable the sum of the probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the sum of the probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the sum of the probabilities of
+all the possible numerical values has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible numerical values has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible numerical values has to
+be equal to 1 because that exhausts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 1 because that exhausts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 1 because that exhausts all
+the possibilities so we obtain a times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities so we obtain a times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities so we obtain a times 1
+which is a so what we have proved is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a so what we have proved is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a so what we have proved is
+that the expected value is at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value is at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value is at least as
+large as a you can use a symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as a you can use a symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as a you can use a symmetrical
+argument where the inequalities will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument where the inequalities will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument where the inequalities will go
+the opposite way and where s will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite way and where s will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite way and where s will be
+replaced by B's to prove the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by B's to prove the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by B's to prove the second
+inequality as well the last fact we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality as well the last fact we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality as well the last fact we want
+to take note of is the following if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take note of is the following if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take note of is the following if we
+have a constant and we take its expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant and we take its expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant and we take its expected
+value we obtain the same constant what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we obtain the same constant what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we obtain the same constant what
+does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean
+we have only been talking about expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have only been talking about expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have only been talking about expected
+values of random variables what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of random variables what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of random variables what does it
+mean to take the expected value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to take the expected value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to take the expected value of a
+constant well as we discussed earlier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant well as we discussed earlier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant well as we discussed earlier we
+can think of a constant as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of a constant as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of a constant as being a
+random variable of a very special type a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable of a very special type a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable of a very special type a
+random variable whose PMF takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable whose PMF takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable whose PMF takes this
+form this random variable can take only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this random variable can take only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this random variable can take only
+a single value and the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single value and the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single value and the probability of
+that single value is equal to 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single value is equal to 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single value is equal to 1 this
+means that in the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in the formula for the
+expected value there's going to be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value there's going to be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value there's going to be only
+one term in this summation and that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term in this summation and that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term in this summation and that term
+is going to be C times the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be C times the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be C times the probability
+that our random variable takes the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our random variable takes the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our random variable takes the value
+C now the product probability is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now the product probability is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now the product probability is equal
+to 1 and we're left with C so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and we're left with C so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and we're left with C so this
+equality makes sense of course as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality makes sense of course as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality makes sense of course as long
+as you understand that a constant can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you understand that a constant can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you understand that a constant can
+also be viewed as a random variable of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be viewed as a random variable of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be viewed as a random variable of a
+very degenerate type now intuitively of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very degenerate type now intuitively of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very degenerate type now intuitively of
+course it's certainly clear what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's certainly clear what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's certainly clear what this is
+saying that if a certain quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if a certain quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if a certain quantity is
+always equal to C then on the average it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to C then on the average it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to C then on the average it
+will also be equal to C
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GvtsFAxn-H8.txt b/GvtsFAxn-H8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..333edbb15cdc800e4df8fff57de0dab4419359e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GvtsFAxn-H8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1985 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+The quiz on Thursday will
+cover up through
+
+piezoelectricity.
+
+You've had a set of notes in
+your hands that cover just
+
+about everything that I wanted
+to say about piezoelectricity.
+
+There are other modulae that
+one could talk about.
+
+But these follow quite directly
+from the one or two
+
+that we will do.
+
+So we will not have anything to
+say about elasticity until
+
+the last lecture of the term,
+which is a nice outcome
+
+because you certainly don't
+want to take a quiz on
+
+forthright tensors.
+
+You'll spend the entire hour
+just writing out all these
+
+cumbersome equations.
+
+All right.
+
+So the quiz will cover up
+through piezoelectricity,
+
+including a few of the
+representation surfaces that
+
+we'll examine today.
+
+The thing that we'll
+be looking at is--
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+You have a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+A question.
+
+Well, you said [INAUDIBLE]
+
+example.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry.
+
+Third-rank tensors.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Also, we had just a
+little bit of that going into
+
+the second quiz.
+
+And we didn't really ask
+anything about that on the
+
+second quiz.
+
+So it'd be third-rank tensors.
+
+But you have to use second-rank
+tensors to define
+
+third-rank tensors.
+
+So it really will be not the
+emphasis, but certainly you
+
+should be familiar with the
+early part of what we did with
+
+second-rank tensors.
+
+All right.
+
+So today we'll look at some
+representation surfaces to
+
+your wonder and delight at how
+incredibly anisotropic the
+
+variation of these third-rank
+properties are with direction.
+
+One of the things that I love to
+do for problems when we get
+
+to these different piezoelectric
+effects is make
+
+up hypothetical devices
+just for fun.
+
+So among those that I've
+invented, the first one is a
+
+earthquake sensing device
+because it's well known that
+
+California is going to split
+in half, and half will fall
+
+into the sea any day now.
+
+So if this is the San Andreas
+fault, I have developed large,
+
+prismatic monoclinic crystals
+that I embed into the San
+
+Andreas fault at regular
+intervals.
+
+The bottom of these crystals
+is grounded.
+
+There's an electrode
+at the top.
+
+And if the San Andreas fault
+starts to move, and there is
+
+shear on these crystals,
+there will be a charge
+
+developed on the top.
+
+And I ask you to relate the
+charge on the top in terms of
+
+the piezoelectric modulae to
+the shear along the San
+
+Andreas fault.
+
+So there's a very clever little
+device that clearly is
+
+going to be lucrative because
+these crystals will have to be
+
+huge in size.
+
+And they'll cost more
+even than silicon.
+
+Another device that I've
+invented is used down at the
+
+Boston fish pier.
+
+This is a crystal on which
+I hang a pan, and
+
+you put fish in it.
+
+That creates a tensile stress
+in this direction.
+
+We measure the charge
+on this face.
+
+And we put a little meter that
+measures the charge that's
+
+accumulated.
+
+So this is how the fishermen
+can weigh their fish after
+
+they haul them in
+off the boat.
+
+So you see this is really
+practical material we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+This has applications in
+all realms of life.
+
+So today I'd like to show
+you, also, another
+
+problem that sets up.
+
+And I pass this out just so you
+can, again, have a look at
+
+some of the questions that you
+should be equipped to answer.
+
+So here--
+
+not fully expecting anybody to
+do it, but you can see the
+
+sorts of problems
+one might ask.
+
+Here is problem set number 16,
+which asks you, should you be
+
+so inclined, to think
+about manipulations
+
+of third-rank tensors.
+
+But then the second question is
+an idea for a device which
+
+the Center for Material Science
+and Engineering is
+
+considering employing
+here in building 13.
+
+And you can read all
+about that..
+
+This is the famous soup cell.
+
+I think probably you will see
+some sort of for fun modulus
+
+for a particular device
+on the quiz.
+
+I haven't made one up yet.
+
+But I think you'll have a look
+at something like that.
+
+And when we do the longitudinal
+piezoelectric
+
+modulus for quartz, which we'll
+do momentarily, this
+
+will give you an idea of how to
+set up these expressions.
+
+The problem, basically, is that
+the direct piezoelectric
+
+effect measures a polarization
+in terms of all of the
+
+elements of applied stress.
+
+So there is a modulus dijk times
+all of the elements of
+
+stress, sigma jk.
+
+So this, until you use the
+condensation of subscripts,
+
+contains nine terms going
+this way and three
+
+equations going this way.
+
+As we discussed earlier, since
+only six of the nine elements
+
+of stress are independent, you
+can condense this down into a
+
+3 by 6 array of terms.
+
+The problem in doing that,
+though, even though one has
+
+only 18 different modulae to
+work with, instead of 27--
+
+that's a considerable economy
+in notation, and an
+
+elimination of a great
+deal of redundancy--
+
+the matrix form of this
+relation-- and I emphasize
+
+that it is a matrix, and it's
+no longer a tensor--
+
+the matrix form cannot
+be transformed.
+
+Again, there are only
+six terms in the
+
+matrix elements of stress.
+
+And there are three equations,
+again, one for each component
+
+of polarization.
+
+So instead of having 27,
+one has only 18.
+
+But if you are considering
+changing the reference axes--
+
+and that is one of the things
+that it's interesting to do
+
+for these various modulae
+that one can define--
+
+change the orientation of a
+particular rod-shaped specimen
+
+that you cut out of a crystal to
+different crystallographic
+
+orientations and then ask how
+the scalar modulus changes as
+
+you change the direction in
+which you've sliced out the
+
+wafer or the rod of material.
+
+In order to do that, you want to
+transform the piezoelectric
+
+tensor to a new set
+of reference axes.
+
+And you cannot transform the
+dij's because they are a
+
+matrix and not a tensor.
+
+And no law of transformation
+is defined.
+
+So what you have to do in any
+generic problem of this sort
+
+is, for a particular single
+crystal, look up the form of
+
+the dij matrix that will have
+the equalities between tensor
+
+elements written in and the 0's,
+those modulae which are
+
+identically 0, entered
+into the array.
+
+And then you have to work your
+way backwards to get to the
+
+full tensor notation.
+
+So we'll see this when we
+look at the modulae for
+
+symmetry three two.
+
+You'll have to write in the
+exact matrix subscripts
+
+without absorbing the equalities
+in the notation.
+
+And then you'll have to expand
+the matrix terms into full
+
+three-subscript tensor terms.
+
+Then if you want to transform
+the axes, which is to say you
+
+want to cut out your specimen,
+be it a plate or a rod, in a
+
+different orientation, you have
+to transform the full
+
+three subscript tensor elements
+to a new setting.
+
+And then if you want to continue
+to work in that
+
+setting in the compact matrix
+form, collapse it back down to
+
+matrix form, insert the
+equalities, and then you're
+
+back to where you
+started from.
+
+So this problem of seeing how
+modulae that describe
+
+different phenomena vary with
+crystal symmetry, you have to
+
+go through this problem of
+expanding the compact form and
+
+then collapsing back down when
+you've got it as a function of
+
+some orientational angle or in
+terms of a coordinate system
+
+that you want to work in.
+
+The problem is exactly the
+same for elasticity.
+
+And we'll look at some of
+these modulae next term.
+
+You've heard these names
+before, I'm sure--
+
+Young's modulus, shear
+modulus, and so on.
+
+We'll take a look on next
+Tuesday, a week from today, at
+
+Young's modulus, which is one
+of the more important ones.
+
+And probably are used to seeing
+this in the form of
+
+information for a
+polycrystalline material,
+
+which is essentially
+isotropic.
+
+The modulus is much more
+interesting for
+
+single crystal materials.
+
+And then the surfaces that are
+defined particularly for the
+
+lower symmetries are absolutely
+wild things with
+
+lumps and wiggles and lobes
+and things of that sort,
+
+nothing like the dumb old,
+uninteresting ellipsoids that
+
+we encountered for second-rank
+properties.
+
+So let's, then, take a look at
+how we had set up and defined
+
+the direct piezoelectric
+effect.
+
+We set this up as a proper
+tensor relation, saying that
+
+P1 is equal to d1.
+
+V1 And then, you'll recall, we
+have nine elements of strain--
+
+sigma 11, sigma 12, sigma 13,
+sigma 21, sigma 22, sigma 23,
+
+sigm a 31, sigma 32,
+and sigma 33.
+
+But the tensor is symmetric,
+so we really only need to
+
+enter into our relation six of
+these nine terms explicitly.
+
+And what we did was to replace
+the two subscripts on the
+
+elements of strain, which,
+again, you need if you want to
+
+refer to those elements of
+stress through a different
+
+coordinate system.
+
+You have to know the elements
+of stress in tensor form.
+
+But we convert it to six terms
+by going and replacing the
+
+pairs of subscripts with a
+single one, two, and three,
+
+marching down the diagonal of
+the tensor this way and then
+
+marching up the right-hand
+side, calling two, three,
+
+four, and calling one, three,
+five, and finally ending up in
+
+this slot here.
+
+And we call that six.
+
+So that was the notation we
+used to get to a matrix
+
+representation.
+
+But the place where all
+this started is--
+
+and I'll write just one line
+of this to be merciful--
+
+d 111 times sigma 11, so this
+pair of subscripts goes with
+
+this pair, plus d 122.
+
+I'm putting that one in next
+because we're going to number
+
+the terms for stress in this
+order, one through six.
+
+Times sigma 22 plus d 133 times
+sigma 33 plus d 123
+
+times sigma 23 plus d 132 times
+sigma 32 plus d113 times
+
+sigma 23 plus d 132
+times sigma 32.
+
+And finally we end up
+in slot number six.
+
+And we have a d 112 times
+sigma 12 plus a d
+
+121 times sigma 21.
+
+Look at that.
+
+There's an equation that covers
+two whole blackboards.
+
+So if we now condense this down
+to matrix form we would
+
+say that P1 is d 11 times sigma
+1 plus d 12 times sigma
+
+2 times d 13 times
+sigma 3 plus--
+
+and now we have this messy
+problem with the 2's--
+
+we have a d 14 times sigma
+4 plus, again, a d 14
+
+times a sigma --
+
+2 3 is equal to 32, so
+I can call this 4--
+
+and then these terms become 15
+sigma 5 and, again, a 15 times
+
+sigma 5 plus a 16 times sigma
+6 plus d 16 times sigma 6.
+
+Now we have to make a choice.
+
+Either we are going to have, in
+a general matrix relation,
+
+that P sub i is equal to dij
+times sigma j, if j is equal
+
+to 1, 2, or 3.
+
+But it's equal to 2 dij
+times sigma j if j is
+
+equal to 4, 5, or 6.
+
+And that is something we like
+to avoid, if possible.
+
+That's ugly.
+
+That's ugly.
+
+And it's going to be a hell of a
+matrix if we have factors of
+
+two in front of some of the
+matrix elements but not in
+
+terms of others.
+
+So this is something
+we could do.
+
+Hey, it's our ballgame.
+
+We make up the rules.
+
+But that's going to be an ugly
+thing to have to deal with.
+
+So instead, as we mentioned last
+time, what we will do is
+
+to lump together these terms and
+define d 14 not as these
+
+individual tensor elements,
+but define those matrix
+
+elements as the sum of
+these two elements.
+
+And then we saw before that--
+
+we saw last time in our
+earlier meeting--
+
+that from the converse
+piezoelectric effect, which
+
+expresses strain in terms of
+an applied field, where the
+
+elements of strain
+1, 23, and 32
+
+appear in separate equations.
+
+And knowing that the same
+array of piezoelectric
+
+coefficients amazingly describes
+the converse
+
+piezoelectric effect as well
+as the direct piezoelectric
+
+effect, we know that
+d 123 equals d 132.
+
+And that is from the
+converse effect.
+
+So equivalent to saying this is
+to define d 14 as twice d
+
+123 because these two
+elements are equal.
+
+So we're eating the factor of
+two here so that we can write
+
+a nice matrix relation
+that doesn't
+
+involve a factor of two.
+
+So making this combination of
+terms for the shear stresses,
+
+we would have simply d 14 sigma
+4 plus d 15 times sigma
+
+5 plus d 16 times sigma 6.
+
+And we can say, in general, for
+the other two equations,
+
+by analogy to this one, that P
+sub i is dij times sigma j--
+
+a nice, neat matrix relation
+but one for which,
+
+unfortunately, there's no law
+of transformation for the
+
+matrix modulae dij.
+
+If you want to change to another
+coordinate system, we
+
+have to be prepared to resurrect
+this full three
+
+subscript notation on the
+piezoelectric modulae.
+
+OK.
+
+Comments or questions
+at this point?
+
+All right.
+
+If not, let me remind you that
+in the notes which I
+
+distributed last time, there
+are summarized all of the
+
+constraints imposed on the
+piezoelectric modulae for
+
+single crystals.
+
+And, again, these constraints,
+these requirements that the
+
+tensors remain invariant for the
+change of axes produced by
+
+a symmetry element that the
+crystal possesses, these
+
+transformations show that no
+third-rank tensor property can
+
+exist in a crystal that
+has inversion.
+
+So the 11 [INAUDIBLE] group,
+so-called, that possess
+
+inversion have absolutely no
+property and can be not
+
+considered further for
+third-rank properties.
+
+And then one must consider all
+of the 32 minus 11 21 point
+
+groups that lack conversion
+separately.
+
+There's no reason why they
+should behave the same way.
+
+Remember that for second-rank
+tensor properties we pulled
+
+the argument that inversion
+imposes no restrictions or
+
+constraints whatsoever on
+second-rank properties so,
+
+therefore, two different
+symmetries that differ only by
+
+the presence or absence of
+an inversion center.
+
+That is to say, you
+change 2 to 2 over
+
+m if you add inversion.
+
+But the argument was inversion
+requires nothing, so the
+
+constraints or symmetry,
+too, look exactly
+
+like those for symmetry.
+
+And here you've got to plod
+through every single one of
+
+the non-centrosymmetric point
+groups separately.
+
+And they all have tensors that
+have different forms.
+
+So what I'd like to do is look
+at one specific one.
+
+And that is the matrix
+for symmetry 32.
+
+And that is a point group that
+you'll recall has a threefold
+
+axis and twofold axes at
+intervals of 60 degrees.
+
+And in your list of the
+qualities and absences, 32,
+
+where the 3 is parallel to the
+axis x3, and the twofold axis
+
+is parallel to x1.
+
+So we're defining this as x1,
+this as x3, and x2 comes out
+
+halfway between the two.
+
+So let me draw this looking down
+along the threefold axis.
+
+These are all twofold axes.
+
+And we'll take x1 in
+this direction.
+
+x2 pokes out in between
+two twofold axes.
+
+And x3 comes straight up along
+the threefold axis.
+
+With that coordinate system, the
+form of the piezoelectric
+
+modulus matrix has this form-- d
+11 minus d 11 0 d 14 0 0 0 0
+
+0 d 15 minus d 14 0 and
+in the bottom row d 31
+
+d 31 d 33 0 0 0.
+
+So this matrix with the
+equalities put in is obtained
+
+by looking at the full
+three-subscript tensor and
+
+requiring that it look the same
+before and after any of
+
+the rotations involved by these
+three distinct axes--
+
+the threefold and the
+pair of twofolds.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, there are many different
+scalar modulae that one could
+
+define, some of them serious
+and worth the consideration
+
+because of the application in
+devices or other practical
+
+situations.
+
+The modulus that I'd like to
+examine is something called
+
+the longitudinal piezoelectric
+effect.
+
+And let's emphasize, again, that
+it is impossible to come
+
+up with one representation
+surface that fits every need
+
+because, again, the direct
+piezoelectric effect relates
+
+the components of a vector
+to a tensor, sigma ij.
+
+There are six independent
+tensor elements.
+
+So how can you describe how this
+vector is going to change
+
+as you change orientation of
+a crystal whose behavior is
+
+described by all of
+these modulae?
+
+But I would point out, however,
+that there are only
+
+two distinct--
+
+oops, I'm sorry.
+
+This is d 14.
+
+I don't know how I
+made that d 15.
+
+There are only, in
+this array--
+
+and I slipped a notch.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+Last couple of days are such
+that I am not able to even
+
+read from my notes.
+
+So these bottom lines, my
+apologies, are all 0.
+
+And there are two modulae,
+d 11 and d 14.
+
+So there are two independent
+numbers, but they appear as
+
+different matrix elements and,
+therefore, different tensor
+
+elements, as well.
+
+And this should be
+minus 2 d 14.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I slipped down a notch,
+and I got some for 32
+
+and some for 6.
+
+And I'm glad I found it at this
+point, or I'd really be
+
+in deep trouble.
+
+OK.
+
+So two numbers and that is, in
+fact, the form of the matrix
+
+for symmetry 32.
+
+So the longitudinal
+piezoelectric effect is one of
+
+the representation surfaces
+that gives you the way in
+
+which the polarization will
+change for one very, very
+
+specific type of stress.
+
+In particular, what we'll
+do is set this up as
+
+a coordinate system.
+
+And we will look at a coordinate
+system where this
+
+is the reference axis, x1.
+
+We'll come down with a
+compressive stress, sigma 11,
+
+along that axis.
+
+And, therefore, we're applying
+a uni-axial stress, which has
+
+just one component of stress.
+
+So that's very specialized.
+
+In general, there would
+be six different
+
+components of stress.
+
+But we're looking at one
+specific stimulus applied to
+
+this crystal plate.
+
+In response to that sigma 11
+there are charges induced on
+
+all of these surfaces.
+
+And these charges, this charge
+per unit area, is proportional
+
+to the component of polarization
+P1, the component
+
+of polarization P2 along the
+surface out of which x 2
+
+comes, and the charge
+per unit area or the
+
+polarization along x3.
+
+So this would be P3.
+
+And this would be the
+direction of x3.
+
+Now I deliberately tried to
+show this sample as a thin
+
+wafer, which has a much larger
+surface area here than it does
+
+on the other two surfaces--
+a much smaller area there.
+
+Therefore, since polarization
+is charge per unit area, if
+
+this area normal to x1 is a very
+large area, there's a lot
+
+of charge accumulated there.
+
+It's going to be easy
+to measure.
+
+If we make the wafer vanishingly
+thin, then the
+
+charge per unit area is high,
+but the total area is small.
+
+So there's going to be a
+negligible accumulation of
+
+charge on these two
+side surfaces.
+
+So the longitudinal
+piezoelectric effect and the
+
+longitudinal piezoelectric
+electric modulus is an effect,
+
+where we look at the component
+of polarization, P1, in
+
+response to an applied
+stress, sigma 11.
+
+So it's that simple.
+
+Look at all the terms
+we've thrown out.
+
+We've thrown out a whole bunch
+of elements of stress, which
+
+we could impose if
+we wanted to.
+
+And we've thrown away two of
+the three components of
+
+polarization by designing
+a specialized sample.
+
+So all that's left then is
+that P1 equals sigma 11.
+
+And the relation between those
+two parameters is the 111.
+
+So all this is going to hinge
+on one single piezoelectric
+
+electric modulus, d
+111, and how that
+
+changes with direction.
+
+So this is for one orientation
+of a plate.
+
+And I had not specified how the
+orientation of this plate
+
+is related to the
+symmetry axes.
+
+So let's do that now.
+
+What I'm going to assume is
+that this is a crystal.
+
+It doesn't look like
+it's hexagonal.
+
+But imagine that this is
+a crystal of quartz.
+
+And we could look at an x1
+that's in this direction.
+
+And imagine that we have cut
+out of this crystal a wafer
+
+that has a normal along x1.
+
+And then relative to this
+coordinate system, if this is
+
+x1, the modulus d 111 would
+tell us what charges
+
+accumulated on these
+two surfaces.
+
+But now, what we could do if
+we wanted to know how this
+
+modulus changed with direction
+would be to cut out a plate, a
+
+thin plate, in another
+orientation,
+
+where this is x1 prime.
+
+And this has changed relative to
+the orientation of the cell
+
+edges in the crystal.
+
+The crystal is fixed.
+
+We're just cutting a wafer out
+in a different orientation.
+
+So this is x1 prime.
+
+We're going to, again, squeeze
+it with a tensile
+
+stress sigma 11 prime.
+
+And we'll ask how the
+polarization P1 prime is
+
+related to sigma 11 prime.
+
+And the answer is that P1 prime
+will be a tensor element
+
+d 11 prime times
+sigma 11 prime.
+
+So what we are asking,
+essentially, is how does d 11
+
+transform when we take the
+direction of x1 in a different
+
+orientation and, thus, change
+the value of d 11 prime?
+
+It's going to change all of the
+
+piezoelectric matrix elements.
+
+But we're looking at an effect
+in a sample that is
+
+deliberately prepared such that
+we will measure only the
+
+surface charge given
+by P1 prime.
+
+And, therefore, the way in which
+the properties of this
+
+plate change as we vary the way
+in which we've sliced it
+
+out of the single crystal is
+going to be simply the
+
+variation of d 11 prime
+with direction.
+
+So this is the general nature
+of what we will do when we
+
+define any of the scalar
+modulae related to the
+
+piezoelectric modulus tensor.
+
+We can change our notation a
+little bit in that we have a
+
+modulus which I'll define
+as a scalar modules d.
+
+And that d is going
+to be d 111 prime.
+
+And I know how to
+evaluate that.
+
+d 111 priime will be C 1l, C1m,
+C 1n, where these are
+
+direction cosines, times all
+of the elements in the
+
+original tensors, dlmn, in the
+tensor referred to the
+
+original coordinate system.
+
+So even though this
+looks simple--
+
+it's just one modulus--
+
+when we transform it, we've
+got a product of three
+
+direction cosines out in front
+at every single one of the 27
+
+tensor elements in the
+original tensor.
+
+So it's not as trivial
+as it seems.
+
+So this is how this modulus
+that relates compressive
+
+stress to induced surface
+charge will change with
+
+orientation.
+
+But what are these direction
+cosines?
+
+These are the direction
+cosines--
+
+not the full direction
+cosine matrix.
+
+These are the direction
+cosines for x1 prime.
+
+OK?
+
+So we can get rid of this
+two-subscript notation if it's
+
+understood that these are the
+direction cosines of x1 and
+
+simply call these l l, l m, and
+l n, just as we did for
+
+the direction cosines of a
+vector because we're only
+
+concerned about the orientation
+of one of the
+
+axes, namely x1 prime.
+
+We don't care diddly-bop about
+x2 prime or x3 prime because
+
+these don't enter into the
+modulus that we have defined.
+
+And this will be times dlmn.
+
+OK.
+
+Is what we're doing clear?
+
+So we have defined this
+particular effect in terms of
+
+those of the 27 piezoelectric
+modulae which are necessary to
+
+describe it.
+
+And then we've established how
+they will change with a change
+
+of the direction of one
+particular direction.
+
+And we don't care anything
+about x2 or x3.
+
+All right.
+
+Now we go through this process
+of inserting for matrix
+
+notation with the equalities
+built in.
+
+The proper matrix notation in
+the first term is d 11 in
+
+matrix notation.
+
+That's this term up here in the
+upper left-hand corner.
+
+The second term, the term that
+we've written as minus d 11,
+
+that's not d 11 at all.
+
+This is, by definition, d 12.
+
+And we need the true subscripts,
+if we're going to
+
+transform this.
+
+So this really is not even a
+matrix because the subscripts
+
+have lost meaning, and we're
+just using them to identify
+
+equalities.
+
+Then comes a 0.
+
+And next comes something that
+we've labeled d 14.
+
+And the subscripts there
+are correct.
+
+That is, indeed, the fourth
+term in the first row.
+
+But we're going to want to
+convert d 14 into a tensor
+
+element momentarily.
+
+Now let's get the rest of the
+terms that are non-zero.
+
+This is really d 25.
+
+So the next term that is
+non-zero is d 25, which just
+
+happens, because of symmetry,
+to be equal to minus d 14.
+
+But this is the true matrix
+subscripts, and this is the
+
+true matrix subscript here.
+
+The next term over to the right
+is the fifth and final
+
+non-zero term.
+
+This is minus 2 d 11.
+
+And this is really d 26.
+
+Those are the true
+matrix elements.
+
+So we put in the proper
+matrix subscripts.
+
+And now the next, final, step in
+the expansion is to convert
+
+these terms into actual
+tensor elements.
+
+So this is d 111.
+
+And these are tensor subscripts,
+so this is
+
+something we can transform.
+
+This is d 12.
+
+In tensor notation
+this is d 122.
+
+And that's something that has
+a law of transformation.
+
+d 14 is really d
+123 plus d 132.
+
+We lumped two tensor
+elements together
+
+to define this modulus.
+
+Minus d 14 that appears in
+the next to the last
+
+non-zero spot is d 25.
+
+d 25 is really d
+231 plus d 213.
+
+Then, finally, d 26 is
+d 121 plus d 112.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't
+that be d221?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+d 26, you're right.
+
+That's down in the second
+row. d 221 and d 212.
+
+Now we've got something
+we can transform.
+
+The law for transformation
+is l sub l, l
+
+sub m, l sub n, dlmn.
+
+So And these are the direction
+cosines of x1.
+
+So this term will transform as
+l 1, l 1, l1 times d 111 .
+
+1 The next term will transform
+as l 1, l 2, l 2 times d 122.
+
+And that will be d 122
+prime for different
+
+orientation of x1.
+
+This will be two terms.
+
+This will be l 123.
+
+And I can write them
+in any order.
+
+So this is l 123 times
+d 123 plus d 132.
+
+And these terms prime, when we
+change axes, are going to be
+
+equal to l 2, l 1, l 3 times
+d 231 plus d 213.
+
+And this last term will be l
+1, l 2 squared times d 221
+
+plus d 212.
+
+All right.
+
+So this now is our new tensor
+element, d 11 prime.
+
+And that's given by
+this sum of terms.
+
+So we'll have a first term
+l 1 cubed times d 111.
+
+And if I look through these
+other terms, that's the only
+
+term in l 1 cubed
+that I'll have.
+
+The next term will involve the
+product of three cosines--
+
+l 1 and l 2 squared
+times d 122.
+
+And if I go down here, here's
+an l 1, l 2 squared again.
+
+So I have plus d
+221 plus d 212.
+
+And then, finally, the other
+coefficient that I have is
+
+plus l 1, l 2, l 3--
+
+which is what this should be.
+
+And that will be times the sum
+of terms d 123 plus d 132.
+
+Up here, you've got the
+same thing again--
+
+plus d 231 plus d 213.
+
+And I have a total of
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5--
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5 terms.
+
+OK, that is how the longitudinal
+piezoelectric
+
+modulus will change as we change
+the direction of the
+
+normal to the plate that we have
+cut out of the crystal.
+
+So these are direction cosines
+relative to the
+
+crystallographic axes.
+
+l 3 is the angle between the
+normal to the plate and the
+
+threefold axis.
+
+l 1 is the angle cosine to the
+angle between the normal to
+
+the plate and one of
+the twofold axes.
+
+And l 2 is the direction cosine
+for the normal to the
+
+threefold axis and
+the twofold axis.
+
+OK.
+
+So we've got it now in terms
+of tensor elements.
+
+And now--
+
+yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it at all
+reasonable to assume instead
+
+of taking those sums in d 123,
+d 122, just saying 2 d 123?
+
+Is that OK in assuming?
+
+Or not necessarily?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, we
+could do that.
+
+But I did it the long way to not
+obscure what we're doing.
+
+OK?
+
+This is a well-defined summation
+over subscripts.
+
+And we're going to collapse
+immediately down to the sums.
+
+And we're going to replace
+the equalities.
+
+So let's see what comes out
+of this, if we now, having
+
+reached the zenith, having
+transformed the tensor
+
+elements, go down and replace
+this with a consolidation of
+
+terms and an insertion
+of the equalities
+
+between the matrix elements.
+
+OK The first term is d 11.
+
+So I will have l 1
+cubed times d 11.
+
+Notice I'm getting third powers
+of direction cosines,
+
+which is going to be what causes
+the exotic nature of
+
+these anisotropies.
+
+And then I have a product
+of l 1 and l 2 squared.
+
+And this is d 12.
+
+And this second term is--
+
+where did it go?
+
+This is d 21 plus d 212.
+
+And that is what we call d 26.
+
+And then, finally, this product
+of three different
+
+direction cosines--
+
+l 1, l 2, l 3.
+
+And we have d 231 plus d 213.
+
+And this is d 25.
+
+And, again, an l 1, l
+2, l 3 times d 14.
+
+And the second term here is d
+25, if I've done it correctly.
+
+d 25 --
+
+this is d 24.
+
+And this one is d 24.
+
+2/4 OK.
+
+Let's now insert the
+equalities--
+
+back to where we came from.
+
+d 11 is d 11.
+
+d 12, however, for
+symmetry 32--
+
+I'm going to my handy-dandy
+chart of symmetry
+
+restrictions.
+
+I don't want to do that.
+
+That's fourth rank.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's still
+on the board.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's still
+on the board?
+
+Yes.
+
+Thank you.
+
+When your nose is in it,
+it's hard to see.
+
+d 12 is minus d 11.
+
+1 And d 26 is minus 2 d 11.
+
+So these two terms can
+be consolidated.
+
+l 1 cubed plus l 1, l 2 squared
+times d 11 minus d 11.
+
+So these two terms die.
+
+And I have a minus 2
+d 11 that's left.
+
+If I insert the equalities here,
+I'll have l 1, l 2, l 3.
+
+d 25 is minus d 14.
+
+And here's a d 14 itself.
+
+So these two terms die.
+
+And then I had d 25.
+
+And that is--
+
+AUDIENCE: You don't have d25.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't have d 25.
+
+Where did I get the extra one?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I'll take your word for it.
+
+And I know how it
+has to turn out.
+
+OK.
+
+So these two terms
+kill each other.
+
+And I'm left with, then,
+an l 1, l 2, l 3.
+
+Or have I left something out?
+
+This is d 1--
+
+this is d 15 and d
+231 and d 23 --
+
+uh, this is d 2 --
+
+and the combination of
+13 and 31 is d 25.
+
+Right?
+
+And if I look at my equalities,
+this is l 1, l 2,
+
+l 3 minus d 14 plus
+d 14 plus d 25.
+
+And d 25 is minus d 14.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why would
+you add this d25?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me check
+my notes and see
+
+what I've got here.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+See what I --
+
+d 25 is minus d 14.
+
+And then I have just a d 14.
+
+I don't know --
+
+I see what I did.
+
+I put it in the wrong slot.
+
+This is d 14.
+
+And d 25 is the one
+that's minus d 14.
+
+so this term dies, which
+is nice because that
+
+cross term is messy.
+
+So what I'm left with, then, if
+I check against my notes,
+
+is d l 1 cubed plus l 1,
+l 2 squared times d 11.
+
+And then I have minus
+d 1 minus--
+
+this doesn't belong in here.
+
+This wants to end up being l 1
+cubed minus 3 l 1, l 2 squared
+
+times d 11.
+
+The first term is l 1 cubed.
+
+That's correct.
+
+The second term is
+l 1, l 2 squared.
+
+We've got a minus d 1
+plus minus 2 d 11.
+
+So I have minus 3.
+
+It should be a minus.
+
+Yeah, that carries
+down to a minus.
+
+So I have minus 3 l 1, l 2
+squared all time d 11.
+
+OK.
+
+So what we have ended up with
+is an expression for the
+
+longitudinal piezoelectric
+modulus as a function of
+
+orientation.
+
+The surprising thing is that l 3
+does not appear here at all.
+
+It doesn't depend on the angle
+between the normal to the
+
+plate and the threefold axis.
+
+It depends only on one modulus,
+and that is a
+
+remarkable thing.
+
+This says that the shape of this
+surface is independent,
+
+essentially, of the property,
+any property that relates the
+
+one one prime to a uni-axial
+stimulus, sigma 11.
+
+And you measure a vectory
+component in the same
+
+direction is always going to
+have this universal surface.
+
+And it involves just a geometric
+term and then one
+
+modulus that changes the
+magnitude of the longitudinal
+
+piezoelectric modulus but does
+not change the asymmetry.
+
+So let's see what this function
+looks like as a
+
+function of direction.
+
+Maybe we better wait for that
+until we come back because
+
+that's going to take
+a few minutes.
+
+So this is what we found.
+
+That is correct.
+
+And we have to now decide what
+this looks like, which will
+
+take a few more minutes.
+
+But let's stop here rather
+than run late.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's take our 10-minute
+break as usual.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Hc5ODj1Ml6c.txt b/Hc5ODj1Ml6c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c011a52ee21af0a4440709934b4d6cfa92ce272b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hc5ODj1Ml6c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so now we go on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so now we go on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so now we go on to the
+breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown
+of the octet rule so we've established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the octet rule so we've established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the octet rule so we've established
+the octet rule and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octet rule and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octet rule and now we're going to
+shake it all up and see its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it all up and see its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it all up and see its
+flaws so case one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws so case one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws so case one we're going to
+consider what happens and this again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens and this again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens and this again is
+today's handout consider what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout consider what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout consider what happens
+when you have an odd number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an odd number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an odd number of veence
+electrons case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons case
+one all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right
+so for molecules with an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for molecules with an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for molecules with an odd number of
+electrons odd number of veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons odd number of veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons odd number of veence electrons
+it's not possible for every atom to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible for every atom to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible for every atom to have
+a complete octet that involves pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete octet that involves pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete octet that involves pairing
+that involves even numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves even numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves even numbers of
+electrons so let's look at an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so let's look at an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so let's look at an example of
+a place where we have an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where we have an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where we have an odd number of
+veence electrons and this is our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and this is our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and this is our friend
+ch3 our methyl group that we saw a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3 our methyl group that we saw a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3 our methyl group that we saw a few
+minutes ago so we can also write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago so we can also write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago so we can also write it like
+this and we can come up with a Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we can come up with a Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we can come up with a Lewis
+structure for our methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for our methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for our methyl
+group so hydrogen remember it only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so hydrogen remember it only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so hydrogen remember it only is
+bringing one veence electron to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing one veence electron to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing one veence electron to the
+table they're three hydrogens carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table they're three hydrogens carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table they're three hydrogens carbon
+brings four ve valence electrons so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings four ve valence electrons so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings four ve valence electrons so in
+some we have seven an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some we have seven an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some we have seven an odd number of
+electrons to complete our octets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to complete our octets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to complete our octets
+remember hydrogen is exception it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember hydrogen is exception it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember hydrogen is exception it only
+needs two it just has that one s orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs two it just has that one s orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs two it just has that one s orbital
+so we need two electrons for it for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need two electrons for it for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need two electrons for it for its
+to be happy there are three hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be happy there are three hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be happy there are three hydrogens
+that's six carbon needs eight so total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's six carbon needs eight so total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's six carbon needs eight so total
+you need 14 to make carbon and hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 14 to make carbon and hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 14 to make carbon and hydrogens
+happy so if you consider then how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so if you consider then how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so if you consider then how many
+bonding electrons you have that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons you have that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons you have that's the
+number of um electrons needed for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of um electrons needed for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of um electrons needed for your
+octet minus the number of valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet minus the number of valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet minus the number of valence
+electrons you have so we get seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you have so we get seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you have so we get seven
+bonding electrons how do you have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons how do you have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons how do you have seven
+bonding electrons a bond has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons a bond has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons a bond has two
+electrons in it so let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in it so let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in it so let's look at that
+what do we do well we can put six six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we can put six six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we can put six six is
+good put um two assign two electrons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good put um two assign two electrons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good put um two assign two electrons for
+the bond between this carbon and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond between this carbon and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond between this carbon and this
+hydrogen two between this carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen two between this carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen two between this carbon and
+this hydrogen two between this carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen two between this carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen two between this carbon
+and this hydrogen six is good but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this hydrogen six is good but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this hydrogen six is good but now
+what do we do with the extra one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with the extra one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with the extra one we have
+seven so we're just going to stick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so we're just going to stick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so we're just going to stick that
+right there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on the
+carbon so what is this molecule then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so what is this molecule then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so what is this molecule then
+well what this MO molecule is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what this MO molecule is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what this MO molecule is is a
+radical species so a radical species is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical species so a radical species is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical species so a radical species is
+a molecule with an unpaired electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule with an unpaired electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule with an unpaired electron and
+usually radical species are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually radical species are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually radical species are very
+reactive bonding electrons don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive bonding electrons don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive bonding electrons don't want to
+be unpaired they want to be in bonds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unpaired they want to be in bonds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unpaired they want to be in bonds so
+they're highly reactive they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're highly reactive they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're highly reactive they're sort of
+searching out to either get rid of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching out to either get rid of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching out to either get rid of their
+electron to get another electron they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to get another electron they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to get another electron they're
+very very reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very reactive
+species so radicals turn out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so radicals turn out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so radicals turn out to be very
+important in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in human
+health and uh free radicals in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and uh free radicals in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and uh free radicals in biology
+are both good and bad so in the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both good and bad so in the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both good and bad so in the bad
+category we have the fact that free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we have the fact that free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category we have the fact that free
+radicals damage DNA that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals damage DNA that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals damage DNA that leads to
+mutations and cancer and death not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and cancer and death not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and cancer and death not good
+um and there are a lot of radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are a lot of radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are a lot of radical
+species many of which involve oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species many of which involve oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species many of which involve oxygen
+oxygen radical species um that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen radical species um that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen radical species um that can be
+byproducts of metabolism common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts of metabolism common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts of metabolism common
+cigarette smoke so they're um natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette smoke so they're um natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette smoke so they're um natural
+causes and also man-made causes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and also man-made causes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and also man-made causes of
+radical species and this is very harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical species and this is very harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical species and this is very harmful
+but radical species can also be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but radical species can also be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but radical species can also be really
+good so they're also essential for Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so they're also essential for Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so they're also essential for Life
+they're signaling agents in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're signaling agents in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're signaling agents in the body
+radicals are short live they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals are short live they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals are short live they're highly
+reactive so they're not around very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so they're not around very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so they're not around very long
+that's a great signaling agent you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great signaling agent you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great signaling agent you want
+the signal to turn itself off so you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal to turn itself off so you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal to turn itself off so you uh
+you want to have something shortlived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have something shortlived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have something shortlived
+they're also essential for enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also essential for enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also essential for enzyme
+reactions we'd have no cell division no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we'd have no cell division no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we'd have no cell division no
+growth no multicellular organisms if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth no multicellular organisms if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth no multicellular organisms if it
+weren't for radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't for radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't for radical
+enzymes and we can use radical we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and we can use radical we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and we can use radical we use
+radicals in our body when we're fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals in our body when we're fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals in our body when we're fighting
+off illness we generate radical species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off illness we generate radical species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off illness we generate radical species
+or the white blood cells do to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the white blood cells do to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the white blood cells do to kill
+invading microbes so we're we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invading microbes so we're we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invading microbes so we're we're using
+radical defense in our bodies to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical defense in our bodies to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical defense in our bodies to fight
+off illness radicals both good and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off illness radicals both good and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off illness radicals both good and bad
+so we talked about oxygen radicals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about oxygen radicals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about oxygen radicals a
+little bit one other radical species is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit one other radical species is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit one other radical species is
+nitric oxide and now why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitric oxide and now why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitric oxide and now why don't you
+identify for me which of these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify for me which of these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify for me which of these molecules
+is nitric oxide knowing that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radical all right just 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so some of you might have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so some of you might have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so some of you might have just
+known that that molecule is nitric oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that that molecule is nitric oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that that molecule is nitric oxide
+but if you had uh if you had done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had uh if you had done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had uh if you had done the
+calculation um you would have realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um you would have realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um you would have realized
+that no o is the only one where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no o is the only one where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no o is the only one where you get
+an odd number of bonding electrons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of bonding electrons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of bonding electrons for
+these other molecules you have an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other molecules you have an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other molecules you have an even
+number and they can't be radical spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and they can't be radical spe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and they can't be radical spe
+species with an even number you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with an even number you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with an even number you need an
+odd number of bonding electrons to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number of bonding electrons to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number of bonding electrons to have
+a radical species so this is n this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical species so this is n this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical species so this is n this is
+nitric oxide no and what does no do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitric oxide no and what does no do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitric oxide no and what does no do so
+no is an important signaling molecule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is an important signaling molecule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is an important signaling molecule in
+the body so it activates something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so it activates something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so it activates something
+called guate cyclas which is an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called guate cyclas which is an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called guate cyclas which is an enzyme
+which then starts a second signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then starts a second signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then starts a second signaling
+system that involves GTP forming another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that involves GTP forming another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that involves GTP forming another
+signaling agent cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling agent cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling agent cyclic
+GMP and this causes um vasil dilation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMP and this causes um vasil dilation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMP and this causes um vasil dilation so
+scientists were very interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists were very interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists were very interested in this
+pathway and and uh they noted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and and uh they noted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and and uh they noted that
+cyclic GMP can be degraded by an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic GMP can be degraded by an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic GMP can be degraded by an enzyme
+turning off this signal and they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off this signal and they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off this signal and they thought
+if we inhibit this enzyme then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we inhibit this enzyme then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we inhibit this enzyme then we can
+have an a more continued effect of vasil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a more continued effect of vasil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an a more continued effect of vasil
+dilation this could be good for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation this could be good for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation this could be good for people
+who are suffering from um cron from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are suffering from um cron from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are suffering from um cron from uh
+heart disease that need get more oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease that need get more oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease that need get more oxygen
+to their lungs it might have enyma this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their lungs it might have enyma this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their lungs it might have enyma this
+could be a very good thing for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a very good thing for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a very good thing for these
+people so they designed an inhibitor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so they designed an inhibitor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so they designed an inhibitor for
+this but it turned out it didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it turned out it didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it turned out it didn't work
+exactly as they expected it did increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as they expected it did increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as they expected it did increase
+vasil dilation but only in one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vasil dilation but only in one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vasil dilation but only in one part of
+the body and only for one gender of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body and only for one gender of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body and only for one gender of
+individual um so this led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual um so this led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual um so this led to the
+bestselling pharmaceutical molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestselling pharmaceutical molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestselling pharmaceutical molecule of
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+time so a good example of how science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so a good example of how science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so a good example of how science
+sometimes doesn't take you exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes doesn't take you exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes doesn't take you exactly where
+you wanted to go but nonetheless was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to go but nonetheless was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to go but nonetheless was
+highly profitable all right so nitric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly profitable all right so nitric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly profitable all right so nitric
+oxide and I could tell you that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and I could tell you that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and I could tell you that actually
+a lot of the early work on nitric oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the early work on nitric oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the early work on nitric oxide
+was done at MIT and for people who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done at MIT and for people who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done at MIT and for people who came
+from MIT so there's a whole um just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT so there's a whole um just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT so there's a whole um just say
+no Club here at MIT and if you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Club here at MIT and if you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Club here at MIT and if you see this
+just say no it's about nitric oxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say no it's about nitric oxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say no it's about nitric oxide so
+just uh just to be aware of that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh just to be aware of that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh just to be aware of that okay so
+now let's do a leis structure for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do a leis structure for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do a leis structure for this
+and see what see this radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what see this radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what see this radical
+species so again we need an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so again we need an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so again we need an odd number
+of veence electrons if it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veence electrons if it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veence electrons if it's going to be
+a radical and that's what we get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical and that's what we get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical and that's what we get so
+nitrogen has five veence electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen has five veence electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen has five veence electrons and
+oxygen has six so overall we have 11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen has six so overall we have 11 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen has six so overall we have 11 to
+have complete octets nitrogen needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have complete octets nitrogen needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have complete octets nitrogen needs
+eight oxygen needs eight so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight oxygen needs eight so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight oxygen needs eight so we need
+16 which gives us five bonding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 which gives us five bonding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 which gives us five bonding electrons
+um 16us 11 that makes it a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 16us 11 that makes it a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 16us 11 that makes it a radical
+species and now we can put our um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and now we can put our um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and now we can put our um we
+have six remaining and we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six remaining and we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six remaining and we can put
+everything on so we can put four bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on so we can put four bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on so we can put four bonding
+electrons in between we have five we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in between we have five we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in between we have five we can
+only put four because you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only put four because you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only put four because you can't have a
+bond with just one electron so the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond with just one electron so the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond with just one electron so the fifth
+one is why it's a radical species but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is why it's a radical species but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is why it's a radical species but we
+have also six remaining veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also six remaining veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also six remaining veence electrons
+and we can distribute those around 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can distribute those around 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can distribute those around 1 2 3
+4 5 six and that would be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 six and that would be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 six and that would be our
+molecule all right so this is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all right so this is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all right so this is a highly
+reactive radical species yeah how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know yeah that you know I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah that you know I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah that you know I think I
+actually was going to calculate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was going to calculate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was going to calculate whether
+we could we could uh we could use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could uh we could use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could uh we could use this
+but that is in fact where that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is in fact where that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is in fact where that one is
+going so that can be a clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so that can be a clicker question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so that can be a clicker question
+maybe for next time I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for next time I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for next time I didn't actually
+get to try it I was thinking we could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to try it I was thinking we could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to try it I was thinking we could we
+should calculate the formal charges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should calculate the formal charges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should calculate the formal charges and
+think about um where things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um where things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um where things are going to
+go but I didn't do that for this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but I didn't do that for this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but I didn't do that for this good
+question all right so um so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so um so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so um so let's just
+look at at another another example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at another another example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at another another example let's
+look at molecular oxygen for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at molecular oxygen for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at molecular oxygen for a minute
+and do and do this one so you're G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do and do this one so you're G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do and do this one so you're G to
+we're getting lots of practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting lots of practice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting lots of practice with
+Lewis structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis structures
+today all right so we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right so we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right so we need to think
+about veence electrons so we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about veence electrons so we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about veence electrons so we have six
+for oxygen plus six so we have 12 veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxygen plus six so we have 12 veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxygen plus six so we have 12 veence
+electrons and we need 8 plus 8 we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we need 8 plus 8 we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we need 8 plus 8 we need
+16 then we need to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 then we need to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 then we need to figure out how many
+bonding electrons that's going to be 16-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons that's going to be 16-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons that's going to be 16-
+12 or 4 and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assign and so we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign and so we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign and so we're going to put
+first we'll put first two and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll put first two and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll put first two and and we
+have two more so we're going to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two more so we're going to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two more so we're going to assign
+them we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more and we'll put those in so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we'll put those in so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we'll put those in so we have a
+double bond and then we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond and then we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond and then we can think about
+whether we have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have any
+left and we had 12 veence electrons now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we had 12 veence electrons now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we had 12 veence electrons now
+we've used four so we have eight more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used four so we have eight more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used four so we have eight more
+that we can distribute so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can distribute so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can distribute so um
+so we're going to make some lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to make some lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to make some lone pairs
+here so we can put two up here a lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can put two up here a lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can put two up here a lone
+pair up here a lone pair down here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair up here a lone pair down here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair up here a lone pair down here one
+two three four are eight extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four are eight extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four are eight extra
+electrons and that looks lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that looks lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that looks lovely
+everything is happy that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is happy that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is happy that seems like a
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+structure except for the fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure except for the fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure except for the fact it's
+wrong LS structures have failed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns
+out that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's a
+biradical and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biradical and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biradical and this is
+really why we live Life as We Know It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why we live Life as We Know It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why we live Life as We Know It
+oxygen there was time before oxygen life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen there was time before oxygen life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen there was time before oxygen life
+is very different oxygen came around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different oxygen came around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different oxygen came around
+changed Life as we know it partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed Life as we know it partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed Life as we know it partly
+because it's a biradical it has amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a biradical it has amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a biradical it has amazing
+properties it can do amazing chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it can do amazing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it can do amazing chemistry
+it allows us to break down sugar sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows us to break down sugar sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows us to break down sugar sugars
+and make energy and so in reality oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make energy and so in reality oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make energy and so in reality oxygen
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+biradical we know that it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biradical we know that it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biradical we know that it is not a
+double bond as drawn there this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond as drawn there this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond as drawn there this is the
+structure we have one Bond not a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we have one Bond not a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we have one Bond not a double
+bond lone pairs but then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond lone pairs but then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond lone pairs but then we have a
+single dot over here a single dot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single dot over here a single dot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single dot over here a single dot over
+here that makes it a biradical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that makes it a biradical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that makes it a biradical one
+radical on this oxygen one radical on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical on this oxygen one radical on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical on this oxygen one radical on
+that oxygen and we can't explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxygen and we can't explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxygen and we can't explain this
+with ls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ls
+structures we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we need
+molecular orbital Theory but you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital Theory but you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital Theory but you're in
+luck because that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck because that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck because that's what we're going to
+talk about on Monday so Monday I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about on Monday so Monday I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about on Monday so Monday I'll
+explain to you why this is a bir radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why this is a bir radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why this is a bir radical
+but you're going to have to wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to have to wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to have to wait for
+then because we have more problems to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because we have more problems to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because we have more problems to uh
+address first we have octet deficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules some of these atoms you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules some of these atoms you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules some of these atoms you know
+they're just messing everything up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just messing everything up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just messing everything up for
+us okay but the good news is so octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay but the good news is so octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay but the good news is so octet
+deficient molecules incomplete octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient molecules incomplete octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient molecules incomplete octet
+there's only two of them you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two of them you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two of them you need to
+know Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Boron
+aluminum there they are just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum there they are just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum there they are just those
+two so let's look at Boron so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let's look at Boron so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let's look at Boron so we have
+Boron and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and three
+flines so we put boron in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flines so we put boron in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flines so we put boron in the middle
+three flines around it how come I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three flines around it how come I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three flines around it how come I'm not
+putting a Florine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle yeah Florine is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle yeah Florine is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle yeah Florine is always going to
+be terminal it does not not want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terminal it does not not want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terminal it does not not want to to
+be anywhere else okay so now we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere else okay so now we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere else okay so now we can look
+at part of the periodic table we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at part of the periodic table we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at part of the periodic table we see
+here's a bon right below it aluminum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bon right below it aluminum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bon right below it aluminum so
+that helps us remember those exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us remember those exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us remember those exceptions
+they're right there and now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right there and now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right there and now let's just
+calculate this Lewis structure and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this Lewis structure and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this Lewis structure and see
+um about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the
+uh see about the octet deficiency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see about the octet deficiency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see about the octet deficiency so
+normally we would say boron has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we would say boron has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we would say boron has three
+veence electrons and and Florine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and and Florine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and and Florine there
+are three flines it has seven and 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three flines it has seven and 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three flines it has seven and 24
+okay that actually would always be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that actually would always be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that actually would always be true
+but now we're saying Boron should want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're saying Boron should want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're saying Boron should want
+eight and we'll come back to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and we'll come back to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and we'll come back to that uh
+assumption to have complete octet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption to have complete octet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption to have complete octet that's
+definitely how much it wants to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely how much it wants to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely how much it wants to have a
+complete octet but doesn't really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete octet but doesn't really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete octet but doesn't really need a
+complete octet flines also want eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete octet flines also want eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete octet flines also want eight
+that's a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a total of
+32 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and
+now if we subtract we have eight bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we subtract we have eight bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we subtract we have eight bonding
+electrons so we can assign two per Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we can assign two per Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we can assign two per Bond
+first now we've used six and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first now we've used six and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first now we've used six and we have two
+more so we have two extras that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so we have two extras that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so we have two extras that we can
+put in that gives us a double bond we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in that gives us a double bond we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in that gives us a double bond we
+can look at um our extra electrons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at um our extra electrons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at um our extra electrons we
+had 24 we used eight now to do bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 24 we used eight now to do bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 24 we used eight now to do bonding
+so we have 16 left and so we can put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have 16 left and so we can put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have 16 left and so we can put two
+on this Florine that has the double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this Florine that has the double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this Florine that has the double bond
+we can put six on the Florine with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put six on the Florine with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put six on the Florine with the
+single Bond and another six on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Bond and another six on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Bond and another six on this
+Florine and that adds up that's great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine and that adds up that's great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine and that adds up that's great um
+and now we can assign formal charges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can assign formal charges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can assign formal charges and
+think about what how good the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what how good the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what how good the structure
+is so if we do the formal charges let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if we do the formal charges let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if we do the formal charges let's
+look at Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Boron
+first so it had three veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so it had three veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so it had three veence electrons
+it has no lone Pairs and it has um half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no lone Pairs and it has um half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no lone Pairs and it has um half
+of eight bonding electrons minus one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight bonding electrons minus one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight bonding electrons minus one not
+bad for a formal charge what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for a formal charge what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for a formal charge what about this
+uh floring with the double bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh floring with the double bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh floring with the double bond and
+that's a clicker question I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a clicker question I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a clicker question I told you
+you'd be really good at formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be really good at formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be really good at formal charges
+by the end of class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 10 more
+seconds I think we can get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90s it's k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me all right we have to keep working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all right we have to keep working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all right we have to keep working on
+it there's going to be more click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's going to be more click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's going to be more click
+clicker competition Friday there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker competition Friday there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker competition Friday there'll be a
+formal charge question on it um and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge question on it um and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge question on it um and by
+the way it's okay to sit in groups we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's okay to sit in groups we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's okay to sit in groups we've
+had uh backto back wins of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh backto back wins of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh backto back wins of one
+recitation I have noted that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I have noted that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I have noted that some of
+them sit in a group just saying that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sit in a group just saying that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sit in a group just saying that is
+allow okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow okay so
+here we have seven veilance election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have seven veilance election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have seven veilance election
+electrons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons for
+Florine and there were four lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine and there were four lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine and there were four lone pair
+electrons half of four bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons half of four bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons half of four bonding
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+electrons so we have a plus one charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we have a plus one charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we have a plus one charge
+there and then let's finish up so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then let's finish up so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then let's finish up so our
+single bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bonded
+Florin seven minus six lone pairs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florin seven minus six lone pairs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florin seven minus six lone pairs for
+those and they have one Bond so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and they have one Bond so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and they have one Bond so they
+have half of two bonding electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have half of two bonding electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have half of two bonding electrons and
+then they're zero overall this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're zero overall this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're zero overall this is a
+neutral molecule so we have plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral molecule so we have plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral molecule so we have plus plus
+one minus one that's a neutral molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one that's a neutral molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one that's a neutral molecule
+this all seems good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except that someone did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that someone did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that someone did an
+experiment and found that all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and found that all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and found that all three
+Boron Florine Bonds were single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron Florine Bonds were single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron Florine Bonds were single
+bonds so again Lewis structures failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so again Lewis structures failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so again Lewis structures failed
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+experiment tells us it's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment tells us it's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment tells us it's a single
+Bond and this is in fact the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond and this is in fact the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond and this is in fact the correct
+structure here poor boron has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here poor boron has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here poor boron has an
+incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete
+octet so it's it does not have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet so it's it does not have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet so it's it does not have all the
+electrons but it's happy with that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but it's happy with that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but it's happy with that it's
+okay with that because it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that because it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that because it's one of the
+exceptions and if we look at the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and if we look at the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and if we look at the formal
+charges for it now we have Boron it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges for it now we have Boron it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges for it now we have Boron it had
+three veence electrons no lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three veence electrons no lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three veence electrons no lone pairs
+half of six Bond bonding electrons three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of six Bond bonding electrons three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of six Bond bonding electrons three
+so now it has a formal charge of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it has a formal charge of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it has a formal charge of zero
+and all three flines we have 7 - 6 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three flines we have 7 - 6 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three flines we have 7 - 6 they
+have one Bond so half of two bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Bond so half of two bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Bond so half of two bonding
+electrons they also have a formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they also have a formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they also have a formal charge
+of zero so most elements would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero so most elements would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero so most elements would not be
+okay with this but Boron with its three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this but Boron with its three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this but Boron with its three
+veence electrons thinks that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons thinks that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons thinks that this is
+just fine so it's one of the exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine so it's one of the exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine so it's one of the exceptions
+and again we wouldn't have known this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we wouldn't have known this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we wouldn't have known this
+except for experimental data Lew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for experimental data Lew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for experimental data Lew
+structures work 90% of the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures work 90% of the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures work 90% of the time but
+there are some where experiment tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some where experiment tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some where experiment tells us
+that the structure we normally would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the structure we normally would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the structure we normally would
+have done with our rules of complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done with our rules of complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done with our rules of complete
+octets don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octets don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octets don't
+hold okay and we can rationalize this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold okay and we can rationalize this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold okay and we can rationalize this by
+the fact the formal charges are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact the formal charges are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact the formal charges are more
+favorable on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one more
+exception valent shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion this again is not a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion this again is not a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion this again is not a property
+of just any atom it needs to be elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just any atom it needs to be elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just any atom it needs to be elements
+that have an N what is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again n stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again n stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again n stands
+for principal quantum number yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for principal quantum number yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for principal quantum number yes
+principal you can't forget anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal you can't forget anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal you can't forget anything
+we're coming back to it we're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming back to it we're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming back to it we're coming
+back to all of it have a principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to all of it have a principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to all of it have a principal
+quantum number that's equal or greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that's equal or greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that's equal or greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+three and what do we know about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what do we know about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what do we know about things
+what kind of orbitals do we we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of orbitals do we we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of orbitals do we we start
+talking about when we have principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we have principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we have principal
+quantum numbers of n that are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers of n that are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers of n that are equal to
+or greater than three what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or greater than three what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or greater than three what
+happens we get some D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we get some D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we get some D orbitals
+exactly D orbitals I love D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly D orbitals I love D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly D orbitals I love D orbitals
+closer to Thanksgiving we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to Thanksgiving we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to Thanksgiving we're going to
+have a whole unit where we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole unit where we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole unit where we're talking
+about D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about D
+orbitals we save that for really special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we save that for really special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we save that for really special
+occasion I love de orbitals de orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion I love de orbitals de orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion I love de orbitals de orbitals
+allow for all sorts of craziness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for all sorts of craziness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for all sorts of craziness to
+happen including veent shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion so this is most common when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so this is most common when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so this is most common when
+the central atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central atom is
+large and it has a bunch of little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it has a bunch of little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it has a bunch of little small
+electronegative atoms around it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atoms around it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atoms around it and the
+transition metals with their D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals with their D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals with their D orbitals
+they like this and other things with d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like this and other things with d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like this and other things with d
+orbitals are cool with this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are cool with this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are cool with this as
+well so the first example we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the first example we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the first example we're going to
+look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is
+phosphorus with five chlorines around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus with five chlorines around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus with five chlorines around it
+phosphorus is pretty large and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus is pretty large and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus is pretty large and it has
+chlorine which is a fairly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine which is a fairly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine which is a fairly small
+electronegative atom around it and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom around it and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom around it and has
+five of them around it so we'll put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them around it so we'll put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them around it so we'll put our
+phosphorus in the middle and we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus in the middle and we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus in the middle and we'll put
+our five chlorines around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our five chlorines around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our five chlorines around
+it now we need to count veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now we need to count veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now we need to count veence electrons
+because we need to draw Lew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to draw Lew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to draw Lew
+structures so phosphorus brings five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so phosphorus brings five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so phosphorus brings five
+veence electrons to the game the Chlor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons to the game the Chlor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons to the game the Chlor
+chlorines each have seven and there five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorines each have seven and there five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorines each have seven and there five
+of them so we have 40 Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so we have 40 Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so we have 40 Al
+together phosphorus we think wants eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together phosphorus we think wants eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together phosphorus we think wants eight
+it would for a complete octet also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would for a complete octet also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would for a complete octet also
+chlorine wants eight and there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine wants eight and there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine wants eight and there are five
+of those so total if we have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so total if we have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so total if we have complete
+octets we need 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octets we need 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octets we need 48
+electrons 48 minus 40 the number needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 48 minus 40 the number needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 48 minus 40 the number needed
+for the complete octet minus the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the complete octet minus the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the complete octet minus the number
+of valence electrons gives you eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valence electrons gives you eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valence electrons gives you eight
+bonding electrons so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons so we're going to
+assign two per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign two per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign two per
+Bond up to eight and there we go now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond up to eight and there we go now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond up to eight and there we go now
+does that look like a good Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like a good Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like a good Louis
+structure to you yeah it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to you yeah it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to you yeah it's pretty
+obvious that there's something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that there's something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that there's something wrong
+here so this is just not this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is just not this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is just not this is not
+going to work out we're not going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out we're not going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out we're not going to add
+chlorine to another chlorine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine to another chlorine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine to another chlorine because
+they don't like to do that halogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like to do that halogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like to do that halogens
+really like to be terminal so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to be terminal so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to be terminal so that's not
+going to work so we got to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work so we got to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work so we got to use some
+extra electrons and make a new Bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons and make a new Bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons and make a new Bond so
+we we need to have five bonds so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we need to have five bonds so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we need to have five bonds so that
+means we need to use 10 we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we need to use 10 we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we need to use 10 we need to have
+10 bonding electrons and when we borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bonding electrons and when we borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bonding electrons and when we borrow
+another two we can make our another Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two we can make our another Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two we can make our another Bond
+and now we had 40 we've now used 10 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we had 40 we've now used 10 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we had 40 we've now used 10 we
+had no choice we had to use 10 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no choice we had to use 10 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no choice we had to use 10 so we
+have 30 lone Pairs and we have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 30 lone Pairs and we have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 30 lone Pairs and we have five
+chlorines that all want six um lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorines that all want six um lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorines that all want six um lone pair
+electrons to complete their octet and 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to complete their octet and 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to complete their octet and 6
+* 5 is 30 so this works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 5 is 30 so this works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 5 is 30 so this works out
+beautifully so this is a very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully so this is a very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully so this is a very happy
+structure now phosphorus is okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now phosphorus is okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now phosphorus is okay it's
+large it has an N equals 3 it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it has an N equals 3 it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it has an N equals 3 it's okay
+being expanded and chlorine is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expanded and chlorine is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expanded and chlorine is very
+happy so the bottom line is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so the bottom line is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so the bottom line is there's
+certain there's certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain there's certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain there's certain kinds of
+elements that you can expand they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that you can expand they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that you can expand they can
+have more than an octet they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than an octet they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than an octet they can have
+five bonds others carbon no carbon's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five bonds others carbon no carbon's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five bonds others carbon no carbon's not
+going to have five bonds but phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have five bonds but phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have five bonds but phosphorus
+is okay so some things can be expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so some things can be expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so some things can be expanded
+some things can't be expanded so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things can't be expanded so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things can't be expanded so you
+have to think about what the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what the expansion
+would do and whether that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do and whether that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do and whether that would be
+allowed let's do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example chromium with four oxygens minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example chromium with four oxygens minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example chromium with four oxygens minus
+two charge we see chromium over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two charge we see chromium over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two charge we see chromium over here
+it's got de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got de
+electrons let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons let's see what
+happens so here we have our skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here we have our skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here we have our skeleton
+structure we put chromium in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we put chromium in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we put chromium in the middle
+and our four oxygens around it now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our four oxygens around it now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our four oxygens around it now we
+have a bracket around it with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bracket around it with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bracket around it with a little
+minus two note the minus two because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two note the minus two because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two note the minus two because it
+has a charge on it don't forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a charge on it don't forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a charge on it don't forget about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+charge and now we need to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and now we need to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and now we need to see how many
+veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence
+electrons so chromium is going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so chromium is going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so chromium is going to bring
+six so we can look at where it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so we can look at where it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so we can look at where it is in the
+periodic table one 2 3 four five six our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table one 2 3 four five six our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table one 2 3 four five six our
+oxygens up here also have six veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens up here also have six veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens up here also have six veence
+electrons and don't forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and don't forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and don't forget about the
+charge on the molecule so when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the molecule so when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the molecule so when it's
+minus 2 you have to add two electrons it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 you have to add two electrons it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 you have to add two electrons it
+has extra two electrons so add those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has extra two electrons so add those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has extra two electrons so add those in
+which gives you a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you a total of
+32 what do you need for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 what do you need for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 what do you need for your
+octet so eight for the chromium four * 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet so eight for the chromium four * 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet so eight for the chromium four * 8
+for all the four oxygens we need 40 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the four oxygens we need 40 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the four oxygens we need 40 then
+we can take our 40 minus 32 and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take our 40 minus 32 and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take our 40 minus 32 and we have
+eight Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight Bond
+electrons that seems good two per Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that seems good two per Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that seems good two per Bond
+we'll put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put those
+on then we'll see if we have any lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then we'll see if we have any lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then we'll see if we have any lone
+Pairs and we do 32 minus 8 gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and we do 32 minus 8 gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and we do 32 minus 8 gives us
+24 the oxygens are going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 the oxygens are going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 the oxygens are going to want
+six and uh there are four of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and uh there are four of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and uh there are four of them so
+that just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just looks
+awesome so maybe this doesn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome so maybe this doesn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome so maybe this doesn't need to
+expand let's see what do we do to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand let's see what do we do to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand let's see what do we do to test
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+experiments or if we don't have a lab we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or if we don't have a lab we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or if we don't have a lab we
+do formal charge yes that's easier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do formal charge yes that's easier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do formal charge yes that's easier to do
+in the classroom all right so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classroom all right so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classroom all right so we'll
+calculate a formal charge chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a formal charge chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a formal charge chromium
+brought six valence electrons it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought six valence electrons it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought six valence electrons it has no
+lone pairs it has eight um eight half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs it has eight um eight half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs it has eight um eight half of
+eight bonding electrons are four bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bonding electrons are four bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bonding electrons are four bonds
+plus two oxygens have six valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two oxygens have six valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two oxygens have six valence
+electrons six lone pairs one Bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons six lone pairs one Bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons six lone pairs one Bond so
+half of two or minus one so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of two or minus one so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of two or minus one so the total
+charge here because you have four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here because you have four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here because you have four of
+those plus two is minus two so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those plus two is minus two so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those plus two is minus two so that's
+okay but this has a pretty big charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this has a pretty big charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this has a pretty big charge
+distribution everything has a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution everything has a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution everything has a formal
+charge on it and that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on it and that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on it and that doesn't make
+molecules very happy they want formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules very happy they want formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules very happy they want formal
+charges of zero maybe plus or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges of zero maybe plus or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges of zero maybe plus or minus one
+but this is a lot of formal charge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a lot of formal charge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a lot of formal charge so
+maybe we can do better and as someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do better and as someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do better and as someone
+said someone else did an experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said someone else did an experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said someone else did an experiment and
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+they're not single bonds so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not single bonds so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not single bonds so in the
+experiment show that it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment show that it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment show that it's somewhere
+between a single and double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a single and double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a single and double
+bond so this is not the right Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so this is not the right Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so this is not the right Lewis
+structure and one of the tip offs could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and one of the tip offs could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and one of the tip offs could
+be whenever you see plus two make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whenever you see plus two make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whenever you see plus two make sure
+there's not another possible structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not another possible structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not another possible structure
+or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus
+two so you can make double bonds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you can make double bonds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you can make double bonds here
+and if you do that and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that and calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that and calculate the
+formal charge then on chromium it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge then on chromium it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge then on chromium it had
+six no lone pairs but now it has six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six no lone pairs but now it has six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six no lone pairs but now it has six
+bonds so it has a formal charge of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so it has a formal charge of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so it has a formal charge of zero
+the double bonded oxygens had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double bonded oxygens had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double bonded oxygens had had
+brought six veence electrons they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought six veence electrons they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought six veence electrons they have
+four lone Pairs and they have half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lone Pairs and they have half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lone Pairs and they have half of
+four bonding electrons now they're zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonding electrons now they're zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonding electrons now they're zero
+and the two single oxygens here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two single oxygens here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two single oxygens here are
+still minus1 they're two of them so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still minus1 they're two of them so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still minus1 they're two of them so that
+equals the minus two but this has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the minus two but this has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the minus two but this has much
+less charge separation you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less charge separation you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less charge separation you have lots of
+zeros you don't have any more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros you don't have any more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros you don't have any more things
+with charges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with charges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with charges of
+two but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but this is not
+done what else do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what else do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what else do we need
+here we need resident structures that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need resident structures that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need resident structures that's
+right because I just put the B Double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I just put the B Double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I just put the B Double
+bonds here I could have put them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds here I could have put them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds here I could have put them there
+or maybe somewhere else and you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe somewhere else and you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe somewhere else and you can tell
+me how many other structures you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many other structures you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many other structures you need to
+complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+Yep this is a good one I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep this is a good one I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep this is a good one I think that
+helps when you do it in a team everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps when you do it in a team everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps when you do it in a team everyone
+sees different ones so there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees different ones so there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees different ones so there actually
+are four other ones you can try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four other ones you can try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four other ones you can try to write
+that out and prove it to yourself there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and prove it to yourself there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and prove it to yourself there
+are four other structures you can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four other structures you can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four other structures you can do and
+you need all of those to get the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need all of those to get the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need all of those to get the correct
+structure so this these structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this these structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this these structures are
+correct it is a resonance structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it is a resonance structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it is a resonance structure
+there's less formal charge separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less formal charge separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less formal charge separation
+okay so that's the end of lwis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the end of lwis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the end of lwis
+structures and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we're going to talk about
+shapes and molecules on Friday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and molecules on Friday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and molecules on Friday and
+problems set is due on Friday and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems set is due on Friday and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems set is due on Friday and it has
+lots of Lewis structures in it so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of Lewis structures in it so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of Lewis structures in it so don't
+leave it to the last minute
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IkbkEtOOC1Y.txt b/IkbkEtOOC1Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d15e99c070c5b163641e0188197d121bc3b8913d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IkbkEtOOC1Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2552 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're going to
+start now with a new chapter.
+
+We're going to talk about
+Markov processes.
+
+The good news is that this is
+a subject that is a lot more
+
+intuitive and simple in many
+ways than, let's say, the
+
+Poisson processes.
+
+So hopefully this will
+be enjoyable.
+
+So Markov processes
+is, a general
+
+class of random processes.
+
+In some sense, it's more
+elaborate than the Bernoulli
+
+and Poisson processes, because
+now we're going to have
+
+dependencies between difference
+times, instead of
+
+having memoryless processes.
+
+So the basic idea is
+the following.
+
+In physics, for example, you
+write down equations for how a
+
+system evolves that has
+the general form.
+
+The new state of a system one
+second later is some function
+
+of old state.
+
+So Newton's equations and all
+that in physics allow you to
+
+write equations of this kind.
+
+And so if that a particle is
+moving at a certain velocity
+
+and it's at some location, you
+can predict when it's going to
+
+be a little later.
+
+Markov processes have the same
+flavor, except that there's
+
+also some randomness thrown
+inside the equation.
+
+So that's what Markov process
+essentially is.
+
+It describes the evolution of
+the system, or some variables,
+
+but in the presence of some
+noise so that the motion
+
+itself is a bit random.
+
+So this is a pretty
+general framework.
+
+So pretty much any useful or
+interesting random process
+
+that you can think about, you
+can always described it as a
+
+Markov process if you
+define properly the
+
+notion of the state.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+we're going to introduce the
+
+class of Markov processes by,
+example, by talking about the
+
+checkout counter in
+a supermarket.
+
+Then we're going to abstract
+from our example so that we
+
+get a more general definition.
+
+And then we're going to do a
+few things, such as how to
+
+predict what's going to happen
+n time steps later, if we
+
+start at the particular state.
+
+And then talk a little bit
+about some structural
+
+properties of Markov processes
+or Markov chains.
+
+So here's our example.
+
+You go to the checkout counter
+at the supermarket, and you
+
+stand there and watch the
+customers who come.
+
+So customers come, they get in
+queue, and customers get
+
+served one at a time.
+
+So the discussion is going to
+be in terms of supermarket
+
+checkout counters, but the
+same story applies to any
+
+service system.
+
+You may have a server, jobs
+arrive to that server, they
+
+get put into the queue, and
+the server processes those
+
+jobs one at a time.
+
+Now to make a probabilistic
+model, we need to make some
+
+assumption about the customer
+arrivals and the customer
+
+departures.
+
+And we want to keep things
+as simple as
+
+possible to get started.
+
+So let's assume that customers
+arrive according to a
+
+Bernoulli process with
+some parameter b.
+
+So essentially, that's the same
+as the assumption that
+
+the time between consecutive
+customer arrivals is a
+
+geometric random variable
+with parameter b.
+
+Another way of thinking about
+the arrival process--
+
+that's not how it happens, but
+it's helpful, mathematically,
+
+is to think of someone who's
+flipping a coin with bias
+
+equal to b.
+
+And whenever the coin
+lands heads,
+
+then a customer arrives.
+
+So it's as if there's a coin
+flip being done by nature that
+
+decides the arrivals
+of the customers.
+
+So we know that coin flipping
+to determine the customer
+
+arrivals is the same as having
+geometric inter-arrival times.
+
+We know that from our study
+of the Bernoulli process.
+
+OK.
+
+And now how about the customer
+service times.
+
+We're going to assume that--
+
+OK.
+
+If there is no customer in
+queue, no one being served,
+
+then of course, no
+one is going to
+
+depart from the queue.
+
+But if there a customer in
+queue, then that customer
+
+starts being served, and is
+going to be served for a
+
+random amount of time.
+
+And we make the assumption that
+the time it takes for the
+
+clerk to serve the customer has
+a geometric distribution
+
+with some known parameter q.
+
+So the time it takes to serve a
+customer is random, because
+
+it's random how many items they
+got in their cart, and
+
+how many coupons they have
+to unload and so on.
+
+So it's random.
+
+In the real world, it has some
+probability distribution.
+
+Let's not care exactly about
+what it would be in the real
+
+world, but as a modeling
+approximation or just to get
+
+started, let's pretend that
+customer service time are well
+
+described by a geometric
+distribution,
+
+with a parameter q.
+
+An equivalent way of thinking
+about the customer service,
+
+mathematically, would
+be, again, in
+
+terms of coin flipping.
+
+That is, the clerk has a coin
+with a bias, and at each time
+
+slot the clerk flips the coin.
+
+With probability q,
+service is over.
+
+With probability 1-q, you
+continue the service process.
+
+An assumption that we're going
+to make is that the coin flips
+
+that happen here to determine
+the arrivals, they're all
+
+independent of each other.
+
+The coin flips that determine
+the end of service are also
+
+independent from each other.
+
+But also the coin flips involved
+here are independent
+
+from the coin flips that
+happened there.
+
+So how arrivals happen is
+independent with what happens
+
+at the service process.
+
+OK.
+
+So suppose now you
+want to answer a
+
+question such as the following.
+
+The time is 7:00 PM.
+
+What's the probability that the
+customer will be departing
+
+at this particular time?
+
+Well, you say, it depends.
+
+If the queue is empty at that
+time, then you're certain that
+
+you're not going to have
+a customer departure.
+
+But if the queue is not empty,
+then there is probability q
+
+that a departure will
+happen at that time.
+
+So the answer to a question like
+this has something to do
+
+with the state of the
+system at that time.
+
+It depends what the queue is.
+
+And if I ask you, will the
+queue be empty at 7:10?
+
+Well, the answer to that
+question depends on whether at
+
+7 o'clock whether the queue
+was huge or not.
+
+So knowing something about the
+state of the queue right now
+
+gives me relevant information
+about what may
+
+happen in the future.
+
+So what is the state
+of the system?
+
+Therefore we're brought to
+start using this term.
+
+So the state basically
+corresponds to
+
+anything that's relevant.
+
+Anything that's happening
+right now that's kind of
+
+relevant to what may happen
+in the future.
+
+Knowing the size of the queue
+right now, is useful
+
+information for me to make
+predictions about what may
+
+happen 2 minutes
+later from now.
+
+So in this particular example,
+a reasonable choice for the
+
+state is to just count
+how many customers
+
+we have in the queue.
+
+And let's assume that our
+supermarket building is not
+
+too big, so it can only
+hold 10 people.
+
+So we're going to limit
+the states.
+
+Instead of going from 0 to
+infinity, we're going to
+
+truncate our model at ten.
+
+So we have 11 possible states,
+corresponding to 0 customers
+
+in queue, 1 customer in queue,
+2 customers, and so on, all
+
+the way up to 10.
+
+So these are the different
+possible states of the system,
+
+assuming that the store cannot
+handle more than 10 customers.
+
+So this is the first step, to
+write down the set of possible
+
+states for our system.
+
+Then the next thing to do is
+to start describing the
+
+possible transitions
+between the states.
+
+At any given time step,
+what are the
+
+things that can happen?
+
+We can have a customer
+arrival, which
+
+moves the state 1 higher.
+
+We can have a customer
+departure, which moves the
+
+state 1 lower.
+
+There's a possibility that
+nothing happens, in which case
+
+the state stays the same.
+
+And there's also the possibility
+of having
+
+simultaneously an arrival and a
+departure, in which case the
+
+state again stays the same.
+
+So let's write some
+representative probabilities.
+
+If we have 2 customers, the
+probability that during this
+
+step we go down, this is the
+probability that we have a
+
+service completion, but to
+no customer arrival.
+
+So this is the probability
+associated with this
+
+transition.
+
+The other possibility is that
+there's a customer arrival,
+
+which happens with probability
+p, and we do not have a
+
+customer departure, and so the
+probability of that particular
+
+transition is this number.
+
+And then finally, the
+probability that we stay in
+
+the same state, this can happen
+in 2 possible ways.
+
+One way is that we have an
+arrival and a departure
+
+simultaneously.
+
+And the other possibility is
+that we have no arrival and no
+
+departure, so that the
+state stays the same.
+
+So these transition
+probabilities would be the
+
+same starting from any other
+states, state 3, or
+
+state 9, and so on.
+
+Transition probabilities become
+a little different at
+
+the borders, at the boundaries
+of this diagram, because if
+
+you're in a state 0, then you
+cannot have any customer
+
+departures.
+
+There's no one to be served, but
+there is a probability p
+
+that the customer arrives, in
+which case the number of
+
+customers in the system
+goes to 1.
+
+Then probability 1-p,
+nothing happens.
+
+Similarly with departures, if
+the system is full, there's no
+
+room for another arrival.
+
+But we may have a departure that
+happens with probability
+
+q, and nothing happens
+with probability 1-q.
+
+So this is the full transition
+diagram annotated with
+
+transition probabilities.
+
+And this is a complete
+description of a discrete
+
+time, finite state
+Markov chain.
+
+So this is a complete
+probabilistic model.
+
+Once you have all of these
+pieces of information, you can
+
+start calculating things, and
+trying to predict what's going
+
+to happen in the future.
+
+Now let us abstract from this
+example and come up with a
+
+more general definition.
+
+So we have this concept of the
+state which describes the
+
+current situation in the system
+that we're looking at.
+
+The current state is random, so
+we're going to think of it
+
+as a random variable Xn is the
+state, and transitions after
+
+the system started operating.
+
+So the system starts operating
+at some initial state X0, and
+
+after n transitions, it
+moves to state Xn.
+
+Now we have a set of
+possible states.
+
+State 1 state 2, state
+3, and in general,
+
+state i and state j.
+
+To keep things simple, we
+assume that the set of
+
+possible states is
+a finite set.
+
+As you can imagine, we can
+have systems in which the
+
+state space is going
+to be infinite.
+
+It could be discrete,
+or continuous.
+
+But all that is more difficult
+and more complicated.
+
+It makes sense to start from the
+simplest possible setting
+
+where we just deal with the
+finite state space.
+
+And time is discrete, so we can
+think of this state in the
+
+beginning, after 1 transition,
+2 transitions, and so on.
+
+So we're in discrete time and we
+have finite in many states.
+
+So the system starts somewhere,
+and at every time
+
+step, the state is,
+let's say, here.
+
+A whistle blows, and the state
+jumps to a random next state.
+
+So it may move here, or it may
+move there, or it may move
+
+here, or it might stay
+in the place.
+
+So one possible transition is
+the transition before you
+
+jump, and just land
+in the same place
+
+where you started from.
+
+Now we want to describe the
+statistics of these
+
+transitions.
+
+If I am at that state, how
+likely is it to that, next
+
+time, I'm going to find
+myself at that state?
+
+Well, we describe the statistics
+of this transition
+
+by writing down a transition
+probability, the transition
+
+probability of going from
+state 3 to state 1.
+
+So this transition probability
+is to be thought of as a
+
+conditional probability.
+
+Given that right now I am
+at state i what is the
+
+probability that next time
+I find myself at state j?
+
+So given that right now I am
+at state 3, P31 is the
+
+probability that the next
+time I'm going to find
+
+myself at state 1.
+
+Similarly here, we would have
+a probability P3i, which is
+
+the probability that given that
+right now I'm at state 3,
+
+next time I'm going to find
+myself at state i.
+
+Now one can write such
+conditional probabilities down
+
+in principle, but we
+need to make--
+
+so you might think of this as a
+definition here, but we need
+
+to make one additional big
+assumption, and this is the
+
+assumption that to
+make a process
+
+to be a Markov process.
+
+This is the so-called
+Markov property, and
+
+here's what it says.
+
+Let me describe it first
+in words here.
+
+Every time that I find myself
+at state 3, the probability
+
+that next time I'm going to find
+myself at state 1 is this
+
+particular number, no matter
+how I got there.
+
+That is, this transition
+probability is not affected by
+
+the past of the process.
+
+It doesn't care about what
+path I used to find
+
+myself at state 3.
+
+Mathematically, it means
+the following.
+
+You have this transition
+probability that from state i
+
+jump to state j.
+
+Suppose that I gave you some
+additional information, that I
+
+told you everything else that
+happened in the past of the
+
+process, everything that
+happened, how did you
+
+get to state i?
+
+The assumption we're making is
+that this information about
+
+the past has no bearing in
+making predictions about the
+
+future, as long as you know
+where you are right now.
+
+So if I tell you, right now, you
+are at state i, and by the
+
+way, you got there by following
+a particular path,
+
+you can ignore the extra
+information of the particular
+
+path that you followed.
+
+You only take into account
+where you are right now.
+
+So every time you find yourself
+at that state, no
+
+matter how you got there, you
+will find yourself next time
+
+at state 1 with probability
+P31.
+
+So the past has no bearing into
+the future, as long as
+
+you know where you are
+sitting right now.
+
+For this property to happen, you
+need to choose your state
+
+carefully in the right way.
+
+In that sense, the states
+needs to include any
+
+information that's relevant
+about the
+
+future of the system.
+
+Anything that's not in the state
+is not going to play a
+
+role, but the state needs to
+have all the information
+
+that's relevant in determining
+what kind of transitions are
+
+going to happen next.
+
+So to take an example, before
+you go to Markov process, just
+
+from the deterministic world,
+if you have a ball that's
+
+flying up in the air, and you
+want to make predictions about
+
+the future.
+
+If I tell you that the state of
+the ball is the position of
+
+the ball at the particular time,
+is that enough for you
+
+to make predictions where the
+ball is going to go next?
+
+No.
+
+You need to know both the
+position and the velocity.
+
+If you know position and
+velocity, you can make
+
+predictions about the future.
+
+So the state of a ball that's
+flying is position together
+
+with velocity.
+
+If you were to just take
+position, that would not be
+
+enough information, because if
+I tell you current position,
+
+and then I tell you past
+position, you could use the
+
+information from the past
+position to complete the
+
+trajectory and to make
+the prediction.
+
+So information from the past
+is useful if you don't know
+
+the velocity.
+
+But if both position and
+velocity, you don't care how
+
+you got there, or what
+time you started.
+
+From position and velocity, you
+can make predictions about
+
+the future.
+
+So there's a certain art, or a
+certain element of thinking, a
+
+non-mechanical aspect into
+problems of this kind, to
+
+figure out which is the
+right state variable.
+
+When you define the state of
+your system, you need to
+
+define it in such a way that
+includes all information that
+
+has been accumulated that has
+some relevance for the future.
+
+So the general process for
+coming up with a Markov model
+
+is to first make this big
+decision of what your state
+
+variable is going to be.
+
+Then you write down if it
+may be a picture of
+
+the different states.
+
+Then you identify the possible
+transitions.
+
+So sometimes the diagram that
+you're going to have will not
+
+include all the possible arcs.
+
+You would only show those arcs
+that correspond to transitions
+
+that are possible.
+
+For example, in the supermarket
+example, we did
+
+not have a transition from state
+2 to state 5, because
+
+that cannot happen.
+
+You can only have 1 arrival
+at any time.
+
+So in the diagram, we only
+showed the possible
+
+transitions.
+
+And for each of the possible
+transitions, then you work
+
+with the description of the
+model to figure out the
+
+correct transition
+probability.
+
+So you got the diagram by
+writing down transition
+
+probabilities.
+
+OK, so suppose you got
+your Markov model.
+
+What will you do with it?
+
+Well, what do we need
+models for?
+
+We need models in order to
+make predictions, to make
+
+probabilistic predictions.
+
+So for example, I tell you that
+the process started in
+
+that state.
+
+You let it run for some time.
+
+Where do you think it's going to
+be 10 time steps from now?
+
+That's a question that you
+might want to answer.
+
+Since the process is random,
+there's no way for you to tell
+
+me exactly where it's
+going to be.
+
+But maybe you can give
+me probabilities.
+
+You can tell me, with so
+much probability, the
+
+state would be there.
+
+With so much probability,
+the state would be
+
+there, and so on.
+
+So our first exercise is to
+calculate those probabilities
+
+about what may happen to the
+process a number of steps in
+
+the future.
+
+It's handy to have some
+notation in here.
+
+So somebody tells us that this
+process starts at the
+
+particular state i.
+
+We let the process run
+for n transitions.
+
+It may land at some state j, but
+that state j at which it's
+
+going to land is going
+to be random.
+
+So we want to give
+probabilities.
+
+Tell me, with what probability
+the state, n times steps
+
+later, is going to be that
+particular state j?
+
+The shorthand notation is to use
+this symbol here for the
+
+n-step transition probabilities
+that you find
+
+yourself at state j given that
+you started at state i.
+
+So the way these two indices are
+ordered, the way to think
+
+about them is that from
+i, you go to j.
+
+So the probability that from
+i you go to j if you have n
+
+steps in front of you.
+
+Some of these transition
+probabilities are, of course
+
+easy to write.
+
+For example, in 0 transitions,
+you're going to be exactly
+
+where you started.
+
+So this probability is going to
+be equal to 1 if i is equal
+
+to j, And 0 if i is
+different than j.
+
+That's an easy one
+to write down.
+
+If you have only 1 transition,
+what's the probability that 1
+
+step later you find yourself
+in state j given that you
+
+started at state i?
+
+What is this?
+
+These are just the ordinary
+1-step transition
+
+probabilities that we are given
+in the description of
+
+the problem.
+
+So by definition, the 1-step
+transition probabilities are
+
+of this form.
+
+This equality is correct just
+because of the way that we
+
+defined those two quantities.
+
+Now we want to say something
+about the n-step transition
+
+probabilities when n
+is a bigger number.
+
+OK.
+
+So here, we're going to use the
+total probability theorem.
+
+So we're going to condition in
+two different scenarios, and
+
+break up the calculation of this
+quantity, by considering
+
+the different ways that
+this event can happen.
+
+So what is the event
+of interest?
+
+The event of interest
+is the following.
+
+At time 0 we start i.
+
+We are interested in landing
+at time n at the
+
+particular state j.
+
+Now this event can happen in
+several different ways, in
+
+lots of different ways.
+
+But let us group them
+into subgroups.
+
+One group, or one sort of
+scenario, is the following.
+
+During the first n-1 time steps,
+things happen, and
+
+somehow you end up at state 1.
+
+And then from state 1, in the
+next time step you make a
+
+transition to state j.
+
+This particular arc here
+actually corresponds to lots
+
+and lots of different possible
+scenarios, or different spots,
+
+or different transitions.
+
+In n-1 time steps, there's lots
+of possible ways by which
+
+you could end up at state 1.
+
+Different paths through
+the state space.
+
+But all of them together
+collectively have a
+
+probability, which is the
+(n-1)-step transition
+
+probability, that from state
+i, you end up at state 1
+
+And then there's other
+possible scenarios.
+
+Perhaps in the first n-1 time
+steps, you follow the
+
+trajectory that took
+you at state m.
+
+And then from state m, you did
+this transition, and you ended
+
+up at state j.
+
+So this diagram breaks up
+the set of all possible
+
+trajectories from i to j into
+different collections, where
+
+each collection has to do with
+which one happens to be the
+
+state just before the last time
+step, just before time n.
+
+And we're going to condition
+on the state at time n-1.
+
+So the total probability of
+ending up at state j is the
+
+sum of the probabilities of
+the different scenarios --
+
+the different ways that you
+can get to state j.
+
+If we look at that type of
+scenario, what's the
+
+probability of that scenario
+happening?
+
+With probability Ri1(n-1),
+I find myself at
+
+state 1 at time n-1.
+
+This is just by the definition
+of these multi-step transition
+
+probabilities.
+
+This is the number
+of transitions.
+
+The probability that from state
+i, I end up at state 1.
+
+And then given that I found
+myself at state 1, with
+
+probability P1j, that's the
+transition probability, next
+
+time I'm going to find
+myself at state j.
+
+So the product of these two is
+the total probability of my
+
+getting from state i to
+state j through state
+
+1 at the time before.
+
+Now where exactly did we use
+the Markov assumption here?
+
+No matter which particular path
+we used to get from i to
+
+state 1, the probability that
+next I'm going to make this
+
+transition is that
+same number, P1j.
+
+So that number does not depend
+on the particular path that I
+
+followed in order
+to get there.
+
+If we didn't have the Markov
+assumption, we should have
+
+considered all possible
+individual trajectories here,
+
+and then we would need to use
+the transition probability
+
+that corresponds to that
+particular trajectory.
+
+But because of the Markov
+assumption, the only thing
+
+that matters is that right
+now we are at state 1.
+
+It does not matter
+how we got there.
+
+So now once you see this
+scenario, then this scenario,
+
+and that scenario, and you add
+the probabilities of these
+
+different scenarios, you end
+up with this formula here,
+
+which is a recursion.
+
+It tells us that once you have
+computed the (n-1)-step
+
+transition probabilities, then
+you can compute also the
+
+n-step transition
+probabilities.
+
+This is a recursion that you
+execute or you run for all i's
+
+and j's simultaneously.
+
+That is fixed.
+
+And for a particular n, you
+calculate this quantity for
+
+all possible i's, j's, k's.
+
+You have all of those
+quantities, and then you use
+
+this equation to find those
+numbers again for all the
+
+possible i's and j's.
+
+Now this is formula which is
+always true, and there's a big
+
+idea behind the formula.
+
+And now there's variations of
+this formula, depending on
+
+whether you're interested
+in something
+
+that's slightly different.
+
+So for example, if you were to
+have a random initial state,
+
+somebody gives you the
+probability distribution of
+
+the initial state, so you're
+told that with probability
+
+such and such, you're going
+to start at state 1.
+
+With that probability, you're
+going to start at
+
+state 2, and so on.
+
+And you want to find the
+probability at the time n you
+
+find yourself at state j.
+
+Well again, total probability
+theorem, you condition on the
+
+initial state.
+
+With this probability you find
+yourself at that particular
+
+initial state, and given that
+this is your initial state,
+
+this is the probability that
+n time steps later you find
+
+yourself at state j.
+
+Now building again on the same
+idea, you can run every
+
+recursion of this kind
+by conditioning
+
+at different times.
+
+So here's a variation.
+
+You start at state i.
+
+After 1 time step, you find
+yourself at state 1, with
+
+probability pi1, and you find
+yourself at state m with
+
+probability Pim.
+
+And once that happens, then
+you're going to follow some
+
+trajectories.
+
+And there is a possibility that
+you're going to end up at
+
+state j after n-1 time steps.
+
+This scenario can happen
+in many possible ways.
+
+There's lots of possible paths
+from state 1 to state j.
+
+There's many paths from
+state 1 to state j.
+
+What is the collective
+probability of all these
+
+transitions?
+
+This is the event that, starting
+from state 1, I end
+
+up at state j in
+n-1 time steps.
+
+So this one has here probability
+R1j of n-1.
+
+And similarly down here.
+
+And then by using the same way
+of thinking as before, we get
+
+the formula that Rij(n) is the
+sum over all k's of Pik, and
+
+then the Rkj(n-1).
+
+So this formula looks almost the
+same as this one, but it's
+
+actually different.
+
+The indices and the way things
+work out are a bit different,
+
+but the basic idea
+is the same.
+
+Here we use the total
+probability theory by
+
+conditioning on the state just
+1 step before the end of our
+
+time horizon.
+
+Here we use total probability
+theorem by conditioning on the
+
+state right after the
+first transition.
+
+So this generally idea has
+different variations.
+
+They're all valid, and depending
+on the context that
+
+you're dealing with, you might
+want to work with one of these
+
+or another.
+
+So let's illustrate
+these calculations
+
+in terms of an example.
+
+So in this example, we just have
+2 states, and somebody
+
+gives us transition
+probabilities to be those
+
+particular numbers.
+
+Let's write down
+the equations.
+
+So the probability that starting
+from state 1, I find
+
+myself at state 1 n
+time steps later.
+
+This can happen in 2 ways.
+
+At time n-1, I might find
+myself at state 2.
+
+And then from state 2, I make a
+transition back to state 1,
+
+which happens with
+probability--
+
+why'd I put 2 there --
+
+anyway, 0.2.
+
+And another way is that from
+state 1, I go to state 1 in
+
+n-1 steps, and then from state
+1 I stay where I am, which
+
+happens with probability 0.5.
+
+So this is for R11(n).
+
+Now R12(n), we can
+write a similar
+
+recursion for this one.
+
+On the other hand, seems these
+are probabilities.
+
+The state at time n is
+going to be either
+
+state 1 or state 2.
+
+So these 2 numbers need to add
+to 1, so we can just write
+
+this as 1 - R11(n).
+
+And this is an enough of a
+recursion to propagate R11 and
+
+R12 as time goes on.
+
+So after n-1 transitions, either
+I find myself in state
+
+2, and then there's a point to
+transition that I go to 1, or
+
+I find myself in state 1, which
+with that probability,
+
+and from there, I have
+probability 0.5 of staying
+
+where I am.
+
+Now let's start calculating.
+
+As we discussed before, if I
+start at state 1, after 0
+
+transitions I'm certain to be at
+state , and I'm certain not
+
+to be at state 1.
+
+If I start from state 1, I'm
+certain to not to be at state
+
+at that time, and I'm certain
+that I am right
+
+now, it's state 1.
+
+After I make transition,
+starting from state 1, there's
+
+probability 0.5 that
+I stay at state 1.
+
+And there's probability 0.5
+that I stay at state 2.
+
+If I were to start from state
+2, the probability that I go
+
+to 1 in 1 time step is this
+transition that has
+
+probability 0.2, and
+the other 0.8.
+
+OK.
+
+So the calculation now becomes
+more interesting, if we want
+
+to calculate the next term.
+
+How likely is that at time 2,
+I find myself at state 1?
+
+In order to be here at state 1,
+this can happen in 2 ways.
+
+Either the first transition left
+me there, and the second
+
+transition is the same.
+
+So these correspond to this 0.5,
+that the first transition
+
+took me there, and the
+next transition was
+
+also of the same kind.
+
+That's one possibility.
+
+But there's another scenario.
+
+In order to be at state 1
+at time 2 -- this can
+
+also happen this way.
+
+So that's the event
+that, after 1
+
+transition, I got there.
+
+And the next transition happened
+to be this one.
+
+So this corresponds
+to 0.5 times 0.2.
+
+It corresponds to taking the
+1-step transition probability
+
+of getting there, times the
+probability that from state 2
+
+I move to state 1, which
+in this case, is 0.2.
+
+So basically we take this
+number, multiplied with 0.2,
+
+and then add those 2 numbers.
+
+And after you add them,
+you get 0.35.
+
+And similarly here, you're
+going to get 0.65.
+
+And now to continue with the
+recursion, we keep doing the
+
+same thing.
+
+We take this number times 0.5
+plus this number times 0.2.
+
+Add them up, you get
+the next entry.
+
+Keep doing that, keep doing
+that, and eventually you will
+
+notice that the numbers
+start settling into a
+
+limiting value at 2/7.
+
+And let's verify this.
+
+If this number is 2/7, what is
+the next number going to be?
+
+The next number is going to
+be 2/7 -- (not 2.7) --
+
+it's going to be 2/7.
+
+That's the probability that I
+find myself at that state,
+
+times 0.5--
+
+that's the next transition that
+takes me to state 1 --
+
+plus 5/7--
+
+that would be the remaining
+probability that I find myself
+
+in state 2 --
+
+times 1/5.
+
+And so that gives
+me, again, 2/7.
+
+So this calculation basically
+illustrates, if this number
+
+has become 2/7, then
+the next number is
+
+also going to be 2/7.
+
+And of course this number here
+is going to have to be 5/7.
+
+And this one would have to
+be again, the same, 5/7.
+
+So the probability that I find
+myself at state 1, after a
+
+long time has elapsed, settles
+into some steady state value.
+
+So that's an interesting
+phenomenon.
+
+We just make this observation.
+
+Now we can also do the
+calculation about the
+
+probability, starting
+from state 2.
+
+And here, you do the
+calculations --
+
+I'm not going to do them.
+
+But after you do them, you find
+this probability also
+
+settles to 2/7 and this one
+also settles to 5/7.
+
+So these numbers here are the
+same as those numbers.
+
+What's the difference
+between these?
+
+This is the probability that I
+find myself at state 1 given
+
+that I started at 1.
+
+This is the probability that I
+find myself at state 1 given
+
+that I started at state 2.
+
+These probabilities are the
+same, no matter where I
+
+started from.
+
+So this numerical example sort
+of illustrates the idea that
+
+after the chain has run for a
+long time, what the state of
+
+the chain is, does not care
+about the initial
+
+state of the chain.
+
+So if you start here, you know
+that you're going to stay here
+
+for some time, a few
+transitions, because this
+
+probability is kind of small.
+
+So the initial state does that's
+tell you something.
+
+But in the very long run,
+transitions of this kind are
+
+going to happen.
+
+Transitions of that kind
+are going to happen.
+
+There's a lot of randomness
+that comes in, and that
+
+randomness washes out any
+information that could come
+
+from the initial state
+of the system.
+
+We describe this situation by
+saying that the Markov chain
+
+eventually enters
+a steady state.
+
+Where a steady state, what
+does it mean it?
+
+Does it mean the state itself
+becomes steady and
+
+stops at one place?
+
+No, the state of the chain
+keeps jumping forever.
+
+The state of the chain will keep
+making transitions, will
+
+keep going back and forth
+between 1 and 2.
+
+So the state itself, the
+Xn, does not become
+
+steady in any sense.
+
+What becomes steady are
+the probabilities
+
+that describe Xn.
+
+That is, after a long time
+elapses, the probability that
+
+you find yourself at state 1
+becomes a constant 2/7, and
+
+the probability that you
+find yourself in
+
+state 2 becomes a constant.
+
+So jumps will keep happening,
+but at any given time, if you
+
+ask what's the probability that
+right now I am at state
+
+1, the answer is going
+to be 2/7.
+
+Incidentally, do the numbers
+sort of makes sense?
+
+Why is this number bigger
+than that number?
+
+Well, this state is a little
+more sticky than that state.
+
+Once you enter here, it's kind
+of harder to get out.
+
+So when you enter here, you
+spend a lot of time here.
+
+This one is easier to get out,
+because the probability is
+
+0.5, so when you enter there,
+you tend to get out faster.
+
+So you keep moving from one to
+the other, but you tend to
+
+spend more time on that state,
+and this is reflected in this
+
+probability being bigger
+than that one.
+
+So no matter where you start,
+there's 5/7 probability of
+
+being here, 2/7 probability
+being there.
+
+So there were some really
+nice things that
+
+happened in this example.
+
+The question is, whether things
+are always as nice for
+
+general Markov chains.
+
+The two nice things that
+happened where the following--
+
+as we keep doing this
+calculation, this number
+
+settles to something.
+
+The limit exists.
+
+The other thing that happens
+is that this number is the
+
+same as that number, which means
+that the initial state
+
+does not matter.
+
+Is this always the case?
+
+Is it always the case that as
+n goes to infinity, the
+
+transition probabilities
+converge to something?
+
+And if they do converge to
+something, is it the case that
+
+the limit is not affected by the
+initial state i at which
+
+the chain started?
+
+So mathematically speaking, the
+question we are raising is
+
+whether Rij(n) converges
+to something.
+
+And whether that something to
+which it converges to has only
+
+to do with j.
+
+It's the probability that you
+find yourself at state j, and
+
+that probability doesn't care
+about the initial state.
+
+So it's the question of whether
+the initial state gets
+
+forgotten in the long run.
+
+So the answer is that usually,
+or for nice chains, both of
+
+these things will be true.
+
+You get the limit which
+does not depend
+
+on the initial state.
+
+But if your chain has some
+peculiar or unique structure,
+
+this might not happen.
+
+So let's think first about
+the issue of convergence.
+
+So convergence, as n goes to
+infinity at a steady value,
+
+really means the following.
+
+If I tell you a lot of time has
+passed, then you tell me,
+
+OK, the state of the
+probabilities are equal to
+
+that value without having
+to consult your clock.
+
+If you don't have convergence,
+it means that Rij can keep
+
+going up and down, without
+settling to something.
+
+So in order for you to tell me
+the value of Rij, you need to
+
+consult your clock to
+check if, right now,
+
+it's up or is it down.
+
+So there's some kind of periodic
+behavior that you
+
+might get when you do not get
+convergence, and this example
+
+here illustrates it.
+
+So what's happened
+in this example?
+
+Starting from state 2, next time
+you go here, or there,
+
+with probability half.
+
+And then next time, no matter
+where you are, you move back
+
+to state 2.
+
+So this chain has some
+randomness, but the randomness
+
+is kind of limited type.
+
+You go out, you come in.
+
+You go out, you come in.
+
+So there's a periodic pattern
+that gets repeated.
+
+It means that if you start at
+state 2 after an even number
+
+of steps, you are certain
+to be back at state 2.
+
+So this probability here is 1.
+
+On the other hand, if the number
+of transitions is odd,
+
+there's no way that you can
+be at your initial state.
+
+If you start here, at even times
+you would be here, at
+
+odd times you would
+be there or there.
+
+So this probability is 0.
+
+As n goes to infinity, these
+probabilities, the n-step
+
+transition probability does
+not converge to anything.
+
+It keeps alternating
+between 0 and 1.
+
+So convergence fails.
+
+This is the main mechanism by
+which convergence can fail if
+
+your chain has a periodic
+structure.
+
+And we're going to discuss next
+time that, if periodicity
+
+absent, then we don't have an
+issue with convergence.
+
+The second question if we have
+convergence, whether the
+
+initial state matters or not.
+
+In the previous chain, where you
+could keep going back and
+
+forth between states 1 and 2
+numerically, one finds that
+
+the initial state
+does not matter.
+
+But you can think of situations
+where the initial
+
+state does matter.
+
+Look at this chain here.
+
+If you start at state 1, you
+stay at state 1 forever.
+
+There's no way to escape.
+
+So this means that R11(n)
+is 1 for all n.
+
+If you start at state 3, you
+will be moving between stage 3
+
+and 4, but there's no way to
+go in that direction, so
+
+there's no way that
+you go to state 1.
+
+And for that reason,
+R31 is 0 for all n.
+
+OK So this is a case where the
+initial state matters.
+
+R11 goes to a limit, as
+n goes to infinity,
+
+because it's constant.
+
+It's always 1 so
+the limit is 1.
+
+R31 also has a limit.
+
+It's 0 for all times.
+
+So these are the long term
+probabilities of finding
+
+yourself at state 1.
+
+But those long-term
+probabilities are affected by
+
+where you started.
+
+If you start here, you're sure
+that's, in the long term,
+
+you'll be here.
+
+If you start here, you're sure
+that, in the long term, you
+
+will not be there.
+
+So the initial state
+does matter here.
+
+And this is a situation where
+certain states are not
+
+accessible from certain other
+states, so it has something to
+
+do with the graph structure
+of our Markov chain.
+
+Finally let's answer this
+question here, at
+
+least for large n's.
+
+What do you think is going to
+happen in the long term if you
+
+start at state 2?
+
+If you start at state 2, you
+may stay at state 2 for a
+
+random amount of time, but
+eventually this transition
+
+will happen, or that transition
+would happen.
+
+Because of the symmetry, you are
+as likely to escape from
+
+state 2 in this direction, or in
+that direction, so there's
+
+probability 1/2 that, when the
+transition happens, the
+
+transition happens in
+that direction.
+
+So for large N, you're
+certain that the
+
+transition does happen.
+
+And given that the transition
+has happened, it has
+
+probability 1/2 that it has
+gone that particular way.
+
+So clearly here, you see that
+the probability of finding
+
+yourself in a particular state
+is very much affected by where
+
+you started from.
+
+So what we want to do next is
+to abstract from these two
+
+examples and describe the
+general structural properties
+
+that have to do with
+periodicity, and that have to
+
+do with what happened here with
+certain states, not being
+
+accessible from the others.
+
+We're going to leave periodicity
+for next time.
+
+But let's talk about
+the second kind of
+
+phenomenon that we have.
+
+So here, what we're going to do
+is to classify the states
+
+in a transition diagram
+into two types,
+
+recurrent and transient.
+
+So a state is said to
+be recurrent if the
+
+following is true.
+
+If you start from the state i,
+you can go to some places, but
+
+no matter where you go, there
+is a way of coming back.
+
+So what's an example for
+the recurrent state?
+
+This one.
+
+Starting from here, you
+can go elsewhere.
+
+You can go to state 7.
+
+You can go to state 6.
+
+That's all where
+you can go to.
+
+But no matter where you go,
+there is a path that can take
+
+you back there.
+
+So no matter where you go, there
+is a chance, and there
+
+is a way for returning
+where you started.
+
+Those states we call
+recurrent.
+
+And by this, 8 is recurrent.
+
+All of these are recurrent.
+
+So this is recurrent,
+this is recurrent.
+
+And this state 5 is
+also recurrent.
+
+You cannot go anywhere from
+5 except to 5 itself.
+
+Wherever you can go, you can
+go back to where you start.
+
+So this is recurrent.
+
+If it is not the recurrent, we
+say that it is transient.
+
+So what does transient mean?
+
+You need to take this
+definition, and reverse it.
+
+Transient means that, starting
+from i, there is a place to
+
+which you could go, and from
+which you cannot return.
+
+If it's recurrent, anywhere
+you go, you
+
+can always come back.
+
+Transient means there are places
+where you can go from
+
+which you cannot come back.
+
+So state 1 is recurrent -
+because starting from here,
+
+there's a possibility that
+you get there, and then
+
+there's no way back.
+
+State 4 is recurrent, starting
+from 4, there's somewhere you
+
+can go and--
+
+sorry, transient, correct.
+
+State 4 is transient starting
+from here, there are places
+
+where you could go, and from
+which you cannot come back.
+
+And in this particular diagram,
+all these 4 states
+
+are transients.
+
+Now if the state is transient,
+it means that there is a way
+
+to go somewhere where you're
+going to get stuck and not to
+
+be able to come.
+
+As long as your state keeps
+circulating around here,
+
+eventually one of these
+transitions is going to
+
+happen, and once that happens,
+then there's no way that you
+
+can come back.
+
+So that transient state will
+be visited only a finite
+
+number of times.
+
+You will not be able
+to return to it.
+
+And in the long run, you're
+certain that you're going to
+
+get out of the transient states,
+and get to some class
+
+of recurrent states, and
+get stuck forever.
+
+So, let's see, in this diagram,
+if I start here,
+
+could I stay in this lump
+of states forever?
+
+Well as long as I'm staying in
+this type of states, I would
+
+keep visiting states 1 and 2
+Each time that I visit state
+
+2, there's going to be positive
+
+probability that I escape.
+
+So in the long run, if I were
+to stay here, I would visit
+
+state 2 an infinite number
+of times, and I would get
+
+infinite chances to escape.
+
+But if you have infinite chances
+to escape, eventually
+
+you will escape.
+
+So you are certain that with
+probability 1, starting from
+
+here, you're going to move
+either to those states, or to
+
+those states.
+
+So starting from transient
+states, you only stay at the
+
+transient states for random
+but finite amount of time.
+
+And after that happens,
+you end up in a class
+
+of recurrent states.
+
+And when I say class, what they
+mean is that, in this
+
+picture, I divide the recurrent
+states into 2
+
+classes, or categories.
+
+What's special about them?
+
+These states are recurrent.
+
+These states are recurrent.
+
+But there's no communication
+between the 2.
+
+If you start here, you're
+stuck here.
+
+If you start here, you
+are stuck there.
+
+And this is a case where the
+initial state does matter,
+
+because if you start here,
+you get stuck here.
+
+You start here, you
+get stuck there.
+
+So depending on the initial
+state, that's going to affect
+
+the long term behavior
+of your chain.
+
+So the guess you can make at
+this point is that, for the
+
+initial state to not matter,
+we should not have multiple
+
+recurrent classes.
+
+We should have only 1.
+
+But we're going to get back
+to this point next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Iqp7NxnwaGY.txt b/Iqp7NxnwaGY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3714847317e48225f87bf219e5200cf57c56416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Iqp7NxnwaGY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to take a
+close look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close look at a
+laser and see how it ticks and why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and see how it ticks and why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and see how it ticks and why it
+ticks we picked on a helium neon laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks we picked on a helium neon laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks we picked on a helium neon laser
+because a helium neon laser is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a helium neon laser is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a helium neon laser is a very
+simple one and also it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one and also it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one and also it's one of the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+lasers in fact uh the first laser was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers in fact uh the first laser was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers in fact uh the first laser was
+the Ruby laser and helium neon was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ruby laser and helium neon was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ruby laser and helium neon was uh
+was right after it so it was the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right after it so it was the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right after it so it was the second
+laser action that uh that was observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser action that uh that was observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser action that uh that was observed
+also the red light from a helium Leon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the red light from a helium Leon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the red light from a helium Leon
+laser is familiar to almost every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is familiar to almost every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is familiar to almost every one of
+you uh especially when you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh especially when you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh especially when you go to the
+supermarket and see it at the uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket and see it at the uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket and see it at the uh at the
+checkout counter usually a helium neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout counter usually a helium neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout counter usually a helium neon
+laser a red helium neon laser is used so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser a red helium neon laser is used so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser a red helium neon laser is used so
+let me start by showing you what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by showing you what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by showing you what a
+helium neon laser looks like here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser looks like here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser looks like here is a
+uh helium neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helium neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helium neon
+laser at least a helium neon laser they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser at least a helium neon laser they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser at least a helium neon laser they
+all uh different uh now what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh different uh now what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh different uh now what I would
+like you to see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to see here is that
+uh it's made up of of a a discharge tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's made up of of a a discharge tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's made up of of a a discharge tube
+which is this which is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this which is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this which is the the
+amplifier that is necessary for laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that is necessary for laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that is necessary for laser
+action and then the discharge tube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then the discharge tube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then the discharge tube is
+terminated by by two mirrors here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated by by two mirrors here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated by by two mirrors here's a
+mirror on on this side you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror on on this side you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror on on this side you can see it
+here's one mirror and and here is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one mirror and and here is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one mirror and and here is here
+is the other mirror okay so it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other mirror okay so it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other mirror okay so it's a it's
+a small this is a small laser and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small this is a small laser and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small this is a small laser and and
+the mirrors are sealed right onto onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirrors are sealed right onto onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirrors are sealed right onto onto
+the discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge
+to now let's see this laser uh in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now let's see this laser uh in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now let's see this laser uh in action
+and we have it already set up for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have it already set up for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have it already set up for you
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here and then all I have to do is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then all I have to do is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then all I have to do is to uh
+turn the power supply on and count to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the power supply on and count to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the power supply on and count to
+five and the laser will come on and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the laser will come on and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the laser will come on and here
+it is Laser's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Laser's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Laser's
+on you can see here is the the glow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can see here is the the glow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can see here is the the glow in
+the in the discharge and you see a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the discharge and you see a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the discharge and you see a a a
+pink streak and that's where the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink streak and that's where the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink streak and that's where the light
+goes backwards and forwards and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes backwards and forwards and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes backwards and forwards and gets
+Amplified and and here is uh the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified and and here is uh the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified and and here is uh the output
+mirror uh the other mirror is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror uh the other mirror is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror uh the other mirror is uh is
+sealed and the outward from the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed and the outward from the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed and the outward from the mirror
+here then goes onto uh onto onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then goes onto uh onto onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then goes onto uh onto onto the
+screen and that's that's it you as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and that's that's it you as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and that's that's it you as long
+as we power the discharge and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we power the discharge and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we power the discharge and have
+enough gain to overcome the losses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gain to overcome the losses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gain to overcome the losses and
+we choose the mirror transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose the mirror transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose the mirror transmission
+appropriately the uh you'll get laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately the uh you'll get laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately the uh you'll get laser
+action now with this kind of a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action now with this kind of a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action now with this kind of a laser
+it's very difficult to uh to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to uh to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to uh to adjust
+anything and to play with it so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and to play with it so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and to play with it so what I'm
+going to do just so that you can see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do just so that you can see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do just so that you can see uh
+a little bit more uh of how a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more uh of how a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more uh of how a laser
+works I'm going to go on and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'm going to go on and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I'm going to go on and uh and and
+have a laser that that the mirrors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laser that that the mirrors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laser that that the mirrors in
+which the mirrors are external to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the mirrors are external to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the mirrors are external to the to
+the tube now in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube now in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube now in order
+to to have to separate the mirrors out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have to separate the mirrors out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have to separate the mirrors out
+from the from the amplifier from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the amplifier from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the amplifier from the
+discharge tube in this case we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube in this case we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube in this case we have to
+seal the we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal the we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal the we have to
+seal uh the the discharge tube now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal uh the the discharge tube now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal uh the the discharge tube now here
+is you can see here if we take a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can see here if we take a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can see here if we take a close
+up at this here is a a sealed discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at this here is a a sealed discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at this here is a a sealed discharge
+tube doesn't have mirrors on it but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube doesn't have mirrors on it but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube doesn't have mirrors on it but has
+Windows let's let me show to you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows let's let me show to you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows let's let me show to you again
+here is here's the here's the amp fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is here's the here's the amp fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is here's the here's the amp fire
+section and here is the cathode and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and here is the cathode and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and here is the cathode and the
+anode is is over is over here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode is is over is over here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode is is over is over here so this
+charge then runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge then runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge then runs
+along uh this line over here okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh this line over here okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh this line over here okay this
+capillary tube over here now let's focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary tube over here now let's focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary tube over here now let's focus
+at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the
+ends we don't have as you can see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends we don't have as you can see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends we don't have as you can see we
+don't have square mirrors you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have square mirrors you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have square mirrors you can see
+the the w we don't have uh windows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the w we don't have uh windows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the w we don't have uh windows I
+should say not mirrors uh because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say not mirrors uh because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say not mirrors uh because we're
+going to have the mirrors external to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the mirrors external to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the mirrors external to to
+the discharge tube but you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge tube but you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge tube but you can see that
+the windows are sealed but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows are sealed but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows are sealed but they're not
+uh Square to the to the tube and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Square to the to the tube and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Square to the to the tube and uh the
+angle in fact is called the Brewster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in fact is called the Brewster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in fact is called the Brewster
+angle because at that angle there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because at that angle there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because at that angle there is no
+uh Reflection from the glass surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Reflection from the glass surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Reflection from the glass surfaces
+for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain
+polarization so that's why one uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization so that's why one uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization so that's why one uses
+windows at a Brewster angle so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows at a Brewster angle so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows at a Brewster angle so that uh
+so that there is no uh no reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is no uh no reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is no uh no reflection
+windows and you can see both ends now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and you can see both ends now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and you can see both ends now if
+we take a CL look at the other end over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a CL look at the other end over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a CL look at the other end over
+here a close look at the other end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a close look at the other end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a close look at the other end you
+see that again both windows are are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that again both windows are are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that again both windows are are at
+uh at Brewster's angle so here is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at Brewster's angle so here is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at Brewster's angle so here is then
+the uh the amplifier tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the amplifier tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the amplifier tube and
+now we have a another one a similar one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a another one a similar one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a another one a similar one
+that is placed and I'll position it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is placed and I'll position it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is placed and I'll position it in
+the same way that is placed uh over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that is placed uh over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that is placed uh over here
+that held held in place over here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held held in place over here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held held in place over here in
+this setup and uh and there's wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup and uh and there's wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup and uh and there's wires
+running to to run the discharge so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running to to run the discharge so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running to to run the discharge so here
+is then the the uh the amplifier tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the the uh the amplifier tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the the uh the amplifier tube
+inside inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside this
+laser and let me again point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and let me again point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and let me again point to the
+mirrors now here is here is one mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors now here is here is one mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors now here is here is one mirror
+and here is the other mirror and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the other mirror and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the other mirror and each
+mirror is held in a hefty mirror mounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is held in a hefty mirror mounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is held in a hefty mirror mounts
+and the adjustments are over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the adjustments are over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the adjustments are over here we
+have two adjustments over here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two adjustments over here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two adjustments over here and then
+we have similar adjust ments over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have similar adjust ments over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have similar adjust ments over
+here all right so here is then the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so here is then the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so here is then the tube
+the Amplified tube the windows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Amplified tube the windows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Amplified tube the windows are
+terminated with windows at Brewster's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated with windows at Brewster's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated with windows at Brewster's
+angle and and then we have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and and then we have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and and then we have the two
+mirrors so now I'm going to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors so now I'm going to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors so now I'm going to turn the
+discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+on and here it is and let's see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and here it is and let's see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and here it is and let's see if the
+laser is lazing right so if I put a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is lazing right so if I put a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is lazing right so if I put a card
+here you see that indeed laser is lasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that indeed laser is lasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that indeed laser is lasing
+so what I'm doing here is reflecting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing here is reflecting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing here is reflecting it
+by this mirror here and this mirror here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this mirror here and this mirror here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this mirror here and this mirror here
+here's the laser beam and again onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the laser beam and again onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the laser beam and again onto
+onto the screen so on the screen now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen so on the screen now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen so on the screen now we
+have essentially two spots one is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially two spots one is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially two spots one is coming
+from the laser with the fixed mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the laser with the fixed mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the laser with the fixed mirrors
+that's this one and then the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one and then the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one and then the other one
+the other spot is coming from the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other spot is coming from the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other spot is coming from the laser
+with the adjustable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the adjustable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the adjustable
+mirrors uh here so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors uh here so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors uh here so what I'm going to do
+is first block the laser with a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first block the laser with a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first block the laser with a fix
+mirror so that we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror so that we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror so that we don't have any
+confusion and the only spot then is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion and the only spot then is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion and the only spot then is from
+the one from the laser with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one from the laser with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one from the laser with the
+adjustable mirrors so now here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable mirrors so now here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable mirrors so now here we are
+here's the laser then all opened up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the laser then all opened up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the laser then all opened up and
+now I'm going to show you how touchy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to show you how touchy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to show you how touchy the
+alignment is so now if you watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment is so now if you watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment is so now if you watch the
+intensity on the screen as I as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity on the screen as I as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity on the screen as I as I
+slightly misalign you can see the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly misalign you can see the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly misalign you can see the light
+is out already just by very small very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out already just by very small very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out already just by very small very
+small misalignments so here we are it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small misalignments so here we are it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small misalignments so here we are it's
+a peak value and then I go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak value and then I go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak value and then I go the other way
+and it's gone so the alignment has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gone so the alignment has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gone so the alignment has to be
+has to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be very very
+stable all right now I can also adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable all right now I can also adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable all right now I can also adjust
+uh horizontal alignment again show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh horizontal alignment again show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh horizontal alignment again show you
+how how uh how touchy everything is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how uh how touchy everything is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how uh how touchy everything is so
+here we are here is then uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are here is then uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are here is then uh in a
+nutshell here's the here's the amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell here's the here's the amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell here's the here's the amplifier
+section the longer it is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section the longer it is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section the longer it is of course the
+more gain we have and and the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gain we have and and the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gain we have and and the mirror
+mirors are placed this case about 50 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirors are placed this case about 50 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirors are placed this case about 50 cm
+apart one uh this one is a flat mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart one uh this one is a flat mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart one uh this one is a flat mirror
+and this one is a spherical mirror and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is a spherical mirror and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is a spherical mirror and
+and the the alignment has to be has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the alignment has to be has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the alignment has to be has to
+be very stable because a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very stable because a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very stable because a small
+misalignment would uh would create a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment would uh would create a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment would uh would create a lot
+of loss and then we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loss and then we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loss and then we just don't have
+enough gain in the amplifier to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gain in the amplifier to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gain in the amplifier to overcome
+these losses and the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these losses and the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these losses and the laser
+quits now later on we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits now later on we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits now later on we're going to have
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+demonstrations that illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations that illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations that illustrate the
+properties of uh of the laser so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of uh of the laser so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of uh of the laser so when we
+come back then we're ready to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back then we're ready to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back then we're ready to show you a
+variety of effects associated with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of effects associated with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of effects associated with uh
+with a laser
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IzztWOkcg4I.txt b/IzztWOkcg4I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4e2820b31f612c4658fe4d2c2d4b0f938289aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IzztWOkcg4I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i told you that hona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i told you that hona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i told you that hona
+was the suffix that we used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the suffix that we used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the suffix that we used for
+something that is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is big
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so in italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in italian
+we can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can modify
+nouns and we do it all the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns and we do it all the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns and we do it all the time it's
+very very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very common
+what do we do we take the root of a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do we take the root of a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do we take the root of a noun
+and then we change the suffix based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we change the suffix based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we change the suffix based on
+some characteristic that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some characteristic that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some characteristic that we want to
+emphasize if something is big it's small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize if something is big it's small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize if something is big it's small
+if it's cute it feels bad and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's cute it feels bad and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's cute it feels bad and so there
+are a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of these
+suck fixes really a lot a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck fixes really a lot a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck fixes really a lot a lot
+i want to tell you just the basic ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to tell you just the basic ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to tell you just the basic ones
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so basic we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic we have
+diminutivo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if something is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something is small
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so for example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see cherry tomatoes how do i cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see cherry tomatoes how do i cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see cherry tomatoes how do i cook
+cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural
+and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is when something is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when something is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when something is small
+casa would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with their names of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their names of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their names of people
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would say
+for example another demeanor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example
+well i have a friend we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have a friend we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have a friend we have a lot of
+friends named paolo that's a masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends named paolo that's a masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends named paolo that's a masculine
+paola okay and in the town where i grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paola okay and in the town where i grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paola okay and in the town where i grew
+up there were lots of powders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there were lots of powders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there were lots of powders of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+sizes so the tallest one we all call him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so the tallest one we all call him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so the tallest one we all call him
+paolone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paolone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paolone
+we never call him paolo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never call him paolo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never call him paolo
+so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from
+paolo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paolo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paolo
+it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone who has a big nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see here there is something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see here there is something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see here there is something very
+interesting that happens sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that happens sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that happens sometimes
+when you're using the augmentative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using the augmentative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using the augmentative
+la crechitivo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la crechitivo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la crechitivo
+it also changes gender because calza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also changes gender because calza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also changes gender because calza
+a large culture would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that's endearing or cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's endearing or cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's endearing or cute
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see some examples of bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see some examples of bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see some examples of bits and
+getivo i told you for example when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getivo i told you for example when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getivo i told you for example when i was
+growing up but also now a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up but also now a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up but also now a lot of people
+instead of calling me paola when i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calling me paola when i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calling me paola when i go
+back home they call me paulina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cute little house i like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+or well for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's herb you can say oh i grow herbs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's herb you can say oh i grow herbs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's herb you can say oh i grow herbs in
+the garden and you can you are attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden and you can you are attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden and you can you are attached
+to your herbs because you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your herbs because you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your herbs because you've been
+watering them every day okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watering them every day okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watering them every day okay and then
+you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are considering today is pejorativo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are considering today is pejorativo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are considering today is pejorativo
+sorry person in literature so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry person in literature so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry person in literature so when
+something is bad ugly and you stings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is bad ugly and you stings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is bad ugly and you stings you
+don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it
+then you use pejorativo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pizza or if you have a knife which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza or if you have a knife which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza or if you have a knife which is
+a knife that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knife that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knife that's
+very sharp or and you're very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp or and you're very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp or and you're very dangerous
+then you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a bad word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say bad words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and maybe you are angry with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you are angry with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you are angry with your
+brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother
+brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's fun right and we use this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's fun right and we use this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's fun right and we use this a lot
+a lot a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot
+and i took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took
+a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not gonna read a whole fable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna read a whole fable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna read a whole fable or
+you're gonna fall asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna fall asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna fall asleep
+i i chose a couple of excerpts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i chose a couple of excerpts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i chose a couple of excerpts
+so the author is johnny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when you have instead of reading the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have instead of reading the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have instead of reading the eye
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he's really a very famous italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's really a very famous italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's really a very famous italian
+writer and journalist i mean he's dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer and journalist i mean he's dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer and journalist i mean he's dead
+now but his books are still very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but his books are still very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but his books are still very very
+popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+his books are particularly popular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his books are particularly popular for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his books are particularly popular for
+his his books for kids are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his books for kids are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his books for kids are the most
+popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+so if you don't if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't if you don't know what
+to eat during the summer but maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat during the summer but maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat during the summer but maybe some
+short stories but johnny rodari it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short stories but johnny rodari it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short stories but johnny rodari it's a
+good idea because the vocabulary is fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because the vocabulary is fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea because the vocabulary is fun
+he uses a lot of the present tense and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses a lot of the present tense and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses a lot of the present tense and i
+just want you to read a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want you to read a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want you to read a couple of
+excerpts so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts so you see that
+this is this something in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this something in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this something in action
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is just the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the beginning
+of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i say
+when i go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can repeat the same adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can repeat the same adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can repeat the same adjective
+twice piccolo piccolo or you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice piccolo piccolo or you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice piccolo piccolo or you can say
+piccolino exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piccolino exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piccolino exactly
+so well this man is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well this man is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well this man is really really
+antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+at some point he just starts shouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point he just starts shouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point he just starts shouting
+and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not going to read you the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to read you the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to read you the whole
+story but the idea is that the cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but the idea is that the cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but the idea is that the cat is
+the his cat and he's writing a letter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the his cat and he's writing a letter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the his cat and he's writing a letter to
+johnny rodari to the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnny rodari to the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnny rodari to the author
+so he's writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he says that his grandfather had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that his grandfather had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that his grandfather had a very
+big coda in the grand coda so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big coda in the grand coda so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big coda in the grand coda so if you
+want to use the augmentative what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the augmentative what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the augmentative what would
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+una codona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JYzKNjD1zEU.txt b/JYzKNjD1zEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f385b66c1399d52ba5accc837aad307f04c2ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JYzKNjD1zEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu even though laser light has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu even though laser light has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu even though laser light has
+some beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful
+properties one can easily ruin these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties one can easily ruin these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties one can easily ruin these
+properties by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties by
+mishandling the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishandling the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishandling the laser
+line one simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line one simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line one simple way of
+ruining these properties is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruining these properties is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruining these properties is by
+reflecting the laser light back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the laser light back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the laser light back into the
+laser that's a no no for a lot of laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser that's a no no for a lot of laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser that's a no no for a lot of laser
+applications so in this demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so in this demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so in this demonstration
+I'm going to illustrate what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate what the problem
+is reflecting laser light back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflecting laser light back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflecting laser light back into the
+laser we're going to look at the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we're going to look at the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we're going to look at the effect
+on the laser Spectrum as well as on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the laser Spectrum as well as on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the laser Spectrum as well as on
+laser intensity so the setup is here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser intensity so the setup is here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser intensity so the setup is here we
+have uh a short laser here our 22 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a short laser here our 22 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a short laser here our 22 cm
+laser with internal mirrors and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser with internal mirrors and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser with internal mirrors and again
+let me remind you of the setup we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you of the setup we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you of the setup we have
+the light from the laser then being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light from the laser then being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light from the laser then being
+reflected by this mirror and this Bean s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror and this Bean s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror and this Bean s
+splitter into the scanning fabric Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter into the scanning fabric Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter into the scanning fabric Pro
+into fomer to show the Spectrum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fomer to show the Spectrum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fomer to show the Spectrum and the
+Spectrum then is displayed on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum then is displayed on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum then is displayed on the on the
+oscilloscope uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope uh over
+there there's the uh two modes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's the uh two modes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's the uh two modes and the
+little fella uh on the scope now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fella uh on the scope now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fella uh on the scope now we're
+also going to monitor the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to monitor the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to monitor the laser
+intensity again laser light coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity again laser light coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity again laser light coming in
+here gets reflected by this mirror this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gets reflected by this mirror this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gets reflected by this mirror this
+time passes through this beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes through this beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes through this beam splitter
+then reflected by the mirror here into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reflected by the mirror here into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reflected by the mirror here into a
+detector and the output of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and the output of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and the output of this
+detector can be also displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector can be also displayed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector can be also displayed on the
+scope and then I'll put the button for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and then I'll put the button for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and then I'll put the button for
+the other channel and there it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other channel and there it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other channel and there it is it's a
+uh it's a sort of constant output but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a sort of constant output but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a sort of constant output but
+let me block the laser beam to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me block the laser beam to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me block the laser beam to show
+where zero is so zero is about there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where zero is so zero is about there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where zero is so zero is about there and
+and here is the the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the the output of the
+detector so if I block the light again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so if I block the light again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so if I block the light again
+here's the zero of the detector and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the zero of the detector and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the zero of the detector and here
+is the output then of the laser so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output then of the laser so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output then of the laser so this
+way we can monitor both the Spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can monitor both the Spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can monitor both the Spectrum and
+also the laser intensity so let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the laser intensity so let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the laser intensity so let me go
+back to the to the Spectrum so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the to the Spectrum so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the to the Spectrum so here we
+have the Spectrum on the displayed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Spectrum on the displayed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Spectrum on the displayed on
+the on the scope so now I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the scope so now I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the scope so now I'm ready to
+reflect some laser light back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect some laser light back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect some laser light back into the
+laser see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser see what
+happens the way I'm going to do it is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the way I'm going to do it is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the way I'm going to do it is as
+follows I have a beam splitter over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I have a beam splitter over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I have a beam splitter over here
+to sample the light the laser light say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample the light the laser light say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample the light the laser light say
+50% of it actually gets uh reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of it actually gets uh reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of it actually gets uh reflected
+over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and
+then this mirror I have a mirror here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this mirror I have a mirror here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this mirror I have a mirror here to
+reflect the light back into into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the light back into into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the light back into into the
+laser again uh via this beam spitter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser again uh via this beam spitter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser again uh via this beam spitter and
+if I block this then I have no reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I block this then I have no reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I block this then I have no reflected
+light into the laser if I take this card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into the laser if I take this card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into the laser if I take this card
+away then I have light reflected into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away then I have light reflected into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away then I have light reflected into
+the laser okay so now let's bring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser okay so now let's bring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser okay so now let's bring in the
+Spectrum on the scope so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum on the scope so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum on the scope so here's the
+laser spectrum and you can see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser spectrum and you can see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser spectrum and you can see we have
+uh let's say three modes or so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say three modes or so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say three modes or so and and
+and they're reasonably stable so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're reasonably stable so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're reasonably stable so now
+what I'm going to do is take this card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is take this card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is take this card
+away and reflect some light into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and reflect some light into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and reflect some light into into
+the laser and as you can see the mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser and as you can see the mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser and as you can see the mod
+start to jump around and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to jump around and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to jump around and sometimes
+others appear and what have you and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others appear and what have you and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others appear and what have you and I'm
+also going to play with this mirror a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to play with this mirror a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to play with this mirror a
+little bit here to see whether I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here to see whether I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here to see whether I can
+even enhance it all right so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even enhance it all right so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even enhance it all right so you can see
+that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mess makes a mess with the with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess makes a mess with the with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess makes a mess with the with the with
+the laser modes now again just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser modes now again just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser modes now again just to make
+sure that this is this effect is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this is this effect is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this is this effect is coming
+from reflection I block it again and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reflection I block it again and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reflection I block it again and you
+see it's nice and quiet and the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's nice and quiet and the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's nice and quiet and the modes
+are stable if I take it away then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stable if I take it away then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stable if I take it away then the
+frequencies are are jumping jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are are jumping jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are are jumping jumping
+around so if you have an experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so if you have an experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so if you have an experiment that
+depends a lot on the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on the spectrum of the
+laser and you can have troubles if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and you can have troubles if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and you can have troubles if there
+light reflected back into into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light reflected back into into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light reflected back into into the
+cavity all right let me block it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity all right let me block it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity all right let me block it again
+and now I'm going to switch to the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to switch to the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to switch to the laser
+intensity so I'm going to go to to laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so I'm going to go to to laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so I'm going to go to to laser
+intensity and let me again check where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and let me again check where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and let me again check where
+zero is so see Zero again on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is so see Zero again on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is so see Zero again on the
+scope then here is the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope then here is the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope then here is the output of the
+laser as you can see it's nice and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser as you can see it's nice and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser as you can see it's nice and and
+quiet so now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet so now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet so now what I'm going to do is
+then remove this card so that we reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then remove this card so that we reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then remove this card so that we reflect
+some light back into the laser so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light back into the laser so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light back into the laser so here
+we are we remove the card and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we remove the card and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we remove the card and we see
+that I have to peek up the the alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to peek up the the alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to peek up the the alignment
+we can see that now see some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that now see some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that now see some some
+fluctuations in the in the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in the in the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in the in the laser
+intensity up to about maybe 15 20% or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity up to about maybe 15 20% or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity up to about maybe 15 20% or so
+uh of the uh of the of the intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the uh of the of the intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the uh of the of the intensity so
+now if I block it again see it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I block it again see it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I block it again see it's nice
+and quiet and if I unblock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quiet and if I unblock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quiet and if I unblock
+it you can see I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can see I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can see I get
+about this 15% or more uh intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this 15% or more uh intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this 15% or more uh intensity
+fluctuations again let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations again let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations again let me remind you
+that zero again zero is over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero again zero is over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero again zero is over here right
+so there's the the output without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the the output without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the the output without
+reflection and again here is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and again here is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and again here is the output
+uh with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflection all right now in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection all right now in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection all right now in order to
+dramatize this effect even more I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize this effect even more I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize this effect even more I'm
+going to select only one frequency from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to select only one frequency from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to select only one frequency from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+laser by using a polarizer as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser by using a polarizer as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser by using a polarizer as we know
+this this laser puts out at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this laser puts out at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this laser puts out at least two
+two modes uh and each one uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes uh and each one uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes uh and each one uh is
+polarized orthogonally to the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized orthogonally to the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized orthogonally to the other so
+by placing a polarizer over here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing a polarizer over here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing a polarizer over here I can
+select only one frequency from the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select only one frequency from the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select only one frequency from the laser
+so let me adjust the polarizer and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me adjust the polarizer and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me adjust the polarizer and here
+we are on the scope we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on the scope we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on the scope we have one
+frequency now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now what I'm going to do is
+take this card away to reflect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this card away to reflect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this card away to reflect some
+light back into the laser so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light back into the laser so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light back into the laser so here we are
+light is reflected and and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is reflected and and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is reflected and and you can see
+that the frequency starts to jump around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frequency starts to jump around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frequency starts to jump around
+and also I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I get some
+other another frequency also appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another frequency also appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another frequency also appearing
+we can see this violent jumping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see this violent jumping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see this violent jumping around
+of the of the uh of this uh of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh of this uh of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh of this uh of this
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+okay now let me block it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me block it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me block it
+again and show you it's nice and quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and show you it's nice and quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and show you it's nice and quiet
+and then take it away and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take it away and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take it away and you can see
+that that it can uh can jump jump jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it can uh can jump jump jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it can uh can jump jump jump
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+all right now let's look at then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's look at then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's look at then the
+intensity when the laser is operating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity when the laser is operating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity when the laser is operating a
+single frequency so I'll do now is go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frequency so I'll do now is go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frequency so I'll do now is go to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+detector and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and uh
+increase my intensity a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase my intensity a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase my intensity a little
+bit because the polarizer attenuates let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because the polarizer attenuates let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because the polarizer attenuates let
+me check zero so we can see Zero is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me check zero so we can see Zero is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me check zero so we can see Zero is back
+here let me increase intensity some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me increase intensity some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me increase intensity some
+more let's check zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let
+me set the zero we had it what we had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me set the zero we had it what we had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me set the zero we had it what we had it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+before over here so we can have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before over here so we can have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before over here so we can have a direct
+comparison now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison now let's look at the
+intensity again so here we are about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity again so here we are about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity again so here we are about two
+big divisions this is when there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big divisions this is when there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big divisions this is when there's no
+reflection back into into the laser now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection back into into the laser now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection back into into the laser now
+let me take the card away and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take the card away and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take the card away and pick
+up the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the uh
+the reflection you can see now that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflection you can see now that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflection you can see now that that
+we get about 30 or 40% fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get about 30 or 40% fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get about 30 or 40% fluctuation
+sometimes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even
+more when the laser it is at single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more when the laser it is at single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more when the laser it is at single
+frequency here we are look look how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here we are look look how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here we are look look how
+noisy the laser output is when there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy the laser output is when there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy the laser output is when there is
+uh reflection back in the lay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reflection back in the lay here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reflection back in the lay here we
+are look at that looks pretty awful now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are look at that looks pretty awful now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are look at that looks pretty awful now
+if I block it it's nice and quiet take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I block it it's nice and quiet take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I block it it's nice and quiet take
+it away let the reflection go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away let the reflection go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away let the reflection go in
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+get all kinds of fluctuations in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all kinds of fluctuations in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all kinds of fluctuations in the in
+the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity so then in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so then in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so then in in in
+summary one of the no NOS then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary one of the no NOS then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary one of the no NOS then with
+lasers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers is
+reflecting its laser light back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting its laser light back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting its laser light back into
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+laser now some experiments you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser now some experiments you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser now some experiments you can get
+away without reflecting the laser light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away without reflecting the laser light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away without reflecting the laser light
+back into the laser but in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the laser but in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the laser but in some other
+experiments it's it's uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it's it's uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it's it's uh you have to
+reflect light back into the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect light back into the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect light back into the laser
+because of the alignment of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the alignment of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the alignment of components
+in that case you would use you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you would use you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you would use you would
+have to use an isolator otherwise you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use an isolator otherwise you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use an isolator otherwise you've
+got frequency fluctuations as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got frequency fluctuations as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got frequency fluctuations as well as
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+fluctuations the thing that I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations the thing that I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations the thing that I have not
+told you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you is
+why when you reflect laser light back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when you reflect laser light back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when you reflect laser light back
+into the laser why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laser why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laser why does
+it have such dramatic effect on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have such dramatic effect on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have such dramatic effect on the on
+the laser frequency as well as on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser frequency as well as on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser frequency as well as on the on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+intensity so again just like before I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so again just like before I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so again just like before I'm
+going to leave you with this puzzle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave you with this puzzle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave you with this puzzle now
+to figure this one out for yourself
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JcAB1JeDs8Y.txt b/JcAB1JeDs8Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..637f318942d0f25dffc0a742c1064477be11fcde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JcAB1JeDs8Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous video we pre processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we pre processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we pre processed
+our data and we're now ready to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data and we're now ready to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data and we're now ready to extract
+the word frequencies to be used in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word frequencies to be used in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word frequencies to be used in our
+prediction problem the TM package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction problem the TM package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction problem the TM package
+provides a function called document term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a function called document term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a function called document term
+matrix that generates a matrix where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that generates a matrix where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that generates a matrix where the
+rows correspond to documents in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows correspond to documents in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows correspond to documents in our case
+tweets and the columns correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets and the columns correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets and the columns correspond to
+words in those tweets the values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in those tweets the values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in those tweets the values in the
+matrix are the number of times that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix are the number of times that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix are the number of times that word
+appears in each document let's go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in each document let's go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in each document let's go ahead
+and generate this matrix and call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate this matrix and call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate this matrix and call it
+frequencies so we'll use the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so we'll use the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so we'll use the document
+term matrix function calls on our corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term matrix function calls on our corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term matrix function calls on our corpus
+that we created in the previous video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we created in the previous video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we created in the previous video
+let's take a look at our matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at our matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at our matrix by
+typing frequencies we can see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing frequencies we can see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing frequencies we can see that there
+are three thousand two hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three thousand two hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three thousand two hundred and
+eighty nine terms or words in our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty nine terms or words in our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty nine terms or words in our matrix
+and 1181 documents or tweets after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1181 documents or tweets after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1181 documents or tweets after
+pre-processing let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing let's see what this
+matrix looks like using the inspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix looks like using the inspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix looks like using the inspect
+function so type inspect and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so type inspect and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so type inspect and then
+frequencies and then in square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then in square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then in square brackets
+we'll look at the documents 1000 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at the documents 1000 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at the documents 1000 through
+1005 and we'll look at the words 505
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1005 and we'll look at the words 505
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1005 and we'll look at the words 505
+through 515 in this range we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 515 in this range we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 515 in this range we see that
+the word cheer appears in the tweet 1005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word cheer appears in the tweet 1005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word cheer appears in the tweet 1005
+but cheap doesn't appear in any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cheap doesn't appear in any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cheap doesn't appear in any of these
+tweets this data is what we call sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets this data is what we call sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets this data is what we call sparse
+this means that there are many zeroes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there are many zeroes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there are many zeroes in
+our matrix we can look at what the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix we can look at what the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix we can look at what the most
+popular terms are or words with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular terms are or words with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular terms are or words with the
+function find F req and then terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function find F req and then terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function find F req and then terms we
+want to call this on our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call this on our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call this on our matrix
+frequencies and then we want to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then we want to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then we want to give an
+argument low F our EQ which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument low F our EQ which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument low F our EQ which is equal to
+the minimum number of times a term must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of times a term must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of times a term must
+appear to be displayed let's type 20 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be displayed let's type 20 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be displayed let's type 20 we
+see here 56 different words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here 56 different words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here 56 different words
+so out of the 3289 words in our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of the 3289 words in our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of the 3289 words in our matrix
+only 56 words appear at least 20 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 56 words appear at least 20 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 56 words appear at least 20 times
+in our tweets this means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our tweets this means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our tweets this means that we
+probably have a lot of terms that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a lot of terms that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a lot of terms that will
+be pretty useless for our prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty useless for our prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty useless for our prediction
+model the number of terms is an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the number of terms is an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the number of terms is an issue
+for two main reasons one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two main reasons one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two main reasons one is
+computational more terms means more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational more terms means more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational more terms means more
+independent variables which usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables which usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables which usually
+means it takes longer to build our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it takes longer to build our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it takes longer to build our
+models the other is in building models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the other is in building models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the other is in building models
+as we mentioned before the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned before the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned before the ratio of
+independent variables to observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables to observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables to observations
+will affect how good the model will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect how good the model will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect how good the model will
+generalize so let's remove some terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so let's remove some terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so let's remove some terms
+that don't appear very often we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't appear very often we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't appear very often we'll call
+the output sparse and we'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sparse and we'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sparse and we'll use the
+remove sparse terms function which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove sparse terms function which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove sparse terms function which takes
+as a first argument the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a first argument the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a first argument the name of our
+matrix frequencies and then as a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix frequencies and then as a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix frequencies and then as a second
+argument the sparsity threshold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the sparsity threshold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the sparsity threshold the
+sparsity threshold works as follows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity threshold works as follows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity threshold works as follows if
+we say 0.98 this means to only keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say 0.98 this means to only keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say 0.98 this means to only keep
+terms that appear in two percent or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that appear in two percent or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that appear in two percent or more
+of the tweets if we say 0.99 that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tweets if we say 0.99 that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tweets if we say 0.99 that means
+to only keep terms that appear in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only keep terms that appear in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only keep terms that appear in one
+percent or more of the tweets if we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or more of the tweets if we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or more of the tweets if we say
+0.995 that means to only keep terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.995 that means to only keep terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.995 that means to only keep terms that
+appear in point five percent or more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in point five percent or more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in point five percent or more of
+the tweets or about six or more tweets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tweets or about six or more tweets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tweets or about six or more tweets
+we'll go ahead and use this sparsity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and use this sparsity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and use this sparsity
+threshold if you type sparse you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold if you type sparse you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold if you type sparse you can see
+that there's only three hundred and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's only three hundred and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's only three hundred and nine
+terms in our sparse matrix this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in our sparse matrix this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in our sparse matrix this is only
+about nine percent of the previous count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nine percent of the previous count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nine percent of the previous count
+of three thousand two hundred and eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three thousand two hundred and eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three thousand two hundred and eighty
+nine now let's convert the sparse matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine now let's convert the sparse matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine now let's convert the sparse matrix
+into a data frame that we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a data frame that we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a data frame that we'll be able to
+use for our predictive models we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for our predictive models we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for our predictive models we'll call
+it tweet sparse and use the AAS data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tweet sparse and use the AAS data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tweet sparse and use the AAS data
+frame function calls in the a s stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame function calls in the a s stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame function calls in the a s stop
+matrix function called honor matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix function called honor matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix function called honor matrix
+parse this converts sparse to a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse this converts sparse to a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse this converts sparse to a data
+frame called tweet sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame called tweet sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame called tweet sparse
+since our struggles with variable names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since our struggles with variable names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since our struggles with variable names
+that start with a number and we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with a number and we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with a number and we probably
+have some words here that start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some words here that start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some words here that start with a
+number let's run the make names function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number let's run the make names function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number let's run the make names function
+to make sure all of our words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure all of our words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure all of our words are
+appropriate variable names to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate variable names to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate variable names to do this
+type Co L names and then in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Co L names and then in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Co L names and then in parentheses
+the name of our data frame tweet sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our data frame tweet sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our data frame tweet sparse
+equals make dot names and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals make dot names and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals make dot names and then in
+parentheses again Co L names in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses again Co L names in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses again Co L names in
+parentheses tweet sparse this will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses tweet sparse this will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses tweet sparse this will just
+convert our variable names to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert our variable names to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert our variable names to make sure
+they're all appropriate names before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all appropriate names before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all appropriate names before we
+build our predictive models you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our predictive models you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our predictive models you should
+do this each time you've built a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this each time you've built a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this each time you've built a data
+frame using text analytics now let's add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame using text analytics now let's add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame using text analytics now let's add
+our dependent variable to this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dependent variable to this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dependent variable to this data set
+we'll call it tweets parse negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it tweets parse negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it tweets parse negative and
+set it equal to the original negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to the original negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to the original negative
+variable from the tweets data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lastly let's split our data into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly let's split our data into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly let's split our data into a
+training set and a testing set putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and a testing set putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and a testing set putting
+70% of the data in the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% of the data in the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% of the data in the training set
+first we'll have to load the library CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll have to load the library CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll have to load the library CA
+tools so that we can use the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools so that we can use the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools so that we can use the sample
+split function then let's set the seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split function then let's set the seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split function then let's set the seed
+to 123 and create our split using sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 123 and create our split using sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 123 and create our split using sample
+split we're a dependent variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split we're a dependent variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split we're a dependent variable is
+tweets sparse dollar sign negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets sparse dollar sign negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets sparse dollar sign negative and
+then our split ratio will be 0.7 we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our split ratio will be 0.7 we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our split ratio will be 0.7 we'll
+put 70% of the data in the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 70% of the data in the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 70% of the data in the training set
+then let's just use subset to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just use subset to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just use subset to create a
+training set called trained sparse which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set called trained sparse which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set called trained sparse which
+will take a subset of the whole data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a subset of the whole data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a subset of the whole data set
+tweets parse but only take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets parse but only take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets parse but only take the
+observations for which split is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which split is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which split is equal to
+true and we'll create our test set tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and we'll create our test set tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and we'll create our test set tests
+parse again using subset to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse again using subset to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse again using subset to take the
+observations of tweets parse but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of tweets parse but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of tweets parse but this
+time for which split is equal to false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for which split is equal to false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for which split is equal to false
+our data is now ready and we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data is now ready and we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data is now ready and we can build
+our predictive models in the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictive models in the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictive models in the next video
+we'll use cart and logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use cart and logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use cart and logistic regression
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+direct negative sentiment
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JcKvI821H0c.txt b/JcKvI821H0c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcd8980b76c41d3a8798dea1a618528c41a96563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JcKvI821H0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this plot shows two of our independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot shows two of our independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot shows two of our independent
+variables the number of office visits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the number of office visits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the number of office visits on
+the x-axis and the number of narcotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis and the number of narcotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis and the number of narcotics
+prescribed on the y-axis each point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed on the y-axis each point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed on the y-axis each point is
+an observation or a patient in our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation or a patient in our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation or a patient in our data
+set the red points are patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the red points are patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the red points are patients who
+received poor care and the green points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received poor care and the green points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received poor care and the green points
+are patients who received good care it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are patients who received good care it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are patients who received good care it's
+hard to see a trim in the data by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see a trim in the data by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see a trim in the data by just
+visually inspecting it but it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually inspecting it but it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually inspecting it but it looks like
+maybe more office visits and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more office visits and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more office visits and more
+narcotics or data points to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcotics or data points to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcotics or data points to the right of
+this line are more likely to have poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line are more likely to have poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line are more likely to have poor
+care let's see if we can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care let's see if we can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care let's see if we can build a
+logistic regression model in our to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model in our to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model in our to
+better predict poor care in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better predict poor care in our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better predict poor care in our our
+console let's start by reading our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console let's start by reading our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console let's start by reading our data
+set into R remember to navigate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set into R remember to navigate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set into R remember to navigate to the
+directory on your computer containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory on your computer containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory on your computer containing
+the file quality dot CSV we'll call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file quality dot CSV we'll call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file quality dot CSV we'll call our
+data set quality and use the read CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set quality and use the read CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set quality and use the read CSV
+function to read in the data file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to read in the data file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to read in the data file
+quality dot CSV let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality dot CSV let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality dot CSV let's take a look at the
+structure of our data set by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our data set by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our data set by using the
+STR function we have a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STR function we have a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STR function we have a hundred and
+thirty one observations one for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty one observations one for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty one observations one for each of
+the patients in our data set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients in our data set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients in our data set and
+fourteen different variables member ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen different variables member ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen different variables member ID
+just numbers the patient's from 1 to 131
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just numbers the patient's from 1 to 131
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just numbers the patient's from 1 to 131
+the 12 variables from inpatient days to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 variables from inpatient days to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 variables from inpatient days to
+acute drug gap small are the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute drug gap small are the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute drug gap small are the independent
+variables we'll be using the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we'll be using the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we'll be using the number of
+office visits and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office visits and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office visits and the number of
+prescriptions for narcotics that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions for narcotics that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions for narcotics that the
+patient had but you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had but you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had but you can read
+descriptions of all of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of all of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of all of the independent
+variables below this video after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables below this video after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables below this video after the
+lecture try building models with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture try building models with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture try building models with
+different subsets of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsets of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsets of independent
+variables to see what the best model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to see what the best model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to see what the best model is
+that you can find the final variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find the final variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find the final variable
+poor care is our outcome or dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care is our outcome or dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care is our outcome or dependent
+variable and is equal to 1 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and is equal to 1 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and is equal to 1 if the
+patient had poor care and equal to 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had poor care and equal to 0 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had poor care and equal to 0 if
+the patient had good care let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient had good care let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient had good care let's see how
+many patients received poor care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many patients received poor care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many patients received poor care
+and how many patients received good care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many patients received good care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many patients received good care
+by using the table function let's make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the table function let's make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the table function let's make a
+table of our outcome variable poor care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of our outcome variable poor care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of our outcome variable poor care
+we can see that ninety eight out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that ninety eight out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that ninety eight out of the
+hundred and thirty one patients and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and thirty one patients and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and thirty one patients and our
+data set received good care or zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set received good care or zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set received good care or zero and
+thirty three patients received poor care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty three patients received poor care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty three patients received poor care
+are those labeled with one before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those labeled with one before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those labeled with one before
+building any models let's consider using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building any models let's consider using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building any models let's consider using
+a simple baseline method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple baseline method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple baseline method
+last week when we computed the r-squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week when we computed the r-squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week when we computed the r-squared
+for linear regression we compared our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear regression we compared our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear regression we compared our
+predictions to the baseline method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions to the baseline method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions to the baseline method of
+predicting the average outcome for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the average outcome for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the average outcome for all
+data points in a classification problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in a classification problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in a classification problem
+a standard baseline method is to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard baseline method is to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard baseline method is to just
+predict the most frequent outcome for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the most frequent outcome for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the most frequent outcome for
+all observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observations
+since good care is more common than poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since good care is more common than poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since good care is more common than poor
+care in this case we would predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in this case we would predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in this case we would predict that
+all patients are receiving good care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all patients are receiving good care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all patients are receiving good care if
+we did this we would get ninety eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this we would get ninety eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this we would get ninety eight
+out of the hundred and thirty one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the hundred and thirty one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the hundred and thirty one
+observations correct or have an accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations correct or have an accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations correct or have an accuracy
+of about seventy five percent so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about seventy five percent so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about seventy five percent so our
+baseline model has an accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline model has an accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline model has an accuracy of
+seventy-five percent this is what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy-five percent this is what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy-five percent this is what we'll
+try to beat with our logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to beat with our logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to beat with our logistic regression
+model last week we always gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model last week we always gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model last week we always gave you the
+training data set and the testing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data set and the testing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data set and the testing data
+set in separate files this week we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in separate files this week we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in separate files this week we only
+have one data set so we want to randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one data set so we want to randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one data set so we want to randomly
+split our data set into a training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our data set into a training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our data set into a training set
+and a testing set so that we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a testing set so that we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a testing set so that we'll have a
+test set to measure our out-of-sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set to measure our out-of-sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set to measure our out-of-sample
+accuracy to do this we need to add a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy to do this we need to add a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy to do this we need to add a new
+package to our there are many functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package to our there are many functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package to our there are many functions
+and algorithms built into our but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithms built into our but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithms built into our but there
+are many more that you can install we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more that you can install we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more that you can install we'll
+do this several times throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this several times throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this several times throughout this
+course first let's install the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first let's install the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first let's install the new
+package using the install packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package using the install packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package using the install packages
+function and then give the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then give the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then give the name of the
+package we want to install in quotes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package we want to install in quotes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package we want to install in quotes in
+this case it's ca tools if you hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's ca tools if you hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's ca tools if you hit enter
+a window should pop up asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a window should pop up asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a window should pop up asking you to
+pick a Korean mirror he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a Korean mirror he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a Korean mirror he
+you should pick a location near you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should pick a location near you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should pick a location near you in
+my case I'll pick Pennsylvania in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my case I'll pick Pennsylvania in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my case I'll pick Pennsylvania in the
+United States after you've selected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States after you've selected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States after you've selected a
+location you should see some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you should see some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you should see some information
+pop up in your are console it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up in your are console it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up in your are console it's done
+when you see the arrow with a blinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see the arrow with a blinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see the arrow with a blinking
+cursor again now we need to load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor again now we need to load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor again now we need to load the
+package into our current our session to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package into our current our session to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package into our current our session to
+do this we'll use the library function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we'll use the library function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we'll use the library function
+so type library and then in parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so type library and then in parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so type library and then in parenthesis
+the name of our package CA tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our package CA tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our package CA tools
+sometimes you'll get a warning message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll get a warning message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll get a warning message
+based on the version of R that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the version of R that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the version of R that you're
+using this can usually safely be ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this can usually safely be ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this can usually safely be ignored
+in the future whenever you want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future whenever you want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future whenever you want to use a
+package you won't need to install it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package you won't need to install it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package you won't need to install it but
+you will need to load it now let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to load it now let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to load it now let's use
+this package to randomly split our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this package to randomly split our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this package to randomly split our data
+into a training set and a testing set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a training set and a testing set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a training set and a testing set
+we'll do this using the function sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this using the function sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this using the function sample
+dot split which is part of the CA tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot split which is part of the CA tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot split which is part of the CA tools
+package since sample split randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package since sample split randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package since sample split randomly
+splits your data it could split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits your data it could split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits your data it could split it
+differently for each of us to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently for each of us to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently for each of us to make sure
+that we all get the same split we'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all get the same split we'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all get the same split we'll set
+our seed this initializes the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our seed this initializes the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our seed this initializes the random
+number generator so type set dot seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator so type set dot seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator so type set dot seed
+and then the number 88 a number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the number 88 a number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the number 88 a number I
+selected now let's use sample split type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected now let's use sample split type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected now let's use sample split type
+split equals sample dot split and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split equals sample dot split and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split equals sample dot split and then
+in parentheses we need to give two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses we need to give two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses we need to give two
+arguments the first is our outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the first is our outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the first is our outcome
+variable or quality dollar sign poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or quality dollar sign poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or quality dollar sign poor
+care and the second argument is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and the second argument is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and the second argument is the
+percentage of the data that we want in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the data that we want in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the data that we want in
+the training set we type split ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set we type split ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set we type split ratio
+equals and in this case we'll put 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals and in this case we'll put 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals and in this case we'll put 75% of
+the data in the training set which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in the training set which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in the training set which we'll
+use to build the model and 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to build the model and 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to build the model and 25% of the
+data in the testing set to test our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the testing set to test our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the testing set to test our
+model sample split randomly splits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model sample split randomly splits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model sample split randomly splits the
+data but it also makes sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but it also makes sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but it also makes sure that the
+outcome variable is well balanced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable is well balanced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable is well balanced in
+each piece we saw earlier that about 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each piece we saw earlier that about 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each piece we saw earlier that about 75%
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+patients are receiving good care this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are receiving good care this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are receiving good care this
+function makes sure that in our training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function makes sure that in our training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function makes sure that in our training
+set 75% of our patients are receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 75% of our patients are receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 75% of our patients are receiving
+good care and in our testing set 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good care and in our testing set 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good care and in our testing set 75% of
+our patients are receiving good care we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our patients are receiving good care we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our patients are receiving good care we
+want to do this so that our test set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this so that our test set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this so that our test set is
+representative of our training set let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of our training set let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of our training set let's
+take a look at split there is a true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at split there is a true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at split there is a true or
+false value for each of our observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false value for each of our observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false value for each of our observations
+true means that we should put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true means that we should put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true means that we should put that
+observation in the training set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation in the training set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation in the training set and
+false means that we should put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false means that we should put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false means that we should put that
+observation in the testing set so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation in the testing set so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation in the testing set so now
+let's create our training and testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's create our training and testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's create our training and testing
+sets using the subset function we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets using the subset function we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets using the subset function we'll
+call our training set quality train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call our training set quality train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call our training set quality train and
+use the subset function to take a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the subset function to take a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the subset function to take a subset
+of quality and only taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quality and only taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quality and only taking the
+observations for which split is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which split is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which split is equal to
+true we'll call our testing set quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'll call our testing set quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'll call our testing set quality
+test and again use a subset function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and again use a subset function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and again use a subset function to
+take the observations of quality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the observations of quality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the observations of quality but
+this time those for which split is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time those for which split is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time those for which split is equal
+to false if you look at the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to false if you look at the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to false if you look at the number of
+rows in each of our data sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in each of our data sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in each of our data sets the
+training set and then the testing set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and then the testing set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and then the testing set
+you can see that there are 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are 99
+observations in the training set and 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the training set and 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the training set and 32
+observations in the testing set now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the testing set now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the testing set now we
+are ready to build a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready to build a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready to build a logistic regression
+model using office visits and narcotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model using office visits and narcotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model using office visits and narcotics
+as independent variables we'll call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as independent variables we'll call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as independent variables we'll call our
+model quality log and use the GLM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model quality log and use the GLM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model quality log and use the GLM
+function for generalized linear model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for generalized linear model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for generalized linear model to
+build our logistic regression model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our logistic regression model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our logistic regression model we
+start by giving the equation we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by giving the equation we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by giving the equation we want to
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+just like in linear regression we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in linear regression we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in linear regression we start
+with the dependent variable and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dependent variable and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dependent variable and then the
+tilde sign and then the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde sign and then the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde sign and then the independent
+variables we want to use separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we want to use separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we want to use separated by
+the plus sign we then give the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus sign we then give the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus sign we then give the name of
+the data set we want to use to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set we want to use to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set we want to use to build the
+model in this case quality train for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in this case quality train for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in this case quality train for a
+logistic regression model we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model we need one
+last argument which is family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last argument which is family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last argument which is family
+equals binomial this tells the GLM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals binomial this tells the GLM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals binomial this tells the GLM
+function to build a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to build a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to build a logistic regression
+model now let's look at our model using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now let's look at our model using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now let's look at our model using
+the summary function the output looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary function the output looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary function the output looks
+similar to that of a linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that of a linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that of a linear regression
+model what we want to focus on is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what we want to focus on is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what we want to focus on is the
+coefficients table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients table
+this gives the estimate values for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the estimate values for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the estimate values for the
+coefficients or the betas for logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or the betas for logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or the betas for logistic
+regression model we see here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model we see here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model we see here that the
+coefficients for office visits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for office visits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for office visits and
+narcotics are both positive which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcotics are both positive which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcotics are both positive which means
+that higher values in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher values in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher values in these two
+variables are indicative of poor care as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are indicative of poor care as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are indicative of poor care as
+we suspected from looking at the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suspected from looking at the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suspected from looking at the data we
+also see that both of these variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that both of these variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that both of these variables
+have at least one star meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least one star meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least one star meaning that
+they're significant in our model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're significant in our model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're significant in our model the
+last thing we want to look at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing we want to look at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing we want to look at in the
+output is the AIC value this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the AIC value this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the AIC value this is a
+measure of the quality of the model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the quality of the model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the quality of the model and
+is like adjusted r-squared and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like adjusted r-squared and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like adjusted r-squared and that it
+accounts for the number of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the number of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the number of variables
+used compared to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used compared to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used compared to the number of
+observations unfortunately it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations unfortunately it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations unfortunately it can only
+be compared between models on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be compared between models on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be compared between models on the same
+data set but it provides a means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set but it provides a means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set but it provides a means for
+model selection the preferred model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model selection the preferred model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model selection the preferred model is
+the one with a minimum AIC now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with a minimum AIC now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with a minimum AIC now let's
+make predictions on the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions on the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions on the training set
+we'll call them predict train and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them predict train and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them predict train and use
+the predict function to make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predict function to make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predict function to make predictions
+using the model quality log and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the model quality log and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the model quality log and we'll
+give a second argument which is type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a second argument which is type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a second argument which is type
+equals response in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals response in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals response in quotes
+this tells the predict function to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells the predict function to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells the predict function to give
+us probabilities let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us probabilities let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us probabilities let's take a look at
+the statistical summary of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical summary of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical summary of our
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since we're expecting probabilities all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're expecting probabilities all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're expecting probabilities all
+of the numbers should be between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers should be between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers should be between 0 and 1
+and we see that the minimum value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that the minimum value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that the minimum value is
+about point zero seven and the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point zero seven and the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point zero seven and the maximum
+value is 0.98 let's see if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 0.98 let's see if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 0.98 let's see if we're
+predicting higher probabilities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting higher probabilities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting higher probabilities for the
+actual poor care cases as we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual poor care cases as we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual poor care cases as we expect to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+use the T apply function giving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the T apply function giving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the T apply function giving as
+arguments predict train and then quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments predict train and then quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments predict train and then quality
+train dollar sign poor care and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train dollar sign poor care and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train dollar sign poor care and then
+mean this will compute the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this will compute the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this will compute the average
+prediction for each of the true outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for each of the true outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for each of the true outcomes
+so we see that for all of the true poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that for all of the true poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that for all of the true poor
+care cases we predict an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases we predict an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases we predict an average
+probability of about point four four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of about point four four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of about point four four and
+all of the true good care cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the true good care cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the true good care cases we
+predict an average probability of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict an average probability of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict an average probability of about
+point one nine so this is a good sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one nine so this is a good sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one nine so this is a good sign
+because it looks like we're predicting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like we're predicting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like we're predicting a
+higher probability for the actual poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability for the actual poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability for the actual poor
+care cases now that we have our model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases now that we have our model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases now that we have our model in
+the next video we'll discuss how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video we'll discuss how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video we'll discuss how to
+assess the accuracy of our predictions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Jov7G7IpuLo.txt b/Jov7G7IpuLo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d27a79bfc3b688ed4478359d2708e4c1bbb99ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Jov7G7IpuLo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14378 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's begin today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's begin today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's begin today's lecture
+um we have only two lectures left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have only two lectures left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have only two lectures left this
+uh this one and next Monday I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one and next Monday I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one and next Monday I realize
+that there are no more deliverables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no more deliverables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no more deliverables for
+this class right no more quizzes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class right no more quizzes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class right no more quizzes uh
+after tonight no more pets so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after tonight no more pets so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after tonight no more pets so I do
+appreciate you coming to these lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate you coming to these lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate you coming to these lectures
+they're intended to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're intended to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're intended to be a little bit more
+fun uh you know no need to take notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh you know no need to take notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh you know no need to take notes
+just kind of sit back and enjoy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of sit back and enjoy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of sit back and enjoy the
+content today we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content today we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content today we're going to be talking
+about uh library in Python that can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh library in Python that can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh library in Python that can help
+you do plotting and the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do plotting and the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do plotting and the reason why we
+talk about this plotting Library as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this plotting Library as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this plotting Library as
+opposed to something else that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to something else that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to something else that's maybe
+more machine learning or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more machine learning or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more machine learning or something else
+like that is because at one point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that is because at one point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that is because at one point or
+another if you decide to take any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another if you decide to take any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another if you decide to take any other
+course that kind of builds upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that kind of builds upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that kind of builds upon this
+intro course you'll probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro course you'll probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro course you'll probably want to
+create some graphs or visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some graphs or visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some graphs or visualize
+something right even if you do a europ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right even if you do a europ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right even if you do a europ
+you'll probably have to visualize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably have to visualize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably have to visualize some
+sort of data and it's a really uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data and it's a really uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data and it's a really uh uh
+nice next step to show you how to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice next step to show you how to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice next step to show you how to use a
+library that already exists so somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library that already exists so somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library that already exists so somebody
+already put in the work in creating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already put in the work in creating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already put in the work in creating this
+library that can plot things for us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library that can plot things for us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library that can plot things for us so
+let's just try to use it um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try to use it um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try to use it um and so it's
+just a really really nice way for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a really really nice way for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a really really nice way for us to
+uh to to kind of wrap up the course by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to kind of wrap up the course by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to kind of wrap up the course by
+by showing this visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing this visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing this visualization
+Library so we're going to the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library so we're going to the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library so we're going to the library
+we're going to do uh to use is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do uh to use is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do uh to use is called
+Matt plot lib and it's kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt plot lib and it's kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt plot lib and it's kind of the most
+basic plotting visualization library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic plotting visualization library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic plotting visualization library
+that we can have and the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have and the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have and the way that we
+bring it into our code just like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it into our code just like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it into our code just like we have
+in the past few lectures is is with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past few lectures is is with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past few lectures is is with this
+import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import
+statement and uh the actual file that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and uh the actual file that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and uh the actual file that
+comes into our uh into our uh in that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into our uh into our uh in that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into our uh into our uh in that we
+would bring into our program is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bring into our program is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bring into our program is called
+matplot li. pyplot now that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matplot li. pyplot now that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matplot li. pyplot now that's kind of a
+mouthful and a lot of times when we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful and a lot of times when we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful and a lot of times when we want
+to use this or when we want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this or when we want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this or when we want to use this
+Library you'd have to basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library you'd have to basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library you'd have to basically say
+matplot li. pyplot do function name from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matplot li. pyplot do function name from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matplot li. pyplot do function name from
+that file and so that's a lot of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that file and so that's a lot of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that file and so that's a lot of writing
+and a lot of typing so when we bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of typing so when we bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of typing so when we bring it
+into our uh when we bring in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our uh when we bring in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our uh when we bring in this
+Library into our own file we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library into our own file we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library into our own file we can
+actually rename it so as PLT tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rename it so as PLT tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rename it so as PLT tells
+python that now I would like to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that now I would like to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that now I would like to refer to
+this file and this Library as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file and this Library as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file and this Library as the name
+PLT so if we ever want to uh call uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLT so if we ever want to uh call uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLT so if we ever want to uh call uh
+functions or maybe uh objects and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or maybe uh objects and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or maybe uh objects and things
+like that from this file we would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that from this file we would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that from this file we would do it
+using PLT Dot and then the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using PLT Dot and then the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using PLT Dot and then the name of
+whatever we want to use so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want to use so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want to use so it's just a
+much nicer way to grab uh the contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer way to grab uh the contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer way to grab uh the contents
+of the file instead of always writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the file instead of always writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the file instead of always writing
+matplot l. pip plot do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matplot l. pip plot do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matplot l. pip plot do something else
+Yeah question see a variable name um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah question see a variable name um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah question see a variable name um you
+can think of it as a variable name it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as a variable name it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as a variable name it's
+it's anything you want it to be so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anything you want it to be so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anything you want it to be so you
+could import it matplot lip. pip plot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could import it matplot lip. pip plot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could import it matplot lip. pip plot as
+Anna and then from there on you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna and then from there on you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna and then from there on you can say
+Anna do in know process name or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna do in know process name or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna do in know process name or you know
+plot or whatever it is so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot or whatever it is so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot or whatever it is so it's just
+whatever name you want to give it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever name you want to give it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever name you want to give it yeah
+um okay so there are other visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so there are other visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so there are other visualization
+libraries uh that exist out there um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries uh that exist out there um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries uh that exist out there um a
+lot of them or all of them build upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them or all of them build upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them or all of them build upon
+this one so this is kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so this is kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so this is kind of the most
+basic library that you can get and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic library that you can get and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic library that you can get and the
+other ones that exist build upon it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that exist build upon it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that exist build upon it by
+kind of you know doing some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know doing some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know doing some things
+behind the scenes to maybe uh make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scenes to maybe uh make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scenes to maybe uh make your
+lives easier uh or to do some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives easier uh or to do some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives easier uh or to do some really
+cool visualizations or maybe things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool visualizations or maybe things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool visualizations or maybe things
+where you can like hover the mouse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can like hover the mouse over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can like hover the mouse over
+a a coordinate and things like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a coordinate and things like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a coordinate and things like that but
+we don't need to do any of that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to do any of that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to do any of that at this
+time it's just nice to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's just nice to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's just nice to take a look at
+this really basic visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really basic visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really basic visualization
+Library so throughout uh throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library so throughout uh throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library so throughout uh throughout the
+lecture we're going to look a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to look a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to look a little bit
+at some code we're going to run it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some code we're going to run it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some code we're going to run it on
+the python uh just from the python file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the python uh just from the python file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the python uh just from the python file
+then we'll just talk about it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just talk about it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just talk about it on the
+slides so whenever we're plotting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so whenever we're plotting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so whenever we're plotting things
+we need to uh tell python a set of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to uh tell python a set of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to uh tell python a set of X
+values and a set of Y values that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and a set of Y values that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and a set of Y values that's
+pretty common if you've used mat lab you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common if you've used mat lab you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common if you've used mat lab you
+you you'll know that that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll know that that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll know that that's kind of the
+way it's done same in Python so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's done same in Python so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's done same in Python so when
+we're creating the coordinates that we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating the coordinates that we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating the coordinates that we'd
+like to plot in a 2d plane we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to plot in a 2d plane we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to plot in a 2d plane we're
+essentially just creating two lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just creating two lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just creating two lists
+where index by index we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where index by index we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where index by index we're going to have
+a list containing all the values that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list containing all the values that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list containing all the values that we
+want for the uh x coordinate and a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for the uh x coordinate and a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for the uh x coordinate and a list
+and in a separate list uh all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a separate list uh all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a separate list uh all the values
+that we'd like for the y-coordinate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd like for the y-coordinate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd like for the y-coordinate so
+at index zero in each of these lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at index zero in each of these lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at index zero in each of these lists
+you're basically creating you know X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically creating you know X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically creating you know X
+values at index z y values at index zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at index z y values at index zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at index z y values at index zero
+becomes the coordinate one coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the coordinate one coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the coordinate one coordinate
+point so one of the very simplest things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so one of the very simplest things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so one of the very simplest things
+that we can do is we can create a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do is we can create a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do is we can create a nice
+list of values that will be our x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of values that will be our x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of values that will be our x x
+values so our xaxis will basically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so our xaxis will basically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so our xaxis will basically be
+the number 0 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number 0 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number 0 through
+29 and then down here we can create four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 and then down here we can create four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 and then down here we can create four
+different lists containing four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lists containing four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lists containing four
+different uh Y yvalue coordinates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh Y yvalue coordinates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh Y yvalue coordinates so
+when we're plotting we're going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're plotting we're going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're plotting we're going to plot
+this x value list against all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x value list against all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x value list against all these
+linear points this x value list against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear points this x value list against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear points this x value list against
+all these quadratic points and this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these quadratic points and this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these quadratic points and this x
+value list against the cubic points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value list against the cubic points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value list against the cubic points and
+so on so the way we're creating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so the way we're creating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so the way we're creating these
+lists are pretty familiar of python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists are pretty familiar of python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists are pretty familiar of python
+syntax uh our n is going through 0 to 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax uh our n is going through 0 to 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax uh our n is going through 0 to 29
+and then we're appending to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're appending to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're appending to the end of
+each one of these lists linear quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these lists linear quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these lists linear quadratic
+cubic and exponential some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and exponential some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and exponential some function of
+that n right so the linear list will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n right so the linear list will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n right so the linear list will
+just have all the values again so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have all the values again so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have all the values again so we're
+plotting 0 0 1 1 two2 so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting 0 0 1 1 two2 so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting 0 0 1 1 two2 so on the
+quadratic list will be plotting 0 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic list will be plotting 0 0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic list will be plotting 0 0 one
+one uh 2 4 39 and so on same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh 2 4 39 and so on same with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh 2 4 39 and so on same with the
+cubic and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and then this
+exponential I just chose randomly 1.5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I just chose randomly 1.5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I just chose randomly 1.5 to
+the power of n just because it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of n just because it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of n just because it kind of
+looked nice in the plot but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked nice in the plot but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked nice in the plot but you can
+imagine different number for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine different number for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine different number for the
+exponential in there okay so the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in there okay so the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in there okay so the way we
+plot uh some some values is by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot uh some some values is by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot uh some some values is by not
+surprisingly the the plot command so PLT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly the the plot command so PLT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly the the plot command so PLT
+was how we decided to import that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how we decided to import that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how we decided to import that
+Library as the name that we gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library as the name that we gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library as the name that we gave it
+dotplot tells python we'd like to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotplot tells python we'd like to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotplot tells python we'd like to plot
+some list of X and Y values so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some list of X and Y values so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some list of X and Y values so the
+parameters to the plot command are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to the plot command are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to the plot command are going
+to be two sequences of values they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two sequences of values they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two sequences of values they can
+be lists typically but they could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lists typically but they could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lists typically but they could also
+be tupes they could also be um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tupes they could also be um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tupes they could also be um you know
+the keys you get from a dictionary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys you get from a dictionary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys you get from a dictionary that
+was also an iterable things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also an iterable things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also an iterable things like that so
+we have to pass in a list of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to pass in a list of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to pass in a list of of
+numerical things so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical things so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical things so this will be
+typically the stuff on your x-axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the stuff on your x-axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the stuff on your x-axis and
+the second parameter is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second parameter is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second parameter is going to be the
+function of those values of the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those values of the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those values of the x-axis
+the lists have to be the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lists have to be the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lists have to be the same length
+obviously uh so python knows uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh so python knows uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh so python knows uh which
+coordinates we're plotting if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're plotting if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we're plotting if they're
+not the same length by accident uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same length by accident uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same length by accident uh then
+python will throw an error and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will throw an error and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will throw an error and then you
+don't you know it it just won't plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know it it just won't plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know it it just won't plot
+anything so when we uh run the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so when we uh run the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so when we uh run the code
+python will generally plot the values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will generally plot the values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will generally plot the values in
+either a new window or directly in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a new window or directly in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a new window or directly in line
+in the console so right over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the console so right over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the console so right over here right
+so right in here it could put the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right in here it could put the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right in here it could put the plot
+directly sort of in line with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sort of in line with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sort of in line with a bunch of
+stuff that you might print out uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you might print out uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you might print out uh to
+toggle between that just out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle between that just out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle between that just out of
+curiosity you go to tools preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity you go to tools preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity you go to tools preferences
+IPython console graphics and then here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPython console graphics and then here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPython console graphics and then here
+you can choose either automatic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose either automatic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose either automatic which
+will make a new window for us that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a new window for us that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a new window for us that's
+interactive you can zoom in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive you can zoom in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive you can zoom in and out
+things like that or in line which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that or in line which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that or in line which will
+just put the plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put the plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put the plot that
+that you tell python to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tell python to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tell python to generate
+directly in the console here okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in the console here okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in the console here okay so I
+prefer the the the new window because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the the the new window because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the the the new window because
+it's easier for me to interact with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier for me to interact with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier for me to interact with it
+so we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do
+that so let's actually run one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's actually run one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's actually run one of the
+plot commands so PLT do plot we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot commands so PLT do plot we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot commands so PLT do plot we're we're
+plotting here the X AIS uh the x axis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting here the X AIS uh the x axis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting here the X AIS uh the x axis as
+just the number 0 through 29 and the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the number 0 through 29 and the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the number 0 through 29 and the y
+axis is just going to also be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is just going to also be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is just going to also be the value
+0 through 29 so we've made a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 through 29 so we've made a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 through 29 so we've made a nice little
+linear plot and you notice it popped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear plot and you notice it popped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear plot and you notice it popped up
+a little window down here for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little window down here for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little window down here for me and
+this is the pl plot that it generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the pl plot that it generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the pl plot that it generated
+yay not surprising this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay not surprising this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay not surprising this is exactly what
+we expected out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected out of it
+right okay so what do we notice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what do we notice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what do we notice about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+plot um we notied how python nicely fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot um we notied how python nicely fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot um we notied how python nicely fit
+the line within this Frame right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line within this Frame right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line within this Frame right so it
+added a little bit of wiggle room to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a little bit of wiggle room to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a little bit of wiggle room to the
+left and to the right of my line and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and to the right of my line and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and to the right of my line and to
+the below and above my line just so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the below and above my line just so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the below and above my line just so it
+fits nicely within the frame um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits nicely within the frame um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits nicely within the frame um it
+didn't zoom out to some standard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't zoom out to some standard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't zoom out to some standard you
+know 0 to 100 value it zoomed in to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 0 to 100 value it zoomed in to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 0 to 100 value it zoomed in to this
+0 to 30ish range 0 to 30-ish on the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 30ish range 0 to 30-ish on the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 30ish range 0 to 30-ish on the y-
+axis range so really really nice uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis range so really really nice uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis range so really really nice uh that
+it you know did all that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know did all that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know did all that for
+us the order of the points does matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the order of the points does matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the order of the points does matter
+in the list so you'll notice one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the list so you'll notice one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the list so you'll notice one of the
+other things in this in this uh plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in this in this uh plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in this in this uh plot
+here is we gave it actual points that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we gave it actual points that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we gave it actual points that it
+needed to plot but the plot command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to plot but the plot command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to plot but the plot command
+doesn't plot the points by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't plot the points by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't plot the points by default
+instead it just connects all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it just connects all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it just connects all the points
+by line so it connects consecutive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by line so it connects consecutive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by line so it connects consecutive uh
+indices of points by a line so connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices of points by a line so connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices of points by a line so connected
+the 0 0 1 1 2 two and so on so the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 0 1 1 2 two and so on so the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 0 1 1 2 two and so on so the order
+of the points does actually matter if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the points does actually matter if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the points does actually matter if if
+we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+function for example in this case n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example in this case n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example in this case n and
+n SAR right so n being 0 through 29 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n SAR right so n being 0 through 29 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n SAR right so n being 0 through 29 and
+N squ being you know 0 1 2 4 uh 0 1 4 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squ being you know 0 1 2 4 uh 0 1 4 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squ being you know 0 1 2 4 uh 0 1 4 n
+and so on um but they're in out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um but they're in out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um but they're in out but
+they're out of order python will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out of order python will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out of order python will just
+take consecutive pairs from those lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take consecutive pairs from those lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take consecutive pairs from those lists
+and connect them with a line so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect them with a line so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect them with a line so here's
+an example I've got my lists uh my X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I've got my lists uh my X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example I've got my lists uh my X
+values lists is this test samples it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values lists is this test samples it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values lists is this test samples it's
+all the numbers 0 through 29 but out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the numbers 0 through 29 but out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the numbers 0 through 29 but out of
+order and the test values associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and the test values associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and the test values associated
+with each one of those again they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each one of those again they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each one of those again they are
+correct this is 0 squared this 25 is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this is 0 squared this 25 is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this is 0 squared this 25 is 5
+squar this 9 is 3 squar but they're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar this 9 is 3 squar but they're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar this 9 is 3 squar but they're out
+of order so if we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order so if we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order so if we run
+that just with a pure plot command we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just with a pure plot command we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just with a pure plot command we're
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+some garbage plot right doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some garbage plot right doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some garbage plot right doesn't look
+very nice and we already know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice and we already know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice and we already know what's
+wrong right python just connected 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong right python just connected 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong right python just connected 0 0
+525 and then you know 39 by a line not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+525 and then you know 39 by a line not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+525 and then you know 39 by a line not
+really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very
+nice instead what we'd like to do uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice instead what we'd like to do uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice instead what we'd like to do uh is
+to just tell python to plot the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just tell python to plot the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just tell python to plot the points
+so I don't care about connecting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't care about connecting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't care about connecting them
+with a line in this case I would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a line in this case I would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a line in this case I would tell
+python instead of just plotting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python instead of just plotting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python instead of just plotting it to
+create a scatter plot for me so PLT do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a scatter plot for me so PLT do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a scatter plot for me so PLT do
+scatter with the same list of X and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter with the same list of X and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter with the same list of X and and
+Y values is going to just create for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y values is going to just create for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y values is going to just create for me
+this nice plot where it plots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice plot where it plots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice plot where it plots the
+coordinates don't doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates don't doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates don't doesn't matter that
+they're out of order because they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out of order because they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're out of order because they just
+get plotted without anything connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get plotted without anything connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get plotted without anything connecting
+them right so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so pretty
+nice um so that's you know this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um so that's you know this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um so that's you know this example
+that we just did here and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did here and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did here and then this is
+us uh doing a scatter plot giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh doing a scatter plot giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh doing a scatter plot giving us
+this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice
+PL okay one of the other things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL okay one of the other things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL okay one of the other things that you
+might want to do is to have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is to have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is to have a whole
+bunch of lines being plotted on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines being plotted on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines being plotted on one
+window right so to do that all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window right so to do that all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window right so to do that all you have
+to tell python is just a sequence of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell python is just a sequence of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell python is just a sequence of all
+the commands all the plotting commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commands all the plotting commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commands all the plotting commands
+or everything that you'd like to plot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or everything that you'd like to plot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or everything that you'd like to plot on
+the one figure so without telling python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one figure so without telling python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one figure so without telling python
+you'd like to create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to create a new
+figure anytime it sees a plot command it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure anytime it sees a plot command it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure anytime it sees a plot command it
+will just keep adding whatever points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just keep adding whatever points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just keep adding whatever points
+get generated or whatever lines get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get generated or whatever lines get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get generated or whatever lines get
+generated to the current figure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated to the current figure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated to the current figure that's
+open so we just have one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open so we just have one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open so we just have one thing that's
+open right now so it'll just keep adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open right now so it'll just keep adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open right now so it'll just keep adding
+stuff to our figure so here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to our figure so here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to our figure so here I've got
+four plotting commands in a row I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four plotting commands in a row I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four plotting commands in a row I never
+explicitly told python to create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly told python to create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly told python to create a new
+figure for me so it's just going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for me so it's just going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for me so it's just going to add
+all four of these lines to the same plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four of these lines to the same plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four of these lines to the same plot
+right so it just doesn't create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it just doesn't create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it just doesn't create a new
+figure it just keeps adding stuff to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it just keeps adding stuff to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it just keeps adding stuff to my
+plot so you can imagine if I added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so you can imagine if I added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so you can imagine if I added a
+scatter plot as well it would just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot as well it would just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot as well it would just add
+the individual dots to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual dots to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual dots to this
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so again what do we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so again what do we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so again what do we notice
+well python nicely framed everything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well python nicely framed everything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well python nicely framed everything for
+me right to make sure that every line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right to make sure that every line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right to make sure that every line
+that I have fits within this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have fits within this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have fits within this uh this
+graph so my x-axis is Comfortably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so my x-axis is Comfortably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so my x-axis is Comfortably
+between zero and 30 my y- Axis is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and 30 my y- Axis is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and 30 my y- Axis is also
+comfortably between zero and 120,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably between zero and 120,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably between zero and 120,000 so
+there's a little bit of Gap up at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of Gap up at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of Gap up at that
+top of of that exponential line but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of of that exponential line but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of of that exponential line but this
+leads us if we were presented this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us if we were presented this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us if we were presented this graph
+to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of
+mistakenly not know what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakenly not know what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakenly not know what's going on with
+these bottom lines here right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bottom lines here right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bottom lines here right so this is
+our linear the blue line and the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear the blue line and the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear the blue line and the orange
+one is the uh quadratic we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the uh quadratic we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the uh quadratic we're not really
+sure what's going on down there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what's going on down there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what's going on down there right
+because the scales are just is just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scales are just is just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scales are just is just is
+just the Y scale is just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Y scale is just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Y scale is just too
+high so in this particular case it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so in this particular case it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so in this particular case it would
+be uh better to visualize the data in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh better to visualize the data in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh better to visualize the data in in
+separate different Windows right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate different Windows right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate different Windows right so uh
+in instead of having everything be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in instead of having everything be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in instead of having everything be
+plotted in one window we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted in one window we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted in one window we're going to
+tell python to create a new window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell python to create a new window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell python to create a new window and
+plot some stuff in it so the way we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot some stuff in it so the way we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot some stuff in it so the way we tell
+python to create a new window for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to create a new window for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to create a new window for us is
+with the command PLT do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the command PLT do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the command PLT do
+figure so as soon as python sees pl.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure so as soon as python sees pl.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure so as soon as python sees pl.
+figure it will create a new window bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it will create a new window bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it will create a new window bring
+it to the foreground and any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the foreground and any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the foreground and any further
+plotting commands will be added to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting commands will be added to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting commands will be added to this
+new figure so there's a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new figure so there's a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new figure so there's a parameter that
+this figure can take and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure can take and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure can take and that's going to
+be the name of the figure so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the name of the figure so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the name of the figure so you know
+like when you have a window uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you have a window uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you have a window uh at the
+top there's it has a name for like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top there's it has a name for like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top there's it has a name for like the
+name of the program or whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the program or whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the program or whatever is
+running well the string that you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running well the string that you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running well the string that you put in
+there is going to be the name that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be the name that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be the name that you
+give to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to that
+figure if python doesn't have a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure if python doesn't have a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure if python doesn't have a figure
+with that name already there it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that name already there it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that name already there it creates
+a new figure brings it to the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new figure brings it to the foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new figure brings it to the foreground
+but if there's a figure with that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's a figure with that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's a figure with that name
+already there and you just happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there and you just happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there and you just happen to
+call PLT figure with that same name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call PLT figure with that same name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call PLT figure with that same name
+it'll just rebr that that uh that window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just rebr that that uh that window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just rebr that that uh that window
+up to the foreground again to read more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the foreground again to read more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the foreground again to read more
+stuff to it okay so we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to it okay so we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to it okay so we're going to look
+at this uh this example here we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh this example here we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh this example here we've got a
+whole bunch of stuff being plotted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of stuff being plotted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of stuff being plotted so
+the first uh two lines of code here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh two lines of code here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh two lines of code here
+first we've got an A new figure being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we've got an A new figure being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we've got an A new figure being
+created and we called it Expo and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and we called it Expo and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and we called it Expo and then
+this plot command here coming up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot command here coming up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot command here coming up right
+after after the figure we'll add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after the figure we'll add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after the figure we'll add this
+exponential that we created to that Expo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that we created to that Expo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that we created to that Expo
+figure then we've got a PLT do figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure then we've got a PLT do figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure then we've got a PLT do figure
+right after that so python will bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after that so python will bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after that so python will bring
+this new figure to the foreground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new figure to the foreground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new figure to the foreground and
+the plot command that comes right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot command that comes right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot command that comes right after
+that will add the linear this line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will add the linear this line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will add the linear this line to
+this new figure that we called Lin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new figure that we called Lin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new figure that we called Lin
+couple more times we're going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more times we're going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more times we're going to create
+do the same thing to create this quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing to create this quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing to create this quad
+and this Cube and those will each get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Cube and those will each get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Cube and those will each get
+one line added to them and then down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line added to them and then down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line added to them and then down
+here we're going to say well let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to say well let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to say well let me just
+go back to that exponential figure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that exponential figure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that exponential figure and
+add another different exponential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another different exponential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another different exponential curve
+to it so we're going to uh create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so we're going to uh create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so we're going to uh create the
+exponential curve this time 1.6 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve this time 1.6 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve this time 1.6 to the
+power of i instead of 1.5 to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of i instead of 1.5 to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of i instead of 1.5 to the power
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+I then we're going to tell python to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then we're going to tell python to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then we're going to tell python to
+bring the figure called Expo back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the figure called Expo back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the figure called Expo back up to
+the foreground so remember we created it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground so remember we created it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground so remember we created it
+up here so it doesn't create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so it doesn't create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so it doesn't create a new
+figure it'll just bring that one back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it'll just bring that one back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it'll just bring that one back up
+and it already has a curve in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it already has a curve in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it already has a curve in it and
+then we're going to tell python to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to tell python to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to tell python to plot
+a second curve to it okay so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's all this code right here run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's all this code right here run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's all this code right here run
+it okay so not just one figure uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so not just one figure uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so not just one figure uh one
+one window got created but four so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one window got created but four so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one window got created but four so this
+is my Cube and you can see up in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Cube and you can see up in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Cube and you can see up in the top
+here a little hard to see but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little hard to see but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little hard to see but that's the
+name that we gave it uh this is my quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that we gave it uh this is my quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that we gave it uh this is my quad
+this is my Lin my linear and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my Lin my linear and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my Lin my linear and this is my
+exponential right so we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential right so we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential right so we see the
+exponential one was uh has two lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential one was uh has two lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential one was uh has two lines in
+it because we added one way at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we added one way at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we added one way at the
+beginning then we brought it back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning then we brought it back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning then we brought it back for
+processing to add another line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing to add another line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing to add another line to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so again just so you know this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again just so you know this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again just so you know this uh
+these these uh graphs are actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh graphs are actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh graphs are actually on
+the slide this is the quad one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide this is the quad one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide this is the quad one this is
+the cube one this is the linear one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube one this is the linear one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube one this is the linear one and
+this is the exponential one the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the exponential one the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the exponential one the blue
+line was our original curve 1.5 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line was our original curve 1.5 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line was our original curve 1.5 to the
+power of X and the orange one is 1.6 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of X and the orange one is 1.6 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of X and the orange one is 1.6 to
+the^ of X so they both got added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ of X so they both got added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ of X so they both got added to the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+PL cool so again just you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL cool so again just you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL cool so again just you know something
+to note you'll see how python nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note you'll see how python nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note you'll see how python nicely
+framed our line so that uh it's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed our line so that uh it's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed our line so that uh it's able to
+fit everything that it needs to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit everything that it needs to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit everything that it needs to plot
+within this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this this
+graph okay so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay so what we're going to do
+next I know that was a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I know that was a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I know that was a little bit um
+tedious but we're going to do next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious but we're going to do next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious but we're going to do next is
+we're start looking at some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're start looking at some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're start looking at some real
+examples some real world data so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples some real world data so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples some real world data so first
+we're going to do some toy real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some toy real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some toy real world
+data and then uh soon we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then uh soon we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then uh soon we're going to
+start dealing with some uh some actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with some uh some actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with some uh some actual
+data sets that we're going to read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets that we're going to read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets that we're going to read in
+we're going to uh plot we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh plot we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh plot we're going to
+investigate try to answer some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate try to answer some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate try to answer some questions
+about them and things like that so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and things like that so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and things like that so first
+let's look at this real life example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this real life example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this real life example
+where we've got months and temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've got months and temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've got months and temperatures
+for each of those months so notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those months so notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those months so notice the
+months here is actually this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months here is actually this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months here is actually this uh this
+this of the value that this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of the value that this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of the value that this range
+returns which is like an iterable like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns which is like an iterable like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns which is like an iterable like a
+tupal so it's still a sequence of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal so it's still a sequence of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal so it's still a sequence of values
+it's not a list but totally fine to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a list but totally fine to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a list but totally fine to be
+passed in as uh as an argument to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in as uh as an argument to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in as uh as an argument to the
+plot command and temps of course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot command and temps of course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot command and temps of course are
+going to be temperatures corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be temperatures corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be temperatures corresponding
+to each of those months as a list okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of those months as a list okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of those months as a list okay
+so the plot looks something like this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the plot looks something like this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the plot looks something like this if
+we actually run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually run that
+code um what do we notice well just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um what do we notice well just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um what do we notice well just like
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh map plot lib nicely framed our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh map plot lib nicely framed our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh map plot lib nicely framed our data
+right it's got a little bit of wiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got a little bit of wiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got a little bit of wiggle
+room left and right top and bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room left and right top and bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room left and right top and bottom and
+it automatically selected the scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it automatically selected the scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it automatically selected the scales
+right how low to go how high to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how low to go how high to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how low to go how high to go and
+the tick marks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tick marks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tick marks for
+this but let's say that you you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but let's say that you you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but let's say that you you you know
+you're the adviser to a student and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the adviser to a student and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the adviser to a student and they
+came to you with a plot that looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to you with a plot that looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to you with a plot that looked like
+this um would you be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um would you be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um would you be able to tell
+anything about this plot right without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this plot right without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this plot right without
+knowing exactly what the code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing exactly what the code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing exactly what the code that
+generated this plot is not really right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated this plot is not really right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated this plot is not really right
+it just looks like a bump it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just looks like a bump it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just looks like a bump it could be
+any sort of data so what we'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of data so what we'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of data so what we'd like to do
+before actually you know for Europe ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before actually you know for Europe ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before actually you know for Europe ups
+and things like that in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that in the future
+before presenting a plot to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before presenting a plot to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before presenting a plot to somebody
+else you'll want to add a title and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you'll want to add a title and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you'll want to add a title and
+you'll want to label your axes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to label your axes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to label your axes right so
+what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to
+do in addition to actually plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in addition to actually plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in addition to actually plotting the
+data is to tell python to add for us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is to tell python to add for us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is to tell python to add for us a
+title and labels for our axes so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title and labels for our axes so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title and labels for our axes so we do
+this using these three lines of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using these three lines of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using these three lines of code
+here so since it's we haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so since it's we haven't told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so since it's we haven't told
+python to create a new figure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to create a new figure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to create a new figure or
+anything like that anything any commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that anything any commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that anything any commands
+that we do with regards to plotting will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with regards to plotting will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with regards to plotting will
+just get added on to this figure so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get added on to this figure so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get added on to this figure so here
+I've got python uh adding this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got python uh adding this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got python uh adding this this
+title these two labels to our axis uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title these two labels to our axis uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title these two labels to our axis uh uh
+to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+axes so here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes so here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes so here I've got
+this and this plot so I run it and Tada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this plot so I run it and Tada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this plot so I run it and Tada
+we have something that looks much nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something that looks much nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something that looks much nicer
+right so now we can hand this plot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we can hand this plot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we can hand this plot to
+somebody and they'll know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about now that's fine but since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now that's fine but since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now that's fine but since it's
+temperatures what I'd really like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures what I'd really like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures what I'd really like to do
+is to say well the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well the temperature the
+lowest temperature I have should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest temperature I have should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest temperature I have should really
+start at the Y AIS here this intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the Y AIS here this intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the Y AIS here this intersect
+with the y- axis and the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the y- axis and the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the y- axis and the highest
+temperature I've got I don't really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I've got I don't really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I've got I don't really want
+that wiggle room because this is my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wiggle room because this is my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wiggle room because this is my last
+uh temperature value let's just have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature value let's just have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature value let's just have the
+frame just end there so we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame just end there so we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame just end there so we can do that
+little change by setting limits on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change by setting limits on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change by setting limits on our
+x-axis right so here I'm going to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis right so here I'm going to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis right so here I'm going to limit
+the x- axis uh to say that it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis uh to say that it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis uh to say that it starts
+from one and it ends at 12 so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one and it ends at 12 so if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one and it ends at 12 so if I do
+that again that's just a little command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again that's just a little command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again that's just a little command
+we put in uh continuation with the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in uh continuation with the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in uh continuation with the rest
+of the commands and it gets applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the commands and it gets applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the commands and it gets applied to
+this plot so as soon as I do that python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot so as soon as I do that python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot so as soon as I do that python
+now creates for me the same plot except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now creates for me the same plot except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now creates for me the same plot except
+that the Y the the x- axis starts at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Y the the x- axis starts at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Y the the x- axis starts at one
+and ends at 12 nicely framed within here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at 12 nicely framed within here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at 12 nicely framed within here
+right so no more wiggle room okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so no more wiggle room okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so no more wiggle room okay um
+still some improvements to be made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some improvements to be made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some improvements to be made to
+this plot as in here the month's skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot as in here the month's skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot as in here the month's skip
+right so python decided that it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so python decided that it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so python decided that it's uh
+it's it's you know it's best to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's you know it's best to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's you know it's best to just
+show 2 4 6 8 10 12 as the ticks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show 2 4 6 8 10 12 as the ticks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show 2 4 6 8 10 12 as the ticks on the
+x-axis but I decide that I would since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis but I decide that I would since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis but I decide that I would since
+I'm you know decid since I'm showing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know decid since I'm showing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know decid since I'm showing all
+the months of the year and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the months of the year and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the months of the year and their
+temperatures I would really like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures I would really like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures I would really like to have
+tick for every single month right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick for every single month right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick for every single month right so
+again a little command will do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a little command will do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a little command will do that for
+us so pt. X tick takes in a tupal of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so pt. X tick takes in a tupal of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so pt. X tick takes in a tupal of all
+of the uh places where you'd like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh places where you'd like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh places where you'd like one of
+those little uh ticks to be created okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little uh ticks to be created okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little uh ticks to be created okay
+so if we do that again just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that again just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that again just another
+little command in uh in series here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little command in uh in series here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little command in uh in series here if
+we do that python now fills in the tis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that python now fills in the tis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that python now fills in the tis
+for every single spot that we told it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single spot that we told it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single spot that we told it to
+fill in right so it's looking way better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in right so it's looking way better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in right so it's looking way better
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+right but still not quite right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but still not quite right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but still not quite right I
+promise this will be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise this will be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise this will be the last
+Improvement we make um I personally find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement we make um I personally find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement we make um I personally find
+it hard to map numbers to the months I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to map numbers to the months I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to map numbers to the months I
+still count with my fingers so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still count with my fingers so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still count with my fingers so what
+would be nice is to say well um instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice is to say well um instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice is to say well um instead
+of having numbers on my X x axis I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having numbers on my X x axis I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having numbers on my X x axis I would
+like to have the actual names of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have the actual names of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have the actual names of my
+months right Jan Feb marah and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months right Jan Feb marah and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months right Jan Feb marah and so on so
+to do that we're going to make one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that we're going to make one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that we're going to make one small
+change to our X tix uh uh command here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to our X tix uh uh command here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to our X tix uh uh command here
+we're going to give it a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give it a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give it a second
+parameter so first one is of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so first one is of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so first one is of course what
+we had before saying these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before saying these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before saying these are all the
+ticks that I would like to have and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks that I would like to have and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks that I would like to have and the
+second parameter is the labels for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second parameter is the labels for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second parameter is the labels for each
+one of those ticks so one by one they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those ticks so one by one they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those ticks so one by one they'll
+be mapped so one will be mapped to Jan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mapped so one will be mapped to Jan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mapped so one will be mapped to Jan
+two will M to Feb and so on so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will M to Feb and so on so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will M to Feb and so on so instead
+of using the numerical values python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using the numerical values python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using the numerical values python
+will create for us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create for us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create for us the
+um the uh the the string values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the the string values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the the string values that
+I've told it to do right so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told it to do right so here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told it to do right so here it is
+run creates for me this nice very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run creates for me this nice very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run creates for me this nice very nice
+looking plot so this I would be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking plot so this I would be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking plot so this I would be happy to
+receive as an advisor compared to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive as an advisor compared to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive as an advisor compared to that
+very first one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had all right questions so far seem all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all right questions so far seem all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all right questions so far seem all
+right okay okay um okay the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay okay um okay the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay okay um okay the other thing
+that you can do is potentially add grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do is potentially add grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do is potentially add grid
+lines if you wanted to so pl. grid will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if you wanted to so pl. grid will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if you wanted to so pl. grid will
+either toggle the grid lines on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either toggle the grid lines on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either toggle the grid lines on and off
+so if there's already grid grid lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's already grid grid lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's already grid grid lines
+it'll toggle them off when it sees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll toggle them off when it sees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll toggle them off when it sees that
+command if there are no grid lines it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command if there are no grid lines it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command if there are no grid lines it'll
+toggle them on so you could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle them on so you could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle them on so you could potentially
+have a bunch of PLT do grid commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of PLT do grid commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of PLT do grid commands
+that keep toggling things on and off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keep toggling things on and off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keep toggling things on and off uh
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on okay so that was us plotting one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so that was us plotting one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so that was us plotting one uh
+temper one cities temperature values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper one cities temperature values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper one cities temperature values for
+a year let's say an average let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year let's say an average let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year let's say an average let's say
+that we wanted to plot two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to plot two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to plot two different
+cities okay the code to do that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities okay the code to do that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities okay the code to do that is as
+follows so again we've got months being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so again we've got months being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so again we've got months being
+this range 1 through 12 inclusive I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range 1 through 12 inclusive I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range 1 through 12 inclusive I've
+got a list of all the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a list of all the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a list of all the Boston
+temperatures here I plot that I list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures here I plot that I list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures here I plot that I list of
+all the Phoenix temperatures here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Phoenix temperatures here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Phoenix temperatures here and I
+plot that and of course I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that and of course I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that and of course I'm going to add
+some labels to my uh to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some labels to my uh to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some labels to my uh to my
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+so like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like that
+so if I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we get something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get something that looks like
+this now of course I could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now of course I could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now of course I could kind of
+remove that little uh those little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that little uh those little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that little uh those little uh
+wiggle rooms on the left and right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle rooms on the left and right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle rooms on the left and right but
+for now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now it's
+fine what's missing from this plot let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine what's missing from this plot let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine what's missing from this plot let's
+say you didn't see the code and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you didn't see the code and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you didn't see the code and you were
+just given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot yeah exactly I don't know what like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot yeah exactly I don't know what like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot yeah exactly I don't know what like
+yes these are different temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes these are different temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes these are different temperatures
+from the title and the um and the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the title and the um and the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the title and the um and the labels
+but you don't know which city is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know which city is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know which city is which
+exactly so what we'd like to do is tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what we'd like to do is tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what we'd like to do is tell
+python how to label these two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python how to label these two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python how to label these two lines
+right so to do that it's just an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to do that it's just an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to do that it's just an extra
+parameter here in the plot command so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here in the plot command so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here in the plot command so
+when you tell it which data to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you tell it which data to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you tell it which data to uh to
+plot you can also tell it what label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot you can also tell it what label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot you can also tell it what label
+that data should get so here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data should get so here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data should get so here I've got
+Boston label for the first one Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston label for the first one Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston label for the first one Phoenix
+label for the second one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label for the second one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label for the second one and then you
+tell python to add a legend to your plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell python to add a legend to your plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell python to add a legend to your plot
+so here the parameter is the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the parameter is the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the parameter is the location
+for the legend and best just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the legend and best just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the legend and best just means
+python should decide where to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python should decide where to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python should decide where to put the
+legend top left top right middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend top left top right middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend top left top right middle
+wherever so it doesn't really interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever so it doesn't really interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever so it doesn't really interfere
+much with the with the data or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with the with the data or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with the with the data or you can
+just tell it where to put that Legend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell it where to put that Legend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell it where to put that Legend
+right so you can force the legend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can force the legend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can force the legend to be
+in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular
+spot so here I've got already labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so here I've got already labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so here I've got already labeled
+data and then we add the legend and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then we add the legend and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then we add the legend and now
+you can see in this particular case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in this particular case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in this particular case it
+decided to put it in the top right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to put it in the top right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to put it in the top right but
+again you could force it to go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you could force it to go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you could force it to go somewhere
+else bottom middle seemed like a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else bottom middle seemed like a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else bottom middle seemed like a fine
+Choice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay okay very nice so now we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay very nice so now we've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay very nice so now we've got uh
+python uh you know it it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python uh you know it it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python uh you know it it automatically
+did uh the X and Y axis for us as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh the X and Y axis for us as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh the X and Y axis for us as we
+told it to do but the colors that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told it to do but the colors that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told it to do but the colors that it
+picked were random now we can specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked were random now we can specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked were random now we can specify a
+bunch of different uh details for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different uh details for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different uh details for the
+plot so we're going to do do that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so we're going to do do that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so we're going to do do that next
+just to show you that you can um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that you can um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that you can um so
+we're going to choose different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose different colors
+and different styles for our plots we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different styles for our plots we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different styles for our plots we're
+going to choose different widths for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose different widths for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose different widths for our
+uh for our lines and then um maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our lines and then um maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our lines and then um maybe we
+can and then we'll also add some markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and then we'll also add some markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and then we'll also add some markers
+so where exactly each data point we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where exactly each data point we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where exactly each data point we have
+we're going to Mark and then I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Mark and then I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Mark and then I'll show
+you how you can create subplots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you can create subplots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you can create subplots so
+instead of creating new windows you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of creating new windows you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of creating new windows you can
+actually have one window with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have one window with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have one window with different
+little um subplots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um subplots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um subplots with
+it okay so the first thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the first thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the first thing we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+see is how to customize the data to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is how to customize the data to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is how to customize the data to have
+um a certain line style and a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a certain line style and a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a certain line style and a certain
+color so there's a shorthand notation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so there's a shorthand notation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so there's a shorthand notation to
+do this instead of actually passing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this instead of actually passing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this instead of actually passing in a
+the parameter name in the plot command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter name in the plot command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter name in the plot command
+we could do it shorthand notation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it shorthand notation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it shorthand notation so you
+might have already noticed this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have already noticed this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have already noticed this little
+extra bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bit here
+so more you use it the more you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more you use it the more you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more you use it the more you'll get
+used to it but this basically tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it but this basically tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it but this basically tells
+python that I would like this plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that I would like this plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that I would like this plot this
+line corresponding to this data to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line corresponding to this data to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line corresponding to this data to be
+blue that's what the b stands for and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue that's what the b stands for and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue that's what the b stands for and to
+be a solid line okay that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solid line okay that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solid line okay that's what that
+little Dash means the Phoenix one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Dash means the Phoenix one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Dash means the Phoenix one you
+may have guessed tells python that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have guessed tells python that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have guessed tells python that I
+would like this one to be red R for red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like this one to be red R for red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like this one to be red R for red
+and to be a dashed line and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be a dashed line and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be a dashed line and then the
+last one I'm going to add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one I'm going to add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one I'm going to add one more
+temperature here temperature data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here temperature data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here temperature data for
+Minneapolis I would like this one to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis I would like this one to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis I would like this one to be
+green and a Dash do Dash doline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and a Dash do Dash doline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and a Dash do Dash doline
+Okay so we can run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks something like
+this all right so if here I got my solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so if here I got my solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so if here I got my solid
+blue line for Boston my dashed line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line for Boston my dashed line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line for Boston my dashed line for
+Phoenix and my Dash do dash dot line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix and my Dash do dash dot line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix and my Dash do dash dot line for
+Minneapolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis
+okay very nice now instead of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very nice now instead of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very nice now instead of doing that
+shorthand notation where we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation where we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation where we've got this
+one parameter that just somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parameter that just somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parameter that just somehow
+magically knows the the color and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically knows the the color and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically knows the the color and the
+style based on just being passed in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style based on just being passed in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style based on just being passed in um
+we can actually tell python the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually tell python the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually tell python the
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+values that it should uh that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that it should uh that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that it should uh that correspond
+to the color so here I've got color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the color so here I've got color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the color so here I've got color
+equals B for blue and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B for blue and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B for blue and then the
+correspond to the line style so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the line style so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the line style so here
+line style equals and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line style equals and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line style equals and then you
+explicitly pass in the the line style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly pass in the the line style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly pass in the the line style
+that you'd like right so this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like right so this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like right so this may be
+more uh more intuitive according to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more intuitive according to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more intuitive according to what
+we've learned but python does allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned but python does allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned but python does allow you
+the option to kind of do it all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to kind of do it all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to kind of do it all in
+one so if we do if we run it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if we do if we run it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if we do if we run it with this
+with these specif explicit parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these specif explicit parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these specif explicit parameters
+then we'll get the exact same graph as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get the exact same graph as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get the exact same graph as
+before right no surprise okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right no surprise okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right no surprise okay um so
+there's a lot of options that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of options that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of options that we can
+have here so these are all the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so these are all the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so these are all the line
+style options so you can also add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style options so you can also add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style options so you can also add a
+dotted line which I didn't show these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line which I didn't show these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line which I didn't show these
+are all the color options plus many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the color options plus many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the color options plus many more
+you could also pass in the RGB values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also pass in the RGB values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also pass in the RGB values or
+maybe the hex values if you want a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the hex values if you want a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the hex values if you want a very
+specific shade of magenta or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific shade of magenta or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific shade of magenta or something
+um and then we can can also uh add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can can also uh add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can can also uh add
+markers to our uh to our lines we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers to our uh to our lines we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers to our uh to our lines we
+haven't seen this yet but let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this yet but let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this yet but let's do that
+next so let's say that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so let's say that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so let's say that I would like to
+have the actual data points that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the actual data points that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the actual data points that I've
+that I've plotted show up in my lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've plotted show up in my lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've plotted show up in my lines
+right right now the lines just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right now the lines just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right now the lines just get
+connected or so the data points just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected or so the data points just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected or so the data points just get
+connected with our lines dashed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with our lines dashed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with our lines dashed or
+dotted or whatever we chose but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted or whatever we chose but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted or whatever we chose but the
+marker the the data points themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker the the data points themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker the the data points themselves
+don't show up with markers so again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show up with markers so again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show up with markers so again in
+shorthand notation we can tell python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation we can tell python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation we can tell python
+hey let's add these mark markers so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey let's add these mark markers so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey let's add these mark markers so here
+I'm telling python to just do a DOT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling python to just do a DOT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling python to just do a DOT for
+this blue solid line here I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue solid line here I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue solid line here I'm telling
+python to do a larger dot for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to do a larger dot for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python to do a larger dot for this um
+red dash line and here I'm telling it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dash line and here I'm telling it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dash line and here I'm telling it to
+do a star for the green Dash do Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dotline right so that's down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotline right so that's down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotline right so that's down
+here run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here run
+it and now we see nice little markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now we see nice little markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now we see nice little markers
+for every one of our data points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of our data points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of our data points right
+so we can also do triangles we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can also do triangles we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can also do triangles we could do
+squares there's there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares there's there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares there's there's lots of other
+marker options and they're all exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker options and they're all exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker options and they're all exist in
+the documentation for Matt plot lip Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documentation for Matt plot lip Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documentation for Matt plot lip Okay
+so this is what we got perfect um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we got perfect um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we got perfect um the
+last thing that we can do is to add uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that we can do is to add uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that we can do is to add uh
+thickness to our lines so oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness to our lines so oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness to our lines so oftentimes
+it's good to first of all delineate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to first of all delineate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to first of all delineate the
+the lines using uh you know dashes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines using uh you know dashes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines using uh you know dashes or
+dots and things like that but also width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and things like that but also width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and things like that but also width
+um so here another parameter passed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here another parameter passed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here another parameter passed in
+the line width this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line width this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line width this is going to be a
+skinny line this is going to be maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny line this is going to be maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny line this is going to be maybe a
+a thicker line and this one's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thicker line and this one's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thicker line and this one's going to
+be unreasonably thick so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unreasonably thick so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unreasonably thick so let's see
+exactly what this will look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this will look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this will look like it's
+going to look super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+yeah as I said unreasonably thick line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as I said unreasonably thick line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as I said unreasonably thick line
+but there it is and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there it is and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there it is and then you can see
+that the legend itself also adjusted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the legend itself also adjusted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the legend itself also adjusted to
+whatever uh you chose for your your line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh you chose for your your line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh you chose for your your line
+Styles right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so yeah that's exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so yeah that's exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so yeah that's exactly what I
+said cool last thing I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said cool last thing I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said cool last thing I want to talk
+about is subplots so right now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is subplots so right now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is subplots so right now the only
+things that we've kind of learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've kind of learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've kind of learned about
+plotting is you either plot every line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is you either plot every line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is you either plot every line
+that you have on one figure or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have on one figure or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have on one figure or you
+create a new figure and then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new figure and then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new figure and then it becomes
+a new window that you have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new window that you have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new window that you have to kind of
+switch between uh for whatever you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between uh for whatever you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between uh for whatever you'd
+like to plot uh often times what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to plot uh often times what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to plot uh often times what's
+really nice to do is to uh create only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice to do is to uh create only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice to do is to uh create only
+one figure so you have one one only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one figure so you have one one only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one figure so you have one one only one
+thing that pops up right like one window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that pops up right like one window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that pops up right like one window
+and within that window with some name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within that window with some name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within that window with some name
+here right and within that window you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and within that window you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and within that window you
+can create a bunch of different subplots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a bunch of different subplots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a bunch of different subplots
+right so here I've created uh know six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I've created uh know six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I've created uh know six
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+subplots so we can tell that uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplots so we can tell that uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplots so we can tell that uh to
+Python and we do that using this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and we do that using this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and we do that using this sub
+plot command so in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot command so in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot command so in this particular case
+I've told python to create for me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told python to create for me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told python to create for me a
+subplot with uh two rows that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot with uh two rows that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot with uh two rows that's what the
+first parameter says and one column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first parameter says and one column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first parameter says and one column
+that's what the second parameter says so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the second parameter says so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the second parameter says so
+here this is one window with two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is one window with two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is one window with two two
+positions within it the third parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions within it the third parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions within it the third parameter
+tells python which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python which one of these
+positions to open for adding lines to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions to open for adding lines to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions to open for adding lines to or
+or data to right so one means this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or data to right so one means this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or data to right so one means this is
+the one that you're opening and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you're opening and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you're opening and two
+means this is the second one that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is the second one that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this is the second one that you're
+opening so you can see here the very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening so you can see here the very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening so you can see here the very uh
+Top com subplot command tells python to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top com subplot command tells python to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top com subplot command tells python to
+open up this one for uh for for editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up this one for uh for for editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up this one for uh for for editing
+basically so we're going to add to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so we're going to add to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so we're going to add to it
+the Boston temperature so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston temperature so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston temperature so this is all
+the plotting commands and all the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plotting commands and all the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plotting commands and all the labels
+and everything after it belong to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything after it belong to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything after it belong to this
+top subplot here and then subplot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top subplot here and then subplot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top subplot here and then subplot
+command down here tells python that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command down here tells python that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command down here tells python that on
+this figure with uh two rows and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure with uh two rows and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure with uh two rows and one
+column I would like to now open position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I would like to now open position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I would like to now open position
+number two for editing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two for editing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two for editing and then
+everything that I have thereafter gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I have thereafter gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I have thereafter gets
+added to the subplot at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the subplot at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the subplot at this
+position so the way that this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so the way that this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so the way that this is going
+to look is as follows so I've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look is as follows so I've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look is as follows so I've got uh
+these this is just one window that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is just one window that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is just one window that gets
+created and you can see the top one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and you can see the top one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and you can see the top one has
+the Boston temperature and the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston temperature and the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston temperature and the bottom
+one has the Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has the Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has the Phoenix
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+um at first glance does this look right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at first glance does this look right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at first glance does this look right
+in terms of temperatures like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of temperatures like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of temperatures like if you
+were just to look at the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves I don't know about you but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I don't know about you but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I don't know about you but I
+at first glance I thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first glance I thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first glance I thought that the
+temperatures for Boston and Phoenix were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures for Boston and Phoenix were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures for Boston and Phoenix were
+the same because I didn't look closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because I didn't look closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because I didn't look closely
+at the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Y
+axis right it kind of looked like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right it kind of looked like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right it kind of looked like hey
+they both bottom out in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both bottom out in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both bottom out in the same way
+they both top out in the same way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both top out in the same way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both top out in the same way so
+they look very similar to me but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look very similar to me but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look very similar to me but if we
+inspect the Y AIS closer we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect the Y AIS closer we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect the Y AIS closer we see that the
+Boston temperature starts at 30 goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston temperature starts at 30 goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston temperature starts at 30 goes to
+70 but the Phoenix one starts at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 but the Phoenix one starts at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 but the Phoenix one starts at you
+know what is this 50 and goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is this 50 and goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is this 50 and goes to
+90 so if we're presenting plots uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 so if we're presenting plots uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 so if we're presenting plots uh in
+one figure what would be really nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one figure what would be really nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one figure what would be really nice to
+do is to make sure that the axes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to make sure that the axes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to make sure that the axes are
+both bounded in a similar way especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bounded in a similar way especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bounded in a similar way especially
+if we're plotting similar data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're plotting similar data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're plotting similar data right
+temperature in this particular case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in this particular case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in this particular case so
+in our um in our code what we'd also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our um in our code what we'd also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our um in our code what we'd also
+like to do is set limits on our axes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is set limits on our axes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is set limits on our axes and
+just the y- axis because the x- axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the y- axis because the x- axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the y- axis because the x- axis is
+the same right so here I can limit the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right so here I can limit the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right so here I can limit the X
+the y axis from 0er to 100 like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis from 0er to 100 like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis from 0er to 100 like a
+reasonable set of temperatures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable set of temperatures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable set of temperatures in
+Fahrenheit right so if I fix these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit right so if I fix these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit right so if I fix these
+temperature temperature limits from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature temperature limits from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature temperature limits from 0 to
+100 and now I plot I get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and now I plot I get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and now I plot I get something that
+looks like this and now at first glance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and now at first glance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and now at first glance
+this makes a lot more sense to me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a lot more sense to me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a lot more sense to me right
+I've got um the Phoenix temperatures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got um the Phoenix temperatures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got um the Phoenix temperatures you
+know seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know seem to be
+on for this you know for this year on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this you know for this year on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this you know for this year on
+average higher than the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures okay um so we can plot now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures okay um so we can plot now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures okay um so we can plot now
+multiple we can create multiple subplots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple we can create multiple subplots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple we can create multiple subplots
+so here you know in the previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know in the previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know in the previous example
+I just had two uh top and bottom but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had two uh top and bottom but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had two uh top and bottom but I
+can create as many subplots as I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create as many subplots as I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create as many subplots as I'd like
+within my window so when I create them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my window so when I create them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my window so when I create them
+and I uh and and I tell python how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I uh and and I tell python how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I uh and and I tell python how many
+rows and columns I have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and columns I have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and columns I have in this
+particular example I just drew here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I just drew here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I just drew here I
+have um three rows right and two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um three rows right and two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um three rows right and two columns
+so the third parameter that I pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third parameter that I pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third parameter that I pass in
+will basically tell python which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically tell python which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically tell python which one of
+these subplots to open up for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subplots to open up for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subplots to open up for uh for
+processing so this will be the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so this will be the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so this will be the first one
+this will the second one kind of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will the second one kind of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will the second one kind of the way
+we read third fourth fifth and six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read third fourth fifth and six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read third fourth fifth and six so
+that third parameter to these subplot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third parameter to these subplot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third parameter to these subplot
+commands will be either 1 two 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands will be either 1 two 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands will be either 1 two 3 four
+five or six telling python which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six telling python which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six telling python which one of
+these sections I'm I'm going to add uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sections I'm I'm going to add uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sections I'm I'm going to add uh
+plots too okay in this particular case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots too okay in this particular case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots too okay in this particular case I
+had a Boston Phoenix in Minneapolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Boston Phoenix in Minneapolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Boston Phoenix in Minneapolis
+temperature so I'm just creating a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I'm just creating a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I'm just creating a 2X
+two Matrix right so here I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Matrix right so here I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Matrix right so here I just have
+this thing that looks like this a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that looks like this a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that looks like this a figure
+with these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these four
+subplots and I am going to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplots and I am going to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplots and I am going to add the
+Boston one over here the Phoenix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston one over here the Phoenix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston one over here the Phoenix one
+over here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then the
+Minneapolis down here right so one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis down here right so one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minneapolis down here right so one two
+and three as my subplot uh that subplots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three as my subplot uh that subplots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three as my subplot uh that subplots
+that I'm opening nothing in four so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm opening nothing in four so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm opening nothing in four so that
+fourth spot will just be empty so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth spot will just be empty so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth spot will just be empty so the
+plots will look something like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots will look something like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots will look something like this and
+I I haven't changed the line widths in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't changed the line widths in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't changed the line widths in
+this particular case I didn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case I didn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case I didn't need to
+right um and you can see everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and you can see everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and you can see everything's
+plotted with the the heights again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted with the the heights again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted with the the heights again
+limited from zero to 100 just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited from zero to 100 just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited from zero to 100 just so
+everything's comparable and notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's comparable and notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's comparable and notice the
+empty spot here because I had nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty spot here because I had nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty spot here because I had nothing to
+fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for questions about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for questions about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for questions about this this
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so that finishes up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that finishes up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that finishes up um
+just some really basic things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some really basic things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some really basic things that we
+can do with plotting uh basic you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with plotting uh basic you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with plotting uh basic you know
+uh customizations now what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customizations now what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customizations now what I'd like to
+do is just open up a few different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just open up a few different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just open up a few different data
+sets um for for processing we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets um for for processing we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets um for for processing we can start
+by just plotting the pure values on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just plotting the pure values on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just plotting the pure values on a
+regular plot and then we can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular plot and then we can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular plot and then we can start to
+investigate things that we visualize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate things that we visualize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate things that we visualize uh
+ask more questions and and and see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask more questions and and and see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask more questions and and and see where
+we go from there so the first thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from there so the first thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from there so the first thing I'd
+like to do is uh open up a file on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is uh open up a file on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is uh open up a file on the
+US population so this particular file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US population so this particular file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US population so this particular file
+contains 40 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains 40 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains 40 different
+numbers so it has an a population value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so it has an a population value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so it has an a population value
+over about 400 years every 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about 400 years every 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about 400 years every 10 years
+right so that's 40 different uh values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's 40 different uh values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's 40 different uh values
+for the temperatures starting from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the temperatures starting from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the temperatures starting from I
+don't know from a really long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know from a really long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know from a really long time ago
+till about 2010 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till about 2010 or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till about 2010 or something like that
+so the file looks something like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the file looks something like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the file looks something like this so
+it starts in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts in at
+1610 and goes down to 2010 so This Is 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1610 and goes down to 2010 so This Is 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1610 and goes down to 2010 so This Is 40
+lines for 40 years 40 uh 400 years every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for 40 years 40 uh 400 years every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for 40 years 40 uh 400 years every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh then there's a space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh then there's a space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh then there's a space in the
+file and then I've got the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and then I've got the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and then I've got the population
+value okay so it starts at 350
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so it starts at 350
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so it starts at 350
+increases goes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases goes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases goes down to
+3,210 so that's what the file looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,210 so that's what the file looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,210 so that's what the file looks like
+it's important to know what the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to know what the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to know what the file
+looks like because you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like because you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like because you're going to have
+to read in this value this data and save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read in this value this data and save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read in this value this data and save
+it in some sort of data structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some sort of data structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some sort of data structure that's
+easy to manipulate so in our case a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to manipulate so in our case a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to manipulate so in our case a data
+structure that's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's really easy to
+manipulate where you have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate where you have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate where you have a whole
+sequence of values is a list right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of values is a list right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of values is a list right so
+what we can do is we can open up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is we can open up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is we can open up this
+file for processing read in the years as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file for processing read in the years as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file for processing read in the years as
+a list and then read in the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list and then read in the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list and then read in the uh the
+population values as a list as well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population values as a list as well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population values as a list as well we
+could use a dictionary also if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a dictionary also if we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a dictionary also if we wanted
+to but you know in this case I just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you know in this case I just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you know in this case I just used
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+lists so let's look at the code to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so let's look at the code to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so let's look at the code to do
+that uh it looks like a lot but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it looks like a lot but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it looks like a lot but I'll
+kind of go through it so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go through it so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go through it so here is the
+function that's going to read in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to read in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to read in the
+file it just opens up the file creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it just opens up the file creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it just opens up the file creates
+two empty lists one contain will contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two empty lists one contain will contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two empty lists one contain will contain
+the dates the other will contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dates the other will contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dates the other will contain the
+populations it iterates through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations it iterates through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations it iterates through each
+line in the file so I've put up what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the file so I've put up what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the file so I've put up what a
+line in the file kind of looks like up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the file kind of looks like up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the file kind of looks like up
+here so it's got uh some numbers space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's got uh some numbers space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's got uh some numbers space
+some other number but when we read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other number but when we read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other number but when we read in
+file uh when we read in a line from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file uh when we read in a line from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file uh when we read in a line from a
+file python actually reads it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file python actually reads it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file python actually reads it as a
+string so what that means for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so what that means for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so what that means for us is
+we're going to have to take this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to take this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to take this string
+each line being the string you know 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line being the string you know 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line being the string you know 1
+six40 space 26 comma 634 something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six40 space 26 comma 634 something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six40 space 26 comma 634 something like
+that and somehow separate it it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and somehow separate it it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and somehow separate it it so that
+we have the date and then the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the date and then the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the date and then the number
+right of the population and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the population and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the population and then you
+know somehow save those two pieces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow save those two pieces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow save those two pieces to
+lists so the first thing to notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so the first thing to notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so the first thing to notice is
+that we have a pesy comma in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a pesy comma in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a pesy comma in our
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+values right um those values are human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right um those values are human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right um those values are human
+readable so it makes it easy for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable so it makes it easy for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable so it makes it easy for us to
+read but the the computer is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read but the the computer is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read but the the computer is not so
+happy about them right so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about them right so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about them right so if I have a
+number like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like you know
+11,345 whatever this is read in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11,345 whatever this is read in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11,345 whatever this is read in as a
+string right and if I just try to cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string right and if I just try to cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string right and if I just try to cast
+that as an integer just straight without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an integer just straight without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an integer just straight without
+doing any sort of processing on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any sort of processing on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any sort of processing on it
+Python's very unhappy right so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's very unhappy right so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's very unhappy right so what we
+need to do is remove that comma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is remove that comma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is remove that comma because
+as long as I don't have a comma there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I don't have a comma there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I don't have a comma there
+python can convert that n that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python can convert that n that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python can convert that n that you know
+that that string number into a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that string number into a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that string number into a regular
+integer number for us to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number for us to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number for us to then
+plot okay so that's what this uh bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay so that's what this uh bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay so that's what this uh bit of
+the code is doing it's doing it in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is doing it's doing it in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is doing it's doing it in kind
+of a weird weird way it's saying hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird weird way it's saying hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird weird way it's saying hey
+take this entire line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this entire line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this entire line of
+characters and only keep characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and only keep characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and only keep characters that
+are either a digit or a space so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either a digit or a space so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either a digit or a space so in
+doing so it effectively removes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it effectively removes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it effectively removes the
+comma because it creates a new version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma because it creates a new version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma because it creates a new version
+of that line containing only digits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line containing only digits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line containing only digits in
+spaces so it'll just take the 2 six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so it'll just take the 2 six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so it'll just take the 2 six and
+then the 6 34 right after right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the 6 34 right after right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the 6 34 right after right so it
+just creates this new line that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just creates this new line that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just creates this new line that looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that and then after it has this new line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then after it has this new line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then after it has this new line
+we're going to split on the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to split on the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to split on the space
+because we note that every single uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we note that every single uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we note that every single uh uh
+after every date uh every year we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every date uh every year we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every date uh every year we've got
+a space that separates our population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space that separates our population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space that separates our population
+value in our date so if we split on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in our date so if we split on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in our date so if we split on the
+space using the split command the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space using the split command the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space using the split command the thing
+before the space so the line at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the space so the line at index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the space so the line at index
+zero gives us the date we'll just cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gives us the date we'll just cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gives us the date we'll just cast
+that to an INT and pend it to dates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to an INT and pend it to dates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to an INT and pend it to dates and
+then the line at index one is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line at index one is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line at index one is the thing
+after the space again without the comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the space again without the comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the space again without the comma
+because we did that trick and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did that trick and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did that trick and then we
+cast that to an integer and append that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast that to an integer and append that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast that to an integer and append that
+to our population value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our population value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our population value
+okay so that's what we do there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we do there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we do there and
+that's what we do there and there from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do there and there from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do there and there from
+there on out we just return the dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on out we just return the dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on out we just return the dates
+and the populations the dates become my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the populations the dates become my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the populations the dates become my
+x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value
+uh X values for my plot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X values for my plot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X values for my plot and the
+populations become the Y values for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations become the Y values for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations become the Y values for my
+plot okay and then we plot it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay and then we plot it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay and then we plot it and it
+looks something like this so much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this so much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this so much easier
+to read uh to tell or to tell what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read uh to tell or to tell what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read uh to tell or to tell what's
+going on than just looking at pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on than just looking at pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on than just looking at pure
+numbers right always nicer to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right always nicer to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right always nicer to visualize
+things than to just read a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than to just read a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than to just read a whole bunch
+of numbers even if it's just 40 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers even if it's just 40 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers even if it's just 40 and in
+fact we can tell a couple things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can tell a couple things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can tell a couple things that we
+weren't able to tell you know we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to tell you know we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to tell you know we could
+definitely couldn't have been a able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely couldn't have been a able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely couldn't have been a able to
+to tell from just pure looking at pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell from just pure looking at pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell from just pure looking at pure
+numbers the first is that we notice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the first is that we notice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the first is that we notice a
+little bump right here right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bump right here right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bump right here right in the
+population this is the impact of World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this is the impact of World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this is the impact of World
+War II on the population second a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II on the population second a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II on the population second a little
+harder to tell is another little bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to tell is another little bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to tell is another little bump
+down here and that's the impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and that's the impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and that's the impact of the
+Civil War in the population okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War in the population okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War in the population okay so
+nicer to visualize it exposes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to visualize it exposes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to visualize it exposes some
+interesting things the other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things the other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things the other thing to
+notice is well what's going on down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is well what's going on down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is well what's going on down here
+it kind of looks like the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of looks like the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of looks like the population is
+not really growing much right um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really growing much right um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really growing much right um and
+then maybe from 1750 onward it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe from 1750 onward it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe from 1750 onward it starts to
+grow exponentially it's hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow exponentially it's hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow exponentially it's hard to tell
+what exactly is going on in that lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is going on in that lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is going on in that lower
+part so let's think about a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so let's think about a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so let's think about a different
+way of showing this data instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of showing this data instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of showing this data instead of
+having a linear scale on our Y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a linear scale on our Y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a linear scale on our Y axis
+let's see about doing it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see about doing it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see about doing it in a
+logarithmic scale right so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale right so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale right so we're going
+to add a a command that tells python to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a a command that tells python to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a a command that tells python to
+make our Y axis a log a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our Y axis a log a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our Y axis a log a logarithmic
+scale instead of linear okay so if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale instead of linear okay so if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale instead of linear okay so if we do
+that then that means that every know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then that means that every know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then that means that every know
+every regular increment in our y uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every regular increment in our y uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every regular increment in our y uh on
+our y AIS is going to imply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our y AIS is going to imply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our y AIS is going to imply an
+exponential increase in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential increase in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential increase in the population
+right okay so let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's plot
+that and if we plot that that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if we plot that that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if we plot that that we get
+something that looks like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this the
+x-axis remains unchanged we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis remains unchanged we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis remains unchanged we're still
+incrementing the years linearly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing the years linearly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing the years linearly right
+but the y axis is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the y axis is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the y axis is now
+logarithmic so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic so what do we
+notice well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice well I
+see linear linear line here and I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see linear linear line here and I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see linear linear line here and I see
+another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay um again linear growth on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um again linear growth on a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um again linear growth on a log
+scale means exponential growth right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale means exponential growth right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale means exponential growth right in
+on a linear scale so what we notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a linear scale so what we notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a linear scale so what we notice is
+that there's sort of these two time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sort of these two time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sort of these two time
+periods of exponential growth and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of exponential growth and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of exponential growth and in
+fact those early years actually seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact those early years actually seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact those early years actually seem to
+be growing the population seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be growing the population seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be growing the population seems to be
+growing at a faster rate than the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at a faster rate than the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at a faster rate than the later
+years right and that was not readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right and that was not readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right and that was not readily
+visible on the previous graph that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible on the previous graph that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible on the previous graph that we
+had so the question you know I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so the question you know I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so the question you know I have a
+question for you which one of those did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you which one of those did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you which one of those did
+you find more informative well it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find more informative well it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find more informative well it kind
+of depends on what we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depends on what we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depends on what we're interested in
+finding out right if we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out right if we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out right if we're interested in
+sort of big trends in the data where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of big trends in the data where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of big trends in the data where you
+know in the top left one we spotted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the top left one we spotted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the top left one we spotted here
+the impacts of wars on the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts of wars on the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts of wars on the population
+well then the top left one is the one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the top left one is the one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the top left one is the one to
+look at but if we visualize the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at but if we visualize the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at but if we visualize the data in
+a slightly different way it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different way it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different way it gives us
+different insights into what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different insights into what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different insights into what's happened
+to the population right that wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the population right that wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the population right that wasn't as
+apparent in in the previous graph so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in in the previous graph so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in in the previous graph so it
+really kind of just depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of just depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of just depends on what
+you're interested in finding uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in finding uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in finding uh in
+finding out uh you know which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out uh you know which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out uh you know which one of
+these uh plots you find more import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh plots you find more import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh plots you find more import
+informative and you know sometimes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative and you know sometimes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative and you know sometimes both
+are probably necessary uh to to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably necessary uh to to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably necessary uh to to figure
+out exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what
+happened okay so that finishes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay so that finishes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay so that finishes our
+example on the US population now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the US population now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the US population now let's
+look at a slightly different uh file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a slightly different uh file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a slightly different uh file
+this particular file we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular file we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular file we're going to look
+at Country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Country
+populations so these are the populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so these are the populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so these are the populations
+in a whole bunch of different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole bunch of different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole bunch of different countries
+or sorry all countries uh ordered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry all countries uh ordered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry all countries uh ordered from
+countries with the highest population up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries with the highest population up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries with the highest population up
+at the top of the file down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the file down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the file down to the
+countries with the lowest population at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries with the lowest population at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries with the lowest population at
+the bottom of the file so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the file so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the file so they are
+basically ranked in this order right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ranked in this order right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ranked in this order right so
+I know that this order is correct um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that this order is correct um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that this order is correct um so
+there's you know 237 lines in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know 237 lines in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know 237 lines in this
+file what do we notice about the data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file what do we notice about the data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file what do we notice about the data so
+we need to know what the data looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what the data looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what the data looks like
+in order to read the file in and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to read the file in and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to read the file in and again
+we're going to be uh interested in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be uh interested in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be uh interested in uh in
+in kind of extracting certain parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of extracting certain parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of extracting certain parts of
+it for the particular analysis I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the particular analysis I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the particular analysis I'm going
+to do uh next I'm actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh next I'm actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh next I'm actually only
+interested in the population itself so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the population itself so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the population itself so I
+don't care about the rank and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the rank and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the rank and I don't
+actually care about the country either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about the country either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about the country either
+okay so all uh that my uh the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all uh that my uh the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all uh that my uh the code
+that's going to read in the file will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to read in the file will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to read in the file will
+only be interested in extracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be interested in extracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be interested in extracting the
+population value and notice once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population value and notice once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population value and notice once again
+we've got our commas here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our commas here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our commas here in the
+population values right so um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population values right so um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population values right so um we're
+going to use the same trick to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the same trick to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the same trick to get rid
+of those again nice human readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those again nice human readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those again nice human readable
+format here but not so good for reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format here but not so good for reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format here but not so good for reading
+in the file and dealing with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the file and dealing with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the file and dealing with with the
+data itself right so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data itself right so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data itself right so we're going to have
+to take care of that when we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of that when we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of that when we read
+in so here's the FI the the the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so here's the FI the the the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so here's the FI the the the function
+that reads in the file it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reads in the file it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reads in the file it's going to
+have a very similar feel to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very similar feel to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very similar feel to the previous
+one again I've got a little sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again I've got a little sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again I've got a little sample of
+our file up here just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our file up here just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our file up here just to remind
+ourselves what it looks like so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what it looks like so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what it looks like so this
+particular file I'm only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular file I'm only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular file I'm only interested in
+grabbing the population value and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the population value and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the population value and it's
+actually a tab separated file so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a tab separated file so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a tab separated file so I've
+got you know rank tab country tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know rank tab country tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know rank tab country tab
+population Tab and then the date so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population Tab and then the date so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population Tab and then the date so when
+I take a line of code what I'm first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a line of code what I'm first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a line of code what I'm first
+going to do is split it on the tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is split it on the tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is split it on the tab
+character and the tab character is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and the tab character is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and the tab character is this
+back SLT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back SLT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back SLT
+thing so once I split it on the tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so once I split it on the tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so once I split it on the tab
+character the thing at index zero is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the thing at index zero is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the thing at index zero is my
+rank the thing at index one is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank the thing at index one is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank the thing at index one is my
+country and the thing at index two is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and the thing at index two is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and the thing at index two is my
+population the thing at index three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the thing at index three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the thing at index three is
+my date so if I'm only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my date so if I'm only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my date so if I'm only interested in
+grabbing the population I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the population I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the population I'm going to
+look at the thing at index two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the thing at index two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the thing at index two and this
+gives me this uh the population as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me this uh the population as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me this uh the population as a
+string here and then we do the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here and then we do the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here and then we do the exact
+same trick as before to uh to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick as before to uh to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick as before to uh to eliminate
+the commas there's no space in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commas there's no space in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commas there's no space in this
+particular case right because I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case right because I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case right because I've just
+got the number saved because of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the number saved because of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the number saved because of my uh
+tab split so all I need to do is keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab split so all I need to do is keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab split so all I need to do is keep
+digits and then if I keep the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and then if I keep the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and then if I keep the digits
+then I'm just going to keep that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just going to keep that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just going to keep that number
+as a population again I cast it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a population again I cast it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a population again I cast it to an
+integer because I would like to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer because I would like to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer because I would like to work
+with numbers in my lists as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers in my lists as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers in my lists as opposed to
+Strings that would be very weird and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strings that would be very weird and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strings that would be very weird and at
+the end of this function I've got all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this function I've got all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this function I've got all of
+the populations in the same order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations in the same order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations in the same order that
+they were in that file read in as a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in that file read in as a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in that file read in as a list
+right numbers not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right numbers not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right numbers not
+strings and so if we plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and so if we plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and so if we plot the
+populations just pure populations I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations just pure populations I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations just pure populations I'm
+going to have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if I plot just the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I plot just the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I plot just the pure
+populations I see something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations I see something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations I see something that looks
+like this kind of hard to tell I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this kind of hard to tell I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this kind of hard to tell I mean
+it's a big exponential decrease but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big exponential decrease but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big exponential decrease but is
+that really what it is so again we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really what it is so again we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really what it is so again we'll do
+a little semi log plot on the Y AIS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little semi log plot on the Y AIS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little semi log plot on the Y AIS to
+see exactly if there's you know any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly if there's you know any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly if there's you know any sort
+of linear action going on on that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear action going on on that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear action going on on that log
+plot and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and you know
+unsurprisingly you know it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly you know it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly you know it kind of
+matches our intuition there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches our intuition there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches our intuition there are very few
+countries that have a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have a really high
+population there are very few countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there are very few countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there are very few countries
+that have a low population and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a low population and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a low population and then a
+bunch of countries that are kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of countries that are kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of countries that are kind of in
+the middle here where the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here where the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here where the population
+just exponentially decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exponentially decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exponentially decreases
+okay all right but that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but that's not the
+analysis I would like to do on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I would like to do on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I would like to do on this uh
+on this data because that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this data because that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this data because that's kind of
+boring so in instead what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring so in instead what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring so in instead what we're going to
+analyze is actually just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze is actually just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze is actually just the first
+digits from every country's population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits from every country's population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits from every country's population
+right so what I'd like to do from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'd like to do from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'd like to do from that
+data set is once I've grabbed a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set is once I've grabbed a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set is once I've grabbed a list of
+all of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the country
+populations I am going to extract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations I am going to extract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations I am going to extract that
+first digit so the way we do it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit so the way we do it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit so the way we do it is you
+know if we have a population I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we have a population I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we have a population I don't
+know two five 4 2 1 3 six whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two five 4 2 1 3 six whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two five 4 2 1 3 six whatever um
+I'm going to take this number cast it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take this number cast it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take this number cast it to
+a string that's what this one line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string that's what this one line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string that's what this one line of
+code is doing all in one it casts it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is doing all in one it casts it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is doing all in one it casts it to
+a string extracts the element at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string extracts the element at index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string extracts the element at index
+zero this becomes the string two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this becomes the string two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this becomes the string two and
+then we cast that to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cast that to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cast that to an
+integer right to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer right to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer right to give us
+two so that line of code does all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that line of code does all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that line of code does all of
+those steps in order so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps in order so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps in order so at the end of
+this Loop I've got this first digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop I've got this first digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop I've got this first digits
+list that contains all of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that contains all of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that contains all of the first
+digits of every single one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits of every single one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits of every single one of those
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+populations so I'll print that for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so I'll print that for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so I'll print that for you
+just to give you a sense of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense of what it
+looks like so we see this right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we see this right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we see this right so we
+had uh two countries up at the top that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh two countries up at the top that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh two countries up at the top that
+had 1 billion people 1 billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 1 billion people 1 billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 1 billion people 1 billion people
+then the next country down had 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next country down had 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next country down had 300
+million people then 200 million then 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people then 200 million then 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people then 200 million then 200
+million then 200 million 100 million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million then 200 million 100 million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million then 200 million 100 million and
+so on right so just extracting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on right so just extracting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on right so just extracting that
+first digit we see this kind of uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit we see this kind of uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit we see this kind of uh this
+this this pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this pattern of
+values okay so if we plot that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so if we plot that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so if we plot that so that's
+exactly what we do down here and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we do down here and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we do down here and I'll
+just do it in the slides if we plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it in the slides if we plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it in the slides if we plot that
+list in that order we get a plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in that order we get a plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in that order we get a plot that
+looks something like this right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this right it's a
+nice little saw tooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little saw tooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little saw tooth
+pattern right and if we stare at it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right and if we stare at it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right and if we stare at it a
+bit it makes sense because the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it makes sense because the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it makes sense because the numbers
+that we got right from the file were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got right from the file were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got right from the file were
+already in ranked order highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in ranked order highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in ranked order highest
+population to the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to the lowest
+population so here down here we had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so here down here we had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so here down here we had um
+uh sorry down here this little dot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry down here this little dot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry down here this little dot right
+here had two countries that that were 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had two countries that that were 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had two countries that that were 1
+billion so one one and then had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so one one and then had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so one one and then had one
+country that had 300 million and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that had 300 million and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that had 300 million and then it
+had three countries that had 200 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three countries that had 200 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three countries that had 200 million
+then a bunch of countries that had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of countries that had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of countries that had you
+know 100 million something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 100 million something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 100 million something so
+1111111 and then since we're going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1111111 and then since we're going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1111111 and then since we're going in
+decreasing order in terms of rank right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing order in terms of rank right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing order in terms of rank right
+once we finished going to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we finished going to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we finished going to that
+significant digit when we move down then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digit when we move down then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digit when we move down then
+we're going to start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start looking at
+countries that have you know uh 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have you know uh 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have you know uh 90
+million 90 million 90 million 80 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million 90 million 90 million 80 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million 90 million 90 million 80 million
+80 million so on so just the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 million so on so just the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 million so on so just the order of
+all of these values the first digits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values the first digits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values the first digits of
+every one of these values it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these values it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these values it makes sense
+to have that Sawtooth pattern right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that Sawtooth pattern right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that Sawtooth pattern right we
+basically have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+987654321 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+987654321 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+987654321 and so
+on right so we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right so we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right so we get this
+pattern what I'd like to do is ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what I'd like to do is ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what I'd like to do is ask how
+many how many countries have their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many countries have their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many countries have their first
+digit a one it seems like there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit a one it seems like there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit a one it seems like there's a lot
+right if we count sort of how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we count sort of how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we count sort of how many of
+these countries are down here seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries are down here seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries are down here seems to
+be a lot how many countries have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot how many countries have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot how many countries have a first
+digit of two so again we count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of two so again we count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of two so again we count how many
+countries are on this step of my saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are on this step of my saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are on this step of my saw
+tooth how many dig countries have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth how many dig countries have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth how many dig countries have the
+first digit three and so on and it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit three and so on and it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit three and so on and it kind
+of looks like I don't know maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like I don't know maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like I don't know maybe there
+are more countries that have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more countries that have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more countries that have a first
+digit of one than there are countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of one than there are countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of one than there are countries
+that have a first digit of nine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a first digit of nine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a first digit of nine right
+there's only a couple here maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a couple here maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a couple here maybe like
+five here maybe one here a couple here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here maybe one here a couple here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here maybe one here a couple here a
+couple here whereas the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple here whereas the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple here whereas the number of
+countries that have a one are actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have a one are actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have a one are actually a
+lot so let's try to plot this data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so let's try to plot this data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so let's try to plot this data the
+values here so what I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here so what I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here so what I'm interested in
+doing is creating a histogram so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is creating a histogram so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is creating a histogram so a
+histogram on the x- axis has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram on the x- axis has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram on the x- axis has a bunch of
+bins in this particular case what I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins in this particular case what I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins in this particular case what I the
+way I'd like to bin my data is by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'd like to bin my data is by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'd like to bin my data is by saying
+uh my bins are going to be the digits 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my bins are going to be the digits 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my bins are going to be the digits 1
+2 3 4 5 six seven eight and nine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six seven eight and nine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six seven eight and nine that's
+the x- axis and the y axis is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis and the y axis is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis and the y axis is going to
+be a count right a frequency of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a count right a frequency of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a count right a frequency of how many
+of my countries have the number one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my countries have the number one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my countries have the number one as
+their first digit how many countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first digit how many countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first digit how many countries
+have the number two as my first digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number two as my first digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number two as my first digit
+and so on so in terms of this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so in terms of this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so in terms of this list
+containing all of the first digits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing all of the first digits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing all of the first digits in
+the of the countries I'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the countries I'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the countries I'm essentially
+have a I essentially have one bin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I essentially have one bin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I essentially have one bin that
+counts how many ones I have in this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts how many ones I have in this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts how many ones I have in this list
+another bin that counts how many twos I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bin that counts how many twos I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bin that counts how many twos I
+have in this list another bin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this list another bin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this list another bin that
+counts how many threes I have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts how many threes I have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts how many threes I have in this
+list and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and so
+on okay so if I plot that histogram it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so if I plot that histogram it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so if I plot that histogram it
+looks like this now I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this now I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this now I would have
+expected this histogram to be about even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected this histogram to be about even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected this histogram to be about even
+right like why does it matter uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like why does it matter uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like why does it matter uh the
+first digit uh it seems like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit uh it seems like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit uh it seems like in this
+particular case the first digit has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the first digit has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the first digit has a
+higher probability of being a one than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability of being a one than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability of being a one than
+being a nine but intuitively I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a nine but intuitively I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a nine but intuitively I would
+expected every digit to come out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected every digit to come out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected every digit to come out with
+equal probability right like 11% right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability right like 11% right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability right like 11% right
+one over n but instead what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n but instead what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n but instead what we get is
+this really surprising result which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really surprising result which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really surprising result which is
+that the first digit seems to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first digit seems to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first digit seems to be about
+30% right to have the first sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% right to have the first sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% right to have the first sorry to
+have the first digit of one seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first digit of one seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first digit of one seems to be
+about uh 30% to have the first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 30% to have the first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 30% to have the first first
+digit being a two seems to be about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit being a two seems to be about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit being a two seems to be about you
+know it's 18 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's 18 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's 18 or something
+percent and so on and so on and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and so on and so on and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and so on and so on and then the
+first digit being a nine is is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit being a nine is is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit being a nine is is pretty
+low it's going to be uh about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low it's going to be uh about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low it's going to be uh about what is
+this 12 out of uh 200 countries right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 12 out of uh 200 countries right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 12 out of uh 200 countries right so
+pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low
+probability so as it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so as it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so as it turns out this
+graph actually follows something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph actually follows something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph actually follows something called
+uh benford's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh benford's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh benford's
+law and this is a well proven law uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and this is a well proven law uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and this is a well proven law uh it
+applies to a bunch of different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a bunch of different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a bunch of different data
+sets that we find in nature data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that we find in nature data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that we find in nature data sets
+that don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't really have
+upper or lower bounds right like country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper or lower bounds right like country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper or lower bounds right like country
+populations right so benford's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations right so benford's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations right so benford's law
+effectively says the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively says the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively says the probability of the
+first digit in some set some big set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit in some set some big set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit in some set some big set of
+numbers being a one a two a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers being a one a two a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers being a one a two a three
+whatever this D being a one a two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this D being a one a two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this D being a one a two a
+three or whatever uh is according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or whatever uh is according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or whatever uh is according to
+this formula so if we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula so if we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula so if we find the
+probability of that first digit being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that first digit being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that first digit being a
+one we basically find log base 10 of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we basically find log base 10 of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we basically find log base 10 of two
+which is about. 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about. 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about. 28
+probability of that first digit being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that first digit being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that first digit being a
+two is log base 10 of 1 and a half which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is log base 10 of 1 and a half which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is log base 10 of 1 and a half which
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+.17 so our data the country populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.17 so our data the country populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.17 so our data the country populations
+right if we look at just the first digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we look at just the first digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we look at just the first digit
+of our data it also follows this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our data it also follows this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our data it also follows this law
+which is pretty neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty neat
+right um so a lot of data that we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so a lot of data that we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so a lot of data that we deal
+with on a daily basis follows this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on a daily basis follows this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on a daily basis follows this law
+number of uh social media followers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh social media followers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh social media followers
+number of post people make stock values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of post people make stock values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of post people make stock values
+grocery prices Sports statistics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery prices Sports statistics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery prices Sports statistics uh
+building Heights uh income taxes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Heights uh income taxes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Heights uh income taxes things
+like that all follow this this law which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all follow this this law which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all follow this this law which
+is pretty cool um as of aside uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty cool um as of aside uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty cool um as of aside uh one of
+the ways that um people figure out tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that um people figure out tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that um people figure out tax
+fraud on income taxes is by applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud on income taxes is by applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud on income taxes is by applying
+benford's law to income taxes submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benford's law to income taxes submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benford's law to income taxes submitted
+people when they kind of submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when they kind of submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when they kind of submit
+fraudulent numbers they tend to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraudulent numbers they tend to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraudulent numbers they tend to make
+every number number kind of come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every number number kind of come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every number number kind of come up with
+an equal probability they forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal probability they forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal probability they forget about
+benford's law and so you know they run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benford's law and so you know they run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benford's law and so you know they run
+this benford's law on potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this benford's law on potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this benford's law on potentially
+fraudulent tax uh submissions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraudulent tax uh submissions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraudulent tax uh submissions and they
+figure out that you know whatever those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that you know whatever those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that you know whatever those
+people submitted don't actually follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people submitted don't actually follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people submitted don't actually follow
+this law and hence it's fraudulent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law and hence it's fraudulent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law and hence it's fraudulent so
+you know if you're making up numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're making up numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're making up numbers
+just remember benford's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember benford's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember benford's
+law um cool so yeah that's um that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law um cool so yeah that's um that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law um cool so yeah that's um that's a
+really interesting thing that that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing that that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing that that can
+come out of of some data and again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of of some data and again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of of some data and again we
+got to visualize it and see the the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to visualize it and see the the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to visualize it and see the the law
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+action okay one last example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay one last example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay one last example I want to
+go through this one will have to will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this one will have to will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this one will have to will
+kind of show uh a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show uh a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show uh a bunch of different
+things it's going to have a lot of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's going to have a lot of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's going to have a lot of code
+I'm just going to briefly talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to briefly talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to briefly talk about it
+but the code is in the slides or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the code is in the slides or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the code is in the slides or sorry
+in the python file if you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the python file if you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the python file if you want to look
+at it more in depth um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it more in depth um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it more in depth um I'm going to
+compare uh City temperatures again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare uh City temperatures again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare uh City temperatures again but
+we're going to do a more in-depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a more in-depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a more in-depth
+analysis dealing with a whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis dealing with a whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis dealing with a whole whole
+bunch more data so this particular data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch more data so this particular data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch more data so this particular data
+set I've got daily temperatures for 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I've got daily temperatures for 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I've got daily temperatures for 55
+years for 21 different cities so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for 21 different cities so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for 21 different cities so the
+amount of data that I have here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data that I have here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data that I have here is going
+to be 365 * 55 * 21 so that's how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 365 * 55 * 21 so that's how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 365 * 55 * 21 so that's how many
+rows would exist in my data set right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows would exist in my data set right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows would exist in my data set right so
+that's a lot of numbers to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of numbers to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of numbers to look at
+manually so instead we're going to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually so instead we're going to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually so instead we're going to rely
+on kind of aggregating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kind of aggregating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kind of aggregating it
+with averages and things like that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with averages and things like that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with averages and things like that to
+kind of make sense of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make sense of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make sense of all of this
+data so this is what the file would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so this is what the file would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so this is what the file would look
+like I've got three columns effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've got three columns effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've got three columns effectively
+separated by commas so the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by commas so the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by commas so the first one
+corresponds to the city second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the city second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the city second one
+corresponds to the temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the temperature in
+Celsius and the third one is the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and the third one is the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and the third one is the date
+that it was taken so it's in it nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was taken so it's in it nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was taken so it's in it nicely
+in order the date is uh delineated like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order the date is uh delineated like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order the date is uh delineated like
+this so it's got year year year year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's got year year year year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's got year year year year
+month month day day so this is 1961
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month month day day so this is 1961
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month month day day so this is 1961
+January 4th that's how we would read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 4th that's how we would read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 4th that's how we would read
+that right so later when we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so later when we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so later when we're trying to
+think about you know what uh which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know what uh which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know what uh which one
+of uh grabbing you know particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh grabbing you know particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh grabbing you know particular
+temperatures for a specific year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures for a specific year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures for a specific year or
+things like that then we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that then we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that then we can use the
+format keep the format in mind and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format keep the format in mind and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format keep the format in mind and use
+that to extract the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to extract the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to extract the relevant
+information okay so the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so the first thing we
+want to do is to grab this data and save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to grab this data and save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to grab this data and save
+it again in a nice data structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again in a nice data structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again in a nice data structure that
+allows us to manipulate it her heart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to manipulate it her heart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to manipulate it her heart's
+content that is a list so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that is a list so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that is a list so we're going to
+open up our file for reading uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up our file for reading uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up our file for reading uh I'm
+creating two lists here one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating two lists here one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating two lists here one for the
+temperatures the other one for the dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the other one for the dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the other one for the dates
+I'm going to Loop through each line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Loop through each line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Loop through each line in
+my file and I know it's comma separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my file and I know it's comma separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my file and I know it's comma separated
+so I'm going to split it on the comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to split it on the comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to split it on the comma
+the thing at index zero will be my date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing at index zero will be my date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing at index zero will be my date
+uh will be my city the thing at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be my city the thing at index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be my city the thing at index
+one will be my temperature value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be my temperature value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be my temperature value the
+thing at index two will be my date okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at index two will be my date okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at index two will be my date okay
+I would like to take the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to take the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to take the temperature
+value and save it as a number because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and save it as a number because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and save it as a number because
+you know I want to plot these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want to plot these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want to plot these numbers
+numbers this specific function will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this specific function will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this specific function will get
+a list of all of the temperatures for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all of the temperatures for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all of the temperatures for a
+particular City so the city here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular City so the city here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular City so the city here is
+going to be a parameter so as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a parameter so as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a parameter so as I'm
+reading the file I would only like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the file I would only like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the file I would only like to
+grab the lines that match that City so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the lines that match that City so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the lines that match that City so
+here I've got this if statement so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got this if statement so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got this if statement so I'm
+only going to do this stuff inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to do this stuff inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to do this stuff inside this
+if statement if the city is matching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if statement if the city is matching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if statement if the city is matching the
+one I'm interested in and then what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm interested in and then what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm interested in and then what do
+we do well we're going to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do well we're going to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do well we're going to take our
+temperature value which is the thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature value which is the thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature value which is the thing at
+index one right because I split split on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one right because I split split on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one right because I split split on
+the commas convert it to a float there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commas convert it to a float there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commas convert it to a float there's
+no commas or anything weird like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no commas or anything weird like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no commas or anything weird like that in
+that uh number so it's just a pure float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh number so it's just a pure float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh number so it's just a pure float
+you know 0.55 as a string if we cast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0.55 as a string if we cast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0.55 as a string if we cast it
+to a float python will happily do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a float python will happily do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a float python will happily do that
+for us then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us then we're going
+to uh run a Celsius to Fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh run a Celsius to Fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh run a Celsius to Fahrenheit
+function throw back to lecture one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function throw back to lecture one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function throw back to lecture one to
+convert that Celsius to a Fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that Celsius to a Fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that Celsius to a Fahrenheit
+value and then we're going to pend all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then we're going to pend all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then we're going to pend all
+of these temperatures in a nice list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these temperatures in a nice list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these temperatures in a nice list
+okay and at the end of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at the end of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at the end of the function
+we're going to return all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return all the
+temperatures so it's going to be 365 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so it's going to be 365 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so it's going to be 365 *
+55 right that's how many temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 right that's how many temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 right that's how many temperature
+values we have for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we have for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we have for one
+city and what we'd like to do as a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and what we'd like to do as a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and what we'd like to do as a first
+step is to just get a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to just get a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to just get a sense of the
+average temperatures for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperatures for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperatures for each one of
+these different cities right so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different cities right so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different cities right so over
+every single data point that we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single data point that we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single data point that we have for
+a particular City what is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular City what is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular City what is the average
+temperature over all these days for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature over all these days for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature over all these days for all
+of these years so I would like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these years so I would like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these years so I would like one
+number to represent the temperature per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to represent the temperature per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to represent the temperature per
+City so that's what this code is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City so that's what this code is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City so that's what this code is doing
+it's going to first get all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to first get all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to first get all of the
+cities that are in my file so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that are in my file so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that are in my file so all the
+unique values then it's going to uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique values then it's going to uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique values then it's going to uh get
+the average temperature over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average temperature over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average temperature over all of
+those 365 time 55 years then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 365 time 55 years then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 365 time 55 years then it's going
+to grab the name of my city as just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab the name of my city as just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab the name of my city as just the
+first two characters and then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two characters and then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two characters and then it's going
+to create a nice scatter plot so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a nice scatter plot so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a nice scatter plot so I don't
+want to link all of these City values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to link all of these City values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to link all of these City values
+together I would just like them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I would just like them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I would just like them to be
+dots in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in my
+plot if we do that we get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot if we do that we get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot if we do that we get something that
+looks like this so this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so this point here
+represents the temperature in Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the temperature in Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the temperature in Seattle
+over every day over 55 years so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every day over 55 years so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every day over 55 years so one
+point temperature point that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point temperature point that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point temperature point that represents
+the Seattle temperature right for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seattle temperature right for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seattle temperature right for all of
+this data that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data that I've
+got what does this tell us well not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what does this tell us well not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what does this tell us well not much
+uh that we didn't already know I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we didn't already know I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we didn't already know I've got
+these cities down here that are super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cities down here that are super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cities down here that are super
+cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold
+and those cities up there that are super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cities up there that are super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cities up there that are super
+warm right and then all the rest of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm right and then all the rest of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm right and then all the rest of my
+cities are somewhere in the middle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are somewhere in the middle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are somewhere in the middle on
+average right so nothing that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right so nothing that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right so nothing that we didn't
+really know nothing groundbreaking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know nothing groundbreaking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know nothing groundbreaking here
+what would be a nicer thing to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a nicer thing to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a nicer thing to look at
+is the temperature change over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature change over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature change over time
+right so here my one data point tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here my one data point tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here my one data point tells
+me the temperature kind of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the temperature kind of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the temperature kind of that
+represents that City but what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents that City but what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents that City but what I would
+like to do is grab the temperature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is grab the temperature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is grab the temperature that
+represents that City for each year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents that City for each year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents that City for each year so
+for each year I would like to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each year I would like to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each year I would like to get the
+average temperature for that year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature for that year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature for that year and
+maybe I could see a trend you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could see a trend you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could see a trend you know for
+the temperatures getting warmer over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures getting warmer over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures getting warmer over
+time or or um cooling over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or or um cooling over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or or um cooling over time
+something like or not having any change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like or not having any change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like or not having any change
+at all so this is the code that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so this is the code that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so this is the code that does
+that I've got get temperatures by year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got get temperatures by year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got get temperatures by year
+for City this is kind of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for City this is kind of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for City this is kind of the function
+that gets run and it calls the one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets run and it calls the one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets run and it calls the one at
+the top so here I've got the code from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top so here I've got the code from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top so here I've got the code from
+the previous slide it gets a list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide it gets a list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide it gets a list of all
+the temperatures for a particular City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures for a particular City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures for a particular City
+so over all those 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over all those 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over all those 55
+years and then I'm interested in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then I'm interested in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then I'm interested in all of
+these different years so for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different years so for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different years so for each one of
+these years I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these years I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these years I'm going to get a
+temperature value right uh this get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature value right uh this get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature value right uh this get
+temps for year is the function up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temps for year is the function up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temps for year is the function up there
+and all it does is it looks at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it does is it looks at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it does is it looks at that
+third column and grabs the year it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column and grabs the year it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column and grabs the year it
+matches those first four characters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches those first four characters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches those first four characters of
+the Year entry all right and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Year entry all right and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Year entry all right and as long as
+it matches that year then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matches that year then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matches that year then it's going to
+get added to this running sum and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get added to this running sum and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get added to this running sum and at the
+end I'm going to get the average for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I'm going to get the average for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I'm going to get the average for the
+year okay and let's say that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay and let's say that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay and let's say that I'm going
+to compare four different cities so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare four different cities so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare four different cities so I've
+got 55 values for each City representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 55 values for each City representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 55 values for each City representing
+the average temperature in those 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average temperature in those 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average temperature in those 55
+years and I've got four cities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I've got four cities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I've got four cities to
+compare so this is what one plot would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare so this is what one plot would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare so this is what one plot would
+look like for Boston sorry so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for Boston sorry so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for Boston sorry so this is
+what the plot would look like I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the plot would look like I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the plot would look like I've got
+one line for Boston that's the blue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line for Boston that's the blue one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line for Boston that's the blue one
+line for San Diego the red one line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line for San Diego the red one line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line for San Diego the red one line for
+Phoenix the orange and one line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix the orange and one line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix the orange and one line for
+Miami the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami the
+green what do we see well uh yes Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green what do we see well uh yes Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green what do we see well uh yes Boston
+on average is a lot colder than any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average is a lot colder than any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average is a lot colder than any of
+the three other cities cool we knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three other cities cool we knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three other cities cool we knew that
+um Miami and Phoenix are nicely hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Miami and Phoenix are nicely hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Miami and Phoenix are nicely hot
+there I'd like to be there right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd like to be there right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd like to be there right now and
+what about Trends right this is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Trends right this is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Trends right this is why we
+did this analysis what do we see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this analysis what do we see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this analysis what do we see from
+the trends here well the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends here well the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends here well the Boston
+temperature maybe increases a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature maybe increases a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature maybe increases a little bit
+slightly over time uh San Diego it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly over time uh San Diego it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly over time uh San Diego it seems
+to say about steady the Phoenix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about steady the Phoenix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about steady the Phoenix one
+seems to increase right pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to increase right pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to increase right pretty
+dramatically as time has gone by on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically as time has gone by on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically as time has gone by on
+average and the Miami one may be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and the Miami one may be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and the Miami one may be also
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+increased but this only tells us average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased but this only tells us average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased but this only tells us average
+temperatures so one thing that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so one thing that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so one thing that we can do
+is check out the extremes right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check out the extremes right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check out the extremes right in
+addition to plotting the average let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to plotting the average let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to plotting the average let's
+also plot the minimum for Boston and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also plot the minimum for Boston and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also plot the minimum for Boston and the
+maximum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum for
+Boston right and see exactly how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston right and see exactly how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston right and see exactly how close
+that average is is the average you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that average is is the average you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that average is is the average you know
+in the middle and then the minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle and then the minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle and then the minimum and
+maximums are super far away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximums are super far away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximums are super far away from the
+average or are they all pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average or are they all pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average or are they all pretty much
+close to the average so this is the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the average so this is the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the average so this is the code
+that does that um the function here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that um the function here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that um the function here is
+exactly the same as on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as on the previous
+Slide the only difference is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slide the only difference is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slide the only difference is instead of
+returning the average we're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning the average we're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning the average we're also going
+to grab the Max and the Min for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab the Max and the Min for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab the Max and the Min for that
+list of temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of temperatures
+okay and then we've got all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we've got all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we've got all of the
+different uh cities to plot this for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh cities to plot this for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh cities to plot this for so
+we get something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that looks like
+this again at first glance uh I have a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again at first glance uh I have a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again at first glance uh I have a I
+I I I tend to ignore the y axis at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I tend to ignore the y axis at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I tend to ignore the y axis at first
+glance so at first glance again it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance so at first glance again it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance so at first glance again it looks
+like uh Hey the minimums are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Hey the minimums are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Hey the minimums are pretty much
+the same the maximums are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the maximums are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the maximums are pretty much
+the same averages are pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same averages are pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same averages are pretty much the
+same so misleading to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so misleading to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so misleading to think about that
+so once again let's help the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again let's help the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again let's help the the the the
+reader and set limits on our Y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and set limits on our Y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and set limits on our Y axis
+right so here I've got a limit to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I've got a limit to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I've got a limit to my
+function or to my code it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or to my code it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or to my code it's going to
+have every one of my graphs start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every one of my graphs start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every one of my graphs start at
+zero and top out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and top out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and top out at
+100 and now the plots are nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and now the plots are nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and now the plots are nicely
+comparable so now I'm plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable so now I'm plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable so now I'm plotting the
+average temperature for each year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature for each year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature for each year so
+there's 55 of these data points the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 55 of these data points the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 55 of these data points the
+minimum temperature for each year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum temperature for each year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum temperature for each year and
+the maximum temperature for each year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum temperature for each year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum temperature for each year so
+55 data points being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 data points being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 data points being
+plotted what can we tell a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted what can we tell a lot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted what can we tell a lot easier to
+infer information from this right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer information from this right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer information from this right so we
+could see that the average temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that the average temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that the average temperature
+in Boston is the minimum temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston is the minimum temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston is the minimum temperature in
+Miami and San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami and San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami and San
+Diego um what else can we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego um what else can we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego um what else can we see the
+variation in Boston is pretty high right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in Boston is pretty high right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in Boston is pretty high right
+the variation in uh Miami and San Diego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in uh Miami and San Diego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in uh Miami and San Diego
+is a lot lower right San Diego goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot lower right San Diego goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot lower right San Diego goes from
+40 to 80 whereas Boston goes from 0 to 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 to 80 whereas Boston goes from 0 to 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 to 80 whereas Boston goes from 0 to 9
+so pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pretty high
+variation um the average for Boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um the average for Boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um the average for Boston and
+San Diego seems to be almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Diego seems to be almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Diego seems to be almost the same
+right but that variation is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that variation is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that variation is is very
+different between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so yeah question sorry what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah question sorry what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah question sorry what would happen
+if there's a value that's lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a value that's lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a value that's lower than
+like the minimum y value oh yeah then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the minimum y value oh yeah then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the minimum y value oh yeah then it
+doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get
+plotted yeah so yeah that that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted yeah so yeah that that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted yeah so yeah that that was a
+little tenuous there but it didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tenuous there but it didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tenuous there but it didn't go
+down I I could imagine like the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I I could imagine like the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I I could imagine like the minimum
+in Boston being below zero for one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston being below zero for one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston being below zero for one year
+but yeah then it just wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah then it just wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah then it just wouldn't get
+plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted
+yeah um so you could use that to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so you could use that to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so you could use that to guide
+guide your limits like the the the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your limits like the the the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your limits like the the the code
+here could say y limit equals minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could say y limit equals minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could say y limit equals minimum of
+those three lists right and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three lists right and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three lists right and then you'll
+be sure to make to like to to to You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure to make to like to to to You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure to make to like to to to You'll
+ensure that that minimum will be will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that that minimum will be will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that that minimum will be will be
+hit in the limits yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit in the limits yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit in the limits yeah great
+question okay so one of thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so one of thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so one of thing that we
+can look at is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at is the distribution of
+temperatures right so this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures right so this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures right so this is a nice
+plot it gives us sort of an uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it gives us sort of an uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it gives us sort of an uh an
+overview look at what happens year by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview look at what happens year by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview look at what happens year by
+year but what if we focus on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but what if we focus on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but what if we focus on one
+specific year and now for that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific year and now for that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific year and now for that year
+let's think about what uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what uh the
+temperature distribution looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distribution looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distribution looks like
+right so what I'm interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm interested in in
+plotting is something like this so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is something like this so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is something like this so I've
+got on the x axis Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on the x axis Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on the x axis Maybe
+bins that correspond to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins that correspond to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins that correspond to different
+temperatures so a temperature of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so a temperature of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so a temperature of zero
+temperature of one temperature of two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of one temperature of two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of one temperature of two 3
+four and so on and then this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so on and then this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so on and then this is going to
+be pretty big because maybe my Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty big because maybe my Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty big because maybe my Max
+temperature will be 100 so for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will be 100 so for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will be 100 so for one
+particular year I would like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular year I would like to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular year I would like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and the height of each bin is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and the height of each bin is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and the height of each bin is going
+to be a count of how many days within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a count of how many days within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a count of how many days within
+that year we reached a temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year we reached a temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year we reached a temperature of
+zero how many days within the year we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero how many days within the year we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero how many days within the year we
+reached a temperature of one and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a temperature of one and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a temperature of one and we can
+average things or we can round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average things or we can round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average things or we can round
+temperatures right because obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures right because obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures right because obviously the
+temperature would be like 20.6 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature would be like 20.6 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature would be like 20.6 or
+something like that right and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right and then we
+can just round it so it fits in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just round it so it fits in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just round it so it fits in one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+bits so that's exactly what this code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so that's exactly what this code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so that's exactly what this code is
+doing so here it's looping over every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so here it's looping over every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so here it's looping over every
+single one of the uh the dates and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of the uh the dates and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of the uh the dates and we're
+creating this list of the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this list of the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this list of the temperatures
+and the list is for one specific year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the list is for one specific year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the list is for one specific year so
+this year is my parameter here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year is my parameter here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year is my parameter here right so
+here this is just going through the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is just going through the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is just going through the data
+and ensuring that I'm grabbing only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ensuring that I'm grabbing only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ensuring that I'm grabbing only the
+rows that match that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that match that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that match that
+year and then down here is where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then down here is where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then down here is where I'm
+creating a list of 100 uh elements right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a list of 100 uh elements right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a list of 100 uh elements right
+so this down here you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this down here you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this down here you can think of it as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like
+this and the index nicely it worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the index nicely it worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the index nicely it worked out
+really nicely the index is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely the index is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely the index is going to
+correspond to a temperature value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a temperature value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a temperature value which
+is weird to think it only works in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weird to think it only works in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weird to think it only works in this
+particular scenario with fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular scenario with fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular scenario with fahrenheit
+temperatures but the index in this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures but the index in this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures but the index in this list
+corresponds to a temperature so as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a temperature so as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a temperature so as I'm
+iterating through my list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating through my list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating through my list of
+temperatures over 365 days in a year I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures over 365 days in a year I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures over 365 days in a year I'm
+going to round that temperature and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to round that temperature and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to round that temperature and I'm
+going to add it to the index that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add it to the index that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add it to the index that I
+believe it belongs to right so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it belongs to right so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it belongs to right so in this
+way I'm going to have you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to have you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to have you know if the
+temperature was four degrees then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was four degrees then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was four degrees then at
+index 4 four I'm going to increment my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 4 four I'm going to increment my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 4 four I'm going to increment my
+count by one right and if further on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count by one right and if further on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count by one right and if further on in
+the list I've got another temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I've got another temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list I've got another temperature
+that's four at index four I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's four at index four I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's four at index four I'm going to
+increment it again so I've got this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it again so I've got this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it again so I've got this nice
+list uh this these nice counts of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh this these nice counts of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh this these nice counts of all of
+the temperatures at different uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures at different uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures at different uh sorry
+all of the the counts uh at all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the the counts uh at all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the the counts uh at all of these
+different temperatures right so out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures right so out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures right so out of
+those 365 days how many days had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 365 days how many days had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 365 days how many days had a
+temperature of four out of 365 days how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of four out of 365 days how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of four out of 365 days how
+many days had a temperature of 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many days had a temperature of 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many days had a temperature of 85
+okay and then we can plot it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can plot it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can plot it and then
+we're not going to plot uh a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to plot uh a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to plot uh a regular
+plot because we don't want these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot because we don't want these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot because we don't want these
+connected we're not going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected we're not going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected we're not going to do a
+histogram because we made our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram because we made our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram because we made our own
+histogram here instead we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram here instead we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram here instead we're going to do
+a bar plot and the bar plot takes in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar plot and the bar plot takes in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar plot and the bar plot takes in my
+x axis and my Y axis the x- axis being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis and my Y axis the x- axis being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis and my Y axis the x- axis being
+this list 0o through 100 corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list 0o through 100 corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list 0o through 100 corresponding
+temperatures and the y- axis being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and the y- axis being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and the y- axis being the
+count of how many days had each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of how many days had each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of how many days had each one of
+those temperatures and we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those temperatures and we get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those temperatures and we get something
+that looks like this so this is only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this so this is only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this so this is only for
+one year right so if we count the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year right so if we count the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year right so if we count the sum of
+all of these bars right how many uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these bars right how many uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these bars right how many uh how
+many times they appear uh it should add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times they appear uh it should add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times they appear uh it should add
+up to 365 days so this is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 365 days so this is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 365 days so this is the uh the
+distribution I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I think in
+1961 left is Boston and right is San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Diego um already we can tell some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego um already we can tell some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego um already we can tell some pretty
+interesting things from this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things from this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things from this right so
+1961 what does the distribution look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 what does the distribution look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 what does the distribution look
+like for these two cities well it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for these two cities well it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for these two cities well it looks
+like this is something we could already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is something we could already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is something we could already
+tell from the minimum and maximum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from the minimum and maximum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from the minimum and maximum it
+looks like uh temperatures in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh temperatures in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh temperatures in Boston
+kind of went from about 0er to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of went from about 0er to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of went from about 0er to
+85 but what the distribution tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85 but what the distribution tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85 but what the distribution tells us
+that the uh minimum and maximum couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh minimum and maximum couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh minimum and maximum couldn't
+tell us is how many days were that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us is how many days were that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us is how many days were that low
+right how many days were that high is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many days were that high is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many days were that high is it
+that we have some sort of Nic looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some sort of Nic looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some sort of Nic looking
+belt curve type distribution right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt curve type distribution right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt curve type distribution right where
+most of our temperatures land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our temperatures land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our temperatures land
+comfortably in this middle range right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably in this middle range right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably in this middle range right
+that's one option or maybe there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one option or maybe there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one option or maybe there is some
+City out there where it just has an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City out there where it just has an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City out there where it just has an even
+distribution right so basically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so basically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so basically they're
+going to have temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have temperatures
+that um sorry the count of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um sorry the count of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um sorry the count of the
+temperatures basically is even so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures basically is even so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures basically is even so it
+doesn't really matter what temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what temperature
+you're talking about there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about there will be an
+even number of days throughout the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of days throughout the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of days throughout the year
+that are at that temperature right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at that temperature right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at that temperature right so
+this kind of graph can tell us this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of graph can tell us this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of graph can tell us this so
+it looks like the temperature in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the temperature in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the temperature in Boston
+kind of maybe follows a very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe follows a very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe follows a very wide
+bell-shaped curve kind of maybe two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped curve kind of maybe two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped curve kind of maybe two two
+bumps by by modal um temperature in San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps by by modal um temperature in San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps by by modal um temperature in San
+Diego again much uh a much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego again much uh a much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego again much uh a much lower
+variability but also seems to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability but also seems to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability but also seems to follow
+this Bell type curve here where Maybe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bell type curve here where Maybe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bell type curve here where Maybe by
+botal with with two bumps here one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botal with with two bumps here one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botal with with two bumps here one with
+temperatures that are just you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that are just you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that are just you know in
+the 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 55
+very few temperatures in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few temperatures in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few temperatures in the middle and
+then you know bunch of temperatures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know bunch of temperatures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know bunch of temperatures in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+70s so this is the distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s so this is the distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s so this is the distribution for
+1961 and then we can again ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 and then we can again ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1961 and then we can again ask what
+happens to the distribution in a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the distribution in a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the distribution in a later
+year right so if we take uh more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right so if we take uh more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right so if we take uh more than
+one year that we plot here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year that we plot here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year that we plot here I'm going to
+plot 1961 and 2015 so just two years not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot 1961 and 2015 so just two years not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot 1961 and 2015 so just two years not
+everything in between that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between that would be a
+very very cluttered graph um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very cluttered graph um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very cluttered graph um I'm going
+to label the 1961 temperatures blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label the 1961 temperatures blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label the 1961 temperatures blue and
+the 2015 temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2015 temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2015 temperatures
+red so then I get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so then I get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so then I get something that looks
+like this um a little hard to tell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um a little hard to tell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um a little hard to tell so
+what we can do for this graph is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do for this graph is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do for this graph is we can
+actually add uh something called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add uh something called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add uh something called an
+alpha value so a transparency so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha value so a transparency so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha value so a transparency so we can
+kind of see what's behind the red uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see what's behind the red uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see what's behind the red uh
+does the blue go all the way down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the blue go all the way down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the blue go all the way down here
+is the blue just you know slightly below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the blue just you know slightly below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the blue just you know slightly below
+the the red hard to tell from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the red hard to tell from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the red hard to tell from this one
+thing we can do is to add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do is to add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do is to add that
+transparency like I said another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency like I said another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency like I said another thing
+that we can do is to just plot them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do is to just plot them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do is to just plot them on
+two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate
+subplots okay and then we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplots okay and then we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplots okay and then we can try to
+compare them uh to see exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them uh to see exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them uh to see exactly what
+happened from 1961 in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened from 1961 in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened from 1961 in terms of the
+distribution to 2015 again in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to 2015 again in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to 2015 again in terms of
+the distribution right so you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution right so you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution right so you can if you
+want play around with different cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want play around with different cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want play around with different cities
+you know your home City uh and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your home City uh and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your home City uh and see
+exactly what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happened to the
+temperatures over all those years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures over all those years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures over all those years so
+it's kind of a cute thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a cute thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a cute thing to
+try uh any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try uh any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try uh any questions
+okay um so that's the end uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's the end uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's the end uh We've
+really just scratched the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just scratched the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just scratched the surface of the
+things that you can do with plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can do with plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can do with plotting
+today right we saw how to customize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today right we saw how to customize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today right we saw how to customize our
+graphs we saw how to create labels you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we saw how to create labels you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we saw how to create labels you
+know some really really basic things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some really really basic things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some really really basic things but
+I hope that sort of throughout all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that sort of throughout all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that sort of throughout all this
+you saw how useful it is to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw how useful it is to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw how useful it is to visualize
+the data right um the commands are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right um the commands are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data right um the commands are not
+so important right because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important right because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important right because you can
+always look those up but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always look those up but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always look those up but what's
+important is to take some sort of set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is to take some sort of set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is to take some sort of set of
+data right which you'll be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right which you'll be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right which you'll be working with
+with in in the real world if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in in the real world if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in in the real world if you do a
+europ if you decide to take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ if you decide to take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ if you decide to take you know
+other computer science courses in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other computer science courses in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other computer science courses in in
+other departments computation courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other departments computation courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other departments computation courses
+you'll you'll be working with data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll be working with data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll be working with data and
+as soon as you get it it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you get it it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you get it it's important to
+just visualize it to see what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just visualize it to see what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just visualize it to see what it looks
+like sort of get a general sense of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of get a general sense of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of get a general sense of it
+and once you get a sense of it it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you get a sense of it it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you get a sense of it it can
+lead to more questions which will cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to more questions which will cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to more questions which will cause
+you to kind of visualize the data in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of visualize the data in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of visualize the data in a
+slightly different way which becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way which becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way which becomes
+more useful and answering questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful and answering questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful and answering questions and
+potentially posing new questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially posing new questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially posing new questions to
+investigate Okay so that's it for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate Okay so that's it for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate Okay so that's it for today
+uh next lecture we'll be just tying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next lecture we'll be just tying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next lecture we'll be just tying up
+some loose ends regarding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some loose ends regarding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some loose ends regarding uh
+dictionaries and just some ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and just some ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and just some ideas and
+hash tables and how dictionaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash tables and how dictionaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash tables and how dictionaries are
+stored in memory as well as doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in memory as well as doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in memory as well as doing a
+little bit of a preview of simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a preview of simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a preview of simulations
+which is something that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that's a really
+useful technique uh you know again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful technique uh you know again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful technique uh you know again if
+you're going to do some more computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do some more computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do some more computation
+courses in other departments a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in other departments a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in other departments a
+simulation is something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is something that's going to
+be really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helpful
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K30HeE8fEq8.txt b/K30HeE8fEq8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00043fe8e9f6a9b29bf213a25c30ecb7b6eb7f32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K30HeE8fEq8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2819 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, a couple
+of announcements.
+
+Next week two minor
+celebrations, maybe receptions
+
+we would call them.
+
+Quiz 2 Tuesday based on homework
+2, and periodic table
+
+quiz Thursday.
+
+I provide the numbers, you
+provide the letters.
+
+I guess that's how it works.
+
+And the contest ends
+Friday five PM.
+
+Last day we looked at the Bohr
+Model and we developed
+
+equations for the radius of the
+electronic and the orbit
+
+of the one electron atom.
+
+The energy of the electron and
+the velocity of the electron.
+
+And we found that for all
+of these they were
+
+a function of n.
+
+Quantum number.
+
+n takes on discrete values.
+
+One, two, three, and so on.
+
+We say that these
+energies radii
+
+velocities are quantized.
+
+They take discrete values.
+
+And then later in
+the lecture we
+
+started looking for evidence.
+
+And we found ourselves in an
+exercise of reconciliation
+
+with data taken by Angstrom
+about 50 years earlier and fit
+
+to an equation by J.J.
+
+Balmer.
+
+And we were part way through
+that and adjourned.
+
+So I'd like to pick up the
+discussion at that point.
+
+I've done a different drawing of
+what's going on inside the
+
+gas discharge tube.
+
+Last day I had the ballistic
+electronic here, and this is
+
+boiling off the cathodes.
+
+The cathode is inside the gas
+discharge tube and this
+
+electron, if the voltage is high
+enough, will leave the
+
+cathode and shoot across this
+low pressure gas, which
+
+contains, among other things,
+atomic hydrogen.
+
+And I'm trying to depict the
+atomic hydrogen atom here.
+
+Here's the proton, which
+is the nucleus--
+
+that's the sum total of the
+contents of the nucleus--
+
+and here's the lone electron
+that is orbiting the nucleus
+
+at some initial value.
+
+n sub i.
+
+Could be ground state.
+
+Doesn't necessarily
+have to be.
+
+With some thermal energy this
+could be n greater than one.
+
+Then we reason that if the
+electron, ballistic electron,
+
+and it's trajectory across the
+gas discharge tube over to the
+
+anode, which is charged
+positively.
+
+If it collided with this
+electron it could impart some
+
+of its energy, thereby promoting
+the electron from ni
+
+up to nf, the final level.
+
+And the electron would
+be up here.
+
+And for this transition there
+would be an energy cost. That
+
+energy cost is delta e.
+
+Delta e is the energy
+to go from ni to nf.
+
+And so the kinetic energy--
+
+half mv squared of the
+incident electron--
+
+is diminished by this amount.
+
+And the electronic continues
+on it's merry
+
+way at a slower speed.
+
+We assume it's mass
+doesn't change.
+
+The only way we can change its
+energy is to slow it down.
+
+And there's a conservation of
+energy, so the sum of the
+
+energy of the scattered electron
+and the transition
+
+energy of the electron within
+hydrogen must equal the
+
+incident kinetic energy of
+the ballistic electron.
+
+But there's more.
+
+This is a--
+
+no pun intended--
+a one shot deal.
+
+This is ballistics, and
+so the electron is
+
+not sustainably promoted.
+
+It falls back down.
+
+And when it falls back down
+we have the transition
+
+energy now given off.
+
+Here, to promote we had
+to call for energy.
+
+When the electron falls down
+it gives off that energy.
+
+And that energy is given
+off in the form
+
+of an emitted photon.
+
+And it's that emitted photon and
+it's that emitted photon
+
+that ultimately gives
+rise to the lines.
+
+The lines in the spectrum are
+generated by the emitted
+
+photon here.
+
+Everything else is preamble to
+this event, and this event
+
+gives rise to the
+emitted photons.
+
+And I think that's about where
+we got last day with the
+
+reconciliation.
+
+So let's look carefully here.
+
+We recognize that there
+needs to be
+
+conservation of energy again.
+
+In other words, the energy of
+the emitted photon, the energy
+
+of the photon, which we know
+from Planck is h times nu.
+
+I'm trying to distinguish.
+
+This, I'm making nu, the
+Greek symbol nu.
+
+And I put a little
+descender on it.
+
+It looks like a v, but I put
+a little ascender here to
+
+distinguish it.
+
+This is lowercase v,
+as in mv squared.
+
+This is nu.
+
+So h nu, or it could
+be hc over lambda.
+
+Or it could be hc nu bar.
+
+Three ways of writing the
+energy of the photon.
+
+And that must equal delta
+e of the transition.
+
+So let's keep going.
+
+We know that the delta e, the
+transition is given by the
+
+Bohr Model.
+
+Delta e transition will equal e
+final minus e initial, which
+
+will be minus kz squared--
+
+I'm writing this generally,
+in this case with atomic
+
+hydrogen z as 1--
+
+with minus k times 1 over n
+final squared minus one over n
+
+initial squared.
+
+What we can do then is equate
+these and roll them around to
+
+isolate nu bar.
+
+nu bar, then, equals minus kz
+squared over the product of
+
+the Planck constant, the speed
+of light, 1 over nf squared
+
+minus 1 over ni squared.
+
+Now for the Balmer series,
+that is to say the Balmer
+
+series of lines, that turns out
+to be a series where all
+
+of the transitions end
+up on n equals 2.
+
+We said nf equals 2.
+
+z equals 1 because we're talking
+about atomic hydrogen.
+
+Then what we have is a set of
+translations that go 1 over 2
+
+squared minus 1 over
+ni squared.
+
+ni must be greater than nf, so
+ni must come from the set 3,
+
+4, 5, et cetera.
+
+Furthermore, I'm going
+to put z equals 1.
+
+Let's evaluate k.
+
+We know that's 2.18 times 10
+to the minus 18 joules, or
+
+13.6 electron volts.
+
+And we know the Planck constant,
+6.6 times 10
+
+to the minus 36.
+
+And this is 3 times 18 of
+the 8th all in SI units.
+
+So this gives me 1.1
+times 10 to the 7th
+
+in reciprocal meters.
+
+And if I put all this together
+I end up with exactly they
+
+equation that was published
+by Balmer.
+
+Exactly Balmer's equation in
+1885, rewritten to express it
+
+in SI units.
+
+1 over 2 squared
+minus 1 over--
+
+I'm just going to
+put ni squared--
+
+or ni equals 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+This is Balmer exactly.
+
+Balmer exactly.
+
+So the assumption of this
+planetary model, with all of
+
+the restrictions that Bohr
+placed on it in order to get
+
+this set of equations,
+reconciled
+
+with laboratory data.
+
+Very, very significant.
+
+So here we are.
+
+Those four lines all can be
+derived from the Bohr model.
+
+And here's another cartoon from
+your book and showing
+
+what I'm trying to depict here,
+namely it's the falling
+
+down, the return to the state
+from which the electron was
+
+promoted that generates
+the photon.
+
+And the set of those lines
+is what gives you this.
+
+There so there's the validation
+of the sixth piece.
+
+So Bohr Model agrees with
+Angstrom's data, but it also
+
+suggests other experiments.
+
+Let's think about this
+for a second.
+
+OK, here's another cartoons
+from your thing.
+
+You know, I told you that
+this thing is unstable.
+
+And in the Balmer series it
+goes from n equals 2 up.
+
+But there's a ground
+state, n equals 1.
+
+What was wrong with those
+electronics in Sweden in 1853
+
+than Angstrom could never find
+any electron that would fall
+
+all the way down to
+the ground state?
+
+What's wrong with it?
+
+Well, here's the answer.
+
+It has to do with
+instrumentation.
+
+So this is an example where
+science goes further thanks
+
+for the advent of new
+instrumentation that allows
+
+this to make measurements that
+previous people couldn't make,
+
+even though they were very
+competent experimentalists.
+
+Angstrom could have found n
+equals 1 series, but couldn't
+
+see them because he was using
+a photographic plate.
+
+This shows you the range
+of sensitivity for
+
+photographic plates.
+
+Here's the electromagnetic
+spectrum.
+
+Out here you have low energy
+radio waves and up here you
+
+have x-rays and gamma
+rays and so on.
+
+And the visible spectrum is
+parked right here in the
+
+middle, and here it is
+unpacked for you.
+
+And it roughly runs from
+400 to 700 nanometers.
+
+That's the invisible spectrum.
+
+So wavelength increasing from
+left to right, which means
+
+energy frequency in wave
+number increase
+
+from right to left.
+
+They're complimentary, right?
+
+e nu, nu bar on the top, lambda
+is on the bottom.
+
+Some spectra are plotted in
+lambda, some are plotted in
+
+wave number, whatever.
+
+And by the way, I want to
+show you the power of
+
+knowing a few things.
+
+I don't expect you to know a lot
+of facts, but I expect you
+
+to know a few things.
+
+Every educated person ought to
+know that the visible spectrum
+
+runs round numbers 400
+to 700 nanometers.
+
+But look, I can take 700
+nanometers and use this
+
+formula and convert
+it to energy.
+
+And I'm going to get something
+like 3 times 10 to
+
+the minus 19 joules.
+
+Yuck.
+
+Instead, I go in
+electron volts.
+
+1.8 ev.
+
+Over here, 400 nanometers
+is 3.1 ev.
+
+So round numbers, the visible
+spectrum spans 2
+
+to 3 electron volts.
+
+Our eyes are photo detectors
+that operate on the band width
+
+2 to 3 electron volts. that's
+easy to remember.
+
+Those are good numbers.
+
+So where does that leave us?
+
+It leaves us here.
+
+We go back and we see these
+numbers, 656, 486, 434,
+
+they're all in the
+visible spectrum.
+
+So I went and I did a
+little calculation.
+
+I said, well what would I have
+if we'd gotten the wave length
+
+for the transition
+from 2 down to 1?
+
+This is n equals 2 down
+to ground state.
+
+If you plug in the numbers to
+the Bohr model, you'd find
+
+that that would give
+you 122 nanometers.
+
+122 nanometers?
+
+Well, 122 nanometers is going
+to put you way over.
+
+It's too high energy, right?
+
+122 nanometers is going to put
+you off to the left there into
+
+the ultraviolet, where
+the photographic
+
+film was not sensitive.
+
+So he couldn't measure
+those lines.
+
+So now I'm going to end by
+putting the master equation
+
+that captures all of this.
+
+And the master equation
+that captures of
+
+all of this is here.
+
+It's that nu bar goes as r times
+z squared, 1 over nf
+
+squared minus 1 over
+ni squared.
+
+So this is the most general form
+for all 1 electron atoms.
+
+That's why I've got z squared
+in there for all 1 electron
+
+atoms.
+
+And this is called the
+Rydberg equation.
+
+Named after another Swedish
+spectroscopist at the
+
+University of Lund.
+
+I think a Swede would probably
+pronounce this something
+
+Rydberg, but you don't
+have to say that.
+
+You can just say Rydberg
+and it'll be fine.
+
+And in honor of Rydberg, the
+constant here is given the
+
+symbol, capital R.
+
+The capital R as the Rydberg
+constant and it has a value of
+
+1.1 times 10 to the
+7th reciprocal
+
+meters in good ST units.
+
+Well, there was more
+evidence for the
+
+support of Bohr's Model.
+
+More evidence for the support
+of Bohr's Model.
+
+By the way, as the detectors got
+better and better we could
+
+get more and more lines.
+
+You see these, as you get
+higher and higher series
+
+ending on higher and higher end
+numbers, you move off into
+
+the infrared.
+
+Because this is not to scale.
+
+These n equal 4, n equal 5 are
+closer and closer to closer
+
+together in terms of energy.
+
+They're farther and farther
+apart in terms of spacing, but
+
+they're closer and closer
+together in terms of energy.
+
+Because they're farther
+from the nucleus.
+
+You say, gee, shouldn't
+it cost more
+
+energy to go farther?
+
+Uh-uh.
+
+Because you're farther from
+the positive nucleus.
+
+Be careful.
+
+Don't let your intuition send
+you in the wrong direction.
+
+It's all about Coulombics.
+
+Anyway, so the Lyman series
+ends at n equals 1.
+
+And these are different
+scientists.
+
+Paschen, Bracket, Pfund,
+Humphreys, and so on.
+
+So maybe, I don't know, if
+somebody hasn't claimed n
+
+equals 214, all the lines that
+end there, you know, maybe
+
+that could be your name
+on the series.
+
+As if anybody cares.
+
+Looks like this quantum
+condition is validated.
+
+See this is really important
+because this was the big break
+
+away from classical theory.
+
+That the motion of a body,
+something with mass, could be
+
+quantized in its behavior shook
+this physics community.
+
+But this reconciliation
+of the data says that
+
+assumption is valid.
+
+There's more that happens.
+
+So in 1913 in Berlin--
+
+remember 1913 is when Bohr
+published the paper--
+
+1913 in Berlin there was James
+Franck and Gustav Hertz.
+
+James Franck and Gustav Hertz.
+
+And they were conducting
+experiments on
+
+gas discharge tubes.
+
+Only they filled a gas discharge
+tube, instead of
+
+with hydrogen, they filled
+it with mercury vapor.
+
+So gas discharge tube--
+
+GDT--
+
+gas discharge tube containing
+mercury vapor.
+
+The same thing.
+
+Put the electrodes, connect on
+a power supply, and started
+
+varying the potential.
+
+So I'm going to show you
+what they found.
+
+This is the Planck voltage,
+and this is the current
+
+between electrodes, or if you
+like, across the tube.
+
+Between the electrodes,
+or through the tube.
+
+Or if you like, tube current.
+
+Meaning from one electrode
+to the other.
+
+The tube current.
+
+Well, low voltage,
+low current.
+
+High voltage, high currently.
+
+They get up to a certain value
+of voltage, all of sudden the
+
+tube starts glowing blindly and
+the current falls to 0.
+
+Then they continued to
+raise the voltage.
+
+More voltage, more current,
+up, up, up, up, up.
+
+And then they get to another
+critical value of voltage,
+
+even more intensity.
+
+And then the current
+falls to 0.
+
+So you look at those data and
+say, well, what's that got to
+
+do with the Bohr Model?
+
+Because mercury is not
+a 1 electron atom.
+
+It's got a boat load
+of electrons.
+
+This is not a 1 electron atom.
+
+So you say, I know what it is.
+
+It's ionization energy.
+
+Must be ionizing the mercury.
+
+So you go to the periodic table
+and you look up the
+
+ionization energy of mercury and
+you discover that that's
+
+10.4 volts.
+
+10.4 electron volts is the
+ionization energy.
+
+And this first null
+is at 4.9 volts.
+
+Well, 4.9 is a long
+way from 10.4.
+
+And this second null occurs
+at 6.7 volts.
+
+6.7 volts.
+
+So what's this telling us?
+
+What this is telling us is that
+when you get to a value
+
+of 4.9 volts, you've hit a
+certain value that allows you
+
+to promote electrons within
+mercury between one level and
+
+the next level.
+
+And those electrons are
+being promoted and
+
+then cascading down.
+
+And they're cascading down and
+they're emitting in the
+
+visible and it's blinding you.
+
+Say, OK, so what
+does that mean?
+
+Well, it means that the Bohr
+Model, which is for a 1
+
+electron atom, assumes
+that energy levels
+
+within it are quantized.
+
+These data indicate that on the
+basis the behavior of this
+
+gas discharge tube, there must
+be quantized energy levels
+
+inside of mercury, which means
+all atoms have quantized
+
+energy levels.
+
+You understand?
+
+Everything is quantized.
+
+That's really powerful.
+
+It starts off with this nerdy
+little 1 electron atom, and
+
+now he's applying it
+across matter.
+
+And this is gas, this is
+more elaborate gas.
+
+Heaven forbid, it might exist
+in liquids and solids.
+
+So that's the Franck,
+Hertz experiment.
+
+So his stock goes way, way
+up as a result of that.
+
+And they win a Nobel Prize.
+
+Here's James Franck.
+
+Here's Gustav Hertz.
+
+You know what the Hertz is.
+
+200 kilohertz, so on.
+
+That's Hertz.
+
+James Franck was at Gottingen
+when he won this, but he
+
+ultimately came to the United
+States when the political
+
+changes started occurring in
+the thirties in Germany.
+
+Franck decided to seek safer
+surroundings and ended up at
+
+the University of Chicago, where
+there is to this day the
+
+James Franck Institute
+of Physics.
+
+Very, very high-end physics
+institution.
+
+So this is good.
+
+But all good things
+come to an end.
+
+So 1913 was a bittersweet
+year for Bohr.
+
+Because he got some good news,
+but he also got some bad news.
+
+So now I want to move over to
+limitations of the Bohr Model.
+
+Limitations of the Bohr Model.
+
+So I know what you're going to
+say-- well, it only talks
+
+about 1 electron atoms, so
+that's a limitation.
+
+No, there's more to
+it than that.
+
+Even the 1 electron atom model
+doesn't capture everything.
+
+I'm going to summarize
+the limitations.
+
+I'm going to show you three,
+and they all fall under the
+
+general umbrella of
+fine structure.
+
+Fine structure.
+
+In other words, the Bohr Model
+is good, give us the big
+
+lines, but when you start
+looking more carefully it
+
+fails to capture some
+of the physics.
+
+So first of all, let's go back
+to some earlier data.
+
+1887.
+
+1887, there were already data
+out there that were going to
+
+give heartburn to
+the Bohr Model.
+
+And those data were taken
+by Michelson and Morley.
+
+Michelson and Morley.
+
+Everything I've taught you so
+far, with one exception, has
+
+been European science.
+
+Americans were not active in
+science because this was a
+
+young country.
+
+We were really good engineers
+because we were blockaded by
+
+the rest of the world.
+
+We had to live by our wits--
+that's where you get the term
+
+"yankee ingenuity." Science
+was hifalutin stuff.
+
+We didn't have time for it.
+
+But towards the latter half of
+the 19th century, we started
+
+moving into fundamental
+science.
+
+The first American to win the
+Nobel Prize was Michelson.
+
+Michelson was doing work at
+Case in Cleveland, which
+
+eventually became Case Western
+Reserve University.
+
+So he was at Case in Cleveland
+and he was studying optics.
+
+And he was a brilliant
+experimentalist. In fact, he
+
+made the first reliable measure
+of the speed of light.
+
+Back before 1900.
+
+What they were doing is they
+were looking at Angstrom's
+
+lines and they noticed
+something peculiar.
+
+If you take a look at even this
+drawing, you notice the
+
+red line is a little bit
+fatter than the others.
+
+Now you might just say, well,
+that's just the artist taking
+
+liberties and somebody didn't
+catch it in proof reading.
+
+But in point of fact, what he
+found was that if you look at
+
+that line, which is really the
+line for the 3-2 transition--
+
+the 3-2 transition in
+the Balmer series--
+
+what you find is that if you
+look at the photographic plate
+
+more carefully, you find that
+this thing in fact is a pair
+
+of lines, but very, very
+closely spaced.
+
+This is known as a doublet.
+
+Two lines very closely spaced,
+centered at 656 nanometers.
+
+And with his interferometer he
+gets super, super good data.
+
+And he could split
+the doublet.
+
+Well, what's that
+mean for Bohr?
+
+Bohr has no way of
+explaining this.
+
+If you look at the Bohr Model,
+you've got n equals 2, you've
+
+got n equals 3, alright?
+
+So this is energy 2,
+energy 3, right?
+
+And so when the electron falls
+from 3 to 2, we get a photon
+
+of a certain value.
+
+It's going to be nu 3 to 2.
+
+That's the frequency or wave
+number, what have you.
+
+Now, the fact that you've got
+a doublet here means that
+
+there must be two transitions,
+but darn close.
+
+There's either a 3 and a 3
+primed, or there's a 2 and a 2
+
+primed, but it's not
+simply 3 and 2.
+
+So that piece of information
+runs
+
+counter to the Bohr Model.
+
+Bohr Model is silent about it.
+
+It gets the big picture, but if
+you look more carefully it
+
+can't capture the doublet.
+
+And Michelson ultimately
+gets the Nobel Price.
+
+And I think I've got him here.
+
+There he is.
+
+The Nobel Prize.
+
+By the time he got the Nobel
+Prize he was at the University
+
+of Chicago, but he did the work
+that won the Nobel Prize
+
+for him at Case.
+
+So sometimes when you see even
+Millikan, Millikan did his
+
+work at University of Chicago,
+but eventually took a position
+
+at Caltech.
+
+So the Nobel Prize says, Robert
+Millikan, Caltech.
+
+But he didn't do that
+work at Caltech.
+
+He did it at Chicago.
+
+Anyways, you can go to
+the Nobel website.
+
+You can read about
+these people.
+
+And what's really cool is when
+you win the Nobel Prize-- you
+
+notice I didn't say if--
+
+I say, when you win the Nobel
+Prize, what you do is you get
+
+on an airplane, you go to
+Stockholm, and then you go and
+
+you have dinner in this
+beautiful hall.
+
+I've been there and it's
+gorgeous, gilded and so on.
+
+Very nice kitchen, excellent
+wine list. And--
+
+yes-- and you can go there
+and they serve meals.
+
+the menu is taken from previous
+Nobel Prize dinners.
+
+So you can sit and--
+
+whatever it is, it could be the
+Nobel Prizes of 1927 and
+
+that's what's going to be
+on the menu today--
+
+and after the dinner they have
+a presentation ceremony with
+
+the King of Sweden.
+
+You get your Nobel Prize,
+and then people
+
+listen to your lecture.
+
+And those Nobel lectures are
+really, really expository.
+
+So if you want to go and read
+the Nobel lecture that
+
+Michelson gave on the occasion
+of winning the Nobel Prize,
+
+you'll probably learn all
+of about this and more.
+
+It's really, really good,
+so go there and read.
+
+Now back to the story.
+
+Second problem with
+the Bohr Model.
+
+1896--
+
+see, all this data had
+been accumulating--
+
+1896, there was a postdoc
+by the name of Zeeman.
+
+Piet Zeeman.
+
+He was a postdoc at Leiden.
+
+Leiden in Holland
+under Lorentz.
+
+You'll learn about the Lorentz
+force when you study 802.
+
+What he was doing--
+
+again, gas discharge tube.
+
+So this was gas discharge tube,
+and what Zeeman was
+
+doing on his postdoc was
+in a magnetic field.
+
+These people were doing all
+sorts of experiments.
+
+They were trying to block out
+the whole experimental space.
+
+So one guy, his specialty
+is high energy.
+
+One guy's specialty
+is low pressure.
+
+These people are taking a gas
+discharge tube and putting in
+
+the jaws of a powerful,
+permanent magnet and then
+
+measuring the spectrum.
+
+And what he found was that
+for certain lines,
+
+this was the rest--
+
+b, I'm going to use as
+magnetic field--
+
+in the absence of
+applied magnetic
+
+field you have a line.
+
+And this is not a doublet,
+triplet--
+
+it's just a plain old line.
+
+Well behaved line.
+
+But when they take that gas
+discharge tube and put it into
+
+a magnetic field, they see
+a plurality of lines.
+
+And furthermore, the spacing--
+
+I'm going to use c here--
+
+the spacing in the lines is
+proportional to the intensity
+
+of the magnetic field.
+
+No magnetic field,
+single line.
+
+Modest magnetic field,
+modest amount of what
+
+is called line splitting.
+
+So a modest amount of
+applied magnetic
+
+field, modest splitting.
+
+Intense magnetic field,
+intense splitting.
+
+Bohr Model is silent
+about that.
+
+Because you know, if you've got
+different lines, it means
+
+you must have different
+energy levels.
+
+It's as though the energy level
+diagrams opens up in a
+
+magnetic field.
+
+The Bohr Model can't
+account for that.
+
+And parenthetically, they got
+the Nobel Prize, too.
+
+So there's Piet Zeeman.
+
+Got his PhD in 1896.
+
+He's got his Noble
+Prize, 1902.
+
+He's off to a good
+start, I'd say.
+
+And there's Lorentz.
+
+Two of them.
+
+We'll get to him in a second.
+
+So third piece of bad news
+for the Bohr Model.
+
+And that comes, again,
+in 1913 in November.
+
+In November of 1913 there
+was a man by the
+
+name of Stark in Germany.
+
+And Stark was doing analogous
+experiments.
+
+He was studying gas discharge
+tube in electric fields.
+
+Obviously, you've got an
+electric field across the
+
+electrodes to excite
+the electrons.
+
+But he's taking a whole gas
+discharge tube and putting it
+
+between flights and then
+applying an electric field.
+
+And what did he find?
+
+He found the same
+sort of thing.
+
+He got line splitting in an E
+field, and furthermore that
+
+extent of splitting, extent
+dependent upon the intensity.
+
+E intensity.
+
+So no field, no splitting.
+
+Modest field, modest
+splitting.
+
+Intense field, intense
+splitting.
+
+Well, again, that's a headache
+for the Bohr Model.
+
+So this is all three problems,
+and it's all under aegis of
+
+fine structure.
+
+So we know the Bohr Model
+has its limitations.
+
+OK, Stark.
+
+I know he's got his
+Nobel Prize.
+
+There he is.
+
+So 1913 ends on a sour note.
+
+But people don't give up.
+
+1916, Arnold Sommerfeld
+in Munich.
+
+He was a professor of physics
+and he proposed modifications.
+
+Modifications to Bohr Model.
+
+It's a patch, we would
+call it a patch.
+
+going?
+
+To put a patch on
+the Bohr Model.
+
+And what's he going to do?
+
+What's the gist of his idea?
+
+Well, he retains the planetary
+structure.
+
+He liked that idea--
+
+nice orbits, so on.
+
+But he took a page out
+of Kepler's book.
+
+The planets in the Kepler
+model, when they revolve
+
+around the sun their orbit
+is not circular.
+
+It's elliptical.
+
+So Sommerfeld said, why don't
+we give that a try?
+
+What if we said the electronic
+orbit can be
+
+elliptical or circular?
+
+And he was quite specific.
+
+He said, suppose--
+
+and this, again, is not to
+scale, but to emphasize this
+
+is going to be elliptical or
+circular, but very, very mild
+
+eccentricity.
+
+What I'm going to draw for you
+is extreme eccentricity to
+
+make a point.
+
+But suppose we had the circular
+orbit as I'm drawing
+
+it now, and then we had an
+elliptical orbit that is
+
+centered on that circle.
+
+So it's mild eccentricity.
+
+We might have another one--
+let's do one more.
+
+This is good enough.
+
+The gist here is that we have
+a circular orbit and an
+
+elliptical orbit, but
+the bandwidth here
+
+is very, very narrow.
+
+So this is very, very thin.
+
+And it's sort of like
+an egg shell.
+
+So if I asked you, what's
+the dimension of an egg?
+
+You'd say, well, it's
+dimension of the
+
+surface of the egg.
+
+Then I'd say, but the
+egg shell has
+
+some thickness, right?
+
+But that thickness is relatively
+small in comparison
+
+to the total dimension
+of the egg.
+
+So an analogy.
+
+He said that the range of
+distance from the nucleus,
+
+whether it's circular
+or elliptical,
+
+is very, very narrow.
+
+So we can say the set of
+circular and elliptical orbits
+
+lie within a shell,
+as in egg shell.
+
+So this is a shell model.
+
+It's a shell model.
+
+So now how do you designate
+the different orbits?
+
+You've got some that are
+circular, some that are
+
+elliptical.
+
+He needs to distinguish them
+and he needs to be able to
+
+label them.
+
+So he introduces new
+quantum numbers to
+
+allow us to name them.
+
+So let's go and take a look at
+the quantum numbers that
+
+Sommerfeld gave us.
+
+So he starts off with n.
+
+He retains that from the Bohr
+Model and he calls that the
+
+principal quantum number.
+
+And it's primary attribute
+is size.
+
+It captures the distance, the
+principal r from the nucleus.
+
+And it takes values 1, 2, 3,
+all the way up to infinity.
+
+So n equals 1, small radius.
+
+n equals 10, large radius.
+
+Oh, by the way, there's another
+numbering system.
+
+This is what we use, but the
+spectroscopists use letters.
+
+The spectroscopists
+use letters-- why?
+
+Because remember the
+Balmer series?
+
+Everybody was hooked on the
+Balmer series and it ended up
+
+being n equals 2.
+
+And then later with better
+detectors we find
+
+there's an n equals 1.
+
+So the spectroscopists
+said, we're going
+
+to get fooled again.
+
+So we're going use letters.
+
+And we're going to start
+with the letter k.
+
+It's in the middle
+of the alphabet.
+
+That way if we discover even
+lower energies, we've got some
+
+head room here, we
+can label those.
+
+But we never found any.
+
+So if you go over to Building
+Thirteen and you do some x-ray
+
+refraction and you use the
+line that emanates from a
+
+copper target, n equals
+1-- it's called the k
+
+alpha line of copper.
+
+To this day.
+
+So k, l, m, and so on.
+
+You can't get to infinity,
+obviously.
+
+You know, I didn't think
+this thing through.
+
+Now the l.
+
+l is, what's his name?
+
+Sommerfeld.
+
+And it's called the orbital
+quantum number.
+
+Why?
+
+Because he said that the
+electron is in an orbital
+
+instead of an orbit.
+
+Orbit is Bohr, orbital
+is Bohr-Sommerfeld.
+
+And it speaks to the shape.
+
+Somehow, I've got to distinguish
+between elliptical
+
+and circular.
+
+And it takes values 0,
+1, up to n minus 1.
+
+So the n number controls
+the range of l.
+
+And again, the spectroscopists,
+they're real
+
+number weenies, they're afraid,
+
+so they use s, lowercase.
+
+See this is uppercase,
+this is lowercase.
+
+s, p, d, f.
+
+For sharp, this is the sharpest
+line from the l
+
+equals 0-- then the principal
+because as you go to z they
+
+all seem to converge and
+look like hydrogen--
+
+d is diffuse, f is fine, and
+then after that they ran out
+
+of ideas so g and h.
+
+So you'll talk about the one
+s-orbital, meaning n equals 1,
+
+l equals 0.
+
+And there are some values
+here for shapes.
+
+I'm going to put that
+right above it.
+
+When l equals 0, l equals
+0 means you
+
+have a circular orbit.
+
+And when l equals 1
+it's elliptical.
+
+And when l equals 2 it's much
+more complex, and we'll just
+
+leave it at that.
+
+1, 2, and 3.
+
+So there's l values.
+
+And then m is the magnetic
+quantum number.
+
+And it talks about
+orientation.
+
+I'll show you what I mean
+by that in a second.
+
+The values are governed by l,
+which is governed by n.
+
+Starts at l, l minus 1, goes
+down through 0, goes to minus
+
+values and ends at minus l.
+
+So for example, we could do
+something like this--
+
+when n equals 1, then l most
+equal 0, so therefore
+
+m must equals 0.
+
+So this means for n equals 1,
+it's only a circular orbit and
+
+this thing is going to be immune
+to line splitting in a
+
+magnetic field.
+
+When n equals 2, l can equals
+0 or l can equal 1.
+
+When l equals 0, m equals 0.
+
+That's boring, that's
+circular.
+
+But here's another
+possibility.
+
+And that is, when l equals
+1 then m can equal 1,
+
+0, and minus 1.
+
+Now I said it has something
+to do with orientation.
+
+Most of quantum mechanics
+doesn't translate into the
+
+Cartesian world, but this one
+does, mercifully, and I think
+
+it's a cute analogy.
+
+If I were to tell you that
+I've got three different
+
+quantum numbers and I've got an
+elliptical thing-- and one
+
+way to think, see, the number 0
+looks like a circle and the
+
+number 1 has some asperity
+associated with it, so you can
+
+think of that as the ellipse--
+
+so I know that I can, with no
+prior knowledge of where the
+
+true origin of the universe it
+is, I can arbitrarily define a
+
+set of rectangular coordinates,
+orthogonal
+
+coordinates, x, y, and z.
+
+And that means I could put one
+orbital here, one orbital
+
+here, and one orbital here.
+
+So those are three orthogonal
+orientations, which I think is
+
+consistent with the fact that
+m takes on three values.
+
+OK, that's cute.
+
+So that's as far as
+Sommerfeld went.
+
+I'm going to go and do something
+as a retronym.
+
+I want to get the fourth quantum
+number up here now,
+
+but we're going to
+pause the story.
+
+We're going to fast forward to
+1925 so I can get the last
+
+quantum number up here.
+
+And that's called the
+spin quantum number.
+
+And it takes values plus
+or minus a half.
+
+Where did that come from?
+
+Well, in 1922--
+
+oh, you know everybody's getting
+Nobel Prizes and I
+
+didn't give Niels Bohr his
+proper recognition.
+
+He gets the Noble
+Prize, as well.
+
+Oh, when Sommerfeld turned 80,
+they had a symposium in his
+
+honor and they published
+a book.
+
+And the book had papers and
+well-wishes, papers that were
+
+given at the symposium.
+
+And in the front they had
+Sommerfeld's picture and they
+
+also had this twin picture,
+this diptych.
+
+So on the right is Sommerfeld,
+and on the left is the same
+
+picture but they've
+morphed it.
+
+Now remember, there's
+no Photoshop.
+
+Horrors, there's no Photoshop.
+
+Can you imagine?
+
+So how could they do this?
+
+They had to take the negative,
+which was a photographic
+
+plate, and when they were
+printing the negative using a
+
+light box they had to hold the
+negative on an angle to get
+
+the distortion.
+
+And in holding it on an angle
+to get the distortion, they
+
+turned this image into something
+that was a little
+
+more spread out.
+
+And the caption that went with
+this, "To Arnold Sommerfeld,
+
+who taught us that the circle is
+the degenerate form of the
+
+ellipse." Now that's
+geek humor.
+
+I mean, they laughed.
+
+They thought that was
+so funny, hahaha.
+
+You know.
+
+They were having a great time.
+
+It was Germany, and
+nineteen twenties.
+
+And there he is.
+
+OK, so now let's go to 1922.
+
+This is the Stern-Gerlach
+experiment.
+
+Very interesting experiment.
+
+This is really physical
+vapor deposition.
+
+Over here I've got a
+crucible and it's
+
+full of molten silver.
+
+So Stern and Gerlach were
+studying the magnetic behavior
+
+of liquid metals.
+
+So what they were doing
+is they had this--
+
+over here you see it's red
+even though it's silver,
+
+because this is that about
+1,000 centigrade.
+
+Silver melts at about 960.
+
+Everything, I don't care what
+it's color is at room
+
+temperature, at 1,000
+degrees it's red.
+
+It's called red hot.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is red hot silver and
+there's a vapor here and
+
+there's a slit and the silver
+atoms come out of the slit.
+
+And they go across over here to
+a substrate and then they
+
+pause it on the substrate.
+
+So making little band of silver
+on the substrate.
+
+And furthermore, he
+sometimes put them
+
+through a magnetic field.
+
+So he's got a slit here that
+narrows the beam, and then he
+
+sends it through a magnetic
+field that is asymmetric.
+
+It's divergent.
+
+Can you see here?
+
+Look at the end.
+
+The south pole as a tip
+and the north pole is
+
+this arc, this cup.
+
+So the field lines don't go just
+directly from tip to tip,
+
+they go from tip off
+to the side.
+
+So you can see the divergence
+of the magnetic field.
+
+And so he looked at what kind
+of deposits he got as a
+
+function of the magnetic
+field.
+
+Here's what the observed.
+
+Very puzzling.
+
+The whole thing was about
+Maxwell's equation.
+
+So he's got a silver beam.
+
+And when it went directly from
+the furnace to the substrate
+
+he just got the shadow
+of the slit.
+
+And they have the split
+crosswise with respect to the
+
+divergent magnetic field.
+
+So if you look at the substrate
+you just see a band.
+
+So this is a band of silver and
+you can imagine there was
+
+a slit out here and it just cast
+a shadow and that's the
+
+band of silver.
+
+This is PVD, physical vapor
+deposition of silver.
+
+Now when b is not equal 0,
+what would you expect?
+
+You'd think the beam
+would bend, right?
+
+So what do you think happens?
+
+The beam bends up?
+
+The beam bends down?
+
+Or beam bends to the right
+or to the left?
+
+Think about it.
+
+I don't want to hear
+your answer.
+
+Think about it.
+
+What do they observe?
+
+What they observe is, if this is
+where the original one is.
+
+Two.
+
+The beam splits in two.
+
+And it gets two deposits,
+one above, one
+
+below, of equal intensity.
+
+That's a problem.
+
+Beam splitting.
+
+But now it's a beam of matter.
+
+Beam splitting.
+
+Boy, they had them scratching
+their heads on that one.
+
+No way to explain that.
+
+So along come a couple
+of graduate students.
+
+1925, couple of graduates.
+
+So this is 1992 in Frankfurt.
+
+1925, two graduate students
+in Leiden, again.
+
+Gaudsmit and Uhlenbeck.
+
+They're just like my TA's.
+
+Grad students.
+
+And they looked at this thing,
+I don't know, maybe sitting
+
+around over a beer one night,
+and they said, you know, so
+
+far what we've been saying is
+the electron revolves around
+
+the nucleus.
+
+And sometimes it revolves in a
+circular orbit, and sometimes
+
+it revolves in an elliptical
+orbit, but here's
+
+the electron revolving.
+
+And they said, what if in
+addition to revolve, the
+
+electron rotated so that
+it's going like this?
+
+[GESTURES]
+
+But there's two choices.
+
+It can be going like this, or
+can be going like this.
+
+[GESTURES]
+
+Now, it's a charged species and
+it's rotating, which means
+
+that it's going to have
+a magnetic moment
+
+depending on rotation.
+
+And now I'm going to
+send it through a
+
+divergent magnetic field.
+
+Doesn't it follow to reason
+that if I put it through a
+
+magnetic field and I've got some
+of them doing this and
+
+some of them doing that,
+they're going to go in
+
+different directions?
+
+Opposite directions?
+
+And what do you think
+the numbers are?
+
+If I give you Avogadro's number
+of silvers, you think
+
+I'm going to get a dominant
+clockwise and a minority
+
+anti-clockwise?
+
+No.
+
+We're going to get
+equal numbers.
+
+Some are going to spin like
+this, some are going
+
+to spin like that.
+
+And you're going say, but
+electrons don't spin, they're
+
+not doing this.
+
+But if you model them as though
+they are doing this,
+
+you get those results.
+
+Those results make sense.
+
+And so they introduced the
+spin quantum numbers.
+
+And I think these are the ones
+that have been erased.
+
+Such is education.
+
+OK.
+
+So you know it.
+
+S plus or minus a half.
+
+By the way, Gaudsmit and
+Uhlenbeck were here during
+
+World War Two.
+
+They worked in Building Four.
+
+You go down the corridor,
+Building Four just off the
+
+Infinite Corridor, there's a
+plaque there for the Radiation
+
+Laboratory.
+
+That's where they worked,
+in the Rad Lab.
+
+That's where radar was
+first engineered.
+
+There was work in the
+UK, there was
+
+work in other places.
+
+But this is the Radiation
+Laboratory, started here and
+
+they were both here
+at the time.
+
+OK, well, I think that's a--
+
+So this is a plate
+from the paper.
+
+No magnetic field with
+the magnetic field.
+
+And by the way, why did
+they choose silver?
+
+They chose silver because it's
+atomic number is 47--
+
+it has an odd number
+of electrons.
+
+You're going to learn later that
+you get two electrons in
+
+an orbital, and if you have
+two electrons, one will be
+
+spin up, one will
+be spin down.
+
+There's no magnetic moment.
+
+So they were clever about
+choosing an element that had
+
+an odd number of electrons so
+that there would, at the end,
+
+be an unpaired electron.
+
+And there's Otto Stern
+with his Nobel Prize.
+
+And he came to the United
+States, as well.
+
+And you're going to see the
+ascendancy of American Science
+
+as people flee Europe up in
+the nineteen thirties.
+
+And America is the beneficiary,
+and then you see
+
+American science rise.
+
+But for now it's European
+science.
+
+OK, so I'm going to talk a
+little bit about hydrogen and
+
+transportation.
+
+And we're going to talk about
+the Hindenburg because it was
+
+full of hydrogen.
+
+And to give you a sense of
+scale, this is what a 747
+
+would look like and is what the
+Titanic would look like.
+
+It was almost as long
+as the Titanic.
+
+It was built in Germany by
+the Zeppelin company.
+
+And the Titanic, the Hindenburg
+rather, was LZ129
+
+serial number.
+
+That's Luftschiff Zeppelin.
+
+Airship Zeppelin.
+
+135 feet in diameter.
+
+804 feet long.
+
+How long is a football field?
+
+So that's a big boat.
+
+Seven million cubic feet of gas,
+giving you 112 tons of
+
+useful lift.
+
+You ever have to lift something
+very heavy, there's
+
+your sky crane.
+
+So why are they using
+hydrogen?
+
+Well, when the Nazis came to
+power in Germany, Congress
+
+passed the Helium Control Act.
+
+The dominant supplier of helium
+to the world was the
+
+United States.
+
+Helium comes from helium
+wells in the earth.
+
+And so as of 1933 the United
+States refused to sell Helium
+
+to Germany, so the engineers
+were forced to use hydrogen.
+
+Next best thing.
+
+Here are some posters.
+
+"Only 2 1/2 half days to
+Europe." And here one, a
+
+German one.
+
+"And now over the North
+Atlantic." That's Manhattan.
+
+That's the lower tip
+of Manhattan.
+
+There's the Chrysler Building,
+look at that.
+
+Now look at that picture,
+isn't that magnificent?
+
+10 transatlantic
+flights, 1936.
+
+1002 passengers.
+
+Cruising speed, 78
+miles an hour.
+
+Took two and a half days.
+
+By the way, 100 feet
+in diameter--
+
+when people traveled, they
+traveled in style.
+
+They had a ballroom there
+and a grand piano.
+
+People didn't sit like this.
+
+[CROUCHES]
+
+With a plastic knife and fork.
+
+That's progress, right?
+
+Two and a half dancing,
+tux, tails, champagne.
+
+Now, like this.
+
+[CROUCHES]
+
+May sixth, 1937.
+
+Arrival of first flight to
+the U.S. while docking in
+
+Lakehurst, New Jersey.
+
+Why were they docking in
+Lakehurst, New Jersey?
+
+If you go to the top of the
+Empire State Building, look
+
+and you will see at the
+corners moorings.
+
+Moorings sticking out.
+
+The plan was to dock airships at
+the Empire State Building.
+
+So you'd come in from Europe,
+you'd dock at Fifth Avenue,
+
+get on the elevator,
+and there you were.
+
+When they tried to dock the air
+currents were so violent
+
+that they couldn't safely
+dock the ship.
+
+So then they moved across to the
+fair grounds at Lakehurst,
+
+New Jersey, where obviously this
+mooring is much closer to
+
+the ground than the top of the
+Empire State Building.
+
+The wild currents,
+they're bad, but
+
+they're manageably bad.
+
+At the top of the Empire State
+Building, impossible.
+
+There's another image.
+
+So what happened?
+
+It did not explode.
+
+It did not explode.
+
+It couldn't explode.
+
+Seven million cubic feet of
+hydrogen to explode requires
+
+seven million cubic feet of
+oxygen instantaneously.
+
+And air is 20% oxygen.
+
+So it was a very violent fire,
+roman candle from the point of
+
+egress of the hydrogen.
+
+Most of the people on board
+walked off the Hindenburg.
+
+Most of the people walked off
+the Hindenburg uninjured.
+
+They think it was electrical
+discharge in the vicinity of a
+
+hydrogen leak.
+
+Recent research has indicated
+the skin was made of resin
+
+finished with a lacquer dope.
+
+And then to make it shiny they
+put aluminum powder.
+
+And why they put iron oxide on
+the inside I don't know, but
+
+this is what NASA uses for solid
+rocket motor grains.
+
+So when this thing catches
+fire, this is a thermite
+
+reaction and could
+be very violent.
+
+And this spelled the end
+of rigid error ships in
+
+commercial air transportation.
+
+Now this a U.S. Navy airship
+filled with helium.
+
+And there was a small gasoline
+fire, look what happened.
+
+Again, it was the skin.
+
+That's a blow up of that one.
+
+So I looked at that and I
+thought, geez, that looks
+
+Lichtenstein, doesn't it?
+
+You know this one?
+
+This one.
+
+Look at that.
+
+Look at that.
+
+So you know, I can be an
+artist, too, right?
+
+OK, I'm going to tell
+you one more story.
+
+Another Niels Bohr story.
+
+So in 1896 there was a guy,
+and astronomer at Harvard
+
+called Pickering.
+
+Pickering at Harvard, 1896, and
+he was studying the lines
+
+in star light.
+
+And he attributed to some of
+the spectra that he was
+
+getting, he said he was seeing
+atomic hydrogen in star light.
+
+And then there was a fellow
+in London called Fowler.
+
+And Fowler, in 1912, reproduced
+the experiments in
+
+the laboratory.
+
+He put gas in a tube and got
+the same thing in the lab.
+
+So this guy's at Harvard and
+the other guy is at London.
+
+Well, Bohr looks at this
+stuff and he says,
+
+you guys are wrong.
+
+You guys are wrong--
+your lines are off
+
+by a factor of 4x.
+
+You've got the right series, but
+you got the wrong element.
+
+What you guys are looking
+at is helium plus.
+
+You're not looking at hydrogen,
+and you know, from--
+
+it goes to z squared.
+
+So the lines are going to be
+shifted by factor of four
+
+because this z is equal to 2.
+
+So Fowler was a pompous ass
+and he didn't like being
+
+called on his bad science.
+
+So he does a calculation and he
+looks more carefully and he
+
+says, Bohr, you're wrong.
+
+In fact, our lines are
+off by 4.0016.
+
+Now don't laugh.
+
+The reason is the spectroscopy
+was so precise that they could
+
+go to five significant
+figures.
+
+So Bohr says, hmm.
+
+And he goes back and he says,
+you know, we've been doing all
+
+these calculations with a one
+electron atom just neglecting
+
+the center.
+
+So he redoes the calculations
+for the entire Bohr model,
+
+including considerations of the
+mass of the nucleus and
+
+the mass of the electron in the
+form of the reduced mass.
+
+The reduced mass is-- you're
+learning this in--
+
+the reciprocal of the sum
+of the reciprocals.
+
+And when he does that, he gets
+that the value of the line
+
+shift should be 4.00163.
+
+So he says, you guys
+are wrong.
+
+It should be 4.0016.
+
+You got 4.0016, you idiots.
+
+You're looking at helium plus.
+
+That was Bohr.
+
+Did not want to get into
+an argument with Bohr.
+
+All right.
+
+Have a nice weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KBgF_4xmahM.txt b/KBgF_4xmahM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0500c217b0bdbd4d303122a2e1e4d94250a7f1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KBgF_4xmahM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will be going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will be going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will be going over
+goody bag number two which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bag number two which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bag number two which is about
+electronic transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions
+what you'll need are four leds white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll need are four leds white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll need are four leds white
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+green and red and one spectrometer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red and one spectrometer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red and one spectrometer the
+objectives in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives in this video
+are to understand photon absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to understand photon absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to understand photon absorption and
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+apply the bohr model and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the bohr model and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the bohr model and use the
+spectrometer to see sample spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer to see sample spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer to see sample spectra
+the conceptual questions you should keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual questions you should keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual questions you should keep
+in mind are how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind are how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind are how do
+electrons transition to different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons transition to different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons transition to different energy
+levels and why is spectroscopy a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and why is spectroscopy a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and why is spectroscopy a method
+of material characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material characterization
+as a reminder the bohr model can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder the bohr model can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder the bohr model can be used
+to model these electronic transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model these electronic transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model these electronic transitions
+assuming that there's only one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's only one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's only one electron
+in the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the atom
+so right now i'm going to draw my energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now i'm going to draw my energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now i'm going to draw my energy
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and three different energy levels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three different energy levels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three different energy levels that
+my electron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electron can
+pop into so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop into so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop into so this is one
+two and three so let's say that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three so let's say that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three so let's say that our
+electron starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron starts
+in the ground state and it absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state and it absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state and it absorbs
+some energy and can hop to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy and can hop to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy and can hop to a higher
+energy level but in doing so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level but in doing so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level but in doing so at this
+higher energy level it is in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy level it is in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy level it is in a more
+unstable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually it will want to return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will want to return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will want to return to
+that more stable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more stable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more stable state
+and when it does so it emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it does so it emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it does so it emits
+energy in the form of a photon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the form of a photon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the form of a photon so
+emit photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and absorb energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these different electronic transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different electronic transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different electronic transitions
+can be tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tracked
+with this equation so the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this equation so the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this equation so the change in
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+is equal to 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 13.6
+z squared times one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z squared times one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z squared times one over
+nf squared minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nf squared minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nf squared minus one over
+ni squared where z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni squared where z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni squared where z is the
+atomic number and f is the final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number and f is the final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number and f is the final state
+of the electron and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron and i
+is the initial state of the electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the initial state of the electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the initial state of the electron and
+this change in energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change in energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change in energy is
+in electron volts so remember that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electron volts so remember that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electron volts so remember that these
+electronic transitions are quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions are quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions are quantized
+since these energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these energy levels
+are not continuous but they're integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not continuous but they're integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not continuous but they're integers
+this means that the photon that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the photon that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the photon that the
+electron emits is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron emits is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron emits is going to have
+a certain set of different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain set of different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain set of different wavelengths
+and we can see that with this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see that with this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see that with this equation
+energy equals hc over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equals hc over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equals hc over lambda
+where energy is equal to this change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where energy is equal to this change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where energy is equal to this change in
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+h is planck's constant c is the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is planck's constant c is the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is planck's constant c is the speed of
+light and lambda is the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and lambda is the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and lambda is the wavelength of
+our emitted photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our emitted photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our emitted photons
+after looking at the red and white leds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after looking at the red and white leds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after looking at the red and white leds
+through the spectrometer you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the spectrometer you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the spectrometer you should see
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+notice how for the red led mostly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how for the red led mostly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how for the red led mostly the
+red and orange bands are visible whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and orange bands are visible whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and orange bands are visible whereas
+for the white led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the white led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the white led
+almost all the colors are visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the colors are visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the colors are visible
+another thing that you could explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you could explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you could explore
+is using your spectrometer to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using your spectrometer to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using your spectrometer to look at
+the ceiling lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling lights
+and seeing how that spectral would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing how that spectral would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing how that spectral would
+differ from the spectra that you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from the spectra that you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from the spectra that you observe
+from your leds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your leds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your leds
+in summary electrons absorb and emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary electrons absorb and emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary electrons absorb and emit
+photons of different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of different wavelengths
+because electronic transitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electronic transitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electronic transitions are
+quantized by capturing this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized by capturing this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized by capturing this information
+the spectrometer becomes a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrometer becomes a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrometer becomes a very useful
+tool for characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for characterizing
+our materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our materials
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KFOv1WtlAow.txt b/KFOv1WtlAow.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddf222044b9696e808f3e73569b52273eb1f21a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KFOv1WtlAow.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3733 @@
+Professor Sheila Widnall.
+
+We are really lucky that she is able to come
+and talk to us today.
+
+She has been here at MIT since 1964 as a professor
+and then as provost, but she didn't serve
+
+very long as provost because she was assigned
+to go to Washington by the President to be
+
+the Secretary of the Air Force, which she
+did for almost five years, I guess.
+
+Four years.
+
+Then came back here.
+
+And she is now an institute professor which
+basically means you can do anything you want,
+
+right, including come and talk to our class.
+
+In particular, Professor Widnall was on the
+Columbia Accident Investigation Board.
+
+And that specifically is what she's going
+to talk to us about today, along with just
+
+general comments about how this relates back
+to systems engineering, the design, operation
+
+of the Shuttle, and basically anything else
+that you would like to say because it is your
+
+time.
+
+So thanks for being with us, Sheila.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, thank you, Jeff.
+
+As I understand the schedule.
+
+It is two hours.
+
+And if I don't finish, we still take a break.
+
+And then we come back and finish, is that
+right?
+
+Generally, the way we've run the classes is
+that we encourage students to ask questions
+
+while you're talking.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+That will probably slow me down a little bit.
+
+Up to you.
+
+Anyway, two hours, we'll just take it as it
+comes.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, I am going to focus on the Columbia
+Accident Investigation.
+
+I must say, and I'm sure I will say many times
+as I go through it, that it was an incredible
+
+experience to be a member of that board.
+
+02:00 I get chills up my back when I see that.
+
+The reason I show this is for two reasons.
+
+First of all, I mean it was, in fact, an incredible
+event.
+
+I am sure that all of you can remember where
+you were that morning when that happened.
+
+I also show it because of the expression on
+the face of the principal mission controller,
+
+Leroy Cain, when he realized that the Shuttle
+was lost.
+
+And if the Shuttle doesn't make it to Cape
+Kennedy, more or less on schedule, there is
+
+no engine at that point, you've got a problem.
+
+And so he was in a windowless box in Houston.
+
+And so he had no kind of external, although
+all the citizens of Texas knew what had happened,
+
+the guys in the windowless box did not.
+
+So it was really an incredible emotional experience
+for all of NASA as an agency.
+
+But then what happens after that?
+
+Well, fortunately the Challenger Commission
+had anticipated the need for a method to call
+
+an accident board into being if there should
+be another Shuttle accident.
+
+And so there were individuals who were more
+or less ex-officio by rank or title waiting
+
+to be called.
+
+So, the fact of the matter is, that on Saturday,
+when this all happened, the Accident Investigation
+
+Board was pretty much called into being at
+that point.
+
+Now, who were the Accident Investigation Board
+at that point?
+
+Well, they were primarily government employees.
+
+Not so much NASA employees.
+
+That clearly would have been unacceptable.
+
+But they were military.
+
+Three Air Force generals, the head of Air
+Force Safety, a general from Space Command
+
+and a general from Material Command who had
+actually served as an executive staff to the
+
+Challenger Commission.
+
+That would be General Barry.
+
+So, they had some very good experience.
+
+The board was chaired by Admiral Hal Gehman
+who had been the Vice Chief of Naval Operations.
+
+He had also been the Chairman of the Cole
+Investigation.
+
+I don't remember how many of you remember
+the Cole Investigation, but there was a big
+
+explosion.
+
+It is in the Middle East.
+
+I don't remember.
+
+Where was it?
+
+Yemen.
+
+It was probably Yemen killing 19 people.
+
+And there were other government employees.
+
+Somebody from the National Transportation
+Safety Board.
+
+Jim Hallock who is across the street here
+at the Department of Transportation, the head
+
+of NASA Ames and the head of Navy Safety,
+Admiral Turcotte.
+
+It was a smaller board than it ultimately
+ended up being.
+
+05:30 And I'm blanking on names because I
+am at that sort of age, but we had a Nobel
+
+Prize physicist from Stanford.
+
+You have to have a Nobel Prize physicist on
+a Shuttle investigation.
+
+Also, somebody who had been looking into issues
+of policy and history with respect to the
+
+Shuttle Program.
+
+And I am not getting any of these names right
+so I'm not even going to try.
+
+Pardon?
+
+The class has met John Logsdon.
+
+John Logsdon, right.
+
+Thank you, John Logsdon.
+
+Doug Osheroff was the Stanford physicist.
+
+He was kind of a kick because at the beginning
+he was very media shy.
+
+He just wouldn't talk to the media, but then
+he really got into it and he went way outside
+
+the box, which was kind of interesting to
+see how that all happened.
+
+In any case, we were all pulled together and
+we were chartered to uncover the facts, as
+
+well as the actual or probable cause of the
+Shuttle mishap and recommend preventative
+
+and other appropriate actions to preclude
+the recurrence of a similar mishap.
+
+Yes?
+
+Professor Widnall, before you and Sally Ride
+came on there were no females?
+
+That's right, no women.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+Maybe a little bit.
+
+But, actually, the day of the accident, of
+course everybody was saying what happened?
+
+That's not what I was saying.
+
+I was saying I wonder who is going to be on
+the board.
+
+I actually had a strong sense that I, in fact,
+would be on the board.
+
+Think about it.
+
+Gene Covert had been on the Challenger.
+
+I think, like you have to have Nobel Prize
+physicist from Stanford, you have to have
+
+an aeronautical engineer from MIT.
+
+I think the other thing was, as Secretary
+of the Air Force, I was really in charge of
+
+accident investigation.
+
+All accident investigations reported to me.
+
+Well, you guys don't know a lot about accident
+investigations in the military.
+
+But there are two accident investigations
+in the military.
+
+One called a safety investigation, which is
+privileged, and you take testimony and you
+
+seal it.
+
+And I will talk about that later because we
+tried to replicate some of that on the Columbia
+
+investigation.
+
+You have that one and then you have the public
+investigation which you take testimony, people
+
+can be court-martialed.
+
+There is an Accident Investigation procedure
+that goes on in the Air Force, and I had really
+
+been in charge of that.
+
+In addition to be an aerodynamicist, which
+is always good, I was the aerodynamicist on
+
+the commission, I was a faculty member at
+MIT, I had been Secretary of the Air Force,
+
+I had been in charge of accidents.
+
+Also, I had spent my last five years really
+being interested in space, safety and mission
+
+assurance in space.
+
+I mean all these things kind of came together.
+
+Sally Ride was obvious.
+
+She was an astronaut.
+
+And she had been a member of the Challenger
+investigation board.
+
+She brought that historic knowledge.
+
+I don't think that was the primary thing,
+but it is probably good to have a balanced
+
+group.
+
+See, I actually did come on board pretty much
+February 18th.
+
+That was when I came.
+
+I think that one of the early issues that
+we faced was our relationship with NASA.
+
+I think at the very beginning NASA had this
+image that we would work for them.
+
+That was one thing.
+
+And the second thing was that we would find
+the widget that failed and then we would leave
+
+leaving them to carry on.
+
+Not with this group of people you don't do
+that, and not in this situation.
+
+We very clearly and fairly early established
+our independence.
+
+We removed a number of senior NASA people
+from inline responsibility for the investigation
+
+like Ralph Rowe.
+
+Again, I'm blanking on these names, but the
+people who had been in charge of the program.
+
+Of course, some of them quit even before we
+got there.
+
+Linda Ham was right in the middle of things.
+
+And we just said look, we're not questioning
+your integrity but you just cannot investigate
+
+yourself so we need to move you aside.
+
+Go back to your normal responsibilities and
+bring in independent people who had not been
+
+so deeply involved.
+
+And they will be the primary interface between
+the Accident Investigation Board and NASA
+
+because we really needed to use NASA.
+
+I basically had very strong interactions with
+the NASA aerodynamics division.
+
+And you will see the reasons why as we proceed.
+
+But at the end of my interaction with them,
+which occurred at the end of June, and they
+
+presented their 450 page report to me with
+all the calculations and studies and things
+
+that they had done at my direction, I basically
+looked to the group and said well, I think
+
+I could probably give 22 PhDs at this point
+to this group.
+
+Because we had really pressed the envelope
+in terms of improving the methodology that
+
+we used to analyze some of the details of
+kind of what I'm going to talk about.
+
+But, in any case, the issue of independence
+was extremely important.
+
+And I recall a lot of meetings with a lot
+of banging on the table and yelling and screaming
+
+before we finally got this all straightened
+out.
+
+Admiral Gehman was an incredible leader.
+
+He really just did such good work.
+
+He had a sense of where to press and where
+to stay on pad and how to interact.
+
+He really was a marvelous chairman.
+
+Incidentally, he recently served on the BRAC
+Commission so he is somebody who is deeply
+
+involved in public service.
+
+And I know, from my conversations with him,
+that he is a person who refuses to serve on
+
+any board of directors that has anything to
+do with the Department of Defense because
+
+he does not want to give the appearance of
+a conflict of interest.
+
+And he is just a man of incredible integrity.
+
+Obviously, I am a big fan.
+
+In any case, we proceeded then to wrap our
+group together and begin our interactions
+
+with NASA.
+
+12:30 And I will show that a couple of times.
+
+And this happened in about 81 seconds, two
+seconds after launch.
+
+I don't remember the mach number, but I think
+it was something like 2, 2.5, something like
+
+that.
+
+This is the video.
+
+And you see the piece coming off and smashing.
+
+And I will show it again.
+
+That video was pretty much available the weekend
+of the launch.
+
+There was an understanding among senior program
+managers that there could be a problem.
+
+Now, what did we know about it?
+
+Well, there were video cameras at the site.
+
+There was a video camera located here, a video
+camera located here.
+
+A rather shallow angle to try to do any triangulation.
+
+But, obviously, you use what you have.
+
+And so, as a result of triangulated these
+two video cameras, we were able to make an
+
+estimate.
+
+It's probably also worth mentioning that there
+were other video cameras but they were out
+
+of order.
+
+Right.
+
+And I was going to talk about that with respect
+to our recommendations.
+
+One of our recommendations was that working
+video cameras were an absolute necessity for
+
+launch.
+
+In other words, you do not launch if you don't
+have a reasonable set of video cameras.
+
+And, by the way, you don't launch at night
+because then, obviously, the video cameras
+
+would not be any good.
+
+That was one of our recommendations, what
+I would call a near term recommendation, return
+
+to flight recommendation.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+I don't know the answer to that.
+
+Maybe you know the answer to that.
+
+It is very interesting because I have been
+doing a lot of mission assurance and space
+
+accident stuff.
+
+You almost always have a picture of a space
+accident mostly because they occur on launch.
+
+So, in the case of the Challenger, we had
+excellent video.
+
+We could see the little hole in the Challenger.
+
+We could see the stuff coming out.
+
+In this case, we had reasonable video of potential
+impact.
+
+You can launch with an 8000 foot ceiling.
+
+In which case we would not have seen the Challenger.
+
+Yeah, at that point.
+
+I don't think it's true now.
+
+And I don't know how they followed up on that,
+but there is also a possibility of using aircraft
+
+if they cannot get the video.
+
+In any case, it turns out to be an important
+issue.
+
+And we made recommendations.
+
+What we knew about the impact was we figured
+-- Of course you guys all know exactly what
+
+this is.
+
+This is the left wing underside.
+
+This is where the curvature changes, and so
+it was kind of right in here some place, what
+
+we refer to as panel seven, panel eight, panel
+nine of the underside of the composite material
+
+that surrounds the leading edge.
+
+Now, I don't know if you guys have studied
+that composite material.
+
+It is a truly marvelous material.
+
+And I may say a little bit more about it.
+
+So, we sort of knew where the impact had occurred.
+
+Obviously, we were hampered by the shallow
+angle of the video but this was our best estimate.
+
+The velocity was estimated to be roughly 800
+feet per second.
+
+And that was obtained from several different
+methods.
+
+One was a computational fluid dynamics calculation
+of how would the airstream accelerate a piece
+
+of foam of that particular shape weighing
+two pounds and having it hit?
+
+And the other thing was from the video itself.
+
+We had pretty good correlation between the
+estimates based on the video and the estimates
+
+based on calculations using computational
+fluid dynamics, so we felt pretty comfortable
+
+about this velocity.
+
+What did we know?
+
+When I joined the board what did we know?
+
+What kind of data did we have?
+
+Well, this particular vehicle had some telemetry
+of some sensors in the wing and in other places.
+
+At this point in the investigation, we had
+not recovered the flight data recorder.
+
+The other thing that is interesting is that
+this is the only vehicle with a flight data
+
+recorder.
+
+This is the vehicle that was considered to
+be a research and development vehicle.
+
+All the other vehicles were operational.
+
+They did not equip them with flight data recorders.
+
+Now, I will get back to this point when I
+talk about the criticisms that we had of the
+
+agency.
+
+But we took strong exception to the notion
+that the Shuttle had be declared to be operational.
+
+And, therefore, there was no need to continue
+to study it as a research and development
+
+vehicle.
+
+It was just like a piper cub or a 747.
+
+That takeoff was a routine event and was not,
+in fact, a major event.
+
+And even in this system, if a sensor failed
+in the flight data recorder it was not replaced.
+
+So what we had on the Columbia was a wasting
+asset, but at least we had an asset.
+
+We had a flight data recorder.
+
+At this point we had not found it.
+
+Where were these sensors located?
+
+Well, there were a lot of sensors in the wheel
+well.
+
+There were some temperature sensors in this
+region of the leading edge.
+
+There were some temperature sensors back in
+here and different places.
+
+Now, one thing that is significant about this
+is that these temperature sensors were connected
+
+to two different boxes.
+
+Actually, it looks like three but what I'm
+going to focus on are these wires.
+
+Some of the temperature sensors were connected
+to wires that were basically in this region
+
+and running along the wheel well.
+
+19:30 That's one of the reasons why that was
+important and kind of how we began to hypothesize
+
+what had gone wrong.
+
+Now, you see the time was sort of 8:44.
+
+That is Eastern Standard, I think.
+
+I was shopping, actually, at the time.
+
+Between 8:44 and 9:00 is when all of this
+took place, so we're talking about 15 minutes
+
+of problems.
+
+At 8:44 everything was fine and at 9:00 the
+vehicle had crashes.
+
+20:30 Why did these sensors fail first?
+
+It was because the wire that controls these
+sensors is located here in this sort of critical
+
+area, so that was the wire cutting.
+
+Yes?
+
+You said the other orbiters don't have flight
+data recorders.
+
+Right.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Commercial, that's a whole different mindset.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I mean those carry people and 
+
+it 
+
+is an FAA regulation.
+
+21:30 That the wires were being cut.
+
+And so we could follow the failure of these
+sensors right up to the point when the vehicle,
+
+we had loss of signal which was at about 8:59.
+
+This whole thing happened fairly rapidly,
+of course, and this was the trajectory of
+
+the vehicle.
+
+I will show another picture, but the whole
+problem sort of started off Hawaii and then
+
+the vehicle began to break up here in Texas.
+
+This was kind of what we knew on roughly February
+18th.
+
+In fact, that's all we knew really.
+
+I mean the temperature increases were not
+particularly dramatic, you know, 50 degrees,
+
+30 degrees.
+
+That's not really interesting.
+
+What was interesting is the wires were cut.
+
+That was more interesting.
+
+OK.
+
+We began to look for the debris.
+
+We had people essentially marching over the
+State of Texas about that far apart.
+
+It was an extremely expensive thing, but we
+recovered about 40% of the material that came
+
+from Columbia.
+
+And, of course, it is all these little pieces
+of stuff that fell on the ground.
+
+Fortunately, it fell in a fairly rural area.
+
+Nobody was hurt.
+
+I don't think there was any damage to structures
+or anything like that.
+
+And we were able to recover a great deal of
+it.
+
+A lot of it, because I actually looked at
+the weather radar, was very small particles
+
+that actually floated into the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+I mean you could see it on the weather radar,
+the NEXRAD system.
+
+You guys all know what the weather radar is.
+
+But you could see the particles streaming
+into the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+I think a lot of it was just sort of vaporized.
+
+And there is a footprint of the debris.
+
+And we did a lot of searching in that area.
+
+We tried to search upstream.
+
+We were really trying to find the earliest
+pieces of debris, but these fell down onesies
+
+and twosies in really strange places like
+in mountains in Utah and stuff like that.
+
+So we were never really successful, although
+some of these had been tracked on radar by
+
+the FAA.
+
+And there is the debris collection, a hanger
+down at Kennedy.
+
+This is pretty standard stuff for a commercial
+aircraft, I think you all know that.
+
+When you have an accident, what you try to
+do is recover the debris and reconstruct the
+
+vehicle.
+
+This debris was particularly interesting.
+
+And I don't know if I have a graph later,
+but let me talk a little bit about the temperatures
+
+involved.
+
+We're talking about reentry of a damaged vehicle
+at mach 25.
+
+Now, of course, that is the course that I
+tried to get out of when I was a graduate
+
+student, was that high temperature stuff where
+the gas begins to ionize and dissociate and,
+
+you know, all that enthalpy stuff.
+
+I really tried to avoid that, so I got paid
+back.
+
+Anyway, that is the subject of high-speed
+gas dynamics.
+
+And so I had to take a refresher course.
+
+And Judd Barren, one of our faculty members,
+was extremely helpful.
+
+I used to go over to his house on Saturdays
+and he would give me references.
+
+But, roughly speaking, if the gas didn't dissociate,
+the temperatures on reentry at the leading
+
+edge of this vehicle would give off 50,000
+degrees Fahrenheit, which is really pretty
+
+hot.
+
+The fact that the gas does dissociate -- Ionization
+at this mach number is not that important.
+
+It interferes with the radio signals but does
+not, in fact, absorb a lot of energy.
+
+The gas is slightly ionized 1%, something
+like that, 2%, but not enough to be a big
+
+energy issue.
+
+But the dissociation of oxygen, dissociation
+of nitrogen is an extremely important phenomenon.
+
+And, because of that, the gas temperature
+is roughly 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit which
+
+is a lot better than 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+So that makes a big difference.
+
+Let's talk about the leading edge material.
+
+The leading edge material is, in fact, an
+incredible material.
+
+It is a carbon-carbon composite material.
+
+It is about a quarter of an inch thick and
+it can withstand a temperature of 3200 degrees
+
+Fahrenheit.
+
+And the Shuttle was conceived in, what are
+we talking about here, '70?
+
+Yeah, '69, '70.
+
+We don't have much better materials today.
+
+We might be able to go to 3400 degrees Fahrenheit
+instead of 3200 degrees Fahrenheit, so we've
+
+made some progress, but this is a marvelous
+material.
+
+Now, how in the world, with the gas temperature
+of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, can you use
+
+a material of 3200 degrees Fahrenheit?
+
+Well, that's the other part that I tried to
+avoid as a graduate student.
+
+It is called radiation.
+
+And what is it?
+
+The Stefen-Boltzmann Law of Radiation, T to
+the fourth.
+
+And you could write it down on the back of
+an envelope and you can calculate it.
+
+And it turns out that the gas coming in does
+heat the leading edge up, but then the leading
+
+edge radiates out the right amount of energy
+to basically have an equilibrium temperature
+
+of the order of magnitude of, say, 2800 degrees
+or maybe 3000 degrees.
+
+It is comfortable below its maximum temperature,
+but this is obviously a very dangerous situation.
+
+In the early days of the Shuttle Program they
+made some tests of this material, its ability
+
+to withstand impact.
+
+They shot BBs at it and made quarter inch
+holes in it.
+
+And then I'm a little fuzzy on this part.
+
+They may have tested those quarter inch holes
+in an arc jet to see would they ablate, how
+
+would they behave and would they grow?
+
+And I think at that point they felt comfortable
+that they could withstand the impact of a
+
+BB and not be destroyed.
+
+So that is an important set of issues.
+
+I guess the other thing I want to point out
+is if you have a good solid continuous edge
+
+you can support a temperature of 3200 degrees
+because of radiation.
+
+But if you get a hole in that leading edge
+then the gas that goes into the cavity behind
+
+the leading edge is your old friend 10,000
+degrees.
+
+But there is no radiation balance to bring
+you back down to 3200 degrees so you have
+
+a 7000 to 10,000 degree arc jet coming through
+any major size hole in the leading edge of
+
+the shuttle.
+
+And that is, of course, exactly what happened.
+
+And, to remind people, 10,000 degrees is the
+surface temperature of the sun.
+
+Oh, it's very hot.
+
+Yes.
+
+There is no material that will withstand this.
+
+And this happens routinely in shuttle operations
+is that the shuttle reenters at mach 25 and
+
+the temperatures of the gas surrounding the
+shuttle are about 10,000 degrees.
+
+And we've successfully gone through how many
+shuttle flights in total?
+
+114.
+
+It's a sporty course.
+
+Now, I want to talk about something else we
+knew before we found the flight data recorder.
+
+And this was of great interest to me for lots
+of different reasons, but one of the things
+
+we were able to do is infer the aerodynamics
+of the damaged vehicle by looking at what
+
+the Flight Control System had to do in order
+to keep the Shuttle perfectly on its pre-assigned
+
+flight path.
+
+In other words, until very late in the flight
+the Shuttle was doing exactly what it was
+
+programmed to do.
+
+But it was working a lot harder and in very
+off nominal ways.
+
+And we had to back this out.
+
+Now, this is almost like a zero over zero
+calculation so it's a little sensitive, a
+
+little hard to do, but this was something
+the aerodynamics group did.
+
+And I worked really closely with these guys.
+
+I have great admiration for them.
+
+They were able to back out the off nominal
+roll moments and the off nominal yaw moments
+
+of the Shuttle during this final reentry.
+
+And I made this little schematic of kind of
+where were they when some of these things
+
+happened in terms of the Coast of California
+and their flight over New Mexico and down
+
+to loss of control over Texas.
+
+Before I do that, let me just add to my previous
+remark that you almost always have a picture
+
+of a space accident.
+
+Now, normally that's because space accidents
+occur on launch.
+
+This is a remarkable photo of a space accident.
+
+This photo was taken by modestly my guys at
+Kirtland Air Force Base.
+
+And basically they had been working with optics.
+
+That is basically their business.
+
+And so Saturday morning IBM personal computer,
+fooling around with some little telescope
+
+that they had been developing for tracking
+things.
+
+32:00 Yeah, this is interesting.
+
+This is a bulge at the leading edge showing
+some distortion of the shock shape due to
+
+vehicle damage.
+
+And I obviously consider this photo to be
+extremely probative.
+
+And also there is a small amount of debris
+that has got some optical signature to it
+
+that is sort of streaming out of that general
+area indicating -- I mean there are all sorts
+
+of things going on in this vehicle, but one
+of the things that was going on was the melting
+
+of aluminum, the vaporization of aluminum
+and the combustion of aluminum because aluminum
+
+will burn.
+
+I don't know how many of you know it but aluminum
+is something you add to rocket engines in
+
+order to get higher temperatures.
+
+It burns when it gets hot enough.
+
+It can be a very dangerous material.
+
+In any case, we suspect there was a lot of
+aluminum combustion going on while this thing
+
+was happening.
+
+Had there been, for reference, any similar
+photographs?
+
+No.
+
+So we didn't have a nominal baseline.
+
+No, as far as I know.
+
+I actually don't know the answer to that question.
+
+I know, because I know the guys who took the
+photo and I know their boss, that they were
+
+doing it for a very specific reason that had
+nothing to do with anything they had done
+
+in the past.
+
+They were trying to develop a little telescope
+to track things because that's what they do
+
+at Kirtland, is they work with optics.
+
+But I don't know whether anybody has tried
+to do it.
+
+I suspect their level of precision is a little
+greater than the average citizen trying to
+
+take a picture of the Shuttle coming in.
+
+But this was not a really high powered telescope.
+
+I mean they had some really high powered telescope
+at Kirtland.
+
+This was just a small one.
+
+Anyway, I don't know the answer to that.
+
+Well, I think what we're looking at here is
+the glowing of this 10,000 degree envelope
+
+that surrounds the Shuttle.
+
+That is what we're looking at, is we're looking
+at the radiation, basically, from the gas
+
+surrounding the Shuttle.
+
+It was normal.
+
+But, of course, this was 8:50 in the morning
+Boston time.
+
+This is February so it probably was dark in
+New Mexico.
+
+That is kind of the picture that we go, which
+I think is really neat.
+
+This is the trajectory, but this is the backing
+out of the off nominal moments.
+
+Now, let me talk about the yaw moments just
+to give you a feeling for what does all this
+
+mean.
+
+I contend that off nominal aerodynamic forces
+are an indication of external damage to the
+
+vehicle.
+
+That is basically what it is.
+
+The vehicle was flying because its reaction
+jets were moving and doing all sorts of things.
+
+The aerodynamic surfaces were virtually useless
+at these dynamic pressures.
+
+This was a reaction jet controlled vehicle,
+but we knew how much force the reaction jets
+
+were putting out so we could do the vehicle
+aerodynamics.
+
+Let me talk about the yaw moment.
+
+What we have here is that as the accident
+began the yaw moment became negative, kind
+
+of flattened out for a little while and then
+became very strongly negative.
+
+What is yaw moment?
+
+Yaw moment is the force turning the vehicle
+this way.
+
+If I have a damaged left wing, what is my
+yaw moment going to be and why?
+
+Well, I'm going to have increased drag on
+this wing because I've got a big chunk out
+
+of the leading edge, I've got a disturbed
+shock, I've got all sorts of stagnation pressure
+
+in this region where in normal circumstances
+it would be smoothly flowing.
+
+I've got increased drag on this wing, and
+so that's going to drive me this way which
+
+is exactly what you see.
+
+That is off nominal yaw moment.
+
+Roll moment is a little stranger.
+
+Basically, as the drag increases, and you
+probably lose lift so your roll moment begins
+
+to go like that, you have decreasing roll
+moment.
+
+This was a bit of a mystery because basically
+what it said is you lose roll moment, but
+
+then all of a sudden your roll moment increases.
+
+That is a problem that only an aeroelastician
+could solve.
+
+I happened to be an aeroelastician.
+
+Do you know what I'm talking about?
+
+If you stick your hand out of the car window
+and you turn it slightly what happens?
+
+It goes up.
+
+And it may also turn some more.
+
+In other words, if you lose the leading edge
+spar of a wing, you lose its resistance to
+
+torsion.
+
+Now, we don't have all the data we need to
+prove that that's what was going on.
+
+But I believe a strong hypothesis that we
+lost the strength in the leading edge spar
+
+and the leading edge spar tipped up.
+
+And obviously the lift would increase because
+the angle-of-attack was increasing.
+
+But this was a very, very puzzling and very
+interesting phenomenon.
+
+But, in any case, what happened is that both
+the roll moments and the yaw moments got too
+
+strong for the control system of the vehicle
+which, again, was just the reaction control
+
+jets that are on the area around the vertical
+tail.
+
+Then, ultimately, the thing went into a spin,
+lost control and then, of course, the vehicle
+
+was lost, began to break apart.
+
+This was a very interesting set of data.
+
+And, as I say, when we started, this was pretty
+much all we had.
+
+There was a pivotal moment, and it occurred
+sort of at the end of March, about March 27th.
+
+Remember, the accident occurred February 1st.
+
+We found the flight data recorder.
+
+And we found it by these guys walking across
+the field looking for stuff.
+
+And the flight data recorder was found.
+
+And it was in pretty good condition considering
+it had done a reentry at mach 25.
+
+We were able to recover the data from the
+flight data recorder.
+
+I think we pretty much got it all.
+
+At that point we had hundreds and hundreds
+of data points.
+
+And I would say, at this point, NASA's attitude
+changed.
+
+I think up until this point there had been
+a certain level of denial about the accident,
+
+about what caused it.
+
+Maybe it was a micro meteorite.
+
+Maybe it was some unexplained system failure.
+
+They were not really sure that we were pursuing
+the right road until the flight data recorder
+
+was found.
+
+And I think maybe that's to NASA's credit.
+
+NASA is data driven.
+
+And when they began to see the data and they
+began to see how well the data correlated
+
+with the hypothesis and the models then they
+hopped right onboard and did a tremendous
+
+amount of work to try to help us unscramble
+all of this and come to a hypothesis.
+
+What kind of data did we have?
+
+Well, this is a picture of the leading edge
+spar, this big thing here.
+
+And this is a picture of the hypothesis sort
+of about a piece of foam taking out a fairly
+
+large piece of this carbon-carbon fiber and
+allowing hot gas to enter into the region
+
+behind the leading edge.
+
+This leading edge region is, as you can see
+by the picture, sort of hollow.
+
+There isn't anything back there.
+
+There is a layer of insulation covering this,
+but that is because of the radiation.
+
+In other words, because this, in fact, is
+3200 degrees.
+
+It radiates in both directions.
+
+And so there is a layer of insulation here
+to protect against radiation.
+
+But that insulation will not protect against
+the equivalent of an arc jet.
+
+That is just, again, burrowing and blasting
+it.
+
+It was fairly quickly that this gas just blew
+a hole through the leading edge spar.
+
+How did we know that?
+
+Well, it's kind of interesting.
+
+Let's look at one of these.
+
+We had all these wires back here.
+
+And we had these temperature sensors.
+
+Let's just pick one temperature sensor.
+
+I didn't even know where it was located, but
+it was not located in this region.
+
+It was located back someplace else.
+
+So we looked at the temperature sensor and
+compared it with earlier flights where the
+
+earlier flights would show this behavior and
+this temperature sensor kind of did this.
+
+It began to go up and then all of a sudden
+we lost it.
+
+What happened?
+
+42:00 The 
+picture begins to emerge of wire bundles being
+
+cut, of gas entering here, of this wire bundle
+being cut to the sensor of this, in fact,
+
+entire region beginning to sort of fill up
+with extremely hot gas, 7000 degrees roughly,
+
+eventually entering the wheel well, although,
+that was later in the flight.
+
+We did have some indication of the gas in
+the wheel well because of the temperatures
+
+and the loss of sensors.
+
+Because of this the focus turned to the question
+of this what we call RCC, which is this composite
+
+material that surrounds the leading edge.
+
+And where did we find it?
+
+And we found a lot of it.
+
+I mean we found it all along in Texas.
+
+The other thing we were able to look at, with
+respect to the RCC, is its pattern of erosion.
+
+I mean this RCC was kind of flopping out in
+the breeze here at roughly 7000 to 10,000
+
+degrees.
+
+And so it was a material that was being effectively
+subject to an arc jet.
+
+And, if you took a material like that and
+stuck it in an arc jet, it probably would
+
+ablate and it would maybe sharpen up and you'd
+have maybe little pointy edges where it had
+
+ablated.
+
+And so we looked at the part that was particularly
+eroded.
+
+And that would be the yellow stuff.
+
+And we found that upstream of the stuff that
+was more put together, the rest of the RCC
+
+from the wing.
+
+And, from the right wing, we found the right
+wing downstream of the left wing which means
+
+that the left wing came off first.
+
+Now, the image that emerges from this is hole
+in the leading edge, material coming off,
+
+but gas flow going down this what some people
+called the "chunnel." I never liked that term,
+
+but it's a big open cavity.
+
+Gas flowing down this open cavity and simply
+destroying all the fittings that held the
+
+RCC onto the wing.
+
+I mean the screws and the brackets and all
+of that.
+
+And, again, gas is coming in.
+
+And the wing just unzips.
+
+All this stuff just kind of unzips and falls
+off.
+
+And, of course, that is where we find it,
+just lying on the ground.
+
+It all unzipped and fell off.
+
+What did we actually find?
+
+45:30 What we had to do, however, is to construct
+analysis using a whole lot of different disciplines.
+
+And we had to be able to analyze, according
+to the rules of that discipline, and line
+
+them all up for consistency.
+
+And I would say that we never found a theoretical
+or experimental result that was in conflict
+
+with our basic hypothesis.
+
+And that everything sort of lined up.
+
+I was more or less in charge of the aerodynamic
+analysis, as well as my favorite subject thermodynamic
+
+analysis.
+
+I never liked that part either, but the whole
+question of heat transfer and how fast these
+
+materials would melt, I was pretty much involved
+in that.
+
+I may have another picture later, but let
+me just show you some pictures that we had.
+
+There is a hypersonic wind tunnel down at
+Langley.
+
+And we did a lot of tests in that wind tunnel.
+
+One of the things we did was we had a score
+of wind tunnel models.
+
+They were about this big.
+
+But we took chunks out of their leading edge.
+
+We have our wind tunnel model which was the
+nominal shuttle.
+
+And then we'd have a nominal shuttle with
+panel six missing and then a nominal shuttle
+
+with panel seven missing and a nominal shuttle
+with panel eight missing.
+
+47:30 And then you see the green.
+
+That is probably a little intermediate temperature.
+
+And then you see the blue.
+
+That is probably lower.
+
+But, if you look at this, being an aerodynamicist,
+I can tell you where that vehicle gets hot.
+
+It gets hot near stagnation points and near
+leading edges.
+
+And especially at the stagnation point on
+the vehicle.
+
+You can put a wind tunnel model like that
+in a hypersonic tunnel painted with this special
+
+paint, and you can take pictures of it and
+you can get that temperature distribution.
+
+Here is my little figure of aerodynamic forces.
+
+We had all sorts of data from both the flight
+data recorder and the telemetry that gave
+
+us a pretty good indication of the timeline.
+
+If any of you ever want to come into my office,
+I have this enormous poster.
+
+It's like ten feet long which basically shows
+the timeline of the Shuttle reentry with all
+
+kinds of the individual data bits, the temperature
+distributions and all the things that kind
+
+of we could fit on this enormous poster.
+
+That is kind of what we were trying to do.
+
+We looked at the debris.
+
+We looked at forensic analysis of the debris.
+
+Where was it ablated?
+
+What was its chemical composition?
+
+Did we see melted Incanol?
+
+I mean we saw all these things and were able
+to figure it out.
+
+Well, we knew what temperature Incanol melts
+at so, therefore, the temperature on this
+
+particular piece was, I don't know what the
+temperature of Incanol is, but let me say
+
+1200 degrees.
+
+It would be that kind of 
+material.
+
+49:30 And you don't replace this material.
+
+This material is the same material that was
+used on the original shuttles.
+
+Every time it flies it loses a little bit
+of stuff through vaporization.
+
+And so then they kind of tried to paint it
+again, but I think our hypothesis is it just
+
+gets weaker and weaker as it is being used.
+
+And the problem is it is hardly being made
+anymore.
+
+It is material that was all made at the beginning
+of the program.
+
+It is not being made anymore.
+
+It is very expensive.
+
+It is not a material that is easy to get.
+
+And, in fact, that became an issue for us
+because one of the things I will show is we
+
+wanted to do a full scale mockup of the leading
+edge and we wanted to test it with a piece
+
+of foam going 800 feet per second.
+
+Now, why would we want to do that?
+
+Well, that is exactly the test conditions
+that we wanted to simulate.
+
+Well, that is not only expensive but this
+material just doesn't exist.
+
+I don't remember where we got the material.
+
+We probably took it off of Endeavor or something
+like that.
+
+But, I mean, this was a big deal that we should
+run this test because the material is very
+
+precious.
+
+But, anyway, we banged on the table and said
+that we were going to do this and that they
+
+had to support us.
+
+We did the wind tunnel test.
+
+I have a question about that test.
+
+Yes?
+
+My reaction, as an outsider, when they published
+the pictures of the holes on that test was
+
+wow.
+
+Wow.
+
+That was my reaction, too.
+
+Yeah, my reaction was wow.
+
+51:30 Anyway, we did the tests and we studied
+timelines, we conducted arc jet tests, we
+
+did forensic analysis of debris, both chemical
+and sort of physical.
+
+We did a lot of different in-depth analysis.
+
+The test itself, in addition to being expensive
+and working with material that was really
+
+hard to pull together enough of this material
+to run the test was also emotional.
+
+It was also an emotional event for the people
+involved.
+
+And just very late in the game NASA said we
+are prepared to accept that the foam put a
+
+hole in the leading edge so don't run the
+test.
+
+And we said well, you may be prepared to accept
+his but somewhere down in your organization
+
+is someone who doesn't believe that, and this
+test is for him.
+
+I actually met that guy.
+
+I mean there are people in NASA who do not
+believe this.
+
+So maybe what makes sense is let me show the
+movies and then we will have our break.
+
+Here is the wow.
+
+Can I hear it from the class?
+
+Wow.
+
+And this really was.
+
+I mean the guy who developed this material,
+and, as I say, I have great respect for that
+
+material.
+
+53:30 Let me go inside.
+
+This is inside.
+
+They had a camera mounted inside.
+
+That is kind of gee whiz thing because you
+can see the deformation before it breaks.
+
+Was this done in the wind tunnel?
+
+No, this was a full scale mockup that was
+done at Southwest Research Institute.
+
+We had a big mockup of the vehicle.
+
+It was done outside.
+
+Southwest Research has been involved in the
+Shuttle Program for quite a while.
+
+They have a foam gun that they have used to
+shoot foam primarily at the underbody tiles.
+
+The concern has always been on the strength
+of the tiles.
+
+Do you guys know what the tiles are?
+
+The sort of foam stuff that is underneath
+the vehicle.
+
+They have done a lot of tests on foam.
+
+Not big pieces of foam but sort of small pieces
+of foam.
+
+Never tested the leading edge because it is
+damn expensive to test this leading edge material.
+
+And the only tests I am aware of were these
+BBs that were shot.
+
+This was really the first time this test was
+done.
+
+Now, let me make a profound comment about
+space systems.
+
+There is a fundamental principle in the development
+of space systems, test-as-you-fly.
+
+You all know that.
+
+I hope you all know that.
+
+This test should have been done at the beginning
+of the Shuttle Program.
+
+It was not done.
+
+And the reason it wasn't done is because there
+was a requirement in the Shuttle Program that
+
+foam shouldn't come off the orbiter or off,
+whatever that thing is, the tank.
+
+It was a requirement that foam shouldn't come
+off the tank so, therefore, why do the test
+
+if it's a requirement that foam not come off?
+
+Well, the fact of the matter is foam has come
+off on every single shuttle flight, as far
+
+as we know.
+
+So this was a violation of the test-as-you-fly
+principle.
+
+That is, I would say, the number one principle
+in the development of space systems is test-as-you-fly.
+
+It is the most important thing.
+
+Anyway, we can take our break now.
+
+And remember JR Thompson's remarks about testing
+to failure, which they did on the main engine,
+
+didn't do on the SRBs, and they clearly didn't
+do here.
+
+OK, a quick two minute, you know the drill.
+
+What you see is sort of an aluminum frame.
+
+I mean what you have here is really what would
+be called a full scale mockup.
+
+It is an aluminum frame that holds the tile
+in the right position.
+
+And I suppose holds it with fittings of the
+right strength.
+
+In other words, what you're trying to do is
+replicate with what would be called a full
+
+scale mockup the structural conditions of
+the leading edge.
+
+You would have fittings holding the panels
+and then you would have it angled properly
+
+to the foam gun, which is over here some place,
+and then you fire the foam at 800 feet per
+
+second.
+
+So that's basically the test.
+
+And, as I say, it was done outdoors.
+
+It was quite spectacular.
+
+A big audience, you know, there was the media
+and NASA.
+
+A big audience.
+
+It was quite an event.
+
+As a result of this, the committee felt pretty
+confident that we had identified the technical
+
+cause of the accident.
+
+When we started this, we didn't know how sure
+we would be so we had all these words like
+
+probably, more likely than not, conceivably.
+
+Because we needed to think about describing
+our certainty whether we knew, in fact, what
+
+had happened.
+
+But by the time we finished all of this, because
+everything had lined up so well, we felt pretty
+
+confident that we knew, in fact, what had
+happened.
+
+And so we all sat down around the table and
+argued about these words.
+
+This was a committee consensus.
+
+We voted on every word.
+
+Well, not every word.
+
+Some of the words are obvious.
+
+But we basically came to consensus on every
+single important word in this statement of
+
+technical cause.
+
+I will just sort of let you read it because
+it took us a long time to write.
+
+I should mention that one of the things.
+
+And I think this was from the flight data
+recorder.
+
+I really have not given you as much data about
+the flight data recorder.
+
+But one of the things we had from the flight
+data recorder is an indication of conditions
+
+on assent relative to earlier flights.
+
+And if you look at the conditions on assent,
+you can make a pretty good case that there
+
+was a hole in the leading edge on assent after
+the foam had hit.
+
+Because you see increased temperatures on
+the sensor right behind that region of the
+
+leading edge.
+
+And so you can make a pretty good case that
+the hole was there on assent after mach 2.5
+
+or whatever the mach number was.
+
+But that was data from the data recorder?
+
+I believe it was from the flight data recorder.
+
+They didn't get that on telemetry?
+
+They did not have that from telemetry.
+
+I'm pretty sure about that but I'm not absolutely
+sure.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Oh, they knew that weekend.
+
+Oh, in fact, I'm going to talk about that
+because that's part of the organizational
+
+and cultural issues.
+
+Finishing the technical cause, this was our
+final statement about the cause of the accident.
+
+But we didn't stop there.
+
+Not this group of people.
+
+Yes?
+
+I was going to ask how soon did you arrive
+at the hypothesis that the hole led to the
+
+gases that led to the [OVERLAPPING VOICES]?
+
+I think pretty quickly?
+
+Yeah, I would say it was pretty quickly.
+
+Now, there was a little pushback from NASA
+on that.
+
+But I described my appearance on February
+18th on the board and the fact that we had
+
+the wire cutting sensor information, that
+we had the video of the foam hitting the Shuttle
+
+and exploding.
+
+In other words, there was a shattering of
+the foam.
+
+And we had the aerodynamic forces which indicated
+damage to the vehicle which were consistent
+
+with the wing leading edge.
+
+We have a picture from Kirtland of some bulging
+around the wing leading edge.
+
+I would think by sort of the third week in
+February that's where we were headed.
+
+Now, you don't want to get blindsided.
+
+Sure, we don't want to get blindsided.
+
+We got lots of inputs from the public, as
+well as from the scientific community.
+
+And there was an input we felt we had to take
+seriously.
+
+And I can sort of say what it was.
+
+We got an input from sort of solar physicists
+who said that on that day there was a violent
+
+sun episode that would have sent a shower
+of solar radiation to the earth on that particular
+
+day.
+
+And that it was possible that this could have
+created some kind of shockwave in the vicinity
+
+of the Shuttle and done some damage.
+
+I mean it was a credible hypothesis.
+
+I called the Air Force.
+
+Out at Hanscom we have these guys who do basically
+radiation physics, radiation weather, space
+
+weather.
+
+And Jim Hallock from DOT kind of shepherded
+that part of the project, but Jim is a physicist.
+
+He has a PhD from MIT and works at the Department
+of Transportation.
+
+And so the two of us go together and said
+we have to take this seriously.
+
+We have to put an expert team together and
+completely examine this hypothesis.
+
+So we did that.
+
+And we had data from all over the world of
+this radiation coming in, and so it was very
+
+exhaustive.
+
+It turned out that this radiation didn't reach
+the earth until 3:00 PM on that day, but we
+
+took it seriously.
+
+I think that was probably one of the most
+credible things.
+
+We obviously got a lot of junk stuff that
+it was an Israeli plot or something like that.
+
+I cannot even remember those things.
+
+And then I think there was always this suggestion
+that it was just a micro meteorite, but I
+
+think because of the magnitude of the damage
+and the fact that, I think this is general
+
+knowledge, the Air Force watches space junk.
+
+They have a catalog of everything that is
+lying up there, and there wasn't really a
+
+piece up there large enough to do that kind
+of damage so that was eliminated.
+
+There were a number of hypotheses.
+
+But, again, when we did the data, we didn't
+go in with a hypothesis.
+
+We went in to see what the data told us.
+
+That was a bit of independence with respect
+to the data and the analysis.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+No, it 
+is melting.
+
+No, 
+the temperatures.
+
+See, it's aluminum.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Eventually.
+
+Well, I think heat was the main culprit.
+
+The dynamic pressures, and I am sorry I didn't
+bring the graph, in this regime were not that
+
+large.
+
+I am thinking they were less than 100 pounds
+per square foot because you're really up at
+
+very high altitude.
+
+And, even though you're going very fast, the
+dynamic pressures are not that high.
+
+I actually have a graph of dynamic pressures.
+
+In fact, come into my office and you will
+see the dynamic pressure as a function.
+
+I would think the way to think about it is
+that the important parts melted.
+
+See, we know from observations, and I didn't
+show all of these, but people were recording,
+
+I don't remember what we called them, but
+big pieces of the Shuttle were coming off.
+
+You saw the video with all these pieces flying
+in, but we have pieces coming off as early
+
+as California.
+
+And I think we hypothesized at one point that
+the upper wing came off.
+
+In other words, the upper surface of the wing
+just lifted off.
+
+And the reason it did is not so much from
+pressure is that all this gas is in there.
+
+Aluminum melts at 700 degrees Fahrenheit or
+some ridiculously low number.
+
+We're talking 7000 degrees Fahrenheit so we're
+talking about destruction primarily by arc
+
+jet.
+
+You have to think of the atmosphere as a big
+arc jet.
+
+And eventually the vehicle became uncontrollable,
+unflyable because the aerodynamics were so
+
+off nominal and the vehicle couldn't be controlled.
+
+But, again, I think the dynamic pressures
+didn't get larger than 200 pounds per square
+
+foot.
+
+I don't think.
+
+Which is about what I am doing right here.
+
+That is about 200 pounds per square foot.
+
+Yes?
+
+What happened to the crew?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+I probably don't want to talk about that.
+
+We have some information.
+
+Well, let me say what I can say.
+
+The vehicle itself stayed intact through a
+large part of the reentry and got into what
+
+would be called the fighter pilot's regime,
+you know, 50,000 feet.
+
+The actual cause of the death of the crew
+was what any fighter pilot would experience
+
+if he lost his vehicle at 50,000 feet.
+
+It's blunt force trauma.
+
+That is what it was.
+
+And we found a lot of the cockpit.
+
+Reentry is really interesting.
+
+There is something called ballistic coefficient.
+
+Do you know about ballistic coefficient?
+
+We found briefcases, pillows.
+
+Ballistic coefficient, people talk about it
+in two different ways, and one is the reciprocal
+
+of the other.
+
+I always get confused about that.
+
+But if you have a low ballistic coefficient
+and you drop a pillow at mach 25 at 400,000
+
+feet, it would probably make it to the earth
+because it will slow down and then it will
+
+just gradually float down to earth.
+
+We found a lot of the crew compartment, a
+lot of pillows, chairs, all the stuff that
+
+was really light just reentered without burning
+up because of ballistic coefficient.
+
+There was a lot there.
+
+69:00 And 
+
+so that gets into some of your questions having
+to do with when did they know.
+
+And, of course, the big why question.
+
+Let me go to that.
+
+Now I'm going to go off into the second part
+of our investigation.
+
+And we consider this to be as important, if
+not more important than our technical investigation.
+
+We talked a little bit about the history of
+the Shuttle Program.
+
+And I am sure that is something that you have
+been through in terms of the budgets, the
+
+margins, what we believe is a mischaracterization
+of the vehicle as a mature operational system.
+
+And we think that there is a story here to
+be told, and so we looked into this.
+
+Now, I have to say that I was not as much
+a part of this as some other members because
+
+I was busy on the aerodynamics part of it.
+
+But you had John Logsdon, we had quite a number
+of the Air Force people, and Admiral Gehman
+
+were more deeply involved in pulling together
+the sort of history of how this happened,
+
+the cultural issues.
+
+I am sort of reporting on behalf of my fellow
+board members what our conclusions were and
+
+the data that we gathered together to put
+this together.
+
+The things that were pointed out are that
+there was this fundamental uncertainty in
+
+the Shuttle Program and that led to a sort
+of fluctuating attitude towards investing
+
+in upgrades and infrastructure.
+
+The nation didn't really know where it was
+going.
+
+And I hope you won't take offense at this.
+
+I worked for NASA.
+
+You worked for NASA.
+
+We found them to be an extremely insular organization.
+
+And I think, actually, they still are.
+
+They don't take advice from the outside.
+
+And I will be prepared to admit that they
+are the only organization that does human
+
+spaceflight, at least in our nation, but they
+are not the only organization that handles
+
+risky technologies.
+
+And they have a lot to learn from other organizations.
+
+And they have not been a part of that conversation
+with the type of people like the nuclear navy
+
+and some of the commercial industries that
+use extremely risky technologies.
+
+They have not been a part of that dialogue.
+
+And that is where we have criticized them.
+
+As I say, they are insular.
+
+They think that they cannot learn anything
+from anybody else.
+
+That they know how to do all these things
+and that they don't need to accept any external
+
+suggestions.
+
+That is a very dangerous line of reasoning
+for an organization, really, no matter how
+
+good you are.
+
+So we felt that the people at NASA, that leadership
+clearly believed these things and the people
+
+in the engineering workforce were under tremendous
+pressure to go along, in some sense, with
+
+these basic attitudes.
+
+And we saw that in our investigation of kind
+of the what went on during the flight.
+
+I mentioned before that there is this history
+of foam.
+
+And let me introduce the word anomaly.
+
+Have you talked about anomaly?
+
+Not directly.
+
+OK.
+
+Anomaly is one of the most important words
+in space systems.
+
+Anomaly means that something happened that
+shouldn't happen.
+
+Anomaly should bring your organization to
+a standstill while you figure out what happened
+
+and why it happened.
+
+Anomaly is a violation of requirements.
+
+Sometimes I think it's a euphemism for failure.
+
+Well, yeah.
+
+Hopefully you catch it before failure.
+
+Anomaly is a clue that something may even
+worse happen down the road.
+
+It is something to be taken extremely seriously.
+
+Foam shedding off the tank was an anomaly.
+
+It didn't destroy the vehicle but it is a
+violation of requirements.
+
+And, in the early days, it was really put
+on a list of problems to be worked.
+
+I mean NASA didn't completely ignore it, but
+they put it on a list of the other 5000 problems
+
+that needed to be worked.
+
+And they just kept flying until foam shedding
+really became a normal expectation that all
+
+the flights would have foam shedding and that
+nothing serious would ever happen.
+
+It was treated as a maintenance turnaround
+problem, you know, when the vehicle gets back
+
+we can fix it.
+
+And that was true in this case, too.
+
+They said something like well, if foam hits
+the Shuttle, we'll fix it when it gets back.
+
+I mean that was the stance.
+
+Now, I think what's interesting about this,
+if you think about this, is that the anomaly
+
+of foam shedding without hurting the Shuttle
+was treated as if it were a planned engineering
+
+test.
+
+In other words, it was a test that was planned
+to see if foam could hurt the Shuttle.
+
+And the fact that foam didn't hurt the Shuttle
+was treated as confirmation that foam couldn't
+
+hurt the Shuttle.
+
+Now, I think that's kind of a fundamental.
+
+I like that particular phrase.
+
+There was enormous schedule pressure on NASA.
+
+They had already slipped a couple of times
+because of other what I would call strong
+
+signals.
+
+We use the word strong signals.
+
+When something really dramatic is identified
+NASA shuts down.
+
+And I don't remember the issues.
+
+There was something about a connector that
+didn't seem to work properly and it just grounded
+
+the Shuttle fleet for three months or something.
+
+And there was some other problem that was
+a strong signal and they simply shut it down.
+
+The foam we put in the category of a weak
+signal.
+
+It is something that while you're fighting
+all the strong signals it is hard to justify
+
+shutting the organization down for what you
+perceive as a weak signal.
+
+So they had used up almost all of their margin
+to complete the Space Station.
+
+And they were under tremendous pressure.
+
+Sean O'Keefe was obviously sent to NASA to
+put the house in order, put the schedule and
+
+the budget in shape and get this Space Station
+finished by February 19th.
+
+Ooh, we've already passed that one.
+
+We will talk a little bit about what happened
+on the ground while the vehicle was in the
+
+air.
+
+I mentioned before that in the military we
+do two investigations.
+
+We do a safety investigation where the testimony
+is privileged and we do an investigation which
+
+is public.
+
+And our group was kind of doing both.
+
+In other words, we were obviously doing a
+public investigation.
+
+We had press conferences every week and the
+media would come and we'd share everything
+
+with them.
+
+But, because we did have so many military
+people who understood the importance of accident
+
+investigation, we also had, I don't know,
+an annex, I guess you'd call it, a way to
+
+take testimony and keep it privileged.
+
+And we did that.
+
+We took testimony from individual people at
+NASA.
+
+It was privileged testimony.
+
+And they felt free to share with us their
+participation and what happened and who said
+
+what when and all of that.
+
+And we had the damnedest trouble keeping this
+from Congress.
+
+I mean it really was.
+
+And anything that's written down is accessible
+to Congress, at least that's the way they
+
+look at it, but we really held very firm and
+we would not allow this privileged testimony
+
+to be accessed.
+
+And I think the compromise we made was that
+a staffer could come over to where we were
+
+located, he could read the testimony and take
+no notes.
+
+Well, they soon tired of that so the fact
+of the matter is they didn't come.
+
+But we had a lot of privileged testimony that
+allowed us to put this picture together with
+
+employees not being too concerned about the
+implications of sharing with us.
+
+So, the weekend that the flight went up, NASA
+knew that there was a potential problem.
+
+And they put in place something called the
+"debris assessment team" which is supposed
+
+to look at all the data that they had and
+decide whether or not there was a problem.
+
+Now, I've chaired a lot of committees, not
+only here at MIT but other places.
+
+And I understand how important it is for a
+committee to have a clear charter and a clear
+
+line of reporting and to have a certain level
+of independence from their home organization.
+
+For example, if I were chairing a committee
+here at MIT on an important research issue
+
+or important policy issue and members of my
+committee were getting pressure from their
+
+department heads, I would blow the whistle.
+
+I would say that is not the way a committee
+works.
+
+A committee has a charter.
+
+It has independence.
+
+It is not subject to outside influence from
+the people to whom these people report in
+
+their normal way of life.
+
+So, with respect to the debris assessment
+team, I would make two comments.
+
+First of all, they had a very unclear charter.
+
+It wasn't clear kind of who they reported
+to or what their authority was.
+
+And they, as individuals, were getting pressure
+from their home organization, both NASA and
+
+the companies, the USA, Lockheed, Boeing,
+because those guys were getting pressure from
+
+NASA.
+
+It was just an enormous amount of pressure
+being applied to various people in what I
+
+considered to be a totally inappropriate way.
+
+In any case, this team, I admire them.
+
+I mean I think they were doing a good job.
+
+They wanted to get on-orbit pictures to see
+whether or not using national assets we could
+
+take pictures of the Shuttle.
+
+And so, who do you contact when you want something
+like that?
+
+You talk to the Air Force.
+
+And the Air Force is, of course, like a great
+collie dog just waiting to show what they
+
+can do.
+
+You know?
+
+I mean oh, great, we've got this wonderful
+opportunity to take these pictures.
+
+It's really going to be fun.
+
+We're going to show what we can do.
+
+They are very enthusiastic about responding
+to that kind of request, but NASA didn't want
+
+the pictures.
+
+I mean the senior managers of NASA didn't
+want the pictures.
+
+The debris assessment team did want the pictures.
+
+And they tried to make these requests of different
+parts of the organization.
+
+And every time they would make a request it
+would get slapped down by senior managers.
+
+Well, I guess we have it.
+
+This is a highly classified area, but let
+me just say there were eight separate opportunities
+
+where we could have gotten some significant
+information about the state of the Shuttle
+
+and we didn't do it.
+
+We didn't do it because every time there was
+a flurry of activity around there NASA said
+
+they didn't need it.
+
+They'd fix the Shuttle when it got back.
+
+If the damage had been discovered what do
+you think would have been done?
+
+Well, I can talk to that issue.
+
+I mean this is as good a time as any.
+
+We actually asked NASA to do some studies
+about what could have been done.
+
+This is a nation that will save a whale that
+is trapped in the Arctic or Baby Jessica in
+
+the well.
+
+I mean if we find that there is a crisis we
+will mobilize.
+
+There is no question about it.
+
+It would be a very chancy situation.
+
+We know the vehicle is destroyed.
+
+The vehicle is lost.
+
+There is no question about that the vehicle
+cannot reenter safely with the people.
+
+So what was the best option?
+
+I mean we looked at the possibility of stuffing
+the hole with things, you know, old sleeping
+
+bags and suitcases and stuff.
+
+There wasn't anything onboard that could have
+withstood the temperatures.
+
+And, of course, one of our recommendations
+was that there should be some capability for
+
+in-flight repair.
+
+That has been a big issue.
+
+But the only other thing you could do is to
+sort of go into life support mode.
+
+Stop doing the science.
+
+Jettison the module, I guess, which would
+make the vehicle lighter and then maybe the
+
+reentry would be a little more successful.
+
+Conserve electricity.
+
+Conserve water.
+
+Conserve food.
+
+Try to stay in orbit for an additional, I
+don't remember the number, 15, 16 days, something
+
+like that so that you could send up a second
+shuttle.
+
+I think it was Atlantis.
+
+They could get Atlantis ready and send it
+up.
+
+It was sort of by chance, but it just happened
+that in this mission they did have the possibility
+
+of doing a rescue.
+
+Right.
+
+It's a gutsy move, but I have a feeling that
+if we actually had that information that we
+
+could have put that together.
+
+It is interesting that when you read some
+of the stuff that is being talked about, like
+
+the Hubble and things like that, we did not
+recommend that a second shuttle be standing
+
+by.
+
+But that seems to have been internalized at
+NASA as a potential safety measure.
+
+That they will always want to have a second
+shuttle standing by if they send the shuttle
+
+up.
+
+The problem with that is it's a bit of a "going
+out of business" strategy because there aren't
+
+that many left.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+We never looked at that option.
+
+We simply didn't.
+
+This particular vehicle was not in an orbit
+that could have reached the Space Station.
+
+And that is another big issue, is whether
+you want to have the Space Station available
+
+for a safe house if you have an accident.
+
+In this particular case, this vehicle could
+not have reached the Space Station.
+
+Soyuz could not have reached this because
+Soyuz launches from 51 degrees.
+
+This was in 28 degrees.
+
+Also remember there were seven people aboard
+so you would have needed three Soyuzs.
+
+The Russians just don't have them available.
+
+It was either Atlantis or nothing.
+
+Larry, you had a question.
+
+Yeah, going back to the on-orbit photo.
+
+It was alleged at the time that the NASA management
+thought that the quality of the photos was
+
+what it had been several years earlier and,
+therefore, would not have helped them.
+
+Let me speak to that because I was going to
+mention that.
+
+In the early days of the Shuttle Program there
+was, in fact, a good interaction between NASA
+
+and the national security apparatus that does
+this sort of work.
+
+And people at NASA were cleared, to an appropriate
+level, to have this interaction.
+
+That has atrophied.
+
+The current people at NASA basically have
+no experience with that world, are not cleared
+
+to an appropriate level, have just not had
+an interaction and see it as a bigger deal
+
+than it really is.
+
+It is not a big deal.
+
+We do it all the time with my collie dog friend.
+
+I mean it's just not a big deal.
+
+So our recommendation was that there should
+be a better interaction between NASA and the
+
+national security apparatus.
+
+And that the senior people at NASA should
+be cleared to an appropriate level to have
+
+that interaction.
+
+And that this should be, in fact, routine
+that you always take pictures when the shuttle
+
+is in orbit.
+
+And so I think that was basically one of our
+recommendations.
+
+In any case, we were not pleased with the
+decision or the failure to take photos onboard.
+
+86:00 It was called the "crater model".
+
+Its fundamental purpose was to figure out
+whether foam would hurt the tiles.
+
+It was developed as a result of the experiments
+done at Southwest Research Institute of shooting
+
+small pieces of foam at the tiles.
+
+Not the leading edge but the tiles.
+
+And it was sort of all things kind of rolling
+together.
+
+The people who developed this model were in
+Huntington Beach, California when they transferred
+
+the operation to the Cape or to Houston, I
+don't remember.
+
+The senior people in that group refused to
+move so they turned the tool over to junior
+
+people.
+
+There was a loss of corporate memory, a loss
+of understanding, and so it just got worse
+
+and worse and worse.
+
+And so finally the people who were applying
+these tools were not the same people who were
+
+in the development of the tool and really
+lacked understanding of what this tool was
+
+all about.
+
+The tool predicted that you had a serious
+problem.
+
+But they said, oh, well, the tool always over-predicts.
+
+They ignored it and said there was no problem.
+
+I mean it was just cascading of kind of bad
+things happening.
+
+We talked a little bit about the organization
+of NASA.
+
+And I don't know whether you talked to Aaron,
+but this would be a good question to ask Aaron
+
+Cohen.
+
+I am setting him up here.
+
+About an independent safety organization at
+NASA.
+
+Yes?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+As far as we can tell nothing until about
+one or two minutes before.
+
+Actually, Mission Control had arranged for
+a press conference with the crew in orbit.
+
+Right.
+
+Are you going to mention that?
+
+I will talk about that.
+
+Because the crew new that some foam had come
+off, but they were told that it was no problem.
+
+Yeah, but that's different than the crew knowing.
+
+Right.
+
+No, I think that is true.
+
+That the crew was notified that there had
+been an incident on liftoff but there was
+
+no problem.
+
+And the only reason they told them was because
+somebody from the press might ask them.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And I have had media training so I know exactly
+what they were thinking about.
+
+The Shuttle lands, the astronauts get out,
+the microphone gets into the mouth and they
+
+say do you know?
+
+And the astronauts would say of course, we
+knew, and we understood it was no problem.
+
+I mean it was a pre-media sort of skull session
+for the astronauts, as opposed to a more responsible
+
+concern.
+
+What we do know about the astronauts is we
+have the voice recording and stuff, and I
+
+think there was something from Mission Control
+to the astronauts saying we see a temperature
+
+anomaly in your wheel well.
+
+The temperature was 50 degrees higher than
+would have normally been.
+
+And this was literally just like I don't think
+any more than five minutes before the vehicle
+
+lost control.
+
+Maybe even less than that.
+
+I mean it's all in the timeline.
+
+And that is probably all I want to say about
+it.
+
+I think the evidence we have seems to indicate
+that the astronauts knew.
+
+Obviously, when the vehicle went out of control
+they knew there was a problem, when it began
+
+spinning and stuff like that.
+
+But, as far as we know, there was no indication
+prior to that.
+
+Everything else was sort of nominal.
+
+Yes?
+
+After both shuttle accidents, you have investigation
+boards, but what happened after Apollo 1,
+
+for example?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+I don't know the answer to that.
+
+Well, actually, that's what Aaron did talk
+about, safety organization with respect to
+
+that and Apollo 13 and the fact that when
+it was set up, they did start out with a very
+
+strong independent safety organization which
+did not exist before Apollo 1.
+
+90:30 Now, why did we say that?
+
+Well, you're all engineers.
+
+The idea behind an independent safety organization
+is that you should have engineers fighting.
+
+How do engineers fight, in an ideal world?
+
+They fight with data and analysis and hypothesis
+and testing.
+
+In other words, if the program wants to waive
+a requirement, change a requirement then they
+
+have to present a case.
+
+And if the safety organization feels that
+there is crossing the line then they present
+
+a case.
+
+And the two organizations basically try to
+bring together the best analytical and experimental
+
+framework they can in order to determine what
+should be done.
+
+And so that's the notion of an independent
+safety organization.
+
+I guess the thing that I was somewhat gratified
+by, we will see how it all works out, is that
+
+we recommended, as a return to flight thing,
+that NASA present a plan for an independent
+
+safety organization with the idea that in
+the midterm they would actually begin such
+
+an organization.
+
+Sean O'Keefe took the bit in his teeth, I
+guess is the way to say it, and he moved out
+
+much more strongly on that than I would have
+anticipated.
+
+We met with him last December.
+
+I guess it was December.
+
+These years go by very quickly.
+
+But he had actually put in place a structure,
+to get ready for the flight, that had outside
+
+experts from within NASA to sort of come together
+as an independent safety board to look at
+
+anomaly resolution.
+
+I guess they didn't do too good on the foam.
+
+But, in any case, as far as the structure
+goes, it was a stronger safety structure than
+
+had existed before.
+
+That was something that we recommended.
+
+It was very important that there be an independence
+in the safety organization and that this is,
+
+in fact, a characteristic of an organization
+that effectively manages high-risk.
+
+And we would claim that there are several
+such organizations in our country.
+
+And there is a lot to be learned and a lot
+to be shared.
+
+We also looked at the comparisons between
+this accident and the Challenger accident.
+
+And, in fact, found more similarity than you
+might have expected given that Challenger
+
+occurred on liftoff and this occurred, well,
+in reentry, but did occur on liftoff.
+
+In terms of the role of engineers and technical
+managers, this notion of normalizing deviance.
+
+Deviance is an anomaly.
+
+It is a departure from the requirements.
+
+And, if you normalize it, it means you accept
+it.
+
+You accept it and, in fact, you try to profit
+from it by saying that it's proven that there
+
+is no danger.
+
+So this phrase normalization of deviance is
+an important sort of technical phrase that
+
+our group used.
+
+We had with us, actually, a faculty member
+from Boston College who had written a book
+
+on the Challenger investigation.
+
+She is a social scientist, and she worked
+very closely with us to try to put, what I
+
+would call, the social science and organizational
+effects together.
+
+That is Diane Vaughn.
+
+You might bring her over some time.
+
+She is a fascinating speaker.
+
+But the thing that was interesting about Diane,
+not only was she a great colleague, she published
+
+her first book on the Challenger accident,
+is there's an in-depth analysis of the cultural
+
+flaws in the organization that led to the
+Challenger accident.
+
+She published this book.
+
+And she said well, you know, I got a lot of
+reaction from the book.
+
+She said the Navy called, my old boyfriend
+called, the various industries called to have
+
+her come and talk about safety culture.
+
+NASA never called.
+
+NASA never indicated any interest in her analysis
+of the cultural flaws within the organization
+
+that led to the Challenger accident, which
+I think is another indication of the insularity.
+
+That was, I think, an important input to our
+look at the organizational issues.
+
+We got together as a result of all of this.
+
+And, as I said, I wasn't deeply involved in,
+say, some of the privileged interviews having
+
+to do with the individuals.
+
+But certainly as a board, we came to this
+organizational cause which we considered to
+
+be as important as the technical cause.
+
+And the various words rooted in the Space
+Shuttle Program.
+
+History and culture.
+
+Original compromises that were required to
+gain approval.
+
+The years of resource constraints.
+
+The fluctuating priorities.
+
+The scheduled pressures.
+
+This mischaracterization of the Shuttle as
+operational rather than developmental.
+
+Lack of agreed national vision for human space
+flight.
+
+The cultural traits and organizational practices
+that were detrimental to safety that we're
+
+allowed to develop including reliance on past
+success as a substitute for sound engineering
+
+practices such as testing to understand why
+systems were not performing in accordance
+
+with requirements.
+
+Organizational barriers that prevented effective
+communication of safety information and stifled
+
+professional differences of opinion.
+
+Lack of integrated management across program
+elements and the evolution of an informal
+
+chain of command and decision-making process
+that operated outside the organization rules.
+
+A bit of an old-boy network in some sense.
+
+And we should mention the lack of an agreed
+national vision for human space flight has
+
+been the jumping off point for everything
+that has happened since with the new vision,
+
+which is presumably going to determine what
+we do in the next ten years, so I think it
+
+is great that all of you called attention
+to that.
+
+Let me talk about our recommendations.
+
+We made recommendations in basically three
+piles.
+
+One of them are the near term recommendations
+which are the return to flight recommendations.
+
+And these were monitored by a committee of
+28 people.
+
+It was enormous.
+
+In any case, we asked them to present a plan
+for an independent safety organization.
+
+I think they went a little further.
+
+We asked that they develop a method to do
+onboard repair.
+
+Now, there was a big discussion about onboard
+repair.
+
+It is very clear that it is much easier to
+do onboard repair for all sorts of different
+
+reasons, including crew safety if you are
+going to the Space Station.
+
+Because then you've got a safe house and all
+sorts of supplies.
+
+It is like your recreation room.
+
+If you're not going to the Space Station,
+it is considerably more dangerous, and that
+
+is the fundamental issue with respect to a
+Hubble mission.
+
+Because a Hubble mission is incompatible with
+going to the Space Station.
+
+If you take this recommendation seriously,
+you either have to develop an autonomous onboard
+
+repair, which is much more difficult than
+a Space Station onboard repair, or you cannot
+
+have any Hubble mission.
+
+So, this is a bit of turmoil in the political
+issues surrounding missions.
+
+The other impacts, as I mentioned, not our
+recommendation, but this notion of having
+
+a second shuttle standing by seems to have
+been internalized.
+
+There were a number of other recommendations.
+
+Our report is on the Web.
+
+I mean more video cameras.
+
+More onboard video that gets telemetered to
+the ground during the flight so you don't
+
+have to wait until the vehicle gets back to
+see the video.
+
+External video cameras launched during day.
+
+Keep your sensors up to date.
+
+I mean there was just a whole lot of I think
+25 recommendations of a return to flight.
+
+And the Return to Flight Committee was in
+charge of monitoring all of those.
+
+And they have recently issued a report.
+
+Incidentally, I got a copy of the Return to
+Flight report and donated it to the AeroLibrary.
+
+It should be in the AeroLibrary.
+
+And there was a very interesting minority
+report that was submitted by like about five
+
+people which was just damming with respect
+to their observations about how NASA works
+
+the safety issues.
+
+Take it as the opinion of these five people
+who were on the Return to Flight Committee.
+
+It makes good reading.
+
+But that is all in the AeroLibrary.
+
+Our midterm recommendations.
+
+In some sense, we made these recommendations
+assuming the Shuttle Program would continue.
+
+And I think we had this recommendation for
+an independent safety organization.
+
+And what I thought was one of our most important
+recommendations was that if you intend to
+
+fly the Shuttle past 2010, you should recertify
+it.
+
+Now, certification is a very technical process
+where you have to go through every piece of
+
+equipment and, in some sense, revalidate that
+it will satisfy the requirements.
+
+101:05 What better project for the Shuttle
+Program Office and the Independent Safety
+
+Organization than to recertify the Shuttle?
+
+At least that was my vision.
+
+That would really be an extremely useful thing
+to do, to work together, to recertify the
+
+Shuttle.
+
+Now, unfortunately, evidently the Shuttle
+is not going to operate past 2010 so we will
+
+see.
+
+I mean they won't recertify it.
+
+Now, I think what's going to happen is they're
+going to get up to 2009 and are going to say
+
+oh, my gosh, we don't have any way to get
+to space.
+
+There is going to be enormous pressure to
+keep the Shuttle operating past 2010.
+
+And, of course, they will be late to need
+in terms of recertifying.
+
+It is going to be a bit of a jump-all at that
+point.
+
+It should be very interesting to watch.
+
+Now, the long-term recommendation, of course,
+we made was that we need an agreed upon vision
+
+for further manned space flight.
+
+And so, from my point of view, we skip the
+midterm and we went immediately to the long-term
+
+because with the President's new program that
+we have basically set this vision.
+
+And, unfortunately, we have skipped some of
+the intermediate steps that would have strengthened
+
+NASA as an organization and its ability to
+carry out a new mission.
+
+I stand back watching, as all of this develops,
+having had this incredible background of being
+
+a member of this Accident Investigation Board.
+
+It looks like I landed the plane right on
+time.
+
+Yes.
+
+Incidentally, I brought this Halloween candy.
+
+And I would really appreciate it if you guys
+would come and take it because it's not something
+
+that my husband and I need.
+
+And if it doesn't get eaten, would somebody
+please take it down and put it with the graduate
+
+students downstairs?
+
+Good.
+
+Anyway, you had a question.
+
+I am wondering if you think there might have
+been any effect on that if it was explicitly
+
+stated that this is why we want the recertification
+to happen.
+
+I don't know.
+
+You know, it is hard to micromanage a big
+organization.
+
+I personally was disappointed because I believed
+very strongly in this.
+
+And I felt that it would be a way to bring
+the organization together around this set
+
+of ideas.
+
+So, that won't happen.
+
+And we will see how they work with this "independent
+safety board" that they have put in place.
+
+All of what we're doing is self-education.
+
+It is organizational education.
+
+It is self-education.
+
+It is process education.
+
+So, we will see how they will bring all that
+together.
+
+The reason I asked that was because actually,
+in terms of reading this recommendation, I
+
+read it a little differently.
+
+I thought it was kind of a push to move past
+the Shuttle to say that recertification is
+
+going to be too complicated.
+
+Well, there might have been a little bit of
+that.
+
+I mean it really was up to NASA to decide
+whether a process that was so resource-intensive
+
+was worth doing, I mean given the fact that
+the Shuttle is in the sort of sunset of its
+
+career.
+
+I guess I felt that we should leave that to
+them but that they could not continue to operate
+
+the way they were operating.
+
+I think that was really the message.
+
+They had to make a decision.
+
+Sheila, the board's recommendation of the
+number of 2010 has had enormous impact.
+
+I know.
+
+Of course it has.
+
+Very negative from my point of view.
+
+Say something about how you picked that number
+and how flexible it is?
+
+Well, recall we did this in 2004.
+
+We wanted to give NASA enough time to get
+back to flying.
+
+And, of course, the whole definition of what
+recertification means is a bit unclear.
+
+In other words, I would think that NASA could
+have gone in.
+
+I think what we saw was we needed to get a
+couple of flights under our belt, but we needed
+
+to go back.
+
+I think what we meant by recertification is
+a relook at the whole mission.
+
+What is that thing called?
+
+Mission rules?
+
+No, not mission rules.
+
+When they get together and decide whether
+they are going to fly.
+
+Mission readiness review.
+
+Flight readiness review.
+
+We felt that the flight readiness review was
+broken and that part of the reason it was
+
+broken is that there were too many requirements
+that were silly like the Shuttle had only
+
+two wings instead of four because you'd need
+redundancy.
+
+Wings are important, and if you really thought
+they were important you would have four instead
+
+of two.
+
+And every time they did a flight readiness
+review you would have to go through these,
+
+what I would call silly requirements.
+
+One issue about recertification was to try
+to narrow down to what were the key systems
+
+that needed reexamination in the light of
+technology and what we know about the Shuttle?
+
+That, in and of itself, would have been a
+very useful process that would have helped
+
+this.
+
+And so, I think what we saw is that there
+is a set of processes that need to be carried
+
+out after a couple of successful flights that
+would really position the organization to
+
+do its job.
+
+107:00 They wasted a lot of time.
+
+But suppose someone had come back to you,
+or members of the board and said well, life
+
+would be easier for us if we called it 2013?
+
+Well, I would think if you're going to do
+that, that NASA should come forward with a
+
+plan at the minimum of how they're going to
+operate the Shuttle safely through 2013.
+
+They have not even thought about doing that.
+
+They are carrying on with "business as usual".
+
+Flight, flight, flight.
+
+And they are not thinking about this more
+fundamental issue which would, I think, be
+
+very useful for them as an organization of
+what are the critical issues if we wanted
+
+to operate the Shuttle to 2013?
+
+They just kind of got off the hook by saying
+2010, we can do that.
+
+You know, pretty shallow.
+
+Yes?
+
+And this is going to have to be the last question,
+unfortunately.
+
+Anyway, you're all invited to my office to
+see my big poster on the flight.
+
+Your recommendation for not flying unless
+you have a safe house in orbit.
+
+No, we didn't recommend that.
+
+Oh, safe house in orbit.
+
+OK.
+
+If you would have said that at the beginning
+of the Shuttle Program, that would have cut
+
+out dozens of flights.
+
+Sure.
+
+But, you see, at the beginning of the program,
+NASA was committed to a system that met its
+
+requirements.
+
+Once they backed off of a system that met
+it requirements, they left itself open to
+
+operating a risky system.
+
+And so then you come in, after having two
+accidents, and say OK, how can we operate
+
+this system safety?
+
+You've already demonstrated that you're willing
+to back off on requirements so how can we
+
+identify what some key issues are so that
+you get back to operating safely?
+
+What we fundamentally recommended was that
+you should develop onboard repair capability.
+
+And that's really all we said.
+
+And we sort of left open how they would do
+that.
+
+And so they investigated a lot of things and
+decided that it would be a heck of a lot easier
+
+if they could use the Space Station for a
+repair.
+
+And so they themselves said OK, Space Station
+only.
+
+That really was not our recommendation.
+
+Although, we understood that it would be a
+lot easier to do Space Station repair.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L73hY1pBcQI.txt b/L73hY1pBcQI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3108ab65e9d4f3c438057d27aa65a4b9666e0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L73hY1pBcQI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2343 @@
+PATRICK WINSTON: So today we're
+gonna talk about a few
+
+miracles of learning in the
+context of the theme that
+
+we're developing here
+in the class.
+
+We started off with
+a discussion
+
+of some basic methods.
+
+We talked about nearest
+neighbors.
+
+And we talked about
+identification trees.
+
+And those are kind of basic
+things that have been around
+
+for a long time.
+
+Still useful.
+
+Still the right things to do
+when you're faced with a
+
+learning problem and you're not
+sure what method to try.
+
+Then we went on to talk about
+some naive biological mimicry.
+
+We talked about neural nets.
+
+And we talked about genetic
+algorithms.
+
+And you look at those things and
+you think and reflect back
+
+on what we talked about.
+
+And you have to say
+to yourself, are
+
+these nugatory ideas?
+
+Perhaps pistareens?
+
+Or are they supererogatory
+ideas that deserve to be
+
+center stage?
+
+Does anybody know what
+those words mean?
+
+A pistareen?
+
+Well, a pistareen is
+a Spanish coin.
+
+It was so small.
+
+It was of little worth.
+
+These ideas like neural nets,
+genetic algorithms, I classify
+
+them as pistareens because
+getting them to do something
+
+is rather like getting a dog
+to walk on its hind legs.
+
+You can make it happen, but they
+never do it very well.
+
+And you have to think it took a
+lot of trickery and training
+
+to make it happen.
+
+So not too personally
+high on those ideas.
+
+But we teach them to you anyway
+because, of course, we
+
+only editorialize part of time
+and part of time we like to
+
+cover what's in the field.
+
+Today we're starting a couple
+of discussions of mechanisms
+
+or ideas or things
+to know about
+
+that are quite different.
+
+Because now we're going to focus
+on the problem rather
+
+than on the mechanism.
+
+And then a later on we're
+going to talk about deep
+
+theory, FIOS, for
+its own sake.
+
+But this week I want
+to talk about
+
+mechanisms that were devised.
+
+I want to talk about research
+that was done.
+
+Let me not say mechanisms.
+
+Let me say research that was
+done to attempt an account of
+
+some of the things that
+we humans do well.
+
+Sometimes without even knowing
+that we do it.
+
+Now Krishna here tells me his
+first language was Telugu.
+
+Telugu.
+
+I once had another student
+whose first
+
+language was Telugu.
+
+I said to him, that must
+be one of those
+
+obscure Indian languages.
+
+And he said, yes.
+
+It's spoken by 56
+million people.
+
+French is spoken by 52.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: He's going to
+be our experimental subject.
+
+Krishna, if I pluralize words--
+you know what it means
+
+to pluralize a word.
+
+So if I say for example, horse,
+then if I ask you for
+
+the plural you'll say horses.
+
+So if I say dog, what's
+the plural?
+
+STUDENT: Then dogs.
+
+Or in my language?
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: No, no, no.
+
+In English.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, dogs.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Well,
+what about cat?
+
+STUDENT: Cats.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: And
+he got it right.
+
+Isn't that a miracle?
+
+When did you start
+speaking English?
+
+STUDENT: Second grade.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Second grade.
+
+But he still got it right.
+
+But he never learned that he's
+actually pluralizing those
+
+words differently.
+
+But he is.
+
+So when you pluralize
+dog, what's the
+
+sound that comes after?
+
+It's a z sound.
+
+Zzzzzz.
+
+Dogzzz.
+
+If you stick your fingers up
+here you can probably feel
+
+your vocal cords vibrating.
+
+If you stick a piece of paper in
+front of your mouth you'll
+
+see it vibrate.
+
+But when you say cats,
+the pluralizing sound
+
+is sss, like that.
+
+No vocalizing.
+
+No vibration of the
+vocal cords.
+
+And old Krishna here learned
+that rule, as did all of you
+
+other non-native speakers of
+English, effortlessly and
+
+without noticing it.
+
+You learned it.
+
+Buy you always get it right.
+
+How can that possibly be?
+
+Well, be the end of hour you'll
+know how that might be.
+
+And you'll experience a case
+study in how questions of that
+
+sort can be approached
+with a sort of
+
+engineering point of view.
+
+You can say, what if God
+were an engineer?
+
+Or alternatively, what if I were
+God and I am an engineer?
+
+Think about how it might
+happen that way.
+
+So we want to understand how it
+might be that the machine
+
+could learn rules like that.
+
+Phonological rules.
+
+Not just that one, but all the
+phonological rules you'd
+
+acquire in a course
+on phonology.
+
+That part of speaking that deals
+with those syllabic and
+
+sub-syllabic sounds.
+
+The phones of the language.
+
+So when Yip and Sussman
+undertook to solve this
+
+engineering problem, both being
+dedicated engineers, the
+
+first thing they did was
+learn the science.
+
+So they went to sit at the
+foot of Morris Halle, who
+
+would develop-- was largely
+responsible for the
+
+development theories of
+
+so-called distinctive features.
+
+And here's how all that works.
+
+You start off with a person who
+wants to say something.
+
+And out that person's mouth
+comes some sort of acoustic
+
+pressure wave.
+
+And if I say, hello, George.
+
+And you say hello, George.
+
+Everybody will understand that
+we said the same thing.
+
+But that acoustic waveform won't
+look anything alike.
+
+It'll be very different
+for all of us.
+
+So it's a miracle that words
+can be understood.
+
+In any case, it goes
+into an ear.
+
+And it's processed.
+
+And out comes a sequence
+of distinctive feature.
+
+Vectors.
+
+A distinctive feature is a
+binary variable like is the
+
+phone voices or not.
+
+That is to say, are your
+vocal cords vibrating
+
+when you say it?
+
+If so, then that's
+plus voiced.
+
+If not, it's minus voiced.
+
+So according to the original
+distinctive feature theory and
+
+consistent with most of the
+theories that have been
+
+derived since the original one,
+there are on the order of
+
+14 of these distinctive features
+that determine which
+
+phone you're saying.
+
+So if you say ah, that's
+one combination of
+
+these binary features.
+
+If you say tuh, that's another
+combination of
+
+these binary features.
+
+14 of them.
+
+So how many sounds does that
+mean, in principle, there
+
+could be in a language?
+
+SEBASTIAN: 2 to the 14th.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: And what's
+2 the 14th, Sebastian?
+
+Well, it ought to be about
+16,000, don't you think?
+
+2 to the 10th is 1,000.
+
+2 the fourth is 16.
+
+So there are about 16,000
+possible combination.
+
+But no language on Earth has
+more than 100 phones.
+
+That's strange, isn't it?
+
+Because some of those choices
+are probably excluded on
+
+physical ground.
+
+But most of them are not.
+
+So we could have a lot more
+phones in our language than we
+
+actually do.
+
+English is about 40.
+
+So the sequence of distinctive
+features could be viewed as
+
+then producing meaning after,
+perhaps, a long series of
+
+operations.
+
+But in the end, those operations
+feedback in here
+
+because many of the distinctive
+features are
+
+actually hallucinated.
+
+We think we heard them,
+but they're not there.
+
+Or they're not even in the
+acoustic waveform.
+
+They're there for the
+convenience of the phonologist
+
+who make rules out of them.
+
+It's remarkable how much of this
+feedback there is, and
+
+even injection from
+other modalities.
+
+Many of you may have heard
+about the McGurk Effect.
+
+Here's who the McGurk
+Effect works.
+
+Look at me while I say ga,
+ga, ga, ga, ga, ga.
+
+OK.
+
+I said, g-a.
+
+Now how about ba, ba, ba, ba.
+
+OK.
+
+I said ba like a sheep.
+
+But if I take the sound I make
+when I say ba and play it
+
+while you're taking video of
+me saying ga, what do you
+
+think you hear?
+
+You don't hear ba.
+
+Some people report that they
+hear a d-a sound like da.
+
+When I look at it, I can't
+make any sense out of it.
+
+It looks like there's a
+disconnection between the
+
+speech and the video.
+
+But it does not sound like ba.
+
+But if I shut my eyes and say
+ba, ba, it's absolutely clear
+
+that it's b-a.
+
+So what you see has a large
+influence on what you hear.
+
+It's also interesting--
+
+although a side issue-- it's
+also interesting to note that
+
+it's very difficult pronounced
+things correctly if you don't
+
+see the speaker.
+
+So many people wonder when they
+learn foreign languages
+
+why they can't speak
+like a native.
+
+And the answer is, they're
+not watching the
+
+mouth of the speaker.
+
+I was talking to a German friend
+once and said, you
+
+know, I just can't say the
+damned umlaut right.
+
+And he said, oh, the trouble
+with you Americans is you
+
+don't realize that American
+cows say moo but
+
+German cows say muu.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: And, of
+course, I got instantly
+
+because I could see that the
+umlaut sounds are produced
+
+with protruding lips, which we
+don't have any sounds an
+
+English that require that.
+
+Ah, but back to what we know
+from the phonologists about
+
+all this stuff.
+
+If you talk to Morris
+Halle, he will tell
+
+you that over here--
+
+I like to think of it
+as a marionette.
+
+There are five pieces
+of meat down here.
+
+And the combination of
+distinctive features that
+
+you're trying to utter are
+like the control of a
+
+marionette on those five
+pieces of meat.
+
+So if you want to say an a
+sound, the marionette control
+
+goes into a position that
+produces that combination.
+
+So let's see.
+
+What does that distinctive
+feature sequence look like for
+
+typical word?
+
+Well, here's a word.
+
+A-e-p-l.
+
+Apples.
+
+And we can talk about what
+distinctive features are
+
+arrayed in that particular
+combination of phones.
+
+So one of the features
+that they like to
+
+talk about is syllabic.
+
+Syllabic.
+
+That roughly means, can that
+sound form the sort of core of
+
+a syllable?
+
+And the answer is a can,
+buy these can't.
+
+So it's plus, minus,
+minus, minus.
+
+Down here a little ways you'll
+run into the voiced feature.
+
+And for the voiced feature,
+well, we can do
+
+the experiment ourselves.
+
+Ahh.
+
+Sounds like it's voices to me.
+
+Pa.
+
+No.
+
+That's not voiced.
+
+Oo.
+
+Yep.
+
+Zzz.
+
+We already said that
+was voiced.
+
+So that's the combination you
+see when you utter apples for
+
+the voiced feature.
+
+Then another one is the
+continuent one.
+
+That roughly says is your
+vocal apparatus open?
+
+Is there no obstruction?
+
+And so ahh plus pa
+is constricted.
+
+Oo, open.
+
+Zzz, open.
+
+So that one happens to run right
+along with voiced in
+
+that particular word.
+
+Oh, and there are
+14 altogether.
+
+But let me just write
+down one more.
+
+The strident one.
+
+That says, do you use your
+tongue to form a
+
+little jet of air?
+
+So you don't on aa, pa, oo.
+
+Buy you do on z.
+
+So that gets a plus.
+
+So that's a glimpse through a
+soda straw of what it would
+
+like to represent the word
+apples as a set of distinctive
+
+features all arranged
+in a sequence.
+
+So it's a matrix of features.
+
+Going down in the columns we
+have our distinctive features.
+
+And going across we have time.
+
+So as the first thing Sussman
+and Yip did in their effort to
+
+understand how phonological
+rules could be learned is to
+
+design a machine that would
+interpret words and sounds and
+
+things that you see so
+as to produce the
+
+sounds of the language.
+
+So they imagined the following
+kind of machine.
+
+The machine has some kind of
+mystery apparatus over here
+
+that looks out into the world
+and sees what's there.
+
+So I'm looking out in the world
+and I see two apples.
+
+So what this machine might do
+then is, at some point, decide
+
+that there are two
+apples out there.
+
+Then, thinking in terms of
+these guys as computer
+
+engineers, they think in terms
+of a set of registers that
+
+hold values for concepts like
+noun and verb and plural.
+
+And we've not done anything
+with the machine yet.
+
+We've provided no input.
+
+So those registers
+are all empty.
+
+Then, up in here, we have
+a set of words.
+
+And they're all kinds
+of words.
+
+Apple is one of them.
+
+And those words up there know
+about how the concept is
+
+rendered as a sequence of a
+phones, that is to say a
+
+sequence of distinct features.
+
+Then, over here, most
+importantly, they have a set
+
+of constraints.
+
+So we'll talk about a particular
+constrain, the
+
+plural constraint.
+
+Plural constraint number one.
+
+And it's going to reach around
+and connect itself to some
+
+other parts of the machine.
+
+Finally, there's a buffer
+of phones to be uttered.
+
+And they're going to flow out
+this way to the speaker's
+
+mouth and get translated into
+a acoustic wave form.
+
+So those are the elements
+of the machine.
+
+Now how are the elements
+connected together?
+
+Well, the words are connected,
+of course, into the buffer
+
+that is used to generate
+the sound over
+
+here on the far left.
+
+The plural register is
+connected to what
+
+you see in the world.
+
+What you see in the world is
+connected not only to plural
+
+register, but to all of the
+objects in the word
+
+repertoire.
+
+This plural constraint here
+deserves extra attention
+
+because it's going to be
+desirous of actuating itself
+
+in the event but the
+thing observed in
+
+the world is plural.
+
+There are lots of them.
+
+So it's going to be connected
+then to the plural port.
+
+There's going to be a z sound
+port down here connecting to
+
+that file element
+in the buffer.
+
+And finally, over here is going
+to be a plussed voiced
+
+port, which is going to be
+connected to the second
+
+phoneme in the sequence.
+
+That's how the machine is
+going to be arranged.
+
+An of course, this is just
+one of many constraints.
+
+But it's a constraint that has
+a very peculiar property.
+
+Information can flow through
+it in multiple ways.
+
+So we think of most programs
+as having an
+
+input and an output.
+
+But I try to be careful
+to draw circles
+
+here instead of arrows.
+
+Because these are ports and
+information can flow in any
+
+direction along them.
+
+What I want to do now is to
+show you how this machine
+
+would react if I suddenly
+present it with a pair of
+
+apples like so.
+
+So the assumption is that the
+vision apparatus comes in and
+
+produces the notion, the
+concept, of two apples.
+
+So once that has happened--
+
+that's operation number one--
+
+then information flows from that
+meaning register up here
+
+to the apple word.
+
+So that's part of stage
+number two.
+
+Another part of stage number two
+is information flows along
+
+this wire and marks that
+as plus plural.
+
+So operation number one is the
+activity of the vision system.
+
+Activity number two is the flow
+of information from that
+
+vision system into the
+word lexicon and
+
+into this plural register.
+
+So far so good.
+
+Here's activity number three.
+
+This word is also connected
+to the registers.
+
+And information flows along
+those wires so as to indicate
+
+that it's a noun
+but not a verb.
+
+That's part of part
+number three.
+
+At the same time, part number
+three, information flows down
+
+this wire and writes a-p-l
+into those are
+
+elements of the buffer.
+
+Now this constraint up here,
+this box, says, well, I can
+
+now see some stuff in
+that buffer that
+
+wasn't there before.
+
+So it says, do I see enough
+stuff on my ports to get
+
+excited about expressing
+values on other ports?
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+What has it got?
+
+It's got the elements
+in this buffer.
+
+Also up here in step three
+flow the plural thing.
+
+So it know that the
+word is plural.
+
+So it says, is this voiced?
+
+P is pa.
+
+That's not voiced.
+
+Is this a z sound.
+
+No, that's not as z sound.
+
+So it sees what it likes on only
+one of its three ports.
+
+So it says, I'm not going
+to do anything.
+
+I'm [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I'm not in this particular
+combat.
+
+So far so good.
+
+What happens next?
+
+What happens next is that
+some time passes.
+
+And the elements of the buffer
+flow to the left toward the
+
+speaker's mouth.
+
+So we get an a, p, l.
+
+Same as we had before,
+but shifted over.
+
+Now what happens?
+
+Now what happens is that
+the l is now in
+
+the penultimate position.
+
+So information flows up here.
+
+Item number four-- oh, I guess
+that's item number five.
+
+Item number four is the leftward
+flow of the word.
+
+So in phase number five, the
+p is witnessed by this
+
+constraint.
+
+p is--
+
+sorry, l is witnessed
+by this constraint.
+
+We moved it over one.
+
+L is lll.
+
+L is voiced.
+
+So we have some flow
+up here like that.
+
+That's number five.
+
+Now we have voiced and
+we have plural.
+
+And we have nothing here.
+
+So there's a great desire of
+this buffer to have something
+
+written into it.
+
+So now there's a flow
+down in there, of z,
+
+as item number six.
+
+So that's how the machine would
+work in expressing the
+
+idea that there are apples
+in the field of view.
+
+Mmm.
+
+Real apples.
+
+Not plastic imitations.
+
+So that's how the
+machine works.
+
+But all those connections
+are reversible.
+
+So if I hear apples then I get
+the machine running backwards
+
+and my visual apparatus
+can imagine that there
+
+are apples out there.
+
+That's how it works.
+
+That's just by way of background
+the machine that
+
+they could see it for using the
+phonological rules once
+
+they're learned.
+
+All the phonological rules
+are expressed in these
+
+constraints.
+
+But since these constraints are
+such that information can
+
+flow in any direction, they
+deserve to be called
+
+propagators.
+
+And in the good old days when
+everyone took 6.001, they
+
+learned about propagators as
+a kind of architecture for
+
+building complex systems.
+
+But in any event, there's
+the Sussman-Yip machine.
+
+And now comes the
+big question.
+
+How do you learn rule
+rules like that?
+
+Well, what we need is we need
+some positive examples and
+
+some negative examples.
+
+And for the simple classroom
+example I've chosen the same
+
+challenge that I presented
+to Krishna.
+
+We're gonna have
+cats and dogs.
+
+So we're gonna look at the
+distinctive features that are
+
+associated with those words.
+
+Syllabic.
+
+Voiced.
+
+Continuent.
+
+And strident.
+
+Just four of the 14 features
+that are associated with each
+
+of the sounds on those words.
+
+Could you close the
+laptop, please?
+
+Just for the distinctive
+features that are arrayed in
+
+those words by way
+of illustration.
+
+So here we have k-a-t-z.
+
+Phonetically spelled.
+
+And if we work that
+out, let's see.
+
+What is syllabic?
+
+That's not.
+
+That is.
+
+That is.
+
+That's not.
+
+Voiced?
+
+Ka.
+
+Nope.
+
+Ah.
+
+Yep.
+
+T. Nope.
+
+Z. Yes.
+
+That can't be right.
+
+Cats.
+
+I misspelled it.
+
+Because cats.
+
+Sss.
+
+His a hissing sound but
+there's no voicing.
+
+So that's not as z sound.
+
+That's an s sound.
+
+So that's not plus voiced.
+
+It's minused voiced.
+
+Continuent.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Is my mouth open when I say k?
+
+No.
+
+Ah?
+
+Yes.
+
+T?
+
+No.
+
+S?
+
+Yes.
+
+And strident.
+
+Minus, minus, minus, plus.
+
+It's only with the s sound that
+I have that kind of jet
+
+forming with my tongue.
+
+Now we can look at dogs.
+
+And now we have the z sound
+as the pluralization.
+
+We know that because when
+we say it, dogzz.
+
+Yep.
+
+There it comes out as a--
+
+we're only gonna look at the
+last two columns because
+
+they're the only ones that are
+going to matter to us.
+
+So that's plus.
+
+And that's minus.
+
+Gu, gu, gu, gu.
+
+That's plussed.
+
+And that's plussed.
+
+They're both voiced.
+
+Is that right?
+
+Dogu?
+
+Gu.
+
+Gu.
+
+Is g sound voiced?
+
+Yeah, I didn't think so.
+
+G sound is voiced?
+
+Look-- oh.
+
+Oh, it is voiced buy it's
+not a continuent.
+
+Just like that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Cat, dogu zz.
+
+Yeah.
+
+It is voiced.
+
+And it has to be for my
+example to work out.
+
+And that's minus, minus,
+minus, plus.
+
+So what we're interested in is,
+how come one word gets an
+
+s sound and how come the other
+words gets a z sound?
+
+Well, it's a pretty sparse
+space out there.
+
+We've already decided that
+there are 14,000 possible
+
+phonemes and there are only
+40 in the language.
+
+So that's one thing
+we can consider.
+
+The other thing that we can
+think is that, well, maybe
+
+this is a logical problem.
+
+Like the kind of problem
+you'd face if you
+
+were designing a computer.
+
+And so Sussman and Yip got
+stuck for three months
+
+thinking about the
+problem that way.
+
+Couldn't make any progress
+whatsoever.
+
+And that happens a lot when
+you're doing a search.
+
+You think you've got a way
+of approaching it.
+
+Try to make it work.
+
+You stay up all night.
+
+Stay up all night again.
+
+Still can't make it work.
+
+Eventually, you abandon ship
+and try something else.
+
+So then they began to say,
+well, let's see.
+
+All we care about is the stuff
+before the two ending sounds.
+
+We care about that part
+of the matrix.
+
+And we care about that
+part of the matrix.
+
+And we can ask, in what ways
+are those things different?
+
+And they're different
+all over the place.
+
+That's why they're
+different words.
+
+We can ask the question a
+little bit differently.
+
+And we can say, what can
+we not care about?
+
+And still retain enough of an
+understanding of how the words
+
+are different so as to put the
+proper plural ending on them.
+
+And they worried about
+that for a long time.
+
+Couldn't find a solution.
+
+The search space was too big.
+
+And then they said, maybe what
+we ought to do is we ought to
+
+think about generalizing this
+guy here so that we
+
+don't care about it.
+
+So now we don't care
+about that guy.
+
+And then he went down through
+here saying, well, let's see
+
+when we have to stop
+generalizing.
+
+Because we've screwed everything
+up and we can no
+
+longer keep the z sound
+words separated
+
+from the s sound words.
+
+So that eventually distilled
+itself down to
+
+the following algorithm.
+
+First thing they did was
+to collect positive
+
+and negative examples.
+
+And there's a positive example
+and a negative example.
+
+That's not enough
+to do it right.
+
+But that's enough to illustrate
+the idea.
+
+So the next thing they did was
+something that's extremely
+
+common in learning anything.
+
+And that is to pick a positive
+example to start from.
+
+It's actually not a bad idea in
+learning anything to start
+
+with a positive example.
+
+So they picked a positive
+example and they
+
+called that a seed.
+
+So in our particular case, cats
+is going to be our seed.
+
+And the question we're going to
+ask is, what are the words
+
+that get pluralized like cat?
+
+So we've got a positive
+and negative example.
+
+We've picked a seed.
+
+And now, the next step
+is to generalize.
+
+And what I mean by generalize is
+you pick some places in the
+
+phoneme matrix that you
+just don't care about.
+
+So you may pick a positive
+example.
+
+And you don't care about it.
+
+So you change it to an asterisk
+or, as demonstrated
+
+in the program I'm about
+show you, a ball.
+
+Or you pick one that's
+negative and you
+
+turn it to a ball.
+
+Bo.
+
+So cats, this seed,
+becomes a pattern.
+
+And in order to pluralize the
+word this way, you have to
+
+match all the stuff in here.
+
+But now what we're going to do
+is we're going to gradually
+
+turn some of those elements into
+don't care symbols until
+
+we get to a point where we've
+not cared about so much stuff
+
+that we think that we
+pluralize that one
+
+with an s sound too.
+
+So we keep generalizing until
+we cover, that is to say we
+
+admit or match, a negative
+example.
+
+So that's how it works.
+
+So we generalize like crazy.
+
+And as soon as we cover a
+negative example, we quit.
+
+Otherwise, we just go back up
+here and generalize some more.
+
+And now we've got to pick a
+search technique to decide
+
+which of these guys to actually
+generalize when.
+
+We could pick one at random.
+
+And they tried that.
+
+It didn't work.
+
+So what they decided is that the
+thing that influences the
+
+pluralization most is the
+adjacent phoneme.
+
+And if that isn't the thing that
+solves the problem, it'll
+
+be the one next to that.
+
+So in other words, the closer
+you are, the more likely you
+
+are to determine the outcome.
+
+So these guys over here are
+least likely to matter.
+
+And those are the ones that
+are generalized first.
+
+So if we do that,
+what happens?
+
+Looks like we're going to come
+in here and see that there's a
+
+big difference between the
+non-voiced t and the voiced g.
+
+But that's only a guess because
+I've only shown you a
+
+fraction of the 14 distinctive
+features that are involved.
+
+So I suppose you like to
+see a demonstration.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So there's our 14 features.
+
+And that's our seed there,
+sitting prominently in the
+
+display with pluses and minuses
+indicating the values
+
+of the distinctive features
+for all three
+
+of the phones involved.
+
+That funny left bracket
+isn't a mistake.
+
+That's just one convention for
+rendering the ah sound in cat.
+
+So it's pretty hard to tell from
+just that matrix what's
+
+going to be the determining
+feature that separates the
+
+positive examples from the
+negative examples.
+
+You notice that there
+are actually two
+
+examples down here.
+
+There's cat and duck.
+
+Is ducks got an s sound?
+
+Ducks?
+
+Yep.
+
+So dogs and ducks.
+
+They both get pluralized
+with an s sound.
+
+And then we have
+beach doesn't.
+
+That's beaches.
+
+Dog.
+
+We know that's a z.
+
+Gun.
+
+Gunz.
+
+So that's not in the group.
+
+So we can run this experiment.
+
+Now here we go.
+
+We're generalizing like crazy.
+
+Generalizing, generalizing,
+generalizing
+
+from left to right.
+
+So nothing in the first
+two columns matters.
+
+Now we get to the t.
+
+Wow.
+
+There it is.
+
+So it looks like you pluralize
+with a s sound.
+
+The sss.
+
+If, and only if, you're not
+voiced and you're not strident
+
+in the second to the last--
+
+in the last phone
+of the word that
+
+you're trying to pluralize.
+
+So that's one phonological
+rule that
+
+the system has learned.
+
+And guess what?
+
+It's the same rule
+that's found in
+
+phonological textbooks.
+
+So now we can try another
+experiment.
+
+So this time we're trying to
+deal with dog and gun.
+
+And our negatives are what was
+previously positive plus
+
+beach, which is still in there
+as a negative example.
+
+So let's see how
+that one works.
+
+Nothing matters except for the
+last column, the last phone.
+
+And now we find out that if the
+last sound is voiced, then
+
+the pluralization gets the z
+sound, a voiced determinator.
+
+And finally, just to
+deal with beaches.
+
+That's beach in it's funny
+phonetic spelling.
+
+So now, if the final sound in
+the word is strident, if its
+
+got this jetty sound--
+
+beach.
+
+Beach.
+
+Then it gets the ea sound.
+
+So let's go back to experiment
+number one.
+
+Because I want to point out one
+small thing about the way
+
+this works.
+
+You'll notice that it talks
+about coverage and excluded
+
+down here in the lower
+left-hand corner.
+
+Excluded, well, there are three
+negative examples, so
+
+they better all be excluded.
+
+You don't want to cover
+any of the negatives.
+
+But it says coverage,
+two and two.
+
+That's because it actually
+is doing--
+
+and now we have the vocabulary
+to say it quickly--
+
+it's doing a beam search
+through this space.
+
+So it's not just doing
+a depth first search.
+
+It's doing a beam search so as
+to reduce the possibility of
+
+overlooking a solution.
+
+So it says, oh, the coverage.
+
+Both of the beam search elements
+cover both of the
+
+positive examples.
+
+And they, in fact, have
+
+converged to the same solution.
+
+So that's how the Sussman
+and Yip thing worked.
+
+And then the next question
+to ask is, of
+
+course, why did it work?
+
+And so the answer,
+as articulated
+
+by Sussman and Yip--
+
+or rather more by Sussman.
+
+Or rather more by Yip and a
+little bit less by Sussman.
+
+Yip thinks that it worked
+because it's a sparse space.
+
+And when you have a high
+dimensional sparse space, it's
+
+easy to put a hyperplane into
+the space to separate one set
+
+of examples for another
+set of examples.
+
+So let's consider the
+following situation.
+
+Suppose we have a
+one-dimensional situation.
+
+And we have two white
+examples and we
+
+have two purple examples.
+
+Well, too bad for us you
+can't separate them.
+
+Now suppose that this is
+actually the projection of a
+
+two-dimensional space that
+looks like this.
+
+Here are the white examples
+down here.
+
+And here are the purple
+examples up here.
+
+Now it's easy to see that you
+can separate them with just a
+
+line that goes across
+like that.
+
+Now let's take this one more
+step and suppose that this is
+
+actually a projection of a
+three-dimensional space.
+
+It looks like this.
+
+This will be dimension one.
+
+This'll be two going
+back there.
+
+And this will be
+three up here.
+
+And suppose that the positive
+examples are right
+
+here on this line.
+
+Let's say this is-- well, we're
+gonna draw a little old
+
+cube like so.
+
+Those are purple examples
+that are up there.
+
+How many ways are there of
+partitioning the space along
+
+those axes?
+
+Well, now they're not
+even just two.
+
+They're three.
+
+So one way to separate the
+purple from the white is to
+
+draw a hyperplane-- or in this
+case it's a three dimension,
+
+so a plane--
+
+through here on the
+number three axis.
+
+You could also put a plane
+in on that axis.
+
+Or you could do both.
+
+So in one case your dividing
+line would be--
+
+let's see.
+
+On the first axis that
+would be 1/2.
+
+And then the don't care.
+
+Don't care.
+
+Another solution that
+would be don't care.
+
+And then we divide on the number
+2 axis with a plane at
+
+1/2 and don't care.
+
+Or we could do it with 1/2,
+1/2, and don't care.
+
+So the higher the dimension of
+the space, the easier it is
+
+sometimes to put in a plane
+that separates the data.
+
+That's why Sussman and Yip think
+that we use so little of
+
+possible phoneme space.
+
+Because it makes the
+thing learnable.
+
+That's one possibility.
+
+So one explanation for sparse
+space is learnability.
+
+There's another interesting
+possibility, and that is that
+
+if you have a sparse space, high
+dimensional space with 14
+
+dimensions, and if the 40 points
+of your language are
+
+spread evenly throughout
+that space--
+
+now let me say it
+the other way.
+
+If they are placed at random in
+that space, then according
+
+to the central limit theorem,
+then they'll be about equally
+
+distant from each other.
+
+So it ensures that the phonemes
+are easily separated
+
+when you speak.
+
+But if you go to ask a linguist
+if that's true, they
+
+don't know.
+
+Because they're not looking
+at it from a
+
+computational point of view.
+
+Well, we can look at it from a
+computational point of view.
+
+So I did that.
+
+After Sussman and Yip published
+their paper.
+
+And here's the result.
+
+This is a diagram that shows all
+of the phonemes that are
+
+separated by exactly one
+distinctive feature.
+
+So if you look over in this
+corner here, you'll see that
+
+the constants-- w and x--
+
+are separated by exactly one
+distinctive feature.
+
+So they're not exactly distant
+from each other in the space.
+
+On the other hand, they are
+pretty easy to separate
+
+relative to the vowels.
+
+Which are here in this
+part of the diagram.
+
+Which are all tangled up and
+the vowels are all close to
+
+each other.
+
+So guess what?
+
+Vowels are much harder to
+separate than constants.
+
+Not surprisingly, because there
+are many pairs of them
+
+that are different.
+
+And only one distinctive
+feature.
+
+All right.
+
+So now you back up and
+you say, well, gosh.
+
+That's all been sort
+of interesting.
+
+But what does it teach
+us about how to
+
+do science and stuff?
+
+And what it teaches us is--
+
+this is an example.
+
+Ow.
+
+This is an example which we can
+use to illuminate some of
+
+thoughts of David Marr, who
+I spoke of in a previous
+
+lecture, connection
+with vision.
+
+But here's Marr's catechism.
+
+I can't spell very well so I
+won't try to respell it.
+
+But this is Marr's catechism.
+
+So what Marr said is, when
+you're dealing with an AI
+
+problem, first thing to do is
+to specify the problem.
+
+Gee, that sounds
+awfully normal.
+
+The next thing is to devise
+a representation
+
+suited to the problem.
+
+The third thing to do,
+vocabulary varies, but it's
+
+something like determine
+an approach.
+
+Sometimes thought
+of as a method.
+
+And then four, pick a mechanism
+
+or devise an algorithm.
+
+And, finally, five,
+experiment.
+
+And of course, it never goes
+linearly like that.
+
+You start with the problem and
+then you go through a lot of
+
+loops up here.
+
+Sometimes even changing
+the problem.
+
+But that's just the scientific
+method, right?
+
+You start with the problem
+and you end up with the
+
+experiment.
+
+But that's not what people in
+AI, over the bulk of its
+
+existence, have tended to do.
+
+What they tended to do is to
+fall in love with particular
+
+mechanisms.
+
+And then they attempt
+to apply those
+
+mechanisms to every problem.
+
+So you might say, well, gee,
+neural nets are so cool.
+
+I think all of human
+intelligence can be explained
+
+with a suitable neural net.
+
+That's not the right
+way to do it.
+
+Because that's mechanism envy.
+
+You fall in love
+with mechanism.
+
+You try to apply it where it
+isn't the right thing.
+
+This is example starting with
+the problem and bringing to
+
+the problem the right
+representations, gosh,
+
+distinctive features.
+
+Once we've got the right
+representation, then the
+
+constraints emerge, which
+enable us to devise an
+
+approach, write an algorithm,
+and do an experiment.
+
+As they did.
+
+So this Sussman-Yip thing is an
+example of doing AI stuff
+
+in a way that's congruent with
+the Marr's catechism.
+
+Which I highly recommend.
+
+They could have come in here and
+said, well, we're devotees
+
+of the idea of neural nets.
+
+Let's see if we can make a
+machine that will properly
+
+pluralize words using
+a neural net.
+
+That's a loser.
+
+Because it doesn't match the
+problem to the mechanism.
+
+It tries to force fit the
+mechanism into some
+
+Procrustean bed where
+it doesn't
+
+actually work very well.
+
+So what this leaves open, of
+course, is the question of,
+
+well, what is a good
+representation?
+
+And here's the other half
+Marr's catechism.
+
+Characteristic number one
+is that it makes the
+
+right things explicit.
+
+So in this particular
+case, it makes
+
+distinctive features explicit.
+
+Another thing that Marr was
+noted for was stereo vision.
+
+So in that particular world,
+discontinuities in the image,
+
+when you go across an
+edge with the things
+
+that were made explicit.
+
+Once you've got to a
+representation that makes the
+
+right things explicit, you can
+say, does it also expose
+
+constraint?
+
+And if you have a representation
+that exposes
+
+constraint, then you're
+off and running.
+
+Because it's constraint that
+you need in order to do the
+
+processing that leads
+to a solution.
+
+So don't have the right
+representation.
+
+If it doesn't expose
+constraints, you're not going
+
+to be able to make a very
+good model out of it.
+
+And finally, there's a kind
+of localness criteria.
+
+If you have a representation in
+which you can see the right
+
+answer by looking at
+descriptions through soda
+
+straw, that's probably a better
+representation than one
+
+that's all spread out.
+
+It's true with programs,
+right?
+
+If you can see how they work
+by looking through a soda
+
+straw, you're in much better
+situation to understand
+
+something if you have to look
+here and there and on the next
+
+page and in the next file.
+
+So all this is basically
+common sense.
+
+But this is kind of common sense
+that makes you smarter
+
+as an engineer and scientist.
+
+Especially as a scientist
+because if you go into a
+
+problem with mechanism envy,
+you're apt to study mechanisms
+
+in a naive way and never reach
+a solution that will be
+
+satisfactory.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LQRPRIsCQkI.txt b/LQRPRIsCQkI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cec2a979e5b83f3dba928d49ac4c786379aa1960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LQRPRIsCQkI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12984 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we we study group theory not to admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we study group theory not to admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we study group theory not to admire
+group theory but to use it to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group theory but to use it to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group theory but to use it to make sense
+of spectra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectra and
+usually when it's taught it's taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when it's taught it's taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when it's taught it's taught
+as a separate and beautiful object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a separate and beautiful object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a separate and beautiful object and
+the the goal of trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the goal of trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the goal of trying to uh
+uh use it to ask the kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use it to ask the kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use it to ask the kinds of questions
+that we would want answers to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would want answers to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would want answers to as
+practicing spectroscopists is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing spectroscopists is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing spectroscopists is usually
+hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+what do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to
+ask we would like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask we would like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask we would like to know
+from how a spectrum appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how a spectrum appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how a spectrum appears
+what it tells us qualitatively about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it tells us qualitatively about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it tells us qualitatively about the
+molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and
+as much as possible i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible i'm going to be
+trying to address that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to address that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to address that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+creating a reducible representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a reducible representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a reducible representation
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+cartoon-like ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon-like ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon-like ideas
+and reducing it so that we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing it so that we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing it so that we can figure
+out what are the vibrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are the vibrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are the vibrations of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and then we find out what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find out what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find out what are their
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+and then we find out what will their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find out what will their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find out what will their
+spectra look like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra look like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra look like because
+a given vibrational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given vibrational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given vibrational symmetry
+implies a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a certain
+rotational structure in the spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational structure in the spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational structure in the spectrum and
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+beautiful examples in the literature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful examples in the literature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful examples in the literature of
+the use of this kind of logic to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of this kind of logic to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of this kind of logic to decide
+on the shape of a molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the shape of a molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the shape of a molecule and
+we will soon be starting talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will soon be starting talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will soon be starting talking
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in a case study way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a case study way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a case study way
+of electronic spectra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electronic spectra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electronic spectra and
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+most beautiful things that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most beautiful things that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most beautiful things that happened
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+60 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 years ago
+was the proof that acetylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the proof that acetylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the proof that acetylene
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+undergoes a qualitative change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a qualitative change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a qualitative change in
+geometric structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric structure
+upon excitation from the ground state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon excitation from the ground state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon excitation from the ground state to
+the electronically excited state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronically excited state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronically excited state and
+that this could be proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could be proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could be proven
+uh by the selective use of group theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the selective use of group theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the selective use of group theory
+a similar thing happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar thing happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar thing happens with
+formaldehyde although the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde although the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde although the change in
+structure is not so dramatic and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is not so dramatic and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is not so dramatic and it's
+more subtle and that is formaldehyde in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle and that is formaldehyde in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle and that is formaldehyde in
+the ground state is planar and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state is planar and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state is planar and in the
+excited state it's bent but the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state it's bent but the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state it's bent but the barrier
+to planarity is very low and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to planarity is very low and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to planarity is very low and so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uses group theory to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses group theory to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses group theory to look at the
+spectrum and you see two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and you see two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and you see two different
+answers depending on whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers depending on whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers depending on whether you're
+looking at low vibrational levels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at low vibrational levels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at low vibrational levels or
+higher vibrational levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hope that i will be able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that i will be able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that i will be able to give
+enough tools so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough tools so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough tools so that you can
+you can see how we get the qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how we get the qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how we get the qualitative
+information quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information quickly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here is a character table and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a character table and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a character table and the reason
+i chose d3h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chose d3h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i chose d3h is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+c2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2v
+and everybody can do c2v and there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody can do c2v and there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody can do c2v and there isn't
+much there and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much there and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much there and this is one of the
+smallest group that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest group that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest group that has
+degenerate representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate representations
+and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's
+degenerate representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate representation
+well uh you can see how well prepared i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh you can see how well prepared i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh you can see how well prepared i
+am so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am so um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+illustrate as much of the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate as much of the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate as much of the complexity of
+group theory as i would hope we'd need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group theory as i would hope we'd need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group theory as i would hope we'd need
+now so we have a character table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we have a character table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we have a character table
+and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+the irreducible representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irreducible representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irreducible representations
+and the first thing to notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing to notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing to notice is that
+the symmetry operations are arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry operations are arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry operations are arranged
+according to classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to classes
+i told you what a class is and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you what a class is and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you what a class is and how to
+find all the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the uh
+members of a class but you can um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of a class but you can um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of a class but you can um yeah
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so there's one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one two three four five six
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+and these are the irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the irreducible
+representations and there's six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and there's six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and there's six of them
+the character tables are always square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character tables are always square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character tables are always square
+when they're arranged according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're arranged according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're arranged according to
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+there's the same number of classes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same number of classes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same number of classes as
+there are reducible representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+irreducible representations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations the
+characters for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters for them
+are like a set of normalize well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like a set of normalize well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like a set of normalize well not
+they're not normalized here but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not normalized here but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not normalized here but they're
+like uh they're orthogonal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh they're orthogonal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh they're orthogonal vectors
+and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are
+normalizable in the sense that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable in the sense that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable in the sense that if you
+recognize that each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that each element
+appears the number of times that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears the number of times that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears the number of times that there
+are members in a class and you divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are members in a class and you divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are members in a class and you divide by
+the order of the group then they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the group then they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the group then they are
+normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can always
+generate a character table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a character table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a character table
+by knowing the dimension of the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually what you would do is you'd find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what you would do is you'd find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what you would do is you'd find
+out how many classes there are and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many classes there are and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many classes there are and then
+you say okay i need six i need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay i need six i need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay i need six i need that
+number of irreducible representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of irreducible representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of irreducible representations
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+it doesn't take much to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't take much to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't take much to recognize that
+you're going to have uh two the doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have uh two the doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have uh two the doubly
+degenerate representation so you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate representation so you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate representation so you and and
+you start with the totally symmetric guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with the totally symmetric guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with the totally symmetric guy
+and you write as many orthogonal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write as many orthogonal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write as many orthogonal vectors
+as you can knowing some rules and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can knowing some rules and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can knowing some rules and you
+could generate this and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate this and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate this and then after
+you've done that you say oh well now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you say oh well now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you say oh well now how
+do i put the different labels on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i put the different labels on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i put the different labels on these
+things what are the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what are the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what are the characteristic
+features that are associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are associated with each
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i thought i knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought i knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought i knew that
+until i discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until i discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until i discovered that
+my rule about c is sigma v was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rule about c is sigma v was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rule about c is sigma v was wrong
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+i mean you don't need to generate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you don't need to generate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you don't need to generate all of
+these uh characters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh characters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh characters because
+unless you're on a desert island and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're on a desert island and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're on a desert island and you
+don't have a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a book
+uh the character tables are ubiquitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the character tables are ubiquitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the character tables are ubiquitous
+they're all they're everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they're everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they're everywhere and
+so mostly what we want to do is know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mostly what we want to do is know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mostly what we want to do is know how
+to use these things okay the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these things okay the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these things okay the character
+tables are dressed up with extra symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables are dressed up with extra symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables are dressed up with extra symbols
+in the columns on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the columns on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the columns on the
+right and more over here and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and more over here and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and more over here and these are
+what you need for describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need for describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need for describing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+selection rules for electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules for electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules for electric dipole
+transitions and the thing that i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and the thing that i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and the thing that i didn't
+put over here are for raman transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put over here are for raman transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put over here are for raman transitions
+these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also
+uh things the uh x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things the uh x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things the uh x y and z
+tell you about p orbitals these tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about p orbitals these tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about p orbitals these tell you
+about d orbitals so there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about d orbitals so there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about d orbitals so there's all sorts of
+things that you can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can use these
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+tables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables for
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of the first things we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things we want to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+i mean suppose someone gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean suppose someone gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean suppose someone gives you a
+character table like this without these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character table like this without these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character table like this without these
+things uh to discover how rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh to discover how rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh to discover how rotations and
+translations what what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations what what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations what what do they
+correspond what character what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond what character what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond what character what
+irreducible representations do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations do they
+correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+so you always want to draw a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you always want to draw a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you always want to draw a cartoon
+and you want to know how to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know how to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know how to use these
+cartoons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and
+this is true for cnpi group theory as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for cnpi group theory as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for cnpi group theory as
+well as point group theory and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as point group theory and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as point group theory and there are
+some very beautiful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very beautiful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very beautiful uh
+cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons
+for classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things according to irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things according to irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things according to irreducible
+representation in bunker and jensen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in bunker and jensen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in bunker and jensen
+but i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i mean
+suppose we have an axis system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an axis system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an axis system
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to
+so here we have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a vector
+pointing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the
+in the z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so we'd like to know what the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to know what the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to know what the various
+symmetry operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry operations
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+to a vector pointing in the z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vector pointing in the z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vector pointing in the z direction
+and so the first thing is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first thing is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first thing is the identity
+operation leaves it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation leaves it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation leaves it alone
+a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+about the the z-axis leaves it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's still pointing i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still pointing i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still pointing i mean
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the issue would be is it pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue would be is it pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue would be is it pointing
+this way that way or this way and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that way or this way and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that way or this way and so
+that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+all right so c2 perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so c2 perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so c2 perpendicular to the
+symmetry axis well that turns it over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis well that turns it over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis well that turns it over so
+it's -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sigma h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma h
+well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+that's a reflection in this plane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflection in this plane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflection in this plane that
+turns it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns it over
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+s3 well that leaves it alone for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s3 well that leaves it alone for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s3 well that leaves it alone for the
+rotation part and turns it over for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation part and turns it over for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation part and turns it over for the
+other part and sigma v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part and sigma v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part and sigma v
+that's a reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflection
+in a plane containing the z-axis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a plane containing the z-axis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a plane containing the z-axis that
+leaves it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves it alone
+so here are the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the six
+things that happens to a translation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens to a translation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens to a translation in
+the z-direction and so we look for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-direction and so we look for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-direction and so we look for an
+irreducible representation that behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation that behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation that behaves
+that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and
+it's not that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that one
+it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be
+on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one
+this one a2 double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one a2 double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one a2 double prime
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so i suggest that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i suggest that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i suggest that you
+do the same thing for a vector pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for a vector pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for a vector pointing
+in that direction and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction and see
+how that behaves and what you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that behaves and what you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that behaves and what you end up
+discovering is if you have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering is if you have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering is if you have a vector
+pointing in the x direction it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the x direction it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the x direction it gets
+mixed with a vector pointing in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with a vector pointing in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with a vector pointing in the y
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you find that x y together behave as e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that x y together behave as e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that x y together behave as e
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then there's rotations suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then there's rotations suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then there's rotations suppose we
+have a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rotation
+about the z axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the z axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the z axis
+and now we ask well what do the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we ask well what do the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we ask well what do the various
+symmetry operations do to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry operations do to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry operations do to that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation
+the identity is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity is nothing
+c3 does nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3 does nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3 does nothing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+well that's going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to uh
+take now this is harder for hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now this is harder for hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now this is harder for hard for me
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it reverses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it reverses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it reverses it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to practice a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to practice a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to practice a little bit so
+you do this and you discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this and you discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this and you discover that the
+rotation about the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the z-axis
+belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to
+a2 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+uh dress up the character table with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dress up the character table with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dress up the character table with
+these symbols which are useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols which are useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols which are useful for
+telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules
+um and we'll see how that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll see how that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll see how that works out
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of the things you're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you're going to want
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+compute the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the character
+of a direct product of two characters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a direct product of two characters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a direct product of two characters so
+we have a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a character
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you just multiply element by element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just multiply element by element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just multiply element by element
+and get a new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a new vector
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so for example if we did e prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if we did e prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if we did e prime
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+uh e double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e double prime
+what are we going to get well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to get well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to get well we're
+going to get 4 in the first position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 4 in the first position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 4 in the first position
+and then lots of other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lots of other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lots of other stuff
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one of the things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you know
+is that prime times double prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that prime times double prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that prime times double prime is
+double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+and 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so there are a lot of things a times b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of things a times b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of things a times b
+is b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b and
+g times u is u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g times u is u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g times u is u and
+so uh you know immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know immediately
+that this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be
+is going to consist of nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to consist of nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to consist of nothing but
+irreducible representations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations that are
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you do this out and you get 4 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this out and you get 4 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this out and you get 4 1 0
+minus 4 minus 1 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 minus 1 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 minus 1 0.
+okay so now we've taken a a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've taken a a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've taken a a direct
+product of two e representations and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two e representations and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two e representations and we
+have something that has four in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that has four in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that has four in the
+first position this is re reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first position this is re reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first position this is re reducible
+because the highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the highest order
+uh irreducible representations are order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh irreducible representations are order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh irreducible representations are order
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know
+that we have to take this apart into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to take this apart into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to take this apart into
+different irreducible representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different irreducible representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different irreducible representations
+and what do we do well we ask well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we do well we ask well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we do well we ask well how
+does this vector project or how do each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this vector project or how do each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this vector project or how do each
+of these vectors project on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vectors project on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vectors project on this
+and again this is where you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is where you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is where you make the
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+you have to remember that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember that we're
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+we're describing vectors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're describing vectors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're describing vectors that are
+associated with one thing for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with one thing for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with one thing for each
+symmetry operation but we've condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry operation but we've condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry operation but we've condensed
+them according to classes and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them according to classes and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them according to classes and so when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+when you attempt to reduce this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you attempt to reduce this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you attempt to reduce this you have
+to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the uh by the number of elements in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh by the number of elements in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh by the number of elements in a
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i've done the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done the reduction
+and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+you discover that this gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that this gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that this gives rise to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+i can't even read what's in my notes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't even read what's in my notes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't even read what's in my notes is
+that a prime or a double prime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a prime or a double prime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a prime or a double prime that
+looks like a double prime it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a double prime it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a double prime it has to be
+though if i said it was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if i said it was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if i said it was going to be
+double prime e double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime e double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime e double prime
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+one double prime and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one double prime and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one double prime and a
+two double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two double prime
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i mean one way to do this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean one way to do this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean one way to do this is you
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+this reducible character by each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reducible character by each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reducible character by each of
+these but if you have some shortcuts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but if you have some shortcuts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but if you have some shortcuts you
+don't have to do each of them you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do each of them you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do each of them you just
+do the ones that you think are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ones that you think are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ones that you think are going to
+be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+this didn't require six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't require six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't require six
+uh direct products you could have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct products you could have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct products you could have gotten
+it very quickly just with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very quickly just with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very quickly just with three
+and in fact you could have gotten a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you could have gotten a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you could have gotten a two
+because then you would know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you would know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you would know whether
+there's something left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something left over
+so anyway this is this is the main thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway this is this is the main thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway this is this is the main thing
+you get a reducible representation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a reducible representation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a reducible representation you
+and you reduce it and they're all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you reduce it and they're all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you reduce it and they're all it
+happens again and again in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens again and again in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens again and again in various
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+this is one of the things that i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the things that i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the things that i really
+love about group theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love about group theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love about group theory
+dressing up a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing up a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing up a molecule
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that represent
+the internal coordinates or anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates or anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates or anything you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+and finding which irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding which irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding which irreducible
+representations do the things you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations do the things you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations do the things you picked
+out span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out span
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you can you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can be
+so suppose we have a molecule which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a molecule which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a molecule which is a
+d3h molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3h molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3h molecule
+that's planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's planar
+and symmetric and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symmetric and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symmetric and so
+boron trichloride is the the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron trichloride is the the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron trichloride is the the molecule
+that everybody talks about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody talks about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody talks about but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+co3 double minus is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co3 double minus is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co3 double minus is the same thing
+any you know there's there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know there's there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know there's there's a bunch of
+these molecules and so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules and so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules and so one of the things
+you can do is attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is attach
+x y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y z
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+to each of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the atoms
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+we have four atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four atoms
+so we have four times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have four times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have four times three
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+cartesian coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian coordinates
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to get a 12 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a 12 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a 12 dimensional
+irreducible representation reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation reducible
+representation by just uh applying each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation by just uh applying each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation by just uh applying each
+of the symmetry operations to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symmetry operations to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symmetry operations to these
+cartesian coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian coordinates
+and so you got 12 coordinates and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you got 12 coordinates and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you got 12 coordinates and you do
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+uh you ask well how many have been you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ask well how many have been you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ask well how many have been you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+everything is left alone the the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is left alone the the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is left alone the the matrix
+that did that was a matrix which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that was a matrix which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did that was a matrix which has
+ones along the diagonal and the trace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones along the diagonal and the trace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones along the diagonal and the trace is
+12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the next thing is c3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is c3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is c3
+and c3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c3
+perpendicular to the plane permutes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane permutes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane permutes the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the end atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end atoms
+and so you don't care about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't care about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't care about that
+so this is so easy you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so easy you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so easy you know you you
+the only thing you worry about is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you worry about is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you worry about is what
+happens when you do a c3 for the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you do a c3 for the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you do a c3 for the atom
+that the c3 axis goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the c3 axis goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the c3 axis goes through
+and there's a little trigonometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little trigonometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little trigonometry
+involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and
+you discover that that has a trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that that has a trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that that has a trace of
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh c2 perpendicular uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh c2 perpendicular uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh c2 perpendicular uh and
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's three perpendicular c2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's three perpendicular c2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's three perpendicular c2s
+and so those are a c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are a c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are a c2
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that contains each of the atoms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains each of the atoms these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains each of the atoms these
+are permuted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are permuted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are permuted
+and so they're gone and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're gone and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're gone and now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+what happens when you rotate about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you rotate about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you rotate about this
+axis is you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is you take
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you leave one of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave one of the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave one of the coordinates
+alone and you reverse the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and you reverse the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and you reverse the direction of
+the other two and so the trace for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two and so the trace for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two and so the trace for each
+of these is minus one and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is minus one and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is minus one and so we have
+minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so sigma h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sigma h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sigma h
+sigma h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma h
+everybody is involved nobody gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is involved nobody gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is involved nobody gets it
+goes away but two of the axes are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away but two of the axes are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away but two of the axes are in the
+plane and one is perpendicular and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and one is perpendicular and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and one is perpendicular and so
+two minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus one
+for each atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each atom
+2 minus 1 times 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus 1 times 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus 1 times 4
+is 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+so you you generate this reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you generate this reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you generate this reducible
+representation that contains everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that contains everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that contains everything
+that this molecule can do which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this molecule can do which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this molecule can do which will be
+three n minus six vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three n minus six vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three n minus six vibrations
+three translations and three rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we got three translations and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we got three translations and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we got three translations and three
+rotations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations here
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+what we do is we reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we reduce this
+and that gives us all of the reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us all of the reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us all of the reducible
+irreducible representation spanned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation spanned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation spanned by
+this cartesian representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartesian representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartesian representation
+and then we remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we remove
+uh the ones that we have to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ones that we have to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ones that we have to because
+those aren't vibrations and we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't vibrations and we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't vibrations and we're left
+with something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else
+so we can determine very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can determine very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can determine very quickly
+that the vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 e prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 e prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 e prime
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a
+2 double prime okay that's four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 double prime okay that's four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 double prime okay that's four five six
+the right number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number of
+uh degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh degrees of freedom
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this d3h molecule gives rise to a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d3h molecule gives rise to a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d3h molecule gives rise to a total
+of four normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four normal modes
+degeneracy is is six the but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy is is six the but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy is is six the but they're
+only four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four
+and not uh not six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not uh not six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not uh not six
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+it might be a useful question to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a useful question to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a useful question to ask
+well can we distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can we distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can we distinguish between
+stretches and bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and bends
+or can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can we
+divide this up in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this up in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this up in some
+useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way
+so we could take a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could take a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could take a different
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+and just say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say okay
+what about that what about the stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about that what about the stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about that what about the stretches
+and what does the group theory do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the group theory do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the group theory do for
+this three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three-dimensional
+reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible
+representation what did you do with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation what did you do with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation what did you do with your
+razor i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor i
+i took away the cartesian axes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took away the cartesian axes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took away the cartesian axes and
+instead of having 12 things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having 12 things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having 12 things that were
+we're messing with now we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're messing with now we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're messing with now we have three
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+or i could also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these are not linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not linearly independent
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+that they can't all increase that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't all increase that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't all increase that would
+be the totally symmetric representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the totally symmetric representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the totally symmetric representation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know that they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're two
+linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent
+uh things you can do with the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things you can do with the angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things you can do with the angles
+so but it's much more convenient to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's much more convenient to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's much more convenient to use
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and so you get you get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get three
+uh a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a total
+you you have a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a three-dimensional
+reducible representation and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible representation and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible representation and you take
+away a1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a1 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a1 prime
+and that tells you about the in-plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells you about the in-plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells you about the in-plane
+bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends
+you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also
+take a representation where here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a representation where here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a representation where here's the
+plane of the molecule and we just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of the molecule and we just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of the molecule and we just put a
+uh z the z axis through the center atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh z the z axis through the center atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh z the z axis through the center atom
+one dimensional and we ask well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional and we ask well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional and we ask well what is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that'll be the outer plane bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the outer plane bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the outer plane bend
+and that'll correspond to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll correspond to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll correspond to one of the
+irreducible representation so as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation so as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation so as long as
+if you can draw a cartoon-like object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can draw a cartoon-like object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can draw a cartoon-like object
+that enables you to sort the vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to sort the vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to sort the vibrations
+you can begin to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin to discover
+what is in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in each of these
+normal modes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes now
+when you have only one of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have only one of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have only one of a particular
+symmetry species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry species
+you can be pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be pretty sure
+that there is a unique conclusion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a unique conclusion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a unique conclusion about
+what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is
+that you can get from these cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from these cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from these cartoons
+when there's more than one of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's more than one of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's more than one of a
+particular species it tells you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular species it tells you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular species it tells you it's
+pretty likely that there won't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty likely that there won't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty likely that there won't be a
+segregation of stretches and bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is beautiful because you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beautiful because you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beautiful because you didn't do
+anything we didn't solve the gf matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we didn't solve the gf matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we didn't solve the gf matrix
+problem we don't know what the s vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't know what the s vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't know what the s vectors
+are yet we we know what are the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yet we we know what are the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yet we we know what are the allowed
+symmetries of all of the vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries of all of the vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries of all of the vibrations
+and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know
+whether some of them are pure stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some of them are pure stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some of them are pure stretches
+and some of them are pure bends and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are pure bends and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are pure bends and even
+qualitatively what kind of bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively what kind of bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively what kind of bends
+and you don't have to do anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to do anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to do anything you
+don't have to be careful to avoid an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be careful to avoid an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be careful to avoid an
+over complete cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over complete cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over complete cartoon
+because you can very quickly project out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can very quickly project out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can very quickly project out
+the piece that that was uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that that was uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that that was uh was
+associated with being over complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with being over complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with being over complete
+it's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so once we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once we have uh
+sorted things out i mean in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted things out i mean in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted things out i mean in this case we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a one prime is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one prime is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one prime is a pure
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+stretch well that's pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch well that's pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch well that's pretty obvious
+because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+a symmetric stretch you can look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric stretch you can look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric stretch you can look at that
+you could say well it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say well it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say well it's got to be
+totally symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric and
+what's harder to say is well that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's harder to say is well that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's harder to say is well that's all
+it could be that there's nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that there's nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that there's nothing else
+but there's only one of them and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only one of them and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only one of them and so it
+had damn well better be the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had damn well better be the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had damn well better be the symmetric
+stretch and then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and then uh the
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+double prime is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime is a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime is a pure
+outer plane bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the two e prime representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two e prime representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two e prime representations
+are mixtures of stretches and bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixtures of stretches and bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixtures of stretches and bends
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one of the nice things about them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nice things about them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nice things about them is
+when you have a doubly degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a doubly degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a doubly degenerate
+representation you can often draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can often draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can often draw a
+picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that
+that suggests the molecule is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests the molecule is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests the molecule is doing
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+an angular momentum so here's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angular momentum so here's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angular momentum so here's a picture
+and what i've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i've done
+is i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i've
+made one of the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one of the angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one of the angles
+small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and
+now i'm going to draw the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to draw the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to draw the same
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+except that now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that now i'm going to
+make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+and then another picture that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another picture that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another picture that makes
+this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle
+small i may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small i may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small i may
+so what you have is a a distortion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have is a a distortion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have is a a distortion of
+the structure that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure that looks like
+it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating
+that's called pseudorotation and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called pseudorotation and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called pseudorotation and you can
+do the same sort of thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same sort of thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same sort of thing with the
+stretches you can say okay i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches you can say okay i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches you can say okay i've got a
+stretch where i've elongated this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch where i've elongated this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch where i've elongated this guy
+and then the next cartoon i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next cartoon i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next cartoon i've got a
+stretch where i've elongated that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch where i've elongated that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch where i've elongated that guy
+and then the next one i've got a stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one i've got a stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one i've got a stretch
+where i've elongated this guy so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've elongated this guy so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've elongated this guy so it
+looks like the molecule is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the molecule is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the molecule is rotating
+again and you can go in both senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you can go in both senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you can go in both senses
+that's why it's a doubly degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a doubly degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a doubly degenerate
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+so you have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a kind of
+vibrational angular momentum which isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational angular momentum which isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational angular momentum which isn't
+an angular momentum and there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angular momentum and there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angular momentum and there's two
+senses and so those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses and so those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses and so those are called
+pseudo-rotation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-rotation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-rotation and that's
+uh an interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you can mix them together too but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can mix them together too but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can mix them together too but i
+mean just have these two pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just have these two pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just have these two pictures you
+can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+first this one then this one than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this one then this one than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this one then this one than that
+one or you could have uh first this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or you could have uh first this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or you could have uh first this one
+and then somebody that's distorted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somebody that's distorted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somebody that's distorted in
+that direction so you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction so you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction so you can have the
+distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around
+this way or you can have the distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or you can have the distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or you can have the distortion
+going around that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around that way
+couldn't you also have one distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you also have one distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you also have one distortion
+going in one direction and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in one direction and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in one direction and another
+distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+going in another direction sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in another direction sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in another direction sure you can
+have any linear com you have a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any linear com you have a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any linear com you have a double
+you can take any linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take any linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take any linear combination of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that
+often when there are these pictures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when there are these pictures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when there are these pictures that
+say okay there's a distortion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay there's a distortion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay there's a distortion that's
+moving around the molecule without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around the molecule without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around the molecule without the
+molecule rotating it's like an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule rotating it's like an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule rotating it's like an angular
+momentum and you you use ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you you use ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you you use ideas of
+angular momentum to get splittings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum to get splittings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum to get splittings in
+the spectrum that's a little bit beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum that's a little bit beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum that's a little bit beyond
+my pay grade right now because i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pay grade right now because i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pay grade right now because i don't
+understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+well enough to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough to lecture
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+we have determined the irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have determined the irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have determined the irreducible
+representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+and now what we want to do is find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we want to do is find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we want to do is find out
+well what's the spect what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the spect what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the spect what are the
+spectra going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra going to look like
+can we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we tell
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+this molecule bcl3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule bcl3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule bcl3
+is planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is planar
+or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if it's planar it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's planar it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's planar it's obviously
+an oblate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oblate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oblate top
+if it's distorted from planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's distorted from planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's distorted from planar
+it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate
+or prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prolate
+but so we have d3h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have d3h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have d3h
+and then we have c3v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have c3v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have c3v
+oblate or prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate or prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate or prolate
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are
+lower symmetry still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower symmetry still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower symmetry still
+and so what you often do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you often do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you often do when
+you don't know what the symmetry of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what the symmetry of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what the symmetry of a
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+will be is you say okay there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be is you say okay there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be is you say okay there are
+reasonable there's a reasonable sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable there's a reasonable sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable there's a reasonable sequence
+of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities
+and i do the group theory for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do the group theory for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do the group theory for each of
+them and i look for features in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and i look for features in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and i look for features in the
+group theory that will say this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group theory that will say this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group theory that will say this is where
+i can tell the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can tell from the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell from the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell from the spectrum
+what which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which
+point group the molecule belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's that's kind of neat and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that's kind of neat and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that's kind of neat and uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i wish i could do this smoothly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish i could do this smoothly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish i could do this smoothly and
+cleanly to impress you with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly to impress you with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly to impress you with how
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+informative it is but let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative it is but let's see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative it is but let's see what we
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the thing that makes transitions occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that makes transitions occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that makes transitions occur
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+is the dipole moment function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dipole moment function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dipole moment function
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this dipole moment is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dipole moment is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dipole moment is a function of the
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector
+and we can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components
+where we classify the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we classify the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we classify the components
+according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+inertial axis system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial axis system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial axis system
+okay and so we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this vector and we're resolving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector and we're resolving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector and we're resolving it
+according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+three principle axis components these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three principle axis components these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three principle axis components these
+are unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unit vectors
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so we have the equilibrium geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the equilibrium geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the equilibrium geometry
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the a component of the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a component of the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a component of the equilibrium
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have the first term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the first term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the first term in the
+power series expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluated equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated equilibrium
+et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera
+okay and so these are the permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so these are the permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so these are the permanent
+dipole moments along the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moments along the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moments along the uh the
+principle axis system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle axis system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle axis system
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for this molecule you know at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this molecule you know at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this molecule you know at least
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in d3h you know that all of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in d3h you know that all of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in d3h you know that all of those are
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+these are the things that gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that gives rise to
+a pure rotation spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if the various geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will have some non-zero permanent type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some non-zero permanent type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some non-zero permanent type
+of moments one can resolve the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moments one can resolve the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moments one can resolve the question
+simply by looking at the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by looking at the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by looking at the rotational
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+but usually the interesting stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually the interesting stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually the interesting stuff and
+there's much more information coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much more information coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much more information coming
+from the vibrational spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vibrational spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vibrational spectrum
+so these are controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are controlling the
+intensities of the vibrational spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of the vibrational spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of the vibrational spectrum
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+so what is this this is some this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this this is some this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this this is some this m
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the the result of an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the result of an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the result of an integral
+or this partial derivative of m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this partial derivative of m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this partial derivative of m is the
+result of an electronic integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of an electronic integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of an electronic integral so
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+know that this quantity partial m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abc
+dqi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dqi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dqi
+is an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integral
+that contains the partial derivative q i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains the partial derivative q i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains the partial derivative q i
+it contains psi star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains psi star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains psi star
+the jth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jth
+electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a b or c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b or c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b or c
+and psi star psi j d tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psi star psi j d tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psi star psi j d tau
+so we want this integral to be non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want this integral to be non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want this integral to be non-zero
+now this is a vibrational spectrum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a vibrational spectrum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a vibrational spectrum so
+the electronic wave function is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic wave function is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic wave function is the same
+we we use the so this is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we use the so this is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we use the so this is automatically
+totally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric
+this has the symmetry of the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the symmetry of the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the symmetry of the i
+normal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal coordinate
+and this has the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has the symmetry
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+our x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our x
+r y or rz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r y or rz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r y or rz
+but we have to make a correspondence x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to make a correspondence x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to make a correspondence x y
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that correspondence you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that correspondence you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that correspondence you know
+there are often many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are often many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are often many different
+or several different geometric forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or several different geometric forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or several different geometric forms
+that are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent with
+a particular point group and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point group and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point group and so
+you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+worry about how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about how does
+how do the cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the cartesian
+coordinates in which in terms of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in which in terms of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in which in terms of which
+the point group is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point group is expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point group is expressed
+how do they map onto the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they map onto the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they map onto the principal
+inertial components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+josh are you in the middle of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+josh are you in the middle of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+josh are you in the middle of that
+integral there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you said those maps to rx r y r z do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said those maps to rx r y r z do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said those maps to rx r y r z do you
+really mean x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean x y and z
+these are rotations i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are rotations i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are rotations i i
+i haven't i haven't thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't i haven't thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't i haven't thought about this
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+fighting detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting detail
+for 12 years it was my impression that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 years it was my impression that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 years it was my impression that i
+want rx ry and rz here but i might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want rx ry and rz here but i might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want rx ry and rz here but i might be
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a good question i can't answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good question i can't answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good question i can't answer
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want
+is since these have the same belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since these have the same belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since these have the same belong to
+the same irreducible representation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same irreducible representation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same irreducible representation we
+in order for this integral to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this integral to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this integral to be
+non-zero we want the normal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+whatever symmetry species these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever symmetry species these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever symmetry species these are
+supposed to refer to to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to refer to to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to refer to to be the same
+and uh so let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let's think about this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's x y and z
+it is x y and z so this then tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is x y and z so this then tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is x y and z so this then tells us
+which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these
+survives and that determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives and that determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives and that determines the
+rotational structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational structure
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i stared at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stared at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stared at this
+a long time last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time last night
+and i thought i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought i
+i had it but that was the one thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had it but that was the one thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had it but that was the one thing okay
+so we're we're okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're okay so now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivative with respect to q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to q
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+that's the same uh symmetry species as q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same uh symmetry species as q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same uh symmetry species as q
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+we then look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then look at the
+transition moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the three possibilities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three possibilities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three possibilities for the
+transition moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+the normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal mode
+the normal coordinate here has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal coordinate here has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal coordinate here has to
+correspond to one of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to one of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to one of these three
+and those that then determines what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those that then determines what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those that then determines what are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what are the allowed transitions and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the allowed transitions and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the allowed transitions and how
+does their rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does their rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does their rotational
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+uh behave so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh behave so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh behave so we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have e prime twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have e prime twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have e prime twice
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+no symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no symbol
+opposite a1 prime and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite a1 prime and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite a1 prime and so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fundamental for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental for this
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+is a transition between a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transition between a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transition between a totally
+symmetric level and another totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric level and another totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric level and another totally
+symmetric level and there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric level and there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric level and there is no
+x y or z opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y or z opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y or z opposite
+that corresponds to totally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to totally symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to totally symmetric
+so this guy this mode is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy this mode is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy this mode is not going to
+appear in the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a two double prime that's z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that is going to appear and e prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to appear and e prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to appear and e prime
+e prime is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e prime is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e prime is here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have in the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the spectrum
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+one normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one normal mode
+that's going to be z polarized or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be z polarized or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be z polarized or is
+going to have a rotational structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a rotational structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a rotational structure
+that's associated with a z dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with a z dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with a z dipole
+a z changing dipole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z changing dipole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z changing dipole and
+and two doubly degenerate vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two doubly degenerate vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two doubly degenerate vibrations
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+be associated with these perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with these perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with these perpendicular
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+c-axis is the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+for a symmetric top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a symmetric top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a symmetric top
+which is oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oblate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oblate
+the symmetry axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry axis
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so that that's the highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's the highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's the highest order
+rotation and that's going to be the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and that's going to be the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and that's going to be the c
+inertial axis for for a prolate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial axis for for a prolate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial axis for for a prolate top
+the symmetry axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry axis
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the a axis and that would be z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a axis and that would be z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a axis and that would be z
+okay but we don't have a prolate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we don't have a prolate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we don't have a prolate top
+here it's fairly hard to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's fairly hard to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's fairly hard to make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+have a shape that looks like a prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shape that looks like a prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shape that looks like a prolate
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+c is equal to z and it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is equal to z and it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is equal to z and it doesn't matter
+whether x is a or x is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether x is a or x is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether x is a or x is b
+and in many cases because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases because
+this is a doubly degenerate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a doubly degenerate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a doubly degenerate group
+doubly degenerate irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly degenerate irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly degenerate irreducible
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+there's almost always a problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost always a problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost always a problem about
+ambiguity about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what do x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do x and y
+correspond to and the only cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to and the only cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to and the only cases in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+you have problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have problems
+is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have
+b1 and b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and b2
+irreducible representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations
+and that happens in c2v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that happens in c2v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that happens in c2v and
+there needs to be a convention about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be a convention about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be a convention about
+which is going to be x and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be x and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be x and which is
+going to be y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be y
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i believe x is out of the plane of a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe x is out of the plane of a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe x is out of the plane of a or
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and uh but that there there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but that there there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but that there there is an
+agreement on that and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on that and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on that and i
+uh and i always forget it i used to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i always forget it i used to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i always forget it i used to not
+forget i'm too old to remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget i'm too old to remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget i'm too old to remember these
+things yes i have a question yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yes i have a question yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yes i have a question yes um
+why do you use the molecule fixed axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you use the molecule fixed axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you use the molecule fixed axes
+instead of the lattice axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i guess the dipole moment is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess the dipole moment is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess the dipole moment is in a
+particular direction in the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction in the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction in the molecule
+that's correct and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct and so
+you know once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rotations
+rotate rotational wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate rotational wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate rotational wave functions are
+really the transformation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the transformation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the transformation between the
+laboratory and the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and the body
+and so the information once we specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the information once we specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the information once we specify
+where the dipole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dipole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dipole is
+in the laboratory in the molecule then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory in the molecule then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory in the molecule then
+uh the rotational selection rules give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rotational selection rules give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rotational selection rules give a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tell us about the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about the relationship between
+the laboratory and the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory and the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory and the body
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now uh we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we don't care about
+the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization
+along the x y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x y and z
+axes in the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes in the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes in the laboratory
+but we do care about how the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do care about how the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do care about how the transition
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+body frame it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body frame it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body frame it was
+yes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so
+it's a good question but i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question but i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question but i think that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think i've answered it in a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i've answered it in a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i've answered it in a fairly
+primitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive way
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for d3h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for d3h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for d3h
+we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four
+modes three of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes three of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes three of which
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+infrared active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared active
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i had filled out this table i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had filled out this table i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had filled out this table i think
+we would have found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have found that
+the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+is raman active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raman active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raman active
+and there is a general rule about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a general rule about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a general rule about uh
+complementarity or there is a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity or there is a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity or there is a rule
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in certain symmetry species if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain symmetry species if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain symmetry species if it's
+and i better not say i i don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i better not say i i don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i better not say i i don't know uh
+but often you get if there's a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often you get if there's a mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often you get if there's a mode
+that's forbidden infrared uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forbidden infrared uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forbidden infrared uh
+chances are it will be allowed rama but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it will be allowed rama but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it will be allowed rama but
+even so i mean if you have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so i mean if you have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so i mean if you have too many
+irreducible representations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations there's
+there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know
+there uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh there's
+uh no guarantee that all modes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no guarantee that all modes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no guarantee that all modes will be
+allowed both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed both
+taking together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking together
+infrared and raman so let's just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared and raman so let's just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared and raman so let's just be
+careful about did these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about did these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about did these
+labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels
+about the polarizability also tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the polarizability also tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the polarizability also tell you
+about the quadrupole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quadrupole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quadrupole
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so these tell you about electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these tell you about electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these tell you about electric dipole
+these tell you about magnetic dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tell you about magnetic dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tell you about magnetic dipole
+then there's a quadrupole there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a quadrupole there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a quadrupole there's all
+sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh you learn to use whichever symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you learn to use whichever symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you learn to use whichever symbol
+symbols are relevant to the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are relevant to the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are relevant to the kind of
+spectroscopy you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you're doing
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the important things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the important things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the important things is
+here is a transition that is polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a transition that is polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a transition that is polarized
+in the body along the symmetry axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body along the symmetry axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body along the symmetry axis and
+so we call that parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call that parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call that parallel
+and here is something polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is something polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is something polarized
+perpendicular to the symmetry axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the symmetry axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the symmetry axis and
+we call that perpendicular and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that perpendicular and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that perpendicular and this is
+all the difference in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the difference in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the difference in the world
+as far as the rotational structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the rotational structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the rotational structure of
+the bands is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bands is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bands is going to be
+and we saw that for diatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that for diatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that for diatomic molecules
+we had transitions that were parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had transitions that were parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had transitions that were parallel
+delta omega equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta omega equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta omega equals zero
+and they don't have q branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have q branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have q branches
+and or they have really weak q branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or they have really weak q branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or they have really weak q branches
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and perpendicular transitions they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perpendicular transitions they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perpendicular transitions they have
+delta omega plus or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta omega plus or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta omega plus or minus one
+and they have strong q branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have strong q branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have strong q branches
+and so this is going to be delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is going to be delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is going to be delta k
+equals 0 this is going to be delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 this is going to be delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 this is going to be delta k
+equals plus or minus 1. this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals plus or minus 1. this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals plus or minus 1. this is going to
+have no cube weak q branches this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no cube weak q branches this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no cube weak q branches this is
+going to have strong cube branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the traditional way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the traditional way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the traditional way
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sense
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you're going to see in the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to see in the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to see in the spectrum
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+all the textbooks have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the textbooks have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the textbooks have to do with
+an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+low resolution spectrum which you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resolution spectrum which you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resolution spectrum which you would
+record using a spectrograph rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record using a spectrograph rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record using a spectrograph rather than
+a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser
+so i'll start with that but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll start with that but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll start with that but you should
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+when you're doing laser spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing laser spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing laser spectroscopy
+it's usually difficult to tune the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually difficult to tune the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually difficult to tune the laser
+over a lot of spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a lot of spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a lot of spectrum
+and often you want to get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often you want to get the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often you want to get the answer
+about what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+assignment of the spectrum what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of the spectrum what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of the spectrum what is the
+symmetry of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the molecule
+based on a limited amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a limited amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a limited amount of
+spectroscopic observation and the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic observation and the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic observation and the kinds
+of questions you ask would be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions you ask would be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions you ask would be different
+this would be a legitimate kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a legitimate kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a legitimate kind of
+problem but i haven't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but i haven't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but i haven't completely
+formulated it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated it so
+i will draw the pictures the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will draw the pictures the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will draw the pictures the traditional
+pictures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should you should think about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should think about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should think about well
+what would you you know how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you you know how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you you know how would you
+use group theory to get a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use group theory to get a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use group theory to get a little bit of
+spectrum and decide from a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and decide from a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and decide from a little bit of
+spectrum what the molecule is doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum what the molecule is doing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum what the molecule is doing okay
+so remember when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember when we talked about
+infrared spectra of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared spectra of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared spectra of molecules
+we drew this sort of double hump pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drew this sort of double hump pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drew this sort of double hump pattern
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have
+red on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this would be the r branch and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the r branch and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the r branch and this
+would be the p branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+if it were a perpendicular transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were a perpendicular transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were a perpendicular transition
+which was kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was kind of hard to
+imagine for a diatomic molecule but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for a diatomic molecule but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for a diatomic molecule but
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+then you would have a q branch here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have a q branch here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have a q branch here so
+that there is a gap near the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a gap near the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a gap near the origin of
+the band and if there is going to be a q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band and if there is going to be a q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band and if there is going to be a q
+branch it will be close to it and the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch it will be close to it and the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch it will be close to it and the r
+and p branches are always spread out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p branches are always spread out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p branches are always spread out and
+the q branch is always compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q branch is always compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q branch is always compressed
+so this is sort of a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a model
+for what we would have for polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we would have for polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we would have for polyatomic
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if we have a parallel type transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a parallel type transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a parallel type transition
+so parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parallel
+means delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means delta k
+symmetry whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry whatever it is
+oblate or prolate is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate or prolate is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate or prolate is equal to zero
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one say we have k equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say we have k equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say we have k equals zero
+and then we have k equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for
+k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in k equals zero we have a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in k equals zero we have a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in k equals zero we have a stack of
+rotational levels and k equals one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational levels and k equals one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational levels and k equals one we
+have a stack of rotational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stack of rotational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stack of rotational levels
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh we're going k equals zero lower state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going k equals zero lower state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going k equals zero lower state
+to k equals zero upper state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k equals zero upper state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k equals zero upper state
+rotational levels the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational levels the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational levels the rotational
+the the j structure of a given k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the j structure of a given k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the j structure of a given k
+is pretty much the same from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much the same from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much the same from one
+vibrational level to another and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level to another and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level to another and from
+one k stack to the next except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one k stack to the next except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one k stack to the next except
+that the lowest few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lowest few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lowest few
+j's are missing for k not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if you're going to be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're going to be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're going to be doing a
+laser experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser experiment
+one thing you could do is make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you could do is make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you could do is make sure the
+molecule is really cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is really cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is really cold
+and so that clears away a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that clears away a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that clears away a lot of the
+rubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubble
+and then you would be looking to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would be looking to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would be looking to see
+where what is the lowest j you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what is the lowest j you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what is the lowest j you have in a
+particular series of lines which you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular series of lines which you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular series of lines which you do
+by combination differences and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by combination differences and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by combination differences and you just
+wrote rotationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote rotationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote rotationally
+yeah that would be one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+one really important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one really important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one really important thing is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a prolate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a prolate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a prolate top
+the j structure is smaller than the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j structure is smaller than the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j structure is smaller than the k
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+for an oblate top the j structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an oblate top the j structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an oblate top the j structure is
+larger than the k structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the k structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the k structure
+but for both kinds of tops if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for both kinds of tops if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for both kinds of tops if you have a
+parallel transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transition
+the the zero to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero to zero
+transition and the one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and the one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and the one to one
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+almost on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost on top of each other
+for symmetric tops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for symmetric tops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for symmetric tops
+you can observe multiple k's but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can observe multiple k's but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can observe multiple k's but you can
+observe transitions between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe transitions between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe transitions between them and
+they all stack up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all stack up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all stack up
+and so for a parallel type transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for a parallel type transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for a parallel type transition
+all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+sub bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub bands
+look roughly like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look roughly like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look roughly like this
+they have this double hump structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this double hump structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this double hump structure
+there's missing stuff in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's missing stuff in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's missing stuff in the middle
+and there could be a q line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be a q line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be a q line
+the q line is generally weak but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q line is generally weak but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q line is generally weak but it
+turns out that when k is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that when k is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that when k is not equal to
+zero there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there will be
+one moderately strong q line q for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moderately strong q line q for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moderately strong q line q for
+j is equal to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j is equal to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j is equal to k
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+bands have the the appearance more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands have the the appearance more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands have the the appearance more or
+less just like this as if it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less just like this as if it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less just like this as if it was just a
+simple diatomic except that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple diatomic except that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple diatomic except that there's a
+lot of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines
+and so you see this this simple double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see this this simple double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see this this simple double
+hump and a in a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump and a in a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump and a in a little bit of a
+spike here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the bands is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the bands is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the bands is going to look
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and perpendicular transitions those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perpendicular transitions those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perpendicular transitions those are
+going to be transitions where you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be transitions where you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be transitions where you go
+from k equals 0 to k equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals 0 to k equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals 0 to k equals 1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k equals 1 to k equals 0 and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to k equals 0 and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to k equals 0 and things like
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+there's going to be a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a whole bunch of
+bands this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands this time
+each of them is going to have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is going to have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is going to have a big
+spike here because those q branches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike here because those q branches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike here because those q branches are
+strong and so the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and so the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and so the question is how do
+these bands how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bands how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bands how are they
+arranged and they're arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged and they're arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged and they're arranged
+basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have
+for a prolate top you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a prolate top you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a prolate top you have
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+k squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k squared
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you'll have a transition that goes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a transition that goes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a transition that goes uh
+from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one
+and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from
+one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two
+and from two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from two to three
+zero to one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one is going to be
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is going to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 0
+so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's
+let's just draw this arrow like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just draw this arrow like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just draw this arrow like that
+so this will be 1 squared minus 0 1a 1c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is going to start at 4 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to start at 4 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to start at 4 minus 1
+is 3c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3c
+9 minus 4 is 5c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 minus 4 is 5c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 minus 4 is 5c
+so what you're going to see is a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to see is a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to see is a series
+of sub n's separated in intervals of 2c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can go zero to one or you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go zero to one or you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go zero to one or you can do
+you can go in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in the opposite direction and
+so there'll be bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there'll be sub bands with q branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be sub bands with q branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be sub bands with q branches
+going one way and q price is going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one way and q price is going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one way and q price is going the
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+and so what do we do how do we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do we do how do we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do we do how do we denote
+those transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transitions
+so we have a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a notation
+delta j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta j
+delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+and we put j here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put j here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put j here
+so that's how we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we denote
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the name of a rotational line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of a rotational line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of a rotational line
+so we use pq and r for delta j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use pq and r for delta j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use pq and r for delta j
+we use pq and r for delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use pq and r for delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use pq and r for delta k
+we specify the number of the initial k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we specify the number of the initial k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we specify the number of the initial k
+and the initial j the double prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial j the double prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial j the double prime is
+not a symmetry label its initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a symmetry label its initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a symmetry label its initial state
+lower state i'm sorry lower state double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower state i'm sorry lower state double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower state i'm sorry lower state double
+prime lower state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime lower state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime lower state
+single prime upper state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single prime upper state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single prime upper state
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+a very convenient notation that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very convenient notation that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very convenient notation that will
+enable you to label every line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to label every line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to label every line
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+well you can discover i mean if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can discover i mean if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can discover i mean if you if
+you're doing relatively low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing relatively low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing relatively low resolution
+spectroscopy the thing that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy the thing that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy the thing that's going to
+stand out is the q branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out is the q branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out is the q branches
+and so there'll be a series of equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there'll be a series of equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there'll be a series of equally
+spaced cube branches associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced cube branches associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced cube branches associated with
+each of these k transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these k transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these k transitions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+on page 7 at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 7 at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 7 at the top
+i show a bunch of spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show a bunch of spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show a bunch of spectra
+each like this but the whole spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each like this but the whole spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each like this but the whole spectrum
+shifted in steps of 2c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in steps of 2c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in steps of 2c
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way
+and then i just take those spectra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i just take those spectra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i just take those spectra and
+add them together and i see a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together and i see a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together and i see a series of
+equally spaced q branches with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally spaced q branches with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally spaced q branches with a lot of
+trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash
+and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that
+provides you with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides you with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides you with the the
+the signature of a perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature of a perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature of a perpendicular
+transition in a symmetric top the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in a symmetric top the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in a symmetric top the series
+of strong q branch spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong q branch spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong q branch spikes
+and whereas a parallel transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whereas a parallel transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whereas a parallel transition
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single
+hotspot in the middle not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotspot in the middle not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotspot in the middle not quite so
+compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+and since the q branches are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the q branches are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the q branches are relatively
+weak that hot spot in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak that hot spot in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak that hot spot in the middle
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+not overwhelmingly stronger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not overwhelmingly stronger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not overwhelmingly stronger than the
+other lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but because they tend to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they tend to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they tend to be a little bit
+closer together it's still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together it's still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together it's still pretty
+prominent in the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent in the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent in the spectrum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what time how much time do i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time how much time do i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time how much time do i have
+negative four minutes negative four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative four minutes negative four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative four minutes negative four
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there are a whole bunch of pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole bunch of pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole bunch of pictures you
+can draw for the various symmetry types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw for the various symmetry types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw for the various symmetry types
+of transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transitions
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you say it's not d3h it's c3v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say it's not d3h it's c3v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say it's not d3h it's c3v
+c3v still has e representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3v still has e representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3v still has e representations
+but it's a group of order six instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a group of order six instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a group of order six instead of
+12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can still uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can still uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can still uh
+you can still do all of this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still do all of this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still do all of this stuff but
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh there's two possible c3vs there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's two possible c3vs there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's two possible c3vs there's a
+c3v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3v
+where it's a prolate top and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a prolate top and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a prolate top and there's a
+c3v where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3v where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3v where it's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's still oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still oblate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still oblate
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so and they will have different looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and they will have different looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and they will have different looking
+spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primarily because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because
+a an oblate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an oblate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an oblate top
+is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have
+a c row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c row
+is going to have k structure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have k structure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have k structure which is
+really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small
+compared to rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to rotation
+and the prolate top will have k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prolate top will have k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prolate top will have k
+structure which is large compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is large compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is large compared to the
+j structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j structure
+so there's all sorts of wonderful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of wonderful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of wonderful things
+you can do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do now
+uh on page nine in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on page nine in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on page nine in the middle
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a little piece of a somewhat higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece of a somewhat higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece of a somewhat higher
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+spectrum which shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k structure so this is a a parallel type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k structure so this is a a parallel type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k structure so this is a a parallel type
+band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the caption is the k structure of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caption is the k structure of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caption is the k structure of two
+rotational lines in the ch3br new three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational lines in the ch3br new three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational lines in the ch3br new three
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+okay there's all sorts of wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's all sorts of wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's all sorts of wonderful
+stuff here first of all two rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here first of all two rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here first of all two rotational
+lines that means two changes in j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that means two changes in j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that means two changes in j
+p p seventeen is j equals seventeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p seventeen is j equals seventeen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p p seventeen is j equals seventeen
+downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs
+to jquery 16 upstairs and p18 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jquery 16 upstairs and p18 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jquery 16 upstairs and p18 is the
+next one up and there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one up and there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one up and there's a whole bunch of
+labels on that corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on that corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on that corresponding to the
+different case this being an oblate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different case this being an oblate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different case this being an oblate top
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not an oblate top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an oblate top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an oblate top
+this being a parallel type transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a parallel type transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a parallel type transition
+it's a prolate top because the hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a prolate top because the hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a prolate top because the hydrogens
+are light and there's one bromine uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are light and there's one bromine uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are light and there's one bromine uh if
+it were c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were c
+b c b r three h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c b r three h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c b r three h
+probably oblate but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oblate but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oblate but uh
+the different rotational transitions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different rotational transitions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different rotational transitions for
+the different k's are clustered together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different k's are clustered together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different k's are clustered together
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and so uh that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that that is a
+would be a characteristic structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a characteristic structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a characteristic structure for
+a parallel type transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel type transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel type transition
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you do this group theory and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this group theory and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this group theory and you
+try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find
+what's going to be different for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be different for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be different for one
+symmetry species versus another and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry species versus another and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry species versus another and one
+of the commonest things is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the commonest things is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the commonest things is the number of
+discrete bands that you can see for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete bands that you can see for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete bands that you can see for the
+molecule depends on the symmetry on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule depends on the symmetry on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule depends on the symmetry on the
+qualitative structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative structure
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it's d3h there's going to be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's d3h there's going to be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's d3h there's going to be three
+allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed
+vibrational fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational fundamentals
+if it's a lower symmetry there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a lower symmetry there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a lower symmetry there will be
+a different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different number
+then there's the question of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the question of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the question of parallel
+versus perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus perpendicular
+and so you can tell from the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can tell from the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can tell from the nature of
+the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+then there's this business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this business of
+asymmetry splittings you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry splittings you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry splittings you have a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+uh j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j
+k a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+well j and k a there's two k c's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well j and k a there's two k c's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well j and k a there's two k c's
+associated with that and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that and we know
+just from consideration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from consideration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from consideration of the
+rotational constants the a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants the a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants the a b and c
+that the one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one where
+k a plus k c is equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a plus k c is equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a plus k c is equal to j
+is higher than the one where ka plus kc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the one where ka plus kc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the one where ka plus kc
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+j plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j plus one
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+that is always going to be there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always going to be there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always going to be there and
+depending on the symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the symmetry of the
+vibrational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level
+you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will have transitions selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have transitions selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have transitions selectively
+into the upper or lower that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the upper or lower that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the upper or lower that you can
+tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+i didn't say that very well but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say that very well but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say that very well but that
+turns out to be a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a really important
+marker because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker because
+this ordering of the jkakc levels is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ordering of the jkakc levels is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ordering of the jkakc levels is an
+inertial effect as opposed to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial effect as opposed to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial effect as opposed to some
+accident in diatomic molecules lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident in diatomic molecules lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident in diatomic molecules lambda
+doubling is an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling is an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling is an accident
+but this is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something that you can
+depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+there's another thing and that's nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing and that's nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing and that's nuclear
+statistical weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical weights
+that if you're permuting identical atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're permuting identical atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're permuting identical atoms
+you're going to have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to worry about the
+permutation symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation symmetry
+and so there'll be ortho levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there'll be ortho levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there'll be ortho levels and
+parallel levels there there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel levels there there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel levels there there will be
+uh intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intensities
+that alternate or do something as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alternate or do something as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alternate or do something as a
+function of j and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of j and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of j and k
+that is uniquely recognizable now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uniquely recognizable now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uniquely recognizable now i'm
+never going to talk about the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to talk about the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to talk about the nuclear
+statistical weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical weights
+uh in in this course but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in this course but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in this course but that
+is a really important feature and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really important feature and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really important feature and it's
+especially important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's best dealt with in cnpi group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best dealt with in cnpi group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best dealt with in cnpi group
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because it forces you to to make cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it forces you to to make cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it forces you to to make cartoon
+representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+of the things that where you can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that where you can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that where you can build
+ortho and para states states that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ortho and para states states that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ortho and para states states that with
+definite nuclear symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite nuclear symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite nuclear symmetry
+and i mean i can challenge you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean i can challenge you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean i can challenge you how do
+you classify the levels of acetylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you classify the levels of acetylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you classify the levels of acetylene
+where you got two identical bosons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got two identical bosons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got two identical bosons and
+two identical fermions and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identical fermions and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identical fermions and you know
+that's a non-starter you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a non-starter you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a non-starter you don't know what
+to do until you develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do until you develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do until you develop a
+generalization and you say okay i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization and you say okay i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization and you say okay i need
+two structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two structures
+i need to label them one two one a b two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to label them one two one a b two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to label them one two one a b two
+and one b a two and then i can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one b a two and then i can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one b a two and then i can build
+states that have the right out of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have the right out of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have the right out of linear
+combinations of those two structures i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those two structures i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those two structures i
+can build the states and then i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build the states and then i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build the states and then i can
+classify them according to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify them according to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify them according to whether
+they're like ortho or para so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like ortho or para so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like ortho or para so that's
+something that i i wish i could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i i wish i could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i i wish i could talk
+about but i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but i want to
+i want to move to electronics electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to move to electronics electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to move to electronics electronic
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that can only be dealt with in a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only be dealt with in a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only be dealt with in a case
+study way and so where that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study way and so where that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study way and so where that's basically
+what we're going to be doing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing for the
+rest of 580.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of 580.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of 580.
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you for being patient with my lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being patient with my lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being patient with my lack
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+precision on this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision on this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision on this topic
+but it's a fun topic and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a fun topic and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a fun topic and you should
+explore it and i i was thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore it and i i was thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore it and i i was thinking about a
+molecule the you know and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trimethyl cyclopropenel was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimethyl cyclopropenel was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimethyl cyclopropenel was our
+candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+i i don't think i'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't think i'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't think i'm going to ask you to
+do anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything like that
+but it's a good molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a good molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a good molecule
+because it you know it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it you know it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it you know it's basically
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+molecule but it's got some hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i have a really quick question baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have a really quick question baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have a really quick question baby
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you are an observer yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are an observer yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are an observer yes
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+probably can't tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't tell the difference
+between rotation and pseudo rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between rotation and pseudo rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between rotation and pseudo rotation
+if the mole feels really symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mole feels really symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mole feels really symmetric
+right so well what are you observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so well what are you observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so well what are you observing
+you're not watching the molecule move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not watching the molecule move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not watching the molecule move
+you're not looking at the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not looking at the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not looking at the wave function
+you're looking at the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the spectrum
+right so that was sort of what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was sort of what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was sort of what i was
+about to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to ask
+let's say that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some some time varying field to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some time varying field to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some time varying field to the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that ought to induce pseudo-rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ought to induce pseudo-rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ought to induce pseudo-rose
+pseudo-rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-rotation
+if one can imagine such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one can imagine such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one can imagine such a thing
+maybe one can't because it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one can't because it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one can't because it's totally
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+i think that would be hard but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that would be hard but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that would be hard but one of
+the things that you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you do have
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+when the molecule is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the molecule is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the molecule is rotating
+that distinguishes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguishes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguishes left
+rotation and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and right
+so that you you end up as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you you end up as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you you end up as soon as the
+molecule has is rotating about an axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has is rotating about an axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has is rotating about an axis
+that splits these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that splits these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that splits these
+or can split these pseudo-rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can split these pseudo-rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can split these pseudo-rotating
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+in a way that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is is
+uh understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understandable
+now dick lord who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now dick lord who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now dick lord who
+uh was you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was you know the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my predecessor
+as a spectroscopist at mit and uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a spectroscopist at mit and uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a spectroscopist at mit and uh he
+made his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made his uh
+career on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career on
+pseudo-rotation for ring puckering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-rotation for ring puckering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-rotation for ring puckering
+motions so that you you know you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions so that you you know you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions so that you you know you'd have
+a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a
+let's say cyclohexane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say cyclohexane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say cyclohexane
+and so you have this chair but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this chair but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this chair but this
+chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair
+and boat confirmation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boat confirmation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boat confirmation can
+yeah and so there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so there are all sorts of
+wonderful things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things like that
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+as soon as you introduce rotation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you introduce rotation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you introduce rotation then
+uh the left and right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the left and right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the left and right the
+counter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and
+clockwise and counterclockwise rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise and counterclockwise rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise and counterclockwise rotations
+get distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distinguished
+in terms of coriolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of coriolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of coriolis
+effects and so but it's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so but it's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so but it's that's really
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ly6C1oQP7Os.txt b/Ly6C1oQP7Os.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e72915843b41fc60cfbc157fd002db032bda605e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ly6C1oQP7Os.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today I would like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I would like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I would like to uh
+finish the first part by saying a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the first part by saying a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the first part by saying a few
+more uh words about exergies and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh words about exergies and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh words about exergies and um the
+allocation problems so that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation problems so that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation problems so that it's going
+to be also useful for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homework and and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of
+the things that we have touched upon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we have touched upon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we have touched upon is
+heating bul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flow for example heating water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow for example heating water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow for example heating water from
+condition one to condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition one to condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition one to condition
+two which therefore requires by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which therefore requires by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which therefore requires by the
+energy balance H an energy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance H an energy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance H an energy which is
+given by the fluoride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the fluoride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the fluoride
+times the change in the enthalpy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in the enthalpy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in the enthalpy of the
+flow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that
+maybe uh understood that or cold heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh understood that or cold heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh understood that or cold heat
+even if it is a bit improper because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it is a bit improper because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it is a bit improper because
+that is a it's not really a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a it's not really a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a it's not really a heat
+interaction or at least it is a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or at least it is a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or at least it is a heat
+interaction at multiple temperatures as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at multiple temperatures as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at multiple temperatures as
+the temperature changes from one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature changes from one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature changes from one to two
+here nevertheless if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here nevertheless if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here nevertheless if
+we agree on on the meaning we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree on on the meaning we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree on on the meaning we can call
+it heat and then the the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it heat and then the the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it heat and then the the coefficient of
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of for example in this case a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example in this case a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example in this case a heat
+pump that provides that heat by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump that provides that heat by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump that provides that heat by
+taking the necessary entropy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the necessary entropy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the necessary entropy from the
+environment because in order to heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment because in order to heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment because in order to heat up
+and also need to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also need to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also need to provide
+entropy and uh if I take it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and uh if I take it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and uh if I take it from the
+environment I avoid uh uh having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I avoid uh uh having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I avoid uh uh having a
+generation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility uh the machine needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility uh the machine needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility uh the machine needs
+some work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to
+operate and the ratio between the Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and the ratio between the Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and the ratio between the Heat
+and the work that are provided is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work that are provided is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work that are provided is called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cop so the cop plays the role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop so the cop plays the role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop so the cop plays the role of the
+first low efficiency but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first low efficiency but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first low efficiency but it can be
+higher than one so we call it cop we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than one so we call it cop we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than one so we call it cop we
+don't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency it's a ratio of two energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency it's a ratio of two energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency it's a ratio of two energies
+whereas the second low efficiency is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the second low efficiency is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the second low efficiency is the
+ratio you can cast it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio you can cast it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio you can cast it as
+either the actual cop over the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the actual cop over the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the actual cop over the maximum
+cop which you would obtain if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop which you would obtain if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop which you would obtain if the
+Machinery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery was
+reversible or you can cast it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible or you can cast it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible or you can cast it as the
+ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the
+exg change uh or the exergy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exg change uh or the exergy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exg change uh or the exergy that you
+have provided to your bulk flow over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have provided to your bulk flow over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have provided to your bulk flow over the
+exergy of the resource that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of the resource that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of the resource that you have
+used in this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work we have also seen that this combin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we have also seen that this combin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we have also seen that this combin
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+I take H2 minus H1 * m dot outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take H2 minus H1 * m dot outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take H2 minus H1 * m dot outside of
+the parenthesis I and I recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis I and I recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis I and I recognize that
+it we called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we called it
+QA the the remainder is a is a Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA the the remainder is a is a Carno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA the the remainder is a is a Carno
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination that if we Define uh H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that if we Define uh H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that if we Define uh H2
+minus H1 over S2 minus S1 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H1 over S2 minus S1 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H1 over S2 minus S1 as the
+logarithmic mean temperature or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic mean temperature or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic mean temperature or the
+equivalent heat temperature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent heat temperature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent heat temperature that
+provides the same ratio of energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the same ratio of energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the same ratio of energy and
+entropy then it's you can write it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy then it's you can write it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy then it's you can write it you
+can write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it this way
+and here you recognize that QA over W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you recognize that QA over W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you recognize that QA over W is
+cop so the second low efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop so the second low efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop so the second low efficiency is
+given by cop times the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient and what is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and what is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and what is the maximum
+cop well the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop well the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop well the maximum
+cop is when the second low efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop is when the second low efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop is when the second low efficiency is
+equal to one 100% reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one 100% reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one 100% reversible
+Machinery so you set this equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery so you set this equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery so you set this equal to one
+and therefore cop Max is the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore cop Max is the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore cop Max is the inverse of
+that caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient so we also played with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so we also played with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so we also played with some
+numbers because this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because this is an important
+topic and it is a way in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and it is a way in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and it is a way in which we
+consume a lot of uh energy so if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume a lot of uh energy so if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume a lot of uh energy so if we want
+to improve our uh ways of using uh fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve our uh ways of using uh fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve our uh ways of using uh fuels
+or any other uh exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other uh exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other uh exergy
+resource uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+resource for example nuclear and solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource for example nuclear and solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource for example nuclear and solar
+and so on we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on we want to
+um know the uh efficiencies and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um know the uh efficiencies and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um know the uh efficiencies and so here
+is a we gave an example of heating water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a we gave an example of heating water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a we gave an example of heating water
+in an industrial uh uh setup typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an industrial uh uh setup typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an industrial uh uh setup typical
+numbers could be from 60 to 120°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers could be from 60 to 120°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers could be from 60 to 120°
+C and then if we compare compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then if we compare compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then if we compare compute that
+carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carau
+ratio and remember that here also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and remember that here also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and remember that here also we
+need we need to make explicit uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we need to make explicit uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we need to make explicit uh the
+Assumption of the environment that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of the environment that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of the environment that we
+have available when we compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available when we compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available when we compute that
+because that makes a lot of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that makes a lot of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that makes a lot of difference
+especially for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for small
+temperatures and um temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and um temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and um temperature
+differences so here for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so here for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so here for example if I
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+300K here's the number the carau ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300K here's the number the carau ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300K here's the number the carau ratio
+is 17.2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's inverse which is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inverse which is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inverse which is the maximum
+cop for the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pump therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5.8 okay so 5.8 means that I spend one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.8 okay so 5.8 means that I spend one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.8 okay so 5.8 means that I spend one
+unit of one kilowatt hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of one kilowatt hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of one kilowatt hour of
+energy and I deliver 5.8 kilowatt hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I deliver 5.8 kilowatt hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I deliver 5.8 kilowatt hours
+of energy to my stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I go to lower temperatures like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go to lower temperatures like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go to lower temperatures like in
+Residential Heating from 20 to 60° at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Residential Heating from 20 to 60° at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Residential Heating from 20 to 60° at
+the same environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same environment
+300K which which is like summertime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300K which which is like summertime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300K which which is like summertime
+because it's 27 degrees C uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's 27 degrees C uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's 27 degrees C uh in that
+case the Caro coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Caro coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Caro coefficient is
+4% so you take the inverse of 4% it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% so you take the inverse of 4% it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% so you take the inverse of 4% it
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+25 right so that means that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 right so that means that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 right so that means that in in
+principle if you had a reversible heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if you had a reversible heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if you had a reversible heat
+pump with 1 kilow of electrical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump with 1 kilow of electrical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump with 1 kilow of electrical energy
+you provide 25 kilowatt hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provide 25 kilowatt hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you provide 25 kilowatt hours of
+heat whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat whereas in
+a electric boiler for one kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a electric boiler for one kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a electric boiler for one kilowatt hour
+of energy you provide one kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy you provide one kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy you provide one kilowatt hour
+of heat or maybe a little less because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat or maybe a little less because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat or maybe a little less because
+maybe some is lost to the insulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some is lost to the insulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some is lost to the insulation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boiler okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler okay
+then we also argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also argued that
+uh the current way in which we use fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the current way in which we use fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the current way in which we use fuels
+namely burning them in a flame and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely burning them in a flame and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely burning them in a flame and then
+using the hot products of combustion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the hot products of combustion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the hot products of combustion to
+heat up a working fluid of some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up a working fluid of some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up a working fluid of some uh
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+cycle if we want to improve of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if we want to improve of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if we want to improve of that that
+the efficiency of this and go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of this and go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of this and go beyond the
+current says 64% which is obtained as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current says 64% which is obtained as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current says 64% which is obtained as
+the product of an about 75% efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of an about 75% efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of an about 75% efficiency
+of the combust of the flame and an 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the combust of the flame and an 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the combust of the flame and an 85
+perc efficiency of the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perc efficiency of the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perc efficiency of the thermal
+cycle you need to improve on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you need to improve on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you need to improve on these two
+efficiencies but even if you improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies but even if you improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies but even if you improve the
+thermal cycle to 100% you still stuck to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal cycle to 100% you still stuck to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal cycle to 100% you still stuck to
+the limit of s 75 say 80% for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of s 75 say 80% for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of s 75 say 80% for the
+flame and we've said we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame and we've said we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame and we've said we've seen that
+history tells us that uh we are on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history tells us that uh we are on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history tells us that uh we are on our
+learning process heading towards higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning process heading towards higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning process heading towards higher
+efficiencies than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies than uh
+80% and so the only way we can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% and so the only way we can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% and so the only way we can reach
+them is to find alternatives to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is to find alternatives to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is to find alternatives to the
+combustion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion in
+Flames the oxidation of of the fuel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames the oxidation of of the fuel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames the oxidation of of the fuel in
+flames and we also said that when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flames and we also said that when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flames and we also said that when we do
+chemical reactions and combustion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and combustion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and combustion in a
+little more detail we will see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail we will see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail we will see this
+diagram and we will see that the flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we will see that the flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we will see that the flame
+goes this way and generates entropy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes this way and generates entropy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes this way and generates entropy by
+reversibility whereas if you uh are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility whereas if you uh are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility whereas if you uh are uh
+like in a fuel cell or more uh um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a fuel cell or more uh um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a fuel cell or more uh um um
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+control uh the process and while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh the process and while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh the process and while the
+system spontaneously wants to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system spontaneously wants to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system spontaneously wants to go from
+fuel to products of combustion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel to products of combustion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel to products of combustion you
+manage to to extract also some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to to extract also some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to to extract also some energy
+like in the fuel cell then you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the fuel cell then you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the fuel cell then you may
+reduce the entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the entropy produced by
+reversibility and your efficiencies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility and your efficiencies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility and your efficiencies can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+higher like in some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher like in some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher like in some examples
+here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so
+usually separate production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually separate production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually separate production of
+electricity we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we produce
+electricity in power uh in facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in power uh in facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in power uh in facility
+power plants that use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants that use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants that use our
+fuel and remember we said that the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and remember we said that the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and remember we said that the for
+the moment but also for typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment but also for typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment but also for typical
+applications it is fair to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it is fair to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it is fair to um
+approximate the exergy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the exergy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the exergy of the
+fuel by its uh heating volume so energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel by its uh heating volume so energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel by its uh heating volume so energy
+and exergy content are very similar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exergy content are very similar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exergy content are very similar of
+the order of plus or minus 2% depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of plus or minus 2% depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of plus or minus 2% depending
+on the hydrocarbons so this is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hydrocarbons so this is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hydrocarbons so this is a is a
+fair approximation in practice so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair approximation in practice so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair approximation in practice so you
+use this fuel you burn it you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this fuel you burn it you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this fuel you burn it you obtain
+these products of combustion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products of combustion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products of combustion and then
+you transfer the heat from the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transfer the heat from the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transfer the heat from the product
+of combustion to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combustion to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combustion to uh
+um working fluid of the thermal cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working fluid of the thermal cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working fluid of the thermal cycle
+then of course the product combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the product combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the product combustion
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+exhausted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmosphere and as we all know we are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and as we all know we are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and as we all know we are all
+concerned about uh pollution that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about uh pollution that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about uh pollution that comes
+from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these
+exhausts U not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the
+global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global
+uh pollutant uh CO2 carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pollutant uh CO2 carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pollutant uh CO2 carbon dioxide
+um which is pollutant only in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is pollutant only in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is pollutant only in terms of
+playing a role in greenhouse effect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a role in greenhouse effect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a role in greenhouse effect as
+we all know uh but also other products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know uh but also other products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know uh but also other products
+of combustion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combustion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combustion like
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+nox so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nox so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nox so the
+various oxides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen which can produce acid rain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen which can produce acid rain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen which can produce acid rain and
+other various effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you need to control what gets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to control what gets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to control what gets out
+there and typically what gets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there H is uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there H is uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there H is uh at
+relatively high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively high
+temperature say maybe 110 140 de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say maybe 110 140 de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say maybe 110 140 de
+Celsius um this is when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius um this is when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius um this is when you don't
+want the water that is in the produ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the water that is in the produ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the water that is in the produ of
+combustion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion to
+condense that is to avoid because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense that is to avoid because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense that is to avoid because some
+fuels have some sulfur content and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels have some sulfur content and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels have some sulfur content and uh
+water with sulfur makes um sulfuric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with sulfur makes um sulfuric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with sulfur makes um sulfuric acid
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's uh corrosive and you want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh corrosive and you want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh corrosive and you want to um
+avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that
+but um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also have condensation so you if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have condensation so you if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have condensation so you if you you
+can uh use higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh use higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh use higher level
+materials uh that can sustain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh that can sustain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh that can sustain uh
+corrosion you can also uh condense part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion you can also uh condense part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion you can also uh condense part
+of the water that is produced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water that is produced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water that is produced by the
+combustion process in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion process in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion process in that
+case you extract a little more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you extract a little more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you extract a little more uh
+energy and then we talk instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then we talk instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then we talk instead of a
+lower heating value it's actually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower heating value it's actually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower heating value it's actually you're
+exploiting getting closer to the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting getting closer to the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting getting closer to the higher
+heating value or somewhere in in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value or somewhere in in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value or somewhere in in between
+we'll see some details about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some details about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some details about this but
+here the idea is that this energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea is that this energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea is that this energy is
+transferred to this to this thing and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to this to this thing and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to this to this thing and to
+this working fluid and then the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working fluid and then the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working fluid and then the thermal
+the thermal cycle provides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal cycle provides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal cycle provides uh
+work and of course since you're are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course since you're are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course since you're are
+extracting not only energy but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting not only energy but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting not only energy but also
+entropy the thermal cycle must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the thermal cycle must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the thermal cycle must
+discharge uh that entropy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge uh that entropy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge uh that entropy to the
+environment which is uh at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which is uh at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which is uh at the moment
+still considered a a sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free way of getting rid of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy although some some places we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy although some some places we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy although some some places we
+talking about of course you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about of course you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about of course you need
+authorization to do that so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to do that so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to do that so that is
+equivalent to uh not being exactly uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to uh not being exactly uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to uh not being exactly uh um
+for free not anymore in other words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free not anymore in other words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free not anymore in other words we
+we cannot use the environment as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot use the environment as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot use the environment as a as a
+as a thermal dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a thermal dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a thermal dump
+uh for for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore okay first low efficiency here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay first low efficiency here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay first low efficiency here
+we have only one product which whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have only one product which whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have only one product which whose
+energy content is w and only only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy content is w and only only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy content is w and only only one
+uh uh energy source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh energy source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh energy source
+which is the fuel which energy content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fuel which energy content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fuel which energy content
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Q so that's the first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so that's the first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so that's the first low
+efficiency and typical for first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and typical for first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and typical for first low
+efficiencies as we said uh could be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies as we said uh could be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies as we said uh could be yes
+the best available technology could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best available technology could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best available technology could be
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+65% uh but the average um the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% uh but the average um the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% uh but the average um the average
+efficiency of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of like a
+national um lot of of U of power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national um lot of of U of power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national um lot of of U of power plants
+uh well it varies from country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it varies from country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it varies from country to
+country of course for example I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of course for example I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of course for example I think
+that in Italy is between 42 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+45% the second low efficiency is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45% the second low efficiency is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45% the second low efficiency is the
+ratio of the exergy of the product to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the exergy of the product to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the exergy of the product to
+the exergy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exergy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exergy of
+your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh
+fuel now considering that the exit can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel now considering that the exit can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel now considering that the exit can
+be approximated to the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximated to the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximated to the energy of the
+fuel you see that for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you see that for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you see that for this particular
+case the second low efficiency is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the second low efficiency is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the second low efficiency is equal
+to the first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first low
+efficiency so indeed if you are at 65%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so indeed if you are at 65%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so indeed if you are at 65%
+the 65% the margin for improvement is 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 65% the margin for improvement is 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 65% the margin for improvement is 35
+you still have you only have 35 to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have you only have 35 to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have you only have 35 to go to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+100% And remember that second low wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And remember that second low wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% And remember that second low wise
+100% is not impossible it's the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% is not impossible it's the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% is not impossible it's the upper
+limit it's what you would have for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's what you would have for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's what you would have for a
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Machinery okay so the message is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery okay so the message is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery okay so the message is here
+that for this particular case AA 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this particular case AA 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this particular case AA 2 is
+equal to AA 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximately now when we instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately now when we instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately now when we instead of
+producing electricity we want to heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing electricity we want to heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing electricity we want to heat up
+some something for example here simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something for example here simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something for example here simple
+case of eating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of eating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of eating up
+a room at some um fixed temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room at some um fixed temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room at some um fixed temperature or
+maybe heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe heating
+up uh water to make it boil at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh water to make it boil at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh water to make it boil at some
+temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for
+example here 120° some pressurized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here 120° some pressurized uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here 120° some pressurized uh
+steam production which is very common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam production which is very common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam production which is very common in
+industrial processes for for M material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes for for M material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes for for M material
+processing and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the first low efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the first low efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the first low efficiency is
+the ratio of the heat that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the heat that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the heat that you
+produce that you deliver so this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that you deliver so this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that you deliver so this is your
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+product H over the uh energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product H over the uh energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product H over the uh energy of the
+fuel the second LW efficiency instead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel the second LW efficiency instead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel the second LW efficiency instead is
+the ratio of the exergy of that heat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the exergy of that heat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the exergy of that heat so
+it's the heat multiplied by the caror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the heat multiplied by the caror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the heat multiplied by the caror
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the
+xgy then again we use the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xgy then again we use the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xgy then again we use the approximation
+that the XG is equal to the uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the XG is equal to the uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the XG is equal to the uh energy
+content of the fuel and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the fuel and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the fuel and therefore we
+recognize this ratio here is AA one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this ratio here is AA one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this ratio here is AA one so
+in this case the second low efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the second low efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the second low efficiency
+is equal to the first low efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the first low efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the first low efficiency
+times the Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient so for example if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so for example if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so for example if you want
+to produce steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce steam
+120° in unit environment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° in unit environment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° in unit environment at
+283 uh you compute and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+boiler that consumes for example natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler that consumes for example natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler that consumes for example natural
+gas and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and it is
+95% first flow efficient so ETA one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% first flow efficient so ETA one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% first flow efficient so ETA one is
+95% it means that only 5% is lost to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% it means that only 5% is lost to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% it means that only 5% is lost to the
+flu gases uh through the stack and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so you got 95% times the Caro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so you got 95% times the Caro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so you got 95% times the Caro
+coefficient here makes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+27% so that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27% so that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27% so that in that
+case the margin for improvement is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the margin for improvement is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the margin for improvement is much
+higher like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher like
+73% to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 in some sense we should say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 in some sense we should say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 in some sense we should say that if
+this is a representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a representative of
+our uh typical way of heating up water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh typical way of heating up water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh typical way of heating up water
+in industrial processing by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in industrial processing by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in industrial processing by using
+fuels uh the fact that uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels uh the fact that uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels uh the fact that uh for this
+technology we are only 27% whereas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we are only 27% whereas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we are only 27% whereas for
+power production we are 65% means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power production we are 65% means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power production we are 65% means that
+we are at different levels of maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at different levels of maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at different levels of maturity
+of this uh uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh uses of
+uh natural resources for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural resources for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural resources for these two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products most of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products most of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products most of the times
+we many times the the burner doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we many times the the burner doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we many times the the burner doesn't
+have to heat up something at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat up something at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat up something at constant
+temperature like when you boil something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like when you boil something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like when you boil something
+but uh needs to heat up uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh needs to heat up uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh needs to heat up uh for example
+water again for residential purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water again for residential purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water again for residential purposes
+typical number numbers are from 20 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+60 and so here are these uh again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 and so here are these uh again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 and so here are these uh again we
+have uh that since the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh that since the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh that since the temperature is
+changing here we can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing here we can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing here we can define a
+logarithmic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic mean
+temperature which is the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is the temperature
+that enters in the Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enters in the Carno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enters in the Carno
+coefficient and again the second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and again the second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and again the second low
+efficiency is equal to the first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is equal to the first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is equal to the first low
+efficiency times the caral coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency times the caral coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency times the caral coefficient
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the typical number varies depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical number varies depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical number varies depending on
+what temperature T not you uh choose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature T not you uh choose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature T not you uh choose so
+depending on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you
+are winter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are winter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are winter or
+summer so for example if you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer so for example if you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer so for example if you are in the
+summer 255° C is 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer 255° C is 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer 255° C is 29
+298k uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298k uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298k uh
+residential a residential domestic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential a residential domestic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential a residential domestic um
+boiler which has an efficieny Co about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler which has an efficieny Co about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler which has an efficieny Co about
+85% first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85% first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85% first
+LW gets a second low efficiency of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4% winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% winter
+time if outside is at 0 degrees Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if outside is at 0 degrees Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if outside is at 0 degrees Celsius
+freezing then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing then it's
+11% for an industrial boiler the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11% for an industrial boiler the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11% for an industrial boiler the
+efficiency is a little better first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is a little better first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is a little better first low
+efficiency let's say 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go
+from uh yeah okay maybe this is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh yeah okay maybe this is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh yeah okay maybe this is not to
+this this should be a 60 probably these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this should be a 60 probably these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this should be a 60 probably these
+numbers I think I did that for from 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I think I did that for from 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I think I did that for from 60
+220 well check the numbers if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 well check the numbers if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 well check the numbers if you
+interested and uh it it gives 12 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and uh it it gives 12 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and uh it it gives 12 12
+12% in the summer and 19% for second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% in the summer and 19% for second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% in the summer and 19% for second low
+efficiency during the winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency during the winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency during the winter
+so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+are ample margins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improvement and one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and one of them is
+cenation as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cenation as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cenation as we
+said produce with that fuel electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said produce with that fuel electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said produce with that fuel electricity
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+use your low temperature uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your low temperature uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your low temperature uh uh
+need uh low temperature heat that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh low temperature heat that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh low temperature heat that is
+needed uh to as a as a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy and therefore this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and therefore this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and therefore this becomes a
+second product or say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product or say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product or say a
+byproduct the second low efficiency then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct the second low efficiency then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct the second low efficiency then
+has at the numerator the exergies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at the numerator the exergies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at the numerator the exergies of the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+products work for the exergy of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products work for the exergy of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products work for the exergy of the work
+of the electricity and heat times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electricity and heat times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electricity and heat times its
+Carno coefficient for the exergy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno coefficient for the exergy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno coefficient for the exergy of the
+heat divided by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and
+again uh this is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh this is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh this is the same thing
+uh where we highlight that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we highlight that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we highlight that the
+temperature uh if the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh if the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh if the temperature of
+what you're heating is changing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're heating is changing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're heating is changing you need
+to put in the the logarithmic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the the logarithmic mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the the logarithmic mean
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do um the same kind of calculations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um the same kind of calculations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um the same kind of calculations for
+refrigeration because often in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration because often in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration because often in in
+industrial processes but also in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes but also in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial processes but also in air
+conditioning residential air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning residential air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning residential air
+conditioning you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning you need
+to cool down for example air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool down for example air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool down for example air
+conditioning you need to cool down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning you need to cool down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning you need to cool down a
+working fluid between 12 and 7 from 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fluid between 12 and 7 from 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fluid between 12 and 7 from 12
+to 7° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typical so you have you can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical so you have you can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical so you have you can define a
+coop of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+refrigeration which is the heating load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration which is the heating load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration which is the heating load
+so the heat that it takes away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the heat that it takes away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the heat that it takes away from the
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluid divided by the work that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid divided by the work that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid divided by the work that you have
+spent in order to run the Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in order to run the Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in order to run the Machinery
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+uh cycle a refrigeration cycle but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cycle a refrigeration cycle but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cycle a refrigeration cycle but not
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+necessarily uh and then you um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh and then you um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh and then you um so this
+is the cop the second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cop the second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cop the second low
+efficiency is uh well you can view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is uh well you can view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is uh well you can view this
+as minus QC times the Caro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as minus QC times the Caro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as minus QC times the Caro
+coefficient and again the second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and again the second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and again the second low
+efficiency therefore is the cop times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency therefore is the cop times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency therefore is the cop times
+the caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caral
+coefficient and for typical values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and for typical values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and for typical values
+I mean for an industrial refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for an industrial refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for an industrial refrigerator
+for which the cop is about five which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the cop is about five which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the cop is about five which is
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+High it means that you spend one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High it means that you spend one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High it means that you spend one
+kilowatt hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour and
+extract 5 kilowatt hours of heat from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract 5 kilowatt hours of heat from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract 5 kilowatt hours of heat from
+from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the
+cooling as a cooling effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling as a cooling effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling as a cooling effect so
+five you multiply by the coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you multiply by the coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you multiply by the coral
+coefficient for those temperatures at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for those temperatures at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for those temperatures at a
+an outside temperature of uh what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outside temperature of uh what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outside temperature of uh what is it
+30°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30°
+C and you get a second low efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+36% not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad at least compared with heating it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at least compared with heating it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at least compared with heating it it
+seems that with cooling we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that with cooling we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that with cooling we're doing
+better in fact machinery for cooling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in fact machinery for cooling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in fact machinery for cooling is
+a you know the same as the Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know the same as the Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know the same as the Machinery
+that we use for heat pumps it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for heat pumps it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for heat pumps it requires
+more uh investment more materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh investment more materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh investment more materials and
+it's more sophisticated than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more sophisticated than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more sophisticated than just a
+plain burning something and uh using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain burning something and uh using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain burning something and uh using a
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger
+now people have tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people have tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people have tried
+also the simultaneous combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the simultaneous combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the simultaneous combined
+production of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of power
+heat and cooling it's called three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and cooling it's called three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and cooling it's called three
+generation you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you have three
+products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and
+um it's actually you can actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually you can actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually you can actually this
+is this considers also the the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this considers also the the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this considers also the the fact that
+you may have you that you may use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a possible resource oh no no sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible resource oh no no sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible resource oh no no sorry this
+is the this is the cooling effect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the cooling effect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the cooling effect okay
+this is the cooling effect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cooling effect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cooling effect uh
+and so this uses as as a resource only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this uses as as a resource only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this uses as as a resource only
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel and therefore you have three um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and therefore you have three um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and therefore you have three um you
+have three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three um
+products and here is one of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and here is one of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and here is one of the of the
+problems it's not so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's not so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's not so easy to
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+uh first low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first low
+efficiency because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because you have
+you have to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put the
+enumerator apple and or C you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator apple and or C you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator apple and or C you have to
+put um heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um heat
+work and cooling so so they don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and cooling so so they don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and cooling so so they don't uh
+they're different U uh animals and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different U uh animals and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different U uh animals and uh
+they shouldn't stay together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numerator but you could Define separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiencies provided we have have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies provided we have have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies provided we have have a way
+to allocate the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allocate the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allocate the fuel
+consumption and assign a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and assign a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and assign a fraction of
+it for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products which is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products which is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products which is the idea
+of this uh allocation that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh allocation that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh allocation that we now
+getting uh to refresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so
+the you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you see
+every local area that could be a nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every local area that could be a nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every local area that could be a nation
+for example here I put some numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here I put some numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here I put some numbers and
+the flag for Italy and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flag for Italy and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flag for Italy and if you're
+interested in if you have a preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if you have a preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if you have a preferred
+country you can do this table it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you can do this table it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you can do this table it would
+be interesting in any case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting in any case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting in any case to
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and to see for example for separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to see for example for separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to see for example for separate
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing is to to consider what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is to to consider what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is to to consider what it is
+the average uh National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency uh and one is the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency uh and one is the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency uh and one is the efficiency
+of the best available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology and then you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and then you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and then you have the same
+for Combined heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Combined heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Combined heat and
+power and you can do also the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and you can do also the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and you can do also the same for
+when you hybridize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hybridize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hybridize
+your uh use of resources by using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh use of resources by using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh use of resources by using some
+that are fossil fuels and some that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fossil fuels and some that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fossil fuels and some that are
+um renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um renewable
+resources and of course each line is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and of course each line is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and of course each line is for
+what product you are interested in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what product you are interested in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what product you are interested in so
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+power uh residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh residential
+heat uh winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat uh winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat uh winter
+summer industrial heat Cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer industrial heat Cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer industrial heat Cooling
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on yeah the list is is long because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah the list is is long because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah the list is is long because
+energy product in you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy product in you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy product in you could also
+consider the prod the the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the prod the the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the prod the the production of
+materials for example aluminum is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials for example aluminum is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials for example aluminum is a very
+from from the or is boyon whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the or is boyon whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the or is boyon whatever it is
+you uh is is a very energy consuming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh is is a very energy consuming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh is is a very energy consuming uh
+process and so talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so talking about
+efficiencies is important and also doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies is important and also doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies is important and also doing
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cogeneration uh is also a way to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration uh is also a way to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration uh is also a way to save
+energy so use better our natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so use better our natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so use better our natural
+resources and for each one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and for each one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and for each one of these uh
+Technologies or or or products Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies or or or products Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies or or or products Energy
+Products we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study where we are in the learning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you as you be seen this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you as you be seen this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you as you be seen this is the
+learning curve for power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve for power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve for power
+production if we did the learning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production if we did the learning curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production if we did the learning curve
+for a heat we would be uh just about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a heat we would be uh just about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a heat we would be uh just about uh
+here between 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20% uh cooling is between 20 and 30 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% uh cooling is between 20 and 30 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% uh cooling is between 20 and 30 so
+so the curves will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the curves will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the curves will be
+shifted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh also
+the characteristic time could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic time could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic time could be
+different but in any case you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but in any case you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but in any case you see it's
+not in the m in a matter of uh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the m in a matter of uh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the m in a matter of uh just a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+years it requires many years to mature a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology so that also as car message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so that also as car message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so that also as car message
+that if you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are in the
+energy uh business or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh business or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh business or if you
+want uh to listen to a politician you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh to listen to a politician you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh to listen to a politician you
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+careful because nobody can promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because nobody can promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because nobody can promise
+results in short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times okay so that's another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay so that's another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay so that's another interesting
+story so that brings us to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so that brings us to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so that brings us to the uh
+problem of allocation as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of allocation as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of allocation as uh
+so we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have already
+discussed in a CO generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in a CO generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in a CO generation
+facility it amounts to defining these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility it amounts to defining these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility it amounts to defining these uh
+coefficients Alpha that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients Alpha that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients Alpha that are the
+fractions of the fuel that we think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of the fuel that we think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of the fuel that we think are
+used for the two products that we assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the two products that we assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the two products that we assign
+to the two products and we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two products and we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two products and we've seen that
+uh this assignment is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this assignment is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this assignment is a
+bit arbitrary there is no law of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit arbitrary there is no law of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit arbitrary there is no law of physics
+that tells us how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how to do it
+and each one has its pros and cons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one has its pros and cons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one has its pros and cons and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh in particular in order to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in particular in order to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in particular in order to evaluate
+these you it is interesting to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you it is interesting to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you it is interesting to see this
+primary Energy savings because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary Energy savings because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary Energy savings because
+cogeneration does uh allow you to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration does uh allow you to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration does uh allow you to reduce
+the the overall fuel consumption then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the overall fuel consumption then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the overall fuel consumption then uh
+if you did it in separ production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did it in separ production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did it in separ production
+facilities so there is savings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities so there is savings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities so there is savings and the
+problem of these Alphas is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of these Alphas is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of these Alphas is how you
+allocate that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that those
+Savings of to the two products heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work and once you have chosen those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and once you have chosen those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and once you have chosen those
+Alphas you can Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas you can Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas you can Define the
+cops uh and the partial efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops uh and the partial efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops uh and the partial efficiency of
+your work and of your heat production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work and of your heat production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work and of your heat production
+and as we said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we said uh
+this uh topic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh topic all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh topic all
+started when the cop of heat production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started when the cop of heat production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started when the cop of heat production
+became important in determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became important in determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became important in determining the
+Energy Efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency of
+buildings which in turn determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings which in turn determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings which in turn determines the
+value of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of these
+buildings so this has an economic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impact and uh this incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and uh this incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and uh this incremental
+electricity centered allocation method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity centered allocation method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity centered allocation method
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+uh uh assigning all the energy savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh assigning all the energy savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh assigning all the energy savings
+to the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production of
+heat is what triggered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is what triggered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is what triggered
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the need to do something better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the need to do something better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the need to do something better
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+unfair with respect to uh other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair with respect to uh other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair with respect to uh other people
+who would produce heat uh by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would produce heat uh by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would produce heat uh by just
+burning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel so typically one would uh uh Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel so typically one would uh uh Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel so typically one would uh uh Define
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+reference efficiencies for um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference efficiencies for um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference efficiencies for um the
+separate production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facilities defined by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities defined by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities defined by some
+Authority and then uh Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority and then uh Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority and then uh Define this
+coefficient of allocation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of allocation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of allocation as the
+weighted sum of what I would consume to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of what I would consume to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of what I would consume to
+produce that same amount of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that same amount of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that same amount of electricity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in in a in separate production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facilities at least this method has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities at least this method has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities at least this method has the
+advantage to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to uh
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+evenly the primary Energy savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly the primary Energy savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly the primary Energy savings
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+products so if I say 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+% I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+% I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+% I
+assigned a 20% Improvement to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a 20% Improvement to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a 20% Improvement to the
+efficiency of work and a 20% Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of work and a 20% Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of work and a 20% Improvement
+to the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the people that are really fond of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the people that are really fond of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the people that are really fond of
+thermodynamics and would like to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and would like to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and would like to solve
+every problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every problem with
+thermodynamics uh insisted for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics uh insisted for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics uh insisted for a while
+that you should use the exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should use the exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should use the exergy
+method which takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which takes as
+reference the reversible process because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the reversible process because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the reversible process because
+after all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all that
+is the ultimate Target that we should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ultimate Target that we should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ultimate Target that we should uh
+be um heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um heading
+towards uh however the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh however the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh however the problem is that
+as we've seen in the learning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen in the learning curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen in the learning curve
+heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and
+work uh technologies have not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh technologies have not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh technologies have not the same
+level of maturity and therefore we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of maturity and therefore we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of maturity and therefore we are
+the the the the the distance of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the distance of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the distance of where we
+are from where we could be with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from where we could be with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from where we could be with a
+reversible Machinery which is the exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible Machinery which is the exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible Machinery which is the exergy
+target uh is very different like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target uh is very different like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target uh is very different like maybe
+35% uh for electricity and uh maybe 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% uh for electricity and uh maybe 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% uh for electricity and uh maybe 80%
+or even more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even more for
+heat and this makes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and this makes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and this makes uh
+uh this makes giv again gives too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this makes giv again gives too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this makes giv again gives too much
+advantage to the heat because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to the heat because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to the heat because the the
+weight with which uh the Energy savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight with which uh the Energy savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight with which uh the Energy savings
+would be split between work and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be split between work and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be split between work and heat
+would would be proportional to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be proportional to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be proportional to that uh
+uh margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh margin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh margin of
+improvement and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and in
+fact if we look at the numbers for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we look at the numbers for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we look at the numbers for this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+here we find that uh we we you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find that uh we we you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find that uh we we you would
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+cop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+200 which is better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 which is better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 which is better than the
+350 of the electricity centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350 of the electricity centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350 of the electricity centered
+method but in a more realistic uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but in a more realistic uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but in a more realistic uh uh
+with more realistic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more realistic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more realistic uh
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiencies you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies you would
+have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more
+reasonable numbers I mean lower numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable numbers I mean lower numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable numbers I mean lower numbers
+like 92 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 92 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 92 maybe
+96% for the cop of residential in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96% for the cop of residential in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96% for the cop of residential in this
+District heating which which is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District heating which which is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District heating which which is good
+because it's better than say the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's better than say the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's better than say the typical
+85%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and also uh it gives a a a more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also uh it gives a a a more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also uh it gives a a a more more
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+split uh between work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split uh between work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split uh between work and
+heat now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat now
+uh the homework doesn't call you to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the homework doesn't call you to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the homework doesn't call you to um
+to do anything about this method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything about this method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything about this method of
+local area because that is not yet been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area because that is not yet been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area because that is not yet been
+uh accepted or Incorporated in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepted or Incorporated in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepted or Incorporated in any of
+the standards it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and
+um nevertheless it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nevertheless it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nevertheless it's interesting
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to to say that essentially what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say that essentially what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say that essentially what the
+local Authority should uh uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Authority should uh uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Authority should uh uh use
+according to our suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our suggestion
+is um as reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um as reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um as reference
+efficiencies the average efficiencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies the average efficiencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies the average efficiencies of
+the local area including the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local area including the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local area including the the
+combined heat and power uh production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities that
+way if your combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if your combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if your combined
+uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U
+facility is like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility is like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility is like in this
+case uh more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh more more
+efficient than the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it
+deserves some incentive or at least clap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves some incentive or at least clap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves some incentive or at least clap
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+because they're doing better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're doing better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're doing better than the
+average in the local area so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the local area so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the local area so one
+Criterion also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion also
+for either giving incentives or giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either giving incentives or giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either giving incentives or giving
+authorization to to make a new uh Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to to make a new uh Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to to make a new uh Power
+Plant is so that it meets uh higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plant is so that it meets uh higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plant is so that it meets uh higher
+efficiency so it highers it has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so it highers it has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so it highers it has a higher
+efficiency than the average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency than the average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency than the average and
+therefore in turn it will higher the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in turn it will higher the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in turn it will higher the uh
+average uh efficiency of the area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh efficiency of the area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh efficiency of the area so
+that would be beneficial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody the converse is when we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody the converse is when we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody the converse is when we do a
+hybrid power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid power
+plants and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and in this
+case we are we are using uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we are we are using uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we are we are using uh in this
+paper just not a Coen generation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper just not a Coen generation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper just not a Coen generation but
+just power production only Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production and instead of using just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and instead of using just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and instead of using just
+fuel you use fuel and integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you use fuel and integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you use fuel and integrate that
+fuel with some renewable like solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel with some renewable like solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel with some renewable like solar
+energy or vice versa instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or vice versa instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or vice versa instead of having
+just a renewable just solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a renewable just solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a renewable just solar energy
+heating um Power plant like those power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating um Power plant like those power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating um Power plant like those power
+plants with mirrors that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants with mirrors that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants with mirrors that we have
+uh said the other the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh said the other the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh said the other the other the other
+day and you can look it up there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and you can look it up there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and you can look it up there are a
+few prototypes in California in Spain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few prototypes in California in Spain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few prototypes in California in Spain in
+Italy and probably other places too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+nevertheless the fact that um of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the fact that um of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the fact that um of course
+solar energy is not always available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy is not always available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy is not always available and
+there for uh you need to either make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for uh you need to either make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for uh you need to either make
+some storage in order to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some storage in order to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some storage in order to have it
+function continuously or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function continuously or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function continuously or you could
+integrate with fuel for when um to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate with fuel for when um to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate with fuel for when um to to
+compensate when uh there are clouds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate when uh there are clouds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate when uh there are clouds or
+or or nighttime so there is no solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or nighttime so there is no solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or nighttime so there is no solar
+energy uh available in this way you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh available in this way you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh available in this way you may
+have advantages both from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have advantages both from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have advantages both from the point of
+view of efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of efficiency
+so it's more stable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more stable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more stable uh
+uh input for your power plant and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input for your power plant and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input for your power plant and also
+for the cost because the investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cost because the investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cost because the investment is
+going to be uh diluted over more hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh diluted over more hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh diluted over more hours
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation so it is important in these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so it is important in these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so it is important in these uh
+case also to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fractions
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+betas the fractions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas the fractions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas the fractions of
+um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the
+product that can be understood as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being the product of the fossil or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the product of the fossil or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the product of the fossil or the
+product of the renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the renewable
+part so if I could identify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so if I could identify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so if I could identify what
+fraction of the electricity produced is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the electricity produced is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the electricity produced is
+considered renewable this would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered renewable this would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered renewable this would be at
+the same level as say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level as say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level as say
+photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic
+uh energy because it's photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy because it's photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy because it's photovoltaic
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+a is a like a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a like a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a like a separate
+production from solar to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electricity and so there is no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and so there is no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and so there is no reason
+why if the country decides to um give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if the country decides to um give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if the country decides to um give an
+incentive to photovoltaics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to photovoltaics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to photovoltaics
+why there's no reason why they shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's no reason why they shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's no reason why they shouldn't
+give also an incentive to a hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give also an incentive to a hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give also an incentive to a hybrid
+facility at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility at
+least in uh in as far as the uh fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in uh in as far as the uh fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in uh in as far as the uh fraction
+of electricity that is recognized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the
+end it turns out that these facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it turns out that these facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it turns out that these facilities
+hybrid facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid facilities
+have higher uh slightly higher uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher uh slightly higher uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher uh slightly higher uh
+efficiencies than photovoltaics so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies than photovoltaics so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies than photovoltaics so if
+photovolatic is like 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovolatic is like 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovolatic is like 15%
+efficient uh these facilities may may go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh these facilities may may go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh these facilities may may go
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+15% and so it is it may be a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% and so it is it may be a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% and so it is it may be a better way
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+using solar energy for electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using solar energy for electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using solar energy for electricity
+production so also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh beginning people thought of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beginning people thought of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beginning people thought of uh
+assigning all the benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning all the benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning all the benefit of the
+hybridization to the uh renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspect but then this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect but then this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect but then this would be
+unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this power facilities would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this power facilities would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this power facilities would
+hybrid facilities would uh would get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid facilities would uh would get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid facilities would uh would get the
+in incentives even if they don't deserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it because part of the savings that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because part of the savings that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because part of the savings that is
+made by the hybridization it should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by the hybridization it should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by the hybridization it should also
+go to the U fossil line of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the U fossil line of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the U fossil line of the power
+plant so also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so also
+here a reasonable way is to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a reasonable way is to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a reasonable way is to use a
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+production so it it would be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the waited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+fraction of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of what
+the of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of how
+much uh electricity you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh electricity you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh electricity you would
+produce with that fuel in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce with that fuel in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce with that fuel in a separate
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+facility and the other is uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and the other is uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and the other is uh how much
+electricity you would use would produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you would use would produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you would use would produce
+in a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a solar
+facility and these weighted ratios are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and these weighted ratios are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and these weighted ratios are
+balanced but of course somebody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced but of course somebody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced but of course somebody has to
+Define what reference efficiencies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again there is this consideration of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there is this consideration of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there is this consideration of uh
+the xergy method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xergy method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xergy method that
+uh would um provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would um provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would um provide
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+100% as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% as
+the target the reversible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target the reversible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target the reversible uh
+Target and 93% for the reversible Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and 93% for the reversible Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and 93% for the reversible Target
+in uh the conversion of solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the conversion of solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh the conversion of solar energy
+into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh
+electricity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh
+but these targets are very far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these targets are very far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these targets are very far from the
+actual level of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual level of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual level of uh
+average efficiencies and therefore it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average efficiencies and therefore it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average efficiencies and therefore it is
+dangerous to use those as uh references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous to use those as uh references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous to use those as uh references
+it is better to use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is better to use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is better to use as
+references something fixed or again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references something fixed or again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references something fixed or again
+something based on a local area so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something based on a local area so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something based on a local area so the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+uh partial efficiencies in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial efficiencies in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial efficiencies in the in the
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+area so that again also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so that again also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so that again also
+here you could argue that uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could argue that uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could argue that uh who
+deserves the incentives the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves the incentives the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves the incentives the economic
+incentives are only those who improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are only those who improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are only those who improve
+somewhat to the average uh usage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat to the average uh usage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat to the average uh usage of
+those resources in in the local area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the
+numbers here there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example yeah I think I skipped one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah I think I skipped one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah I think I skipped one uh
+one I I removed one slide in which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I I removed one slide in which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I I removed one slide in which would
+saying oh yeah here it is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh yeah here it is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh yeah here it is the the the
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+production uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh for
+solar that is typically say average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar that is typically say average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar that is typically say average of
+of today for photovolatic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+15.3% and the and here we use the 38% M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.3% and the and here we use the 38% M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.3% and the and here we use the 38% M
+maybe we could have put also 42 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could have put also 42 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could have put also 42 maybe
+also 45%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 45%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 45%
+today for the separate production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for the separate production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for the separate production of
+electricity from fuels okay now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from fuels okay now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from fuels okay now here's
+this the the hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facility and these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and these numbers
+Define the relative role of of hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the relative role of of hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the relative role of of hybrid
+production in the local area for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the local area for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the local area for example
+this says that over of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that over of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that over of the overall
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+45% is a hybrid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45% is a hybrid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45% is a hybrid and
+10% is separate solar so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photovoltaics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics and
+then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by
+using this um self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+local uh separate local production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+references here's the is the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references here's the is the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references here's the is the numbers
+it's for example it would say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example it would say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example it would say that this
+hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid
+facility improves the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility improves the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility improves the efficiency of
+production from solar from 15% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18.7% the exergy method would have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.7% the exergy method would have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.7% the exergy method would have said
+that the Improvement is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Improvement is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Improvement is to
+35% giving therefore a lot of credit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% giving therefore a lot of credit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% giving therefore a lot of credit and
+therefore very high incentives and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore very high incentives and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore very high incentives and the
+the the fuel center the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fuel center the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fuel center the even
+higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonsense so if you happen to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense so if you happen to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense so if you happen to end up
+working in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in one of these
+agencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that
+Define regulations and that keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define regulations and that keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define regulations and that keep
+following um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um
+the the evolution of local areas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the evolution of local areas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the evolution of local areas and the
+improvements uh you have to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements uh you have to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements uh you have to be aware of
+avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh wrong numbers that would uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrong numbers that would uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrong numbers that would uh uh
+change the direction of uh Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of uh Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of uh Technologies
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+investments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in
+in not where you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not where you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not where you want it to be
+going so because these numbers and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so because these numbers and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so because these numbers and in
+particular the lows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the lows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the lows
+that determine incentives based on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine incentives based on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine incentives based on these
+numbers determine the choices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers determine the choices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers determine the choices of the
+companies in where to invest in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in where to invest in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in where to invest in what
+okay all right so with with this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so with with this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so with with this I think
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+um said a little more about uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um said a little more about uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um said a little more about uh this
+problem of allocation and uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of allocation and uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of allocation and uh if you
+still have some questions maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some questions maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some questions maybe this is
+the time for for the homework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for for the homework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for for the homework for
+example maybe this is the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe this is the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe this is the time to
+ask uh if it is all clear then okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask uh if it is all clear then okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask uh if it is all clear then okay in
+any case if you need help I'm available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case if you need help I'm available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case if you need help I'm available
+in the office just email me and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the office just email me and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the office just email me and we we
+can set up an appointment or just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up an appointment or just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up an appointment or just uh
+chat by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah because
+now I want to move to the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to move to the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to move to the second part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course this was an initial slide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this was an initial slide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this was an initial slide you
+remember where we said uh in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where we said uh in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where we said uh in the second
+part of the course we're going to de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course we're going to de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course we're going to de
+deal with chemical potentials and multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with chemical potentials and multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with chemical potentials and multi
+constituent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems so in part we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so in part we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so in part we have
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+discussed uh because these are stable a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh because these are stable a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh because these are stable a
+lot of of of these is is played with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of of of these is is played with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of of of these is is played with a
+stable equilibrium States and we said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium States and we said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium States and we said a
+lot about the properties of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about the properties of stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about the properties of stable
+equilibrium States and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium States and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium States and in
+fact in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the next
+uh uh few slides I'll just uh which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh few slides I'll just uh which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh few slides I'll just uh which are
+full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of
+formulas as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas as usual
+um I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll just
+um review quickly what the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um review quickly what the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um review quickly what the things that
+we've already said that are uh relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said that are uh relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said that are uh relevant
+to the applications that uh then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the applications that uh then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the applications that uh then we want
+to need to we want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to we want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to we want to focus
+on uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this part is uh divided into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part is uh divided into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part is uh divided into three
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+parts the first one is defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts the first one is defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts the first one is defining
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures
+in single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll have to talk about partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have to talk about partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have to talk about partial
+properties Define what what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties Define what what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties Define what what they are
+Define some ideal mixture and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define some ideal mixture and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define some ideal mixture and here I
+should also add another uh topic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also add another uh topic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also add another uh topic which
+is ideal solution U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ideal solution U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ideal solution U
+Behavior we will talk about osmotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior we will talk about osmotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior we will talk about osmotic
+pressure we will talk about the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure we will talk about the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure we will talk about the minimum
+work uh from for SE separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a mixture into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mixture into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mixture into its
+components or the maximum work that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or the maximum work that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or the maximum work that you
+can extract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing if you don't do it irreversibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing if you don't do it irreversibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing if you don't do it irreversibly
+and then um yeah osmotic pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um yeah osmotic pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um yeah osmotic pressure and
+the so-called blue energy and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called blue energy and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called blue energy and then also
+the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of
+stratification uh so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification uh so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification uh so what's the
+composition in the air at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in the air at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in the air at various
+Heights then there will be a second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights then there will be a second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights then there will be a second part
+that will will deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will will deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will will deal
+with liquid Vapor equilibrium or say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with liquid Vapor equilibrium or say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with liquid Vapor equilibrium or say two
+phase States for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase States for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase States for
+mixtures and the third part which deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and the third part which deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures and the third part which deals
+with systems or mixtures with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions most of it is covered is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions most of it is covered is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions most of it is covered is is
+still covered sorry is covered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still covered sorry is covered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still covered sorry is covered by the
+book here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+a dense summary of things that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dense summary of things that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dense summary of things that we have
+seen you remember we defined uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you remember we defined uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you remember we defined uh these
+characteristic uh functions starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh functions starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh functions starting
+from the fundamental relation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fundamental relation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fundamental relation of the
+stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium
+States and Performing the lendra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and Performing the lendra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and Performing the lendra
+transform of some of its variables or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of some of its variables or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of some of its variables or
+all of its variables we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its variables we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its variables we defined
+alternative ways of describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ways of describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ways of describing the
+properties of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium and among these we uh thisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and among these we uh thisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and among these we uh thisan
+transforms we defined the F which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms we defined the F which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms we defined the F which is the
+elol free energy G which is the Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elol free energy G which is the Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elol free energy G which is the Gibs
+free energy H which is the enthalpy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy H which is the enthalpy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy H which is the enthalpy and
+and the EU which is the oiler free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the EU which is the oiler free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the EU which is the oiler free
+energy they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they're all
+related like this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the summation of the products of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation of the products of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation of the products of the
+various constituents so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constituents so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constituents so we
+already set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already set
+up for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixtures it is also this uh Oiler uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures it is also this uh Oiler uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures it is also this uh Oiler uh
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+energy is a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a function of temperature
+pressure and chemical potential so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and chemical potential so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and chemical potential so that
+means that you can measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you can measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you can measure it
+by uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriate Mutual equilibrium of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Mutual equilibrium of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Mutual equilibrium of your
+mixture with an appropriate environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture with an appropriate environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture with an appropriate environment
+of which you know the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which you know the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which you know the temperature the
+pressure and the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials because essentially the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials because essentially the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials because essentially the value
+of the oil g g oil free free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oil g g oil free free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oil g g oil free free energy of
+your uh mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so once you fixed your Reservoir in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you fixed your Reservoir in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you fixed your Reservoir in a
+completely open situation in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open situation in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open situation in which the
+system can exchange uh energy therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can exchange uh energy therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can exchange uh energy therefore
+temperature equality with the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equality with the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equality with the reservoir
+pressure I'm sorry volume therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure I'm sorry volume therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure I'm sorry volume therefore
+pressure in equality with the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in equality with the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in equality with the reservoir
+and it can exchange also all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can exchange also all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can exchange also all
+constituents with your Reservoir so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents with your Reservoir so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents with your Reservoir so the
+all the chemical potentials of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the chemical potentials of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the chemical potentials of your
+system for each substance must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for each substance must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for each substance must be equal
+to the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemical
+potential of the reservoir of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the reservoir of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the reservoir of the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substance and so that provides ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and so that provides ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and so that provides ways to
+uh do these measurements of these Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do these measurements of these Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do these measurements of these Oiler
+function of course the oiler function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of course the oiler function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of course the oiler function is
+important as we emphasized the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems it's also important for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's also important for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's also important for large
+systems because for large systems it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because for large systems it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because for large systems it is
+identically equal to zero as we as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically equal to zero as we as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically equal to zero as we as part
+of the result of the uh simple system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result of the uh simple system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result of the uh simple system
+model in which we have seen that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which we have seen that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which we have seen that the
+um refraction effects at walls are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um refraction effects at walls are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um refraction effects at walls are uh
+not in important and therefore for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in important and therefore for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in important and therefore for
+example the work associated with to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the work associated with to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the work associated with to in
+placing a partition into in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a partition into in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a partition into in your
+system or the entropy uh prod produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or the entropy uh prod produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or the entropy uh prod produced
+by reversibility if you remove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility if you remove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility if you remove a
+partition become negligible for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition become negligible for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition become negligible for large
+amounts and uh and so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and uh and so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and uh and so in that
+case since the uh Oiler uh free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case since the uh Oiler uh free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case since the uh Oiler uh free energy
+is related as we have seen to that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related as we have seen to that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related as we have seen to that work
+and to that irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to that irreversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to that irreversibility
+of uh placing or removing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh placing or removing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh placing or removing uh
+partitions uh that that in the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions uh that that in the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions uh that that in the limit of
+large number of particles that goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of particles that goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of particles that goes to
+zero and G and that gives rise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and G and that gives rise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and G and that gives rise to the
+so-called I mean the what is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called I mean the what is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called I mean the what is known as
+the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you subtract the differential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you subtract the differential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you subtract the differential of the
+oiler relation from the Gibs relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler relation from the Gibs relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler relation from the Gibs relation
+which is the differential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the differential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the differential of the
+fundamental relation you get this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation you get this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation you get this other
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+between differentials that is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between differentials that is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between differentials that is called the
+Gibbs doem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation which we already used when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which we already used when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which we already used when we
+did the for example the Gibs phase rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the various forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the various forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the various forms the
+various differentials of this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various differentials of this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various differentials of this of the
+fundamental relation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation or
+the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or
+the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or
+the transforms of it elal GS enthalpy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transforms of it elal GS enthalpy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transforms of it elal GS enthalpy so
+these expressions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expressions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expressions for the
+differentials are useful in in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials are useful in in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials are useful in in order to
+identify just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify just by
+inspection uh what are the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection uh what are the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection uh what are the natural
+variables of these uh of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of these uh of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of these uh of these functions
+so for energy the natural for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for energy the natural for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for energy the natural for the energy
+form of the fundamental relation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the fundamental relation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the fundamental relation the
+natural variables as we know are s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural variables as we know are s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural variables as we know are s
+entropy volume and the amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constituents and the amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents and the amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents and the amounts of
+constituents can be written in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents can be written in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents can be written in terms of
+mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and
+also Again by inspection you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Again by inspection you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Again by inspection you can
+infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer
+immediately what the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately what the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately what the partial derivatives
+of this function are with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function are with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function are with respect to the
+various natural variables for example T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various natural variables for example T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various natural variables for example T
+is the partial of e with respect to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the partial of e with respect to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the partial of e with respect to S
+minus p is the partial of e with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p is the partial of e with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p is the partial of e with respect
+to V the chemical potential and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V the chemical potential and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V the chemical potential and this is
+important is when viewed this way is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is when viewed this way is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is when viewed this way is the
+partial of e with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of e with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of e with respect to
+n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+being a derivative of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a derivative of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a derivative of this function
+here it is viewed as a function of s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is viewed as a function of s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is viewed as a function of s of
+the same variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+svnn then you do the same also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svnn then you do the same also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svnn then you do the same also for
+example for the say let's go down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the say let's go down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the say let's go down here
+to the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Gibs free
+energy the Gibs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the Gibs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the Gibs free energy
+has this form of the differential so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form of the differential so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form of the differential so you
+identify its natural variable as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify its natural variable as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify its natural variable as being
+temperature pressure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount and the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and the partial
+derivatives minus s is the partial of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives minus s is the partial of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives minus s is the partial of G
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+T volume is the partial of G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T volume is the partial of G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T volume is the partial of G with
+respect to pressure the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to pressure the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to pressure the chemical
+potential is the partial of G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the partial of G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the partial of G with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+n and this way the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this way the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this way the chemical potential
+is viewed as a function of TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is viewed as a function of TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is viewed as a function of TP
+andn it's the same chemical potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn it's the same chemical potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn it's the same chemical potential we
+talking about the same system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the same system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the same system in a
+stable equilibrium state but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium state but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium state but you can
+view the chemical potential as function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the chemical potential as function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the chemical potential as function
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+variables because the game of the lendra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because the game of the lendra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because the game of the lendra
+transformation is to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is to change
+from uh not readily measurable variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh not readily measurable variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh not readily measurable variables
+like the entropy to more readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the entropy to more readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the entropy to more readily
+variable measurable variable like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable measurable variable like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable measurable variable like
+temperature pressure or for the free for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure or for the free for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure or for the free for
+the emal free energy temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume the
+enthalpy doesn't gain much because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy doesn't gain much because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy doesn't gain much because it
+still has the entropy there but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has the entropy there but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has the entropy there but the
+enthalpy is is important for bulk flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is is important for bulk flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is is important for bulk flow
+interactions and that's why uh we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and that's why uh we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and that's why uh we keep
+it in uh in play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now of course this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course this is that
+summation but when we have a single uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation but when we have a single uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation but when we have a single uh
+substance so when we have a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so when we have a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so when we have a pure
+substance we have this same uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations this is valid in general so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is valid in general so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is valid in general so
+including small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including small
+systems it's the same as two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's the same as two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's the same as two slides
+before only that uh we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before only that uh we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before only that uh we we've
+written uh this as simply mu and N only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh this as simply mu and N only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh this as simply mu and N only
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+substance oh you could call it one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance oh you could call it one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance oh you could call it one one
+or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually
+here we are going to use the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are going to use the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are going to use the double
+subscript as a convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript as a convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript as a convention
+to um denote pure substance so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um denote pure substance so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um denote pure substance so if you
+see a double Subs subscrip it means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a double Subs subscrip it means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a double Subs subscrip it means we
+are referring to pure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constituent okay so in the larger um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent okay so in the larger um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent okay so in the larger um
+number of particle limits so the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particle limits so the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particle limits so the simple
+system approximation applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we still have the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still have the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still have the oiler
+relation the GS the DM relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the GS the DM relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the GS the DM relation
+simplifies and can be be viewed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies and can be be viewed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies and can be be viewed as a
+essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the
+differential of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the chemical
+potential of the only substance that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the only substance that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the only substance that we
+have so you see that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you see that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you see that the chemical
+potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a
+function of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T and
+P let's see uh yeah uh here I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P let's see uh yeah uh here I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P let's see uh yeah uh here I think I
+made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a
+mistake in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in these
+um let's see in the limit in the large n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see in the limit in the large n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see in the limit in the large n
+limit uh the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh the chemical potential
+loses its dependence on the amounts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses its dependence on the amounts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses its dependence on the amounts like
+okay here it is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+okay oh yeah okay here I did take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yeah okay here I did take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yeah okay here I did take it
+away fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the chemical potential is
+not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent property once you fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent property once you fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent property once you fix the
+temperature and the pressure chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the pressure chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the pressure chemical
+potential is a function of tnp so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a function of tnp so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a function of tnp so that
+fixes also the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes also the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes also the chemical
+potential whereas for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture the phase rule depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh how many phases you have coexisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many phases you have coexisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many phases you have coexisting
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on some chemical potentials can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some chemical potentials can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some chemical potentials can be
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independently not for the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substance and in fact if you have for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and in fact if you have for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and in fact if you have for a
+pure substance two phases you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure substance two phases you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure substance two phases you have one
+relation like this for one phase like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation like this for one phase like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation like this for one phase like
+liquid and another relation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and another relation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and another relation like this
+for the vapor and if if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexist the two must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist the two must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist the two must be
+equal and therefore not uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and therefore not uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and therefore not uh uh
+temperature and pressure are not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure are not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure are not even
+any more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more uh
+independently variable like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently variable like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently variable like when you
+have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we will see that chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will see that chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will see that chemical
+potentials play an important role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixtures because they determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures because they determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures because they determine the
+properties and they also play an import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and they also play an import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and they also play an import
+important role in determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in determining the
+condition for Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for Mutual
+equilibrium so they are really our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Focus for the pure substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice that due to the oiler relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the chemical potential is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential is also
+equal to the specific Gibs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the specific Gibs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the specific Gibs free energy
+so the Gibs free energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Gibs free energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Gibs free energy per unit
+mole like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+is capital G Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N now in
+uh the uh simple system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh simple system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh simple system
+model for a mixture so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for a mixture so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for a mixture so this is the
+simple system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system
+model G is equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation when you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation when you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation when you have only
+one that summation becomes just one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that summation becomes just one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that summation becomes just one term
+and therefore you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you see that the
+uh if you take G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's new1 one And1 one divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's new1 one And1 one divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's new1 one And1 one divided by
+let's let me put one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me put one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me put one one
+here so that's new so that proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's new so that proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's new so that proves that
+in that case that gives a free energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case that gives a free energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case that gives a free energy uh
+molar so that's G11 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu11 only for a p substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties well in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties well in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties well in order to
+measure we will see that we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure we will see that we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure we will see that we said that
+the chemical potentials are Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potentials are Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potentials are Central
+because they determine the for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they determine the for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they determine the for example
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Gibs free energy which is a legan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs free energy which is a legan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs free energy which is a legan
+transform of this of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this of the fundamental
+relation and therefore you can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and therefore you can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and therefore you can extract
+all the information from from it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information from from it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information from from it of
+course if you know it as a function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you know it as a function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you know it as a function so
+you need to know not just one value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know not just one value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know not just one value you
+need to know how it varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how it varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how it varies with
+temperature pressure you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure you need to know
+all this function in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this function in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this function in order to
+characterize your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture and the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and the chemical
+potentials are uh the key of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are uh the key of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are uh the key of the game
+and the way you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them is by a a manometer by measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is by a a manometer by measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is by a a manometer by measuring
+the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you need to
+develop uh rigid semi-permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh rigid semi-permeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh rigid semi-permeable
+membranes capable of keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes capable of keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes capable of keeping the
+molecules all molecules in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules all molecules in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules all molecules in the mixture
+except one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one
+inside the mixture and allowing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the mixture and allowing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the mixture and allowing only
+some the molecules of one type to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the molecules of one type to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the molecules of one type to cross
+once you have identified a membrane like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have identified a membrane like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have identified a membrane like
+that you just wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just wait
+for Mutual equilibrium to to to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual equilibrium to to to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual equilibrium to to to occur
+and then measure this partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure this partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure this partial pressure
+and then as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you
+remember the condition for Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the condition for Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the condition for Mutual
+equilibrium is that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is that the chemical
+potential of constituent I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of constituent I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of constituent I in the
+mixture must be equal to the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture must be equal to the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture must be equal to the chemical
+potential of the constituent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the constituent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the constituent on the
+other side of the membrane through which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the membrane through which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the membrane through which
+that substance can be uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flow and we call partial pressure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and we call partial pressure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and we call partial pressure that
+pressure at which that occurs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at which that occurs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at which that occurs the
+pressure of the pure system that uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the pure system that uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of the pure system that uh so
+that that's the meaning of the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the meaning of the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the meaning of the double
+I and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality makes uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality makes uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality makes uh um
+the yeah okay here I kept because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah okay here I kept because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah okay here I kept because for
+small systems you also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small systems you also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small systems you also have this
+dependence even for uh the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence even for uh the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence even for uh the pure
+substance but for large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance but for large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance but for large uh
+amounts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts that
+drops and then you see that the you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and then you see that the you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and then you see that the you can
+solve this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation and
+evaluated the partial pressure as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the partial pressure as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the partial pressure as a
+function of the other variables which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the other variables which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the other variables which is
+temperature pressure and the amounts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and the amounts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and the amounts in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture uh and the amount in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture uh and the amount in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture uh and the amount in this uh
+small syst in this pure system on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small syst in this pure system on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small syst in this pure system on the
+other side of the membrane but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the membrane but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the membrane but the the
+the absolute amounts drop out for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute amounts drop out for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute amounts drop out for large
+n so that dependence is only through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that dependence is only through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that dependence is only through the
+uh relative comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative comp
+position of your mixture so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of your mixture so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of your mixture so the
+percentages of how much how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages of how much how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages of how much how many
+molecules of each type I have in my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and again
+here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I
+use this relation which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this relation which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this relation which is also
+important uh to remember namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh to remember namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh to remember namely that
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+for large gen the chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large gen the chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large gen the chemical potential of
+the constituent in the mixture is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constituent in the mixture is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constituent in the mixture is equal
+to the chemical potential of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemical potential of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemical potential of the pure
+component evaluated at the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component evaluated at the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component evaluated at the temperature
+and the partial pressure of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partial pressure of the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partial pressure of the mixture
+and the chemical potential of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemical potential of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemical potential of the pure
+component is given by the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is given by the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is given by the Gibs free
+energy and the Gibs free energy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the Gibs free energy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the Gibs free energy if you
+remember is also written as H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is also written as H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is also written as H minus
+TS so what we are saying is that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS so what we are saying is that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS so what we are saying is that can
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+potential of component in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of component in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of component in the mixture
+can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as
+this but since this is G it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but since this is G it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but since this is G it can also be
+written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+uh I'm sorry this is new i h i t at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry this is new i h i t at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sorry this is new i h i t at the
+partial pressure minus t s i t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure minus t s i t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure minus t s i t
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+this with double I are the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with double I are the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with double I are the properties of
+the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substances so a good part but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances so a good part but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances so a good part but not
+all uh of the properties of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh of the properties of the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh of the properties of the mixture
+are determined by the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determined by the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determined by the properties of the
+P the few components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact we will uh Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we will uh Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we will uh Define
+some behaviors that we will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ideal which are simplified version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideal which are simplified version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideal which are simplified version
+simplified models in which all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified models in which all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified models in which all of the
+properties uh of the mixtures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of the mixtures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of the mixtures of the
+mixture are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture are
+determined uh by the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined uh by the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined uh by the properties of the
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+components that is a is not to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that is a is not to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that is a is not to say
+that the most most real mixtures are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most most real mixtures are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most most real mixtures are not
+ideal in the sense that we will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in the sense that we will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in the sense that we will try to
+Define uh but the ideal mixture model or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh but the ideal mixture model or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh but the ideal mixture model or
+the ideal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal solution
+models uh are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and
+then the typical procedure is that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the typical procedure is that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the typical procedure is that to
+start with ideal description then since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with ideal description then since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with ideal description then since
+my actual mixture uh depart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my actual mixture uh depart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my actual mixture uh depart from
+ideal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal you
+describe the departure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the departure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the departure from
+ideal We call we going to call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal We call we going to call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal We call we going to call those
+excess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties now a first step towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties now a first step towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties now a first step towards the
+construction of properties of a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of properties of a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of properties of a mixture
+from the property of the pure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the property of the pure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the property of the pure uh
+components is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Define I think we already done in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define I think we already done in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define I think we already done in yeah
+we defined already the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was to
+um okay uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh right
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the
+expression that see this mui is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that see this mui is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that see this mui is
+also as we said a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as we said a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as we said a function of
+TP and the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amounts so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so we
+write the differential of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we use those Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use those Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use those Maxwell
+relations that allows us to for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that allows us to for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that allows us to for example
+this partial derivative of mu with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial derivative of mu with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial derivative of mu with
+respect to T which is the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T which is the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T which is the coefficient of
+DT in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT in this
+differential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential we
+recognize that except for the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that except for the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that except for the minus sign
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+to the second derivative of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second derivative of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second derivative of of of
+G so of G of the capital G of the GI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so of G of the capital G of the GI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so of G of the capital G of the GI
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+energy with respect to T and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to T and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to T and with
+respect to n because the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to n because the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to n because the chemical
+potential is a partial of G with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a partial of G with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a partial of G with respect
+to n so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so this
+is the second derivative but then due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative but then due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative but then due to
+the um reciprocity or Schwarz theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um reciprocity or Schwarz theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um reciprocity or Schwarz theorem
+about second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about second partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about second partial
+derivatives this can also be viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives this can also be viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives this can also be viewed as
+that you first do the the partial of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you first do the the partial of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you first do the the partial of G
+with respect to T and then with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T and then with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T and then with respect
+to n so the partial of G with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so the partial of G with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so the partial of G with respect to
+T is minus S as we can see from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is minus S as we can see from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is minus S as we can see from here
+partial of G with respect to T is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so by writing the differentials we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so by writing the differentials we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so by writing the differentials we go
+and do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do and
+watch uh by inspection what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh by inspection what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh by inspection what these
+partial derivatives are but also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives are but also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives are but also we
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+remember uh I mean we could remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh I mean we could remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh I mean we could remember uh
+by heart that the this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by heart that the this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by heart that the this partial
+derivatives at least this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives at least this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives at least this and
+that in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case this says how much the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this says how much the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this says how much the entropy
+changes if while keeping temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes if while keeping temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes if while keeping temperature and
+pressure fixed and also the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure fixed and also the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure fixed and also the various
+amounts I add a little bit of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts I add a little bit of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts I add a little bit of one
+substance this is why it takes the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance this is why it takes the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance this is why it takes the name
+partial entropy it's the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial entropy it's the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial entropy it's the contribution of
+that con of of of that constituent to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that con of of of that constituent to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that con of of of that constituent to uh
+the uh property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh property
+of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture then we do the same we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture then we do the same we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture then we do the same we did the
+same for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for this
+other partial derivatives which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other partial derivatives which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other partial derivatives which is the
+coefficient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure which is here it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which is here it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which is here it can also be
+viewed as a second partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as a second partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as a second partial derivative of
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+therefore therefore it in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore therefore it in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore therefore it in this case it's
+the partial of the volume with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of the volume with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of the volume with respect
+to n so it says how much the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so it says how much the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so it says how much the volume
+changes increases if I add a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes increases if I add a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes increases if I add a little bit
+of substance I while keeping temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substance I while keeping temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substance I while keeping temperature
+pressure and the other constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the other constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and the other constituents
+fixed that's called the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+have the expression for the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the expression for the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the expression for the differential
+I have to take care also of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take care also of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take care also of uh the
+different the differentials of the NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so I have a summation because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I have a summation because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I have a summation because I
+have many NS I have this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many NS I have this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many NS I have this partial
+derivatives of chemical potential of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of chemical potential of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of chemical potential of one
+substance with respect to the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance with respect to the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance with respect to the amount of
+another substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh reciprocity of second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reciprocity of second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reciprocity of second order
+derivatives tells us that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives tells us that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives tells us that there is a
+reciprocity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity in this
+relation and for short hand in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and for short hand in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and for short hand in what
+follows I'm going to denote these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I'm going to denote these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I'm going to denote these
+partial derivatives as Mu I comma J or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives as Mu I comma J or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives as Mu I comma J or
+mu J comma I so the comma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu J comma I so the comma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu J comma I so the comma I
+means partial with respect to ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using um for example this is the Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um for example this is the Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um for example this is the Gibbs
+relation differential of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation uh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute the partial energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the partial energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the partial energy of
+constituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent
+I because I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I can take
+formally I mean don't tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally I mean don't tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally I mean don't tell the
+mathematicians but if I take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians but if I take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians but if I take these
+expression here for the for the and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here for the for the and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here for the for the and I
+divide by Del partial n partial n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i uh so I divide through so I so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh so I divide through so I so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh so I divide through so I so that
+becomes that d ided by dni is equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that d ided by dni is equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that d ided by dni is equal to T
+* DS /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* DS /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* DS /
+dni but that DS divided by dni is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dni but that DS divided by dni is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dni but that DS divided by dni is the
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+entropy then I have d V ided by dni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy then I have d V ided by dni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy then I have d V ided by dni
+that's the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the partial
+volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and
+DN ided by dni is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN ided by dni is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN ided by dni is
+one dni divided by dni is one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dni divided by dni is one so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dni divided by dni is one so that
+leaves me with just uh the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves me with just uh the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves me with just uh the chemical
+potential it's I mean it's one if the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it's I mean it's one if the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it's I mean it's one if the uh
+if the I am dividing is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the I am dividing is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the I am dividing is the same as the
+N if zero if I'm dividing one by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N if zero if I'm dividing one by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N if zero if I'm dividing one by the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+because they are independent and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are independent and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are independent and so this
+is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we
+prove I mean you can do it better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove I mean you can do it better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove I mean you can do it better but
+just this was just sort of a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this was just sort of a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this was just sort of a game
+because formal sometimes proceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because formal sometimes proceeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because formal sometimes proceeding
+formally is helpful to go fast and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally is helpful to go fast and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally is helpful to go fast and do
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+checking in any case so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking in any case so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking in any case so this is the
+expression for the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the partial
+energy of constituent and you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of constituent and you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of constituent and you can play
+the same game using the differential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same game using the differential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same game using the differential for
+the enthalpy to express the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy to express the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy to express the partial
+enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of
+constituent what is important uh here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent what is important uh here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent what is important uh here is
+that all these partial properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these partial properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these partial properties
+entropy volume energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+related to the chemical potential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the chemical potential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the chemical potential you
+see the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+or partial derivatives of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or partial derivatives of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or partial derivatives of the chemical
+potential either with respect to T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential either with respect to T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential either with respect to T or
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+P so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that if I have this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I have this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I have this expression
+here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can
+determine by just mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine by just mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine by just mathematical
+manipulation all the partial properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation all the partial properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation all the partial properties
+of the constituent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constituent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constituent in the
+mixture okay so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get
+si uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si uh
+VI hi I EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what do I do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this next slide is to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this next slide is to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this next slide is to show that
+uh with them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with them you can
+compute the properties of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the properties of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the properties of the overall
+properties of the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here I do it again for the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I do it again for the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I do it again for the general
+case and then in the uh I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then in the uh I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then in the uh I look at the
+large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and
+large um number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um number of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the oiler one this is one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oiler one this is one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oiler one this is one way of
+doing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing of
+course many different ways of getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course many different ways of getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course many different ways of getting to
+the same result for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result for example in the
+book there is no discussion about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book there is no discussion about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book there is no discussion about the
+oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler
+U free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U free
+energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you find a different derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find a different derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find a different derivation
+starting from just the valid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from just the valid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from just the valid in the
+large limit large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large limit large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large limit large number of
+particles in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in any
+case I start from the um expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I start from the um expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I start from the um expression for
+the oiler relation which is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oiler relation which is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oiler relation which is a function
+of TP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TP and
+new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and
+then substitute inside the MU here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then substitute inside the MU here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then substitute inside the MU here
+this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so that it becomes a function of TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andn and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn and then I
+take the derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivatives of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with
+respect to these independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course we need to do some chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we need to do some chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we need to do some chain rule
+because here we have a function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we have a function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we have a function of a
+function so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for
+example the derivative of EU with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the derivative of EU with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the derivative of EU with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+T gets one contribution from the T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T gets one contribution from the T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T gets one contribution from the T that
+is here this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here this T
+here and that's the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's the derivative with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+T then when I think that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then when I think that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then when I think that the other
+variables so so let's say loely speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so so let's say loely speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so so let's say loely speaking
+at constant p and constant mu okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant p and constant mu okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant p and constant mu okay so I
+put a p and a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a p and a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a p and a mu
+here plus there is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus there is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus there is also a
+contribution to changes in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to changes in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to changes in temperature
+through the chemical potentials so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the chemical potentials so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the chemical potentials so that
+adds the partial of EU with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds the partial of EU with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds the partial of EU with respect to
+the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials times the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials times the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials times the derivative of the
+chemical potential with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential with respect to
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now it turns out that if we take if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it turns out that if we take if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it turns out that if we take if
+we look at the uh expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the uh expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the uh expression for the
+differential of the oiler uh free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the oiler uh free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the oiler uh free energy
+which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one by inspection as usual we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by inspection as usual we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by inspection as usual we can
+extract the values of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the values of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the values of the partial
+derivatives for example minus s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for example minus s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for example minus s is equal
+to partial of uh Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to partial of uh Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to partial of uh Oiler
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+temperature volume is the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature volume is the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature volume is the partial of
+Oiler over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler over
+pressure the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the amount of
+constituent is the negative of the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent is the negative of the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent is the negative of the oiler
+with respect to the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the chemical potential
+so this partial derivative partial of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this partial derivative partial of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this partial derivative partial of U
+EU with respect to chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EU with respect to chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EU with respect to chemical potential of
+constituent I while I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent I while I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent I while I keep
+fixed temperature pressure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature pressure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature pressure and the
+chemical potentials of all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials of all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials of all other
+constituents is equal to the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents is equal to the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents is equal to the negative of
+the amount of constituents I have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so this thing
+here is uh minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+Okay then if I look in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay then if I look in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay then if I look in the previous
+slide and I look at the partial of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I look at the partial of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I look at the partial of mu
+respect to T at constant PN that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T at constant PN that's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T at constant PN that's minus
+s that's negative of uh the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's negative of uh the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's negative of uh the partial
+entropy so minus and minus cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so minus and minus cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so minus and minus cancel
+becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a
+plus and so I have uh the summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and so I have uh the summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and so I have uh the summation of
+Ni *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ni *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ni *
+SI whereas the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI whereas the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI whereas the first derivative
+here is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is here
+it's it's minus S capital S it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's minus S capital S it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's minus S capital S it's the
+entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture okay so I just if I now take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture okay so I just if I now take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture okay so I just if I now take
+this expression and rewrite it here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression and rewrite it here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression and rewrite it here it
+says that the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the entropy
+of the overall entropy of my mixture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall entropy of my mixture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall entropy of my mixture is
+equal to the weighted sum of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the weighted sum of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the weighted sum of the partial
+entropies weighted by the amounts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies weighted by the amounts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies weighted by the amounts with
+which the constituents are present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the constituents are present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the constituents are present in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mixture minus a correcting term that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture minus a correcting term that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture minus a correcting term that has
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do with um the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+energy but if we are not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but if we are not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but if we are not interested in
+small systems the oiler free energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small systems the oiler free energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small systems the oiler free energy is
+is zero and so in that limit only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and so in that limit only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and so in that limit only the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh
+remains and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtain that if I have these SI with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain that if I have these SI with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain that if I have these SI with them
+I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+compute the properties of my mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I know the entropy of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture and here you can play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and here you can play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and here you can play the same
+game also for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game also for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game also for the
+volume me skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we can play the same game also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can play the same game also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can play the same game also with
+respect when I do the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect when I do the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect when I do the partial derivative
+of Oiler with respect to the amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Oiler with respect to the amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Oiler with respect to the amounts of
+one of the constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you do carefully the derivatives as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do carefully the derivatives as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do carefully the derivatives as
+we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this becomes equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation which is written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and since in the large limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh oil is equal to Z to zero identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oil is equal to Z to zero identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oil is equal to Z to zero identically
+it means that this summation is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this summation is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this summation is equal to
+zero ident identically actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ident identically actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ident identically actually there
+are there are as many there is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are as many there is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are as many there is there is
+one for each constituent because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for each constituent because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for each constituent because you
+see there is a summation over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there is a summation over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there is a summation over the
+constituents I so I is a dummy index in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents I so I is a dummy index in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents I so I is a dummy index in
+within the summation but then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the summation but then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the summation but then there is a
+j which is a free so this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j which is a free so this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j which is a free so this has to be
+equal to zero for every J this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero for every J this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero for every J this is called
+the DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DM
+margules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation and we it will play some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and we it will play some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and we it will play some
+role in uh making sure that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in uh making sure that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in uh making sure that when you
+develop models you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop models you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop models you're doing it
+consistently for the moment we leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently for the moment we leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently for the moment we leave it
+there now in the next slide I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now in the next slide I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now in the next slide I'm going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+start from these three so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from these three so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from these three so the first
+these three lines become the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three lines become the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three lines become the first
+lines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because from these relations I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because from these relations I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because from these relations I can
+prove similar relations also for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove similar relations also for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove similar relations also for all the
+other properties that we have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties that we have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties that we have talked
+about energy elol free energy GES free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy elol free energy GES free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy elol free energy GES free
+energy enalia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means we can for all these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we can for all these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we can for all these in
+and also I can go it can go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can go it can go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can go it can go on to
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+okay uh I have relations like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I have relations like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I have relations like like
+that if I want them for the mixture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want them for the mixture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want them for the mixture all
+I need to do is play some derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to do is play some derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to do is play some derivatives of
+the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical
+potentials and with the proper relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and with the proper relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and with the proper relation
+I get to the relation to the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to the relation to the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to the relation to the property of
+of the mixture of course I need to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mixture of course I need to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mixture of course I need to also
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+amounts so I need to know the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so I need to know the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so I need to know the chemical
+potentials how they depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials how they depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials how they depend on
+temperature pressure and amounts and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and amounts and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature pressure and amounts and I
+need to know how many I have in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how many I have in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how many I have in my
+mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think time is up so we could stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think time is up so we could stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think time is up so we could stop
+uh here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M19mzHT8JM4.txt b/M19mzHT8JM4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36b375de7deea166ce161bfb3796a6954e83495b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M19mzHT8JM4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get going so today let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get going so today let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get going so today let's
+say a few more words about PDEs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few more words about PDEs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few more words about PDEs and then
+we'll leave that topic for a while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave that topic for a while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave that topic for a while I
+think I've actually come back and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've actually come back and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've actually come back and have a
+little lecture about that at the Rutgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lecture about that at the Rutgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lecture about that at the Rutgers
+with Thanksgiving for those of you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Thanksgiving for those of you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Thanksgiving for those of you still
+around and then we'll start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then we'll start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then we'll start talking
+about probability and then that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability and then that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability and then that will
+lead into several lectures about models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead into several lectures about models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead into several lectures about models
+versus data which is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus data which is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus data which is a very important
+topic for all of you who either plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for all of you who either plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for all of you who either plan to
+generate data or player to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate data or player to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate data or player to generate
+models during your stay here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models during your stay here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models during your stay here which
+probably is everybody so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is everybody so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is everybody so we'll talk
+about that for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for a while
+so PDEs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so PDEs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so PDEs
+it's the first come in as homework 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first come in as homework 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first come in as homework 7
+have any of you looked at this yet not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of you looked at this yet not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of you looked at this yet not a
+single one so homework 7 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one so homework 7 is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one so homework 7 is the same
+problem that we Kristen showed in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we Kristen showed in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we Kristen showed in class
+in the demo for come song so and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the demo for come song so and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the demo for come song so and I want
+you to solve it both ways to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to solve it both ways to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to solve it both ways to solve it
+with COMSOL and then solve it writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with COMSOL and then solve it writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with COMSOL and then solve it writing
+your own finite volume code and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own finite volume code and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own finite volume code and I want
+to warn you this problem has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn you this problem has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn you this problem has a
+characteristic length that's way smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic length that's way smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic length that's way smaller
+than the dimensions of the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the dimensions of the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the dimensions of the problem and
+so in principle you might need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle you might need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle you might need to use
+incredibly fine mesh to resolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly fine mesh to resolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly fine mesh to resolve the
+gradients and the problem so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and the problem so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and the problem so if you just
+remember you haven't looked at it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you haven't looked at it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you haven't looked at it the
+problem is we have a drug patch it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we have a drug patch it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we have a drug patch it has
+some concentration of the drug the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some concentration of the drug the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some concentration of the drug the drug
+is diffusing slowly out of the patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diffusing slowly out of the patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diffusing slowly out of the patch
+into the flow and we have some flow here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the flow and we have some flow here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the flow and we have some flow here
+like that and the characteristic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and the characteristic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and the characteristic length
+is that the velocity boundary layer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the velocity boundary layer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the velocity boundary layer so
+the velocity in the X Direction is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity in the X Direction is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity in the X Direction is equal
+to Y times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y times some
+something me why I guess this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something me why I guess this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something me why I guess this is some
+number and so this has units of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so this has units of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so this has units of what is
+that per second so like a strain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per second so like a strain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per second so like a strain rate
+okay and the diffusion here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the diffusion here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the diffusion here is
+controlled by a diffusivity D and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by a diffusivity D and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by a diffusivity D and that
+has units of centimeters squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of centimeters squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of centimeters squared per
+second and so the D over D DX dy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and so the D over D DX dy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and so the D over D DX dy this
+thing gives a characteristic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gives a characteristic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gives a characteristic length
+squared which is sort of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is sort of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is sort of the natural
+length scale this problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale this problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale this problem and the
+problem is that that for the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that that for the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that that for the drug
+molecule it's a big molecule just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it's a big molecule just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it's a big molecule just a very
+small diffusivity and so therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small diffusivity and so therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small diffusivity and so therefore this
+is really tiny ratio and so the L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really tiny ratio and so the L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really tiny ratio and so the L is
+very small and similarly if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and similarly if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and similarly if you look at
+it from the point of view in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the point of view in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the point of view in the X
+Direction the peclet number is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the peclet number is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the peclet number is really
+gigantic and so both of those will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic and so both of those will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic and so both of those will tell
+you that you have to watch out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you have to watch out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you have to watch out there
+might be very sharp gradients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very sharp gradients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very sharp gradients the
+problem and if you just think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and if you just think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and if you just think of it
+physically right over here we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically right over here we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically right over here we think the
+concentration zero somewhere over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration zero somewhere over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration zero somewhere over here
+and all of a sudden right here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden right here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden right here the
+conservation is going to be close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation is going to be close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation is going to be close to the
+concentration in the patch so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the patch so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the patch so there's
+almost a discontinuity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a discontinuity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a discontinuity in the
+concentration so there's a really sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so there's a really sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so there's a really sharp
+gradient on the upstream edge and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient on the upstream edge and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient on the upstream edge and then
+something Funky's gonna happen down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Funky's gonna happen down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Funky's gonna happen down here
+at the end of the patch - won't be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the patch - won't be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the patch - won't be quite
+as abrupt but it could be pretty strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as abrupt but it could be pretty strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as abrupt but it could be pretty strange
+alright so you got it okay and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so you got it okay and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so you got it okay and and in
+the problem we want you to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we want you to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we want you to figure out
+the drug diffusing all the way over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug diffusing all the way over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug diffusing all the way over to
+here somewhere way far over there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere way far over there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere way far over there and so
+you may need quite a few mesh points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need quite a few mesh points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need quite a few mesh points in
+the Y direction as well alright and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y direction as well alright and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y direction as well alright and this
+kind of problem this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem this is a very simple
+case right there's no reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right there's no reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right there's no reactions
+it's the velocities just in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the velocities just in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the velocities just in one
+direction I mean this is not a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I mean this is not a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I mean this is not a very hard
+case but you'll see it's actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but you'll see it's actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but you'll see it's actually still
+pretty tricky to get the right solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty tricky to get the right solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty tricky to get the right solution
+so don't just believe what the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't just believe what the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't just believe what the code
+tells you if you just run calm Sal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you if you just run calm Sal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you if you just run calm Sal and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+don't believe it's not showing the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe it's not showing the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe it's not showing the truth
+and don't believe if you just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't believe if you just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't believe if you just write down
+some finite volumes that you'll get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite volumes that you'll get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite volumes that you'll get in
+the truth it's a mess around with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth it's a mess around with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth it's a mess around with it and
+try to convince yourself it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince yourself it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince yourself it's really
+convergent you really have the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent you really have the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent you really have the real
+physical solution because you expect two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical solution because you expect two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical solution because you expect two
+sharp gradients a in the upstream edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp gradients a in the upstream edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp gradients a in the upstream edge
+you might want to play with using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to play with using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to play with using a
+finer mesh in the x-direction here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer mesh in the x-direction here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer mesh in the x-direction here then
+you went down here because down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went down here because down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went down here because down here
+presumably the gradients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the gradients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the gradients in the
+x-direction are much smaller so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-direction are much smaller so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-direction are much smaller so you
+don't have to use square finite volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use square finite volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use square finite volumes
+you could use rectangles yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use rectangles yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use rectangles yes yeah
+so that's because of the velocity the VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's because of the velocity the VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's because of the velocity the VX
+is zero at the at the at the wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero at the at the at the wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero at the at the at the wall and
+the velocity increases with y so VX v x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity increases with y so VX v x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity increases with y so VX v x
+increases the further you get from Y sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the further you get from Y sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the further you get from Y sub
+y equal zero I was gonna up that way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal zero I was gonna up that way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal zero I was gonna up that way as
+you increase the height the flow gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the height the flow gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the height the flow gets
+faster and that's typical because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and that's typical because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and that's typical because you
+have no slip boundary condition at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no slip boundary condition at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no slip boundary condition at the
+wall okay or DeMeo miss understatement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay or DeMeo miss understatement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall okay or DeMeo miss understatement
+well is that good okay yeah and this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is that good okay yeah and this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is that good okay yeah and this in
+this pretty good problem this is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty good problem this is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty good problem this is it's a
+number we tell you the problem right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we tell you the problem right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we tell you the problem right if
+you had it flow in a cylindrical pipe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had it flow in a cylindrical pipe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had it flow in a cylindrical pipe it
+wouldn't be in right won't be a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be in right won't be a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be in right won't be a number
+you work alpha K yeah all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work alpha K yeah all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work alpha K yeah all right so this
+is this is I mean again this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is I mean again this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is I mean again this is like the
+simplest you guys only 2d it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest you guys only 2d it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest you guys only 2d it's really
+simple but you're gonna see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but you're gonna see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but you're gonna see here that
+even here you can have a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even here you can have a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even here you can have a lot of trouble
+and if you just don't think about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just don't think about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just don't think about it the
+computer will give me an answer whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer will give me an answer whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer will give me an answer whatever
+you put in some finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in some finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in some finite difference
+equations to find any element equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to find any element equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to find any element equations
+for any value equations you know f solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any value equations you know f solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any value equations you know f solve
+whatever it's gonna solve and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's gonna solve and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's gonna solve and give you
+some numbers but doesn't mean it has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers but doesn't mean it has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers but doesn't mean it has any
+relation to the physical reality so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the physical reality so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the physical reality so just
+this is a problem to really pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem to really pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem to really pay
+attention to it whether you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it whether you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it whether you're really
+converged alright and so what I suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged alright and so what I suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged alright and so what I suggest
+you do in this problem is go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in this problem is go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in this problem is go through a
+sequence where you vary the real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence where you vary the real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence where you vary the real problem
+wants you to do this all the way out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants you to do this all the way out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants you to do this all the way out to
+this is one centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one centimeter
+but I suggest you instead solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I suggest you instead solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I suggest you instead solve a
+simpler problem where you put it here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem where you put it here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem where you put it here's
+a simpler problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put your boundary right here really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your boundary right here really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your boundary right here really
+close and then solve that problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and then solve that problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and then solve that problem you
+won't need as many many mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need as many many mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need as many many mesh points
+cross to get from here to here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross to get from here to here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross to get from here to here and this
+should be this is a suppose you chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this is a suppose you chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this is a suppose you chooses
+this equals zero boundary condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals zero boundary condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals zero boundary condition for
+this for this wall then this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this wall then this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this wall then this should be
+an upper bound because if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound because if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound because if you put a
+absorbing layer here it should drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing layer here it should drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing layer here it should drive the
+diffusion faster right so that so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion faster right so that so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion faster right so that so as you
+increase how far this distance let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase how far this distance let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase how far this distance let's
+call it little H as you increase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it little H as you increase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it little H as you increase a
+little age you should converge to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little age you should converge to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little age you should converge to the
+true solution that you want sort of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true solution that you want sort of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true solution that you want sort of from
+a from above so make sense yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a from above so make sense yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a from above so make sense yeah it's
+this okay all right and similarly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay all right and similarly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay all right and similarly you
+can vary the mesh how big your boxes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary the mesh how big your boxes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary the mesh how big your boxes are
+saying Delta X and Delta Y and again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Delta X and Delta Y and again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Delta X and Delta Y and again for
+each of those you can think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those you can think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those you can think about you
+know how should things converge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how should things converge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how should things converge and so
+look and see if it's actually converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see if it's actually converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see if it's actually converging
+the way you think it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you think it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you think it should be
+converging all right any more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging all right any more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging all right any more questions
+about this okay so this problem might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this okay so this problem might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this okay so this problem might
+this homer problem I look like a bat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this homer problem I look like a bat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this homer problem I look like a bat lab
+coding problem and has some at lycoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding problem and has some at lycoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding problem and has some at lycoming
+that's not really that that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really that that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really that that's not really
+what it is it's really like it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's really like it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's really like it has a
+conceptual problem about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual problem about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual problem about what you're
+doing all right all right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right all right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right all right in this
+problem what you just finite volumes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what you just finite volumes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what you just finite volumes so
+let's talk about finding volumes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about finding volumes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about finding volumes for a
+minute so finite volumes is to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so finite volumes is to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so finite volumes is to imagine
+that we have little control volumes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have little control volumes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have little control volumes and
+each one of them has a little propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them has a little propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them has a little propeller
+in it stirs it up like a little cstr's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it stirs it up like a little cstr's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it stirs it up like a little cstr's
+and so we do it just like you did back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we do it just like you did back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we do it just like you did back
+in your intro chem II class and mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your intro chem II class and mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your intro chem II class and mass
+energy balances a million years ago you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balances a million years ago you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balances a million years ago you
+know that you have some flow coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have some flow coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have some flow coming in
+here and they just plug it out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they just plug it out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they just plug it out there and
+maybe you have some defects come in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some defects come in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some defects come in here
+and maybe something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe something out
+and you can add up all the flows in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add up all the flows in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add up all the flows in and
+all the flows out and then that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the flows out and then that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the flows out and then that would
+this the net of all this flexes has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the net of all this flexes has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the net of all this flexes has got
+to equal to accumulation and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal to accumulation and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal to accumulation and everybody
+in a steady state problem then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a steady state problem then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a steady state problem then there's
+no time time derivative so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time time derivative so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time time derivative so the
+cumulation term should be zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulation term should be zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulation term should be zero and you
+did a lot of these problems a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of these problems a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of these problems a long time
+ago right ok so just you steel like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago right ok so just you steel like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago right ok so just you steel like that
+and we promise now we have a million of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we promise now we have a million of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we promise now we have a million of
+these little boxes all coupled to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little boxes all coupled to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little boxes all coupled to each
+other so you get one equation for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you get one equation for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you get one equation for each
+box and in this problem we're gonna when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and in this problem we're gonna when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and in this problem we're gonna when
+you do this method when people assume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this method when people assume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this method when people assume is
+that you have a uniform concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a uniform concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a uniform concentration
+sort of across here or the number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of across here or the number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of across here or the number you
+use as the average of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as the average of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as the average of the concentration
+of the cell is 1 and so it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell is 1 and so it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell is 1 and so it's not really
+exactly realistic so that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly realistic so that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly realistic so that's where the
+approximation is what you're doing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is what you're doing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is what you're doing at
+the boundaries is that is very realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries is that is very realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries is that is very realistic
+is you're actually computing the fluxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're actually computing the fluxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're actually computing the fluxes
+across control volume Suzy exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across control volume Suzy exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across control volume Suzy exactly the
+way you should do it so that's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you should do it so that's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you should do it so that's there's
+different methods right finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods right finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods right finite element
+finite difference finite volume the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference finite volume the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference finite volume the nice
+thing about finite volume is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about finite volume is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about finite volume is you're
+really treating exactly what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really treating exactly what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really treating exactly what's happening
+across the boundaries of the of the mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the boundaries of the of the mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the boundaries of the of the mesh
+area the mesh volumes m and we'll find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the mesh volumes m and we'll find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the mesh volumes m and we'll find a
+lot of chemi problems this is how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of chemi problems this is how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of chemi problems this is how people
+prefer to do and because you're treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to do and because you're treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to do and because you're treating
+the fluxes exactly if you have the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluxes exactly if you have the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluxes exactly if you have the your
+if you have your mesh volume sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have your mesh volume sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have your mesh volume sitting on
+the wall or on top of the drug patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall or on top of the drug patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall or on top of the drug patch
+anywhere in top of the drug pasture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in top of the drug pasture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in top of the drug pasture then
+if you're saying well first just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're saying well first just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're saying well first just do a
+wall suppose you're sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall suppose you're sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall suppose you're sitting on the
+impermeable wall then we just know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impermeable wall then we just know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impermeable wall then we just know that
+the flux here will be zero if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux here will be zero if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux here will be zero if it's a
+wall right so that's easy no flux here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall right so that's easy no flux here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall right so that's easy no flux here
+so we only have to worry about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have to worry about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have to worry about this one
+this one in this one that one's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in this one that one's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in this one that one's not
+doing anything okay this case if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything okay this case if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything okay this case if you're
+saying the drug patch there is a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the drug patch there is a flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the drug patch there is a flux
+stuffs coming in and you'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffs coming in and you'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffs coming in and you'll need to
+figure out how to write that boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to write that boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to write that boundary
+condition so the boundary condition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so the boundary condition as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so the boundary condition as
+written is that C of the drug is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written is that C of the drug is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written is that C of the drug is equal
+to some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some number
+members in the patch but that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members in the patch but that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members in the patch but that's not so
+easy to impose here and so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to impose here and so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to impose here and so there's two
+ways to look at it one way is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to look at it one way is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to look at it one way is people
+compute this flux by considering suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this flux by considering suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this flux by considering suppose
+I know as a C drunk I'm trying to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know as a C drunk I'm trying to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know as a C drunk I'm trying to really
+figure out what's sort of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's sort of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's sort of the average
+concentration here and so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration here and so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration here and so one way to
+compute this is to say it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this is to say it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this is to say it's the
+diffusivity times C drug - see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times C drug - see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity times C drug - see the
+middle over Delta Y over - that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle over Delta Y over - that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle over Delta Y over - that would be
+the flux so that's one way to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux so that's one way to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux so that's one way to look at it
+another way people look at it is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way people look at it is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way people look at it is nice
+draw I call it ghost volume and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw I call it ghost volume and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw I call it ghost volume and so here
+here's my C that I care about C middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your see ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your see ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your see ghost
+and here's the line between them now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the line between them now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the line between them now I
+can use the same equation here that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the same equation here that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the same equation here that I
+would have used before so if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have used before so if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have used before so if I don't
+know what C ghosted does this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what C ghosted does this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what C ghosted does this is not
+really a real there's no real cell here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a real there's no real cell here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a real there's no real cell here
+this is below the patch here's the patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is below the patch here's the patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is below the patch here's the patch
+right but I imagine the patch is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I imagine the patch is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I imagine the patch is not
+there for a second and I write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a second and I write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a second and I write down the
+same equation I would have here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation I would have here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation I would have here and the
+flux diffusive Li would have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux diffusive Li would have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux diffusive Li would have been the
+Seacoast - seen it all over Delta Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seacoast - seen it all over Delta Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seacoast - seen it all over Delta Y
+right that's what you would written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what you would written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what you would written as
+the diffusive flux and I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusive flux and I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusive flux and I don't know what
+C ghost is so now that you think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ghost is so now that you think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ghost is so now that you think will
+help me to estimate what C ghost is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to estimate what C ghost is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to estimate what C ghost is I
+can say well let's do a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well let's do a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well let's do a linear
+interpolation from see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation from see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation from see from this
+concentration of that concentration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of that concentration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of that concentration so
+let's say that the C boundary is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the C boundary is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the C boundary is equal
+to C ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C ghost
+the average these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average these two
+let's see mid / - that's what we got if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see mid / - that's what we got if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see mid / - that's what we got if
+you did a linear interpolation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a linear interpolation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a linear interpolation between
+these two guys to figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys to figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys to figure out whether
+it's here but here we know what it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here but here we know what it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here but here we know what it is we
+know what C boundary is right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what C boundary is right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what C boundary is right that's the
+conservation of the drug-drug patch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of the drug-drug patch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of the drug-drug patch so
+then we can solve for what C gooses C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can solve for what C gooses C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can solve for what C gooses C
+middle is the unknown we that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is the unknown we that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is the unknown we that's what
+we're gonna compute we just want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna compute we just want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna compute we just want an
+equation involve C middle because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation involve C middle because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation involve C middle because we
+have C middles an unknown we need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C middles an unknown we need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C middles an unknown we need an
+equation of off C middle just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of off C middle just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of off C middle just like we
+would it for a we have a could may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it for a we have a could may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it for a we have a could may have
+a finite volume this in the mid interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite volume this in the mid interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite volume this in the mid interior
+somewhere we have C of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere we have C of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere we have C of this of this
+screwed point C IJ that's we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed point C IJ that's we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed point C IJ that's we want
+equations involve C IJ but we need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involve C IJ but we need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involve C IJ but we need an
+equation that somehow connects it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that somehow connects it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that somehow connects it to the
+boundary conditions yeah right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yeah right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yeah right and
+actually I think if you do it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think if you do it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think if you do it this way
+in this case you get this superman' you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you get this superman' you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you get this superman' you
+run it out and see this C ghost thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it out and see this C ghost thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it out and see this C ghost thing is
+handy when this when these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy when this when these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy when this when these conditions
+actually in the find volumes define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the find volumes define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the find volumes define
+volumes this is it I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes this is it I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes this is it I don't think you
+didn't need to do it maybe head of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to do it maybe head of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to do it maybe head of flow
+velocity flow here I don't know but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity flow here I don't know but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity flow here I don't know but you
+won't at a wall I don't know in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't at a wall I don't know in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't at a wall I don't know in in the
+finite difference method you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference method you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference method you can you can
+use this ghost points as well to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this ghost points as well to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this ghost points as well to do the
+flux boundary conditions and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux boundary conditions and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux boundary conditions and that's
+often useful to do the ghost thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often useful to do the ghost thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often useful to do the ghost thing for
+if you have a symmetry and post flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a symmetry and post flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a symmetry and post flux
+boundary condition yeah that's the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition yeah that's the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition yeah that's the flux
+the flux is coming across this wall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux is coming across this wall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux is coming across this wall I
+will have to add that with the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to add that with the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to add that with the flux
+coming this way and look something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming this way and look something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming this way and look something this
+right listen this way we got to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right listen this way we got to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right listen this way we got to get our
+total flux which is gonna net out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total flux which is gonna net out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total flux which is gonna net out to
+zero I said EC is that right the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I said EC is that right the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I said EC is that right the other
+ones you'll now to write them right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'll now to write them right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'll now to write them right just
+full of velocity flows nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of velocity flows nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of velocity flows nice thing about
+the finite volume method is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite volume method is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite volume method is that when
+you're trying to consider the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to consider the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to consider the velocity
+the velocity matters is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity matters is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity matters is actually the
+velocity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity here
+it's much the couples of two funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much the couples of two funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much the couples of two funny
+values together so your velocity sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values together so your velocity sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values together so your velocity sort of
+being evaluated halfway in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being evaluated halfway in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being evaluated halfway in between the
+two mesh point centers this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mesh point centers this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mesh point centers this turns out to
+make the whole procedure more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the whole procedure more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the whole procedure more
+numerically stable you you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically stable you you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically stable you you compute the
+flux while i say the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux while i say the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux while i say the difference between
+these two and you're sort of implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and you're sort of implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and you're sort of implicitly
+evaluating right than halfway in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating right than halfway in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating right than halfway in between
+other methods like find a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods like find a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods like find a difference
+you're sort of trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of trying to get the
+velocity or the flux at at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or the flux at at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or the flux at at the same
+point here and it doesn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and it doesn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and it doesn't really make
+that much sense from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much sense from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much sense from the point of view
+of trying to compute how much materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to compute how much materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to compute how much materials
+close to here to use the velocity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to here to use the velocity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to here to use the velocity right
+there and so if you do when you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so if you do when you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so if you do when you write
+down the equations of particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equations of particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equations of particularly
+equations that involve the pressure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that involve the pressure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that involve the pressure so
+suppose you try to discretize the Debu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you try to discretize the Debu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you try to discretize the Debu
+stokes equations and you have a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokes equations and you have a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokes equations and you have a pressure
+gradient that's driving the flow then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's driving the flow then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's driving the flow then
+you have to figure out where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out where you're
+going to evaluate the pressures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate the pressures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate the pressures and
+where you're gonna buy the velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're gonna buy the velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're gonna buy the velocities
+and you try to value within the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to value within the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to value within the same
+points it turns out that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it turns out that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it turns out that you get
+numerically unstable problems but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically unstable problems but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically unstable problems but if you
+do it by this finite volume method then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by this finite volume method then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by this finite volume method then
+it just works that naturally it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just works that naturally it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just works that naturally it's fine
+and there's special you need special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's special you need special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's special you need special
+methods if you try to do it where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if you try to do it where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if you try to do it where you
+have the velocity on the mesh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the velocity on the mesh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the velocity on the mesh at the
+same point as the pressure mesh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point as the pressure mesh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point as the pressure mesh you'll
+notice that most the problems would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that most the problems would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that most the problems would give
+you we just leave pressure out we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we just leave pressure out we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we just leave pressure out we try to
+rewrite the equation so no pressure ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the equation so no pressure ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the equation so no pressure ever
+appears and that's because pressure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and that's because pressure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and that's because pressure in
+general is a problem because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is a problem because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is a problem because you can
+have acoustic waves physically and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have acoustic waves physically and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have acoustic waves physically and if
+you do the equations which allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the equations which allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the equations which allow for
+acoustic waves you've got them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves you've got them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves you've got them in the
+numerical solution as well but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution as well but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution as well but usually
+we don't care about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about that
+see how sound waves racing around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how sound waves racing around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how sound waves racing around your
+solution and that causes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that causes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that causes a lot of
+trouble numerically so a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble numerically so a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble numerically so a lot of times
+people rewrite the equations to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rewrite the equations to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rewrite the equations to try to
+remove the pressure from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the pressure from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the pressure from from the
+equation so you know you write down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you know you write down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you know you write down they
+have your Stokes equations you guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your Stokes equations you guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your Stokes equations you guess I
+should do this transport maybe you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this transport maybe you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this transport maybe you'll
+study that tonight in the class the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that tonight in the class the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that tonight in the class the test
+I know anyway there's a pressure term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know anyway there's a pressure term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know anyway there's a pressure term
+right if you just write naturally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you just write naturally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you just write naturally but
+you go off times you can remove that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go off times you can remove that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go off times you can remove that by
+an equation of state for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of state for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of state for example and
+that and then you can get rid of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you can get rid of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you can get rid of it and
+that turns out to be better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be better for
+numerical solution all right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+despite having very low volume um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite having very low volume um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite having very low volume um okay
+so from the point of view of writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the point of view of writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the point of view of writing a
+code it's a lot easier to write it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's a lot easier to write it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's a lot easier to write it with
+fixed - cuz all the equations look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed - cuz all the equations look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed - cuz all the equations look
+exactly the same so I suggest you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so I suggest you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so I suggest you start
+that way and what you do if you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and what you do if you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and what you do if you use a
+very small value of H then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small value of H then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small value of H then I think
+you'll be able to solve it no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to solve it no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to solve it no problem
+you'll have enough - then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have enough - then once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have enough - then once you
+figure out how to do that now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do that now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do that now you might
+be able to see okay Kim my solver solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see okay Kim my solver solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see okay Kim my solver solve
+this and then that gets another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then that gets another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then that gets another question
+actually what solve are you gonna use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any ideas about this problem so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas about this problem so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas about this problem so you
+could use that solve but I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that solve but I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that solve but I'm telling you
+gonna have to use a lot of mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to use a lot of mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to use a lot of mesh points
+that means the SS also have to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the SS also have to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the SS also have to solve for
+a lot of variables right backslash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variables right backslash it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variables right backslash it
+might be so the key thing about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be so the key thing about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be so the key thing about this the
+nice thing about this problem is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about this problem is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about this problem is it's a
+linear differential equation there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation there's
+there's no non money at nonlinear terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no non money at nonlinear terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no non money at nonlinear terms
+in it so when you rewrite the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so when you rewrite the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so when you rewrite the equations
+as as finite volumes it's all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as finite volumes it's all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as finite volumes it's all going to
+be linear in in the unknowns and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear in in the unknowns and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear in in the unknowns and what
+else is nice about this problem when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is nice about this problem when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is nice about this problem when you
+use a local like local finite volumes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a local like local finite volumes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a local like local finite volumes is
+here it's gonna be super sparse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's gonna be super sparse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's gonna be super sparse right
+there so the then the matrix that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the then the matrix that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the then the matrix that comes
+in is gonna be really sparse so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is gonna be really sparse so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is gonna be really sparse so you want
+to use some method that can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some method that can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some method that can handle
+gigantic sparse matrices okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic sparse matrices okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic sparse matrices okay so you
+wrote O code like that earlier except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote O code like that earlier except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote O code like that earlier except
+you one possibility if you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one possibility if you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one possibility if you know how to
+use the right Flags in MATLAB to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right Flags in MATLAB to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right Flags in MATLAB to help
+their built-in solvers handled sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their built-in solvers handled sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their built-in solvers handled sparse
+sparsely then it should be good if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsely then it should be good if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsely then it should be good if you
+just ask it to solve it by dense method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask it to solve it by dense method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask it to solve it by dense method
+by like ALU or something you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like ALU or something you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like ALU or something you're gonna
+have a lot of trouble once you put too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of trouble once you put too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of trouble once you put too
+many mesh points in there but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mesh points in there but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mesh points in there but you can
+just experiment try bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just experiment try bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just experiment try bigger and bigger
+matrices and then at some point you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and then at some point you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and then at some point you know
+backslash is gonna give you a warning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash is gonna give you a warning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash is gonna give you a warning or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+unless you talk you're smart all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you talk you're smart all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you talk you're smart all right
+any more questions about this how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions about this how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions about this how would
+people solve it do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people solve it do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people solve it do you think
+professionally suppose I was doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally suppose I was doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally suppose I was doing a
+problem with this in 3d instead of 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this in 3d instead of 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this in 3d instead of 2d
+how would people solve it what solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would people solve it what solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would people solve it what solver
+with these not ourselves yeah it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these not ourselves yeah it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these not ourselves yeah it would
+use conjugate gradient so probably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use conjugate gradient so probably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use conjugate gradient so probably I
+think it's Hollis ICG stop that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's Hollis ICG stop that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's Hollis ICG stop that's the
+past the program that you would use if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the program that you would use if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the program that you would use if
+you have a really really gigantic sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really really gigantic sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really really gigantic sparse
+matrix okay so that's the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so that's the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so that's the conjugate
+gradient and professor Swan talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and professor Swan talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and professor Swan talked about
+the advantage of that is you never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that is you never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that is you never have
+to actually store the whole matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually store the whole matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually store the whole matrix
+you only need to evaluate the all matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need to evaluate the all matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need to evaluate the all matrix
+elements and they can throw them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they can throw them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they can throw them away
+and so we have a sparse matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have a sparse matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have a sparse matrix that's
+pretty cheap to do it says it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cheap to do it says it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cheap to do it says it's a really
+good code I think in this 2d problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good code I think in this 2d problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good code I think in this 2d problem you
+probably get away with other solvers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get away with other solvers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get away with other solvers you
+don't have to use this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use this but this is
+definitely possibility this is to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely possibility this is to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely possibility this is to build
+a map my program as well be more though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map my program as well be more though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map my program as well be more though
+this is an iterative iterative solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an iterative iterative solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an iterative iterative solver
+it's not just gonna be one solid boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just gonna be one solid boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just gonna be one solid boom
+you know it's and it might have troubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's and it might have troubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's and it might have troubles
+so so you might want to go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you might want to go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you might want to go with the
+other ones but anyway maybe I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones but anyway maybe I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones but anyway maybe I see the
+question how about do you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how about do you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how about do you need an
+initial guess what you think Spencer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess what you think Spencer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess what you think Spencer
+solver right so if you solve it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver right so if you solve it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver right so if you solve it with
+backslash do you need an initial guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash do you need an initial guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash do you need an initial guess
+if you talk with F solve you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you talk with F solve you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you talk with F solve you have to go
+to initial guess if you tell it by cg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initial guess if you tell it by cg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initial guess if you tell it by cg
+stab the initial yes yes right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stab the initial yes yes right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stab the initial yes yes right okay so
+then you have to think of a how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to think of a how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to think of a how you
+where you get your initial guess to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get your initial guess to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get your initial guess to so
+this is a things to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a things to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a things to think about
+all right what else to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what else to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what else to tell you that
+yeah one last thing about about PDE and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one last thing about about PDE and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one last thing about about PDE and
+we'll come back to this later so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this later so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this later so far we
+haven't done really anything that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done really anything that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done really anything that's very
+time dependent but a lot of real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent but a lot of real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent but a lot of real-world
+pd's have a time dependent in them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pd's have a time dependent in them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pd's have a time dependent in them and
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+very important concept I think called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept I think called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept I think called
+the CFL number and this is named after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CFL number and this is named after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CFL number and this is named after a
+1928 paper and I'll write the guy's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1928 paper and I'll write the guy's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1928 paper and I'll write the guy's name
+is Dale and what they showed was that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Dale and what they showed was that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Dale and what they showed was that if
+you're trying to solve a PV system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to solve a PV system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to solve a PV system where
+your discretizing in both x and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your discretizing in both x and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your discretizing in both x and time
+that you have a condition well you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a condition well you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a condition well you've
+got a number of the data find as delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a number of the data find as delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a number of the data find as delta T
+times of loss in the X Direction divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of loss in the X Direction divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of loss in the X Direction divided
+by Delta X so that's the dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta X so that's the dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta X so that's the dimensionless
+number that's a CFL number you see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's a CFL number you see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's a CFL number you see a lot
+of papers of quote they'll say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers of quote they'll say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers of quote they'll say what's
+the FL number they used what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FL number they used what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FL number they used what that means
+is that the ratio of their time match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the ratio of their time match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the ratio of their time match
+compared to their space mesh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conceptually let's think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually let's think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually let's think about what's
+happening here so suppose we have a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here so suppose we have a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here so suppose we have a flow
+going upwards direction and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going upwards direction and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going upwards direction and we have a
+bunch of little finite volumes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little finite volumes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little finite volumes all right
+so we discretized and Delta X already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and there's a flow here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and there's a flow here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and there's a flow here and
+I've already decided somehow what lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already decided somehow what lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already decided somehow what lens
+scale I want to use so I've decided my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale I want to use so I've decided my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale I want to use so I've decided my
+Delta X and now I'm trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and now I'm trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and now I'm trying to figure out
+what Delta ta I should use now from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Delta ta I should use now from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Delta ta I should use now from the
+point of view of saving CPU time I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of saving CPU time I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of saving CPU time I went
+to Delta TB as giant as possible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta TB as giant as possible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta TB as giant as possible right
+because I want to be able to zoom along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to be able to zoom along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to be able to zoom along
+and predicted for long periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predicted for long periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predicted for long periods of time
+what's gonna happen in my system but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen in my system but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen in my system but if
+I make delta T really large let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make delta T really large let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make delta T really large let's think
+what might happen suppose I choose delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen suppose I choose delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen suppose I choose delta
+T to be 10 times Delta X divided by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to be 10 times Delta X divided by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to be 10 times Delta X divided by you
+okay so means you I'll my one time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so means you I'll my one time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so means you I'll my one time step
+I have some gas or some some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some gas or some some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some gas or some some current
+value of the concentrations and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the concentrations and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the concentrations and all
+these funny volumes and then I I wait to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny volumes and then I I wait to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny volumes and then I I wait to
+a time step that's 10 times Delta X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time step that's 10 times Delta X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time step that's 10 times Delta X over
+you X so I had some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X so I had some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X so I had some stuff
+here where is that gonna be 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where is that gonna be 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where is that gonna be 10 times
+later 10 types of sleep 10 blocks off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later 10 types of sleep 10 blocks off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later 10 types of sleep 10 blocks off
+race it's gonna be like I up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race it's gonna be like I up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race it's gonna be like I up here
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+and so what's gonna happen there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's gonna happen there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's gonna happen there is that
+my numerical methods are all computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numerical methods are all computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numerical methods are all computing
+stuff locally from the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff locally from the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff locally from the spatial
+derivatives but it's crazy if my between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but it's crazy if my between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but it's crazy if my between
+my time steps this stuff completely left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time steps this stuff completely left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time steps this stuff completely left
+the picture it's already conducted all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture it's already conducted all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture it's already conducted all
+the way off off the screen and some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way off off the screen and some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way off off the screen and some new
+stuff which was way down here before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which was way down here before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which was way down here before is
+now and stuff that's here should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and stuff that's here should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and stuff that's here should be
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+device physical numerically who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device physical numerically who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device physical numerically who knows
+what'll happen if you try to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen if you try to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen if you try to do this but
+it won't be good so the condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be good so the condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be good so the condition is
+that you need this number to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need this number to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need this number to be less
+than 1 or same would remain to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 or same would remain to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 or same would remain to this one
+if you try to make this much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to make this much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to make this much bigger than
+1 then you're doing something crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then you're doing something crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then you're doing something crazy
+because you're connecting stuff over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're connecting stuff over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're connecting stuff over
+multiple moldable mesh points and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple moldable mesh points and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple moldable mesh points and so
+that that turns out to be a very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that turns out to be a very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that turns out to be a very serious
+limitation when you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation when you're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation when you're trying to do
+simulations for oh say reacting flow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations for oh say reacting flow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations for oh say reacting flow for
+a long period of time because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time because you might
+have to use a really tiny delta T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a really tiny delta T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a really tiny delta T and
+then people have developed all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people have developed all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people have developed all different
+fancy methods to try to get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy methods to try to get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy methods to try to get around that
+but if you just do the the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just do the the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just do the the obvious
+things to do you always run into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do you always run into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do you always run into this
+limitation that you need to choose the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation that you need to choose the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation that you need to choose the x
+side stuff small alright and also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side stuff small alright and also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side stuff small alright and also it's
+bad because as you make Delta X smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because as you make Delta X smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because as you make Delta X smaller
+which improves your accuracy yeah I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which improves your accuracy yeah I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which improves your accuracy yeah I have
+to make your Delta T's small or - but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your Delta T's small or - but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your Delta T's small or - but of
+course making Delta X smaller increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course making Delta X smaller increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course making Delta X smaller increases
+your CPU time because you have more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CPU time because you have more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CPU time because you have more fun
+and volumes to compute and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volumes to compute and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volumes to compute and then you'll
+also have to make delta T smaller which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to make delta T smaller which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to make delta T smaller which
+means you have to do more time steps -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to do more time steps -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to do more time steps -
+so it's even it like a double whammy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's even it like a double whammy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's even it like a double whammy so
+getting more accuracy is gonna really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more accuracy is gonna really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more accuracy is gonna really
+cost you badly and so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you badly and so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you badly and so this is another
+reason why people used to always refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people used to always refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why people used to always refer
+to color fluid dynamics you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to color fluid dynamics you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to color fluid dynamics you can make a
+pretty picture but it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty picture but it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty picture but it might not be
+physical at all because you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical at all because you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical at all because you can make it
+solve equations a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve equations a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve equations a baby
+for example didn't impose this that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example didn't impose this that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example didn't impose this that who
+knows what kind of crazy stuff you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what kind of crazy stuff you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what kind of crazy stuff you'll
+get you get something they'll compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get something they'll compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get something they'll compute
+something but it may have like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it may have like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it may have like no
+relation to the real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think that's all I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that's all I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that's all I want to say
+about PDEs are there any questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PDEs are there any questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PDEs are there any questions you
+tease before I start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease before I start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease before I start talking about
+probability all right you got a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all right you got a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all right you got a totally
+down I'm looking forward to some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm looking forward to some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm looking forward to some really
+awesome solutions hello Sam all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said one let's just one less comment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one let's just one less comment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one let's just one less comment if
+you decide you do want to do adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide you do want to do adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide you do want to do adaptive
+meshing and not use you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshing and not use you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshing and not use you want to change
+your your mesh size you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mesh size you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mesh size you can choose
+meshes like this if you want and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes like this if you want and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes like this if you want and you can
+even do things like this we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do things like this we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do things like this we have a
+bigger mash and then maybe have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger mash and then maybe have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger mash and then maybe have two
+smaller meshes underneath it in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller meshes underneath it in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller meshes underneath it in the next
+row right so you can just have stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right so you can just have stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right so you can just have stuff
+flowing here stuff flowing here stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing here stuff flowing here stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing here stuff flowing here stuff on
+there so you can do all kinds of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can do all kinds of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can do all kinds of crazy
+stuff like this this this could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like this this this could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like this this this could really
+help improve the accuracy solution a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help improve the accuracy solution a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help improve the accuracy solution a lot
+but it's I would say very prone to bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I would say very prone to bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I would say very prone to bugs
+so just if you do this but you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just if you do this but you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just if you do this but you're really
+careful and don't do it too often I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and don't do it too often I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and don't do it too often I
+would say you might have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you might have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you might have a few
+boundaries where you do something funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries where you do something funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries where you do something funky
+like that to change the nationalised but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to change the nationalised but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to change the nationalised but
+don't go crazy with it the cops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go crazy with it the cops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go crazy with it the cops are
+smart it has a really nice way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart it has a really nice way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart it has a really nice way of doing
+the meshing for you so that's like its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meshing for you so that's like its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meshing for you so that's like its
+advantage that it have somebody very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that it have somebody very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that it have somebody very
+carefully coded how to handle this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully coded how to handle this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully coded how to handle this kind
+of stuff in the general case a few guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff in the general case a few guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff in the general case a few guys
+are doing a first time it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing a first time it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing a first time it might not be
+so good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good all right
+okie dokie so that's enough abuse let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okie dokie so that's enough abuse let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okie dokie so that's enough abuse let's
+talk about probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about probabilities
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so probability is everywhere except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probability is everywhere except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probability is everywhere except in
+undergraduate can be homework problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate can be homework problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate can be homework problems
+okay so when you did problems that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you did problems that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you did problems that's an
+undergraduate they always had some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate they always had some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate they always had some nice
+solution it was two pi it was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it was two pi it was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it was two pi it was three
+point zero everything looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero everything looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero everything looks like
+deterministic is definite the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic is definite the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic is definite the greater
+could go through no if you're off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through no if you're off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through no if you're off by
+point one it could possibly be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one it could possibly be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one it could possibly be right
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+that's like not reality so anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not reality so anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not reality so anytime you
+actually make a measurement you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a measurement you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a measurement you always
+had measurement noise and if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had measurement noise and if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had measurement noise and if you try to
+repeat a measurement you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat a measurement you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat a measurement you don't get the
+same result okay so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result okay so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result okay so that's like
+completely different than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different than an
+undergraduate problem right but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate problem right but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate problem right but this is
+the reality so the reality is the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality so the reality is the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality so the reality is the world
+is like not so nice as you think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like not so nice as you think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like not so nice as you think but
+actually it's even it's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's even it's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's even it's even more
+fundamental it's nothing about I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental it's nothing about I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental it's nothing about I mean
+there's one problem about how good an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one problem about how good an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one problem about how good an
+experimentalist people are and how fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist people are and how fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist people are and how fancy
+an apparatus you bought that can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apparatus you bought that can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apparatus you bought that can make
+things exactly reproducible but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exactly reproducible but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exactly reproducible but even if
+you do that perfectly the equations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that perfectly the equations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that perfectly the equations we
+use really don't correspond to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use really don't correspond to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use really don't correspond to the real
+physical reality so we always use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reality so we always use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reality so we always use these
+continuum equations you guys probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum equations you guys probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum equations you guys probably
+setting them a lot in 1040 and 1050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting them a lot in 1040 and 1050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting them a lot in 1040 and 1050
+especially 1050 I guess but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially 1050 I guess but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially 1050 I guess but those
+equations are really all derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are really all derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are really all derived from
+like averages over ensembles or little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like averages over ensembles or little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like averages over ensembles or little
+finite volumes or something if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite volumes or something if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite volumes or something if you look
+into the derivation of the equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the derivation of the equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the derivation of the equations and
+reality is that the world is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is that the world is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is that the world is full of
+molecules and and so they're they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and and so they're they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and and so they're they're all
+wiggling around and if you look in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggling around and if you look in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggling around and if you look in a
+little finite volume you look right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little finite volume you look right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little finite volume you look right now
+you'll see that there's 27 molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there's 27 molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there's 27 molecules in
+there if you look a second later there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you look a second later there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you look a second later there
+might be 28 then a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 28 then a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 28 then a little bit later
+might be 26 it's always fluctuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 26 it's always fluctuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 26 it's always fluctuating
+around okay but you know according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but you know according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but you know according to
+our average equations that we use like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our average equations that we use like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our average equations that we use like
+then have your Stokes equations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have your Stokes equations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have your Stokes equations is
+always 27.3 right but of course it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always 27.3 right but of course it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always 27.3 right but of course it's not
+point three of a molecule so it's it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three of a molecule so it's it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three of a molecule so it's it's I
+mean it's explicitly is the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's explicitly is the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's explicitly is the average is
+what we're computing and the real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're computing and the real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're computing and the real the
+reality is fluctuating around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is fluctuating around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is fluctuating around the
+averages same thing in thermo we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages same thing in thermo we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages same thing in thermo we say
+that such and such has a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such and such has a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such and such has a certain amount
+Sergi but you've got you guys such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sergi but you've got you guys such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sergi but you've got you guys such a
+step back already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back already
+yes right so you saw that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so you saw that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so you saw that's not true
+right it's really it's it's all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really it's it's all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really it's it's all that's
+saying is that's like the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that's like the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that's like the probability
+average if you've had many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average if you've had many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average if you've had many many
+ensembles that were exactly the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensembles that were exactly the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensembles that were exactly the same and
+you average them all you get some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you average them all you get some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you average them all you get some number
+that's your average energy but for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your average energy but for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your average energy but for any
+actual realization it has some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual realization it has some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual realization it has some different
+value of the energy right so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the energy right so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the energy right so and then
+it's even worse than that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse than that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse than that so that's
+that's that's because we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's because we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's because we have a lot of
+particles you can even go down to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you can even go down to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you can even go down to like
+the microscopic away one molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic away one molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic away one molecule and
+you calculate thinks about that and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate thinks about that and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate thinks about that and turn
+to have to use the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to use the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to use the Schrodinger equation
+for that and this trig equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and this trig equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and this trig equation
+explicitly only gives you probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly only gives you probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly only gives you probability
+densities so it just tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities so it just tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities so it just tells you the
+probability that molecule might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that molecule might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that molecule might be
+somewhere the electron might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere the electron might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere the electron might be
+somewhere the energy might be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere the energy might be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere the energy might be something
+but it's not actually whether it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not actually whether it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not actually whether it really
+is it's just saying a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's just saying a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's just saying a probability
+distribution and every time you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and every time you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and every time you do the
+experiment of the molecule get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of the molecule get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of the molecule get a
+different result now this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different result now this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different result now this is super
+annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+by the way life is Einstein got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way life is Einstein got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way life is Einstein got so
+annoyed he's the famous saying and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed he's the famous saying and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed he's the famous saying and he's
+God does not play dice he was like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God does not play dice he was like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God does not play dice he was like just
+completely annoyed of these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely annoyed of these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely annoyed of these equations
+but it's the way it is so so the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the way it is so so the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the way it is so so the reality
+is that things all we know about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that things all we know about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that things all we know about are
+really are probability distributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are probability distributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are probability distributions and
+most of our work and our lives we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our work and our lives we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our work and our lives we always
+talk about like the mean or the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like the mean or the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like the mean or the median
+and that's we're talking about as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we're talking about as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we're talking about as if
+it's the real number but really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the real number but really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the real number but really is
+always some distribution okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some distribution okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some distribution okay so it's
+time you guys are graduate school is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you guys are graduate school is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you guys are graduate school is
+time to like face up to this and that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to like face up to this and that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to like face up to this and that so
+we're gonna talk about for the next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about for the next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about for the next next
+week or two so this also makes you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or two so this also makes you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or two so this also makes you it
+makes you wonder what you're doing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you wonder what you're doing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you wonder what you're doing when
+you make a measurement so if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a measurement so if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a measurement so if you make a
+measurement first of all the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement first of all the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement first of all the fact that
+when you measure something repeatability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure something repeatability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure something repeatability
+you're not gonna get the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get the same number
+that's kind of alarming because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of alarming because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of alarming because I want
+to say you know I'm five foot nine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you know I'm five foot nine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you know I'm five foot nine I
+should be pretty confident always five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty confident always five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty confident always five
+foot nine I'm not you know but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot nine I'm not you know but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot nine I'm not you know but actually
+if you measure me multiple times some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure me multiple times some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure me multiple times some of
+us with it five nine and a quarter some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with it five nine and a quarter some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with it five nine and a quarter some
+people get five eight and three-quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get five eight and three-quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get five eight and three-quarters
+so it's it might make you worried oh did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it might make you worried oh did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it might make you worried oh did
+I change maybe I grew between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change maybe I grew between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change maybe I grew between the
+measurements right so that's that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right so that's that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right so that's that's one
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the because our experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the because our experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the because our experiments are
+not repeatable and we get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeatable and we get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeatable and we get different
+numbers every time I make a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers every time I make a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers every time I make a measurement
+then we have a big problem somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a big problem somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a big problem somebody says
+well I really want to know how tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I really want to know how tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I really want to know how tall
+professor green is I've always wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green is I've always wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green is I've always wondered
+how tall is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tall is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tall is he
+and everybody's tell me a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody's tell me a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody's tell me a different
+number and when you go measure it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and when you go measure it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and when you go measure it again
+you get a different number again what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a different number again what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a different number again what's
+going on and so you'll have to then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and so you'll have to then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and so you'll have to then then
+we have like a concept that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like a concept that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like a concept that there is a
+true height of Professor Green and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true height of Professor Green and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true height of Professor Green and we
+just don't know what it is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know what it is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know what it is and then
+we'll try to maybe make repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to maybe make repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to maybe make repeated
+measurements of my height and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of my height and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of my height and then maybe
+take the average it'll be the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average it'll be the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average it'll be the obvious
+thing to do and we take the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and we take the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and we take the original
+report that will tell the boss well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that will tell the boss well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that will tell the boss well I
+don't say Oh Chris green is five foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say Oh Chris green is five foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say Oh Chris green is five foot
+nine when really we never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine when really we never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine when really we never actually
+measured five foot nine every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured five foot nine every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured five foot nine every time we
+measured it was five nine and an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured it was five nine and an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured it was five nine and an eight
+five eight and three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five eight and three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five eight and three quarters
+every time was something different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time was something different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time was something different about
+we just say okay is five nine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say okay is five nine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say okay is five nine and the
+boss he just want to know about all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss he just want to know about all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss he just want to know about all this
+complexity anyway so he just believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity anyway so he just believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity anyway so he just believes
+you so it takes your average number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so it takes your average number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so it takes your average number
+right but you know that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know that you're not
+really sure I'm exactly five nine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure I'm exactly five nine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure I'm exactly five nine right
+and so you have a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a probability
+distribution and you're doing your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you're doing your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you're doing your best
+guess and in fact if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and in fact if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and in fact if you're if you're
+honest your boss should give an armbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest your boss should give an armbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest your boss should give an armbar
+you say it's five nine you know plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's five nine you know plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's five nine you know plus or
+minus half an inch or something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus half an inch or something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus half an inch or something right
+and that way what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way what you're saying is
+you're pretty sure the true Hydra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty sure the true Hydra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty sure the true Hydra
+professor green is somewhere in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green is somewhere in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green is somewhere in that
+range all right okay so this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range all right okay so this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range all right okay so this okay
+yeah now it might be that I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now it might be that I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now it might be that I'm actually
+changing height right I think it I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing height right I think it I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing height right I think it I get a
+nice rest I lie down for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice rest I lie down for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice rest I lie down for a long time and
+I stretch out a little bit when I stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stretch out a little bit when I stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stretch out a little bit when I stand
+up in front of lecture here for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in front of lecture here for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in front of lecture here for a long
+time I'm shrinking this time my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm shrinking this time my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm shrinking this time my
+vertebrae being compressed by standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae being compressed by standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae being compressed by standing
+here so long so you know it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so long so you know it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so long so you know it's it's like
+a combination of things what does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of things what does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of things what does your
+measurement instruments not perfect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement instruments not perfect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement instruments not perfect and
+one is that that I actually might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that that I actually might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that that I actually might be
+fluctuating okay I had a big breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating okay I had a big breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating okay I had a big breakfast
+I'm growing you know all right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm growing you know all right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm growing you know all right so it's
+the true with everything every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true with everything every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true with everything every
+experiment you do is like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you do is like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you do is like this that
+there is a real fluctuation of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a real fluctuation of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a real fluctuation of the real
+physical apparatus the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical apparatus the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical apparatus the thing you're
+trying to measure because mostly things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure because mostly things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure because mostly things
+we're trying to measure have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure have
+fluctuations intrinsically and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations intrinsically and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations intrinsically and then on
+top of that your measurement device is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that your measurement device is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that your measurement device is
+fluctuating which means and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating which means and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating which means and then the
+combination is what you're measuring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is what you're measuring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is what you're measuring is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+gives you a fluctuation in in a if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a fluctuation in in a if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a fluctuation in in a if you
+have a very nice instrument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice instrument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice instrument the
+fluctuation of your instrument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation of your instrument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation of your instrument is
+smaller than the fluctuation in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the fluctuation in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the fluctuation in the real
+system and you'll go down to the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you'll go down to the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you'll go down to the limit
+anybody with a really good instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody with a really good instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody with a really good instrument
+should measure approximately the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should measure approximately the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should measure approximately the same
+probability distribution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution which is
+actually the real fluctuation of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the real fluctuation of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the real fluctuation of my
+height for example so have you bought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height for example so have you bought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height for example so have you bought it
+laser interferometer mounted a mirror on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser interferometer mounted a mirror on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser interferometer mounted a mirror on
+my head and measured my height to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head and measured my height to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head and measured my height to the
+wavelength of light you're pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light you're pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light you're pretty sure
+that that's pretty good it's within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's pretty good it's within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's pretty good it's within a
+wave left the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave left the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave left the light
+so the ER bar there is just to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ER bar there is just to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ER bar there is just to the fact
+that I slouch sometimes okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I slouch sometimes okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I slouch sometimes okay all right
+so let's talk about some basic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about some basic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about some basic things
+about probability so we're always saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability so we're always saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability so we're always saying
+there's a probability of an event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we want to give a number so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to give a number so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to give a number so for
+example on flipping coins I flip a penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on flipping coins I flip a penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on flipping coins I flip a penny
+it could be heads or tails I'll say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be heads or tails I'll say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be heads or tails I'll say the
+probability of heads use approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads use approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads use approximately
+one-half okay so I flip the coin and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half okay so I flip the coin and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half okay so I flip the coin and if
+you flip the coin a hundred times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip the coin a hundred times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip the coin a hundred times you
+might expect to see you 50 heads now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect to see you 50 heads now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect to see you 50 heads now it
+could be 49 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 49 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 49 heads
+it could be 51 heads so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be 51 heads so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be 51 heads so you have to
+worry about like exactly how precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about like exactly how precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about like exactly how precisely
+you know it but you think it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it but you think it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it but you think it's something
+like a half now it just should warn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a half now it just should warn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a half now it just should warn you
+that I actually didn't specify any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I actually didn't specify any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I actually didn't specify any more
+significant figures here and it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures here and it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures here and it might be
+really hard to figure out what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to figure out what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to figure out what those
+significant figures are and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures are and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures are and this is
+related to the measurement problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the measurement problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the measurement problem right
+so you know we think that a coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we think that a coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we think that a coin is
+about a 50/50 chance of being heads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 50/50 chance of being heads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 50/50 chance of being heads or
+tails but you really want to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails but you really want to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails but you really want to prove it
+that might be really hard to do you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be really hard to do you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be really hard to do you can
+have joint probabilities I try think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have joint probabilities I try think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have joint probabilities I try think if
+I flip them both what can happen I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flip them both what can happen I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flip them both what can happen I could
+have that they both of my pets heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that they both of my pets heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that they both of my pets heads
+both channels so there's like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both channels so there's like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both channels so there's like four
+possible outcomes and we think they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes and we think they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes and we think they all
+have about approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about approximately equal
+probabilities right so probably any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right so probably any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right so probably any of
+these thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thing
+happening should be about 1/4 so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening should be about 1/4 so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening should be about 1/4 so you can
+write the probability of event 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the probability of event 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the probability of event 1 and
+event 2 so this would be for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event 2 so this would be for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event 2 so this would be for example the
+probability that I got heads for penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I got heads for penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I got heads for penny
+and has for belly and I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has for belly and I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has for belly and I think that this
+is about all right now I could also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probability of heads heads is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads heads is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads heads is equal
+to the probability of heads for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability of heads for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability of heads for the
+penny times a probability of heads for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny times a probability of heads for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny times a probability of heads for
+the 9 if I got now if these two coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 9 if I got now if these two coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 9 if I got now if these two coin
+flips are completely uncorrelated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips are completely uncorrelated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips are completely uncorrelated then
+the probability of heads of diamond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads of diamond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads of diamond with
+heads the penny is the same as just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads the penny is the same as just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads the penny is the same as just a
+probability the heads are done so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the heads are done so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the heads are done so they
+don't matter but many things that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter but many things that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter but many things that will
+study are correlated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study are correlated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study are correlated that the
+probability if something happens depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if something happens depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if something happens depends
+on whether something else happened all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether something else happened all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether something else happened all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this kind of expression is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of expression is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of expression is very
+important it's just an equality and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's just an equality and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's just an equality and sort
+of like a definition of these all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a definition of these all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a definition of these all right
+and I'll just notice that you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just notice that you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just notice that you can write
+the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around
+this is that the probability of heads of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the probability of heads of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the probability of heads of
+the dime times probably right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dime times probably right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dime times probably right
+this is okay so these two guys are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay so these two guys are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay so these two guys are equal
+to each other and you can rearrange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and you can rearrange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and you can rearrange that
+equation any way you want and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation any way you want and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation any way you want and we'll come
+back to a very famous way to rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a very famous way to rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a very famous way to rearrange
+that equation is called Bayes theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation is called Bayes theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation is called Bayes theorem
+and that turns out to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be really
+important in model versus data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in model versus data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in model versus data
+comparisons instead of doing and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons instead of doing and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons instead of doing and to do
+war so maybe you can say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so maybe you can say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so maybe you can say what's the
+probability that I see at least one head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I put my two coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I put my two coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I put my two coins
+I have probability of I see at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have probability of I see at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have probability of I see at least one
+head now so we know that we you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head now so we know that we you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head now so we know that we you know you
+know intuitively the answers to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know intuitively the answers to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know intuitively the answers to three
+quarters right yeah but let's try think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters right yeah but let's try think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters right yeah but let's try think
+of where does that really come from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is that okay sorry oh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that okay sorry oh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that okay sorry oh okay so
+probably at least one head it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least one head it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least one head it's it's not
+equal to the probability and from penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we know that this is really three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that this is really three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that this is really three
+quarters so be careful there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters so be careful there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters so be careful there's a lot of
+things you could say quickly that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could say quickly that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could say quickly that are
+not true right so anyway you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true right so anyway you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true right so anyway you're ready to
+consider the whole thing and in the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the whole thing and in the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the whole thing and in the best
+case if you can enumerate what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you can enumerate what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you can enumerate what's gonna
+happen then it's pretty simple to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then it's pretty simple to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then it's pretty simple to add up
+Thanks otherwise you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks otherwise you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks otherwise you have to be very
+careful with the algebra to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the algebra to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the algebra to make sure
+you add up all things right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to have a similar silhouette move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a similar silhouette move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a similar silhouette move away
+with time and then time something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and then time something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and then time something like
+this - alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this - alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this - alright
+and in a case like this where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a case like this where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a case like this where I'm
+summing over all of the possibilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over all of the possibilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over all of the possibilities in
+this case I'm either gonna get a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm either gonna get a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm either gonna get a head
+for the diner a tale for the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the diner a tale for the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the diner a tale for the time it's
+not going to balance on its end I'm soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to balance on its end I'm soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to balance on its end I'm soon
+to have that chance of zero then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that chance of zero then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that chance of zero then these
+two things just add up to one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things just add up to one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things just add up to one there
+right it's not maybe is really saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not maybe is really saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not maybe is really saying
+the probability time will do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability time will do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability time will do something
+damn I had four at I drew a penny okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn I had four at I drew a penny okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn I had four at I drew a penny okay
+that's all right so you Mon to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right so you Mon to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right so you Mon to practice
+doing little algebra things like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing little algebra things like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing little algebra things like this to
+make sure you know how to do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you know how to do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you know how to do it all
+right Yes No maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what else so yes yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what else so yes yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what else so yes yeah what's
+the what's the connecting right in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is what is it always are there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is it always are there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is it always are there yeah
+so it's tricky right yeah yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's tricky right yeah yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's tricky right yeah yeah that's
+the easy way to do it for this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to do it for this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to do it for this case and
+and so there's like a lot of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's like a lot of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's like a lot of you know
+for some cases might be easier to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some cases might be easier to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some cases might be easier to write
+this way in something right that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in something right that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in something right that way
+depends how many different options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyway just just trying to warn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway just just trying to warn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway just just trying to warn you
+by dividing this out it's like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dividing this out it's like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dividing this out it's like you might
+write down stuff quickly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down stuff quickly without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down stuff quickly without
+thinking about it and it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and it's easy to
+double count like for example if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double count like for example if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double count like for example if you put
+the other the other term in here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other term in here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other term in here you
+double count because they've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double count because they've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double count because they've already
+have they had head yeah you ready had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they had head yeah you ready had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they had head yeah you ready had a
+head case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah maybe right there I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah maybe right there I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah maybe right there I'll just
+write the base theorem down the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the base theorem down the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the base theorem down the way you
+usually see it so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually see it so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually see it so this is this is the
+general expression which is always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general expression which is always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general expression which is always true
+the base theorem way to write it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base theorem way to write it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base theorem way to write it is the
+probability a given B is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a given B is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a given B is equal to
+probability of and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of and that's just
+rearranging this equality just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging this equality just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging this equality just
+rearranged again and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged again and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged again and we'll come back to
+this with the situation is looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the situation is looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the situation is looks like
+what's the probability the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability the professor
+green is 5 9 given our measurements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is 5 9 given our measurements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is 5 9 given our measurements is
+related to the probability that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the probability that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the probability that if
+professor green was five nine we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green was five nine we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green was five nine we would
+have made the measurements we got okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made the measurements we got okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made the measurements we got okay
+so this is like the way to invert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the way to invert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the way to invert that
+statement and if if the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and if if the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and if if the thing that's
+here is exclusive it means there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is exclusive it means there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is exclusive it means there's like
+many possible possible things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible possible things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible possible things that could
+happen this is probably one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is probably one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is probably one of them
+happened if there's a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if there's a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if there's a lot of other
+things that could have happened for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could have happened for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that could have happened for
+there's like heads and tails just eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like heads and tails just eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like heads and tails just eat
+their heads or tails is exclusive it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads or tails is exclusive it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads or tails is exclusive it was
+like that you could rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you could rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you could rewrite that
+probability of B is equal to probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B is equal to probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B is equal to probability
+of AI given AJ summed over J whatever a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI given AJ summed over J whatever a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI given AJ summed over J whatever a
+measurement it is if it ends up with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement it is if it ends up with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement it is if it ends up with B
+that's probably dates all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably dates all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably dates all right
+so you can put that into the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put that into the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put that into the denominator
+here you can something to do that in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can something to do that in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can something to do that in so
+you can rewrite this as a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite this as a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite this as a probability
+hey I given B divided by and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I given B divided by and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I given B divided by and that's this
+is the form that you'll normally see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the form that you'll normally see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the form that you'll normally see
+based there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right a lot of times we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a lot of times we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a lot of times we have a
+continuous variable instead of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable instead of discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable instead of discrete
+events like this and so then we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events like this and so then we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events like this and so then we talk
+about probability distributions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability distributions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability distributions and so
+instead of having a sum there we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a sum there we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a sum there we might
+have an integral and this is a topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integral and this is a topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integral and this is a topic of
+also us quite confusing to many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose I'm at Maxwell Boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I'm at Maxwell Boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I'm at Maxwell Boltzmann
+distribution I have like the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I have like the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I have like the probability
+density of having a certain velocity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of having a certain velocity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of having a certain velocity in
+the X direction so the particle okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction so the particle okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction so the particle okay and
+so that's gonna be something like e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's gonna be something like e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's gonna be something like e to
+the negative 1/2 by something all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative 1/2 by something all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative 1/2 by something all right
+ok and maybe actually something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and maybe actually something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and maybe actually something like
+that so you have an expression you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you have an expression you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you have an expression you get
+from step back for a probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from step back for a probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from step back for a probability density
+now what is this mean we want this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this mean we want this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this mean we want this thing
+to be the integral of P of V X DV x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral of P of V X DV x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral of P of V X DV x over
+from negative infinity to infinity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative infinity to infinity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative infinity to infinity we
+want this to equal something what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to equal something what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to equal something what do you
+want this equal 1 right so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this equal 1 right so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this equal 1 right so that means
+that the units of this this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the units of this this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the units of this this this is
+units of centimeters per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of centimeters per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of centimeters per second
+what's the units of this time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the units of this time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the units of this time your
+second than minus one right it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second than minus one right it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second than minus one right it's like
+it's her her the units of this to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's her her the units of this to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's her her the units of this to get a
+dimensionless number there so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number there so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number there so this has
+units of seconds per centimeter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of seconds per centimeter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of seconds per centimeter which
+probably don't have you thought until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have you thought until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have you thought until I
+just said that to you okay so probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said that to you okay so probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said that to you okay so probably
+densities are tricky and they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities are tricky and they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities are tricky and they always
+have to be multiplied by Delta you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be multiplied by Delta you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be multiplied by Delta you know
+when I talk about this I really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about this I really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about this I really need to
+talk about P of V X Delta V X you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about P of V X Delta V X you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about P of V X Delta V X you know I
+need to have some something here to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have some something here to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have some something here to make
+this look like a probability again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like a probability again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like a probability again and
+so the issue is it's you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is it's you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is it's you know the
+probability that the velocity is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the velocity is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the velocity is exactly
+something is like zero it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is like zero it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is like zero it's it's really
+the probability that it's in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's in a certain
+range plus or minus something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range plus or minus something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range plus or minus something that's
+what then that's then you get a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then that's then you get a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then that's then you get a nonzero
+probabilities right there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right there's another
+quantity you'll see a lot called acumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you'll see a lot called acumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you'll see a lot called acumen
+of probability distribution so and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability distribution so and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability distribution so and this
+will be like the integral from negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like the integral from negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like the integral from negative
+infinity to to be X prime or V X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to to be X prime or V X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to to be X prime or V X and
+this is the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability that the
+particle has VX less than something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has VX less than something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has VX less than something so
+this is this is f is equal to VX the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is f is equal to VX the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is f is equal to VX the X
+is less than X and that could be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than X and that could be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than X and that could be quite
+important problems property so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problems property so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problems property so for
+example you're designing a supersonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're designing a supersonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're designing a supersonic
+nozzle you want to know what gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle you want to know what gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle you want to know what gas
+molecules are going to come out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are going to come out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are going to come out in a
+certain speed you really need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain speed you really need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain speed you really need to know
+that probability how many of them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability how many of them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability how many of them how
+many they're gonna be bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many they're gonna be bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many they're gonna be bigger than that
+speed how many any less than that speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed how many any less than that speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed how many any less than that speed
+okay so these are two different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two different ways to
+express it some more thing this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it some more thing this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it some more thing this is like
+the probability then it does have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability then it does have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability then it does have that
+speed within a certain range this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed within a certain range this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed within a certain range this is the
+probability that it has anything less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it has anything less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it has anything less
+than or equal to have speed and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to have speed and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to have speed and a
+computer different ways this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer different ways this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer different ways this is an
+integral this has units of dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this has units of dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this has units of dimensionless
+this has units of per velocity all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has units of per velocity all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has units of per velocity all right
+all right we'll pick up more on this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll pick up more on this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll pick up more on this on
+money
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M4VQypB3o90.txt b/M4VQypB3o90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a55c9c1a25f1ce1f1bc1475837c23d9c2b8adbda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M4VQypB3o90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15010 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I should thank Kevin Lynch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I should thank Kevin Lynch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I should thank Kevin Lynch
+um 37 years ago he stopped me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 37 years ago he stopped me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 37 years ago he stopped me the
+corridor I was teaching in the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor I was teaching in the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor I was teaching in the design
+program and um that was before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and um that was before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and um that was before we had
+had a separate section for architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a separate section for architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a separate section for architecture
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+urbanism and he said you know I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism and he said you know I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism and he said you know I'm going
+to stop teaching this class he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop teaching this class he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop teaching this class he had
+already taught it since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1956 I said why it's an important class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 I said why it's an important class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 I said why it's an important class
+it's the only place where people learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only place where people learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only place where people learn
+about the form of cities in a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form of cities in a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form of cities in a systematic
+way and he said no the students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and he said no the students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and he said no the students are
+bored by it they they just a lapse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored by it they they just a lapse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored by it they they just a lapse in
+interest so I said you're crazy and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so I said you're crazy and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so I said you're crazy and he
+said okay well you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay well you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay well you're interested in
+theory aren't you and I said well I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory aren't you and I said well I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory aren't you and I said well I am
+not sure he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure he
+said I'll I'll make a deal with you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'll I'll make a deal with you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'll I'll make a deal with you if
+you teach it with me for for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach it with me for for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach it with me for for the next
+period um I'll continue so we Tau it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um I'll continue so we Tau it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um I'll continue so we Tau it
+together for two years and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for two years and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for two years and he just
+announced that he was retiring leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that he was retiring leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that he was retiring leaving
+the whole damn thing to me that was 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole damn thing to me that was 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole damn thing to me that was 34
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ago I have to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I have to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I have to thank
+him for giving me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opportunity curiously enough Kevin and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity curiously enough Kevin and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity curiously enough Kevin and I
+have now taught this class for from 1956
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now taught this class for from 1956
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now taught this class for from 1956
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+2013 which is a long stretch neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 which is a long stretch neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 which is a long stretch neither of
+us have any formal education in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have any formal education in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have any formal education in urban
+history we don't teach Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history we don't teach Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history we don't teach Urban
+history forly you can do a degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history forly you can do a degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history forly you can do a degree in
+City Planning without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Planning without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Planning without
+knowing what PR where pry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what PR where pry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what PR where pry
+was U it's sad neither Harvard nor MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was U it's sad neither Harvard nor MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was U it's sad neither Harvard nor MIT
+have treated Urban history with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have treated Urban history with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have treated Urban history with the
+dignity that it deserved we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity that it deserved we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity that it deserved we had an
+alphabet uh but I suppose seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet uh but I suppose seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet uh but I suppose seeing that
+Lynch and I you will see as I go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch and I you will see as I go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch and I you will see as I go through
+this class how much history there is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class how much history there is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class how much history there is in
+it it's not history for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not history for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not history for the sake of
+History
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History
+it's it's based on fundamental idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's based on fundamental idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's based on fundamental idea that
+accumulated knowledge makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated knowledge makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated knowledge makes sense
+critically the modern movement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically the modern movement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically the modern movement in
+architecture abjured the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture abjured the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture abjured the notion of
+looking at the past they they were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the past they they were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the past they they were so
+existentially bound up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentially bound up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentially bound up with the
+present nor the future for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present nor the future for that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present nor the future for that matter
+I'll be covering some of this I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be covering some of this I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be covering some of this I'm just
+digressing warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up it's a class tradition to do the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's a class tradition to do the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's a class tradition to do the last
+class I'm not doing the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm not doing the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm not doing the last class
+because it's the last class for me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the last class for me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the last class for me I'm
+doing the last class as I've always done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the last class as I've always done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the last class as I've always done
+it for 34 years that is a an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for 34 years that is a an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for 34 years that is a an attempt to
+summarize the material we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the material we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the material we've
+done and uh difficult though that is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and uh difficult though that is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and uh difficult though that is I'm
+going to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it
+tediously I hope those of you who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tediously I hope those of you who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tediously I hope those of you who've
+taken this class will forgive me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this class will forgive me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this class will forgive me for
+going over what you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over what you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over what you already
+know there two things that I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there two things that I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there two things that I learned
+from Lynch the one is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lynch the one is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lynch the one is that when you
+posit an idea or Theory theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posit an idea or Theory theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posit an idea or Theory theory is
+perhaps an overblown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps an overblown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps an overblown
+word I inherited the title of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I inherited the title of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I inherited the title of this class
+from him and never changed it um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him and never changed it um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him and never changed it um you
+have to where possible supplement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to where possible supplement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to where possible supplement it
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+fact if you go down the corridor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you go down the corridor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you go down the corridor to
+Lynch's archives you'll find these high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch's archives you'll find these high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch's archives you'll find these high
+school notes on cantt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school notes on cantt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school notes on cantt and
+philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers
+uh well I always we always thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I always we always thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I always we always thought that
+if we were teaching this class in Far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were teaching this class in Far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were teaching this class in Far
+France we would never ever provide any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France we would never ever provide any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France we would never ever provide any
+evidence for Theory and just produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for Theory and just produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for Theory and just produce
+more theories based on the theories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more theories based on the theories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more theories based on the theories that
+preceded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceded
+us so I have the Chicago tradition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so I have the Chicago tradition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so I have the Chicago tradition to
+follow which says that you have facts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow which says that you have facts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow which says that you have facts to
+supplement Theory a very American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement Theory a very American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement Theory a very American
+idea uh if I might say so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh if I might say so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh if I might say so the second
+thing is that details are important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that details are important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that details are important so
+when I tell you that Jose of pasel gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you that Jose of pasel gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you that Jose of pasel gate
+used 300 million bricks to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used 300 million bricks to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used 300 million bricks to build the
+Three cross London sewage tunnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three cross London sewage tunnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three cross London sewage tunnels
+because of cola and the Tims you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of cola and the Tims you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of cola and the Tims you will
+understand 300 million is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand 300 million is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand 300 million is useful
+figure for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the last thing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Lynch tried to argue was that difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch tried to argue was that difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch tried to argue was that difficult
+it is to find evidence there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to find evidence there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to find evidence there is a
+relationship between space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between space and
+society and even if you had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and even if you had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and even if you had to make
+blind guesses it was better than nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind guesses it was better than nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind guesses it was better than nothing
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+all so for instance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so for instance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so for instance I
+argue that the invention in Birmingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the invention in Birmingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the invention in Birmingham
+in 18 city of the mortgage system had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 18 city of the mortgage system had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 18 city of the mortgage system had
+profound effects on British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homeownership the United States lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeownership the United States lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeownership the United States lag
+behind and there are reasons to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and there are reasons to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and there are reasons to believe
+that the Great Depression in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Great Depression in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Great Depression in this
+country was the cause of there only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country was the cause of there only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country was the cause of there only
+being balloon or Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loans the mortgage system provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loans the mortgage system provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loans the mortgage system provides
+security and in the absence of curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and in the absence of curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and in the absence of curious
+crooked landlords you dealt with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked landlords you dealt with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked landlords you dealt with a
+bank which provided security as micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank which provided security as micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank which provided security as micro
+financing in the third world is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing in the third world is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing in the third world is now
+providing security for home ownership to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing security for home ownership to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing security for home ownership to
+People to People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People to People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People to People
+who've lived in insecure situations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've lived in insecure situations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've lived in insecure situations all
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+life but I can't argue that was I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but I can't argue that was I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but I can't argue that was I guess
+that the mortgage system reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mortgage system reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mortgage system reduced the
+density of London by spreading it out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of London by spreading it out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of London by spreading it out as
+opposed to Paris which didn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to Paris which didn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to Paris which didn't the
+density of Paris is about twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of Paris is about twice as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of Paris is about twice as much
+as that of London but I I have to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that of London but I I have to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that of London but I I have to guess
+that the morgage system has something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the morgage system has something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the morgage system has something to
+do with it the not many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it the not many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it the not many people
+who attempt this daring business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who attempt this daring business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who attempt this daring business of
+connecting space and Society I once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting space and Society I once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting space and Society I once
+edited an Italian version of a magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited an Italian version of a magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited an Italian version of a magazine
+by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the name
+spu so I guess I've spent my life trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spu so I guess I've spent my life trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spu so I guess I've spent my life trying
+to understand the relationship and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the relationship and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the relationship and I'm
+not sure after 34 years of slogging away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure after 34 years of slogging away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure after 34 years of slogging away
+in this room that I'm any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room that I'm any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room that I'm any
+clearer so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer so what I'm going to do is
+go through the material we've done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the material we've done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the material we've done in
+this class I'll try to be as brief as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I'll try to be as brief as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I'll try to be as brief as
+possible if you get bored I can't offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if you get bored I can't offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if you get bored I can't offer
+you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+drink you have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um I'll try to make as many connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll try to make as many connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll try to make as many connections
+as I can in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can in the
+material but I'm going to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but I'm going to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but I'm going to go through it
+as if I'm talking to this class some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if I'm talking to this class some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if I'm talking to this class some of
+whom are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are here
+and uh they are the only ones who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they are the only ones who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they are the only ones who are
+allowed to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to ask
+questions the rest of you are in a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Warp remind me of that movie I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warp remind me of that movie I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warp remind me of that movie I can't
+remember the title where time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the title where time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the title where time was
+changed where the past became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed where the past became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed where the past became the
+present it's very strange to see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you we start at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about a th000 miles from where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a th000 miles from where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a th000 miles from where I was
+born archaeologists such as broom Dart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born archaeologists such as broom Dart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born archaeologists such as broom Dart
+and Tobias discovered a 3 million year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tobias discovered a 3 million year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tobias discovered a 3 million year
+old skull which they called anthropus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old skull which they called anthropus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old skull which they called anthropus
+africanas a fundamental link between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africanas a fundamental link between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africanas a fundamental link between
+animal and man the brain size of ostras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and man the brain size of ostras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and man the brain size of ostras
+was about 400 cubic cm about 35% of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 400 cubic cm about 35% of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 400 cubic cm about 35% of our
+contemporary brain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary brain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary brain size
+the argument is that the increase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that the increase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that the increase of
+brain size is largely due to nutritional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain size is largely due to nutritional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain size is largely due to nutritional
+change such as leak's first discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change such as leak's first discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change such as leak's first discovery of
+the first hand ax in the alivi gorge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hand ax in the alivi gorge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hand ax in the alivi gorge in
+Kenya which dates back to about 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya which dates back to about 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya which dates back to about 2.6
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+nutritional change is argued as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional change is argued as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional change is argued as
+fundamental to brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to brain
+increase I don't know how much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase I don't know how much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase I don't know how much larger
+the human brain can become see we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain can become see we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain can become see we still
+reproduce children through female organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce children through female organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce children through female organs
+which are not infinite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not infinite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not infinite in
+size though some people would wish there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were I've often wondered when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I've often wondered when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I've often wondered when the
+first uh item for storage of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh item for storage of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh item for storage of food
+occurred I think Potter's Wheels must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred I think Potter's Wheels must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred I think Potter's Wheels must
+come very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come very
+early uh I can't imagine any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh I can't imagine any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh I can't imagine any other
+permanent form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent form
+of change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change in
+nutrition but the BR but the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition but the BR but the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition but the BR but the British
+Anthropologist Robin Dunbar hypothesizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthropologist Robin Dunbar hypothesizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthropologist Robin Dunbar hypothesizes
+that human brains grew faster when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human brains grew faster when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human brains grew faster when
+surrounded by 150 others a number he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by 150 others a number he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by 150 others a number he
+still holds true for modern societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still holds true for modern societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still holds true for modern societies
+even in social media groups you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in social media groups you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in social media groups you are
+supposed to know only 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know only 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know only 150
+people his argument is that brain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people his argument is that brain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people his argument is that brain size
+increases when you in a society is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases when you in a society is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases when you in a society is
+fundamental to the premise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city he goes on to even insinuate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city he goes on to even insinuate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city he goes on to even insinuate that
+gossip or grooming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip or grooming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip or grooming of
+newcomers requires language and language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newcomers requires language and language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newcomers requires language and language
+comes from that need rather than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that need rather than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that need rather than any
+other it's often been assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's often been assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's often been assumed that
+language derives from men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language derives from men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language derives from men
+hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I used this
+beginning to indicate the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to indicate the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to indicate the importance of
+the educated potential of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated potential of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated potential of the social
+City and secondly despite all the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and secondly despite all the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and secondly despite all the talk
+about the city it's still in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the city it's still in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the city it's still in its
+relative infancy at most 10,000 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative infancy at most 10,000 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative infancy at most 10,000 years in
+about 3 million years of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 million years of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 million years of human
+development we only been going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we only been going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we only been going for
+10,000 years at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 years at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 years at
+most it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most it's
+nothing took us 3 million years to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing took us 3 million years to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing took us 3 million years to get a
+big brain and we've wasted it over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big brain and we've wasted it over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big brain and we've wasted it over the
+last 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years it says that those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it says that those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it says that those of you who are
+going to be graduating still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be graduating still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be graduating still have a
+chance to improve your brains are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to improve your brains are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to improve your brains are not
+going to get any larger but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get any larger but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get any larger but your
+capacity in their use will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity in their use will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity in their use will
+increase from here from there we switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase from here from there we switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase from here from there we switch
+to Kevin's three theories of City form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kevin's three theories of City form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kevin's three theories of City form
+the first is the so-called Cosmic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the so-called Cosmic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the so-called Cosmic view
+of the city according to Merc alad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city according to Merc alad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city according to Merc alad
+archaic City form had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic City form had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic City form had to do with
+centeredness the celestial system ritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centeredness the celestial system ritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centeredness the celestial system ritual
+and circular time the earliest cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circular time the earliest cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circular time the earliest cities
+were religious in nature and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were religious in nature and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were religious in nature and form
+superintended over by omnipotent priests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintended over by omnipotent priests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintended over by omnipotent priests
+who secluded their treasure and Secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who secluded their treasure and Secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who secluded their treasure and Secret
+in remote holies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in remote holies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in remote holies of
+holies such as the Temple of Marduk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holies such as the Temple of Marduk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holies such as the Temple of Marduk on
+the 200 foot high Tower of Babel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200 foot high Tower of Babel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200 foot high Tower of Babel in
+Babylon the Tower of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Babylon the Tower of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Babylon the Tower of
+is at its extreme height for compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at its extreme height for compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at its extreme height for compression
+structure without independent support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure without independent support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure without independent support
+and you put the Temple of the city at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put the Temple of the city at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put the Temple of the city at
+the top of it as you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it as you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it as you do in
+uh we do I do this small case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do I do this small case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do I do this small case of
+Jerusalem to make an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I was
+fortunate to work in Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to work in Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to work in Jerusalem
+both for the Palestinians and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for the Palestinians and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for the Palestinians and the
+Israelis and uh had the chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis and uh had the chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israelis and uh had the chance to
+autodidact a lot of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autodidact a lot of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autodidact a lot of its
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U Solomon builds it the first temple in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Solomon builds it the first temple in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Solomon builds it the first temple in
+Jerusalem in 1,000 BC a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem in 1,000 BC a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem in 1,000 BC a typical
+compression Fortress with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+sanctuary and no Public Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctuary and no Public Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctuary and no Public Act
+sacrifice is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice is part of the
+ritual in the 7 6th Century BC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual in the 7 6th Century BC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual in the 7 6th Century BC the
+temple is destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple is destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple is destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar
+and the Jews are taken into Exile in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Jews are taken into Exile in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Jews are taken into Exile in
+Babylon the greatest city on earth there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Babylon the greatest city on earth there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Babylon the greatest city on earth there
+they deprived of a temple pray turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deprived of a temple pray turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deprived of a temple pray turn to
+prayer in homes schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer in homes schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer in homes schools
+Etc despite having the prophet Ezekiel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc despite having the prophet Ezekiel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc despite having the prophet Ezekiel
+with them who covers six chapters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them who covers six chapters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them who covers six chapters in the
+Old Testament detailing measures of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old Testament detailing measures of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Old Testament detailing measures of an
+envision Temple they don't they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision Temple they don't they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision Temple they don't they learn
+not to miss the temple any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to miss the temple any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to miss the temple any
+longer they invent a new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer they invent a new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer they invent a new form of
+democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+religion what the relationship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion what the relationship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion what the relationship is
+between deprival and innovation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between deprival and innovation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between deprival and innovation in
+cities is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is an interesting
+idea it sometimes justifies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it sometimes justifies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it sometimes justifies in
+theorist's mind the notion that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist's mind the notion that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist's mind the notion that people
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+deprived when I showed my work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived when I showed my work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived when I showed my work in
+Johannesburg in London at the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg in London at the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg in London at the a
+one one day now long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one day now long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one day now long time
+ago I showed the Western native Township
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I showed the Western native Township
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I showed the Western native Township
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+paintings and a man in the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings and a man in the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings and a man in the audience
+stood up and said if I were in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up and said if I were in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up and said if I were in Germany
+would I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I be
+collecting Jew Jewish scribbles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting Jew Jewish scribbles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting Jew Jewish scribbles on
+walls I'd always seen the anarchistic re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls I'd always seen the anarchistic re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls I'd always seen the anarchistic re
+reaction to survival there an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to survival there an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to survival there an important
+fundamental Human Condition he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Human Condition he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Human Condition he was
+turning it around and saying one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it around and saying one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it around and saying one
+shouldn't record the blemishes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't record the blemishes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't record the blemishes of the
+past which have be succeeding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past which have be succeeding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past which have be succeeding in
+providing an Avenue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing an Avenue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing an Avenue for
+improvement anyway back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement anyway back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement anyway back to
+Johannesburg the Jews returned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg the Jews returned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg the Jews returned from
+Babylon to Jerusalem and Ezra then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Babylon to Jerusalem and Ezra then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Babylon to Jerusalem and Ezra then say
+the name of my grandson read not not he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of my grandson read not not he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of my grandson read not not he
+read the Bible and the people wept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Bible and the people wept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Bible and the people wept
+towards the end of the Millennium Herod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the Millennium Herod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the Millennium Herod
+rebuilds the temple now priests under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilds the temple now priests under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilds the temple now priests under
+the embodiment of the threat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embodiment of the threat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embodiment of the threat to the
+priests in Germany because the synagogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priests in Germany because the synagogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priests in Germany because the synagogue
+is appearing and Democratic religion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing and Democratic religion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing and Democratic religion is
+becoming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an
+argument before he dies Christ appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument before he dies Christ appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument before he dies Christ appears
+as a radical threat he's the embodiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a radical threat he's the embodiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a radical threat he's the embodiment
+of the threat to the priests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Germany and his famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and his famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and his famous
+statement in the for court of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the for court of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the for court of the
+herod's temple after he has harassed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herod's temple after he has harassed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herod's temple after he has harassed the
+merchants he says soon the temple will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants he says soon the temple will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants he says soon the temple will
+be destroyed don't despair from then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destroyed don't despair from then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destroyed don't despair from then on
+my body will be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my body will be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my body will be your
+temple he has a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple he has a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple he has a form of
+substitution from autocracy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution from autocracy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution from autocracy to
+democracy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy the
+first this is the origin of the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this is the origin of the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this is the origin of the church
+the origin of the mosque the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of the mosque the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of the mosque the origin of
+the synagogue the origin of any form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synagogue the origin of any form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synagogue the origin of any form of
+communal prayer at least in my view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal prayer at least in my view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal prayer at least in my view it
+is I therefore not as an as not as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I therefore not as an as not as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I therefore not as an as not as a
+Christian do not think Christ's death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian do not think Christ's death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian do not think Christ's death is
+terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly
+important it's only important as a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's only important as a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's only important as a major
+transition from the archaic state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the archaic state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the archaic state of the
+world to a beginning of a new communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to a beginning of a new communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to a beginning of a new communal
+democracy at least in religion not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+society 70 years later the Romans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society 70 years later the Romans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society 70 years later the Romans
+destroyed the temple and the Jews have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed the temple and the Jews have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed the temple and the Jews have
+never had a temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a temple
+again the Jews left in diaspora with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Jews left in diaspora with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Jews left in diaspora with a
+synagogue and book the Christians with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synagogue and book the Christians with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synagogue and book the Christians with a
+celebration of Christ's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of Christ's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of Christ's
+body the Catholic Church still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the Catholic Church still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the Catholic Church still in
+miraculous ways uses the mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous ways uses the mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous ways uses the mass to
+celebrate Christ Christ's body my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate Christ Christ's body my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate Christ Christ's body my
+argument is that it comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is that it comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is that it comes from this
+time I'm not a Christian so I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm not a Christian so I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm not a Christian so I can be
+scatological about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatological about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatological about
+religion I keep on being that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion I keep on being that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion I keep on being that way
+nothing convinces me nobody uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing convinces me nobody uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing convinces me nobody uses this
+argument in the literature that I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in the literature that I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in the literature that I read
+because it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also
+Theocratic or ordered that it can't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theocratic or ordered that it can't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theocratic or ordered that it can't this
+is a classic case in which nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic case in which nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic case in which nobody's
+making the radical argument that Son of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the radical argument that Son of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the radical argument that Son of
+God can in fact change an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God can in fact change an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God can in fact change an important
+function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the
+world we briefly discussed the cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we briefly discussed the cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we briefly discussed the cosmic
+idea in China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in China and
+India we also point to the wide use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India we also point to the wide use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India we also point to the wide use of
+the idea in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in urban
+metaphysics for instance when Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics for instance when Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics for instance when Joseph
+rickford refers to the rationalist Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickford refers to the rationalist Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickford refers to the rationalist Roman
+town as a dream when Aldo rosi refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town as a dream when Aldo rosi refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town as a dream when Aldo rosi refers to
+two perceived cities the real and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two perceived cities the real and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two perceived cities the real and the
+simultaneously ideally imagined when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously ideally imagined when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously ideally imagined when the
+French sociologist Maurice hav refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French sociologist Maurice hav refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French sociologist Maurice hav refers to
+the stabilizing power of urban memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stabilizing power of urban memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stabilizing power of urban memory
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on ly's second theoretical model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ly's second theoretical model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ly's second theoretical model I'm
+going to have to go on quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go on quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go on quickly because
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff fall asleep if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff fall asleep if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff fall asleep if you need
+to ly's Second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ly's Second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ly's Second the
+theoretical model the mechanical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical model the mechanical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical model the mechanical model
+or the Machine model covers a wide range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Machine model covers a wide range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Machine model covers a wide range
+of places built for Rapid construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places built for Rapid construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places built for Rapid construction
+often for Colonial settlements be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for Colonial settlements be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for Colonial settlements be they
+for Egyptian watery site workers Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Egyptian watery site workers Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Egyptian watery site workers Greek
+colonies where Mumford links the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies where Mumford links the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies where Mumford links the
+colonial Grid in the needs of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial Grid in the needs of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial Grid in the needs of modern
+Commerce Roman cementation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce Roman cementation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce Roman cementation and
+centuriation the Romans built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuriation the Romans built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuriation the Romans built
+5,627 separate s Civic bodies across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,627 separate s Civic bodies across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,627 separate s Civic bodies across the
+world's V vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's V vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's V vast
+Empire largely through a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire largely through a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire largely through a central
+financing system and a central spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing system and a central spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing system and a central spatial
+system which encompassed both City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which encompassed both City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which encompassed both City and
+Country cementation is towards the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country cementation is towards the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country cementation is towards the form
+of the city centuriation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city centuriation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city centuriation is a
+continuation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation into
+standard if you look at the area around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard if you look at the area around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard if you look at the area around
+Imola in Italy for instance you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imola in Italy for instance you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imola in Italy for instance you can
+still see these Roman traces squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see these Roman traces squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see these Roman traces squares
+each each made by what an ox can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each made by what an ox can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each made by what an ox can do in
+one day uh using a a site chosen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day uh using a a site chosen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day uh using a a site chosen by
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nomon Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomon Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomon Roman
+centuriation or the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know who you
+are Andrew you've lost your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hair and Andrew is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair and Andrew is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair and Andrew is one of
+our numerous illustrious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our numerous illustrious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our numerous illustrious
+graduates did his pH h d at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates did his pH h d at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates did his pH h d at
+UCLA and it just published a book with s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UCLA and it just published a book with s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UCLA and it just published a book with s
+bass Warner which you should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have we go on to other examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we go on to other examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we go on to other examples of the
+mechanical model the French Bast towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model the French Bast towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model the French Bast towns
+in the southwest of France and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the southwest of France and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the southwest of France and the
+enormous impact of the Spanish laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous impact of the Spanish laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous impact of the Spanish laws of
+the Indies on Latin American cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indies on Latin American cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indies on Latin American cities
+Spanish Latin American cities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish Latin American cities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish Latin American cities are
+founded on the rules of the Lords of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded on the rules of the Lords of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded on the rules of the Lords of the
+Indies and still today have you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a it's not take u in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not take u in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's not take u in the United States
+the laws of the Indies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of the Indies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of the Indies were
+pronounced in from St Augustine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced in from St Augustine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced in from St Augustine in
+Florida in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida in
+1565 to Los Angeles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1565 to Los Angeles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1565 to Los Angeles in
+1781 you take a town like Albuquerque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1781 you take a town like Albuquerque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1781 you take a town like Albuquerque
+which is the subject of one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the subject of one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the subject of one of our
+thesis you will see it is a hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis you will see it is a hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis you will see it is a hybrid
+Town mixed using the rules of the laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town mixed using the rules of the laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town mixed using the rules of the laws
+of the Indies one of the rules of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Indies one of the rules of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Indies one of the rules of the
+laws of the Indies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of the Indies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of the Indies is
+interesting it refuses to allow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it refuses to allow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it refuses to allow it
+forbids Indians to be allowed to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbids Indians to be allowed to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbids Indians to be allowed to enter
+The Stockade before the Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Stockade before the Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Stockade before the Spanish
+Cathedral is completed a perfect example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cathedral is completed a perfect example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cathedral is completed a perfect example
+of architectural Urban form serving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architectural Urban form serving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architectural Urban form serving a
+mixture of blatant Colonial financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of blatant Colonial financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of blatant Colonial financial
+and missionary purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and missionary purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and missionary purposes
+it's not different very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not different very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not different very different from
+Edwin Lin and use of classical form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin Lin and use of classical form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin Lin and use of classical form in
+Delhi M Lin after all claimed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi M Lin after all claimed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi M Lin after all claimed that
+Native Indians didn't have any Talent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Indians didn't have any Talent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Indians didn't have any Talent at
+all and if he were asked to do a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and if he were asked to do a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and if he were asked to do a capital
+in Australia he wondered whether he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Australia he wondered whether he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Australia he wondered whether he
+would use the marsupial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+style we also briefly review new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style we also briefly review new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style we also briefly review new
+numerous examples of the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous examples of the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous examples of the application of
+mine ideas to City form be they as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine ideas to City form be they as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine ideas to City form be they as
+distant to each other as Captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant to each other as Captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant to each other as Captain
+shamus's moving linear American city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamus's moving linear American city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamus's moving linear American city and
+the brutally efficient Consignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brutally efficient Consignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brutally efficient Consignment of
+Africans in Johannesburg to the barren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans in Johannesburg to the barren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans in Johannesburg to the barren
+land of Soto using one model of a hor as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of Soto using one model of a hor as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of Soto using one model of a hor as
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+basis and repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and repeating
+endlessly the organic model the third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly the organic model the third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly the organic model the third of
+lyes model is focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyes model is focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyes model is focused on the
+interpretation of nature in some form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of nature in some form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of nature in some form or
+other as an adequate lesson in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as an adequate lesson in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as an adequate lesson in the
+making of City form at some scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of City form at some scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of City form at some scale or
+another either a real or synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another either a real or synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another either a real or synthetic
+landscape here the class focused on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape here the class focused on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape here the class focused on a
+few theorists none as significant as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few theorists none as significant as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few theorists none as significant as the
+great Scottish biologist Patrick giddies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Scottish biologist Patrick giddies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Scottish biologist Patrick giddies
+whose work I have attempted to follow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose work I have attempted to follow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose work I have attempted to follow as
+best I could whose writings and work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I could whose writings and work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I could whose writings and work in
+Palestine and in India introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine and in India introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine and in India introduced the
+essential application of sensitive Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential application of sensitive Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential application of sensitive Urban
+surgery the derivation of local culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery the derivation of local culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery the derivation of local culture
+the St Valley section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St Valley section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St Valley section and
+others I for God he he and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others I for God he he and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others I for God he he and his
+son-in-law's plan for the Hebrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son-in-law's plan for the Hebrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son-in-law's plan for the Hebrew
+University in Jerusalem as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Jerusalem as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Jerusalem as one of the
+great pieces of organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pieces of organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pieces of organic
+architecture not biomorphism which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture not biomorphism which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture not biomorphism which I
+hate and find silly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate and find silly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate and find silly and
+Elusive uh but the he's the designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elusive uh but the he's the designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elusive uh but the he's the designed for
+the Hebrew University was much like mits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hebrew University was much like mits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hebrew University was much like mits
+it was a set of corridor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a set of corridor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a set of corridor system
+Orient towards a single Center you moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient towards a single Center you moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient towards a single Center you moved
+from one discipline through another to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one discipline through another to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one discipline through another to
+another much like you do your body seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another much like you do your body seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another much like you do your body seems
+to operate uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate uh at the
+center you have a dome as the coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you have a dome as the coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you have a dome as the coverage
+the Dome is not trivial the Dome is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dome is not trivial the Dome is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dome is not trivial the Dome is a
+biological version of what all religions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological version of what all religions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological version of what all religions
+appreciate it's the architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it's the architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it's the architectural
+synthesis for Arabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis for Arabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis for Arabs
+Jews and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews and
+Christians so this is to me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians so this is to me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians so this is to me a
+brilliant analogical use of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant analogical use of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant analogical use of an
+idea he doesn't have to make have curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea he doesn't have to make have curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea he doesn't have to make have curved
+forms like biomorphous architect do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms like biomorphous architect do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms like biomorphous architect do in
+order to satisfy the Deep structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology it's one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's one of my favorite
+buildings it's never built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to examine the relativity of nat We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine the relativity of nat We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine the relativity of nat We
+examined the USA's most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the USA's most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the USA's most significant
+Regional plan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional plan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional plan the
+TVA and many as seven different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA and many as seven different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA and many as seven different
+resonances attributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances attributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances attributed to
+Nature the prva southern agian resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature the prva southern agian resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature the prva southern agian resistant
+to change prior to 33 Rosel Henry Ford's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change prior to 33 Rosel Henry Ford's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change prior to 33 Rosel Henry Ford's
+view of nature is embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of nature is embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of nature is embedded in
+agriculture his belief that American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture his belief that American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture his belief that American
+industrialization such as Detroit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization such as Detroit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization such as Detroit
+without agriculture was a threat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without agriculture was a threat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without agriculture was a threat to the
+survival of this country the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival of this country the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival of this country the good
+survival of this country he proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival of this country he proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival of this country he proposed
+buying from Congress one of the the dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying from Congress one of the the dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying from Congress one of the the dams
+at marshall shs in Alabama the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at marshall shs in Alabama the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at marshall shs in Alabama the southern
+end of the TVA and building a 75 ft 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the TVA and building a 75 ft 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the TVA and building a 75 ft 75
+mile linear City combining Agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile linear City combining Agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile linear City combining Agriculture
+and Industry his view of nature was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Industry his view of nature was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Industry his view of nature was
+agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rell's vision of the recuperative power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rell's vision of the recuperative power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rell's vision of the recuperative power
+of water and green he uses the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water and green he uses the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water and green he uses the term
+water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in
+1933 as beneficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 as beneficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 as beneficient to
+Nature the locating of the anti- nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature the locating of the anti- nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature the locating of the anti- nature
+War oriented research of Oakridge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War oriented research of Oakridge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War oriented research of Oakridge in the
+TVA caused another reading of anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA caused another reading of anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA caused another reading of anti-
+nature the replacement of water suppli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature the replacement of water suppli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature the replacement of water suppli
+energy by coal and the ensuring coal Ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy by coal and the ensuring coal Ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy by coal and the ensuring coal Ash
+disaster in Kingston in 2008 C the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster in Kingston in 2008 C the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster in Kingston in 2008 C the New
+York Times to call this the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times to call this the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times to call this the greatest
+environmental disaster in America's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental disaster in America's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental disaster in America's
+history this is also an nature is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history this is also an nature is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history this is also an nature is both
+in beauty and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beast we tend only to see the beauty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast we tend only to see the beauty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast we tend only to see the beauty in
+nature survival sees the Beast as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature survival sees the Beast as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature survival sees the Beast as well
+why did why did archaic people look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did why did archaic people look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did why did archaic people look up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the to the stability of the stars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the stability of the stars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the stability of the stars and
+the Sun System why is the god Ra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun System why is the god Ra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun System why is the god Ra in
+Egypt a permanent sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt a permanent sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt a permanent sign of
+heliocentricity because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentricity because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentricity because it's
+stable if you don't understand half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable if you don't understand half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable if you don't understand half the
+things that happen to you when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen to you when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen to you when you have
+to survive you look for stability tency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive you look for stability tency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive you look for stability tency
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+security much though Hoover and roselt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security much though Hoover and roselt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security much though Hoover and roselt
+promoted taxation policies for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted taxation policies for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted taxation policies for making
+home ownership easy in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home ownership easy in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home ownership easy in the United States
+and abjuring the notion of rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abjuring the notion of rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abjuring the notion of rent
+toship the the argument was that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toship the the argument was that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toship the the argument was that a
+stable world comes from a world which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable world comes from a world which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable world comes from a world which
+owns land and property in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns land and property in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns land and property in the case of
+diadema in sa Paulo which I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diadema in sa Paulo which I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diadema in sa Paulo which I'll talk
+about at the end you'll see the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end you'll see the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end you'll see the return
+to this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this fundamental
+notion really you know in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion really you know in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion really you know in some ways
+ideas don't change that much they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas don't change that much they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas don't change that much they just
+reinterpreted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreted it
+differently the victory of the back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the victory of the back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the victory of the back to
+the TVA the victory of the snail daa by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVA the victory of the snail daa by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVA the victory of the snail daa by
+environmentalists taken to the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalists taken to the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalists taken to the Supreme
+Court and causing America to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court and causing America to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court and causing America to pay more
+attention to through D endangered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to through D endangered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to through D endangered
+species was the first great victory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species was the first great victory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species was the first great victory for
+m environmentalism in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today Water Supplies only about 20% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today Water Supplies only about 20% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today Water Supplies only about 20% of
+the energy requirements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy requirements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy requirements in the
+TVA nuclear energy and coal is reply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA nuclear energy and coal is reply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA nuclear energy and coal is reply the
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+another ecological perspective on nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ecological perspective on nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ecological perspective on nature
+at the moment is pressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment is pressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment is pressing the
+Contemporary TVA to use appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contemporary TVA to use appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contemporary TVA to use appropriate
+sources of energy tomorrow for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy tomorrow for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy tomorrow for those of
+you you can see Christen zyber thesis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see Christen zyber thesis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see Christen zyber thesis on
+what to do about the TVA today I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about the TVA today I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about the TVA today I only
+use the TVA as an example of the often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the TVA as an example of the often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the TVA as an example of the often
+radically different uses that the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically different uses that the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically different uses that the idea
+of Nature has to or to supplement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Nature has to or to supplement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Nature has to or to supplement an
+ideological position not an ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological position not an ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological position not an ideological
+perhaps a scientifically ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a scientifically ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a scientifically ideological
+position we spend a class look or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we spend a class look or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we spend a class look or two
+classes looking at other theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes looking at other theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes looking at other theories of
+City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City
+form other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VES we wherever possible the theory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VES we wherever possible the theory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VES we wherever possible the theory was
+connected to example so for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to example so for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to example so for example when
+we looked at the parent Le value free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the parent Le value free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the parent Le value free
+vuman agricultural produ map in southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vuman agricultural produ map in southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vuman agricultural produ map in southern
+Germany we located it next to gy as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany we located it next to gy as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany we located it next to gy as good
+Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley
+section when we spoke of the zoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section when we spoke of the zoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section when we spoke of the zoning
+trans of transition in The Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans of transition in The Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans of transition in The Chicago
+School concentric Circle model of a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School concentric Circle model of a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School concentric Circle model of a city
+we saw its zone of transition as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw its zone of transition as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw its zone of transition as an
+important element in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important element in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important element in the uh
+successful fulfillment of the invasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful fulfillment of the invasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful fulfillment of the invasion
+succession model in the American city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession model in the American city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession model in the American city
+the American city's been built by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American city's been built by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American city's been built by
+Invasion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invasion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invasion and
+succession and when Homer Ho's rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession and when Homer Ho's rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession and when Homer Ho's rent
+sector model of the American city we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector model of the American city we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector model of the American city we
+mapped it against the plan of aparte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped it against the plan of aparte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped it against the plan of aparte
+Johannesburg and Atlanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg and Atlanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg and Atlanta
+and when Manel castels in one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Manel castels in one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Manel castels in one of his
+Wilder days used the term with wild City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilder days used the term with wild City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilder days used the term with wild City
+to apply to the American city we argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to the American city we argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to the American city we argued
+it in the light of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the light of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the light of American
+consumerism we also looked at a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumerism we also looked at a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumerism we also looked at a number
+of Architects who've made a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Architects who've made a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Architects who've made a recent
+propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions
+about the city is theory on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the city is theory on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the city is theory on the one hand
+and practice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice on the
+other other than Lynch Alexander and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other than Lynch Alexander and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other than Lynch Alexander and and
+Martin and Helia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin and Helia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin and Helia
+chosen I want to get on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen I want to get on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen I want to get on to the next
+section in the next section deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in the next section deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in the next section deals with
+the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th
+century I'm in starting this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century I'm in starting this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century I'm in starting this this
+section of the class I argued that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the class I argued that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the class I argued that the
+19th century was the most in important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century was the most in important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century was the most in important
+Century for human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century for human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century for human
+urbanism the so-called Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism the so-called Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism the so-called Industrial
+Revolution was the biggest invent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution was the biggest invent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution was the biggest invent in
+human history again I dispute Muhammad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human history again I dispute Muhammad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human history again I dispute Muhammad
+and Christ and all of these guys all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Christ and all of these guys all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Christ and all of these guys all of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+gods and imply the reality which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods and imply the reality which so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods and imply the reality which so
+fascinated Engles and marks in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated Engles and marks in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated Engles and marks in London
+and Manchester was a reality which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Manchester was a reality which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Manchester was a reality which was
+the most inevitably transforming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most inevitably transforming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most inevitably transforming of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+civilization I think sometimes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization I think sometimes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization I think sometimes this is
+possible because I studied the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because I studied the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because I studied the history
+of modern architecture at Harvard with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern architecture at Harvard with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern architecture at Harvard with
+sred Gideon who discredited the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sred Gideon who discredited the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sred Gideon who discredited the 19th
+century completely he used to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century completely he used to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century completely he used to come back
+from weekends in Suk and say that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from weekends in Suk and say that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from weekends in Suk and say that he
+arrived on Sunday and walked around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived on Sunday and walked around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived on Sunday and walked around
+Boston and saw the horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and saw the horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and saw the horrible
+Furniture in the stores in Boston's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture in the stores in Boston's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture in the stores in Boston's
+Windows they weren't any modern shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows they weren't any modern shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows they weren't any modern shops
+yet he was filled with energy about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he was filled with energy about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he was filled with energy about the
+bad smell of the ruling taste in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad smell of the ruling taste in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad smell of the ruling taste in
+European 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European 19th century
+design he said the only light was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design he said the only light was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design he said the only light was the
+light sought by the French painters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sought by the French painters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sought by the French painters and
+by the good form of the British Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the good form of the British Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the good form of the British Swiss
+Builders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builders of
+bridges that the French painters were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridges that the French painters were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridges that the French painters were
+interested in wider range of things than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in wider range of things than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in wider range of things than
+Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan
+didn't illuminate his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discourse so perhaps I'm a 19th centuri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse so perhaps I'm a 19th centuri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse so perhaps I'm a 19th centuri
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exclusion the sou Advent of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion the sou Advent of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion the sou Advent of modern
+industrialism and its occurrence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialism and its occurrence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialism and its occurrence in
+England has never been fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England has never been fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England has never been fully
+explained so we refer to a recent widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained so we refer to a recent widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained so we refer to a recent widely
+published version of this the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published version of this the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published version of this the work of
+gret Clark who argues amongst others in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gret Clark who argues amongst others in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gret Clark who argues amongst others in
+studying wills and other evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying wills and other evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying wills and other evidence that
+many many behaviors in English in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many behaviors in English in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many behaviors in English in the
+English were transmitted throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English were transmitted throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English were transmitted throughout the
+society which led to the acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society which led to the acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society which led to the acceptance of
+regular working hours less fighting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular working hours less fighting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular working hours less fighting and
+the acceptance of other social norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceptance of other social norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceptance of other social norms
+suited to the industrial process he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited to the industrial process he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited to the industrial process he
+argues this in a k biogenetic model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues this in a k biogenetic model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues this in a k biogenetic model and
+the transfer from the wealthy who lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer from the wealthy who lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer from the wealthy who lived
+longer to the poor who lived shorter he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to the poor who lived shorter he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to the poor who lived shorter he
+doesn't exactly say how it works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exactly say how it works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exactly say how it works but
+it's a very cont controversial new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very cont controversial new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very cont controversial new
+version so for instance cruelty to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so for instance cruelty to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so for instance cruelty to an
+animals common in medieval games such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals common in medieval games such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals common in medieval games such as
+bear fighting and fighting you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear fighting and fighting you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear fighting and fighting you'll
+remember that Hemingway called bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Hemingway called bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Hemingway called bull
+fighting the most vestigal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sport was Dano was for sworn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport was Dano was for sworn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport was Dano was for sworn and
+activity such as boxing fought between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity such as boxing fought between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity such as boxing fought between
+dwar dwarves and Giants to amuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwar dwarves and Giants to amuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwar dwarves and Giants to amuse
+medieval crowds on Sunday or Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval crowds on Sunday or Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval crowds on Sunday or Saturday
+whichever day they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever day they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever day they
+chose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um
+was rationalized in the 1850s by rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rationalized in the 1850s by rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rationalized in the 1850s by rules
+of equal weights and times more happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equal weights and times more happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equal weights and times more happened
+between in London between 1851 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in London between 1851 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in London between 1851 the
+Crystal Palace most significant building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Palace most significant building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Palace most significant building
+of the 19th century and 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century and 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century and 1950
+1965 or 76 and happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 or 76 and happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 or 76 and happened in
+history in one city in its in in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in one city in its in in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in one city in its in in its
+time I'll go through London in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this industrial story has had many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industrial story has had many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industrial story has had many
+tellings the denial of the long-standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tellings the denial of the long-standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tellings the denial of the long-standing
+malthusian Trap is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthusian Trap is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthusian Trap is one of the most
+significant you recall that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant you recall that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant you recall that the
+malthusian Trap consists of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthusian Trap consists of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthusian Trap consists of the equation
+the demographic equation that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demographic equation that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demographic equation that population
+can only grow when there's a food supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only grow when there's a food supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only grow when there's a food supply
+and this has not been possible until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has not been possible until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has not been possible until
+well m wrote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well m wrote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well m wrote in
+1799 he was still preoccupied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1799 he was still preoccupied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1799 he was still preoccupied by the
+presence of the Malian Malian trap was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the Malian Malian trap was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the Malian Malian trap was
+totally destroyed by industrialism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally destroyed by industrialism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally destroyed by industrialism and
+cities began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grow so the denial of the longstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so the denial of the longstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so the denial of the longstanding
+malthusian Trap the increases in per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthusian Trap the increases in per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthusian Trap the increases in per
+capita income the massive industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita income the massive industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita income the massive industrial
+technological advances the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advances the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advances the organization
+of Labor the rise of participatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor the rise of participatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor the rise of participatory
+democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Engles in Manchester watched with marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles in Manchester watched with marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles in Manchester watched with marks
+the rise of English democracy they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise of English democracy they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise of English democracy they were
+bored by it engel's relationship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored by it engel's relationship to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored by it engel's relationship to the
+chartist movement is interesting he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chartist movement is interesting he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chartist movement is interesting he said
+they were asking for too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were asking for too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were asking for too little
+eventually of course they were moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually of course they were moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually of course they were moved to
+Advocate Revolution which they failed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate Revolution which they failed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate Revolution which they failed in
+1848 in Paris and then subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1848 in Paris and then subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1848 in Paris and then subsequently
+Engle traes around Europe selling a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engle traes around Europe selling a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engle traes around Europe selling a new
+dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the elimination of epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease John Snow Discovery three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease John Snow Discovery three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease John Snow Discovery three years
+after the Crystal Palace of the billus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Crystal Palace of the billus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Crystal Palace of the billus
+which caused the TS to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which caused the TS to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which caused the TS to be a
+shitole and produced the basilis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shitole and produced the basilis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shitole and produced the basilis of
+chorus of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus of color
+In Waves across England particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In Waves across England particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In Waves across England particularly
+London the soo part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London the soo part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London the soo part of
+London John Snow's identification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London John Snow's identification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London John Snow's identification of the
+billus led to the immediate construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billus led to the immediate construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billus led to the immediate construction
+of a bypass system to remove garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bypass system to remove garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bypass system to remove garbage
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+TS the 400 million bricks that Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS the 400 million bricks that Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS the 400 million bricks that Joseph
+bezel gate used to build finished in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bezel gate used to build finished in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bezel gate used to build finished in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three East West tunnels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three East West tunnels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three East West tunnels and the
+two embankments one of the things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two embankments one of the things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two embankments one of the things about
+cities is do you perceive them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is do you perceive them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is do you perceive them through
+your eyes not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes not your
+feet if you walk on the TS embankment do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet if you walk on the TS embankment do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet if you walk on the TS embankment do
+you realize that it's one of Basel Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that it's one of Basel Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that it's one of Basel Gates
+L final attempts to capture sewage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L final attempts to capture sewage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L final attempts to capture sewage
+before it reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it reaches the
+river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+um I shouldn't denounce the visual 42%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I shouldn't denounce the visual 42%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I shouldn't denounce the visual 42%
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+brain is occupied with visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is occupied with visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is occupied with visual
+perception there are 10 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception there are 10 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception there are 10 to the 12
+neurons each connected to 5,000 other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons each connected to 5,000 other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons each connected to 5,000 other
+cells which equip us to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which equip us to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which equip us to see
+intelligently when Charles ker and I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently when Charles ker and I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently when Charles ker and I and
+worked on the design of the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the design of the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the design of the brain and
+cognitive Sciences Center I learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive Sciences Center I learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive Sciences Center I learned a
+bit of this stuff and the m amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this stuff and the m amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this stuff and the m amazing
+business that goes on if you SE ncy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that goes on if you SE ncy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that goes on if you SE ncy
+kish's research and how we see we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kish's research and how we see we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kish's research and how we see we don't
+see pictures we see billions of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pictures we see billions of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pictures we see billions of pixels
+appearing on the screen of our eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing on the screen of our eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing on the screen of our eyes and
+we have to make sense of what is static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sense of what is static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sense of what is static
+and what is moving what is new what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is moving what is new what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is moving what is new what is
+not what happens to all of this is coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what happens to all of this is coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what happens to all of this is coded
+into the electrical system of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the electrical system of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the electrical system of the brain
+it is uh to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh to make
+I can't remember who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't remember who
+said maybe Leon wiel I don't know Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said maybe Leon wiel I don't know Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said maybe Leon wiel I don't know Peter
+you would know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seeing is
+not oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh I don't
+know forgive me I don't know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the evil side in the 19th century was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil side in the 19th century was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil side in the 19th century was
+also on display Engles wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on display Engles wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on display Engles wrote about
+mantis's poverty with the aid of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantis's poverty with the aid of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantis's poverty with the aid of his
+illiterate Irish worker mistress Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Burns Engles did something I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns Engles did something I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns Engles did something I mean I'm
+sorry to go on about Engles but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to go on about Engles but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to go on about Engles but the
+condition of the working class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the working class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the working class in
+England at the in your a book written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England at the in your a book written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England at the in your a book written in
+your 20s it's not a bad piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 20s it's not a bad piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 20s it's not a bad piece of
+Legacy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacy to
+leave but what Engles did and I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave but what Engles did and I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave but what Engles did and I often
+compare him to John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare him to John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare him to John
+Rasin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rasin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rasin um
+Engles walked in the city he tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles walked in the city he tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles walked in the city he tried to
+use his body to pick up he asked his he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his body to pick up he asked his he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his body to pick up he asked his he
+would ask his illiterate Irish worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ask his illiterate Irish worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ask his illiterate Irish worker
+friend why do they have no windows he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend why do they have no windows he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend why do they have no windows he
+would say she'd give an answer he'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say she'd give an answer he'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say she'd give an answer he'd say
+why do the main roads not pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do the main roads not pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do the main roads not pass through
+the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+slums she'd give him an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slums she'd give him an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slums she'd give him an
+answer John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer John
+Rasin who later in his life after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rasin who later in his life after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rasin who later in his life after
+becoming the poet laurat of England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming the poet laurat of England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming the poet laurat of England
+wrote books like unto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote books like unto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote books like unto this
+last for the working class of England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last for the working class of England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last for the working class of England
+both combined a social intelligence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both combined a social intelligence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both combined a social intelligence with
+a physical intelligence not Rasin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical intelligence not Rasin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical intelligence not Rasin so
+much Raskin says he learned to rece see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Raskin says he learned to rece see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Raskin says he learned to rece see
+by looking through the window of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking through the window of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking through the window of his
+childhood bedroom and Counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood bedroom and Counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood bedroom and Counting the
+bricks on the building next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks on the building next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks on the building next
+door for somebody who wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door for somebody who wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door for somebody who wrote the
+condition of at least the first book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of at least the first book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of at least the first book on
+English painting on English contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English painting on English contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English painting on English contemporary
+painting it's as it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting it's as it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting it's as it's a
+lot anyway I'm losing my way I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot anyway I'm losing my way I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot anyway I'm losing my way I'm getting
+carried away I always do there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried away I always do there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried away I always do there's
+something in my brain which suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in my brain which suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in my brain which suggests
+stories rather other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evidence stories are always much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence stories are always much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence stories are always much more
+fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to
+tell the extraordinary thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the extraordinary thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the extraordinary thing about the
+British Industrial Revolution why I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Industrial Revolution why I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Industrial Revolution why I'm so
+fascinated by these tropes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by these tropes is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by these tropes is that
+between peterl in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between peterl in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between peterl in
+1819 and Bloody Sunday in Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1819 and Bloody Sunday in Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1819 and Bloody Sunday in Northern
+Ireland in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland in
+1972 that's 15 15 years period British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 that's 15 15 years period British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 that's 15 15 years period British
+troops and all police killed no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops and all police killed no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops and all police killed no more
+than 11 citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 11 citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 11 citizens
+it's an extraordinary thing transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extraordinary thing transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extraordinary thing transformed
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world at the cost of 11 people oh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world at the cost of 11 people oh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world at the cost of 11 people oh people
+who died in poverty and in childb birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died in poverty and in childb birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died in poverty and in childb birth
+I'll later tell you the story of an Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll later tell you the story of an Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll later tell you the story of an Lee
+who is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is an
+Lee somebody in this classroom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee somebody in this classroom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee somebody in this classroom has
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something who is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something who is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something who is and
+Lee yes good there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andley worked 10 hours a day when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andley worked 10 hours a day when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andley worked 10 hours a day when she
+was a kid she gave birth to four no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid she gave birth to four no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid she gave birth to four no not
+still born one was still born three died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still born one was still born three died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still born one was still born three died
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+infancy she screamed out that sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy she screamed out that sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy she screamed out that sexual
+intercourse is the evil of the world she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse is the evil of the world she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse is the evil of the world she
+got onto a boat in 1774 and came to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got onto a boat in 1774 and came to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got onto a boat in 1774 and came to New
+York and started the anti-sex movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and started the anti-sex movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and started the anti-sex movement
+called shakadam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called shakadam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called shakadam
+this is part of our tradition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of our tradition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of our tradition of the
+transference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+physical perver not perversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical perver not perversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical perver not perversion
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+pain to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior the enclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the enclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior the enclosure
+acts the violence of the enclosure acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts the violence of the enclosure acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts the violence of the enclosure acts
+removing independent agriculture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing independent agriculture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing independent agriculture from
+the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in
+franchise and the invention of Charity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise and the invention of Charity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise and the invention of Charity
+British charity which never could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British charity which never could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British charity which never could never
+and as it never can compensate for the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it never can compensate for the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it never can compensate for the M
+wealth that Mark started calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital I decided that the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital I decided that the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital I decided that the way to
+respond to these conditions was not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these conditions was not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these conditions was not as
+general as this but to look at five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as this but to look at five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as this but to look at five
+cities and the reaction to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and the reaction to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and the reaction to these
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+the first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first was
+London London was the world's large I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London London was the world's large I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London London was the world's large I'm
+watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching
+my London was the world's largest in 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my London was the world's largest in 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my London was the world's largest in 19
+1850 and so on and so on I've spoken of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850 and so on and so on I've spoken of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850 and so on and so on I've spoken of
+a Joseph belgate the Great Estate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Joseph belgate the Great Estate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Joseph belgate the Great Estate was
+provided for the emerging middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided for the emerging middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided for the emerging middle class
+the first Subway ran from Paddington to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Subway ran from Paddington to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Subway ran from Paddington to
+F Street in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Street in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Street in
+1876 making the first stage of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1876 making the first stage of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1876 making the first stage of in the
+world's best Metropolitan public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's best Metropolitan public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's best Metropolitan public
+transport system that in parted that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport system that in parted that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport system that in parted that in
+part enabled London some 120 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part enabled London some 120 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part enabled London some 120 years later
+to invest in automobile pricing Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in automobile pricing Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in automobile pricing Charles
+boof in char Charles booth made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boof in char Charles booth made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boof in char Charles booth made the
+first map showing Urban poverty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first map showing Urban poverty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first map showing Urban poverty and
+effects of the inventional Residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of the inventional Residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of the inventional Residential
+Mortgage system were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mortgage system were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mortgage system were
+infect Paris in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect Paris in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect Paris in contrast
+followed centuries of Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed centuries of Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed centuries of Royal
+preoccupation distances in France are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation distances in France are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation distances in France are
+still measured from the center unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still measured from the center unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still measured from the center unlike
+London again Paris kept bu unlike London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London again Paris kept bu unlike London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London again Paris kept bu unlike London
+which had only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had only the
+further the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further the
+further west you go the less you need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further west you go the less you need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further west you go the less you need in
+Europe for the biggest Walls Start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe for the biggest Walls Start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe for the biggest Walls Start
+appearing in Vienna and Cyprus London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in Vienna and Cyprus London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in Vienna and Cyprus London
+hardly had any wars to contend with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly had any wars to contend with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly had any wars to contend with
+Paris was kept on building walls into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris was kept on building walls into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris was kept on building walls into
+the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th
+century uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century uh
+often I won't make the relationship it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I won't make the relationship it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I won't make the relationship it's
+a tendentious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one Paris reforming largely due to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Paris reforming largely due to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Paris reforming largely due to 20
+years of a new form of urban management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of a new form of urban management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of a new form of urban management
+under prefect of the sen who is allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under prefect of the sen who is allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under prefect of the sen who is allowed
+after others refused to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after others refused to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after others refused to
+engage uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage uh in the
+ACT uh uh to engage in a new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACT uh uh to engage in a new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACT uh uh to engage in a new form of
+financing namely borrowing Capital to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing namely borrowing Capital to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing namely borrowing Capital to be
+repaid on the increased value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaid on the increased value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaid on the increased value of the
+improved City the idea of deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved City the idea of deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved City the idea of deficit
+spending used year for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending used year for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending used year for the first time
+has become current pra Urban practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become current pra Urban practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become current pra Urban practice
+now it's National practice as well it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's National practice as well it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's National practice as well it in
+fact separates ideologies in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact separates ideologies in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact separates ideologies in this
+country around the size of the debt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country around the size of the debt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country around the size of the debt that
+we allowed to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allowed to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allowed to carry
+economists are only right in one sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists are only right in one sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists are only right in one sense
+the other is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is all
+wrong for hosman a municipal budget was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong for hosman a municipal budget was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong for hosman a municipal budget was
+never adequate to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never adequate to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never adequate to account for the
+welfare of the city it's a brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare of the city it's a brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare of the city it's a brilliant
+idea it's the idea that you simonan idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's the idea that you simonan idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's the idea that you simonan idea
+of economic progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic progress and
+investment so in line with banks also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so in line with banks also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so in line with banks also
+finding the way in the new Real Estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the way in the new Real Estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the way in the new Real Estate
+Paris engaged in Municipal loans paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris engaged in Municipal loans paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris engaged in Municipal loans paid
+back only 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back only 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back only 60 years
+later Harman didn't invent a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Harman didn't invent a plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Harman didn't invent a plan for
+the city he's often accused of inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city he's often accused of inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city he's often accused of inventing
+a plan for the city the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan for the city the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plan for the city the idea of
+boulevards were taken by Mar deichi from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulevards were taken by Mar deichi from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulevards were taken by Mar deichi from
+renas foration Florence where the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renas foration Florence where the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renas foration Florence where the old
+idea of playing in streets was part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of playing in streets was part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of playing in streets was part of
+the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction of
+streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets
+uh the atmology of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the atmology of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the atmology of the word
+the American word Mel a place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American word Mel a place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American word Mel a place where you
+go to shop comes from the Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to shop comes from the Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to shop comes from the Italian
+words used to to to describe the playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words used to to to describe the playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words used to to to describe the playing
+of games in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games in
+streets malar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets malar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets malar
+laala is that right Antonio malar laala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laala is that right Antonio malar laala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laala is that right Antonio malar laala
+to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the
+ball pal Mel in London and the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball pal Mel in London and the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball pal Mel in London and the American
+Mall come from the SE the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mall come from the SE the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mall come from the SE the idea of
+playing in streets maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in streets maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in streets maybe there's some
+metaphysical relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical relationship between
+playing in streets and shopping in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in streets and shopping in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in streets and shopping in a
+mall I don't know never discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it Houseman didn't invent a new plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Houseman didn't invent a new plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Houseman didn't invent a new plan for
+the city one existed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city one existed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city one existed the
+many the whole idea of making a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many the whole idea of making a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many the whole idea of making a town
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+forest like a goose foot system was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest like a goose foot system was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest like a goose foot system was very
+fundamental in in there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in in there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in in there were
+competitions in the 18th century for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions in the 18th century for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions in the 18th century for for
+Paris and the famous One After the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris and the famous One After the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris and the famous One After the
+Revolution the commission of artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution the commission of artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution the commission of artists
+plan so Paris added boulevards Avenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so Paris added boulevards Avenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so Paris added boulevards Avenues
+trees Parks improved public transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees Parks improved public transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees Parks improved public transport
+services buildings of standard Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enclosure hemman despite all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the negative quality that he arouses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative quality that he arouses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative quality that he arouses in
+architecture at least had an made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at least had an made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at least had an made an
+attempt to adjust architecture to Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to adjust architecture to Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to adjust architecture to Urban
+situations he believed in the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations he believed in the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations he believed in the that the
+city needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city needed to
+look and believed that architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and believed that architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and believed that architecture
+could render it since the individualism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could render it since the individualism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could render it since the individualism
+of architecture so rampant and so few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture so rampant and so few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture so rampant and so few
+people attempt even today to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people attempt even today to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people attempt even today to create an
+architecture based on an urban identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture based on an urban identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture based on an urban identity
+our Urban identity is created by great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Urban identity is created by great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Urban identity is created by great
+Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars
+individualists like zah did who when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualists like zah did who when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualists like zah did who when it
+comes to making a plan for Istanbul does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to making a plan for Istanbul does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to making a plan for Istanbul does
+the most awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most awful
+inappropriate pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonsense um so I I'm more of a support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense um so I I'm more of a support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense um so I I'm more of a support
+of husman's thinking perhaps more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of husman's thinking perhaps more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of husman's thinking perhaps more than
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+acts I disagree with Richard Senate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts I disagree with Richard Senate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts I disagree with Richard Senate and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+score bracket between two communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score bracket between two communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score bracket between two communal
+uprisings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uprisings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uprisings
+uh the Bund to the north remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Bund to the north remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Bund to the north remains
+unformed and it's not been helped much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unformed and it's not been helped much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unformed and it's not been helped much
+by the recent national International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the recent national International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the recent national International
+competition for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition for its
+reshaping we go on to Vienna Vienna's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping we go on to Vienna Vienna's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping we go on to Vienna Vienna's
+story is largely one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is largely one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is largely one of
+captivating unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captivating unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captivating unused
+infrastructure the mass of WS and glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure the mass of WS and glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure the mass of WS and glass
+surrounding the city from danub to danu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the city from danub to danu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the city from danub to danu
+fortifications that barely res resisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortifications that barely res resisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortifications that barely res resisted
+the Muslim attacks some 200 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Muslim attacks some 200 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Muslim attacks some 200 years
+before the world would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the world would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the world would have been
+enormously different had one day not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously different had one day not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously different had one day not
+taken place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken place in
+1683 when the Muslims almost captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1683 when the Muslims almost captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1683 when the Muslims almost captured
+Vienna Vienna had been dug under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna Vienna had been dug under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna Vienna had been dug under the
+walls and had it not been the Catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and had it not been the Catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and had it not been the Catholic
+World had been impossible to stop Islam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World had been impossible to stop Islam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World had been impossible to stop Islam
+had it not been for the intervention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it not been for the intervention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it not been for the intervention of
+the Polish King seski with his armed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Polish King seski with his armed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Polish King seski with his armed
+troops coming from the north the Muslims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops coming from the north the Muslims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops coming from the north the Muslims
+always attack the city from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+south Christianity prevailed over Islam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south Christianity prevailed over Islam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south Christianity prevailed over Islam
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1683 and the wars and the removal have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1683 and the wars and the removal have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1683 and the wars and the removal have
+always played a role in the psyche of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always played a role in the psyche of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always played a role in the psyche of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+city the renovations of the walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the renovations of the walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the renovations of the walls and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+glass took the form of a long string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass took the form of a long string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass took the form of a long string of
+street called the ring ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stasa with all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stasa with all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stasa with all kinds
+of nonreligious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonreligious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonreligious
+liberal Enterprises government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal Enterprises government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal Enterprises government
+education music culture housing along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education music culture housing along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education music culture housing along
+its Street this is a continuous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Street this is a continuous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Street this is a continuous system
+of urbanism much an elevated form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urbanism much an elevated form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urbanism much an elevated form of the
+American strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American strip
+it puts into question two great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it puts into question two great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it puts into question two great
+theorists one not such a great theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists one not such a great theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists one not such a great theorist
+but a builder Otto Vagner who conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a builder Otto Vagner who conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a builder Otto Vagner who conceived
+of his plans for Vienna as being modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his plans for Vienna as being modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his plans for Vienna as being modern
+there's expandable endless stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's expandable endless stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's expandable endless stretching
+out looking outwards versus Camilo C who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out looking outwards versus Camilo C who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out looking outwards versus Camilo C who
+I think wrongly described by shorka as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think wrongly described by shorka as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think wrongly described by shorka as
+an archaist wasn't an archaist he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an archaist wasn't an archaist he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an archaist wasn't an archaist he was
+somebody who believed in The Limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who believed in The Limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who believed in The Limited
+experience of human perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of human perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of human perception and
+therefore wanted the ring stasa to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore wanted the ring stasa to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore wanted the ring stasa to be a
+set of monuments each associated with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of monuments each associated with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of monuments each associated with an
+enclosed open space his idea for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed open space his idea for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed open space his idea for the
+ideal Piaza was an enclosure not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Piaza was an enclosure not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Piaza was an enclosure not a
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+Barcelona the most common approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona the most common approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona the most common approach this
+Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban
+expansion the 19th century Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the 19th century Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the 19th century Urban
+expansion took the form of taking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion took the form of taking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion took the form of taking down
+the old city walls and expanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city walls and expanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city walls and expanding the
+city horizontally onto flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city horizontally onto flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city horizontally onto flat
+land where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land where
+possible you have plans like Antonelli's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you have plans like Antonelli's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you have plans like Antonelli's
+plan for Torino trotty's plan for bari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for Torino trotty's plan for bari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for Torino trotty's plan for bari
+in the Barcelona example you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Barcelona example you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Barcelona example you have the
+largest housing development in Europe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest housing development in Europe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest housing development in Europe it
+s engineer returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s engineer returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s engineer returns to
+Barcelona but does extensive research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona but does extensive research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona but does extensive research on
+the terrible conditions in The Old City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrible conditions in The Old City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrible conditions in The Old City
+first even studies health and nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first even studies health and nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first even studies health and nutrition
+diets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diets
+age he enters a competition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age he enters a competition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age he enters a competition for the
+city's expansion plan he wins it despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city's expansion plan he wins it despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city's expansion plan he wins it despite
+tri's neoclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri's neoclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri's neoclassical
+entry sra's plan is a set of truncated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry sra's plan is a set of truncated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry sra's plan is a set of truncated
+113 met square blocks each with open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 met square blocks each with open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 met square blocks each with open
+Green Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Space
+stretching far beyond its connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching far beyond its connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching far beyond its connection
+with the warless old city with Avenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the warless old city with Avenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the warless old city with Avenues
+such like the P the Gracia one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such like the P the Gracia one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such like the P the Gracia one of
+Europe's great streets reaching to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe's great streets reaching to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe's great streets reaching to the
+Village of Gracia in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village of Gracia in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village of Gracia in the
+Hills the anange as it called is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills the anange as it called is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills the anange as it called is not so
+successful but it's been built at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful but it's been built at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful but it's been built at many
+times the density and coverage of sarda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the density and coverage of sarda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the density and coverage of sarda
+by the by subsequent City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by subsequent City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by subsequent City
+authorities who was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a city right to Grant development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a city right to Grant development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a city right to Grant development
+privileges to the subsequent Builders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges to the subsequent Builders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges to the subsequent Builders
+both of height and density obliterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of height and density obliterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of height and density obliterating
+much of the Green Space to what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the Green Space to what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the Green Space to what is the
+we don't know how to measure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to measure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to measure these
+things maybe sar's plan would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things maybe sar's plan would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things maybe sar's plan would have been
+very boring at the density that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring at the density that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring at the density that he
+proposed too much Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed too much Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed too much Green
+Space would the PGA the Gracia be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space would the PGA the Gracia be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space would the PGA the Gracia be as
+great a street as it is if it weren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a street as it is if it weren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a street as it is if it weren't as
+dense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense we
+dumb in Barcelona they can do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb in Barcelona they can do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb in Barcelona they can do nothing
+else but cheer S as much as the euro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gudi there's a story which I'm haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gudi there's a story which I'm haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gudi there's a story which I'm haven't
+got time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got time to
+tell which the barcelonian don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which the barcelonian don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which the barcelonian don't like
+and that is of SRA belonging to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is of SRA belonging to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is of SRA belonging to a
+socialist group in Barcelona influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist group in Barcelona influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist group in Barcelona influenced
+by a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a crazy
+French communalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French communalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French communalist
+called Ean cab who came to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Ean cab who came to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Ean cab who came to the United
+States with a group of people including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States with a group of people including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States with a group of people including
+one of sas's colleagues and built bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of sas's colleagues and built bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of sas's colleagues and built bought
+a piece of land in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of land in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of land in New
+Orleans U almost died they moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans U almost died they moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans U almost died they moved
+northwards and bought the town of novu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwards and bought the town of novu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwards and bought the town of novu
+in Illinois which had been the site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Illinois which had been the site of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Illinois which had been the site of
+one of the Mormon tracks East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Westward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westward uh
+almost stalinist plan of a town but God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost stalinist plan of a town but God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost stalinist plan of a town but God
+Learners that it had anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners that it had anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners that it had anything to do with
+Sela each of the city forms that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sela each of the city forms that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sela each of the city forms that I've
+just discussed produced a unique housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed produced a unique housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed produced a unique housing
+type it's another strange connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it's another strange connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it's another strange connection
+that if you do urbanism well you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do urbanism well you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do urbanism well you produce
+a good version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good version of
+shelter the the residential Square in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter the the residential Square in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter the the residential Square in
+London the boulevard apartment in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London the boulevard apartment in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London the boulevard apartment in Paris
+the grinon house and the Hoff in Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grinon house and the Hoff in Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grinon house and the Hoff in Vienna
+I haven't got time to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got time to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got time to go into the
+invention of Carl Marx Hof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of Carl Marx Hof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of Carl Marx Hof and
+maof in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maof in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maof in
+1927 the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 the reaction
+to the war and the establishment of red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the war and the establishment of red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the war and the establishment of red
+Vienna building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna building
+communal environments even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal environments even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal environments even before the
+Russians attempted their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians attempted their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians attempted their
+social condensers and micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rons I just take a detour with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chicago Chicago is one of the few cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Chicago is one of the few cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Chicago is one of the few cities
+established in the 19 century like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in the 19 century like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in the 19 century like
+Johannesburg the name of Chicago is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg the name of Chicago is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg the name of Chicago is
+taken from the tribe that lived there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from the tribe that lived there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from the tribe that lived there it
+means wild garlic in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language the big idea of 80 Chicago was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the big idea of 80 Chicago was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the big idea of 80 Chicago was
+to link the great lakes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link the great lakes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link the great lakes in the
+Mississippi thus providing a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi thus providing a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi thus providing a continuous
+water system from Europe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system from Europe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system from Europe to the
+east well that's before the canal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east well that's before the canal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east well that's before the canal the
+the South American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South American
+Canal this never worked but in 1830 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal this never worked but in 1830 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal this never worked but in 1830 it
+established the beginning of a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the beginning of a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the beginning of a market
+for residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+land which was endless in 1848 this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land which was endless in 1848 this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land which was endless in 1848 this was
+Amplified by the building of the Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified by the building of the Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified by the building of the Cross
+United States cross country railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States cross country railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States cross country railroad
+system um 125th of the world's railroads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um 125th of the world's railroads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um 125th of the world's railroads
+crossed in Chicago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed in Chicago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed in Chicago in
+1893 this is in 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1893 this is in 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1893 this is in 50
+years Chicago's notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Chicago's notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Chicago's notion
+of breath bread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breath bread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breath bread of
+politicians is not associated with wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians is not associated with wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians is not associated with wind
+It's associated with uberus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's associated with uberus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's associated with uberus
+this is the most I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most I don't know what the
+adjective of hubus is this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective of hubus is this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective of hubus is this is the most
+huus through most ubis city it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huus through most ubis city it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huus through most ubis city it's the
+capitalist Model H has described the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist Model H has described the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist Model H has described the 100
+Years of land values in Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years of land values in Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years of land values in Chicago
+according to Peaks and valleys and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Peaks and valleys and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Peaks and valleys and a
+very cyclical model uh for every great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cyclical model uh for every great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cyclical model uh for every great
+in absolute mad investment follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute mad investment follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute mad investment follows a
+depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression
+uh nothing fascinates me more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nothing fascinates me more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nothing fascinates me more than the
+immense authority of the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense authority of the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense authority of the private
+sector I think Frank Lord W was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector I think Frank Lord W was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector I think Frank Lord W was
+fascinated by his clients or so the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by his clients or so the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by his clients or so the book
+about his clients suggests people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his clients suggests people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his clients suggests people who
+had the gumption to invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the gumption to invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the gumption to invent
+zippers had the gumption rights to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zippers had the gumption rights to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zippers had the gumption rights to buy
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+houses everybody was was in a mad sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses everybody was was in a mad sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses everybody was was in a mad sense
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invention the most extraordinary story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention the most extraordinary story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention the most extraordinary story
+is the building of 60 Mi of illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the building of 60 Mi of illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the building of 60 Mi of illegal
+Subway at night as if laying telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subway at night as if laying telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subway at night as if laying telephone
+cables idea that you can build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables idea that you can build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables idea that you can build the
+underneath of a city for 60 miles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath of a city for 60 miles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath of a city for 60 miles of
+illegal Subway people being killed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal Subway people being killed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal Subway people being killed on
+the surface of the street because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the street because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the street because there
+was no traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no traffic
+plan so the merchant class decided to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so the merchant class decided to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so the merchant class decided to B
+in the mud it's a Mud City so the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mud it's a Mud City so the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mud it's a Mud City so the soft
+Belly of the city can be excavated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belly of the city can be excavated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belly of the city can be excavated over
+time this was only discovered in 1962
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this was only discovered in 1962
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this was only discovered in 1962
+when the thing started flooding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the thing started flooding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the thing started flooding and
+nobody knew where the floods came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knew where the floods came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knew where the floods came from
+in Chicago till because of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accident n cronin's book natur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident n cronin's book natur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident n cronin's book natur
+Metropolis is a sardonic reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis is a sardonic reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis is a sardonic reference to
+the use of anti- nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of anti- nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of anti- nature
+you can see I'm not a lover of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see I'm not a lover of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see I'm not a lover of nature
+I'm afraid of nature it causes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+die suppose I shouldn't say that on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die suppose I shouldn't say that on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die suppose I shouldn't say that on my
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class but 20 skyscrapers were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but 20 skyscrapers were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but 20 skyscrapers were already
+built in 1893 at by the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in 1893 at by the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in 1893 at by the time of the
+Colombian exhibition all of these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian exhibition all of these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian exhibition all of these on
+Sand where is the less pretious place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sand where is the less pretious place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sand where is the less pretious place to
+build a skyscraper than in Chicago on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a skyscraper than in Chicago on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a skyscraper than in Chicago on
+mud and yet they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it one of the lessons from the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of the lessons from the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of the lessons from the private
+sector investment in Chicago is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector investment in Chicago is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector investment in Chicago is there
+was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no
+attention there was a needless attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention there was a needless attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention there was a needless attention
+to be paid to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paid to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paid to the
+public it's perhaps best explained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public it's perhaps best explained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public it's perhaps best explained the
+novel Devil in the White City which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Devil in the White City which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Devil in the White City which
+targets holes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets holes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets holes the
+psychopath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychopath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychopath
+who took over a hotel outside the grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took over a hotel outside the grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took over a hotel outside the grand
+Ensemble of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble of
+the World's Fair and started killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World's Fair and started killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World's Fair and started killing
+women there was no Public Authority to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women there was no Public Authority to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women there was no Public Authority to
+supervise this man there was no police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervise this man there was no police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervise this man there was no police
+force to investigate it women just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to investigate it women just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to investigate it women just
+disappeared young women who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared young women who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared young women who came
+innocently to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fair Holmes was not eventually traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair Holmes was not eventually traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair Holmes was not eventually traced
+for all these murders by this by Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these murders by this by Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these murders by this by Chicago
+he was traced by Insurance Consultant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was traced by Insurance Consultant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was traced by Insurance Consultant in
+Philadelphia who couldn't explain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia who couldn't explain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia who couldn't explain some
+of these deaths it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these deaths it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these deaths it's a
+enormous dis advertisement for a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous dis advertisement for a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous dis advertisement for a city
+which is built as some cities are today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is built as some cities are today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is built as some cities are today
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the Apparently creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apparently creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apparently creative
+impulse of the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse of the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse of the private
+sector it's a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector it's a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector it's a dramatic
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+system but it pays its prices in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it pays its prices in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it pays its prices in other
+ways Chicago politics is I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways Chicago politics is I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways Chicago politics is I shouldn't
+talk about Chicago politics I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Chicago politics I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Chicago politics I know
+nothing about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+history bernham the Great great manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history bernham the Great great manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history bernham the Great great manager
+of the Chicago Worlds Fair proposed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Chicago Worlds Fair proposed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Chicago Worlds Fair proposed a
+plan in a number of years afterwards it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in a number of years afterwards it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in a number of years afterwards it
+plan was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan was
+to build a six mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a six mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a six mile
+Arc around the grid to centralize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc around the grid to centralize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc around the grid to centralize the
+city to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to give it
+culture some people have taken on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture some people have taken on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture some people have taken on the
+idea that it's important in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's important in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's important in developing
+countries to build a city first to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to build a city first to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to build a city first to make
+money and then to invest the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then to invest the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then to invest the money in
+upgrading its culture it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading its culture it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading its culture it's a sort of
+transformative staged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative staged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative staged
+process um it may have some Merit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um it may have some Merit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um it may have some Merit in
+Chicago the idea of Louis Sullivan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago the idea of Louis Sullivan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago the idea of Louis Sullivan's
+Grand Auditorium building with the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Auditorium building with the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Auditorium building with the most
+wonderful toilets in the world being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful toilets in the world being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful toilets in the world being
+attracting people who walk through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting people who walk through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting people who walk through the
+mud is an interesting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud is an interesting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud is an interesting kind of
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I disagree with mford and and Senate's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I disagree with mford and and Senate's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I disagree with mford and and Senate's
+view of the capitalist griest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the capitalist griest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the capitalist griest
+commodity uh there was much speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity uh there was much speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity uh there was much speculation
+in Boston with its non-grid city as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston with its non-grid city as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston with its non-grid city as
+there was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was in
+Chicago reducing space to commodity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago reducing space to commodity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago reducing space to commodity is
+not only a capitalist phenomenon it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a capitalist phenomenon it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a capitalist phenomenon it is
+an intriguing aspect of the devaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intriguing aspect of the devaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intriguing aspect of the devaluation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+land I'm going to have to to speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land I'm going to have to to speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land I'm going to have to to speed
+up we've got a lot still to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover we took a look at panopticism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover we took a look at panopticism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover we took a look at panopticism and
+the idea of the gays this was largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the gays this was largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the gays this was largely
+helped by David fredman's work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped by David fredman's work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped by David fredman's work on the
+evolution of the late marille street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the late marille street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the late marille street
+from a street of work and multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a street of work and multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a street of work and multiple
+invasions to a street dedicated to image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasions to a street dedicated to image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasions to a street dedicated to image
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+control as examples we compared in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control as examples we compared in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control as examples we compared in some
+detail the multimon mental and multi-use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the multimon mental and multi-use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the multimon mental and multi-use
+nevski Prospect in St Petersburg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevski Prospect in St Petersburg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevski Prospect in St Petersburg and
+Hitler and Albert's proposed Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler and Albert's proposed Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler and Albert's proposed Central
+aess for Berlin we also took a briak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aess for Berlin we also took a briak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aess for Berlin we also took a briak
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+utopianism I must say I suffer from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopianism I must say I suffer from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopianism I must say I suffer from a
+disinterest in utopian speculation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinterest in utopian speculation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinterest in utopian speculation I
+find it either like his dullest sence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it either like his dullest sence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it either like his dullest sence
+science fiction and his and Absolut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction and his and Absolut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction and his and Absolut
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+as devoid of understanding of cities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as devoid of understanding of cities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as devoid of understanding of cities as
+most science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is but we covered some of the territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we covered some of the territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we covered some of the territory
+I was fascinated by Thomas Moore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was fascinated by Thomas Moore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was fascinated by Thomas Moore
+invention of the word Utopia it has both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the word Utopia it has both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the word Utopia it has both
+the prefix etopia and the prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefix etopia and the prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefix etopia and the prefix
+eutopia which mean different things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eutopia which mean different things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eutopia which mean different things in
+Greek where is our Greek friend one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek where is our Greek friend one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek where is our Greek friend one is
+good and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and one is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nowhere yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere yeah
+one is good and one is nowhere so S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is good and one is nowhere so S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is good and one is nowhere so S
+Thomas Mo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Mo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Mo's
+Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island
+1516 book is about an island it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1516 book is about an island it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1516 book is about an island it's
+nowhere it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere it has
+shared it is a socialist republic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared it is a socialist republic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared it is a socialist republic which
+God Alone knows how you thought about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God Alone knows how you thought about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God Alone knows how you thought about it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1516 there's terminal limits to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1516 there's terminal limits to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1516 there's terminal limits to the
+amount of the houses you can occupy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the houses you can occupy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the houses you can occupy it
+reminds me of little I forget about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of little I forget about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of little I forget about what
+reminds me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of we looked at a number of other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we looked at a number of other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we looked at a number of other cases
+pulman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulman
+Illinois and Lee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois and Lee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois and Lee and
+shadom we also examined three Architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadom we also examined three Architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadom we also examined three Architects
+utopian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian
+propensities lozi and his end search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensities lozi and his end search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensities lozi and his end search for
+the right plan be it in 1922 for Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right plan be it in 1922 for Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right plan be it in 1922 for Paris
+with the capitalist Center later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capitalist Center later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capitalist Center later for
+Moscow After the Revolution there with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow After the Revolution there with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow After the Revolution there with a
+syndicalist plan and later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndicalist plan and later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndicalist plan and later in
+frustration because the citizens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration because the citizens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration because the citizens of
+algers refused these many obus plans he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algers refused these many obus plans he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algers refused these many obus plans he
+appealed for help to the fascist vishi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealed for help to the fascist vishi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealed for help to the fascist vishi
+government and eventually to PO melini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and eventually to PO melini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and eventually to PO melini
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+help this is the strange notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help this is the strange notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help this is the strange notion that
+it's not so strange if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so strange if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so strange if you're an
+architect you find a solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect you find a solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect you find a solution which
+emanates out of your soul it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanates out of your soul it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanates out of your soul it brings
+together almost everything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together almost everything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together almost everything that is
+creative about you all your juices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative about you all your juices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative about you all your juices are
+flowing it's the right one you examined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing it's the right one you examined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing it's the right one you examined
+a thousand this is the right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand this is the right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand this is the right one
+whoever's going to buy the right one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's going to buy the right one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's going to buy the right one is
+okay ideology doesn't matter Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ideology doesn't matter Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ideology doesn't matter Society
+doesn't matter space is what matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter space is what matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter space is what matters
+this is what drove Lynch crazy when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what drove Lynch crazy when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what drove Lynch crazy when I
+had the only argument I ever had with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the only argument I ever had with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the only argument I ever had with
+him in this class which we jointly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in this class which we jointly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in this class which we jointly
+taught for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught for two
+years about Alder rosi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years about Alder rosi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years about Alder rosi
+when I introduced Alder Rossi's book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I introduced Alder Rossi's book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I introduced Alder Rossi's book the
+architecture in the city in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the city in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the city in this class
+Kevin Kevin writes about it in fact his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin Kevin writes about it in fact his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin Kevin writes about it in fact his
+anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry we looked at crank dri's tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we looked at crank dri's tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we looked at crank dri's tiny
+broad Acer city as an evocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad Acer city as an evocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad Acer city as an evocation of
+eonian democracy which used Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eonian democracy which used Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eonian democracy which used Henry
+George's Mantra Mantra of profit made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's Mantra Mantra of profit made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's Mantra Mantra of profit made by
+development in the city needing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in the city needing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in the city needing to be
+returned to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to the public
+good we looked then briefly at 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we looked then briefly at 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we looked then briefly at 20th
+Century resolutions we looked at Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century resolutions we looked at Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century resolutions we looked at Great
+Britain the New Towns expansion program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain the New Towns expansion program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain the New Towns expansion program
+from the mock more towns of city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mock more towns of city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mock more towns of city
+c000 by the way is another curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c000 by the way is another curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c000 by the way is another curious
+phenomenon Plato's ideal size for city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon Plato's ideal size for city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon Plato's ideal size for city
+is 30,000 leonardos is 30,000 Ean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 30,000 leonardos is 30,000 Ean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 30,000 leonardos is 30,000 Ean
+Howards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howards in
+1910 Le withth and Garden City are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 Le withth and Garden City are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 Le withth and Garden City are
+30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000
+why it's demographic I'm sure 30,000 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's demographic I'm sure 30,000 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's demographic I'm sure 30,000 is
+probably the amount of people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the amount of people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the amount of people that you
+could in disine prone Society maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in disine prone Society maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in disine prone Society maintain a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+size given a malthusian trap situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size given a malthusian trap situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size given a malthusian trap situation
+it probably works that way so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably works that way so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably works that way so the
+British built the first New Towns like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British built the first New Towns like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British built the first New Towns like
+Corby and Hollow at what size 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they became tired of 30,000 size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became tired of 30,000 size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became tired of 30,000 size the
+SpaceTime of suggested larger size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime of suggested larger size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime of suggested larger size so
+mark two shifts to 50 to 100,000 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark two shifts to 50 to 100,000 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark two shifts to 50 to 100,000 the
+towns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns of
+hook the best book on new town planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook the best book on new town planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook the best book on new town planning
+stud is the book of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud is the book of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud is the book of
+hook ranor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cal and the Mark I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal and the Mark I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal and the Mark I
+towns of Milton ke now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns of Milton ke now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns of Milton ke now
+250,000 Milton ke is the postmodern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 Milton ke is the postmodern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 Milton ke is the postmodern
+attempted atar City mixed land uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted atar City mixed land uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted atar City mixed land uses
+using performance Dimensions instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using performance Dimensions instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using performance Dimensions instead of
+zoning a 1 kilm by 1 kilm space frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning a 1 kilm by 1 kilm space frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning a 1 kilm by 1 kilm space frame
+grids to take maximum traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids to take maximum traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids to take maximum traffic
+loads the earlier towns had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads the earlier towns had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads the earlier towns had no
+predictive mix and tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive mix and tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive mix and tight
+fit Comm Center was voted recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit Comm Center was voted recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit Comm Center was voted recently
+devoted the ugliest building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted the ugliest building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted the ugliest building in
+England we looked at Russia between 1918
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England we looked at Russia between 1918
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England we looked at Russia between 1918
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+1932 looked at the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 looked at the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 looked at the work of
+urbanists looking at the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists looking at the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists looking at the possibilities
+of new urbanism in the state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new urbanism in the state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new urbanism in the state which
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+clients controlling the means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients controlling the means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients controlling the means of
+production land use an apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production land use an apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production land use an apparently
+illuminated and dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminated and dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminated and dedicated
+population they okay little guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they okay little guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they okay little guidance
+came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from
+Marx time of great experimentation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx time of great experimentation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx time of great experimentation the
+acronyms Osa vpra ASN NOA the invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms Osa vpra ASN NOA the invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms Osa vpra ASN NOA the invention
+of the Central Social condenser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Central Social condenser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Central Social condenser and
+housing taken from for the French fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+utopian I'm tempted to tell this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story the Republican party in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story the Republican party in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story the Republican party in this
+country was started in a town called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country was started in a town called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country was started in a town called
+Ripon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripon in
+Wisconsin Ripon was started by a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin Ripon was started by a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin Ripon was started by a bunch
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+FIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+socialists the Ron Society is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialists the Ron Society is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialists the Ron Society is still a
+branch of the Republican party I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the Republican party I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the Republican party I'm not
+explaining the full transition I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the full transition I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the full transition I haven't
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+time but it's still the overlapping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's still the overlapping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's still the overlapping of
+systems is one thing that keeps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is one thing that keeps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is one thing that keeps on
+intriguing me one of the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing me one of the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing me one of the Great
+Adventures of contemporary urbanism is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adventures of contemporary urbanism is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adventures of contemporary urbanism is a
+search for overlapping this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for overlapping this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for overlapping this and
+multi-purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purposes
+as both an Avenue for to to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as both an Avenue for to to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as both an Avenue for to to deal with
+complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and
+uh the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future I'm just going to skip a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I'm just going to skip a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I'm just going to skip a lot of
+this we look at the lail we look a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we look at the lail we look a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we look at the lail we look a look
+at the lail competition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lail competition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lail competition a
+competition uh for tired workers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh for tired workers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh for tired workers to
+escape from their daily work routine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape from their daily work routine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape from their daily work routine and
+melnikov the great genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melnikov the great genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melnikov the great genius
+architect U who invented the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect U who invented the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect U who invented the idea of
+sleep enhancement so that the Radio City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep enhancement so that the Radio City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep enhancement so that the Radio City
+Music all people came running to Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Music all people came running to Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Music all people came running to Russia
+to see whether they should put smells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether they should put smells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether they should put smells in
+in morck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in morck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in morck
+Santa he he allowed that wild animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa he he allowed that wild animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa he he allowed that wild animals
+should Patrol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Patrol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Patrol the
+streets anyway I'd like to go on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets anyway I'd like to go on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets anyway I'd like to go on about
+the later reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later reaction
+Cru shi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cru shi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cru shi's
+1956 edicts and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 edicts and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 edicts and so
+on the next section dealt with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next section dealt with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next section dealt with a
+question what's the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the relationship between
+is there any significant relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any significant relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any significant relationship
+between how city is made and its form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how city is made and its form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how city is made and its form
+nine categories were listed as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine categories were listed as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine categories were listed as possible
+methods of City management and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of City management and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of City management and four
+selected for closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for closer
+examination first of all the relying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination first of all the relying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination first of all the relying on
+a super figure we examin the examined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super figure we examin the examined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super figure we examin the examined
+the effects of Robert Moses the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of Robert Moses the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of Robert Moses the greatest
+builder in American history on the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builder in American history on the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builder in American history on the form
+of New York we also took as a case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York we also took as a case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of New York we also took as a case study
+the pro process of the replacement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro process of the replacement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro process of the replacement of
+the World Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Trade
+towers and conjured how different it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers and conjured how different it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers and conjured how different it
+would have been under Moses an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been under Moses an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been under Moses an
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+speculation uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation uh the
+r we looked at the role of the media the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r we looked at the role of the media the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r we looked at the role of the media the
+media participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media participation
+system s so and Silverstein and so on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system s so and Silverstein and so on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system s so and Silverstein and so on a
+whole bunch of things and didn't come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of things and didn't come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of things and didn't come to
+much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclusion the idea that a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion the idea that a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion the idea that a single
+architect who hadn't taken part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect who hadn't taken part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect who hadn't taken part in the
+so-called competition would be chosen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called competition would be chosen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called competition would be chosen as
+the final client final architect is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+resolution in reducing social imbalances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution in reducing social imbalances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution in reducing social imbalances
+we discussed the idea of adver advocacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed the idea of adver advocacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed the idea of adver advocacy
+planning using the Cambridge in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning using the Cambridge in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning using the Cambridge in a
+freeway connector our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeway connector our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeway connector our case
+study we thirdly we reviewed the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we thirdly we reviewed the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we thirdly we reviewed the many
+Notions of changing people as a modality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of changing people as a modality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of changing people as a modality
+to Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Urban
+change projects such as Pottery s belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change projects such as Pottery s belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change projects such as Pottery s belt
+in cic price schools Without Walls G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cic price schools Without Walls G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cic price schools Without Walls G
+ball situationism in Paris Metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball situationism in Paris Metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball situationism in Paris Metro
+education in Montreal and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we okay I'm going to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay I'm going to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay I'm going to jump
+things we're going to finish a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to finish a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to finish a little
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+two I thought there was too much in 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I thought there was too much in 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I thought there was too much in 40
+hours to condense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to condense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to condense
+to what do you do maybe we can go on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what do you do maybe we can go on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what do you do maybe we can go on for
+a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes dealing with the difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes dealing with the difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes dealing with the difficult
+question of the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the relationship between
+social and structure and spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and structure and spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and structure and spatial
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+I decided that the to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided that the to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided that the to review the
+literature and it was too difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and it was too difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and it was too difficult to
+isolate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the
+relationship so I decided as a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so I decided as a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so I decided as a professor
+of pathology would do to take extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pathology would do to take extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pathology would do to take extreme
+cases uh in order to learn about less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh in order to learn about less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh in order to learn about less
+more trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more trivial
+cases sure don't don't worry don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases sure don't don't worry don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases sure don't don't worry don't worry
+I'm in an emergency as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I invented the nation of bipolarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I invented the nation of bipolarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I invented the nation of bipolarity
+where I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I could
+isolate significant aspects of space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate significant aspects of space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate significant aspects of space and
+society and see them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and see them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and see them in some
+relationship we analyzed five cities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we analyzed five cities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we analyzed five cities on
+this basis and I'm going to go have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis and I'm going to go have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis and I'm going to go have to
+go very quickly through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very quickly through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very quickly through these
+Jerusalem the Assembly of polarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem the Assembly of polarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem the Assembly of polarities
+ranging from religion ethnicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from religion ethnicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from religion ethnicity
+nationalism history and others Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism history and others Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism history and others Jerusalem
+by the way has never been the capital of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way has never been the capital of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way has never been the capital of
+any City any country other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any City any country other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any City any country other than the
+Crusaders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crusaders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crusaders and
+Israel so it there a rather remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+status to conjure up a solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status to conjure up a solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status to conjure up a solution which
+was shared equ Equity by all allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shared equ Equity by all allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shared equ Equity by all allowed
+free access to religious sites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free access to religious sites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free access to religious sites and
+performed as a capital city for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed as a capital city for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed as a capital city for two
+Nations despite problems with security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations despite problems with security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations despite problems with security
+in customs was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in customs was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in customs was
+attempted this is a difficult piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted this is a difficult piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted this is a difficult piece of
+work we had to go through the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we had to go through the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we had to go through the history
+from David onwards even dispute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from David onwards even dispute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from David onwards even dispute the
+history of David that the Jews give as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of David that the Jews give as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of David that the Jews give as
+opposed to the Palestinian history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the Palestinian history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the Palestinian history of
+David the idea of David building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David the idea of David building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David the idea of David building a
+temple as opposed to circulating The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple as opposed to circulating The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple as opposed to circulating The
+Arc as an amongst them nomadic people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc as an amongst them nomadic people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc as an amongst them nomadic people
+was discussed Kia does a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discussed Kia does a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discussed Kia does a wonderful
+drawing of the Jews and as nomadic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing of the Jews and as nomadic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing of the Jews and as nomadic
+people uh all of this came into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh all of this came into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh all of this came into our
+evocation and understanding of Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocation and understanding of Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocation and understanding of Jerusalem
+how successfully I don't know the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how successfully I don't know the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how successfully I don't know the world
+doesn't have a solution to the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a solution to the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a solution to the problems
+of Jerusalem why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jerusalem why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jerusalem why should
+we we we we're an advanced glance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we we're an advanced glance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we we're an advanced glance in
+urbanism but we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism but we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism but we can't do
+magic after all judism has been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic after all judism has been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic after all judism has been going
+for 3,000 years it'll it's gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3,000 years it'll it's gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3,000 years it'll it's gone through
+it's been the most disabled City in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been the most disabled City in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been the most disabled City in
+history the most destroyed the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the most destroyed the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the most destroyed the most
+rebuilt May well suffer as a cross for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt May well suffer as a cross for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt May well suffer as a cross for
+the rest of the world it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world it's an
+interesting idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea that
+it's destined to be a kind of Crucible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's destined to be a kind of Crucible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's destined to be a kind of Crucible
+of some kind in Johannesburg the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind in Johannesburg the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind in Johannesburg the Second
+City we looked at the space pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City we looked at the space pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City we looked at the space pattern
+which rests explicitly on race and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rests explicitly on race and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rests explicitly on race and with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+income we traced the city through its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we traced the city through its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we traced the city through its
+first stages to its absolute distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stages to its absolute distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stages to its absolute distinction
+of race in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating population to the southwest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating population to the southwest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating population to the southwest and
+finally and so on we also did a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally and so on we also did a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally and so on we also did a study of
+Municipal Western native Township a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal Western native Township a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal Western native Township a
+black community of 15,000 renters who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black community of 15,000 renters who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black community of 15,000 renters who
+being removed after 50 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being removed after 50 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being removed after 50 years to
+Soto improved their housing over the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto improved their housing over the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soto improved their housing over the 50
+years with additions in the communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with additions in the communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with additions in the communal
+language of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decoration it's a study I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration it's a study I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration it's a study I did in
+Johannesburg which was on the cover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg which was on the cover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johannesburg which was on the cover of
+three architectural magazines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three architectural magazines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three architectural magazines in
+September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September
+1966 we studied the 11 page cities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1966 we studied the 11 page cities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1966 we studied the 11 page cities on
+the 2,000 mile border between the US in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2,000 mile border between the US in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2,000 mile border between the US in
+Mexico looking at the the polarities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico looking at the the polarities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico looking at the the polarities of
+nationality and culture and so-call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationality and culture and so-call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationality and culture and so-call
+development we looked at El Paso jarez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we looked at El Paso jarez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development we looked at El Paso jarez
+operating as a metropolitan single M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating as a metropolitan single M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating as a metropolitan single M
+metropolitan area with each sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area with each sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area with each sector
+choosing to maximize its options on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to maximize its options on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to maximize its options on
+either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the
+Border we looked at De Colonial Delhi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Border we looked at De Colonial Delhi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Border we looked at De Colonial Delhi
+and New Delhi has sites of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New Delhi has sites of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New Delhi has sites of distance
+between Colonial and Native as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Colonial and Native as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Colonial and Native as
+polarities the form of the colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities the form of the colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities the form of the colonial
+settlement conscious of difference chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement conscious of difference chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement conscious of difference chose
+amalgams of native architecture The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgams of native architecture The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgams of native architecture The
+Bungalow on the one hand is suitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bungalow on the one hand is suitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bungalow on the one hand is suitable for
+climate while using formal facades to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate while using formal facades to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate while using formal facades to
+indicate separ separateness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate separ separateness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate separ separateness and
+superiority the same phenomenon as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority the same phenomenon as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority the same phenomenon as we
+found in the Lords of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the Lords of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the Lords of the
+Indies similarly the many plans for New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indies similarly the many plans for New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indies similarly the many plans for New
+Delhi uh forget about Latins in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi uh forget about Latins in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi uh forget about Latins in New
+Delhi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we did a short trip to the dialectical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a short trip to the dialectical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a short trip to the dialectical
+relationships between country and city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between country and city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between country and city
+in Nana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nana and
+Cuba After the Revolution Nana was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba After the Revolution Nana was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba After the Revolution Nana was
+deemed a frustrated City while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deemed a frustrated City while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deemed a frustrated City while
+agricultural land such as the paduri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land such as the paduri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land such as the paduri
+valley it was deemed by the state to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley it was deemed by the state to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley it was deemed by the state to be
+more important in the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important in the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important in the National
+consciences and economy it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciences and economy it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciences and economy it's interesting
+Henry Ford who was an arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford who was an arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Ford who was an arch
+anti-communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-communist
+and anti-semite by the way at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-semite by the way at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-semite by the way at the same
+time interesting that you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interesting that you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interesting that you can be
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+uh argued for the same advancement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh argued for the same advancement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh argued for the same advancement of
+agricultural form in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural form in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural form in relation to
+Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial
+form curious patterns that emerge when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form curious patterns that emerge when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form curious patterns that emerge when
+you go through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through this kind of
+survey uh and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these so it's not unusual that linen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so it's not unusual that linen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so it's not unusual that linen
+park outside of manner is places the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park outside of manner is places the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park outside of manner is places the
+major recreational element of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major recreational element of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major recreational element of the city
+on the outskirts of the city much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outskirts of the city much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outskirts of the city much like
+Shiro's plan for Moscow if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shiro's plan for Moscow if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shiro's plan for Moscow if you compare
+Shiro's plan for Moscow one of the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shiro's plan for Moscow one of the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shiro's plan for Moscow one of the post
+1918 plans you can see a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1918 plans you can see a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1918 plans you can see a similar
+configuration the last section of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration the last section of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration the last section of class
+and thank God we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here looks at for models contemporary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looks at for models contemporary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looks at for models contemporary or
+recent for models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we first deal with a modern movement's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first deal with a modern movement's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first deal with a modern movement's
+interest in the form of cities the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the form of cities the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the form of cities the class
+follows the discourse of cam from laraz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the discourse of cam from laraz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the discourse of cam from laraz
+in 1928 to Artu in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1928 to Artu in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1928 to Artu in
+1960 and the conception of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city as a pristine assembly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as a pristine assembly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as a pristine assembly of
+distinctly different parts as evidenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different parts as evidenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different parts as evidenced
+by Jose s's book and our city survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Jose s's book and our city survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Jose s's book and our city survive
+for which leis mford refused to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which leis mford refused to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which leis mford refused to write
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forward this this notion of the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward this this notion of the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward this this notion of the C
+refused to admit any knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to admit any knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to admit any knowledge of the
+past rather kzi had crossed out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past rather kzi had crossed out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past rather kzi had crossed out the
+traditional Street in his books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Street in his books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Street in his books and
+replaced it in hisam plan with elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced it in hisam plan with elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced it in hisam plan with elevated
+highways it also refused the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways it also refused the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways it also refused the idea that
+cities inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change its source of learning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its source of learning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its source of learning about the
+city was not in response to everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city was not in response to everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city was not in response to everyday
+life but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but
+technical adjustments such as extense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical adjustments such as extense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical adjustments such as extense
+minimums when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimums when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimums when
+ludic forget about how H and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ludic forget about how H and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ludic forget about how H and so
+on one of the first reactions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the first reactions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the first reactions to the
+urban conventions of the modern movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban conventions of the modern movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban conventions of the modern movement
+was a group of younger AR European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a group of younger AR European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a group of younger AR European
+architects who comp tested many of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects who comp tested many of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects who comp tested many of its
+premises adding advocating in in tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises adding advocating in in tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premises adding advocating in in tense
+interactionism candis's webs in tulis l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactionism candis's webs in tulis l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactionism candis's webs in tulis l
+smithson's doubling up of Street in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smithson's doubling up of Street in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smithson's doubling up of Street in the
+berland hopshot competition or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berland hopshot competition or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berland hopshot competition or the
+making wide residential corridors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making wide residential corridors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making wide residential corridors to
+resemble continuous pedestrian streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble continuous pedestrian streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble continuous pedestrian streets
+in Park Hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Park Hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Park Hill
+Sheffield the urban world had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheffield the urban world had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheffield the urban world had to be
+understood as a more complex reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as a more complex reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as a more complex reality
+seeking Merit in change both shortterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking Merit in change both shortterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking Merit in change both shortterm
+and long-term and users playing a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long-term and users playing a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long-term and users playing a role
+in the making environment a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the making environment a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the making environment a phenomenon
+they called the wonderful word soop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called the wonderful word soop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called the wonderful word soop
+Plastics perhaps we all engage in soop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plastics we looked at a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics we looked at a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plastics we looked at a number of
+attempts uh to to philosoph to theorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts uh to to philosoph to theorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts uh to to philosoph to theorize
+about this peris's adaptive urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this peris's adaptive urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this peris's adaptive urbanism
+strategy for dealing with growth Maria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for dealing with growth Maria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for dealing with growth Maria
+Zara's work at MIT on the miit campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zara's work at MIT on the miit campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zara's work at MIT on the miit campus
+extending itself systematically with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending itself systematically with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending itself systematically with a
+kind of intricate DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intricate DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intricate DNA
+of corridor widths single cented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corridor widths single cented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corridor widths single cented
+staircases facades and so on we followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircases facades and so on we followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircases facades and so on we followed
+with three case study the first of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three case study the first of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three case study the first of new
+University plans from the Orthodox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University plans from the Orthodox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University plans from the Orthodox
+Sussex campus plan through the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sussex campus plan through the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sussex campus plan through the universal
+50t by 50t by 15t high lafar model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50t by 50t by 15t high lafar model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50t by 50t by 15t high lafar model the
+whole idea being here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea being here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea being here that the
+university can be predict that use can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university can be predict that use can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university can be predict that use can
+be predicted in the University by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted in the University by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted in the University by
+preventing by over supplying each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing by over supplying each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing by over supplying each
+regular item with sufficient energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular item with sufficient energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular item with sufficient energy and
+system to allow it to change freely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to allow it to change freely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to allow it to change freely not
+not a very sophisticated idea ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very sophisticated idea ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very sophisticated idea ultimately
+to the Free University in ban where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Free University in ban where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Free University in ban where the
+designers predicted a future form to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers predicted a future form to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers predicted a future form to be
+created by the university users of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by the university users of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by the university users of the
+cell this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell this is the
+ultimate dedication to the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate dedication to the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate dedication to the idea that
+anybody can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can design
+without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any
+rules that as chsky suggests we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that as chsky suggests we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that as chsky suggests we are
+dedicated Learners of language we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Learners of language we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Learners of language we are
+dedicated Learners of building it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Learners of building it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Learners of building it's a
+very current idea in the work of Slum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very current idea in the work of Slum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very current idea in the work of Slum
+dwellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellers
+International great new paradigm for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International great new paradigm for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International great new paradigm for the
+third world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third world
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+have in the I hope I've got time to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the I hope I've got time to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the I hope I've got time to do a
+very brief case study of diadema with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief case study of diadema with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief case study of diadema with
+you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the
+end we looked at the idea of temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we looked at the idea of temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we looked at the idea of temporary
+accommodation in two cases the 11year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation in two cases the 11year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation in two cases the 11year
+rotation cycle of temporary exhibitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation cycle of temporary exhibitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation cycle of temporary exhibitions
+in the center of Paris from 1855 to 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of Paris from 1855 to 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of Paris from 1855 to 2000
+almost every 11 years Paris was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every 11 years Paris was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every 11 years Paris was
+transformed in its Center in what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in its Center in what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in its Center in what the
+play John jiru call the transvesite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play John jiru call the transvesite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play John jiru call the transvesite
+center to St St side City you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center to St St side City you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center to St St side City you can see
+Kevin Lynch's interest in time zoning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin Lynch's interest in time zoning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin Lynch's interest in time zoning in
+what time is this place that the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time is this place that the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time is this place that the city
+adjusts at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusts at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusts at different
+rates that you build a different rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that you build a different rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that you build a different rates
+that you associate space with time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you associate space with time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you associate space with time in
+a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in
+a I'm saying ritualistic manner not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm saying ritualistic manner not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm saying ritualistic manner not in
+the archaic ritualism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the archaic ritualism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the archaic ritualism of
+madurai this is the wrong clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry hey it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry hey it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry hey it's
+Alexander I couldn't see you that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander I couldn't see you that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander I couldn't see you that far
+I've got my glasses on find it come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my glasses on find it come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my glasses on find it come and
+sit here in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here in front
+of we're just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done we looked at the idea of the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we looked at the idea of the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we looked at the idea of the role
+of temporariness in cities in major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temporariness in cities in major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temporariness in cities in major
+cities as I said with the 1855 to 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities as I said with the 1855 to 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities as I said with the 1855 to 2,000
+cycle of the s changes to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of the s changes to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of the s changes to the center
+Paris curiously enough this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris curiously enough this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris curiously enough this time
+centeredness is evident again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centeredness is evident again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centeredness is evident again in the
+various attempts to build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various attempts to build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various attempts to build these
+temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exhibitions the building across the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions the building across the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions the building across the S
+looks like a a wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a a wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a a wedding
+cake the Eiffel Tower is finally allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake the Eiffel Tower is finally allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake the Eiffel Tower is finally allowed
+to be built because it looks temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built because it looks temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built because it looks temporary
+the Eiffel Tower remains as the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eiffel Tower remains as the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eiffel Tower remains as the major
+producer of income for Paris other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer of income for Paris other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer of income for Paris other than
+taxes the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes the rest is
+disappeared so what looks term to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared so what looks term to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared so what looks term to
+Temporary is plaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporary is plaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporary is plaster
+and wood or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wood or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wood or
+metal and what is temporary becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permanent and the SEC the third case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent and the SEC the third case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent and the SEC the third case the
+second case is follow we followed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case is follow we followed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case is follow we followed the
+Olympic Games which over a century now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic Games which over a century now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic Games which over a century now
+has become a four-year temporary visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become a four-year temporary visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become a four-year temporary visit
+to world cities we looked at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to world cities we looked at it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to world cities we looked at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to London again London has had it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to London again London has had it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to London again London has had it three
+times we looked at St Louis in 194 Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we looked at St Louis in 194 Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we looked at St Louis in 194 Paris
+in 1900 the invention of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1900 the invention of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1900 the invention of the first
+Olympic Games housing project in Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic Games housing project in Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympic Games housing project in Los
+Angeles in 32 the greatest games of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles in 32 the greatest games of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles in 32 the greatest games of all
+in 32 in Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 32 in Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 32 in Los
+Angeles um we looked at the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles um we looked at the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles um we looked at the reciprocal
+version of it in 36 in Berlin all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it in 36 in Berlin all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it in 36 in Berlin all seen
+is temporary Hitler of course didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is temporary Hitler of course didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is temporary Hitler of course didn't
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temporariness he pulled on the glass he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporariness he pulled on the glass he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporariness he pulled on the glass he
+had the glass taken out of the stadium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the glass taken out of the stadium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the glass taken out of the stadium
+which they used and replaced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they used and replaced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they used and replaced with
+concrete uh Albert Spar designed a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete uh Albert Spar designed a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete uh Albert Spar designed a new
+stadium for 400,000 people admitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadium for 400,000 people admitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadium for 400,000 people admitting
+that uh you couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you couldn't see
+anything but he only admitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but he only admitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but he only admitting that
+you'd have to change change the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to change change the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to change change the rules of
+the Olympic games in order to hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Olympic games in order to hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Olympic games in order to hold it
+there Hitler said don't worry it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Hitler said don't worry it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Hitler said don't worry it's going
+to be in four years time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in four years time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in four years time it's going to
+be in Tokyo and then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Tokyo and then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Tokyo and then it's going to
+return to Berlin it won't be temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Berlin it won't be temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Berlin it won't be temporary
+any longer it'll be in Berlin forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer it'll be in Berlin forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer it'll be in Berlin forever
+Hitler was an extraordinary Urban mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler was an extraordinary Urban mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler was an extraordinary Urban mind
+you understand how to devise the 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand how to devise the 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand how to devise the 36
+games at the time that the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games at the time that the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games at the time that the concentration
+camps with Avery brage the leader of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps with Avery brage the leader of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps with Avery brage the leader of the
+Americans denounced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans denounced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans denounced this
+fact by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by
+accusing America to be run by the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusing America to be run by the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusing America to be run by the New
+York Times and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times and by
+Jews uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews uh not
+a a fairly common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a fairly common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a fairly common
+Ploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with I'm sorry we need another five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm sorry we need another five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm sorry we need another five
+minutes I know this is a special CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we looked at Alo Rossi's philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we looked at Alo Rossi's philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we looked at Alo Rossi's philosophy
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+permanence at Leon crea's advertisement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence at Leon crea's advertisement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence at Leon crea's advertisement
+for classicism is a Timeless solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for classicism is a Timeless solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for classicism is a Timeless solution to
+Urban Development I became intrigued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban Development I became intrigued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban Development I became intrigued by
+two forms of knowledge of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms of knowledge of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms of knowledge of the past
+history and memory at a conference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and memory at a conference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and memory at a conference I
+shared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared in
+Jerusalem I history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem I history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem I history
+memory has a long association with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory has a long association with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory has a long association with the
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+environment ruskin's memory is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment ruskin's memory is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment ruskin's memory is one of
+these seven lamps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven lamps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven lamps of
+architecture the pneumonic was used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the pneumonic was used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the pneumonic was used in
+architecture in Greek times people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in Greek times people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in Greek times people
+paraded in the book on the M the magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraded in the book on the M the magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraded in the book on the M the magical
+palace of M you learn to debate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palace of M you learn to debate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palace of M you learn to debate by
+entering a house making your argument in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a house making your argument in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a house making your argument in
+the center going to the right to make CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center going to the right to make CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center going to the right to make CL
+com back to the center to reinforce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com back to the center to reinforce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com back to the center to reinforce your
+going up the stairs going to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up the stairs going to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up the stairs going to the left
+and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+architecture we know very little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we know very little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we know very little about
+the relationship between memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between memory and
+architecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and
+urbanism uh we know that per about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism uh we know that per about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism uh we know that per about
+Paradise Lost and Cain calling his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Lost and Cain calling his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Lost and Cain calling his first
+city in the Bible of to his son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city in the Bible of to his son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city in the Bible of to his son
+Enoch the great French sociologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enoch the great French sociologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enoch the great French sociologist
+Maurice alox and the power of collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice alox and the power of collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice alox and the power of collective
+memory I haven't got time to go into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I haven't got time to go into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I haven't got time to go into it
+one of my most fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my most fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my most fascinating
+stories uh not stories a great theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories uh not stories a great theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories uh not stories a great theorist
+he wrote the book Collective memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote the book Collective memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote the book Collective memory and
+is I think the most single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think the most single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think the most single most
+penetrating mind about Urban metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating mind about Urban metaphysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating mind about Urban metaphysics
+in all that's saying a lot I then talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all that's saying a lot I then talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all that's saying a lot I then talk
+about contemporary memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about contemporary memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about contemporary memories
+systems Robert musel's claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Robert musel's claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Robert musel's claim that
+nothing becomes more invisible than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing becomes more invisible than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing becomes more invisible than a
+monument the Navy in Air Force which Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument the Navy in Air Force which Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument the Navy in Air Force which Air
+Force Memorial in Washington which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Memorial in Washington which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Memorial in Washington which had
+something to do with u having the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with u having the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with u having the notion
+of updating as a system of keeping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of updating as a system of keeping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of updating as a system of keeping up
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into these the D parent dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these the D parent dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these the D parent dichotomy
+between public and private uh using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private uh using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private uh using a
+matrix of use ownership access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of use ownership access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of use ownership access and
+meaning to demonstrate the overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to demonstrate the overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to demonstrate the overlapping
+between public and private I show talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private I show talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private I show talk
+about the private Law Courts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the private Law Courts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the private Law Courts in the
+anonymous State Street Tower in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous State Street Tower in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous State Street Tower in Boston
+and the federal court building which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the federal court building which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the federal court building which
+faces the sea and only McDonald faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces the sea and only McDonald faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces the sea and only McDonald faces
+the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+city we then go on and on about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city we then go on and on about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city we then go on and on about the
+American spread City the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American spread City the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American spread City the various
+agencies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies which
+contest I spend a few minutes denouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest I spend a few minutes denouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest I spend a few minutes denouncing
+the new urbanism as solution to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new urbanism as solution to social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new urbanism as solution to social
+equity and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and to
+Transportation I then in the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation I then in the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation I then in the last class
+deal with the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+South the statistics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South the statistics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South the statistics are
+alarming I just have time to quote one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming I just have time to quote one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming I just have time to quote one
+or two almost half the global population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two almost half the global population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two almost half the global population
+lives on less than $250 a day that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on less than $250 a day that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on less than $250 a day that is
+more than three billion people almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than three billion people almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than three billion people almost
+all in developing ing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in developing ing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in developing ing countries
+according to the World Bank the rich is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the World Bank the rich is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the World Bank the rich is
+20% of the world's population accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the world's population accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the world's population accounts
+for 76% of all consumption while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 76% of all consumption while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 76% of all consumption while the
+bottom 40% accounts for only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom 40% accounts for only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom 40% accounts for only
+1.5% the world will have to build one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5% the world will have to build one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5% the world will have to build one
+city of 1 million people every 5 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of 1 million people every 5 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of 1 million people every 5 days
+for the next 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 42
+years the next it predicts that 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the next it predicts that 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the next it predicts that 31
+villagers will arrive in an Indian city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers will arrive in an Indian city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers will arrive in an Indian city
+every minute for the next 43 years 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minute for the next 43 years 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minute for the next 43 years 700
+million people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupled with climate climate change 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with climate climate change 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with climate climate change 40%
+of the world's population lives or near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world's population lives or near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world's population lives or near
+lives on or near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on or near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on or near
+coastlines the combination of poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastlines the combination of poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastlines the combination of poverty
+and climate change is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate change is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate change is the
+DraStic disaster token for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DraStic disaster token for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DraStic disaster token for the next
+phase of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of world
+urbanism I try to talk about the slum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism I try to talk about the slum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism I try to talk about the slum
+International Paradigm of self-help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Paradigm of self-help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Paradigm of self-help
+instead of governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of governmental
+help uh I talk about the lack of hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh I talk about the lack of hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh I talk about the lack of hope
+that we have in World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in World
+agreements I remember WRA Wilson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements I remember WRA Wilson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements I remember WRA Wilson in
+Paris WRA Wilson in 199 attracted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris WRA Wilson in 199 attracted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris WRA Wilson in 199 attracted the
+largest crowd in the history of Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest crowd in the history of Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest crowd in the history of Paris
+because he came to cement the League of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he came to cement the League of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he came to cement the League of
+Nations as an international governing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations as an international governing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations as an international governing
+phenomenon we haven't with Kyoto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we haven't with Kyoto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we haven't with Kyoto a
+miserable Kyoto and Copenhagen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable Kyoto and Copenhagen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable Kyoto and Copenhagen we
+haven't even reached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even reached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even reached a
+crowd I talk about micro financing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd I talk about micro financing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd I talk about micro financing and
+then talk about the success of micro our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about the success of micro our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about the success of micro our
+environments diadema 15 slum 15 kilomet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments diadema 15 slum 15 kilomet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments diadema 15 slum 15 kilomet
+from sa Paulo and his success it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sa Paulo and his success it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sa Paulo and his success it's just
+attracted its first shopping center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted its first shopping center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted its first shopping center
+there the fifth most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the fifth most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the fifth most
+violent homicide rate in Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent homicide rate in Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent homicide rate in Brazil
+education rates were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education rates were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education rates were
+pathetic uh child birth rates were off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic uh child birth rates were off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic uh child birth rates were off
+the charts it's now reversed all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charts it's now reversed all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charts it's now reversed all of
+these IND indices it's uh used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these IND indices it's uh used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these IND indices it's uh used the
+Workers Party to stimulate trust to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workers Party to stimulate trust to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workers Party to stimulate trust to find
+financing mechanisms for new housing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing mechanisms for new housing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing mechanisms for new housing for
+the subdivision of land for the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subdivision of land for the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subdivision of land for the creation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ten trust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten trust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten trust and
+security are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security are what
+the writer about micro financing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writer about micro financing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writer about micro financing from
+Thailand suggests is what helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand suggests is what helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand suggests is what helps
+develop is one of the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop is one of the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop is one of the sources of
+development for the future city in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for the future city in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for the future city in the
+poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+world I'm sorry it's been so rushed I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm sorry it's been so rushed I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm sorry it's been so rushed I'm
+sorry that I have to keep people outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that I have to keep people outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that I have to keep people outside
+but we've got a story to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got a story to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got a story to
+tell uh thanks again for all of you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh thanks again for all of you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh thanks again for all of you for
+coming I hope it hasn't been boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I hope it hasn't been boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I hope it hasn't been boring
+listening to what you heard 34 4 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to what you heard 34 4 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to what you heard 34 4 years
+ago I hope I've changed in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I hope I've changed in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I hope I've changed in the meantime
+I've become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrogant and more more angry with large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant and more more angry with large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant and more more angry with large
+theories about things without Lynch's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about things without Lynch's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about things without Lynch's
+attachment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment to
+detail okay thanks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay thanks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay thanks a lot
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MdzfsfBNJIw.txt b/MdzfsfBNJIw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba742a2e59794fb882bdc21388f3ba6bbfbd6c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MdzfsfBNJIw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2188 @@
+I usually like to start a
+lecture with something new,
+
+but this time I'm going to make
+an exception,
+
+and start with the finishing up
+on Friday because it involves a
+
+little more practice with
+complex numbers.
+
+I think that's what a large
+number of you are still fairly
+
+weak in.
+So, to briefly remind you,
+
+it will be sort of
+self-contained,
+
+but still, it will use complex
+numbers.
+
+And, I think it's a good way to
+start today.
+
+So, remember,
+the basic problem was to solve
+
+something with,
+where the input was sinusoidal
+
+in particular.
+The k was on both sides,
+
+and the input looked like
+cosine omega t.
+
+And, the plan of the solution
+consisted of transporting the
+
+problem to the complex domain.
+So, you look for a complex
+
+solution, and you complexify the
+right hand side of the equation,
+
+as well.
+So, cosine omega t
+
+becomes the real part of
+this complex function.
+
+The reason for doing that,
+remember, was because it's
+
+easier to handle when you solve
+linear equations.
+
+It's much easier to handle
+exponentials on the right-hand
+
+side than it is to handle sines
+and cosines because exponentials
+
+are so easy to integrate when
+you multiply them by other
+
+exponentials.
+So, the result was,
+
+after doing that,
+y tilda turned out to be one,
+
+after I scale the coefficient,
+one over one plus omega over k
+
+And then, the rest was e to the
+
+i times (omega t minus phi),
+
+where phi had a certain
+meaning.
+
+It was the arc tangent of a,
+it was a phase lag.
+
+And, this was then,
+I had to take the real part of
+
+this to get the final answer,
+which came out to be something
+
+like one over the square root of
+one plus the amplitude one omega
+
+/ k squared, and then the rest
+was cosine omega t plus minus
+
+phi.
+
+It's easier to see that that
+part is the real part of this;
+
+the problem is,
+of course you have to convert
+
+this.
+Sorry, this should be i omega
+
+t, in which case you don't need
+the parentheses,
+
+either.
+So, the problem was to use the
+
+polar representation of this
+complex number to convert it
+
+into something whose amplitude
+was this, and whose angle was
+
+minus phi.
+Now, that's what we call the
+
+polar method,
+going polar.
+
+I'd like, now,
+for the first few minutes of
+
+the period, to talk about the
+other method,
+
+the Cartesian method.
+I think for a long while,
+
+many of you will be more
+comfortable with that anyway.
+
+Although, one of the objects of
+the course should be to get you
+
+equally comfortable with the
+polar representation of complex
+
+numbers.
+So, if we try to do the same
+
+thing going Cartesian,
+what's going to happen?
+
+Well, I guess the same point
+here.
+
+So, the starting point is still
+y tilde equals one over,
+
+sorry, this should have an i
+here, one plus i times omega
+
+over k, e to the i omega t.
+
+But now, what you're going to
+
+do is turn this into its
+Cartesian, turn both of these
+
+into their Cartesian
+representations as a plus ib.
+
+So, if you do that Cartesianly,
+
+of course, what you have to do
+is the standard thing about
+
+dividing complex numbers or
+taking the reciprocals that I
+
+told you at the very beginning
+of complex numbers.
+
+You multiply the top and bottom
+by the complex conjugate of this
+
+in order to make the bottom
+real.
+
+So, what does this become?
+This becomes one minus i times
+
+omega over k divided by the
+product of this in its complex
+
+conjugate, which is the real
+number, one plus omega over k
+
+squared
+
+So, I've now converted this to
+the a plus bi form.
+
+I have also to convert the
+right-hand side to the a plus bi
+
+form.
+So, it will look like cosine
+
+omega t plus i sine omega t.
+
+Having done that,
+
+I take the last step,
+which is to take the real part
+
+of that.
+Remember, the reason I want the
+
+real part is because this input
+was the real part of the complex
+
+input.
+So, once you've got the complex
+
+solution, you have to take its
+real part to go back into the
+
+domain you started with,
+of real numbers,
+
+from the domain of complex
+numbers.
+
+So, I want the real part is
+going to be, the real part of
+
+that is, first of all,
+there's a factor out in front.
+
+That's entirely real.
+Let's put that out in front,
+
+so doesn't bother us
+particularly.
+
+And now, I need the product of
+this complex number and that
+
+complex number.
+But, I only want the real part
+
+of it.
+So, I'm not going to multiply
+
+it out and get four terms.
+I'm just going to look at the
+
+two terms that I do want.
+I don't want the others.
+
+All right, the real part is
+cosine omega t,
+
+from the product of this and
+that.
+
+And, the rest of the real part
+will be the product of the two i
+
+terms.
+But, it's i times negative i,
+
+which makes one.
+And therefore,
+
+it's omega over k times sine
+omega t.
+
+Now, that's the answer.
+
+And that's the answer,
+too; they must be equal,
+
+unless there's a contradiction
+in mathematics.
+
+But, it's extremely important.
+And that's the other reason why
+
+I'm giving you this,
+that you learn in this course
+
+to be able to convert quickly
+and automatically things that
+
+look like this into things that
+look like that.
+
+And, that's done by means of a
+basic formula,
+
+which occurs at the end of the
+notes for reference,
+
+as I optimistically say,
+although I think for a lot of
+
+you will not be referenced,
+stuff in the category of,
+
+yeah, I think I've vaguely seen
+that somewhere.
+
+But, well, we never used it for
+anything.
+
+Okay, you're going to use it
+all term.
+
+So, the formula is,
+the famous trigonometric
+
+identity, which is,
+so, the problem is to convert
+
+this into the other guy.
+And, the thing which is going
+
+to do that, enable one to
+combine the sine and the cosine
+
+terms, is the famous formula
+that a times the cosine,
+
+I'm going to use theta to make
+it as neutral as possible,
+
+--
+-- so, theta you can think of
+
+as being replaced by omega t in
+this particular application of
+
+the formula.
+But, I'll just use a general
+
+angle theta, which doesn't
+suggest anything in particular.
+
+So, the problem is,
+you have something which is a
+
+combination with real
+coefficients of cosine and sine,
+
+and the important thing is that
+these numbers be the same.
+
+In practice,
+that means that the omega t,
+
+you're not allowed to have
+omega one t here,
+
+and some other frequency,
+omega two t here.
+
+That would correspond to using
+theta one here,
+
+and theta two here.
+And, though there is a formula
+
+for combining that,
+nobody remembers it,
+
+and it's, in general,
+less universally useful than
+
+the first.
+If you're going to memorize a
+
+formula, and learn this one,
+it's best to start with the
+
+ones where the two are equal.
+That's the basic formula.
+
+The others are variations of
+it, but there is a sizable
+
+variations.
+All right, so the answer is
+
+that this is equal to some other
+constant, real constant,
+
+times the cosine of theta minus
+phi.
+
+Of course, most people remember
+this vaguely.
+
+What they don't remember is
+what the c and the phi are,
+
+how to calculate them.
+I don't suggest you memorize
+
+the formulas for them.
+You can if you wish.
+
+Instead, memorize the picture,
+which is much easier.
+
+Memorize that a and b are the
+two sides of a right triangle.
+
+Phi is the angle opposite the b
+side, and c is the length of the
+
+hypotenuse.
+Okay, that's worth putting up.
+
+I think that's a pink formula.
+It's even worth two of those,
+
+but I will thrift.
+Now, let's apply it to this
+
+case to see that it gives the
+right answer.
+
+So, to use this formula,
+how I use it?
+
+Well, I should take,
+I will reproduce the left-hand
+
+side.
+So that part,
+
+I just copy.
+And, how about the right?
+
+Well, the amplitude,
+it's combined into a single
+
+cosine term whose amplitude is,
+well, the two sides of the
+
+right triangle are one,
+and omega over k.
+
+The hypotenuse in that case is
+going to be, well,
+
+why don't we write it here?
+So, we have one,
+
+and omega over k.
+And, here's phi.
+
+So, the hypotenuse is going to
+be the square root of one plus
+
+omega over k squared.
+
+And, that's going to be
+multiplied by the cosine of
+
+omega t minus this phase lag
+angle phi.
+
+You can write,
+
+if you wish,
+phi equals the arc tangent,
+
+but you are not learning a lot
+by that.
+
+Phi is the arc tangent of omega
+over k.
+
+That's okay,
+
+but it's true.
+But, notice there's
+
+cancellation now.
+This over that is equal to
+
+what?
+Well, it's equal to this.
+
+And, so when we get in this
+way, by combining these two
+
+factors, one gets exactly the
+same formula that we got before.
+
+So, as you can see,
+in some sense,
+
+there's not,
+if you can remember this
+
+trigonometric identity,
+there's not a lot of difference
+
+between the two methods except
+that this one requires this
+
+extra step.
+The answer will come out in
+
+this form, and you then,
+to see what it really looks
+
+like, really have to convert it
+to this form,
+
+the form in which you can see
+what the phase lag and the
+
+amplitude is.
+It's amazing how many people
+
+who should know,
+this includes working
+
+mathematicians,
+theoretical mathematicians,
+
+includes even possibly the
+authors of your textbooks.
+
+I'm not sure,
+but I've caught them in this,
+
+too, who in this form,
+everybody remembers that it's
+
+something like that.
+Unfortunately,
+
+when it occurs as the answer in
+an answer book,
+
+the numbers are some colossal
+mess here plus some colossal
+
+mess here.
+And theta is,
+
+again, a real mess,
+involving roots and some cube
+
+roots, and whatnot.
+The only thing is,
+
+these two are the same real
+mess.
+
+That amounts to just another
+pure oscillation with the same
+
+frequency as the old guy,
+and with the amplitude changed,
+
+and with a phase shift,
+move to the right or left.
+
+So, this is no more general
+than that.
+
+Notice they both have two
+parameters in them,
+
+these two coefficients.
+This one has the two parameters
+
+in an altered form.
+Okay, well, I wanted,
+
+because of the importance of
+this formula,
+
+I wanted to take a couple of
+minutes out for a proof of the
+
+formula, --
+
+-- just to give you chance to
+stare at it a little more now.
+
+There are three proofs I know.
+I'm sure there are 27.
+
+The Pythagorean theorem now has
+several hundred.
+
+But, there are three basic
+proofs.
+
+There is the one I will not
+give you, I'll call the high
+
+school proof,
+which is the only one one
+
+normally finds in books,
+physics textbooks or other
+
+textbooks.
+The high school proof takes the
+
+right-hand side,
+applies the formula for the
+
+cosine of the difference of two
+angles, which it assumes you had
+
+in trigonometry,
+and then converts it into this.
+
+It shows you that once you've
+done that, that a turns out to
+
+be c cosine phi
+and b, the number b is c sine
+
+phi,
+and therefore it identifies the
+
+two sides.
+Now, the thing that's of course
+
+correct and it's the simplest
+possible argument,
+
+the thing that's no good about
+it is that the direction at
+
+which it goes is from here to
+here.
+
+Well, everybody knew that.
+If I gave you this and told
+
+you, write it out in terms of
+cosine and sine,
+
+I would assume it dearly hope
+that practically all of you can
+
+do that.
+Unfortunately,
+
+when you want to use the
+formula, it's this way you want
+
+to use it in the opposite
+direction.
+
+You are starting with this,
+and want to convert it to that.
+
+Now, the proof,
+therefore, will not be of much
+
+help.
+It requires you to go in the
+
+backwards direction,
+and match up coefficients.
+
+It's much better to go
+forwards.
+
+Now, there are two proofs that
+go forwards.
+
+There's the 18.02 proof.
+Since I didn't teach most of
+
+you 18.02, I can't be sure you
+had it.
+
+So, I'll spend one minute
+giving it to you.
+
+What is the 18.02 proof?
+It is the following picture.
+
+I think this requires deep
+colored chalk.
+
+This is going to be pretty
+heavy.
+
+All right, first of all,
+the a and the b are the given.
+
+So, I'm going to put in that
+vector.
+
+So, there is the vector whose
+sides are, whose components are
+
+a and b.
+I'll write it without the i and
+
+j.
+I hope you had from Jerison
+
+that form for the vector,
+if you don't like that,
+
+write ai plus bj,
+okay?
+
+Now, there's another vector
+lurking around.
+
+It's the unit vector whose,
+I'll write it this way,
+
+u because it's a unit vector,
+and theta to indicate that it's
+
+angle is theta.
+Now, the reason for doing that
+
+is because you see that the
+left-hand side is a dot product
+
+of two vectors.
+The left-hand side of the
+
+identity is the dot product of
+the vector <a,
+
+b> with the vector whose
+components are cosine theta and
+
+sine theta.
+
+That's what I'm calling this
+unit vector.
+
+It's a unit vector because
+cosine squared plus sine squared
+
+is one.
+
+Now, all this formula is,
+is saying that scalar product,
+
+the dot product of those two
+vectors, can be evaluated if you
+
+know their components by the
+left-hand side of the formula.
+
+And, if you don't know their
+components, it can be evaluated
+
+in another way,
+the geometric evaluation,
+
+which goes, what is it?
+It's a magnitude of one,
+
+times the magnitude of the
+other, times the cosine of the
+
+included angle.
+Now, what's the included angle?
+
+Well, theta is this angle from
+the horizontal to that unit
+
+vector.
+The angle phi is this angle,
+
+from this picture here.
+And therefore,
+
+the included angle between
+(u)theta and my pink vector is
+
+theta minus phi.
+That's the formula.
+
+It comes from two ways of
+calculating the scalar product
+
+of the vector whose coefficients
+are, and the unit vector
+
+whose components are cosine
+theta and sine theta.
+
+All right, well,
+
+you should, that was 18.02.
+
+There must be an 18.03 proof
+also. Yes.
+
+What's the 18.03 proof?
+The 18.03 proof uses complex
+
+numbers.
+It says, look,
+
+take the left side.
+Instead of viewing it as the
+
+dot product of two vectors,
+there's another way.
+
+You can think of it as the part
+of the products of two complex
+
+numbers.
+So, the 18.03 argument,
+
+really, the complex number
+argument says,
+
+look, multiply together a minus
+bi and the complex
+
+number cosine theta plus i sine
+theta.
+
+There are different ways of
+
+explaining why I want to put the
+minus i there instead of i.
+
+But, the simplest is because I
+want, when I take the real part,
+
+to get the left-hand side.
+I will.
+
+If I take the real part of
+this, I'm going to get a cosine
+
+theta plus b sine theta
+
+because of negative i and i make
+one,
+
+multiplied together.
+All right, that's the left-hand
+
+side.
+And now, the right-hand side,
+
+I'm going to use polar
+representation instead.
+
+What's the polar representation
+of this guy?
+
+Well, if <a,
+b> has the angle theta,
+
+then a negative b,
+a minus bi goes down
+
+below.
+It has the angle minus phi.
+
+So, this is,
+has magnitude.
+
+It is polar representation.
+Its magnitude is a squared plus
+
+b squared,
+and its angle is negative phi,
+
+not positive phi because this a
+minus bi goes below
+
+the axis if a and b are
+positive.
+
+So, it's e to the minus i phi.
+
+That's the first guy.
+And, how about the second guy?
+
+Well, the second guy is e to
+the i theta.
+
+So, what's the product?
+It is a squared plus b squared,
+
+the square root,
+times e to the i times (theta
+
+minus phi).
+
+And now, what do I want?
+The real part of this,
+
+and I want the real part of
+this.
+
+So, let's just say take the
+real parts of both sides.
+
+If I take the real part of the
+left-hand side,
+
+I get a cosine theta plus b
+sine theta.
+
+If I take a real part of this
+
+side, I get square root of a
+squared plus b squared times e,
+
+times the cosine,
+that's the real part,
+
+right, of theta minus phi,
+which is just what it's
+
+supposed to be.
+
+Well, with three different
+arguments, I'm really pounding
+
+the table on this formula.
+But, I think there's something
+
+to be learned from at least two
+of them.
+
+And, you know,
+I'm still, for awhile,
+
+I will never miss an
+opportunity to bang complex
+
+numbers into your head because,
+in some sense,
+
+you have to reproduce the
+experience of the race.
+
+As I mentioned in the notes,
+it took mathematicians 300 or
+
+400 years to get used to complex
+numbers.
+
+So, if it takes you three or
+four weeks, that's not too bad.
+
+Now, for the rest of the period
+I'd like to go back to the
+
+linear equations,
+and try to put into perspective
+
+and summarize,
+and tell you a couple of things
+
+which I had to leave out,
+but which are,
+
+in my view, extremely
+important.
+
+And, up to now,
+I don't want to leave you with
+
+any misapprehensions.
+So, I'm going to summarize this
+
+way, whereas last lecture I went
+from the most general equation
+
+to the most special.
+I'd like to just write them
+
+down in the reverse order,
+now.
+
+So, we are talking about basic
+linear equations.
+
+First order,
+of course, we haven't moved as
+
+a second order yet.
+So, the most special one,
+
+and the one we talked about
+essentially all of the previous
+
+two times, or last Friday,
+anyway, was the equation where
+
+the k, the coefficient of y,
+is constant,
+
+and where you also get it on
+the right-hand side quite
+
+providentially.
+So, this is the most special
+
+form, and it's the one which
+governed what I will call the
+
+temperature-concentration model,
+or if you want to be grown up,
+
+the conduction-diffusion model,
+conduction-diffusion which
+
+describes the processes,
+which the equation is modeling,
+
+whereas these simply described
+the variables of things,
+
+which you usually are trying to
+calculate when you use the
+
+equation.
+Now, there are a class of
+
+things where the thing is
+constant, but where the k does
+
+not appear naturally on the
+right hand side.
+
+And, you're going to encounter
+them pretty quickly in physics,
+
+for one place.
+So, I better not try to sweep
+
+those under the rug.
+Let's just call that q of t.
+
+And finally,
+there is the most general case,
+
+where you allow k to be
+non-constant.
+
+That's the one we began,
+when we talked about the linear
+
+equation.
+And you know how to solve it in
+
+general by a definite or an
+indefinite integral.
+
+Now, there's one other thing,
+which I want to talk about.
+
+I will do all these in a
+certain order.
+
+But, from the beginning,
+you should keep in mind that
+
+there's another between the
+first two cases.
+
+Between the first two cases,
+there's another extremely
+
+important distinction,
+and that is as to whether k is
+
+positive or not.
+Up to now, we've always had k
+
+positive.
+So, I'm going to put that here.
+
+So, it's understood when I
+write these, that k is positive.
+
+I want to talk about that,
+too.
+
+But, first things first.
+The first thing I wanted to do
+
+was to show you that this,
+the first case,
+
+the most special case,
+does not just apply to this.
+
+It applies to other things,
+too.
+
+Let me give you a mixing
+problem.
+
+The typical mixing problem
+gives another example.
+
+You've already done in
+recitation, and you did one for
+
+the problem set,
+the problem of the two rooms
+
+filled with smoke.
+But, let me do it just using
+
+letters, so that the ideas stand
+out a little more clearly,
+
+and you are not preoccupied
+with the numbers,
+
+and calculating with the
+numbers, and trying to get
+
+numerical examples.
+So, it's as simple as k sub
+
+mixing.
+It looks like this.
+
+You have a tank,
+a room, I don't know,
+
+where everything's getting
+mixed in.
+
+It has a certain volume,
+which I will call v.
+
+Something is flowing in,
+a gas or a liquid.
+
+And, r will be the flow rate,
+in some units.
+
+Now, since it can't pile up
+inside this sealed container,
+
+which I'm sure is full,
+the flow rate out must also be
+
+r.
+And, what we're interested in
+
+is the amount of salt.
+So, x, let's suppose these are
+
+fluid flows, and the dissolved
+substance that I'm talking about
+
+is not carbon monoxide,
+it's salt, any dissolved
+
+substance, some pollutant or
+whatever the problem calls for.
+
+Let's use salt.
+So, it's the amount of salt in
+
+the tank at time t.
+I'm interested in knowing how
+
+that varies with time.
+Now, there's nothing to be said
+
+about how it flows out.
+What flows out,
+
+of course, is what happens to
+be in the tank.
+
+But, I do have to say what
+flows in.
+
+Now, the only convenient way to
+describe the in-flow is in terms
+
+of its concentration.
+The salt will be dissolved in
+
+the in-flowing water,
+and so there will be a certain
+
+concentration.
+And, as you will see,
+
+for a secret reason,
+I'm going to give that the
+
+subscript e.
+So, e is the concentration of
+
+the incoming salt,
+in other words,
+
+in the fluid,
+how many grams are there per
+
+liter in the incoming fluid.
+That's the data.
+
+So, this is the data.
+r is part of the data.
+
+r is the flow rate.
+v is the volume.
+
+I think I won't bother writing
+that down, and the problem is to
+
+determine what happens to x of
+t.
+
+Now, I strongly recommend you
+not attempt to work directly
+
+with the concentrations unless
+you feel you have a really good
+
+physical feeling for
+concentrations.
+
+I strongly recommend you work
+with a variable that you are
+
+given, namely,
+the dependent variable,
+
+which is the amount of salt,
+grams.
+
+Well, because it's something
+you can physically think about.
+
+It's coming in,
+it's getting mixed up,
+
+and some of it is going out.
+So, the basic equation is going
+
+to be that the rate of change of
+salt in the tank is the rate of
+
+salt inflow, let me write salt
+inflow, minus the rate of salt
+
+outflow.
+Okay, at what rate is salt
+
+flowing in?
+Well, the flow rate is the flow
+
+rate of the liquid.
+I multiply the flow rate,
+
+1 L per minute times the
+concentration,
+
+3 g per liter.
+That means 3 g per minute.
+
+It's going to be,
+therefore, the product of the
+
+flow rate and the concentration,
+incoming concentration.
+
+How about the rate of the salt
+outflow?
+
+Well, again,
+the rate of the liquid outflow
+
+is r.
+And, what is the concentration
+
+of salt in the outflow?
+I must use, when you talk flow
+
+rates, the other factor must be
+the concentration,
+
+not the amount.
+So, what is the concentration
+
+in the outflow?
+Well, it's the amount of salt
+
+in the tank divided by its
+volume.
+
+So, the analog,
+the concentration here is x
+
+divided by v.
+Now, here's a typical messy
+
+equation, dx / dt,
+let's write it in the standard,
+
+linear form,
+plus r times x over v equals r
+
+times the given concentration,
+which is a function of time.
+
+Now, this is going to be some
+given function,
+
+and there will be no reason
+whatsoever why you can't solve
+
+it in that form.
+And, that's normally what you
+
+will do.
+Nonetheless,
+
+in trying to understand how it
+fits into this paradigm,
+
+which kind of equation is it?
+Well, clearly there's an
+
+awkwardness in that on the
+right-hand side,
+
+we have concentration,
+and on the left-hand side,
+
+we seem to have amounts.
+Now, the way to understand the
+
+equation as opposed to the way
+to solve it, well,
+
+it's a step on the way to
+solving it.
+
+But, I emphasize,
+you can and normally will solve
+
+it in exactly that form.
+But, to understand what's
+
+happening, it's better to
+express it in terms of
+
+concentration entirely,
+and that's why it's called the
+
+concentration,
+or the diffusion,
+
+concentration-diffusion
+equation.
+
+So, I'm going to convert this
+to concentrations.
+
+Now, there's no problem here.
+x over v is the concentration
+
+in the tank.
+And now, immediately,
+
+you see, hey,
+it looks like it's going to
+
+come out just in the first form.
+But, wait a minute.
+
+How about the x?
+How do I convert that?
+
+Well, what's the relation
+between x?
+
+So, if the concentration in the
+tank is equal to x over v,
+
+so the tank concentration,
+then x is equal to C times the
+
+constant, V, and dx / dt,
+therefore, will be c times dC /
+
+dt.
+You see that?
+
+Now, that's not in standard
+form.
+
+Let's put it in standard form.
+To put it in standard form,
+
+I see, now, that it's not r
+that's the critical quantity.
+
+It's r divided by v.
+So, it's dC / dt,
+
+C prime, plus r divided by v,
+--
+
+-- I'm going to call that k,
+k C, no let's not,
+
+r divided by v is equal to r
+divided by v times Ce.
+
+That's the equation expressed
+
+in a form where the
+concentration is the dependent
+
+variable, rather than the amount
+of salt itself.
+
+And, you can see it falls
+exactly in this category.
+
+That means that I can talk
+about it.
+
+The natural way to talk about
+this equation is in terms of,
+
+the same way we talked about
+the temperature equation.
+
+I said concentration.
+I mean, that concentration has
+
+nothing to do with this
+concentration.
+
+This is the diffusion model,
+where salt solution outside,
+
+cell in the middle,
+salt diffusing through a
+
+semi-permeable membrane into
+that, uses Newton's law of
+
+diffusion, except he didn't do a
+law of diffusion.
+
+But, he is sticky.
+His name is attached to
+
+everything.
+So, that's this concentration
+
+model.
+It's the one entirely analogous
+
+to the temperature.
+And the physical setup is the
+
+same.
+This one is entirely different.
+
+Mixing in this form of this
+problem has really nothing to do
+
+with this model whatsoever.
+But, nor does that
+
+concentration had anything to do
+with this concentration,
+
+which refers to the result of
+the mixing in the tank.
+
+But, what happens is the
+differential equation is the
+
+same.
+The language of input and
+
+response that we talked about is
+also available here.
+
+So, everything is the same.
+And, the most interesting thing
+
+is that it shows that the analog
+of the conductivity,
+
+the k, the analog of
+conductivity and diffusivity is
+
+this quantity.
+I should not be considering r
+
+and v by themselves.
+I should be considering as the
+
+basic quantity,
+the ratio of those two.
+
+Now, why is that,
+is the basic parameter.
+
+What is this?
+Well, r is the rate of outflow,
+
+and the rate of inflow,
+what's r over v?
+
+r over v is the fractional rate
+of outflow.
+
+In other words,
+if r over v is one tenth,
+
+it means that 1/10 of the tank
+will be emptied in a minute,
+
+say.
+In other words,
+
+we lumped these two constants
+into a single k,
+
+and at the same time have
+simplified the units.
+
+What are the units?
+This is volume per minute.
+
+This is volume.
+So, it's simply reciprocal
+
+minutes, reciprocal time,
+which was the same units of
+
+that diffusivity and
+conductivity had,
+
+reciprocal time.
+The space variables have
+
+entirely disappeared.
+So, it that way,
+
+it's simplified.
+It's simplified conceptually,
+
+and now, you can answer the
+same type of questions we asked
+
+before about this.
+I think it would be better for
+
+us to move on,
+though.
+
+Well, just an example,
+one really simple thing,
+
+so, suppose since we spent so
+much time worrying about what
+
+was happening with sinusoid
+inputs, I mean,
+
+when could Ce be sinusoidal,
+for example?
+
+Well, roughly sinusoidal if,
+for example,
+
+some factory were polluting.
+If this were a lake,
+
+and some factory were polluting
+it, but in the beginning,
+
+at the beginning of the day,
+they produced a lot of the
+
+pollutant, and by the end of the
+day when it wound down,
+
+it might well happen that the
+concentration of pollutants in
+
+the incoming stream would vary
+sinusoidally with a 24 hour
+
+cycle.
+And then, we would be asking,
+
+so, suppose this varies
+sinusoidally.
+
+In other words,
+it's like cosine omega t.
+
+I'm asking, how closely does
+
+the concentration in the tank
+follow C sub e?
+
+Now, what would that depend
+upon?
+
+Think about it.
+Well, the answer,
+
+suppose k is large.
+Closely, let's just analyze one
+
+case, if k is big.
+Now, what would make k big?
+
+We know that from the
+temperature thing.
+
+If the conductivity is high,
+then the inner temperature will
+
+follow the outer temperature
+closely, and the same thing with
+
+the diffusion model.
+But we, of course,
+
+therefore, since the equation
+is the same, we must get the
+
+same result here.
+Now, what would make k big?
+
+If r is big,
+if the flow rate is very fast,
+
+we will expect the
+concentration of the inside of
+
+that tank to match fairly
+closely the concentration of the
+
+pollutant, of the incoming salt
+solution, or,
+
+if the tank is very small.
+For fixed flow rates,
+
+if the tank is very small,
+well, then it gets emptied
+
+quickly.
+So, both of these are,
+
+I think, intuitive results.
+And, of course,
+
+as before, we got them from
+that, by trying to analyze the
+
+final form of the solution.
+In other words,
+
+we got them by looking at that
+form of the solution up there,
+
+and seeing if k is big.
+As k increases,
+
+what happens to the amplitude,
+and what happens to the phase
+
+lag?
+But, that summarizes the two.
+
+So, this means,
+closely means,
+
+that the phase lag is,
+big or small?
+
+The lag is small.
+And, the amplitude is,
+
+well, the amplitude,
+the biggest the amplitude could
+
+ever be is one because that's
+the amplitude of this.
+
+So, the amplitude is near one,
+one because that's the
+
+amplitude of the incoming
+signal, input,
+
+whatever you want to call it.
+Okay, now, I'd like to spend
+
+the rest of the time talking
+about the failures of number
+
+one, and when you have to use
+number two, and when even number
+
+two is no good.
+So, let me end first-order
+
+equations by putting my worst
+foot forward.
+
+Well, I'm just trying to avoid
+disappointment at
+
+misapprehensions from you.
+I'll watch you leave this room
+
+and say, well,
+he said that,
+
+okay.
+So, the first one you're going
+
+to encounter very shortly where
+one is not satisfied,
+
+but two is, so on some examples
+where you need two,
+
+well, it's going to happen
+right here.
+
+Somebody, sooner or later,
+it's going to draw on that
+
+loathsome orange chalk,
+which is unerasable,
+
+something which looks like
+that.
+
+Remember, you saw it here
+first.
+
+r, yeah, we had that.
+Okay, see, I had it in high
+
+school too.
+That's the capacitance.
+
+This is the resistance.
+That's the electromotive force:
+
+battery, or a source of
+alternating current,
+
+something like that.
+Now, of course,
+
+what you're interested in is
+how the current flows in the
+
+circuit.
+Since current across the
+
+capacitance doesn't make sense,
+you have to talk about the
+
+charge on the capacitance.
+So, q, it's customary in a
+
+circle this simple to use as the
+variable not current,
+
+but the charge on the
+capacitance.
+
+And then Kirchhoff's,
+you are also supposed to know
+
+that the derivative,
+that the time derivative of q
+
+is what's called the current in
+the circuit.
+
+That sort of intuitive.
+But, i in a physics class,
+
+j in an electrical engineering
+class, and why,
+
+not the letter Y,
+but why is that?
+
+That's because of electrical
+engineers use lots of lots of
+
+complex numbers and therefore,
+you have to call current j,
+
+I guess.
+I think they do j in physics,
+
+too, now.
+No, no they don't.
+
+I don't know.
+So, i is ambiguous if you are
+
+in that particular subject.
+And it's customary to use,
+
+I don't know.
+Now it's completely safe.
+
+Okay, where are we?
+Well, the law is,
+
+the basic differential equation
+is Kirchhoff's voltage law,
+
+but the sum of the voltage
+drops across these three has to
+
+be zero.
+So, it's R times i,
+
+which is dq / dt.
+That's Ohm's law.
+
+That's the voltage drop across
+resistance.
+
+The voltage drop across the
+capacitance is Coulomb's law,
+
+one form of Coulomb's law.
+It's q divided by C.
+
+And, that has to be the voltage
+drop.
+
+And then, there is some sign
+convention.
+
+So, this is either plus or
+minus, depending on your sign
+
+conventions, but it's E of t.
+Now, if I put that in standard
+
+form, in standard form I
+probably should say q prime plus
+
+q over RC equals,
+well, I suppose,
+
+E over R.
+And, this is what would appear
+
+in the equation.
+But, it's not the natural
+
+thing.
+The k is one over RC.
+
+And, that's the reciprocal.
+
+The RC constant is what
+everybody knows is important
+
+when you talk about a little
+circuit of that form.
+
+On the other hand,
+the right-hand side,
+
+it's quite unnatural to try to
+stick in the right-hand side
+
+that same RC.
+Call this EC over RC.
+
+People don't do that,
+and therefore,
+
+it doesn't really fall into the
+paradigm of that first equation.
+
+It's the second equation that
+really falls into the category.
+
+Another simple example of this
+is chained to k,
+
+radioactively changed to k.
+Well, let's say the radioactive
+
+substance, A,
+decays into,
+
+let's say, one atom of this
+produces one atom of that for
+
+simplicity.
+So, it decays into B,
+
+which then still is radioactive
+and decays further.
+
+Okay, what's the differential
+equation, which is going to be,
+
+it's going to govern this
+situation?
+
+What I want to know is how much
+B there is at any given time.
+
+So, I want a differential
+equation for the quantity of the
+
+radioactive product at any given
+time.
+
+Well, what's it going to look
+like?
+
+Well, it's the amount coming in
+minus the amount going out,
+
+so to speak.
+The rate of inflow minus the
+
+rate of outflow,
+except it's not the same type
+
+of physical flow we had before.
+How fast is it coming in?
+
+Well, A is decaying at a
+certain rate,
+
+and so the rate at which A
+decays is by the basic
+
+radioactive law.
+It's k1, it's constant,
+
+decay constant,
+times the amount of A present.
+
+If I used the differential
+
+equation with A here,
+I'd have to put a negative sign
+
+because it's the rate at which
+that stuff is leaving A.
+
+But, I'm interested in the rate
+at which it's coming in to B.
+
+So, it has a positive sign.
+And then, the rate at which B
+
+is decaying, and therefore the
+quantity of good B is gone,
+
+--
+-- that will have some other
+
+constant, B.
+So, that will be the equation,
+
+and to avoid having two
+dependent variables in there,
+
+we know how A is decaying.
+So, it's k1,
+
+some constant times A,
+sorry, A will be e to the
+
+negative, you know,
+the decay law,
+
+so, times the initial amount
+that was there times e to the
+
+negative k1 t.
+That's how much A there is at
+
+any given time.
+It's decaying by the
+
+radioactive decay law,
+minus k2 B.
+
+Okay, so how does the
+differential equation look like?
+
+It looks like B prime plus k2 B
+equals an exponential,
+
+k1 A zero e to the negative k1
+t.
+
+But, there's no reason to
+
+expect that that constant really
+has anything to do with k2.
+
+It's unnatural to put it in
+that form, which is the correct
+
+one.
+Now, in the last two minutes,
+
+I wish to alienate half the
+class by pointing out that if k
+
+is less than zero,
+none of the terminology of
+
+transient, steady-state input
+response applies.
+
+The technique of solving the
+equation is identical.
+
+But, you cannot interpret.
+So, the technique is the same,
+
+and therefore it's worth
+learning.
+
+The technique is the same.
+In other words,
+
+the solution will be still e to
+the negative kt integral q of t
+
+e to the kt dt plus
+
+a constant times e to the k,
+oh, this is terrible,
+
+no.
+dy / dt, let's give an example.
+
+The equation I'm going to look
+at is something that looks like
+
+this: y equals q of t,
+let's say, okay,
+
+a constant, but the constant a
+is positive.
+
+So, the constant here is
+negative.
+
+Then, when I solve,
+my k, in other words,
+
+is now properly written as
+negative a.
+
+And therefore,
+this formula should now become
+
+not this, but the negative k is
+a t.
+
+And, here it's negative a t.
+And, here it is positive a t.
+
+Now, why is it,
+if this is going to be the
+
+solution, why are all those
+things totally irrelevant?
+
+This is not a transient any
+longer because if a is positive,
+
+this goes to infinity.
+Or, if I go to minus infinity,
+
+then C is negative.
+So, it's not transient.
+
+It's not going to zero,
+and it depends heavily on the
+
+initial conditions.
+That means that of these two
+
+functions, this is the important
+guy.
+
+This is just fixed,
+some fixed function.
+
+Everything, in other words,
+is going to depend upon the
+
+initial conditions,
+whereas in the other cases we
+
+have been studying,
+the initial conditions after a
+
+while don't matter anymore.
+Now, why did I say I would
+
+alienate half of you?
+Well, because in what subjects
+
+will a be positive?
+In what subjects will k be
+
+negative?
+k is typically negative in
+
+biology, economics,
+Sloan.
+
+In other words,
+the simple thing is think of it
+
+in biology.
+What's the simplest equation
+
+for population growth?
+Well, it is dP / dt equals
+
+some, if the population is
+growing, a times P,
+
+and a is a positive number.
+That means P prime minus a P is
+
+zero.
+So, the thing I want to leave
+
+you with is this.
+If life is involved,
+
+k is likely to be negative.
+k is positive when inanimate
+
+things are involved;
+I won't say dead,
+
+inanimate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MsIvs_6vC38.txt b/MsIvs_6vC38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2038870e44b1dfda296efdc396c0564e3037f174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MsIvs_6vC38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7098 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is linear algebra lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is linear algebra lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is linear algebra lecture
+four and uh the first thing I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and uh the first thing I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and uh the first thing I have to do
+is something that was on the list for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that was on the list for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that was on the list for
+last time but here it is now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but here it is now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but here it is now what's the
+inverse of a product If I multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a product If I multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a product If I multiply two
+matrices together and I know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices together and I know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices together and I know they're
+inverses how do I get the inverse of a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses how do I get the inverse of a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses how do I get the inverse of a *
+B so I know what inverses mean for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I know what inverses mean for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I know what inverses mean for a
+single Matrix a and for a matrix B what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Matrix a and for a matrix B what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Matrix a and for a matrix B what
+Matrix do I multiply by to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix do I multiply by to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix do I multiply by to get the
+identity if I have AB okay that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if I have AB okay that that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if I have AB okay that that'll
+be simple but so basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be simple but so basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be simple but so basic
+then uh then I'm going to use use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then I'm going to use use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then I'm going to use use that
+to I will have a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I will have a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I will have a product of
+matrices and the product that we'll meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and the product that we'll meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and the product that we'll meet
+will be these elimination matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be these elimination matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be these elimination matrices and
+the net result of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net result of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net result of today's
+lecture is the big formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is the big formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is the big formula for
+elimination so the the net result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so the the net result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so the the net result of
+today's lecture is this is this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is this is this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is this is this great
+way to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look
+at gaussian elimination we know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at gaussian elimination we know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at gaussian elimination we know that we
+get from a to U by elimination we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a to U by elimination we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a to U by elimination we know
+the steps but now we get the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps but now we get the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps but now we get the right way
+to look at it AAL Lu so that's the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it AAL Lu so that's the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it AAL Lu so that's the high
+point for today okay can I take the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for today okay can I take the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for today okay can I take the easy
+part the the first step first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the the first step first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the the first step first uh
+so suppose a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose a is
+invertible and of course it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible and of course it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible and of course it's going to
+be a big question when is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big question when is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big question when is a matrix
+invertible but let's say a is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible but let's say a is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible but let's say a is invertible
+and B is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is invertible
+then what Matrix gives me the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what Matrix gives me the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what Matrix gives me the inverse of
+ab so so that's the direct question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab so so that's the direct question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab so so that's the direct question
+what's the inverse of ab do I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inverse of ab do I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inverse of ab do I multiply
+those separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those separate
+inverses yes I I multiply the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses yes I I multiply the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses yes I I multiply the two
+matrices a inverse and B inverse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a inverse and B inverse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a inverse and B inverse but
+what order do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order do I
+multiply in reverse order and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in reverse order and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in reverse order and you see
+why so the the right thing to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so the the right thing to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so the the right thing to put here
+is B inverse a inverse that the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B inverse a inverse that the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B inverse a inverse that the inverse
+I'm after I we we can just check that AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm after I we we can just check that AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm after I we we can just check that AB
+times that Matrix gives the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that Matrix gives the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that Matrix gives the identity
+okay so why once again it's this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why once again it's this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why once again it's this fact
+that I can move parentheses around I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can move parentheses around I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can move parentheses around I can
+actually I can just erase them all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can just erase them all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can just erase them all and
+do the multiplications any way I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the multiplications any way I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the multiplications any way I want to
+so what's the right multiplication to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the right multiplication to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the right multiplication to do
+first B * B inverse this this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first B * B inverse this this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first B * B inverse this this product
+here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the
+identity then a * the identity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then a * the identity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then a * the identity is the
+identity and then finally a * a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then finally a * a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then finally a * a inverse
+gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the
+idty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idty
+so forgive the dumb dumb example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forgive the dumb dumb example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forgive the dumb dumb example in the
+book it's just why do you why do you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's just why do you why do you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's just why do you why do you uh
+do the inverse things in reverse order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the inverse things in reverse order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the inverse things in reverse order
+it's just like taking you take off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like taking you take off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like taking you take off your
+shoes you take off your socks then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes you take off your socks then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes you take off your socks then the
+good way to invert that process is socks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to invert that process is socks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to invert that process is socks
+back on first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on first then
+Sho sorry okay I'm sorry that's on tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sho sorry okay I'm sorry that's on tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sho sorry okay I'm sorry that's on tape
+but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all
+right um and of course on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and of course on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and of course on the other side
+we should really just check on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should really just check on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should really just check on the other
+side I'd have B inverse a inverse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'd have B inverse a inverse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'd have B inverse a inverse that
+does multiply a b and this time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does multiply a b and this time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does multiply a b and this time it's
+these guys that give the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that give the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that give the identity
+squeeze down they give the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze down they give the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze down they give the identity
+we're in shape okay so there's the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in shape okay so there's the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in shape okay so there's the there
+where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the
+inverse good while we're at it let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse good while we're at it let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse good while we're at it let me do
+a transpose cuz the next lecture has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose cuz the next lecture has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose cuz the next lecture has got
+a lot to involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to involves
+transposes so how do I if I transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes so how do I if I transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes so how do I if I transpose a
+matrix I'm talking about square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I'm talking about square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I'm talking about square and
+vertial matrices right now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertial matrices right now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertial matrices right now if I
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+one what's its inverse well the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's its inverse well the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's its inverse well the nice
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+is let's see let me start from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see let me start from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see let me start from a
+a inverse equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse equal the
+identity and let me transpose both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides that that will bring a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that that will bring a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that that will bring a transpose
+into the picture so if I transpose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the picture so if I transpose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the picture so if I transpose the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+Matrix what do I have the identity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what do I have the identity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what do I have the identity right
+if I if I exchange rows and columns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I exchange rows and columns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I exchange rows and columns the
+identity is a symmetric Matrix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is a symmetric Matrix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is a symmetric Matrix it
+doesn't know the difference if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know the difference if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know the difference if I
+transpose these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose these guys
+that product then again it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product then again it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product then again it turns
+out that I have to trans I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that I have to trans I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that I have to trans I have to
+reverse the order I can transpose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the order I can transpose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the order I can transpose them
+separately but when I multiply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately but when I multiply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately but when I multiply those
+transposes come in the opposite order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes come in the opposite order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes come in the opposite order so
+it's a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a inverse
+transpose time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose time a
+transpose giving the identity so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose giving the identity so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose giving the identity so that's
+this equation it just comes directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it just comes directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it just comes directly
+from that one but this equation tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that one but this equation tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that one but this equation tells me
+what I wanted to know namely what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to know namely what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to know namely what is the
+inverse of this guy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this guy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this guy a
+transpose what's the inverse of that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what's the inverse of that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what's the inverse of that if
+I transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I transpose a
+matrix what what's the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what what's the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what what's the inverse of the
+result and this equation telling me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and this equation telling me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and this equation telling me that
+here it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is this
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+is the inverse this is the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inverse this is the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inverse this is the inverse of a
+transer inverse of a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I I
+just so I'll put a big circle around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so I'll put a big circle around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so I'll put a big circle around
+that because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that's the
+answer we that's the best answer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we that's the best answer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we that's the best answer we
+could hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope
+for that if you want to know the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that if you want to know the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that if you want to know the inverse
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose and you know the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and you know the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and you know the inverse of a
+then you just transpose that so in in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just transpose that so in in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just transpose that so in in to
+put it another way transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it another way transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it another way transpose and
+inversing you can do in either order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversing you can do in either order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversing you can do in either order for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+single okay so that these are like basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single okay so that these are like basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single okay so that these are like basic
+facts that we can now use all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that we can now use all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that we can now use all right so
+now I put it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I put it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I put it to
+use I put it to use by thinking we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I put it to use by thinking we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I put it to use by thinking we're
+we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really
+completing uh the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing uh the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing uh the subject of
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+I the thing about elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the thing about elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the thing about elimination
+is it's it's the right way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's the right way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's the right way to to
+understand what the Matrix has got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the Matrix has got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the Matrix has got this
+AAL L is the most basic factorization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL L is the most basic factorization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL L is the most basic factorization of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix um it's it's I always worry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix um it's it's I always worry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix um it's it's I always worry that
+you will think this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will think this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will think this course is
+just uh is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh is all
+elimination it's just throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination it's just throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination it's just throw
+operations and please don't it's it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and please don't it's it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and please don't it's it will
+will be beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be beyond
+that uh but it's the right uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but it's the right uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but it's the right uh it's the
+right uh algebra to do first okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh algebra to do first okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh algebra to do first okay so I'm
+coming near the end of it but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming near the end of it but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming near the end of it but I want to
+get it in a decent form so my decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in a decent form so my decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in a decent form so my decent
+form is Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is Matrix
+form I have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I have a matrix
+a let's suppose it's a good Matrix I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's suppose it's a good Matrix I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's suppose it's a good Matrix I can
+do elimination no row exchanges so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do elimination no row exchanges so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do elimination no row exchanges so no
+row exchanges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchanges for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchanges for
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+pivots all fine nothing zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots all fine nothing zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots all fine nothing zero in the
+pivot position I get to the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot position I get to the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot position I get to the very end
+which is U so I get from a to U and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is U so I get from a to U and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is U so I get from a to U and I
+want to know what's the connection how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the connection how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the connection how
+is a related to you and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a related to you and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a related to you and this is going to
+tell me that there's a matrix L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that there's a matrix L that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that there's a matrix L that
+connects okay can I can I do it for a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects okay can I can I do it for a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects okay can I can I do it for a 2X
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+first okay 2 by two uh elimination okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay 2 by two uh elimination okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay 2 by two uh elimination okay
+so I'll do it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll do it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll do it under
+here okay so let let my Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let let my Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let let my Matrix a
+be uh let's let's just we'll keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh let's let's just we'll keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh let's let's just we'll keep it
+simple say two and an eight so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple say two and an eight so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple say two and an eight so we know
+that the first pivot is a two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first pivot is a two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first pivot is a two and the
+multiplier is going to be a four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is going to be a four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is going to be a four and
+then let me put a one here and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me put a one here and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me put a one here and what
+number do I not want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number do I not want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number do I not want to put
+there four I don't want a four there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there four I don't want a four there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there four I don't want a four there
+because in that case the second pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that case the second pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that case the second pivot
+would not we wouldn't have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not we wouldn't have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not we wouldn't have a second
+pivot The Matrix would be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot The Matrix would be singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot The Matrix would be singular
+General screw up okay so let me put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General screw up okay so let me put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General screw up okay so let me put some
+other number here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number here like
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+okay okay now I want to operate on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I want to operate on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I want to operate on that
+with my elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my elementary
+Matrix so what's what's the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so what's what's the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so what's what's the elementary
+Matrix I'm I'll strictly speaking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm I'll strictly speaking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm I'll strictly speaking it's
+E21 because it's it's the guy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 because it's it's the guy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 because it's it's the guy that's
+going to produce a zero in that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a zero in that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a zero in that position
+and it's going to produce you in one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to produce you in one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to produce you in one in
+one shot because it's just a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shot because it's just a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shot because it's just a 2X two
+Matrix uh so 2 one and I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh so 2 one and I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh so 2 one and I'm going to take
+four of those away from those produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of those away from those produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of those away from those produce
+that zero and leave a three there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero and leave a three there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero and leave a three there and
+that's you and what's the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you and what's the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you and what's the Matrix that
+did it quick review then what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it quick review then what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it quick review then what's the
+elimination Elementary Matrix E2 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination Elementary Matrix E2 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination Elementary Matrix E2 2 1
+it's 1 Z thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 Z thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 Z thanks
+and -41 right good okay so that I I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and -41 right good okay so that I I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and -41 right good okay so that I I you
+see the difference between this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference between this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference between this and what
+I'm shooting for I'm shooting for a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shooting for I'm shooting for a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shooting for I'm shooting for a on
+one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side
+and the other matrices on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other matrices on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other matrices on the other side
+of the equation okay so I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation okay so I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation okay so I can do that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+away now I'm now here's going to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now I'm now here's going to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now I'm now here's going to be my
+AAL l and you won't have any trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL l and you won't have any trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAL l and you won't have any trouble
+telling me what uh so a is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2187 L is what you're going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2187 L is what you're going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2187 L is what you're going to tell me
+and U is still 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is still 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is still 2 1
+03 okay so what's l in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case well first so how is L related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well first so how is L related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well first so how is L related to
+this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e
+gu it's the inverse because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gu it's the inverse because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gu it's the inverse because I want
+multiply through by the inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by the inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by the inverse of this
+which will put the identity here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will put the identity here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will put the identity here and the
+inverse will show up there and I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse will show up there and I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse will show up there and I'll call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+l so what is the inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so what is the inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so what is the inverse of this
+remember that's uh those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's uh those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's uh those those
+elimination matrices are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination matrices are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination matrices are easy to
+invert the inverse Matrix for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the inverse Matrix for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the inverse Matrix for this one
+is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+41 it's it has the plus sign because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 it's it has the plus sign because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 it's it has the plus sign because it
+adds back what this removes okay do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds back what this removes okay do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds back what this removes okay do you
+want so if if we did the numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so if if we did the numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so if if we did the numbers right
+we must this this should be correct okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must this this should be correct okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must this this should be correct okay
+and of course it is that that says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it is that that says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it is that that says the
+first row is Right four * the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is Right four * the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is Right four * the first row
+plus the second row is 87 good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second row is 87 good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second row is 87 good okay
+that's simple 2x two but it already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple 2x two but it already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple 2x two but it already
+shows the form that we're headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the form that we're headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the form that we're headed
+for it shows so what's the L stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it shows so what's the L stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it shows so what's the L stand for
+why the letter L If U stood for upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the letter L If U stood for upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the letter L If U stood for upper
+triangular then of course L stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular then of course L stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular then of course L stands for
+lower triangle and actually it has ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower triangle and actually it has ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower triangle and actually it has ones
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+diagonal where this thing has the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal where this thing has the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal where this thing has the pivots
+on the diet oh sometimes uh we may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diet oh sometimes uh we may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diet oh sometimes uh we may want
+to separate out the pivot so can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate out the pivot so can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate out the pivot so can I just
+mention that sometimes we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that sometimes we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that sometimes we could also
+write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as
+we could have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have this
+one41 I'll just show you how I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one41 I'll just show you how I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one41 I'll just show you how I would
+divide out this Matrix of pivots 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide out this Matrix of pivots 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide out this Matrix of pivots 2 3
+there's a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a diagonal
+matrix and I've just whatever is left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I've just whatever is left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I've just whatever is left is
+here now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left if I divide this first row by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if I divide this first row by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if I divide this first row by two
+to pull out the two then I have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull out the two then I have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull out the two then I have a one
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+1/2 and if I divide the second row by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and if I divide the second row by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and if I divide the second row by
+three to pull out the three then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to pull out the three then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to pull out the three then I have
+a one so that's the if this is l u this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one so that's the if this is l u this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one so that's the if this is l u this
+is maybe called l d for pivot U and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe called l d for pivot U and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe called l d for pivot U and now
+it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more
+balanced because we have ones on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced because we have ones on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced because we have ones on the
+diagonal here and here and the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here and here and the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here and here and the diagonal
+matrix in the middle so both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in the middle so both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in the middle so both of those
+mat lab would would uh produce uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab would would uh produce uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab would would uh produce uh either
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+I I'll basically stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll basically stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll basically stay with
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+okay now I have to think about bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I have to think about bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I have to think about bigger
+than 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2x
+two right now this was just like easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right now this was just like easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right now this was just like easy
+exercise and to tell the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and to tell the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and to tell the truth
+that this one with a minus sign and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one with a minus sign and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one with a minus sign and this
+one with a plus sign uh I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a plus sign uh I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a plus sign uh I mean that's
+the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+but with 3x3 there's a more significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with 3x3 there's a more significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with 3x3 there's a more significant
+difference let me let me show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference let me let me show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference let me let me show you how
+that works let me let me uh move up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works let me let me uh move up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works let me let me uh move up to a
+3X3 let's say some Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 let's say some Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 let's say some Matrix
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay just imagine it's 3x3 I won't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just imagine it's 3x3 I won't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just imagine it's 3x3 I won't write
+numbers down for now so what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers down for now so what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers down for now so what what's the
+first elimination step that I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first elimination step that I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first elimination step that I do the
+first Matrix I multiply it by what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Matrix I multiply it by what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Matrix I multiply it by what what
+what letter will I use for that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what letter will I use for that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what letter will I use for that it's the
+it it be e to one because it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it be e to one because it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it be e to one because it's the it's
+the first step will be to get a to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step will be to get a to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step will be to get a to get a
+zero in that 21 position and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that 21 position and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that 21 position and then the
+next step will be to get a zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step will be to get a zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step will be to get a zero in the
+31 position and the final step will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 position and the final step will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 position and the final step will be
+to get a zero in the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a zero in the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a zero in the 32
+position that's what elimination is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's what elimination is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's what elimination is and
+it produce you and again no row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchange we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange we
+will I'm taking the nice case now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'm taking the nice case now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'm taking the nice case now the
+typical case too when I don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case too when I don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case too when I don't have to do
+any row exchange all I do is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row exchange all I do is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row exchange all I do is these
+elimination steps okay now suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps okay now suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps okay now suppose I
+want that stuff over on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that stuff over on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that stuff over on the right hand
+side as I really do that that's like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side as I really do that that's like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side as I really do that that's like my
+point here I I can multiply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here I I can multiply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here I I can multiply these
+together to get a matrix e but I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get a matrix e but I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get a matrix e but I want it
+over on the right I want its inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right I want its inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right I want its inverse
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there so what what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what what's the what's the
+right expression now how if I write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right expression now how if I write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right expression now how if I write a
+and u what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay so I've got the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so I've got the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so I've got the inverse of
+this I've got three matrices in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've got three matrices in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've got three matrices in a row
+now and it's their inverses that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's their inverses that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's their inverses that are
+going to show up cuz each one is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up cuz each one is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up cuz each one is easy to
+invert question is what about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert question is what about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert question is what about the whole
+bunch how how how easy is it to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch how how how easy is it to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch how how how easy is it to invert
+the whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole bunch
+so that's what we know how to do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we know how to do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we know how to do we know
+how to invert we should take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to invert we should take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to invert we should take the
+separate inverses but they go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate inverses but they go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate inverses but they go in the
+opposite order so what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so what goes
+here e32 inverse right cuz I'll multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here e32 inverse right cuz I'll multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here e32 inverse right cuz I'll multiply
+from the left by e32 inverse it'll pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left by e32 inverse it'll pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left by e32 inverse it'll pop
+it up next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and then we come E31 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we come E31 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we come E31 inverse
+and then this will be I'll be this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will be I'll be this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will be I'll be this will
+be the only guy left standing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the only guy left standing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the only guy left standing and that's
+gone when I do an E21 inverse so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone when I do an E21 inverse so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone when I do an E21 inverse so there
+is L that's that's l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L that's that's l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is L that's that's l
+u l is this product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u l is this product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u l is this product of
+inverses now you still can ask why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses now you still can ask why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses now you still can ask why is
+this guy preferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverses and let me explain why let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and let me explain why let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and let me explain why let me
+explain why why is this product nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why why is this product nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why why is this product nicer
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+one this this product turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this this product turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this this product turns out to be
+better than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this
+one let me take a typical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let me take a typical case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let me take a typical case
+here uh let me let me take a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let me let me take a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let me let me take a typical
+case so so let me I have to do 3x3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so so let me I have to do 3x3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so so let me I have to do 3x3 for
+you to see the see the Improvement 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see the see the Improvement 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see the see the Improvement 2 by
+two there was just one e no no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there was just one e no no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there was just one e no no problem
+but let me go up to this case suppose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me go up to this case suppose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me go up to this case suppose my
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+E21 suppose E21 has a has a minus two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 suppose E21 has a has a minus two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 suppose E21 has a has a minus two in
+there suppose that and now suppose oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there suppose that and now suppose oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there suppose that and now suppose oh
+I'll even suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even suppose
+E31 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E31 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E31 is the
+identity so I'll just I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so I'll just I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so I'll just I'm just going to
+I'm going to make the point with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make the point with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make the point with just a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+these okay now this guy will have do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay now this guy will have do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay now this guy will have do
+something now let let's suppose -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now let let's suppose -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now let let's suppose -
+5 what okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temp that's a typical case in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp that's a typical case in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp that's a typical case in which we
+didn't need an E31 maybe we already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need an E31 maybe we already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need an E31 maybe we already had
+a zero in that 31 position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero in that 31 position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero in that 31 position
+okay let me see if that is that going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me see if that is that going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me see if that is that going to
+be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough
+to uh show my point let's let me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh show my point let's let me do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh show my point let's let me do that
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if I do that multiplication this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I do that multiplication this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I do that multiplication this
+is it's like good practice to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like good practice to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like good practice to multiply
+these matrices tell me what's above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices tell me what's above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices tell me what's above the
+diagonal when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal when I do this
+multiplication all zeros when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication all zeros when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication all zeros when I do this
+multiplication I'm going to get ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I'm going to get ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I'm going to get ones on
+the diagonal and Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above because what does that say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above because what does that say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above because what does that say that
+says that I'm subtracting rows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that I'm subtracting rows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that I'm subtracting rows from
+lower rows so nothing nothing is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rows so nothing nothing is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rows so nothing nothing is moving
+upwards as it did last time in in G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards as it did last time in in G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards as it did last time in in G
+Jordan okay now so really the uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan okay now so really the uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan okay now so really the uh what I
+have to do is check this - 2 1 Z now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is check this - 2 1 Z now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is check this - 2 1 Z now
+this is so what am I what's that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so what am I what's that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so what am I what's that number
+that this is the number that I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the number that I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the number that I'm really
+have in mind that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind that number
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+10 and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and this one
+is what goes here Row three against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what goes here Row three against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what goes here Row three against
+column two looks like the minus5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it's that 10 how did that 10 get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's that 10 how did that 10 get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's that 10 how did that 10 get in
+there I don't like that 10 I mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't like that 10 I mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't like that 10 I mean of
+course I don't want to erase it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I don't want to erase it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I don't want to erase it because
+it's right but I don't wanted that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right but I don't wanted that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right but I don't wanted that uh
+it's because the 10 got in there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the 10 got in there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the 10 got in there because
+I subtracted two of Row one from row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtracted two of Row one from row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtracted two of Row one from row two
+and then I subtracted five of that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I subtracted five of that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I subtracted five of that new
+row two from Row three so doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two from Row three so doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two from Row three so doing it in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+order how did Row one affect Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order how did Row one affect Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order how did Row one affect Row
+three well it did cuz two of it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well it did cuz two of it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well it did cuz two of it got
+removed from row two and then five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from row two and then five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from row two and then five of
+those got removed from Row three so alog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those got removed from Row three so alog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those got removed from Row three so alog
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+10 of Row one got got thrown into Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of Row one got got thrown into Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of Row one got got thrown into Row
+three now my point is in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now my point is in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now my point is in the reverse
+Direction so now I can do now I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so now I can do now I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so now I can do now I'll do
+below it I'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverses okay and of course opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses okay and of course opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses okay and of course opposite
+order reverse order reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order okay so now this is going to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so now this is going to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so now this is going to this
+is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the
+E that go goes on the left side left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that go goes on the left side left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E that go goes on the left side left of
+a now I'm going to do the inverses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now I'm going to do the inverses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now I'm going to do the inverses in
+the opposite order so what's the so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order so what's the so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order so what's the so so
+the opposite order means I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order means I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order means I put this
+Inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inverse
+First and what is its inverse what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and what is its inverse what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and what is its inverse what's the
+inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of
+E21 same thing with a plus sign right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 same thing with a plus sign right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 same thing with a plus sign right
+for for this for the individual matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this for the individual matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this for the individual matrices
+instead of taking away two I add back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking away two I add back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking away two I add back
+two of Row one to row two so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and now in reverse order I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now in reverse order I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now in reverse order I want
+to invert that just just right I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert that just just right I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert that just just right I'm doing
+just this this so now the inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this so now the inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this so now the inverse is
+again the same thing but add in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five and now I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and now I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and now I'll do that
+multiplication and I'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and I'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and I'll get a
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I
+hope did I do it right so far yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope did I do it right so far yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope did I do it right so far yes okay
+let me do the multiplication I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the multiplication I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the multiplication I believe
+this comes out so Row one of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out so Row one of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out so Row one of the answer
+is 1 0 oh I know that all this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 0 oh I know that all this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 0 oh I know that all this is going
+to be that right then I have 2 1 0 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that right then I have 2 1 0 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that right then I have 2 1 0 so I
+get 2 1 0 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2 1 0 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2 1 0 there
+right and what's the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's the third
+row what's the third row in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product just read it out to me the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product just read it out to me the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product just read it out to me the third
+row 0 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row 0 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row 0 5
+1 because I I mean one way to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because I I mean one way to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because I I mean one way to say is
+this is saying take one of the last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying take one of the last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying take one of the last row
+and there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is
+and this is my Matrix L and it's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my Matrix L and it's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my Matrix L and it's the one
+that goes to the left it goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to the left it goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to the left it goes on the
+left of you it goes into this is by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of you it goes into this is by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of you it goes into this is by what
+do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean
+here maybe maybe rather than saying left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe maybe rather than saying left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe maybe rather than saying left
+of a left of U let me write down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a left of U let me write down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a left of U let me write down again
+what I mean e a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean e a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean e a is
+U whereas a is l u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U whereas a is l u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U whereas a is l u
+okay let let me let me make the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let me let me make the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let me let me make the point
+now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+words the the order that the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the the order that the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the the order that the matrices
+come for L is the right order the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come for L is the right order the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come for L is the right order the two
+and the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of
+interfere to produce this tent in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere to produce this tent in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere to produce this tent in the in
+the right order the multipliers just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order the multipliers just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order the multipliers just sit
+in the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Matrix
+L that's that's the point that the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that's that's the point that the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that's that's the point that the so
+that that if I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if I want to know
+l i I have no work to do I just keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i I have no work to do I just keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i I have no work to do I just keep a
+record of what those multipliers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of what those multipliers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of what those multipliers were
+and that gives me l so so I'll I'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me l so so I'll I'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me l so so I'll I'll draw
+the draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let let me let me state so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let let me let me state so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let let me let me state so this is
+this is the AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the AAL
+Lu so if no row exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multipliers those numbers that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers those numbers that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers those numbers that we
+multiplied rows by and subtracted when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied rows by and subtracted when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied rows by and subtracted when
+we did an elimination steps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did an elimination steps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did an elimination steps the
+multipliers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into
+L okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so so L is this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so L is this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so L is this is the way
+uh to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to look at
+elimination that uh the you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination that uh the you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination that uh the you go through
+the elimination steps and actually if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elimination steps and actually if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elimination steps and actually if if
+you do it right you can you can throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it right you can you can throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it right you can you can throw
+away a as you create L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andu it if you think about it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andu it if you think about it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andu it if you think about it though
+steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of
+elimination as you when you've done when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination as you when you've done when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination as you when you've done when
+you've finished with row two of a you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've finished with row two of a you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've finished with row two of a you've
+created a new row two of U which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a new row two of U which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a new row two of U which you
+have to save and you've created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save and you've created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save and you've created the
+multipliers that you used which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that you used which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that you used which you have
+to save and then you can forget hey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save and then you can forget hey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save and then you can forget hey so
+the because it's all there in L and U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because it's all there in L and U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because it's all there in L and U so
+that's uh that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's like
+I this may this moment is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this may this moment is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this may this moment is maybe
+the the new uh Insight in elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new uh Insight in elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new uh Insight in elimination
+that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes
+from Matrix doing it in Matrix form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Matrix doing it in Matrix form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Matrix doing it in Matrix form so
+it was the product of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the product of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the product of of
+ease is we we can't see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease is we we can't see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease is we we can't see what that
+product of ease is that the Matrix e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of ease is that the Matrix e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of ease is that the Matrix e is
+not particularly attractive what's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly attractive what's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly attractive what's great
+is when we put them on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we put them on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we put them on the other side
+they're inverses in the opposite order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inverses in the opposite order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inverses in the opposite order
+there the L comes out just F okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the L comes out just F okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the L comes out just F okay
+now oh gosh so today is a sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh gosh so today is a sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh gosh so today is a sort of like
+practical day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical day
+uh can I can we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I can we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I can we think
+together how expensive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how expensive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how expensive is
+elimination how much how many operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how much how many operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how much how many operations
+do we do so I so this is now kind of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do so I so this is now kind of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do so I so this is now kind of new
+topic which I didn't list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which I didn't list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which I didn't list
+as on the program but here it came here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as on the program but here it came here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as on the program but here it came here
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+comes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations on an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on an N byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on an N byn
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a I mean it's a very practical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean it's a very practical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean it's a very practical question
+can can we can we solve systems of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can we can we solve systems of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can we can we solve systems of order
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+thousand uh in a second or a minute or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand uh in a second or a minute or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand uh in a second or a minute or a
+week can we solve systems of order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week can we solve systems of order a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week can we solve systems of order a
+million in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in a
+second or an hour or a week I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or an hour or a week I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or an hour or a week I mean
+what's the if it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the if it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the if it's n
+byn we we often want to take in bigger I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn we we often want to take in bigger I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn we we often want to take in bigger I
+mean we put in more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we put in more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we put in more information
+we make the the whole thing is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the the whole thing is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the the whole thing is more
+accurate for the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate for the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate for the bigger
+Matrix but it's more expensive too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but it's more expensive too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but it's more expensive too and
+the question is how much more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much more expensive
+if I go if I have uh matrices of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go if I have uh matrices of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go if I have uh matrices of order
+100 let's say 100 by 100 let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 let's say 100 by 100 let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 let's say 100 by 100 let me let me
+take n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n to be
+100 say n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 say n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 say n equal
+100 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 how
+many steps are we doing how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps are we doing how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps are we doing how many
+operations are we actually doing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are we actually doing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are we actually doing that we
+that or or not we the and let's Suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or or not we the and let's Suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or or not we the and let's Suppose
+there aren't any zeros cuz of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any zeros cuz of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any zeros cuz of course if
+the if the Matrix has got a lot of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the Matrix has got a lot of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the Matrix has got a lot of zeros
+in good places we don't have to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good places we don't have to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good places we don't have to do those
+operations and uh it'll be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and uh it'll be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and uh it'll be much
+faster but so just think for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster but so just think for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster but so just think for a moment
+about the first step so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first step so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first step so here's our
+Matrix a 100 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a 100 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a 100 by
+100 and the first step will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and the first step will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and the first step will
+be that column is got zeros down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that column is got zeros down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that column is got zeros down
+here so it's it's down to 99 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's it's down to 99 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's it's down to 99 by
+99 right that that that's really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 right that that that's really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 right that that that's really like
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first uh stage of elimination to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh stage of elimination to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh stage of elimination to get
+from this 100 by 100 nonzero Matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this 100 by 100 nonzero Matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this 100 by 100 nonzero Matrix to
+this stage where the first pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage where the first pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage where the first pivot is
+sitting up here and the first row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting up here and the first row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting up here and the first row is
+okay and the first column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the first column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the first column is
+okay so essentially I what did how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially I what did how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially I what did how many
+steps did that take you see I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps did that take you see I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps did that take you see I'm I'm
+trying to get an idea is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get an idea is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get an idea is the
+answer proportional to n is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer proportional to n is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer proportional to n is the is the
+total number of steps in elimination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of steps in elimination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of steps in elimination the
+total number is at proportional to n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number is at proportional to n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number is at proportional to n in
+which case if I double n from 100 to 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case if I double n from 100 to 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case if I double n from 100 to 200
+does it take me twice as long does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take me twice as long does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take me twice as long does it
+Square so it would take me four times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so it would take me four times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so it would take me four times as
+long does it Cube so it would take me 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it Cube so it would take me 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it Cube so it would take me 8
+times as long or is it n factorial so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as long or is it n factorial so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as long or is it n factorial so it
+would take me 100 times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take me 100 times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take me 100 times as
+long I I think you know from a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I I think you know from a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I I think you know from a practical
+point of view we have to have some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view we have to have some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view we have to have some idea
+of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost
+here so so the these are the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the these are the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the these are the questions
+let me ask those questions again is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask those questions again is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask those questions again is it
+proportional it does it go like n like N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional it does it go like n like N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional it does it go like n like N
+squared like n cubed like some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared like n cubed like some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared like n cubed like some higher
+power of n like n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of n like n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of n like n factorial
+where where every step up multiplies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where every step up multiplies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where every step up multiplies by
+100 and then by 101 and then by 102
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and then by 101 and then by 102
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and then by 101 and then by 102
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+it okay so that's the only way I know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that's the only way I know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that's the only way I know to
+answer that is to is to Think Through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that is to is to Think Through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that is to is to Think Through
+what we actually had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually had to
+do okay so how much what was the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so how much what was the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so how much what was the cost
+here well let's see what do I mean by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let's see what do I mean by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let's see what do I mean by an
+operation I guess I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well an addition or yeah no big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well an addition or yeah no big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well an addition or yeah no big deal
+I guess I mean an addition or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I mean an addition or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I mean an addition or a
+subtraction or a multiplication or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction or a multiplication or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction or a multiplication or a
+division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division
+okay uh and actually what operation am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and actually what operation am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and actually what operation am I
+doing all the time I'm I'm uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the time I'm I'm uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the time I'm I'm uh when I
+when I multiply Row one by a multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply Row one by a multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply Row one by a multiplier
+L and I subtract from row six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's happening there individually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening there individually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening there individually what
+what's the what's going on if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's going on if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's going on if I multiply
+I do a multiplication by L and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a multiplication by L and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a multiplication by L and then a
+subtraction so I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction so I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction so I I guess
+operation can I count that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation can I count that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation can I count that for the
+moment as like one operation or you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment as like one operation or you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment as like one operation or you may
+want to count them separately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count them separately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count them separately the
+typical operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical operation is
+multiply plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtract so if I count those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh my answer is going to come out half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my answer is going to come out half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my answer is going to come out half
+as many as if if I count them separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many as if if I count them separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many as if if I count them separately
+I'd have a certain number of multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a certain number of multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a certain number of multiplies
+certain number of subtracts that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of subtracts that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of subtracts that that's
+really what I want to do okay how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I want to do okay how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I want to do okay how many
+have I got here so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got here so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got here so uh I
+think let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think let's
+see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about well how many roughly how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well how many roughly how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well how many roughly how many
+operations to to get from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to to get from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to to get from here to here
+well maybe one way to look at it is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe one way to look at it is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe one way to look at it is all
+these numbers had to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers had to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers had to get
+changed all the first row didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed all the first row didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed all the first row didn't get
+changed but but all the other rows got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but but all the other rows got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but but all the other rows got
+changed at this step so this step well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at this step so this step well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at this step so this step well I
+guess maybe shall I say it cost about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe shall I say it cost about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe shall I say it cost about
+this cost about about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar I mean if I Chang the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar I mean if I Chang the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar I mean if I Chang the first row
+then then it would have been exactly 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it would have been exactly 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it would have been exactly 100
+squar because CU that's how many numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar because CU that's how many numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar because CU that's how many numbers
+are here 100 100 squared numbers is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here 100 100 squared numbers is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here 100 100 squared numbers is the
+is the total count of the entries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total count of the entries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total count of the entries and
+all but this insignificant first row got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but this insignificant first row got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but this insignificant first row got
+changed so I would say about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so I would say about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so I would say about 100
+squared okay now what about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step so now the first row is fine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now the first row is fine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now the first row is fine the
+second row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row is
+fine and I'm changing and these zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and I'm changing and these zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and I'm changing and these zeros
+are all fine so what's what's up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all fine so what's what's up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all fine so what's what's up at the
+second step and then you're with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step and then you're with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step and then you're with me
+roughly what's the cost if this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what's the cost if this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what's the cost if this if this
+first step cost 100 squar about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step cost 100 squar about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step cost 100 squar about
+operations then this one which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations then this one which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations then this one which is really
+working on this guy to produce this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this guy to produce this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this guy to produce this cost
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what how many operations to fix about 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how many operations to fix about 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how many operations to fix about 99
+squ or 99 * 98 but less right less cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ or 99 * 98 but less right less cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ or 99 * 98 but less right less cuz
+our problem is getting smaller about 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem is getting smaller about 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem is getting smaller about 99
+squar and then I go down and down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and then I go down and down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and then I go down and down the
+next one will be 98 Square the next 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one will be 98 Square the next 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one will be 98 Square the next 97
+squar and finally I'm down around 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and finally I'm down around 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and finally I'm down around 1
+squar or where it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar or where it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar or where it's just
+like just Little Numbers the big numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just Little Numbers the big numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just Little Numbers the big numbers
+are here so the the number of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here so the the number of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here so the the number of operation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+about N2 plus that was n right n was 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about N2 plus that was n right n was 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about N2 plus that was n right n was 100
+it n s for the first step then n -1 2ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it n s for the first step then n -1 2ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it n s for the first step then n -1 2ar
+then N - 2 2ar finally down to 3 2 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then N - 2 2ar finally down to 3 2 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then N - 2 2ar finally down to 3 2 and 2
+2 and even 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SAR no way I should have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR no way I should have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR no way I should have written
+that squeeze that in let me try so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeeze that in let me try so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeeze that in let me try so the
+count is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count is
+n^2 + n -1 squ plus all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 + n -1 squ plus all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 + n -1 squ plus all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s that's that's a pretty decent count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's that's a pretty decent count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's that's a pretty decent count
+yeah admittedly we didn't we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah admittedly we didn't we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah admittedly we didn't we didn't
+catch every single tiny operation but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch every single tiny operation but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch every single tiny operation but we
+got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the right
+uh the the right leading term here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the right leading term here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the right leading term here and
+what do those add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do those add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do those add up
+to okay so now we're at we're coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so now we're at we're coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so now we're at we're coming to
+the punch of this uh question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch of this uh question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch of this uh question this
+operation count so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation count so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation count so this is the
+operations on the left side on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the left side on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the left side on The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+a to finally get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and anybody so which of which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and anybody so which of which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and anybody so which of which of
+these uh quantities is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh quantities is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh quantities is the right
+ballpark for that count if I add 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark for that count if I add 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark for that count if I add 100
+squar to 99 s to 98 squ 97 squar all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar to 99 s to 98 squ 97 squar all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar to 99 s to 98 squ 97 squar all the
+way down 2 squar and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared what what what am I what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared what what what am I what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared what what what am I what have I
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+about it's it's one of these so tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's it's one of these so tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's it's one of these so tell
+let's identify it first is it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's identify it first is it n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's identify it first is it n
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+not is it is it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is it is it n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is it is it n
+factorial no if it was n factorial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial no if it was n factorial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial no if it was n factorial we
+would with determinance it is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would with determinance it is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would with determinance it is n
+factorial I'll put in a bad Mark against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial I'll put in a bad Mark against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial I'll put in a bad Mark against
+determinance because that that uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinance because that that uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinance because that that uh okay
+so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is
+it it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's and
+well this is the answer it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the answer it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the answer it's it's it's
+it's this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this order
+NQ it's like I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NQ it's like I have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NQ it's like I have n
+terms right I've got n terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right I've got n terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right I've got n terms in
+sum uh and the biggest one is n s so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh and the biggest one is n s so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh and the biggest one is n s so the
+the the worst it could be would be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the worst it could be would be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the worst it could be would be n
+cubed but it's not as bad as it's n Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but it's not as bad as it's n Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but it's not as bad as it's n Cub
+times there's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there's a it's
+about 1/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1/3 of
+NQ that's the that's the magic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NQ that's the that's the magic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NQ that's the that's the magic uh
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C somehow that oneir takes account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C somehow that oneir takes account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C somehow that oneir takes account of
+the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that
+the the numbers are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the numbers are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the numbers are getting
+smaller if they weren't getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller if they weren't getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller if they weren't getting smaller
+we would have n terms times n s would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have n terms times n s would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have n terms times n s would be
+exactly n Cub but our numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n Cub but our numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n Cub but our numbers are
+getting smaller actually do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller actually do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller actually do you remember
+where where does 1/3 come in this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where does 1/3 come in this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where does 1/3 come in this I'll
+I'll even allow a mention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even allow a mention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even allow a mention of
+calculus so calculus can be mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so calculus can be mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so calculus can be mentioned
+integration can be mentioned now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration can be mentioned now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration can be mentioned now in the
+next minute and and not again for weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next minute and and not again for weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next minute and and not again for weeks
+it's not that I don't like 1801 but 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that I don't like 1801 but 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that I don't like 1801 but 1806
+is better okay so uh so what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better okay so uh so what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better okay so uh so what's what's
+the calculus formula that that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculus formula that that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculus formula that that looks
+like it looks like an a sum is like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it looks like an a sum is like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it looks like an a sum is like if
+we were in calculus instead of summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in calculus instead of summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in calculus instead of summing
+stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we
+would integrate so I would integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would integrate so I would integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would integrate so I would integrate
+X2 and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and I would
+get 1/3 x cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1/3 x cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1/3 x cub
+so so if that was like an integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if that was like an integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if that was like an integral from
+1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to
+n of x^2 DX it the answer would be 1/3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x^2 DX it the answer would be 1/3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x^2 DX it the answer would be 1/3 n
+cub and it's correct for the sum also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and it's correct for the sum also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and it's correct for the sum also
+because that's like the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's like the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's like the whole point of
+calculus the whole point of calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the whole point of calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the whole point of calculus is
+oh I don't want to tell you the I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't want to tell you the I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't want to tell you the I mean
+you know the whole point of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole point of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole point of calculus
+calculus is like sums except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is like sums except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is like sums except it's
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+okay and we're and algebra is discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're and algebra is discreete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're and algebra is discreete
+okay so the answer is 1/3 NQ now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer is 1/3 NQ now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer is 1/3 NQ now I'll
+just let me let me say one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me let me say one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me let me say one more thing
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+operations what about the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations what about the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations what about the right hand
+side this was what it cost on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this was what it cost on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this was what it cost on the left
+sub count this is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a this is a that we're working with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a that we're working with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a that we're working with but
+what's the cost on the extra column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost on the extra column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost on the extra column
+Vector B that we're we're hanging around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector B that we're we're hanging around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector B that we're we're hanging around
+here so B B costs a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so B B costs a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so B B costs a lot less
+obviously cuz it's just one column we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously cuz it's just one column we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously cuz it's just one column we
+carry it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it through
+elimination and then actually we do back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and then actually we do back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and then actually we do back
+substitution let me just tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution let me just tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution let me just tell you the
+answer there it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there it's n
+s so the cost for every right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so the cost for every right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so the cost for every right hand side
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n² so let me I'll just fit that in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² so let me I'll just fit that in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² so let me I'll just fit that in here
+for the rights for the the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rights for the the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rights for the the cost of
+B of B turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of B turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of B turns out to be
+n²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n²
+so you see if we have as we often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see if we have as we often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see if we have as we often have
+uh a matrix a and several right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a matrix a and several right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a matrix a and several right hand
+sides uh then we pay the price on a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides uh then we pay the price on a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides uh then we pay the price on a the
+higher price on a to get it split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price on a to get it split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price on a to get it split up
+into L and U to do elimin on a but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into L and U to do elimin on a but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into L and U to do elimin on a but then
+we can process every right hand side at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can process every right hand side at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can process every right hand side at
+at low cost okay so the the that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low cost okay so the the that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low cost okay so the the that's we
+really have discussed the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have discussed the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have discussed the most
+fundamental algorithm of uh of for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental algorithm of uh of for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental algorithm of uh of for a
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+okay so uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to
+allow roow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow roow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow roow
+exchanges I'm ready to allow now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges I'm ready to allow now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges I'm ready to allow now what
+happens to this whole today's lecture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this whole today's lecture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this whole today's lecture if
+there are row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanges when would there be row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges when would there be row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges when would there be row
+exchanges there row we need to do row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges there row we need to do row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges there row we need to do row
+exchanges if a zero shows up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges if a zero shows up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges if a zero shows up in the
+pivot position so I'm I'm moving then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot position so I'm I'm moving then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot position so I'm I'm moving then
+into the final section of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the final section of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the final section of this
+chapter which is about transposes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which is about transposes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which is about transposes well
+we've already seen some transposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so what's the the ti the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so what's the the ti the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so what's the the ti the title of
+this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um transposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutation okay so can I say now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation okay so can I say now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation okay so can I say now where
+does a permutation come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a permutation come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a permutation come
+in let me talk a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in let me talk a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in let me talk a little about
+permutation so that'll be up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so that'll be up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so that'll be up here
+permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the matrices that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the matrices that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the matrices that I need to
+do row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do row
+exchanges and I may have to do two row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and I may have to do two row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and I may have to do two row
+exchanges is it can you invent a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges is it can you invent a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges is it can you invent a matrix
+where I would have to do two row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would have to do two row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would have to do two row
+exchanges and then it would come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and then it would come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and then it would come out
+fine yeah let's just for the heck of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine yeah let's just for the heck of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine yeah let's just for the heck of it
+uh so I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'll put it
+here let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me do
+3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3
+actually why don't I just plain list all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why don't I just plain list all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why don't I just plain list all
+the 3X3 permutation matrices they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3X3 permutation matrices they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3X3 permutation matrices they're a
+nice little group of them what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little group of them what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little group of them what are all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+that exchange no rows at all well I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exchange no rows at all well I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exchange no rows at all well I'll
+include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity so that's a permutation Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so that's a permutation Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so that's a permutation Matrix
+that doesn't do anything now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't do anything now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't do anything now what's the
+permutation Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation Matrix that
+exchanges what is P1 2 the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges what is P1 2 the permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges what is P1 2 the permutation
+Matrix that exchanges rows one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that exchanges rows one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that exchanges rows one and two
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 1
+0 1 0 0 right I just exchanged those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 0 0 right I just exchanged those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 0 0 right I just exchanged those
+rows of the identity and I've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows of the identity and I've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows of the identity and I've got it
+okay actually I'll yeah let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I'll yeah let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I'll yeah let me let me
+not clut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay give me a complete list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay give me a complete list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay give me a complete list of all
+the row exchange matrices so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row exchange matrices so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row exchange matrices so what are
+they they're all the ways I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're all the ways I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're all the ways I can take the
+identity Matrix and rearrange its rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix and rearrange its rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix and rearrange its rows
+how how many will there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how many will there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how many will there
+be how many 3x3 permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how many 3x3 permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how many 3x3 permutation
+matrices should we keep going and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices should we keep going and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices should we keep going and get
+the answer so tell me some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay what one are you going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what one are you going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what one are you going to do
+now I'm switch rows one and three one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm switch rows one and three one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm switch rows one and three one
+and three okay one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three okay one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three okay one and
+three leaving two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three leaving two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three leaving two
+alone okay now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone okay now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone okay now what
+else switch what are we the next easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else switch what are we the next easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else switch what are we the next easy
+one is switch two and three good so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is switch two and three good so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is switch two and three good so I'll
+leave one0 alone and I'll switch I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave one0 alone and I'll switch I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave one0 alone and I'll switch I'll
+move number three up and number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move number three up and number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move number three up and number two
+down okay those are the ones that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay those are the ones that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay those are the ones that just
+exchange single single a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange single single a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange single single a pair of
+roads this guy this guy and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads this guy this guy and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads this guy this guy and this guy
+exchanges a pair of roads but now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges a pair of roads but now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges a pair of roads but now there
+are more possibilities what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more possibilities what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more possibilities what are they
+what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's
+left so tell there is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so tell there is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so tell there is another one
+here what's that change it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's that change it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's that change it's going to
+move it's going to change all rows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it's going to change all rows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it's going to change all rows right
+what where should we put them so give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where should we put them so give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where should we put them so give me
+a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first
+row 0 1 0 okay now a second row say 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row 0 1 0 okay now a second row say 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row 0 1 0 okay now a second row say 0 0
+1 and the third guy 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the third guy 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the third guy 1 0
+0 so that that is like a cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so that that is like a cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so that that is like a cycle that
+puts row two moves up to row one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts row two moves up to row one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts row two moves up to row one row
+three moves up to row two and Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three moves up to row two and Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three moves up to row two and Row one
+moves down to row three and there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down to row three and there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down to row three and there's one
+more which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more which which
+is let's see H what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left is it 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is it 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is it 0 0 1
+okay 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 1 0 0
+okay 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great six six
+of 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and and they're sort of nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and and they're sort of nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and and they're sort of nice because
+what happens if I like um multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I like um multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I like um multiply two
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+together if I multiply two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if I multiply two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if I multiply two of these
+matrices together what can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices together what can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices together what can you tell me
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+answer it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's on the
+list if I if I do some row exchanges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list if I if I do some row exchanges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list if I if I do some row exchanges and
+then I do some more row exchanges then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do some more row exchanges then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do some more row exchanges then
+altogether I've done row exchanges so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether I've done row exchanges so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether I've done row exchanges so if
+I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply
+but I don't know and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know and if I
+invert then just doing row exchanges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert then just doing row exchanges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert then just doing row exchanges to
+get back again so the inverses are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back again so the inverses are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back again so the inverses are all
+there it's it's a it's a little family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's it's a it's a little family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's it's a it's a little family
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+matrices that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that like
+uh they've got their own If I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they've got their own If I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they've got their own If I multiply
+I'm still inside this group if I invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still inside this group if I invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still inside this group if I invert
+I'm inside this group actually group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm inside this group actually group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm inside this group actually group is
+the right name for this it's a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right name for this it's a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right name for this it's a group of
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+matrices and what about the inverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and what about the inverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and what about the inverses
+what's the inverse of this guy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inverse of this guy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inverse of this guy for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+what's the inverse if I exchange rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inverse if I exchange rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inverse if I exchange rows
+one and two what's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two what's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two what's the inverse
+Matrix just tell me fast the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just tell me fast the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just tell me fast the inverse of
+that Matrix is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix is if I
+is if I exchange rows one and two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I exchange rows one and two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I exchange rows one and two then
+what I should do back to get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should do back to get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should do back to get back to
+where I started is the same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I started is the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I started is the same thing so
+this thing is its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is its own
+inverse this is that's probably its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this is that's probably its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this is that's probably its own
+inverse this is not actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this is not actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this is not actually I think
+these are inverses of each other oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are inverses of each other oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are inverses of each other oh yeah
+actually the inverse is the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the inverse is the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the inverse is the transpose
+there's a curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a curious
+fact about permutation matrices that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about permutation matrices that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about permutation matrices that the
+inverses are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses are the
+transposed and final moment how many are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed and final moment how many are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed and final moment how many are
+there if I how many 4x4 permutation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if I how many 4x4 permutation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if I how many 4x4 permutation so
+let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take
+4x4 how many P's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay make a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay make a good
+guess 24 right 24 P okay so uh we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess 24 right 24 P okay so uh we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess 24 right 24 P okay so uh we've got
+these permutation matrixes and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these permutation matrixes and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these permutation matrixes and in the
+next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh
+lecture uh we use them so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we use them so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we use them so the next
+lecture finishes chapter two and move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture finishes chapter two and move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture finishes chapter two and move to
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+3 thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N-VHewPgPP8.txt b/N-VHewPgPP8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4acf004bd15df71a75f89f228436b03e289ea2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N-VHewPgPP8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are three main communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main communication
+skills that students will learn through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that students will learn through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that students will learn through
+the process of doing lab work in junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of doing lab work in junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of doing lab work in junior
+lab the main one is doing oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the main one is doing oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the main one is doing oral
+presentations the type of talks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations the type of talks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations the type of talks that
+somebody would give at a conference at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would give at a conference at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would give at a conference at
+typically 12 to 15 minute type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 12 to 15 minute type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 12 to 15 minute type
+professional level talk with some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional level talk with some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional level talk with some sort
+of usually with electronic slides like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of usually with electronic slides like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of usually with electronic slides like a
+PowerPoint or something like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint or something like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint or something like that the
+second one is we write papers they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is we write papers they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is we write papers they write
+papers in the style of the Physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in the style of the Physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in the style of the Physical
+Review Letters which is more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Review Letters which is more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Review Letters which is more or less the
+most important journal in physics it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important journal in physics it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important journal in physics it's a
+very constrained format it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very constrained format it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very constrained format it's it's a
+maximum of four pages two columns it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of four pages two columns it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of four pages two columns it's
+written for a generalist physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for a generalist physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for a generalist physicist
+audience you know so it's somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you know so it's somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you know so it's somebody who's
+your professional peer but is may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professional peer but is may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professional peer but is may not
+working in your maybe it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in your maybe it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in your maybe it may not be
+working in your direct research field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in your direct research field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in your direct research field
+so writing a Physical Review letter is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so writing a Physical Review letter is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so writing a Physical Review letter is a
+is a it is a challenge both as a writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a it is a challenge both as a writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a it is a challenge both as a writer
+as in a researcher so the students get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in a researcher so the students get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in a researcher so the students get a
+lot of practice in that over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of practice in that over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of practice in that over the course
+of eight thirteen the third mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight thirteen the third mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight thirteen the third mode of
+communication which students will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication which students will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication which students will get a
+lot of practice with in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of practice with in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of practice with in the course of
+doing lab work in a 13 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lab work in a 13 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lab work in a 13 is just
+communicating with a peer working as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with a peer working as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with a peer working as
+part of a team learning to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a team learning to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a team learning to listen to
+what your partner is saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your partner is saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your partner is saying and
+understand what they mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they mean by that
+learning to be patient with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to be patient with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to be patient with people
+learning to explain yourself in live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to explain yourself in live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to explain yourself in live
+time with somebody that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with somebody that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with somebody that you're trying to
+cooperate with to achieve some goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate with to achieve some goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate with to achieve some goal
+having to make decisions having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to make decisions having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to make decisions having to
+negotiate decisions when you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate decisions when you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate decisions when you think the
+most important measurement to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important measurement to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important measurement to make is
+this and your partner thinks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and your partner thinks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and your partner thinks the
+important measurement to make is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important measurement to make is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important measurement to make is that
+working through those sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working through those sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working through those sort of
+interpersonal types of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal types of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal types of communication
+they get lots of practice for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get lots of practice for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get lots of practice for that
+whether they like it or not
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N6rt_YxXuoA.txt b/N6rt_YxXuoA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3005eb3f956450e562152276abe1bcdc84366b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N6rt_YxXuoA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2031 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture, I would like
+to continue with our
+
+discussion of solution methods
+that we use to solve the
+
+finite element equations in
+nonlinear static analysis.
+
+We considered already in the
+previous lecture a number of
+
+solution techniques to solve
+this set of equations.
+
+t plus delta tr is equal to t
+plus delta tf, where t plus
+
+delta tr is the load vector of
+externally applied loads at
+
+time t plus delta t, and t plus
+tf is a nodal point force
+
+vector corresponding to the
+internal element stresses at
+
+time t plus delta t.
+
+We talked about the full
+Newton-Raphson method, the
+
+modified Newton-Raphson method,
+the BFGS method, the
+
+initial stress method,
+and we discussed
+
+also convergence criteria.
+
+I've summarized here the
+equations corresponding to the
+
+modified Newton iteration.
+
+Now, a distinguishing feature
+of these solution techniques
+
+is that the analyst has to
+prescribe the externally
+
+applied load vector
+
+corresponding to all load steps.
+
+This means schematically that
+if you have this kind of
+
+displacement load curve, or load
+displacement curve, shown
+
+here in red, the analyst has
+to prescribe prior to the
+
+analysis the load levels at
+which the response is sought.
+
+I've here indicated 1r as a load
+level corresponding to
+
+load step one, 2r as a load
+level corresponding to load
+
+step two, et cetera.
+
+Of course, the corresponding
+solutions that the analyst is
+
+looking for are the
+displacements.
+
+Now, what might very well happen
+in practical analysis
+
+is that the analyst chooses
+certain load levels, and at
+
+the particular load level
+convergence difficulties are
+
+encountered.
+
+Too many iterations are required
+to converge, for
+
+example, in a reasonable cost.
+
+And typically, say, if this
+happens at this load step
+
+here, the analyst decides
+to restock.
+
+And this means that a solution
+corresponding to r4 here was
+
+not obtained.
+
+I'm scratching that out.
+
+And the analyst restarts now
+with a smaller load step,
+
+namely indicated by these
+green lines here.
+
+The solution is obtained
+corresponding to that
+
+configuration, corresponding
+to that configuration, that
+
+configuration, which corresponds
+in this particular
+
+case now, to the level of r4,
+because we have three load
+
+steps to reach now r4.
+
+And say, at this point now,
+again, for example, we may
+
+encounter solution
+difficulties.
+
+The analyst is not able to
+obtain this solution here.
+
+Once again, the load step
+has to be smaller.
+
+To continue the analysis, a
+restart is necessary at this
+
+particular configuration.
+
+And like this the analyst tries
+to get closer and closer
+
+to the collapse load.
+
+The conclusion is that we have
+difficulties in calculating
+
+the collapse loads when we
+use the techniques that I
+
+described in the last lecture.
+
+Of course, if you restart
+enough, if you use small
+
+enough to load steps, you will
+ultimately get very close to
+
+this collapse load, but this
+is tedious in a practical
+
+analysis, and we would like to
+have really an automatic
+
+scheme that directly can trace
+out the collapse load and you
+
+can also go into the
+post-collapse response, which
+
+is the response beyond this
+ultimate limit load here.
+
+Well, I've prepared some view
+graphs to show you, discuss
+
+with you, a solution technique
+that actually can be employed
+
+to trace automatically load
+displacement response out, and
+
+go beyond the collapse
+load, as well.
+
+The idea is that we want to
+obtain more rapid convergence
+
+in each load step.
+
+We want to have the program
+automatically select load
+
+increments.
+
+And we want to also be
+able to solve for the
+
+post-buckling response.
+
+Now, this here means, of course,
+that a priori, prior
+
+to the analysis, you may not
+know, in fact you do not know,
+
+for which loads you will
+obtain the solution.
+
+We get the total load
+displacement response curve,
+
+but the discrete load levels
+at which the response was
+
+calculated is being decided
+by the program.
+
+An effective solution would
+proceed as follows,
+
+schematically, of course.
+
+Here we have the load axis.
+
+Here we have the displacement
+axis.
+
+The solution scheme would
+start with large load
+
+increments in the region where
+the response is almost linear,
+
+then cut the load increments
+to a smaller size, and
+
+capture, of course, the ultimate
+limit load here, and
+
+then decrease the load, as shown
+here, to go into the
+
+post-buckling, post-collapse
+response.
+
+And the solution scheme, of
+course, could continue up this
+
+branch as well.
+
+And the solution scheme should
+automatically select the load
+
+step sizes, depending on the
+convergence that has been
+
+encountered in the previous
+load steps.
+
+We compute now, t plus delta tr
+using this equation here.
+
+Notice that in this equation,
+t plus delta t lambda is an
+
+unknown scaler that is going
+to be determined by the
+
+program, and r is a vector that
+gives a particular load
+
+distribution.
+
+r is constant.
+
+It may contain the contributions
+of soft surface
+
+pressures, of concentrated
+loads, et cetera.
+
+The point is that r is constant
+and the program will
+
+automatically adjust lambda.
+
+Therefore, we assume in our
+collapse analysis that the
+
+loads are increasing and
+decreasing all in the same way
+
+as decided by one scale.
+
+Of course, one could extend
+such an algorithm by
+
+introducing another vector,
+calling this r1, introducing a
+
+vector r2, with another
+scaler.
+
+And then have two scalers
+that have to be adjusted
+
+automatically by the program.
+
+And perhaps one can even think
+of three scalers, and so on,
+
+but then the algorithm would
+become quite complicated.
+
+So we look at a scheme that only
+has one scaler here, and
+
+one load vector that
+remains constant
+
+throughout the solution.
+
+As an example here, you
+see in blue the load
+
+intensity, t lambda r.
+
+Notice a concentrated load here,
+a pressure load here,
+
+and at the time t plus delta t
+we have the red intensity, t
+
+plus delta t lambda r, and of
+course this concentrated load
+
+has increased in the same way as
+the pressure has increased,
+
+as shown right here.
+
+The basic approach of the
+solution scheme is shown on
+
+this view graph.
+
+Here we have the low
+displacement curve that we are
+
+looking for, shown
+in red again.
+
+Of course, loads plotted
+vertically, displacements
+
+plotted horizontally.
+
+Now, notice that if this is an
+equilibrium point, the red
+
+dot, and if you as the analyst
+were to chose an increment in
+
+load shown by this
+black line--
+
+I'm putting my pointer
+now onto it--
+
+then you can see that this black
+line defined by this
+
+load increment would mean that
+we have a large number of
+
+iterations necessary.
+
+If you need a large number of
+iterations, to converge to the
+
+new equilibrium configuration.
+
+In fact, you can see that this
+red curve is almost parallel
+
+to the black line, so we can
+anticipate large convergence
+
+difficulties trying to get to
+a solution with the load
+
+increment being equal from
+here to that black line.
+
+The important feature of the
+algorithm that I want to
+
+present to you now, is that this
+load level is the first
+
+load level which we start in
+the iteration, but then the
+
+algorithm automatically cuts
+down this load level, as shown
+
+by this arc here, by the blue
+arc, until this equilibrium
+
+point is solved for.
+
+And this means that the
+convergence is much increased.
+
+In other words, the algorithm
+does not have great
+
+difficulties calculating this
+particular equilibrium point.
+
+And from here, of course,
+the same is repeated.
+
+And like this the algorithm
+goes along this red
+
+low-displacement curve, and
+traces this whole curve out.
+
+Let us look a bit at the
+notation that I will be using,
+
+because it's important
+that we get familiar
+
+with it at this stage.
+
+Notice t lambda r, of course,
+is the load at time t.
+
+The corresponding displacement
+is tu.
+
+We used that notation
+earlier already.
+
+Notice that the increment in
+displacement from time t to
+
+time t plus delta t is u,
+shown here in green.
+
+Notice that the increment in the
+load from time t to time t
+
+plus delta t is, of course,
+given by the change in this
+
+load factor here.
+
+And that change in the load
+factor is lambda.
+
+Now, this lambda value is also
+given in this equation here.
+
+It's buried in there.
+
+Notice this lambda of i here.
+
+We are writing it as a sum all
+of delta lambda k's We will
+
+solve for all these delta lambda
+k's And this lambda i,
+
+when i becomes very large,
+converges to the lambda that I
+
+have up here.
+
+Similarly, this ui which is
+written as the sum of the
+
+delta uk's this ui converges
+to the u
+
+that I'm showing here.
+
+So, u and lambda, shown in
+green here, are the exact
+
+values, the values that you
+want to converge to with
+
+lambda i and ui.
+
+Notice once again, delta lambda
+k, summing all these
+
+delta lambda k's up we get
+lambda i, and summing all the
+
+delta uk's up, we get ui.
+
+We should keep that in mind for
+the discussion that you
+
+want to go through just now.
+
+The governing equations
+are now as follows.
+
+On the left hand side we have
+a tension stiffness matrix.
+
+In the modified Newton iteration
+we would have tau
+
+equal to t.
+
+Delta ui is our displacement
+increment vector.
+
+This is here, this
+scaler, t plus
+
+delta t lambda i, unknown.
+
+This one we know.
+
+And that one we want to
+calculate in the iteration i.
+
+In other words, this is an
+increment that is unknown at
+
+the beginning of
+the iteration.
+
+Here we have the nodal point
+force vector corresponding to
+
+the elements stresses at time t
+plus delta t, and at the end
+
+of iteration i minus 1.
+
+Notice that this is a set of
+linear equations in the
+
+unknowns that are used.
+
+There are n such unknowns, and
+there's one more unknown here.
+
+So, we have n equations
+in n, plus 1 unknowns.
+
+We need, therefore,
+one more equation.
+
+And that equation is given by
+this constraint equation.
+
+The f here on delta lambda and
+delta u, some constraint
+
+equation here, gives us the
+additional equation that we
+
+need for the solution these n
+plus 1 coupled equations.
+
+The unknowns, of course,
+are these values here--
+
+n plus 1 unknowns.
+
+To solve these equilibrium
+equations, we can rewrite them
+
+as shown here.
+
+In other words, the equations
+on the finite element
+
+displacements can be split up,
+if you look at the previous
+
+view graph, directly
+into two sets of
+
+equations as shown here.
+
+The interesting point is that,
+this equation here does not
+
+involve a delta lambda.
+
+This equation here does not
+involve a delta lambda either.
+
+Now, having calculated from this
+equation this vector, and
+
+from that equation that vector,
+we can directly write
+
+delta u, as shown here, of
+course, now involving the
+
+delta lambda.
+
+And this is a form of equation
+for delta u that we will be
+
+using a little later.
+
+And the first constraint
+equation I'd like to introduce
+
+you to, the one that I briefly
+mentioned earlier already,
+
+where we talked about an arc
+which is used to swing the
+
+load level around, so as to get
+to the low displacement
+
+curve very quickly, and that
+constraint equation is this
+
+spherical constant arc-length
+criterion,
+
+which is written here.
+
+Notice here lambda i, here ui.
+
+Of course both of these
+quantities create, in essence,
+
+beta factor and delta
+l squared.
+
+Delta l is set at the beginning
+of the load step.
+
+Delta l, in other words,
+is constant
+
+throughout the load step.
+
+The value of delta l is chosen
+based on what has happened in
+
+the previous load steps.
+
+Having chosen delta l, you can
+calculate the right hand side,
+
+and on the left hand side, we
+have a constraint between the
+
+increment in lambda, and the
+increment in delta u.
+
+Remember, lambda I is the sum of
+all of the delta lambda k's
+
+and ui is the sum of all of the
+delta uk's I just showed
+
+that on the previous
+view graph.
+
+Therefore, if we substitute
+here, we get a constraint
+
+equation between the delta uk,
+and the delta lambda k.
+
+Well, here we have the
+definitions once more.
+
+Notice beta is a normalizing
+factor which is applied in
+
+order to make these terms
+here dimensionless.
+
+The equation may be
+solved as follows.
+
+Using that lambda is equal
+to this equation here.
+
+ui is given as that.
+
+Of course, this here can be
+expanded using the information
+
+that we discussed earlier.
+
+And substituting for this value
+and that value into the
+
+constraint equation, we directly
+obtain a quadratic
+
+equation in delta lambda i
+Remember that these two
+
+vectors here are, of
+course, known.
+
+These two vectors are known,
+and that one is known also,
+
+because that was established
+in the previous iteration.
+
+If we geometrically interpret
+this solution scheme, we find
+
+the following.
+
+Here we have our equilibrium
+point.
+
+Here is delta lambda, which
+is constant throughout the
+
+solution step.
+
+And let's assume the
+use of modified
+
+Newton-Raphson iteration.
+
+We start off with this tangent
+here at this solution point,
+
+the equilibrium point, and we
+iterate around this arc using
+
+the constant stiffness matrix
+at each of these points.
+
+In the first iteration,
+we get to this point.
+
+Second iteration, that point.
+
+Third iteration, that point.
+
+And that signified also
+looking here to the
+
+displacements.
+
+Notice t plus delta t u1 is
+the displacement value
+
+calculated in the
+first iteration.
+
+This is the one calculated
+in the second iteration.
+
+That is the one calculated
+in the third iteration.
+
+We use a constant stiffness
+matrix here.
+
+Of course, we could also change
+the stiffness matrix,
+
+go in other words, to a
+stiffness matrix that has been
+
+updated in the iteration
+corresponding to the current
+
+stress and displacement
+conditions, and then
+
+convergence would
+be more rapid.
+
+But of course there would also
+be a higher cost involved,
+
+because whenever we calculate
+with a new stiffness matrix,
+
+and we triangularize that
+stiffness matrix, there's a
+
+considerable cost involved
+in doing so.
+
+This is one scheme, and we
+find this scheme quite
+
+effective, except that when we
+want to calculate limit loads,
+
+we find that near the limit load
+the scheme can require
+
+quite a number of iterations.
+
+And so, we have been looking for
+other schemes that might
+
+do better in the range
+of the limit load.
+
+Well, here we have one other
+scheme, namely the "constant"
+
+increment of external
+work criterion.
+
+We have here quotes on the
+constant, because we are
+
+setting w on the right hand side
+in the first iteration,
+
+as shown here, and in the
+next iteration then,
+
+we have a zero here.
+
+Notice w is a value that is
+calculated in each load step,
+
+and as soon as we find that
+the first scheme-- and
+
+obviously, constant arc lengths
+criterion scheme--
+
+has difficulties converging, or
+marches too slow, then we
+
+switch to this "constant"
+increment of external work
+
+criterion, with a w from the
+previous step, the increment
+
+of external work from
+the previous step.
+
+We use that for the current
+step, and then this equation
+
+here gives us a constraint
+on delta lambda 1.
+
+Notice that this equation here
+means really that we are
+
+looking at is this area here,
+the shaded area, being w, and
+
+we want to have the delta lambda
+1 in such a way that
+
+this shaded area w here is equal
+to what we have had as
+
+the increment of external work
+in the previous load step.
+
+Well, this gives us delta
+lambda (1), and having
+
+obtained delta lambda (1),
+we can go into the next
+
+iterations, 2 to 3, and so on
+for i, and as I mentioned
+
+already earlier, we then have a
+zero on the right hand side.
+
+Otherwise the same
+left hand side.
+
+And this left hand side
+has now two solutions.
+
+This solution here is
+disregarded, because this
+
+solution would reverse the
+direction of the load, and we
+
+don't want to admit that.
+
+We want to basically have the
+load increase more and more
+
+until the total collapse of the
+structure is reached, and
+
+then of course it may decrease
+to go into the post-buckling
+
+response, but we don't want
+to have the load totally
+
+reversed, and so this is a
+solution that we now use for
+
+delta lambda (i).
+
+Notice that for a single degree
+of freedom system, we
+
+would immediately find that
+delta u (2) must be zero.
+
+Why?
+
+Because we notice that the load
+vector is orthogonal to
+
+the displacement vector.
+
+Now, for a single degree of
+freedom system, of course,
+
+each of these are just numbers,
+and since the r is
+
+not zero, because that is of
+course a prescribed value
+
+prior to the analysis, this
+is not zero, delta
+
+u (2) must be zero.
+
+And that shows already the
+effectiveness, just show it a
+
+bit, of this algorithm.
+
+All the algorithm altogether
+is now as follows.
+
+We specify r.
+
+In other words, the analyst
+has to specify the load
+
+distribution, concentrated
+loads, distributed loads, that
+
+shall be dealt with in this
+collapse analysis, and also
+
+the displacement at one degree
+of freedom corresponding to
+
+delta t lambda.
+
+This is done to just start
+the algorithm.
+
+Once the analyst has specified
+the displacement at one degree
+
+of freedom, the program can
+solve for delta tu--
+
+in other words, all the
+other displacements--
+
+and this delta tu corresponds
+to delta t lambda.
+
+We feel that to start the
+algorithm it is easier for the
+
+analyst to prescribe the
+displacement at one node
+
+corresponding to delta
+t lambda--
+
+Rather, to prescribe this
+displacement than to prescribe
+
+the first load level, because
+if you don't have much of an
+
+idea how the structure really
+behaves, it can be very
+
+difficult to give a load level
+that is reasonable, and is not
+
+too close to the ultimate limit
+load, or is already
+
+perhaps even beyond the
+ultimate limit load.
+
+So we feel that this is
+a good way to proceed.
+
+For example, if you analyze the
+collapse of a shell, you
+
+may want to pick a node that
+you know will have non-zero
+
+displacement and assign at that
+node a displacement, say,
+
+one third of the thickness
+of the shell.
+
+That displacement then would
+give you delta t lambda, and
+
+surely would be less
+than the ultimate
+
+limit load of the shell.
+
+This means, once you have solved
+for delta t lambda and
+
+delta tu, we can set delta l.
+
+The arc lengths for the
+next load steps.
+
+And now the program does
+everything automatically.
+
+It selects the increment in
+displacements and loads using
+
+this arc-lengths criterion
+that we just discussed.
+
+We use 1, which is the
+arc-lengths criterion, for the
+
+next load steps.
+
+We calculate w for
+each load step.
+
+When w does not change
+appreciably, or when there are
+
+difficulties with the
+arc-lengths criterion, with 1,
+
+in other words, then we switch
+to our constant increment and
+
+external work criterion.
+
+We call that the 2 criterion.
+
+Once again, notice that delta
+l is calculated in each load
+
+step, and it is adjusted based
+on the number of iterations
+
+that we have been using in
+the previous load steps.
+
+In other words, if you go, say,
+up to load step three,
+
+and you have, say, obtained
+a solution up to load step
+
+three, the program has used a
+certain delta in load step
+
+three, and now the program
+looks at the number of
+
+iterations that were performed
+to get to the equilibrium
+
+position at the end of
+load steps three.
+
+Based on these number of
+iterations, the program then
+
+cuts delta l down, or makes
+delta l larger, depending on
+
+whether the iterations were very
+many that you used, or
+
+were very few to get to the
+equilibrium configuration at
+
+load step three.
+
+So, the a program automatically
+adjusts delta l.
+
+Also notice that the stiffness
+matrix is recalculated when
+
+convergence is slow.
+
+In fact, a full Newton-Raphson
+iteration is performed
+
+automatically, the program
+switched automatically from
+
+the modified Newton-Raphson
+iteration to the full
+
+Newton-Raphson iteration
+when it is
+
+deemed to be more effective.
+
+This is the automatic load
+incrementation scheme that I
+
+wanted to discuss with you.
+
+And I'd now like to go over
+to one other topic, a very
+
+important topic as well in the
+analysis of the nonlinear
+
+response of structures, and
+this is the linearized
+
+buckling analysis.
+
+In the linearized buckling
+analysis, we want to predict a
+
+collapse load, the buckling load
+of the structure via this
+
+criterion here.
+
+The determinant we know at
+the collapse point of the
+
+stiffness matrix is zero.
+
+The matrix is, another
+words, singular.
+
+The criterion that we use here
+determined of k is equal to
+
+zero, of course, means
+once again
+
+the k matrix is singular.
+
+And that means that we really
+have a solution to this set of
+
+equations that is nontrivial.
+
+The trivial solution, of course,
+would always be u star
+
+is equal to zero, but that is
+not a real solution that we're
+
+interested in.
+
+A solution, a nontrivial
+solution exists to this set of
+
+equations only in the case
+when tau k is singular.
+
+And, of course, that is the
+same as saying that the
+
+determined of k, tau
+k is equal to zero.
+
+If tau k is singular the
+structure is unstable, and the
+
+collapse load situation
+has been reached.
+
+Let's look at what this
+means physically.
+
+If we have here a beam.
+
+If we look at a beam, pinned
+at this end, pinned at that
+
+end, subjected to a certain
+load, then if the load takes
+
+on a certain value, the smallest
+imbalance of the
+
+load, a very small load this
+way, would immediately result
+
+in very large displacements.
+
+That's what the buckling
+criterion tells us.
+
+In other words, at tau r, the
+buckling load, the structure
+
+is unstable to any smallest
+load imbalance.
+
+Of course, the material data for
+the structure are given.
+
+And in this particular
+case, we use the data
+
+of an elastic beam.
+
+In the linearized buckling
+analysis we want to predict
+
+the load level, and the
+buckling load shape
+
+corresponding to the buckling
+situation, by linearizing
+
+about a particular configuration
+that is not
+
+necessarily very close to
+the buckling load level.
+
+In fact, we assume that tau k is
+given via this relationship
+
+here, and tau r is given
+via this relationship.
+
+Notice here t minus delta tk and
+tk are known values, known
+
+stiffness matrices, and
+similarly, this load vector,
+
+and that load vector, and that
+one, are known values.
+
+Lambda is a scaler.
+
+So basically, what we are trying
+to do in the linearized
+
+buckling analysis is to
+linearize about the
+
+configuration, not necessarily
+very close to the collapse
+
+load configuration, and
+establish with this linearized
+
+relationship an equation from
+which we can calculate an
+
+increment in load that gives
+us an approximation to the
+
+actual collapse load.
+
+Pictorially, we are
+doing this here.
+
+We have here the load
+displacement curve in red.
+
+We have at displacement
+t minus delta
+
+tu, this load level.
+
+At displacement tu we have
+that load level.
+
+And if you linearize about these
+configurations here,
+
+using the stiffness matrices
+corresponding to these two
+
+load levels, we can predict a
+collapse load, which because
+
+of this linearization is, of
+course, not exactly the
+
+collapse load, but we hope
+that we are close to that
+
+actual collapse load.
+
+Pictorially here, we
+do the following.
+
+Notice here we have the
+k plotted and the
+
+lambda value plotted.
+
+Along this axis.
+
+At a particular value,
+lambda equal to 1, we
+
+would have this point.
+
+Now let's look first along
+this axis here.
+
+Here we have tk.
+
+Here we have t minus delta tk.
+
+Notice tk is smaller than
+t minus delta tk.
+
+We are looking here, of course,
+at a single degree of
+
+freedom case again.
+
+This means that the structure
+becomes softer, we are getting
+
+closer to the collapse load.
+
+In our linearized buckling
+analysis we put really through
+
+this point and that point
+a straight line.
+
+That projects us to a point,
+lambda 1, at which tau k is
+
+equal to zero.
+
+Corresponding to what we're
+doing here with the stiffness
+
+matrix, we have here also
+picture for the loads.
+
+Notice t minus delta tr here, tr
+there, and a straight line
+
+through it brings
+us up to tau r.
+
+Tau r is the collapse load.
+
+Tau r is the collapse load,
+linearized collapse load,
+
+corresponding to the value
+that we have here
+
+obtained for lambda 1.
+
+The problem of solving for
+lambda such that the
+
+determinant of tau k is zero is
+really nothing else than an
+
+eigenproblem.
+
+And the eigenproblem that we
+have to consider there is
+
+written down here.
+
+Notice phi is an eigenvector,
+lambda is the eigenvalue--
+
+unknown at this point--
+
+and here we have a difference in
+matrices that we know, and
+
+once again the eigenvector.
+
+Notice one interesting point.
+
+That to establish this
+difference in matrix, all you
+
+need to do in the computer
+program is to store the
+
+previous difference matrix, and
+subtract from the previous
+
+difference matrix corresponding
+to load step t
+
+minus delta t, the current
+difference matrix.
+
+This is interesting to note that
+because we don't need to
+
+separate out element difference
+matrices.
+
+We don't need to talk about
+nonlinear strain stiffness
+
+matrices coming from the
+elements, and linear strain
+
+stiffness matrices coming
+from the elements.
+
+We talked about, of course,
+these particular element
+
+stiffness matrices in
+previous lectures.
+
+We don't separate
+any out here.
+
+In fact, what we're doing,
+we simply take all of the
+
+contributions from the elements
+into account here,
+
+and all of the contribution
+towards element into account
+
+here, of course corresponding to
+time t minus delta t here,
+
+and corresponding
+to time t here.
+
+This therefore, is a very
+simple operation in the
+
+computer program.
+
+And having established this
+eigenvalue problem, we can
+
+schematically look at the
+eigenvalues that would become
+
+calculated.
+
+Here we have some positive
+eigenvalues indicated, and
+
+here we have some negative
+eigenvalues indicated.
+
+Notice that there's a
+possibility of negative
+
+eigenvalues as well.
+
+A physical problem that shows
+how you can get a negative
+
+eigenvalue is shown in
+this view graph.
+
+Here you have a structure, a
+frame structure, so to say,
+
+that is subjected to
+a compressive load
+
+and a tensile load.
+
+Now, notice that this
+compressive load would of
+
+course initiate buckling here,
+and there would be a
+
+corresponding to a positive
+eigenvalue.
+
+However, this tensile load has
+to reverse its sign in order
+
+for this member to buckle, and
+that would correspond then to
+
+a negative eigenvalue.
+
+Now when we try to solve
+eigenvalue problems that have
+
+negative and positive
+eigenvalues, there can be
+
+difficulties with the eigenvalue
+solution method
+
+that you're using.
+
+It is easier for a solution
+method to simply deal with
+
+eigenvalues that are
+only positive.
+
+And for that reason we are
+reformulating the basic
+
+eigenvalue equation
+into this form.
+
+Here you have now the eigenvalue
+problem simply
+
+rewritten, really, with gamma
+being the eigenvalue, and phi
+
+still being the eigenvector,
+gamma of course, being a
+
+function of lambda.
+
+With this eigenvalue problem
+then, we have only positive
+
+eigenvalues on gamma, of course,
+and we are interested
+
+in finding the smallest
+gamma value.
+
+Because the smallest gamma
+value corresponds to the
+
+smallest lambda 1
+positive value.
+
+And of course, sometimes you
+also want to calculate gamma 2
+
+corresponding to the second
+smallest positive lambda
+
+value, and so on.
+
+The negative lambda values
+lie over here.
+
+The value of the linearized
+buckling analysis can be
+
+summarized as follows.
+
+The buckling analysis is
+not very expensive.
+
+It gives insight into possible
+modes of failure.
+
+For applicability, however, the
+pre-buckling displacements
+
+should be small.
+
+And very important it is that
+the buckling analysis yields
+
+modes, buckling mode shapes,
+that can be very effectively
+
+used to impose imperfections
+onto a structure and to study
+
+the sensitivity of the structure
+to imperfections.
+
+Many structures are very
+sensitive, particularly shell
+
+structures, are very sensitive
+to initial imperfections in
+
+the geometry, and this
+linearized buckling analysis
+
+gives us the mechanisms and
+means to calculate mode shapes
+
+that we can impose onto the
+perfect structure as a
+
+geometric imperfection, onto
+the geometry of the perfect
+
+structure, to study then the
+behavior of the structure
+
+subject to these
+imperfections.
+
+But it is very important that
+the procedure be only employed
+
+with great care, because the
+results can be quite
+
+misleading.
+
+The buckling loads that you
+might calculate in the
+
+linearized buckling analysis,
+these buckling loads may be
+
+way higher than the actual
+buckling loads that you should
+
+be using in your design.
+
+And we will actually show some
+examples in the next lecture
+
+pertaining to this particular
+problem here.
+
+And one should always keep in
+mind that the procedure really
+
+predicts only physically
+realistic buckling loads when
+
+we have structures that
+behave close to the
+
+Euler column type.
+
+In other words, that buckle
+with very small initial
+
+displacements, or pre-buckling
+displacements, I should say.
+
+Let's look at an example.
+
+Here we have the example
+of an arch
+
+subjected to uniform pressure.
+
+The geometric data of the
+arch are given here.
+
+The material data are
+given as well.
+
+Notice it's an elastic arch.
+
+And it's an arch with cross
+section b and h here, being
+
+both equal to 1.
+
+We also want to consider only
+the two-dimensional
+
+motion of the arch.
+
+In other words, two-dimensional
+action.
+
+We do not allow out-of-plane
+bucking for this arch.
+
+Now the finite element model
+that we select for the arch is
+
+a model of 10 2-node
+isoparametric beam elements.
+
+We will talk about these
+isoparametric beam elements--
+
+we call them also isobeam
+elements--
+
+in a later lecture.
+
+And for the two-dimensional
+motion of the arch, we model
+
+the complete arch.
+
+The purpose of the analysis is
+to determine the collapse
+
+mechanism, the collapse load
+level of the structure.
+
+And not only this particular
+part, but we also want to
+
+calculate the post-collapse
+response of the structure.
+
+Let us now go through the
+solution that was performed
+
+for this arch.
+
+As a first step we calculated
+the linearized buckling loads
+
+and corresponding mode shapes.
+
+And we calculated two.
+
+Interesting to note that the
+first mode corresponds to this
+
+pressure, and it's an
+anti-symmetric mode.
+
+The second buckling mode
+shape looks like this.
+
+It's a symmetric buckling
+mode shape.
+
+Notice that, in other words,
+the anti-symmetric buckling
+
+mode corresponds to a lower
+load than the symmetry
+
+buckling mode shape.
+
+Having performed the linearized
+buckling analysis,
+
+we next use our automatic load
+stepping algorithm to
+
+calculate the displacement
+response of the arch as the
+
+load increases.
+
+Here on this view graph, we
+have plotted the pressure
+
+vertically up here, and the
+displacement of the center of
+
+the arch horizontally.
+
+Notice this black curve here
+shows a computed response
+
+using about 60 steps
+in the analysis.
+
+Notice it is a collapse load, of
+course, here, and this is a
+
+post-collapse response.
+
+It's interesting to note that
+the collapse load predicted
+
+using the buckling analysis
+and linearized buckling
+
+analysis given by this blue line
+lies below this actual
+
+ultimate load predicted for
+using the automatic load
+
+stepping algorithm.
+
+And we have to ask ourselves
+why is that the case?
+
+Well, the computed response of
+the the perfect symmetry arch
+
+does not allow the
+anti-symmetric displacements
+
+to take place, and it is the
+anti-symmetric displacements
+
+that, of course, initialize,
+so to say, anti-symmetric
+
+buckling response.
+
+We have computed the response
+of a perfect symmetric arch
+
+that is subjected to a perfectly
+symmetric load, and
+
+this does not allow the
+anti-symmetric buckling mode
+
+of the arch to come
+into effect.
+
+However, a real structure will
+contain imperfections, and
+
+hence it will go into the
+anti-symmetric behavior, and
+
+the actual collapse load will be
+below the one that we have
+
+predicted in our first analysis
+using the automatic
+
+load stepping algorithm, and
+the results of which
+
+I've just shown you.
+
+Therefore, to really obtain a
+realistic collapse load, we
+
+have to now impose onto the
+perfect symmetry arch a
+
+geometric imperfection which
+allows the anti-symmetric
+
+behavior to take place.
+
+And we do so by adding to the
+geometry of the arch to the
+
+nodal point coordinates of the
+arch a multiple of the
+
+anti-symmetric mode shape.
+
+This collapse mode is scaled
+so that the magnitude of
+
+imperfection is less than 100.
+
+This resulting imperfect arch
+is, of course, no longer
+
+symmetric, and we now solve for
+the response of that arch
+
+using our automatic load
+stepping algorithm again.
+
+This is the response
+that you'll see.
+
+Pressure and displacement
+of the arch.
+
+Notice this is well below the
+linearized buckling analysis
+
+solution, the blue solution,
+that I showed you on the
+
+earlier response graph.
+
+And this is here a much more
+realistic estimate for the
+
+collapse load of the arch.
+
+This is the realistic estimate
+that you would be using, for
+
+example, in the design of
+the actual structure.
+
+It's also interesting to look at
+the deflective shape of the
+
+structure, and here we have the
+deflective shape of the
+
+perfect arch, of being
+symmetric at this
+
+displacement value.
+
+And here we have a deflective
+shape of the imperfect arch at
+
+this particular displacement
+value.
+
+Of course, this one
+is not a totally
+
+symmetric deflective shape.
+
+Well, we have discussed now
+quite a number of solution
+
+schemes that we use to solve the
+finite element equations
+
+in static non-linear analysis.
+
+We have looked in the previous
+lecture at some schemes-- the
+
+full Newton-Raphson method, the
+modified Newton-Raphson
+
+method, the BFGS method, the
+initial stress method--
+
+in which we have to prescribe
+the load levels.
+
+For each load step we have to
+prescribe the load level prior
+
+to the analysis, by the input
+of the computer program, and
+
+in this lecture I have shared
+with you some experiences
+
+regarding an automatic load
+stepping scheme regarding
+
+linearized buckling analysis.
+
+What we have not done yet,
+really, in my opinion is to
+
+look at enough examples, and
+that's what I would like to do
+
+in the next lecture.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NpMv0Nqmy3c.txt b/NpMv0Nqmy3c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1dc1fa96223c1694078108bea4d10acdee7fe21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NpMv0Nqmy3c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the last few lectures we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last few lectures we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last few lectures we've been
+talking about the extremal problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the extremal problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the extremal problem of
+forbidding a complete bipartite graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidding a complete bipartite graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidding a complete bipartite graph so
+today i want to move beyond the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to move beyond the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to move beyond the complete
+bipartite graph and look at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and look at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and look at other
+sparser bipartite graphs so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparser bipartite graphs so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparser bipartite graphs so we'll be
+looking at what happens to the extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what happens to the extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what happens to the extremal
+problem if you forbid a sparse bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you forbid a sparse bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you forbid a sparse bipartite
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall the khawarij shows Tyrande room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the khawarij shows Tyrande room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the khawarij shows Tyrande room
+which tells you that the extremal number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you that the extremal number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you that the extremal number
+for KS piece is upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KS piece is upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KS piece is upper bounded by
+something on the order of n to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of n to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of n to the 2
+minus 1 over s so if I give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over s so if I give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over s so if I give you some
+bipartite H we know that because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite H we know that because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite H we know that because it's a
+bipartite graph it is always contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph it is always contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph it is always contained
+in some KST for some values of s and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some KST for some values of s and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some KST for some values of s and P
+so you already automatically have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you already automatically have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you already automatically have an
+upper bound the extremal number for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound the extremal number for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound the extremal number for this
+H from the khawarij shorter on 0 but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H from the khawarij shorter on 0 but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H from the khawarij shorter on 0 but as
+you might expect we might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect we might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect we might be very
+wasteful in this step and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful in this step and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful in this step and the question
+is are there situations where we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are there situations where we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are there situations where we can do
+much better than what is just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than what is just given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than what is just given by
+applying Cavazos to Ron and today I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying Cavazos to Ron and today I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying Cavazos to Ron and today I want
+to show you several examples where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you several examples where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you several examples where you
+can significantly improve the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can significantly improve the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can significantly improve the bound
+given by Cavazos Terron for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by Cavazos Terron for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by Cavazos Terron for various
+sparser bipartite graphs so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparser bipartite graphs so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparser bipartite graphs so the first
+result is the following theorem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the following theorem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the following theorem which is
+initially due to parody and then a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially due to parody and then a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially due to parody and then a later
+different proof was given by a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proof was given by a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proof was given by a long
+curve elevation surah kahf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve elevation surah kahf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve elevation surah kahf and
+the larger proof is the one that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger proof is the one that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger proof is the one that I want
+to present because it presents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present because it presents an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present because it presents an
+important and intricate probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and intricate probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and intricate probabilistic
+technique which is the main reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is the main reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is the main reason for
+showing you this theorem but let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you this theorem but let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you this theorem but let me tell
+you the theorem first here H will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the theorem first here H will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the theorem first here H will be a
+bipartite graph and it has vertex by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and it has vertex by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and it has vertex by
+partitions a and B such that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions a and B such that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions a and B such that every
+vertex in a has degree at most R by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a has degree at most R by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a has degree at most R by
+partition is a and P and the degree in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is a and P and the degree in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is a and P and the degree in a
+is at most R for every vertex on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most R for every vertex on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most R for every vertex on the
+left on the left side in the set a and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on the left side in the set a and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on the left side in the set a and I
+want to understand is there some upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand is there some upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand is there some upper
+bound on the extremal number that thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the extremal number that thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the extremal number that thus
+better than kovash shows Turan and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than kovash shows Turan and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than kovash shows Turan and the
+theorem guarantees such a pound so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem guarantees such a pound so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem guarantees such a pound so then
+there exists some constant depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some constant depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some constant depending on
+H such that the extremal member is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H such that the extremal member is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H such that the extremal member is or
+propounded by something to the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propounded by something to the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propounded by something to the order of
+n to the 2 minus 1 over R compared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 2 minus 1 over R compared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 2 minus 1 over R compared with
+Co very shows tour on on one hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co very shows tour on on one hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co very shows tour on on one hand if you
+H is the complete bipartite graph KST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is the complete bipartite graph KST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is the complete bipartite graph KST
+then this is the same bound as co-vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the same bound as co-vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the same bound as co-vary
+shorter on on the other hand you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter on on the other hand you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter on on the other hand you might
+have a lot more vertices in a and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more vertices in a and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more vertices in a and a lot
+more vertices in B the hypothesis only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vertices in B the hypothesis only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vertices in B the hypothesis only
+says only requires that the degreasing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says only requires that the degreasing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says only requires that the degreasing a
+max degree is at most R so it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max degree is at most R so it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max degree is at most R so it could be a
+much bigger graph so if you apply cavora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger graph so if you apply cavora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger graph so if you apply cavora
+shows Torah you would get a much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows Torah you would get a much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows Torah you would get a much worse
+bound compared to what this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound compared to what this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound compared to what this theorem
+guarantees ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one of ours optimal you cannot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of ours optimal you cannot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of ours optimal you cannot in
+this given statement you cannot improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this given statement you cannot improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this given statement you cannot improve
+this one of our right because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of our right because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of our right because we know
+that from the KST example and the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the KST example and the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the KST example and the lower
+bounds I showed you last time you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds I showed you last time you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds I showed you last time you cannot
+improve upon this one over R so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon this one over R so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon this one over R so in this
+form this theorem is best possible what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this theorem is best possible what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this theorem is best possible what
+tip I want to show you a probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip I want to show you a probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip I want to show you a probabilistic
+technique for proving this theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for proving this theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for proving this theorem and
+it is an important idea called dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an important idea called dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an important idea called dependent
+random choice okay so let me first give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice okay so let me first give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice okay so let me first give
+you an informal interpretation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an informal interpretation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an informal interpretation that
+what's going on so the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so the idea is that if
+you have a graph G with many edges then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a graph G with many edges then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a graph G with many edges then
+inside G I can find a large subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside G I can find a large subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside G I can find a large subset of
+vertices u such that all small subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices u such that all small subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices u such that all small subsets
+of vertices in u many common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I won't tell you what this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I won't tell you what this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I won't tell you what this small
+and many yard are just yet so we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many yard are just yet so we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many yard are just yet so we'll see
+it through the proof of the theorem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the proof of the theorem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the proof of the theorem but
+that's the idea so I give you a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so I give you a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so I give you a graph
+it's not too sparse it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too sparse it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too sparse it's relatively
+dense then I should be able to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense then I should be able to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense then I should be able to find a
+some subset that is fairly large so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subset that is fairly large so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subset that is fairly large so that
+lets say every pair of vertices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets say every pair of vertices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets say every pair of vertices in the
+subset has many common neighbors so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset has many common neighbors so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset has many common neighbors so let
+me write down or these attempt to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down or these attempt to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down or these attempt to write
+down a formal statement dependent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a formal statement dependent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a formal statement dependent random
+choice the statement of the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the statement of the theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the statement of the theorem is
+our wall present has a lot of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wall present has a lot of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wall present has a lot of parameters
+but don't get I don't want to be scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't get I don't want to be scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't get I don't want to be scared
+off by the parameter so I won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by the parameter so I won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by the parameter so I won't even
+tell you what they are but first tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what they are but first tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what they are but first tell
+you what the statement of the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the statement of the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the statement of the conclusion
+is and then won't arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then won't arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then won't arrive
+what is the dependencies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the dependencies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the dependencies on the
+parameters through the proof write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters through the proof write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters through the proof write the
+technique is much more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is much more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is much more important than
+the statement of the theorem itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of the theorem itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of the theorem itself
+leave some space here the conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave some space here the conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave some space here the conclusion is
+that every graph with n vertices and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every graph with n vertices and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every graph with n vertices and at
+least alpha and squared over 2 edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains a subset U of vertices U is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a subset U of vertices U is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a subset U of vertices U is not
+to smoke so u the size of us at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smoke so u the size of us at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smoke so u the size of us at least
+little U and such that for every subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U and such that for every subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little U and such that for every subset
+s of U with our elements the set s has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of U with our elements the set s has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of U with our elements the set s has
+at least M common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what's the idea here I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the idea here I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the idea here I give
+you this graph and I want you to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this graph and I want you to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this graph and I want you to produce
+this set u that has this property how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set u that has this property how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set u that has this property how
+many go about finding this said you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many go about finding this said you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many go about finding this said you let
+me give you an analogy I suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an analogy I suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an analogy I suppose you
+have the friendship graph on MIT campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the friendship graph on MIT campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the friendship graph on MIT campus
+and I want to select a large set I say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to select a large set I say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to select a large set I say a
+hundred students such that every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred students such that every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred students such that every pair of
+them or maybe even just most pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or maybe even just most pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or maybe even just most pairs of
+them have many common friends how might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have many common friends how might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have many common friends how might
+you go about doing that well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go about doing that well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go about doing that well if you
+select a hundred students at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a hundred students at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a hundred students at random
+you're unlikely to achieve that outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unlikely to achieve that outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unlikely to achieve that outcome
+they're going to be pretty dispersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be pretty dispersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be pretty dispersed
+across campus but if you focus on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across campus but if you focus on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across campus but if you focus on some
+commonalities so for example you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities so for example you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities so for example you go to
+someone some specific individual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone some specific individual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone some specific individual and
+look at their circle of close friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their circle of close friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their circle of close friends
+then it seems more likely you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it seems more likely you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it seems more likely you will be
+able to identify a group of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify a group of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify a group of people who
+are very well connected in that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very well connected in that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very well connected in that their
+pairwise have lots of common friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise have lots of common friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise have lots of common friends and
+that's the idea here we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea here we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea here we're going to make
+the random choice by picking that core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random choice by picking that core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random choice by picking that core
+individual that's the random choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's the random choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's the random choice but
+then make the subsequent dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the subsequent dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the subsequent dependent
+random choice by looking at the group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice by looking at the group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice by looking at the group of
+friends from that specific random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends from that specific random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends from that specific random
+individual instead of choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual instead of choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual instead of choosing the
+hundred people uniformly I ran them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people uniformly I ran them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people uniformly I ran them
+which is not going to work all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not going to work all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not going to work all right so
+let's execute that strategy on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's execute that strategy on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's execute that strategy on this
+graph let me take T to be the random set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let me take T to be the random set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let me take T to be the random set
+so that's the core set so let P be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the core set so let P be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the core set so let P be from
+convenience I'm going to choose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience I'm going to choose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience I'm going to choose with
+repetition so instead of just choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition so instead of just choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition so instead of just choosing
+one person I'm going to choose T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person I'm going to choose T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person I'm going to choose T
+vertices so unless key vertices chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so unless key vertices chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so unless key vertices chosen
+uniformly at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from Bieber Tech set and what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bieber Tech set and what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bieber Tech set and what we are
+going to do is look at the set ape which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is look at the set ape which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is look at the set ape which
+is the set of common neighbors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of common neighbors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of common neighbors the
+vertices that are adjacent to all of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the set I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the set I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the set I want to think about
+right so I want you basically argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want you basically argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want you basically argue that
+this set a has more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set a has more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set a has more or less the
+properties that we desire maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we desire maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we desire maybe with
+some small number of blemishes which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small number of blemishes which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small number of blemishes which we
+will fix by cleaning up first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fix by cleaning up first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fix by cleaning up first I want to
+guarantee that a has a big size we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that a has a big size we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that a has a big size we are
+actually choosing a lot of vertices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually choosing a lot of vertices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually choosing a lot of vertices so
+let's evaluate the size of a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate the size of a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate the size of a in
+expectation by linearity of expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by linearity of expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by linearity of expectation
+we need to compute the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to compute the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to compute the sum of the
+probabilities that individual vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that individual vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that individual vertices
+fall in this random a for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in this random a for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in this random a for each
+particular vertex a when for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex a when for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex a when for each
+particular vertex V when it's a name a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex V when it's a name a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex V when it's a name a
+but it is in a if P is contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is in a if P is contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is in a if P is contained in the
+neighborhood of this V right so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of this V right so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of this V right so all of
+your chosen piece fall into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chosen piece fall into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chosen piece fall into the
+neighborhood otherwise V is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood otherwise V is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood otherwise V is not going to
+be contained so each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be contained so each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be contained so each individual
+probability can be computed easily by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be computed easily by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be computed easily by
+looking at the size to the degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the size to the degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the size to the degree of the
+divided by the number of vertices raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of vertices raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of vertices raised
+to the power T P independent choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T P independent choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T P independent choices
+chosen with replacement and by convexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply to the final expression we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the final expression we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the final expression we find
+that it is at least this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is at least this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is at least this quantity here
+where essentially we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially we're taking the
+averages of the degrees so this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages of the degrees so this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages of the degrees so this is by
+convexity and finally the graph has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity and finally the graph has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity and finally the graph has at
+least that many edges so the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that many edges so the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that many edges so the final
+quantity there is at least and alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity there is at least and alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity there is at least and alpha to
+the T it's question there's questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T it's question there's questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T it's question there's questions in
+our original list are we allowed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original list are we allowed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original list are we allowed to have
+repeated vertices yes so it's a list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated vertices yes so it's a list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated vertices yes so it's a list and
+we're choosing every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're choosing every element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're choosing every element
+independently at random allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently at random allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently at random allowing
+repetition so it's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition so it's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition so it's sometimes called
+choosing with replacement you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing with replacement you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing with replacement you choose a
+tee you throw it back which is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tee you throw it back which is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tee you throw it back which is another
+one all right the property that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right the property that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right the property that we're
+looking for except for every s subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for except for every s subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for except for every s subset
+for every our element subset of U it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every our element subset of U it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every our element subset of U it has
+many common neighbors so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many common neighbors so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many common neighbors so let's look at
+such an S so for each S which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an S so for each S which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an S so for each S which is an
+element subset of the vertex set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element subset of the vertex set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element subset of the vertex set so
+subset of B what is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of B what is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of B what is the probability that
+this set s is contained in a so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set s is contained in a so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set s is contained in a so I'll
+give you this set s it is contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this set s it is contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this set s it is contained in a
+if well let's think about how a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well let's think about how a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well let's think about how a is
+chosen you have you want mr. huttle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen you have you want mr. huttle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen you have you want mr. huttle and
+a is chosen as a common neighborhood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is chosen as a common neighborhood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is chosen as a common neighborhood of
+this team so s is containing a if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this team so s is containing a if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this team so s is containing a if and
+only if t is contained in the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if t is contained in the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if t is contained in the common
+neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes actual X is fixed for now P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes actual X is fixed for now P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes actual X is fixed for now P is
+random so we draw the elements of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so we draw the elements of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so we draw the elements of T
+independently uniformly at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently uniformly at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently uniformly at random
+therefore this probability is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this probability is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this probability is equal to
+the number of common neighbors of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of common neighbors of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of common neighbors of this
+as a fraction of the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fraction of the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fraction of the total number of
+vertices this fraction raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices this fraction raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices this fraction raised to the
+power T we want all S sub subsets of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power T we want all S sub subsets of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power T we want all S sub subsets of a
+all our element subsets of this a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our element subsets of this a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our element subsets of this a to
+have at least M common neighbors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least M common neighbors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least M common neighbors but
+maybe we cannot get that so let's figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we cannot get that so let's figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we cannot get that so let's figure
+out how many bad asses are there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many bad asses are there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many bad asses are there how
+many asses do not satisfy this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many asses do not satisfy this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many asses do not satisfy this condition
+here so let's call such a set s bad if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's call such a set s bad if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's call such a set s bad if
+it has fewer than M common neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fewer than M common neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fewer than M common neighbors and
+from this equation we see that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation we see that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation we see that for each
+fixed s that is our element subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed s that is our element subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed s that is our element subset of
+vertices it is bad with probability well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it is bad with probability well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it is bad with probability well
+it is bad if as few common neighbors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is bad if as few common neighbors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is bad if as few common neighbors or
+as few common neighbors then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as few common neighbors then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as few common neighbors then this
+probability is small so it is bad with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is small so it is bad with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is small so it is bad with
+probability strictly less than M over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability strictly less than M over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability strictly less than M over N
+raised to the power T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we chose this a in this dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we chose this a in this dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we chose this a in this dependent
+random way and basically we wonder all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random way and basically we wonder all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random way and basically we wonder all
+subsets are element subsets have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets are element subsets have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets are element subsets have many
+common neighbors but maybe we cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors but maybe we cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors but maybe we cannot get
+that at the first try but we only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the first try but we only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the first try but we only have a
+small number of blemishes so we can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of blemishes so we can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of blemishes so we can fix
+those blemishes by getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blemishes by getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blemishes by getting rid of the
+possible paths or subsist and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths or subsist and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths or subsist and that's
+fine to do as long as they're not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to do as long as they're not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to do as long as they're not too
+many of them and indeed because each s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them and indeed because each s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them and indeed because each s
+is bad with small probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad with small probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad with small probability the
+expected number of paths are element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of paths are element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of paths are element
+subsets a is at most well I look over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets a is at most well I look over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets a is at most well I look over
+all possible are elements subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible are elements subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible are elements subsets of
+vertices each one of them is bad with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices each one of them is bad with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices each one of them is bad with
+this probability here so we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability here so we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability here so we have that
+bound and the point now is that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the point now is that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the point now is that if this
+number is significantly smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is significantly smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is significantly smaller than the
+expected size of a then I can clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected size of a then I can clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected size of a then I can clean up
+all the bad subsets by plucking out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bad subsets by plucking out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bad subsets by plucking out one
+vertex from each bad subset so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex from each bad subset so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex from each bad subset so indeed
+that is the case because the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case because the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case because the expectation
+of the size of a minus so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of a minus so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of a minus so let me call
+this quantity here start so the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here start so the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here start so the size of
+a - start by what we have shown is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a - start by what we have shown is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a - start by what we have shown is at
+least and our path to the t minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and our path to the t minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and our path to the t minus the
+quantity just now and I want this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity just now and I want this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity just now and I want this number
+to be somewhat large and now let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhat large and now let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhat large and now let me put
+that as a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a hypothesis
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+depending random choice Matt you and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G+ integers alpha positive real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G+ integers alpha positive real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G+ integers alpha positive real and
+suppose and alpha to the T - and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and alpha to the T - and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and alpha to the T - and choose
+R and W all right that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and W all right that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and W all right that's where that
+inequality comes from if this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality comes from if this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality comes from if this is at
+least company then what we can do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least company then what we can do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least company then what we can do is the
+lead one vertex from each path subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each path subset s and after deleting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each path subset s and after deleting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each path subset s and after deleting a
+then becomes some smaller set a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes some smaller set a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes some smaller set a prime
+with at least new elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least new elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least new elements in
+expectation but then there exists put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but then there exists put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but then there exists put it
+this way we know that this is true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we know that this is true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we know that this is true in
+expectation so thus there exists some T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so thus there exists some T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so thus there exists some T
+such that that inequality is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that that inequality is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that that inequality is true
+without the expectation so there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the expectation so there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the expectation so there exist
+some T such that this quantity is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some T such that this quantity is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some T such that this quantity is at
+least that so now to be the vertex from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that so now to be the vertex from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that so now to be the vertex from
+each path subset we obtain this a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each path subset we obtain this a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each path subset we obtain this a prime
+with at least new elements and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least new elements and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least new elements and we have
+gotten rid of all the possible paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of all the possible paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of all the possible paths
+subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but our element subsets and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our element subsets and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our element subsets and that
+finishes off we prove of dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes off we prove of dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes off we prove of dependent
+random choice just a recap the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice just a recap the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice just a recap the idea is
+that if you have a large if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a large if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a large if you have a
+dense enough graph then I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense enough graph then I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense enough graph then I want to find
+the conclusions that you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusions that you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusions that you can find a
+fairly large subset of vertices so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large subset of vertices so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large subset of vertices so that
+every small subset so every pair every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every small subset so every pair every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every small subset so every pair every
+element have many common neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element have many common neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element have many common neighbors and
+the way you do this instead of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do this instead of choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do this instead of choosing
+your set I random which is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set I random which is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set I random which is not going to
+work you choose a small set of anchors t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you choose a small set of anchors t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you choose a small set of anchors t
+you think of that as the anchors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of that as the anchors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of that as the anchors you
+choose a bunch of anchors and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a bunch of anchors and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a bunch of anchors and then you
+look at their common neighborhoods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their common neighborhoods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their common neighborhoods and
+use that as a starting point will almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as a starting point will almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as a starting point will almost
+work it might not work perfectly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it might not work perfectly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it might not work perfectly but
+then you fix things up by removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fix things up by removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fix things up by removing the
+blemishes okay so this is a very tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blemishes okay so this is a very tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blemishes okay so this is a very tricky
+probabilistic idea is it's also a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic idea is it's also a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic idea is it's also a very
+important one it will allow us to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one it will allow us to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one it will allow us to prove
+the theorem over there about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem over there about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem over there about the
+extremal members of bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal members of bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal members of bounded degree
+graphs question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is in the definition of path do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is in the definition of path do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is in the definition of path do
+I use this definition for all subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this definition for all subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this definition for all subsets of
+B all are element subsets or just subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all are element subsets or just subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all are element subsets or just subset
+of a so I used it to mean all subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so I used it to mean all subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so I used it to mean all subsets of
+V because a is random where a is random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V because a is random where a is random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V because a is random where a is random
+so I so the definition of path does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so the definition of path does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so the definition of path does not
+depend on the randomness only depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the randomness only depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the randomness only depends on
+the original graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the badness does not - because how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badness does not - because how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badness does not - because how does
+the badness depend on any probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badness depend on any probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badness depend on any probability
+badness does not depend on a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badness does not depend on a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badness does not depend on a probability
+but a is random so the number of paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a is random so the number of paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a is random so the number of paths
+are element subsets of a is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are element subsets of a is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are element subsets of a is a random
+variable so each individual so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so each individual so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so each individual so you start
+with a graph some elements subsets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a graph some elements subsets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a graph some elements subsets are
+bad some are not and now I choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad some are not and now I choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad some are not and now I choose this
+random a in this dependent random manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random a in this dependent random manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random a in this dependent random manner
+and a might contain some that subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a might contain some that subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a might contain some that subsets
+I'm trying to calculate how many grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to calculate how many grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to calculate how many grand
+how many bad subsets this a question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bad subsets this a question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bad subsets this a question to
+each okay so your concerns each s is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each okay so your concerns each s is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each okay so your concerns each s is bad
+with probability ah sorry fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability ah sorry fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability ah sorry fine
+yeah thank you so each so I define great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you so each so I define great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you so each so I define great
+so each bad subset okay so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each bad subset okay so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each bad subset okay so for each
+fixed subset it is contained I hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed subset it is contained I hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed subset it is contained I hope this
+makes it clear so the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it clear so the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it clear so the probability of the
+property of being bad it's not random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being bad it's not random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being bad it's not random
+but it been containing a is random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it been containing a is random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it been containing a is random
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay so question is why is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay so question is why is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay so question is why is this true
+so why are these two events the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are these two events the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are these two events the same and
+you kind of had to steer the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of had to steer the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of had to steer the definition
+a bit so he is chosen as the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit so he is chosen as the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit so he is chosen as the common
+neighborhoods so you choose ta random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods so you choose ta random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods so you choose ta random
+and choose a to be the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose a to be the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose a to be the common
+neighborhood a peak and so when you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood a peak and so when you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood a peak and so when you how
+do you characterize subsets of a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you characterize subsets of a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you characterize subsets of a if
+every element is connected to all of let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element is connected to all of let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element is connected to all of let
+you think about it any more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it any more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it any more questions
+yes we picked here random even if key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we picked here random even if key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we picked here random even if key is
+uniform there's no questions how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform there's no questions how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform there's no questions how are we
+picking key key is uniform I render ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking key key is uniform I render ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking key key is uniform I render ah
+great so questions how do we pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so questions how do we pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so questions how do we pick the
+little ping the theorem statement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ping the theorem statement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ping the theorem statement it
+depends on the application it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application it is a
+little bit weird because in the app in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird because in the app in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird because in the app in
+this statement of the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement of the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement of the theorem that
+little piece shows up in inequality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece shows up in inequality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece shows up in inequality but
+not in the conclusion so you think of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the conclusion so you think of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the conclusion so you think of T
+as an auxilary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an auxilary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an auxilary
+parameter so the little T comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the little T comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the little T comes up in
+the proof but not really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof but not really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof but not really in the
+conclusion any more questions it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion any more questions it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion any more questions it's a
+tricky lemma it's a tricky idea so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky lemma it's a tricky idea so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky lemma it's a tricky idea so now
+let me use it to prove the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use it to prove the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use it to prove the statement
+over there and here is it's not so hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and here is it's not so hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and here is it's not so hard
+so it's mostly an application of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's mostly an application of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's mostly an application of this
+dependent random choice lemma for H as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent random choice lemma for H as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent random choice lemma for H as
+in theorem so let me prove this lemma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theorem so let me prove this lemma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theorem so let me prove this lemma so
+for all HS in the theorem there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all HS in the theorem there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all HS in the theorem there exists a
+constant C such that every graph well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C such that every graph well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C such that every graph well at
+least C and to the two minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least C and to the two minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least C and to the two minus one over
+our edges contains a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our edges contains a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our edges contains a vertex
+you with sober tax upset you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with sober tax upset you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with sober tax upset you with the
+size of you equal to P so P comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of you equal to P so P comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of you equal to P so P comes from
+the vertex by partition of H it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex by partition of H it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex by partition of H it's a
+constant such that every our element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant such that every our element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant such that every our element
+subset in P haviar elements upsetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset in P haviar elements upsetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset in P haviar elements upsetting
+you has lots of common neighbors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you has lots of common neighbors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you has lots of common neighbors at
+least another constant which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least another constant which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least another constant which is the
+number of vertices in H that many common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in H that many common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in H that many common
+neighbors you see it's a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you see it's a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you see it's a direct
+corollary of the dependent random choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary of the dependent random choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary of the dependent random choice
+lemma by setting in the right parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma by setting in the right parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma by setting in the right parameters
+and indeed by the dependent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed by the dependent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed by the dependent random
+choice lemma where we choose this T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice lemma where we choose this T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice lemma where we choose this T this
+auxiliary variable T in P independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary variable T in P independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary variable T in P independent
+random choice lemma two equal to R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice lemma two equal to R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choice lemma two equal to R so
+suffices to check that there exists at C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to check that there exists at C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to check that there exists at C
+such that well plug it into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that well plug it into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that well plug it into that
+expression that inequality up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that inequality up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that inequality up there so
+and to see and to the minus 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to see and to the minus 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to see and to the minus 1 over R
+raised to the power R minus and choose R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power R minus and choose R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power R minus and choose R
+and then this expression here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this expression here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this expression here okay so
+I'm just plugging in the various graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just plugging in the various graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just plugging in the various graph
+parameters into the dependent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters into the dependent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters into the dependent random
+choice statement and I want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice statement and I want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice statement and I want to show that
+you can find a constant C such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a constant C such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a constant C such that this
+inequality is true and indeed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is true and indeed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is true and indeed these
+exponents they cancel out so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents they cancel out so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents they cancel out so the first
+term is simply to see raised to the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is simply to see raised to the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is simply to see raised to the our
+and the second one because again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one because again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one because again you
+notice that the exponents work out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the exponents work out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the exponents work out just
+fine so it is a constant at most a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so it is a constant at most a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so it is a constant at most a
+constant so you can choose C big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you can choose C big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you can choose C big enough
+so that this is true so so direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is true so so direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is true so so direct
+verification of the hypothesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification of the hypothesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification of the hypothesis of the
+lemma and now we're ready to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and now we're ready to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and now we're ready to prove the
+theorem over there so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over there so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over there so the question is
+how do you have size of a plus B comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you have size of a plus B comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you have size of a plus B comma
+neighbor so H is fixed and a and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor so H is fixed and a and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor so H is fixed and a and B are
+constants a plus B is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants a plus B is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants a plus B is the size of the
+number of vertices of H that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices of H that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices of H that's a
+constant so yeah I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so yeah I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so yeah I'm talking about
+common neighbors not in H budding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors not in H budding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors not in H budding the
+big graph G has n vertices okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big graph G has n vertices okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big graph G has n vertices okay now I
+like questions so this is it's tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like questions so this is it's tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like questions so this is it's tricky
+it's a tricky argument so please do ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tricky argument so please do ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tricky argument so please do ask
+questions if you're confused and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you're confused and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you're confused and there
+are times when I may not have explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times when I may not have explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times when I may not have explained
+it very well so please do ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well so please do ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well so please do ask questions
+so let's prove the theorem and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove the theorem and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove the theorem and now we're
+almost there the ideas are we embed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there the ideas are we embed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there the ideas are we embed the
+vertices of B into the big Rajee one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of B into the big Rajee one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of B into the big Rajee one by
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so first embed B into the vertices of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first embed B into the vertices of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first embed B into the vertices of G
+using new from the lemma we just stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using new from the lemma we just stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using new from the lemma we just stated
+and I claim that once you have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that once you have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that once you have done that
+to the vertices of feet and now I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vertices of feet and now I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vertices of feet and now I need
+to embed the remaining vertices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can do this one by one because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do this one by one because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do this one by one because if
+I need to impact some vertex of eight a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to impact some vertex of eight a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to impact some vertex of eight a
+has and most are neighbors to be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and most are neighbors to be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and most are neighbors to be but
+I've embedded B in such a way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've embedded B in such a way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've embedded B in such a way that they
+have a lot of common neighbors inside G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can always do right I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can always do right I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can always do right I can always
+embed the vertices of a one at a time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed the vertices of a one at a time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed the vertices of a one at a time in
+such a way that I even avoid collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that I even avoid collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that I even avoid collisions
+I don't allow vertices to embed it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't allow vertices to embed it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't allow vertices to embed it into
+the same place this is all using that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place this is all using that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place this is all using that be
+that embedding a P which is U has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embedding a P which is U has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embedding a P which is U has many
+common neighbors in G so once you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors in G so once you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors in G so once you put
+that in and the rest just make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in and the rest just make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in and the rest just make one
+choice at a time and you need to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice at a time and you need to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice at a time and you need to better
+second vertex or you can find somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vertex or you can find somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vertex or you can find somewhere
+in their common neighborhood that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their common neighborhood that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their common neighborhood that allows
+you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it
+so embed the vertices one at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so embed the vertices one at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so embed the vertices one at a time and
+then you finish embedding the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you finish embedding the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you finish embedding the whole
+graph any questions it's a tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph any questions it's a tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph any questions it's a tricky
+argument so let's take a break and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so let's take a break and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so let's take a break and I
+want you to think about it okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about it okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about it okay any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or some questions how do you embed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some questions how do you embed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some questions how do you embed a
+without having any collisions so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having any collisions so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having any collisions so I
+putting the vertices at B so that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the vertices at B so that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the vertices at B so that every
+R of them have many neighbors and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of them have many neighbors and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of them have many neighbors and now I
+want to try to embed the vertices of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to embed the vertices of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to embed the vertices of a
+one by one any water okay think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one any water okay think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one any water okay think about
+you pick the first vertex where can I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the first vertex where can I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the first vertex where can I go
+it has that says adjacent to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has that says adjacent to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has that says adjacent to the first
+three vertices of B so in the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices of B so in the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices of B so in the embedding
+it has to go in the common neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go in the common neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go in the common neighborhood
+of those three vertices which we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three vertices which we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three vertices which we know is
+large so I put them anywhere and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so I put them anywhere and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so I put them anywhere and I do
+the same for the second vertex do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for the second vertex do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for the second vertex do the
+same for the fourth vertex so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the fourth vertex so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the fourth vertex so I just
+keep on going because the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on going because the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on going because the common
+neighborhood is large it may be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood is large it may be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood is large it may be that
+some of the potential vertices I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the potential vertices I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the potential vertices I might
+embed is already used by the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed is already used by the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed is already used by the previous
+steps in the process but because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the process but because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the process but because I
+always have at least a plus B common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have at least a plus B common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have at least a plus B common
+neighbors I always have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors I always have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors I always have some
+possibilities that remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah the questions how there's this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the questions how there's this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the questions how there's this path
+subset deletion work so you have this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset deletion work so you have this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset deletion work so you have this a
+which is fairly large and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fairly large and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fairly large and you know that
+there exist some instance there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist some instance there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist some instance there's some
+instance of this randomness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of this randomness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of this randomness that
+produces for you a situation where a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces for you a situation where a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces for you a situation where a has
+very few bad or subsets so then I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few bad or subsets so then I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few bad or subsets so then I take a
+and I delete from a one vertex in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I delete from a one vertex in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I delete from a one vertex in each
+bad subset I haven't changed the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad subset I haven't changed the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad subset I haven't changed the size of
+a very much a is still quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very much a is still quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very much a is still quite large
+after this division but now a has no bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this division but now a has no bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this division but now a has no bad
+subsets remaining because I've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets remaining because I've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets remaining because I've gotten
+rid of one vertex from each one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of one vertex from each one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of one vertex from each one from
+each bad subset so very similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bad subset so very similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bad subset so very similar to what
+we've seen before the random process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before the random process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before the random process for
+creating an H free graph now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an H free graph now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an H free graph now you
+generate a random H free graph which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a random H free graph which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a random H free graph which has
+very few copies of H relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few copies of H relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few copies of H relative to the
+number of edges and then you get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and then you get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and then you get rid of
+them by removing one edge from each copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by removing one edge from each copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by removing one edge from each copy
+of H okay so with the theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H okay so with the theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H okay so with the theorem that we
+saw in the first part of the lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first part of the lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first part of the lecture we
+saw how to improve on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how to improve on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how to improve on the boundary
+coverage shows Terron in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage shows Terron in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage shows Terron in some
+circumstances namely one where the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances namely one where the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances namely one where the graph
+that you're forbidding this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're forbidding this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're forbidding this h
+essentially has found the degree so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has found the degree so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has found the degree so we
+stated something a bit stronger namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated something a bit stronger namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated something a bit stronger namely
+has found the degree from one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has found the degree from one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has found the degree from one side and
+that's that's a really general result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really general result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really general result
+and now I want you to look at some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want you to look at some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want you to look at some more
+specific situations where you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific situations where you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific situations where you might be
+able to improve further so what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to improve further so what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to improve further so what are some
+nice bipartite graphs one that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice bipartite graphs one that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice bipartite graphs one that comes up
+is kind of even cycles C 4 C 6 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of even cycles C 4 C 6 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of even cycles C 4 C 6 and so on
+and you see C 4 is the same as K 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see C 4 is the same as K 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see C 4 is the same as K 2 2
+which we already saw before but even C 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we already saw before but even C 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we already saw before but even C 6
+the technique so far allow us to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique so far allow us to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique so far allow us to obtain
+with the theorem that we just saw gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the theorem that we just saw gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the theorem that we just saw gives
+us a bound on c6 that's more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a bound on c6 that's more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a bound on c6 that's more or less the
+same as that of C 4 namely n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that of C 4 namely n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that of C 4 namely n to the
+three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves
+so what's the truth for seasick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the truth for seasick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the truth for seasick
+so it turns out that you can do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that you can do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that you can do much
+better so this is the theorem of foam be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so this is the theorem of foam be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so this is the theorem of foam be
+romanovitch that for all integers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romanovitch that for all integers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romanovitch that for all integers okay
+at least two they exist some constant C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two they exist some constant C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two they exist some constant C
+such that the extremal number you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the extremal number you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the extremal number you see
+too many times so I'll just say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many times so I'll just say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many times so I'll just say that the
+extremal number of C 2 sub K is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number of C 2 sub K is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number of C 2 sub K is at most
+on the order of n to the 1 plus 1 over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of n to the 1 plus 1 over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of n to the 1 plus 1 over K
+so in particular for 6 cycles the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular for 6 cycles the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular for 6 cycles the upper
+bound is 4/3 in the exponent better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is 4/3 in the exponent better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is 4/3 in the exponent better than
+the three-halves so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-halves so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-halves so this is another
+class of graphs where there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of graphs where there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of graphs where there are some
+nice upper bounds that you can ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice upper bounds that you can ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice upper bounds that you can ask what
+just like cove are we chose to run for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like cove are we chose to run for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like cove are we chose to run for
+complete bipartite graphs do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete bipartite graphs do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete bipartite graphs do we know
+matching lower bound constructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching lower bound constructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching lower bound constructions and
+what is known is that it is tight only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known is that it is tight only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known is that it is tight only
+for a small number of cases and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small number of cases and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small number of cases and the
+others we do not know whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others we do not know whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others we do not know whether they're
+tight so responding Shimoda mesh theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight so responding Shimoda mesh theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight so responding Shimoda mesh theorem
+it is trade for k being 2 3 or 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is trade for k being 2 3 or 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is trade for k being 2 3 or 5 and
+opening for others so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening for others so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening for others so they are
+constructions for c for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions for c for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions for c for free
+c 6 free and C 10 free but not for CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 6 free and C 10 free but not for CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 6 free and C 10 free but not for CH
+freak that's an open problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof of the bounty romanovitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the bounty romanovitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the bounty romanovitch
+theorem is slightly involved but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is slightly involved but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is slightly involved but I want
+to show you a weaker result that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a weaker result that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a weaker result that already
+contains a lot of interesting ideas so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of interesting ideas so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of interesting ideas so a
+weak weaker result is this that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak weaker result is this that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak weaker result is this that for
+every integer okay at least two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every integer okay at least two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every integer okay at least two there
+exists a constant C such that every end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a constant C such that every end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a constant C such that every end
+vertex graph G well at least C so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex graph G well at least C so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex graph G well at least C so this
+the correct the same water number just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct the same water number just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct the same water number just
+okay so that we don't for boning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that we don't for boning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that we don't for boning some
+other fish it contains an even cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fish it contains an even cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fish it contains an even cycle of
+length exactly 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length exactly 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length exactly 2k
+okay so we'll show something is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll show something is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll show something is slightly
+weaker that contains an even cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker that contains an even cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker that contains an even cycle of
+length and most qk which in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and most qk which in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and most qk which in other words
+says that the extremal number if you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the extremal number if you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the extremal number if you so
+we haven't introduced this notation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't introduced this notation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't introduced this notation but
+hopefully you can guess what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can guess what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can guess what it means
+that if you forbid all of these cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you forbid all of these cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you forbid all of these cycles
+then it is this quantity so I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is this quantity so I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is this quantity so I'll show
+this weaker result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's do it first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do it first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do it first I want to
+show you a couple of easy preparatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a couple of easy preparatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a couple of easy preparatory
+lemmas first every graph G contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmas first every graph G contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmas first every graph G contains a
+sub graph with min degree at least half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub graph with min degree at least half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub graph with min degree at least half
+at least half of the average degree of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a graph G it has large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a graph G it has large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a graph G it has large
+average degree has lots of edges but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average degree has lots of edges but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average degree has lots of edges but
+maybe there are some small degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some small degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some small degree
+vertices and it will be useful to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and it will be useful to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and it will be useful to know
+that the minimum degree is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum degree is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum degree is actually
+quite large as well so it turns out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large as well so it turns out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large as well so it turns out by
+passing to a sub graph you can guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing to a sub graph you can guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing to a sub graph you can guarantee
+that how do you think we might prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you think we might prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you think we might prove
+this give you a graph I know it has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you a graph I know it has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you a graph I know it has lots
+of edges but maybe some vertices a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges but maybe some vertices a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges but maybe some vertices a small
+degree yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree yep
+okay so you suggest depending random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you suggest depending random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you suggest depending random
+choice that's a heavy hammer for such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's a heavy hammer for such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's a heavy hammer for such a
+simple statement so it turns out we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple statement so it turns out we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple statement so it turns out we can
+do something even simpler so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something even simpler so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something even simpler so we just
+throw out the minute that we vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out the minute that we vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out the minute that we vertices
+throw out the small degree vertices if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out the small degree vertices if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out the small degree vertices if
+the average degree is two T then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average degree is two T then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average degree is two T then the
+number of edges is number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges is number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges is number of vertices
+times key and you see that removing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times key and you see that removing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times key and you see that removing a
+vertex of the green key for most key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of the green key for most key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of the green key for most key
+cannot decrease average degree so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot decrease average degree so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot decrease average degree so I have
+this process where I remove vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process where I remove vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process where I remove vertices
+that are less than half of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than half of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than half of average
+degree and the average degree never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and the average degree never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and the average degree never go
+step so I keep on doing this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so I keep on doing this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so I keep on doing this average
+degree stays the same well you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree stays the same well you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree stays the same well you can't go
+up but it never goes down and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but it never goes down and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but it never goes down and when I
+stop I don't have any more small degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop I don't have any more small degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop I don't have any more small degree
+vertices to get rid of so why does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to get rid of so why does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to get rid of so why does this
+process even terminate maybe we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process even terminate maybe we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process even terminate maybe we end up
+with the empty graph which is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the empty graph which is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the empty graph which is not so
+useful yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you said the average degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said the average degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said the average degree is
+non-decreasing but how do I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-decreasing but how do I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-decreasing but how do I know the
+graph has at least some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph has at least some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph has at least some number of
+vertices when I stop yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you you must terminate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you you must terminate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you you must terminate you
+must terminate because every graph if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must terminate because every graph if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must terminate because every graph if
+you have way too small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have way too small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have way too small number of
+vertices because for example if just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices because for example if just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices because for example if just
+notice that every graph Worth and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that every graph Worth and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that every graph Worth and most
+to three vertices has average degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three vertices has average degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three vertices has average degree
+less than 2 T so you'll never get below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 2 T so you'll never get below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 2 T so you'll never get below
+two T vertices you run out of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two T vertices you run out of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two T vertices you run out of the room
+if you go too far because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go too far because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go too far because that's the
+first preparation I'm on a second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first preparation I'm on a second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first preparation I'm on a second one is
+that every graph G has a bipartite sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every graph G has a bipartite sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every graph G has a bipartite sub
+graph with at least half of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with at least half of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with at least half of a number of
+edges as the original graph okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges as the original graph okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges as the original graph okay this is
+a very nice and quick exercise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice and quick exercise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice and quick exercise in the
+probabilistic method so we can color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method so we can color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic method so we can color
+every vertex black and white uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex black and white uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex black and white uniformly
+at random and the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and the expected number of
+black to white edges is exactly half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black to white edges is exactly half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black to white edges is exactly half of
+the original number of edges by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original number of edges by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original number of edges by the
+narrative expectations so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative expectations so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative expectations so there are some
+instance with at least that many black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance with at least that many black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance with at least that many black
+white edges and that's a bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so now we can prove the theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now we can prove the theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now we can prove the theorem about
+even cycles the weaker theorem at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I start with a graph which has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with a graph which has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with a graph which has a lot of
+edges but by these two lemmas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges but by these two lemmas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges but by these two lemmas and
+changing constant somewhat I can obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing constant somewhat I can obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing constant somewhat I can obtain
+a sub graph with that's bipartite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub graph with that's bipartite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub graph with that's bipartite and
+has min degree quite large so I lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has min degree quite large so I lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has min degree quite large so I lose a
+most a constant factor and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most a constant factor and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most a constant factor and I get
+basically within a factor of two factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically within a factor of two factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically within a factor of two factor
+four of the average degree okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of the average degree okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of the average degree okay so let
+me call this quantity Delta the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call this quantity Delta the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call this quantity Delta the min
+degree in this sub graph is bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in this sub graph is bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in this sub graph is bipartite
+graph let's think about what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let's think about what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let's think about what happens to
+this graph if I start with an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph if I start with an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph if I start with an arbitrary
+vertex so now I have a min degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so now I have a min degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so now I have a min degree
+condition it's the old vertices are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it's the old vertices are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it's the old vertices are now
+kind of the same to me to pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same to me to pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same to me to pick an
+arbitrary vertex and look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary vertex and look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary vertex and look at its
+neighborhood it has at least Delta edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood it has at least Delta edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood it has at least Delta edges
+coming out so let me call the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out so let me call the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out so let me call the first
+vertex level zero and the second set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex level zero and the second set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex level zero and the second set
+level one it's bipartite so there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level one it's bipartite so there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level one it's bipartite so there are no
+edges within level one let's expand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges within level one let's expand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges within level one let's expand out
+even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+can there be some collisions where two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there be some collisions where two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there be some collisions where two
+of these edges go to the same works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these edges go to the same works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these edges go to the same works well
+if there were then I find a c4 so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were then I find a c4 so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were then I find a c4 so if I
+assume there's no c4 c6 and so on C C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there's no c4 c6 and so on C C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there's no c4 c6 and so on C C to
+K for contradiction so because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K for contradiction so because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K for contradiction so because there's
+no c4 all the end points of these paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no c4 all the end points of these paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no c4 all the end points of these paths
+of length two are distinct in level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you keep going where you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep going where you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep going where you keep
+expanding further and so on and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding further and so on and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding further and so on and all the
+way to level P and all of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to level P and all of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to level P and all of these guys
+must be distinct as well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be distinct as well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be distinct as well because
+otherwise you find a cycle of length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you find a cycle of length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you find a cycle of length and
+most two T so we do this expansion each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two T so we do this expansion each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two T so we do this expansion each
+step you can't distinct vertices and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can't distinct vertices and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can't distinct vertices and you
+also have no I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have no I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have no I just
+inside each part because you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each part because you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each part because you're looking
+in the bipartite setting okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bipartite setting okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bipartite setting okay so how
+many vertices do you get at the end well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vertices do you get at the end well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vertices do you get at the end well
+I haven't min degree condition the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't min degree condition the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't min degree condition the min
+degree condition tells me that I expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree condition tells me that I expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree condition tells me that I expand
+by a factor of at least Delta minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of at least Delta minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of at least Delta minus one
+each time so the number of vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time so the number of vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time so the number of vertices in
+here it's at least Delta minus 1 raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's at least Delta minus 1 raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's at least Delta minus 1 raised
+to the power T so raise the power K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T so raise the power K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T so raise the power K
+here's K I expand all the way to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's K I expand all the way to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's K I expand all the way to the end
+but you see that number there it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see that number there it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see that number there it's quite
+large so in particular if C is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so in particular if C is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so in particular if C is large
+enough then it's bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that would be a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be a contradiction
+because you only had and vertices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only had and vertices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only had and vertices in the
+graph to begin with therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to begin with therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to begin with therefore the
+assumption that there are no cycles even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that there are no cycles even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that there are no cycles even
+cycles of length at most 2k is incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of length at most 2k is incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of length at most 2k is incorrect
+and that finishes the proof any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that finishes the proof any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that finishes the proof any
+questions so questions has to do with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so questions has to do with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so questions has to do with in
+the original in the four ponies from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original in the four ponies from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original in the four ponies from one
+of its theorem so what we need to do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its theorem so what we need to do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its theorem so what we need to do are
+they similar so certainly you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they similar so certainly you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they similar so certainly you want to do
+something like this but then you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but then you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but then you also
+want to think about if you do have short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about if you do have short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about if you do have short
+cycles how can you bypass them right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles how can you bypass them right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles how can you bypass them right so
+there's more careful analysis of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more careful analysis of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more careful analysis of what
+happens with shorter cycles and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with shorter cycles and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with shorter cycles and we will
+not get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get into that
+any more questions all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions all right so the
+first term that we did in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term that we did in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term that we did in today's
+lecture has to do with what okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture has to do with what okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture has to do with what okay so
+questions why the vertices distinct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions why the vertices distinct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions why the vertices distinct for
+level K so at level K if you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level K so at level K if you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level K so at level K if you had some
+collapse then it came from two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse then it came from two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse then it came from two different
+paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+therefore forming a cqk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore forming a cqk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore forming a cqk okay
+so now I want to revisit the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to revisit the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to revisit the first
+theorem that happened in today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that happened in today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that happened in today's lecture
+namely if you have this age bipartite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if you have this age bipartite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if you have this age bipartite a
+and B so we saw the hypothesis was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so we saw the hypothesis was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so we saw the hypothesis was that
+if every vertex in a had found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every vertex in a had found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every vertex in a had found the
+degree degree at most R then we got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree degree at most R then we got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree degree at most R then we got an
+upper bound on extrema number that was n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on extrema number that was n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on extrema number that was n
+to the 2 minus 1 over R in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 minus 1 over R in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 minus 1 over R in particular
+for R equals to 2 suppose that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R equals to 2 suppose that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R equals to 2 suppose that situation
+their degree every vertex in a is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their degree every vertex in a is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their degree every vertex in a is at
+most 2 then the first theorem guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 2 then the first theorem guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 2 then the first theorem guaranteed
+us that the extremal number is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the extremal number is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the extremal number is on the
+order at most n to the 3 halves just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order at most n to the 3 halves just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order at most n to the 3 halves just
+like the extremal number for 4 cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the extremal number for 4 cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the extremal number for 4 cycles
+for k2 T's and of course this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k2 T's and of course this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k2 T's and of course this statement
+is tight in the sense that if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tight in the sense that if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tight in the sense that if I change
+the 3 half to any smaller number than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 half to any smaller number than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 half to any smaller number than
+just taking H to be K 2 2 violation so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking H to be K 2 2 violation so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking H to be K 2 2 violation so I
+cannot replace in this generality 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot replace in this generality 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot replace in this generality 3
+halves by any smaller number because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves by any smaller number because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves by any smaller number because we
+know that the extremal number 4 K 2 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the extremal number 4 K 2 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the extremal number 4 K 2 2 is
+disorder but is that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder but is that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder but is that the only
+obstruction so if H is not K 2 2 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction so if H is not K 2 2 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction so if H is not K 2 2 you can
+make some studio examples to by taking K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some studio examples to by taking K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some studio examples to by taking K
+2 2 and add some more edges so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 and add some more edges so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 and add some more edges so let's
+forbid H from having a K 2 2 sub graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you do better now in this case can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do better now in this case can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do better now in this case can
+you improve for the specific age that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you improve for the specific age that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you improve for the specific age that
+exponent and we already saw one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and we already saw one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and we already saw one case
+where you can do this right so namely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can do this right so namely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can do this right so namely in
+Bonnie's one of edge theorem or cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonnie's one of edge theorem or cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonnie's one of edge theorem or cycles
+if you only apply to this theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only apply to this theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only apply to this theorem here
+you get 3 half but Bonnie's semenovich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 3 half but Bonnie's semenovich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 3 half but Bonnie's semenovich
+tells you a much better exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a much better exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you a much better exponent
+so so let's explore this situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's explore this situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's explore this situation and
+it turns out in a very recent theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in a very recent theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in a very recent theorem
+it's only proved in the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only proved in the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only proved in the last couple of
+years my David :
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years my David :
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years my David :
+and Jim Comey they showed that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jim Comey they showed that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jim Comey they showed that for every
+H as above there exists constants little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as above there exists constants little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H as above there exists constants little
+C and Big C such that the extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and Big C such that the extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and Big C such that the extremal
+number of H is upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of H is upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of H is upper bounded by
+something where I can decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I can decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I can decrease
+three-halves to some even smaller number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves to some even smaller number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves to some even smaller number
+so somehow this three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow this three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow this three-halves
+now we understand it's really because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand it's really because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand it's really because of
+the presence of K to 2 the graph has if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of K to 2 the graph has if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of K to 2 the graph has if
+H has no K 2 2 then some smaller number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H has no K 2 2 then some smaller number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H has no K 2 2 then some smaller number
+surprises and I want to use the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises and I want to use the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises and I want to use the rest of
+today to explain how to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to explain how to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to explain how to prove that
+theorem there it's question that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there it's question that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there it's question that's right
+so the question is okay see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is okay see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is okay see the
+independent of H so C depends on C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of H so C depends on C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of H so C depends on C
+they're dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions let me put this question in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me put this question in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me put this question in a
+slightly different formulation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different formulation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different formulation that is
+also equivalent so in graph theory there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equivalent so in graph theory there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equivalent so in graph theory there
+is a notion of a subdivision and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a notion of a subdivision and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a notion of a subdivision and in
+particular a one subdivision of graph H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a one subdivision of graph H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a one subdivision of graph H
+it's this operation where you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this operation where you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this operation where you start with
+a graph let's say this graph here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph let's say this graph here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph let's say this graph here and
+you add a vertex to the middle of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a vertex to the middle of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a vertex to the middle of every
+edge of the square initially it's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the square initially it's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the square initially it's four
+vertices now you add a new vertex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices now you add a new vertex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices now you add a new vertex to
+every edge so you stop the bike every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge so you stop the bike every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge so you stop the bike every
+edge into a path of two edges that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge into a path of two edges that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge into a path of two edges that's
+called a subdivision so for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a subdivision so for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a subdivision so for today's
+lecture let me to note subdivisions by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture let me to note subdivisions by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture let me to note subdivisions by a
+prime in particular if this is a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime in particular if this is a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime in particular if this is a fourth
+and I want to know this graph here k4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know this graph here k4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know this graph here k4
+prime so for example hey V prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so for example hey V prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so for example hey V prime so
+that's a triangle subdivided c66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so observe that every age that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so observe that every age that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so observe that every age that comes up
+in this theorem here there's a subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some subdivision someone subdivision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subdivision someone subdivision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subdivision someone subdivision of
+a creek because the vertices on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creek because the vertices on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creek because the vertices on the left
+in a of degree 2 so you think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a of degree 2 so you think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a of degree 2 so you think of them as
+midpoints of edges but because you are K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoints of edges but because you are K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoints of edges but because you are K
+2 2 3 you if you collapse those paths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 3 you if you collapse those paths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 3 you if you collapse those paths of
+length 2 2 single edges you do not end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 2 2 single edges you do not end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 2 2 single edges you do not end
+up with parallel edges so it has the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with parallel edges so it has the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with parallel edges so it has the sub
+graph of this one subdivision of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this one subdivision of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this one subdivision of some
+graph which then you can complete to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which then you can complete to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which then you can complete to a
+clique okay so this theorem here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clique okay so this theorem here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clique okay so this theorem here is
+equivalent I leave qualitatively to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent I leave qualitatively to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent I leave qualitatively to the
+statement that for every P there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that for every P there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that for every P there exists
+some constants again depending on P such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constants again depending on P such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constants again depending on P such
+that the extremal number of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extremal number of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extremal number of the one
+subdivision of a clique is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision of a clique is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision of a clique is bounded by
+something where we can improve upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where we can improve upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where we can improve upon the
+exponent in the first theorem in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in the first theorem in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in the first theorem in today's
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that doom there so these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you covenant because of this remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you covenant because of this remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you covenant because of this remark
+any questions so far about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far about the
+statements how do you deal with vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements how do you deal with vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements how do you deal with vertices
+with degree less than two completed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with degree less than two completed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with degree less than two completed to a
+vertex degree of vertex of degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex degree of vertex of degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex degree of vertex of degree two
+add another edge add another edge to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another edge add another edge to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another edge add another edge to a
+new vertex any more questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new vertex any more questions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new vertex any more questions all right
+so the proof I want to show you is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof I want to show you is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof I want to show you is due
+to all over again sir and for this click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all over again sir and for this click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all over again sir and for this click
+subdivision theorem and this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision theorem and this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision theorem and this proof
+produces the C sub T equals to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the C sub T equals to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the C sub T equals to one over
+40 minus six so if you plug in T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 minus six so if you plug in T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 minus six so if you plug in T equals
+to three you find that the exponent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three you find that the exponent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three you find that the exponent here
+it's actually height for the six cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually height for the six cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually height for the six cycle
+actually agrees with what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I want to show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show you some of the
+main ideas from this truth just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ideas from this truth just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ideas from this truth just like the
+proof of that we saw for the psychos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of that we saw for the psychos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of that we saw for the psychos
+Stephen cycles theorem it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen cycles theorem it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen cycles theorem it will be
+helpful to start with some preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to start with some preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to start with some preparation
+you start with a graph that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a graph that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a graph that you know
+even though as lots of edges may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though as lots of edges may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though as lots of edges may have
+lots of vertices with high degree lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of vertices with high degree lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of vertices with high degree lots
+of vertices with no degree it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices with no degree it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices with no degree it's nice to
+clean it up somewhat and so let me state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up somewhat and so let me state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up somewhat and so let me state
+a preparatory lemma which we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preparatory lemma which we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preparatory lemma which we will not
+prove but it's a similar nature to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but it's a similar nature to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but it's a similar nature to this
+very easy lemma that we saw earlier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy lemma that we saw earlier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy lemma that we saw earlier but
+with a bit more work originally I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit more work originally I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit more work originally I put a
+seat over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat over here
+but no it's okay okay so the preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no it's okay okay so the preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no it's okay okay so the preparation
+is that we're going to pass to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to pass to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to pass to a large
+almost regular sub graph too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost regular sub graph too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost regular sub graph too much about
+the details I'll tell you what the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details I'll tell you what the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details I'll tell you what the idea
+is so for every alpha there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so for every alpha there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so for every alpha there exists
+constants beta K such that for every C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants beta K such that for every C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants beta K such that for every C
+and n sufficiently large every N vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n sufficiently large every N vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n sufficiently large every N vertex
+graph G with lots of edges so see n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G with lots of edges so see n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G with lots of edges so see n to
+the 1 plus alpha edges has a sub graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 plus alpha edges has a sub graph G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 plus alpha edges has a sub graph G
+prime such that so I want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime such that so I want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime such that so I want some
+properties first G prime has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties first G prime has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties first G prime has lots of
+vertices n to the beta still lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices n to the beta still lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices n to the beta still lots of
+vertices you do some polynomial in a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices you do some polynomial in a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices you do some polynomial in a net
+and 2 it has still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 it has still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 it has still
+lots of edges relative to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of edges relative to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of edges relative to the number of
+vertices it has basically changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it has basically changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it has basically changing the
+constants if I start with n to the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants if I start with n to the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants if I start with n to the 1
+plus alpha I still have roughly number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha I still have roughly number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha I still have roughly number
+vertices to the 1 plus alpha number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to the 1 plus alpha number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to the 1 plus alpha number of
+edges it is almost regular in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges it is almost regular in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges it is almost regular in the sense
+that the max degree of G does not differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the max degree of G does not differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the max degree of G does not differ
+from its minimum degree by more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its minimum degree by more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its minimum degree by more than a
+constant factor so so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor so so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor so so you don't have
+vertices that are too small degree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are too small degree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are too small degree you
+don't have vertices that are too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have vertices that are too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have vertices that are too large
+degree and finally G prime is bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and finally G prime is bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and finally G prime is bipartite
+and the two parts of this pie partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two parts of this pie partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two parts of this pie partition
+have sizes differing by a factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sizes differing by a factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sizes differing by a factor and
+most to so if you like think of G as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most to so if you like think of G as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most to so if you like think of G as a
+regular bipartite graph this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular bipartite graph this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular bipartite graph this is a
+preparation lemma we'll just make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation lemma we'll just make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation lemma we'll just make our
+life a bit easier so from now on let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a bit easier so from now on let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a bit easier so from now on let's
+treat P as a constant in our asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat P as a constant in our asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat P as a constant in our asymptotic
+notation to simplify simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to simplify simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to simplify simplify the
+notation so you have this graph G it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so you have this graph G it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so you have this graph G it's a
+bipartite graph and for a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and for a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and for a pair of
+vertices on one side a so there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on one side a so there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on one side a so there are no
+adjusting a before pair of vertices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting a before pair of vertices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting a before pair of vertices I
+say that this movie is light so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this movie is light so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this movie is light so it's not
+it's not an edge but I talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an edge but I talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an edge but I talk about these
+pairs I say that it is light if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs I say that it is light if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs I say that it is light if the
+number of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between of U and D is at least one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of U and D is at least one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between of U and D is at least one and
+less than she choose to so some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than she choose to so some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than she choose to so some common
+neighbors are not human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors are not human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors are not human
+and then we say that this pair is heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say that this pair is heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we say that this pair is heavy
+if a number of common neighbors is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a number of common neighbors is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a number of common neighbors is at
+least T choose 2 so if a pair UV has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least T choose 2 so if a pair UV has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least T choose 2 so if a pair UV has
+some common neighbors than we it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common neighbors than we it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common neighbors than we it's
+either light or heavy I claim that if G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either light or heavy I claim that if G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either light or heavy I claim that if G
+is a hey T prime so this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hey T prime so this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hey T prime so this is the one
+subdivision of KT free bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision of KT free bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision of KT free bipartite graph
+with vertex by partition a union B April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vertex by partition a union B April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vertex by partition a union B April
+you Union B you will eventually be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Union B you will eventually be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Union B you will eventually be a
+subset of 8 such that all the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of 8 such that all the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of 8 such that all the vertices
+on the left of you degree at least Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you is not too small so it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you is not too small so it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you is not too small so it's at
+least four feet over Delta about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four feet over Delta about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four feet over Delta about it we
+now think of Delta this is a min degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think of Delta this is a min degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think of Delta this is a min degree
+so it has somewhat smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has somewhat smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has somewhat smaller than the
+average it's basically the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's basically the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's basically the average
+degree of your graph and be think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of your graph and be think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of your graph and be think of as
+ends more or less the whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends more or less the whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends more or less the whole set of
+vertices then the conclusion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices then the conclusion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices then the conclusion is that
+there exists are you in a lot of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists are you in a lot of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists are you in a lot of light
+pairs in the set exists vertex in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in the set exists vertex in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in the set exists vertex in many
+light pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's important that we assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that we assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that we assume that this
+graph G is KP prime free because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G is KP prime free because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G is KP prime free because
+otherwise you could imagine a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you could imagine a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you could imagine a situation
+where essentially you have a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially you have a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially you have a complete
+bipartite graph and every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and every pair of
+vertices is heavy so you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is heavy so you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is heavy so you don't have any
+light pairs at all so having Katie Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light pairs at all so having Katie Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light pairs at all so having Katie Prime
+free somehow allows us to fight flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free somehow allows us to fight flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free somehow allows us to fight flight
+pairs so let's see the proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so let's see the proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so let's see the proof of this
+lemma so you combine some nice ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so you combine some nice ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so you combine some nice ideas
+that we've seen earlier in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen earlier in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen earlier in the course
+namely double counting and also uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely double counting and also uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely double counting and also uses
+Tehran's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first let's do a double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's do a double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's do a double counting
+argument similar to the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument similar to the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument similar to the proof of the
+kaveri shows Terron theorem where let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaveri shows Terron theorem where let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaveri shows Terron theorem where let's
+count the number of k 1 choose like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of k 1 choose like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of k 1 choose like that
+so the number of K 1 choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of K 1 choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of K 1 choose
+like that between U and B I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that between U and B I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that between U and B I claim that
+way to campus is to look through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to campus is to look through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to campus is to look through all the
+vertices on the right side look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the right side look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the right side look at how
+many neighbors it has and sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neighbors it has and sum up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many neighbors it has and sum up the
+degrees choose 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so skipping some okay so let me I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so skipping some okay so let me I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so skipping some okay so let me I can
+tell you what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what comes out
+so by convexity we find that it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by convexity we find that it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by convexity we find that it is this
+this quantity here and then assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here and then assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here and then assuming the
+minimum degree condition we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum degree condition we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum degree condition we find that
+this quantity is quite large so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is quite large so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is quite large so this is
+a calculation very similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation very similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation very similar to what we
+did for the proof of coverage to Rhonda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did low degree vertices in B do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did low degree vertices in B do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did low degree vertices in B do not
+contribute much to the Sun so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute much to the Sun so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute much to the Sun so this this
+sum is large and sums over all vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is large and sums over all vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is large and sums over all vertices
+in B but the low degree vertices and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B but the low degree vertices and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B but the low degree vertices and B
+they contribute very low because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contribute very low because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contribute very low because if we
+sum over all the vertices of B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the vertices of B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the vertices of B with
+degree less than two T then each summand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree less than two T then each summand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree less than two T then each summand
+is at most two T squared which can by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most two T squared which can by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most two T squared which can by
+the assumption of Delta is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption of Delta is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption of Delta is less than
+half the total sum so the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the total sum so the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the total sum so the low degree
+vertices of B do not contribute very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of B do not contribute very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of B do not contribute very
+much to the Sun so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to the Sun so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to the Sun so let's look at the
+higher degree vertices for the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree vertices for the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree vertices for the higher
+degree vertices they contribute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree vertices they contribute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree vertices they contribute a
+substantial chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the most important thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most important thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most important thing here is
+that among these vertices there are no T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that among these vertices there are no T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that among these vertices there are no T
+mutually heavy okay so now among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually heavy okay so now among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually heavy okay so now among these
+vertices but in you if you look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but in you if you look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but in you if you look at you
+there are no T mutually heavy vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no T mutually heavy vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no T mutually heavy vertices
+in you if you have three mutually heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you if you have three mutually heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you if you have three mutually heavy
+vertices in you then what happens so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in you then what happens so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in you then what happens so if
+you had he mutually heavy vertices if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had he mutually heavy vertices if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had he mutually heavy vertices if
+you have let's say three vertices in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have let's say three vertices in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have let's say three vertices in you
+they are mutually heavy each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are mutually heavy each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are mutually heavy each one of them
+because they are heavy I can find many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are heavy I can find many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are heavy I can find many
+common neighbors so I can build there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors so I can build there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors so I can build there's
+paths of length two I can build another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths of length two I can build another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths of length two I can build another
+path of length two and I don't run all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of length two and I don't run all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of length two and I don't run all
+the vertices because they're all heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices because they're all heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices because they're all heavy
+they all have at least he choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have at least he choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have at least he choose two
+common neighbors so I can build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors so I can build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors so I can build the
+subdivision of KT so there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision of KT so there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision of KT so there are no
+mutually happy mutually heavy vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually happy mutually heavy vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually happy mutually heavy vertices
+in you okay so where have we seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you okay so where have we seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you okay so where have we seen this
+before so you have think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so you have think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so you have think about the
+neighborhood of a vertex in V because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a vertex in V because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a vertex in V because
+it's inside a neighborhood all the pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inside a neighborhood all the pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inside a neighborhood all the pairs
+are either heavy or light and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either heavy or light and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either heavy or light and there are
+no T mutually heavy vertices so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no T mutually heavy vertices so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no T mutually heavy vertices so then
+Tehran's theorem tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tehran's theorem tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tehran's theorem tells us
+that there must be many white vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there must be many white vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there must be many white vertices
+that there are many light vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many light vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many light vertices in
+this neighborhood so number of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neighborhood so number of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neighborhood so number of light
+pairs in the neighborhood of this V yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as at least P neighbors so else you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as at least P neighbors so else you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as at least P neighbors so else you run
+out of room yes at least right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of room yes at least right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of room yes at least right so if you
+think about what Tehran's term says set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what Tehran's term says set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what Tehran's term says set
+a number of long edges it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of long edges it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of long edges it's at least
+this quantity here which is at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here which is at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here which is at least the
+degree of P squared so Torrens theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of P squared so Torrens theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of P squared so Torrens theorem
+tells us that there cannot be so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that there cannot be so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that there cannot be so many
+heavy pairs inside the neighborhood of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy pairs inside the neighborhood of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy pairs inside the neighborhood of a
+vertex in B so there must be many light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in B so there must be many light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in B so there must be many light
+pairs and now we sum over all vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and now we sum over all vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and now we sum over all vertices
+and beep we obtain that you pass a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beep we obtain that you pass a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beep we obtain that you pass a lot
+of light pairs we might have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light pairs we might have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light pairs we might have over
+counted a little bit right because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted a little bit right because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted a little bit right because each
+light pair is over countered if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light pair is over countered if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light pair is over countered if you only
+buy a bounded number of times because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a bounded number of times because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a bounded number of times because
+it's light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recounted by less than K choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recounted by less than K choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recounted by less than K choose two
+times so that's a constant factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so that's a constant factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so that's a constant factor and
+we're okay with that okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay with that okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay with that okay so that's the
+conclusion for now this lemma tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion for now this lemma tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion for now this lemma tells us
+that you have lots of light pairs in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have lots of light pairs in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have lots of light pairs in you
+and what we're going to do is to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is to keep on
+shrinking this u so U is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking this u so U is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking this u so U is going to be a
+subset of a initially let's let u be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a initially let's let u be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a initially let's let u be the
+entire set it tells us that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set it tells us that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set it tells us that there's one
+vertex in a with lots of night like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a with lots of night like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a with lots of night like
+neighbors pick that vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors pick that vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors pick that vertex
+she was neighborhood apply the lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was neighborhood apply the lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was neighborhood apply the lemma
+again find another vertex with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again find another vertex with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again find another vertex with lots of
+internal light neighbors keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal light neighbors keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal light neighbors keep on going
+and then we built a large light clique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we built a large light clique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we built a large light clique
+so that's the idea so we'll find that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea so we'll find that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea so we'll find that so
+we'll see that if this Delta is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that if this Delta is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that if this Delta is bigger
+than basically the quantity claimed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than basically the quantity claimed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than basically the quantity claimed in
+the theorem over sufficiently large C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists the sequence u 1 u 2 u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists the sequence u 1 u 2 u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists the sequence u 1 u 2 u
+3 so on all the way to UT and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so on all the way to UT and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so on all the way to UT and the
+sequence of vertices V 1 V 2 V T so such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of vertices V 1 V 2 V T so such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of vertices V 1 V 2 V T so such
+that initially I take a and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initially I take a and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initially I take a and the idea is
+initial V I take V 1 to be whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial V I take V 1 to be whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial V I take V 1 to be whatever
+comes out of that lemma and I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of that lemma and I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of that lemma and I want the
+property that all of the V I V J's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that all of the V I V J's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that all of the V I V J's are
+light and to X I know three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and to X I know three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and to X I know three of these
+beasts have a common neighbor and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts have a common neighbor and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts have a common neighbor and I
+think once you have these two properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think once you have these two properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think once you have these two properties
+that you can find your click subdivision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find your click subdivision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find your click subdivision
+you find these T like vertices so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find these T like vertices so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find these T like vertices so if you
+have u 1 V 2 V 3 before you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have u 1 V 2 V 3 before you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have u 1 V 2 V 3 before you have these
+like vertices and I can build a click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vertices and I can build a click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vertices and I can build a click
+subdivision from these light vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision from these light vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision from these light vertices
+because they're light they have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're light they have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're light they have at least
+one common neighbor for each pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common neighbor for each pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common neighbor for each pair and
+just keep building them build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep building them build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep building them build these
+common neighbors well you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors well you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors well you should be
+somewhat worried that I end up using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat worried that I end up using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat worried that I end up using the
+same vertex twice but of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex twice but of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex twice but of course that
+should not be a worry if is guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be a worry if is guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be a worry if is guarantee
+that no three of them have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no three of them have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no three of them have a common
+neighbor they cannot collapse you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor they cannot collapse you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor they cannot collapse you cannot
+have two vertices end up being the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two vertices end up being the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two vertices end up being the same
+otherwise I would violate property B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I would violate property B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I would violate property B
+so these two properties alone allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two properties alone allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two properties alone allow you
+to build a KP subdivision but how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a KP subdivision but how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a KP subdivision but how do we
+find this sequence so we build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this sequence so we build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this sequence so we build it
+intuitively using that lemma you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively using that lemma you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively using that lemma you start
+with one vertex guarantee by that lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one vertex guarantee by that lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one vertex guarantee by that lemma
+you look at this neighborhood you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this neighborhood you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this neighborhood you pick
+another vertex guaranteed by the lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vertex guaranteed by the lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vertex guaranteed by the lemma
+you look at this neighborhood and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this neighborhood and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this neighborhood and so on
+and you build the sequence of light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you build the sequence of light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you build the sequence of light the
+light neighborhood yeah so we're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light neighborhood yeah so we're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light neighborhood yeah so we're not in
+the graph anymore so everything's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph anymore so everything's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph anymore so everything's inside
+a everything is inside so let me finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a everything is inside so let me finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a everything is inside so let me finish
+off the list of properties and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the list of properties and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the list of properties and we're
+almost there third property I want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there third property I want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there third property I want is
+that when I do this operation I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I do this operation I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I do this operation I do not
+reduce my space of possibilities by too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce my space of possibilities by too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce my space of possibilities by too
+much namely that the size of U does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much namely that the size of U does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much namely that the size of U does not
+go down to substantially and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to substantially and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to substantially and that's
+guaranteed by the level and four is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed by the level and four is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed by the level and four is that
+basically this picture over here VI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this picture over here VI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this picture over here VI is
+light to all of you i plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I claim that you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that you can find the
+sequence satisfying these properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence satisfying these properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence satisfying these properties and
+the reason is that you will repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that you will repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that you will repeatedly
+apply the lemma so repeatedly apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the lemma so repeatedly apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the lemma so repeatedly apply
+lemma the lemma doesn't address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma the lemma doesn't address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma the lemma doesn't address this
+part about triple vertices having common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about triple vertices having common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about triple vertices having common
+neighbors but I think that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors but I think that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors but I think that's actually
+not so hard to deal with because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so hard to deal with because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so hard to deal with because if you
+think about how many vertices how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many vertices how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many vertices how many
+possibilities this restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities this restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities this restriction
+illuminates so big only eliminates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminates so big only eliminates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminates so big only eliminates at
+each step key choose two because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step key choose two because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step key choose two because this is
+coming from the like restriction times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the like restriction times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the like restriction times I
+knows another P choose 2 and this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows another P choose 2 and this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows another P choose 2 and this comes
+the first one comes from pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eliminates almost this many times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates almost this many times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates almost this many times the
+max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O1OZqHaRZNg.txt b/O1OZqHaRZNg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f132334cc576a093e6c0002eeee96cf6885d03e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O1OZqHaRZNg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7976 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we'll talk about
+asymmetric tops and I discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric tops and I discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric tops and I discovered that
+there are a lot of mistakes that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of mistakes that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of mistakes that still
+exist in these notes and I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in these notes and I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in these notes and I'll try to
+correct them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct them
+um a lot of the material that in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the material that in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the material that in these
+lectures comes from this book by towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures comes from this book by towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures comes from this book by towns
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+shallow I have a four book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow I have a four book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow I have a four book
+rule that there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that there's certain
+books which are sufficiently important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books which are sufficiently important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books which are sufficiently important
+that you have to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copies one for the office one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies one for the office one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies one for the office one for the
+lab one for the bathroom and one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab one for the bathroom and one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab one for the bathroom and one for
+bed and towns and cello is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed and towns and cello is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed and towns and cello is definitely
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+the is a four Booker uh there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is a four Booker uh there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is a four Booker uh there are a few
+others that have to be a for a four book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that have to be a for a four book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that have to be a for a four book
+uh class like tinum used to be for me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class like tinum used to be for me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class like tinum used to be for me uh
+and and certainly herzberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and certainly herzberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and certainly herzberg's
+diatomics but uh this is by far in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics but uh this is by far in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics but uh this is by far in a way
+the most important book you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important book you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important book you could have
+in your library I think now well other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your library I think now well other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your library I think now well other
+than SP that's that's up for you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than SP that's that's up for you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than SP that's that's up for you that's
+that you can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can decide
+uh but uh Bookers and two Bookers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh Bookers and two Bookers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh Bookers and two Bookers as
+well absolutely and there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well absolutely and there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well absolutely and there's there's
+there there are uh negative ones I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are uh negative ones I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are uh negative ones I mean
+books that you have to have but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that you have to have but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that you have to have but you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+want and uh what was the last place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and uh what was the last place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and uh what was the last place of
+the office lab bathroom and bed okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office lab bathroom and bed okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office lab bathroom and bed okay you
+know you got to have something under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you got to have something under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you got to have something under
+your pillow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pillow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pillow
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+so I it's been a long time since I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I it's been a long time since I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I it's been a long time since I've
+assigned a problem and so I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a problem and so I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a problem and so I have one
+today and this is a kind of a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is a kind of a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is a kind of a classic
+problem and we're just about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're just about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're just about at the
+point where we where you can do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we where you can do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we where you can do this one
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+also helps to amarate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helps to amarate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helps to amarate some of the
+incredible stupidity I did last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible stupidity I did last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible stupidity I did last lecture
+okay consider the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sf4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf4
+sf4 was a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf4 was a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf4 was a classic
+molecule uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh testing qualitative ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh testing qualitative ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh testing qualitative ideas of
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+structure um and in fact there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um and in fact there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um and in fact there is a
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+paper uh by John W in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by John W in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by John W in which he
+uh puts his uh decisive two cents in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh puts his uh decisive two cents in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh puts his uh decisive two cents in to
+deciding the structure so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the structure so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the structure so what I want
+you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to
+do now th some of you have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now th some of you have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now th some of you have had a
+connection with 5111 or two and Vesper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with 5111 or two and Vesper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with 5111 or two and Vesper
+is taught or used to be taught is Vesper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taught or used to be taught is Vesper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taught or used to be taught is Vesper
+taught in 5111 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5112 well if you use Veil and shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5112 well if you use Veil and shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5112 well if you use Veil and shell
+electron pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pair
+repulsion You can predict the corre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion You can predict the corre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion You can predict the corre
+direct qualitative structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct qualitative structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct qualitative structure of
+sf4 so what I want you to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf4 so what I want you to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf4 so what I want you to do is to
+calculate the microwave Spectrum for J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the microwave Spectrum for J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the microwave Spectrum for J
+so for all transitions with J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all transitions with J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all transitions with J equal to
+or smaller than four in other words four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller than four in other words four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller than four in other words four
+to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+assuming uh tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+that's easy right I I mean I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy right I I mean I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy right I I mean I I didn't
+want to say it but um the d3h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say it but um the d3h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say it but um the d3h
+structure uh d3h is a symmetry Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh d3h is a symmetry Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh d3h is a symmetry Point
+group it it's analogous to ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it it's analogous to ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it it's analogous to ammonia
+except it's got an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's got an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it's got an extra
+Florine and the Teeter Totter structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine and the Teeter Totter structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine and the Teeter Totter structure
+which is that's the technical term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that's the technical term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that's the technical term for
+you what technical term seesaw or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what technical term seesaw or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what technical term seesaw or
+whatever oh seesaw okay right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever oh seesaw okay right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever oh seesaw okay right so you
+have two uh a base of one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two uh a base of one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two uh a base of one uh
+sf2 and then the two others with longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf2 and then the two others with longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf2 and then the two others with longer
+bonds and nearly linear that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and nearly linear that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and nearly linear that's the
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+structure and uh so uh if you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and uh so uh if you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and uh so uh if you calculate
+the microwave Spectre for these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microwave Spectre for these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microwave Spectre for these three
+species you will get a sense of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species you will get a sense of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species you will get a sense of how you
+could use microwave spectroscopy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use microwave spectroscopy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use microwave spectroscopy to
+decide what is the structure of sf4 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what is the structure of sf4 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what is the structure of sf4 now
+what what I want you to do is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I want you to do is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I want you to do is to make
+reasonable guesses for Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable guesses for Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable guesses for Bond
+lengths um and I don't care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths um and I don't care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths um and I don't care what
+reasonable guesses you use one one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable guesses you use one one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable guesses you use one one thing
+you could do is uh take the bond length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is uh take the bond length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is uh take the bond length
+the SF Bond length from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SF Bond length from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SF Bond length from
+sf6 uh um but or you could just guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf6 uh um but or you could just guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sf6 uh um but or you could just guess a
+reasonable Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Bond
+length uh based on uh information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh based on uh information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh based on uh information in the
+old chemical Rob tables where they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old chemical Rob tables where they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old chemical Rob tables where they gave
+the radi the calent radi of atoms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radi the calent radi of atoms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radi the calent radi of atoms but
+whatever however you decide I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever however you decide I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever however you decide I want you
+to calculate the structure I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the structure I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the structure I actually
+used to give an exam where I would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to give an exam where I would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to give an exam where I would give
+the microwave spectrum and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microwave spectrum and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microwave spectrum and you would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+to uh deduce assign it and deduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh deduce assign it and deduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh deduce assign it and deduce a
+structure okay and so the main reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay and so the main reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay and so the main reason
+for giving such a problem is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for giving such a problem is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for giving such a problem is when you're
+face with the microwave Spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face with the microwave Spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face with the microwave Spectrum you
+start out by assuming a geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by assuming a geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by assuming a geometry
+locating the center mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating the center mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating the center mass and
+then uh either by inspection figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh either by inspection figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh either by inspection figuring
+out which are the A and C axes or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which are the A and C axes or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which are the A and C axes or you
+just write the inertial tensor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the inertial tensor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the inertial tensor and
+diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize
+it and I I guarantee you that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I I guarantee you that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I I guarantee you that for the
+Teeter Totter geometry or the Seesaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teeter Totter geometry or the Seesaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teeter Totter geometry or the Seesaw
+geometry whatever you want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry whatever you want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry whatever you want to call it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh you're not going to find uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not going to find uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not going to find uh well
+that's actually not true um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not true um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not true um there's
+enough symmetry that you that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough symmetry that you that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough symmetry that you that you can
+simplify the problem so that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the problem so that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the problem so that at least
+you don't have to diagonalize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to diagonalize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to diagonalize a
+3X3 so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 so that's a
+problem and let's have that uh done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and let's have that uh done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and let's have that uh done a
+week from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week from
+Friday okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to set up the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set up the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set up the effective
+hamiltonian or the hamiltonian for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian or the hamiltonian for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian or the hamiltonian for an
+asymmetric top and uh uh we now we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric top and uh uh we now we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric top and uh uh we now we we
+start out by knowing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by knowing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by knowing uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the way to set up the uh rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way to set up the uh rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way to set up the uh rotational
+hamiltonian for a symmetric top and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for a symmetric top and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for a symmetric top and and
+uh so let's just review some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+have something here which we will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something here which we will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something here which we will just
+call J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now this strictly isn't J it's j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now this strictly isn't J it's j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now this strictly isn't J it's j
+minus orbital angular momentum minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus orbital angular momentum minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus orbital angular momentum minus
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+minus vibrational angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus vibrational angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus vibrational angular
+momentum and this is uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and this is uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and this is uh so this is
+basically the nuclear rotation excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the nuclear rotation excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the nuclear rotation excluding
+vibration and there is this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and there is this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and there is this wonderful
+classic paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1968 I was graduate student then uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1968 I was graduate student then uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1968 I was graduate student then uh and
+this this is really the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is really the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is really the rotational
+hamiltonian uh it's also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh it's also called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh it's also called the
+watsonian it's so important that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watsonian it's so important that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watsonian it's so important that instead
+of be calling calling it a hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be calling calling it a hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be calling calling it a hamiltonian
+it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a
+watsonian uh and that's really a tribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watsonian uh and that's really a tribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watsonian uh and that's really a tribute
+of your from your colleagues to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your from your colleagues to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your from your colleagues to have
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+named after you okay so anyway we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after you okay so anyway we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after you okay so anyway we want
+this thing and uh if you can find the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and uh if you can find the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and uh if you can find the uh
+coordinate system which in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system which in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system which in which the
+inertial tensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal then you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal then you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal then you can write the
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as like this so we have three rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants Now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants Now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants Now by
+definition the moments of inertia I a ib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the moments of inertia I a ib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the moments of inertia I a ib
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+IC are this is the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC are this is the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC are this is the light
+one and so the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants are always in this order now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are always in this order now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are always in this order now
+this is actually quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually quite important
+because the masses the moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the masses the moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the masses the moments of
+inertia are something that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia are something that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia are something that are
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+knowable and uh we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowable and uh we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowable and uh we're going to be
+observing small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing small
+splittings when we start dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings when we start dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings when we start dealing with
+asymmetric tops and these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric tops and these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric tops and these small
+splittings asymmetry doublings have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings asymmetry doublings have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings asymmetry doublings have a
+sign and that sign is determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and that sign is determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and that sign is determined by the
+inertias the moments of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertias the moments of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertias the moments of inertia
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+Symmetry and so uh if you have in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so uh if you have in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so uh if you have in an
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+knowing the moments of inertia and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the moments of inertia and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the moments of inertia and the
+energy order of to asymmetry split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy order of to asymmetry split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy order of to asymmetry split
+levels you can often determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you can often determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you can often determine the
+rotation the electronic vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the electronic vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the electronic vibrational
+symmetry of a state and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of a state and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of a state and that's actually
+a really important thing it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important thing it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important thing it's one of
+those uh invariant things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh invariant things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh invariant things that you can
+you can use it's not an accid you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it's not an accid you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it's not an accid you know
+often when you have small doublings it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when you have small doublings it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when you have small doublings it's
+due to an accident it's due to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to an accident it's due to second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to an accident it's due to second
+order effects this is not this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effects this is not this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effects this is not this is this
+is really uh something you can depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh something you can depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh something you can depend on
+and it's uh neglected okay so now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh neglected okay so now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh neglected okay so now these
+moments of inertia despite what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia despite what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia despite what is
+written in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the
+notes is are the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is are the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is are the sum of the
+masses times the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses times the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses times the square of the
+perpendicular distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance from the
+appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+axis and so uh if we were to look at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and so uh if we were to look at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and so uh if we were to look at a a
+molecule like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like
+this um and uh first of all for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and uh first of all for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and uh first of all for that
+shape uh this uh is cysp acetylene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape uh this uh is cysp acetylene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape uh this uh is cysp acetylene in
+case you didn't uh didn't know it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you didn't uh didn't know it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you didn't uh didn't know it it's
+in the c2v point group but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the c2v point group but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the c2v point group but now we have
+we have three different ways of labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three different ways of labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three different ways of labeling
+axes we have a b and c we have X Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes we have a b and c we have X Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes we have a b and c we have X Y and
+Z based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z based on
+Symmetry and we have Z based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and we have Z based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and we have Z based
+on near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Symmetry and uh it's it's really uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and uh it's it's really uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and uh it's it's really uh it's
+it's very confusing and and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very confusing and and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very confusing and and sometimes
+when you have two different forms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two different forms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two different forms of the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+molecules these are both c2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules the near symmetry axis is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what exactly is meant by near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what exactly is meant by near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what exactly is meant by near
+symmetry well these are both prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry well these are both prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry well these are both prolate
+tops and the prolate axis is the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops and the prolate axis is the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops and the prolate axis is the near
+symmetry axis it's the uh it's the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis it's the uh it's the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis it's the uh it's the a
+axis and uh but from a group theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and uh but from a group theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and uh but from a group theoretical
+point of view that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that's the
+z-axis this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis this is the
+z-axis so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis so we have the
+z-axis determined two different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis determined two different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis determined two different ways and
+then we have a b and c which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a b and c which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a b and c which are
+determined by moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by moments of
+inertia okay so there's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia okay so there's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia okay so there's there's a lot of
+hidden complexity in in this okay now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden complexity in in this okay now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden complexity in in this okay now uh
+one of the things that you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you want to be
+able to do is to to develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is to to develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is to to develop some
+intuition for how do a b and c change as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for how do a b and c change as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for how do a b and c change as
+the molecule is distorted through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is distorted through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is distorted through
+various normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibrations okay and because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations okay and because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations okay and because one of the
+things that you often use to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you often use to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you often use to make
+vibrational assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational assignment
+now I'm talking about normal modes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm talking about normal modes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm talking about normal modes we
+haven't done normal modes in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done normal modes in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done normal modes in this class
+but everybody knows what a vibration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everybody knows what a vibration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everybody knows what a vibration is
+and has some ideas about normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has some ideas about normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has some ideas about normal
+modes so how the a b and c rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so how the a b and c rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so how the a b and c rotational
+constants change with vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants change with vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants change with vibrational
+excitation or how they are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation or how they are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation or how they are different
+from those in the ground vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those in the ground vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those in the ground vibrational
+State provide a clue as to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State provide a clue as to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State provide a clue as to the
+vibrational nature of the state and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational nature of the state and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational nature of the state and so
+you don't need to have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to have all the
+Machinery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of
+uh writing down the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writing down the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writing down the center of mass
+coordinate system and going to the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and going to the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and going to the uh uh
+coordinate system where the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system where the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system where the inertial
+tensor is diagonal you can do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is diagonal you can do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is diagonal you can do a lot of
+that stuff in your heads and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff in your heads and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff in your heads and you should
+practice that and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that and there are some
+wonderful things I mean suppose we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things I mean suppose we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things I mean suppose we start
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh for this molecule I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for this molecule I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for this molecule I've already
+told you the a axis is is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the a axis is is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the a axis is is like this
+because this axis puts the heavy atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this axis puts the heavy atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this axis puts the heavy atoms
+close to the axis and all the atoms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the axis and all the atoms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the axis and all the atoms as
+close to the axis as possible and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the axis as possible and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the axis as possible and you
+want the smallest moment of inertia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the smallest moment of inertia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the smallest moment of inertia and
+so then there's the question is this b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then there's the question is this b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then there's the question is this b
+or uh is this the B Axis or the C axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh is this the B Axis or the C axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh is this the B Axis or the C axis
+the center uh the center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center uh the center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center uh the center of mass is
+somewhere about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere about
+there um and so is this C or is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and so is this C or is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and so is this C or is that
+c okay and so if we have an axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c okay and so if we have an axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c okay and so if we have an axis here
+the perpendicular distances of uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular distances of uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular distances of uh well
+we can look basically if you you uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look basically if you you uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look basically if you you uh if
+you look only at the heavy atoms then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look only at the heavy atoms then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look only at the heavy atoms then
+you can see that the heavy atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the heavy atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the heavy atoms are
+farther from the the perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther from the the perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther from the the perpendicular to
+that this axis is longer to the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this axis is longer to the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this axis is longer to the heavy
+atoms than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms than from
+here and so that already gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so that already gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so that already gives you some
+guidance if you have a a longer distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance if you have a a longer distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance if you have a a longer distance
+the moment of inertia is larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia is larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia is larger and
+that's that makes it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that makes it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that makes it the
+cais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cais
+so um is it always true for pler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is it always true for pler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is it always true for pler
+molecules to the cais is on the yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules to the cais is on the yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules to the cais is on the yes okay
+and so is that something that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is that something that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is that something that you've
+heard memorized or thought through I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard memorized or thought through I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard memorized or thought through I
+mean I me I had heard it before and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I me I had heard it before and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I me I had heard it before and I
+was trying to remember yeah I mean most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to remember yeah I mean most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to remember yeah I mean most
+people have heard that it's familiar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have heard that it's familiar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have heard that it's familiar and
+it's it's an easy fact to remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an easy fact to remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an easy fact to remember if
+you got a planer molecule C A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a planer molecule C A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a planer molecule C A is
+perpendicular to plane uh and uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to plane uh and uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to plane uh and uh but you
+ought to convince yourself that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to convince yourself that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to convince yourself that it's
+true it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's not too
+hard okay one of the things that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay one of the things that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay one of the things that uh that
+I like to challenge you with is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to challenge you with is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to challenge you with is suppose
+you start with a molecule that's planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a molecule that's planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a molecule that's planer
+and you TOR and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torsion well what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsion well what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsion well what's going to happen is
+that the B and C axis the the B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the B and C axis the the B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the B and C axis the the B and C
+moments of inertia so as you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia so as you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia so as you do a
+torsion uh uh away from the sysp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsion uh uh away from the sysp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsion uh uh away from the sysp
+geometry uh the uh the Symmetry axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh the uh the Symmetry axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh the uh the Symmetry axis
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+move you still have a C2 axis and but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you still have a C2 axis and but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you still have a C2 axis and but as
+you do this torsion the B and C axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this torsion the B and C axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this torsion the B and C axes
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+rolls you get an accidental symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls you get an accidental symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls you get an accidental symmetric
+top at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top at some
+angle which is something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle which is something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle which is something that the
+acetylene people will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene people will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene people will have
+experienced and you can also do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced and you can also do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced and you can also do that
+starting from the the trans bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the the trans bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the the trans bent
+geometry and so there's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and so there's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and so there's the the
+interesting question if suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question if suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question if suppose you have
+a vibration which at has large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibration which at has large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibration which at has large enough
+amplitude that at one Turning Point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that at one Turning Point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that at one Turning Point uh
+the uh uh uh the B and C axes have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh uh the B and C axes have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh uh the B and C axes have one
+orientation and at the other uh Turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and at the other uh Turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and at the other uh Turning
+Point the B and C axis have switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point the B and C axis have switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point the B and C axis have switched
+roles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and
+uh surely there's going to be complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surely there's going to be complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surely there's going to be complexity
+there then there's the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then there's the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then there's the issue
+of in order to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in order to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in order to describe
+rotation we think about the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation we think about the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation we think about the molecules
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+rigid and we solve this problem and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid and we solve this problem and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid and we solve this problem and we
+find the special coordinate system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the special coordinate system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the special coordinate system where
+the inertial tensor is diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what happens when the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibrates is the inertial tensor going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates is the inertial tensor going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates is the inertial tensor going to
+stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+diagonal what do we mean by the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal what do we mean by the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal what do we mean by the body
+fixed coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed coordinate
+system do we uh I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do we uh I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do we uh I mean we
+establish this special coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish this special coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish this special coordinate system
+by uh with by by saying okay the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh with by by saying okay the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh with by by saying okay the atoms
+have definite locations but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have definite locations but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have definite locations but what if
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+moving are we are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving are we are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving are we are we going
+to uh establish a coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh establish a coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh establish a coordinate system
+which is based on where they were when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is based on where they were when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is based on where they were when
+they started or are you going to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started or are you going to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started or are you going to follow
+and if the atoms move do you keep do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the atoms move do you keep do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the atoms move do you keep do you
+define a coordinate system where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a coordinate system where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a coordinate system where the
+inertial tensor is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial tensor is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial tensor is always
+diagonal if that's true then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal if that's true then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal if that's true then the
+coordinate system is going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system is going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system is going to be doing
+that which is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is non
+inertial which leads to all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial which leads to all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial which leads to all sorts of
+problems now you can do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now you can do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now you can do whatever you
+want but you have to be honest you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but you have to be honest you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but you have to be honest you can't
+you know if you created a problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you created a problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you created a problem you're
+going to have to use your basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to use your basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to use your basis
+functions to solve the problem later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to solve the problem later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to solve the problem later but
+it is as soon as you go away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as soon as you go away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as soon as you go away from
+datomic molecules you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datomic molecules you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datomic molecules you really have to
+understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+physics you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you have to be able to
+understand all of the the subtle effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all of the the subtle effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all of the the subtle effects
+and one of the things that's so tempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that's so tempting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that's so tempting
+to do when we're dealing with Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when we're dealing with Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when we're dealing with Matrix
+mechanics is to pretend that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is to pretend that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is to pretend that we
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+everything and so you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so you have to be careful
+but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay
+so we're going to talk about asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about asymmetric
+top starting from what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top starting from what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top starting from what we know about
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tops and Sam asked the question at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops and Sam asked the question at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops and Sam asked the question at the
+end of the last lecture which led me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the last lecture which led me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the last lecture which led me to
+draw a correlation diagram on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a correlation diagram on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a correlation diagram on the board
+and that's really where we want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have a
+prolate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oblate and uh uh I did this for J equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate and uh uh I did this for J equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate and uh uh I did this for J equal
+2 so let's do it again for J equal 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so let's do it again for J equal 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so let's do it again for J equal 2 and
+so we have a level here and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a level here and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a level here and we have a
+level here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here
+and in the prolate top we had uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the prolate top we had uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the prolate top we had uh the
+well the energy levels go as b or J J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+plus uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh a
+quantity a minus b a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and over here it's B JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+plus uh C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh C minus
+b k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k^
+2 this is negative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is negative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is negative this is
+positive and so we had energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so we had energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so we had energy levels
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that
+this is positive and large this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive and large this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive and large this is
+negative and small now uh you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and small now uh you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and small now uh you can have
+positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative
+KS and so these levels so 0 1 2 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS and so these levels so 0 1 2 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS and so these levels so 0 1 2 these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doubled and 0 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two the doubling is is in the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the doubling is is in the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the doubling is is in the symmetric
+Top This is a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top This is a parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top This is a parity
+doubling parity is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling parity is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling parity is something that
+commutes with uh the full hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with uh the full hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with uh the full hamiltonian
+but it also commutes with the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also commutes with the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also commutes with the rotational
+hamiltonian doesn't matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian doesn't matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian doesn't matter what the
+shape of the molecule is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the molecule is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the molecule is it doesn't
+matter whether it's symmetric top or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's symmetric top or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's symmetric top or an
+asymmetric top uh you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric top uh you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric top uh you can show that
+there's going to be uh a good quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be uh a good quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be uh a good quantum
+number called parity it comes from Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number called parity it comes from Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number called parity it comes from Sigma
+V and uh so but now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and uh so but now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and uh so but now we have a
+non-crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-crossing
+rule and so we start with the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and so we start with the unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and so we start with the unique
+level which we uh we could call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which we uh we could call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which we uh we could call it
+positive parity but it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive parity but it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive parity but it doesn't really
+matter the unique level correlates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the unique level correlates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the unique level correlates
+to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of
+these k equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these k equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these k equal 2
+levels these two levels are degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels these two levels are degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels these two levels are degenerate
+the level here has a definite parity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level here has a definite parity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level here has a definite parity it
+joins up with a level of its same parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins up with a level of its same parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins up with a level of its same parity
+the other parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parity
+level correlates with this and and so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level correlates with this and and so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level correlates with this and and so no
+assumptions are being made now uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are being made now uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are being made now uh and
+and we just we just continue connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just we just continue connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just we just continue connecting
+levels until we run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels until we run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels until we run out of
+levels and you might as well draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and you might as well draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and you might as well draw
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+lines now we have a hamiltonian will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines now we have a hamiltonian will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines now we have a hamiltonian will
+tell us what the H what the the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what the H what the the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what the H what the the form
+will be but it's reasonable to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be but it's reasonable to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be but it's reasonable to expect
+that as you break the Symmetry you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you break the Symmetry you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you break the Symmetry you're
+not going to get some kind of a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get some kind of a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get some kind of a crazy
+behavior uh where the the these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior uh where the the these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior uh where the the these levels
+of opposite parity will cross that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+legal but levels of the same parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal but levels of the same parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal but levels of the same parody
+can't cross and so it's reasonable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't cross and so it's reasonable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't cross and so it's reasonable to
+expect that this correlation diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that this correlation diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that this correlation diagram
+with straight lines across from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with straight lines across from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with straight lines across from these
+two qualitatively different patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two qualitatively different patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two qualitatively different patterns
+will give uh a good idea of what do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give uh a good idea of what do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give uh a good idea of what do the
+energy levels look like as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels look like as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels look like as you get
+starting to go away from symmetric top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit and so a huge amount of insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and so a huge amount of insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and so a huge amount of insight
+can be obtained by simply simply drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be obtained by simply simply drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be obtained by simply simply drawing
+these vertical lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertical lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertical lines
+now what you'd really like is some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you'd really like is some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you'd really like is some way
+of being quantitative about where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being quantitative about where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being quantitative about where you
+are between the prolate limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are between the prolate limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are between the prolate limit
+or the oade limit and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the oade limit and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the oade limit and we're going to
+talk about that and the there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and the there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and the there's no
+reason to rely on this diagram when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to rely on this diagram when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to rely on this diagram when you
+could simply calculate everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could simply calculate everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could simply calculate everything
+however a huge amount of qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a huge amount of qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a huge amount of qualitative
+Insight is obtained from this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight is obtained from this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight is obtained from this diagram
+and in fact we label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we label
+States according to this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we we label energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we label energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we label energy
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now in towns and Cello's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book instead of K A KC it was K minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book instead of K A KC it was K minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book instead of K A KC it was K minus1
+K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+the reason for that is this suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is this suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is this suggests
+that J We're these are the projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J We're these are the projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J We're these are the projections
+of J on the a axis and on the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J on the a axis and on the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J on the a axis and on the C
+axis which is only half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct what you'll discover well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what you'll discover well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what you'll discover well what
+you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um when you make this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you make this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you make this correlation
+between you know you have a near prolay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know you have a near prolay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know you have a near prolay
+top uh you have definite Ka those are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh you have definite Ka those are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh you have definite Ka those are in
+fact the projection of J on the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the projection of J on the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the projection of J on the inertial
+axes and you have two levels of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and you have two levels of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and you have two levels of the same
+Ka and they correlate to levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and they correlate to levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and they correlate to levels of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+KC that's just a label why only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC that's just a label why only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC that's just a label why only
+two well it's only two because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well it's only two because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well it's only two because it's not
+really a projection on the cais it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a projection on the cais it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a projection on the cais it's
+just the two possible states that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the two possible states that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the two possible states that K
+particular value of K A can correlate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of K A can correlate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of K A can correlate to
+so Townson shello used this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Townson shello used this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Townson shello used this kind of
+neutral notation to avoid suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral notation to avoid suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral notation to avoid suggesting
+something that wasn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that wasn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that wasn't completely
+true and there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and there's another
+notation too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation too
+too goes from minus J to plus J there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too goes from minus J to plus J there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too goes from minus J to plus J there
+are two J + one possible values of Tao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two J + one possible values of Tao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two J + one possible values of Tao
+this is also something that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also something that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also something that's absolutely
+true it's the energy rank you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's the energy rank you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's the energy rank you have this
+diagram you count up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you count up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you count up from the
+bottom and and so any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and and so any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and and so any particular
+molecule you can label levels without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you can label levels without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you can label levels without
+any ambiguity just saying this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ambiguity just saying this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ambiguity just saying this is the
+lowest and this is the highest and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest and this is the highest and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest and this is the highest and you
+know how many possible levels there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many possible levels there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many possible levels there are
+and so if I give you a a state 4 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I give you a a state 4 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I give you a a state 4 minus
+2 you know pretty much where that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 you know pretty much where that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 you know pretty much where that is in
+the level diagram it's much nicer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level diagram it's much nicer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level diagram it's much nicer to
+know 4 minus 2 in terms of Ka KC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 4 minus 2 in terms of Ka KC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 4 minus 2 in terms of Ka KC
+labels okay so there's all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels okay so there's all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels okay so there's all of these
+different labels and almost everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labels and almost everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labels and almost everyone
+uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation but this JT notation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but this JT notation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but this JT notation is a
+really good notation to and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good notation to and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good notation to and you want to
+be careful if you're near the prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful if you're near the prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful if you're near the prolate
+limit uh the first index is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh the first index is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh the first index is a good
+measure of the projection on the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the projection on the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the projection on the near
+symmetry axis if you're near the oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis if you're near the oblate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis if you're near the oblate
+limit the second index is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the second index is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the second index is really a
+projection Quan over and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Quan over and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Quan over and the other is
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+label now studying of this you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label now studying of this you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label now studying of this you discover
+that Ka A+ K C can be equal to J or J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ka A+ K C can be equal to J or J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ka A+ K C can be equal to J or J +
+1 those are the only two possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 those are the only two possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 those are the only two possible values
+for KA plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KA plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KA plus
+KC and you can also convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC and you can also convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC and you can also convince
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+whether uh this one or this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh this one or this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh this one or this one is
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher okay and uh uh The Higher One the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay and uh uh The Higher One the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay and uh uh The Higher One the
+the higher energy level let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher energy level let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher energy level let's say for
+this goes to the the lower value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KC so that means that the higher of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC so that means that the higher of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KC so that means that the higher of the
+uh the higher of the two asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the higher of the two asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the higher of the two asymmetry
+components is always the one where Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is always the one where Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is always the one where Ka
+plus KC sums to J the lower one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KC sums to J the lower one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KC sums to J the lower one is
+always J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one there are other qualitative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there are other qualitative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there are other qualitative things
+that you can get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get from this
+you can uh if if this diagram were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh if if this diagram were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh if if this diagram were
+drawn uh reasonably correctly you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn uh reasonably correctly you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn uh reasonably correctly you would
+be able to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see that the
+splitting uh in uh well you you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting uh in uh well you you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting uh in uh well you you would
+see that the splitting in low K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the splitting in low K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the splitting in low K
+levels is larger than the splitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is larger than the splitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is larger than the splitting in
+high K levels despite what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high K levels despite what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high K levels despite what the
+did up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did up
+here okay and why is that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and why is that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and why is that because the
+higher K levels are connecting to KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher K levels are connecting to KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher K levels are connecting to KS
+that are uh that have smaller splittings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh that have smaller splittings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh that have smaller splittings
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here so there's a huge amount you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a huge amount you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a huge amount you get
+from this diagram and from this labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this diagram and from this labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this diagram and from this labeling
+system and you know I I'm spending a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you know I I'm spending a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you know I I'm spending a lot
+of time doing you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time doing you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time doing you know really
+simple-minded stuff but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple-minded stuff but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple-minded stuff but it's really
+important to realize how beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize how beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize how beautiful and
+Powerful just the notation is Barrett uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful just the notation is Barrett uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful just the notation is Barrett uh
+why did you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you say that
+the levels are closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels are closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels are closer together
+because a is bigger than b bigger than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is bigger than b bigger than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is bigger than b bigger than C
+and so uh the prolate you have the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the prolate you have the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the prolate you have the big
+thing minus a a mediumsized thing oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing minus a a mediumsized thing oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing minus a a mediumsized thing oh so
+if one is Big then the other is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one is Big then the other is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one is Big then the other is small
+that's right okay so um it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so um it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so um it's just
+because of the signs it's well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the signs it's well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the signs it's well there's a
+sign both of them have a difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign both of them have a difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign both of them have a difference but
+you know one is up like this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is up like this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is up like this and the
+other is like that but but also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is like that but but also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is like that but but also there's
+one like this and one like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh it was really bad they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it was really bad they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it was really bad they could
+be the same you could you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same you could you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same you could you know you could
+cook up a a situation where but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook up a a situation where but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook up a a situation where but it's
+generally true that a a is much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true that a a is much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true that a a is much bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+b uh and uh uh in an absolute sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh and uh uh in an absolute sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh and uh uh in an absolute sense and
+for the same percentage difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same percentage difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same percentage difference the
+difference between B and C would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between B and C would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between B and C would be
+really small in an absolute sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small in an absolute sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small in an absolute sense and
+that's the way it works okay um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it works okay um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it works okay um so what
+else did I want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did I want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else did I want to say about
+that let's begin again and derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's begin again and derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's begin again and derive the
+hamiltonian for an asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for an asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for an asymmetric
+top uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+having uh gotten to the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh gotten to the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh gotten to the diagonal
+representation so we have rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we have rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we have rotation
+is given by jx2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by jx2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by jx2 over 2
+ix+ J y^ 2 over 2 i y + J z^ 2 over 2 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z and so we know always jz^ 2 on j k m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and so we know always jz^ 2 on j k m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and so we know always jz^ 2 on j k m
+is going to be H bar squ uh k s j k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be H bar squ uh k s j k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be H bar squ uh k s j k
+M and J2 we know what J2 does we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and J2 we know what J2 does we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and J2 we know what J2 does we know
+what j+ minus do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what j+ minus do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what j+ minus do
+do and the only uh caution is j+ is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the only uh caution is j+ is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the only uh caution is j+ is a
+lowering operator and J minus is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering operator and J minus is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering operator and J minus is a
+raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+operator because this is uh this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because this is uh this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because this is uh this this is
+a raising and lowering operator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a raising and lowering operator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a raising and lowering operator in the
+rotating frame and you always reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame and you always reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame and you always reverse
+the sense and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense and okay
+so we need to do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to do a little bit of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+algebra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so
+JX uh well we well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX uh well we well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX uh well we well we
+Define raising and lowering operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define raising and lowering operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define raising and lowering operators
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uhy and so we can write JX as 12 j+ plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhy and so we can write JX as 12 j+ plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhy and so we can write JX as 12 j+ plus
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+minus we can Define JY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we can Define JY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we can Define JY
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+minus I / 2 * J + -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jus that's true all of that's true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jus that's true all of that's true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jus that's true all of that's true okay
+so now what we'd like to do is use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we'd like to do is use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we'd like to do is use these
+uh relationships between uh cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relationships between uh cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relationships between uh cartisian
+components and raising and lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and raising and lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and raising and lowering
+components to calculate the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components to calculate the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components to calculate the terms that
+go in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in here so
+jx2 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/4 J + s+ J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 J + s+ J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 J + s+ J minus
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+uh j+ J minus plus J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j+ and j y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j+ and j y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j+ and j y
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+-4 J +^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 plus Jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus Jus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus Jus
+2+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j+ okay where is it uh minus there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j+ okay where is it uh minus there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j+ okay where is it uh minus there we
+go- J + J minus- J minus j+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we're going to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the fact that we have jx2 and jy^ S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we have jx2 and jy^ S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we have jx2 and jy^ S
+having off diagonal terms that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having off diagonal terms that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having off diagonal terms that have
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+form and having uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and having uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and having uh
+um having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having
+these terms which have opposite signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms which have opposite signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms which have opposite signs
+let's see if I got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right where did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay we do a we do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay we do a we do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay we do a we do a little bit
+more algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more algebra
+though j+ J minus plus J minus j+ if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though j+ J minus plus J minus j+ if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though j+ J minus plus J minus j+ if we
+if we multiply that out we discover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we multiply that out we discover uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we multiply that out we discover uh
+that uh uh this is 2 jx2 + J y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh this is 2 jx2 + J y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh this is 2 jx2 + J y^
+2 which is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is just uh
+2 j^ 2us JZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so we have this these these terms turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so we have this these these terms turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so we have this these these terms turn
+out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+diagonal these terms turn out to be off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal these terms turn out to be off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal these terms turn out to be off
+diagonal and uh we can start combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and uh we can start combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and uh we can start combining
+things so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what we do since we have diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we do since we have diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we do since we have diagonal
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for uh jx2 and jy^ 2 that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh jx2 and jy^ 2 that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh jx2 and jy^ 2 that have the same
+uh value but opposite sign we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value but opposite sign we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value but opposite sign we can write
+the diagonal part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal part of the
+hamiltonian where we replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian where we replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian where we replace
+jx2 by 2 uh j^ 2us jz^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and so we multiply by 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so we multiply by 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so we multiply by 1 over 2
+IX and now the jy^ S has the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX and now the jy^ S has the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX and now the jy^ S has the same thing
+but with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now did I do it wrong it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now did I do it wrong it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now did I do it wrong it looks like
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+why uh what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done so we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I've got two I've got some signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversed these are supposed to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed these are supposed to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed these are supposed to have the
+same sign all right let's just go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign all right let's just go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign all right let's just go back
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay jx^ s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay jx^ s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay jx^ s uh
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+so JX is that so um we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so JX is that so um we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so JX is that so um we're going to get
+JX squ that's going to be j+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX squ that's going to be j+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX squ that's going to be j+
+squ and uh J minus squ and then plus j+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and uh J minus squ and then plus j+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and uh J minus squ and then plus j+
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+minus and the other way around and jy^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and the other way around and jy^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and the other way around and jy^
+2 is going give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is going give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is going give
+us um oh there it is okay so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um oh there it is okay so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um oh there it is okay so we had a
+minus sign out in front and it cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign out in front and it cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign out in front and it cancels
+it okay so we had a minus sign out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we had a minus sign out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we had a minus sign out here
+because it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I
+squ and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+so the notes are correct on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notes are correct on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notes are correct on this and
+then there is also a a z^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is also a a z^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is also a a z^ 2
+term uh and so we have J z^ 2 over I Z 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh and so we have J z^ 2 over I Z 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh and so we have J z^ 2 over I Z 2
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z so this is the diagonal part of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so this is the diagonal part of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so this is the diagonal part of the uh
+uh rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian and then the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and then the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and then the off diagonal
+part of the rotational hamiltonian we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the rotational hamiltonian we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the rotational hamiltonian we
+had we had these terms with j+ squ J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we had these terms with j+ squ J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we had these terms with j+ squ J
+minus s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s so
+1/4 and minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and minus a
+4 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and so
+uh we get 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get 1
+14 uh j +^ s + J -^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh j +^ s + J -^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh j +^ s + J -^ 2
+time uh 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ix+ 1 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ix+ 1 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ix+ 1 2 y
+and now I got the signs reversed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I got the signs reversed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I got the signs reversed okay
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+correct okay so diagonal term we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay so diagonal term we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay so diagonal term we have a
+sum of uh rotational constants and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of uh rotational constants and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of uh rotational constants and this
+looks very much like what we had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like what we had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like what we had for the
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+top it is what we had for the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it is what we had for the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it is what we had for the symmetric
+top it was derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it was derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top it was derived
+differently and here is something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and here is something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and here is something new
+and these are Matrix elements that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are Matrix elements that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are Matrix elements that cause
+change in K by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in K by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in K by
+two now we know we know what j+ on jkm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now we know we know what j+ on jkm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now we know we know what j+ on jkm
+does and j+ squ on jkm does that twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and j+ squ on jkm does that twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and j+ squ on jkm does that twice
+uh so we know all the Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we know all the Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we know all the Matrix elements
+and so we now have the uh uh form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we now have the uh uh form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we now have the uh uh form of the
+hamiltonian and we can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and we can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and we can write this
+hamiltonian in either of two limits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in either of two limits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in either of two limits or
+actually three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three
+limits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the near prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit then what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit then what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit then what we're doing is we're
+building our model of how the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building our model of how the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building our model of how the levels
+behave based on the the prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave based on the the prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave based on the the prolate
+symmetric top so we would like to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um describe cribe the perturbation term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describe cribe the perturbation term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describe cribe the perturbation term
+as something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that's
+small uh and the so uh we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and the so uh we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and the so uh we're going to uh
+be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested
+in B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B minus
+C we're going to call these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we're going to call these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we're going to call these two
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+constants uh B and C there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh B and C there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants uh B and C there's a
+difference in rotational constant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in rotational constant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in rotational constant we
+have a 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is 1/4
+times the these operator 1/4 time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the these operator 1/4 time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the these operator 1/4 time the
+difference and here we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and here we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and here we're going to have
+uh the sum of rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sum of rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sum of rotational
+constants um and these are the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants um and these are the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants um and these are the same two
+b b plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b plus
+C and uh uh and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and uh uh and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and uh uh and here's
+a so we we we can see how this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we we we can see how this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we we we can see how this is going
+to be be written and we're going what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be be written and we're going what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be be written and we're going what
+we're going to do is we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to call
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+B+ C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ C over
+2 um and we're going to multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um and we're going to multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um and we're going to multiply that by
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the hamiltonian that first that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian that first that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian that first that
+squared sign should be inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sign should be inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sign should be inside the
+parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses
+right which squar side Jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JZ oh absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so we're going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 1 2 IX + 1 2 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 2 IX + 1 2 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 2 IX + 1 2 i
+y JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y JJ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y JJ +
+1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the diagonal
+elements and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um this is going to be b + C over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this is going to be b + C over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this is going to be b + C over 2
+we got the the two over here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the the two over here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the the two over here and this is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+minus b + C /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b + C /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b + C /
+2 a/ 2 - b + c/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a/ 2 - b + c/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a/ 2 - b + c/
+2 and uh and then we have the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh and then we have the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh and then we have the off
+diagonal terms now in the in the oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms now in the in the oblate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms now in the in the oblate
+limit instead of having B plus c/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit instead of having B plus c/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit instead of having B plus c/ 2
+we're going to have uh a + b over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have uh a + b over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have uh a + b over
+two in both cases we call this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar because we want to close our eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar because we want to close our eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar because we want to close our eyes
+and think this is like a datomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think this is like a datomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think this is like a datomic
+molecule or this is like a symmetric top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or this is like a symmetric top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or this is like a symmetric top
+and so we want the notation to uh guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want the notation to uh guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want the notation to uh guide
+us okay and the off diagonal elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and the off diagonal elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and the off diagonal elements uh
+will will be of the form j k h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will be of the form j k h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will be of the form j k h
+rotation J K plus orus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1
+14 uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh in this
+case um for the prolate limit B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C then JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then JJ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then JJ +
+1 minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus k
+k uh plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k uh plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k uh plus or minus
+1 square what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 square what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 square what
+J J + 1 - K plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J + 1 - K plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J + 1 - K plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus or -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so again we we write these we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so again we we write these we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so again we we write these we start
+with K we go from K to K plus or K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K we go from K to K plus or K plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K we go from K to K plus or K plus
+or minus one and then we go from K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one and then we go from K plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one and then we go from K plus
+or minus1 to K plus minus 2 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus1 to K plus minus 2 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus1 to K plus minus 2 and we
+always have in here the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have in here the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have in here the product of the
+initial and final values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and final values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and final values of
+K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so that's that's the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's that's the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's that's the hamiltonian
+for an a asymmetric top we we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an a asymmetric top we we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an a asymmetric top we we have the
+asymmetry the the the the stuff that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry the the the the stuff that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry the the the the stuff that is
+new which is related to the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new which is related to the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new which is related to the difference
+in rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rotational
+constants and we have the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and we have the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and we have the stuff that's
+old as the average of the two non uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old as the average of the two non uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old as the average of the two non uh uh
+you know we always distinguish the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we always distinguish the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we always distinguish the near
+symmetry axis the a from the B and C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis the a from the B and C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis the a from the B and C so
+we we take the average of the two nonsp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we take the average of the two nonsp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we take the average of the two nonsp
+special guys and then we have this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special guys and then we have this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special guys and then we have this and
+this looks just like the symmetric top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks just like the symmetric top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks just like the symmetric top
+and so all of the corrections are due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of the corrections are due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of the corrections are due to
+the difference between the two nonsp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the two nonsp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the two nonsp
+special rotational constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special rotational constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special rotational constants
+now so does that mean that for every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so does that mean that for every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so does that mean that for every uh
+symmetric pop molecule one could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric pop molecule one could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric pop molecule one could imagine
+some special symmetric pop molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special symmetric pop molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special symmetric pop molecule that
+has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+properties with some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with some particular
+you know arbitrary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants well you can imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants well you can imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants well you can imagine a
+symmetric top that has the same A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top that has the same A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top that has the same A and B
+as a and bar bar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a and bar bar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a and bar bar right
+um so how would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how would that
+good but the energy levels will go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but the energy levels will go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but the energy levels will go uh
+you won't have you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have you'll have
+um you'll have asymmetry splittings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll have asymmetry splittings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll have asymmetry splittings
+which the symmetric top can't have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the symmetric top can't have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the symmetric top can't have and
+so the the energy levels won't resemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the energy levels won't resemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the energy levels won't resemble
+each other except for the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other except for the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other except for the overall
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+now so like the relative differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so like the relative differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so like the relative differences
+between the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the first and second
+transition no between the top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition no between the top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition no between the top and bottom
+K I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I think that
+uh you have you have to find out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have you have to find out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have you have to find out what's
+the same between the two okay so now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um clearly we have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly we have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly we have something that's
+telling you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about the
+strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the
+asymmetry and it makes sense to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and it makes sense to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and it makes sense to compare
+the strength of the asymmetry to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the asymmetry to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the asymmetry to the
+differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the
+levels that uh you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that uh you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that uh you get from the
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+top because so the uh the diff the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because so the uh the diff the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because so the uh the diff the K
+splittings from the symmetric top tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings from the symmetric top tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splittings from the symmetric top tell
+you how the molecule is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the molecule is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the molecule is trying to
+preserve the symmetric top pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the symmetric top pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the symmetric top pattern and
+then you have this other thing which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this other thing which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this other thing which if
+it's small doesn't do much if it's large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small doesn't do much if it's large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small doesn't do much if it's large
+completely destroys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern and so how do you decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and so how do you decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and so how do you decide on
+uh how to measure the strength of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to measure the strength of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to measure the strength of B
+minus C relative to a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C relative to a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C relative to a plus b
+well uh you can you can do perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh you can you can do perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh you can you can do perturbation
+Theory and you can say okay let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and you can say okay let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and you can say okay let's just
+compare the the off diagonal elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the the off diagonal elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the the off diagonal elements uh
+k j k j k plus or-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k j k j k plus or-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k j k j k plus or-
+2 to the difference in diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and so you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so you do this
+and there's a lot of algebra that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of algebra that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of algebra that that
+ensues and you get some function of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensues and you get some function of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensues and you get some function of J
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+K and you get a - c over 2 b - A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this is
+universal this is special to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal this is special to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal this is special to the
+molecule this is the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this is the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this is the strength of the
+asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry
+so uh and now suppose we say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and now suppose we say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and now suppose we say we have a
+symmetric top in a symmetric prolet top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top in a symmetric prolet top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top in a symmetric prolet top
+B is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to
+C so what does this become we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what does this become we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what does this become we
+have that's the same thing as a minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's the same thing as a minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's the same thing as a minus B
+and this is the same thing as B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the same thing as B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the same thing as B minus
+a so this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this quantity is
+minus1 for a symmetric for an a for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 for a symmetric for an a for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 for a symmetric for an a for for
+a prolate for an oblate top a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prolate for an oblate top a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prolate for an oblate top a is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+B and so if a is equal to B we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so if a is equal to B we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so if a is equal to B we can
+rewrite this is B minus C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this is B minus C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this is B minus C over
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um B minus C and this is + one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B minus C and this is + one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B minus C and this is + one so this
+parameter goes from minus1 to + one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter goes from minus1 to + one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter goes from minus1 to + one in
+the two extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two extreme
+limits and it turns out that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and it turns out that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and it turns out that actually
+what we use is the reciprocal of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we use is the reciprocal of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we use is the reciprocal of that
+Kappa um is Ray asymmetry parameter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa um is Ray asymmetry parameter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa um is Ray asymmetry parameter who
+is who is Ray he wrote a paper in Z Fizz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is who is Ray he wrote a paper in Z Fizz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is who is Ray he wrote a paper in Z Fizz
+I haven't looked him up yet uh and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't looked him up yet uh and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't looked him up yet uh and he's
+his initials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his initials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his initials are
+s uh what where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh what where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh what where is
+it where is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where is my
+first BS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first BS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first BS
+Ray he wrote his paper in ziz in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray he wrote his paper in ziz in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray he wrote his paper in ziz in
+1932 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 and
+uh I'm sure you'll find it anyway so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sure you'll find it anyway so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sure you'll find it anyway so the
+asymmetry parameter is 2 b - a - c over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry parameter is 2 b - a - c over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry parameter is 2 b - a - c over
+a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+C and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um when this parameter so this is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when this parameter so this is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when this parameter so this is uh uh
+how big is the off diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is the off diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is the off diagonal matrix
+element relative to the diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element relative to the diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element relative to the diagonal matrix
+element and so when this is big it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and so when this is big it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and so when this is big it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+asymmetric so when this reciprocal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric so when this reciprocal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric so when this reciprocal is
+near zero it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero it's very
+asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we've chosen we have a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've chosen we have a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've chosen we have a parameter that
+goes between plus one and minus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between plus one and minus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between plus one and minus1 and
+when it's zero as opposed to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's zero as opposed to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's zero as opposed to Infinity
+which it would be uh in the most a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it would be uh in the most a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it would be uh in the most a
+symmetric limit If This Were our uh a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric limit If This Were our uh a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric limit If This Were our uh a uh
+asymmetry parameter uh we have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry parameter uh we have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry parameter uh we have the most
+asymmetric top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric top
+now there has been are we out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there has been are we out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there has been are we out of time
+yeah we are uh there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we are uh there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we are uh there's been a lot of
+discussion why is it that asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion why is it that asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion why is it that asymmetry
+parameters are always really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are always really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are always really close to
+plus one or minus one there you the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one or minus one there you the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one or minus one there you the vast
+majority of the asymmetry parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the asymmetry parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the asymmetry parameters are
+between are larger than 0.9 or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between are larger than 0.9 or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between are larger than 0.9 or smaller
+than minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus
+0.9 almost every molecule is near one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 almost every molecule is near one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 almost every molecule is near one
+limit and there's a a paper I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and there's a a paper I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and there's a a paper I think by
+Jim Kinsey and Bob syby on the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim Kinsey and Bob syby on the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim Kinsey and Bob syby on the subject
+of why are there so many why is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why are there so many why is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why are there so many why is there
+such a strong preference for near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a strong preference for near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a strong preference for near
+symmetric tops this isn't just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tops this isn't just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tops this isn't just because
+spectroscopists take Spectra of Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists take Spectra of Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists take Spectra of Mo
+no this is actually uh a mass thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is actually uh a mass thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is actually uh a mass thing it
+turns out that uh this the these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that uh this the these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that uh this the these are not
+random variables and that there there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and that there there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and that there there is
+a good physical reason why most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good physical reason why most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good physical reason why most
+molecules are nearly symmetric or nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are nearly symmetric or nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are nearly symmetric or nearly
+asymmetric uh nearly prolate or nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric uh nearly prolate or nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric uh nearly prolate or nearly
+oblate tops and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the last thing I want to say is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing I want to say is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing I want to say is when
+you use perturbation Theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use perturbation Theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use perturbation Theory you
+generally like to start near the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally like to start near the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally like to start near the limit
+that is appropriate and so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is appropriate and so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is appropriate and so if it's a
+near prly toop you use po top basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near prly toop you use po top basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near prly toop you use po top basis
+functions and perturb all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and perturb all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and perturb all of the
+perturbation Corrections are small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Corrections are small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Corrections are small and
+if it's a near oade top you do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a near oade top you do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a near oade top you do the other
+but suppose instead you chose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose instead you chose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose instead you chose something
+which is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always going to
+be uh uh appropriate for either limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh appropriate for either limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh appropriate for either limit
+and so if you choose a as your near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you choose a as your near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you choose a as your near
+symmetry axis you're in the prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis you're in the prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis you're in the prolate
+limit if you choose c as the Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit if you choose c as the Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit if you choose c as the Symmetry
+axis you're in the near oate limit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're in the near oate limit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're in the near oate limit if
+you choose B you've really done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose B you've really done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose B you've really done a
+terrible thing but you have perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible thing but you have perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible thing but you have perturbation
+theory that always is appropriate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that always is appropriate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that always is appropriate it
+doesn't care which limit trouble is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care which limit trouble is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care which limit trouble is it
+blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up what prob pretty quickly yes it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what prob pretty quickly yes it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what prob pretty quickly yes it does
+and you can tell just by looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell just by looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell just by looking at this
+param this this thing in brackets on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+param this this thing in brackets on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+param this this thing in brackets on the
+middle of page four uh when is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of page four uh when is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of page four uh when is that
+thing um going to be uh uh when is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um going to be uh uh when is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um going to be uh uh when is that
+going to get large compared to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get large compared to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get large compared to one and
+you can see that if J is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if J is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if J is equal to
+K well then it won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well then it won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well then it won't get
+large but anywhere else it will as J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but anywhere else it will as J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but anywhere else it will as J
+gets large okay we better stop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets large okay we better stop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets large okay we better stop so
+tomorrow morning we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow morning we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow morning we'll talk about
+Transitions and uh again we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and uh again we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and uh again we don't have
+to do things the way towns and cello did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things the way towns and cello did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things the way towns and cello did
+using simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using simple
+formulas uh cuz we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh cuz we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh cuz we can calculate
+whatever we need this is really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we need this is really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we need this is really simple
+but it's still a very beautiful thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a very beautiful thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a very beautiful thing to
+to look at the the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the the intensity
+distributions and the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and the information you
+can get from pure rotation Spectra of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from pure rotation Spectra of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from pure rotation Spectra of
+symmetric and asymmetric tops and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and asymmetric tops and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and asymmetric tops and so I
+will give a mixture of old-fashioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a mixture of old-fashioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a mixture of old-fashioned and
+modern stuff for this okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OSlcaoq80Xs.txt b/OSlcaoq80Xs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f28728598059e9490c1785d69c22849e718e0773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OSlcaoq80Xs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that we can actually talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can actually talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can actually talk a little
+bit about about what projects you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about about what projects you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about about what projects you want
+to be doing for assignment 1 just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing for assignment 1 just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing for assignment 1 just remind
+the assignment of one is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment of one is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment of one is all about
+picking one mechanic and going as deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one mechanic and going as deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one mechanic and going as deep
+as you can and that doesn't just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can and that doesn't just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can and that doesn't just mean
+using the same mechanic over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same mechanic over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same mechanic over and over
+again this is exploring all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is exploring all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is exploring all the
+different ways that you can use a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can use a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can use a single
+game mechanic and that game mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanic and that game mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanic and that game mechanic
+will be whatever you want to choose so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be whatever you want to choose so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be whatever you want to choose so a
+lot of brainstorming is gonna be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of brainstorming is gonna be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of brainstorming is gonna be around
+that but but you can do brainstorming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but you can do brainstorming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but you can do brainstorming
+around seem like you know I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around seem like you know I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around seem like you know I wanted to
+make a game about you know well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game about you know well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game about you know well there
+was the games about time travel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the games about time travel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the games about time travel and
+snowball fights and and and CPS campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowball fights and and and CPS campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowball fights and and and CPS campus
+police so if you can do that but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police so if you can do that but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police so if you can do that but if you
+were to bring someone that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to bring someone that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to bring someone that I will
+suggest try to develop that into what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest try to develop that into what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest try to develop that into what is
+it about that theme that you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about that theme that you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about that theme that you're really
+interesting is it about the self is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it about the self is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it about the self is it
+about consequences and try to get bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consequences and try to get bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consequences and try to get bring
+the conversation back to game mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation back to game mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation back to game mechanics
+and for those of you who can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who can't remember
+the working definition I gave you for on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the working definition I gave you for on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the working definition I gave you for on
+Wednesday I'm describing game mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I'm describing game mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I'm describing game mechanic
+is something a player does to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something a player does to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something a player does to change
+game state all right so this guy Alex oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game state all right so this guy Alex oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game state all right so this guy Alex oh
+warm up not the high temperature he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up not the high temperature he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up not the high temperature he was
+working in advertising and he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in advertising and he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in advertising and he actually
+sort of coined the word I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of coined the word I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of coined the word I think he
+coined a word brainstorming and wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined a word brainstorming and wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined a word brainstorming and wrote it
+up and applied imagination as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and applied imagination as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and applied imagination as a as a
+practice just get a lot of ideas on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice just get a lot of ideas on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice just get a lot of ideas on the
+table sort of without any regard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table sort of without any regard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table sort of without any regard to
+quality but quantity and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but quantity and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but quantity and the the
+reasoning behind that is that if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning behind that is that if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning behind that is that if you get
+to spent like a ton of ideas and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spent like a ton of ideas and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spent like a ton of ideas and it's
+gonna be some good ideas in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be some good ideas in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be some good ideas in there and
+you can go through a process later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through a process later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through a process later on
+usually for us is going to be during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for us is going to be during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for us is going to be during the
+team formation process but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team formation process but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team formation process but you
+what is the actual idea that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual idea that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual idea that you want to
+work with but how do you get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with but how do you get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with but how do you get enough
+ideas on the table so that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on the table so that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on the table so that you know you
+does a couple of gems in there for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a couple of gems in there for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a couple of gems in there for you
+to find and that's what this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find and that's what this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find and that's what this is this
+exercise is going to be all about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is going to be all about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is going to be all about a
+couple of things that I want you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that I want you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that I want you to to
+remember while we do this one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember while we do this one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember while we do this one you don't
+criticize any of the ideas that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize any of the ideas that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize any of the ideas that have
+come up you know if you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up you know if you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up you know if you want to say
+anything build on that idea suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything build on that idea suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything build on that idea suggest
+something that you know if you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know if you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you know if you can think
+of a better way to say that idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a better way to say that idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a better way to say that idea or
+better spin today just throw that out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better spin today just throw that out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better spin today just throw that out as
+a new suggestion you don't criticize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new suggestion you don't criticize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new suggestion you don't criticize the
+stuff that's been out there because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's been out there because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's been out there because you
+don't want to intimidate anybody from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to intimidate anybody from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to intimidate anybody from
+sharing your ideas you know the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your ideas you know the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your ideas you know the worst
+thing that you can do is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do is you know
+somebody says I want to make a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says I want to make a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says I want to make a game
+about blah and then it says ah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blah and then it says ah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blah and then it says ah that's
+stupid you know you know wow that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid you know you know wow that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid you know you know wow that was
+kind of dumb you know I can't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dumb you know I can't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dumb you know I can't believe
+you said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that
+things like that and then it's like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and then it's like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and then it's like that
+person may have even better ideas along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person may have even better ideas along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person may have even better ideas along
+the way but now would be hesitant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but now would be hesitant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but now would be hesitant to
+share that with the class and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that with the class and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that with the class and one of
+those ideas might be a end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ideas might be a end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ideas might be a end up having
+been the idea that you have left to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the idea that you have left to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the idea that you have left to be
+on a team on so no criticism if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a team on so no criticism if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a team on so no criticism if you want
+to judge the ideas on whether it is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to judge the ideas on whether it is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to judge the ideas on whether it is good
+or bad you do it at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad you do it at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad you do it at the end of the
+brainstorming session once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming session once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming session once you've
+already got all the ideas on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got all the ideas on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got all the ideas on the table
+and then you you can just decide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you can just decide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you can just decide for
+yourself which other ideas that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself which other ideas that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself which other ideas that you want
+to work with we want to go kind of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with we want to go kind of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with we want to go kind of free
+free-wheeling it's okay for you to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-wheeling it's okay for you to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-wheeling it's okay for you to come
+up with ideas that are impractical then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ideas that are impractical then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ideas that are impractical then
+you know it's too ambitious that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's too ambitious that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's too ambitious that you
+know maybe don't even necessarily fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe don't even necessarily fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe don't even necessarily fit
+the criteria of this project that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria of this project that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria of this project that's fine
+you know the idea is to get the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the idea is to get the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the idea is to get the ideas
+out and other people are going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and other people are going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and other people are going to come
+up with ideas that are appropriate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ideas that are appropriate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ideas that are appropriate this
+is not a time for us to self-censor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a time for us to self-censor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a time for us to self-censor and
+decide you know is this an idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you know is this an idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you know is this an idea that
+fits or not you know just throw it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits or not you know just throw it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits or not you know just throw it out
+owl oh I will write things down our key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owl oh I will write things down our key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owl oh I will write things down our key
+things on the computer screen so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the computer screen so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the computer screen so that
+you'll be able to see it later again why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see it later again why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see it later again why
+try to go for quantity there's this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go for quantity there's this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go for quantity there's this is a
+direct quote from from from from Osborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct quote from from from from Osborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct quote from from from from Osborne
+well well we're just trying to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well we're just trying to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well we're just trying to get as
+many ideas as possible so try to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ideas as possible so try to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ideas as possible so try to keep it
+fast give me a little time to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast give me a little time to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast give me a little time to write
+things down on screen to type out things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down on screen to type out things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down on screen to type out things
+but otherwise you know just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise you know just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise you know just keep
+throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing
+are us bad ideas are great you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are us bad ideas are great you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are us bad ideas are great you know
+because you know it adds to the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it adds to the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it adds to the quantity
+and it gets a you obsessing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets a you obsessing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets a you obsessing about
+the bad idea and then you can move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad idea and then you can move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad idea and then you can move on to
+other ideas build on ideas you know car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas build on ideas you know car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas build on ideas you know car
+try to combine stuff that you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to combine stuff that you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to combine stuff that you're already
+seeing that other people have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that other people have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that other people have already
+suggested you know you can combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested you know you can combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested you know you can combine them
+to you something that's pretty awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you something that's pretty awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you something that's pretty awesome
+you know they go and Star Wars is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they go and Star Wars is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they go and Star Wars is pretty
+awesome and then they go class Star Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome and then they go class Star Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome and then they go class Star Wars
+it's pretty darn awesome right that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn awesome right that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty darn awesome right that sort
+of thing alright so I'm going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing alright so I'm going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing alright so I'm going to talk a
+little bit about about just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about about just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about about just the
+principles of doing this because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of doing this because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of doing this because this is
+the first time I'm a Ford first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I'm a Ford first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I'm a Ford first class
+I'm going to be your facilitator but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be your facilitator but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be your facilitator but in
+the future you are going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you are going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you are going to be doing
+this on your own and once you form your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own and once you form your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own and once you form your
+teams you may go through another second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams you may go through another second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams you may go through another second
+brainstorming phase so you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming phase so you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming phase so you want to keep
+it kind of like relaxed okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of like relaxed okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of like relaxed okay and this is
+you know if you have like you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have like you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have like you understand
+I'll probably turn off the recording you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably turn off the recording you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably turn off the recording you
+know throughout your start start off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know throughout your start start off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know throughout your start start off by
+throwing out the words ideas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing out the words ideas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing out the words ideas that you
+can think of you know just just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of you know just just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of you know just just just
+start suggesting them and all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start suggesting them and all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start suggesting them and all right now
+don't interrupt anyone I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interrupt anyone I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interrupt anyone I'm going to be
+the facilitator and secretary so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facilitator and secretary so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facilitator and secretary so I'm
+going to be person who's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be person who's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be person who's going to be
+writing out actually if you can help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out actually if you can help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out actually if you can help me
+with the facilitating right no I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the facilitating right no I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the facilitating right no I'll do
+the typing if you notice there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typing if you notice there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typing if you notice there are
+people who are kind of hesitant to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are kind of hesitant to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are kind of hesitant to talk
+or trying to like get a word in edgewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to like get a word in edgewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to like get a word in edgewise
+it helped me identify them so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helped me identify them so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helped me identify them so that they
+can say what they need to say and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say what they need to say and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say what they need to say and I'll
+talk a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about the
+facilitator role I can explain a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator role I can explain a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator role I can explain a little
+bit about the process I should talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the process I should talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the process I should talk in
+the process right now and in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process right now and in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process right now and in principle
+question is what what is the one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what what is the one game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what what is the one game
+mechanic that you know that a team could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that you know that a team could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that you know that a team could
+work on for assignment one you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on for assignment one you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on for assignment one you know what
+is the team the one game mechanic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the team the one game mechanic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the team the one game mechanic that
+you want to work on what the one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to work on what the one game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to work on what the one game
+mechanic you like somebody else to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic you like somebody else to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic you like somebody else to work
+on what is the one one game mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what is the one one game mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what is the one one game mechanic
+that nobody should be working on throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody should be working on throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody should be working on throw
+it all out there okay and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all out there okay and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all out there okay and I'm gonna
+write down everything so yeah yeah I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down everything so yeah yeah I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down everything so yeah yeah I can
+I have to do this on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do this on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do this on your own
+each as well so it's important for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each as well so it's important for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each as well so it's important for us to
+define if you are doing a brain forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define if you are doing a brain forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define if you are doing a brain forming
+session by yourself is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session by yourself is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session by yourself is important to
+define what is the aim of the session a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what is the aim of the session a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what is the aim of the session a
+mother says I just get so many mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother says I just get so many mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother says I just get so many mechanics
+that you'll be able to identify at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to identify at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to identify at least
+one that you will be able to start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you will be able to start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you will be able to start in
+your project time so so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project time so so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project time so so if you are
+creating a bit of obsession for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a bit of obsession for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a bit of obsession for yourself
+make sure that you are defining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you are defining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you are defining that
+problem you know if it's too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know if it's too complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know if it's too complicated
+say you're trying to brainstorm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're trying to brainstorm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're trying to brainstorm a
+solution to a design problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a design problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a design problem or
+something like that and that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and that part of the
+problem is a lot of interlocking parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is a lot of interlocking parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is a lot of interlocking parts
+you may need to divide it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to divide it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to divide it up into
+separate brainstorming sessions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate brainstorming sessions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate brainstorming sessions so
+articulate them as simply as possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate them as simply as possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate them as simply as possible so
+that everybody knows what their brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody knows what their brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody knows what their brain
+storming towards so the so far I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storming towards so the so far I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storming towards so the so far I've been
+explaining the problem and the aim of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the problem and the aim of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the problem and the aim of
+the brainstorm such as the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brainstorm such as the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brainstorm such as the problem is
+that you don't have a project team yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have a project team yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have a project team yet
+and Rick is going to help the ideation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rick is going to help the ideation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rick is going to help the ideation
+is going to discourage criticism if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to discourage criticism if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to discourage criticism if you
+know if any of you automatically go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if any of you automatically go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if any of you automatically go you
+know just like spouts knocking already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just like spouts knocking already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just like spouts knocking already
+call you up and he's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you up and he's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you up and he's also going to
+identify you know if people are having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you know if people are having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you know if people are having
+trouble getting the words in edgewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble getting the words in edgewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble getting the words in edgewise
+both of us would try to encourage some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of us would try to encourage some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of us would try to encourage some
+combination of the ideas so we may throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the ideas so we may throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the ideas so we may throw
+in ideas which is just like combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ideas which is just like combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ideas which is just like combining
+things on the board after this I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the board after this I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the board after this I'm going
+to be playing the secretary and my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be playing the secretary and my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be playing the secretary and my job
+is just record every idea and just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just record every idea and just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just record every idea and just keep
+an eye on the time you know probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye on the time you know probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye on the time you know probably
+will run this property for about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run this property for about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run this property for about 20
+minutes and then after that the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then after that the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then after that the rest of
+the class will be yours to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will be yours to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will be yours to be able to
+discuss among themselves and identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss among themselves and identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss among themselves and identify
+what projects they want to work on I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what projects they want to work on I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what projects they want to work on I'll
+try to participate in brainstorming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to participate in brainstorming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to participate in brainstorming
+again to try to combine ah III yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to try to combine ah III yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to try to combine ah III yes but
+you're keeping it fast and flowing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping it fast and flowing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping it fast and flowing then
+I don't even need to do much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even need to do much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even need to do much more than
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really really hard to make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard to make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard to make sure you're
+rotating the mold yeah you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the mold yeah you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the mold yeah you might want to
+break your break something that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break your break something that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break your break something that's I
+should you like ten minute chunks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you like ten minute chunks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you like ten minute chunks or
+something and get a different person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and get a different person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and get a different person to
+be secretary and that that just makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be secretary and that that just makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be secretary and that that just makes it
+easier for the person who is a secretary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for the person who is a secretary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for the person who is a secretary
+to time contribute later okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time contribute later okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time contribute later okay any
+questions no okay all right let me bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions no okay all right let me bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions no okay all right let me bring
+up a little texted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little texted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little texted it
+sashimi again this is too dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sashimi again this is too dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sashimi again this is too dark
+actually let me just eat today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what does textedit doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's probably do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably do they
+oh geez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just one sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it so chocolate is no chopped up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so chocolate is no chopped up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so chocolate is no chopped up okay
+but this should work and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this should work and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this should work and I'm going to
+get the columns in this thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the columns in this thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the columns in this thing right
+right I had two tables okay all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I had two tables okay all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I had two tables okay all right I
+I don't think I can do tables Oh a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right I am just going to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I am just going to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I am just going to type
+what you say what kind of game mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you say what kind of game mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you say what kind of game mechanics
+do people want to work on go for it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people want to work on go for it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people want to work on go for it what
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+auctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops uh-oh done it doesn't just add new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops uh-oh done it doesn't just add new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops uh-oh done it doesn't just add new
+Kong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right sorry about that Petrini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right sorry about that Petrini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right sorry about that Petrini
+trading yeah sorry - one insanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading yeah sorry - one insanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading yeah sorry - one insanity
+I heard stealth hack attacking pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Inquisition yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inquisition yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inquisition yeah sorry
+what I'm guessing guessing it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm guessing guessing it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm guessing guessing it doesn't
+prayer epilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer epilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer epilation
+of emotions yeah gestures gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hidden goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden goals
+uh-uh-uh-uh what was that erasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-uh-uh-uh what was that erasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-uh-uh-uh what was that erasing the
+erasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was that about winner and loser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defector and what's that one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defector and what's that one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defector and what's that one a
+tobacconist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alliances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storytelling frisbee more enticing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling frisbee more enticing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling frisbee more enticing you
+know what to do Matt layup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll be building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be building
+I just keep waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+playable characters too many playable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable characters too many playable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable characters too many playable
+characters multiple roles climate shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters multiple roles climate shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters multiple roles climate shared
+blenders what hey Tim okay decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blenders what hey Tim okay decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blenders what hey Tim okay decline
+I said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge in general oh that's a shame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in general oh that's a shame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in general oh that's a shame
+hey how about there is another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey how about there is another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey how about there is another one of
+these disease and any shiny if I spelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disease and any shiny if I spelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disease and any shiny if I spelled
+that right collecting too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resource management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource management
+poison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what robots salmon's settlement yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel worlds and I think I miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel worlds and I think I miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel worlds and I think I miss
+something oh okay I didn't catch what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh okay I didn't catch what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh okay I didn't catch what is
+the controlling patterns patrolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh is that Massoud fear yes sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other things and games that you like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and games that you like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and games that you like or
+don't like what fake difficulty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like what fake difficulty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like what fake difficulty and
+repeat come in too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Turkish Delight more to support what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkish Delight more to support what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkish Delight more to support what was
+it Morton's I don't know that one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Morton's I don't know that one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Morton's I don't know that one okay
+poor Fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Laurie and honors permanent changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes the flash yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rulemaking well that's yeah I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulemaking well that's yeah I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulemaking well that's yeah I'll just
+write it down anyway I think I missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down anyway I think I missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down anyway I think I missed
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+tense bill yes wire building temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the confusion and use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the confusion and use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the confusion and use it
+packing vicious Confucius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing vicious Confucius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing vicious Confucius
+I can't leave okay the loss of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limited information okay Boris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited information okay Boris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited information okay Boris
+information you do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+progressive accumulation of gimmicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was that work trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that work trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that work trying to find the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heidi begin this bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which needs to throwing dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+single-player therapy therapy I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-player therapy therapy I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-player therapy therapy I feel
+like I miss at least one No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in messages lingo ferry what was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in messages lingo ferry what was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in messages lingo ferry what was a
+language barrier horticulture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything also an emo greeting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything also an emo greeting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything also an emo greeting all the
+leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+take down the leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take down the leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take down the leader
+and later all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right prediction what wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right prediction what wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right prediction what wasn't
+prediction we distrust it can perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we distrust it can perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we distrust it can perceive
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moral ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops
+mind-reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-reading
+immoral my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ever college flattery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was the real fast okay it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the real fast okay it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the real fast okay it's been
+almost 20 minutes almost princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to eat the most coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal missus savior in foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane crash plane crash yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+archery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pirates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Joe I'm tired rebels under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiple media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slow and painful quick and painless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that royalty royalty holy lights-out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that royalty royalty holy lights-out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that royalty royalty holy lights-out
+mother's dogs caps sore losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+living part of the border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knocking over pieces air ducts finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking over pieces air ducts finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking over pieces air ducts finding
+your loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think we had that but I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have enough ideas so um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have enough ideas so um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have enough ideas so um I think
+that one thing that we could do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing that we could do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing that we could do is sort
+of like weigh in on which ones might fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like weigh in on which ones might fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like weigh in on which ones might fit
+the criteria of class better that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria of class better that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria of class better that's not
+necessarily saying that any of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily saying that any of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily saying that any of them that
+we're going to identify a good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify a good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify a good or bad
+ideas but seems like if you were to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas but seems like if you were to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas but seems like if you were to do
+something on that you could fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on that you could fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on that you could fit the
+criteria pretty well oh actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria pretty well oh actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria pretty well oh actually I
+thought that we we just identify it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that we we just identify it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that we we just identify it as
+instructors because because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors because because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors because because it's not
+some feedback for for for everyone what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback for for for everyone what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback for for for everyone what
+we suggest today doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suggest today doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suggest today doesn't necessarily
+mean these are the only ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are the only ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are the only ones that you
+can work with after this this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with after this this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with after this this class is
+just open to you you form a team come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open to you you form a team come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open to you you form a team come
+back on Wednesday with the team you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on Wednesday with the team you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on Wednesday with the team you know
+talk with each other you know I said at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with each other you know I said at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with each other you know I said at
+the end of class you can stand up says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class you can stand up says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class you can stand up says I
+want to do something on okay I good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something on okay I good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something on okay I good
+identify trading as s1 which i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify trading as s1 which i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify trading as s1 which i think is
+a is a mechanic right so so I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a mechanic right so so I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a mechanic right so so I want to do
+something on trading and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on trading and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on trading and then you know
+go and talk and figure out whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and talk and figure out whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and talk and figure out whether you
+want to be on hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be on hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be on hmm
+no more than four I'm going to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than four I'm going to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than four I'm going to suggest
+at least as many people as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as many people as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as many people as you have
+players in your game so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in your game so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in your game so if you are
+making a four player game you need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a four player game you need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a four player game you need for
+thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen
+that's ret a four-person team because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ret a four-person team because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ret a four-person team because it
+just makes it easier for you to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes it easier for you to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes it easier for you to test
+it's finally at least in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finally at least in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finally at least in the early
+stages if you want to make a soup player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages if you want to make a soup player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages if you want to make a soup player
+game you need at least two people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you need at least two people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you need at least two people but
+you can have four people on it to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have four people on it to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have four people on it to play
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah or you know try different brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or you know try different brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or you know try different brother
+size simultaneous prototyping and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size simultaneous prototyping and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size simultaneous prototyping and then
+you know riff on each other's ideas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know riff on each other's ideas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know riff on each other's ideas I
+mean things that I see that I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things that I see that I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things that I see that I kind of
+like fit the requirements I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fit the requirements I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fit the requirements I you know
+discarding path building building I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarding path building building I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarding path building building I
+think we go into more specific stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we go into more specific stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we go into more specific stuff
+later so I'm going to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so I'm going to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so I'm going to look at that
+hidden goals manipulating time I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden goals manipulating time I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden goals manipulating time I think
+it's a is probably more like combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a is probably more like combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a is probably more like combination
+of different mechanics yeah theft I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different mechanics yeah theft I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different mechanics yeah theft I
+guess could be a mechanic taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess could be a mechanic taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess could be a mechanic taking
+something to somebody know that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to somebody know that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to somebody know that somebody
+else doesn't want you to take oh oh girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else doesn't want you to take oh oh girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else doesn't want you to take oh oh girl
+sin decline gross yeah so so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin decline gross yeah so so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin decline gross yeah so so these two
+right I think these two combined yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think these two combined yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think these two combined yeah
+definitely something that actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that actually I
+think even separately it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even separately it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even separately it's fine
+you know you some sort of mechanic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you some sort of mechanic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you some sort of mechanic about
+you know smoothie just just rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know smoothie just just rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know smoothie just just rolling
+downhill right you know you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right you know you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right you know you can make a
+game just about that let's see I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game just about that let's see I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game just about that let's see I mean
+there's a lot of stuff here now that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff here now that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff here now that I
+realize how many ideas go thrown out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize how many ideas go thrown out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize how many ideas go thrown out
+there's a lot of stuff here that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff here that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff here that does
+fit so everything about identifying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit so everything about identifying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit so everything about identifying here
+doesn't mean that these are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that these are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that these are the only
+things that fit but but just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that fit but but just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that fit but but just trying to
+give you some information about like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some information about like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some information about like my
+voting I think he'll be taken in like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting I think he'll be taken in like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting I think he'll be taken in like a
+million different ways and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different ways and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different ways and that's
+exactly like it's all voting but how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like it's all voting but how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like it's all voting but how you
+do different kinds of voting can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different kinds of voting can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different kinds of voting can be
+explored in so many different ways in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in so many different ways in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in so many different ways in a
+game mmm Auctions yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crispy I actually think it's so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crispy I actually think it's so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crispy I actually think it's so great
+you know it's a call it's Consuela you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a call it's Consuela you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a call it's Consuela you
+can only do things with this one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only do things with this one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only do things with this one thing
+right you know and I think I'll try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know and I think I'll try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know and I think I'll try and
+only scratch the surface about what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only scratch the surface about what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only scratch the surface about what I
+could be although kind of probably too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be although kind of probably too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be although kind of probably too
+dangerous but terrain in general all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous but terrain in general all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous but terrain in general all of
+these you know I think fit fit uh yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know I think fit fit uh yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know I think fit fit uh yeah I
+mean you look you know just just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you look you know just just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you look you know just just you
+know all having multiple real son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all having multiple real son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all having multiple real son
+simultaneously I think you wanted for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously I think you wanted for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously I think you wanted for a
+program and if I it's something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and if I it's something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and if I it's something a little
+more specific off the multiple rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific off the multiple rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific off the multiple rules
+basic idea but you can do that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea but you can do that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea but you can do that in your
+team just scrolling down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team just scrolling down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team just scrolling down a little bit
+more racing is more like a whole genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more racing is more like a whole genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more racing is more like a whole genre
+so maybe identifying something inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe identifying something inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe identifying something inside
+racing you know just like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanic will be things like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic will be things like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic will be things like you know
+boosting for instance you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting for instance you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting for instance you know it's a
+it's a mechanic I'm going to say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mechanic I'm going to say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mechanic I'm going to say not
+Nazis not pirates not robots these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis not pirates not robots these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis not pirates not robots these are
+things that you show up in games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you show up in games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you show up in games and
+often the more often they show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the more often they show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the more often they show up in
+game so that's interesting the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so that's interesting the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so that's interesting the game
+often against so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah resource management again is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah resource management again is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah resource management again is kind
+of like a category of mechanics uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a category of mechanics uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a category of mechanics uh I
+think you want to identify a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you want to identify a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you want to identify a specific
+kind of resource management whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resource management whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resource management whether it's
+like you know supply and demand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know supply and demand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know supply and demand you know
+I think that's already a tons of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's already a tons of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's already a tons of things
+that you can do with just plain supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do with just plain supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do with just plain supply
+and demand and and yeah you know trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand and and yeah you know trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand and and yeah you know trading
+also fits in resource management right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also fits in resource management right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also fits in resource management right
+you know by trading more specific than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by trading more specific than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by trading more specific than
+resource management I'd ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so inside resource management there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside resource management there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside resource management there's a
+pile of different ideas and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of different ideas and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of different ideas and you want to
+focus on probably just one iiiiii I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on probably just one iiiiii I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on probably just one iiiiii I
+guess I want to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I want to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I want to be a little bit more
+specific on what I mean by that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific on what I mean by that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific on what I mean by that I don't
+mean that your game should just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that your game should just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that your game should just have one
+idea means like if I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea means like if I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea means like if I want you to
+identify a game mechanic that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a game mechanic that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a game mechanic that can be
+played by different people in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by different people in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by different people in different
+ways through the course of the game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways through the course of the game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways through the course of the game so
+like there's a lot of different ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a lot of different ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a lot of different ways you
+can execute a trade then that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can execute a trade then that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can execute a trade then that's why I
+think that's a good fit that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a good fit that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a good fit that's a lot of
+but but the end result is still you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the end result is still you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the end result is still you're
+exchanging something with somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging something with somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging something with somebody else
+right so you can see that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can see that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can see that you're
+comparing apples to apples here guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing apples to apples here guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing apples to apples here guessing
+guessing guessing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there we go yeah you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go yeah you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go yeah you know you know
+all the different ways you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different ways you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different ways you can sort of
+like Intuit ideas that's that's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Intuit ideas that's that's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Intuit ideas that's that's one that
+needs someone to do a really deep dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs someone to do a really deep dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs someone to do a really deep dive
+in because if you just do a shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because if you just do a shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because if you just do a shallow
+guessing game it's a shallow guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing game it's a shallow guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing game it's a shallow guessing
+game and it's not interesting but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and it's not interesting but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and it's not interesting but you
+know yeah if you really think hard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah if you really think hard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah if you really think hard about
+how do I that's all the different ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I that's all the different ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I that's all the different ways I
+can make guessing interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make guessing interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make guessing interesting that
+deck-building that's a what um a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck-building that's a what um a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck-building that's a what um a good
+mechanic but is really really hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic but is really really hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic but is really really hard to do
+for any kind of assignment in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of assignment in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of assignment in this class
+even in your last assignment the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in your last assignment the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in your last assignment the reason
+for that is that deck-building implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is that deck-building implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is that deck-building implies
+lots and lots of cards lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of cards lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of cards lots and lots of
+cards made it hard to iterate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards made it hard to iterate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards made it hard to iterate because
+you're generating a ton of things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generating a ton of things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generating a ton of things just
+to make a single prototype you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a single prototype you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a single prototype you want to
+make a second prototype you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a second prototype you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a second prototype you kind of
+generate new but but budget cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate new but but budget cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate new but but budget cuts
+time-consuming you're gonna have vistas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-consuming you're gonna have vistas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-consuming you're gonna have vistas
+on your hands cutting things out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your hands cutting things out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your hands cutting things out that's
+my warning about that building hmm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my warning about that building hmm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my warning about that building hmm that
+game was a kind of very very narrow a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a kind of very very narrow a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a kind of very very narrow a a
+very fairly yet and the good diplomat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fairly yet and the good diplomat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fairly yet and the good diplomat
+Asian of the tackling game yeah but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian of the tackling game yeah but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian of the tackling game yeah but yeah
+things like you know deck building card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know deck building card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know deck building card
+drafting and everything anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafting and everything anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafting and everything anything that
+sort of comes on the collectible card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes on the collectible card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes on the collectible card
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+you have to be very cautious of because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be very cautious of because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be very cautious of because
+of the difficulty it is a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulty it is a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulty it is a prototype
+something at that because it generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at that because it generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at that because it generates
+so much stuff each time you want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much stuff each time you want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much stuff each time you want to do a
+revision which is not to say it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision which is not to say it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision which is not to say it doesn't
+fit the criteria it's just difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the criteria it's just difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the criteria it's just difficult to
+execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute
+we resource measurement definitely came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we resource measurement definitely came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we resource measurement definitely came
+out toys yeah instead of mobile as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out toys yeah instead of mobile as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out toys yeah instead of mobile as you
+might want to think of something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to think of something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to think of something like
+Lane pushing you know or tower you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lane pushing you know or tower you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lane pushing you know or tower you know
+power yeah not tower defense genre but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power yeah not tower defense genre but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power yeah not tower defense genre but
+like defending a tower you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like defending a tower you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like defending a tower you know it
+mobiles are games like League of Legends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobiles are games like League of Legends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobiles are games like League of Legends
+dota 2 missus genre title for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dota 2 missus genre title for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dota 2 missus genre title for
+multi-player online yeah oh if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-player online yeah oh if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-player online yeah oh if you've
+it's a team-based game usually five four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a team-based game usually five four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a team-based game usually five four
+side but that's but these are all genres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but that's but these are all genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but that's but these are all genres
+conventions that there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that there's nothing that
+requires that bankruptcy is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that bankruptcy is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that bankruptcy is something
+that shows up in a lot of games but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up in a lot of games but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up in a lot of games but
+usually as a loose condition to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as a loose condition to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as a loose condition to be
+really interesting to think of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting to think of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting to think of all the
+ways that you can go bankrupt in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can go bankrupt in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can go bankrupt in a
+interesting way because reality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way because reality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way because reality is that
+actually there's a lot of it in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a lot of it in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a lot of it in reality
+you can go bang bankruptcy UI Vantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go bang bankruptcy UI Vantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go bang bankruptcy UI Vantage
+permanent changes to the game difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent changes to the game difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent changes to the game difficult
+prototype again but prop but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype again but prop but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype again but prop but still
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+you're gonna generate a lot of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna generate a lot of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna generate a lot of games
+that you're gonna hand out to people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna hand out to people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna hand out to people and
+a difficulty about it is that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficulty about it is that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficulty about it is that you don't
+really see the feedback until someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the feedback until someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the feedback until someone's
+played the game multiple times so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the game multiple times so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the game multiple times so good
+idea difficult to prototype again a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea difficult to prototype again a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea difficult to prototype again a lot
+of stuff here it's great I just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff here it's great I just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff here it's great I just looking
+for things I can comment on top Peters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things I can comment on top Peters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things I can comment on top Peters
+is really kind of really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really kind of really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really kind of really interesting
+actually I know it's kind of a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I know it's kind of a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I know it's kind of a noun
+rather than a mechanic but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a mechanic but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a mechanic but there are
+things that torpedoes do that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that torpedoes do that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that torpedoes do that are not
+things that projectiles do in in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that projectiles do in in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that projectiles do in in many
+games you know they're just all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know they're just all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know they're just all these
+things they're launched from things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they're launched from things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they're launched from things that
+are already hidden but they give away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already hidden but they give away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already hidden but they give away
+where they were shot from you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were shot from you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were shot from you know all
+the countermeasures that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countermeasures that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countermeasures that are involved in
+torpedoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see everything that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see everything that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see everything that has to do with
+sort of like code breaking hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like code breaking hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like code breaking hidden
+messages language barrier I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages language barrier I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages language barrier I feel that
+you know exchanging messages in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exchanging messages in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exchanging messages in a way
+that you're hiding the message at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're hiding the message at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're hiding the message at the
+same time might actually be be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time might actually be be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time might actually be be something
+that one team could actually just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one team could actually just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one team could actually just take
+on for this assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah or try to identify something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah or try to identify something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah or try to identify something
+that can go deep in that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go deep in that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go deep in that you can you can
+do a lot of different takes within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of different takes within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of different takes within the
+same game on just that one mechanic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same game on just that one mechanic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same game on just that one mechanic the
+same thing that has to do with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that has to do with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that has to do with you know
+any kind of clothing changing avatar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of clothing changing avatar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of clothing changing avatar
+customization and everything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customization and everything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customization and everything like that
+that one's a bit tricky because usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's a bit tricky because usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's a bit tricky because usually
+that in service of a larger game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in service of a larger game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in service of a larger game where
+the outer customisation has some varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer customisation has some varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer customisation has some varying
+level of utility I am if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of utility I am if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of utility I am if you're going to
+do something like changing your clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like changing your clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like changing your clothes
+the point is to change your clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is to change your clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is to change your clothes
+the point isn't in service of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point isn't in service of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point isn't in service of some other
+game yeah in that game you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah in that game you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah in that game you know the the
+I think the point is in fact you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the point is in fact you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the point is in fact you change
+your clothes and in fact changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clothes and in fact changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clothes and in fact changing
+clothes if you haven't seen the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes if you haven't seen the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes if you haven't seen the game
+that I'm talking about it's called dress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm talking about it's called dress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm talking about it's called dress
+for the show it was one of the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the show it was one of the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the show it was one of the games
+from last year these could be difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last year these could be difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last year these could be difficult
+to prototype because of the cleanup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prototype because of the cleanup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prototype because of the cleanup
+process you might wanna yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you might wanna yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you might wanna yeah it's
+difficult to play in class too so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to play in class too so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to play in class too so keep
+that in my this this was this was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my this this was this was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my this this was this was kind
+of kind of hilarious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything that has to do it drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that has to do it drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that has to do it drinking
+please don't make a drinking game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't make a drinking game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't make a drinking game in
+this class I can't I can't officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I can't I can't officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I can't I can't officially
+test this in in class and and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this in in class and and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this in in class and and that would
+be III I'd have to answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be III I'd have to answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be III I'd have to answer to the
+Committee on curricula and I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee on curricula and I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee on curricula and I don't want
+to do that okay so so hopefully that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay so so hopefully that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay so so hopefully that
+gives you some idea of like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some idea of like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some idea of like all the
+ideas you know that they've come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you know that they've come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you know that they've come out
+some of these I I just fit what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these I I just fit what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these I I just fit what we're
+looking for I'd say if anybody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I'd say if anybody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I'd say if anybody wants to
+you know in class with a hey I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in class with a hey I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in class with a hey I really
+wants what blah just go for it I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants what blah just go for it I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants what blah just go for it I'm just
+gonna copy and paste this into a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna copy and paste this into a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna copy and paste this into a file
+that's visible only to students in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's visible only to students in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's visible only to students in this
+class and upload it up on on our seller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and upload it up on on our seller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and upload it up on on our seller
+site so right of any announcements or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site so right of any announcements or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site so right of any announcements or in
+the handouts section so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handouts section so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handouts section so that you can
+refer back to this like the class email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to this like the class email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to this like the class email
+list is oh it should be gained - design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is oh it should be gained - design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is oh it should be gained - design
+but I haven't updated a list yet I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't updated a list yet I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't updated a list yet I think
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me just check this wet Moya yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just check this wet Moya yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just check this wet Moya yeah if
+it's just game design I suspect it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just game design I suspect it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just game design I suspect it has
+lasted last year students on it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted last year students on it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted last year students on it which
+means it's not useful yes it has last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's not useful yes it has last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's not useful yes it has last
+year so SP 14 zmf 608 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'll have to fix that somehow I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll have to fix that somehow I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll have to fix that somehow I am
+going to add SP I'm going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add SP I'm going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add SP I'm going to figure out
+exactly what's the name of our email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's the name of our email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's the name of our email
+list and then I'll put that definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then I'll put that definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and then I'll put that definitely
+on the announcements page so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the announcements page so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the announcements page so you guys
+can so you can all discuss on my as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so you can all discuss on my as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so you can all discuss on my as well
+otherwise that's class so if anyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that's class so if anyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise that's class so if anyone has
+anything to yell out on Wednesday you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to yell out on Wednesday you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to yell out on Wednesday you
+should come in knowing you should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come in knowing you should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come in knowing you should come
+in knowing what mechanic or mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knowing what mechanic or mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knowing what mechanic or mechanics
+you feel like working on if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like working on if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like working on if you have
+your team even better if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team even better if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team even better if you don't have
+a team by Wednesday it's a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team by Wednesday it's a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team by Wednesday it's a very short
+amount of time so I think it's okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time so I think it's okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time so I think it's okay but
+you should have your team by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have your team by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have your team by the end of
+Wednesday okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ouk7t7ViTfI.txt b/Ouk7t7ViTfI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcca4fde803519996fa4e80e940d598ca61c1767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ouk7t7ViTfI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+So far we've talked about assembling instructions.
+
+What about data?
+
+How do we allocate and initialize data storage
+and how do we get those values into registers
+
+so that they can be used as operands?
+
+Here we see a program that allocates and initializes
+two memory locations using the LONG macro.
+
+We've used labels to remember the addresses
+of these locations for later reference.
+
+When the program is assembled the values of
+the label N and factN are 0 and 4 respectively,
+
+the addresses of the memory locations holding
+the two data values.
+
+To access the first data value, the program
+uses a LD instruction, in this case one of
+
+convenience macros that supplies R31 as the
+default value of the Ra field.
+
+The assembler replaces the reference to the
+label N with its value 0 from the symbol table.
+
+When the LD is executed, it computes the memory
+address by adding the constant (0) to the
+
+value of the Ra register (which is R31 and
+hence the value is 0)
+
+to get the address (0) of the memory location
+from which to fetch the value to be placed
+
+in R1.
+
+The constants needed as values for data words
+and instruction fields can be written as expressions.
+
+These expressions are evaluated by the assembler
+as it assembles the program and the resulting
+
+value is used as needed.
+
+Note that the expressions are evaluated at
+the time the assembler runs.
+
+By the time the program runs on the Beta,
+the resulting value is used.
+
+The assembler does NOT generate ADD and MUL
+instructions to compute the value during program
+
+execution.
+
+If a value is needed for an instruction field
+or initial data value, the assembler has to
+
+be able to perform the arithmetic itself.
+
+If you need the program to compute a value
+during execution, you have to write the necessary
+
+instructions as part of your program.
+
+One last UASM feature: there's a special symbol
+".", called "dot", whose value is the address
+
+of the next main memory location to be filled
+by the assembler when it generates binary
+
+data.
+
+Initially "." is 0 and it's incremented each
+time a new byte value is generated.
+
+We can set the value of "." to tell the assembler
+where in memory we wish to place a value.
+
+In this example, the constant 0xDEADBEEF is
+placed into location 0x100 of main memory.
+
+And we can use "." in expressions to compute
+the values for other symbols, as shown here
+
+when defining the value for the symbol "k".
+
+In fact, the label definition "k:" is exactly
+equivalent to the UASM statement "k = ."
+
+We can even increment the value of "." to
+skip over locations, e.g., if we wanted to
+
+leave space for an un initialized array.
+
+And that's assembly language!
+
+We use assembly language as a convenient notation
+for generating the binary encoding for instructions
+
+and data.
+
+We let the assembler build the bit-level representations
+we need and to keep track of the addresses
+
+where these values are stored in main memory.
+
+UASM itself provides support for values, symbols,
+labels and macros.
+
+Values can be written as constants or expressions
+involving constants.
+
+We use symbols to give meaningful names to
+values so that our programs will be more readable
+
+and more easily modified.
+
+Similarly, we use labels to give meaningful
+names to addresses in main memory and then
+
+use the labels in referring to data locations
+in LD or ST instructions, or to instruction
+
+locations in branch instructions.
+
+Macros hide the details of how instructions
+are assembled from their component fields.
+
+And we can use "." to control where the assembler
+places values in main memory.
+
+The assembler is itself a program that runs
+on our computer.
+
+That raises an interesting "chicken and egg
+problem":
+
+how did the first assembler program get assembled
+into binary so it could run on a computer?
+
+Well, it was hand-assembled into binary.
+
+I suspect it processed a very simple language
+indeed, with the bells and whistles of symbols,
+
+labels, macros, expression evaluation, etc.
+added only after basic instructions could
+
+be assembled by the program.
+
+And I'm sure they were very careful not loose
+the binary so they wouldn't have to do the
+
+hand-assembly a second time!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PHtPau1c5sU.txt b/PHtPau1c5sU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9481d2a566599d775d34e131432fd7c7b78d3464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PHtPau1c5sU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright folks welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we'll learn about the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll learn about the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll learn about the process of
+learning to fly and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to fly and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to fly and some of the
+regulations around it that will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations around it that will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations around it that will be on
+the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test
+alright so when you learn to fly you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so when you learn to fly you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so when you learn to fly you'll
+preflight the aircraft for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preflight the aircraft for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preflight the aircraft for the
+instructor and learn about that how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and learn about that how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and learn about that how to
+inspect everything the first few lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect everything the first few lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect everything the first few lessons
+are really about learning to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really about learning to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really about learning to see the
+aircraft attitude seeing whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft attitude seeing whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft attitude seeing whether you're
+pitched up pitch down bank left or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched up pitch down bank left or right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched up pitch down bank left or right
+most people have a fairly easy time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people have a fairly easy time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people have a fairly easy time with
+then you'll learn to take off and land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll learn to take off and land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll learn to take off and land
+as I said earlier that takes about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said earlier that takes about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said earlier that takes about five
+or ten hours and in fact people used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ten hours and in fact people used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ten hours and in fact people used to
+solo after four hours of flight training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo after four hours of flight training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo after four hours of flight training
+especially young people now it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially young people now it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially young people now it takes a
+little long because they wanted you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little long because they wanted you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little long because they wanted you to
+know about more bureaucracy and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about more bureaucracy and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about more bureaucracy and how to
+talk to the control tower and so forth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the control tower and so forth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the control tower and so forth a
+good trainer airplane why not start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good trainer airplane why not start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good trainer airplane why not start with
+the best and just learn how to fly your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and just learn how to fly your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and just learn how to fly your
+personal Gulfstream or whatever if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal Gulfstream or whatever if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal Gulfstream or whatever if it's
+a very heavy airplane like a Gulfstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very heavy airplane like a Gulfstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very heavy airplane like a Gulfstream
+which can weigh a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can weigh a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can weigh a hundred thousand
+pounds then you have to think ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds then you have to think ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds then you have to think ahead
+because of inertia the airplane tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of inertia the airplane tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of inertia the airplane tends to
+keep doing whatever it was doing five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing whatever it was doing five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing whatever it was doing five or
+ten seconds earlier at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds earlier at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds earlier at the same time
+though a really tiny airplane like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though a really tiny airplane like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though a really tiny airplane like some
+of the little two-seaters they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little two-seaters they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little two-seaters they are
+unstable and they just get kicked around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and they just get kicked around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and they just get kicked around
+by the wind so much that you're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wind so much that you're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wind so much that you're not sure
+if it's something you did or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's something you did or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's something you did or something
+that the environment did to you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the environment did to you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the environment did to you also
+people have gotten heavier the owner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have gotten heavier the owner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have gotten heavier the owner of
+East Coast Aero Club says that when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast Aero Club says that when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast Aero Club says that when he
+started in the 80s 85% of the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 80s 85% of the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 80s 85% of the customers
+and instructors could train in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instructors could train in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instructors could train in the
+two-seat piper tomahawk now 85% require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-seat piper tomahawk now 85% require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-seat piper tomahawk now 85% require
+training in the four-seat piper warrior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in the four-seat piper warrior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in the four-seat piper warrior
+you don't want it to be too powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want it to be too powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want it to be too powerful
+actually and that's because when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and that's because when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and that's because when you go
+from on a go-around for example and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from on a go-around for example and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from on a go-around for example and you
+go from near idle power to full power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from near idle power to full power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from near idle power to full power
+that's a huge transition and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge transition and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge transition and those
+left-turning tendencies that tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-turning tendencies that tina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-turning tendencies that tina
+mentions mean that you need immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions mean that you need immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions mean that you need immediate
+and significant rudder input and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and significant rudder input and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and significant rudder input and so
+forth so an airplane that has an hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so an airplane that has an hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so an airplane that has an hour or
+band of possible powers is easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of possible powers is easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of possible powers is easier to
+learn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn on
+you want something that won't spin if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something that won't spin if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something that won't spin if
+it's abused and also ideally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's abused and also ideally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's abused and also ideally and
+airplane that if you just let go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane that if you just let go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane that if you just let go the
+Cessnas tend to have this characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessnas tend to have this characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessnas tend to have this characteristic
+they'll come out of most bad situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll come out of most bad situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll come out of most bad situations
+if you just let go of the yoke so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just let go of the yoke so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just let go of the yoke so
+they're best trainers my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're best trainers my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're best trainers my personal
+favorite is the diamond da40 it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite is the diamond da40 it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite is the diamond da40 it's kind
+of physically uncomfortable which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically uncomfortable which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically uncomfortable which is why
+I don't use it as a family airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't use it as a family airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't use it as a family airplane
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+the Cessna 172 and piper warrior are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cessna 172 and piper warrior are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cessna 172 and piper warrior are the
+most popular you can check these out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular you can check these out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular you can check these out
+the cirrus sr20 is the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cirrus sr20 is the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cirrus sr20 is the most popular
+personal or the 20 and the 22 together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal or the 20 and the 22 together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal or the 20 and the 22 together
+the most popular family and personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular family and personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular family and personal
+airplane these days there are ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane these days there are ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane these days there are ok
+trainers and some airline training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainers and some airline training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainers and some airline training
+programs and college training programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and college training programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and college training programs
+use them but they're a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them but they're a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them but they're a little bit more
+challenging to handle than assessment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to handle than assessment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to handle than assessment as
+diamonds and Piper's the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and Piper's the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and Piper's the marginal
+operating cost of all of these is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cost of all of these is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cost of all of these is about
+100 to 150 dollars an hour so if flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 150 dollars an hour so if flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 150 dollars an hour so if flight
+schools usually have to mark that up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools usually have to mark that up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools usually have to mark that up a
+bit in order to stay in business because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in order to stay in business because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in order to stay in business because
+they have to cover the fixed cost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to cover the fixed cost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to cover the fixed cost as
+well of owning the aircraft hangar ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of owning the aircraft hangar ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of owning the aircraft hangar ring
+and paying insurance but and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paying insurance but and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paying insurance but and that that
+cost includes you know the fuel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost includes you know the fuel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost includes you know the fuel and the
+engine overhaul in the prop overhaul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine overhaul in the prop overhaul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine overhaul in the prop overhaul
+what about doing gliders so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about doing gliders so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about doing gliders so we don't
+want to sell you too hard on the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell you too hard on the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell you too hard on the idea of
+just starting in a single-engine land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting in a single-engine land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting in a single-engine land
+airplane you can go out to Sterling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you can go out to Sterling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you can go out to Sterling
+Massachusetts get towed up to 3,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts get towed up to 3,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts get towed up to 3,000 feet
+and then on a handful of good summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on a handful of good summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on a handful of good summer
+days stay up by soaring in the thermals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days stay up by soaring in the thermals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days stay up by soaring in the thermals
+ridge lifts people have soared all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridge lifts people have soared all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridge lifts people have soared all the
+way down for I think about a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down for I think about a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down for I think about a thousand
+miles tend to be the record for soaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles tend to be the record for soaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles tend to be the record for soaring
+that's usually on following the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually on following the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually on following the edge of
+a mountain range where the wind blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mountain range where the wind blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mountain range where the wind blowing
+let's say from the west generates a lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from the west generates a lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from the west generates a lift
+right at the on the western edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the on the western edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the on the western edge of the
+mountain range or right in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain range or right in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain range or right in the center
+you can be a captain so a style hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a captain so a style hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a captain so a style hero
+on every landing actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every landing actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every landing actually
+raise your hand if you think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you think that there
+is another pilot in the aircraft with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another pilot in the aircraft with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another pilot in the aircraft with
+captain Sully or if he was by himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully or if he was by himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully or if he was by himself
+who thinks there was a second pilot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks there was a second pilot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks there was a second pilot in
+there okay who knows the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay who knows the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay who knows the name of the
+second pilot without going to your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pilot without going to your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pilot without going to your phone
+does anybody in this room know the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody in this room know the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody in this room know the name
+of that second pilot alright Jeff Skiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second pilot alright Jeff Skiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second pilot alright Jeff Skiles
+alright hold on a sec we got to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright hold on a sec we got to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright hold on a sec we got to give
+this guy his reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy his reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy his reward
+I'll pay out twenty dollars a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pay out twenty dollars a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pay out twenty dollars a student
+for that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that answer
+I only probably a handful of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only probably a handful of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only probably a handful of cash
+because I knew I wouldn't need most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I knew I wouldn't need most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I knew I wouldn't need most of
+it okay a good trainer helicopter same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay a good trainer helicopter same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay a good trainer helicopter same
+issues the really light helicopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues the really light helicopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues the really light helicopters
+Robinson r22 is very popular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson r22 is very popular for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson r22 is very popular for
+training because it's inexpensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because it's inexpensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because it's inexpensive to
+operate but it's so light that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate but it's so light that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate but it's so light that it's
+unstable and gives people the impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and gives people the impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and gives people the impression
+that heroic skills are required also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heroic skills are required also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heroic skills are required also you
+want reasonable amount of rotor inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want reasonable amount of rotor inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want reasonable amount of rotor inertia
+for auto rotations and helicopters a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for auto rotations and helicopters a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for auto rotations and helicopters a lot
+of the training after those ten hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the training after those ten hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the training after those ten hours
+after you've learned to fly you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've learned to fly you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've learned to fly you also
+need to learn to fly a helicopter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn to fly a helicopter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn to fly a helicopter with
+no engine and that requires making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no engine and that requires making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no engine and that requires making some
+adjustments in the pitch of the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments in the pitch of the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments in the pitch of the rotating
+blades or rotating spinning wings so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades or rotating spinning wings so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades or rotating spinning wings so if
+there's no inertia in those blades then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no inertia in those blades then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no inertia in those blades then
+it becomes a little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a little bit harder to
+control during the auto rotation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control during the auto rotation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control during the auto rotation if
+you're a student you may not make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a student you may not make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a student you may not make the
+best landings so rugged skids this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best landings so rugged skids this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best landings so rugged skids this ends
+up all pointing towards the Robinson r44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all pointing towards the Robinson r44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all pointing towards the Robinson r44
+it's a four-seat helicopter and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four-seat helicopter and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four-seat helicopter and those
+extra two empty seats in the back give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra two empty seats in the back give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra two empty seats in the back give
+you a lot of performance margin that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of performance margin that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of performance margin that's
+more expensive to operate and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive to operate and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive to operate and therefore
+the prices that flight schools have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices that flight schools have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices that flight schools have to
+charge are higher because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge are higher because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge are higher because all the
+rotating components get thrown out every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating components get thrown out every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating components get thrown out every
+2200 hours the blades the transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 hours the blades the transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 hours the blades the transmissions
+there's more that gets overhauled okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more that gets overhauled okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more that gets overhauled okay
+you can get a pilot certificate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a pilot certificate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a pilot certificate from the
+FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA
+by doing your pre solo written exam with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing your pre solo written exam with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing your pre solo written exam with
+an instructor on the characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor on the characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor on the characteristics of
+the aircraft and anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft and anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft and anything that's
+important locally then you do some solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important locally then you do some solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important locally then you do some solo
+flight after your training you'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight after your training you'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight after your training you'll do
+some flights by yourself you will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flights by yourself you will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flights by yourself you will do
+cross-country trips so you will go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country trips so you will go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country trips so you will go with
+an instructor on some trips that are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor on some trips that are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor on some trips that are at
+least 50 nautical miles if you're in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 50 nautical miles if you're in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 50 nautical miles if you're in an
+airplane 25 in a helicopter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane 25 in a helicopter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane 25 in a helicopter that's
+called cross country you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cross country you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cross country you don't have to
+go all the way to California or Alaska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way to California or Alaska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way to California or Alaska
+and then you'll do a bit of solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll do a bit of solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll do a bit of solo
+cross-country flying you will do a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country flying you will do a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country flying you will do a check
+ride preparation that has to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride preparation that has to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride preparation that has to be able to
+leave at least three hours in prep with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave at least three hours in prep with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave at least three hours in prep with
+an instructor for your check ride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor for your check ride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor for your check ride and
+lets you take your check ride with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you take your check ride with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you take your check ride with an
+FAA employee or designated pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA employee or designated pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA employee or designated pilot
+examiner you get issued the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner you get issued the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner you get issued the pilot
+certificate it takes you about 40 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate it takes you about 40 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate it takes you about 40 hours
+of flight time and I believe only 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight time and I believe only 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight time and I believe only 10 of
+that has to be solo the other 30 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be solo the other 30 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be solo the other 30 is
+typically with an instructor 55 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with an instructor 55 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with an instructor 55 hours
+it's probably more typical but young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably more typical but young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably more typical but young
+people like yourselves who do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like yourselves who do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like yourselves who do it
+intensively can come and finish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively can come and finish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively can come and finish in
+pretty close to the 40 hours there's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the 40 hours there's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the 40 hours there's my
+certificate notice it says airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate notice it says airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate notice it says airline
+transport pilot there let's use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport pilot there let's use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport pilot there let's use the
+fancier feature airline transport pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier feature airline transport pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier feature airline transport pilot
+so that's a different level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a different level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a different level of
+certificate there's a private commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate there's a private commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate there's a private commercial
+and ATP again beyond the scope notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ATP again beyond the scope notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ATP again beyond the scope notice
+also there's a hole punched in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a hole punched in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a hole punched in it
+because when you get an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you get an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you get an additional
+rating they issue a new certificate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating they issue a new certificate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating they issue a new certificate and
+destroy the old one oops okay what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the old one oops okay what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the old one oops okay what can
+you do once you have your private you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do once you have your private you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do once you have your private you
+can go anywhere in the world in a US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go anywhere in the world in a US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go anywhere in the world in a US
+registered airplane and carry friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered airplane and carry friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered airplane and carry friends
+and family as long as you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and family as long as you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and family as long as you're not
+charging the money you can fly at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging the money you can fly at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging the money you can fly at night
+that's not true in some other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in some other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in some other countries
+but it is true in the US you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true in the US you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true in the US you don't need
+any additional rating to fly on that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any additional rating to fly on that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any additional rating to fly on that you
+will have had three hours of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have had three hours of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have had three hours of training
+and night flying with an instructor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and night flying with an instructor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and night flying with an instructor and
+you will fly what you learned in so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will fly what you learned in so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will fly what you learned in so if
+your mom has a hot air balloon and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom has a hot air balloon and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom has a hot air balloon and that
+was your first aircraft you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was your first aircraft you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was your first aircraft you will have a
+rating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating for
+flying that hot-air balloon it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying that hot-air balloon it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying that hot-air balloon it doesn't
+have to you don't have to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you don't have to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you don't have to start with a
+Cessna or similar okay so Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna or similar okay so Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna or similar okay so Congress
+passes kind of loose laws about aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes kind of loose laws about aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes kind of loose laws about aviation
+but really most of the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really most of the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really most of the things that you
+might think of as laws governing flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as laws governing flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as laws governing flying
+are actually regulations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually regulations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually regulations that are
+drafted by the bureaucrats in the FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafted by the bureaucrats in the FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafted by the bureaucrats in the FAA
+and the agency a lot of these stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the agency a lot of these stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the agency a lot of these stuff is
+public you can look up anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public you can look up anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public you can look up anybody who
+claims to be a pilot and the airman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims to be a pilot and the airman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims to be a pilot and the airman
+registry one reason it's not called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry one reason it's not called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry one reason it's not called the
+pilot registry is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot registry is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot registry is that there are
+actually other functions for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually other functions for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually other functions for which
+certificates are issued for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates are issued for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates are issued for example
+flight engineer maybe in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight engineer maybe in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight engineer maybe in the old days
+there was navigator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was navigator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was navigator
+similarly airplanes if you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly airplanes if you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly airplanes if you see an
+interesting airplane you can look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting airplane you can look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting airplane you can look up the
+tail number and see to whom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail number and see to whom it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail number and see to whom it's
+registered sometimes it's obscured with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered sometimes it's obscured with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered sometimes it's obscured with
+you know a shell LLC somewhere but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a shell LLC somewhere but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a shell LLC somewhere but again
+it can be interesting okay this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be interesting okay this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be interesting okay this is one
+of the worst parts of at the FAA and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the worst parts of at the FAA and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the worst parts of at the FAA and the
+exam they use the words category in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam they use the words category in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam they use the words category in
+classes in two different ways one is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in two different ways one is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in two different ways one is for
+getting your pilot certificate in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your pilot certificate in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your pilot certificate in which
+case a category is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a category is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a category is something like
+airplane or rotor craft and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or rotor craft and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or rotor craft and then you
+have this class which could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this class which could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this class which could be you know
+multi-engine see in the case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-engine see in the case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-engine see in the case of this
+Grumman I think it might be a mallard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman I think it might be a mallard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman I think it might be a mallard
+there on the right then 1940s Grumman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the right then 1940s Grumman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the right then 1940s Grumman
+seaplane so that's a multi-engine c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaplane so that's a multi-engine c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaplane so that's a multi-engine c
+rating that you would have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating that you would have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating that you would have in the
+airplane category here's your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane category here's your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane category here's your little
+matrix you can study this from the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can study this from the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can study this from the books
+but you see these are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see these are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see these are different
+categories of aircraft here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of aircraft here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of aircraft here on the left
+some of the fun ones like powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fun ones like powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fun ones like powered
+parachute weight shift control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute weight shift control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute weight shift control
+fortunately there are no flight schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately there are no flight schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately there are no flight schools
+for those kind of aircraft that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those kind of aircraft that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those kind of aircraft that I know
+of in the area wouldn't be much fun in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the area wouldn't be much fun in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the area wouldn't be much fun in a
+New England February category class very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England February category class very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England February category class very
+exciting okay so just to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting okay so just to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting okay so just to give you an
+overview of the pilot and instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the pilot and instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the pilot and instructor
+certification on the left here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification on the left here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification on the left here you have
+your levels of pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your levels of pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your levels of pilot
+concentrating on private pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on private pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on private pilot
+recreational pilot is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreational pilot is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreational pilot is extremely
+unpopular sport pilot is just a handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular sport pilot is just a handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular sport pilot is just a handful
+of schools for that as well so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schools for that as well so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schools for that as well so really
+it's private commercial ATP are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's private commercial ATP are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's private commercial ATP are the
+three core levels of a pilot certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three core levels of a pilot certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three core levels of a pilot certificate
+to those you add ratings so airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those you add ratings so airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those you add ratings so airplane
+single-engine land that lets you fly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine land that lets you fly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine land that lets you fly the
+icon a5 seaplane that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon a5 seaplane that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon a5 seaplane that you might have
+seen and you also need type ratings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and you also need type ratings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and you also need type ratings for
+heavier or turbojet powered aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier or turbojet powered aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier or turbojet powered aircraft
+that means you've had special training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you've had special training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you've had special training
+for your dc-3 which is heavy or for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your dc-3 which is heavy or for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your dc-3 which is heavy or for your
+Boeing 737 which has turbo jets okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing 737 which has turbo jets okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing 737 which has turbo jets okay the
+flight instructor has a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight instructor has a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight instructor has a separate
+certificate and that has its own set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and that has its own set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and that has its own set of
+ratings which are simpler so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings which are simpler so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings which are simpler so
+single-engine airplane notice it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine airplane notice it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine airplane notice it doesn't
+say Landers C so I have a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Landers C so I have a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Landers C so I have a commercial
+seaplane rating and I have an instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaplane rating and I have an instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaplane rating and I have an instructor
+certificate for single-engine airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for single-engine airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for single-engine airplane
+so for anybody who wants to die by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for anybody who wants to die by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for anybody who wants to die by
+drowning I can offer you instruction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drowning I can offer you instruction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drowning I can offer you instruction in
+a single-engine seaplane or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single-engine seaplane or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single-engine seaplane or a
+multi-engine seaplane for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-engine seaplane for that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-engine seaplane for that matter
+oh there are too many of those there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there are too many of those there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there are too many of those there is
+a totally separate certificate if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally separate certificate if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally separate certificate if you
+are also passionate about drones you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also passionate about drones you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also passionate about drones you'll
+end up with three pieces of plastic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with three pieces of plastic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with three pieces of plastic one
+for the pilot certification one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pilot certification one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pilot certification one for the
+instructor and one for being a remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and one for being a remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and one for being a remote
+pilot okay so aircraft they use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot okay so aircraft they use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot okay so aircraft they use the same
+words but to mean different things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but to mean different things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but to mean different things we
+will have a normal or utility category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a normal or utility category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a normal or utility category
+of aircraft or acrobatic those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aircraft or acrobatic those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aircraft or acrobatic those are the
+three that you're going to see at your a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that you're going to see at your a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that you're going to see at your a
+typical flight school on the right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical flight school on the right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical flight school on the right there
+is the game bird a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the game bird a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the game bird a very interesting
+plane that I just flew in Bentonville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that I just flew in Bentonville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that I just flew in Bentonville
+Arkansas I would encourage you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arkansas I would encourage you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arkansas I would encourage you guys to
+look that up and then you have class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that up and then you have class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that up and then you have class so
+you can have you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you know if you have a
+really big helicopter it's a transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big helicopter it's a transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big helicopter it's a transport
+category and rotorcraft class all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and rotorcraft class all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and rotorcraft class all right
+there on the right is I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the right is I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the right is I think that's a
+Pitcairn autogyro so that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitcairn autogyro so that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitcairn autogyro so that's at
+rotorcraft autogyro from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotorcraft autogyro from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotorcraft autogyro from
+the 1930s that's a replica at from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s that's a replica at from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s that's a replica at from
+Oshkosh which we'll hear about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oshkosh which we'll hear about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oshkosh which we'll hear about at
+lunchtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunchtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunchtime
+okay the bureaucracies you have the NTSB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the bureaucracies you have the NTSB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the bureaucracies you have the NTSB
+the National Transportation Safety Board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Transportation Safety Board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Transportation Safety Board
+a little bit separate from the FAA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit separate from the FAA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit separate from the FAA which
+is part of the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the Department of
+Transportation the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation the structure of
+regulations the Code of Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations the Code of Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations the Code of Federal
+Regulations is huge I think it's doubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations is huge I think it's doubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations is huge I think it's doubled
+in size in the last twenty years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size in the last twenty years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size in the last twenty years or so
+the FAA is part of that in title 14 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA is part of that in title 14 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA is part of that in title 14 if
+you look up the FAR's the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up the FAR's the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up the FAR's the Federal
+Aviation Regulations oftentimes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviation Regulations oftentimes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviation Regulations oftentimes will be
+directed to a site that has the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to a site that has the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to a site that has the entire
+electronic Code of Federal Regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Code of Federal Regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Code of Federal Regulations
+the most relevant parts for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most relevant parts for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most relevant parts for this class
+are 61 what does it mean to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 61 what does it mean to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 61 what does it mean to become a
+pilot and part 91 what can you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot and part 91 what can you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot and part 91 what can you do if
+you're flying privately if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying privately if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying privately if you want to
+have fun extra knowledge these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun extra knowledge these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun extra knowledge these are some
+of the other FAR's that are occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other FAR's that are occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other FAR's that are occasionally
+worth looking at you can look at doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth looking at you can look at doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth looking at you can look at doing
+charter and airline operations those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter and airline operations those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter and airline operations those
+have air carrier certificates and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have air carrier certificates and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have air carrier certificates and then
+you add something for scheduled big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add something for scheduled big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add something for scheduled big
+airplanes like 401 21 or smaller charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes like 401 21 or smaller charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes like 401 21 or smaller charter
+airplanes 135 if you want to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes 135 if you want to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes 135 if you want to see what
+kind of engineering you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of engineering you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of engineering you have to
+demonstrate to the FAA to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to the FAA to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to the FAA to get your
+product certified you can look into for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product certified you can look into for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product certified you can look into for
+example far 27 to see what Robinson had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example far 27 to see what Robinson had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example far 27 to see what Robinson had
+to do for the r44 to show that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for the r44 to show that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for the r44 to show that it was
+safe okay far 61 is about pilots flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe okay far 61 is about pilots flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe okay far 61 is about pilots flight
+instructors at ground instructors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors at ground instructors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors at ground instructors the
+standards are actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards are actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards are actually sort of
+reasonable like you have to do a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable like you have to do a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable like you have to do a flight
+review with an instructor every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review with an instructor every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review with an instructor every two
+years in order to continue to exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in order to continue to exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in order to continue to exercise
+the privileges of your certificate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privileges of your certificate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privileges of your certificate if
+you want to add for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to add for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to add for example the
+capability to fly in the clouds that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to fly in the clouds that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to fly in the clouds that's
+the instrument rating that Tina was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument rating that Tina was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument rating that Tina was
+talking about and that's in far 61.65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of these are just sign-off like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are just sign-off like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are just sign-off like for
+high-performance or complex you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-performance or complex you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-performance or complex you just
+need an endorsement from an instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an endorsement from an instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an endorsement from an instructor
+that you did it for the type ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did it for the type ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did it for the type ratings
+you'll actually get a new pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually get a new pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually get a new pilot
+certificate after you know usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate after you know usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate after you know usually
+simulator training at a simulator Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator training at a simulator Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator training at a simulator Center
+all right so these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are some of the
+things that you need to know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to know for the
+test you have two until until nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you have two until until nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you have two until until nine
+eleven the pilot certificate was a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven the pilot certificate was a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven the pilot certificate was a piece
+of paper I think and the photo ID was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper I think and the photo ID was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper I think and the photo ID was
+not required so you could just go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required so you could just go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required so you could just go out
+and fly with your piece of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fly with your piece of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fly with your piece of paper and
+your medical certificate now you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medical certificate now you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medical certificate now you don't
+need that actually because of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that actually because of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that actually because of this thing
+called basic med you have to you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called basic med you have to you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called basic med you have to you know I
+guess that you have to know I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that you have to know I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that you have to know I think for
+some test question that they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some test question that they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some test question that they can be
+inspected by these various agencies all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected by these various agencies all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected by these various agencies all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+drugs and alcohol this is actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and alcohol this is actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and alcohol this is actually one
+of the worst parts of the FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the worst parts of the FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the worst parts of the FAA
+certification projects for young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification projects for young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification projects for young people
+people my age we don't get invited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people my age we don't get invited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people my age we don't get invited to
+parties so getting arrested for DUI it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties so getting arrested for DUI it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties so getting arrested for DUI it's
+not really an issue but I know this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really an issue but I know this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really an issue but I know this guy
+really wonderful young guy about 20 very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wonderful young guy about 20 very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wonderful young guy about 20 very
+enthusiastic very smart he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic very smart he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic very smart he was in
+college you know he was drinking and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you know he was drinking and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you know he was drinking and you
+know he got arrested for DUI and the FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he got arrested for DUI and the FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he got arrested for DUI and the FAA
+treated him you know like they would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated him you know like they would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated him you know like they would you
+know if I were arrested for DUI it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I were arrested for DUI it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I were arrested for DUI it would
+mean that I was an alcoholic but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that I was an alcoholic but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that I was an alcoholic but you
+know he was not an alcoholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he was not an alcoholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he was not an alcoholic
+but they don't have different standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have different standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have different standards
+so they can't just say well he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't just say well he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't just say well he's in
+college so of course he's drinking they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college so of course he's drinking they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college so of course he's drinking they
+said well he's an alcoholic so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well he's an alcoholic so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well he's an alcoholic so they
+wanted to do years of proving that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do years of proving that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do years of proving that he
+went to you know alcohol treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to you know alcohol treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to you know alcohol treatment
+programs and all this other stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and all this other stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and all this other stuff so
+really you have to be you have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you have to be you have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you have to be you have to report
+any time that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time that you have an
+alcohol-related infraction with a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol-related infraction with a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol-related infraction with a motor
+vehicle and that's how I would say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and that's how I would say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and that's how I would say this
+is probably the number one reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the number one reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the number one reason that
+pilots lose their certificates marijuana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots lose their certificates marijuana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots lose their certificates marijuana
+I was just in Haiti actually and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just in Haiti actually and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just in Haiti actually and the
+shaman was showing about the tourist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaman was showing about the tourist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaman was showing about the tourist
+part of Haiti of course but the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Haiti of course but the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Haiti of course but the you know
+the authentic Haiti so the shaman was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authentic Haiti so the shaman was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authentic Haiti so the shaman was
+showing us the 50 different medicinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us the 50 different medicinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us the 50 different medicinal
+plants that they used to treat various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that they used to treat various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that they used to treat various
+ailments and I said you know you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailments and I said you know you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailments and I said you know you guys
+are so primitive and in Massachusetts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so primitive and in Massachusetts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so primitive and in Massachusetts we
+have one plant that people say well cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one plant that people say well cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one plant that people say well cure
+almost any kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any kind of problem
+it's medical marijuana so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's medical marijuana so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's medical marijuana so you can't
+really it's you can't really be a STONER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's you can't really be a STONER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's you can't really be a STONER
+and honestly answer the questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honestly answer the questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honestly answer the questions on the
+despite the legality in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the legality in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the legality in Massachusetts
+you can't be a STONER and hold your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be a STONER and hold your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be a STONER and hold your
+pilot's certificate because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's certificate because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's certificate because you're
+supposed to tell the FAA about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to tell the FAA about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to tell the FAA about you know
+your glaucoma and you know how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your glaucoma and you know how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your glaucoma and you know how you're
+treating it with medical marijuana so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating it with medical marijuana so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating it with medical marijuana so
+the certificate duration is two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate duration is two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate duration is two years
+for flight instructors they want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flight instructors they want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flight instructors they want us to
+to do recurrent training or sign-off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do recurrent training or sign-off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do recurrent training or sign-off so
+many students that we don't need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many students that we don't need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many students that we don't need it
+for remote pilot they want you to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for remote pilot they want you to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for remote pilot they want you to pass
+the test every two years the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test every two years the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test every two years the pilot
+certificate never expires here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate never expires here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate never expires here's a
+couple pictures from last week I was out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple pictures from last week I was out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple pictures from last week I was out
+in Sonoma California and I stumbled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Sonoma California and I stumbled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Sonoma California and I stumbled on
+this Airport where one pilot was flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Airport where one pilot was flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Airport where one pilot was flying
+this 1940s Howard airplane that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1940s Howard airplane that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1940s Howard airplane that you see
+on the left and another pilot was flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and another pilot was flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and another pilot was flying
+this p-51 Mustang which on a 2500 foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p-51 Mustang which on a 2500 foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p-51 Mustang which on a 2500 foot
+runway that's a pretty short runway for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's a pretty short runway for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's a pretty short runway for
+and it's very windy nasty wind patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very windy nasty wind patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very windy nasty wind patterns
+off the bay so that's kind of a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the bay so that's kind of a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the bay so that's kind of a short
+runway for a three million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway for a three million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway for a three million dollar
+airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+those were $1,500 by the way when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were $1,500 by the way when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were $1,500 by the way when the
+government sold them as surplus at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sold them as surplus at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sold them as surplus at the
+end of World War two but anyway those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of World War two but anyway those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of World War two but anyway those
+pilot certificates never expired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot certificates never expired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot certificates never expired
+somebody could not fly for 30 years go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody could not fly for 30 years go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody could not fly for 30 years go
+out and do a little bit of recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and do a little bit of recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and do a little bit of recurrent
+training and get signed off by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and get signed off by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and get signed off by an
+instructor for a flight review and fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for a flight review and fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for a flight review and fly
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+assuming I guess they he or she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming I guess they he or she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming I guess they he or she would
+need to get a renewed medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a renewed medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a renewed medical
+certificate for you all you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for you all you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for you all you're gonna
+have a third class medical that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third class medical that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third class medical that will be
+valid for five years everything's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for five years everything's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for five years everything's based
+on calendar month so if you get it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on calendar month so if you get it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on calendar month so if you get it on
+the first of June it'll expire at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of June it'll expire at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of June it'll expire at the
+end of June five years later airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of June five years later airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of June five years later airline
+pilots need first-class medicals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots need first-class medicals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots need first-class medicals the
+captain needs a first-class medical by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain needs a first-class medical by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain needs a first-class medical by
+regulation might be true of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation might be true of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation might be true of the first
+officer to in just ordinary charter use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer to in just ordinary charter use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer to in just ordinary charter use
+or doing helicopter sightseeing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing helicopter sightseeing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing helicopter sightseeing or
+whatever that's the second class medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's the second class medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's the second class medical
+operation one reason that people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation one reason that people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation one reason that people like
+sport pilot and glider flying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport pilot and glider flying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport pilot and glider flying is that
+these medicals are not required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these medicals are not required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these medicals are not required
+if they think that they might not pass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they think that they might not pass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they think that they might not pass a
+medical and I'll transition to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical and I'll transition to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical and I'll transition to one of
+those I think they say that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I think they say that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I think they say that you have to
+have a current driver's license and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current driver's license and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current driver's license and you
+know kind of it's a little bit of self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of it's a little bit of self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of it's a little bit of self
+reporting you have to basically consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting you have to basically consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting you have to basically consider
+yourself to be healthy basic med you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to be healthy basic med you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to be healthy basic med you
+start with the third class during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the third class during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the third class during your
+training and then you'll go every four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and then you'll go every four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and then you'll go every four
+years to a regular doctor you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to a regular doctor you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to a regular doctor you can see in
+far 61 1 1 3 that there's a limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far 61 1 1 3 that there's a limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far 61 1 1 3 that there's a limit to
+what you can do under basic med you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do under basic med you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do under basic med you
+can't fly a a heavy fast airplane with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fly a a heavy fast airplane with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fly a a heavy fast airplane with a
+lot of people in it ok for most tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in it ok for most tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in it ok for most tests
+you need an endorsement from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need an endorsement from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need an endorsement from an
+instructor for the check ride it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for the check ride it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for the check ride it can be
+you can pass it it can be discontinued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass it it can be discontinued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass it it can be discontinued
+maybe the weather turned bad you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the weather turned bad you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the weather turned bad you can
+fail usually on one or two maneuvers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail usually on one or two maneuvers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail usually on one or two maneuvers you
+can retake the failed test which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can retake the failed test which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can retake the failed test which might
+only be on those one or two maneuvers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be on those one or two maneuvers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be on those one or two maneuvers at
+the examiners discretion you have to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sufficient to prove to the FAA that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to prove to the FAA that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to prove to the FAA that you
+meet currency requirements like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet currency requirements like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet currency requirements like you've
+done three takeoffs and landings within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done three takeoffs and landings within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done three takeoffs and landings within
+the last 90 days if you're carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 90 days if you're carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 90 days if you're carrying
+passengers or that you had a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers or that you had a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers or that you had a flight
+review within two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's from I have a nephew in medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from I have a nephew in medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from I have a nephew in medical
+school so you're supposed to grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so you're supposed to grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so you're supposed to grab
+yourself if you get sick so you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you get sick so you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you get sick so you got a
+medical certificate five years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical certificate five years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical certificate five years ago but
+you know if you're not fit to fly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're not fit to fly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're not fit to fly and
+you can have yourself as a regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have yourself as a regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have yourself as a regulation
+about that the flight review requires an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the flight review requires an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the flight review requires an
+hour of ground and an hour of flight at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of ground and an hour of flight at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of ground and an hour of flight at
+a minimum or whatever the instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum or whatever the instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum or whatever the instructor
+thinks that you need to be safe or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that you need to be safe or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that you need to be safe or if
+you get a new pilot certificate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a new pilot certificate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a new pilot certificate for
+example because you got an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because you got an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because you got an instrument
+rating then the flight review is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating then the flight review is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating then the flight review is not
+required so oftentimes people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so oftentimes people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so oftentimes people are
+enthusiastic about it they won't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic about it they won't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic about it they won't have a
+flight review for the first five or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight review for the first five or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight review for the first five or ten
+years of their aviation journey because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of their aviation journey because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of their aviation journey because
+they keep getting new certificates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep getting new certificates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep getting new certificates for
+this or that the insurance requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that the insurance requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that the insurance requirements
+for more complex aircraft usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more complex aircraft usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more complex aircraft usually
+require training every 12 months so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require training every 12 months so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require training every 12 months so they
+essentially are more stringent than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are more stringent than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are more stringent than the
+FAA requirements okay so as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA requirements okay so as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA requirements okay so as I mentioned
+you need to have done some recent flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have done some recent flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have done some recent flying
+by yourself or with passengers before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by yourself or with passengers before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by yourself or with passengers before
+you can take additional passengers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take additional passengers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take additional passengers and
+if you're gonna carry passengers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna carry passengers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna carry passengers at
+night which is defined for this currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night which is defined for this currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night which is defined for this currency
+as one hour after sunset - one hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one hour after sunset - one hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one hour after sunset - one hour
+before sunrise you have to have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before sunrise you have to have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before sunrise you have to have done
+three takeoffs and landings to a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three takeoffs and landings to a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three takeoffs and landings to a full
+stop before you can carry passengers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop before you can carry passengers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop before you can carry passengers at
+night this system one where people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night this system one where people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night this system one where people often
+have trouble maintaining their currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble maintaining their currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble maintaining their currency
+and have to make a special trip to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to make a special trip to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to make a special trip to the
+airport to build currency this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport to build currency this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport to build currency this has to be
+in Category class and type if applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Category class and type if applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Category class and type if applicable
+so if it's a jet you have to if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a jet you have to if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a jet you have to if you're
+typed in a Boeing 737 you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed in a Boeing 737 you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed in a Boeing 737 you have to have
+done the three takeoffs and landings at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the three takeoffs and landings at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the three takeoffs and landings at
+night in your Boeing 737 to be current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night in your Boeing 737 to be current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night in your Boeing 737 to be current
+to take more passengers at night it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take more passengers at night it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take more passengers at night it's
+not enough to do it just in a Cessna 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough to do it just in a Cessna 172
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough to do it just in a Cessna 172
+the flight review oddly enough doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight review oddly enough doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight review oddly enough doesn't
+work that way you can do it in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that way you can do it in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that way you can do it in any of
+the aircraft for which you're rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft for which you're rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft for which you're rated
+again the insurance company might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the insurance company might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the insurance company might be
+stricter about that okay tell the FAA if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stricter about that okay tell the FAA if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stricter about that okay tell the FAA if
+you move this is packing up for a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move this is packing up for a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move this is packing up for a recent
+trip to Florida so it sure looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to Florida so it sure looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to Florida so it sure looked like
+we were moving let me tell you once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were moving let me tell you once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were moving let me tell you once you
+have a light aircraft and a family every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a light aircraft and a family every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a light aircraft and a family every
+trip becomes just like that movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip becomes just like that movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip becomes just like that movie
+Sophie's Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophie's Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophie's Choice
+you have to decide who or what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide who or what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide who or what is going
+to be left behind it's pretty painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be left behind it's pretty painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be left behind it's pretty painful
+okay student pilot before you console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay student pilot before you console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay student pilot before you console
+you pass a little written test that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass a little written test that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass a little written test that's
+kind of chosen and given by the CFI you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chosen and given by the CFI you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chosen and given by the CFI you
+have to receive training on specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to receive training on specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to receive training on specific
+listed maneuvers that are in this far 61
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed maneuvers that are in this far 61
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed maneuvers that are in this far 61
+87 you get signed off for solo flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 you get signed off for solo flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 you get signed off for solo flight
+and that has to be renewed every 90 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to be renewed every 90 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to be renewed every 90 days
+you can't take passengers or go above a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take passengers or go above a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take passengers or go above a
+broken or overcast layer so as unwise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken or overcast layer so as unwise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken or overcast layer so as unwise as
+it may sound if you're only visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may sound if you're only visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may sound if you're only visually
+rated you can take off fly over clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated you can take off fly over clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated you can take off fly over clouds
+with the expectation that when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expectation that when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expectation that when you get
+to your airport the weather is forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your airport the weather is forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your airport the weather is forecast
+to be clear or at least you're hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear or at least you're hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear or at least you're hoping
+it'll be clear they won't let you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be clear they won't let you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be clear they won't let you do
+that if you're a student pilot the CFI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're a student pilot the CFI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're a student pilot the CFI
+may also add other limitations like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also add other limitations like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also add other limitations like a
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+wind for example each each cross-country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind for example each each cross-country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind for example each each cross-country
+flight so if you're going from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so if you're going from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so if you're going from for
+example Hanscom field up to Portland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Hanscom field up to Portland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Hanscom field up to Portland
+Maine as a solo cross-country or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maine as a solo cross-country or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maine as a solo cross-country or to
+Keene New Hampshire that requires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keene New Hampshire that requires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keene New Hampshire that requires that
+you do the flight plan and review it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the flight plan and review it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the flight plan and review it
+with the CFI doesn't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CFI doesn't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CFI doesn't have to be a
+regular CFI and have the CFI sign off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular CFI and have the CFI sign off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular CFI and have the CFI sign off
+that your planning is adequate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your planning is adequate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your planning is adequate you can
+actually fly in bravo airspace we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly in bravo airspace we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly in bravo airspace we'll get
+into that a little bit later the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that a little bit later the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that a little bit later the most
+controlled airspace in the US basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled airspace in the US basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled airspace in the US basically
+right around the biggest airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around the biggest airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around the biggest airports
+however you have to have a sign-off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you have to have a sign-off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you have to have a sign-off from
+the flight instructor you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight instructor you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight instructor you can actually
+land at a cost Bravo Airport Salt Lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land at a cost Bravo Airport Salt Lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land at a cost Bravo Airport Salt Lake
+City has a flight school so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City has a flight school so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City has a flight school so they
+obviously have people who are soloing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have people who are soloing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have people who are soloing a
+huge commercial airport however in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge commercial airport however in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge commercial airport however in the
+FAR's appendix d some airports are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAR's appendix d some airports are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAR's appendix d some airports are
+excluded from student use of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from student use of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from student use of the actual
+runways as opposed to the airspace Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways as opposed to the airspace Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways as opposed to the airspace Logan
+happens to be running one of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be running one of them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be running one of them okay
+so once you get your private pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get your private pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get your private pilot
+certificate what can you do this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate what can you do this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate what can you do this is what
+I like to do fly over Boston I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to do fly over Boston I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to do fly over Boston I got the
+family in the back we start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family in the back we start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family in the back we start in the
+Cirrus we end up at Provincetown we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus we end up at Provincetown we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus we end up at Provincetown we find
+the whales by you know after a careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales by you know after a careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales by you know after a careful
+study of marine biology I've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of marine biology I've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of marine biology I've learned
+that the best way to find whales is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best way to find whales is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best way to find whales is to
+look for a whale watching boat there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a whale watching boat there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a whale watching boat there
+just offshore and say it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just offshore and say it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just offshore and say it's actually a
+lot of time it's about 20 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time it's about 20 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time it's about 20 minutes to
+p-town and the whale watch cruises that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-town and the whale watch cruises that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-town and the whale watch cruises that
+leave from p-town you know those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave from p-town you know those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave from p-town you know those are
+three or four hours so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hours so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hours so this is a very
+efficient way to see the whales okay who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to see the whales okay who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to see the whales okay who
+is eligible a lot of people solo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eligible a lot of people solo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eligible a lot of people solo on
+their 16th birthday and they get a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 16th birthday and they get a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 16th birthday and they get a pilot
+certificate on their 17th birthday you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate on their 17th birthday you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate on their 17th birthday you
+can do it even a little bit younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it even a little bit younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it even a little bit younger
+you're younger and gliders and balloons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're younger and gliders and balloons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're younger and gliders and balloons
+you must have that CF I sign off to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must have that CF I sign off to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must have that CF I sign off to take
+the practical test passed a knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practical test passed a knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practical test passed a knowledge
+test that's kind of the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's kind of the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's kind of the end of this
+course and meet the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and meet the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and meet the experience
+requirements that means at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that means at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that means at least you
+know 40 hours of total time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 40 hours of total time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 40 hours of total time
+three hours of night and so forth ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours of night and so forth ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours of night and so forth ten
+hours of solo okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of solo okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of solo okay
+flight proficiency so this is the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight proficiency so this is the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight proficiency so this is the stuff
+that's in the airman certification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the airman certification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the airman certification
+standards that we talked about so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that we talked about so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that we talked about so it
+says you know you got to be able to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know you got to be able to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know you got to be able to fly
+power power off landing you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power power off landing you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power power off landing you've got to be
+able to you know do a shot demonstrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know do a shot demonstrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know do a shot demonstrate a
+soft field takeoff like how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft field takeoff like how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft field takeoff like how you would
+take off if you were on grass and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off if you were on grass and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off if you were on grass and so
+forth everything's in there including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth everything's in there including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth everything's in there including
+some basic instrument training actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic instrument training actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic instrument training actually
+the FAA has three hours of training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA has three hours of training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA has three hours of training and
+they want you to demonstrate that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want you to demonstrate that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want you to demonstrate that you
+can fly by reference to instruments at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fly by reference to instruments at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fly by reference to instruments at
+least at least well enough to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at least well enough to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at least well enough to get back
+out of the cloud that you an inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cloud that you an inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cloud that you an inverting
+Lee flew into so as I noted you need 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee flew into so as I noted you need 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee flew into so as I noted you need 20
+hours of training from a CFI minimum ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of training from a CFI minimum ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of training from a CFI minimum ten
+hours so a minimum the other ten hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so a minimum the other ten hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so a minimum the other ten hours
+is at your discretion almost all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at your discretion almost all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at your discretion almost all people
+would choose to do that with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose to do that with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose to do that with an
+instructor because it's not a big added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor because it's not a big added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor because it's not a big added
+cost compared to the airplane rental the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost compared to the airplane rental the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost compared to the airplane rental the
+training from the CFI will include one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training from the CFI will include one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training from the CFI will include one
+long cross-country that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long cross-country that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long cross-country that's kind of the
+interesting part 100 mile nautical mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part 100 mile nautical mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part 100 mile nautical mile
+cross country I think it has to stop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross country I think it has to stop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross country I think it has to stop it
+three different airports so the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different airports so the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different airports so the one you
+took off from and two more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off from and two more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off from and two more like a
+triangle flight and those three hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle flight and those three hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle flight and those three hours of
+instrument training I told you about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument training I told you about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument training I told you about in
+the three hours of test prep within two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three hours of test prep within two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three hours of test prep within two
+calendar months oh yeah so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar months oh yeah so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar months oh yeah so actually
+sorry I was I was mistaken about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I was I was mistaken about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I was I was mistaken about this
+100 nautical mile cross-country flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 nautical mile cross-country flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 nautical mile cross-country flight
+at night does not require three legs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night does not require three legs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night does not require three legs but
+you're so low you have to do one so 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so low you have to do one so 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so low you have to do one so 150
+nautical mile trip three legs of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical mile trip three legs of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical mile trip three legs of you
+know about 50 nautical miles each wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about 50 nautical miles each wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about 50 nautical miles each wasn't
+one at least 50 nautical so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least 50 nautical so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least 50 nautical so that's the
+one that where the FAA things okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that where the FAA things okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that where the FAA things okay this
+person is really good to go and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is really good to go and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is really good to go and start
+taking his or her friends which as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking his or her friends which as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking his or her friends which as I
+said earlier you know you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier you know you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier you know you might think
+that that might not be what the friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might not be what the friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might not be what the friends
+want they might say no I'd rather be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want they might say no I'd rather be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want they might say no I'd rather be in
+a five seat Cirrus with you and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five seat Cirrus with you and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five seat Cirrus with you and the more
+experienced pilot in the front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced pilot in the front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced pilot in the front and
+we'll sit in the back and party alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sit in the back and party alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll sit in the back and party alright
+so this is a little bit tricky but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit tricky but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit tricky but
+basically you can fly if it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can fly if it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can fly if it's part of
+your business so you know if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business so you know if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business so you know if your
+company requires you to get to a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company requires you to get to a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company requires you to get to a meeting
+you can do that with a private pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that with a private pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that with a private pilot
+certificate generally though you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate generally though you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate generally though you have to
+be paying for most of the stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paying for most of the stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paying for most of the stuff that you
+do you can't let your friends you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can't let your friends you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can't let your friends you know
+pay the full cost of renting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the full cost of renting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the full cost of renting the
+airplane for example you can tow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for example you can tow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for example you can tow a
+glider there's kind of elaborate rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider there's kind of elaborate rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider there's kind of elaborate rules
+that have gotten more complex every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have gotten more complex every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have gotten more complex every year
+about how to do charity flights but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do charity flights but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do charity flights but it
+can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done
+regulation versus insurance so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation versus insurance so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation versus insurance so here's a
+question for you what if hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you what if hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you what if hypothetically
+speaking somebody shut down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking somebody shut down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking somebody shut down the
+government and there was no FAA could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and there was no FAA could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and there was no FAA could
+this could this work and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could this work and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could this work and I think
+actually it could you would just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it could you would just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it could you would just say
+it's illegal to fly without insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's illegal to fly without insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's illegal to fly without insurance
+because let's think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's think about it
+the FAA says you can go to East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA says you can go to East Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA says you can go to East Coast
+Aero Club fly around on a piper warrior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aero Club fly around on a piper warrior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aero Club fly around on a piper warrior
+get your certificate and then just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your certificate and then just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your certificate and then just get a
+couple sign offs from an instructor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple sign offs from an instructor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple sign offs from an instructor for
+complex high performance actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex high performance actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex high performance actually I
+guess is three high altitude and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is three high altitude and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is three high altitude and then
+you know at forty three hours of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at forty three hours of flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at forty three hours of flight
+time you get yourself into this five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get yourself into this five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get yourself into this five
+million dollar Pilatus pc-12 you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollar Pilatus pc-12 you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollar Pilatus pc-12 you've got
+the entire family you pitched your tent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire family you pitched your tent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire family you pitched your tent
+at Oshkosh everybody's happy well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oshkosh everybody's happy well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oshkosh everybody's happy well that's
+legal from the FAs point of view but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal from the FAs point of view but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal from the FAs point of view but the
+insurance company says you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company says you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company says you know we don't
+really want to buy you a new pilates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to buy you a new pilates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to buy you a new pilates
+after you go sideways off the runway at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you go sideways off the runway at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you go sideways off the runway at
+Oshkosh so we're not going to let you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oshkosh so we're not going to let you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oshkosh so we're not going to let you do
+that you don't have enough experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have enough experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have enough experience
+you're gonna need specific training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need specific training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need specific training
+afford the airplane the FAA again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford the airplane the FAA again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford the airplane the FAA again this
+is a single-engine land airplane it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single-engine land airplane it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single-engine land airplane it's
+not over 12,500 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not over 12,500 pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not over 12,500 pounds
+so you don't need a type rating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need a type rating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need a type rating and
+therefore you could just you know get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you could just you know get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you could just you know get in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+most people don't lock the door so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't lock the door so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't lock the door so just
+jump in push the start button and go FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in push the start button and go FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in push the start button and go FAA
+is happy well again the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happy well again the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happy well again the insurance
+company wouldn't have let you do that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wouldn't have let you do that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wouldn't have let you do that to
+begin with so if this complex regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with so if this complex regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with so if this complex regulatory
+environment didn't exist but insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment didn't exist but insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment didn't exist but insurance
+were required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were required
+I think he'd end up with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he'd end up with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he'd end up with something that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+substantially similar and basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially similar and basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially similar and basically the
+same the fa assisted I will say in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the fa assisted I will say in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the fa assisted I will say in favor
+of it it's kind of motivational it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's kind of motivational it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's kind of motivational it's
+sort of like the badge system that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the badge system that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the badge system that the
+Boy Scouts I guess they're not Boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boy Scouts I guess they're not Boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boy Scouts I guess they're not Boy
+Scouts anymore the scouts and the Girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scouts anymore the scouts and the Girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scouts anymore the scouts and the Girl
+Scouts they're still the Girl Scouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scouts they're still the Girl Scouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scouts they're still the Girl Scouts
+that the scouts run and it motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the scouts run and it motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the scouts run and it motivates
+people to get the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything except the drones is hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the drones is hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the drones is hanging
+off either the pilot or the CFO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off either the pilot or the CFO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off either the pilot or the CFO
+certificate and just remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and just remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and just remember that
+you're gonna stay FAA current by flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna stay FAA current by flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna stay FAA current by flying
+every quarter and with an instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every quarter and with an instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every quarter and with an instructor
+every two years a lot of people in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two years a lot of people in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two years a lot of people in New
+England though they don't fly much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England though they don't fly much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England though they don't fly much
+during the winter so they go up and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the winter so they go up and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the winter so they go up and do a
+currency flight in the spring time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency flight in the spring time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency flight in the spring time
+before the flying season starts so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the flying season starts so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the flying season starts so while
+you're thinking about your questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about your questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about your questions
+about the regulatory framework are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the regulatory framework are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the regulatory framework are
+learning to fly I'll just show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to fly I'll just show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to fly I'll just show you a
+fight that you could do with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight that you could do with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight that you could do with just a
+private there is an entangled whale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private there is an entangled whale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private there is an entangled whale in
+New York Harbor with fishing gear all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Harbor with fishing gear all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Harbor with fishing gear all
+over him and the people that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over him and the people that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over him and the people that could
+untangle him we're in Provincetown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangle him we're in Provincetown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangle him we're in Provincetown so
+Noah asked me to volunteer because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noah asked me to volunteer because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noah asked me to volunteer because they
+knew they had my email from the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they had my email from the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they had my email from the sea
+turtle flights they said hey would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle flights they said hey would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle flights they said hey would you
+mind flying over Boston picking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind flying over Boston picking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind flying over Boston picking these
+guys up in Provincetown going over New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys up in Provincetown going over New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys up in Provincetown going over New
+York Harbor - in the area just outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Harbor - in the area just outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Harbor - in the area just outside
+of it to look for the whale landing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to look for the whale landing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to look for the whale landing on
+the New Jersey Shore so they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New Jersey Shore so they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New Jersey Shore so they can get
+into a Zodiac boat and chase after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Zodiac boat and chase after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Zodiac boat and chase after the
+whales they didn't tell me to go visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whales they didn't tell me to go visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whales they didn't tell me to go visit
+my parents in DC but I did well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents in DC but I did well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents in DC but I did well they
+were out chasing the whale and then come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out chasing the whale and then come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out chasing the whale and then come
+back and I dropped them off I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and I dropped them off I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and I dropped them off I think
+right just after sunset I landed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just after sunset I landed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just after sunset I landed at
+Provincetown after sunset and then I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Provincetown after sunset and then I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Provincetown after sunset and then I did
+a night flight over water in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a night flight over water in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a night flight over water in a
+single-engine plane that's about to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine plane that's about to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-engine plane that's about to its
+reach it's just reached its 2000 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it's just reached its 2000 hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it's just reached its 2000 hour
+overhaul for the engine so maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhaul for the engine so maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhaul for the engine so maybe that
+wasn't the wisest thing to do but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the wisest thing to do but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the wisest thing to do but I do
+have a life jacket and an end raft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a life jacket and an end raft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a life jacket and an end raft so
+that was an entire day of flying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an entire day of flying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an entire day of flying from
+about 7 a.m. to about 9 p.m. when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 a.m. to about 9 p.m. when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 a.m. to about 9 p.m. when I
+landed back in hands come in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed back in hands come in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed back in hands come in I think
+that didn't require more than a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't require more than a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't require more than a private
+certificate go so it's all volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate go so it's all volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate go so it's all volunteer
+people say like have you ever been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say like have you ever been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say like have you ever been
+scared Phillip you've flown 4,000 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared Phillip you've flown 4,000 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared Phillip you've flown 4,000 hours
+what's the scariest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the scariest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the scariest
+it's ever happened to you and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ever happened to you and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ever happened to you and I think
+actually it was on this flight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was on this flight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was on this flight because
+if you see there's that IFR that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see there's that IFR that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see there's that IFR that's an
+that's an IFR intersection the FAA came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an IFR intersection the FAA came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an IFR intersection the FAA came
+up with so for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with so for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with so for those of you who are
+familiar with Judaism you will know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Judaism you will know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Judaism you will know that
+it's not something you ever want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you ever want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you ever want to see
+alright so who has a question about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so who has a question about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so who has a question about that
+material or we should or should we zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or we should or should we zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or we should or should we zip
+into systems the question is are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into systems the question is are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into systems the question is are there
+any medical conditions that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any medical conditions that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any medical conditions that really
+preclude a person from getting a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preclude a person from getting a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preclude a person from getting a pilot
+certificate or getting the medical to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate or getting the medical to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate or getting the medical to go
+with a pilot certificate I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pilot certificate I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pilot certificate I guess you
+need the medical to get it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the medical to get it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the medical to get it because you
+need to so the FAA they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to so the FAA they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to so the FAA they have an
+exemption proc process and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption proc process and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption proc process and they have
+their own physicians in Oklahoma City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own physicians in Oklahoma City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own physicians in Oklahoma City
+that review so usually you can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that review so usually you can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that review so usually you can work with
+an aviation medical examiner and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aviation medical examiner and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aviation medical examiner and get
+some kind of exception diabetics they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of exception diabetics they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of exception diabetics they're
+kind of concerned about but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of concerned about but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of concerned about but if the
+person has a long history of controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has a long history of controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has a long history of controlling
+it well they'll usually give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well they'll usually give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well they'll usually give an
+exemption people have you know Hart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption people have you know Hart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption people have you know Hart
+bypasses and then they have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypasses and then they have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypasses and then they have to go
+through some rehabilitation process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some rehabilitation process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some rehabilitation process that
+makes the FAA happy so it's all laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the FAA happy so it's all laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the FAA happy so it's all laid out
+there's a lot of stuff online about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff online about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff online about the
+standards that they use and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that they use and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that they use and it's
+complicated but the doctors there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but the doctors there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but the doctors there's a
+lot of good local aviation examiner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good local aviation examiner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good local aviation examiner's
+one of them works right at Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them works right at Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them works right at Cambridge
+Hospital so that's a fairly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital so that's a fairly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital so that's a fairly easy
+question to get answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q-hMG2_cNxg.txt b/Q-hMG2_cNxg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65154abc7ff6855aaaf399b316ddf0fbb22d719e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q-hMG2_cNxg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last lecture we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we discussed
+sinusoidal and real and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and real and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and real and complex
+exponential signals both for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential signals both for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential signals both for continuous
+time and discreete time and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and discreete time and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and discreete time and those
+signals will form very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals will form very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals will form very important
+building blocks when we return to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks when we return to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks when we return to a
+discussion of forier analysis in a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of forier analysis in a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of forier analysis in a later
+lecture in today's lecture I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in today's lecture I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in today's lecture I'd like to
+introduce some additional basic signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some additional basic signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some additional basic signals
+specifically the unit step and unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the unit step and unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the unit step and unit
+impulse pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse pulse
+signal let's begin with discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal let's begin with discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal let's begin with discrete time
+and the discrete time unit step and unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discrete time unit step and unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discrete time unit step and unit
+impulse the discrete time unit step is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse the discrete time unit step is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse the discrete time unit step is a
+sequence as I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as I've indicated
+here specifically a sequence which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here specifically a sequence which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here specifically a sequence which is
+zero for negative values of its argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for negative values of its argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for negative values of its argument
+and equal to one for positive values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equal to one for positive values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equal to one for positive values of
+its argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its argument and
+zero so Ma mathematically the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so Ma mathematically the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so Ma mathematically the unit step
+sequence is 1 for n greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is 1 for n greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is 1 for n greater than or
+equal to Z and0 for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero the unit impulse sequence likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the unit impulse sequence likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the unit impulse sequence likewise
+is defined in a straightforward way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined in a straightforward way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined in a straightforward way the
+unit impulse sequence is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse sequence is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse sequence is a sequence
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+zero for all values of its argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all values of its argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all values of its argument
+except for n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for n equals 0
+so the unit step and unit impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the unit step and unit impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the unit step and unit impulse
+sequence are defined in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence are defined in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence are defined in a
+straightforward way mathematically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way mathematically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way mathematically and
+in fact they are also related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they are also related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they are also related to each
+other in a straightforward way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in a straightforward way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in a straightforward way
+mathematically specifically the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically specifically the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically specifically the unit
+impulse can be related to the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse can be related to the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse can be related to the unit step
+through the relationship that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the relationship that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the relationship that I've
+indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated
+here Delta of n the unit impulse equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Delta of n the unit impulse equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Delta of n the unit impulse equal
+to a unit step minus the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a unit step minus the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a unit step minus the unit step
+delayed so mathematically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed so mathematically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed so mathematically the
+relationship is what is referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is what is referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is what is referred to as a
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference and to see the validity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and to see the validity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and to see the validity of
+this expression we can simply look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we can simply look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we can simply look at
+the unit step and it's delayed version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step and it's delayed version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step and it's delayed version
+so here we show the unit step U of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we show the unit step U of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we show the unit step U of n
+here we show the unit step delayed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we show the unit step delayed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we show the unit step delayed by
+one so it's zero for n less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's zero for n less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's zero for n less than or
+equal to zero and clearly if we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and clearly if we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and clearly if we subtract
+the delayed step from the original unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delayed step from the original unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delayed step from the original unit
+step everything subtracts out except at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step everything subtracts out except at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step everything subtracts out except at
+n equals 0 in which at which point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 in which at which point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 in which at which point the
+difference is equal to one and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is equal to one and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is equal to one and so the
+difference between U of N and U of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between U of N and U of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between U of N and U of n
+minus one is simply the unit in impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is simply the unit in impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is simply the unit in impulse
+sometimes incidentally also referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes incidentally also referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes incidentally also referred to
+as the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample now in a similar way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample now in a similar way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample now in a similar way we can
+express the unit step in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the unit step in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the unit step in terms of the
+unit impulse and there are several ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse and there are several ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse and there are several ways
+of doing this one way is through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this one way is through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this one way is through a
+relationship referred to as a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship referred to as a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship referred to as a running
+sum what I mean by that is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum what I mean by that is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum what I mean by that is the following
+expression if we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if we think of
+of forming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming the
+sum from minus infinity up to some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from minus infinity up to some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from minus infinity up to some value
+n of a unit impulse or unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of a unit impulse or unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of a unit impulse or unit
+sample then this running sum in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample then this running sum in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample then this running sum in fact is
+equal to the unit step and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the unit step and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the unit step and we can see
+that in a fairly straightforward Way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a fairly straightforward Way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a fairly straightforward Way by
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+observing that in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing that in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing that in this expression
+when n is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is less than
+zero there's nothing accumulated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's nothing accumulated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's nothing accumulated in the
+sum and we can see that graphically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and we can see that graphically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and we can see that graphically as
+I've shown here so for n less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown here so for n less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown here so for n less than zero
+we accumulate no terms in the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accumulate no terms in the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accumulate no terms in the sum
+whereas for n greater than zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for n greater than zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for n greater than zero we
+accumulate one nonzero value in the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate one nonzero value in the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate one nonzero value in the sum
+namely the value of the unit sample at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the value of the unit sample at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the value of the unit sample at n
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+0 so we have then one expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we have then one expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we have then one expression for the
+relationship between the unit step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the unit step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the unit step and
+the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+sample we can also develop another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we can also develop another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we can also develop another
+relationship by observing in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship by observing in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship by observing in essence
+that if we look at the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look at the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look at the unit step
+sequence as I've returned to here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as I've returned to here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as I've returned to here we can
+in effect think of the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect think of the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect think of the unit step
+sequence as a succession of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as a succession of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as a succession of unit
+impulses one following another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses one following another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses one following another
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+forming a sum of delayed impulses as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a sum of delayed impulses as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a sum of delayed impulses as I
+indicate mathematically here and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate mathematically here and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate mathematically here and as I
+indicate graphically down below we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate graphically down below we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate graphically down below we have
+an Impulse here at n equals 0 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Impulse here at n equals 0 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Impulse here at n equals 0 and an
+Impulse here at nals 1 an Impulse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse here at nals 1 an Impulse here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse here at nals 1 an Impulse here
+at nals 2 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nals 2 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nals 2 Etc
+and when we continue to add these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we continue to add these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we continue to add these up
+then what they add up to is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they add up to is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they add up to is the unit
+step sequence and so mathematically then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step sequence and so mathematically then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step sequence and so mathematically then
+that would correspond to an Impulse at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to an Impulse at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to an Impulse at n
+equals 0 plus an Impulse at Nal 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 plus an Impulse at Nal 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 plus an Impulse at Nal 1 plus
+an Impulse at Nal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Impulse at Nal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Impulse at Nal 2
+Etc now in in continuous time we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc now in in continuous time we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc now in in continuous time we have a
+very more or less similar situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very more or less similar situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very more or less similar situation
+we will find it equally useful to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find it equally useful to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find it equally useful to talk
+about a unit step continuous time signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a unit step continuous time signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a unit step continuous time signal
+and a unit impulse continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a unit impulse continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a unit impulse continuous time
+signal let's begin with the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal let's begin with the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal let's begin with the continuous
+time unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unit
+step The Continuous time unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step The Continuous time unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step The Continuous time unit step
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+graphically indicated as I've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically indicated as I've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically indicated as I've shown here
+it's a Time function which is 0 for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Time function which is 0 for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Time function which is 0 for T
+less than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0
+0 and it's 1 for T greater than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it's 1 for T greater than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it's 1 for T greater than zero and
+so mathematically what it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mathematically what it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mathematically what it corresponds to
+is U of T defined as a Time function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U of T defined as a Time function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U of T defined as a Time function
+which is 0 for T less than 0 1 for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0 for T less than 0 1 for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0 for T less than 0 1 for T
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+zero now an obvious question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now an obvious question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now an obvious question is what
+happens at T equals z and the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at T equals z and the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at T equals z and the difficulty
+here which is not a difficulty that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is not a difficulty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is not a difficulty that
+arises in the discreet time case is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in the discreet time case is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in the discreet time case is is
+that at T equals 0 the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at T equals 0 the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at T equals 0 the unit step
+function is in fact discontinuous which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in fact discontinuous which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in fact discontinuous which
+generates a variety of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a variety of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a variety of mathematical
+problems and one can Define the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and one can Define the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and one can Define the unit
+Step at T equals z in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step at T equals z in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step at T equals z in a variety of ways
+but the essential point is that the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essential point is that the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essential point is that the unit
+step function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step function is
+discontinuous so in effect what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous so in effect what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous so in effect what we need
+to do is think of the unit step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is think of the unit step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is think of the unit step function
+as the limit of a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the limit of a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the limit of a continuous function
+and so we can define a function which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can define a function which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can define a function which I
+specify here as U sub Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify here as U sub Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify here as U sub Delta of
+T and use sub Delta of T is a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and use sub Delta of T is a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and use sub Delta of T is a Time
+function which is z for T less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is z for T less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is z for T less than zero
+linearly increases to time Delta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly increases to time Delta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly increases to time Delta which
+would correspond to this break point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to this break point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to this break point and
+then one following that and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one following that and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one following that and so we can
+think then of the discontinuous unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think then of the discontinuous unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think then of the discontinuous unit
+step as the limiting form of U sub Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step as the limiting form of U sub Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step as the limiting form of U sub Delta
+of t as Delta goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t as Delta goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t as Delta goes to
+zero now we also want to define a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now we also want to define a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now we also want to define a unit
+impulse function and it had a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse function and it had a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse function and it had a fairly
+straightforward definition in discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward definition in discreete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward definition in discreete
+time in continuous time things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in continuous time things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in continuous time things get
+slightly more difficult and to motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more difficult and to motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more difficult and to motivate
+the definition
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q84-DIyl5wQ.txt b/Q84-DIyl5wQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a444d27db1fa9e82f2f3aefbf55bcc50a0cbdd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q84-DIyl5wQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does anybody have the questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anybody have the questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anybody have the questions from
+the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after some time to wake up anybody still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some time to wake up anybody still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some time to wake up anybody still
+have questions ok so so I will start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions ok so so I will start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions ok so so I will start and
+if you remember of a question that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember of a question that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember of a question that you
+had please interrupt I think if you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had please interrupt I think if you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had please interrupt I think if you push
+the button that will hear a sound over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button that will hear a sound over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button that will hear a sound over
+here so we will know that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we will know that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we will know that there's a
+question so I'd like to pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'd like to pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'd like to pick up the
+thread from where I left last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread from where I left last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread from where I left last time we
+covered the fairly quickly because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the fairly quickly because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the fairly quickly because we
+ran out of time but we covered the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of time but we covered the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of time but we covered the law
+of reflection in the law of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflection in the law of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflection in the law of refraction
+so we'd like to go back to the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to go back to the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to go back to the law of
+reflection and remind you that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and remind you that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and remind you that it is a
+very simple very simple result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple very simple result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple very simple result the
+minimum path requirement for the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum path requirement for the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum path requirement for the light
+rays forces reflections to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays forces reflections to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays forces reflections to be symmetric
+so this has a strange consequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has a strange consequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has a strange consequence that
+we're all familiar with from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with from you know
+when we look in the mirror daily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look in the mirror daily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look in the mirror daily and
+that is the fact that our left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the fact that our left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the fact that our left and right
+locations in our body they flip when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in our body they flip when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in our body they flip when we
+look at the mirror so we'd like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the mirror so we'd like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the mirror so we'd like to make
+it a little bit more quantitative by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more quantitative by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more quantitative by
+looking at this diagram so to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this diagram so to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this diagram so to understand
+this suppose that I am I that I am ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose that I am I that I am ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose that I am I that I am ever
+an object that is oriented so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object that is oriented so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object that is oriented so it looks
+like you can think of it as perhaps two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can think of it as perhaps two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can think of it as perhaps two
+pencils that are that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencils that are that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencils that are that are sort of
+following their a path and then they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following their a path and then they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following their a path and then they get
+reflected from the mirror so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected from the mirror so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected from the mirror so for example
+if you look at the central day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the central day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the central day
+it will be reflected somatically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be reflected somatically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be reflected somatically so
+again what you see here is the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you see here is the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you see here is the front
+view of the mirror and then I will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the mirror and then I will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the mirror and then I will know
+if you write paths in in perspective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write paths in in perspective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write paths in in perspective so
+this is the whole path that start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole path that start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole path that start from
+the from the object I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the object I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the object I don't know if you
+can see me over there but I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see me over there but I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see me over there but I'm trying to
+so what will happen with an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will happen with an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will happen with an actual
+pencil so if this was a pencil that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil so if this was a pencil that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil so if this was a pencil that is
+coming towards the mirror and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming towards the mirror and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming towards the mirror and this is
+the surface of the mirror the pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the mirror the pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the mirror the pencil
+will go like this and then law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go like this and then law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go like this and then law of
+reflection says that will also come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection says that will also come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection says that will also come out
+like this again so this this one is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this again so this this one is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this again so this this one is very
+easily if you simply trace the Rays so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if you simply trace the Rays so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if you simply trace the Rays so
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+the next step in my animation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step in my animation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step in my animation here
+actually paints the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually paints the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually paints the the sort of
+positions of the pencils and their tops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the pencils and their tops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the pencils and their tops
+as they get reflected from the mirror so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they get reflected from the mirror so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they get reflected from the mirror so
+what happened here is the following as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here is the following as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here is the following as
+you can see the pencil did not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the pencil did not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the pencil did not actually
+change orientation this is a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change orientation this is a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change orientation this is a strange
+thing about mirrors but what did change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about mirrors but what did change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about mirrors but what did change
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+imagine that you're working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you're working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you're working together
+with this pair of pencils and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this pair of pencils and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this pair of pencils and you are
+working this way you will see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this way you will see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this way you will see that the
+the one that is horizontally oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that is horizontally oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that is horizontally oriented
+the top of it is pointing to your right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it is pointing to your right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it is pointing to your right
+but if you walk to work all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you walk to work all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you walk to work all the way to
+the mirror go to the center of the Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror go to the center of the Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror go to the center of the Ray
+and start going backwards the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start going backwards the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start going backwards the other way
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+and all of a sudden the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the top of the
+pencil appeared on your left so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil appeared on your left so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil appeared on your left so this is
+what this is the simple concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is the simple concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is the simple concert
+consequence of the law of reflection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the law of reflection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the law of reflection the
+one we interpreted in everyday life when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we interpreted in everyday life when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we interpreted in everyday life when
+we see through a mirror is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see through a mirror is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see through a mirror is the following
+of course in everyday life you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in everyday life you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in everyday life you don't
+talk about left-handed and right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about left-handed and right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about left-handed and right-handed
+triads but the way we interpret it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads but the way we interpret it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads but the way we interpret it is
+because normally when we look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally when we look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally when we look at a
+good-quality mirror we do not know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good-quality mirror we do not know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good-quality mirror we do not know that
+there is a mirror there we actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mirror there we actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mirror there we actually see
+a continuation of their eyes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuation of their eyes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuation of their eyes that have
+been reflected behind back behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reflected behind back behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reflected behind back behind the
+mirror so what you see then if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror so what you see then if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror so what you see then if we if we
+look behind the mirror is actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look behind the mirror is actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look behind the mirror is actually this
+triad with a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triad with a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triad with a pencil
+they were the pencil sorry ended as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the pencil sorry ended as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the pencil sorry ended as
+shown here and if we interpret it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and if we interpret it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and if we interpret it as
+being seen from behind then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being seen from behind then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being seen from behind then of course
+left has become right and vice versa so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left has become right and vice versa so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left has become right and vice versa so
+another way to think about it is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about it is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about it is the one
+who looks at a mirror it is as if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who looks at a mirror it is as if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who looks at a mirror it is as if we're
+looking from the image from the back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from the image from the back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from the image from the back so
+a better way to think about it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way to think about it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way to think about it is if
+you're looking at at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at at the at the
+something that is written on my teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is written on my teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is written on my teacher
+if you look at it from the mirror it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it from the mirror it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it from the mirror it
+would appear as if I were hollow and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear as if I were hollow and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear as if I were hollow and you
+would see the back of the right in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the back of the right in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the back of the right in all
+my teachers do you all know that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my teachers do you all know that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my teachers do you all know that if you
+look at the the ambulance sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the ambulance sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the ambulance sign in
+ambulance trucks ambulance whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance trucks ambulance whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance trucks ambulance whatever you
+call them occurs because it is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them occurs because it is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them occurs because it is meant to
+be visible through the mirror of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be visible through the mirror of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be visible through the mirror of a
+driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver
+they actually say write the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually say write the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually say write the sign
+backwards okay so when you look at it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards okay so when you look at it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards okay so when you look at it is
+it is as if you saw a transparency of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as if you saw a transparency of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as if you saw a transparency of it
+from the back so this is the this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back so this is the this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back so this is the this is a
+simple consequence of the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple consequence of the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple consequence of the law of
+reflection and that is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and that is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and that is a very simple
+silly question that sometimes is asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly question that sometimes is asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly question that sometimes is asked
+and and it actually takes like quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it actually takes like quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it actually takes like quite a
+long explanation to to answer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long explanation to to answer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long explanation to to answer and the
+question goes like this a if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question goes like this a if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question goes like this a if you look at
+the mirror yes we know that left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror yes we know that left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror yes we know that left and
+right flip but up and down do not flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right flip but up and down do not flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right flip but up and down do not flip
+right you don't see yourself upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't see yourself upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't see yourself upside down
+in a flat mirror you see yourself flit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a flat mirror you see yourself flit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a flat mirror you see yourself flit
+from left to right what is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right what is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right what is the reason
+that is when you sound here there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is when you sound here there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is when you sound here there is
+only B is because of this flipping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only B is because of this flipping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only B is because of this flipping of
+the of the of the flipping of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the of the flipping of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the of the flipping of the
+relationship between the left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the left and right
+in the in the object side as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the object side as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the object side as you
+interpret the projection of the Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the projection of the Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the projection of the Rays
+that are coming from the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming from the opposite side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming from the opposite side
+of the mirror so this requires a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror so this requires a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror so this requires a little
+bit of thinking so I'll let you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of thinking so I'll let you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of thinking so I'll let you think
+about it and unless you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and unless you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and unless you have a question
+now please ask it if not you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now please ask it if not you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now please ask it if not you can think
+about it and come back with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and come back with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and come back with more
+questions on Wednesday is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on Wednesday is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on Wednesday is there any
+immediate question about this that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate question about this that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate question about this that kind
+of a subtle than elegant point I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a subtle than elegant point I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a subtle than elegant point I should
+have brought a mirror with me pepper do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have brought a mirror with me pepper do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have brought a mirror with me pepper do
+you have a mirror over there er no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mirror over there er no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mirror over there er no I
+don't have a mirror here no mirrors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a mirror here no mirrors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a mirror here no mirrors okay
+but everybody has access to mirrors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everybody has access to mirrors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everybody has access to mirrors that
+is the one optical element that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one optical element that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one optical element that we can
+find very easily so so let you practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very easily so so let you practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very easily so so let you practice
+with your mirror in your bathroom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your mirror in your bathroom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your mirror in your bathroom and
+then come back and ask me any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right yeah your horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right or put yourself like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the other thing I wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing I wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing I wanted to talk
+about this is expand a little bit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is expand a little bit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is expand a little bit on the
+law of reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of reflection
+oh I'm sorry the law of refraction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry the law of refraction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry the law of refraction that
+we derived the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the law of refraction is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the law of refraction is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the law of refraction is is the
+last equation shown on this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last equation shown on this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last equation shown on this line
+it says that this quantity the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that this quantity the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that this quantity the index of
+refraction multiplied times the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction multiplied times the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction multiplied times the product
+by a melt the sign of the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a melt the sign of the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a melt the sign of the angle of
+incident where the ambulance intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident where the ambulance intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident where the ambulance intensity
+is defined with respect to the normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined with respect to the normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined with respect to the normal to
+the to the to the surface it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the to the surface it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the to the surface it is
+preserved so as you go through multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved so as you go through multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved so as you go through multiple
+surfaces the law of refraction says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces the law of refraction says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces the law of refraction says that
+this quantity must be preserved so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity must be preserved so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity must be preserved so there
+is a homework problem that I have posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a homework problem that I have posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a homework problem that I have posted
+to just a couple of hours ago that asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just a couple of hours ago that asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just a couple of hours ago that asks
+you to make an analogy between the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make an analogy between the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make an analogy between the law
+of refraction and the problem of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction and the problem of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction and the problem of a
+lifeguard who has to save a person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeguard who has to save a person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeguard who has to save a person in
+the water so recall the reason the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so recall the reason the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so recall the reason the law
+of refraction happens is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction happens is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction happens is because the
+light must minimize its path between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light must minimize its path between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light must minimize its path between two
+points P a P a P and P Prime so a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points P a P a P and P Prime so a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points P a P a P and P Prime so a very
+similar problem is if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problem is if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problem is if you have a
+trajectory that you try to design in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that you try to design in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that you try to design in a
+way that you minimize the time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you minimize the time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you minimize the time that you
+will spend gone on this trajectory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spend gone on this trajectory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spend gone on this trajectory so
+here you have a swimmer who is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a swimmer who is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a swimmer who is sitting
+on the beach and the I'm sorry you not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the beach and the I'm sorry you not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the beach and the I'm sorry you not a
+swimmer whoever you have a lifeguard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmer whoever you have a lifeguard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmer whoever you have a lifeguard
+sitting on the beach the last grade sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the beach the last grade sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the beach the last grade sees
+a person drowning in water further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person drowning in water further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person drowning in water further
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+so they sue the lifeguard can run on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they sue the lifeguard can run on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they sue the lifeguard can run on the
+beach at some velocity V sub R they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach at some velocity V sub R they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach at some velocity V sub R they can
+also swim in water at some velocity V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also swim in water at some velocity V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also swim in water at some velocity V
+sub s typically most people swim slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s typically most people swim slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s typically most people swim slower
+than they run so we can assume here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they run so we can assume here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they run so we can assume here that
+the running speed is faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running speed is faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running speed is faster than the
+swimming speed and the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming speed and the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming speed and the question is how
+should the swimmer plan his part so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the swimmer plan his part so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the swimmer plan his part so that
+he can reach the drowning person in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can reach the drowning person in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can reach the drowning person in as
+fast as possible and of course again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as possible and of course again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as possible and of course again you
+can think that for example the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that for example the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that for example the straight
+path is not the best because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is not the best because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is not the best because he's
+spending too much time in water rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending too much time in water rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending too much time in water rather
+than in water his slower so he may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in water his slower so he may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in water his slower so he may want
+to spend a little bit extra time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a little bit extra time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a little bit extra time in the
+fast medium and a little bit less time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast medium and a little bit less time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast medium and a little bit less time
+in the snow bedroom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the snow bedroom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the snow bedroom but
+you cannot overdo it right if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot overdo it right if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot overdo it right if it was a
+really crazy part then again you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy part then again you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy part then again you will
+end up with a longer time so light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a longer time so light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a longer time so light is
+tend to do a similar thing it is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to do a similar thing it is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to do a similar thing it is trying
+to minimize the optical path length or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the optical path length or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the optical path length or
+equivalently the time that it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the time that it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the time that it takes for
+a light ray to reach from a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light ray to reach from a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light ray to reach from a starting
+point to an ending point and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to an ending point and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to an ending point and again
+remember this is a almost exact analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a almost exact analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a almost exact analogy
+here the speed of light is faster in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the speed of light is faster in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the speed of light is faster in air
+and slower in the inner dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slower in the inner dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slower in the inner dielectric
+medium so if you have the air and glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so if you have the air and glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so if you have the air and glass
+here that would be a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would be a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would be a very similar
+situation and I'm going to skip the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and I'm going to skip the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and I'm going to skip the next
+line and I'm going to go to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and I'm going to go to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and I'm going to go to this one
+number 34 so whatever what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 34 so whatever what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 34 so whatever what I'm trying to
+say here is to point out two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is to point out two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is to point out two cases
+they're not really different the just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really different the just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really different the just
+two cases of the same situation in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases of the same situation in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases of the same situation in one
+you're going from an index of from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from an index of from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from an index of from a
+medium of lower index to a medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of lower index to a medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of lower index to a medium of
+higher index and in this case you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher index and in this case you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher index and in this case you you
+know obviously because of the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously because of the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously because of the law of
+refraction the angle of refraction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction the angle of refraction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction the angle of refraction will
+increase as you go from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase as you go from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase as you go from left to right
+from low index to high index the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from low index to high index the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from low index to high index the
+opposite will happen if you go from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite will happen if you go from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite will happen if you go from high
+index to low index okay so this has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index to low index okay so this has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index to low index okay so this has two
+consequences which you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences which you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences which you can think of as
+you reach the extremes if you come in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the extremes if you come in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the extremes if you come in at
+the maximum possible angle here 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum possible angle here 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum possible angle here 90
+degrees then you can imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees then you can imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees then you can imagine that you
+will not enter at 90 but you will enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not enter at 90 but you will enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not enter at 90 but you will enter
+get a slightly smaller angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a slightly smaller angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a slightly smaller angle so
+basically the the if you are coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the if you are coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the if you are coupling
+light from air to glass or in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from air to glass or in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from air to glass or in general
+from a medium of lower index to a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a medium of lower index to a medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a medium of lower index to a medium
+of higher index you have a limited cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher index you have a limited cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher index you have a limited cone
+or approach that you can that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or approach that you can that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or approach that you can that you can
+couple light into and that is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple light into and that is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple light into and that is given by
+this equation over here when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation over here when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation over here when the
+exterior angle theta which is 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior angle theta which is 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior angle theta which is 90 degrees
+then this is the maximum angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the maximum angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the maximum angle theta
+prime that you can access inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime that you can access inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime that you can access inside the
+high index medium the opposite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high index medium the opposite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high index medium the opposite is
+perhaps slightly more interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps slightly more interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps slightly more interesting and
+see what happens when you reach or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you reach or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you reach or
+exceed theta prime equals to 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed theta prime equals to 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed theta prime equals to 90 degrees
+over here so if you look again at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so if you look again at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so if you look again at the
+law of refraction you can realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of refraction you can realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of refraction you can realize that
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+possible to arrange for a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to arrange for a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to arrange for a combination of
+N and theta such that the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and theta such that the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and theta such that the product is
+bigger than the index of refraction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the index of refraction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the index of refraction at
+the media website in order now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media website in order now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media website in order now to
+satisfy the law of refraction you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the law of refraction you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the law of refraction you would
+have to require that the sine of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to require that the sine of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to require that the sine of an
+angle is bigger than one so since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is bigger than one so since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is bigger than one so since we are
+limited to deal with the real angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to deal with the real angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to deal with the real angles
+here not complex this cannot happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not complex this cannot happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not complex this cannot happen
+whatever happens there is that the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens there is that the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens there is that the light
+will actually be reflected if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be reflected if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be reflected if you
+satisfy this condition where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this condition where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this condition where this
+product becomes bigger than the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product becomes bigger than the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product becomes bigger than the index of
+refraction outside in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction outside in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction outside in the in the in the
+medium then when you satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium then when you satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium then when you satisfy this
+condition then light will be reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then light will be reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then light will be reflected
+inside the high index medium and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the high index medium and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the high index medium and that is
+known as total internal reflection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as total internal reflection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as total internal reflection or
+TIR so let's look at the TIR in slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIR so let's look at the TIR in slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIR so let's look at the TIR in slightly
+more detail over here so I have a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail over here so I have a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail over here so I have a glass
+medium an air and imagine that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium an air and imagine that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium an air and imagine that I have a
+wave front that is arriving from glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave front that is arriving from glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave front that is arriving from glass
+towards the air interface so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the air interface so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the air interface so there is a
+combination of index and angle where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of index and angle where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of index and angle where the
+product of the index inside the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the index inside the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the index inside the glass
+times the sine of the angle equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sine of the angle equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sine of the angle equals
+exactly 1 what happens then as the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 what happens then as the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 what happens then as the law
+of refraction does not break down yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction does not break down yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction does not break down yet
+but what will happen is the light will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what will happen is the light will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what will happen is the light will
+be refracted and will propagate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be refracted and will propagate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be refracted and will propagate exactly
+parallel to the interface this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the interface this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the interface this is known
+as a surface wave if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a surface wave if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a surface wave if you increase the
+angle now then the product will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle now then the product will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle now then the product will become
+bigger than 1 the law of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 the law of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 the law of refraction
+cannot be satisfied anymore so what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be satisfied anymore so what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be satisfied anymore so what will
+happen then oh and I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then oh and I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then oh and I should have said
+that the angle where this happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angle where this happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angle where this happens is
+called the critical angle because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the critical angle because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the critical angle because it is
+the anti just below which say I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti just below which say I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti just below which say I still
+have very fraction if X if X it is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very fraction if X if X it is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very fraction if X if X it is only
+then I get this phenomena of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get this phenomena of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get this phenomena of total
+internal reflection where all the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection where all the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection where all the all of
+the light and all of the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and all of the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and all of the light is
+reflected inside the glass inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected inside the glass inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected inside the glass inside the
+high index medium so it is almost as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high index medium so it is almost as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high index medium so it is almost as if
+the interface here abruptly changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface here abruptly changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface here abruptly changes and
+instead of being mostly transmissive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being mostly transmissive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being mostly transmissive
+over here it becomes mostly reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it becomes mostly reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it becomes mostly reflective
+so it starts acting like a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts acting like a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts acting like a mirror
+there's one difference that Magnus makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one difference that Magnus makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one difference that Magnus makes
+it slightly different than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly different than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly different than in
+and the difference is that them if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference is that them if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference is that them if you
+want to calculate the electric field on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate the electric field on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate the electric field on
+the opposite side of the interface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side of the interface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side of the interface that
+is inside the middle where light does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the middle where light does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the middle where light does
+not propagate you will discover the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not propagate you will discover the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not propagate you will discover the very
+same leakage the electric field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same leakage the electric field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same leakage the electric field has
+nonzero values and in the low index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values and in the low index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values and in the low index
+middle mover here even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle mover here even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle mover here even though the
+electric field that you find is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that you find is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that you find is not
+propagating it is what is called a von
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating it is what is called a von
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating it is what is called a von
+essen it is an exponential decay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essen it is an exponential decay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essen it is an exponential decay but
+there is no wave front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no wave front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no wave front
+there's no referent of light propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no referent of light propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no referent of light propagating
+in the vertical direction like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical direction like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical direction like this this
+is Contin evanescent wave and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Contin evanescent wave and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Contin evanescent wave and we will
+revisit it later when we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit it later when we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit it later when we deal with
+electro magnetics because right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro magnetics because right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro magnetics because right now the
+way I defined it is not perhaps very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I defined it is not perhaps very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I defined it is not perhaps very
+rigorous or very quantitative but but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous or very quantitative but but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous or very quantitative but but I
+wanted to give you sort of a heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give you sort of a heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give you sort of a heads up
+that something slightly more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something slightly more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something slightly more than
+geometrical optics prediction happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics prediction happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics prediction happens
+here but as far as geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but as far as geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but as far as geometrical optics
+goes that we'll be dealing for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes that we'll be dealing for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes that we'll be dealing for the next
+few lectures there's a reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures there's a reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures there's a reflection and
+they yeah this is what this says what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yeah this is what this says what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yeah this is what this says what I
+just mentioned that we will talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned that we will talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned that we will talk more
+about these evanescent waves a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these evanescent waves a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these evanescent waves a little
+bit later one more thing that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later one more thing that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later one more thing that we want to
+say about evanescent waves the one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about evanescent waves the one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about evanescent waves the one way
+you can sort of realize the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of realize the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of realize the existence of
+evanescent waves is with a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evanescent waves is with a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evanescent waves is with a sort of a
+related phenomenon called frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related phenomenon called frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related phenomenon called frustrated
+total internal reflection also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection also known as
+FTIR because that's quite a mouthful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTIR because that's quite a mouthful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTIR because that's quite a mouthful to
+pronounce so if there happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce so if there happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce so if there happens if you
+have this situation where you are beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this situation where you are beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this situation where you are beyond
+the critical angle therefore your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical angle therefore your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical angle therefore your total
+internally reflected into the menu but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally reflected into the menu but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally reflected into the menu but
+you bring near the interface you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring near the interface you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring near the interface you bring
+another piece of glass another piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of glass another piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of glass another piece of
+high index medium in a way the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high index medium in a way the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high index medium in a way the thing
+that an appreciable amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an appreciable amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an appreciable amount of the
+evanescent wave is allowed to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evanescent wave is allowed to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evanescent wave is allowed to enter
+inside the high index medium if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the high index medium if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the high index medium if that
+happens as we said we have the TIR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as we said we have the TIR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as we said we have the TIR is
+frustratin what it really means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustratin what it really means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustratin what it really means is that
+the TIR stops happening now what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TIR stops happening now what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TIR stops happening now what will
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+a small amount of light will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small amount of light will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small amount of light will still be
+reflected of course you cannot avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected of course you cannot avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected of course you cannot avoid
+that but the significant portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the significant portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the significant portion of the
+light will couple out into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will couple out into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will couple out into the into the
+next material and will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next material and will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next material and will actually be
+transmitted so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so this is a very
+interesting phenomenon because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomenon because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomenon because if you
+think about it the light is forbidden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it the light is forbidden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it the light is forbidden to
+enter this region Snell's law says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this region Snell's law says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this region Snell's law says that
+light cannot cross into air yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cannot cross into air yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cannot cross into air yet because
+of the proximity the lab can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proximity the lab can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proximity the lab can actually
+couple out and again we will see a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple out and again we will see a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple out and again we will see a much
+more rigorous explanation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous explanation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous explanation and
+quantitative description of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative description of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative description of this
+phenomenon later when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon later when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon later when we do
+electromagnetics some of you who may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics some of you who may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics some of you who may
+have taken electronics there's a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken electronics there's a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken electronics there's a quantum
+mechanics there is a similar effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there is a similar effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there is a similar effect
+called tunneling in in in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called tunneling in in in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called tunneling in in in potential
+barriers in quantum mechanics so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers in quantum mechanics so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers in quantum mechanics so this is
+actually the equations are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the equations are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the equations are very similar
+that describe this phenomena in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe this phenomena in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe this phenomena in both
+cases you have a wave that is crossing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you have a wave that is crossing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you have a wave that is crossing a
+forbidden region in order to pass into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region in order to pass into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region in order to pass into
+an allowable region again so this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allowable region again so this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allowable region again so this and
+this may actually a good point for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may actually a good point for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may actually a good point for a
+pepper to start to to to solve the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper to start to to to solve the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper to start to to to solve the demo
+of the total internal reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total internal reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total internal reflection and
+pepper will actually saw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper will actually saw it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper will actually saw it in the
+context of a prism so the prisms panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a prism so the prisms panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a prism so the prisms panel
+maybe you can start setting up while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can start setting up while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can start setting up while I
+give a brief description of prisms so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a brief description of prisms so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a brief description of prisms so a
+prism sir and your honor familiar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism sir and your honor familiar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism sir and your honor familiar I
+suppose the pieces of glass that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the pieces of glass that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the pieces of glass that are
+cutting two values triangular another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting two values triangular another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting two values triangular another
+polygonal Sh and typically prisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygonal Sh and typically prisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygonal Sh and typically prisms are
+and they're arranged either sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're arranged either sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're arranged either sort of the
+light passes through as shown in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light passes through as shown in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light passes through as shown in the top
+diagram or if you bring a light from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or if you bring a light from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or if you bring a light from the
+bottom and you manage to exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you manage to exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you manage to exceed the
+critical angle and the interface then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle and the interface then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle and the interface then
+you can also total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also total internal reflection
+light and create a situation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and create a situation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and create a situation like this
+that is known as the retro reflector now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known as the retro reflector now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known as the retro reflector now
+a rule of thumb that is useful to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule of thumb that is useful to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule of thumb that is useful to know
+for glass which has index of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glass which has index of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glass which has index of refraction
+1.5 the critical and is about 42 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 the critical and is about 42 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 the critical and is about 42 degrees
+so if you are interested in 45 as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are interested in 45 as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are interested in 45 as shown
+in this case of a what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of a what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of a what is called
+isosceles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosceles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosceles
+today I'm good then actually I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm good then actually I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm good then actually I'm sorry
+this is equilateral late isn't it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equilateral late isn't it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equilateral late isn't it if
+your is that at 45 in an equilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is that at 45 in an equilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is that at 45 in an equilateral
+triangle then you will satisfy the TIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle then you will satisfy the TIR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle then you will satisfy the TIR
+condition and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and you get this
+retroreflector and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroreflector and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroreflector and there's no
+complicated prisms that allow you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated prisms that allow you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated prisms that allow you for
+example this is the pentaprism after two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is the pentaprism after two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is the pentaprism after two
+bounces you the light will exit at 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces you the light will exit at 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces you the light will exit at 90
+degrees and so pepper maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and so pepper maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and so pepper maybe you can
+solve the okay you can do the demo no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the okay you can do the demo no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the okay you can do the demo no
+sure sure so you'll be pouring the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sure so you'll be pouring the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sure so you'll be pouring the demo
+I'm going to pass around this prism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pass around this prism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pass around this prism that
+has in these two surfaces two images so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in these two surfaces two images so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in these two surfaces two images so
+then what you see is that in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you see is that in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you see is that in these
+window here use gilt it like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window here use gilt it like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window here use gilt it like these
+you're going to see when you get a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see when you get a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see when you get a whole
+event you actually see two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event you actually see two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event you actually see two different
+images due to total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images due to total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images due to total internal reflection
+so at a given angle you basically get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a given angle you basically get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a given angle you basically get
+the light reflecting from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light reflecting from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light reflecting from one of the
+surfaces and another angle you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and another angle you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and another angle you get the
+other one so it's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one so it's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one so it's actually very
+interesting to see so in this demo here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see so in this demo here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see so in this demo here
+we're gonna okay so we're seeing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna okay so we're seeing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna okay so we're seeing here
+the top view of the demo we put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top view of the demo we put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top view of the demo we put together
+a white light source and a laser source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white light source and a laser source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white light source and a laser source
+and before showing you what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before showing you what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before showing you what actually
+happens let me just introduce some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let me just introduce some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let me just introduce some of
+the components that we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components that we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components that we are going to be
+seen in several demos from now on first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in several demos from now on first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in several demos from now on first
+of all we have the white light source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we have the white light source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we have the white light source is
+just like it's a lamp and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like it's a lamp and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like it's a lamp and then these
+component here it's a regular lens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here it's a regular lens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here it's a regular lens that
+you're familiar with so the job of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with so the job of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with so the job of this
+lens is to collimate that's the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is to collimate that's the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is to collimate that's the term
+that we use to convert these light close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to convert these light close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to convert these light close
+to a plane wave similar to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plane wave similar to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plane wave similar to the light
+that is coming from the Sun so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming from the Sun so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming from the Sun so this one
+again would be like a point source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would be like a point source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would be like a point source of
+light far away so then these lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light far away so then these lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light far away so then these lenses
+basically transforming in this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically transforming in this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically transforming in this slide
+into parallel rays from the geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into parallel rays from the geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into parallel rays from the geometrical
+optics point of view so we use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics point of view so we use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics point of view so we use these
+lens these is an Aries similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens these is an Aries similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens these is an Aries similar to the
+iris I control the aperture in your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris I control the aperture in your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris I control the aperture in your eye
+and this is just used to split the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just used to split the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just used to split the light
+into two I'm sorry to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two I'm sorry to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two I'm sorry to reduce the
+diameter of the beam then this component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the beam then this component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the beam then this component
+here this one it's a what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this one it's a what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this one it's a what we call the
+beam splitter or more specifically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter or more specifically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter or more specifically the
+non polarized beam splitter and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non polarized beam splitter and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non polarized beam splitter and it's a
+component that allows us to split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that allows us to split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that allows us to split the
+light into two paths so here this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into two paths so here this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into two paths so here this is one
+path and another path right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and another path right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and another path right
+so once we split the light in two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we split the light in two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we split the light in two parts
+and in this case it has equal ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it has equal ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it has equal ratio so
+it's 50% to one side 50% to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50% to one side 50% to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50% to one side 50% to the other
+then let's follow one of these paths so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's follow one of these paths so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's follow one of these paths so
+one what these Patti illuminates one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what these Patti illuminates one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what these Patti illuminates one of
+these prisons here and again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prisons here and again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prisons here and again there's
+going to be some refraction following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some refraction following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some refraction following
+the law of refraction that we saw but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of refraction that we saw but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of refraction that we saw but in
+an in addition to that as we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in addition to that as we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in addition to that as we'll see in
+the next couple of slides also there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of slides also there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of slides also there's a
+phenomena called dispersion that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena called dispersion that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena called dispersion that you're
+familiar with when you see rainbows in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with when you see rainbows in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with when you see rainbows in a
+rainy day and basically that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy day and basically that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy day and basically that has to do
+with the fact that different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that different wavelengths
+see a different index of refraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a different index of refraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a different index of refraction so
+if you go back to the snails law they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the snails law they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the snails law they
+will basically Bend in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically Bend in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically Bend in a different way
+so therefore you see a rainbow effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you see a rainbow effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you see a rainbow effect so
+I don't know if you can see the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you can see the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you can see the side
+view in the camera please yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in the camera please yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in the camera please yeah so that's
+a pictorial okay but here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pictorial okay but here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pictorial okay but here in the
+classroom to please so maybe you I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom to please so maybe you I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom to please so maybe you I don't
+know if you can see that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see that we're going to
+try to show it also in these but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to show it also in these but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to show it also in these but I have
+here two components this is a prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two components this is a prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two components this is a prison
+that is doing these what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is doing these what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is doing these what we call the
+normal dispersion which basically has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dispersion which basically has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dispersion which basically has
+that the biggest angle that bends is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the biggest angle that bends is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the biggest angle that bends is the
+blue light or the shorter wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light or the shorter wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light or the shorter wavelength and
+then we have another component here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have another component here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have another component here that
+we haven't talked about yet but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about yet but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about yet but we'll
+see it in the next few slides so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the next few slides so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the next few slides so this is
+just an introductory introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an introductory introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an introductory introduction to
+this element is called a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element is called a trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element is called a trans
+transmission grating and this component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission grating and this component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission grating and this component
+is used in several systems and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in several systems and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in several systems and actually
+these works on there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these works on there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these works on there are different
+different principle is not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different principle is not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different principle is not with
+refraction anymore it's using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction anymore it's using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction anymore it's using the
+diffraction property of the light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction property of the light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction property of the light and
+using that diffraction property can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that diffraction property can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that diffraction property can also
+create this rainbow that you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this rainbow that you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this rainbow that you could see
+here in the back and hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the back and hopefully you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the back and hopefully you can
+see the picture and we vary what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the picture and we vary what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the picture and we vary what we are
+going to see here is that actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see here is that actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see here is that actually the
+opposite train happens the red angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite train happens the red angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite train happens the red angles
+Bend more than the blue angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend more than the blue angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend more than the blue angles and
+that's called a normal of dispersion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a normal of dispersion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a normal of dispersion so
+we have normal dispersion in the prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have normal dispersion in the prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have normal dispersion in the prism
+case like in the one showed here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like in the one showed here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like in the one showed here in
+transparency and a normal dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and a normal dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and a normal dispersion
+showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+in the grating so I'm going to tilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grating so I'm going to tilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grating so I'm going to tilt
+these a little bit okay it's fine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a little bit okay it's fine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a little bit okay it's fine I'm
+going to try to see so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to see so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to see so I don't know if
+you can see it can you see the rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it can you see the rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it can you see the rainbow
+here from the back here in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the back here in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the back here in the classroom
+you can say all right excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say all right excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say all right excellent
+so these are the rainbow from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the rainbow from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the rainbow from their
+grading and you'll see after clouds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading and you'll see after clouds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading and you'll see after clouds you
+can just come here and play with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just come here and play with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just come here and play with the
+demo and you're going to see the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and you're going to see the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and you're going to see the two
+cases and you're gonna you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and you're gonna you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and you're gonna you can actually
+trace a trace and see which color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace a trace and see which color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace a trace and see which color is
+bending more and distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending more and distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending more and distinguish between
+anomalous and normal dispersion so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous and normal dispersion so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous and normal dispersion so the
+last thing that I want to show here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that I want to show here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that I want to show here it's
+a the total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the total internal reflection
+principle in this case these piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in this case these piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in this case these piece of
+acrylic here that we have you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic here that we have you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic here that we have you can see
+that it's forming is basically having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's forming is basically having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's forming is basically having a
+laser light coupling into one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light coupling into one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light coupling into one of the
+sides so similar to that exit sign over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so similar to that exit sign over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so similar to that exit sign over
+there and what we have is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what we have is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what we have is that the
+acrylic the piece of acrylic acts like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic the piece of acrylic acts like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic the piece of acrylic acts like a
+waveguide so it conducts a light inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide so it conducts a light inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide so it conducts a light inside
+and the reason the light doesn't scape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason the light doesn't scape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason the light doesn't scape
+is because of its basically suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of its basically suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of its basically suffering
+total internal reflection at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection at the
+interface between the acrylic which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the acrylic which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the acrylic which has
+higher index than air so state inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher index than air so state inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher index than air so state inside
+now in order to couple the light out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to couple the light out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to couple the light out I
+put some tape here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some tape here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some tape here
+as you can see forming the letters MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see forming the letters MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see forming the letters MIT
+and that basically frustrates the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that basically frustrates the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that basically frustrates the light
+allows allows you to break the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows allows you to break the incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows allows you to break the incidence
+angle so now right now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so now right now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so now right now instead of
+getting into a very flat surface at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a very flat surface at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a very flat surface at an
+angle that is larger than the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that is larger than the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that is larger than the critical
+angle it basically reaches the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle it basically reaches the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle it basically reaches the surface
+that has a diffuser type of angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a diffuser type of angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a diffuser type of angle so
+maybe you can scape out so then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can scape out so then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can scape out so then you can
+see all this light diffusing out forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all this light diffusing out forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all this light diffusing out forming
+like either this image or the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either this image or the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like either this image or the image of
+the exit sign so that one you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exit sign so that one you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exit sign so that one you can see it
+also in Singapore then frustrated yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in Singapore then frustrated yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in Singapore then frustrated yep
+okay it looks for the state it was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it looks for the state it was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it looks for the state it was from
+the side view again so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side view again so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side view again so I don't know if
+you want to add anything George so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to add anything George so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to add anything George so so
+what you seal the slide that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you seal the slide that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you seal the slide that I'm
+projecting it now is an application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting it now is an application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting it now is an application of
+this a of the same principle that pepper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a of the same principle that pepper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a of the same principle that pepper
+just showed it has an application in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed it has an application in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed it has an application in
+a bunch of commonly-used commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of commonly-used commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of commonly-used commercial
+devices mainly fingerprint sensors where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices mainly fingerprint sensors where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices mainly fingerprint sensors where
+instead of the tape that pepper put over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the tape that pepper put over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the tape that pepper put over
+there is usually what you do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is usually what you do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is usually what you do is they
+place their finger touching the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place their finger touching the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place their finger touching the side of
+the of the prism and then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the prism and then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the prism and then because
+because they our body this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they our body this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they our body this may be
+surprising to you it was a present to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you it was a present to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you it was a present to me
+when I first handed our body is composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first handed our body is composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first handed our body is composed
+mostly of water about 75% is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly of water about 75% is water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly of water about 75% is water
+so therefore the effective index of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the effective index of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the effective index of our
+skin is close to 1.3 which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin is close to 1.3 which is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin is close to 1.3 which is of course
+higher than the then the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the then the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the then the refractive
+index of air so what happens here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of air so what happens here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of air so what happens here is
+over here for example you have a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for example you have a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for example you have a glass
+and air so therefore light will be red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air so therefore light will be red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air so therefore light will be red
+total internal reflection but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection but at the
+edges of the finger of the fingerprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the finger of the fingerprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the finger of the fingerprint
+you have glass and water that is 1.5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have glass and water that is 1.5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have glass and water that is 1.5 to
+1.3 3 or so so therefore the ridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 3 or so so therefore the ridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 3 or so so therefore the ridges
+appear dark because they frustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear dark because they frustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear dark because they frustrate the
+total internal reflection the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection the light
+couples into your finger and therefore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples into your finger and therefore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples into your finger and therefore a
+very surprisingly sharp image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very surprisingly sharp image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very surprisingly sharp image of the
+finger appears on the camera actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger appears on the camera actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger appears on the camera actually
+what you see here it does disservice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here it does disservice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here it does disservice the
+projector and the pixelation of my of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector and the pixelation of my of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector and the pixelation of my of my
+computer does it the service to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does it the service to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does it the service to the
+quality of the fingerprint image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the fingerprint image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the fingerprint image that
+you get so nowadays most fingerprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so nowadays most fingerprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so nowadays most fingerprint
+sensors are based on this principle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are based on this principle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are based on this principle in
+fact it improved it instead of using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it improved it instead of using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it improved it instead of using a
+prism in places like laptops that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism in places like laptops that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism in places like laptops that have a
+fingerprint security it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint security it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint security it is the same
+principle but you slide the finger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but you slide the finger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but you slide the finger but
+still the ridge of the fingerprint says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the ridge of the fingerprint says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the ridge of the fingerprint says
+you slide the finger over the sensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slide the finger over the sensor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slide the finger over the sensor is
+captured by by the principle of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by by the principle of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by by the principle of total
+internal reflection and any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection and any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection and any questions
+about that about TIR & FTIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one day one of the use of PIR is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one day one of the use of PIR is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one day one of the use of PIR is in
+another very useful another extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very useful another extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very useful another extremely
+useful property of light is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful property of light is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful property of light is that you can
+actually capture it almost like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually capture it almost like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually capture it almost like in a
+wire and you can guide the light over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and you can guide the light over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and you can guide the light over
+very long distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distances
+now why this is very important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why this is very important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why this is very important is
+because we know from experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from experience and
+we'll also learn later as the Huygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also learn later as the Huygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also learn later as the Huygens
+principle that light does not like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that light does not like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that light does not like to be
+confined generally light once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined generally light once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined generally light once you
+generate light in the source the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate light in the source the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate light in the source the light
+would like to expand it would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to expand it would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to expand it would like to
+open up and propagate in an expansive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up and propagate in an expansive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up and propagate in an expansive
+way for example the Sun the Stars and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for example the Sun the Stars and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for example the Sun the Stars and so
+on they propagate isotropically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they propagate isotropically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they propagate isotropically all
+around them and you know the same from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and you know the same from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and you know the same from
+the light bulbs and so on the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bulbs and so on the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bulbs and so on the light
+expands then an exception of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands then an exception of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands then an exception of course
+called lasers lasers can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lasers lasers can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lasers lasers can be quite
+collimated but even lasers they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimated but even lasers they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimated but even lasers they tend to
+expand if you leave a laser beam by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand if you leave a laser beam by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand if you leave a laser beam by
+itself and you propagate it for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you propagate it for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you propagate it for a long
+distance eventually it will expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance eventually it will expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance eventually it will expand it
+will become quite big so the way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become quite big so the way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become quite big so the way to to
+undo this property of light if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo this property of light if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo this property of light if you want
+to transmit light over a long distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transmit light over a long distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transmit light over a long distance
+without expansion is to use a web guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without expansion is to use a web guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without expansion is to use a web guide
+so web guides typically they use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so web guides typically they use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so web guides typically they use this
+phenomenon of total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of total internal reflection
+so what you do is you create in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you create in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you create in the
+simplest case you have a slab of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case you have a slab of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case you have a slab of high
+index dielectric video sandwiched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index dielectric video sandwiched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index dielectric video sandwiched
+between two other pieces of lower index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two other pieces of lower index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two other pieces of lower index
+medium and what happens that provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and what happens that provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and what happens that provided
+that the light is incident at a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light is incident at a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light is incident at a sharp
+enough angle that is beyond the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough angle that is beyond the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough angle that is beyond the critical
+angle between the two media then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the two media then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the two media then the
+light will sort of bounce back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will sort of bounce back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will sort of bounce back and forth
+between the two interfaces and this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two interfaces and this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two interfaces and this way
+you can actually transmit it over over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually transmit it over over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually transmit it over over a
+very long distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distance
+so of course if it is not true if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course if it is not true if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course if it is not true if the
+light arrives at the Sun over and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light arrives at the Sun over and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light arrives at the Sun over and then
+of course it will actually couple out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it will actually couple out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it will actually couple out
+and it will not be guided anymore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will not be guided anymore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will not be guided anymore the
+when you establish whether the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you establish whether the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you establish whether the light
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+guided or not is by using this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided or not is by using this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided or not is by using this property
+called the numerical aperture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the numerical aperture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the numerical aperture of the
+waveguide so this is a term numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide so this is a term numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide so this is a term numerical
+aperture that we'll hear again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that we'll hear again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that we'll hear again and again
+in this class at least in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class at least in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class at least in three
+different contexts but we all be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts but we all be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts but we all be the
+same thing they mean actually the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they mean actually the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they mean actually the mean
+an angle of acceptance of an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of acceptance of an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of acceptance of an optical
+system so in this context here of a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in this context here of a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in this context here of a web
+guide compare the two rays one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide compare the two rays one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide compare the two rays one is the
+sort of the solid ray and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the solid ray and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the solid ray and the other is
+the dotted ray the solid gray comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotted ray the solid gray comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotted ray the solid gray comes in
+from air then is refracted at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from air then is refracted at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from air then is refracted at the
+vertical interface and because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical interface and because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical interface and because this
+angle is fairly small by the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is fairly small by the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is fairly small by the time it
+gets into the medium the ugly term X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the medium the ugly term X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the medium the ugly term X
+with the perpendicular surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the perpendicular surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the perpendicular surface of the
+interface between the slab and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the slab and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the slab and the
+cladding it actually satisfies the TIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding it actually satisfies the TIR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding it actually satisfies the TIR
+condition over here you can see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition over here you can see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition over here you can see a little
+bit if you if you familiarize yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you if you familiarize yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if you if you familiarize yourself
+with the way Snell's law works you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way Snell's law works you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way Snell's law works you can
+see that as you increase this angle over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as you increase this angle over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as you increase this angle over
+here this angle over here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this angle over here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this angle over here actually
+decreases so the dotted ray actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so the dotted ray actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so the dotted ray actually can
+arrive at below the critical angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at below the critical angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at below the critical angle so
+therefore the dotted ray is not guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the dotted ray is not guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the dotted ray is not guided
+where the solid ray is guided so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the solid ray is guided so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the solid ray is guided so the
+numerical aperture is the maximum angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture is the maximum angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture is the maximum angle
+theta naught that you can tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught that you can tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught that you can tolerate
+before you stop satisfying the TIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you stop satisfying the TIR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you stop satisfying the TIR
+condition and therefore the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and therefore the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and therefore the numerical
+aperture is the maximum and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is the maximum and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is the maximum and that you can
+couple into the waveguide if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple into the waveguide if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple into the waveguide if you try to
+bring light at the higher ambi than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring light at the higher ambi than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring light at the higher ambi than that
+it will actually not be guided it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will actually not be guided it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will actually not be guided it will
+escape into the cladding and with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape into the cladding and with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape into the cladding and with it
+will get lost it will it will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get lost it will it will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get lost it will it will disappear
+so with a little bit of algebra which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a little bit of algebra which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a little bit of algebra which I
+haven't done here I will a I will let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done here I will a I will let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done here I will a I will let
+you do it by yourselves in years past I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it by yourselves in years past I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it by yourselves in years past I
+used to give this as a homework but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to give this as a homework but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to give this as a homework but I
+didn't do it this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it this time
+but anyway with a little bit of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway with a little bit of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway with a little bit of algebra
+and plan with Snell's law you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plan with Snell's law you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plan with Snell's law you can find
+out that the numerical aperture in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the numerical aperture in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the numerical aperture in this
+case is given by this quantity over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is given by this quantity over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is given by this quantity over here
+the square root of the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the difference of
+squares between the two indices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares between the two indices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares between the two indices of
+refraction and as I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and as I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and as I mentioned earlier
+the physically what it means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physically what it means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physically what it means this
+quantity is the angle of acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is the angle of acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is the angle of acceptance of
+the waveguide for the light that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveguide for the light that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveguide for the light that you
+want to couple in typically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to couple in typically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to couple in typically when
+in practice their very small difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice their very small difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice their very small difference
+between the index of the core where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the index of the core where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the index of the core where the
+light is guided in the index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is guided in the index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is guided in the index of the
+cladding this difference is typically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding this difference is typically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding this difference is typically in
+the order of 10 to the minus 3 or 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 10 to the minus 3 or 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 10 to the minus 3 or 10 to
+the minus 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 4th
+so therefore the numerical aperture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the numerical aperture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the numerical aperture is
+what it is small or large for a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is small or large for a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is small or large for a typical
+waveguide if the index difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide if the index difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide if the index difference is
+very small is the numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small is the numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small is the numerical aperture
+small or large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small right we're going to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right we're going to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right we're going to set up a
+competition here between Singapore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition here between Singapore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition here between Singapore and
+Cambridge so you guys when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge so you guys when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge so you guys when you have an
+answer please push the button on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer please push the button on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer please push the button on an
+aside please push the button so there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside please push the button so there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside please push the button so there so
+the numerical opportunities is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical opportunities is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical opportunities is actually
+very small as our colleagues here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small as our colleagues here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small as our colleagues here
+correctly said and what is on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly said and what is on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly said and what is on the slide
+is the opposite if you have a high index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite if you have a high index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite if you have a high index
+contest then you get a high numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest then you get a high numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest then you get a high numerical
+aperture there is one more type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture there is one more type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture there is one more type of
+waveguide in which is actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide in which is actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide in which is actually the same
+principle but a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but a slightly different
+implementation is called a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is called a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is called a gradient
+index waveguide the way to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index waveguide the way to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index waveguide the way to understand it
+imagine that I stuck a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I stuck a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I stuck a bunch of
+different slabs of glass with index that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slabs of glass with index that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slabs of glass with index that
+values from a small value this I denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from a small value this I denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from a small value this I denoted
+as the sort of light gray then to dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sort of light gray then to dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sort of light gray then to dark
+8th grade not in high index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th grade not in high index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th grade not in high index of
+refraction and then back to light gray I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and then back to light gray I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and then back to light gray I
+mean back to low index of refraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean back to low index of refraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean back to low index of refraction so
+if you imagine air coming in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine air coming in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine air coming in from the
+top here it will reflect into the guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top here it will reflect into the guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top here it will reflect into the guide
+and then as it goes as it goes in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as it goes as it goes in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as it goes as it goes in it
+will keep getting refracted now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep getting refracted now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep getting refracted now can
+adjust the numbers here so that at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the numbers here so that at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the numbers here so that at one
+of these interfaces the light will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these interfaces the light will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these interfaces the light will
+exceed with the critical angle therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed with the critical angle therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed with the critical angle therefore
+it will be total internally reflected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be total internally reflected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be total internally reflected to
+this interface and if that is true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface and if that is true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface and if that is true the
+same thing the same thing will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the same thing will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the same thing will happen
+also at the top interface because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at the top interface because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at the top interface because as you
+can as I mentioned before this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as I mentioned before this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as I mentioned before this quantity
+and sine theta is preserved so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sine theta is preserved so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sine theta is preserved so therefore
+if this quantity n sine theta was such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this quantity n sine theta was such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this quantity n sine theta was such
+that the TIR condition was satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the TIR condition was satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the TIR condition was satisfied
+over here then the same will happen over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then the same will happen over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then the same will happen over
+here because everything else is a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because everything else is a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because everything else is a metric
+that deflections are symmetric and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deflections are symmetric and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deflections are symmetric and then
+the quantity n sine theta is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity n sine theta is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity n sine theta is preserved
+so therefore if you put light in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore if you put light in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore if you put light in this
+kind of in this kind of arrangement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in this kind of arrangement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in this kind of arrangement it
+will actually follow a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually follow a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually follow a periodic
+trajectory the light will sort of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory the light will sort of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory the light will sort of be
+periodically reflected from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically reflected from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically reflected from these
+interfaces and will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and will follow
+a periodic trajectory down the stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic trajectory down the stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic trajectory down the stack of
+slabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs
+therefore this is also a kind of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is also a kind of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is also a kind of wave
+it is commonly referred to as green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is commonly referred to as green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is commonly referred to as green
+where green is not for the facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where green is not for the facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where green is not for the facial
+expression but stands for gradient index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but stands for gradient index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but stands for gradient index
+and there's a special case of gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a special case of gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a special case of gradient
+index where they they don't normally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index where they they don't normally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index where they they don't normally do
+it this way the way they do it is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way the way they do it is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way the way they do it is with a
+continuous variation and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variation and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variation and they
+manufactured with diffusion is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured with diffusion is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured with diffusion is very
+interesting they take a piece of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they take a piece of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they take a piece of glass
+in the diffuse ions and by because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diffuse ions and by because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diffuse ions and by because the
+icons change the index of refraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icons change the index of refraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icons change the index of refraction of
+the glass then they can sort of get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass then they can sort of get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass then they can sort of get a
+continuous profile of gradually variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous profile of gradually variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous profile of gradually variable
+index and in the special case where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and in the special case where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and in the special case where this
+profile is quadratic it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is quadratic it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is quadratic it turns out that
+period that the trajectory of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that the trajectory of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that the trajectory of the light
+parts is kind of like a helix it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts is kind of like a helix it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts is kind of like a helix it becomes
+sinusoidal and and the light sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and and the light sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and and the light sort of
+bounces in sinusoidal fashion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces in sinusoidal fashion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces in sinusoidal fashion between
+the between two phases this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the between two phases this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the between two phases this one and this
+one we will do this in more detail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we will do this in more detail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we will do this in more detail for
+lectures later if you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures later if you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures later if you look at your
+syllabus there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus there's something called
+Hamiltonian optics we'll actually see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian optics we'll actually see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian optics we'll actually see in
+action how this sinusoidal periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action how this sinusoidal periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action how this sinusoidal periodic
+trajectory comes about yes yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory comes about yes yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory comes about yes yeah that's a
+very good question the advantage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question the advantage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question the advantage is that
+you repeat the question because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat the question because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you repeat the question because they
+didn't press the button here can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't press the button here can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't press the button here can you
+repeat the question please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question please
+what you painted with the button yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you painted with the button yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you painted with the button yet
+yeah what is the advantage of using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is the advantage of using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is the advantage of using this
+type of we get compared to step index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of we get compared to step index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of we get compared to step index
+view great right so the advantage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view great right so the advantage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view great right so the advantage which
+I cannot describe yet because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot describe yet because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot describe yet because we're not
+done wave optics but in in web guides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done wave optics but in in web guides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done wave optics but in in web guides
+there's a phenomena called dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a phenomena called dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a phenomena called dispersion
+it's very similar to the problem of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the problem of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the problem of to
+the dispersion from a prism that Peppa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion from a prism that Peppa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion from a prism that Peppa
+sewed before but in telecommunications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewed before but in telecommunications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewed before but in telecommunications
+when you transmit signal down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transmit signal down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transmit signal down the
+waveguide it has the effect of basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide it has the effect of basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide it has the effect of basically
+lowering the speed the effective speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the speed the effective speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the speed the effective speed
+at which you can transmit information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you can transmit information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you can transmit information so
+it turns out that the step-index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the step-index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the step-index
+waveguide has a higher dispersion than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide has a higher dispersion than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide has a higher dispersion than a
+gradient index waveguide so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient index waveguide so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient index waveguide so you get a
+much higher speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher speed
+in fibers of gradient index so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fibers of gradient index so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fibers of gradient index so that's
+one reason why people use this will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why people use this will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why people use this will take
+a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and of course modern more practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course modern more practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course modern more practical
+web guides are saved like a wire Italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web guides are saved like a wire Italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web guides are saved like a wire Italy
+they are known as optical fibers and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are known as optical fibers and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are known as optical fibers and and
+again you have two types of fibers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have two types of fibers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have two types of fibers you
+have the step-index fiber where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the step-index fiber where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the step-index fiber where you have
+a higher index core and the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher index core and the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher index core and the light is
+kind of bouncing back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bouncing back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bouncing back and forth between
+the core and the cladding and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core and the cladding and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core and the cladding and there's
+also gradient index fibers where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gradient index fibers where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gradient index fibers where the
+light is following a helical trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is following a helical trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is following a helical trajectory
+the phenomenon web guiding again I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon web guiding again I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon web guiding again I have
+to defer to electromagnetics it is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defer to electromagnetics it is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defer to electromagnetics it is much
+easier to describe it with electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to describe it with electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to describe it with electro
+magnetics than it is with with web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics than it is with with web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics than it is with with web
+optics but for now who can get a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics but for now who can get a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics but for now who can get a sort of
+a preliminary description with the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preliminary description with the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preliminary description with the means
+that we have available to us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have available to us okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have available to us okay
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+a curiosity it turns out that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curiosity it turns out that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curiosity it turns out that there is a
+gradient index web guides they appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient index web guides they appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient index web guides they appear in
+nature in certain animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in certain animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in certain animals
+I mean insects actually their eyes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean insects actually their eyes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean insects actually their eyes the
+composed of several web guides each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of several web guides each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of several web guides each one
+of which is actually gradient index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is actually gradient index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is actually gradient index
+waveguide and the weather animal I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide and the weather animal I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide and the weather animal I work
+is it capsules remember the web guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it capsules remember the web guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it capsules remember the web guide
+has a limited numerical aperture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limited numerical aperture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limited numerical aperture right
+so each one of these guides each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of these guides each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of these guides each one of
+these small eyes they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small eyes they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small eyes they're called
+ommatidia this little waveguide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ommatidia this little waveguide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ommatidia this little waveguide which
+one of those captures a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those captures a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those captures a very narrow
+angle of light in the sort of within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of light in the sort of within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of light in the sort of within the
+field of view of the authentic and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view of the authentic and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view of the authentic and then
+send the signal down to the optic nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the signal down to the optic nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the signal down to the optic nerve
+a basic so basically the insect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic so basically the insect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic so basically the insect with
+this kind of eye it forms a very blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of eye it forms a very blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of eye it forms a very blurry
+picture of the background because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the background because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the background because it
+integrates a relatively large range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates a relatively large range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates a relatively large range of
+angles but still the range of values is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles but still the range of values is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles but still the range of values is
+small enough that it allows it to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough that it allows it to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough that it allows it to to
+quote/unquote see now insects of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote/unquote see now insects of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote/unquote see now insects of course
+they don't see the way we see at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't see the way we see at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't see the way we see at least
+from our everyday experience and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our everyday experience and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our everyday experience and the
+reason of course is that things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of course is that things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of course is that things like the
+insects have a very limited brain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects have a very limited brain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects have a very limited brain a
+typical insect might have about 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical insect might have about 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical insect might have about 10,000
+neurons in his brain so much does any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in his brain so much does any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in his brain so much does any
+how many nerds webinar brain 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nerds webinar brain 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nerds webinar brain 10 to the
+11 so we have about eight orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 so we have about eight orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 so we have about eight orders of
+magnitude more neurons in casual you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude more neurons in casual you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude more neurons in casual you are
+wondering whether you are smart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether you are smart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether you are smart or
+educated has not it it has not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated has not it it has not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated has not it it has not have to
+do with the number of neurons that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the number of neurons that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the number of neurons that you
+have but it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it has to do with the
+connections between neurons those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between neurons those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between neurons those are
+connected to the players it is out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the players it is out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the players it is out an
+educated person has approximately 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated person has approximately 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated person has approximately 10
+times more connections than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more connections than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more connections than an
+uneducated person the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneducated person the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneducated person the same number of
+neurons but but more connections it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons but but more connections it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons but but more connections it's
+also sad fact of life that the everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sad fact of life that the everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sad fact of life that the everyday
+adults that is after age 6 or so even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults that is after age 6 or so even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults that is after age 6 or so even at
+the childhood we begin to lose neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the childhood we begin to lose neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the childhood we begin to lose neurons
+in fact each one of us every day we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact each one of us every day we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact each one of us every day we lose
+about a hundred thousand neurons nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred thousand neurons nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred thousand neurons nothing
+to worry about because we have 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about because we have 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about because we have 10 to the
+11 right so even with all this loss we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 right so even with all this loss we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 right so even with all this loss we
+can still survive until the friendly old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still survive until the friendly old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still survive until the friendly old
+age but anyway it is true right so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age but anyway it is true right so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age but anyway it is true right so so so
+selectively Zabul him anyway then sect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively Zabul him anyway then sect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively Zabul him anyway then sect
+on the other hand has about 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand has about 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand has about 10,000
+neurons altogether so it has to make do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons altogether so it has to make do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons altogether so it has to make do
+with this 10,000 euros verse to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this 10,000 euros verse to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this 10,000 euros verse to move it
+has to fade it has to mate and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fade it has to mate and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fade it has to mate and all of
+these things so so the way they handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so so the way they handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so so the way they handle
+it is they get very simple vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they get very simple vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they get very simple vision and
+they navigate according to differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they navigate according to differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they navigate according to differences
+in lighting so the typical example is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lighting so the typical example is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lighting so the typical example is an
+insect flying towards the tree nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect flying towards the tree nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect flying towards the tree nature
+evolved in seek to avoid the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in seek to avoid the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in seek to avoid the situation
+because it flies into the tree it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it flies into the tree it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it flies into the tree it will
+crash and die right but if it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash and die right but if it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash and die right but if it looks like
+the logically then it sees a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logically then it sees a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logically then it sees a dark
+background the trunk of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the trunk of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the trunk of the tree
+surrounded by light which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by light which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by light which is sort of
+leaking to the sides of the tree as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking to the sides of the tree as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking to the sides of the tree as it
+flies by it is a an edge of life that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies by it is a an edge of life that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies by it is a an edge of life that is
+very rapidly expanding okay because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly expanding okay because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly expanding okay because this
+approaching the tree so the insect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the tree so the insect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the tree so the insect is
+wired is actually automatic rains it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired is actually automatic rains it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired is actually automatic rains it
+doesn't think oh my god I'm gonna crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't think oh my god I'm gonna crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't think oh my god I'm gonna crash
+little turn is automatic as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little turn is automatic as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little turn is automatic as soon as the
+neurons of the insect register a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the insect register a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the insect register a
+difference in light in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in light in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in light in between
+successive ommatidia over here they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive ommatidia over here they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive ommatidia over here they turn
+on the motor the flies or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the motor the flies or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the motor the flies or whatever the
+legs and so on of the ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and so on of the ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and so on of the ends of the
+navigational basic and basic parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational basic and basic parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational basic and basic parents
+and and avoids the obstacle so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and avoids the obstacle so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and avoids the obstacle so this is
+what I say about insect more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I say about insect more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I say about insect more precisely
+I'm referring to the fruit fly which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm referring to the fruit fly which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm referring to the fruit fly which has
+been very broad very extensively studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very broad very extensively studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very broad very extensively studied
+in this context but anyway this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context but anyway this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context but anyway this is a
+very very interesting story of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting story of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting story of how the
+insects you said what we now consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects you said what we now consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects you said what we now consider is
+a rather sophisticated optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather sophisticated optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather sophisticated optical
+instrument a green web guide in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument a green web guide in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument a green web guide in order to
+generate a very simple type of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a very simple type of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a very simple type of vision
+based navigation okay the next thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based navigation okay the next thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based navigation okay the next thing I
+was going to say pepper already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say pepper already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say pepper already
+mentioned it the index of refraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it the index of refraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it the index of refraction of
+the of most dielectric media turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of most dielectric media turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of most dielectric media turns out
+to be a strong function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a strong function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a strong function of the
+wavelength so I stole from a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so I stole from a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so I stole from a book
+actually from the sort website salt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from the sort website salt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from the sort website salt is a
+glass manufacturer they make glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass manufacturer they make glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass manufacturer they make glasses
+that are used very commonly in optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used very commonly in optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used very commonly in optical
+instrument lenses and such prisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument lenses and such prisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument lenses and such prisms and
+zone so they have this picture online of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone so they have this picture online of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone so they have this picture online of
+the index of refraction as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction as a function of
+wavelength for a relatively large range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for a relatively large range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for a relatively large range
+of wavelengths gone on the way from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wavelengths gone on the way from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wavelengths gone on the way from from
+ultraviolet into the deep infrared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet into the deep infrared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet into the deep infrared over
+here so you can see that the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can see that the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can see that the index
+varies quite a bit also with a plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies quite a bit also with a plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies quite a bit also with a plot here
+the absorption coefficient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorption coefficient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorption coefficient of the
+material and you can see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you can see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you can see that they're
+kind of correlated in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of correlated in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of correlated in the sense that
+when the index does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the index does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the index does something
+interesting the absorption also seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the absorption also seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the absorption also seems to
+do something interesting this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something interesting this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something interesting this sort of
+web it is not coincidental it is out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it is not coincidental it is out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it is not coincidental it is out to
+have a very interesting theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very interesting theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very interesting theoretical
+foundation I will go into it perhaps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation I will go into it perhaps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation I will go into it perhaps I
+will go into it later in the class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into it later in the class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into it later in the class but
+anyway the parlament had to make here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the parlament had to make here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the parlament had to make here is
+that you can see that the indexing have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see that the indexing have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see that the indexing have
+quite a bit of variation so because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of variation so because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of variation so because of
+that if you send broadband light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you send broadband light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you send broadband light that
+contains multiple colors into a map into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains multiple colors into a map into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains multiple colors into a map into
+a an element such as a prism then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an element such as a prism then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an element such as a prism then you
+can observe this phenomenon that purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe this phenomenon that purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe this phenomenon that purpose
+owed different wavelengths different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owed different wavelengths different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owed different wavelengths different
+colors they experience different index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors they experience different index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors they experience different index
+and therefore the Snell's law applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the Snell's law applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the Snell's law applies
+differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+to them that is why you have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them that is why you have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them that is why you have this this
+it's called analysis of white life it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called analysis of white life it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called analysis of white life it
+becomes an angle and if you look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an angle and if you look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an angle and if you look at at
+most metaphor most materials it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most metaphor most materials it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most metaphor most materials it is true
+in the visible wavelength longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visible wavelength longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visible wavelength longer
+wavelength actually have the lower index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength actually have the lower index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength actually have the lower index
+of refraction now let's see doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction now let's see doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction now let's see doesn't make
+sense if you look at this picture over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you look at this picture over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you look at this picture over
+here doesn't make sense what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't make sense what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't make sense what I said
+which which wavelength apparently has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which wavelength apparently has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which wavelength apparently has
+their lower index blue or red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it better be right or order either I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be right or order either I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be right or order either I
+made the wrong slide but anyway I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the wrong slide but anyway I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the wrong slide but anyway I've
+taught this class for several years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught this class for several years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught this class for several years so
+you would think that if I had made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think that if I had made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think that if I had made the
+wrong slider with a fix in binary so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong slider with a fix in binary so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong slider with a fix in binary so the
+slide is correct the way to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is correct the way to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is correct the way to figure it
+out is you have to imagine a normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is you have to imagine a normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is you have to imagine a normal to
+the surface over here so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface over here so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface over here so which
+wavelength appears to have the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength appears to have the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength appears to have the stronger
+refraction blue or red blue right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction blue or red blue right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction blue or red blue right so the
+blue wavelength suffers the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue wavelength suffers the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue wavelength suffers the strong
+refraction that is the blue wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction that is the blue wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction that is the blue wavelength
+has what in the higher or lower higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what in the higher or lower higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what in the higher or lower higher
+and indeed the blue wavelength has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed the blue wavelength has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed the blue wavelength has a
+shorter is shorter than the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter is shorter than the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter is shorter than the red
+wavelength so this is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so this is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so this is consistent with
+the curve that you see here the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve that you see here the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve that you see here the blue
+wavelength is probably somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is probably somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is probably somewhere around
+here the red wavelength the same around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the red wavelength the same around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the red wavelength the same around
+here it is not that it is not a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is not that it is not a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is not that it is not a dramatic
+variation in the visible range and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the visible range and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the visible range and that
+is typical for most glasses if a visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical for most glasses if a visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical for most glasses if a visible
+range they have a relatively slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range they have a relatively slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range they have a relatively slow
+variation of the index of refraction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the index of refraction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the index of refraction but
+nevertheless it is there and you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it is there and you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it is there and you saw
+evidence of it in the experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of it in the experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of it in the experiment that
+pepper just did with the prism and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper just did with the prism and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper just did with the prism and the
+last thing on a sadder are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing on a sadder are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing on a sadder are not going to
+belabor this point people use values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor this point people use values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor this point people use values
+quantities to characterize dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities to characterize dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities to characterize dispersion
+and typically they characterize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically they characterize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically they characterize them
+with respect to the various emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the various emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the various emission
+light emission lines from atomic spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emission lines from atomic spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emission lines from atomic spectra
+so they use this as reference factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use this as reference factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use this as reference factor the
+reason I suppose the reason is that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I suppose the reason is that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I suppose the reason is that back
+when people develop these measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people develop these measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people develop these measures the
+lasers were not available so the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers were not available so the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers were not available so the best
+way to define wavelength standards was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to define wavelength standards was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to define wavelength standards was
+with with emission lines so they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with emission lines so they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with emission lines so they used
+typically the hydrogen seed line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the hydrogen seed line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the hydrogen seed line and
+left line and the sodium D line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left line and the sodium D line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left line and the sodium D line and then
+they define this quantities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define this quantities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define this quantities the
+dispersive power and the index of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive power and the index of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive power and the index of every
+and the dispersive index which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dispersive index which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dispersive index which is
+defined according to to the index at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined according to to the index at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined according to to the index at
+least a different wavelength so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a different wavelength so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a different wavelength so this is
+this is very useful for people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very useful for people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very useful for people who do
+optical design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical design and
+gives you sort of an idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you sort of an idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you sort of an idea of how
+dispersive is a glass so consider these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive is a glass so consider these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive is a glass so consider these
+quantities are actually inverse relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are actually inverse relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are actually inverse relative
+to each other and this is an example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and this is an example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and this is an example for
+ground glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground glass
+typically you want the V number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you want the V number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you want the V number the
+dispersive power to below if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive power to below if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive power to below if you want
+dispersion frame element okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion frame element okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion frame element okay any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm not going to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not going to go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not going to go over the
+second lecture we will postpone it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture we will postpone it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture we will postpone it for
+Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+basically we've slid back by about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've slid back by about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've slid back by about an
+hour but that's okay we'll catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour but that's okay we'll catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour but that's okay we'll catch up
+later but what I'll do is I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but what I'll do is I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but what I'll do is I would like
+to get you started thinking about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you started thinking about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you started thinking about next
+Wednesday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's lecture
+so next Wednesday will basically see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next Wednesday will basically see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next Wednesday will basically see a
+bunch of applications of Thermage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of applications of Thermage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of applications of Thermage
+principle namely the principle that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle namely the principle that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle namely the principle that says
+that light chooses its trajectory time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light chooses its trajectory time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light chooses its trajectory time
+to minimize the optical path length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the optical path length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the optical path length so
+with only the two applications run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only the two applications run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only the two applications run in
+the law of reflection and the other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of reflection and the other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of reflection and the other in
+the law of refraction so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of refraction so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of refraction so the next
+applications will be in focusing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications will be in focusing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications will be in focusing so the
+question will ask next Wednesday is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will ask next Wednesday is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will ask next Wednesday is how
+can we design a surface reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we design a surface reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we design a surface reflective
+surface such that if light is arriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface such that if light is arriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface such that if light is arriving
+from infinity in parallel rays like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from infinity in parallel rays like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from infinity in parallel rays like this
+the surface upon reflection focuses all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface upon reflection focuses all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface upon reflection focuses all
+the Rays so they pass from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rays so they pass from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rays so they pass from the same
+common focal point F so you can look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common focal point F so you can look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common focal point F so you can look it
+up in the notes and then I will go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the notes and then I will go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the notes and then I will go over
+it again on Wednesday how you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again on Wednesday how you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again on Wednesday how you can use
+the firm our principle in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm our principle in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm our principle in order to
+design we can actually design who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we can actually design who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we can actually design who can
+come up with an analytic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an analytic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an analytic expression
+turns out to be a parabola for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a parabola for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a parabola for the
+surface that gives their perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that gives their perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that gives their perfect
+focusing on to a point okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on to a point okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on to a point okay so the
+homework has been passed in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework has been passed in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework has been passed in the first
+three problems you can do without need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three problems you can do without need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three problems you can do without need
+for any of this actually I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of this actually I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of this actually I think the
+first four problems you don't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four problems you don't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four problems you don't need any
+of this and the problem is the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and the problem is the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and the problem is the problems
+are not you until actually the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not you until actually the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not you until actually the next
+Wednesday not this Wednesday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday not this Wednesday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday not this Wednesday but
+Wednesday the 18th nine days from today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday the 18th nine days from today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday the 18th nine days from today
+so you're in good shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're in good shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're in good shape
+with with regard to the homework
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QVKj3LADCnA.txt b/QVKj3LADCnA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cdb8ff46a2e55f36290dc4377297de4fefd63bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QVKj3LADCnA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7121 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is it this is then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is it this is then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is it this is then the second
+lecture in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in linear
+algebra and uh I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and uh I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and uh I've put
+below my main topics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below my main topics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below my main topics for
+today that I I put right there a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that I I put right there a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that I I put right there a system
+of equations that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations that's going to be our
+example to work with but let me what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to work with but let me what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to work with but let me what are
+we going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do with
+it we're going to solve it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to solve it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to solve it and the
+method of solution will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of solution will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of solution will not be
+determinants determinants are something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants determinants are something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants determinants are something
+that will come later the method we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will come later the method we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will come later the method we'll
+use is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is called
+elimination and it's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and it's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and it's the way
+every software package solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every software package solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every software package solves
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+and so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and and
+elimination uh well if it succeeds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh well if it succeeds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh well if it succeeds it
+gets the answer and normally it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the answer and normally it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the answer and normally it does
+succeed if the Matrix a that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed if the Matrix a that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed if the Matrix a that's coming
+into that system is a good Matrix and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that system is a good Matrix and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that system is a good Matrix and I
+think this one is then elimination will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this one is then elimination will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this one is then elimination will
+work we'll get the answer in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we'll get the answer in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we'll get the answer in an
+efficient way but why don't we as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way but why don't we as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way but why don't we as long
+as we're sort of seeing how elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're sort of seeing how elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're sort of seeing how elimination
+works it's always good to ask how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's always good to ask how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's always good to ask how could
+it fail so at the same time we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fail so at the same time we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fail so at the same time we'll see
+we'll see how elimination decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how elimination decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how elimination decides
+whether the Matrix is a good one or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the Matrix is a good one or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the Matrix is a good one or has
+has problems then to complete the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has problems then to complete the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has problems then to complete the answer
+there's a obvious step of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a obvious step of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a obvious step of back
+substitution in fact the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in fact the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in fact the idea of
+elimination is you you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is you you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is you you would have
+thought of it right uh I mean gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of it right uh I mean gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of it right uh I mean gaus
+thought of it before we did but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of it before we did but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of it before we did but only
+because he was born earlier it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was born earlier it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was born earlier it's a
+natural idea uh um and died earlier too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea uh um and died earlier too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea uh um and died earlier too
+okay so uh uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh but
+then and you've seen the idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you've seen the idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you've seen the idea but
+now the part that I want to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the part that I want to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the part that I want to show you is
+elimination expressed in Matrix language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination expressed in Matrix language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination expressed in Matrix language
+because the whole course H all the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole course H all the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole course H all the key
+ideas get expressed as Matrix operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas get expressed as Matrix operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas get expressed as Matrix operations
+not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as
+words and uh one of the operations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and uh one of the operations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and uh one of the operations of
+course that will meet is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that will meet is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that will meet is how do we
+multiply matrices and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply matrices and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply matrices and why
+okay so there's a system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a system of equations
+three equations in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unknowns and there's the Matrix the 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and there's the Matrix the 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and there's the Matrix the 3X3
+Matrix that that so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that that so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that that so this is the
+system uh ax equal B you could say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh ax equal B you could say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh ax equal B you could say this
+is this is our system to solve ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is our system to solve ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is our system to solve ax equal
+and the right hand side is that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side is that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side is that Vector
+2122 okay now uh when I describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2122 okay now uh when I describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2122 okay now uh when I describe
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+it gets to be a pain to keep writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to be a pain to keep writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to be a pain to keep writing the
+equal signs and the pluses and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal signs and the pluses and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal signs and the pluses and so on
+it's it's that Matrix that that totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's that Matrix that that totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's that Matrix that that totally
+matters everything is in that Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters everything is in that Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters everything is in that Matrix but
+behind it is those equations so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it is those equations so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it is those equations so what
+does elimination do what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does elimination do what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does elimination do what's the first
+step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of
+elimination we we we accept the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination we we we accept the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination we we we accept the first
+equation it's okay I'm going to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's okay I'm going to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's okay I'm going to multiply
+that equation by the right number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation by the right number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation by the right number the
+right multiplier and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right multiplier and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right multiplier and I'm going to
+subtract it from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it from the second
+equation with with what purpose so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with with what purpose so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with with what purpose so what
+what what that will decide what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what that will decide what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what that will decide what the
+multiplier should be our purpose is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier should be our purpose is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier should be our purpose is to
+knock out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out the
+X part of equation two so our purpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X part of equation two so our purpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X part of equation two so our purpose is
+to reduce to eliminate X so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce to eliminate X so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce to eliminate X so what do I
+multiply and and again I'll do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and and again I'll do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and and again I'll do it with
+this Matrix because I can do it short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix because I can do it short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix because I can do it short
+what what's the multiplier here what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the multiplier here what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the multiplier here what do
+I multiply equation one and subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply equation one and subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply equation one and subtract
+notice I'm saying that word subtract I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm saying that word subtract I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm saying that word subtract I
+i' I'd like to stick to that convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I'd like to stick to that convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I'd like to stick to that convention
+I'll do a subtraction so what oh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a subtraction so what oh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a subtraction so what oh first
+of all this is the key number right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this is the key number right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this is the key number right that
+I I'm starting with and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm starting with and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm starting with and that's called
+the pivot I'll put a box around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot I'll put a box around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot I'll put a box around it and
+and write its name down that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write its name down that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write its name down that's the first
+pivot the first pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot the first pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot the first pivot
+okay so I'm going to use that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to use that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to use that's sort of
+like the key number in that equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the key number in that equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the key number in that equation and
+now what's the multiplier so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the multiplier so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the multiplier so I'm going
+to I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going
+to uh my first row won't change but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh my first row won't change but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh my first row won't change but I'm
+that's the pivot row but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pivot row but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pivot row but I'm going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+it and now finally let me ask you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now finally let me ask you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now finally let me ask you what
+the multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplier is
+yes three three times that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes three three times that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes three three times that first
+equation will knock out that three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will knock out that three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will knock out that three okay
+so what will leave so the multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will leave so the multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will leave so the multiplier is
+three 3 * that will leave will make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3 * that will leave will make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3 * that will leave will make that
+zero that was our purpose 32 is away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that was our purpose 32 is away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that was our purpose 32 is away
+from the eight will leave a two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eight will leave a two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eight will leave a two and
+three ones away from one will leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ones away from one will leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ones away from one will leave a
+minus two and this guy didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two and this guy didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two and this guy didn't
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+okay now the next step so that step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the next step so that step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the next step so that step of
+this is forward elimination and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is forward elimination and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is forward elimination and that
+step's completed oh well you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step's completed oh well you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step's completed oh well you could say
+wait a minute what about the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute what about the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute what about the right hand
+side shall I carry the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side shall I carry the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side shall I carry the right hand side
+is like get carried along actually mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like get carried along actually mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like get carried along actually mat
+lab finishes up with the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab finishes up with the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab finishes up with the left side
+before and then just goes back to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then just goes back to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then just goes back to do the
+right side maybe I I'll be matl for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side maybe I I'll be matl for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side maybe I I'll be matl for for
+a moment and do that okay so I just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and do that okay so I just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and do that okay so I just like
+I'm leaving a room for a column of B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leaving a room for a column of B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leaving a room for a column of B the
+right hand side but I I'll fill it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side but I I'll fill it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side but I I'll fill it in
+later okay now the next step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay now the next step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay now the next step of
+elimination is what well strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is what well strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is what well strictly
+speaking I should I cleaned up this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking I should I cleaned up this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking I should I cleaned up this was
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+this position that I cleaned up was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position that I cleaned up was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position that I cleaned up was like
+the 21 position row two column one so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 position row two column one so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 position row two column one so I
+got a zero in the 21 position I I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a zero in the 21 position I I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a zero in the 21 position I I'll use
+21 as the index of that step The Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 as the index of that step The Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 as the index of that step The Next
+Step should be to finish the column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step should be to finish the column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step should be to finish the column and
+uh get a zero in that position so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get a zero in that position so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get a zero in that position so the
+next step is really the 31 step Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is really the 31 step Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is really the 31 step Row
+three column one but of course I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three column one but of course I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three column one but of course I already
+have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero
+okay so so the multiplier is zero I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the multiplier is zero I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the multiplier is zero I take
+zero of this equation away from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of this equation away from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of this equation away from this one
+and uh I'm all set so I won't repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'm all set so I won't repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'm all set so I won't repeat
+that but there was a step there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there was a step there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there was a step there
+which uh mat lab would have to look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh mat lab would have to look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh mat lab would have to look it
+would look at this number and uh do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at this number and uh do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at this number and uh do that
+step unless you told it in advance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step unless you told it in advance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step unless you told it in advance that
+it was Zero okay now uh now what now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Zero okay now uh now what now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Zero okay now uh now what now we
+can see the second pivot which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the second pivot which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the second pivot which is what
+the second pivot see we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pivot see we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pivot see we've
+eliminated X is now gone from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated X is now gone from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated X is now gone from this
+equation right we're down to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right we're down to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right we're down to two
+equations in Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in Y and
+Z and so now I just do it again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so now I just do it again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so now I just do it again like
+everything's recursive at this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's recursive at this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's recursive at this this is a
+such a basic algorithm and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a basic algorithm and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a basic algorithm and it's and
+you've seen it but carry me through one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it but carry me through one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it but carry me through one
+last step what what's the so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step what what's the so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step what what's the so this is
+still the first pivot now the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the first pivot now the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the first pivot now the second
+pivot is is this guy who who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot is is this guy who who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot is is this guy who who has
+appeared there and what's the multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared there and what's the multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared there and what's the multiplier
+the appropriate multiplier now and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate multiplier now and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate multiplier now and what
+and what's my purpose is to clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's my purpose is to clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's my purpose is to clean up the
+is to wipe out the 32 position right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to wipe out the 32 position right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to wipe out the 32 position right
+this was the this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the this was the
+two1 step and now I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two1 step and now I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two1 step and now I'm going to take
+the 32 step so this all stays the same 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 32 step so this all stays the same 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 32 step so this all stays the same 1
+2 1 0 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 0 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 0 2 -
+one and the the pivots are there now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the the pivots are there now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the the pivots are there now I'm
+using this pivot so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this pivot so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this pivot so what's the
+multiplier two two times this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier two two times this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier two two times this equation
+this row gets subtracted from this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row gets subtracted from this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row gets subtracted from this row
+and makes that a zero so it's zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes that a zero so it's zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes that a zero so it's zero zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what's is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's is it a
+five yeah I guess it's a five is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five yeah I guess it's a five is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five yeah I guess it's a five is that
+right because I have a one there and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I have a one there and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I have a one there and I'm
+subtracting twice of the twice this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting twice of the twice this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting twice of the twice this so I
+I think it sits a five there there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it sits a five there there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it sits a five there there's the
+third pivot so let me put a box around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third pivot so let me put a box around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third pivot so let me put a box around
+all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pivots is there a I think that oh did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots is there a I think that oh did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots is there a I think that oh did I
+just invent a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just invent a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just invent a negative
+one I I I'm sorry that the tape can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I I I'm sorry that the tape can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I I I'm sorry that the tape can't
+uh correct that as easily as I can okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh correct that as easily as I can okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh correct that as easily as I can okay
+is that thank you very much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that thank you very much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that thank you very much uh
+you get an A in the course now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an A in the course now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an A in the course now is that
+is that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that
+correct is it correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct is it correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct is it correct
+now okay so the three pivots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I I know right away a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I I know right away a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I I know right away a lot about
+this Matrix th this this elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix th this this elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix th this this elimination
+step from a this this Matrix I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step from a this this Matrix I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step from a this this Matrix I'm going
+to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call
+u u for upper triangular so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u for upper triangular so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u for upper triangular so the whole
+purpose of elimination was to get from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of elimination was to get from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of elimination was to get from a
+to U and literally that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U and literally that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U and literally that's the most
+common calculation in scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common calculation in scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common calculation in scientific
+Computing and any and people think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing and any and people think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing and any and people think of
+how could I do that faster because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could I do that faster because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could I do that faster because it's
+a major major thing but we're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major major thing but we're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major major thing but we're doing it
+the straightforward way we found three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straightforward way we found three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straightforward way we found three
+pivots and by the way I didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and by the way I didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and by the way I didn't say
+this pivots can't be zero I don't accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pivots can't be zero I don't accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pivots can't be zero I don't accept
+zero as a pivot and I didn't get zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as a pivot and I didn't get zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as a pivot and I didn't get zero so
+this this Matrix is great it gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Matrix is great it gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Matrix is great it gave me
+three pivots I didn't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pivots I didn't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pivots I didn't have to do
+anything special I just followed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special I just followed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special I just followed the
+rules and uh and uh the pivots are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and uh and uh the pivots are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and uh and uh the pivots are one
+two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and
+five by the way just because I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five by the way just because I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five by the way just because I always
+anticipate stuff from a later day if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate stuff from a later day if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate stuff from a later day if I
+wanted to know the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know the determinant of the
+the determinant of this Matrix which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix which I
+never do want to know uh but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do want to know uh but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do want to know uh but I would
+just multiply the pivots the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply the pivots the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply the pivots the determinant
+is 10 so even things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 so even things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 so even things like the
+determinant are are are uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant are are are uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant are are are uh are
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay now oh let me talk about failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh let me talk about failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh let me talk about failure
+for a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and
+then and then uh come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then uh come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then uh come back to
+success how could this have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success how could this have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success how could this have
+failed how could um well how could by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed how could um well how could by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed how could um well how could by
+fail I mean fail to come up with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pivots what how tell me I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots what how tell me I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots what how tell me I mean there are
+a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of
+points I would have already been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I would have already been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I would have already been in
+trouble if this first very first number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if this first very first number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if this first very first number
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+was Zero if it was a zero there suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero if it was a zero there suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero if it was a zero there suppose
+that had been a zero there were no x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been a zero there were no x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been a zero there were no x's
+in that equation first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that equation first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that equation first
+equation does that mean I can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does that mean I can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does that mean I can't solve
+the problem does that mean I quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem does that mean I quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem does that mean I quit
+no what do I do I switch rows I exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what do I do I switch rows I exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what do I do I switch rows I exchange
+rows so in case of a zero I I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so in case of a zero I I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so in case of a zero I I will not
+say zero pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero pill
+I will never be heard to utter those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will never be heard to utter those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will never be heard to utter those
+words zero pivot but if there's a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words zero pivot but if there's a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words zero pivot but if there's a zero
+in the pivot position maybe I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pivot position maybe I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pivot position maybe I can say
+that I would try to exchange for a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would try to exchange for a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would try to exchange for a lower
+equation and get a non get a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and get a non get a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and get a non get a proper
+pivot up there okay now for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot up there okay now for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot up there okay now for example this
+second pivot came out two could it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot came out two could it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot came out two could it have
+come out zero what actually if I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out zero what actually if I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out zero what actually if I changed
+that eight a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eight a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eight a little
+bit I would have got again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I would have got again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I would have got again uh
+a a little trouble what should I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little trouble what should I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little trouble what should I change
+that 8 to so that I get some so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 8 to so that I get some so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 8 to so that I get some so that I
+run into trouble a six if that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble a six if that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble a six if that had been
+a six then this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six then this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six then this would have
+been zero and I couldn't have used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been zero and I couldn't have used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been zero and I couldn't have used that
+as the pivot but I could have exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pivot but I could have exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pivot but I could have exchanged
+again in this case in this case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this case in this case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this case in this case because
+what when can I when can I get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when can I when can I get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when can I when can I get out of
+trouble I can get out of trouble if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble I can get out of trouble if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble I can get out of trouble if
+there's a nonzero below this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nonzero below this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nonzero below this this
+Troublesome zero and there is here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome zero and there is here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Troublesome zero and there is here so I
+would be okay in this case if this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be okay in this case if this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be okay in this case if this was a
+six I would survive by a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I would survive by a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I would survive by a row
+exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+now of course it might have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course it might have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course it might have happened
+that I couldn't do the r that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't do the r that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't do the r that that there
+was zeros below it but here there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zeros below it but here there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zeros below it but here there wasn't
+now I could also have got in trouble if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I could also have got in trouble if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I could also have got in trouble if
+this number one was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number one was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number one was a little
+different see that one one became a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different see that one one became a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different see that one one became a five
+I guess by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end so do you do you can you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so do you do you can you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so do you do you can you see what
+number there would have got me trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there would have got me trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there would have got me trouble
+that I really couldn't get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really couldn't get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really couldn't get out of
+trouble that I couldn't get out of would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble that I couldn't get out of would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble that I couldn't get out of would
+mean if the pivot is oh if if zero is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if the pivot is oh if if zero is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if the pivot is oh if if zero is in
+the pivot position and I can't I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot position and I can't I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot position and I can't I've got
+no place to exchange so there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no place to exchange so there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no place to exchange so there there
+there must be some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some number
+which if I had had here it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if I had had here it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if I had had here it would have
+meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant
+failure -4 good if it was a ne4 here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure -4 good if it was a ne4 here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure -4 good if it was a ne4 here if
+it happened to be a NE -4 can I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened to be a NE -4 can I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened to be a NE -4 can I can I
+I'll temporarily put it up here if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll temporarily put it up here if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll temporarily put it up here if if
+this had been a Nega 4 Z then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had been a Nega 4 Z then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had been a Nega 4 Z then I would
+have gone through the same steps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone through the same steps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone through the same steps this
+would have been a minus 4 it still would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a minus 4 it still would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a minus 4 it still would
+have been aus4 but at the last minute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been aus4 but at the last minute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been aus4 but at the last minute it
+would have become zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have become zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have become zero
+and there wouldn't have been a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there wouldn't have been a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there wouldn't have been a third
+pivot The Matrix would have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot The Matrix would have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot The Matrix would have not been
+invertible of course the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible of course the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible of course the inverse of a
+matrix is coming next week but uh you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is coming next week but uh you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is coming next week but uh you've
+heard these words before so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard these words before so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard these words before so that that's
+how we we we identify failure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we we we identify failure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we we we identify failure there's
+temporary failure when we can do a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary failure when we can do a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary failure when we can do a row
+exchange and and get out of it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and and get out of it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and and get out of it or
+there's complete failure when we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's complete failure when we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's complete failure when we get a
+zero and and there's nothing below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and there's nothing below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and there's nothing below that
+we can use okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use okay
+let's stay with uh back to success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stay with uh back to success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stay with uh back to success
+now in fact I guess the next topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact I guess the next topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact I guess the next topic is
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+substitution so what's back substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so what's back substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so what's back substitution
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that now I better bring the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I better bring the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I better bring the right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+in so what would mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what would mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what would mat lab
+do and what should we do let's let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and what should we do let's let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and what should we do let's let's let
+me bring in the rightand side as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me bring in the rightand side as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me bring in the rightand side as an
+extra column so there comes B so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra column so there comes B so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra column so there comes B so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is I I would call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I I would call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I I would call this the
+augmented Matrix augment means you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented Matrix augment means you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented Matrix augment means you've
+tacked something on I've tacked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacked something on I've tacked on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacked something on I've tacked on this
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+column because when I'm working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column because when I'm working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column because when I'm working with
+equations I do the same thing to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I do the same thing to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I do the same thing to both
+sides so at this step I subtracted two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so at this step I subtracted two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so at this step I subtracted two
+of the first equation away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first equation away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first equation away from the
+second equation so that this augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation so that this augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation so that this augmented
+should I even brought some colored chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I even brought some colored chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I even brought some colored chalk
+but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't
+know if it shows up so this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it shows up so this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it shows up so this is like the
+augmented no damn Circle the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented no damn Circle the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented no damn Circle the wrong thing
+okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's
+the here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's
+B okay that's the extra column okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay that's the extra column okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay that's the extra column okay so
+what happened to that extra column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to that extra column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to that extra column the
+right hand side of the equations when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the equations when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the equations when I
+did the first step so that was three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first step so that was three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the first step so that was three of
+this away from this so it took the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this away from this so it took the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this away from this so it took the two
+stayed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same
+but 32s got taken away from 12 leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 32s got taken away from 12 leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 32s got taken away from 12 leaving
+six and that two stayed the same so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and that two stayed the same so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and that two stayed the same so this
+is the how it's looking halfway along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the how it's looking halfway along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the how it's looking halfway along
+and let let me just carry to the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let let me just carry to the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let let me just carry to the end the
+two and the six stay the same but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the six stay the same but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the six stay the same but what
+do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have
+here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gosh uh help me out now what so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh uh help me out now what so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh uh help me out now what so now I'm
+I'm this is this is still like forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm this is this is still like forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm this is this is still like forward
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+I I got to this point which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I got to this point which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I got to this point which I think is
+right and now what did I do at this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now what did I do at this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now what did I do at this step
+I multiplied that pivot by two or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied that pivot by two or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied that pivot by two or that
+whole equation by two and subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equation by two and subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equation by two and subtracted
+from that so I think I take two sixths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so I think I take two sixths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so I think I take two sixths
+which is 12 away from the two do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 12 away from the two do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 12 away from the two do you
+think minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think minus
+10 is my final right hand side the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is my final right hand side the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is my final right hand side the right
+hand side that goes with u and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side that goes with u and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side that goes with u and let me
+call that once and forever the vector C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that once and forever the vector C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that once and forever the vector C
+so C is what happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C is what happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C is what happens to be
+and U is what happens to a okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is what happens to a okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U is what happens to a okay there
+you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen
+elimination clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination clean
+okay oh what's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh what's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh what's back
+substitution so so what are my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so so what are my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so so what are my final
+equations then can I can I copy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations then can I can I copy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations then can I can I copy these
+equations uh x + 2 y + Z = 2 is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh x + 2 y + Z = 2 is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh x + 2 y + Z = 2 is still
+there then 2 y - 2 Z = 6 is there and 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then 2 y - 2 Z = 6 is there and 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then 2 y - 2 Z = 6 is there and 5
+Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is
+-1 okay that those are the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 okay that those are the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 okay that those are the equations
+that are that these numbers are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that these numbers are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that these numbers are telling
+me about those are the equations uux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about those are the equations uux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about those are the equations uux
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+C okay how do I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay how do I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay how do I solve
+them what do what one do I solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do what one do I solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do what one do I solve for
+first Z I see immediately that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Z I see immediately that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Z I see immediately that the
+correct value of Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value of Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value of Z is
+-2 and what do I do next I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and what do I do next I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and what do I do next I go back
+upwards I now know Z here so uh if Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards I now know Z here so uh if Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards I now know Z here so uh if Z is
+-2 that's four there is that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 that's four there is that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 that's four there is that right and
+so 2 y+ the 4 is six maybe Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 y+ the 4 is six maybe Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 y+ the 4 is six maybe Y is
+one going this is this is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one going this is this is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one going this is this is back
+substitution we're doing it on the Fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we're doing it on the Fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we're doing it on the Fly
+because it's so easy and then X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so easy and then X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so easy and then X
+is so x 2 y is 2 - 2 maybe X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so you see what back substitution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you see what back substitution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you see what back substitution is
+it's the simple step solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the simple step solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the simple step solving the
+equations in reverse order because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in reverse order because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in reverse order because the
+system is triangular okay good so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is triangular okay good so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is triangular okay good so that's
+elimination and back substitution and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and back substitution and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and back substitution and I
+kept the right hand side along okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the right hand side along okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the right hand side along okay now
+what do I what so that that like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I what so that that like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I what so that that like is
+first piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece of the
+lecture what's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what's the second
+piece matrices are going to get in so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece matrices are going to get in so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece matrices are going to get in so so
+I first I wrote stuff with x y and Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first I wrote stuff with x y and Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first I wrote stuff with x y and Z's
+in there then I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there then I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there then I really
+uh got to write shorthand just writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got to write shorthand just writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got to write shorthand just writing
+the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+entries and now I want to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and now I want to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and now I want to write the
+operations that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that I did
+in matrices right I've carried the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrices right I've carried the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrices right I've carried the
+matrices along but I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices along but I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices along but I haven't
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+operation the those those elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the those those elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the those those elimination
+steps I I now want to express as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I I now want to express as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I I now want to express as
+matrices okay here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come so now this is elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices okay let me take that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay let me take that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay let me take that let me
+take that first step which which took me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that first step which which took me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that first step which which took me
+from 121
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+041 I I want to operate on that I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+041 I I want to operate on that I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+041 I I want to operate on that I I want
+to do uh elimination on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh elimination on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh elimination on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay okay now actually I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now actually I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now actually I'm I'm
+remembering a point I want to I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering a point I want to I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering a point I want to I want
+to single out as as as uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to single out as as as uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to single out as as as uh especially
+important let me let me move the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important let me let me move the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important let me let me move the board
+up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that because we when we do Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we when we do Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we when we do Matrix
+operations we got to like be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we got to like be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we got to like be able to see
+the big picture okay last time I spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture okay last time I spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture okay last time I spoke
+about the big picture of when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the big picture of when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the big picture of when I multiply
+a matrix by a right hand side if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix by a right hand side if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix by a right hand side if I have
+some Matrix there and I multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Matrix there and I multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Matrix there and I multiply it by
+345 let's say so here's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did I say well I guess I only said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I say well I guess I only said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I say well I guess I only said
+it on the videotape but do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the videotape but do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the videotape but do you remember
+how I look at that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I look at that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I look at that matrix
+multiplication the result of multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the result of multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the result of multiplying
+a matrix by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix by some
+Vector is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is a combination of
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+Columns of the matrix it's three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the matrix it's three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the matrix it's three times
+the First Column it's 3 * column 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column it's 3 * column 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column it's 3 * column 1 plus
+4 * column 2 + 5 * column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 okay I'm going to come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay I'm going to come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay I'm going to come back to that
+multiple times what I wanted to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times what I wanted to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times what I wanted to do now
+was to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to emphasize
+the parallel thing be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel thing be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel thing be with
+rows why because all our operations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows why because all our operations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows why because all our operations here
+for this like this two weeks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this like this two weeks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this like this two weeks of the
+course are row operations so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are row operations so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are row operations so I have to
+so it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it this
+isn't what I need for row operations let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what I need for row operations let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what I need for row operations let
+me let me let me do a row operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me let me do a row operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me let me do a row operation
+suppose I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have my
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+again and suppose I multiply on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and suppose I multiply on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and suppose I multiply on the left
+by some let's say one two7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again I'm just like saying what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just like saying what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just like saying what the
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then
+we'll say how matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say how matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say how matrix multiplication
+works and we'll see that it's true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and we'll see that it's true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and we'll see that it's true okay
+but maybe already I'm making uh I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe already I'm making uh I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe already I'm making uh I'm sort
+of bringing up the central idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing up the central idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing up the central idea of
+linear algebra is how these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is how these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is how these matrices
+work by rows as well as by columns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by rows as well as by columns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by rows as well as by columns okay
+how does it work by rows what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work by rows what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work by rows what what
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+a that's a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a row
+Vector it's a it's I could say that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's a it's I could say that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's a it's I could say that's a
+one by3 Matrix a row Vector multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by3 Matrix a row Vector multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by3 Matrix a row Vector multiplying
+a 3X3 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the
+output what's the product of a row times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what's the product of a row times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what's the product of a row times
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix and okay it's a row a row a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and okay it's a row a row a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and okay it's a row a row a
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+a sorry a matrix times a column is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorry a matrix times a column is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorry a matrix times a column is a
+column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so
+Matrix times yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times yeah
+Matrix times a column is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times a column is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times a column is a
+column and we know what column it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and we know what column it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and we know what column it is
+over here I'm doing a row times a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm doing a row times a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'm doing a row times a matrix
+and what and what is the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and what is the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and what is the what's the
+answer it's one of that first row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's one of that first row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's one of that first row so
+it's one * 1 time Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one * 1 time Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one * 1 time Row
+one plus 2 * row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus 2 * row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus 2 * row two
+plus 7 * Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 7 * Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 7 * Row
+3 when as we do matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 when as we do matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 when as we do matrix
+multiplication keep your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication keep your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication keep your eye
+on what it's doing with whole vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what it's doing with whole vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what it's doing with whole vectors
+and what it's doing what what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's doing what what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's doing what what it's doing
+in this case is it's combining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is it's combining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is it's combining the
+rows we have a combination a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we have a combination a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we have a combination a linear
+combination of the rows okay I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the rows okay I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the rows okay I want to
+use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now so my question is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so my question is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so my question is what's the
+Matrix that does this first step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that does this first step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that does this first step that
+takes subtracts three of equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes subtracts three of equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes subtracts three of equation one
+from equation two that's what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equation two that's what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equation two that's what I want to
+do so this is going to be a a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is going to be a a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is going to be a a matrix
+that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtract 3 * time Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 3 * time Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 3 * time Row
+one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and leaves the other rows the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and leaves the other rows the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and leaves the other rows the same
+Ju Just I mean the answer is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ju Just I mean the answer is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ju Just I mean the answer is going to be
+that so whatever Matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so whatever Matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so whatever Matrix this
+is and you're going to like tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you're going to like tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you're going to like tell me what
+Matrix will do it it's the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will do it it's the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will do it it's the Matrix that
+leaves the first row unchanged leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the first row unchanged leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the first row unchanged leaves
+the last row unchanged but takes three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last row unchanged but takes three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last row unchanged but takes three
+of these away from this so it puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these away from this so it puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these away from this so it puts a
+zero there a two there and a minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there a two there and a minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there a two there and a minus two
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+what Matrix will do it it's these it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix will do it it's these it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix will do it it's these it
+should be a pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a pretty simple
+Matrix because we're doing a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because we're doing a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because we're doing a very simple
+step we're just doing this step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're just doing this step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're just doing this step that
+changes row two so actually Row one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes row two so actually Row one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes row two so actually Row one is
+not changing so tell me how the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing so tell me how the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing so tell me how the Matrix
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+one so the first row of the Matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the first row of the Matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the first row of the Matrix will
+be one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z because that's just the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z because that's just the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z because that's just the right thing
+that takes one of that row and none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes one of that row and none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes one of that row and none of
+the other rows and that's what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows and that's what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows and that's what we want
+what's the last row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the last row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the last row of the
+Matrix 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix 0
+01 because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 because that
+takes one of the third row and none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one of the third row and none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one of the third row and none of
+the other rows that's great okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows that's great okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows that's great okay now
+suppose I didn't want to do anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I didn't want to do anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I didn't want to do anything at
+all suppose my row well I guess maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all suppose my row well I guess maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all suppose my row well I guess maybe I
+had a a case here when I already had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a case here when I already had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a case here when I already had a
+zero and uh didn't have to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh didn't have to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh didn't have to do anything
+what Matrix uh does nothing like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix uh does nothing like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix uh does nothing like just
+leaves you where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you where you
+were uh if I put in if I put in 0 one Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh if I put in if I put in 0 one Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh if I put in if I put in 0 one Z
+that would be that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would
+be that's the Matrix what's the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's the Matrix what's the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's the Matrix what's the name of
+that Matrix the identity Matrix right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix the identity Matrix right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix the identity Matrix right so
+it does absolutely nothing it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does absolutely nothing it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does absolutely nothing it just
+multiplies everything and leaves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies everything and leaves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies everything and leaves it
+where it is it's like a one like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is it's like a one like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is it's like a one like the
+number one for matrices but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one for matrices but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one for matrices but that's not
+what we want cuz we want to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want cuz we want to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want cuz we want to change this
+row two uh so what's the correct what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two uh so what's the correct what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two uh so what's the correct what
+should I put in here now to come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I put in here now to come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I put in here now to come out to
+do to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to do it
+right I want to get what do I want what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to get what do I want what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to get what do I want what
+am I I'm after I want to subtract my I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I I'm after I want to subtract my I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I I'm after I want to subtract my I I
+I want three of Row one to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want three of Row one to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want three of Row one to get
+subtracted off so what's that row what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted off so what's that row what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted off so what's that row what's
+the right m matx to finish that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right m matx to finish that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right m matx to finish that Matrix
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+me -3 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me -3 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me -3 goes
+here and what goes here that one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what goes here that one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what goes here that one and
+what goes here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes here the
+zero that's the good Matrix that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the good Matrix that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the good Matrix that's the
+Matrix that takes minus three of Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that takes minus three of Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that takes minus three of Row one
+plus the row two and gives the new row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the row two and gives the new row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the row two and gives the new row
+two should we just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check some particular entry how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check some particular entry how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check some particular entry how do I
+check a particular entry of a matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check a particular entry of a matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check a particular entry of a matrix in
+in matrix multiplication like suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix multiplication like suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix multiplication like suppose I
+wanted to check the entry here that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to check the entry here that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to check the entry here that's in
+row two column 3 so where does the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two column 3 so where does the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two column 3 so where does the entry
+in row two column 3 come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row two column 3 come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row two column 3 come
+from I would look at row two of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I would look at row two of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I would look at row two of this guy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+column three of this one to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three of this one to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column three of this one to get that
+number that number comes from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that number comes from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that number comes from the second
+row and the third column and I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and the third column and I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and the third column and I just take
+this dotproduct minus three I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dotproduct minus three I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dotproduct minus three I'm
+multiplying minus 3+ one and zero gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying minus 3+ one and zero gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying minus 3+ one and zero gives
+the minus two yeah it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus two yeah it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus two yeah it it
+works so we got various ways to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we got various ways to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we got various ways to multiply
+matrices now we're we're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices now we're we're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices now we're we're sort of like
+informally we've got by columns we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally we've got by columns we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally we've got by columns we've
+got well we will have by columns by rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well we will have by columns by rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well we will have by columns by rows
+by each entry at a time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each entry at a time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each entry at a time but
+it's good to see that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to see that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to see that matrix
+multiplication when one of the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication when one of the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication when one of the matrices
+is so simple so this guy is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so simple so this guy is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so simple so this guy is our
+elementary Matrix let's let's call it e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary Matrix let's let's call it e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary Matrix let's let's call it e
+for elementary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elementary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elementary or
+elimination and let me put the indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and let me put the indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and let me put the indexes
+21 because it's the Matrix that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 because it's the Matrix that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 because it's the Matrix that we
+needed to fix the 21 position it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to fix the 21 position it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to fix the 21 position it's the
+it's the Matrix that we needed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Matrix that we needed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Matrix that we needed to get
+this 21 position to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 21 position to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 21 position to be zero
+okay good enough so what do I do next I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good enough so what do I do next I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good enough so what do I do next I
+need another Matrix right I I need to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another Matrix right I I need to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another Matrix right I I need to I
+I there's there's another step here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's there's another step here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's there's another step here and
+I want to express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to express the
+whole elimination process in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole elimination process in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole elimination process in Matrix
+language so tell me what now now so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so tell me what now now so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so tell me what now now so next
+step step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step step
+two which was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which was what
+subtract what was what was the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract what was what was the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract what was what was the actual
+step step that we did I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step step that we did I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step step that we did I think I
+subtracted do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted do you
+remember I had a two in the pivot and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I had a two in the pivot and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I had a two in the pivot and a
+four below it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four below it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four below it so I
+subtracted 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted 2
+* time Row 2 from Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* time Row 2 from Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* time Row 2 from Row
+three from Row three tell me the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three from Row three tell me the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three from Row three tell me the Matrix
+that'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and tell me its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and tell me its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and tell me its
+name okay it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name okay it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name okay it's going to be
+e for elementary or elimination Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for elementary or elimination Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for elementary or elimination Matrix
+and what's the index number that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the index number that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the index number that that
+that I use to tell me what e 32 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I use to tell me what e 32 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I use to tell me what e 32 right
+because it's fixing this 32 position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fixing this 32 position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fixing this 32 position and
+what's what is the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what is the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what is the Matrix
+now okay you remember so e32 is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay you remember so e32 is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay you remember so e32 is supposed
+to multiply my guy that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply my guy that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply my guy that I
+have and it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it's supposed to
+produce the right result which was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the right result which was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the right result which was it
+leave supposed to leave the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave supposed to leave the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave supposed to leave the first row
+it's supposed to leave the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to leave the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to leave the second row
+and it's supposed to straighten out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supposed to straighten out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supposed to straighten out the
+third row to to this and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row to to this and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row to to this and what's the
+Matrix that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that does
+that one Z 0 right because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one Z 0 right because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one Z 0 right because we don't
+change the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the first
+row and the next row we don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and the next row we don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and the next row we don't change
+either and the last row is the one we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and the last row is the one we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and the last row is the one we do
+change and what do I I do let's see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and what do I I do let's see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and what do I I do let's see them
+I subtract two times so what's this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract two times so what's this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract two times so what's this row
+what's this here zero right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this here zero right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this here zero right because the
+first row is not involved the SEC it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is not involved the SEC it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is not involved the SEC it's
+just in the 3-2 position isn't it this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the 3-2 position isn't it this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the 3-2 position isn't it this n
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+number is this minus the multiplier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is this minus the multiplier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is this minus the multiplier that
+goes sitting there in that 32 position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes sitting there in that 32 position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes sitting there in that 32 position
+so it's a is it a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a is it a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a is it a minus
+two to subtract two and then this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to subtract two and then this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to subtract two and then this is a
+one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that
+I I the the overall effect is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I the the overall effect is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I the the overall effect is to take
+minus two of this row plus one of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two of this row plus one of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two of this row plus one of that
+okay so I've now given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've now given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've now given you the
+pieces the elimination matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces the elimination matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces the elimination matrices the
+elementary matrices that take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now
+what now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now the
+next point in the lecture is the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next point in the lecture is the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next point in the lecture is the put
+those steps together into a matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps together into a matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps together into a matrix that
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+all and and see how it all happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and and see how it all happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and and see how it all happens so
+now I'm going to express the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to express the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to express the whole
+everything we did today so far on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we did today so far on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we did today so far on on
+a was to start with a we multiplied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was to start with a we multiplied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was to start with a we multiplied it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+E21 that was the first step and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 that was the first step and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E21 that was the first step and then we
+multiplied that result by e32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that result by e32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that result by e32
+and that led us to this thing and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led us to this thing and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led us to this thing and what
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U you see why I like Matrix notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you see why I like Matrix notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you see why I like Matrix notation
+because they're in like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're in like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're in like little
+space a few bits when it's compressed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a few bits when it's compressed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a few bits when it's compressed on
+the web is everything is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web is everything is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web is everything is this whole
+lecture okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there there are important facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are important facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are important facts about
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+multiplication and we're close to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and we're close to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and we're close to maybe
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+important and that that is this suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that that is this suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that that is this suppose
+I ask you this question suppose I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you this question suppose I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you this question suppose I start
+start with a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a matrix
+a and I want to end with a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I want to end with a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I want to end with a matrix
+U and I want to say what Matrix does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I want to say what Matrix does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I want to say what Matrix does the
+whole job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole job
+what Matrix takes me from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix takes me from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix takes me from a to
+U using the letters I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U using the letters I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U using the letters I've
+got so and the answer is simple I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so and the answer is simple I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so and the answer is simple I'm not
+asking this is but it's highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important how could I how would I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how could I how would I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how could I how would I create
+the Matrix that does the whole job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix that does the whole job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix that does the whole job at
+once that does all of elimination in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that does all of elimination in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that does all of elimination in one
+shot it would be I would just put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot it would be I would just put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot it would be I would just put these
+together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right
+in other words th this is the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words th this is the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words th this is the thing I'm
+struggling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to
+say I can move those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parentheses if I keep the matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses if I keep the matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses if I keep the matrices in
+order I can't mess around with the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I can't mess around with the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I can't mess around with the order
+of the matrices but I can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrices but I can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrices but I can change the
+order that I do the multiplications I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that I do the multiplications I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that I do the multiplications I
+can multiply these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first in other words you see what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in other words you see what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in other words you see what those
+parentheses are doing it's saying do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses are doing it's saying do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses are doing it's saying do
+multiply the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the E
+first and that gives you the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and that gives you the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and that gives you the Matrix that
+does everything at once okay what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everything at once okay what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everything at once okay what so
+this fact that this is automatically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that this is automatically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that this is automatically the
+same as this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this for
+every matrix multiplication which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every matrix multiplication which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every matrix multiplication which I'm
+conscious of still not telling you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of still not telling you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of still not telling you in
+every detail but like you're seeing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every detail but like you're seeing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every detail but like you're seeing how
+it works and this is highly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and this is highly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and this is highly important
+and maybe tell me the long word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe tell me the long word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe tell me the long word that
+that describes this law for matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes this law for matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes this law for matrices
+that that you can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you can move the
+parentheses it's the called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses it's the called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses it's the called the
+associative law I I think you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative law I I think you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative law I I think you can now
+forget that uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that uh it's
+uh but don't forget the law I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but don't forget the law I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but don't forget the law I mean like
+forget the word associative I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the word associative I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the word associative I don't know
+but don't don't forget the law because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't don't forget the law because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't don't forget the law because
+actually we'll see so many uh steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we'll see so many uh steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we'll see so many uh steps in
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+algebra so many proofs even of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so many proofs even of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so many proofs even of of of
+main facts come from just moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main facts come from just moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main facts come from just moving the
+parentheses it's a it's like and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses it's a it's like and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses it's a it's like and it's
+not that easy to I mean the to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that easy to I mean the to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that easy to I mean the to prove
+that to prove that this is correct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to prove that this is correct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to prove that this is correct you
+have to go into the Gory details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go into the Gory details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go into the Gory details of
+matrix multiplication do it both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication do it both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication do it both ways
+and see that you come out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that you come out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that you come out the
+same maybe I'll leave the uh author to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maybe I'll leave the uh author to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maybe I'll leave the uh author to
+do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay
+so there we go that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we go that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we go that's that's
+uh that's how I so there's a a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's how I so there's a a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's how I so there's a a single
+Matrix I I could call it e now oh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I I could call it e now oh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I I could call it e now oh why
+while we're talking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're talking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're talking about these
+matrices tell me one other there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices tell me one other there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices tell me one other there's
+another type of Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of Elementary
+Matrix and we already said why we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we already said why we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we already said why we might
+need it we we didn't need it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it we we didn't need it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it we we didn't need it in this
+case but it's the Matrix that exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but it's the Matrix that exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but it's the Matrix that exchanges
+two rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows
+it's a called a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a called a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a called a permutation
+Matrix can you just like tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix can you just like tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix can you just like tell me what
+that would be so I'm just like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be so I'm just like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be so I'm just like this is a
+slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+digression and we'll yeah so let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression and we'll yeah so let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression and we'll yeah so let me get
+some let me figure out where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some let me figure out where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some let me figure out where I'm going
+to put a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix you'll see I'm always squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you'll see I'm always squeezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you'll see I'm always squeezing
+stuff in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutation or in fact this this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation or in fact this this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation or in fact this this one
+like Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows so I exchange rows one and two just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so I exchange rows one and two just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so I exchange rows one and two just
+to make life easy so if I had my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life easy so if I had my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life easy so if I had my Matrix
+oh let let me just do 2 by two ab b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let let me just do 2 by two ab b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let let me just do 2 by two ab b c
+d suppose I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d suppose I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d suppose I want to find the
+Matrix that exchanges those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what is it
+so the Matrix that exchanges those rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matrix that exchanges those rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matrix that exchanges those rows
+the the row I want is CD and it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the row I want is CD and it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the row I want is CD and it's there
+so I I better take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I better take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I better take one of
+it the row I want here is up top so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the row I want here is up top so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the row I want here is up top so I'll
+take one of that so actually I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of that so actually I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of that so actually I've just
+the easy this is my Matrix that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy this is my Matrix that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy this is my Matrix that I'll
+call P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutation it's the Matrix actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation it's the Matrix actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation it's the Matrix actually the
+the easy way to find it is just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to find it is just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to find it is just do the
+thing to the identity Matrix exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the identity Matrix exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the identity Matrix exchange
+rows exchange the rows of the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows exchange the rows of the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows exchange the rows of the identity
+Matrix and then that's the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then that's the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then that's the Matrix
+that'll do do row exchanges for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll do do row exchanges for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll do do row exchanges for you
+could suppose I wanted to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could suppose I wanted to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could suppose I wanted to exchange
+columns instead columns have hardly got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns instead columns have hardly got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns instead columns have hardly got
+into today's lecture but they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's lecture but they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's lecture but they certainly
+are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+around how could I if I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around how could I if I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around how could I if I started with
+this Matrix AB c d then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix AB c d then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix AB c d then I
+wouldn't I I'm not even going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I I'm not even going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I I'm not even going to write
+this down I'm just going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down I'm just going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down I'm just going to ask
+you cuz it because in elimination we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cuz it because in elimination we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cuz it because in elimination we're
+we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+rowes but suppose we wanted to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rowes but suppose we wanted to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rowes but suppose we wanted to exchange
+The Columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix H how would I do that what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix H how would I do that what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix H how would I do that what what
+what matrix multiplication would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matrix multiplication would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matrix multiplication would do that
+job actually why not I'll write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job actually why not I'll write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job actually why not I'll write it down
+so this is like just I'll write it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like just I'll write it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like just I'll write it under
+here and then hide it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then hide it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then hide it again
+okay suppose I had my Matrix A B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose I had my Matrix A B C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose I had my Matrix A B C
+D and I want to get to AC over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and I want to get to AC over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and I want to get to AC over here and
+BD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what Matrix does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+job can I multiply can I cook up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job can I multiply can I cook up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job can I multiply can I cook up some
+Matrix that produces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that produces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that produces that
+answer and I you can see from where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and I you can see from where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and I you can see from where I
+put my hand I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my hand I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my hand I was really
+asking can I put a matrix here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking can I put a matrix here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking can I put a matrix here on the
+left that will exchange columns and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that will exchange columns and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that will exchange columns and the
+answer is no if I mult so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no if I mult so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no if I mult so I'm just
+bringing out again this point that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing out again this point that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing out again this point that when
+I multiply on the left I'm doing row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply on the left I'm doing row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply on the left I'm doing row
+operations so if I want to do a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so if I want to do a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so if I want to do a column
+operation where do I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where do I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where do I put that
+permutation Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation Matrix
+on the on the right if I put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the right if I put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the right if I put it here
+where I just barely left room for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just barely left room for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just barely left room for it so
+I I'll exchange the two columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll exchange the two columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll exchange the two columns of the
+identity then it comes out right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then it comes out right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then it comes out right because
+now I'm multiplying a column at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm multiplying a column at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm multiplying a column at a time
+this the this is the First Column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the this is the First Column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the this is the First Column and
+says take one take none of that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says take one take none of that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says take one take none of that column
+one of this one and then you got it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this one and then you got it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this one and then you got it over
+here take one of this one none of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here take one of this one none of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here take one of this one none of this
+one and you've got a so in short to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you've got a so in short to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you've got a so in short to do
+column operations The Matrix multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column operations The Matrix multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column operations The Matrix multiplies
+on the right to do row operations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right to do row operations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right to do row operations it
+multiplies on the left okay okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies on the left okay okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies on the left okay okay and
+it's row operations that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's row operations that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's row operations that we're really
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course
+do I I I mentioned in passing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I I I mentioned in passing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I I I mentioned in passing but I
+better say it very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you can't exchange the orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't exchange the orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't exchange the orders of
+matrices and and that's just the point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and and that's just the point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and and that's just the point I
+was making again here a * B is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making again here a * B is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making again here a * B is not the
+same as B * a you have to keep these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as B * a you have to keep these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as B * a you have to keep these
+matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in
+their gaus given order here right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gaus given order here right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gaus given order here right you
+you but uh but you can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but uh but you can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but uh but you can move the
+parenthesis so that in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis so that in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis so that in other words the
+commutative law which would allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative law which would allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative law which would allow you
+to take it in the other order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it in the other order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it in the other order is
+false so we have to keep it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so we have to keep it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so we have to keep it in that
+order okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so
+uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next I could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I could do this
+multiplication I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I could do
+e32 so let me come back to see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was here was E21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is
+e32 and If I multiply those matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together e32 and then E21 I'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together e32 and then E21 I'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together e32 and then E21 I'll get a
+single Matrix that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elimination uh I don't want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh I don't want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination uh I don't want to do it
+that I don't I don't if I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't I don't if I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't I don't if I do that
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there there's a better way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a better way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a better way to do this
+and and so in this last few minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so in this last few minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so in this last few minutes of
+today's lecture can I anticipate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture can I anticipate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture can I anticipate that
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+way the better way is to think not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the better way is to think not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the better way is to think not how
+do I get from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get from a to
+you but how do I get from you back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but how do I get from you back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but how do I get from you back to a
+so reversing steps is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reversing steps is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reversing steps is going to come in
+inverse I'll use the the word inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I'll use the the word inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I'll use the the word inverse
+here okay so let me make the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let me make the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let me make the first step
+at what's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's the inverse
+Matrix all the matrices you've seen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all the matrices you've seen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all the matrices you've seen on
+this board have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board have
+inverses I I didn't write any bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses I I didn't write any bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses I I didn't write any bad
+matrices down we we spoke about possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices down we we spoke about possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices down we we spoke about possible
+failure and for a moment we put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and for a moment we put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and for a moment we put in a
+matrix that would fail but right now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that would fail but right now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that would fail but right now all
+these matrices are good they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices are good they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices are good they're all
+invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert
+and let's take the inverse well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take the inverse well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take the inverse well let me
+say first what does the inverse mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first what does the inverse mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first what does the inverse mean and
+find it okay so we're getting a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it okay so we're getting a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it okay so we're getting a little
+leg up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg up on
+inverses okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses okay so this is the
+final moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final moments of
+today ah sorry he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today ah sorry he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today ah sorry he's still
+there okay inverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I'm just going to take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm just going to take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm just going to take one
+example and then we're done the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then we're done the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then we're done the example
+I'll take will be that e I'm so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take will be that e I'm so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take will be that e I'm so my
+Matrix is 1 0 0 -3 1 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is 1 0 0 -3 1 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is 1 0 0 -3 1 0 0 0
+1 and I want to find the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I want to find the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I want to find the Matrix that
+undo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo that
+step so what was that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so what was that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so what was that step
+the step was subtract 3 * Row one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step was subtract 3 * Row one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step was subtract 3 * Row one from
+row two so what Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will get me back what Matrix will bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get me back what Matrix will bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get me back what Matrix will bring
+back you know if I started with a 2122
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know if I started with a 2122
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know if I started with a 2122
+and it changed it to a 262 because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it changed it to a 262 because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it changed it to a 262 because of
+this guy I want to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I want to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I want to get back to the
+2122 I want to I want to find the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2122 I want to I want to find the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2122 I want to I want to find the Matrix
+which which undoes elimination The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which undoes elimination The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which undoes elimination The
+Matrix which multiplies this to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity and you can tell me what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and you can tell me what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and you can tell me what I
+should do in words first and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do in words first and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do in words first and then we'll
+write down the Matrix it does it if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the Matrix it does it if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the Matrix it does it if this
+step subtracted 3 * Row one from row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step subtracted 3 * Row one from row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step subtracted 3 * Row one from row two
+what's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I add
+3 * Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * Row
+one to row two right I add it back what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to row two right I add it back what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to row two right I add it back what
+I subtracted away I add back so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtracted away I add back so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtracted away I add back so the
+inverse Matrix in this case is I I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix in this case is I I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix in this case is I I now
+want to add 3 * Row one to row two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add 3 * Row one to row two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add 3 * Row one to row two so I
+won't change Row one I won't change Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change Row one I won't change Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change Row one I won't change Row
+three and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I'll
+add three * Row one to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add three * Row one to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add three * Row one to row
+two that's a case where the inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's a case where the inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's a case where the inverse is
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+it's clear in words what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear in words what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear in words what to
+do because what this did was simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because what this did was simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because what this did was simple to
+express it just changed Row Two by St by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it just changed Row Two by St by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it just changed Row Two by St by
+subtracting three of Row one so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting three of Row one so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting three of Row one so to
+invert it I go that way and if you if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it I go that way and if you if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it I go that way and if you if we
+do that calculation 3 * this row plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that calculation 3 * this row plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that calculation 3 * this row plus 1
+time this row comes out the right row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this row comes out the right row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this row comes out the right row of
+the identity okay so inverses are and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity okay so inverses are and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity okay so inverses are and so
+if this Matrix was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e and this Matrix is I for identity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and this Matrix is I for identity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and this Matrix is I for identity then
+what's the notation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the notation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the notation for this
+guy e to the minus one e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy e to the minus one e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy e to the minus one e
+inverse okay let let's stop there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay let let's stop there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay let let's stop there for
+today that's the a little jump on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's the a little jump on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's the a little jump on what's
+coming on Monday so see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QXKgTPR_8wk.txt b/QXKgTPR_8wk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e35cc59ffd4f3571c590ef710d4bae16e752764b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QXKgTPR_8wk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we introduce and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we introduce and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we introduce and develop
+the concept of Independence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of Independence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of Independence between
+events the general idea is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the general idea is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the general idea is the following
+if I tell you that a certain event a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you that a certain event a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you that a certain event a has
+occurred this will generally change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred this will generally change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred this will generally change the
+probability of some other event B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of some other event B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of some other event B
+probabilities will have to be replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities will have to be replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities will have to be replaced
+by conditional probabilities but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by conditional probabilities but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by conditional probabilities but if the
+conditional probability turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability turns out to be
+the same as the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the unconditional
+probability then the occurrence of event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then the occurrence of event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then the occurrence of event
+a does not carry any useful information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does not carry any useful information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does not carry any useful information
+on whether event B will occur in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether event B will occur in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether event B will occur in such a
+case we say that events a and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we say that events a and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we say that events a and B are
+independent we will develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we will develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we will develop some
+intuition about the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about the meaning of
+Independence of two events and introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of two events and introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of two events and introduce
+an extension the concept of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension the concept of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension the concept of conditional
+independence we will then proceed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence we will then proceed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence we will then proceed to
+define the independence of a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the independence of a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the independence of a collection
+of more than two events if for any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than two events if for any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than two events if for any two
+of the events in the collection we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the events in the collection we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the events in the collection we have
+independence between them we will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence between them we will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence between them we will say
+that we have pairwise independence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have pairwise independence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have pairwise independence but
+we will see that independence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that independence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that independence of the
+entire collection is something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire collection is something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire collection is something different
+it involves additional conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves additional conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves additional conditions
+finally we will close with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we will close with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we will close with an
+application in reliability analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in reliability analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in reliability analysis and
+with a nice puzzle that will serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nice puzzle that will serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nice puzzle that will serve as a
+word of caution about putting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of caution about putting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of caution about putting together
+probabilistic models
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S6JHQ3-bsHk.txt b/S6JHQ3-bsHk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..705657219007e990fb6dcc05294732388155676f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S6JHQ3-bsHk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what we're going to do in talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in talking
+about social preferences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about social preferences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about social preferences is
+the following we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following we're going to start
+discussing um what are social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing um what are social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing um what are social
+preferences you're going to just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you're going to just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you're going to just talk
+about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+what do you think social preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think social preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think social preferences are
+and how do we think about them how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we think about them how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we think about them how do we
+measure them this is partially what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them this is partially what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them this is partially what we
+did already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did already
+in class last week which gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class last week which gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class last week which gives you some
+sense of some ways of measuring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of some ways of measuring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of some ways of measuring them
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+other ways of doing that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways of doing that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways of doing that we're going to
+discuss that we're going to also discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that we're going to also discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that we're going to also discuss
+a bit kind of like the measurements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit kind of like the measurements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit kind of like the measurements that
+we did in class that seems sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in class that seems sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in class that seems sort of
+pretty contrived in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty contrived in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty contrived in various ways
+are they actually predictive in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they actually predictive in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they actually predictive in some
+ways of real-world behavior that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of real-world behavior that we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of real-world behavior that we care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+then we're going to ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to ask the question
+well it seems like from measuring social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems like from measuring social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems like from measuring social
+preferences as we did in class but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as we did in class but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as we did in class but also
+in some experiments that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some experiments that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some experiments that we see
+it looks like people are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like people are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like people are actually quite
+nice to each other but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to each other but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to each other but we're going to
+ask the question are people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question are people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question are people just
+generally lies to each other do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally lies to each other do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally lies to each other do they
+actually care about others or is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about others or is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about others or is it just
+like in some ways perhaps social image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in some ways perhaps social image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in some ways perhaps social image
+or other issues about like they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other issues about like they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other issues about like they want to
+look nice or they want to feel good by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nice or they want to feel good by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nice or they want to feel good by
+being nice to others who look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nice to others who look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nice to others who look like
+um they're nice to others as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're nice to others as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're nice to others as opposed to
+generally caring about the well-being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally caring about the well-being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally caring about the well-being
+of others and so that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of others and so that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of others and so that we're going to
+talk through some experiments and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through some experiments and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through some experiments and some
+evidence that lets us disentangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that lets us disentangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that lets us disentangle
+between those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those kinds of
+hypotheses are people generally lice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses are people generally lice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses are people generally lice or
+are they sort of just trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they sort of just trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they sort of just trying to look
+nice in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in various ways
+and then we're going to talk about a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about a bit
+about evidence uh towards the end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evidence uh towards the end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evidence uh towards the end this
+is a paper by gautam rao and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper by gautam rao and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper by gautam rao and others
+which is the question about are social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question about are social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question about are social
+preferences malleable and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences malleable and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences malleable and can
+policies change pro-sociality that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies change pro-sociality that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies change pro-sociality that is to
+say you know can we do certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know can we do certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know can we do certain things
+can we mix people in certain ways can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we mix people in certain ways can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we mix people in certain ways can be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this would be true uh you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be true uh you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be true uh you know how
+roommates are chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates are chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates are chosen
+can we sort of um and the specific paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we sort of um and the specific paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we sort of um and the specific paper
+we're going to talk about is from india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about is from india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about is from india
+where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like
+poor students are mixed with rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor students are mixed with rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor students are mixed with rich
+students and does that affect how nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and does that affect how nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and does that affect how nice
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+the rich students in this case towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rich students in this case towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rich students in this case towards
+poor students but also towards other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor students but also towards other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor students but also towards other
+people in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in general
+so are there some policies that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there some policies that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there some policies that we can
+perhaps implement that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps implement that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps implement that help
+uh people being a society as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people being a society as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people being a society as a whole
+being more pro-social and people being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more pro-social and people being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more pro-social and people being
+nicer to each other or doing things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to each other or doing things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to each other or doing things that
+are good for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for uh
+the greater good if you want overall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater good if you want overall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater good if you want overall um
+as before we're going to look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we're going to look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we're going to look at two
+types of evidence we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of evidence we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of evidence we're going to look at
+lab experiments and field evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experiments and field evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experiments and field evidence
+lab experiments for the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experiments for the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experiments for the types of
+experiments that you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that you saw
+so far and field evidence are sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and field evidence are sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and field evidence are sort of um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the type of experiments where like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of experiments where like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of experiments where like we
+look at students being mixed rich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at students being mixed rich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at students being mixed rich and
+poor students what happens then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor students what happens then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor students what happens then to
+people's social preferences when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so now um let's sort of back up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um let's sort of back up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um let's sort of back up a
+little bit and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and sort of
+review very quickly what we did um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review very quickly what we did um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review very quickly what we did um um
+last week i showed you sort of an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week i showed you sort of an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week i showed you sort of an action
+three games to measure social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three games to measure social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three games to measure social
+preferences these are sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences these are sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences these are sort of not
+randomly selected games these are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected games these are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected games these are those
+the most prevalent the most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most prevalent the most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most prevalent the most commonly
+used games in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used games in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used games in
+in uh behavioral experimental economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh behavioral experimental economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh behavioral experimental economics
+which is the dictator game ultimatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the dictator game ultimatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the dictator game ultimatum
+game and the trust game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the trust game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the trust game
+you can read descriptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read descriptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read descriptions and
+discussions of these games and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of these games and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of these games and the
+background readings which is camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background readings which is camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background readings which is camera and
+fair um 2004.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair um 2004.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair um 2004.
+now uh what are these games i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what are these games i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what are these games i'm going to
+like briefly sort of review them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like briefly sort of review them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like briefly sort of review them
+right now and then i'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and then i'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and then i'm going to go to
+them evidence and go back to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them evidence and go back to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them evidence and go back to like
+evidence that actually uses these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that actually uses these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that actually uses these games
+so one of the games just to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the games just to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the games just to recap
+there's a dictator game which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dictator game which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dictator game which is very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+where the dictator gets some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dictator gets some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dictator gets some money
+allocated to him or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to him or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to him or her
+and there's another person who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another person who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another person who is a
+recipient and a dictator just gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient and a dictator just gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient and a dictator just gets to
+choose how much money does he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much money does he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much money does he or she
+wants to give to this other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give to this other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give to this other person
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+you can think of this as some raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as some raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as some raw
+concern for others essentially to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for others essentially to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for others essentially to say
+but you don't often when you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't often when you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't often when you don't know
+anything about this other person often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this other person often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this other person often
+these gains are anonymous here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gains are anonymous here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gains are anonymous here's an
+anonymous person whom you could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous person whom you could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous person whom you could give
+some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money
+often it's another student it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's another student it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's another student it could be
+like a poor person in kenya or elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a poor person in kenya or elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a poor person in kenya or elsewhere
+here's a person with whom you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a person with whom you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a person with whom you don't have
+any interactions whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interactions whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interactions whatsoever
+how much money you want for yourself how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you want for yourself how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you want for yourself how
+much money do you want for this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money do you want for this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money do you want for this other
+person the original version is just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the original version is just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the original version is just sort
+of one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one to one
+any dollar that you give is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any dollar that you give is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any dollar that you give is given
+directly to this other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to this other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to this other person
+there's different versions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different versions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different versions where
+essentially any dollar is converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially any dollar is converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially any dollar is converted
+where essentially the exchange rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially the exchange rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially the exchange rate is
+varied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied
+where it's cheaper more expensive if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's cheaper more expensive if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's cheaper more expensive if you
+give a dollar the other person gets two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a dollar the other person gets two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a dollar the other person gets two
+dollars or 50 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or 50 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or 50 cents
+or uh the like okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the like okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the like okay so that's the
+dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game
+what's the ultimatum game it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ultimatum game it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ultimatum game it's sort of
+like a bargaining game if you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bargaining game if you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bargaining game if you want it
+sort of very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very very simple
+um a game theory if you want we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a game theory if you want we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a game theory if you want we can use
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+which is essentially used again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially used again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially used again by
+exponential economists what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential economists what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential economists what they do is
+like there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's two
+players again there's a proposer or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players again there's a proposer or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players again there's a proposer or the
+sender that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender that
+gives again like some divisible pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives again like some divisible pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives again like some divisible pie
+think of this is like ten dollars of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is like ten dollars of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is like ten dollars of the
+like often it's money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often it's money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often it's money
+and then you say a portion of x uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say a portion of x uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say a portion of x uh is
+giving them to the responder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them to the responder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them to the responder
+the responder then has the chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responder then has the chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responder then has the chance to
+either accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either accept
+or reject if the uh responder accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reject if the uh responder accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reject if the uh responder accepts
+then the division is just implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the division is just implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the division is just implemented
+if the responder uh rejects then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the responder uh rejects then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the responder uh rejects then
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+both players get nothing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players get nothing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players get nothing okay
+and why is it a game now well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it a game now well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it a game now well it's
+because like essentially the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like essentially the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like essentially the uh
+the proposer needs to sort of take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposer needs to sort of take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposer needs to sort of take into
+account what the other person is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account what the other person is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account what the other person is going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+and have some beliefs over that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have some beliefs over that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have some beliefs over that and
+anticipating that then sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating that then sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating that then sort of make
+their choice of like how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choice of like how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choice of like how much money
+would you like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to give
+finally there's the trust game which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's the trust game which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's the trust game which is
+in fact very similar to the ultimatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact very similar to the ultimatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact very similar to the ultimatum
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+except for that the amount sent by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for that the amount sent by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for that the amount sent by the
+sender is tripled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender is tripled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender is tripled
+before the decider the cider is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the decider the cider is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the decider the cider is supposed
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before they decide how much to to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they decide how much to to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they decide how much to to return
+or the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the the
+the recipient decides how much return if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient decides how much return if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient decides how much return if
+anything so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so uh
+now essentially it's like a high return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially it's like a high return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially it's like a high return
+opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to
+uh uh give money essentially in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh give money essentially in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh give money essentially in a
+situation of high trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of high trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of high trust
+um in particular in this communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular in this communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular in this communication
+if i'm playing with somebody i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm playing with somebody i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm playing with somebody i would
+tell that person yes give me all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that person yes give me all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that person yes give me all of the
+money and if you are nice to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if you are nice to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and if you are nice to me that
+money is tripled and i give you half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is tripled and i give you half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is tripled and i give you half of
+it back or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back or the like
+so both of us are better off right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of us are better off right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of us are better off right if
+there's lots of trust between us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of trust between us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of trust between us
+that's actually implementable and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually implementable and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually implementable and a
+sense of like i'm telling you uh give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like i'm telling you uh give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like i'm telling you uh give me
+that money you give me that money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money you give me that money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money you give me that money and
+then i'm actually returning that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm actually returning that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm actually returning that money
+but of course if there's no trust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if there's no trust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if there's no trust and
+that's where the game uh name comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the game uh name comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the game uh name comes from
+trust game if there's no trust i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust game if there's no trust i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust game if there's no trust i'm gonna
+tell you give me a bunch of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you give me a bunch of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you give me a bunch of money
+you might actually do that and then i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually do that and then i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually do that and then i'll
+just keep it all for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it all for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it all for myself
+or you might not even believe me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might not even believe me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might not even believe me in the
+first place you might just say yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place you might just say yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place you might just say yeah you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+i'd love to but i don't trust you frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd love to but i don't trust you frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd love to but i don't trust you frank
+i give you nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i give you nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i give you nothing
+and then essentially nothing is tripled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then essentially nothing is tripled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then essentially nothing is tripled
+right and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that sort of
+meant to then measure some form of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to then measure some form of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to then measure some form of trust
+in society or people that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society or people that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society or people that people have
+uh with each other we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with each other we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with each other we're going to go
+back to that and trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that and trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that and trying to see
+what does that actually measure in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually measure in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually measure in um in
+the real world so just sort of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world so just sort of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world so just sort of having
+said that those are the three things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that those are the three things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that those are the three things you
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+and then there's different versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's different versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's different versions of
+these games that could be sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games that could be sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games that could be sort of like
+you can vary the privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can vary the privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can vary the privacy
+uh are these games private versus public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are these games private versus public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are these games private versus public
+is it anonymous do you know who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it anonymous do you know who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it anonymous do you know who the
+other person is versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person is versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person is versus not
+is there communication can you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there communication can you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there communication can you sort of
+talk to this other person or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to this other person or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to this other person or not
+and you know is there uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know is there uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know is there uh what are the
+stakes i'll be talking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes i'll be talking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes i'll be talking about like
+uh hypothetical choices are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hypothetical choices are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hypothetical choices are we talking
+about money high stakes with money are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about money high stakes with money are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about money high stakes with money are
+we talking about uh other goods like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about uh other goods like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about uh other goods like
+apples or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples or
+uh chocolate any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chocolate any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chocolate any questions so far
+we will get back to this the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get back to this the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get back to this the actual
+evidence but as soon as we make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence but as soon as we make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence but as soon as we make sure
+that these games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these games are
+clear to everyone that's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to everyone that's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to everyone that's sort of what
+happened last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+backing up a little bit now then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up a little bit now then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up a little bit now then the
+question is like what is in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like what is in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like what is in fact um
+uh uh social preferences and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh social preferences and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh social preferences and so
+most economic analysis and and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most economic analysis and and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most economic analysis and and in some
+ways assumes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways assumes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways assumes away
+um uh social preferences and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh social preferences and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh social preferences and sort of
+assume self-interest very narrowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume self-interest very narrowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume self-interest very narrowly
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+and so that means that the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that the people
+essentially only care about their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially only care about their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially only care about their own
+interests and their own outcomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and their own outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and their own outcomes and
+then the market is sort of taking care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the market is sort of taking care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the market is sort of taking care
+of the rest and this is sort of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rest and this is sort of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rest and this is sort of at the
+heart of what adam smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of what adam smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of what adam smith
+originally was sort of saying i think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was sort of saying i think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was sort of saying i think in
+the wealth of nations which is like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth of nations which is like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth of nations which is like it's
+not from the benevolence of the butcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the benevolence of the butcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the benevolence of the butcher
+the brewer the baker that we expect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brewer the baker that we expect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brewer the baker that we expect our
+dinner but from their regard for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner but from their regard for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner but from their regard for their
+own interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own interest
+we address ourselves not to the humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we address ourselves not to the humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we address ourselves not to the humanity
+but to their self-love and never talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to their self-love and never talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to their self-love and never talk to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+of our necessity but of their advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our necessity but of their advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our necessity but of their advantage
+that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+that when everybody is very selfish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when everybody is very selfish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when everybody is very selfish and
+cares about themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about themselves
+just comparative advantage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comparative advantage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comparative advantage and the
+ability to trade with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to trade with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to trade with each other
+will make sure that other people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make sure that other people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make sure that other people do
+useful things for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things for us
+right so you can sort of do the work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can sort of do the work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can sort of do the work you
+do make some money and then go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do make some money and then go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do make some money and then go to the
+bakery and the baker will give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bakery and the baker will give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bakery and the baker will give you some
+bread for someone to exchange for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread for someone to exchange for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread for someone to exchange for some
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+not because the baker likes you or wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because the baker likes you or wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because the baker likes you or wants
+to be friends with you or the like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be friends with you or the like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be friends with you or the like but
+because you pay them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you pay them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you pay them
+and it's in their interest to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in their interest to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in their interest to give you
+good bread because you're going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bread because you're going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bread because you're going to pay
+them and then come back perhaps and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then come back perhaps and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then come back perhaps and buy
+more bread in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bread in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bread in the future
+so that's sort of a pretty reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of a pretty reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of a pretty reasonable
+assumption and saying people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and saying people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and saying people are doing
+useful things for each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things for each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things for each other
+as part of market transaction and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of market transaction and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of market transaction and that's
+what a lot of economics has assumed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of economics has assumed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of economics has assumed and
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+for a long time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time now
+that is not a bad assumption at all in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a bad assumption at all in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a bad assumption at all in a
+sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+it's actually pretty realistic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty realistic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty realistic in
+various ways and sort of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways and sort of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways and sort of thinking about
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+the question is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is not necessarily
+whether there are some instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are some instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are some instances of
+whether people care about others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people care about others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people care about others
+the question that we're gonna ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that we're gonna ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that we're gonna ask is
+like well what do we miss by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well what do we miss by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well what do we miss by
+um ignoring social preferences and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ignoring social preferences and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ignoring social preferences and so
+it's pretty clear that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear that there are some
+that preferences depart from pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that preferences depart from pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that preferences depart from pure
+self-interest in non-trivial ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest in non-trivial ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest in non-trivial ways and
+the question we're going to ask is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we're going to ask is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we're going to ask is like
+are there some concrete settings where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there some concrete settings where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there some concrete settings where
+we really care about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really care about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really care about this and
+sort of say well we should model things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say well we should model things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say well we should model things
+differently and if we do that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and if we do that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and if we do that we can
+understand certain phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand certain phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand certain phenomena
+better so the goal is here to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the goal is here to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the goal is here to understand
+how common and important these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how common and important these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how common and important these
+departures are and what their nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures are and what their nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures are and what their nature is
+like how can we best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can we best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can we best
+model these and here's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these and here's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these and here's sort of a
+a nice example of of perhaps how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example of of perhaps how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example of of perhaps how
+one might want to think about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might want to think about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might want to think about social
+preferences and how perhaps people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and how perhaps people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and how perhaps people think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+social preferences so this is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences so this is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences so this is a picture
+i don't know how well you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how well you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how well you can see this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from uh taken in hawaii which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh taken in hawaii which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh taken in hawaii which is um
+a sort of a box where banana bread is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a box where banana bread is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a box where banana bread is
+being sold it's freely available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sold it's freely available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sold it's freely available to
+everybody so you can just take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so you can just take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so you can just take it
+i think there's some price tag somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there's some price tag somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there's some price tag somewhere
+there's also like a lockbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like a lockbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like a lockbox
+next to it on the left of the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it on the left of the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it on the left of the picture
+where you can deposit payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can deposit payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can deposit payments
+so the banana bread costs some money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the banana bread costs some money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the banana bread costs some money you
+can deposit your payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deposit your payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deposit your payments
+there's nobody that enforces it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nobody that enforces it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nobody that enforces it um but
+the lock book is such that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lock book is such that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lock book is such that it's actually
+locked in a sense you can't take away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked in a sense you can't take away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked in a sense you can't take away um
+uh uh the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the box
+so when you see that picture what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you see that picture what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you see that picture what do you
+what perception of like social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what perception of like social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what perception of like social
+preferences or humanity does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or humanity does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or humanity does that
+reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect
+how do we think about these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about these kinds of
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one assumption to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one assumption to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one assumption to some degree
+is like well people seem pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like well people seem pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like well people seem pretty nice
+in general it seems like in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it seems like in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it seems like in a sense of
+like we allow them to just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we allow them to just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we allow them to just take the
+banana bread and run away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana bread and run away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana bread and run away and
+you know not put in every anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not put in every anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not put in every anything we
+sort of ask them nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ask them nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ask them nicely
+it costs like a dollar or five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs like a dollar or five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs like a dollar or five dollars
+or whatever please put in the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever please put in the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever please put in the money
+it seems like the conception to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like the conception to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like the conception to some
+degree is like people are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is like people are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is like people are going to be
+nice and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and just
+do that is that all or is that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is that all or is that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is that all or is that something
+else yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yes
+maybe there's an expectation not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's an expectation not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's an expectation not that
+like everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone
+would do the right thing but that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do the right thing but that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do the right thing but that like
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sort of loss from people um from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of loss from people um from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of loss from people um from some
+people who would just take the bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would just take the bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would just take the bread and
+run will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run will be
+um maybe like less than for example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe like less than for example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe like less than for example like
+the cost of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of labor
+right exactly so there's some uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so there's some uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so there's some uh the
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+to be more precise is like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more precise is like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more precise is like not
+everybody's going to be nice but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's going to be nice but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's going to be nice but on
+average most people are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average most people are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average most people are going to be
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+pretty pretty nice or adhering to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty nice or adhering to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty nice or adhering to this
+normal rule that like you should pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal rule that like you should pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal rule that like you should pay
+some money and some people might run but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money and some people might run but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money and some people might run but
+as you say it might not be worth sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say it might not be worth sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say it might not be worth sort of
+standing there in the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there in the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there in the heat
+all day to sort of make uh make up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day to sort of make uh make up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day to sort of make uh make up for
+for for that exactly and then what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that exactly and then what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that exactly and then what else
+uh is there yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there's a lock right so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a lock right so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a lock right so it's like
+and sometimes you sort of think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you sort of think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you sort of think that
+uh on the one hand the assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the one hand the assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the one hand the assumption is
+like most people are going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most people are going to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most people are going to be pretty
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+but if we allow them to sort of run away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we allow them to sort of run away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we allow them to sort of run away
+with all the money money at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the money money at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the money money at least
+there's some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some people
+who if allowed would not be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who if allowed would not be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who if allowed would not be uh
+nice at all in fact they would take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice at all in fact they would take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice at all in fact they would take away
+the money and not only not pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money and not only not pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money and not only not pay for the
+banana bread but also take away uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana bread but also take away uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana bread but also take away uh
+the lockbox so that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i was written uh whatever i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was written uh whatever i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was written uh whatever i've
+written down here which is to say people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down here which is to say people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down here which is to say people
+in general are nice enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general are nice enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general are nice enough
+most probably people will probably pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probably people will probably pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probably people will probably pay
+for the banana bread so it's not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the banana bread so it's not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the banana bread so it's not worth
+sort of standing around and sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standing around and sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standing around and sort of like
+making sure ensuring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure ensuring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure ensuring that
+but people also can be selfish at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people also can be selfish at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people also can be selfish at least
+some people will be quite selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will be quite selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will be quite selfish
+so if a lot of cash were easy to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a lot of cash were easy to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a lot of cash were easy to take
+someone at least would take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone at least would take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone at least would take it
+notice that's not an assumption about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's not an assumption about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's not an assumption about
+like everybody or even the majority it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody or even the majority it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody or even the majority it's
+just to say there's a fraction of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say there's a fraction of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say there's a fraction of people
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+if given the opportunity uh uh might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if given the opportunity uh uh might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if given the opportunity uh uh might
+take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away
+um our money and and run from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our money and and run from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our money and and run from it
+so that's actually a pretty good sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually a pretty good sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually a pretty good sort of
+perspective um for for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um for for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um for for thinking about
+social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences
+which is to say that self-interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that self-interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that self-interest is
+probably like a major driver of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like a major driver of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like a major driver of behavior
+in many economic contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many economic contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many economic contexts
+in some situations self-interest is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some situations self-interest is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some situations self-interest is not
+the main motive in some sense again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main motive in some sense again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main motive in some sense again like
+we don't need to necessarily uh enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to necessarily uh enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to necessarily uh enforce
+this for everybody people will be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for everybody people will be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for everybody people will be quite
+quite nice but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nice but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nice but even
+you know they will be sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they will be sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they will be sort of some
+seemingly small departures from pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly small departures from pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly small departures from pure
+self-interest can dramatically influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest can dramatically influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest can dramatically influence
+economic outcomes that is to say if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic outcomes that is to say if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic outcomes that is to say if we
+couldn't lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't lock
+um uh the the box if we were in table if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the box if we were in table if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the box if we were in table if
+you were not doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were not doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were not doing that
+somebody would sort of take away um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would sort of take away um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would sort of take away um uh
+this box and now we couldn't offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box and now we couldn't offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box and now we couldn't offer
+banana bread to anybody and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana bread to anybody and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana bread to anybody and the whole
+transaction would sort of go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction would sort of go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction would sort of go down
+but differently like if we had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but differently like if we had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but differently like if we had sort of
+like things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things like
+a theft a robbery and so on if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theft a robbery and so on if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theft a robbery and so on if there's
+some people who are really mean and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who are really mean and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who are really mean and sort
+of like essentially take away all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like essentially take away all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like essentially take away all of our
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+now we can't do any transaction i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can't do any transaction i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can't do any transaction i can't
+have a shock shop trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shock shop trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shock shop trying
+trying to sell stuff to people uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell stuff to people uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell stuff to people uh this
+is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of
+uh the example so sort of positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the example so sort of positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the example so sort of positive and
+negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+small things can actually make huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things can actually make huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things can actually make huge
+differences for others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for others
+this is like helping a stranger with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like helping a stranger with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like helping a stranger with
+directions or helping a stranger who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions or helping a stranger who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions or helping a stranger who
+wants to go to the hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go to the hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go to the hospital and
+that can make huge differences in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can make huge differences in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can make huge differences in their
+lives even if the they are calling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives even if the they are calling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives even if the they are calling an
+ambulance for somebody that can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance for somebody that can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance for somebody that can make
+huge differences in people's lives even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge differences in people's lives even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge differences in people's lives even
+though if the action from your side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if the action from your side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if the action from your side is
+actually relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively small
+helping a fellow student with computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping a fellow student with computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping a fellow student with computer
+trouble or other issues that they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble or other issues that they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble or other issues that they may
+have helping somebody who is sad on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have helping somebody who is sad on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have helping somebody who is sad on a
+given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day
+feel better about themselves in fact as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better about themselves in fact as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better about themselves in fact as
+you might know it's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it's the uh
+random acts of kindness week this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random acts of kindness week this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random acts of kindness week this week
+so doing random acts of kindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doing random acts of kindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doing random acts of kindness
+might actually make a huge difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually make a huge difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually make a huge difference in
+people's lives in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives in fact the
+the problem set will will ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set will will ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set will will ask you to do
+some of that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that in fact
+washing your hands is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing your hands is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing your hands is sort of
+particularly pertinent right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly pertinent right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly pertinent right now
+again you might sort of think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you might sort of think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you might sort of think you're
+doing that to protect yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that to protect yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that to protect yourself and
+surely you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely you are
+but in fact it's also uh there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's also uh there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's also uh there's also a
+huge externality potentially that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge externality potentially that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge externality potentially that like
+by protecting yourself you protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by protecting yourself you protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by protecting yourself you protect
+others um for potentially getting sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others um for potentially getting sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others um for potentially getting sick
+and that could make a huge difference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could make a huge difference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could make a huge difference uh
+in people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's lives
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're getting back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're getting back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're getting back to the
+ultimatum game i'm going to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game i'm going to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game i'm going to ask the
+question about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about like
+how people actually behaving in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people actually behaving in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people actually behaving in real
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+how did people behave in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did people behave in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did people behave in general and
+perhaps what does game theory say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps what does game theory say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps what does game theory say how
+people should behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should behave
+uh how are people behaving in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how are people behaving in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how are people behaving in reality
+and how does that compare to how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that compare to how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that compare to how you
+guys behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys behaved
+here in class so again the ultimatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in class so again the ultimatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in class so again the ultimatum
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+you should be familiar with there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with there's a
+proposal responder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal responder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal responder
+proposer proposes some split of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer proposes some split of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer proposes some split of the the
+pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie
+responder can accept or um reject now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responder can accept or um reject now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responder can accept or um reject now
+what does game theory predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does game theory predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does game theory predict
+uh what people should do like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what people should do like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what people should do like in the
+absence of social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if you're the recipient you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're the recipient you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're the recipient you care
+only about your own output or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about your own output or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about your own output or
+you know your own outcomes even if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your own outcomes even if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your own outcomes even if i
+offer you one cent or like five cents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you one cent or like five cents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you one cent or like five cents or
+whatever whatever is worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever is worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever is worth the
+transaction costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction costs
+you're going to accept everything so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to accept everything so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to accept everything so if
+i'm playing with you i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm playing with you i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm playing with you i'm going to
+anticipate i know that like you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate i know that like you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate i know that like you will
+accept essentially any offer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept essentially any offer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept essentially any offer that's
+uh positive uh even like xero you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive uh even like xero you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive uh even like xero you might
+even accept because it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even accept because it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even accept because it's sort of like
+what do you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you care
+uh but you know strictly um you strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know strictly um you strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know strictly um you strictly
+prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer
+a positive offer over a new offer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive offer over a new offer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive offer over a new offer so you
+can accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept that
+and then uh i will uh if i'm playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh i will uh if i'm playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh i will uh if i'm playing
+with you anticipating that i will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you anticipating that i will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you anticipating that i will just
+give you essentially the lowest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you essentially the lowest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you essentially the lowest possible
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+uh and that'll be the outcomes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that'll be the outcomes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that'll be the outcomes right
+so here it is the prediction is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is the prediction is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is the prediction is very
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+the responder cares only this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responder cares only this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responder cares only this is again
+game theory but games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theory but games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theory but games
+theory in the absence of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the absence of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the absence of social
+preferences okay should be more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay should be more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay should be more precise
+so um the responder cares only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the responder cares only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the responder cares only about
+money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so
+she will accept any x that's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will accept any x that's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will accept any x that's smaller
+than zero any amount that's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero any amount that's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero any amount that's given
+because that's better than not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's better than not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's better than not having
+any money the proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money the proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money the proposer
+will understand that will only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand that will only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand that will only care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+money as well so offers as little as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as well so offers as little as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as well so offers as little as
+possible right the proposal doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right the proposal doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right the proposal doesn't care
+about what the risk how the recipient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the risk how the recipient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the risk how the recipient is
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+so therefore the proposal will just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the proposal will just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the proposal will just uh
+offer as little as possible to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer as little as possible to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer as little as possible to maximize
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+um um their own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um their own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um their own uh
+payout and then in equilibrium they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout and then in equilibrium they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout and then in equilibrium they will
+essentially be the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be the zero
+smallest possible offer will be made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible offer will be made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible offer will be made and
+that offer will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer will be
+accepted so there will be no rejections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted so there will be no rejections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted so there will be no rejections
+either because essentially there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because essentially there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because essentially there's no
+reason to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to reject
+and they will also not be large offer no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will also not be large offer no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will also not be large offer no
+large offers so the like because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large offers so the like because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large offers so the like because there's
+no reason to give more than minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to give more than minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to give more than minimal
+amounts um okay so then what are typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts um okay so then what are typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts um okay so then what are typical
+results in the ultimatum game what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the ultimatum game what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the ultimatum game what do
+people actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually find
+well so most people offer between 40 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so most people offer between 40 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so most people offer between 40 and
+50 percent of the pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent of the pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent of the pie
+such offers are mostly accepted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such offers are mostly accepted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such offers are mostly accepted the
+acceptance rate is increasing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance rate is increasing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance rate is increasing in the
+offer which is to say if you offer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer which is to say if you offer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer which is to say if you offer like
+10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 percent
+you have a pretty good chance of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pretty good chance of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pretty good chance of being
+rejected if you offer like 30 40 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected if you offer like 30 40 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected if you offer like 30 40 50
+you're much more likely to be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're much more likely to be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're much more likely to be accepted
+and you offer like 70 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you offer like 70 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you offer like 70 80
+almost surely um you'll be accepted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely um you'll be accepted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely um you'll be accepted and
+on offers below 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on offers below 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on offers below 20
+are mostly rejected why is that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly rejected why is that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly rejected why is that or
+what's what's what's the reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's what's the reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's what's the reason for that
+presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and why why are you sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and why why are you sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and why why are you sort of uh
+upset if somebody offers you 10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset if somebody offers you 10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset if somebody offers you 10 percent
+does it show the disrespect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it show the disrespect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it show the disrespect it's
+something about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like
+um fairness or disrespect or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairness or disrespect or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairness or disrespect or you know
+it's just not a nice thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not a nice thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not a nice thing to do
+and now you'd rather sort of like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you'd rather sort of like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you'd rather sort of like not
+have any money or like not take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any money or like not take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any money or like not take
+one dollar whatever they offer to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar whatever they offer to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar whatever they offer to you
+you rather reject that so you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather reject that so you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather reject that so you're willing
+to give up a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give up a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give up a dollar
+to uh essentially get back at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh essentially get back at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh essentially get back at the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+yeah it could also be that like um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it could also be that like um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it could also be that like um for
+some people like the thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like the thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like the thought of
+like um settling for such small amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um settling for such small amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um settling for such small amounts
+of money and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and like
+embarrassing or like um it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing or like um it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing or like um it feels like
+it's like the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the meaning of
+them yeah so it's one of this is i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah so it's one of this is i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah so it's one of this is i mean
+some of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is
+yeah exactly i think the meaning or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly i think the meaning or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly i think the meaning or just
+feels like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like so
+one way to put this is like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to put this is like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to put this is like you have
+inequality aversion in some ways now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality aversion in some ways now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality aversion in some ways now in
+the sense of like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of like you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of like you just
+don't want to be the person who has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be the person who has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be the person who has one
+dollar when the other person has nine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar when the other person has nine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar when the other person has nine or
+you won't have 10 cents when the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have 10 cents when the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have 10 cents when the other
+has like 9.90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like 9.90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like 9.90
+so you really don't like uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really don't like uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really don't like uh uh
+inequality in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality in some ways
+there are some versions of this game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some versions of this game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some versions of this game so
+the computer sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer sort of
+allocates these choices and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates these choices and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates these choices and then you can
+look at our people rejecting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our people rejecting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our people rejecting those
+offers as well and they tend to not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers as well and they tend to not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers as well and they tend to not do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+which sort of suggests that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of suggests that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of suggests that it's really
+coming from some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from some sense of
+uh not people don't care so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not people don't care so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not people don't care so much about
+the outcome per se that care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome per se that care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome per se that care about the
+fairness or the sort of intention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness or the sort of intention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness or the sort of intention of the
+other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+but you're right there's sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right there's sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right there's sort of other
+potential considerations at play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential considerations at play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential considerations at play
+now what do things look like in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do things look like in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do things look like in our
+class in fact this looks quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in fact this looks quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in fact this looks quite similar
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+what people do in general i know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do in general i know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do in general i know you're
+very special but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special but
+when it comes to the ultimatum game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the ultimatum game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the ultimatum game
+you're actually pretty ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually pretty ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually pretty ordinary
+so what you see is essentially most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see is essentially most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see is essentially most
+people offer 40 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people offer 40 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people offer 40 50
+some people offer somewhat more you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people offer somewhat more you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people offer somewhat more you sort
+of see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see in
+you can't see this that well you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see this that well you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see this that well you see it
+in red or the rejections the rejections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red or the rejections the rejections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red or the rejections the rejections
+tend to be on the left side uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be on the left side uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be on the left side uh in
+particular when offer when people offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when offer when people offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when offer when people offer
+like uh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh between
+uh one and ten percent uh there seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one and ten percent uh there seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one and ten percent uh there seems to
+be around some rejections of fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around some rejections of fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around some rejections of fifty
+percent or maybe it's just below fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or maybe it's just below fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or maybe it's just below fifty
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+but usually if you look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually if you look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually if you look at like
+essentially um uh about fifty percent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um uh about fifty percent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um uh about fifty percent or
+forty fifty sixty percent people tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty fifty sixty percent people tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty fifty sixty percent people tend to
+um uh not reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh not reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh not reject
+um any offers any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah can you also do that people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you also do that people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you also do that people like
+participating in future games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in future games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in future games
+maybe not like sending a signal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not like sending a signal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not like sending a signal like
+there's any similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's a great question so i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a great question so i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a great question so i kind of
+like all of what i was doing and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of what i was doing and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of what i was doing and i
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+emphasize this a bit more the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this a bit more the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this a bit more the way i
+implemented some of these games in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented some of these games in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented some of these games in class
+like some experimental economists would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some experimental economists would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some experimental economists would
+get a heart attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a heart attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a heart attack
+in terms of like how sloppy that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like how sloppy that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like how sloppy that was in
+the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of like
+a lot of these games usually when i show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these games usually when i show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these games usually when i show
+you these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these results
+these are usually very careful games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are usually very careful games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are usually very careful games
+where essentially usually it's anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially usually it's anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially usually it's anonymous
+usually it's a one-shot game usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's a one-shot game usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's a one-shot game usually
+it's very clear that it's a one-shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear that it's a one-shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear that it's a one-shot
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+you will just never see that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will just never see that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will just never see that person
+you'll never even interact with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never even interact with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never even interact with that
+person it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it'll be
+um clear whether it's public versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clear whether it's public versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clear whether it's public versus
+private and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private and so on
+so usually in those games things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually in those games things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually in those games things are
+extremely clear there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely clear there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely clear there's no
+strategic interactions and so on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic interactions and so on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic interactions and so on all of
+these things are essentially shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are essentially shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are essentially shut down
+and then they can look at like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can look at like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can look at like you
+randomly vary some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly vary some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly vary some of these
+characteristics and look at deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and look at deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and look at deviations
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+um so you're right in our game in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're right in our game in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're right in our game in fact
+you know you might sort of think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might sort of think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might sort of think that
+let's just be nice now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just be nice now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just be nice now
+in part because the other person maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because the other person maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because the other person maybe i
+played with that person again and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with that person again and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with that person again and i
+wasn't really very precise about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really very precise about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really very precise about that
+either i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either i think
+actually they're all like randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're all like randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're all like randomly
+allocated so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated so in fact
+that was not a consideration but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a consideration but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a consideration but it
+wasn't entirely clear or like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't entirely clear or like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't entirely clear or like for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+some people were selected and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were selected and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were selected and it
+happened to be that it was 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be that it was 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be that it was 50 50
+selection that may have affected others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that may have affected others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that may have affected others
+in class and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and so on
+so a lot of these things were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of these things were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of these things were like
+fairly sloppy in terms of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly sloppy in terms of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly sloppy in terms of like the
+actual implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual implementation
+in the real games that would be all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real games that would be all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real games that would be all sort
+of shut down and done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shut down and done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shut down and done um
+much more carefully were some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more carefully were some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more carefully were some other
+questions i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think this is uh these all i looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is uh these all i looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is uh these all i looked at
+all of these um the ultimatum games all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these um the ultimatum games all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these um the ultimatum games all
+looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked very
+similar so this is um i think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so this is um i think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so this is um i think for
+this is the money one um uh but even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the money one um uh but even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the money one um uh but even for
+others it looked fairly similar i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it looked fairly similar i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it looked fairly similar i'll
+show you some variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some variation in the
+uh dictator game in a second uh where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dictator game in a second uh where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dictator game in a second uh where we
+have sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of like
+do the stakes matter um uh does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the stakes matter um uh does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the stakes matter um uh does it
+matter whether it's private private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's private private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether it's private private
+versus public does it matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus public does it matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus public does it matter whether
+it's chocolate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chocolate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chocolate or
+money and perhaps why might it matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and perhaps why might it matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and perhaps why might it matter
+but we'll get back to that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll get back to that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll get back to that in a second
+turns out it does matter um i'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it does matter um i'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it does matter um i'll say a
+little bit about that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so that's a good point so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so that's a good point so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so that's a good point so you
+were saying earlier maybe some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying earlier maybe some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying earlier maybe some people
+have some issues about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some issues about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some issues about like
+inequity or like inequality across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequity or like inequality across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequity or like inequality across
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+so that were the only explanation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that were the only explanation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that were the only explanation then
+you would see rejections not only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see rejections not only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see rejections not only at
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+if i give you one dollar and i keep nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i give you one dollar and i keep nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i give you one dollar and i keep nine
+but also if they give you nine dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if they give you nine dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if they give you nine dollar
+um and i keep one so so that means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i keep one so so that means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i keep one so so that means like
+there's something else i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else i think the
+fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness
+people don't object to inequality if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't object to inequality if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't object to inequality if
+i sort of say okay i'll give you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sort of say okay i'll give you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sort of say okay i'll give you a lot
+and you have more than i do people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have more than i do people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have more than i do people don't
+object to that people object to um if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to that people object to um if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to that people object to um if i
+keep a lot and give you very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a lot and give you very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a lot and give you very little
+presumably because i'm selfish and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because i'm selfish and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because i'm selfish and i'm
+sort of uh not nice to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh not nice to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh not nice to you
+so that's kind of the sense of fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the sense of fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the sense of fairness
+so it's a fairness that goes beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a fairness that goes beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a fairness that goes beyond the
+outcomes so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so we're going to talk about
+this for a bit which is to say you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a bit which is to say you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a bit which is to say you could
+just look at the outcomes and say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the outcomes and say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the outcomes and say how
+much is the inequality of outcomes and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is the inequality of outcomes and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is the inequality of outcomes and i
+care about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that
+but that doesn't seem to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't seem to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't seem to be the case
+what seems to be rather the case is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to be rather the case is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to be rather the case is that
+people care about intentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about intentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about intentions
+one way or the other it's like what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other it's like what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other it's like what was
+i thinking or was i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thinking or was i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thinking or was i
+sort of a mean person when i was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a mean person when i was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a mean person when i was doing
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+if you get the sense that i was not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the sense that i was not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the sense that i was not very
+nice you might reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you might reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you might reject
+uh almost like regardless of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost like regardless of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost like regardless of what the
+outcome will be eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome will be eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome will be eventually
+and of course you will reject less if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you will reject less if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you will reject less if uh
+it's more costly for you to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more costly for you to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more costly for you to do so
+but perhaps it's also the case if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps it's also the case if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps it's also the case if i do
+like 70 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 70 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 70 30
+you might say well that's maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well that's maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well that's maybe not
+that's maybe not nice but it's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not nice but it's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not nice but it's also not
+that unfair um either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfair um either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfair um either
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so now one thing you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now one thing you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now one thing you can ask
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+um how do these games look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do these games look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do these games look like um
+across uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh
+countries and as i said um um this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and as i said um um this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and as i said um um this game
+has been extensively played it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extensively played it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extensively played it's like a
+game that like lots and lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that like lots and lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that like lots and lots of people
+have played in all sorts of situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played in all sorts of situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played in all sorts of situations
+um and sort of the patterns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of the patterns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of the patterns are
+remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably
+um stable across countries and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stable across countries and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stable across countries and this is
+also a case like every time i play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a case like every time i play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a case like every time i play this
+in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class
+these these uh patterns look exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh patterns look exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh patterns look exactly the
+same so whether people are playing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so whether people are playing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so whether people are playing in
+pittsburgh and ljubljana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pittsburgh and ljubljana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pittsburgh and ljubljana and
+yogyakarta tokyo play also essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yogyakarta tokyo play also essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yogyakarta tokyo play also essentially
+the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even like increasing people's stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even like increasing people's stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even like increasing people's stakes
+for enter like several months pay by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enter like several months pay by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enter like several months pay by
+running essentially the experiment often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running essentially the experiment often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running essentially the experiment often
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+and with poorer populations where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with poorer populations where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with poorer populations where you
+can pay essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pay essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pay essentially
+like people like days or weeks or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people like days or weeks or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people like days or weeks or even
+like a month pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a month pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a month pay
+people seem uh to pay play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem uh to pay play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem uh to pay play
+very similar um across places why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar um across places why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar um across places why is
+that it seems to be like somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seems to be like somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seems to be like somehow
+rejecting becomes a lot more costly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting becomes a lot more costly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting becomes a lot more costly when
+i offer you like a day's wage or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i offer you like a day's wage or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i offer you like a day's wage or the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+but why do you think it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why do you think it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why do you think it looks like
+fairly similar as well why do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar as well why do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar as well why do people
+still reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reject
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so it's exactly as you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's exactly as you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's exactly as you say
+there's two things that going on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things that going on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things that going on on the
+one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand
+rejection becomes really expensive to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection becomes really expensive to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection becomes really expensive to me
+so like you know if there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know if there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know if there's like a
+a month's wage and you give me 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month's wage and you give me 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month's wage and you give me 10 of
+that and keep 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and keep 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and keep 90
+of that you know uh rejecting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you know uh rejecting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you know uh rejecting like
+10 of like a month's wage that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of like a month's wage that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of like a month's wage that's like
+three four days or whatever that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four days or whatever that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four days or whatever that's
+really costly for me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really costly for me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really costly for me to do
+however um it's also really mean of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um it's also really mean of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um it's also really mean of you
+to sort of do that and i can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of do that and i can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of do that and i can really
+screw you over now by sort of rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you over now by sort of rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you over now by sort of rejecting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh that offer so those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that offer so those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that offer so those things
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+seem to be more or less can they go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be more or less can they go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be more or less can they go into
+opposite directions empirically it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions empirically it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions empirically it seems
+to be that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that sort of
+cancels to each other out that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels to each other out that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels to each other out that's exactly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so now there's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper then that does this um ultimatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper then that does this um ultimatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper then that does this um ultimatum
+game and hunter gathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and hunter gathers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and hunter gathers
+together our societies and asks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together our societies and asks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together our societies and asks the
+question about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about like
+well while sort of it seems to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well while sort of it seems to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well while sort of it seems to be that
+people behave fairly similar um in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behave fairly similar um in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behave fairly similar um in these
+games and sort of industrialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and sort of industrialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and sort of industrialized
+societies whether they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies whether they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies whether they're sort of
+relatively rich or not people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rich or not people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rich or not people seem to
+behave very similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave very similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave very similarly
+but perhaps if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps if you look at
+hunter-gatherer society that are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunter-gatherer society that are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunter-gatherer society that are quite
+different in various ways perhaps there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in various ways perhaps there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in various ways perhaps there
+we can look at interesting differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at interesting differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at interesting differences
+across places and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across places and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across places and so
+um on the one hand we see the lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the one hand we see the lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the one hand we see the lots of
+uniformity of play like in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity of play like in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity of play like in lots of
+places people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places people seem to
+um behave very similarly but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um behave very similarly but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um behave very similarly but you know
+there's some important differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some important differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some important differences and
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+uh uh what this sort of line of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what this sort of line of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what this sort of line of research
+is doing call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing call it
+it's often called like cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called like cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called like cultural
+economics or yeah cultural economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or yeah cultural economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or yeah cultural economics
+just try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to see
+what is the role of culture and the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of culture and the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of culture and the sort
+of nathan nunn and other people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nathan nunn and other people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nathan nunn and other people at
+harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard
+are doing this in particular sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this in particular sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this in particular sort of
+inspired by uh joe hendrick who is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by uh joe hendrick who is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by uh joe hendrick who is sort
+of the leader of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leader of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leader of that
+um is trying to look at like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is trying to look at like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is trying to look at like what is the
+role of culture and shaping people's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of culture and shaping people's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of culture and shaping people's um
+preferences and so one thing they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and so one thing they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and so one thing they had
+done and at the time is they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and at the time is they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and at the time is they looked at
+um 15 different hunter-gatherer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 15 different hunter-gatherer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 15 different hunter-gatherer
+societies you can see them here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies you can see them here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies you can see them here on the
+map some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map some of the
+in south america sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in south america sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in south america sorry
+somewhere in south america some are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in south america some are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in south america some are in
+um in africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in africa
+and some are in uh uh asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some are in uh uh asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some are in uh uh asia
+oceania um and so um you could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceania um and so um you could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceania um and so um you could look at
+sort of these different societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these different societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these different societies
+and by looking at sort of the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by looking at sort of the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by looking at sort of the way they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+living and producing you can sort of try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and producing you can sort of try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and producing you can sort of try
+to think about potential predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about potential predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about potential predictions
+of how they might behave in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they might behave in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they might behave in social
+preferences uh behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh behavior
+so one and there's two examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one and there's two examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one and there's two examples here
+that we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have one
+is um the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the society
+that you can see here the maki ganga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see here the maki ganga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see here the maki ganga
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+i guess in which countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess in which countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess in which countries
+in peru who in peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in peru who in peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in peru who in peru
+and latin america you can see them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and latin america you can see them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and latin america you can see them they
+essentially are independent families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are independent families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are independent families
+they do a lot of cash cropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a lot of cash cropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a lot of cash cropping
+um their way of living appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their way of living appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their way of living appears to be
+slash and berm agriculture gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash and berm agriculture gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash and berm agriculture gathering
+food fishing and hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food fishing and hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food fishing and hunting
+so it's overall and you correct me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's overall and you correct me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's overall and you correct me if
+that's wrong it seems to be fairly sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong it seems to be fairly sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong it seems to be fairly sort
+of individualistic in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individualistic in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individualistic in the sense of like
+the way people produce essentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way people produce essentially they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way people produce essentially they
+live and individualistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and individualistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and individualistically
+they are not really relying a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not really relying a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not really relying a lot of
+cooperation in the way they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation in the way they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation in the way they produce
+um uh uh their food or their uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh their food or their uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh their food or their uh their
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+in contrast um the la maleras in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast um the la maleras in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast um the la maleras in
+indonesia these are whale hunters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indonesia these are whale hunters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indonesia these are whale hunters
+essentially when you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you try to
+hunt a whale i don't quite know imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunt a whale i don't quite know imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunt a whale i don't quite know imagine
+at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+it requires lots of cooperation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires lots of cooperation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires lots of cooperation in the
+sense of like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like people
+sort of have to work together by nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have to work together by nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have to work together by nature
+of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+essentially um finding food or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um finding food or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um finding food or or
+hunting these whales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting these whales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting these whales
+and so they on a daily basis are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they on a daily basis are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they on a daily basis are really
+relying on corporation and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on corporation and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on corporation and so now
+this line of research by hendrik and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line of research by hendrik and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line of research by hendrik and
+others is trying to sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others is trying to sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others is trying to sort of see
+can we by looking at people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we by looking at people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we by looking at people's
+way of living and way of producing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of living and way of producing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of living and way of producing on
+any different life is that predictive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different life is that predictive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different life is that predictive of
+people's behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior in
+ultimatum uh games and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum uh games and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum uh games and what you see is
+um uh the following i'll just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the following i'll just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the following i'll just show you
+sort of what what results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what what results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what what results are
+so the um um society and and peru these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um um society and and peru these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um um society and and peru these
+and the slashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the slashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the slashing
+and burn uh horizontal culturalists seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn uh horizontal culturalists seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn uh horizontal culturalists seem
+to have little concerns for others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have little concerns for others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have little concerns for others
+outside of the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the family
+or for social status what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for social status what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for social status what you see
+essentially is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is relatively
+low offers most of these offers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low offers most of these offers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low offers most of these offers are
+um uh uh being accepted there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh being accepted there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh being accepted there's
+essentially very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially very low
+um rejection rates um and that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rejection rates um and that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rejection rates um and that seems to
+be essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially um
+and the rejections of like um amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rejections of like um amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rejections of like um amounts
+that are below 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are below 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are below 20
+is only like one out of ten so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only like one out of ten so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only like one out of ten so it seems
+to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the case
+uh this society that looks like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this society that looks like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this society that looks like a lot
+more individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more individualistic
+is in fact much closer to perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact much closer to perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact much closer to perhaps the
+assumption of sort of the neoclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of sort of the neoclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of sort of the neoclassical
+assumptions of no social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of no social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of no social preferences
+mattering in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering in the sense of like
+they seem to be um in the way at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be um in the way at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be um in the way at least
+they play these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play these
+the ultimatum game they seem to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimatum game they seem to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimatum game they seem to be happy
+to offer low amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer low amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer low amounts
+and they seem to also be not upset or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they seem to also be not upset or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they seem to also be not upset or or
+annoyed or getting back to others who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed or getting back to others who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed or getting back to others who
+offer them low amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer them low amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer them low amounts
+in contrast if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast if you look at the
+lamalera's the the whale hunting culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamalera's the the whale hunting culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamalera's the the whale hunting culture
+based on strong and meticulously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on strong and meticulously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on strong and meticulously
+detailed corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed corporation
+what you see is um the mean offer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is um the mean offer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is um the mean offer is
+like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+57 or the the mode is 50 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 or the the mode is 50 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 or the the mode is 50 percent
+there are quite a few rejections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a few rejections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a few rejections in
+particular rejections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rejections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rejections of
+um small amounts and that's to say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small amounts and that's to say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small amounts and that's to say like
+there is really sort of an expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really sort of an expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really sort of an expectations
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+cooperating and if you don't cooperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating and if you don't cooperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating and if you don't cooperate
+if you are not playing by those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are not playing by those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are not playing by those kinds of
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+people are being punished accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being punished accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are being punished accordingly
+and there are some others there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some others there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some others there's sort
+of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another
+culture of the um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a culture where gift giving is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a culture where gift giving is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a culture where gift giving is
+an avenue to status and gives the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avenue to status and gives the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avenue to status and gives the right
+to ask for reciprocity at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask for reciprocity at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask for reciprocity at any time
+so that's the thing that you often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the thing that you often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the thing that you often see
+in india as well that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india as well that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india as well that people
+tend to reject offers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to reject offers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to reject offers that are
+very large in part because i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large in part because i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large in part because i think
+that's sort of inappropriate i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of inappropriate i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of inappropriate i think
+that's just a weird thing to do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a weird thing to do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a weird thing to do in a
+sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+offer you like 50 or 60 percent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you like 50 or 60 percent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you like 50 or 60 percent they
+just think like if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think like if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think like if i
+accept this offer now i'll owe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this offer now i'll owe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this offer now i'll owe you
+something and have to give you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and have to give you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and have to give you um
+uh uh stuff back you are nodding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh stuff back you are nodding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh stuff back you are nodding
+yes yes so that's that's in uh in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so that's that's in uh in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so that's that's in uh in india
+as well to some degree as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well to some degree as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well to some degree as far as
+yeah any comments on this yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great question i think it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question i think it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question i think it may
+not have been i need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been i need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been i need to check
+um i think so there's some question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think so there's some question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think so there's some question on
+like how closely in some sense to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how closely in some sense to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how closely in some sense to the
+so in any so these are sort of 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any so these are sort of 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any so these are sort of 15
+societies so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies so in some sense
+like these are not sort of strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are not sort of strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are not sort of strictly
+speaking statistical tests of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking statistical tests of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking statistical tests of like
+um does culture cause this behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does culture cause this behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does culture cause this behavior
+because you only have essentially 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only have essentially 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only have essentially 15
+observations of kind of certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of kind of certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of kind of certain ways
+people behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behave
+um so in some sense the mapping between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in some sense the mapping between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in some sense the mapping between
+the description of what i was telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of what i was telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of what i was telling
+you which surely was like inaccurate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which surely was like inaccurate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which surely was like inaccurate in
+terms of how things how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how things how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how things how people
+really live in those societies and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really live in those societies and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really live in those societies and like
+their behavior is more like sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior is more like sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior is more like sort of a
+descriptive mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive mapping
+so in some ways it could be that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some ways it could be that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some ways it could be that even if
+it were um anonymous people behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were um anonymous people behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were um anonymous people behave in
+certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways
+that reflects a culture of um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects a culture of um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects a culture of um a
+cooperation and sort of to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and sort of to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and sort of to say
+it's just inappropriate reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just inappropriate reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just inappropriate reflect
+essentially when they say it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when they say it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when they say it's uh
+somebody gives you a large amount or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you a large amount or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you a large amount or a
+large gift you're not supposed to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large gift you're not supposed to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large gift you're not supposed to accept
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you might sort of not accept it even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of not accept it even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of not accept it even in
+an anonymous game because you just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anonymous game because you just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anonymous game because you just think
+that's you feel bad about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you feel bad about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you feel bad about it
+afterwards because you can't reciprocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards because you can't reciprocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards because you can't reciprocate
+reciprocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate
+if that makes sense but i have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that makes sense but i have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that makes sense but i have to look
+it up um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up um what the
+specific details were the paper is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific details were the paper is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific details were the paper is also
+in this very short paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very short paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very short paper
+so it's also in the course website if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also in the course website if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also in the course website if
+you issue in a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other comments are you from peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other comments are you from peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other comments are you from peru
+do you know about the society is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know about the society is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know about the society is that is
+that remotely accurate what i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remotely accurate what i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remotely accurate what i was saying
+okay well you you can uh look into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you you can uh look into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you you can uh look into this
+and report back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and report back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and report back
+um uh okay but anyway it's a very sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh okay but anyway it's a very sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh okay but anyway it's a very sort
+of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting
+um application of the ultimatum game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um application of the ultimatum game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um application of the ultimatum game
+because it sort of essentially tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of essentially tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of essentially tries to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+we're trying to look at how do people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to look at how do people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to look at how do people uh
+relate in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate in the real world
+and sort of looking at these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of looking at these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of looking at these different
+societies gives you some sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies gives you some sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies gives you some sense of like
+it does seem to capture something um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem to capture something um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem to capture something um in
+the real world of how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world of how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world of how people
+are in fact um behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact um behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact um behaving
+okay so now um we can sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um we can sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um we can sort of think
+about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+um what's going on in ultimatum games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on in ultimatum games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on in ultimatum games
+and we talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this a little bit
+but i want to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to be a little bit more
+precise it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise it's like
+why do responders reject low offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do responders reject low offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do responders reject low offers
+what's what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's going on here
+what are people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes and so despite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes and so despite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes and so despite this
+um so what exactly are you objecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what exactly are you objecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what exactly are you objecting to
+uh asked this before but let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asked this before but let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asked this before but let me let me
+ask again so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask again so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask again so if
+i think like a lot of you will things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think like a lot of you will things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think like a lot of you will things
+it if you think it's unfair so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you think it's unfair so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you think it's unfair so much so
+that you would rather that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would rather that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would rather that they get
+nothing like that you will see nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that you will see nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that you will see nothing
+that you need to take this pity off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to take this pity off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to take this pity off
+right so there's two things let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's two things let me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's two things let me um
+put them out here there's two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them out here there's two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them out here there's two things
+here you're talking about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're talking about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're talking about the second
+thing i think which is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i think which is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i think which is sort of the
+fairness part so one is about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness part so one is about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness part so one is about like a
+procedural thing which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural thing which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural thing which is to say
+i do not i object to like the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do not i object to like the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do not i object to like the procedure
+i upset object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i upset object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i upset object to
+you not treating me nicely or fairly i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not treating me nicely or fairly i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not treating me nicely or fairly i'm
+just mad at you for doing that therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mad at you for doing that therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mad at you for doing that therefore
+i reject hypothesis number one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i reject hypothesis number one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i reject hypothesis number one is this
+is what we were talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we were talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we were talking about earlier
+which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say
+i just dislike being behind you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just dislike being behind you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just dislike being behind you you
+offer me you you keep six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer me you you keep six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer me you you keep six
+i have four i just don't like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have four i just don't like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have four i just don't like being
+having less than somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having less than somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having less than somebody
+else and i might reject that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and i might reject that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and i might reject that as well
+can we disentangle those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we disentangle those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we disentangle those those
+explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from dictator game data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so from the data that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from the data that i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from the data that i just
+showed you are from the pure sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you are from the pure sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you are from the pure sort of the
+simple dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple dictator game
+it's very hard to disentangle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to disentangle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to disentangle these
+because it's just it looks the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just it looks the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just it looks the same
+but what you're saying now is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you're saying now is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you're saying now is we can
+have different sort of versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different sort of versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different sort of versions of that
+where you could you know have either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could you know have either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could you know have either the
+computer implemented or you could choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer implemented or you could choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer implemented or you could choose
+for other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people
+and then um and so on i think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and so on i think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and so on i think this is
+what you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying
+and then from that you could sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that you could sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that you could sort of say
+well if you're also rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're also rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're also rejecting
+uh that then perhaps it's not about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that then perhaps it's not about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that then perhaps it's not about the
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+per se if the computer chose six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se if the computer chose six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se if the computer chose six and
+four and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you
+reject it anyway then probably has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it anyway then probably has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it anyway then probably has to do
+it's not to do with fairness because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to do with fairness because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to do with fairness because the
+computer was perhaps just randomizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer was perhaps just randomizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer was perhaps just randomizing
+but it's rather to do with like i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rather to do with like i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rather to do with like i don't
+like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have
+less than somebody else in the same game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than somebody else in the same game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than somebody else in the same game
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i see yes i see i see so you can yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see yes i see i see so you can yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see yes i see i see so you can yes you
+can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that
+there's a bit of an issue a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of an issue a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of an issue a little bit
+like um another version of that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um another version of that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um another version of that would be
+just i don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i don't like
+uh inequality but i just might like want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inequality but i just might like want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inequality but i just might like want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+i just really like five five or 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just really like five five or 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just really like five five or 50 50
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+they already think we can look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already think we can look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already think we can look at what
+you were saying earlier which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying earlier which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying earlier which is to say
+i could see if there's a third party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could see if there's a third party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could see if there's a third party
+that looks at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at like
+um somebody choosing 60 for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody choosing 60 for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody choosing 60 for themselves
+and 40 for somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40 for somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40 for somebody else
+versus somebody choosing 40 versus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus somebody choosing 40 versus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus somebody choosing 40 versus for
+themselves and 60 for somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and 60 for somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and 60 for somebody else
+if you really just like inequality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really just like inequality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really just like inequality you
+would just reject both of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just reject both of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just reject both of those things
+and if you sort of um uh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you sort of um uh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you sort of um uh instead
+think this is like you just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is like you just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is like you just like
+inequality if the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if the person
+um only does that for themselves uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only does that for themselves uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only does that for themselves uh in
+some selfish way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some selfish way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some selfish way
+you would only reject the 60 40 but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would only reject the 60 40 but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would only reject the 60 40 but not
+the 40 60.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+right so um the answer is no we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um the answer is no we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um the answer is no we cannot
+distinguish these motives based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish these motives based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish these motives based on the
+ultimatum game so we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game so we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game so we need some
+additional evidence to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional evidence to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional evidence to do that
+uh we're going to do that mostly next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to do that mostly next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to do that mostly next
+time we're going to try to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to try to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to try to make some
+progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress
+towards that now if you now think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that now if you now think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that now if you now think about
+the proposer's motive if a proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposer's motive if a proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposer's motive if a proposer
+gives like a large or a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives like a large or a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives like a large or a small amount
+what can we learn from that or why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we learn from that or why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we learn from that or why is it
+difficult to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out what the
+proposer is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer is doing
+if you see somebody gives a large amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see somebody gives a large amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see somebody gives a large amount
+of money what do we learn from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money what do we learn from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money what do we learn from that
+yeah um it could be that they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um it could be that they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um it could be that they're just
+being optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being optimistic
+or they it could be that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they it could be that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they it could be that they have
+certain beliefs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain beliefs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain beliefs about
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so it could be that i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it could be that i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it could be that i'm just
+trying to be nice i'm trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be nice i'm trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be nice i'm trying to be
+friendly i care about you i offer you 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly i care about you i offer you 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly i care about you i offer you 50
+50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.
+um because i want you to have half or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because i want you to have half or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because i want you to have half or it
+could be that i just actually don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that i just actually don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that i just actually don't care
+about you at all i just think like if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you at all i just think like if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you at all i just think like if i
+offer you only 30 or 20 or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you only 30 or 20 or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you only 30 or 20 or whatever
+there's a good chance that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance that you might
+reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it
+therefore i just optimize over my edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i just optimize over my edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i just optimize over my edges
+essentially if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if i
+so it depends on my beliefs about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends on my beliefs about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends on my beliefs about what
+the rejection rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rejection rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rejection rates are
+and if the beliefs are that above below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the beliefs are that above below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the beliefs are that above below
+30 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 40
+people's rejection rates are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's rejection rates are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's rejection rates are positive
+and sort of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of higher
+i might essentially just maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might essentially just maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might essentially just maximize
+depending on my wrist preferences or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on my wrist preferences or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on my wrist preferences or
+whatever suppose i'm just neutral i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever suppose i'm just neutral i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever suppose i'm just neutral i
+might just maximize expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just maximize expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just maximize expected
+uh payout i might be that essentially 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh payout i might be that essentially 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh payout i might be that essentially 40
+or 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 50
+is just the optimal optimal uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the optimal optimal uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the optimal optimal uh the
+solution to that maximization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that maximization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that maximization problem
+and i just don't care about uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just don't care about uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just don't care about uh you
+whatsoever so from looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so from looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so from looking at this
+behavior essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior essentially
+from looking at like an ultimatum game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at like an ultimatum game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at like an ultimatum game
+and looking at a proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at a proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at a proposer
+offering large amounts of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering large amounts of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering large amounts of positive
+amounts we can learn nothing about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts we can learn nothing about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts we can learn nothing about their
+or it's very hard to learn anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's very hard to learn anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's very hard to learn anything
+about their social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their social preferences
+because essentially their strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially their strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially their strategic
+motives potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives potentially
+involved as well is that clear or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved as well is that clear or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved as well is that clear or any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we need to do then well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we need to do then well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we need to do then well now
+we need to sort of have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to sort of have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to sort of have some
+some some uh other evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some uh other evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some uh other evidence
+so we talked about this already when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about this already when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about this already when you
+think about sort of social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of social preferences
+you can think about like three broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about like three broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about like three broad
+categories of preferences and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of preferences and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of preferences and we're
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+talk about this a lot more so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this a lot more so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this a lot more so one is
+distributional preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences
+this is to say that um you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say that um you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say that um you care about
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+outcomes you care about how much each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you care about how much each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you care about how much each
+person gets right that's to say we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person gets right that's to say we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person gets right that's to say we can
+sort of represent this to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of represent this to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of represent this to like
+i put some weight on my utility on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put some weight on my utility on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put some weight on my utility on my
+outcomes i put some weight on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes i put some weight on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes i put some weight on your
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+and then depending on what that weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then depending on what that weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then depending on what that weight
+is i'm going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to decide
+about how to distribute outcomes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to distribute outcomes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to distribute outcomes these
+are sort of distributional preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of distributional preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of distributional preferences
+then there are things like we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are things like we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are things like we want to
+call like face saving concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call like face saving concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call like face saving concerns
+which is people don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people don't want to
+look bad in front of others you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look bad in front of others you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look bad in front of others you can also
+think about this like social image which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this like social image which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this like social image which
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+i want to look like an i'm a nice guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to look like an i'm a nice guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to look like an i'm a nice guy so
+like in particular if i'm in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in particular if i'm in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in particular if i'm in public
+making certain choices if i'm being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making certain choices if i'm being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making certain choices if i'm being
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+i'm going to behave very in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to behave very in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to behave very in a very
+friendly way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly way
+if i could sort of secretly be mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i could sort of secretly be mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i could sort of secretly be mean i
+would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that
+but as long as my social image is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as my social image is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as my social image is at
+stake i might look um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake i might look um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake i might look um
+like a nice person we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nice person we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nice person we're going to talk
+about some experimental evidence looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some experimental evidence looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some experimental evidence looking
+at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+and then there's sort of some um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of some um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of some um which
+we're going to call intentions-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call intentions-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call intentions-based
+preferences these are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences these are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences these are things like
+reciprocity procedural justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity procedural justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity procedural justice
+and sort of other facets of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of other facets of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of other facets of social
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+broadly speaking you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking you can think of this
+as like fairness which is to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like fairness which is to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like fairness which is to say it's
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+people don't care about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't care about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't care about like the
+outcomes per se they care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes per se they care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes per se they care about
+essentially the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the process
+in which um uh uh the outcomes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um uh uh the outcomes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um uh uh the outcomes were
+generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+right so they might be perfectly happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they might be perfectly happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they might be perfectly happy
+with like one person getting a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like one person getting a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like one person getting a lot and
+another person getting nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person getting nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person getting nothing
+as long as the computer randomized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the computer randomized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the computer randomized the
+next ante the probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ante the probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ante the probability of getting
+money was the same for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money was the same for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money was the same for everybody
+so that would be somebody who said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be somebody who said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be somebody who said uh
+these would be intention-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be intention-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be intention-based
+preferences where people sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where people sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where people sort of say
+this is procedural justice this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is procedural justice this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is procedural justice this is a
+fair thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair thing to do
+um and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people
+um are motivated um uh by that or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are motivated um uh by that or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are motivated um uh by that or that's
+essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh
+they might reciprocate in cases when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might reciprocate in cases when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might reciprocate in cases when
+they think things are unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think things are unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think things are unfair
+they might not do so in case they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not do so in case they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not do so in case they think
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are
+fairly generated even if things are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly generated even if things are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly generated even if things are in
+equal exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal exposed
+okay so now um we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um we're gonna talk about
+all three of those so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of those so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of those so let's start with
+distributional preferences um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences um this is
+sort of again the simplest kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of again the simplest kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of again the simplest kinds of
+social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences
+this is very much like a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much like a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much like a natural
+extension of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of how
+economists think about the world this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about the world this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about the world this is
+going back to gary becker i think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to gary becker i think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to gary becker i think in the
+60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s
+where essentially instead of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially instead of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially instead of saying like
+there's a utility function that just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a utility function that just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a utility function that just has
+my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own
+outcomes as of my own consumption as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes as of my own consumption as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes as of my own consumption as an
+argument instead i have a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument instead i have a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument instead i have a utility
+function that has my own utility how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has my own utility how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has my own utility how
+much i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much i get
+and the function of that plus how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function of that plus how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function of that plus how much
+does the other person get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the other person get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the other person get
+and the weight on that other person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weight on that other person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weight on that other person and
+so um uh again we sort of look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh again we sort of look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh again we sort of look at like
+uh the person cares not about only how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person cares not about only how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person cares not about only how
+much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they
+get but also the other there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but also the other there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but also the other there's two
+versions of that and this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that and this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that and this is what you're
+saying earlier they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier they're sort of
+interested distributional preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested distributional preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested distributional preferences
+and disinterested distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disinterested distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disinterested distributional
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+the interesting interested one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting interested one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting interested one is
+essentially the version is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the version is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the version is like
+where i'm involved and i get a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm involved and i get a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm involved and i get a certain
+outcome and there's another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and there's another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and there's another person
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+and i put some weight on that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put some weight on that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put some weight on that other
+person so it's about me versus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so it's about me versus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so it's about me versus another
+person and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and how do
+these resources are being divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources are being divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources are being divided
+could be also multiple pers people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be also multiple pers people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be also multiple pers people of
+course and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then there's the
+disinterested part which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinterested part which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinterested part which is to say
+kind of like how do i want resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how do i want resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how do i want resources to
+be divided um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided um
+across others this is kind of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across others this is kind of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across others this is kind of questions
+like you know how do we want society to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know how do we want society to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know how do we want society to
+look like how do we how do people feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like how do we how do people feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like how do we how do people feel
+about inequality and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inequality and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inequality and the like
+um or like what public goods how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or like what public goods how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or like what public goods how much
+should the government engage in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the government engage in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the government engage in uh
+redistribution and so on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution and so on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution and so on these
+would be often uh to some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be often uh to some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be often uh to some degree of
+course it's interested because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's interested because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's interested because
+people have to pay taxes or or receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to pay taxes or or receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to pay taxes or or receive
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+benefits from the government but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from the government but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from the government but often
+it's like you can ask questions people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you can ask questions people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you can ask questions people
+have opinions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opinions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opinions about
+you know suppose you live in the us you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suppose you live in the us you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suppose you live in the us you
+could have opinions about how should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have opinions about how should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have opinions about how should
+europe's tax system look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe's tax system look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe's tax system look like
+what is fair and what is unfair those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fair and what is unfair those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fair and what is unfair those
+would be essentially disinterested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be essentially disinterested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be essentially disinterested
+distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on on that so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on on that so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on on that so we're going
+to start with this and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with this and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with this and see
+how far can we get distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far can we get distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far can we get distributional
+preferences what kinds of things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences what kinds of things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences what kinds of things can be
+explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained
+and then we're going to move towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to move towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to move towards
+like saving phase or like social image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saving phase or like social image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saving phase or like social image
+type of concerns so the dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of concerns so the dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of concerns so the dictator game
+already explained to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already explained to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already explained to you
+what it looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like so
+here's usually um here's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's usually um here's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's usually um here's what the
+dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game
+looked like in class with no stakes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like in class with no stakes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like in class with no stakes this
+is very typical to how people behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very typical to how people behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very typical to how people behave
+in the real world um what do we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world um what do we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world um what do we see here
+what are what are sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are sort of um
+patterns of behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is no mistake so this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is no mistake so this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is no mistake so this is sort of
+hypothetical questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly and this is what a very typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and this is what a very typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and this is what a very typical
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+again in many situations there's a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in many situations there's a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in many situations there's a group
+of people often like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people often like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people often like 30
+40 of people who just essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 of people who just essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 of people who just essentially just
+keeps the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the money
+um there's a group of people that thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a group of people that thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a group of people that thinks
+like 50 50 is like sort of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 50 is like sort of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 50 is like sort of the right
+thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+that's often also something like thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often also something like thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often also something like thirty
+percent of people and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people and then there's
+people like often in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like often in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like often in between
+often between zero and fifty and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often between zero and fifty and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often between zero and fifty and there's
+some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who
+who who tend to give a lot uh uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who tend to give a lot uh uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who tend to give a lot uh uh that's
+often like a minority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like a minority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like a minority of
+people now one what can we infer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now one what can we infer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now one what can we infer from
+those choices what can we infer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices what can we infer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices what can we infer from
+people who choose zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh is do we have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh is do we have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh is do we have any
+objections to that or like what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections to that or like what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections to that or like what other
+interpretation could we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly so in the case of money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so in the case of money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so in the case of money um
+you could sort of keep the money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of keep the money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of keep the money you
+could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say
+i'm choosing the ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm choosing the ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm choosing the ten dollars
+and instead i'm giving it to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead i'm giving it to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead i'm giving it to somebody
+who is in higher need who has higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is in higher need who has higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is in higher need who has higher
+marginal value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal value of this
+this money uh that could be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money uh that could be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money uh that could be um
+you know you could give it to charity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could give it to charity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could give it to charity or
+give it to somebody on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to somebody on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to somebody on the
+on the street or any other person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street or any other person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street or any other person you
+think is in need so that person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is in need so that person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is in need so that person who
+looks like they're fairly selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like they're fairly selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like they're fairly selfish
+might in fact be quite generous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might in fact be quite generous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might in fact be quite generous in the
+sense of like give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like give it to
+the the money to others um that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the money to others um that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the money to others um that's a
+common issue with a lot of these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common issue with a lot of these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common issue with a lot of these games
+is essentially there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially there's
+often like an outside option in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like an outside option in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like an outside option in the
+sense of like we can look at these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like we can look at these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like we can look at these games
+as if this is the only game that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if this is the only game that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if this is the only game that's the
+only thing that's happening in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that's happening in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that's happening in the world
+and nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else
+and look at sort of try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at sort of try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at sort of try to explain
+behavior through that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior through that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior through that but
+often the issue is like there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the issue is like there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the issue is like there's other
+things that happen in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in the world
+so when i think about like am i behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i think about like am i behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i think about like am i behind
+or um do i get more money versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um do i get more money versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um do i get more money versus
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+you know when you play with somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you play with somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you play with somebody who
+is a lot richer a lot poorer than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot richer a lot poorer than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot richer a lot poorer than you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+in fact you know giving them ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you know giving them ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you know giving them ten dollars
+versus not or five dollars or not will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not or five dollars or not will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not or five dollars or not will
+not change that fact that you're a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change that fact that you're a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change that fact that you're a lot
+richer than they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer than they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer than they are
+so perhaps you should give a lot more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps you should give a lot more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps you should give a lot more a
+lot less money and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less money and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less money and so on
+so in anything that we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in anything that we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in anything that we're sort of
+assuming we look at this in the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we look at this in the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we look at this in the lens
+through the lens of like there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of like there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of like there's only
+this game that happens and nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game that happens and nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game that happens and nothing else
+it turns out that's actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that's actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that's actually a pretty
+good approximation people sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation people sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation people sort of what
+we call it narrowly frame they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it narrowly frame they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it narrowly frame they look at
+essentially this game as if this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this game as if this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this game as if this is like
+completely separate from anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate from anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate from anything else
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in in the world so people tend to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the world so people tend to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the world so people tend to not
+integrate these games with like the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate these games with like the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate these games with like the rest
+of life or the rest of utilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life or the rest of utilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life or the rest of utilities so
+expected utilities would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utilities would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utilities would say
+you should integrate this game with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should integrate this game with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should integrate this game with
+everything else that happens in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that happens in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that happens in life
+so you should not look at like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should not look at like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should not look at like six
+versus four i'm earning more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus four i'm earning more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus four i'm earning more than
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+you should look at like what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should look at like what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should look at like what is my
+income overall a lifetime income what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income overall a lifetime income what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income overall a lifetime income what is
+your lifetime income or the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lifetime income or the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lifetime income or the expected
+lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+time income of somebody else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time income of somebody else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time income of somebody else in the
+experiment and depending on that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and depending on that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and depending on that you
+should give money or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give money or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give money or not
+or differently you might say well should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differently you might say well should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differently you might say well should
+i give money to somebody else in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i give money to somebody else in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i give money to somebody else in class
+well perhaps not because most people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well perhaps not because most people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well perhaps not because most people in
+class will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class will um
+will eventually make a lot of money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually make a lot of money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually make a lot of money um
+once they graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they graduate
+and uh instead let's just fuse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh instead let's just fuse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh instead let's just fuse that
+money and sort of give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and sort of give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and sort of give it
+uh to somebody else who has higher need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to somebody else who has higher need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to somebody else who has higher need
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+okay so here's no stakes it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's no stakes it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's no stakes it turns out
+when you look at stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at stakes
+not much happens so this is answers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much happens so this is answers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much happens so this is answers if
+you look at this there's no stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this there's no stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this there's no stakes
+here's like stakes answers look in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like stakes answers look in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like stakes answers look in fact
+very similar there's not much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar there's not much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar there's not much of a
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+even when you have like higher stakes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you have like higher stakes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you have like higher stakes i
+think just like twenty dollars and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just like twenty dollars and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just like twenty dollars and the
+like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people
+seem to behave very similarly so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to behave very similarly so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to behave very similarly so it
+seems to be like in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be like in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be like in fact
+asking hypothetical questions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking hypothetical questions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking hypothetical questions and this
+is how some of these games started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how some of these games started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how some of these games started
+just asking hypothetically what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking hypothetically what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking hypothetically what how
+would what would you do if somebody gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what would you do if somebody gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would what would you do if somebody gave
+you ten dollars and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ten dollars and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ten dollars and so on
+turns out you actually get pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you actually get pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you actually get pretty good
+answers for how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers for how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers for how people
+behave in reality that's true for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in reality that's true for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in reality that's true for this
+class but it's also true in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's also true in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's also true in actual
+experiments and actual experiments if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and actual experiments if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and actual experiments if
+you just ask people like what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just ask people like what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just ask people like what would you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+and then when you actually implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you actually implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you actually implement it
+with the same people or with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same people or with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same people or with other
+people you get actually pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you get actually pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you get actually pretty similar
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+across people now we do find that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across people now we do find that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across people now we do find that like
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+had a version of that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a version of that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a version of that that was
+essentially in private which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in private which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in private which is to say
+um you know you did not have to reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you did not have to reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you did not have to reveal
+if selected to the entire class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if selected to the entire class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if selected to the entire class
+essentially what you chose but only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you chose but only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you chose but only to
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+notice that that's not really private in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that's not really private in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that's not really private in
+the sense of like you still have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of like you still have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of like you still have to sort
+of tell the other person how it shows 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tell the other person how it shows 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tell the other person how it shows 10
+and you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get zero
+so that's not very nice there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not very nice there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not very nice there's other
+versions that would be in private would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions that would be in private would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions that would be in private would
+just be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be like
+the other person might never find out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person might never find out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person might never find out or
+the other person might at least never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person might at least never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person might at least never
+find out that it was you who chose 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that it was you who chose 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that it was you who chose 10
+and they got zero right and so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got zero right and so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got zero right and so but what
+we do see if you look at sort of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do see if you look at sort of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do see if you look at sort of this is
+like now um i think this is like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now um i think this is like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now um i think this is like with
+monetary six this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary six this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary six this is when
+ten dollars this is when with ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars this is when with ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars this is when with ten
+dollars in private and you do see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in private and you do see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in private and you do see for
+example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that
+when you look at the fraction who gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the fraction who gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the fraction who gives
+essentially a hundred percent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a hundred percent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a hundred percent that
+fraction tends to uh uh go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction tends to uh uh go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction tends to uh uh go down
+so do it looks like people are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do it looks like people are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do it looks like people are um
+somewhat less nice and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat less nice and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat less nice and private
+we're going to get back to that um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get back to that um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get back to that um again
+in the sense of like trying to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like trying to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like trying to see when
+we look at the question of like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the question of like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the question of like are
+people really nice when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really nice when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really nice when they
+um give money and so on we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give money and so on we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give money and so on we're going to
+look at sort of cleaner versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sort of cleaner versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sort of cleaner versions of that
+where people have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have the
+ability to essentially hide in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to essentially hide in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to essentially hide in some ways
+that they're not nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not nice
+how might one do that how could you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might one do that how could you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might one do that how could you what
+kind of game would you design to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game would you design to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game would you design to to to
+hide the fact that the person is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the fact that the person is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the fact that the person is not
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes recipient is only like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes recipient is only like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes recipient is only like
+given the money and not for like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the money and not for like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the money and not for like what
+percentage of the original ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the original ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the original ones
+right so one version of that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one version of that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one version of that would be
+like the recipient just doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the recipient just doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the recipient just doesn't even
+know what the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the game is
+they just get some money and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just get some money and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just get some money and here's
+here's some money for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some money for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some money for whatever reason
+you were just given it because you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were just given it because you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were just given it because you're in
+the experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and
+so you could just essentially hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could just essentially hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could just essentially hide the
+entire uh game from the recipient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh game from the recipient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh game from the recipient
+what's another thing you could do where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another thing you could do where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another thing you could do where
+you don't hide the entire game but sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't hide the entire game but sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't hide the entire game but sort
+of say still there's a game but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say still there's a game but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say still there's a game but what
+other ways could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways could you
+in what other ways could you hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what other ways could you hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what other ways could you hide the
+fact that people are not nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that people are not nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that people are not nice
+like what mechanisms could you implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+exactly and that's exactly i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and that's exactly i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and that's exactly i'm going to
+show you that i think on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that i think on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that i think on wednesday
+that's exactly what people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what people have done
+where you say with 50 chance there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say with 50 chance there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say with 50 chance there's a
+robot who's like not very nice or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot who's like not very nice or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot who's like not very nice or like
+very nice or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice or whatever
+some chance the robot is really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chance the robot is really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chance the robot is really mean
+with some chance the robot is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some chance the robot is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some chance the robot is really
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+and now we can look at like so with 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can look at like so with 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can look at like so with 50
+so the robot decides with 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the robot decides with 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the robot decides with 50
+chance you decide and the recipient will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you decide and the recipient will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you decide and the recipient will
+never know whether it was a robot versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know whether it was a robot versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know whether it was a robot versus
+uh you right and so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you right and so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you right and so now you can
+essentially hide behind the robot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially hide behind the robot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially hide behind the robot you
+can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well
+i really wanted to give you lots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really wanted to give you lots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really wanted to give you lots but
+sorry the robot was really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the robot was really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the robot was really mean
+uh too bad and the other person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too bad and the other person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too bad and the other person will
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+find out and it turns out when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out and it turns out when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out and it turns out when you do
+that kind of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of game
+people tend to be a lot less nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to be a lot less nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to be a lot less nice
+than when there's no robot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when there's no robot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when there's no robot okay
+so then um we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then um we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then um we have um
+a chocolate looks like people are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chocolate looks like people are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chocolate looks like people are giving
+someone more when it comes to chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone more when it comes to chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone more when it comes to chocolate
+they tend to give a lot more when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to give a lot more when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to give a lot more when
+when it comes to apples um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now why is that why does that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why is that why does that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why is that why does that matter
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+if you model like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you model like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you model like um
+your utility plus like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility plus like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility plus like the other
+principles you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles you know
+multiplier it could be that like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier it could be that like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier it could be that like people
+have weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have weight
+um people's marginal utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people's marginal utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people's marginal utility and
+chocolate apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate apples
+decline way more yes it turns out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline way more yes it turns out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline way more yes it turns out like
+getting the fifth or sixth or seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the fifth or sixth or seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the fifth or sixth or seventh
+apple of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple of the day
+uh uh might be not as enjoyable as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh might be not as enjoyable as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh might be not as enjoyable as like
+the first or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first or second
+um um so you know exactly so like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so you know exactly so like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so you know exactly so like well
+it's pretty reasonable to think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty reasonable to think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty reasonable to think that the
+marginal utility of money is linear for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of money is linear for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of money is linear for
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+um small amounts but we give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small amounts but we give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small amounts but we give you one
+dollar two three or four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar two three or four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar two three or four or five
+in some sense that's that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense that's that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense that's that's that
+shouldn't be very concave we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be very concave we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be very concave we discussed
+that at length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at length
+for apples uh the perishable there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for apples uh the perishable there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for apples uh the perishable there's
+only so many apples you can eat on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so many apples you can eat on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so many apples you can eat on a
+given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day
+so really what we should look at is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what we should look at is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what we should look at is like
+what's the utility of apples and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the utility of apples and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the utility of apples and if the
+marginal utility of apples is decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of apples is decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of apples is decreasing
+uh that might matter quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might matter quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might matter quite a bit
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+maybe let me sort of summarize a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me sort of summarize a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me sort of summarize a little
+bit like what did we learn in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like what did we learn in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like what did we learn in those
+kinds of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of games
+so first um is uh people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first um is uh people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first um is uh people look
+um fairly generous in dictator games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairly generous in dictator games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairly generous in dictator games
+even when the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the game is
+um largely private we're going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um largely private we're going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um largely private we're going to sort
+of challenge that assumption a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of challenge that assumption a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of challenge that assumption a little
+bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+exactly as you suggested with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you suggested with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you suggested with sort of
+other ways in which either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which either
+people can be more private they can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can be more private they can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can be more private they can just
+hide the game entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the game entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the game entirely
+or when they perhaps can hide behind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when they perhaps can hide behind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when they perhaps can hide behind a
+machine or a computer or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or a computer or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or a computer or in other
+ways or when they perhaps can opt out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or when they perhaps can opt out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or when they perhaps can opt out of
+the game in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in certain
+ways people generally seem to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways people generally seem to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways people generally seem to give
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+30 of the total that's quite common 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 of the total that's quite common 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 of the total that's quite common 20
+to 30 percent is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 percent is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 percent is quite
+common overall it doesn't seem to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common overall it doesn't seem to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common overall it doesn't seem to matter
+that much whether there's hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much whether there's hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much whether there's hypothetical
+versus actual choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus actual choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus actual choices
+the size of the steaks also seem not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the steaks also seem not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the steaks also seem not to
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+that much we seem to see somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much we seem to see somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much we seem to see somewhat
+different behaviors of chocolates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different behaviors of chocolates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different behaviors of chocolates and
+apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples
+there's also some people who told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some people who told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some people who told me
+that there's lactose intolerant and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's lactose intolerant and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's lactose intolerant and so
+on so essentially saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so essentially saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so essentially saying like
+their marginal utility of chocolate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal utility of chocolate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal utility of chocolate is
+quite low so it's much easier it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite low so it's much easier it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite low so it's much easier it's much
+less costly to give to somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less costly to give to somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less costly to give to somebody else
+or put differently it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or put differently it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or put differently it's actually
+efficient potentially because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient potentially because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient potentially because the
+marginal utility of chocolate is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of chocolate is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of chocolate is much
+higher for that other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for that other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for that other person
+than it is for you of course there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is for you of course there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is for you of course there's a
+problem now again that you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now again that you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now again that you could just
+choose the chocolates for yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the chocolates for yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the chocolates for yourself and
+then just give it to your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just give it to your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just give it to your friends
+so you look kind of like quite selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you look kind of like quite selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you look kind of like quite selfish
+but in fact you might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you might not be
+so anyway but sort of the what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway but sort of the what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway but sort of the what really
+matters here and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters here and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters here and this is sort of
+perhaps in some sense when i when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in some sense when i when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in some sense when i when we
+talk about sort of apples and chocolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of apples and chocolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of apples and chocolates
+that's a little bit silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit silly
+but when you think about a dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you think about a dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you think about a dictator game
+where you play with somebody in kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you play with somebody in kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you play with somebody in kenya
+who's whose uh income or life dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's whose uh income or life dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's whose uh income or life dying
+income is like orders of magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is like orders of magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is like orders of magnitude is
+lower than yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than yours
+then it matters actually quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it matters actually quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it matters actually quite a bit
+what's the marginal uh utility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal uh utility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal uh utility of the
+ten dollars that you could keep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars that you could keep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars that you could keep for
+yourself versus for that person for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself versus for that person for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself versus for that person for that
+person that's a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's a lot of money
+for you um a lot less and so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um a lot less and so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um a lot less and so you might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+more generous when playing with a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generous when playing with a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generous when playing with a person
+whose marginal utility of of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose marginal utility of of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose marginal utility of of money
+or consumption is a lot higher um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consumption is a lot higher um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consumption is a lot higher um
+this is what i was mentioning as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i was mentioning as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i was mentioning as well
+it's like the you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the you want to think about
+kind of like what is the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what is the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what is the outside option
+so some people might give low amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people might give low amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people might give low amount and
+decide to give the money or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to give the money or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to give the money or the
+the apples or whatever to somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apples or whatever to somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apples or whatever to somebody else
+those people will look selfish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people will look selfish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people will look selfish in
+dictator games well in fact they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator games well in fact they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator games well in fact they're
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+generous that's a problem with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous that's a problem with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous that's a problem with these
+games that are hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that are hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that are hard to
+hard to deal with we're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to deal with we're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to deal with we're not going to be
+able to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of
+deal with that overall they can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that overall they can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that overall they can sort of
+think about a little bit and sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a little bit and sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a little bit and sort of see
+like you know can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know can we
+give people options to opt out and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people options to opt out and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people options to opt out and so on
+but it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll
+always be an issue it's less of an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an issue it's less of an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an issue it's less of an issue
+than you perhaps think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you perhaps think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you perhaps think about it
+conceptually that's a huge problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually that's a huge problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually that's a huge problem
+but when we look at people's actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we look at people's actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we look at people's actual
+behavior it looks like people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior it looks like people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior it looks like people really
+behave as if this was the only thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as if this was the only thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as if this was the only thing in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+and sort of then in some ways it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of then in some ways it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of then in some ways it's quite
+predictive of actual behavior in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive of actual behavior in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive of actual behavior in the
+world even perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world even perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world even perhaps
+in some ways it shouldn't um be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it shouldn't um be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it shouldn't um be any
+other comments or things we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments or things we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments or things we learned
+perhaps from the game or that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps from the game or that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps from the game or that you
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is there a possibility for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there a possibility for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there a possibility for the
+people that like gave zero it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that like gave zero it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that like gave zero it's just
+that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their
+sort of like interested uh distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like interested uh distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like interested uh distribution
+like the deal is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the deal is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the deal is the same as
+disinterested one where they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinterested one where they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinterested one where they actually
+think like oh the best thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like oh the best thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like oh the best thing for
+society is for me to have ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is for me to have ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is for me to have ten dollars
+and not the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because you put a lot of weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because you put a lot of weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because you put a lot of weight on
+yourself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or
+regardless if it's correct or not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless if it's correct or not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless if it's correct or not like
+do you think that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that like
+the way is better for society than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is better for society than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is better for society than the
+other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+yeah i mean i think so you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean i think so you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean i think so you have to sort
+of justify that somehow in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justify that somehow in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justify that somehow in a sense of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+if you are very similar to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are very similar to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are very similar to the other
+students then you would might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students then you would might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students then you would might sort of
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+dividing it so depends like what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing it so depends like what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing it so depends like what you
+think is the marginal utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the marginal utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the marginal utility of
+money so if you think the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so if you think the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so if you think the marginal
+utility of money is essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of money is essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of money is essentially the same
+for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody
+in some sense then it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense then it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense then it doesn't matter
+very much whether you keep it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much whether you keep it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much whether you keep it to
+yourself versus somebody else in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself versus somebody else in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself versus somebody else in some
+sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because
+in the grand scheme of things it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grand scheme of things it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grand scheme of things it doesn't
+look very different it could be that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very different it could be that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very different it could be that for
+example you think for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you think for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you think for whatever reason
+you just really had a bad day and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just really had a bad day and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just really had a bad day and you
+can use the ten dollars to buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the ten dollars to buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the ten dollars to buy you
+something nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice
+it could be that you think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that you think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that you think you're
+relatively poor to others in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively poor to others in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively poor to others in
+in class for whatever reason you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class for whatever reason you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class for whatever reason you just
+don't have a lot of money right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of money right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of money right now
+the marginal utility of money for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal utility of money for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal utility of money for you
+might be really high so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really high so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really high so again
+and in some sense that's like socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense that's like socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense that's like socially
+efficient you would actually even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you would actually even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you would actually even if it
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+if it weren't you you would give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it weren't you you would give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it weren't you you would give the
+money to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to yourself
+now i think uh it is the case that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i think uh it is the case that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i think uh it is the case that when
+you look at sort of these distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at sort of these distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at sort of these distributions
+um it tends to be that 30 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it tends to be that 30 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it tends to be that 30 percent of
+people sort of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of keep
+all of that money so it tends to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that money so it tends to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that money so it tends to be that
+like it's hard to believe that that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's hard to believe that that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's hard to believe that that sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that's really i mean you'd have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really i mean you'd have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really i mean you'd have to look
+at like how does that correlate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like how does that correlate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like how does that correlate with
+other characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other characteristics
+it probably does um and we'll get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably does um and we'll get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably does um and we'll get back
+to that in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in the sense of like
+when we see now when people have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see now when people have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see now when people have the
+chance to hide money and so on when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to hide money and so on when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to hide money and so on when you
+see now the fraction of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now the fraction of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now the fraction of people who
+choose ten dollars for themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose ten dollars for themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose ten dollars for themselves and
+zero for others goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for others goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for others goes up
+that in some ways compared to like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some ways compared to like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some ways compared to like when
+you can't hide that it perhaps is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hide that it perhaps is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hide that it perhaps is then
+identifying selfishness and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying selfishness and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying selfishness and so on
+here when you see people keeping 10 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you see people keeping 10 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you see people keeping 10 you
+can come up with lots of explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with lots of explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with lots of explanations
+including the one that you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the one that you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the one that you mentioned
+but also including the ones you keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also including the ones you keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also including the ones you keep it
+for yourself and give it to your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself and give it to your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself and give it to your friends
+and share it with them and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share it with them and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share it with them and so on
+and uh we can't really infer very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we can't really infer very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we can't really infer very much
+but in these sort of cleaner experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in these sort of cleaner experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in these sort of cleaner experiments
+where you can sort of like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can sort of like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can sort of like really
+say okay when you don't have the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay when you don't have the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay when you don't have the outside
+option when you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option when you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option when you don't have the
+chance to hide you look quite nice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to hide you look quite nice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to hide you look quite nice that
+goes away when you have the chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away when you have the chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away when you have the chance to
+hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide
+presumably that is because you just are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that is because you just are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that is because you just are
+selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish
+and not for other reasons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes surely they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surely they have what i don't know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely they have what i don't know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely they have what i don't know so
+surely the entire denominator is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely the entire denominator is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely the entire denominator is very
+robust in various situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust in various situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust in various situations
+so my guess is they were less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my guess is they were less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my guess is they were less likely to
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+i don't have like i can look it up but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have like i can look it up but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have like i can look it up but i
+don't have like a great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have like a great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have like a great um
+experiment that that i can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that that i can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that that i can tell you
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+but my sense is that like so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my sense is that like so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my sense is that like so the
+question is like if you give people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like if you give people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like if you give people the
+ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars
+into their hand are they gonna like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their hand are they gonna like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their hand are they gonna like
+choose differently my guess is they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose differently my guess is they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose differently my guess is they will
+look a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot less
+selfish in the experiment that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish in the experiment that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish in the experiment that you
+played in some sense you are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played in some sense you are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played in some sense you are sort of
+endowed with the game so in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowed with the game so in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowed with the game so in some ways
+but you could do deviations of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could do deviations of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could do deviations of that you
+could look at like here's ten dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at like here's ten dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at like here's ten dollars to
+neither yours nor the other person's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither yours nor the other person's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither yours nor the other person's how
+would you like to divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to divide it
+my guess is the person will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is the person will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is the person will be more
+generous when they do that compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous when they do that compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous when they do that compared to
+saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+here's ten dollars i give it to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ten dollars i give it to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ten dollars i give it to you in
+one dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar
+bills and now you have to give me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills and now you have to give me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills and now you have to give me back
+some people will be more likely to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will be more likely to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will be more likely to keep
+the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+when they actually have the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they actually have the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they actually have the money in
+hand when they feel like it's yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand when they feel like it's yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand when they feel like it's yours
+or theirs as opposed to like they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or theirs as opposed to like they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or theirs as opposed to like they have
+to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide
+uh money that's not that that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money that's not that that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money that's not that that doesn't
+really belong to any person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong to any person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong to any person
+so my guess is that's true but i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my guess is that's true but i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my guess is that's true but i don't
+that there's literally thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's literally thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's literally thousands of
+experiments of people doing these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of people doing these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of people doing these kinds
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+variations so i'm sure that if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so i'm sure that if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so i'm sure that if somebody
+has done this i can look up and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done this i can look up and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done this i can look up and see
+whether i find that okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i find that okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i find that okay any other
+thoughts of what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts of what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts of what we learned
+so now when you now think about like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when you now think about like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when you now think about like how
+should you model these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you model these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you model these
+distributional preferences and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences and there's a
+classic paper by chinese and raven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic paper by chinese and raven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic paper by chinese and raven
+um raven is the the guy that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um raven is the the guy that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um raven is the the guy that you know
+from the calibration theorem about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the calibration theorem about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the calibration theorem about risk
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+and the way they models is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they models is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they models is very simple
+they essentially um have the preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially um have the preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially um have the preferences
+over outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over outcomes
+x1 and x2 think of this as like money it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 and x2 think of this as like money it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 and x2 think of this as like money it
+could be also apples or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be also apples or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be also apples or something else
+money is perhaps a better approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is perhaps a better approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is perhaps a better approximation
+because the margin utility of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the margin utility of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the margin utility of money
+think of this is rather constant and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is rather constant and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is rather constant and now
+um player 2 is a dictator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um player 2 is a dictator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um player 2 is a dictator so
+x2 is how much player 2 gets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is how much player 2 gets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is how much player 2 gets so
+player 2 has a utility function u2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 has a utility function u2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 has a utility function u2 the
+utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of
+player 2 as a function of x1 this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 as a function of x1 this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 as a function of x1 this is how
+much the other person gets and x2 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the other person gets and x2 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the other person gets and x2 how
+much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the
+player 2 gets and the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 gets and the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 gets and the utility function
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+rho times x1 plus 1 minus rho times x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho times x1 plus 1 minus rho times x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho times x1 plus 1 minus rho times x2
+if x2 is larger or equal than x1 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x2 is larger or equal than x1 that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x2 is larger or equal than x1 that is
+to say if the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if the person is
+ahead if x2 gets more than x1 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead if x2 gets more than x1 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead if x2 gets more than x1 and it's
+sigma times x1 plus 1 minus sigma x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma times x1 plus 1 minus sigma x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma times x1 plus 1 minus sigma x2
+if x2 is smaller equal than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x2 is smaller equal than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x2 is smaller equal than
+x1 so what do these parameters measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 so what do these parameters measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 so what do these parameters measure
+what do row and sigma measure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do row and sigma measure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do row and sigma measure here
+well why might they be different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why might they be different yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why might they be different yeah
+next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year
+yes so um exactly what does it do how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um exactly what does it do how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um exactly what does it do how
+much weight do you put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight do you put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weight do you put on
+yourself or the other person or so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or the other person or so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or the other person or so if
+you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in the extreme case i guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the extreme case i guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the extreme case i guess if
+you are and then in one case i guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and then in one case i guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and then in one case i guess if
+you choose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose uh
+if this is zero then essentially you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is zero then essentially you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is zero then essentially you're
+back in the new classical case of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the new classical case of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the new classical case of like
+not caring about others at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not caring about others at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not caring about others at all
+right so for if you choose like row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for if you choose like row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for if you choose like row
+sigma equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma equals zero
+then it's just like how much do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just like how much do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just like how much do you get
+you should give zero and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should give zero and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should give zero and you should
+accept any offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept any offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept any offer
+right and now if um as rho and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now if um as rho and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now if um as rho and sigma
+goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+uh 0.5 or whatever like you care give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.5 or whatever like you care give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.5 or whatever like you care give
+more weight on the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight on the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight on the other person
+so 0.5 for example is the case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0.5 for example is the case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0.5 for example is the case where you
+care equally about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care equally about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care equally about
+the other person and yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person and yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person and yourself
+right because the weights are then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the weights are then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the weights are then the
+same now why might row and sigma be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same now why might row and sigma be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same now why might row and sigma be
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly it's just easier that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's just easier that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's just easier that seems
+to be like a very sort of intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a very sort of intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a very sort of intuitive
+um uh feature of the world it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh feature of the world it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh feature of the world it seems to
+be much easier to be generous when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much easier to be generous when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much easier to be generous when
+you're ahead anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ahead anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ahead anyway
+if you like very rich you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like very rich you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like very rich you might as well
+give some money to the poorer person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some money to the poorer person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some money to the poorer person and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+if you are um uh poorer than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are um uh poorer than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are um uh poorer than the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+it's much harder to be generous in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to be generous in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to be generous in some
+ways perhaps because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways perhaps because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways perhaps because you
+feel like you deserve to be do they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you deserve to be do they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you deserve to be do they get
+as much as the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as the other person
+so why would you give the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would you give the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would you give the other person
+uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more
+would you you put essentially less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you you put essentially less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you you put essentially less
+weight on on that other person if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on on that other person if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on on that other person if you're
+behind what's the case of sigma smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind what's the case of sigma smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind what's the case of sigma smaller
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly so if you're behind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so if you're behind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so if you're behind so
+sigma is the case where you're behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is the case where you're behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is the case where you're behind
+you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the
+x2 the the player two if player two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 the the player two if player two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 the the player two if player two is
+behind has less than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind has less than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind has less than uh
+a player one now you might um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a player one now you might um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a player one now you might um
+uh you you might get positive utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you might get positive utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you might get positive utility
+from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like
+reducing player one's outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing player one's outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing player one's outcome
+so you might if you're behind you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might if you're behind you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might if you're behind you'd
+rather have the other person get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the other person get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the other person get less
+and you feel better about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel better about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel better about that
+because perhaps presumably because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because perhaps presumably because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because perhaps presumably because
+you're then less behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're then less behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're then less behind
+even calling constant your own um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even calling constant your own um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even calling constant your own um your
+own outcomes okay so if you keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own outcomes okay so if you keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own outcomes okay so if you keep your
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+outcome your own payment the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome your own payment the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome your own payment the same
+suppose you get five the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you get five the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you get five the other person
+gets 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets 20.
+you feel better if the other person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel better if the other person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel better if the other person gets
+15 or 10 because you're like less behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 10 because you're like less behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 10 because you're like less behind
+now than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now than the other
+um person okay so you're willing to hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um person okay so you're willing to hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um person okay so you're willing to hurt
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+you might be even willing to pay to hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be even willing to pay to hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be even willing to pay to hurt
+the other person which is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person which is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person which is kind of like
+what happens in the dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the dictator game
+when the person rejects the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person rejects the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person rejects the dictator
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that
+so we have an example of rho uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an example of rho uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an example of rho uh sorry
+sigma is smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is smaller than one
+suppose you have sigma being minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have sigma being minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have sigma being minus one
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+do you have to choose between zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to choose between zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to choose between zero zero
+and nine one what are you gonna choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine one what are you gonna choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine one what are you gonna choose
+so i just so this is what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just so this is what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just so this is what this looks
+like sigma times x1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sigma times x1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sigma times x1 plus
+1 minus sigma x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right so essentially the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so essentially the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so essentially the reason is
+that essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially you
+if you look at this uh this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this uh this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this uh this equation
+here you put the minus one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you put the minus one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you put the minus one third
+weight essentially on the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight essentially on the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight essentially on the other person
+so you really don't like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really don't like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really don't like the other
+person getting nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person getting nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person getting nine
+so that's um uh uh you know be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um uh uh you know be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um uh uh you know be really
+unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy
+about that despite the fact that like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that despite the fact that like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that despite the fact that like uh
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+value getting some money yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value getting some money yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value getting some money yourself you
+have positive value in that as well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive value in that as well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive value in that as well it's
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+i guess four thirds times uh one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess four thirds times uh one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess four thirds times uh one but
+sort of putting together that's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of putting together that's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of putting together that's negative
+so essentially you're willing to pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you're willing to pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you're willing to pay and
+this is i guess sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i guess sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i guess sort of like
+one explanation potentially why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation potentially why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation potentially why people
+might reject and this is i guess what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reject and this is i guess what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reject and this is i guess what i
+was saying earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying earlier
+you might reject the ultimatum game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might reject the ultimatum game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might reject the ultimatum game
+simply for distributional reasons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply for distributional reasons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply for distributional reasons you
+might just say i don't like being behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say i don't like being behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say i don't like being behind
+in this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this game
+if i'm behind i put like negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm behind i put like negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm behind i put like negative weight
+on this other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this other person
+and then i'm not rejecting it because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm not rejecting it because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm not rejecting it because i
+feel happier if the person who is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel happier if the person who is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel happier if the person who is uh
+uh in front of me gets less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in front of me gets less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in front of me gets less
+even if that comes at the cost of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that comes at the cost of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that comes at the cost of me
+having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to
+to to to pay some money now notice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to pay some money now notice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to pay some money now notice you
+are not going to reject all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to reject all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to reject all
+unequal offers so i think 6'4 you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal offers so i think 6'4 you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal offers so i think 6'4 you would
+probably accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably accept
+but you will reject really uneven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will reject really uneven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will reject really uneven
+offers so in some sense if i ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers so in some sense if i ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers so in some sense if i ask you
+questions using the strategy method as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions using the strategy method as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions using the strategy method as
+we did if i ask you questions about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did if i ask you questions about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did if i ask you questions about at
+what threshold would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what threshold would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what threshold would you
+reject an offer i can essentially if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject an offer i can essentially if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject an offer i can essentially if i
+assume that your preferences look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that your preferences look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that your preferences look like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+i can back out essentially your sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions on that yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is just a sorry it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is just a sorry it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is just a sorry it should
+have been clear so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been clear so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been clear so this is um
+this could be for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be for um
+these are preferences that are generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are preferences that are generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are preferences that are generic
+for any types of games that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any types of games that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any types of games that are being
+played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+so this could be for you could apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be for you could apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be for you could apply
+this to any game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to any game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to any game
+so charnes and raven essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so charnes and raven essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so charnes and raven essentially what
+they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is
+in their paper and it's sort of a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper and it's sort of a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper and it's sort of a long
+paper um that covers a lot of ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um that covers a lot of ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um that covers a lot of ground
+but essentially what they're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what they're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what they're saying is
+like here's what distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's what distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's what distributional
+preferences might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences might look like
+and you can then choose different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can then choose different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can then choose different
+parameters and then the question is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and then the question is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and then the question is like
+what kinds of behavior now can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of behavior now can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of behavior now can we
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+being the dictator game potentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the dictator game potentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the dictator game potentially you
+can try to explain sort of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to explain sort of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to explain sort of people's
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+but now i'm sort of trying to apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm sort of trying to apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm sort of trying to apply it
+to the ultimatum game or you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ultimatum game or you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ultimatum game or you could also
+apply to the trust game and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the trust game and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the trust game and say
+for what kinds of behavior what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what kinds of behavior what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what kinds of behavior what kinds of
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+might people do certain behavior so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might people do certain behavior so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might people do certain behavior so what
+kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+behaviors can we explain um with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors can we explain um with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors can we explain um with that
+um so now what's the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now what's the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now what's the experimental
+evidence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on
+on row and sigma just to remind you row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on row and sigma just to remind you row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on row and sigma just to remind you row
+is the parameter um the weight that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parameter um the weight that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parameter um the weight that you
+put on the other person if your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the other person if your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the other person if your head
+sigma is the parameter and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is the parameter and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is the parameter and the other
+person when you're um uh behind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person when you're um uh behind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person when you're um uh behind in
+in a situation so um we think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation so um we think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation so um we think that when
+people are ahead most people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are ahead most people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are ahead most people seem to
+have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive
+row so people usually tend to um win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so people usually tend to um win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so people usually tend to um win
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+they're willing to sacrifice some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to sacrifice some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to sacrifice some money
+to increase the other person's payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the other person's payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the other person's payoff
+right so this is essentially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is essentially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is essentially when you
+think about dictator games when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about dictator games when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about dictator games when they
+have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10
+essentially think of this as being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially think of this as being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially think of this as being like
+10-0 you're ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-0 you're ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-0 you're ahead
+so you're willing to sacrifice let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're willing to sacrifice let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're willing to sacrifice let's see
+some money like three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money like three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money like three or
+six four even five five you like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six four even five five you like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six four even five five you like that
+better you're happy to give the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you're happy to give the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you're happy to give the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+some amount a minority are even willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount a minority are even willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount a minority are even willing
+to sacrifice money to give the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sacrifice money to give the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sacrifice money to give the other
+person an equal amount of money or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person an equal amount of money or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person an equal amount of money or even
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+or even sorry or even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even sorry or even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even sorry or even more
+when deciding to split ten dollars um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when deciding to split ten dollars um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when deciding to split ten dollars um uh
+subjects tend to give about 20 to 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects tend to give about 20 to 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects tend to give about 20 to 25
+on average in class that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average in class that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average in class that was actually
+pretty close to 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to 28
+i think are about the monetary the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think are about the monetary the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think are about the monetary the 10
+amount you guys gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you guys gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you guys gave it
+something like 28 that's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 28 that's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 28 that's actually pretty
+close to what people would do in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what people would do in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what people would do in uh
+normal dictator games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dictator games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dictator games
+the estimated row tends to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimated row tends to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimated row tends to be about
+point four yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four yeah
+um how can row be estimated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how can row be estimated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how can row be estimated from the
+different games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different games
+the linearity of the preferences here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity of the preferences here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity of the preferences here
+shouldn't it predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it predict that
+um player two will always either give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um player two will always either give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um player two will always either give
+either get zero or again fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get zero or again fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get zero or again fifty percent
+uh no just to say i think this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no just to say i think this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no just to say i think this is just
+to say you have the same margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you have the same margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you have the same margin utility
+than i have so depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i have so depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i have so depending on
+uh when i ask you like how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i ask you like how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i ask you like how much do you
+give that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that essentially
+that pins down uh uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pins down uh uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pins down uh uh your
+row but if you um if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but if you um if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but if you um if like
+x one is like 10 minus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one is like 10 minus x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one is like 10 minus x2
+and you want to maximize rho x1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to maximize rho x1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to maximize rho x1 plus 1
+minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0
+times x2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x2 and
+you're maximizing that over x2 synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no but the the uh the unknown here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but the the uh the unknown here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but the the uh the unknown here is
+the rows essentially to say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows essentially to say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows essentially to say for example
+you choose six four that means like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose six four that means like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose six four that means like you
+prefer six four of the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer six four of the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer six four of the seven
+three and you prefer six four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you prefer six four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you prefer six four or five
+five and those two inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and those two inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and those two inequalities
+essentially give you a bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially give you a bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially give you a bound on
+row we can talk afterwards but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row we can talk afterwards but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row we can talk afterwards but i'm
+pretty sure that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that's true
+uh uh yeah or yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but yeah that's essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but yeah that's essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but yeah that's essentially just
+saying like essentially what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like essentially what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like essentially what you do is
+like you have um since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have um since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have um since you
+chose a certain option now essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a certain option now essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a certain option now essentially
+you you'd preferred not to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd preferred not to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd preferred not to choose a
+higher option you preferred not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher option you preferred not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher option you preferred not to
+choose a lower option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a lower option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a lower option
+when you write that down that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write that down that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write that down that should
+give you inequalities uh as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you inequalities uh as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you inequalities uh as a function
+of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row
+in this case yeah but we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case yeah but we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case yeah but we'll talk about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+in in two minutes um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in two minutes um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in two minutes um what's the
+experimental evidence of sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence of sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence of sigma
+um only about 10 to 20 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only about 10 to 20 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only about 10 to 20 percent of
+players have sigma strong enough to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players have sigma strong enough to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players have sigma strong enough to pay
+a long triple amount to hurt the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long triple amount to hurt the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long triple amount to hurt the other
+player these are people essentially who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player these are people essentially who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player these are people essentially who
+reject offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject offers
+about 30 of people will sacrifice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 of people will sacrifice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 of people will sacrifice to
+help a player ahead of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a player ahead of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a player ahead of them
+so even if they're behind and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if they're behind and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if they're behind and have the
+option of like can you sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of like can you sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of like can you sort of um
+help the person in front of you thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the person in front of you thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the person in front of you thirty
+percent of people will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people will do that
+uh if a person is behind she often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a person is behind she often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a person is behind she often
+either wants to help hurt the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either wants to help hurt the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either wants to help hurt the other
+person by much essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person by much essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person by much essentially
+sort of like whatever i don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like whatever i don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like whatever i don't care about
+this other person i don't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other person i don't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other person i don't feel like
+inclined to do very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to do very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to do very much
+but also not necessarily um hurting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not necessarily um hurting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not necessarily um hurting them
+so um now when i sort of just preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um now when i sort of just preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um now when i sort of just preview
+um what we're going to talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to talk about next
+time which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is to say
+it looks like people are pretty nice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like people are pretty nice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like people are pretty nice in
+various situations it looks like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various situations it looks like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various situations it looks like in a
+dictator game they give money it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game they give money it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game they give money it looks
+like in the ultimatum game they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the ultimatum game they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the ultimatum game they give
+money and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so on
+looks like people give money to charity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like people give money to charity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like people give money to charity
+this is what we discussed earlier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we discussed earlier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we discussed earlier about
+two percent of gdp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of gdp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of gdp
+um you know people also like do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know people also like do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know people also like do a lot
+bunch of volunteering or other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of volunteering or other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of volunteering or other other
+sort of contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contributions
+so to give some time about like 15 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give some time about like 15 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give some time about like 15 hours
+per month on average when you do surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per month on average when you do surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per month on average when you do surveys
+so it looks like people seem um fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like people seem um fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like people seem um fairly
+generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous
+overall now when you think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall now when you think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall now when you think about sort of
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+recognition or social image perhaps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition or social image perhaps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition or social image perhaps that
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+gets less rosy overall it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less rosy overall it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less rosy overall it seems to be
+that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially
+people care a lot about what others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care a lot about what others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care a lot about what others
+think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them
+and not just about sort of the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just about sort of the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just about sort of the outcomes
+per se so one example would be gifts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se so one example would be gifts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se so one example would be gifts to
+organizations if you look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations if you look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations if you look at sort of
+thresholds of like when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds of like when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds of like when you look at the
+boston symphony orchestra and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston symphony orchestra and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston symphony orchestra and look at
+the distribution of people's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of people's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of people's giving
+it tends to be there's like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be there's like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be there's like these
+thresholds where you can give a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds where you can give a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds where you can give a certain
+amount and then you recognize and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and then you recognize and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and then you recognize and like
+when you go to the boston symphony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the boston symphony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the boston symphony and
+this booklet you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this booklet you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this booklet you can sort of see
+who's like a certain donor of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like a certain donor of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like a certain donor of which
+category people tend to bunch just above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category people tend to bunch just above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category people tend to bunch just above
+the thresholds for these categories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thresholds for these categories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thresholds for these categories and
+presumably that's because they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that's because they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that's because they want to
+look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good
+that's just one example so i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just one example so i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just one example so i think the
+next question we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question we're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question we're going to ask
+on wednesday is to say is social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday is to say is social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday is to say is social
+recognition a major motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition a major motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition a major motivation
+for giving so people seem to not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for giving so people seem to not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for giving so people seem to not only
+care about what others get but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what others get but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what others get but what
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+think of them when they give or uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them when they give or uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them when they give or uh not
+so in some ways that's a philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some ways that's a philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some ways that's a philosophy
+philosophical discussion and saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical discussion and saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical discussion and saying like
+are people really nice versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people really nice versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people really nice versus not
+and you might say it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say it's sort of
+disappointing if they're not nice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing if they're not nice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing if they're not nice in
+certain situations compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations compared to other
+the flip side of that is well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flip side of that is well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flip side of that is well if you
+sort of know what kinds of situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of know what kinds of situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of know what kinds of situations
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+altruistic or pro-social behavior well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic or pro-social behavior well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic or pro-social behavior well
+if you know that then we can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that then we can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that then we can essentially
+also create situations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also create situations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also create situations to
+foster pro-sociality right so once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster pro-sociality right so once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster pro-sociality right so once we
+kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know
+on under which structure or in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on under which structure or in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on under which structure or in which
+kind of behavior which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior which kind of
+circumstances people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances people
+are nice well that gives us sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice well that gives us sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice well that gives us sort of some
+a lever or some ways for policy saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lever or some ways for policy saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lever or some ways for policy saying
+like well you have to design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you have to design your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you have to design your
+institutions or your organizations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or your organizations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or your organizations or
+your company in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company in certain ways
+to get people to behave nice to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to behave nice to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to behave nice to each
+other in contrast if you thought people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in contrast if you thought people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in contrast if you thought people
+are either generally nice or not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either generally nice or not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either generally nice or not well
+then in some sense that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense that's
+good to know but then in some sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know but then in some sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know but then in some sense we
+can't do very much about that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do very much about that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do very much about that and that's
+what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about
+next time thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time thank you
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SA8dRTq3qUA.txt b/SA8dRTq3qUA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f670f2491e8e868f6490298f762317022957d8e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SA8dRTq3qUA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so last semester my grandfather passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last semester my grandfather passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last semester my grandfather passed
+away and I was responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and I was responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and I was responsible for
+explaining to my two sons how to how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to my two sons how to how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to my two sons how to how a
+funeral works okay and so I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funeral works okay and so I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funeral works okay and so I'm a
+professor right I pride myself on being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor right I pride myself on being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor right I pride myself on being
+able to explain things clearly so I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain things clearly so I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain things clearly so I went
+to tell my five-year-old son sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell my five-year-old son sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell my five-year-old son sort of
+what's going on during the funeral I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on during the funeral I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on during the funeral I
+told them your papa's body is up in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them your papa's body is up in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them your papa's body is up in that
+wooden box up there we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden box up there we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden box up there we're gonna
+celebrate him right now we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate him right now we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate him right now we're gonna go
+to the cemetery and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cemetery and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cemetery and then we're going to
+bury him you know and you know I'm I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bury him you know and you know I'm I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bury him you know and you know I'm I'm a
+professor I thought I nailed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor I thought I nailed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor I thought I nailed it
+okay except my son's was showing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay except my son's was showing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay except my son's was showing this
+looking look of concern in his eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking look of concern in his eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking look of concern in his eyes
+and he looked at me he's like what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he looked at me he's like what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he looked at me he's like what about
+his head okay so my plea for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his head okay so my plea for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his head okay so my plea for this
+semester is please let me know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is please let me know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is please let me know when I
+forgotten the part about the head okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten the part about the head okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten the part about the head okay
+you know you guys are listening to me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you guys are listening to me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you guys are listening to me I
+might have forgotten something that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have forgotten something that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have forgotten something that to
+me seems kind of obvious but that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me seems kind of obvious but that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me seems kind of obvious but that for
+you it would help to know to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it would help to know to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it would help to know to understand
+the material okay so today we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material okay so today we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material okay so today we're gonna
+start with cells and so here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with cells and so here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with cells and so here you can see
+this is one of my favorite movies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorite movies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorite movies this
+is a neutrophil sill cell here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a neutrophil sill cell here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a neutrophil sill cell here that's
+migrating you can see it chasing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating you can see it chasing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating you can see it chasing after
+this smaller cell which is a bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smaller cell which is a bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smaller cell which is a bacterial
+cell and around this neutrophil what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and around this neutrophil what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and around this neutrophil what
+you're seeing here are these red blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here are these red blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here are these red blood
+cells which aren't doing very much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which aren't doing very much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which aren't doing very much of
+anything okay so the point I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay so the point I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay so the point I'm making
+with this video is that cells have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this video is that cells have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this video is that cells have a
+huge amount of diversity so cells have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of diversity so cells have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of diversity so cells have
+diversity diversity as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity diversity as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity diversity as you can see from
+the video there's a diversity in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video there's a diversity in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video there's a diversity in size
+there's diversity in shape and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's diversity in shape and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's diversity in shape and also
+diversity and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're gonna unpack this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna unpack this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna unpack this a little
+bit and I just want to start by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and I just want to start by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and I just want to start by kind of
+just pointing out that until now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pointing out that until now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pointing out that until now in this
+semester we've dealt mainly with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we've dealt mainly with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we've dealt mainly with very
+small things such as atoms small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things such as atoms small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things such as atoms small
+molecules lipids and proteins and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules lipids and proteins and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules lipids and proteins and the
+size of these structures they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these structures they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these structures they're on the
+nanometer scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer scale
+okay now cells are unit up in size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now cells are unit up in size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now cells are unit up in size and
+cell cells span several orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cells span several orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cells span several orders of
+magnitude in size so bacterial cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in size so bacterial cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in size so bacterial cells are
+on the small side they're on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the small side they're on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the small side they're on the one
+micron to ten micron size so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron to ten micron size so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron to ten micron size so you can see
+that here there's most bacterias about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here there's most bacterias about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here there's most bacterias about
+one micron to ten micron but our cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron to ten micron but our cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron to ten micron but our cells
+span from tens of microns to hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span from tens of microns to hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span from tens of microns to hundreds of
+microns and even larger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and even larger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and even larger than that
+because the the human egg is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the human egg is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the human egg is on the
+order of a millimeter in size this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a millimeter in size this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a millimeter in size this is
+not a human egg but this is a frog egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a human egg but this is a frog egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a human egg but this is a frog egg
+you can see often the egg cells are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see often the egg cells are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see often the egg cells are the
+biggest of all cells the biggest cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest of all cells the biggest cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest of all cells the biggest cell is
+an ostrich egg okay it's about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ostrich egg okay it's about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ostrich egg okay it's about 15
+centimeters I believe okay so cells span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters I believe okay so cells span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters I believe okay so cells span
+a huge wide range of sizes I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge wide range of sizes I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge wide range of sizes I'm going to
+start with the simplest which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the simplest which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the simplest which is a
+bacterial cell and what I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell and what I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell and what I want to point
+out about this cell is its simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about this cell is its simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about this cell is its simplicity
+okay so here you can see this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here you can see this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here you can see this is a
+electron micrograph of a bacterial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron micrograph of a bacterial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron micrograph of a bacterial cell
+here and this is a cartoon just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a cartoon just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a cartoon just
+illustrating some of the key features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating some of the key features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating some of the key features
+you have a plasma membrane and a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plasma membrane and a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plasma membrane and a cell
+wall the cell wall here is in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the cell wall here is in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the cell wall here is in sort of
+the periplasmic space is in green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periplasmic space is in green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periplasmic space is in green and
+this encapsulates the cytoplasm and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encapsulates the cytoplasm and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encapsulates the cytoplasm and the
+only other real structure you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other real structure you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other real structure you can see in
+this case is this nucleoid structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is this nucleoid structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is this nucleoid structure in
+the middle and what the nucleoid is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and what the nucleoid is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and what the nucleoid is is
+is just the back of the chromosome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the back of the chromosome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the back of the chromosome of
+the bacterium okay and I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterium okay and I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterium okay and I want to point
+out that later on in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that later on in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that later on in the course
+professor Imperiali is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Imperiali is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Imperiali is going to come
+back and tell you about how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and tell you about how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and tell you about how about
+antibiotics and how bacteria can develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics and how bacteria can develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics and how bacteria can develop
+antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+resistance which is of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance which is of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance which is of critical
+importance for biology and medicine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance for biology and medicine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance for biology and medicine so
+our cells are more complicated than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cells are more complicated than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cells are more complicated than this
+and that's because if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because if you look at this
+yam here you can see that eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yam here you can see that eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yam here you can see that eukaryotic
+cells and we are eukaryotes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and we are eukaryotes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and we are eukaryotes have
+membrane-bound compartments there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound compartments there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound compartments there's a
+nucleus here that houses our nuclear DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here that houses our nuclear DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here that houses our nuclear DNA
+and also there's a series of membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there's a series of membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there's a series of membrane
+compartment compartments that span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment compartments that span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment compartments that span the
+cytoplasm okay now our cells even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm okay now our cells even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm okay now our cells even in a
+single organism such as us our cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organism such as us our cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organism such as us our cells
+have incredible diversity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have incredible diversity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have incredible diversity and
+specialization so there's diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization so there's diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization so there's diversity
+within a single organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a single organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a single organism
+there is specialization so as we develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is specialization so as we develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is specialization so as we develop
+from a single cell our cells acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single cell our cells acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single cell our cells acquire
+properties that allow them to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that allow them to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that allow them to carry out
+specific functions in our bodies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific functions in our bodies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific functions in our bodies okay
+and so an extreme example of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so an extreme example of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so an extreme example of this is
+shown up here these are pictures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up here these are pictures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up here these are pictures or
+drawings of neurons from rimoni qahal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings of neurons from rimoni qahal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings of neurons from rimoni qahal
+and you can see how this looks nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how this looks nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how this looks nothing
+like the cartoon picture of a cell I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cartoon picture of a cell I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cartoon picture of a cell I
+just showed you these cells have highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you these cells have highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you these cells have highly
+dendritic sort of a raise of protrusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic sort of a raise of protrusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic sort of a raise of protrusions
+and these cells have evolved such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cells have evolved such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cells have evolved such that
+they are very good at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very good at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very good at sort of
+transmitting information in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting information in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting information in the body
+right an extreme example the nerve is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right an extreme example the nerve is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right an extreme example the nerve is a
+sciatic nerve which extends from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciatic nerve which extends from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciatic nerve which extends from the
+base of your spinal cord all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of your spinal cord all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of your spinal cord all the way
+down into your foot so it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into your foot so it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into your foot so it's about a
+meter long okay that's that's an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter long okay that's that's an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter long okay that's that's an extreme
+specialization for a cell okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization for a cell okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization for a cell okay so these
+cells are specialized but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are specialized but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are specialized but what's
+important to note is that in within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note is that in within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note is that in within a
+single organism the genomic DNA of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organism the genomic DNA of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organism the genomic DNA of a
+cell is more or less the same okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is more or less the same okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is more or less the same okay so
+genomic DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the same with some exceptions some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same with some exceptions some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same with some exceptions some of
+which we'll get to in the course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get to in the course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get to in the course the
+genomic DNA is the same what's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA is the same what's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA is the same what's different
+is the genes that are being expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the genes that are being expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the genes that are being expressed in
+these cells and the proteins at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells and the proteins at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells and the proteins at the end
+code that give these cells different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that give these cells different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that give these cells different
+functions okay so what's different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so what's different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so what's different and
+what allow cells to acquire these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what allow cells to acquire these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what allow cells to acquire these
+different functionalities is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functionalities is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functionalities is a different
+gene expression okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression okay so that's the
+overview now I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview now I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview now I want to talk about
+compartments and if we go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments and if we go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments and if we go back to this
+cartoon that I showed you from your I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon that I showed you from your I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon that I showed you from your I
+just wanted to point out that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to point out that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to point out that right now
+at MIT in the brode there's a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT in the brode there's a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT in the brode there's a project
+that's ongoing to really define all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ongoing to really define all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ongoing to really define all the
+cell types that are present in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types that are present in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types that are present in humans
+and this is known as the human cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is known as the human cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is known as the human cell
+Atlas and I just want you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlas and I just want you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlas and I just want you to take a
+minute to think about if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to think about if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to think about if you wanted to
+define different cell types what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define different cell types what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define different cell types what would
+you look at to classify these cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at to classify these cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at to classify these cell types
+anyone have an idea yes what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have an idea yes what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have an idea yes what's your name
+Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel
+what's that you could look at function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that you could look at function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that you could look at function
+that might be a little subjective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a little subjective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a little subjective and
+how to interpret is there some what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret is there some what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret is there some what
+defines the function of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the function of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the function of the cell
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+mm-hmm but is there something I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm but is there something I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm but is there something I guess
+within that cell that would define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that cell that would define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that cell that would define what
+its function is yeah what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its function is yeah what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its function is yeah what's your name
+semantics semantics semantics all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics semantics semantics all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics semantics semantics all right
+yeah gene expression right what genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah gene expression right what genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah gene expression right what genes
+are these cells expressing right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these cells expressing right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these cells expressing right so what
+they're doing is they're isolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is they're isolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is they're isolating
+single cells from tissues and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells from tissues and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells from tissues and then
+they're looking at gene expression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at gene expression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at gene expression so
+which which type of molecule here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which type of molecule here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which type of molecule here would
+be the molecule you'd want to look at if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the molecule you'd want to look at if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the molecule you'd want to look at if
+you wanted genic want to look at gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted genic want to look at gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted genic want to look at gene
+expression so not miles Malik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MRNA exactly Malika is exactly right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRNA exactly Malika is exactly right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRNA exactly Malika is exactly right so
+you look at the MRNA right because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the MRNA right because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the MRNA right because if
+there's mrna mrna that means that gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mrna mrna that means that gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mrna mrna that means that gee
+that gene was expressed and is possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene was expressed and is possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene was expressed and is possibly
+encoding the translation of a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding the translation of a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding the translation of a protein
+okay so that's what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what they're doing
+they're isolating single cells and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're isolating single cells and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're isolating single cells and doing
+a massive single-cell RNA seek project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive single-cell RNA seek project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive single-cell RNA seek project
+and that's helping to identify new cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's helping to identify new cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's helping to identify new cell
+types in the human body okay coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types in the human body okay coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types in the human body okay coming back
+to compartments so I showed you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compartments so I showed you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compartments so I showed you this
+picture you can see there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can see there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can see there are lots of
+membrane-bound compartments in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound compartments in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound compartments in the cell
+you can see the lines in this cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the lines in this cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the lines in this cartoon
+represent lipid bilayers and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent lipid bilayers and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent lipid bilayers and so these
+are compartments that are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compartments that are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compartments that are completely
+encapsulated by a lipid bilayer okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated by a lipid bilayer okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated by a lipid bilayer okay and
+I'm going to remind you of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remind you of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remind you of something
+that Professor Imperiali told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor Imperiali told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor Imperiali told you about
+already and the reason I'm saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and the reason I'm saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and the reason I'm saying it
+again is because it is so freakin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is because it is so freakin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is because it is so freakin
+important okay so if we consider a plat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so if we consider a plat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so if we consider a plat
+a lipid bilayer where the circles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid bilayer where the circles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid bilayer where the circles are
+the polar head groups of the lipids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar head groups of the lipids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar head groups of the lipids and
+the squiggly lines are the fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squiggly lines are the fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squiggly lines are the fatty acid
+chains I'm not going to draw all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains I'm not going to draw all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains I'm not going to draw all the
+fatty acid chains so this is a lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid chains so this is a lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid chains so this is a lipid
+bilayer and these head groups are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilayer and these head groups are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilayer and these head groups are they
+hydrophilic or hydrophobic yes what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic or hydrophobic yes what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic or hydrophobic yes what's
+your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+Steven they're hydrophilic they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven they're hydrophilic they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven they're hydrophilic they like
+water right the water is on sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right the water is on sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right the water is on sort of the
+different phases here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases here these are
+hydrophilic okay how about this central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic okay how about this central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic okay how about this central
+region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here
+yes named Ori hydrophobic good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes named Ori hydrophobic good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes named Ori hydrophobic good right
+that's excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's excellent
+okay so these are hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrophobic so what that means is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic so what that means is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic so what that means is you
+have this hydrophobic layer that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this hydrophobic layer that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this hydrophobic layer that is
+surrounding each of these compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding each of these compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding each of these compartments
+and that's going to serve as a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to serve as a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to serve as a barrier
+such that water and things dissolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that water and things dissolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that water and things dissolved in
+water cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cannot
+passed through this barrier unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through this barrier unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through this barrier unless
+something allows it to okay so each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something allows it to okay so each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something allows it to okay so each of
+these compartments that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compartments that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compartments that are
+membrane-bound have a properties in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound have a properties in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound have a properties in the
+lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen
+that's an interior of the compartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interior of the compartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interior of the compartment
+this can be different from that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be different from that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be different from that of the
+cytoplasm and the cell the interior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm and the cell the interior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm and the cell the interior of
+the cytoplasm is going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm is going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm is going to be different
+from that of the extracellular space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that of the extracellular space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that of the extracellular space so
+let me just give you some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you some examples of
+how things are different inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are different inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are different inside and
+outside the cell and also inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell and also inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell and also inside and
+outside these compartments so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside these compartments so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside these compartments so if we
+consider the EXO plasm versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the EXO plasm versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the EXO plasm versus the
+cytoplasm we can consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm we can consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm we can consider the
+concentration of various ions now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of various ions now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of various ions now I want
+to get the concentrations right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the concentrations right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the concentrations right let's
+consider sodium is a monovalent cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sodium is a monovalent cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sodium is a monovalent cation
+potassium and calcium okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium and calcium okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium and calcium okay I'm just
+going to use these as illustrations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these as illustrations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these as illustrations so
+sodium is concentrated outside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium is concentrated outside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium is concentrated outside the cell
+about 150 millimolar and is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 150 millimolar and is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 150 millimolar and is less
+concentrated in the cytoplasm okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in the cytoplasm okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in the cytoplasm okay so
+there's a huge difference in sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge difference in sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge difference in sodium
+between the outside and the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the outside and the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the outside and the inside of
+the cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell okay
+potassium now you might think potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium now you might think potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium now you might think potassium
+would be a lot like sodium it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot like sodium it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot like sodium it's a
+monovalent cation it's a similar size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monovalent cation it's a similar size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monovalent cation it's a similar size
+but it actually shows the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually shows the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually shows the flip
+distribution so it's for millimolar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so it's for millimolar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so it's for millimolar in
+the exo plasm and a hundred forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exo plasm and a hundred forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exo plasm and a hundred forty
+millimolar in the cytoplasm okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar in the cytoplasm okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar in the cytoplasm okay so
+there appears to be some selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appears to be some selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appears to be some selectivity
+here or if the cell is allowing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or if the cell is allowing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or if the cell is allowing is
+concentrating certain things inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating certain things inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating certain things inside the
+cytoplasm and it's excluding others okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm and it's excluding others okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm and it's excluding others okay
+so there's selectivity even between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's selectivity even between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's selectivity even between
+closely related atoms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related atoms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related atoms here
+okay calcium is to millimolar in the exo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay calcium is to millimolar in the exo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay calcium is to millimolar in the exo
+plasm and around 10 to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasm and around 10 to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasm and around 10 to the negative
+fifth millimole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth millimole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth millimole
+in the cytoplasm okay so because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytoplasm okay so because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytoplasm okay so because there
+are these huge gradients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these huge gradients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these huge gradients in the
+concentration of these ions leads you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of these ions leads you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of these ions leads you to
+expect that this is a non equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that this is a non equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that this is a non equilibrium
+state because if it were equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because if it were equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because if it were equilibrium
+these ions would go in and out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions would go in and out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions would go in and out and
+they'd equilibrate such that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd equilibrate such that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd equilibrate such that the same
+concentration would be on the inside as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would be on the inside as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would be on the inside as
+the outside okay and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside okay and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside okay and so there's
+selectivity and also it's a there's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity and also it's a there's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity and also it's a there's non
+equilibrium which suggests that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which suggests that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which suggests that energy
+is required to maintain this asymmetry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want to point out is not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out is not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out is not just the
+concentrations of various molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of various molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of various molecules that
+are different between the inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different between the inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different between the inside and
+outside but the plasma membrane can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but the plasma membrane can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but the plasma membrane can also
+have a voltage across it okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a voltage across it okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a voltage across it okay and so
+this is EXO plasm this is cytoplasm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is EXO plasm this is cytoplasm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is EXO plasm this is cytoplasm and
+this membrane can hold a voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this membrane can hold a voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this membrane can hold a voltage and
+this is going to become incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to become incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to become incredibly
+important when we talk about neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when we talk about neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when we talk about neurons
+because cells neurons use changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cells neurons use changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cells neurons use changes in
+this voltage to transmit signals across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage to transmit signals across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage to transmit signals across
+their length and also to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their length and also to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their length and also to transmit
+signals at the synapse okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals at the synapse okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals at the synapse okay and we'll
+talk about that later in the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later in the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later in the course so
+this is known as membrane potential this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as membrane potential this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as membrane potential this
+voltage difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I also again want to point out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I also again want to point out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I also again want to point out this
+this endomembrane system in here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this endomembrane system in here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this endomembrane system in here where
+the gray regions here are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray regions here are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray regions here are sort of
+compartments that will communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments that will communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments that will communicate with
+each other and so there's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so there's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so there's this whole
+internal structure of endomembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal structure of endomembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal structure of endomembrane
+system which is compartmentalized from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is compartmentalized from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is compartmentalized from
+the cytoplasm okay and so now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm okay and so now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm okay and so now I want to
+talk about how do things get in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how do things get in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how do things get in and out
+of this structure okay so I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this structure okay so I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this structure okay so I think this
+we're up to three getting in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so cells and this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cells and this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cells and this is very important
+in cell communication right which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cell communication right which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cell communication right which for
+cells to communicate cells have to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to communicate cells have to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to communicate cells have to send
+things like signals to other cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like signals to other cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like signals to other cells and
+also cells can take in stuff and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cells can take in stuff and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cells can take in stuff and sort of
+receive things from other cells so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive things from other cells so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive things from other cells so how
+is it that this happens well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that this happens well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that this happens well if we
+consider the plasma membrane of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the plasma membrane of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the plasma membrane of the cell
+right this is a lipid bilayer PM i--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a lipid bilayer PM i--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a lipid bilayer PM i--
+bre v8 plasma membrane PM so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bre v8 plasma membrane PM so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bre v8 plasma membrane PM so that's a
+lipid bilayer and let's say that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid bilayer and let's say that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid bilayer and let's say that there's
+some type of sort of molecule that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of sort of molecule that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of sort of molecule that's on
+the outside of the cell so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell so in this case
+this would be EXO plasm out here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be EXO plasm out here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be EXO plasm out here this
+would be inside in the cytoplasm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be inside in the cytoplasm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be inside in the cytoplasm here
+let's say this cell wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this cell wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this cell wanted to sort of
+take up this pink structure into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up this pink structure into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up this pink structure into the
+cell okay how would it do that well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay how would it do that well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay how would it do that well this
+pink structure be is this hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink structure be is this hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink structure be is this hydrophilic
+cannot pass through the lipid bilayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pass through the lipid bilayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pass through the lipid bilayer
+hey so this cell has to use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so this cell has to use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so this cell has to use another
+strategy to take this up into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I'll use a little blue here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'll use a little blue here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'll use a little blue here so let's
+say the region of the membrane right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the region of the membrane right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the region of the membrane right
+here is in blue then what can happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in blue then what can happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in blue then what can happen is
+this blue structure can invaginate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue structure can invaginate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue structure can invaginate and
+it can take up this pink molecule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take up this pink molecule okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take up this pink molecule okay
+so the plasma membrane can invaginate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the plasma membrane can invaginate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the plasma membrane can invaginate
+the plasma membrane can imaginate and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane can imaginate and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane can imaginate and if
+it has this pink molecule then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this pink molecule then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this pink molecule then if
+there's a sijin event here you've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sijin event here you've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sijin event here you've now
+gone from having your pink molecule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from having your pink molecule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from having your pink molecule on
+the outside of the cell to having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell to having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell to having the
+pink molecule in this vesicle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink molecule in this vesicle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink molecule in this vesicle or
+circular structure structure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular structure structure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular structure structure on the
+inside of the cell okay so here now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell okay so here now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell okay so here now we
+have this we have our vesicle and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this we have our vesicle and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this we have our vesicle and blue
+and now the cell has picked up this pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the cell has picked up this pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the cell has picked up this pink
+molecule such like this okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule such like this okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule such like this okay so when
+this process of sort of taking material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of sort of taking material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of sort of taking material
+from the outside and sort of bringing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside and sort of bringing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside and sort of bringing it
+into the inside of the cell is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inside of the cell is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inside of the cell is known as
+endocytosis which is the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis which is the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis which is the process of
+taking something from the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something from the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something from the outside and
+bringing it in the cell this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it in the cell this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it in the cell this is also a
+way that viruses can get in your cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that viruses can get in your cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that viruses can get in your cells
+which is a more nefarious way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a more nefarious way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a more nefarious way that this
+the system is used all right I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is used all right I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is used all right I need a
+volunteer yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer yes
+Oh ori come on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't worry so be simple I just need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry so be simple I just need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry so be simple I just need you
+to put pressure on my head right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put pressure on my head right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put pressure on my head right here
+right so you see the tassel make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see the tassel make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see the tassel make sure
+they can see the tassel you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see the tassel you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see the tassel you see this
+tassel this tassel is that pink molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tassel this tassel is that pink molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tassel this tassel is that pink molecule
+is right now on the on the outside right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now on the on the outside right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now on the on the outside right
+but I'm gonna endocytosed it by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna endocytosed it by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna endocytosed it by going
+like that right and I also got a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and I also got a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and I also got a hand
+that's great okay so you see it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great okay so you see it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great okay so you see it's just
+that's basically endocytosis right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically endocytosis right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically endocytosis right I
+just endocytosed my tassel okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just endocytosed my tassel okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just endocytosed my tassel okay all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you can go up we're all set yeah I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go up we're all set yeah I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go up we're all set yeah I can
+do the next one okay so the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the next one okay so the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the next one okay so the opposite of
+this process let me get another color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process let me get another color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process let me get another color
+here you can also have vesicles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can also have vesicles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can also have vesicles that are
+on the inside that then fuse with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside that then fuse with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside that then fuse with the
+plasma membrane and release their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane and release their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane and release their
+contents to the exterior and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents to the exterior and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents to the exterior and this is
+called exocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so exocytosis is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exocytosis is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exocytosis is something that's
+starting out inside one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out inside one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out inside one of these
+vesicles and then goes out okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles and then goes out okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles and then goes out okay so this
+is not exactly reversible because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly reversible because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly reversible because there
+are different protein machineries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different protein machineries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different protein machineries that
+mediate either endocytosis or exocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate either endocytosis or exocytosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate either endocytosis or exocytosis
+so now I'm gonna exocytosed my tassel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm gonna exocytosed my tassel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm gonna exocytosed my tassel
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+so I just exocytosed it and now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just exocytosed it and now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just exocytosed it and now my
+molecule is again on facing the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is again on facing the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is again on facing the outside
+world okay so this is a way for cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so this is a way for cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so this is a way for cells to
+sort of take in things and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take in things and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take in things and also to
+secrete molecules like signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrete molecules like signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrete molecules like signaling
+molecules into the extracellular space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're moving on and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're moving on and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're moving on and now
+we're going to talk about compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about compartments
+within compartments so our on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within compartments so our on four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within compartments so our on four
+compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within compartments and you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within compartments and you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within compartments and you're gonna see
+how this relates to endocytosis in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this relates to endocytosis in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this relates to endocytosis in just
+a minute so compartments within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute so compartments within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute so compartments within
+compartments okay so the example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments okay so the example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments okay so the example I'm
+going to use here is an organelle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use here is an organelle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use here is an organelle that
+is present in us in animal cells which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present in us in animal cells which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present in us in animal cells which
+is the mitochondria and you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mitochondria and you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mitochondria and you all know
+that the mitochondria is the powerhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mitochondria is the powerhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mitochondria is the powerhouse
+of the cell whenever I say mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell whenever I say mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell whenever I say mitochondria
+is the powerhouse of the cells I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the powerhouse of the cells I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the powerhouse of the cells I have to
+do ten push-ups because it's so cliche I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean my five-year-old knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my five-year-old knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my five-year-old knows the
+mitochondria is the powerhouse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria is the powerhouse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria is the powerhouse of the
+cell it's a gross oversimplification ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it's a gross oversimplification ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it's a gross oversimplification ok
+the mitochondria are way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria are way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria are way more
+interesting than that and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than that and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than that and I'll show you
+in just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute
+alright I'll draw mitochondria the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'll draw mitochondria the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'll draw mitochondria the same
+mitochondria that my kids draw me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria that my kids draw me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria that my kids draw me okay
+so here's a mitochondria I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a mitochondria I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a mitochondria I'm drawing
+first the outer membrane so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the outer membrane so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the outer membrane so there's an
+outer membrane to the mitochondria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer membrane to the mitochondria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer membrane to the mitochondria and
+this organelle also has an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organelle also has an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organelle also has an inner
+membrane so this is the inner membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inside here is called the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll draw draw some DNA molecules there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw draw some DNA molecules there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw draw some DNA molecules there
+so this is actually this is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually this is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually this is known as the
+mitochondrial DNA which I'll mention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial DNA which I'll mention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial DNA which I'll mention in
+just a minute okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute okay so this is the
+mitochondria where could such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria where could such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria where could such an
+organelle come from evolutionarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle come from evolutionarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle come from evolutionarily
+speaking and you know one problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and you know one problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and you know one problem that
+eukaryotic cells have is they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cells have is they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cells have is they cannot
+make mitochondria de novo okay the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mitochondria de novo okay the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mitochondria de novo okay the way
+that mitochondria is passed on is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mitochondria is passed on is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mitochondria is passed on is it's
+replicated during cell division and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated during cell division and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated during cell division and it's
+passed on from one cell to the next okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on from one cell to the next okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on from one cell to the next okay
+and you guys all got your mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you guys all got your mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you guys all got your mitochondrial
+DNA and your mitochondria at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and your mitochondria at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and your mitochondria at least
+initially from your mother okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially from your mother okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially from your mother okay so this
+is not an organelle that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an organelle that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an organelle that can be
+synthesized de novo and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized de novo and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized de novo and the fact that
+this is the case has led to a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case has led to a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case has led to a theory
+known as the endosymbiotic theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the endosymbiotic theory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the endosymbiotic theory or
+hypothesis which basically states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis which basically states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis which basically states that
+there was an ancestral eukaryotic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an ancestral eukaryotic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an ancestral eukaryotic cell
+and the way that organelles such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that organelles such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that organelles such as
+mitochondria and plastids were derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and plastids were derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and plastids were derived
+is from engulfing bacterial cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from engulfing bacterial cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from engulfing bacterial cells that
+were either capable of oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were either capable of oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were either capable of oxidative
+phosphorylation in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation in the case of
+mitochondria or were capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria or were capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria or were capable of
+photosynthesis in the Cape in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis in the Cape in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis in the Cape in the case
+of chloroplasts okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chloroplasts okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chloroplasts okay and so this
+engulfment is much like this endo siddik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulfment is much like this endo siddik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulfment is much like this endo siddik
+process that I just talked to you is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that I just talked to you is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that I just talked to you is not
+really endocytosis because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really endocytosis because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really endocytosis because these
+bacteria are much better than an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria are much better than an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria are much better than an end
+acidic vesicle so it's more of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic vesicle so it's more of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic vesicle so it's more of like a
+macro sort of the macro pinocytosis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro sort of the macro pinocytosis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro sort of the macro pinocytosis or
+something like that okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay okay so
+something you may have seen in the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you may have seen in the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you may have seen in the news
+lately so some of the evidence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately so some of the evidence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately so some of the evidence for this
+endosymbiont theory is that mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosymbiont theory is that mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosymbiont theory is that mitochondria
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+have their own DNA okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own DNA okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own DNA okay so these
+organelles have retained DNA and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles have retained DNA and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles have retained DNA and this
+DNA the the genes in the DNA encode for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA the the genes in the DNA encode for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA the the genes in the DNA encode for
+proteins to function in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins to function in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins to function in the mitochondria
+it also includes ribosomal RNAs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also includes ribosomal RNAs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also includes ribosomal RNAs and
+transfer RNAs that are required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer RNAs that are required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer RNAs that are required for
+protein synthesis within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis within the
+mitochondria okay but a lot of the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria okay but a lot of the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria okay but a lot of the genes
+that are required for a functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required for a functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required for a functioning
+organism have now been exported to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism have now been exported to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism have now been exported to our
+nuclear DNA and those genes are made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear DNA and those genes are made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear DNA and those genes are made and
+proteins are produced and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are produced and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are produced and then they're
+imported into the mitochondria but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported into the mitochondria but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported into the mitochondria but the
+mitochondria has rain' retained a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria has rain' retained a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria has rain' retained a number
+of genes and it's encoded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes and it's encoded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes and it's encoded in the
+mitochondrial DNA another reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial DNA another reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial DNA another reason to
+think that this could be from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this could be from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this could be from a
+symbiotic relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationship
+this ancient between eukaryotic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ancient between eukaryotic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ancient between eukaryotic and
+prokaryotic cells is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic cells is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic cells is that these
+organelles divide by fission okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles divide by fission okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles divide by fission okay
+similar to how bacteria divide so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how bacteria divide so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how bacteria divide so they
+divide by fission okay so I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by fission okay so I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by fission okay so I'll show you
+a real mitochondria in a mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real mitochondria in a mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real mitochondria in a mitochondria
+undergoing fission in just a minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing fission in just a minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing fission in just a minute I
+just want to point out that in the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that in the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that in the news
+recently there have been talk there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently there have been talk there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently there have been talk there's
+been talk of three parent babies and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talk of three parent babies and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talk of three parent babies and I
+just want to point out explain to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out explain to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out explain to you
+what that is okay so eggs that are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is okay so eggs that are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is okay so eggs that are I
+shouldn't say embryos but eggs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say embryos but eggs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say embryos but eggs that are
+given that have the nuclear DNA from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that have the nuclear DNA from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that have the nuclear DNA from two
+parents can then be given by Nicandro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents can then be given by Nicandro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents can then be given by Nicandro
+DNA from another parent so these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from another parent so these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from another parent so these three
+parents babies are essentially babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents babies are essentially babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents babies are essentially babies
+that have nuclear DNA from two parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have nuclear DNA from two parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have nuclear DNA from two parents
+but mitochondrial DNA from a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mitochondrial DNA from a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mitochondrial DNA from a third
+parent okay so here's just an article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent okay so here's just an article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent okay so here's just an article in
+the news scientist reporting that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news scientist reporting that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news scientist reporting that this
+is imminent and now it's been done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imminent and now it's been done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is imminent and now it's been done okay
+now why would you might want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would you might want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would you might want to do that
+anyone know why someone would want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know why someone would want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know why someone would want to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah so Stephen right Stephens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so Stephen right Stephens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so Stephen right Stephens
+exactly right right there are diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right right there are diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right right there are diseases
+that are so associated with faulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are so associated with faulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are so associated with faulty
+mitochondrial DNA okay and if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial DNA okay and if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial DNA okay and if you're a
+mother and you have the mutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and you have the mutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and you have the mutations that
+cause this disease though this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this disease though this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this disease though this would be
+a way for you to have a child without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for you to have a child without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for you to have a child without
+passing on the disease to your child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing on the disease to your child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing on the disease to your child
+okay and so this is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is something that is
+still controversial but that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still controversial but that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still controversial but that's why the
+people are exploring the opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are exploring the opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are exploring the opportunity for
+making these so-called three parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these so-called three parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these so-called three parent
+babies okay again I have a pet peeve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies okay again I have a pet peeve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies okay again I have a pet peeve
+with text book pictures of mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with text book pictures of mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with text book pictures of mitochondria
+right here's your textbook picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's your textbook picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's your textbook picture
+everything's labeled nicely this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's labeled nicely this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's labeled nicely this is what
+mitochondria look like in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria look like in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria look like in real life
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+like the endoplasmic reticulum actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the endoplasmic reticulum actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the endoplasmic reticulum actually
+formed these tubular networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed these tubular networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed these tubular networks that
+essentially span the entire cell okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially span the entire cell okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially span the entire cell okay so
+it's convenient for us to depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient for us to depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient for us to depict
+mitochondria like this in text book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria like this in text book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria like this in text book but
+mitochondria are way more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria are way more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria are way more interesting
+than that they're dynamic organelles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they're dynamic organelles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they're dynamic organelles and
+I also want to make a point we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also want to make a point we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also want to make a point we kind of
+talked about these organelles like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about these organelles like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about these organelles like they
+behave as these separate entities but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as these separate entities but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as these separate entities but in
+fact they interact with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they interact with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they interact with each other and
+there's lots of interesting biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of interesting biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of interesting biology
+behind that so I'm gonna show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that so I'm gonna show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that so I'm gonna show you one
+movie that's from work done by Ghia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that's from work done by Ghia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that's from work done by Ghia
+volts and this Friedmann person is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and this Friedmann person is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and this Friedmann person is the
+first author she just gave a talk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first author she just gave a talk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first author she just gave a talk here
+at MIT and showed some beautiful movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and showed some beautiful movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and showed some beautiful movies
+I focus on this movie here the ER is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I focus on this movie here the ER is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I focus on this movie here the ER is
+labeled in green and the mitochondria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled in green and the mitochondria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled in green and the mitochondria is
+in red and what you see is there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red and what you see is there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red and what you see is there's this
+mitochondria tube you'll and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria tube you'll and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria tube you'll and it's
+crossed by the ER right here okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed by the ER right here okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed by the ER right here okay now
+focus on this and when the movie plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this and when the movie plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this and when the movie plays
+you're gonna see that the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see that the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see that the mitochondria
+undergoes fission right at these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes fission right at these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes fission right at these points
+where the ER and the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ER and the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ER and the mitochondria
+intersect okay so that illustrates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect okay so that illustrates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect okay so that illustrates and
+now they've mechanistically dissected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they've mechanistically dissected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they've mechanistically dissected
+what sort of makes the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of makes the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of makes the mitochondria
+undergo fission at these crossing sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fission at these crossing sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fission at these crossing sites
+but it really illustrates the real sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really illustrates the real sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really illustrates the real sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+complexity and dynamics that are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and dynamics that are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and dynamics that are present
+in a cell which you might not be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell which you might not be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell which you might not be getting
+from your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your book
+oh I did want to mention that so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I did want to mention that so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I did want to mention that so there's
+a there's a chapter in your book I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a chapter in your book I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a chapter in your book I think
+it's key concept 5.3 where you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's key concept 5.3 where you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's key concept 5.3 where you can read
+about all the organelles okay you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the organelles okay you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the organelles okay you should
+read that in know roughly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that in know roughly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that in know roughly what the
+organelles do okay I mean I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles do okay I mean I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles do okay I mean I could
+lecture about that but it would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about that but it would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about that but it would just be
+so boring that I can't do it I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boring that I can't do it I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boring that I can't do it I'd have to
+do a ton of push-ups so we have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a ton of push-ups so we have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a ton of push-ups so we have to sort
+of choose what we lecture about so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choose what we lecture about so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choose what we lecture about so I
+would just suggest you read that part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just suggest you read that part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just suggest you read that part in
+the textbook if you have questions come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook if you have questions come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook if you have questions come
+talk to me and just be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me and just be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me and just be familiar with
+what your organelles are doing yes Ori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your organelles are doing yes Ori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your organelles are doing yes Ori
+is 5.3 it's key concept 5.3 he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5.3 it's key concept 5.3 he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5.3 it's key concept 5.3 he's
+probably listed on the assignments right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably listed on the assignments right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably listed on the assignments right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah all right I have one last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right I have one last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right I have one last part
+which is to prepare you for Friday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to prepare you for Friday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to prepare you for Friday's
+lecture okay and Friday's lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay and Friday's lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay and Friday's lecture we're
+gonna start talking about genetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start talking about genetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start talking about genetics and
+before we talk about genetics we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk about genetics we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk about genetics we're
+going to talk about something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about something that is
+we're gonna lay the groundwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna lay the groundwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna lay the groundwork
+essentially for genetics by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for genetics by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for genetics by talking
+about how cells divide so I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how cells divide so I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how cells divide so I think one of
+the most miraculous things that cells do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most miraculous things that cells do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most miraculous things that cells do
+is that they can undergo this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they can undergo this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they can undergo this trick
+where they replicate themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they replicate themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they replicate themselves and
+split into two daughter cells okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into two daughter cells okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into two daughter cells okay and
+you're seeing that here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing that here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing that here there are
+chromosomes in the middle here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes in the middle here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes in the middle here they're
+gonna line up along the metaphase plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna line up along the metaphase plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna line up along the metaphase plate
+and now they're gonna get pulled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they're gonna get pulled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they're gonna get pulled to
+separate sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate sides
+you're gonna wiggle back and forth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then in just a minute they're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in just a minute they're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in just a minute they're gonna get
+segregated know they'll go eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there they go okay so you see and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they go okay so you see and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they go okay so you see and then
+the cell is gonna pinch at the equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is gonna pinch at the equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is gonna pinch at the equator
+and divide in two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide in two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide in two okay
+so now I'm at this last part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm at this last part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm at this last part the
+cytoskeleton because the cytoskeleton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton because the cytoskeleton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton because the cytoskeleton is
+the answer to part of how the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to part of how the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to part of how the cells
+divide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide okay
+and before I prevent present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before I prevent present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before I prevent present the
+cytoskeleton I just want to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton I just want to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton I just want to briefly
+mention chromosomes and what they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention chromosomes and what they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention chromosomes and what they look
+like so the chromosomes right are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the chromosomes right are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the chromosomes right are your
+nuclear DNA they're linear pieces of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear DNA they're linear pieces of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear DNA they're linear pieces of DNA
+as opposed to the mitochondria which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the mitochondria which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the mitochondria which has
+circular DNA and again the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular DNA and again the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular DNA and again the fact that
+mitochondria have circular DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria have circular DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria have circular DNA is
+analogous with sort of bacterials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous with sort of bacterials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous with sort of bacterials
+chromosomes where bacteria have circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes where bacteria have circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes where bacteria have circular
+DNA okay but our chromosomes are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay but our chromosomes are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay but our chromosomes are linear
+pieces of DNA and you guys have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA and you guys have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA and you guys have probably
+all seen chromosome spreads that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen chromosome spreads that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen chromosome spreads that look
+like this so this would be a chrome a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so this would be a chrome a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so this would be a chrome a
+chromosome that's replicated there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that's replicated there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that's replicated there are
+two copies one and two so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies one and two so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies one and two so this is a
+replicated and condensed chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and condensed chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and condensed chromosome
+right initially chromosomes are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right initially chromosomes are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right initially chromosomes are just
+like bowls of spaghetti everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bowls of spaghetti everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bowls of spaghetti everything
+mixed together but during mitosis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed together but during mitosis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed together but during mitosis the
+chromosomes condense and then they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes condense and then they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes condense and then they sort
+of resolve from each other such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resolve from each other such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resolve from each other such that you
+can see the arms of the chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the arms of the chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the arms of the chromosome and
+you can see where the chromosomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see where the chromosomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see where the chromosomes are
+coupled to each other at this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to each other at this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to each other at this structure
+here which is known as the centromere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and at this centromere a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at this centromere a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at this centromere a protein
+complex assembles I'll just draw it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex assembles I'll just draw it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex assembles I'll just draw it like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this protein complex is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein complex is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein complex is called the
+kinetochore the kinetochore is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetochore the kinetochore is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetochore the kinetochore is a complex
+of hundreds of proteins that assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hundreds of proteins that assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hundreds of proteins that assemble
+into this large platform that sits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this large platform that sits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this large platform that sits on
+the centromere and the kinetochore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centromere and the kinetochore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centromere and the kinetochore is
+able to attach to the cell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to attach to the cell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to attach to the cell's
+cytoskeleton specifically microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton specifically microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton specifically microtubules
+so this attaches to microtubules and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this attaches to microtubules and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this attaches to microtubules and I
+will tell you what microtubules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you what microtubules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you what microtubules are
+right now so microtubules are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so microtubules are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so microtubules are a
+component of the cell's cytoskeleton so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the cell's cytoskeleton so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the cell's cytoskeleton so
+the cell cytoskeleton is a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cytoskeleton is a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cytoskeleton is a network of
+filamentous rods that are present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filamentous rods that are present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filamentous rods that are present in the
+cell and the term cytoskeleton kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and the term cytoskeleton kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and the term cytoskeleton kind of
+makes it sound boring I think because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it sound boring I think because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it sound boring I think because it
+makes it sound static but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it sound static but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it sound static but the
+cytoskeleton is anything but static it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton is anything but static it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton is anything but static it's
+actually a dynamic machine in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a dynamic machine in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a dynamic machine in the cell
+and these machines that are assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these machines that are assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these machines that are assembled
+from these fibers are able to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these fibers are able to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these fibers are able to generate
+force okay so these microtubules and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay so these microtubules and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay so these microtubules and the
+cytoskeleton they generate force okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton they generate force okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton they generate force okay
+you can think of them as motors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of them as motors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of them as motors or
+machines so they are machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so they are machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so they are machines that
+generate force and I'll just illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate force and I'll just illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate force and I'll just illustrate
+this with a couple of videos and slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a couple of videos and slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a couple of videos and slides
+so again this is not a stable structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is not a stable structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is not a stable structure
+but very dynamic so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very dynamic so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very dynamic so this is going to be
+a movie where in green here microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie where in green here microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie where in green here microtubules
+are labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled
+and the red labels the nucleus and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red labels the nucleus and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red labels the nucleus and these
+cells in this fly embryo are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in this fly embryo are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in this fly embryo are going to
+undergo cycles of Seldon or nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo cycles of Seldon or nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo cycles of Seldon or nuclear
+division and so you're gonna see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and so you're gonna see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and so you're gonna see the
+microtubules assemble disassemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules assemble disassemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules assemble disassemble
+assemble disassemble so you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble disassemble so you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble disassemble so you see how
+dynamic this process is the cell is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic this process is the cell is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic this process is the cell is able
+to assemble this force generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assemble this force generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assemble this force generating
+apparatus which is known as the mitotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus which is known as the mitotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus which is known as the mitotic
+spindle each and every cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle each and every cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle each and every cell division
+okay so this structure or machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this structure or machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this structure or machine is
+critical to physically segregate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to physically segregate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to physically segregate the
+chromosomes to opposite poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to opposite poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to opposite poles of the
+cell okay so now I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so now I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so now I'm going to tell you
+about the microtubules themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the microtubules themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the microtubules themselves so
+microtubules as the name implies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules as the name implies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules as the name implies are
+sort of tube like polymers okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tube like polymers okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tube like polymers okay so these
+microtubules are biopolymers which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules are biopolymers which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules are biopolymers which means
+that cells are expressing sort of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells are expressing sort of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells are expressing sort of genes
+that encode for proteins that form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode for proteins that form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode for proteins that form a
+subunit that can then self assemble into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit that can then self assemble into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit that can then self assemble into
+a larger rod like structure okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger rod like structure okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger rod like structure okay and you
+can see one of these rod like structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see one of these rod like structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see one of these rod like structures
+here they essentially look like straws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they essentially look like straws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they essentially look like straws
+there are about 25 nanometers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 25 nanometers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 25 nanometers in
+diameter and I'm going to show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and I'm going to show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and I'm going to show you this
+video showing you microtubules both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video showing you microtubules both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video showing you microtubules both
+disassembling it first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembling it first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembling it first and then
+assembling so that's a disassembling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling so that's a disassembling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling so that's a disassembling
+microtubule but they also assemble to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule but they also assemble to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule but they also assemble to
+form these longer rods like structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these longer rods like structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these longer rods like structures
+okay so these bio polymers are dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these bio polymers are dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these bio polymers are dynamic
+and they both assemble but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both assemble but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both assemble but also
+disassembled and both the assembly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembled and both the assembly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembled and both the assembly and
+the disassembly can generate force okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disassembly can generate force okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disassembly can generate force okay
+microtubules can push if they pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules can push if they pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules can push if they pull them
+or eyes into something they push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eyes into something they push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eyes into something they push it
+right just like you're kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like you're kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like you're kind of like
+poking someone with your finger okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking someone with your finger okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking someone with your finger okay now
+they also disassembled and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also disassembled and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also disassembled and when they
+shrink and disassemble they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink and disassemble they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink and disassemble they can actually
+pull okay and I'll show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull okay and I'll show you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull okay and I'll show you an
+of that right here so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that right here so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that right here so this is an example
+that's reconstituted meaning they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reconstituted meaning they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reconstituted meaning they're
+just purified proteins here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just purified proteins here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just purified proteins here there's no
+cell okay and what this is is a bead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay and what this is is a bead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay and what this is is a bead and
+you see that dark the dark stripe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that dark the dark stripe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that dark the dark stripe here
+is a microtubule you can see it growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a microtubule you can see it growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a microtubule you can see it growing
+there's the end right there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the end right there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the end right there that
+microtubule is going to grow it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule is going to grow it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule is going to grow it's going
+to grow out to about here and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow out to about here and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow out to about here and then at
+the end of the movie it's going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the movie it's going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the movie it's going to stop
+growing and the microtubule is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and the microtubule is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and the microtubule is going to
+shrink back and you're gonna see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink back and you're gonna see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink back and you're gonna see that
+when the microtubule shrinks back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the microtubule shrinks back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the microtubule shrinks back is
+going to actually pull this large bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually pull this large bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually pull this large bead
+and pull it towards the left side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull it towards the left side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull it towards the left side of the
+slide here it goes there deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here it goes there deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here it goes there deep
+polymerizes and pulls you see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerizes and pulls you see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerizes and pulls you see it so
+these microtubules can generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these microtubules can generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these microtubules can generate a
+pulling force that's strong enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling force that's strong enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling force that's strong enough to
+pull this glass bead and also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this glass bead and also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this glass bead and also it's
+strong enough to pull an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough to pull an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough to pull an entire
+chromosome okay it's actually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay it's actually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay it's actually much
+stronger it generates much more force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger it generates much more force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger it generates much more force
+than it requires to pull a chromosome so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it requires to pull a chromosome so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it requires to pull a chromosome so
+that seems like there's some robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like there's some robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like there's some robustness
+in the system so that it's generating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system so that it's generating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system so that it's generating a
+pull that's much stronger than needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that's much stronger than needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that's much stronger than needed to
+actually drag a chromosome through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drag a chromosome through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drag a chromosome through
+viscous media so during mitosis the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous media so during mitosis the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous media so during mitosis the way
+this system is set up is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is set up is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is set up is there's a
+what's known as a bipolar spindle I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a bipolar spindle I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a bipolar spindle I'll
+just write down that we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down that we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down that we'll come back to
+it and Friday's lecture there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and Friday's lecture there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and Friday's lecture there's a
+bipolar spindle and the bipolar spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar spindle and the bipolar spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar spindle and the bipolar spindle
+is made up of a number of microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of a number of microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of a number of microtubules
+so here you can see there are two poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see there are two poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see there are two poles
+here and here and in the middle along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and in the middle along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and in the middle along
+the sort of equator of the cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of equator of the cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of equator of the cell the
+chromosomes will line up there just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes will line up there just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes will line up there just two
+chromosomes here and you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes here and you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes here and you can see how
+microtubules reach out from the pole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules reach out from the pole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules reach out from the pole and
+attach to both sides of that chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to both sides of that chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to both sides of that chromosome
+and you can imagine that when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine that when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine that when these
+microtubules are told to shrink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules are told to shrink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules are told to shrink and
+disassemble if they're able to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble if they're able to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble if they're able to remain
+attached to that kinetochore which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that kinetochore which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that kinetochore which they
+are when they shrink they're gonna pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when they shrink they're gonna pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when they shrink they're gonna pull
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+copies of the chromosome away from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the chromosome away from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the chromosome away from each
+other okay and so this is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and so this is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and so this is the basic
+machinery that allows for chromosomes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that allows for chromosomes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that allows for chromosomes to
+be segregated in cells okay that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be segregated in cells okay that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be segregated in cells okay that's it
+for today any questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today any questions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today any questions all right
+terrific good luck on your exam on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific good luck on your exam on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific good luck on your exam on
+Wednesday it's in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SLvTCHhu5SE.txt b/SLvTCHhu5SE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b04b3252ec9ccac246e160db5d03f01ab2898bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SLvTCHhu5SE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1936 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good morning.
+
+AUDIENCE: Good morning.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're about to launch into
+learning some basic elements
+
+of Python today.
+
+The elements I'm going to talk
+about are common to every
+
+programming language that I
+know, at least in concept, and
+
+of course slightly different
+in detail.
+
+But as I said last time,
+everything you're going to
+
+learn about Python should
+be readily transferable.
+
+I'll be using, for all of the
+examples I present, something
+
+called an integrated development
+environment, and
+
+in particular, one that's built
+for Python called IDLE.
+
+Usually we talk about these
+things as IDEs.
+
+I'm told, I don't know if it's
+true, that the IDE for Python
+
+is called IDLE after Eric Idle
+of Monty Python, which was
+
+also, I'm told, the inspiration
+for the name of
+
+the programming language.
+
+So what is an integrated
+programming environment?
+
+In this case, it includes a
+specialized text editor that
+
+provides highlighting,
+auto-completion, smart indent,
+
+and you'll see shortly why all
+that's very important, and a
+
+few other amenities that make it
+easier to use this to type
+
+Python than typing it into
+a generic text editor.
+
+It includes something called
+a shell, which is the
+
+environment that actually
+interprets the Python code.
+
+And the nice thing about it
+is it includes syntax
+
+highlighting.
+
+So the shell gives you some
+information about the syntax,
+
+as does the text editor
+of course.
+
+And finally, it includes
+an integrated debugger.
+
+This could be useful in the
+unlikely event that your
+
+programs have errors when
+you write them.
+
+Though truth be told, I've been
+programming in Python for
+
+years and I don't know that I've
+ever used the debugger.
+
+It's not that I don't make
+mistakes, it's just that I'm
+
+kind of a Luddite, and I
+typically use print statements
+
+for debugging.
+
+And in fact, almost every
+programmer that I know, when
+
+push comes to shove, ends up
+using print statements.
+
+But the debugger is there,
+should you care to take a try.
+
+All right.
+
+So you'll see on the screen
+here an IDLE shell.
+
+In the shell, we can
+type things.
+
+What are we going to type?
+
+Well the first thing to
+understand is that at the core
+
+of Python, and probably the
+most important thing to
+
+understand, are something
+called objects.
+
+Everything in Python
+is an object.
+
+So every kind of entity that you
+can create in Python is an
+
+object, and in fact, Python
+code itself is an object.
+
+You'll remember, we talked about
+stored program computers
+
+last time, and the concept that
+a program is data, just
+
+like a number is data.
+
+Each object has a type that
+tells us the kind of object it
+
+is, and in particular, what
+we can do with it.
+
+And then there's a built-in
+function, called type, that
+
+can be used to find out
+the type of an object.
+
+As we'll see, there are two
+fundamental kinds of types.
+
+Scalar and non-scalar.
+
+We'll start with talking
+about scalar types.
+
+And the key thing to think about
+there is that they are
+
+indivisible.
+
+Think of them as the atoms of
+the programming language.
+
+Now, I know that some of you
+have studied physics and know
+
+that atoms are in principle
+divisible, but of course, only
+
+at great expense and with
+serious consequences.
+
+And we've seen the
+same thing here.
+
+You can, if you're desperate,
+chop up these scalar types,
+
+but it almost always leads
+to something bad.
+
+All right.
+
+Well let's look at some.
+
+Well, the first one you'll see
+is used to represent integers,
+
+and that's called int.
+
+For every type, or every
+built-in type, there's the
+
+notion of a literal, which
+is how we type it.
+
+So for example, we can type 3,
+and that will now tell us it
+
+is the value 3.
+
+You'll note it's typed
+it in blue.
+
+And I can ask what
+the type of 3 is.
+
+So you'll notice as I type
+things into the shell, it's
+
+using colors to give
+me a hint.
+
+So it's this fuchsia color for
+the word type, telling me
+
+that's a built-in function.
+
+And now if I ask it, it will
+tell me that the type of the
+
+literal 3 is "int".
+
+So it's an integer.
+
+And I can use other
+sorts of things.
+
+All right.
+
+There's also a type float.
+
+So those correspond to
+the real numbers.
+
+So I can do something
+like that.
+
+And we'll talk about this in a
+second, but you'll notice if I
+
+do type of 3.2, it tells
+me it's a float.
+
+And for that matter, I can do
+type of 3.0, and it will tell
+
+me it's a float.
+
+So there's a difference
+between 3 and 3.0.
+
+One is an int, and
+one is a float.
+
+Now you'll notice something
+kind of weird here.
+
+When the interpreter printed
+back the value of the literal
+
+3.2, it gave me 3.2 and a bunch
+of zeroes, and then this
+
+funny 2 standing at the end.
+
+In a few lectures, I'll explain
+why it does this, but
+
+for now, you should just take
+this as a warning that floats
+
+are not the same thing
+as real numbers.
+
+You learned about reals,
+presumably in middle school or
+
+high school.
+
+Floats are a computer
+scientist's approximation to
+
+reals, but they're not
+quite the same.
+
+The good news is almost all the
+time, you can pretend that
+
+a floating point number is a
+real, but as we'll see in a
+
+few lectures, every once in a
+while it can really sit up and
+
+bite you, if you believe that.
+
+But for now, we'll just pretend
+that they're reals.
+
+There's Booleans, a nice scalar
+type of which there are
+
+only two values.
+
+One of them is true, and what
+do you think the other
+
+Boolean value is?
+
+AUDIENCE: False?
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+So somebody said false.
+
+I have no idea who, but
+whoever it is, there's
+
+probably some candy to be had.
+
+Oh, I managed to find the one
+place in the room where there
+
+was an empty.
+
+I'm hoping that people will now
+scramble and fight for it,
+
+like a foul ball at
+a baseball game.
+
+No, people are too
+polite thus far.
+
+All right.
+
+So we have true and false
+as the type Booleans.
+
+And then we can do operations
+on them.
+
+So for example, true and false
+is false, as you might guess.
+
+Finally, there's this funny
+value, none, which doesn't
+
+print anything when I type it.
+
+And if I look at the type
+of none, we'll see
+
+it's the none type.
+
+Not very interesting.
+
+Fundamentally, as we'll see,
+that gets used when you want
+
+to put in something temporary.
+
+When you don't yet know what its
+value is going to be, you
+
+know it's going to eventually
+have one, so maybe you start
+
+out calling it none.
+
+And then you can check,
+and we'll see
+
+how we might do that.
+
+So those are the fundamental
+scalar types,
+
+the indivisible ones.
+
+Interestingly enough, Python
+does not have what is a common
+
+scalar type in every other
+language called char, short
+
+for character.
+
+Instead, what it has is strings
+that can be used to
+
+represent strings
+of characters.
+
+So for example, I can write the
+string "a", and if I ask
+
+for the type of it, it
+tells me it's an
+
+str, short for string.
+
+Happens to be a string of
+length 1, which we might
+
+usually think of as
+a character, but
+
+there is no type char.
+
+So it's not a problem.
+
+We just have to remember it.
+
+Literals of type string can be
+written with single quotes or
+
+with double quotes.
+
+There's no difference.
+
+Just convenient that you can do
+it either way, and we can
+
+build strings of things.
+
+It's worth noting that the type
+of, say, the string 123
+
+is str, whereas the type of 123
+without the quotes is int.
+
+So we have to be a little bit
+careful sometimes as to
+
+whether we're dealing with
+strings or ints when we look
+
+at these literals.
+
+You can only get so far with
+literals, things you can type.
+
+So of course, Python has in
+it something called an
+
+expression.
+
+Again, this shouldn't
+surprise anybody.
+
+And an expression
+is a sequence of
+
+operands and operators.
+
+The operands are objects.
+
+So for example, we can write
+the expression 3 plus 2.
+
+And when we type an expression
+into IDLE, it automatically
+
+evaluates it and prints the
+value of the expression.
+
+In this case, of
+course it's 5.
+
+One thing to be a little careful
+about is if I type the
+
+expression 3/2, slash is the
+divide operator, I get 1.
+
+Whereas if I type the expression
+3.0 divided
+
+by 2.0, I get 1.5.
+
+So dividing two integers
+in Python 2.x gives you
+
+essentially a floor operator.
+
+In 3.0, by the way, integer
+division is not allowed.
+
+It always converts it to floats
+and does a floating
+
+point division.
+
+But for many of you this will
+be something that will trip
+
+you up as a bug.
+
+If you want to get real
+division, write
+
+floating point numbers.
+
+Otherwise, unpleasant
+things may happen.
+
+Some other interesting things
+I can type, just as I could
+
+type 3 plus 2, I can
+type a plus b.
+
+What do you think
+I'll get there?
+
+It does concatenation.
+
+So what we see here is that
+the operator plus is
+
+overloaded.
+
+So overloaded operators have a
+meaning that depends upon the
+
+type of the operands.
+
+And of course, we've already
+seen that with the slash
+
+operator, which means one thing
+for ints and another
+
+things for floats.
+
+And of course, we see the
+same thing with plus.
+
+What do you think will
+happen here?
+
+3 blank 3?
+
+Any guesses?
+
+I get a syntax error.
+
+Remember, we talked about
+that on Tuesday.
+
+It's not a valid Python
+expression,
+
+so we get an error.
+
+How about this one?
+
+That is syntactically valid.
+
+It's got operand, operator,
+operand.
+
+What do you think it will do
+when I hit Return here?
+
+Somebody?
+
+AUDIENCE: A static
+semantics error?
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: A static
+semantics error?
+
+PROFESSOR: A static
+semantics error.
+
+And because of these--
+
+Wait, I can't see
+who said that.
+
+Raise your hand?
+
+Oh, come on.
+
+All the way back there?
+
+All right.
+
+I have the most chance of
+carrying with one of these.
+
+I'm going to lie.
+
+Those of you who are watching
+OpenCourseWare, it was a
+
+perfect throw.
+
+OK.
+
+So indeed, we get a static
+semantic error of a particular
+
+kind, called the type error,
+saying you cannot concatenate
+
+an str and an int.
+
+Type errors are actually
+good things.
+
+The language does type checking
+in order to reduce
+
+the probability that a
+programmer will write a
+
+program with a meaning that
+will surprise its author.
+
+So it looks at it and says,
+somebody might have a weird
+
+guess what this means, but just
+to be safe, we're going
+
+to disallow it rather than--
+
+it could, of course, make
+up some funny meaning
+
+if it wanted to.
+
+But it doesn't.
+
+And I think you'll find type
+checking saves you from a lot
+
+of careless programming
+errors as you go on.
+
+All right, let's continue.
+
+Let's look at some
+other things.
+
+I can write this.
+
+Because that's just two
+strings, and it just
+
+concatenates them, the string
+a and the string 3.
+
+Or interestingly,
+I can do this.
+
+So now what we're seeing is
+that you can take any type
+
+name, use it as a conversion
+function to attempt to convert
+
+one type to another.
+
+So this has now converted the
+int 3 to the str "3".
+
+Similarly, I can do something
+like this.
+
+And here, it's converted the
+str "3" to the int 3.
+
+On the other hand,
+I could do this.
+
+And it will tell me it's a
+static semantic error.
+
+It can't convert 0.0
+into an int.
+
+Similarly, it can't
+convert 2.1.
+
+Or can it?
+
+So now I've given it the float
+2.1, and I've tried to
+
+convert it to int.
+
+Not the string 2.1,
+but the float.
+
+And it succeeds.
+
+And it succeeded by essentially
+truncating it.
+
+Is this a good thing
+or a bad thing?
+
+To me, it's kind
+of a bad thing.
+
+If I've typed something like
+that or I've evaluated some
+
+expression that happened to
+work that way, more likely
+
+than not, I'm confused.
+
+And I would probably have
+preferred to get a type error,
+
+rather than it deciding
+how to do it.
+
+It's one of the things I don't
+like about Python.
+
+It's too generous.
+
+It lets me get away with
+stuff it shouldn't
+
+let me get away with.
+
+Other languages, for example
+Java, are much stricter.
+
+This is a design decision and
+it is the way it is, and we
+
+have to live with it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the same
+reason that 3 divided by 2
+
+turned into 1 up top?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+If it's the same reason that
+that happens, this will never
+
+go that far.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Yeah, exactly.
+
+It's the same reason.
+
+The question was, is it the same
+reason that 3 divided by
+
+2 doesn't give you the
+answer you would get
+
+with floating point.
+
+And it's because Python
+has tried to help you.
+
+Again, Python 3.0 is a little
+stricter about these things.
+
+We'll talk much more about
+this during the term.
+
+This is close to the last time
+you'll see me typing things
+
+directly into IDLE.
+
+For the most part, as you write
+programs, you'll use the
+
+text editor to produce them
+and then go to the
+
+shell to run them.
+
+But you want to--
+
+obviously, if I had a 100 line
+program, I wouldn't want to
+
+sit here and retype it every
+time I needed to change it.
+
+So instead, I use the editor
+in IDLE to produce the
+
+programs, and then
+I can run them.
+
+And that's what I wanted
+to start doing.
+
+I should probably mention that
+what most people call a
+
+program, some Python programmers
+call a script.
+
+Think of those two things
+as synonyms.
+
+But you will see people
+use both of them.
+
+I will typically call
+them a program.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's look at an example.
+
+So the first thing to say is
+that things look a little bit
+
+different when they're executed
+from a script than
+
+when you execute them directly
+in the interpreter.
+
+So I happen to have
+a script here.
+
+If a line in a script starts
+with a sharp sign or a number
+
+sign, that makes it a comment.
+
+So it's not executed.
+
+So I've started here just by
+commenting out everything.
+
+But now--
+
+whoops--
+
+what happens if I just put
+the number 3 here?
+
+We saw when I typed it into
+IDLE, it echoed it in some
+
+sense and gave me what it was.
+
+Or just to be clear, I'm
+going to put in the
+
+expression type of 3.
+
+I'll save it, and then I'll
+hit F5 to run it.
+
+And it does nothing.
+
+Right?
+
+You saw it move.
+
+It didn't print anything.
+
+So when you type an expression
+into the shell,
+
+it prints the value.
+
+But when it executes a script
+with an expression, it
+
+evaluates the expression
+but does not
+
+display it on the screen.
+
+Well, so what do we
+do about that?
+
+There is something called
+a print command.
+
+So I can do this, Print type of
+3, and now if I run it, it
+
+will actually appear.
+
+So whenever you want to get
+something to appear, you have
+
+to use the Print command.
+
+Not a very complicated
+concept.
+
+A program, or a script, is
+a sequence of commands.
+
+Each one tells the interpreter
+to do something.
+
+So a command is Print,
+for example.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's there.
+
+That's kind of boring.
+
+I'll get rid of that.
+
+The next command is a really
+interesting one.
+
+It's an assignment statement.
+
+A key concept in almost every
+programming language is that
+
+of a variable.
+
+Different languages have
+different notions of what a
+
+variable means.
+
+In Python, a variable is simply
+a name for an object.
+
+And what an assignment statement
+does in Python, is
+
+it binds the name
+to an object.
+
+So the assignment stetement you
+see here binds the name x
+
+to the object 3.
+
+The next statement rebinds the
+name x to the value of the
+
+expression x times x.
+
+So it takes the old value of x,
+evaluates the expression,
+
+and then binds the name
+x to the new value.
+
+So at the end of the
+second statement, x
+
+will be bound to 9.
+
+By the way, these are really
+stupid comments
+
+I've written here.
+
+I put them in just to
+show you what these
+
+statements are doing.
+
+For goodness sake, when you
+write comments in your
+
+programs, assume that the reader
+can read Python, and
+
+you don't have to explain
+the programming
+
+language in your comments.
+
+That's not to say you shouldn't
+write any comments.
+
+The purpose of a comment
+is to make the
+
+program easier to read.
+
+And so typically, comments are
+there to explain things.
+
+Not to explain the language or
+its semantics, but to explain
+
+your thinking when you
+wrote the program.
+
+What is the algorithm
+you've used?
+
+And we'll see some useful
+examples of comments, probably
+
+not today, but later.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's execute this script.
+
+Sure enough, it printed 9.
+
+Just what we would have hoped.
+
+All right.
+
+Now let's try some
+other things.
+
+Print lets us output things.
+
+Raw input lets us
+input things.
+
+Get things from the keyboard,
+essentially.
+
+So this statement here is making
+a request to whoever is
+
+using the program to
+enter a number.
+
+There are two kinds of input
+statements in Python 2.x.
+
+There's raw input, which is the
+only one you will see me
+
+use, and input.
+
+Raw input, by the way, is the
+only one that exists in 3.0.
+
+So please, just use raw input.
+
+The difference is, raw input
+always expects, interprets
+
+what the user types
+as a string.
+
+So it will see here, it says,
+y equals float of raw input.
+
+Enter a number.
+
+So let's run it.
+
+So it's taken the argument to
+raw input, the string enter a
+
+number asked me to
+enter a number.
+
+I'll enter a number.
+
+And then it's converted
+it to a float.
+
+Suppose I get rid of that.
+
+Suppose I do this.
+
+That should work.
+
+So now something has happened.
+
+It's printed both
+of them as 3.0.
+
+It looks like they're
+the same, but in
+
+fact, they're not.
+
+And this is something
+to beware of.
+
+What we've seen here is when
+it prints a string, it does
+
+not print the quotation marks.
+
+So even though, if I were to put
+this in here, I'll put in
+
+two print types of y.
+
+And I'll comment this out
+because I'm getting kind of
+
+tired of seeing 9.
+
+You'll note that one
+is a string and
+
+the other is a float.
+
+Again, I point this out because
+this is something that
+
+can confuse people when they're
+debugging programs.
+
+Because you think it's
+a float, when
+
+in fact it's a string.
+
+OK.
+
+Nothing deep, but these are the
+things that sort of get
+
+people in trouble.
+
+Now the kinds of programs we've
+been looking at so far
+
+are what are called straight
+line programs.
+
+What distinguishes a straight
+line program is it's a
+
+sequence of commands you execute
+one after another.
+
+You execute every command
+without making any deviations,
+
+without going back with any
+loops to execute a command
+
+more than once.
+
+So in a straight line program,
+every command gets executed
+
+exactly once.
+
+There is a very elegant, and
+even useful theory that talks
+
+about different layers of,
+levels of complexity of
+
+programs and says, for
+example, what kind of
+
+functions can you compute with
+straight line programs.
+
+We'll talk more about that
+field, which is called
+
+complexity theory, later
+in this semester.
+
+But for now, the thing to
+realize is that straight line
+
+programs are just dead boring.
+
+You can't compute anything
+interesting with one.
+
+Last time we talked about
+a recipe as an
+
+analogy for a program.
+
+Imagine a recipe
+with no tests.
+
+So every recipe, or almost
+every recipe I
+
+know, has some decisions.
+
+Taste it and add salt
+if you need it.
+
+Or poke at the meat and
+see if it's done.
+
+Or cook it until the
+thermometer says
+
+some degree on it.
+
+Those are the kinds of
+tests we need to
+
+make interesting programs.
+
+The most primitive kind of test
+we see is what's called a
+
+conditional statement.
+
+And those are written using the
+word if, and optionally as
+
+we'll see, the words else or
+elif, standing for else, if.
+
+So let's look at an
+example here.
+
+Where'd my mouse,
+oh there it is.
+
+Yes?
+
+Somebody has a question?
+
+Shout it out.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+I was wondering, when the user's
+prompted to put in the
+
+raw input, instead of putting
+in a float, puts in string,
+
+could you define it as
+a floating integer?
+
+How would you interpret
+that input?
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't
+get the question.
+
+So this is an argument to
+raw input, or their
+
+response to raw input.
+
+AUDIENCE: So yeah, for the
+raw input where you
+
+define it as a quote--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It usually
+puts in a string.
+
+How does Python interpret
+that?
+
+PROFESSOR: It will interpret
+it as a string containing
+
+quotation marks.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So typically you
+don't type a string, because
+
+it interprets everything you
+type as if it were a string.
+
+So don't bother typing
+strings.
+
+Good question.
+
+Thank you.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's look at this.
+
+So here I'm going to get an
+int, or at least a string.
+
+I'll convert it to an int.
+
+Then I'll say, if x remainder
+two, that's what the percent
+
+sign is, it's a remainder
+or a mod operator,
+
+is equal equal zero.
+
+That's important.
+
+You'll notice that we used an
+equal sign to do assignments.
+
+If we want to do a comparison,
+whether two objects have the
+
+same value, we don't write
+a single equal.
+
+We write a double equal.
+
+So whenever you're testing for
+equality of objects, you use
+
+double equal.
+
+So it says, if the object x mod
+2 has the same value as
+
+the object zero, print even.
+
+Else, print odd.
+
+And then, just for fun, I'm
+going to see whether or not
+
+it's divisible by three.
+
+Why did I do that?
+
+Just to show you that I can
+nest conditionals inside
+
+conditionals.
+
+So in one of the branches of
+the conditionals, I'm now
+
+doing a test.
+
+So what this does, is if comes
+down, it does the test.
+
+If the value of the test is
+true, it executes the block of
+
+code following the if, in
+this case, just print.
+
+And then it skips the else.
+
+It does not execute the else.
+
+So it executes one
+or the other.
+
+If the test is false, it skips
+the block of code following
+
+the if and executes the block
+of code following the else.
+
+So it does a or b,
+but not both.
+
+The indentation is important.
+
+Python is very unusual in that
+the way you indent things
+
+actually affects the
+meaning of them.
+
+And you can tell that, if I
+were to type this in the
+
+editor, you'll note here it's
+on that line, but if I hit
+
+Return, it automatically
+indents it.
+
+That's the auto indent feature
+I mentioned earlier in the
+
+editor of IDLE.
+
+And this tells me how these
+things line up.
+
+So the fact that this is here
+tells me I execute it only as
+
+part of the else clause.
+
+The program would mean something
+quite different if I
+
+wrote this.
+
+Then it would mean, if x mod
+2 is zero, print even.
+
+Otherwise, print odd.
+
+And whether or not it was
+even or odd, do this
+
+test in the if statement.
+
+So the indentation actually
+affects the
+
+meaning of the program.
+
+Now a lot of other languages,
+almost all other languages,
+
+don't do that.
+
+They have some punctuation.
+
+For example, c uses set braces
+to designate what's called a
+
+block of code.
+
+If you look, however, at a
+well-written piece of C code,
+
+or Java code, or any other
+language that I know,
+
+programmers are trained to use
+indentation to show the
+
+structure of the program.
+
+Even though you don't need, it
+you could line up everything
+
+right at the left edge and
+just use the punctuation.
+
+People don't do that.
+
+And the reason they don't do
+that is programs are intended
+
+to be read, not just executed.
+
+Why are they intended
+to be read?
+
+Because the only reason, the
+only way you can debug a
+
+program is reading
+the code in it.
+
+Typically, you want to write
+your program so that if you
+
+look at it from a distance, the
+visual structure of the
+
+program reflects the semantics
+of the program.
+
+And that's why people use
+indentation when they don't
+
+need to, so that you can see the
+structure of the program
+
+by looking at it on your screen
+and not having to parse
+
+each symbol.
+
+The authors of Python made what
+I think is a very good
+
+design decision.
+
+They said, well, if that's the
+way you ought to write your
+
+programs, let's force people to
+write their programs that
+
+way and guarantee that the
+visual structure of the
+
+program actually matches
+the semantic structure.
+
+The problem with languages like
+C and Java is that you
+
+can indent things and fool the
+reader of the program by
+
+making it look like something is
+under something else, when
+
+in fact it really isn't, because
+of the punctuation.
+
+So here we have a guarantee
+that the visual structure
+
+matches the semantic structure,
+and I think that
+
+was one of the really good
+design decisions in Python.
+
+OK, people see that?
+
+So we could execute
+this program.
+
+Let me get back to what
+it was before.
+
+Control z is the go back.
+
+And now we can enter an integer,
+say 14, and it will
+
+tell us it's even.
+
+I can run it again, and now I'll
+put 15 in, and it will
+
+tell me it's odd.
+
+We'll try it once more.
+
+We'll put in 17.
+
+It was odd and it's not
+divisible by three.
+
+These kinds of programs are
+called branching programs.
+
+And that's because the structure
+of them, as you go
+
+down you execute some
+statements, and then there's a
+
+branch which says execute these
+statements or execute
+
+those statements.
+
+And then typically it comes back
+together and continues.
+
+Of course, branches can
+have sub-branches.
+
+We could do this and then
+join further down,
+
+as we've seen here.
+
+Now branching programs are much
+more interesting than
+
+straight line programs.
+
+We can do a lot of things with
+them, but fundamentally
+
+nothing really interesting.
+
+And we can think about that by
+thinking about how long it
+
+takes a branching
+program to run.
+
+So let's first ask the question,
+how long does it
+
+take a straight line
+program to run?
+
+14 seconds?
+
+No, that's not the way
+to think about it.
+
+How would we think about how
+long it takes it to run?
+
+What governs the length
+of time a straight
+
+line program can take?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+The number of statements or
+commands in the program.
+
+Since it executes every command
+exactly once, if you
+
+have 100 command, it will
+have 100 steps in it.
+
+Now there's some variation on
+how long each step will be.
+
+Some commands might take longer
+than others, but the
+
+length of time it can take
+to run has nothing
+
+to do with its input.
+
+It has to do only with the
+number of lines of code.
+
+And that tells us it's not very
+useful because, well, we
+
+can only type so many lines
+in our lifetime.
+
+Well branching programs
+have the same problem.
+
+In a branching program,
+each command is
+
+executed at most once.
+
+So again, the length of time
+it takes to execute the
+
+program is governed strictly
+by the size of the program.
+
+Why isn't that good enough?
+
+Well, think about a program,
+say, to compute the GPA of all
+
+the students at MIT.
+
+Well how long is that
+going to take?
+
+Think instead about a program to
+compute the GPA of all the
+
+students at the University of
+Michigan, which is probably 10
+
+times bigger than MIT.
+
+Well you would expect that
+to take longer, right?
+
+Because you have to look
+at more students.
+
+And in fact, it's true.
+
+Most programs that are
+interesting, the amount of
+
+time they take to run should
+depend not on the length of
+
+the program, but on the size of
+the data that you want to
+
+evaluate using the program.
+
+So you would argue that the
+amount of time taken to
+
+compute the GPA of the students
+at MIT should be
+
+proportional to the number of
+students, not proportional to
+
+the length of the program
+used to do it.
+
+We'll talk a lot more about that
+later in the term in a
+
+much more thorough way.
+
+But it's important to get that
+as something you think about.
+
+So the fact that branching
+programs are not proportional
+
+in time to the input means that
+they're limited in what
+
+they can do.
+
+So that gets us to the final
+concept we need to write every
+
+program that could ever be
+written, or at least to
+
+compute every function that
+could ever be computed.
+
+And that's some sort of
+a looping construct.
+
+Once we add loops, we get to a
+class of programming languages
+
+or programming constructs that's
+called Turing Complete.
+
+And I mentioned this
+last time.
+
+Any program that can be written,
+or any function that
+
+can be computed, rather, can
+be computed in a Turing
+
+Complete language.
+
+So let's look at an
+example here.
+
+This concept, by the way,
+is called iteration.
+
+And if we look at languages with
+iteration, what we'll see
+
+is a more complicated
+flow of control.
+
+You execute some statements,
+maybe you do some
+
+branching if you want.
+
+But then you're allowed to go
+back and execute statements
+
+you've already executed.
+
+Typically what you have
+is another branch.
+
+One branch goes back
+and one continues.
+
+So now we see we can execute
+a statement more than once.
+
+Suddenly we have enormous
+power at our disposal.
+
+So let's look at an
+example of that.
+
+By the way, I'm skipping some
+of the code in your handout,
+
+but that's probably fine because
+it's there for you to
+
+be able to read.
+
+And what I would recommend by
+the way, is that we will post
+
+the handouts on the web, but
+at the end of every lecture
+
+within a few hours or a few days
+at least, go through the
+
+handouts and make sure you
+understand everything in.
+
+Because if you don't, you're
+probably missing something
+
+you'll need to understand
+to do the problem sets.
+
+So here's a little program that
+finds the cube root of a
+
+perfect cube.
+
+This, by the way, is a useful
+comment here, right?
+
+Tells you what the program
+is intended to do.
+
+So we get an integer.
+
+We set the variable
+ans to zero.
+
+And then while ans times ans
+times ans is less than the
+
+absolute value of x,
+we're going to set
+
+ans to ans plus 1.
+
+We could print where we are.
+
+I put those sort of things in
+as debugging statements.
+
+If ans times ans times ans is
+not equal to the absolute
+
+value of x when I finish the
+loop, then I'll print x is not
+
+a perfect cube.
+
+Otherwise I have to do something
+to deal with
+
+positive and negative values.
+
+Now I know that this was fast
+and that most of you probably
+
+don't fully assimilate
+this program.
+
+Do not worry.
+
+It will be discussed in
+recitations tomorrow.
+
+So tomorrow, the recitations
+will review the Python
+
+concepts we've discussed today,
+but we'll start by
+
+emphasizing how these
+loops work.
+
+OK.
+
+Thanks for coming.
+
+Enjoy recitation tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Sml2lkWfd1g.txt b/Sml2lkWfd1g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4a49659705c50ad5be87a93bb576a1dd5b70f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sml2lkWfd1g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this video is about crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is about crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is about crystalline
+structures presented by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures presented by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures presented by me
+marcelo alejandro gonzalez well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcelo alejandro gonzalez well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcelo alejandro gonzalez well first of
+all i would like to say don't focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i would like to say don't focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i would like to say don't focus on
+the code and second of all one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code and second of all one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code and second of all one of the
+basic things was basic concepts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things was basic concepts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things was basic concepts that we
+need to see for crystalline structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see for crystalline structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see for crystalline structures
+is first what is the crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first what is the crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first what is the crystalline
+structure and second what is a unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and second what is a unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and second what is a unit cell
+well the crystal structure is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the crystal structure is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the crystal structure is just the
+way in which atoms ions and molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which atoms ions and molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which atoms ions and molecules
+are spatially arranged in 3d and a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spatially arranged in 3d and a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spatially arranged in 3d and a unit
+cell is its smallest repetitive volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is its smallest repetitive volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is its smallest repetitive volume
+which means that it has to contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it has to contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it has to contain the
+complete lattice pattern as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete lattice pattern as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete lattice pattern as you can see
+here we have a crystalline structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a crystalline structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a crystalline structure of
+course but what do you think that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but what do you think that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but what do you think that is the
+unit cell of this crystal structure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell of this crystal structure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell of this crystal structure this
+is the unit cell the unit cell is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit cell the unit cell is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit cell the unit cell is just a
+simple cubic crystal or the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic crystal or the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic crystal or the lattice
+constants and that interaction angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and that interaction angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and that interaction angles
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+which means that the unit cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the unit cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the unit cell is
+actually represented by a cube this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represented by a cube this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represented by a cube this is
+just one of the seven different crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the seven different crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the seven different crystal
+systems that actually exist however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that actually exist however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that actually exist however
+since we've already started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've already started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've already started talking
+about the simple crystal structure let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the simple crystal structure let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the simple crystal structure let's
+not concentrate on different crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concentrate on different crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concentrate on different crystal
+systems and let's go deeper into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and let's go deeper into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and let's go deeper into this
+types of structure simple cubic lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of structure simple cubic lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of structure simple cubic lattice
+is indeed just a cube as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed just a cube as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed just a cube as you can see
+here if the cube that has atoms in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the cube that has atoms in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the cube that has atoms in all
+of its corners so it has eight atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its corners so it has eight atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its corners so it has eight atoms
+this eight atoms have one-eighth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eight atoms have one-eighth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eight atoms have one-eighth of
+themselves inside the unit cell and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves inside the unit cell and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves inside the unit cell and at
+the end it makes the unit cell have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it makes the unit cell have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it makes the unit cell have one
+complete atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well another important concept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well another important concept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well another important concept in
+crystalline structures is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline structures is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline structures is the
+coordination number the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number the coordination
+number is just the number of nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is just the number of nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is just the number of nearest
+neighbors each atom has which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors each atom has which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors each atom has which are the
+closest to them and this simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to them and this simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to them and this simple cubic
+structure the coordination number 6 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the coordination number 6 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the coordination number 6 it's
+hard to see it in just 1 unit cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see it in just 1 unit cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see it in just 1 unit cell so
+what we're going to do is create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is create another
+visualization with 8 unit cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization with 8 unit cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization with 8 unit cells
+particularly with different colors so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with different colors so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with different colors so it
+is a lot easier to see which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot easier to see which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot easier to see which ones are
+the nearest neighbors here you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest neighbors here you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest neighbors here you will be
+able to see it now here you see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it now here you see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it now here you see how the
+red atom has 6 nearest neighbors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red atom has 6 nearest neighbors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red atom has 6 nearest neighbors which
+are the yellow atoms actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the yellow atoms actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the yellow atoms actually even
+though this is the simplest crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this is the simplest crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this is the simplest crystal
+structure there is only one type of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there is only one type of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there is only one type of atom
+that can arrange in the structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can arrange in the structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can arrange in the structure and
+that is alpha polonium I'm sure none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is alpha polonium I'm sure none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is alpha polonium I'm sure none of
+you guys has ever used polonium before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys has ever used polonium before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys has ever used polonium before
+one of the reasons why it's because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why it's because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why it's because it's
+radioactive but the main reason why only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive but the main reason why only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive but the main reason why only
+alpha polonium goes into this crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha polonium goes into this crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha polonium goes into this crystal
+structure is because of the packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is because of the packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is because of the packing
+factor this type of crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this type of crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this type of crystal structure
+has a very low packing factor and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very low packing factor and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very low packing factor and that's
+why not a lot of atoms would crystallize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not a lot of atoms would crystallize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not a lot of atoms would crystallize
+into this type of structure but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this type of structure but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this type of structure but actually
+what is the atomic packing factor well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the atomic packing factor well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the atomic packing factor well
+the atomic packing factor as we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic packing factor as we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic packing factor as we can see
+here in this formula it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this formula it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this formula it's just the
+volume of atoms in the unit cell if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of atoms in the unit cell if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of atoms in the unit cell if we
+assume there are hard spheres and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there are hard spheres and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there are hard spheres and the
+volume of the entire unit cell so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the entire unit cell so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the entire unit cell so to
+calculate the atomic packing factor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the atomic packing factor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the atomic packing factor I
+just created a function to use it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just created a function to use it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just created a function to use it which
+means the number of atoms and the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the number of atoms and the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the number of atoms and the radius
+of this atoms if we actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this atoms if we actually think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this atoms if we actually think about
+them as spheres thinking of the atoms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as spheres thinking of the atoms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as spheres thinking of the atoms as
+spheres is actually the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres is actually the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres is actually the easiest way to
+calculate the atomic packing factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the atomic packing factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the atomic packing factor
+because the formula to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the formula to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the formula to calculate the
+volume of a sphere is pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a sphere is pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a sphere is pretty easy
+it's just 4/3 of pi times radius cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just 4/3 of pi times radius cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just 4/3 of pi times radius cubed
+now what we need to find is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we need to find is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we need to find is what is
+radius of the spheres in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the spheres in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the spheres in this case the
+easy way to do it is having two atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do it is having two atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do it is having two atoms in
+two corners you have two atoms in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two corners you have two atoms in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two corners you have two atoms in two
+corners you can see that from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners you can see that from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners you can see that from the center
+of each of the atoms you have one length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of the atoms you have one length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of the atoms you have one length
+of the last here the lattice is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last here the lattice is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last here the lattice is just a
+cube so it's volume would be the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube so it's volume would be the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube so it's volume would be the length
+of the lattice to the power three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lattice to the power three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lattice to the power three and
+since we have two atoms in one length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have two atoms in one length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have two atoms in one length
+the radius of each of these atoms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of each of these atoms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of each of these atoms is
+just going to be half of the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be half of the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be half of the length of
+the lattice therefore using the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice therefore using the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice therefore using the function
+to calculate the atomic packing factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the atomic packing factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the atomic packing factor
+knowing that there's only one atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that there's only one atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that there's only one atom and
+that the radius is half the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius is half the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius is half the length of
+the lightest you get an AP F or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightest you get an AP F or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightest you get an AP F or just
+point 52 well we've already gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 52 well we've already gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 52 well we've already gone through
+the basics of a simple cubic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics of a simple cubic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics of a simple cubic structure
+but let's go a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go a little bit more
+complicated now we're now going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated now we're now going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated now we're now going to the
+body centered cubic lattice well in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic lattice well in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic lattice well in a
+body centered cubic lattice imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic lattice imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic lattice imagine
+you're an M you want to be like alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an M you want to be like alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an M you want to be like alpha
+polonium so you want to have your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium so you want to have your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium so you want to have your space
+we know you want to not have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know you want to not have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know you want to not have a very
+large packing factor you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large packing factor you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large packing factor you're trying to
+get together with seven other atoms in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together with seven other atoms in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together with seven other atoms in a
+unit cell and then just an atom comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell and then just an atom comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell and then just an atom comes in
+between all of you this is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of you this is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of you this is what happens
+this is as you can see here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as you can see here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as you can see here in the
+visualization and just an atom is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and just an atom is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and just an atom is in
+between the unit cell we can see it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the unit cell we can see it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the unit cell we can see it a
+little better with a lot more separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better with a lot more separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better with a lot more separation
+so there's an atom in between all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an atom in between all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an atom in between all of you
+so as compared what's before there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as compared what's before there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as compared what's before there's not
+only one atom per unit cell but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one atom per unit cell but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one atom per unit cell but now
+there's two the one that's right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two the one that's right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two the one that's right in the
+middle which is complete and still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle which is complete and still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle which is complete and still the
+one-eighth of the whole eight atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-eighth of the whole eight atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-eighth of the whole eight atoms
+there are in the corners now we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the corners now we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the corners now we knew
+that the coordination number for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coordination number for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coordination number for the
+simple cubic cell was six and now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic cell was six and now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic cell was six and now for
+the body centered cubic it's it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body centered cubic it's it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body centered cubic it's it which
+means that it has a lot more atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it has a lot more atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it has a lot more atoms
+closer to him that would imprint suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to him that would imprint suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to him that would imprint suppose
+saying that the atomic packing factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the atomic packing factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the atomic packing factor
+which would be hired but that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be hired but that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be hired but that we will
+see later we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later we talked about the
+coordination number being eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number being eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number being eight
+here we can see by putting eight unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see by putting eight unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can see by putting eight unit
+cells together we can see the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells together we can see the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells together we can see the eight
+nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors
+for the red atom here in the middle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the red atom here in the middle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the red atom here in the middle it's
+actually pretty hard to see it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty hard to see it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty hard to see it with
+bonding so now we can see it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so now we can see it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so now we can see it a lot
+better so it has eight nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so it has eight nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so it has eight nearest neighbors
+this red atom in the middle and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red atom in the middle and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red atom in the middle and this
+eight nearest neighbors are the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nearest neighbors are the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nearest neighbors are the yellow
+ones it can be seen here well now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones it can be seen here well now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones it can be seen here well now we can
+start talking about the atomic packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the atomic packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the atomic packing
+factor of a BCC structure it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a BCC structure it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a BCC structure it is actually
+not as trivial as the simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as trivial as the simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as trivial as the simple cubic
+structure because since you have an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because since you have an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because since you have an atom
+in the middle of the unit cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the unit cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the unit cell the
+corners of this same unit select don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of this same unit select don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of this same unit select don't
+actually touch so it's not as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually touch so it's not as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually touch so it's not as simple as
+just saying that it's half the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that it's half the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that it's half the length of
+a lattice now we actually need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lattice now we actually need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lattice now we actually need three
+atoms as you can see here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms as you can see here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms as you can see here in the
+visualization that are going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization that are going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization that are going through the
+inner diagonal of a cube if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner diagonal of a cube if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner diagonal of a cube if you remember
+from your old math classes the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your old math classes the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your old math classes the length of
+the inner diagonal of the cube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner diagonal of the cube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner diagonal of the cube is
+actually just square root of three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just square root of three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just square root of three times
+longer than the length of a lattice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the length of a lattice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the length of a lattice and
+as you see here we have four radii going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see here we have four radii going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see here we have four radii going
+through this inner diagonal of the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this inner diagonal of the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this inner diagonal of the cube
+so actually the radius of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the radius of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the radius of all of these
+spheres is square root of three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres is square root of three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres is square root of three times
+the length of a lattice divided by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of a lattice divided by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of a lattice divided by four
+why because we have four radii through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because we have four radii through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because we have four radii through
+this whole thing so now using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing so now using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing so now using the
+function we used before to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we used before to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we used before to calculate the
+atomic packing factor you know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing factor you know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing factor you know there is
+two and I've already explained how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I've already explained how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I've already explained how to
+calculate the radius so then using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the radius so then using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the radius so then using this
+function we get an AP f of just point 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we get an AP f of just point 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we get an AP f of just point 68
+which is considerably higher than point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is considerably higher than point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is considerably higher than point
+52 for the simple cubic lattice some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 for the simple cubic lattice some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 for the simple cubic lattice some of
+the examples for these body centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples for these body centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples for these body centered
+cubic structure are chromium tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic structure are chromium tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic structure are chromium tungsten
+iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron
+candolyn and also molybdenum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lastly we can talk about a face centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we can talk about a face centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we can talk about a face centered
+cubic lattice in a face centered cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic lattice in a face centered cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic lattice in a face centered cubic
+lattice you can see that the unit sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice you can see that the unit sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice you can see that the unit sells
+a lot more densely packed than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more densely packed than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more densely packed than the other
+ones why because here we have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones why because here we have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones why because here we have eight
+atoms which are in the corners that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms which are in the corners that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms which are in the corners that
+means one complete atom in the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one complete atom in the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one complete atom in the unit cell
+but now we have six atoms in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have six atoms in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have six atoms in all of the
+faces of a cube which are six and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces of a cube which are six and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces of a cube which are six and half
+of these atoms are inside the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these atoms are inside the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these atoms are inside the unit cell
+which means that we have six atoms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we have six atoms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we have six atoms for
+six faces half of them as in inside six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six faces half of them as in inside six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six faces half of them as in inside six
+halves it means three more atoms so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves it means three more atoms so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves it means three more atoms so the
+total number of atoms in this unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of atoms in this unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of atoms in this unit cell
+is four that will mean that the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four that will mean that the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four that will mean that the atomic
+packing factor will actually be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing factor will actually be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing factor will actually be higher
+than all the other two we've seen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all the other two we've seen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all the other two we've seen but
+then we'll actually talk about later now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll actually talk about later now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll actually talk about later now
+if we want to see the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to see the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to see the coordination
+number here and it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and it's actually pretty
+hard to do it with a unit cells together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do it with a unit cells together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do it with a unit cells together
+as you can see here so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see here so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see here so what I'm going to
+do is put two of these unit cells one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is put two of these unit cells one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is put two of these unit cells one on
+top of the other so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the other so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the other so you can see the
+coordination number which is actually 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number which is actually 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number which is actually 12
+that is also goes together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also goes together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also goes together with the
+atomic packing factor as you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing factor as you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing factor as you can see it
+here even with the bonding I changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even with the bonding I changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even with the bonding I changed the
+colors now the atom in yellow has 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now the atom in yellow has 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors now the atom in yellow has 12
+nearest neighbors which are the atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors which are the atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors which are the atoms in
+red that's the coordination number now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red that's the coordination number now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red that's the coordination number now
+finally for the atomic packing factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally for the atomic packing factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally for the atomic packing factor of
+an FCC structure it's actually also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FCC structure it's actually also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FCC structure it's actually also not
+so trivial now instead of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trivial now instead of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trivial now instead of using the
+diagonal of a cube we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of a cube we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of a cube we're going to use
+the diagonal of a square not so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal of a square not so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal of a square not so hard to
+remember from your math classes since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from your math classes since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from your math classes since
+you know that the diagonal of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the diagonal of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the diagonal of the square
+is just square root of 2 times larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just square root of 2 times larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just square root of 2 times larger
+than the length of this same square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the length of this same square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the length of this same square so
+using seeing the same principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using seeing the same principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using seeing the same principle the
+radius of these spheres since we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of these spheres since we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of these spheres since we know
+that we have 4 radii here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have 4 radii here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have 4 radii here would be
+square root of 2 times the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 times the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 times the length of the
+latus over 4 and of course we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus over 4 and of course we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus over 4 and of course we know that
+now there are 4 atoms per unit cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are 4 atoms per unit cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are 4 atoms per unit cell and
+this APF gives us point 74 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this APF gives us point 74 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this APF gives us point 74 which is the
+highest one you can get from atoms as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest one you can get from atoms as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest one you can get from atoms as I
+said before that have the same way yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that have the same way yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that have the same way yet
+then you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can try to
+and trade on on mixtures of atoms not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trade on on mixtures of atoms not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trade on on mixtures of atoms not of
+pure atoms and elements as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure atoms and elements as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure atoms and elements as I have
+mentioned here that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here that's a little bit more
+complicated some of the examples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated some of the examples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated some of the examples for
+this FCC structure is aluminum copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this FCC structure is aluminum copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this FCC structure is aluminum copper
+nickel silver or gold fairly well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel silver or gold fairly well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel silver or gold fairly well known
+metals that's all for this lecture guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that's all for this lecture guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that's all for this lecture guys
+thank you very much for watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for watching the
+video I would like to acknowledge Bianca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I would like to acknowledge Bianca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I would like to acknowledge Bianca
+Efren and Christian Hellinger because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efren and Christian Hellinger because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efren and Christian Hellinger because
+there are the authors of the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the authors of the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the authors of the package
+Chris Celica which made this Mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris Celica which made this Mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris Celica which made this Mathematica
+notebook possible thank you goodbye
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SvfXfwOWv8A.txt b/SvfXfwOWv8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e830248cbbd791fe7b357257081494f86429499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SvfXfwOWv8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to show you a picture an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a picture an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a picture an image
+that I created collaboratively this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created collaboratively this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created collaboratively this
+morning so as you see this was tagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so as you see this was tagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so as you see this was tagged
+Danbury Connecticut so that's just down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danbury Connecticut so that's just down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danbury Connecticut so that's just down
+the road and since I posted it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road and since I posted it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road and since I posted it this
+morning six hours ago 18 people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning six hours ago 18 people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning six hours ago 18 people have
+liked it they haven't told me what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it they haven't told me what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it they haven't told me what they
+like about it but they've liked it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about it but they've liked it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about it but they've liked it and I
+added some context there my name or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some context there my name or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some context there my name or my
+handle is their BS carpenter I double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle is their BS carpenter I double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle is their BS carpenter I double
+water fountains Danbury Connecticut 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water fountains Danbury Connecticut 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water fountains Danbury Connecticut 2017
+and then there's some hashtags double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some hashtags double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some hashtags double
+taking troublemaking and then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking troublemaking and then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking troublemaking and then I've
+tagged some other folks who I follow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged some other folks who I follow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged some other folks who I follow or
+follow me who I thought might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow me who I thought might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow me who I thought might be
+interested all three of them happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested all three of them happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested all three of them happen to
+be connected to MIT so this image is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be connected to MIT so this image is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be connected to MIT so this image is in
+many ways just as a black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways just as a black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways just as a black and white
+Instagram photograph that I also posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram photograph that I also posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram photograph that I also posted
+to my tumblr account and I posted to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my tumblr account and I posted to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my tumblr account and I posted to my
+Twitter account there's a practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter account there's a practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter account there's a practice
+people do quite often but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do quite often but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do quite often but this is a
+photograph that is that originated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that is that originated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that is that originated and
+continues to exist within a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to exist within a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to exist within a conversation
+for me with an existing photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me with an existing photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me with an existing photograph
+specifically other similar photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically other similar photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically other similar photographs
+as well as it's it's it's within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as it's it's it's within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as it's it's it's within a
+conversation with other people as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with other people as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with other people as you
+can see at least 18 people who like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see at least 18 people who like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see at least 18 people who like it
+but haven't commented on why they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't commented on why they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't commented on why they like
+it this photograph was originally taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this photograph was originally taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this photograph was originally taken
+as a as a color photograph using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a color photograph using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a color photograph using this
+phone I set the the setting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone I set the the setting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone I set the the setting from
+portrait and landscape to square because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait and landscape to square because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait and landscape to square because
+we can do that now we have these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that now we have these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that now we have these options
+and then once the photograph was taken I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once the photograph was taken I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once the photograph was taken I
+put it through a series of filters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it through a series of filters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it through a series of filters and
+Instagram to turn it into this black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram to turn it into this black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram to turn it into this black and
+white photograph now as you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white photograph now as you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white photograph now as you can probably
+notice I most likely didn't shoot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I most likely didn't shoot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I most likely didn't shoot this
+on my own unless I had a tripod and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my own unless I had a tripod and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my own unless I had a tripod and then
+a timer that I set so one might assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a timer that I set so one might assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a timer that I set so one might assume
+that someone else actually took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone else actually took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone else actually took the
+photograph and that's what happened this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and that's what happened this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and that's what happened this
+is the most recent photograph in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most recent photograph in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most recent photograph in a
+series I believe I'm at or beyond 100 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I believe I'm at or beyond 100 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I believe I'm at or beyond 100 of
+these in the past three or four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the past three or four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the past three or four years
+in which if I'm in a public space and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which if I'm in a public space and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which if I'm in a public space and I
+see a double water fountain and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a double water fountain and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a double water fountain and there's
+someone nearby I'll ask them excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone nearby I'll ask them excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone nearby I'll ask them excuse me
+would you give me a hand I'm an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you give me a hand I'm an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you give me a hand I'm an artist
+and I take photographs of double water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take photographs of double water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take photographs of double water
+fountains would you mind taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains would you mind taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains would you mind taking a
+picture of me I'm gonna drink out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of me I'm gonna drink out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of me I'm gonna drink out of the
+fountain and I'd like you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain and I'd like you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain and I'd like you to take a
+picture of me make sure both fountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of me make sure both fountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of me make sure both fountains
+in my body are in the photograph please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my body are in the photograph please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my body are in the photograph please
+that's all the instruction I give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the instruction I give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the instruction I give them
+there's no composition 101 there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no composition 101 there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no composition 101 there's no
+depth of field lesson and then they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field lesson and then they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field lesson and then they take
+a picture and I drink the water during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and I drink the water during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and I drink the water during
+the entire time they're setting up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time they're setting up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time they're setting up and
+moving their body and in and out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving their body and in and out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving their body and in and out and
+sometimes it takes a couple of seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it takes a couple of seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it takes a couple of seconds
+sometimes it takes what feels like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it takes what feels like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it takes what feels like four
+or five days you know that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five days you know that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five days you know that you know
+you've had this experience right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had this experience right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had this experience right and
+then what happens when you ask someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens when you ask someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens when you ask someone
+to take a photo of you using your camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a photo of you using your camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a photo of you using your camera
+or your phone they turn around they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your phone they turn around they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your phone they turn around they show
+it to you we can do that with digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you we can do that with digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you we can do that with digital
+photographs now how is that and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs now how is that and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs now how is that and I'm
+looking at zone oh that's quite nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at zone oh that's quite nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at zone oh that's quite nice and
+then if they're if they have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if they're if they have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if they're if they have time
+they're not rushing up oh I have to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not rushing up oh I have to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not rushing up oh I have to run
+well would you mind looking at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would you mind looking at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would you mind looking at another
+photograph and most of the time they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and most of the time they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and most of the time they say
+yeah I'll look at the other photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll look at the other photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll look at the other photograph
+and it's that other photograph that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that other photograph that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that other photograph that I
+show them that inspired me to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them that inspired me to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them that inspired me to start
+taking these photographs so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these photographs so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these photographs so the other
+photograph I show them is this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph I show them is this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph I show them is this one this
+is also a black-and-white photograph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a black-and-white photograph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a black-and-white photograph it
+was not taken by with a digital phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not taken by with a digital phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not taken by with a digital phone
+was actually taken with a camera that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually taken with a camera that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually taken with a camera that
+uses this interesting technology called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this interesting technology called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this interesting technology called
+film a lot of people who use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film a lot of people who use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film a lot of people who use these
+machines don't actually know what film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines don't actually know what film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines don't actually know what film
+is and this photograph was taken in 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this photograph was taken in 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this photograph was taken in 1950
+by Elliott Erwitt and it was taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Elliott Erwitt and it was taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Elliott Erwitt and it was taken in
+South Carolina and this photograph shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Carolina and this photograph shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Carolina and this photograph shows
+a gentleman wearing a hat drinking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gentleman wearing a hat drinking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gentleman wearing a hat drinking out
+of one of two water fountains the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of two water fountains the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of two water fountains the water
+fountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains
+each have labels and they although are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have labels and they although are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have labels and they although are
+situated as double water fountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated as double water fountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated as double water fountains
+side-by-side fountains they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-by-side fountains they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-by-side fountains they are
+essentially constructed for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially constructed for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially constructed for different
+audiences in different users and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences in different users and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences in different users and we
+might know that because of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know that because of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know that because of the the
+labels that are above them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels that are above them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels that are above them
+this photograph double water fountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photograph double water fountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photograph double water fountains
+it's actually called segregated water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually called segregated water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually called segregated water
+fountains is one of a few that are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains is one of a few that are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains is one of a few that are way
+in the in the 50s he was a he's he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the 50s he was a he's he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the 50s he was a he's he used
+to take he was just known as a street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take he was just known as a street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take he was just known as a street
+photographer at that time when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer at that time when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer at that time when he was
+taking photographs and capturing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking photographs and capturing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking photographs and capturing just
+some basic typical scenes that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic typical scenes that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic typical scenes that would
+happen in daily life so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in daily life so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in daily life so it's this
+photograph that I had probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that I had probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that I had probably seen
+herself one of them similar to it years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself one of them similar to it years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself one of them similar to it years
+and years ago I don't remember the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years ago I don't remember the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years ago I don't remember the first
+time I saw it and you know how images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I saw it and you know how images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I saw it and you know how images
+come in and out of your life or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out of your life or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out of your life or people
+come in and out or stories come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out or stories come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out or stories come in and
+out but this one did the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but this one did the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but this one did the same thing but
+about 10 years ago 15 years ago maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago 15 years ago maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago 15 years ago maybe
+when I started wearing hats like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started wearing hats like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started wearing hats like this in
+part because I just thought they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I just thought they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I just thought they look
+pretty interesting and they reminded me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting and they reminded me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting and they reminded me
+of my grandfather whose first name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my grandfather whose first name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my grandfather whose first name is
+also my father's first name it's also my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also my father's first name it's also my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also my father's first name it's also my
+first name so there's that connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name so there's that connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name so there's that connection
+there and as I looked at this photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and as I looked at this photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and as I looked at this photograph
+shortly after I started wearing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after I started wearing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after I started wearing these
+hats I started to see these photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats I started to see these photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats I started to see these photographs
+differently because as I looked more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently because as I looked more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently because as I looked more
+closely at that photograph I started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at that photograph I started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at that photograph I started to
+see myself in that photograph and wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see myself in that photograph and wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see myself in that photograph and wonder
+whether years before I was even born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether years before I was even born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether years before I was even born
+right I was born 15 years after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was born 15 years after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was born 15 years after this
+photograph was taken but certainly signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph was taken but certainly signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph was taken but certainly signs
+like this and practices that these signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and practices that these signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and practices that these signs
+encourage were still in place when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage were still in place when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage were still in place when I was
+born but as I continued to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born but as I continued to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born but as I continued to look at the
+this photograph and others like it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photograph and others like it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photograph and others like it I
+would see myself in it differently and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see myself in it differently and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see myself in it differently and I
+would wonder would I what would I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wonder would I what would I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wonder would I what would I felt
+like what would I have done what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would I have done what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would I have done what would
+have been like for me to be in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been like for me to be in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been like for me to be in that
+situation so I started to take in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so I started to take in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so I started to take in public
+places it's not uncommon to see double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's not uncommon to see double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's not uncommon to see double
+water fountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water fountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water fountains
+in public places is not uncommon to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in public places is not uncommon to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in public places is not uncommon to see
+other people in public places is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in public places is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in public places is not
+uncommon for me to have my phone which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon for me to have my phone which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon for me to have my phone which
+takes pictures so that combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes pictures so that combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes pictures so that combination of
+components inspired me or has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components inspired me or has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components inspired me or has been the
+motivating piece and also the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating piece and also the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating piece and also the the
+materiality of this series of works this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materiality of this series of works this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materiality of this series of works this
+is on a beach in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a beach in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a beach in California
+I don't recall where this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't recall where this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't recall where this one is
+Instagram remembers I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram remembers I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram remembers I don't have to
+remember this is in the State House in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is in the State House in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is in the State House in
+South Carolina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Carolina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Carolina
+three or four months before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four months before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four months before the
+Confederate flag that was flying about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confederate flag that was flying about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confederate flag that was flying about a
+hundred yards away from this spot where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred yards away from this spot where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred yards away from this spot where
+you see me three or four months before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see me three or four months before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see me three or four months before
+it was taken down a few years ago so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was taken down a few years ago so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was taken down a few years ago so my
+daughter who is now eight but the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter who is now eight but the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter who is now eight but the time
+that this photograph was taken she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this photograph was taken she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this photograph was taken she's
+about three or four and because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three or four and because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three or four and because I think
+I'm a pretty good dad she I take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a pretty good dad she I take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a pretty good dad she I take care
+take her with me into various places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take her with me into various places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take her with me into various places and
+public places have double water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public places have double water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public places have double water
+fountains and she would watch me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains and she would watch me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains and she would watch me ask
+people to take my picture in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to take my picture in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to take my picture in front of
+double water fountains which was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double water fountains which was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double water fountains which was all
+well and good because you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and good because you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and good because you know that's
+what Papa does he's an artist and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Papa does he's an artist and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Papa does he's an artist and he
+does things and takes images and but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things and takes images and but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does things and takes images and but one
+day she asked me papa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would you take my picture I said sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you take my picture I said sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you take my picture I said sure I
+would be happy to but you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be happy to but you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be happy to but you have to take
+my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we gain perspectives on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we gain perspectives on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we gain perspectives on the world
+through the eyes of other people seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eyes of other people seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eyes of other people seeing
+what we see through what they see but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see through what they see but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see through what they see but it
+more it's more than that being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's more than that being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's more than that being an
+interesting photograph of this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting photograph of this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting photograph of this three
+year old angle a few feet off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old angle a few feet off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old angle a few feet off the ground
+there's also a moment where I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a moment where I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a moment where I realized
+that the next question for her after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next question for her after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next question for her after
+would you take my picture was Papa why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you take my picture was Papa why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you take my picture was Papa why
+are you taking these pictures so then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you taking these pictures so then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you taking these pictures so then I
+had to have conversations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have conversations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have conversations about
+the history of this country and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this country and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this country and a
+particular story an ongoing story an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular story an ongoing story an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular story an ongoing story an
+uncomfortably challenging story in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortably challenging story in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortably challenging story in the
+history of this country story that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this country story that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this country story that we're
+still writing today I had to talk to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still writing today I had to talk to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still writing today I had to talk to my
+daughter about race and so this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter about race and so this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter about race and so this project
+the double water fountains project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double water fountains project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double water fountains project you
+can find on tumblr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find on tumblr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find on tumblr
+just look for BS Carpenter III and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look for BS Carpenter III and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look for BS Carpenter III and there
+it is I post these images quite often so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I post these images quite often so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I post these images quite often so
+I'm saying all this to say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying all this to say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying all this to say these
+photographs come from my interest in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs come from my interest in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs come from my interest in and
+my relationship with the double water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my relationship with the double water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my relationship with the double water
+fountain photograph where the segregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain photograph where the segregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain photograph where the segregated
+photograph by Elliott Erwitt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph by Elliott Erwitt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph by Elliott Erwitt this
+historical photograph for me sits in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical photograph for me sits in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical photograph for me sits in a
+conversation with many other photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with many other photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with many other photographs
+like it but also within the practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it but also within the practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it but also within the practices
+the policies the cultural understandings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policies the cultural understandings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policies the cultural understandings
+that allowed for segregated water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed for segregated water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed for segregated water
+fountains and segregation to exist if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains and segregation to exist if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountains and segregation to exist if
+you walk down the street of Baltimore or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk down the street of Baltimore or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk down the street of Baltimore or
+Philadelphia and there's plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and there's plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and there's plenty of
+confrontation right these last this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation right these last this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation right these last this last
+year in Philadelphia that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in Philadelphia that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in Philadelphia that a lot of
+people would feel is racially rooted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would feel is racially rooted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would feel is racially rooted and
+if you say oh we should have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say oh we should have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say oh we should have more
+constructive conversations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive conversations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive conversations between
+people they should learn how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they should learn how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they should learn how to deal
+with a conflict that's in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a conflict that's in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a conflict that's in some way
+connected to or racially defined or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to or racially defined or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to or racially defined or
+rooted and well people don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted and well people don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted and well people don't know how to
+do that they don't know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they don't know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they don't know how to do that
+to its cross race and so you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its cross race and so you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its cross race and so you think it's
+the picture that makes the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that makes the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that makes the conversation
+possible it's pretty harmless picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's pretty harmless picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's pretty harmless picture
+it's not a sudden slam Ettore picture no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a sudden slam Ettore picture no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a sudden slam Ettore picture no
+so the conversation begins well before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conversation begins well before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conversation begins well before
+the photograph is taken the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photograph is taken the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photograph is taken the conversation
+begins well before the Erwin photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins well before the Erwin photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins well before the Erwin photograph
+is presented the conversation begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is presented the conversation begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is presented the conversation begins
+well before the conversation about race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before the conversation about race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before the conversation about race
+or history or wherever the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or history or wherever the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or history or wherever the direction
+happens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right
+so your question about well how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your question about well how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your question about well how do we
+engage in these conversations how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in these conversations how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in these conversations how do we
+engage in these conversations we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in these conversations we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in these conversations we start
+the conversations I don't know that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversations I don't know that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversations I don't know that I am
+concerned that when I hear statements or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that when I hear statements or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that when I hear statements or
+there's an assumption that oh well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an assumption that oh well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an assumption that oh well it's
+a difficult conversation we can't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficult conversation we can't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficult conversation we can't talk
+about it I don't I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I don't I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I don't I don't think that's
+the case at all we can I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case at all we can I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case at all we can I think it's the
+starting and this is I think central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and this is I think central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and this is I think central to
+party question is how do we start those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party question is how do we start those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party question is how do we start those
+conversations I think we need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations I think we need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations I think we need to start
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+the mediator which is also what I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mediator which is also what I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mediator which is also what I heard
+what you were saying might be the might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying might be the might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying might be the might
+be the camera in the photograph might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the camera in the photograph might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the camera in the photograph might
+not be another individual third thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be another individual third thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be another individual third thing I
+would say is and I hope this came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is and I hope this came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is and I hope this came
+through with my my discussion my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with my my discussion my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with my my discussion my
+description and my earlier responses I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and my earlier responses I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and my earlier responses I'm
+not trying to persuade anyone I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to persuade anyone I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to persuade anyone I'm not
+trying to make a case or in your example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a case or in your example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a case or in your example
+where maybe sensing someone's defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where maybe sensing someone's defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where maybe sensing someone's defensive
+not trying to you know nail them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to you know nail them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to you know nail them to the
+wall or you know but it will prove them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall or you know but it will prove them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall or you know but it will prove them
+wrong but rape bring up other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but rape bring up other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but rape bring up other examples
+that allow us to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to continue the
+conversation it's about opening it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's about opening it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's about opening it up
+rather than saying if so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than saying if so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than saying if so for example if
+someone said oh well we're way past that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said oh well we're way past that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said oh well we're way past that
+no you're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're wrong
+here's I wouldn't it's not about no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I wouldn't it's not about no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I wouldn't it's not about no
+you're wrong it's oh well what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong it's oh well what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong it's oh well what about
+this or tell me about such-and-such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or tell me about such-and-such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or tell me about such-and-such
+so instead of being persuasive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of being persuasive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of being persuasive to the
+point of arguing a point to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of arguing a point to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of arguing a point to convert
+someone from one perspective to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from one perspective to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from one perspective to the
+other while that might be at some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other while that might be at some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other while that might be at some level
+a goal for some folks engaged in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal for some folks engaged in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal for some folks engaged in this
+work I think before one guess they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I think before one guess they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I think before one guess they're
+becoming comfortable setting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming comfortable setting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming comfortable setting a
+comfortable space for the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable space for the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable space for the conversation
+needs to happen so it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to happen so it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to happen so it's not about
+persuasion it's about let's open up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasion it's about let's open up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasion it's about let's open up up
+that space and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space and talk about the
+difficulties within the complexities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties within the complexities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties within the complexities in
+that conversation so for me there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversation so for me there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversation so for me there's
+something unusual that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unusual that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unusual that I think is
+attributable to the photograph to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributable to the photograph to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributable to the photograph to the
+fact that the photographs at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the photographs at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the photographs at the high
+part of a conversation about race and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a conversation about race and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a conversation about race and
+there's both an old photograph and a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both an old photograph and a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both an old photograph and a new
+photograph and in some other realms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and in some other realms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and in some other realms
+particularly in the realm of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the realm of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the realm of science
+there are different qualities of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different qualities of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different qualities of people
+from different disciplines talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different disciplines talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different disciplines talking to
+each other and one theory about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and one theory about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and one theory about how to
+overcome those difficulties is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome those difficulties is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome those difficulties is to use
+something known as a boundary object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something known as a boundary object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something known as a boundary object so
+it's not me and you and our different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not me and you and our different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not me and you and our different
+disciplines it's oh here's a map and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines it's oh here's a map and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines it's oh here's a map and how
+do you read that map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you read that map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you read that map
+oh no I read that map differently what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I read that map differently what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I read that map differently what
+do you think that map said oh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that map said oh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that map said oh I think
+and I don't have to talk directly to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have to talk directly to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have to talk directly to a
+person from a different discipline I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from a different discipline I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from a different discipline I can
+both be talking about or through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be talking about or through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be talking about or through the
+boundary object and my question and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary object and my question and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary object and my question and the
+question in my mind was does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in my mind was does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in my mind was does a
+photograph in particular and a black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph in particular and a black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph in particular and a black and
+white one in particular and an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white one in particular and an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white one in particular and an old
+versus a new one provide a means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a new one provide a means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a new one provide a means to
+address in this case a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in this case a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in this case a difficult
+potentially difficult conversation now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially difficult conversation now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially difficult conversation now I
+think the who the people are matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the who the people are matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the who the people are matters and
+I think your non-defensive style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think your non-defensive style and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think your non-defensive style and
+your willingness to track the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to track the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to track the
+conversation wherever it goes probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation wherever it goes probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation wherever it goes probably
+has more to do than anything else with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more to do than anything else with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more to do than anything else with
+how the conversations you have turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the conversations you have turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the conversations you have turn out
+but I'm trying to see if we might deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm trying to see if we might deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm trying to see if we might deduce
+from your project some kinds of insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your project some kinds of insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your project some kinds of insights
+about the use of photographs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the use of photographs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the use of photographs in
+particular but not only to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular but not only to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular but not only to make
+difficult conversations easier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult conversations easier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult conversations easier that's
+where I'm going with my questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going with my questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going with my questions so
+your example of boundary object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your example of boundary object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your example of boundary object is
+interesting because makes me think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because makes me think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because makes me think of a
+couple of different things one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different things one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different things one when
+talking about works of art in schools or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about works of art in schools or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about works of art in schools or
+even in galleries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a number of reasons that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of reasons that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of reasons that we don't
+necessarily need to get into at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to get into at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to get into at this
+point many folks are interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point many folks are interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point many folks are interested in the
+formal qualities of those works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal qualities of those works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal qualities of those works and
+those formal qualities are fine formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those formal qualities are fine formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those formal qualities are fine formal
+meaning you know shape and color and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you know shape and color and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you know shape and color and and
+texture but as we start to look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture but as we start to look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture but as we start to look and
+think about those works of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those works of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those works of art
+contextually place them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextually place them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextually place them into a
+historical context of social political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context of social political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context of social political
+context those works are about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context those works are about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context those works are about those
+other realms as much as they are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other realms as much as they are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other realms as much as they are about
+the physicality moving it away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physicality moving it away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physicality moving it away from the
+material the physical material into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the physical material into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the physical material into
+other kinds of move into new materialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of move into new materialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of move into new materialism
+is in some way so I think there's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some way so I think there's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some way so I think there's a bit
+of that going on where your your example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that going on where your your example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that going on where your your example
+of the map it's not about the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the map it's not about the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the map it's not about the physical
+map itself it's about the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map itself it's about the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map itself it's about the representation
+the signifying aspects now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signifying aspects now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signifying aspects now these
+photographs the black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs the black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs the black and white
+component the the the formal aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the the the formal aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the the the formal aspect
+moves it away from and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it away from and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it away from and this was
+intentional for me because he an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional for me because he an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional for me because he an
+original dozen or so that I took were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original dozen or so that I took were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original dozen or so that I took were in
+color and there was some distance for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and there was some distance for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and there was some distance for me
+between those color images and the Irwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those color images and the Irwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those color images and the Irwin
+photograph and it wasn't until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and it wasn't until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and it wasn't until I
+tinkered with the first one in Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkered with the first one in Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkered with the first one in Instagram
+and made it black and white and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made it black and white and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made it black and white and I
+resisted it because I didn't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisted it because I didn't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisted it because I didn't want to be
+too literal you know it there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too literal you know it there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too literal you know it there was a
+shift that happened the the time element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that happened the the time element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that happened the the time element
+flattened and so putting oneself in do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened and so putting oneself in do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened and so putting oneself in do
+something about a black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a black and white
+photograph that it that moves it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that it that moves it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph that it that moves it away
+from a contemporary sense of because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a contemporary sense of because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a contemporary sense of because of
+the cut the color gets removed now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut the color gets removed now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut the color gets removed now the
+other piece there is so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other piece there is so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other piece there is so you know you
+want to have an interview with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an interview with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an interview with someone
+so you say okay bring an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say okay bring an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say okay bring an object that
+means something to you or we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something to you or we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something to you or we'll talk
+about this map this photograph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this map this photograph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this map this photograph we
+produced together as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced together as a matter of fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced together as a matter of fact
+the person I'm talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person I'm talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person I'm talking to
+they're the ones who produced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who produced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who produced it
+primarily they composed and took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily they composed and took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily they composed and took the
+shot so they have a degree of ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot so they have a degree of ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot so they have a degree of ownership
+and connection with that that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connection with that that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connection with that that's a very
+interesting way of reframing why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of reframing why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of reframing why it
+might be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easier
+for them to use the photo to as a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to use the photo to as a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to use the photo to as a basis
+for the conversation because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the conversation because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the conversation because they have
+part of the ownership of having taken it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ownership of having taken it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ownership of having taken it
+not only they part of the ownership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only they part of the ownership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only they part of the ownership of
+having taken taking it but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having taken taking it but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having taken taking it but if you look
+closely at the photograph you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the photograph you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the photograph you don't see
+them in the photograph I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the photograph I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the photograph I'm in the
+photograph so anything they say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph so anything they say about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph so anything they say about it
+right it's separated from them but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's separated from them but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's separated from them but it
+gets difficult too because the person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets difficult too because the person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets difficult too because the person in
+the photograph is the person standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photograph is the person standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photograph is the person standing
+next to them so while the photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to them so while the photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to them so while the photograph
+allows for some separation and ejecta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for some separation and ejecta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for some separation and ejecta
+fication of that individual the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fication of that individual the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fication of that individual the very
+subject at hand is right there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject at hand is right there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject at hand is right there so
+there's a complexity there but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contribution to the creation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the creation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the creation of that
+work in that ownership I think is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in that ownership I think is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in that ownership I think is is is
+key to - to this conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to - to this conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to - to this conversation
+I've been trying since the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been trying since the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been trying since the first time I
+saw this to imagine if there's a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this to imagine if there's a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this to imagine if there's a method
+in here to make it easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here to make it easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here to make it easier for
+conversations that I've race at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that I've race at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that I've race at their
+route but I particularly mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conversations about situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about situations where
+race is at their root and they are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race is at their root and they are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race is at their root and they are about
+people being unable to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being unable to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being unable to deal with
+differences in any other way except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in any other way except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in any other way except
+through violence and so I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through violence and so I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through violence and so I want to make
+them harder more difficult conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them harder more difficult conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them harder more difficult conversations
+but I'm trying to imagine and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm trying to imagine and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm trying to imagine and hopefully
+we can actually at some point do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually at some point do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually at some point do this
+whether the same smoothing or easing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the same smoothing or easing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the same smoothing or easing
+effect yes of the exercise makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect yes of the exercise makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect yes of the exercise makes it
+possible to have a conversation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have a conversation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have a conversation which
+otherwise you couldn't have yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you couldn't have yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you couldn't have yeah I think
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+statement that I'll use tomorrow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I'll use tomorrow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I'll use tomorrow in the
+lecture and workshop but I'll use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and workshop but I'll use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and workshop but I'll use it
+right now I was in but three years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I was in but three years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I was in but three years ago I
+was teaching an undergraduate class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching an undergraduate class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching an undergraduate class and
+students who were preparing to be art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were preparing to be art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were preparing to be art
+teachers and we were talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and we were talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and we were talking about so
+what is this art what is art do why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this art what is art do why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this art what is art do why are
+we studying art why do you want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we studying art why do you want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we studying art why do you want to be a
+teacher of art what is art role and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher of art what is art role and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher of art what is art role and in
+our lives you know these really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives you know these really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives you know these really small
+forget questions no it's big important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget questions no it's big important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget questions no it's big important
+question and student one of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and student one of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and student one of the students
+said you know art allows us to among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know art allows us to among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know art allows us to among the
+things that it does but it allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it does but it allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it does but it allows us to
+tell stories that we might not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell stories that we might not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell stories that we might not be able
+to tell otherwise and we probably can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell otherwise and we probably can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell otherwise and we probably can't
+tell otherwise yeah that makes sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell otherwise yeah that makes sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell otherwise yeah that makes sense and
+I'm pursuing I mean people are terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pursuing I mean people are terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pursuing I mean people are terrible
+it's just caught off guard and with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just caught off guard and with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just caught off guard and with no
+special training trying to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special training trying to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special training trying to deal with
+issues that have race or ethnicity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that have race or ethnicity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that have race or ethnicity and
+many cases gender at they're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases gender at they're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases gender at they're at the
+heart of the difference or the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the difference or the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the difference or the conflict
+and I'm just trying to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just trying to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just trying to think of this
+notion of flattening and and overcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of flattening and and overcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of flattening and and overcoming
+history by having the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history by having the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history by having the two
+black-and-whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black-and-whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black-and-whites
+next to each other in the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other in the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other in the same location
+and now not everybody is as charming as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now not everybody is as charming as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now not everybody is as charming as
+you are and so they would not get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and so they would not get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and so they would not get the
+same response but maybe the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same response but maybe the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same response but maybe the existence
+and the fact that they took the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that they took the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that they took the new
+picture which I haven't thought of until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which I haven't thought of until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which I haven't thought of until
+you said it this afternoon is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said it this afternoon is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said it this afternoon is you know
+they own some of this so now maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they own some of this so now maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they own some of this so now maybe it's
+easier for them to stay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for them to stay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for them to stay with the
+conversations maybe adding an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations maybe adding an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations maybe adding an artist
+makes and doing these things makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and doing these things makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and doing these things makes it
+easier also you're you start out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier also you're you start out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier also you're you start out by
+saying I'm an artist I'm taking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm an artist I'm taking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm an artist I'm taking these
+pictures you don't say I'm someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures you don't say I'm someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures you don't say I'm someone
+waiting on the street corner to ambush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting on the street corner to ambush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting on the street corner to ambush
+you because because I don't know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because because I don't know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because because I don't know if I
+can trust you and you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust you and you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust you and you probably don't
+think you can trust me none of that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can trust me none of that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can trust me none of that it's
+just I'm an artist we take a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm an artist we take a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm an artist we take a picture of
+me doing this and that's very disarming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me doing this and that's very disarming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me doing this and that's very disarming
+and every sense of that phrase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every sense of that phrase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every sense of that phrase and then
+maybe that's the key to moving toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the key to moving toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the key to moving toward a
+conversation where nobody's anxieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation where nobody's anxieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation where nobody's anxieties
+and prejudices gets go sky high right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prejudices gets go sky high right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prejudices gets go sky high right at
+the beginning now I don't know how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning now I don't know how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning now I don't know how long
+it would last once you tell them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would last once you tell them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would last once you tell them what
+site is if they didn't already know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is if they didn't already know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is if they didn't already know it
+in the model that I'm sure and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model that I'm sure and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model that I'm sure and they
+might know it if specially if they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know it if specially if they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know it if specially if they live
+in that neighborhood or nearby which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that neighborhood or nearby which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that neighborhood or nearby which
+would then be quite a rich conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be quite a rich conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be quite a rich conversation
+you know in unexpected ways I guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in unexpected ways I guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in unexpected ways I guess for
+the artist who was initiating their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TWfH6UFeNSg.txt b/TWfH6UFeNSg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c9cc4f2c015e052bd611d8341002cbc1f7acc17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TWfH6UFeNSg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is this is a profile that was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a profile that was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a profile that was done
+at this site uh on August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this site uh on August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this site uh on August
+23rd um so it's pretty recent data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd um so it's pretty recent data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd um so it's pretty recent data and
+um um all the little squares are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um all the little squares are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um all the little squares are the
+individual ports on these multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ports on these multi-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ports on these multi-level
+Samplers and what you can see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samplers and what you can see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samplers and what you can see is the
+specific conductance here which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific conductance here which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific conductance here which is just
+a measure of the total ionic strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the total ionic strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the total ionic strength
+from the water so it's a general measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the water so it's a general measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the water so it's a general measure
+of inorganics contamination would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inorganics contamination would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inorganics contamination would be one
+way to think of it uh shows you very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of it uh shows you very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of it uh shows you very low
+conductances at the top that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances at the top that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances at the top that's the
+rainwater very low 50 uh to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainwater very low 50 uh to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainwater very low 50 uh to give you a
+perspective distilled water would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective distilled water would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective distilled water would be
+about one or two commercial distilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one or two commercial distilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one or two commercial distilled
+water um probably the water you get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um probably the water you get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um probably the water you get out
+of the tap at the paring lab is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tap at the paring lab is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tap at the paring lab is probably
+300 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 or
+400 because they add things to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 because they add things to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 because they add things to the water
+and sea water is up around 60,000 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sea water is up around 60,000 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sea water is up around 60,000 just
+to give you some sense so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some sense so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some sense so you can see
+the plume can you see it pretty clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume can you see it pretty clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume can you see it pretty clearly
+right there that elevated zone right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there that elevated zone right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there that elevated zone right in
+here and then down below the plume go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then down below the plume go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then down below the plume go
+down here to dissolved oxygen and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here to dissolved oxygen and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here to dissolved oxygen and you
+can see again High dissolved oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see again High dissolved oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see again High dissolved oxygen
+shallow High dissolved oxygen below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow High dissolved oxygen below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow High dissolved oxygen below the
+plume zero right in the plume and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume zero right in the plume and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume zero right in the plume and then
+on the right is iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is iron
+dissolved iron okay when you get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved iron okay when you get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved iron okay when you get when
+the plume goes anerobic when the Redux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume goes anerobic when the Redux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume goes anerobic when the Redux
+potential gets low enough you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gets low enough you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gets low enough you can
+actually begin to change the iron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually begin to change the iron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually begin to change the iron from
+Iron three feric iron which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron three feric iron which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron three feric iron which is what
+makes the sediment Brown rust to Ferris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the sediment Brown rust to Ferris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the sediment Brown rust to Ferris
+iron iron two which is soluble in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron iron two which is soluble in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron iron two which is soluble in water
+and you begin to see iron in the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you begin to see iron in the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you begin to see iron in the core of
+the plume so when in the very core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume so when in the very core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume so when in the very core of
+the plume it's not only oxygen free zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume it's not only oxygen free zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plume it's not only oxygen free zero
+anerobic but it's actually reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anerobic but it's actually reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anerobic but it's actually reducing
+enough that you begin to get dissolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you begin to get dissolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you begin to get dissolution
+of iron off the sediments all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron off the sediments all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron off the sediments all right and
+those transitions are very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transitions are very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transitions are very very very
+sharp I've got a port right here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp I've got a port right here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp I've got a port right here and a
+port right there I've circled you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port right there I've circled you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port right there I've circled you can
+see one has high iron and one has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one has high iron and one has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one has high iron and one has no
+iron and that's right about where you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and that's right about where you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and that's right about where you'd
+have high Doo and noow doo does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high Doo and noow doo does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high Doo and noow doo does that
+make sense okay and those are I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay and those are I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay and those are I think
+the two ports I picked 10 ft apart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ports I picked 10 ft apart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ports I picked 10 ft apart in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vertical or maybe even less something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical or maybe even less something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical or maybe even less something
+like 10 ft apart in the vertical those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 ft apart in the vertical those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 ft apart in the vertical those
+are the two that are pumping right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two that are pumping right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two that are pumping right now
+let's come in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you
+that um what we do is we do a lot of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what we do is we do a lot of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um what we do is we do a lot of f
+kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit
+analysis I I won't do this today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I I won't do this today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I I won't do this today it's
+not worth it just using um a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth it just using um a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth it just using um a color
+metric uh F kit with spe with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric uh F kit with spe with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric uh F kit with spe with a
+spectrometer that actually uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer that actually uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer that actually uses the
+color that comes up from the reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color that comes up from the reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color that comes up from the reaction to
+give you a concentration measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a concentration measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a concentration measurement
+right in the field I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the field I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the field I'm not going to
+bother doing this right now but um cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother doing this right now but um cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother doing this right now but um cuz
+cuz the sites I picked are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz the sites I picked are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz the sites I picked are pretty
+obvious um first I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious um first I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious um first I'm going to do
+dissolved oxygen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay I'm going to sample the deeper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay I'm going to sample the deeper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay I'm going to sample the deeper of
+the two first which is the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two first which is the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two first which is the red
+tape of course this never works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape of course this never works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape of course this never works so
+you'll have to forgive me when I go ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to forgive me when I go ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to forgive me when I go ah
+well next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well next
+time now you notice I'm not wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now you notice I'm not wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now you notice I'm not wearing
+gloves or anything else you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves or anything else you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves or anything else you know I
+wouldn't drink it but it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't drink it but it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't drink it but it probably
+wouldn't hurt you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't hurt you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't hurt you at
+all the wrong one here we go just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the wrong one here we go just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the wrong one here we go just take
+one these are little vacuum vials uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these are little vacuum vials uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these are little vacuum vials uh
+made by a company called cometrics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by a company called cometrics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by a company called cometrics um
+the reagents are inside already see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reagents are inside already see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reagents are inside already see them
+and they're under a vacuum so it sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're under a vacuum so it sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're under a vacuum so it sucks
+the right amount of water in okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right amount of water in okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right amount of water in okay so I'm
+pumping the water up here and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping the water up here and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping the water up here and there's a
+little thing down there you can catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing down there you can catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing down there you can catch
+and you break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tip and if there's dissolved oxygen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and if there's dissolved oxygen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and if there's dissolved oxygen I
+used a really low sensitivity range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a really low sensitivity range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a really low sensitivity range so
+uh this this one if I put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this one if I put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this one if I put in the
+photometer would be over ranged for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometer would be over ranged for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometer would be over ranged for this
+kit I just tell you there's about 3 or 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit I just tell you there's about 3 or 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit I just tell you there's about 3 or 4
+Mig per liter of do based on your plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mig per liter of do based on your plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mig per liter of do based on your plot
+in this one here okay pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one here okay pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one here okay pretty obvious
+um there's different cats that allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's different cats that allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's different cats that allow you
+to do different ranges I just picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do different ranges I just picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do different ranges I just picked a
+really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low
+one now I'm going to do the purple tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now I'm going to do the purple tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now I'm going to do the purple tape
+which is just a few feet above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a few feet above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a few feet above that
+zone now you got to remember that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone now you got to remember that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone now you got to remember that that
+red one if you look at your plot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red one if you look at your plot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red one if you look at your plot is
+below the plume right so that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the plume right so that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the plume right so that water
+originated from somewhere up on the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated from somewhere up on the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated from somewhere up on the base
+north of the sewage plant and traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north of the sewage plant and traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north of the sewage plant and traveled
+underneath the the plume to get here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the the plume to get here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the the plume to get here so
+that water is probably pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is probably pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is probably pretty
+old now I'm going to go um above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old now I'm going to go um above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old now I'm going to go um above that
+and if I'm luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like the Museum of Science isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the Museum of Science isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the Museum of Science isn't it
+okay so that would be probably a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be probably a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be probably a zero
+dissolved oxygen so you have these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved oxygen so you have these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved oxygen so you have these very
+very steep concentration gradients over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very steep concentration gradients over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very steep concentration gradients over
+very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short
+distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+right now we're going to flip it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're going to flip it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're going to flip it in
+reverse I'm in the zero Doo zone right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse I'm in the zero Doo zone right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse I'm in the zero Doo zone right
+now this is an iron commat dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an iron commat dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an iron commat dissolved
+iron commat and if we're lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this actually goes to a little tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually goes to a little tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually goes to a little tank
+about a foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a foot
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+guy that disolves iron now there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that disolves iron now there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that disolves iron now there's one
+other who's got the's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here we
+go usually we put a piece of tape on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go usually we put a piece of tape on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go usually we put a piece of tape on
+both so we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Beau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beau
+okay so whoop be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh it works much better with grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh it works much better with grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh it works much better with grammar
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+kids they actually get excited about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they actually get excited about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they actually get excited about it
+w so um anyways um that just gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so um anyways um that just gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so um anyways um that just gives you
+some sense of uh of the kinds of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of uh of the kinds of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of uh of the kinds of U
+detail that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail that we can
+see uh when we do this kind of sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh when we do this kind of sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh when we do this kind of sampling
+um we've taken tremendous advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've taken tremendous advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've taken tremendous advantage of
+this uh in a series of uh studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in a series of uh studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in a series of uh studies that
+have been done to look at the microbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done to look at the microbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done to look at the microbial
+and geochemical reactions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geochemical reactions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geochemical reactions that are
+giving us these concentration gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us these concentration gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us these concentration gradients
+and uh also we've taken advantage of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also we've taken advantage of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh also we've taken advantage of it
+in some Tracer experiments we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some Tracer experiments we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some Tracer experiments we'll talk
+about a little bit later because what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit later because what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit later because what's
+neat about this place here is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat about this place here is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat about this place here is you have
+essentially a uniform material there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a uniform material there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a uniform material there
+Sands and gravels and you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sands and gravels and you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sands and gravels and you have different
+geochemical zones created by this plume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geochemical zones created by this plume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geochemical zones created by this plume
+so if you're interested in knowing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in knowing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in knowing about
+transport of bacteria or whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of bacteria or whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of bacteria or whatever else
+and you want to know how they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know how they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know how they might be
+affected by the geochemical environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the geochemical environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the geochemical environment
+you can come out here and run tests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come out here and run tests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come out here and run tests in
+different zones and it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different zones and it's all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different zones and it's all the same
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+but just different geochemistries does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just different geochemistries does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just different geochemistries does
+that make sense so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TeVSxZgIHAA.txt b/TeVSxZgIHAA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49dd1765a2ac6a1f8b0e8c1ed540b31737fb5f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TeVSxZgIHAA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started
+so I get to give the leure uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get to give the leure uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get to give the leure uh and I
+wanted to give the lecture anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give the lecture anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give the lecture anyways
+because um as I've told you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um as I've told you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um as I've told you in
+recitation I love feedback in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I love feedback in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I love feedback in fact I
+love it so much and I think that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it so much and I think that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it so much and I think that the uh
+the examples we're going to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples we're going to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples we're going to do that we
+can do sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do sort of
+analytically uh through the lecture are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically uh through the lecture are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically uh through the lecture are
+not maybe sufficiently compelling to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe sufficiently compelling to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe sufficiently compelling to to
+for you to believe how uh how exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to believe how uh how exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to believe how uh how exciting
+control can be so let me just start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control can be so let me just start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control can be so let me just start by
+giving you a few minutes of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a few minutes of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a few minutes of a of a
+research result we had a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research result we had a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research result we had a few years ago
+um and that's why you got color images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's why you got color images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's why you got color images
+everybody noticed the color images on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody noticed the color images on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody noticed the color images on
+the on the slides on the way in okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the slides on the way in okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the slides on the way in okay so
+I I brought this robot in to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I brought this robot in to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I brought this robot in to the first
+recitation of the year I clapped it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation of the year I clapped it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation of the year I clapped it for
+you right it's a big 2 m wingspan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right it's a big 2 m wingspan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right it's a big 2 m wingspan
+ornithopter and in my group we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithopter and in my group we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithopter and in my group we've been
+trying to design Control Systems uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design Control Systems uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design Control Systems uh to
+make airplanes move more like birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make airplanes move more like birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make airplanes move more like birds
+right so here's one example of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's one example of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's one example of that one
+thing birds do that planes don't do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing birds do that planes don't do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing birds do that planes don't do very
+well is land on a perch okay so we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is land on a perch okay so we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is land on a perch okay so we asked
+the question can we take a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question can we take a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question can we take a simple
+airplane with fixed wings no flapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane with fixed wings no flapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane with fixed wings no flapping
+allowed and and make it land on a perch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and and make it land on a perch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and and make it land on a perch
+UAV is stands for unmanned aerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UAV is stands for unmanned aerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UAV is stands for unmanned aerial
+vehicle land on a perch like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle land on a perch like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle land on a perch like a
+bird and the story I want to tell you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird and the story I want to tell you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird and the story I want to tell you is
+that with feedback design you can okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with feedback design you can okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with feedback design you can okay
+so uh so here's why it's interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so here's why it's interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so here's why it's interesting and
+hard the uh the the reason airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard the uh the the reason airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard the uh the the reason airplanes
+don't land on a perch is because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't land on a perch is because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't land on a perch is because when
+your wing is sort of at a low Angle Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wing is sort of at a low Angle Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wing is sort of at a low Angle Way
+a plane normally is when it's wi the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane normally is when it's wi the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane normally is when it's wi the air
+flow around the wing is relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow around the wing is relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow around the wing is relatively easy
+to model it's easy to write a a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it's easy to write a a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it's easy to write a a block
+diagram description of but you go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram description of but you go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram description of but you go up to
+and you go to moderate angles that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to moderate angles that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to moderate angles that's
+still true the air stays attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true the air stays attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true the air stays attached to the
+wings and everything sort of oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry thank you okay so at a low angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry thank you okay so at a low angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry thank you okay so at a low angle
+uh the uh the air is still attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the air is still attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the air is still attached to
+the wing and so we have very good models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing and so we have very good models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing and so we have very good models
+of the air flow around here and the lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air flow around here and the lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air flow around here and the lift
+and drag forces that you get when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drag forces that you get when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drag forces that you get when you're
+flying in these regimes but if you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in these regimes but if you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in these regimes but if you go up
+too far like this then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far like this then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far like this then everything
+changes so you think the air can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so you think the air can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so you think the air can't quite
+stay around the you get separation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay around the you get separation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay around the you get separation you
+get big vortices pulling off the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get big vortices pulling off the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get big vortices pulling off the back
+it's very nonlinear very unsteady okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very nonlinear very unsteady okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very nonlinear very unsteady okay
+very complicated flight regime and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated flight regime and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated flight regime and as
+such our best aircraft to date mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such our best aircraft to date mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such our best aircraft to date mostly
+stay down in this regime where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay down in this regime where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay down in this regime where we have
+good models and we can design sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good models and we can design sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good models and we can design sort of
+conventional control systems for but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional control systems for but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional control systems for but
+birds don't do that at all so birds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds don't do that at all so birds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds don't do that at all so birds are
+often when they're landing on a perch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when they're landing on a perch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when they're landing on a perch
+they're up even far beyond this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up even far beyond this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up even far beyond this maybe
+even 90° angle of attack it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 90° angle of attack it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 90° angle of attack it's called the
+they're way into this deep stall regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way into this deep stall regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way into this deep stall regime
+that's what that's called stalling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's called stalling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's called stalling your
+wings when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings when that
+happens and it seems like they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and it seems like they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and it seems like they're doing
+a lot better landing on a perch because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better landing on a perch because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better landing on a perch because
+we we don't see see our airplanes do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't see see our airplanes do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't see see our airplanes do it
+but you can actually try to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually try to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually try to quantify
+that okay so if you want to compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if you want to compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if you want to compare the
+performance of a bird Landing versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a bird Landing versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a bird Landing versus a
+plane landing the first thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane landing the first thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane landing the first thing you have
+to do is you have to take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you have to take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you have to take out the
+differences in mass and Wing area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in mass and Wing area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in mass and Wing area and
+all these things okay but you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things okay but you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things okay but you can do
+that and a fair comparison is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a fair comparison is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a fair comparison is the is the
+distanced averaged drag coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distanced averaged drag coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distanced averaged drag coefficient
+which is just a way to to scale out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a way to to scale out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a way to to scale out the
+effects of that you'd expect from having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of that you'd expect from having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of that you'd expect from having
+a bigger Wing or or a bigger Mass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger Wing or or a bigger Mass okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger Wing or or a bigger Mass okay
+and you can plot this drag coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can plot this drag coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can plot this drag coefficient
+for a few different um Vehicles so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few different um Vehicles so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few different um Vehicles so this
+is a standard Runway Landing of a 747
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard Runway Landing of a 747
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard Runway Landing of a 747
+would gets a drag coefficient just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would gets a drag coefficient just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would gets a drag coefficient just you
+have some calibration of about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some calibration of about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some calibration of about a
+.16 okay uh the X31 was a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.16 okay uh the X31 was a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.16 okay uh the X31 was a super
+maneuverable research vehicle okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverable research vehicle okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverable research vehicle okay it
+was designed to do super short Runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designed to do super short Runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designed to do super short Runway
+Landings and it got a drag coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landings and it got a drag coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landings and it got a drag coefficient
+those Landings of about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Landings of about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Landings of about.
+3 um there's a few other projects out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 um there's a few other projects out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 um there's a few other projects out
+there about trying to make perching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about trying to make perching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about trying to make perching
+planes that that were getting similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that that were getting similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that that were getting similar
+numbers but then we went out and looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but then we went out and looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but then we went out and looked
+at nature I have some some collaborators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nature I have some some collaborators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nature I have some some collaborators
+at Harvard that work with real birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard that work with real birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard that work with real birds
+okay and it turns out I wanted them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it turns out I wanted them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it turns out I wanted them to
+get tell me the numbers from some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tell me the numbers from some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tell me the numbers from some really
+Elite bird like a at least a hawk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite bird like a at least a hawk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite bird like a at least a hawk or
+something like this right but they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right but they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right but they work
+on pigeons so that was the only number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pigeons so that was the only number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pigeons so that was the only number
+we could get was a pigeon they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get was a pigeon they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get was a pigeon they actually
+convinced me by the end that pigeons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced me by the end that pigeons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced me by the end that pigeons are
+really good the way they can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good the way they can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good the way they can sort of
+dive through the fence and get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive through the fence and get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive through the fence and get your
+lunch by the food trucks I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch by the food trucks I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch by the food trucks I mean that's
+actually uh they're serious uh skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh they're serious uh skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh they're serious uh skilled
+Birds we even had so one of the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds we even had so one of the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds we even had so one of the fun
+things about doing this kind of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about doing this kind of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about doing this kind of research
+is you get visitors we had will I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get visitors we had will I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get visitors we had will I am
+yeah from the black I pees come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah from the black I pees come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah from the black I pees come to the
+lab and he said after we told him this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and he said after we told him this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and he said after we told him this
+story he said uh pigeons are ghetto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he said uh pigeons are ghetto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he said uh pigeons are ghetto
+Birds they've got mad stop okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds they've got mad stop okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds they've got mad stop okay so
+that's that's that sort of summarizes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that sort of summarizes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that sort of summarizes it
+yeah so um but the you already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um but the you already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um but the you already know the
+answer but but if you look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but but if you look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but but if you look at the the
+drag coefficient that a bird gets when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag coefficient that a bird gets when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag coefficient that a bird gets when
+it's Landing they get a 10 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Landing they get a 10 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Landing they get a 10 okay so
+they're doing orders of magnitude better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing orders of magnitude better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing orders of magnitude better
+than our best planes in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our best planes in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our best planes in terms of
+stopping if you just want to be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping if you just want to be fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping if you just want to be fun
+about it so you could say what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so you could say what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so you could say what would it
+take for a 747 to get a 10 uh to impress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for a 747 to get a 10 uh to impress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for a 747 to get a 10 uh to impress
+will I am right and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I am right and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I am right and it turns out that
+747 would have to go they fight it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+747 would have to go they fight it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+747 would have to go they fight it about
+450 M hour Cruise speed it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 M hour Cruise speed it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 M hour Cruise speed it would have to
+stop in 40 Metter to do what a bird's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop in 40 Metter to do what a bird's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop in 40 Metter to do what a bird's
+doing okay the wings would probably pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay the wings would probably pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay the wings would probably pop
+off there's problems with that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there's problems with that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there's problems with that but the
+Dynamics are are impressive of the birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics are are impressive of the birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics are are impressive of the birds
+and what's more when they're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's more when they're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's more when they're doing that
+they're getting incredible ACC accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting incredible ACC accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting incredible ACC accuracy
+right so this is a my one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a my one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a my one of my favorite
+videos of of a perching owl if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of of a perching owl if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of of a perching owl if you watch
+really closely you can see the air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really closely you can see the air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really closely you can see the air flow
+get complicated on his wings you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get complicated on his wings you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get complicated on his wings you can see
+his Leading Edge feathers start to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Leading Edge feathers start to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Leading Edge feathers start to flip
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah boom right so the way you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah boom right so the way you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah boom right so the way you do that
+is you put food by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you put food by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you put food by the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+right okay so we we tried to build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we we tried to build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we we tried to build these
+simple planes and ask if could they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple planes and ask if could they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple planes and ask if could they do
+what the all doing or what the pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the all doing or what the pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the all doing or what the pigeons
+are doing we very simple planes we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing we very simple planes we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing we very simple planes we did
+them in an indoor environment uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in an indoor environment uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in an indoor environment uh we
+tried to we made it so it was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to we made it so it was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to we made it so it was basically
+a boring plane out of plane but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boring plane out of plane but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boring plane out of plane but it can
+do very interesting things in Pitch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very interesting things in Pitch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very interesting things in Pitch up
+and down okay um and then we spent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down okay um and then we spent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down okay um and then we spent some
+time trying to build a dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trying to build a dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trying to build a dynamical
+system's representation of the plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's representation of the plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's representation of the plane and
+how do you do that well you shoot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well you shoot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well you shoot the
+plane a bunch of times into a fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a bunch of times into a fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a bunch of times into a fishing
+net okay uh and you collect a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net okay uh and you collect a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net okay uh and you collect a bunch of
+data and like we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and like we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and like we talked about in
+recitation you could potentially get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation you could potentially get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation you could potentially get
+from that data a model of the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that data a model of the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that data a model of the Dynamics
+and turns out we had to do a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns out we had to do a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns out we had to do a nonlinear
+dynamical model for the vehicle but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical model for the vehicle but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical model for the vehicle but we
+could do a linear actuator model plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a linear actuator model plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a linear actuator model plus
+delays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays and
+everything we built a pretty good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we built a pretty good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we built a pretty good model
+of the plane which is sort of this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane which is sort of this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane which is sort of this would
+be a for an aerodynamics crowd this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a for an aerodynamics crowd this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a for an aerodynamics crowd this
+would tell you that this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that this is sort of a
+surprisingly good fit to the lift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly good fit to the lift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly good fit to the lift and
+drag forces over a very large range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag forces over a very large range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag forces over a very large range of
+angles and then we had a 63 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and then we had a 63 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and then we had a 63 problem
+basically that the nonlinear terms make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that the nonlinear terms make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that the nonlinear terms make
+it a little different and what we did as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little different and what we did as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little different and what we did as
+a group was we innovated a a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group was we innovated a a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group was we innovated a a way to
+design a feedback controller that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a feedback controller that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a feedback controller that could
+make this thing very accurate during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing very accurate during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing very accurate during
+very high performance uh Maneuvers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high performance uh Maneuvers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high performance uh Maneuvers and
+and a long story short we can now shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a long story short we can now shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a long story short we can now shoot
+an airplane into a motion capture Arena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane into a motion capture Arena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane into a motion capture Arena
+this has slowed down about 11 times it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has slowed down about 11 times it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has slowed down about 11 times it's
+this airplane right here uh and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this airplane right here uh and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this airplane right here uh and it goes
+into a very deep stall and we can land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a very deep stall and we can land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a very deep stall and we can land
+with an accuracy enough accuracy to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an accuracy enough accuracy to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an accuracy enough accuracy to land
+on a perch right so so it turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a perch right so so it turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a perch right so so it turns out if
+you can build a good enough control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build a good enough control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build a good enough control
+system that can handle the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that can handle the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that can handle the complexity of
+the of the Dynamics then you can uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Dynamics then you can uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Dynamics then you can uh make
+these things happen Okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things happen Okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things happen Okay so this is just
+to convince you that the Dynamics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince you that the Dynamics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince you that the Dynamics are
+complicated this is the the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this is the the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this is the the flow
+visualization we built a a wind tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization we built a a wind tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization we built a a wind tunnel
+started releasing smoke from the Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started releasing smoke from the Leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started releasing smoke from the Leading
+Edge and and took a picture of it uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and and took a picture of it uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and and took a picture of it uh to
+show you how complicated the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how complicated the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how complicated the Dynamics
+were so control is potentially an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so control is potentially an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so control is potentially an
+incredibly powerful idea you can make we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful idea you can make we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful idea you can make we
+we try to make robots that run like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to make robots that run like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to make robots that run like
+ostriches we try to make um all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostriches we try to make um all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostriches we try to make um all kinds of
+things happen you could imagine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen you could imagine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen you could imagine uh
+improving wind energy you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving wind energy you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving wind energy you could imagine
+all kinds of things where control is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things where control is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things where control is an
+integral part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral part of
+that okay so we skip that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we skip that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we skip that uh the
+feedback in there was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in there was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in there was absolutely
+essential so if I took the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential so if I took the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential so if I took the same plane
+and thought about the model a lot um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thought about the model a lot um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thought about the model a lot um and
+then designed a controller just a a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then designed a controller just a a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then designed a controller just a a set
+of commands to the to the to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commands to the to the to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commands to the to the to the to the
+elevator to try to make it land on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator to try to make it land on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator to try to make it land on the
+perch it misses the perch every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch it misses the perch every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch it misses the perch every single
+time and with feedback we can hit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and with feedback we can hit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and with feedback we can hit it's
+only with feedback that we can hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with feedback that we can hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with feedback that we can hit the
+perch every single time and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch every single time and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch every single time and there's a
+reason for that so if you guys you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that so if you guys you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that so if you guys you guys
+probably heard the the um idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard the the um idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard the the um idea that
+fighter jets are are unstable without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighter jets are are unstable without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighter jets are are unstable without
+the control system right fighter jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control system right fighter jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control system right fighter jets
+are it a lot of times the the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it a lot of times the the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it a lot of times the the systems
+that have sort of peak maneuverability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have sort of peak maneuverability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have sort of peak maneuverability
+that's often at odds with stability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often at odds with stability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often at odds with stability so
+so in fact when you try to make a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact when you try to make a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact when you try to make a very
+high performance fighter jet and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance fighter jet and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance fighter jet and you
+want to be able to turn you'd actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to turn you'd actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to turn you'd actually
+like that if the control system is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if the control system is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if the control system is off
+this thing should be unstable it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing should be unstable it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing should be unstable it's not a
+complete uh toogy but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh toogy but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh toogy but that's that's
+that's pretty true because what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty true because what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty true because what you want
+you can elicit a very fast turn if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can elicit a very fast turn if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can elicit a very fast turn if you
+basically let the system go unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let the system go unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let the system go unstable
+then you can let the unstable dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can let the unstable dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can let the unstable dynamics
+of the system make a very rapid turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system make a very rapid turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system make a very rapid turn
+okay and in fact it's it's common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact it's it's common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact it's it's common to
+build a A system that is unstable and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a A system that is unstable and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a A system that is unstable and is
+only stable when there's feedback in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only stable when there's feedback in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only stable when there's feedback in the
+loop so that you can have a very high a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so that you can have a very high a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so that you can have a very high a
+maneuverability when you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverability when you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverability when you need
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+so you've already done feedback if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've already done feedback if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've already done feedback if you
+took 601 right so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 601 right so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 601 right so what I want to do
+today is um I T I taught 601 when some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is um I T I taught 601 when some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is um I T I taught 601 when some
+of you were in there uh I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were in there uh I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were in there uh I want to go
+through the example that you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the example that you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the example that you already
+worked through uh in the 601 lab for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked through uh in the 601 lab for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked through uh in the 601 lab for
+those of you that took it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that took it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that took it I think
+there's sufficient um it's sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sufficient um it's sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sufficient um it's sufficiently
+complete here if you didn't take it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete here if you didn't take it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete here if you didn't take it but
+we want to use that I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use that I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use that I'm going to use
+that as an example to build on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an example to build on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an example to build on what you
+already know and to show us with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know and to show us with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know and to show us with the new
+tools how far you can get and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools how far you can get and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools how far you can get and thinking
+about what that robot did for you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that robot did for you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that robot did for you last
+year right do you remember this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right do you remember this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right do you remember this example
+of the the little Pioneer robot that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the little Pioneer robot that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the little Pioneer robot that had
+to go to a to the wall the the foam wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a to the wall the the foam wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a to the wall the the foam wall
+using the noisy sonar sensor and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the noisy sonar sensor and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the noisy sonar sensor and we we
+wanted to get a desired from the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get a desired from the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get a desired from the wall
+and by the end you guys were moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the end you guys were moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the end you guys were moving the
+board around and it was trying to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board around and it was trying to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board around and it was trying to track
+the wall okay so uh in that exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall okay so uh in that exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall okay so uh in that exercise in
+the 601 lab uh you guys tried a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 601 lab uh you guys tried a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 601 lab uh you guys tried a bunch of
+different gains right and for some gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gains right and for some gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gains right and for some gains
+we saw responses that sort of looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw responses that sort of looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw responses that sort of looked
+like this if you gave a desired distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if you gave a desired distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if you gave a desired distance
+to a wall it would go up to that desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a wall it would go up to that desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a wall it would go up to that desired
+distance for other gains you saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance for other gains you saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance for other gains you saw some
+oscillation you saw some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation you saw some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation you saw some big
+oscillations if you tried all the gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations if you tried all the gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations if you tried all the gains
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+recommended so now you guys have a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended so now you guys have a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended so now you guys have a deep
+understanding now of what kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding now of what kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding now of what kind of things
+can cause that type of response response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause that type of response response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause that type of response response
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh the way we told you to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way we told you to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way we told you to think about it
+in 601 is actually the way that we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 601 is actually the way that we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 601 is actually the way that we often
+think about Control Systems right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Control Systems right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Control Systems right so
+typically we have something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we have something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we have something called a
+plant which describes the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant which describes the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant which describes the Dynamics of
+the robot or the thing we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot or the thing we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot or the thing we're trying to
+care about do you guys know why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about do you guys know why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about do you guys know why it's
+called a plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a plant
+often what's the what's what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what's the what's what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what's the what's what would be
+the history of calling it plant it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of calling it plant it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of calling it plant it's a
+weird name for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird name for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird name for it
+right actually some of this stuff grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually some of this stuff grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually some of this stuff grew
+up in the chemical industry in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the chemical industry in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the chemical industry in chemical
+plants is that what you said no so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants is that what you said no so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants is that what you said no so it's
+actually it has a history in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it has a history in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it has a history in chemical
+plants okay but now everybody calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants okay but now everybody calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants okay but now everybody calls
+their robot plants okay uh so the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their robot plants okay uh so the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their robot plants okay uh so the plant
+is the Dynamics of our robot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Dynamics of our robot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Dynamics of our robot for
+instance you've got some output of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you've got some output of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you've got some output of that
+in this case it's the position to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's the position to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's the position to the
+wall a sensor that reads it it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall a sensor that reads it it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall a sensor that reads it it may have
+its own Dynamics right and your goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own Dynamics right and your goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own Dynamics right and your goal is
+to take some reference command a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some reference command a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some reference command a
+position you want to go to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you want to go to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you want to go to let's say
+compare it with what the sensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with what the sensor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with what the sensor is
+saying and build a controller that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and build a controller that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and build a controller that takes
+that error and makes the the robot or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error and makes the the robot or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error and makes the the robot or or
+control system do what you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system do what you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system do what you want it to
+do okay so in this example the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so in this example the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so in this example the one you
+studied in 601 the plant was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in 601 the plant was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in 601 the plant was a very
+simple model of the Dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model of the Dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model of the Dynamics of the
+robot it was just a A first order model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot it was just a A first order model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot it was just a A first order model
+we said that the the output the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that the the output the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that the the output the distance
+from the wall the distance in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall the distance in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall the distance in front of
+the wall at time n was just the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall at time n was just the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall at time n was just the distance
+in in front of the wall time in Plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in front of the wall time in Plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in front of the wall time in Plus or
+it's minus because you remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus because you remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus because you remember the the
+frustration of the flip sign too but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration of the flip sign too but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration of the flip sign too but we
+I kept it consistent here so it's ttimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kept it consistent here so it's ttimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kept it consistent here so it's ttimes
+the velocity just happens that since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity just happens that since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity just happens that since the
+velocity is going this way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is going this way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is going this way and the
+distance is getting smaller you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is getting smaller you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is getting smaller you get a
+minus V this looks almost like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V this looks almost like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V this looks almost like the first
+order um approximation of a c of a CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um approximation of a c of a CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um approximation of a c of a CT
+system right so that's the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so that's the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so that's the Dynamics of
+the the vehicle the sensor we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vehicle the sensor we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vehicle the sensor we're going
+to assume for now is just perfect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume for now is just perfect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume for now is just perfect okay
+that it just immediately tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just immediately tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just immediately tells me the
+distance to the wall and gives me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the wall and gives me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the wall and gives me that
+perfect feedback and then we designed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect feedback and then we designed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect feedback and then we designed a
+controller which just takes the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller which just takes the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller which just takes the error
+difference between the desired position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the desired position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the desired position
+and the actual position multiplies it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual position multiplies it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual position multiplies it by
+a constant K and comes up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant K and comes up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant K and comes up with a
+velocity command that goes to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motors so you can visualize that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors so you can visualize that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors so you can visualize that as a
+block diagram of course right so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram of course right so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram of course right so you get
+that this this plant model here it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this plant model here it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this plant model here it's got
+a it's got a minus one here and a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's got a minus one here and a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's got a minus one here and a minus
+one here so that's equivalent to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so that's equivalent to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so that's equivalent to having
+a delay in the forward path and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delay in the forward path and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delay in the forward path and then
+it's got feedback because the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got feedback because the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got feedback because the previous
+signal is directly put around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is directly put around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is directly put around to the
+feedback so this part here is the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so this part here is the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so this part here is the model
+of the plant okay that and then we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plant okay that and then we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plant okay that and then we put
+the T in with a with a gain here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T in with a with a gain here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T in with a with a gain here so I
+guess this part here is the plant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this part here is the plant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this part here is the plant okay
+here's our simple controller K and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our simple controller K and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our simple controller K and our
+sensor is is perfect so that's our block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is is perfect so that's our block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is is perfect so that's our block
+diagram we've just turned our robot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we've just turned our robot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we've just turned our robot into
+a block diagram and we know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block diagram and we know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block diagram and we know everything
+about how to analyze those things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to analyze those things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to analyze those things right
+so you can use the operator notation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use the operator notation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use the operator notation you
+could think of it as a um a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it as a um a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it as a um a system
+function too right so this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function too right so this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function too right so this guy here
+right right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you guys can do this in your sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you guys can do this in your sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you guys can do this in your sleep
+now almost right but if I just take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now almost right but if I just take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now almost right but if I just take that
+by by itself what does that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by itself what does that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by itself what does that come out
+to it's a it's a plus here this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a it's a plus here this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a it's a plus here this if this
+is X and Y so I get Y is r x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X and Y so I get Y is r x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X and Y so I get Y is r x +
+y right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right or
+YX is R over 1 - r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YX is R over 1 - r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YX is R over 1 - r
+right and then I multiply that by K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I multiply that by K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I multiply that by K and
+a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative
+T and then I do the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then I do the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then I do the exact same
+computation again to get this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation again to get this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation again to get this loop
+around and this is our input output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and this is our input output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and this is our input output
+system function right I'll simplify it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function right I'll simplify it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function right I'll simplify it a
+little bit I get this simplify it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I get this simplify it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I get this simplify it a
+little bit more to just to to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more to just to to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more to just to to identify
+the pole and you can see that the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole and you can see that the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole and you can see that the pole
+now looks like 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks like 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks like 1 plus
+KT right so so T represents the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT right so so T represents the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT right so so T represents the time
+step between uh updates K is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step between uh updates K is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step between uh updates K is our
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gain okay so now we can start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain okay so now we can start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain okay so now we can start thinking
+about what happens if we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if we choose
+different let's just lump k and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different let's just lump k and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different let's just lump k and t
+together because the the K you choose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because the the K you choose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because the the K you choose is
+going to be intimately connected to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be intimately connected to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be intimately connected to to
+time in this system there's no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this system there's no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this system there's no there's
+no point in separating them so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in separating them so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in separating them so we'll
+just talk about KT as a system okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about KT as a system okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about KT as a system okay so
+if we chose KT KT is almost always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we chose KT KT is almost always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we chose KT KT is almost always going
+to be negative you want negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative you want negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative you want negative
+feedback in general for for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in general for for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in general for for making
+things stable if we choose KT equals 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stable if we choose KT equals 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stable if we choose KT equals 0.5
+then with that system function there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that system function there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that system function there's a
+delay in the forward path so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay in the forward path so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay in the forward path so it's going
+to be offset by one and then it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offset by one and then it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offset by one and then it's got
+just a simple single pole response right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple single pole response right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple single pole response right
+the unit step response similarly looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step response similarly looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step response similarly looks
+like this so the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so the question is what
+determines the speed of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the speed of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the speed of that
+response so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so here you
+go I have to get you to talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I have to get you to talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I have to get you to talk to your
+neighbor the way the way Denny always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor the way the way Denny always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor the way the way Denny always
+seems to get you to talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to get you to talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to get you to talk to your
+neighbor okay but take a minute figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor okay but take a minute figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor okay but take a minute figure
+out which of these or none of them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which of these or none of them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which of these or none of them do
+you think would give you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think would give you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think would give you the best
+response for this simple block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for this simple block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for this simple block diagram
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk out loud to your neighbor yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay show a fingers what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay show a fingers what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay show a fingers what what do you
+think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay a lot of right answers let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay a lot of right answers let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay a lot of right answers let's
+let's just do it real quick right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fastest possible convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest possible convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest possible convergence is
+going to be if the Pole's zero right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if the Pole's zero right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if the Pole's zero right if
+the Pole's zero what's it going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pole's zero what's it going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pole's zero what's it going to look
+like it's going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to give you
+a the best you can do if you zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the best you can do if you zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the best you can do if you zero this
+out you get the impulse response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you get the impulse response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you get the impulse response the
+unit sample response to just be R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response to just be R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response to just be R so
+you're going to have a delay of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a delay of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a delay of one
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+inevitable you get a one nonzero entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable you get a one nonzero entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable you get a one nonzero entry
+and then a and then Zero's everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a and then Zero's everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a and then Zero's everywhere
+else right in discrete time systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right in discrete time systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right in discrete time systems you
+can kill things in a single step you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kill things in a single step you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kill things in a single step you can
+set a poll at zero and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a poll at zero and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a poll at zero and that's the
+fastest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest possible
+response but if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but if you think about the
+different responses for different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different responses for different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different responses for different values
+of K you can use the pole zero diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you can use the pole zero diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you can use the pole zero diagrams
+to pretty much understand everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pretty much understand everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pretty much understand everything
+there is to know about it right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know about it right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know about it right so uh
+for KT less than zero to negative 1 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KT less than zero to negative 1 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for KT less than zero to negative 1 like
+I said we want to think about negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we want to think about negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we want to think about negative
+feedback that's going to take us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that's going to take us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that's going to take us from
+out here on the unit circle back towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here on the unit circle back towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here on the unit circle back towards
+the origin if I keep making KT more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin if I keep making KT more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin if I keep making KT more
+negative it's going to go out out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to go out out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's going to go out out here
+if I make kt2 negative bad things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make kt2 negative bad things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make kt2 negative bad things are
+going to happen again the poll is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen again the poll is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen again the poll is going
+to go outside the unit circle and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go outside the unit circle and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go outside the unit circle and I'll
+actually have alternating diverging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have alternating diverging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have alternating diverging
+responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the answer is negative 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the answer is negative 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the answer is negative 1 right
+negative one puts you at a pole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so here's how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so here's how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so here's how to think about
+it physically right so if I choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it physically right so if I choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it physically right so if I choose K
+correctly since k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly since k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly since k
+KT was negative 1 that means K is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT was negative 1 that means K is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT was negative 1 that means K is going
+to be -10 that's going to be commanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be -10 that's going to be commanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be -10 that's going to be commanding
+exactly the right speed so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right speed so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right speed so that the
+robot after the one after the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot after the one after the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot after the one after the one one
+tenth of a second let's say uh gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth of a second let's say uh gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth of a second let's say uh gets you
+exactly to the right position so unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to the right position so unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to the right position so unit
+sample response in this case would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response in this case would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response in this case would be
+saying okay the robot's at at zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay the robot's at at zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay the robot's at at zero I
+want it to be at one and then I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be at one and then I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be at one and then I want it
+to be back at zero the command is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be back at zero the command is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be back at zero the command is going
+Z 1 Zer right and the robot is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 1 Zer right and the robot is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 1 Zer right and the robot is going to
+be almost doing exactly that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost doing exactly that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost doing exactly that it's going
+to go from 0 to 1 one in a single step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from 0 to 1 one in a single step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from 0 to 1 one in a single step
+and then back to zero in a in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to zero in a in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to zero in a in a single
+step it's just going to be delayed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step it's just going to be delayed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step it's just going to be delayed by
+one so you give it a command saying go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you give it a command saying go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you give it a command saying go
+here go here go back and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go here go back and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go here go back and it's going to
+do exactly the right thing boom boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the right thing boom boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the right thing boom boom
+except for one step delayed because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one step delayed because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one step delayed because you
+can't get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get rid of that
+R okay so if I plot it let me draw sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so if I plot it let me draw sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so if I plot it let me draw sort
+of a a stem diagram but coming down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a stem diagram but coming down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a stem diagram but coming down in
+time so that I can line up with the xes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that I can line up with the xes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that I can line up with the xes
+up here so if I start with an initial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so if I start with an initial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so if I start with an initial uh
+position here and I command it to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here and I command it to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here and I command it to go to
+the desired front position it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired front position it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired front position it's going to
+go boom right to that front position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go boom right to that front position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go boom right to that front position
+with one unit of delay and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one unit of delay and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one unit of delay and then it's
+going to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay
+there for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the rest of
+time that would be a unit sample a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that would be a unit sample a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that would be a unit sample a unit
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response okay but the the that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay but the the that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay but the the that's not
+what we got to see on the robots in 601
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got to see on the robots in 601
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got to see on the robots in 601
+right the robot real robot didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the robot real robot didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the robot real robot didn't work
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that and the way we made the the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the way we made the the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the way we made the the robot
+model more realistic was we we said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model more realistic was we we said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model more realistic was we we said okay
+but your sensors got some delay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your sensors got some delay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your sensors got some delay and
+actually if you if you know what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you if you know what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you if you know what was
+going on behind those 601 robots it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on behind those 601 robots it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on behind those 601 robots it's
+actually got a lot of delay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got a lot of delay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got a lot of delay there's
+python running serial interfaces to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python running serial interfaces to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python running serial interfaces to the
+uh over the serial link yeah to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the serial link yeah to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the serial link yeah to the to
+the Fairly old controller in the Pioneer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fairly old controller in the Pioneer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fairly old controller in the Pioneer
+robot so the delay is real yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot so the delay is real yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot so the delay is real yeah there's
+a delay of about you know one tenth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delay of about you know one tenth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delay of about you know one tenth of a
+second in the sensor if I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the sensor if I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in the sensor if I take that
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+controller exact same gain that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller exact same gain that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller exact same gain that I
+already did and now put it in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did and now put it in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did and now put it in this new
+system that has an extra delay then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has an extra delay then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has an extra delay then what
+happens I get a velocity of 10 after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I get a velocity of 10 after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I get a velocity of 10 after one
+step looks good but then uhoh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step looks good but then uhoh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step looks good but then uhoh there was
+some delay in the sensor I didn't didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delay in the sensor I didn't didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delay in the sensor I didn't didn't
+realize I was here so I'm still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I was here so I'm still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I was here so I'm still going to
+take a corrective action trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a corrective action trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a corrective action trying to get
+me there it's going to move me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there it's going to move me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there it's going to move me all the
+way to the wall smash into the wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the wall smash into the wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the wall smash into the wall and
+then it's going to realize it was Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to realize it was Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to realize it was Zero
+it's going to there's some delay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to there's some delay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to there's some delay in
+seeing that it's going to move me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that it's going to move me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that it's going to move me back
+and you're going to get oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get oscillations
+yeah and you can see that by by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you can see that by by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you can see that by by just
+adding the model to our block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the model to our block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the model to our block diagram
+okay so if we put the the delay now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we put the the delay now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we put the the delay now in
+the in the feedback path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the feedback path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the feedback path
+otherwise keep the block diagram exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise keep the block diagram exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise keep the block diagram exactly
+the same now you can write the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same now you can write the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same now you can write the system
+function right so what's the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so what's the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so what's the resulting
+system function given that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function given that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function given that this thing is
+in the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go ahead and put your fingers up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and put your fingers up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and put your fingers up when
+you think you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all right fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so just like I did here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just like I did here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just like I did here you can
+just quickly replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly replace the
+accumulator there with the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator there with the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator there with the equivalent
+block diagram do the loop again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram do the loop again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram do the loop again it's
+going to be exactly what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly what we did before
+but it's got a new R in the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got a new R in the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got a new R in the feedback
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+right giving us the r s here just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right giving us the r s here just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right giving us the r s here just on the
+feedback path is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path is exactly the same
+otherwise except for that R and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise except for that R and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise except for that R and that
+simplifies out to this okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies out to this okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies out to this okay so the
+answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was
+four right that's just operator notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four right that's just operator notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four right that's just operator notation
+polinomial algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so if we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so if we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so if we want to find the
+poles of that system right we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of that system right we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of that system right we can just
+uh go ahead and Factor the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go ahead and Factor the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go ahead and Factor the the the
+quadratic form in the denominator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in the denominator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in the denominator the
+roots of the denominator look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of the denominator look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of the denominator look something
+like this which is a little ugly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is a little ugly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is a little ugly to
+think about but we can we can think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about but we can we can think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about but we can we can think it
+through so um for General KT so when KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so um for General KT so when KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so um for General KT so when KT
+is small if KT is about zero then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small if KT is about zero then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small if KT is about zero then I'll
+go ahead and simplify that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and simplify that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and simplify that a little bit
+to say KT could sneak inside the KT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say KT could sneak inside the KT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say KT could sneak inside the KT and
+KT squ aren't so different yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT squ aren't so different yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT squ aren't so different yeah we're
+going to sneak it inside here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sneak it inside here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sneak it inside here and then
+you can see that the poles end up around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the poles end up around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the poles end up around
+k equal to zero you get a pole at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal to zero you get a pole at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal to zero you get a pole at the
+origin but you also get a pole up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but you also get a pole up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but you also get a pole up by the
+unit circle right a one and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle right a one and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle right a one and around
+zero now you remember when you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now you remember when you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now you remember when you've got
+multiple poles in the system they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple poles in the system they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple poles in the system they're
+going to you can just sum their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you can just sum their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you can just sum their
+responses the the total response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses the the total response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses the the total response is
+going to be dominated by the whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dominated by the whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dominated by the whatever is
+the slower Pole right the total system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slower Pole right the total system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slower Pole right the total system
+response is going to be dominated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is going to be dominated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is going to be dominated by the
+slower pole in this case the slower pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower pole in this case the slower pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower pole in this case the slower pole
+is the one close to the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle okay what about if KT equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle okay what about if KT equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle okay what about if KT equals
+negative a quarter we can pop that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative a quarter we can pop that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative a quarter we can pop that in
+and solve it exactly the math works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it exactly the math works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it exactly the math works out
+nicely you get poles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely you get poles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely you get poles at
+half two poles at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half two poles at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half two poles at a
+half and in fact there's a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and in fact there's a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and in fact there's a smooth
+transition between if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between if you look at the
+numbers between KT equals 0 and KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between KT equals 0 and KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between KT equals 0 and KT
+equals a quarter you'll see as you vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a quarter you'll see as you vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a quarter you'll see as you vary
+those that gain the poles move together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that gain the poles move together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that gain the poles move together
+along the real axis until they get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the real axis until they get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the real axis until they get they
+come together at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together at a
+half okay and so here you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and so here you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and so here you've got a
+um a purely real uh response with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a purely real uh response with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a purely real uh response with with
+dominated by these poles at a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by these poles at a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by these poles at a half
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+stable if you keep changing K though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable if you keep changing K though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable if you keep changing K though the
+poles came together and then they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles came together and then they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles came together and then they split
+off and start going this way okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and start going this way okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and start going this way okay and in
+fact if you look at negative one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look at negative one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look at negative one which
+was the one that was the the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that was the the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that was the the the best
+response to put a pole exactly at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to put a pole exactly at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to put a pole exactly at zero
+for the system with no delay okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the system with no delay okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the system with no delay okay if you
+put it in the system with delay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the system with delay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the system with delay they
+land exactly on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land exactly on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land exactly on the unit
+circle right right there complex hes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle right right there complex hes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle right right there complex hes on
+the unit circle you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle you're going to get a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillation right which is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation right which is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation right which is exactly what
+we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right so just a quick you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so just a quick you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so just a quick you you
+know this like the back of your hand now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this like the back of your hand now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this like the back of your hand now
+but what's the uh what's the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the uh what's the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the uh what's the period of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillation if you got two poles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation if you got two poles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation if you got two poles on the
+unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there what's the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillation put your fingers up when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation put your fingers up when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation put your fingers up when you
+when you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know yep good most people got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yep good most people got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yep good most people got it
+so this thing was a half right so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing was a half right so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing was a half right so it's a
+half 3 over 2 so that thing had to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half 3 over 2 so that thing had to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half 3 over 2 so that thing had to be at
+pi over 3 it's actually the same pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 3 it's actually the same pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 3 it's actually the same pole
+that I was using in as a recitation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was using in as a recitation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was using in as a recitation in
+recitation yesterday yeah and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation yesterday yeah and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation yesterday yeah and so if you
+have a pole at pi over 3 it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pole at pi over 3 it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pole at pi over 3 it makes it
+around in six steps the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in six steps the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in six steps the period of the
+oscillation is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+so um this is generally true true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is generally true true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is generally true true that
+if you put a control gain a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put a control gain a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put a control gain a feedback
+gain into the closed loop Dynamics then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain into the closed loop Dynamics then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain into the closed loop Dynamics then
+even a simple gain can allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a simple gain can allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a simple gain can allow you to
+really shift around the the poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shift around the the poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shift around the the poles of the
+system and since we know the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and since we know the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and since we know the response of
+the system the zero is matter but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the zero is matter but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the zero is matter but for
+convergence for the rate of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for the rate of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for the rate of convergence
+it's the poles that and the biggest pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the poles that and the biggest pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the poles that and the biggest pole
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+dominates it's very nice to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates it's very nice to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates it's very nice to understand
+how those poles move with K the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those poles move with K the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those poles move with K the if you
+change the system the way they move with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the system the way they move with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the system the way they move with
+K is different and you can just change k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is different and you can just change k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is different and you can just change k
+to to tune the response to be what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to tune the response to be what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to tune the response to be what you
+want from KT equals z to Infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want from KT equals z to Infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want from KT equals z to Infinity the
+poles go towards here and then off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles go towards here and then off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles go towards here and then off in
+both directions actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity all right so now so KTAL ne1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity all right so now so KTAL ne1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity all right so now so KTAL ne1
+was the uh was the fastest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the uh was the fastest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the uh was the fastest possible
+response for the system without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the system without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the system without any
+delay in the sensor what's the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay in the sensor what's the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay in the sensor what's the fast
+fastest possible response for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillations are allowed I just want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations are allowed I just want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations are allowed I just want the
+fastest possible response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it looks good so where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it looks good so where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it looks good so where's the
+where's the where do I want the polls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the where do I want the polls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the where do I want the polls to
+be for the fastest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+right I could you know these polls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I could you know these polls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I could you know these polls are
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+stable but and oscillations are fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but and oscillations are fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but and oscillations are fine but
+the absolute the magnitude of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute the magnitude of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute the magnitude of those
+poles is larger when they're out here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles is larger when they're out here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles is larger when they're out here in
+the in the complex and when I'm down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the complex and when I'm down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the complex and when I'm down
+here if I've got a pole over by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I've got a pole over by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I've got a pole over by one
+that's going to dominate so the best I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to dominate so the best I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to dominate so the best I
+can do is if I put the poles at a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is if I put the poles at a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is if I put the poles at a half
+right that gives us the the largest pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that gives us the the largest pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that gives us the the largest pole
+the smallest possible magnitude and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible magnitude and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible magnitude and that
+happened if the poles the double poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if the poles the double poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if the poles the double poles
+at a half happened when KT was negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a half happened when KT was negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a half happened when KT was negative
+a quarter right so most you said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter right so most you said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter right so most you said the
+answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay so in general delay is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so in general delay is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so in general delay is a bad
+thing right so in DT systems we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right so in DT systems we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right so in DT systems we have
+good representations of delay it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good representations of delay it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good representations of delay it's even
+worse in continuous time okay uh delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in continuous time okay uh delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in continuous time okay uh delay
+is a bad thing it tends to make Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad thing it tends to make Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad thing it tends to make Control
+Systems not work as well okay uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems not work as well okay uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems not work as well okay uh if you
+just took the uh the ideal sensor we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took the uh the ideal sensor we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took the uh the ideal sensor we had
+a k equals 1 we had a a response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k equals 1 we had a a response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k equals 1 we had a a response that
+started here we could put it anywhere we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here we could put it anywhere we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here we could put it anywhere we
+wanted along the real axis right as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted along the real axis right as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted along the real axis right as far
+negative as we wanted of course what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative as we wanted of course what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative as we wanted of course what we
+chose was to put it right at right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose was to put it right at right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose was to put it right at right at
+the origin okay but as soon as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay but as soon as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay but as soon as we just
+added that one piece of delay the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that one piece of delay the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that one piece of delay the things
+we could do with proportional feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do with proportional feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do with proportional feedback
+changed completely and ultimately got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed completely and ultimately got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed completely and ultimately got
+worse because I have two poles now first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because I have two poles now first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because I have two poles now first
+of all and I can't simultaneously get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all and I can't simultaneously get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all and I can't simultaneously get
+both of those poles to go to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those poles to go to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those poles to go to zero right
+in fact as I change them they go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact as I change them they go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact as I change them they go off
+into complex the fact that it's complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complex the fact that it's complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complex the fact that it's complex
+isn't bad but the fact that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't bad but the fact that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't bad but the fact that there's two
+of them and the best I can do now is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and the best I can do now is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and the best I can do now is get
+to a half which is a much slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half which is a much slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half which is a much slower
+response the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the best possible
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+right if I had it even more delay things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I had it even more delay things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I had it even more delay things
+get even worse right so if I had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even worse right so if I had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even worse right so if I had two
+units of delay and I did went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of delay and I did went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of delay and I did went through
+the same exercise and what you'd see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exercise and what you'd see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exercise and what you'd see is
+that the poles would start in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the poles would start in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the poles would start in the same
+place they'd come together and go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they'd come together and go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they'd come together and go there
+and there's another pole that goes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another pole that goes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another pole that goes off
+because there three poles in that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there three poles in that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there three poles in that system
+okay two two poles come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two two poles come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two two poles come together and
+split off this way okay and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split off this way okay and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split off this way okay and this one
+goes off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off this
+way but the and so the the place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but the and so the the place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but the and so the the place you
+probably want depending on how fast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want depending on how fast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want depending on how fast this
+one splits off but the place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one splits off but the place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one splits off but the place you
+probably want to put it is when the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to put it is when the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to put it is when the two
+poles are together right there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are together right there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are together right there that's
+going to give you the fastest response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the fastest response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the fastest response
+but that fastest response is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that fastest response is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that fastest response is still
+slower than what we had it's it's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than what we had it's it's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than what we had it's it's bigger
+it's a bigger number than a half it's 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bigger number than a half it's 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bigger number than a half it's 6
+82 okay and it's going to be a worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 okay and it's going to be a worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 okay and it's going to be a worse
+response than uh than when I had a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response than uh than when I had a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response than uh than when I had a delay
+of one which is intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so that's a that's a a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's a that's a a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's a that's a a quick
+reminder of something you already did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of something you already did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of something you already did in
+601 of doing of of using feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 of doing of of using feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 of doing of of using feedback and
+the tools we've already got with polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we've already got with polls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we've already got with polls
+and zeros and everything to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros and everything to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros and everything to understand
+how to design feedback gains we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design feedback gains we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design feedback gains we're going
+to get more into it in the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more into it in the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more into it in the next couple
+lectures but let me just convince you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but let me just convince you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but let me just convince you
+that uh that this stuff is real and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that this stuff is real and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that this stuff is real and I I
+showed this diagram once in 601 but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this diagram once in 601 but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this diagram once in 601 but but
+it probably means even more to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably means even more to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably means even more to you now
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is the uh this is an F14 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the uh this is an F14 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the uh this is an F14 yeah
+it's uh uh one of the best sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh one of the best sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh one of the best sort of
+modern engineering control systems ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern engineering control systems ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern engineering control systems ever
+built as was built for this F14 they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built as was built for this F14 they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built as was built for this F14 they've
+got uh more research money in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh more research money in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh more research money in sort of
+modeling this vehicle designing sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling this vehicle designing sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling this vehicle designing sort of
+ultimate gains for it okay and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate gains for it okay and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate gains for it okay and it's uh
+it's such a success story that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a success story that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a success story that that you
+can actually if you're in mat lab you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually if you're in mat lab you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually if you're in mat lab you
+can open up the F14 demo and see uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open up the F14 demo and see uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open up the F14 demo and see uh see
+what a flight control system for an F14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a flight control system for an F14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a flight control system for an F14
+looks like mat lab I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like mat lab I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like mat lab I don't know if
+you've played with simulink mat lab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've played with simulink mat lab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've played with simulink mat lab has
+a a language called simulink a graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a language called simulink a graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a language called simulink a graphical
+language that allows you to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that allows you to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that allows you to draw the
+block diagrams and simulate them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagrams and simulate them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagrams and simulate them and and
+even design controllers for them and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even design controllers for them and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even design controllers for them and it
+turns out you can make a block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can make a block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can make a block diagram
+description of an F14 using only tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of an F14 using only tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of an F14 using only tools
+from 60 from 63 601 and 63 yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 60 from 63 601 and 63 yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 60 from 63 601 and 63 yeah you can
+see all the same adders and and gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the same adders and and gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the same adders and and gains
+transfer functions yeah system functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions yeah system functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions yeah system functions
+like this the the only essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the only essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the only essential
+difference is that in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that in some of the
+diagrams you see multiple inputs coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you see multiple inputs coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams you see multiple inputs coming
+in in this class we've restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this class we've restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this class we've restricted
+ourselves so far to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so far to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so far to thinking about
+single input single output systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input single output systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input single output systems which
+keeps Everything clean all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps Everything clean all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps Everything clean all the all the
+intuition scales to multip multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition scales to multip multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition scales to multip multiple
+inputs and multiple outputs but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and multiple outputs but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and multiple outputs but that
+that's sort of the only big additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the only big additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the only big additional
+complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+when you go to this model from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to this model from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to this model from what
+we've done before okay and if you zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done before okay and if you zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done before okay and if you zoom
+in onto the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in onto the controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in onto the controller
+here you can it's these block diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can it's these block diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can it's these block diagrams
+in this language allow you to abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language allow you to abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language allow you to abstract
+away a bunch of of hidden things with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a bunch of of hidden things with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a bunch of of hidden things with a
+single transfer function if I zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single transfer function if I zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single transfer function if I zoom in
+then you're going you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going you're going to see
+things you recognize right so it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you recognize right so it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you recognize right so it's got a
+low pass filter right which is just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter right which is just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter right which is just a a
+system with a pole at negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a pole at negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a pole at negative one
+exactly what we did in recitation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we did in recitation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we did in recitation the
+other day right this is what people this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day right this is what people this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day right this is what people this
+is is what mat lab uses on an F-14 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what mat lab uses on an F-14 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what mat lab uses on an F-14 I
+guess that might not be what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that might not be what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that might not be what the
+military uses but it's it's modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military uses but it's it's modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military uses but it's it's modeled
+after what people what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after what people what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after what people what the the
+unclassified documents say is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclassified documents say is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclassified documents say is happening
+on an F14 yeah right you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an F14 yeah right you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an F14 yeah right you've got
+everything here you understand right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here you understand right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here you understand right a
+proportional controller in the end one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional controller in the end one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional controller in the end one
+difference in f14s is that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in f14s is that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in f14s is that and in
+general for these more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for these more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for these more complicated
+systems they'll design slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they'll design slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they'll design slightly
+different controllers given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different controllers given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different controllers given the
+situation so if you have uh if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so if you have uh if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so if you have uh if you have
+an altimeter on there uh and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an altimeter on there uh and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an altimeter on there uh and pressure
+sensors if you know if an inclinometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors if you know if an inclinometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors if you know if an inclinometer
+will tell you the the the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the the the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the the the angle of the
+plane they'll given Those sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they'll given Those sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they'll given Those sensors
+they'll actually turn they'll pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll actually turn they'll pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll actually turn they'll pick a
+different k for a proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different k for a proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different k for a proportional
+controller out of a pot out of a library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller out of a pot out of a library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller out of a pot out of a library
+of of controllers they've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of controllers they've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of controllers they've already
+designed right so it's called gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed right so it's called gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed right so it's called gain
+scheduled control but the analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled control but the analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled control but the analysis and
+design of each K is is a linear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of each K is is a linear systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of each K is is a linear systems
+design and Analysis okay this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and Analysis okay this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and Analysis okay this is super
+powerful stuff I think so uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful stuff I think so uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful stuff I think so uh you know
+signal processing is good too far but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing is good too far but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing is good too far but uh
+but control is where it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but control is where it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but control is where it's at
+yeah okay I guess I went a little fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I guess I went a little fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I guess I went a little fast
+but uh uh that's your introduction to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh that's your introduction to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh that's your introduction to uh
+to feedback and we'll do a DT and and CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feedback and we'll do a DT and and CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feedback and we'll do a DT and and CT
+feedback in the next couple lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in the next couple lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in the next couple lectures and
+if anybody hasn't pict picked up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody hasn't pict picked up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody hasn't pict picked up their
+exams we have them over here and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams we have them over here and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams we have them over here and we'll
+see you in recitation tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tf0FDnIUHCI.txt b/Tf0FDnIUHCI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..757854d3a5330b71afbeef75c6d25454303bfff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tf0FDnIUHCI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2653 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at MIT.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to lecture
+
+number five.
+
+In the previous lectures we
+talked about the formulation
+
+of the finite element method,
+and we derived already some
+
+element matrices.
+
+I want to continue that
+
+discussion in the next lecture.
+
+However, now I would like to
+spend some time with you and
+
+discuss with you the
+implementation of the finite
+
+element method.
+
+I would like to present to
+you some important aspect
+
+regarding the implementation
+of the procedures that we
+
+talked about already.
+
+We derived the equilibrium
+equations KU equals R in the
+
+earlier lectures, where R, of
+course, contains various
+
+contributions due to body load,
+surface load, and so on.
+
+And we particularly pointed
+out that that the total
+
+structural stiffness matrix
+is obtained by summing the
+
+element stiffness matrices, as
+schematically shown here.
+
+This we refer to as the direct
+stiffness procedure, and that
+
+direct stiffness procedure is
+also applicable to the load
+
+contributions, where we sum the
+element load contribution
+
+into a total nodal point load
+vector RB, and similarly for
+
+RS and so on, which then
+together make up the total
+
+load vector R.
+
+We pointed out that the
+stiffness matrix of a typical
+
+element M is obtained via
+this relationship here.
+
+Notice in this integer, BM is
+the strain displacement
+
+transformation matrix, CM is
+the stress-strain law, and
+
+here we have Bm transposed.
+
+We're integrating this
+part over the total
+
+volume of the element.
+
+The RB vector for element M
+was written as shown here,
+
+where FB are the body loads
+per unit volume into the
+
+coordinate directions
+considered.
+
+Of course, these FB loads are
+a function of the coordinate
+
+is the element, and HM
+is the displacement
+
+interpolation matrix.
+
+We are once again integrating
+this product over the total
+
+volume of the element.
+
+In both of these equations, we
+have been dealing with the HM
+
+matrix and the BM matrix.
+
+Of course, the BM matrix, as we
+discussed, is obtained from
+
+the HM matrix by appropriate
+differentiations and so on.
+
+Now we pointed out that if we
+had N number of degrees of
+
+freedom in the total structure,
+then our HM matrix
+
+is of order k by N. Capital N,
+the same N that we're talking
+
+about here.
+
+k is equal to 1, 2, or 3,
+depending on whether we are
+
+dealing with a 1, 2, or
+3-dimensional analysis.
+
+The BM matrix is of order l by
+N, where l is equal to the
+
+number of strain components
+that we are
+
+including in the element.
+
+In a 3-dimensional element, for
+example, we would have l
+
+being equal to 6, because there
+are 6 strain components.
+
+It's important that we talk
+here about capital N being
+
+equal to the total number
+of degrees of freedom.
+
+This way, this KM matrix here is
+a matrix of order capital N
+
+by capital N. In other words,
+this is an N-by-N matrix, and
+
+this RB vector here is a vector
+of length N. It's has N
+
+entries this way, and of
+course only one column.
+
+Having here an N-by-N matrix and
+an N-by-1 vector here, we
+
+can directly assemble the
+element contributions into the
+
+global structural matrices
+and vectors.
+
+We can do this because this
+matrix here has the same order
+
+at that matrix here, or each
+of the element matrices has
+
+the same order as the total
+structure matrix.
+
+Well, in practice, this is,
+of course, not efficient.
+
+We are dealing with a
+very large system.
+
+The capital N that we're talking
+about here might be
+
+2,000, 3,000, 10,000, and it is
+not efficient to calculate
+
+here in a capital N-by-N matrix
+for each element,
+
+because we recognized already
+earlier that a large number of
+
+rows and columns are simply
+zeros in this matrix here.
+
+In fact, only those rows and
+columns contain non-zero
+
+contributions or non-zero
+elements which correspond to
+
+the element degrees
+of freedom.
+
+In practice, therefore,
+we calculate
+
+compacted element matrices.
+
+We are calculating for element
+M or for typical element M
+
+matrix o order little n-by-n.
+
+Notice that I left out
+the superscript here.
+
+And our RV vector would be an
+n-by-1, lower case n, where n
+
+is now the number of element
+degrees of freedom.
+
+The H matrix that we're using
+and the B matrix that we're
+
+using now is a k-by-little n,
+l-by-little n, versus here,
+
+k-by-capital N, l-by-capital
+N. We talk here about the
+
+compacted matrices, and these
+compacted matrices contain
+
+really all the information of
+these, which we might call
+
+blown-up matrices.
+
+Because the non-zero entries in
+these blown-up matrices are
+
+all contained in the K matrix
+that I talked about here.
+
+What we need, then, in practice
+is the K matrix, the
+
+compacted matrix, with
+connectivity arrays, in order
+
+to be able to go through
+this process here.
+
+In order to be able to assemble
+the compacted element
+
+matrices into a global
+structural stiffness matrix.
+
+That is done by a connectivity
+array, as I will be
+
+discussing just now.
+
+That is one of the important
+aspects that I would like to
+
+discuss with you in
+this lecture.
+
+Well, I have prepared here some
+view graphs as before,
+
+and let us look at the first
+one here, in which I simply
+
+summarize one through three
+phases that we are going
+
+through in a finite
+element analysis.
+
+The first phase consists of
+the calculation of the
+
+structure matrices K, M,
+C, and R, whichever are
+
+applicable.
+
+Here I mean static dynamic
+analysis, et cetera.
+
+The second phase, then, once
+we have established these
+
+global structural stiffness
+matrices, consists of the
+
+solution of the equilibrium
+equation.
+
+Of course, this solution is
+carried out differently in
+
+static analysis and in dynamic
+analysis, and I will be
+
+discussing the solution
+procedures that we're using in
+
+later lectures.
+
+Once we have solid state
+equilibrium equations for the
+
+displacements, velocities,
+accelerations, we can
+
+calculate the element
+stresses.
+
+The element stresses are then
+obtained from the strain
+
+displacement matrices and the
+stress-strain law, together
+
+with the displacement as a nodal
+point displacement that
+
+we have evaluated.
+
+In this lecture, I really
+want to discuss with
+
+you only phase one.
+
+In other words, how do we
+calculate the structure
+
+matrices whichever
+are applicable?
+
+This phase one can be
+subdivided, again, into three
+
+different steps, and
+I summarize these
+
+on this view graph.
+
+The nodal point on element
+information are read and/or
+
+generated first.
+
+Notice that I also included
+generated here, because there
+
+is much repetitiveness in many
+finite element analyses, and
+
+we want to take advantage of
+that repetitiveness, therefore
+
+generate information data
+whenever is possible.
+
+Then once we had the nodal point
+in element information
+
+read into the computer program,
+we calculate the
+
+element stiffness matrices.
+
+The mass and damping matrices,
+if they are applicable, and
+
+equivalent node upon loads.
+
+Once we calculated the element
+stiffness matrices, we can
+
+assemble math and damping
+matrices, of course.
+
+Also, we can assemble all of
+these contributions here into
+
+the global structure matrices,
+K, M, C, and R. And I would
+
+like to discuss this process
+in detail with you.
+
+Before going into the details,
+let me mention that the
+
+procedures which I will be
+discussing this you are really
+
+the procedures that are
+used in the computer
+
+program Sab and ADINA.
+
+But very similar procedures
+are also used in other
+
+computer programs.
+
+The first important aspect that
+I like to mention to you
+
+is that in a finite element
+analysis, we have to define
+
+what degrees of freedom
+we want to admit
+
+at the nodal point.
+
+In other words, if we have a
+finite element mesh such as
+
+this one here, I will be talking
+about that mesh in
+
+more detail later.
+
+Then if this is a plane stress
+analysis, in other words, here
+
+we have a cantilever plate,
+say, subjected to a load
+
+there, if it's a plane stress
+analysis, I only want to admit
+
+certain degrees of freedom
+at each of these nodes.
+
+We have nine nodes here.
+
+For example, at these nodes,
+there shall be no degrees of
+
+freedom admitted, or else I want
+to knock out all of the
+
+degrees of freedom to simulate
+the boundary condition along
+
+here, and at these degrees of
+freedom here, away from the
+
+edge, I have two degrees of
+freedom to correspond to a
+
+plane stress condition.
+
+Well, if I want to do that for
+this analysis and similarly,
+
+of course, I proceed in other
+analyses, then I want to deal
+
+with each nodal point in turn.
+
+And here I have a typical nodal
+point i, say, at which
+
+we can have altogether a certain
+number of degrees of
+
+freedom, the maximum that I
+might want to admit in a
+
+computer program.
+
+Now in Sab and ADINA, we admit
+a maximum of 6 degrees of
+
+freedom, however, we
+might have more.
+
+In piping analysis, we might
+have generalized organization
+
+degrees of freedom, such as we
+are using in ADINA P, and then
+
+we would have more degrees of
+freedom at the nodal point i.
+
+But let's talk now only
+about 6 degrees of
+
+freedom and the maximum.
+
+I denote the first degree of
+freedom as the U degree of
+
+freedom, the second degree of
+freedom as the V degree of
+
+freedom, the third degree of
+freedom as the W degree of
+
+freedom, the fourth one as the
+rotation about the x-axis,
+
+shown by this vector.
+
+Notice that here I'm talking
+about a vector such as this
+
+one here shown.
+
+And theta Y is the fifth degree
+of freedom, theta Z is
+
+the sixth degree of freedom.
+
+What we are doing then is to
+define a matrix ID, or we call
+
+it the ID array, identification
+array, which
+
+has a certain number
+of rows and a
+
+certain number also columns.
+
+The number of rows is equal to
+the maximum number of degrees
+
+of freedom that we can
+have in the analysis.
+
+Now in this particular case,
+we have 6 as the maximum--
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+The number of nodal points,
+of course, vary
+
+from analysis to analysis.
+
+They might be 1,000, 5,000,
+or even more.
+
+For each nodal point, we have 1
+column, therefore 6 entries.
+
+And for each nodal point, we
+can use these 6 entries to
+
+define whether a degree of
+freedom is active or
+
+non-active.
+
+A degree of freedom is active if
+stiffness is put into that
+
+degree of freedom, if stiffness
+is defined in that
+
+degree of freedom.
+
+Well, let us go through
+a specific example.
+
+Here we have a cantilever
+analysis, cantilever plate
+
+analysis, and here we have a
+2-by-2 elements idealization
+
+of that plate, containing
+altogether 4 elements.
+
+It's a plane stress analysis.
+
+The loading on this plate is
+while at temperature 100
+
+degrees Celsius top, 70 degrees
+Celsius bottom.
+
+And there might be a
+concentrated load, such as
+
+shown here.
+
+Et cetera.
+
+But let us now focus our
+attention on, how do we
+
+generate the element matrices,
+and how do we assemble these
+
+element matrices into the
+global structure matrix?
+
+Well, this is a 2-by-2 element
+idealization .
+
+We notice the following.
+
+We notice that we have
+altogether 9 nodal points--
+
+and let me use the
+pointer here.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+8, 9 nodal points--
+
+that with these 9
+nodal points, we
+
+have defined 4 elements--
+
+element 1, 2, 3, 4--
+
+that element 1 and 2 have the
+same material properties, and
+
+element 3 and 4 have the same
+material properties.
+
+Notice the Young's modulus is
+here 2 times 10 to the sixth,
+
+whereas it is 1 times 10 to the
+sixth for element 1 and 2.
+
+Therefore, we will have to
+define two sets of material
+
+properties--
+
+one set for these elements,
+and one
+
+set for these elements.
+
+We also notice that since
+we have 9 nodal points
+
+altogether, we could have a
+maximum of 18 degrees of
+
+freedom in a plane stress
+analysis, because there are
+
+two degrees of freedom in a
+plane stress analysis for each
+
+nodal point.
+
+However, these 18, of course,
+represent the absolute
+
+maximum, which in a static
+analysis, we could not use,
+
+because we would have to also
+constrain the element mesh
+
+sufficiently to obtain a
+solution, to have a stable
+
+structure, in other words, while
+the constraints here are
+
+that at these nodal points, that
+all displacement shall be
+
+equal to 0.
+
+Now let us look at our ID array,
+the ID array which I
+
+mentioned right here.
+
+We will have, in other words,
+9 columns here, because we
+
+have 9 nodal points, and we have
+our 6 rows here, because
+
+we have a maximum of 6
+degrees of freedom.
+
+An active degree of freedom we
+denote by a 0 in this matrix.
+
+A non-active degree of
+freedom we denote by
+
+1 in this ID matrix.
+
+We notice the following.
+
+If I put here the number of
+nodal points along, we have 1,
+
+2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
+
+Of course, the degrees of
+freedom here are U, V, W,
+
+theta X, theta Y, theta Z.
+
+Now, notice that what we are
+saying is that only for nodal
+
+points 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9,
+we have these as active
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+In other words, At nodal point
+4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, we have
+
+active degrees of freedom.
+
+These will be active
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And let me finish these
+here too on this side.
+
+So we have these as active
+degrees of freedom.
+
+These degrees of freedom and on
+this side are interactive,
+
+because their constraint.
+
+They are no displacement.
+
+Of course, stiffness is coming
+into these degrees of freedom
+
+through, yes.
+
+So we could have made these
+active degrees of freedom.
+
+However, in addition, we also
+know that the displacements
+
+are 0 there, so we make them
+inactive on that basis.
+
+The result, then, is that we
+have to read into the ID array
+
+as shown here.
+
+This is the typical reading
+that you would use in the
+
+ADINA computer program.
+
+Once in all of those entries
+here, and zeros there.
+
+Now the program knows that
+corresponding to these zeros
+
+here, we will have to set
+up element equations.
+
+In other words, actually, we
+have to set up for each zero
+
+one equation, one global
+degree of freedom.
+
+And the program that
+goes through
+
+this process as follows.
+
+It searches through--
+
+let me go once more back--
+
+through these elements of the
+ID matrix product that you
+
+have been feeding into
+the program.
+
+It searches through it, and
+replaces each one by a zero,
+
+going down column-wise, and
+each zero by a number.
+
+It starts with 1 and goes on
+consecutively to the maximum
+
+number of zeros that
+it encounters.
+
+The final result, then,
+is this one.
+
+Maybe I can just put it on top,
+only to signify here that
+
+we had all of these now zeros
+which we are ones before, and
+
+some numbers in this
+corner here where
+
+we had zeros before.
+
+Let me take the bottom view
+graph out, and so now we see
+
+what has happened.
+
+We have 0s everywhere here and
+equation numbers up here,
+
+which have been generated by
+going through the original
+
+columns of the ID array from top
+to bottom, and replacing
+
+the zeros by numbers--
+
+1, 2-- these were all ones,
+we put zeros here--
+
+3, 4--
+
+put zeros here--
+
+5, 6--
+
+put zeros here-- et cetera.
+
+Now, these are the degrees of
+freedom that the structure
+
+will actually have, and they are
+defined because stiffness
+
+is coming into each of these
+degrees of freedom from the
+
+plane stress element, and we
+know them to be non-zero.
+
+In other words, if we look at
+our final element idealization
+
+again, we find that these
+vectors here are active
+
+degrees of freedom, which
+I pointed out earlier.
+
+In fact, this is here degree of
+freedom 1, this is degree
+
+of freedom 2, which is at nodal
+point 4, and here we
+
+have degree of freedom 3, and
+then 4, at nodal point 5.
+
+And those entries are
+just those here.
+
+At nodal point 4, remember
+nodal points along here.
+
+So this is nodal point 4.
+
+We have the first and second
+degree of freedom of the
+
+structural model.
+
+At nodal point 5, we have the
+third and fourth degree of
+
+freedom of the total
+structural model.
+
+Et cetera.
+
+Well, this is an important
+aspect.
+
+Let us now go on
+to some further
+
+aspects of the analyses.
+
+We will use this later on, once
+again, when we set up the
+
+connectivity arrays
+of the element.
+
+Here is our finite element
+idealization, once again.
+
+And the next step now is to read
+in also the coordinates
+
+of all the elements and
+the temperatures
+
+at the nodal points.
+
+Now with this coordinate system,
+x, y, and z, as shown
+
+here, the coordinate of all of
+these nodal points can be read
+
+indirectly.
+
+You can read them up. if you
+know the length from here to
+
+there, being 60 centimeters and
+being from here to there
+
+40 centimeters, surely all the
+coordinates can be defined.
+
+And knowing that the temperature
+is given here at
+
+70 degrees Celsius and 100
+degrees Celsius there, and
+
+there's a linear variation
+from top to bottom in
+
+temperature, we directly also
+define the temperature array,
+
+as shown here.
+
+These are the temperatures at
+nodal point 1 to 9, x, y, z
+
+coordinates at nodal
+point 1 to 9.
+
+Of course, this is input.
+
+You have to input this to the
+computer program, just the
+
+same way as you have to
+input to the computer
+
+program the ID array.
+
+But then the computer program
+figures out what coordinates
+
+of these arrays pertain to
+the specific elements.
+
+And that is done in
+the following way.
+
+Once again, here is our
+element idealization.
+
+Now we have read in the fact
+that we want to have this as
+
+the first 2 degrees
+of freedom, then
+
+this degree of freedom.
+
+That we have already all
+established, that we have
+
+these degrees of freedom in
+the finite element mesh.
+
+The program knows
+that already.
+
+That it does know via the
+reading of the information in
+
+the ID array.
+
+We also have all the coordinates
+of the nodal
+
+points, and we also have
+the temperatures of
+
+all the nodal points.
+
+What we still have to now read
+in is how an element is
+
+connected to the various nodal
+points given in the structure.
+
+And that is the next
+important reading.
+
+Here for element 1, we know that
+the node numbers are 5,
+
+2, 1, and 4, and the material
+property is number 1.
+
+Let's go back once more.
+
+For element 1, that is, this
+element here, I want to use
+
+this material property
+set, and I call that
+
+property set number 1.
+
+Property set number 1,
+also, for element 2.
+
+But property set number 2 for
+elements 3 and for element 4,
+
+because these element
+properties are
+
+different from these.
+
+Well, so element one
+has nodal points--
+
+I use the following
+convention--
+
+5, 2, 1, 4.
+
+I go counterclockwise around.
+
+So locally, I'm thinking of a
+coordinate system lying in the
+
+elements, such as shown here.
+
+And this one here being in the
+positive quadrant is my first
+
+nodal point that I assign
+to the element.
+
+This is, therefore, the
+local nodal point 1.
+
+Let's put another little
+picture here.
+
+This is a local nodal point 1.
+
+That's local nodal point 2.
+
+That's local nodal point 3.
+
+That's local nodal point 4 for
+any one of these elements.
+
+The local nodal point 1
+corresponds to the global
+
+nodal point 5.
+
+2 corresponds to 2.
+
+3 here corresponds to 1 there, 4
+here corresponds to 4 there.
+
+I say, therefore, that the node
+numbers of the element
+
+are 5, 2, 1, 4.
+
+The element number 2, then, with
+this convention that I'm
+
+using, has nodal point
+6, 3, 2, 5.
+
+Well, let's look here.
+
+We have here 6, 3, 2, 5.
+
+Also properties at 1.
+
+Let's go on to element
+number 3.
+
+Here with this convention,
+once again, we
+
+have 8, 5, 4, 7.
+
+And now, however, the material
+property set number 2.
+
+Et cetera.
+
+Now, once the program knows
+these nodal point numbers, it
+
+can figure out a connectivity
+array.
+
+And that is done using the ID
+array that the program has
+
+already established.
+
+It's being done in the
+following way.
+
+Remember that, once again, nodal
+point 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
+
+7, 8, and 9 correspond
+to these columns?
+
+Now, we know from this
+information here that element
+
+1 couples into nodal
+point 5, 2, 1, 4.
+
+Let's keep that in mind, now, 5,
+2, 1, 4, and circle here 5,
+
+2, 1, and 4, where this one here
+is the first local nodal
+
+point, this is the second local
+nodal point, this is the
+
+third local nodal point,
+and that is the
+
+fourth local nodal point.
+
+That's important.
+
+Well, if we look at that
+information, then, recognizing
+
+that the local nodal point 1
+corresponds to the global
+
+nodal point 5, we have to use
+these two equation numbers
+
+corresponding to the
+first nodal points.
+
+Let's put a little
+picture up here.
+
+You see what I'm saying
+here is the following.
+
+If this is local nodal point
+1, that's 2, that's 3, and
+
+that's 4, and if I know that
+this local nodal point with
+
+degrees of freedom, let's call
+them little u and little v,
+
+corresponds really to the global
+point 5 with degrees of
+
+freedom 3 and 4, then this u
+must correspond to 3 here, and
+
+that v must correspond
+to that 4 here.
+
+In other words, our connectivity
+array which we
+
+will be using is established
+as follows.
+
+For our compact matrix, we have
+8 rows and columns, and
+
+for our actual matrix that we
+want to add into the structure
+
+matrix, we notice that what we
+want to do is take the first
+
+row and column here, and add
+it into the third row and
+
+column of the structure
+matrix.
+
+The first one here, u here,
+corresponds to 3 here.
+
+The second one here,
+which is the v,
+
+corresponds to the 4 here.
+
+In other words, the first
+degree of freedom of the
+
+element corresponds to the
+third in the structure.
+
+The second degree of freedom of
+the element corresponds to
+
+the fourth in the structure.
+
+And that is shown right here.
+
+The first one corresponds to
+the third in the structure.
+
+The second one in the compact
+element stiffness matrix
+
+corresponds to the
+fourth degree of
+
+freedom in the structure.
+
+Now if we go onto the second
+local nodal point, we see
+
+zeros here, and these zeros
+go directly into the
+
+connectivity array.
+
+The third one has also zeros
+here, and the fourth
+
+one has 1 and 2.
+
+So our connectivity array, then,
+proceeding in the same
+
+way, is shown as given here.
+
+These are the degrees of freedom
+at the first nodal
+
+point, this first local
+nodal point.
+
+These are the degrees of freedom
+at the second local
+
+nodal point.
+
+These are the degrees of freedom
+at the third local
+
+nodal point, and these are the
+degrees of freedom at the
+
+fourth local nodal point.
+
+In other words, what
+I'm saying here
+
+really is the following.
+
+You see this here is
+the third degree of
+
+freedom in the structure.
+
+This is the fourth degree of
+freedom in the structure.
+
+There is no degree of freedom
+here because we
+
+have a support there.
+
+That is that zero
+and that zero.
+
+There is no degree of freedom
+here because we
+
+have a support here.
+
+0, 0.
+
+At this node, we are talking
+about the first degree of
+
+freedom here and the second
+degree of freedom here of this
+
+structure, and that
+is given here.
+
+So if I have established the
+8-by-8 stiffness matrix of the
+
+element, I can directly use that
+8-by-8 stiffness matrix
+
+with this connectivity array,
+and assemble the appropriate
+
+contributions from that 8-by-8
+matrix into the global
+
+structure stiffness matrix.
+
+The same process that
+is applied to all
+
+of the other elements--
+
+let's look at one more
+element here.
+
+And element 2, as we pointed out
+earlier, has nodal point
+
+6, 3, 2, 5.
+
+Well, what we then have to do
+is look at our ID array.
+
+6, 3, 2, 5.
+
+And what we are seeing
+immediately is that we have a
+
+5, 6 here and a 3, 4 here.
+
+So the first two entries in the
+element array should be 5,
+
+6, and the last two entries
+should be 3, 4, because we
+
+have all these zeros there.
+
+And indeed, if we look at
+our LM vector here,
+
+that's what we obtain.
+
+Similarly, we proceed for
+the other elements.
+
+This is the connectivity array
+for element 2, for element 3,
+
+and for element 4.
+
+We can use that now to assemble
+the element stiffness
+
+matrices into the global
+structural stiffness matrix.
+
+Of course, the program figures
+these out automatically from
+
+the ID array and from you having
+put into the program
+
+the nodal points of
+each element.
+
+Let us look now at how do we
+actually deal with the
+
+stiffness matrix?
+
+Well, if we look at a typical
+stiffness matrix--
+
+this might be a typical
+one here--
+
+we have this pattern.
+
+Of course the matrix is
+symmetric, and what we have
+
+are some non-zero elements
+clustered to the diagonal, and
+
+some 0 elements out there.
+
+It is convenient at this point
+to define a half bandwidth of
+
+the stiffness matrix.
+
+That half bandwidth is defined
+in the following way.
+
+We ignore, first of all, the
+diagonal element, and then we
+
+identify the furthest off
+diagonal element from that
+
+diagonal element.
+
+The furthest one from the
+diagonal element defines the
+
+half bandwidth of the matrix.
+
+mK is the half bandwidth
+of the matrix.
+
+In some literature, we also
+refer to the half bandwidth of
+
+the matrix as mK plus 1.
+
+But then remember that the total
+bandwidth off the matrix
+
+is simply 2 mK plus 1, because
+the diagonal element only
+
+occurs once.
+
+Another way of looking at the
+definition of the half
+
+bandwidth is as follows.
+
+If we go from the diagonal up
+in each column, we will come
+
+to an element above which
+only zeros are.
+
+Like in this case, for example,
+there are only zeros
+
+above K 4, 5.
+
+And we do the same for each
+all of the columns, and we
+
+define the last non-zero
+element, this one here, above
+
+which all elements are
+zero, as the skyline.
+
+So the skyline is defined
+as shown here.
+
+This is the skyline
+of the matrix.
+
+The half bandwidth, then, is
+equal to the maximum column
+
+height minus 1.
+
+In this particular case, you see
+the maximum column height
+
+is 1, 2, 3, 4, which
+we have here also--
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+We subtract 1 and we
+get mK equal to 3.
+
+So this is the pattern that we
+observe in an actual finite
+
+element analysis.
+
+What we would like to achieve is
+that the half bandwidth is
+
+as small as possible, because
+then we know that our
+
+numerical operations
+is a solution of KU
+
+equals R are small.
+
+Well, the actual storage that
+we're using, however, is a
+
+little different.
+
+Namely, it is effective to store
+the total information as
+
+a one-dimensional array.
+
+And the storage, then, is
+carried out as follows.
+
+Notice that in a one-dimensional
+array, I am
+
+using now the following
+convention.
+
+This here is the first element
+in the one-dimensional array.
+
+The second element is this
+k22, which is a2.
+
+The third element is k12.
+
+The fourth element is
+k33, and so on.
+
+In other words, the A vector
+here, being a one-dimensional
+
+vector, stores all of the
+information here in a
+
+one-dimensional order, where we
+simply go from the diagonal
+
+upwards to store all
+of the elements.
+
+So a6 is the diagonal element
+that is the fourth column
+
+here, a6 corresponds to k44, and
+a7 then stores this one,
+
+a8 stores that one, a9
+stores that one.
+
+Notice that we do carry
+along these zeros.
+
+And the reason for it is that
+when we do perform our
+
+solution of the equation, in
+general, but not always, in
+
+general, this zero becomes
+a non-zero element, and
+
+therefore it is effective to
+just carry it along, because
+
+we will have to later on
+store some non-zero
+
+information in it.
+
+Notice that this is the total
+array, and we have altogether,
+
+in this particular case, 21
+entries here, in addition to
+
+storing the stiffness matrix in
+this one-dimensional array.
+
+However, we also have to have
+an identification array that
+
+tells us which elements in this
+one-dimensional array are
+
+diagonal elements.
+
+Of course, here from this
+picture, we see immediately
+
+that these are the diagonal
+elements of
+
+the stiffness matrix.
+
+However, imagine that we
+simply store A as a
+
+one-dimensional array
+[? alone, ?]
+
+then we would have to know that
+a2 corresponds to the
+
+second diagonal element, a6
+corresponds to the fourth
+
+diagonal element, and so on.
+
+And that is done by
+as a MAXA array.
+
+You see, MAXA here stores
+the addresses of
+
+the diagonal elements.
+
+Having MAXA, the array MAXA, and
+having the one-dimensional
+
+array that contains all the
+elements of the stiffness
+
+matrix strung out in one
+dimension, we can access any
+
+element in here during
+the solution of the
+
+equation as is required.
+
+Let me mention one
+more point--
+
+that the length of this array
+here is not equal to n, but
+
+it's n plus 1, because this last
+element here gives us a
+
+diagonal element that would
+occur out here.
+
+So 22 really is this diagonal
+element, which we really don't
+
+have, of course.
+
+But when we subtract 1 from it,
+we get this element here,
+
+or the address of this element
+here, and then we know how
+
+long this column is.
+
+We have to know how long
+this column is.
+
+And for that reason, we need
+this last entry here.
+
+In practice, of course, what
+we might find is that we
+
+cannot store this total
+matrix in [? core, ?]
+
+because it's just too big.
+
+There are just too many elements
+in the matrix.
+
+If we talk about a 5,000 degree
+of freedom model with a
+
+bandwidth of 1,000, then we
+have 5 million elements in
+
+that matrix.
+
+And even on the very large-scale
+computers now, you
+
+have to somehow block that
+information in order to be
+
+able to deal with it.
+
+And that we do in the
+following way.
+
+If a certain amount of
+high-speed storage is
+
+available, then based on that
+high-speed storage available,
+
+we simply block the total
+stiffness matrix.
+
+Once again, shown here.
+
+Here is the skyline, or the
+column heights are given by
+
+that skyline.
+
+We block it as shown here.
+
+This is here block 1, this is
+here block 2, this is here
+
+block 3, and that is block 4.
+
+In fact we will see, later on,
+when we talk about the
+
+solution of equations, it is
+necessary that we can keep two
+
+blocks at a time in the
+high-speed storage.
+
+In other words, if we have a
+total high-speed storage of
+
+40,000 elements, then 20,000
+elements would be this, and
+
+20,000 elements would be this.
+
+Or in practice, of course, these
+might be slightly less
+
+than 20,000, and these
+might also be
+
+slightly less than 20,000.
+
+But we have to be able to keep
+two blocks in core, and that
+
+is our criteria to determine
+the block size.
+
+Of course, the computer program,
+once again, does all
+
+that automatically.
+
+It just knows how much storage
+there is available, because
+
+you have a specified amount of
+storage that is available, and
+
+then it allocates the
+appropriate amount for each
+
+block and calculates the block
+size, the column heights in
+
+each block, and so on.
+
+Once again, I'm showing here
+zero elements in a column.
+
+When we actually decompose the
+matrix as we do in Gauss
+
+elimination into an LDA
+transport form--
+
+I will be discussing
+that later--
+
+we fill up these zero elements
+in general, and that is the
+
+reason why we carry them along
+in the solution phase.
+
+Let me make a few remarks on the
+bandwidth, the use of an
+
+effective bandwidth.
+
+Here we have a finite element
+model of a cantilever, a plane
+
+stress finite element model
+of a cantilever.
+
+At each node, we have two
+degrees of freedom, just as in
+
+this earlier model that
+we considered.
+
+Notice these are now 8-node
+elements, isoparametric
+
+elements that I will be
+discussing later.
+
+We have constraint, of course,
+at this end, all degrees of
+
+freedom, because the cantilever
+is 6 there.
+
+In this particular layout,
+notice we have used the
+
+following element or nodal
+point numbering.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 up to 13,
+then from 14 to 20,
+
+then from 21 to 33.
+
+Well, this then means that
+our bandwidth here, or
+
+half-bandwidth, I should rather
+say, and now let's
+
+simply include the diagonal.
+
+It doesn't make much
+difference.
+
+We are talking, in practical
+analysis, about a bandwidth,
+
+or half bandwidth, of 300.
+
+So having 300 or 301, really, in
+a practical analysis, makes
+
+very little difference.
+
+Our half bandwidth, including
+the diagonal element here,
+
+would be 46.
+
+How would we obtain that?
+
+Well, if we look at the coupling
+between nodal points
+
+that is due to the element
+stiffnesses, we recognize that
+
+for a typical element, let's
+look at this element, we have
+
+a maximum nodal 25 here, a
+minimum nodal point 3.
+
+Now, 25 minus 3 is
+equal to 22.
+
+However, we now have to add 1 on
+because all of the diagonal
+
+part, and that together,
+then, gives 23.
+
+This 1 I'm adding on because
+of the diagonal element--
+
+and if you where to look at the
+stiffness matrix in its
+
+assembled form-- of this element
+in its assembled form,
+
+you would see that this part
+here is to be added on,
+
+because you had also the
+diagonal contribution.
+
+So the maximum difference
+between the nodal points plus
+
+1 gives us 23.
+
+Now, that 23 is a maximum if 1
+degree of freedom were at 1
+
+nodal point.
+
+However, we take that 23 and we
+have to multiply it by 2,
+
+because we have 2 degrees of
+freedom per nodal point, and
+
+that then gives us 46.
+
+So the half bandwidth, including
+the diagonal, is 46.
+
+Well, that is a very
+large bandwidth, in
+
+this particular case.
+
+And let us now try to rearrange
+the nodal point
+
+numbering to come up with
+a smaller bandwidth.
+
+And the better nodal
+point numbering
+
+here is shown in layout.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and
+so on, down this way.
+
+If we now look at the same
+element again, the maximum
+
+difference in nodal
+points is 7.
+
+We add 1 again to get 8, and we
+have 2 degrees of freedom
+
+per nodal point.
+
+That gives us a half
+bandwidth of 16.
+
+And therefore, we have reduced
+the bandwidth by almost a
+
+factor of 3.
+
+Now this means that the solution
+effort will go down,
+
+in the equation solution phase,
+will go down by a
+
+factor of 9.
+
+Because he would see that
+our solution effort is
+
+proportional to the half
+bandwidth squared.
+
+So if there's a factor of 3
+here, the solution will
+
+actually be reduced
+by a factor of 9.
+
+Therefore, it is very important
+to use minimum
+
+bandwidth in the finite element
+mesh, or rather number
+
+the nodal point in such
+a way as to obtain a
+
+minimum half bandwidth.
+
+If we actually deal with column
+solvers, we will see
+
+that in some cases we quite
+don't want to have the minimum
+
+bandwidth because we have a
+column solver, about but these
+
+are details that we will be
+addressing in a little bit.
+
+In general, we want to have
+really a minimum bandwidth.
+
+Let us look now at the overall
+solution phase once more.
+
+This is a solution phase in
+the computer program STAP,
+
+which is in the textbook that
+you are using in this course.
+
+You might look at the
+description of this computer
+
+program in more detail, but the
+overall solution set is as
+
+shown here.
+
+We start the program, and we
+have to read a nodal point
+
+data, which involves
+coordinates, boundary
+
+conditions, and we established
+the equation
+
+numbers in an ID array.
+
+I'll discuss that with you.
+
+We then would calculate and
+store load vectors for our
+
+load cases.
+
+We write these on tape.
+
+If we have a typical analysis,
+three, four load cases, we
+
+calculate all of these
+load vectors and
+
+store them on tape.
+
+Then we continue to read,
+generate, and store element
+
+data the way I've been
+discussing this with you, and
+
+in the actual analysis, we
+loop over element groups.
+
+By that I mean that the total
+elements are subdivided into
+
+element groups.
+
+This is an effective concept
+because in an actual
+
+structural analysis, we deal
+with plane stress elements,
+
+beam elements, truss elements,
+three-dimensional shell
+
+elements, and so on.
+
+And it is effective to just
+group all of these elements
+
+together into specific groups.
+
+In other words, put the shell
+elements together in one
+
+group, the beam elements
+together in another
+
+group, and so on.
+
+In fact, this is a very
+effective way of proceeding
+
+also in non-linear
+analysis, in a
+
+more complicated analysis.
+
+If you're familiar a little
+bit with ADINA, what we do
+
+there is that we are grouping
+elements not just together
+
+according to the kinds of
+kinematics that they're
+
+representing, but also the
+material models they are
+
+containing, the kind of
+descriptions we want to use
+
+for non-linearities,
+et cetera.
+
+Well, having then generated and
+stored the element data,
+
+we can read it and calculate
+the element stiffness
+
+matrices, and assemble these
+in a global structural
+
+stiffness matrix.
+
+Here we loop over all element
+groups once again.
+
+And this means generally we are
+storing this element data
+
+on tape, and then we are reading
+it and going over all
+
+of the element group data,
+as shown here.
+
+Then next we can factorize
+the stiffness matrix.
+
+This is a basic step in the
+Gauss elimination procedure,
+
+as I will be discussing
+with you later.
+
+And now we loop over the load
+vectors for each load case,
+
+read the load vector, and
+calculate the nodal point
+
+displacement.
+
+We then read the element
+group data and
+
+calculate the element stresses.
+
+Print out the element stresses,
+and if there is
+
+another load case to be
+considered, we go back from
+
+here into there.
+
+So the LDA transport
+factorization of the stiffness
+
+matrix which was outside this
+loop is only done once.
+
+A forward reduction and back
+substitution of the load
+
+vector is done for each load
+case, as shown here.
+
+I will be discussing those
+aspects in more detail later.
+
+Let us now look at some typical
+effective elements.
+
+We have been discussing so far
+some simple elements, just to
+
+expose you to the basic concepts
+that are being used.
+
+And for that reason, we
+discussed some very simple
+
+elements in the earlier
+lectures.
+
+What I want to do now in the
+next lectures is to discuss
+
+this you modern, effective
+isoparametric elements.
+
+These are also the elements that
+we are using in the ADINA
+
+computer program.
+
+Here we have a one-dimensional
+truss element which can be
+
+used as a cable element.
+
+As a simplest element, it would
+be 2-noded element.
+
+We would only assign this
+node and that node.
+
+And then it would be, of course,
+a simple 2-noded
+
+truss, a very common element,
+2-node truss.
+
+However, as shown here, we can
+also have a third note, which
+
+is this one.
+
+And we can have a fourth note.
+
+In other words, what we will be
+dealing with, really, are
+
+variable number node elements,
+which have two nodes, three
+
+nodes, or four nodes for the
+one-dimensional truss element.
+
+A ring element is obtained from
+the truss element in this
+
+very simple way.
+
+It's really an axis-symmetric
+truss, you might call it an
+
+axis-symmetric truss, with only
+one degree of freedom.
+
+It has only stiffness in its
+circumferential direction.
+
+So this is a truss element.
+
+And the basic concept that we
+are using is that we can have
+
+a variable number of nodes.
+
+Similarly for this element, this
+is a plane stress, plane
+
+strain, or axis-symmetric
+element.
+
+Notice that the only
+displacement that we are
+
+talking about in this particular
+case are two
+
+displacements, u and v, or in
+ADINA, we call this the V and
+
+W degree of freedom,
+corresponding
+
+to the y- and z-axis.
+
+The z-axis is, in an
+axis-symmetric case, the axis
+
+of revolution.
+
+And with this degree of freedom,
+the kinematics of the
+
+element are defined when
+we talk about a
+
+specific number of nodes.
+
+And then the element can be used
+for plane stress, plane
+
+strain, and axis-symmetric
+analysis, depending on which
+
+stress-strain law you're
+using, and which strain
+
+components and stress
+components
+
+you're dealing with.
+
+Here, too, we can use the
+element simply with 4 nodes,
+
+so we would have this
+4-noded element.
+
+We can also add another note,
+make it a 5-noded element.
+
+We can add this node, we have
+a 6-noded element, now a
+
+7-noded element, and finally
+an 8-noded element.
+
+The variable number node concept
+is a very effective
+
+way of formulating elements,
+because the same basic
+
+sub-protein basic element can
+be used for all sorts of
+
+different applications.
+
+The same holds for
+three-dimensional analysis.
+
+There's also a bit of a number
+node 3-dimensional element
+
+where we have a basic number of
+nodes being 8, and then we
+
+would have this brick
+element here--
+
+let me just quickly
+sketch it out.
+
+This is the basic
+brick element.
+
+And now we can simply add
+additional nodes in to obtain
+
+higher-order elements.
+
+And the 21-noded element here
+is a very effective element
+
+for general three-dimensional
+analysis.
+
+However, in some other
+applications, even the 8-noded
+
+element is quite effective,
+effectiveness, of course,
+
+being always measured by the
+computational effort involved
+
+in dealing with such an element,
+and the accuracy that
+
+the element can give us
+in actual analysis.
+
+So this being one element,
+again, that can contain from 8
+
+up to 21 notes, being a variable
+number node element,
+
+and being very effectively
+formulated using the
+
+isoparametric concept
+that I will be
+
+discussing in the next lecture.
+
+Notice that in that concept,
+we can have curved element
+
+sides, as shown here, for the
+higher order elements.
+
+Finally there is, of course,
+our beam element.
+
+The beam element, which I'm sure
+you are quite familiar
+
+with, a simple 2-noded element
+which might not be referred to
+
+as a finite element, but on the
+other side, we might also
+
+call it a finite element.
+
+Originally, it was not called
+a finite element, but now if
+
+we look at the basic
+interpolation procedures that
+
+we are employing, we may
+very well refer to
+
+it at a finite element.
+
+Then the shell element that
+I also will be discussing.
+
+Here we have a basic shell
+element that is shown here,
+
+having 16 nodes.
+
+At each nodal point, we have
+now 5 degrees of freedom.
+
+The 5 degrees of freedom being 3
+translations, as shown here.
+
+And in addition, 2 rotations,
+these being the 2 rotations.
+
+The 16-node element is the
+highest order element that I
+
+can recommend for practical
+analysis.
+
+It's a quite expensive element,
+but very accurate,
+
+because it admits curvature
+into all directions.
+
+So for curvatures, it can be a
+very effective element to use.
+
+Notice that at each node, we
+have 5 degrees of freedom
+
+where these translations are
+defined in the xyz global
+
+coordinate system, whereas the
+rotations are not necessarily
+
+aligned with the
+x- and y-axes.
+
+I will be discussing that
+later on in detail.
+
+But then with 16 notes and 5
+degrees of freedom, we are
+
+talking about 80 degrees of
+freedom altogether, a very
+
+considerable number for
+a single element.
+
+In practice, therefore, we
+want to possibly use less
+
+nodes on the element, and an
+effective element that
+
+directly is obtained
+from this one is
+
+simply the 9-noded element.
+
+I will be discussing
+that element.
+
+And of course, this element and
+other elements from this
+
+one are directly obtained by
+simply assigning certain nodes
+
+to the element.
+
+We use here again the variable
+number node concept as we use
+
+it for the truss element, the
+2-dimensional, and the
+
+3-dimensional element.
+
+Another important feature that I
+like to also just mention to
+
+you is the fact that this
+element can be used as a
+
+transition element.
+
+You might have a shell here,
+and you might have a solid
+
+here to be idealized, and
+there's a transition region.
+
+The solid element here would
+have, in general, 3 degrees of
+
+freedom at a node.
+
+The shell element here has 5
+degrees of freedom at this
+
+node, 5 degrees of freedom at
+this node, and here we have a
+
+transition element that has
+shell degrees of freedom at
+
+these nodes, and solid degrees
+of freedom at these top and
+
+bottom nodes.
+
+Here altogether at this line, 6
+degrees of freedom, 3 here,
+
+3 there, whereas at this line,
+5 degrees of freedom.
+
+So this is an effective way of
+modeling a transition region
+
+between a shell and a solid
+in a compatible way.
+
+In other words, preserving full
+compatibility between the
+
+elements, and not using any
+constraint equations.
+
+I will be also talking further
+about this element later.
+
+In this lecture, then, what I
+wanted to discuss with you
+
+were some basic concepts
+regarding the formulation of
+
+the finite element methods, in
+particular regarding the
+
+implementation of the finite
+element method.
+
+In other words, how do we
+actually implement what we
+
+formulated in the earlier
+lectures?
+
+Some of these concepts are very
+important concepts when
+
+it comes to actual practical
+implementation of the finite
+
+element method, particularly
+the one that I discussed
+
+regarding the connectivity
+arrays that are
+
+formulated, and so on.
+
+This is all I wanted to say.
+
+Thank you for your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TjZBTDzGeGg.txt b/TjZBTDzGeGg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3544345a9ec069d863c357005070594e3f3fced8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TjZBTDzGeGg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome to 603 for I don't know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to 603 for I don't know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to 603 for I don't know if I
+can deal with this microphone but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with this microphone but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with this microphone but we'll
+see what happens I it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens I it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens I it's going to be a
+good year we've got your a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good year we've got your a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good year we've got your a bunch of
+interesting people it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting people it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting people it's always
+interesting to see what people name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see what people name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see what people name
+their children two decades ago and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children two decades ago and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children two decades ago and I
+find that were overwhelmed with Emily's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that were overwhelmed with Emily's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that were overwhelmed with Emily's
+and they're not too many Peters Paul's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not too many Peters Paul's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not too many Peters Paul's
+and Mary's but enough to call forth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mary's but enough to call forth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mary's but enough to call forth a
+suitable song at some point we have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable song at some point we have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable song at some point we have lots
+of Jesse's of both them genders we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jesse's of both them genders we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jesse's of both them genders we have
+a yangyang of both genders and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yangyang of both genders and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yangyang of both genders and we have a
+Duncan where's Duncan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan where's Duncan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan where's Duncan
+there you are Duncan you've changed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are Duncan you've changed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are Duncan you've changed your
+hairstyle I want to assure you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairstyle I want to assure you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairstyle I want to assure you that the
+Thane of Cawdor is not taking the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thane of Cawdor is not taking the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thane of Cawdor is not taking the course
+this semester what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester what I'm going to do is
+tell you about artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about artificial intelligence
+today and what the subject is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what the subject is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what the subject is about
+there's been about a 10% turnover in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been about a 10% turnover in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been about a 10% turnover in the
+in the in the roster in the last 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the roster in the last 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the roster in the last 24
+hours and I expect another 10% turnover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I expect another 10% turnover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I expect another 10% turnover
+in the next 24 hours too so I know many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 24 hours too so I know many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 24 hours too so I know many
+of you are sightseers wanting to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are sightseers wanting to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are sightseers wanting to want to
+know if this is something you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is something you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is something you want to do
+so I'm going to tell you about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you about what
+we're going to do this semester and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this semester and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this semester and what
+you'll know when you get out of here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know when you get out of here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know when you get out of here I'm
+going to walk you through this outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk you through this outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk you through this outline
+I'm going to start by talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start by talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start by talking about what
+artificial intelligence is and why we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence is and why we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence is and why we do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and then I'll give you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll give you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll give you a little bit of
+the history of artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of artificial intelligence
+and conclude with some of the covenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conclude with some of the covenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conclude with some of the covenants
+by which we run the course one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which we run the course one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which we run the course one of which
+is no laptops please I'll explain why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no laptops please I'll explain why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no laptops please I'll explain why we
+have these covenants at the end so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these covenants at the end so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these covenants at the end so what
+is it well it must have something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it well it must have something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it well it must have something to do
+with thinking so let's start up here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinking so let's start up here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinking so let's start up here a
+definition of artificial intelligence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of artificial intelligence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of artificial intelligence by
+saying that it's about thinking whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's about thinking whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's about thinking whatever
+that is but my definition of artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is but my definition of artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is but my definition of artificial
+intelligence has to be rather broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence has to be rather broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence has to be rather broad
+so we're going to say it's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say it's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say it's not only
+about thinking it's also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking it's also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking it's also about
+perception and it's about action and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and it's about action and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and it's about action and if
+this were a philosophy class then I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a philosophy class then I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a philosophy class then I'd
+stop right there and just say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right there and just say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right there and just say in this
+subject we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject we're going to talk about
+problems involving thinking perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involving thinking perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involving thinking perception
+and action but this is not a philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and action but this is not a philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and action but this is not a philosophy
+class this is a it's of course six class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this is a it's of course six class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this is a it's of course six class
+it's an engineering school class it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an engineering school class it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an engineering school class it's an
+MIT class so we need more than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT class so we need more than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT class so we need more than that and
+therefore we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to talk about
+models that are targeted at thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are targeted at thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are targeted at thinking
+perception in action and this should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception in action and this should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception in action and this should not
+be strange to you because model making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be strange to you because model making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be strange to you because model making
+is what MIT is about if you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what MIT is about if you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what MIT is about if you run into
+someone at a bar or relative ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone at a bar or relative ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone at a bar or relative ask you
+what you do at MIT the right knee-jerk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do at MIT the right knee-jerk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do at MIT the right knee-jerk
+reaction to say we learn how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to say we learn how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to say we learn how to build
+models that's what we do at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that's what we do at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that's what we do at MIT
+we build models using differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we build models using differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we build models using differential
+equations we build models using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we build models using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we build models using
+probabilities we build models using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we build models using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we build models using
+physical and computational simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and computational simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and computational simulations
+but whatever we do we build models even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever we do we build models even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever we do we build models even
+in humanities class MIT approach is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humanities class MIT approach is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humanities class MIT approach is to
+make models that we can use to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make models that we can use to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make models that we can use to explain
+the past predict the future understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past predict the future understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past predict the future understand
+the subject and control the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject and control the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject and control the world
+that's what MIT is about and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what MIT is about and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what MIT is about and that's what
+this subject is about too well and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject is about too well and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject is about too well and now
+our models or models of thinking so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our models or models of thinking so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our models or models of thinking so you
+might say well if I take this class will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well if I take this class will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well if I take this class will
+I get smarter and the answer is yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get smarter and the answer is yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get smarter and the answer is yes you
+will get smarter because you have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get smarter because you have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get smarter because you have better
+models of your own thinking not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of your own thinking not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of your own thinking not just the
+subject matter of the subject the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of the subject the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of the subject the better
+models of your own thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of your own thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of your own thinking
+so models targeted at thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so models targeted at thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so models targeted at thinking
+perception and action but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and action but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and action but you know
+that's not quite enough because in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite enough because in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite enough because in order
+to have a model you not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a model you not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a model you not to have
+representation so let's say that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so let's say that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so let's say that our
+official intelligence is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official intelligence is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official intelligence is about
+representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that support the making of models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that support the making of models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that support the making of models that
+facilitate an understanding of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate an understanding of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate an understanding of thinking
+perception and actually now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and actually now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and actually now you might
+say to me well what's the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to me well what's the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to me well what's the representation
+and what good can I do so I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what good can I do so I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what good can I do so I'd like to
+take a brief moment to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a brief moment to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a brief moment to tell you about
+gyroscopes now many of you have friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopes now many of you have friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopes now many of you have friends
+in mechanical engineering one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mechanical engineering one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mechanical engineering one of the
+best ways to embarrass them is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best ways to embarrass them is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best ways to embarrass them is to say
+here's a bicycle wheel and if I spin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bicycle wheel and if I spin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bicycle wheel and if I spin it
+and blow hard on it right here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blow hard on it right here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blow hard on it right here on the
+edge of the wheel is it gonna turn over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the wheel is it gonna turn over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the wheel is it gonna turn over
+this way or this way now I guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or this way now I guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or this way now I guarantee
+that what they will do is they will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they will do is they will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they will do is they will put
+their hand in an arthritic posture call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand in an arthritic posture call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand in an arthritic posture call
+the right hand screw rule aptly named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand screw rule aptly named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand screw rule aptly named
+because people who use it tend to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people who use it tend to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people who use it tend to get
+the right answer about 50% of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we're never going to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're never going to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're never going to make that
+mistake again because we're electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake again because we're electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake again because we're electrical
+engineers not mechanical engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers not mechanical engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers not mechanical engineers and
+we know about representation and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about representation and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about representation and what
+we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to
+think about it a little bit and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it a little bit and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it a little bit and we're
+going to use some duct tape to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use some duct tape to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use some duct tape to help us
+think about just one piece of the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just one piece of the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just one piece of the wheel
+so I want you to just think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to just think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to just think about that
+piece of the wheel as the wheel comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the wheel as the wheel comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the wheel as the wheel comes
+flying over the top and I blow on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over the top and I blow on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over the top and I blow on it
+like that what's going to happen to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that what's going to happen to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that what's going to happen to that
+one piece it's going to go off that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece it's going to go off that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece it's going to go off that way
+right and the next piece is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the next piece is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the next piece is going to go
+off that way too so when it comes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that way too so when it comes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that way too so when it comes over
+it has to go that way let me do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go that way let me do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go that way let me do some
+ground truth here just to be sure it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth here just to be sure it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth here just to be sure it's a
+very powerful fear can I try what time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful fear can I try what time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful fear can I try what time
+we did a demonstration I want don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a demonstration I want don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a demonstration I want don't want
+anybody to think that I'm cheating here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to think that I'm cheating here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to think that I'm cheating here
+so that's just just twist it one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just just twist it one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just just twist it one way or
+the other so that's powerful pole isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so that's powerful pole isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so that's powerful pole isn't
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+alex is uh now never going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alex is uh now never going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alex is uh now never going to get the
+gyroscopes wrong because he's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopes wrong because he's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopes wrong because he's got the
+right representation so much of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right representation so much of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right representation so much of what
+you're going to accumulate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to accumulate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to accumulate in this
+subject is a suite of representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is a suite of representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is a suite of representations
+that will help you to build programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you to build programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you to build programs
+that are intelligent but I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are intelligent but I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are intelligent but I want to give
+you a second example want a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a second example want a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a second example want a little bit
+more computational but one of which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computational but one of which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computational but one of which was
+very familiar to you by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar to you by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar to you by the time you
+went to first grade most cases it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to first grade most cases it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to first grade most cases it's the
+problem of the farmer the Fox the goose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the farmer the Fox the goose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the farmer the Fox the goose
+of the grain there's a river a leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grain there's a river a leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grain there's a river a leaky
+rowboat that can only carry the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rowboat that can only carry the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rowboat that can only carry the farmer
+and one of his four possessions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of his four possessions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of his four possessions so
+what's the right representation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right representation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right representation for this
+problem it might be a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it might be a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it might be a picture of the
+farmer it might be a poem about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer it might be a poem about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer it might be a poem about the
+situation perhaps a haiku but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation perhaps a haiku but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation perhaps a haiku but we know
+that those are not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are not the right
+representation somehow we get the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation somehow we get the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation somehow we get the sense
+that the right representation must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right representation must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right representation must
+involve something about the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve something about the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve something about the location of
+the participants in the scenario so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participants in the scenario so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participants in the scenario so we
+might draw a picture that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might draw a picture that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might draw a picture that looks like
+this there's the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's the scenario
+and here in glorious green representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in glorious green representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in glorious green representing
+our algae and festive rivers is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algae and festive rivers is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algae and festive rivers is the
+river and here's the farmer the Fox the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and here's the farmer the Fox the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and here's the farmer the Fox the
+goose and the grain in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose and the grain in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose and the grain in the initial
+situation now of course there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation now of course there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation now of course there are other
+situations like this one for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like this one for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like this one for example we
+have the river and the farmer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the river and the farmer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the river and the farmer and the
+goose is on that side the Fox and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose is on that side the Fox and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose is on that side the Fox and the
+grain is on that side and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain is on that side and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain is on that side and we know that
+the farmer can execute a movement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer can execute a movement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer can execute a movement from
+one situation to another so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one situation to another so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one situation to another so now we're
+getting somewhere with a problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting somewhere with a problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting somewhere with a problem this is
+an MIT approach to the farmer Fox goose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT approach to the farmer Fox goose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT approach to the farmer Fox goose
+and grain problem that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grain problem that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grain problem that might have
+stumped you when you were a little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many such situations are there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many such situations are there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many such situations are there what
+do you think Tanya looks to me like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think Tanya looks to me like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think Tanya looks to me like all
+four individuals can be on one side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four individuals can be on one side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four individuals can be on one side or
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+so for every position the farmer can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every position the farmer can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every position the farmer can be
+each of the other things can be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the other things can be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the other things can be on
+either side of the river so it'd be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the river so it'd be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the river so it'd be two
+to the fourth she says aggressively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth she says aggressively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth she says aggressively and
+without hesitation yeah it's to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without hesitation yeah it's to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without hesitation yeah it's to the four
+sixteen possibilities so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen possibilities so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen possibilities so we could
+actually draw out the entire graph it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw out the entire graph it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw out the entire graph it's
+small enough there's another position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough there's another position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough there's another position
+over here for the farmer Fox goose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the farmer Fox goose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the farmer Fox goose and
+grain and in fact that's the one we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain and in fact that's the one we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain and in fact that's the one we want
+and if we draw out the entire graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we draw out the entire graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we draw out the entire graph that
+looks like this this is a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this this is a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this this is a graph of
+situations and the allowed connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and the allowed connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and the allowed connections
+between them why are there not 16 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them why are there not 16 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them why are there not 16 well
+because the other how many of I got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other how many of I got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other how many of I got for
+10 the others are situations in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the others are situations in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the others are situations in which
+somebody gets eaten so we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets eaten so we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets eaten so we don't want to
+go any of those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go any of those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go any of those places
+so having got the representation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having got the representation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having got the representation right
+something magical has happened we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something magical has happened we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something magical has happened we got
+our constraints exposed and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constraints exposed and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constraints exposed and that's why
+we build representations that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we build representations that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we build representations that's why you
+do algebra in high school because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do algebra in high school because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do algebra in high school because
+algebraic notation exposes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic notation exposes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic notation exposes the
+constraints that make it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that make it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that make it possible to
+actually figure out how many customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out how many customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out how many customers
+you get for the number of advertisements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for the number of advertisements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for the number of advertisements
+you place in the newspaper so artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place in the newspaper so artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place in the newspaper so artificial
+intelligence is about constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is about constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is about constraints
+exposed by representations that support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed by representations that support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed by representations that support
+models targeted at thinking oh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models targeted at thinking oh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models targeted at thinking oh actually
+there's one more thing to I'm not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more thing to I'm not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more thing to I'm not quite
+done because after all in the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because after all in the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because after all in the end we
+have to build programs so it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build programs so it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build programs so it's about
+it's about algorithms enabled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about algorithms enabled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about algorithms enabled by
+constraints exposed by representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints exposed by representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints exposed by representations
+that my model targeted thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my model targeted thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my model targeted thinking
+perception in action so these algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception in action so these algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception in action so these algorithms
+or we might call them just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might call them just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might call them just as well
+procedures or we might call them just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures or we might call them just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures or we might call them just as
+well methods whatever you like these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well methods whatever you like these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well methods whatever you like these are
+the stuff of what artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff of what artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff of what artificial
+intelligence is about methods algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is about methods algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is about methods algorithms
+representations I'd like to give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations I'd like to give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations I'd like to give you one
+more example it's something we call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example it's something we call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example it's something we call an
+artificial intelligence generated test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence generated test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence generated test
+and it's such a simple idea I'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's such a simple idea I'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's such a simple idea I'll never
+hear it again in this subject but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it again in this subject but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it again in this subject but it's
+an idea you need to add to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea you need to add to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea you need to add to your
+repertoire of problem-solving methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of problem-solving methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of problem-solving methods
+techniques and procedures and algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and procedures and algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and procedures and algorithms
+so here's how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh maybe I can explain it best by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe I can explain it best by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe I can explain it best by
+starting off with an example here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off with an example here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off with an example here's a
+tree leaf I picked off a tree on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree leaf I picked off a tree on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree leaf I picked off a tree on the way
+over to class god I hope it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to class god I hope it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to class god I hope it's not the
+last of the species what is it what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the species what is it what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the species what is it what kind
+of tree well I don't know I never did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tree well I don't know I never did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tree well I don't know I never did
+learn my trees or my colors or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn my trees or my colors or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn my trees or my colors or my
+multiplication tables so I have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication tables so I have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication tables so I have to go
+back to this book the Audubon Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this book the Audubon Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this book the Audubon Society
+field guide in North American trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field guide in North American trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field guide in North American trees and
+how would I solve the problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I solve the problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I solve the problem that's
+pretty simple I just turned the pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple I just turned the pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple I just turned the pages
+one of the time until I find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the time until I find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the time until I find something
+it looks like this leaf and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this leaf and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this leaf and then I
+discover it's a sycamore or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover it's a sycamore or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover it's a sycamore or something
+MIT is full of them so when I do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is full of them so when I do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is full of them so when I do that I
+do something very intuitive and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very intuitive and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very intuitive and very
+natural something you do all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural something you do all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural something you do all the time
+but we're gonna give it a name we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna give it a name we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna give it a name we're
+gonna call it generate and test and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call it generate and test and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call it generate and test and a
+generating test method consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating test method consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating test method consists of
+generating some possible solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some possible solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some possible solutions
+feeding them into a box that test them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding them into a box that test them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding them into a box that test them
+and then out the other side comes mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then out the other side comes mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then out the other side comes mostly
+failures but every once in a while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures but every once in a while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures but every once in a while we
+get something that succeeds and pleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that succeeds and pleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that succeeds and pleases
+us that's what I do with a leaf but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's what I do with a leaf but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's what I do with a leaf but now
+you have a name for it and once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a name for it and once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a name for it and once we have
+a name for something let's have a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name for something let's have a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name for something let's have a name
+for something to get power over it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something to get power over it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something to get power over it you
+can start to talk about it so I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to talk about it so I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to talk about it so I can say
+if you're doing a generating test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a generating test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a generating test
+approach to a problem you better build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a problem you better build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a problem you better build a
+generator with certain properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator with certain properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator with certain properties that
+make generators good for example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make generators good for example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make generators good for example they
+should not be redundant they shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be redundant they shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be redundant they shouldn't
+give you the same solution twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same solution twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same solution twice
+they should be informal they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be informal they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be informal they should be
+able to absorb information such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to absorb information such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to absorb information such as this
+is a deciduous tree don't bother looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deciduous tree don't bother looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deciduous tree don't bother looking
+at the conifers so once you have a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the conifers so once you have a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the conifers so once you have a name
+for something you can start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something you can start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something you can start talking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+and that vocabulary gives you power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vocabulary gives you power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vocabulary gives you power so
+we call this the Rumpelstiltskin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this the Rumpelstiltskin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this the Rumpelstiltskin
+principle perhaps the first of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle perhaps the first of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle perhaps the first of our
+powerful ideas for the day this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ideas for the day this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful ideas for the day this subject
+is full of powerful ideas there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of powerful ideas there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of powerful ideas there'll be
+some in every class Rumpelstiltskin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in every class Rumpelstiltskin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in every class Rumpelstiltskin
+principle says that once you can name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle says that once you can name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle says that once you can name
+something you get power over it do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you get power over it do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you get power over it do you
+know what that little thing is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that little thing is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that little thing is on the
+end of your shoelace it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your shoelace it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your shoelace it's interesting
+she's gesturing like mad that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gesturing like mad that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gesturing like mad that's
+something we'll talk about later to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk about later to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk about later to
+motor stuff and how it helps us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor stuff and how it helps us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor stuff and how it helps us think
+what is it no one knows it's an egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it no one knows it's an egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it no one knows it's an egg
+something right it's an aglet very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it's an aglet very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it's an aglet very good
+so what you have the name you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have the name you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have the name you can start
+to talk about it you can say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it you can say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it you can say you know
+the purpose of an aglet is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of an aglet is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of an aglet is pretty much
+like the whipping on the end of a rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whipping on the end of a rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whipping on the end of a rope
+keeps the thing from unwinding now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the thing from unwinding now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the thing from unwinding now you
+have a place to hang that knowledge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a place to hang that knowledge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a place to hang that knowledge so
+we'll be talking about this frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about this frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about this frequently
+from now into the rest of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now into the rest of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now into the rest of the semester
+the power of being able to name things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of being able to name things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of being able to name things
+symbolic labels give us power over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic labels give us power over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic labels give us power over
+concepts while we're here I should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts while we're here I should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts while we're here I should also
+say that this is a very simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is a very simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is a very simple idea
+generate and test and you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and test and you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and test and you might be
+tempted to say to someone we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to say to someone we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to say to someone we learned
+about generating test today but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about generating test today but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about generating test today but it's a
+trivial idea the word trivial is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial idea the word trivial is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial idea the word trivial is a is a
+word I would like you to purge from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I would like you to purge from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I would like you to purge from your
+vocabulary because it's a very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary because it's a very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary because it's a very dangerous
+label and the reason it's dangerous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and the reason it's dangerous is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and the reason it's dangerous is
+because there's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a difference between
+trivial and simple what is it what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and simple what is it what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and simple what is it what's the
+difference between labeling something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between labeling something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between labeling something as
+trivial and calling it simple yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so he says that simple can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so he says that simple can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so he says that simple can be
+powerful and trivial makes it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and trivial makes it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and trivial makes it sound like
+it's not only simple but of little worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only simple but of little worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only simple but of little worth
+so many MIT people miss opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many MIT people miss opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many MIT people miss opportunities
+because they have a tendency to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a tendency to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a tendency to think
+that ideas aren't important unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideas aren't important unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideas aren't important unless
+they're complicated what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complicated what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complicated what's the most
+simple ideas in artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ideas in artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ideas in artificial intelligence
+often the most powerful now we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the most powerful now we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the most powerful now we could
+teach an artificial intelligence course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach an artificial intelligence course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach an artificial intelligence course
+to you that would be so full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that would be so full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that would be so full of
+mathematics that would make the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that would make the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that would make the course
+eighteen professor gag but those ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen professor gag but those ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen professor gag but those ideas
+would be merely retort ously complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be merely retort ously complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be merely retort ously complicated
+and gratuitously mathematical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gratuitously mathematical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gratuitously mathematical and
+gratuitously not simple simple ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratuitously not simple simple ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratuitously not simple simple ideas are
+often the most powerful so where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the most powerful so where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the most powerful so where are we
+so far talked about definition talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far talked about definition talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far talked about definition talked
+about an example of a method showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an example of a method showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an example of a method showing you
+a representation and perhaps also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation and perhaps also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation and perhaps also talked
+about the first idea - you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first idea - you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first idea - you've got the
+representation right you're often almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right you're often almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right you're often almost
+done because with this representation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because with this representation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because with this representation we
+can immediately see that there are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately see that there are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately see that there are just
+two solutions to this problem something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions to this problem something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions to this problem something
+that we wouldn't have wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wouldn't have wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wouldn't have wouldn't have
+occurred to us while were little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to us while were little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to us while were little kids
+and didn't think to draw the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't think to draw the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't think to draw the state
+diagram we know there's still one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we know there's still one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we know there's still one more
+thing in in in in in in in the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in in in in in in in the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in in in in in in in the past and
+in other places artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other places artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other places artificial intelligence
+is often taught as purely about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often taught as purely about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often taught as purely about
+reasoning but we solve problems with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but we solve problems with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but we solve problems with our
+eyes as well as our symbolic apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes as well as our symbolic apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes as well as our symbolic apparatus
+and you solve that problem with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve that problem with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve that problem with your
+eyes so I'd like to reinforce that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so I'd like to reinforce that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so I'd like to reinforce that by
+giving you a little puzzle let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a little puzzle let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a little puzzle let's see
+who's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't see Kombe but I'll bet he's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see Kombe but I'll bet he's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see Kombe but I'll bet he's from
+Africa is anyone from Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is anyone from Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is anyone from Africa
+no one's from Africa no well so much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's from Africa no well so much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's from Africa no well so much the
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+no because because they would know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because because they would know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because because they would know the
+answer to the puzzle here's the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the puzzle here's the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the puzzle here's the puzzle
+how many countries in Africa does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many countries in Africa does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many countries in Africa does the
+equator cross would anybody be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator cross would anybody be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator cross would anybody be willing
+to stake their life on their answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me repeat the question how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me repeat the question how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me repeat the question how many
+countries in Africa does the equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in Africa does the equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in Africa does the equator
+cross no six what happened is a miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross no six what happened is a miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross no six what happened is a miracle
+the miracle is that I have communicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miracle is that I have communicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miracle is that I have communicated
+with you through language and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you through language and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you through language and your
+language system commanded your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language system commanded your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language system commanded your visual
+system to execute a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to execute a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to execute a program that
+involves scanning across that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves scanning across that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves scanning across that line
+counting as you go and then your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting as you go and then your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting as you go and then your vision
+system came back to your language system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system came back to your language system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system came back to your language system
+and said six nut is a miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said six nut is a miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said six nut is a miracle
+now without understanding that miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now without understanding that miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now without understanding that miracle
+will never have a full understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never have a full understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never have a full understanding of
+the nature of intelligence but that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of intelligence but that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of intelligence but that kind
+of problem solving is the kind of comb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem solving is the kind of comb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem solving is the kind of comb
+solving I wish we could teach you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving I wish we could teach you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving I wish we could teach you a lot
+about well we can't teach you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well we can't teach you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well we can't teach you about
+stuff we don't understand we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we don't understand we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we don't understand we can all
+give you Europe's for that all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you Europe's for that all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you Europe's for that all right so
+that's a little bit about the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit about the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit about the definition
+and some examples what's it for we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some examples what's it for we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some examples what's it for we can
+deal with that very quickly if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that very quickly if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that very quickly if we're
+engineers it's for building smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers it's for building smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers it's for building smarter
+programs it's about building a toolkit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs it's about building a toolkit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs it's about building a toolkit
+of representations and methods that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations and methods that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations and methods that make
+it possible to build smarter programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to build smarter programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to build smarter programs
+and you will find these days that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will find these days that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will find these days that you
+can't build a big system without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build a big system without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build a big system without having
+embedded in it somewhere the ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in it somewhere the ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in it somewhere the ideas that
+we talked about in this subject if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in this subject if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in this subject if
+you're scientists there's a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scientists there's a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scientists there's a somewhat
+different motivation but at the mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motivation but at the mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motivation but at the mountain
+studying the same sorts of things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the same sorts of things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the same sorts of things you're
+scientist you're interested in what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist you're interested in what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist you're interested in what it
+is that that enables us to build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that enables us to build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that enables us to build an
+account a computational account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account a computational account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account a computational account of
+intelligence that's the part that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence that's the part that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence that's the part that I do
+but most this subject is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most this subject is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most this subject is going to be
+about the other part the part that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other part the part that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other part the part that makes
+it possible for you to build smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible for you to build smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible for you to build smarter
+programs and some of it will be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and some of it will be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and some of it will be about
+what it is that makes us different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that makes us different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that makes us different from
+the chimpanzees with whom we share an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chimpanzees with whom we share an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chimpanzees with whom we share an
+enormous fraction of our DNA it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous fraction of our DNA it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous fraction of our DNA it used to
+be thought that we shared 95% of our DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought that we shared 95% of our DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought that we shared 95% of our DNA
+with chimpanzees then it went up to 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank God it stopped about there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank God it stopped about there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank God it stopped about there and
+then it actually went back a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it actually went back a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it actually went back a little bit
+I think we're back down to 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how about if we talk a little bit now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about if we talk a little bit now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about if we talk a little bit now
+about the history of nei so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the history of nei so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the history of nei so we can see
+how we got to where we are today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we got to where we are today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we got to where we are today this
+will also be a history of AI that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be a history of AI that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be a history of AI that tells
+you a little bit about what you'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about what you'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about what you'll learn
+in this course it all started with lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course it all started with lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course it all started with lady
+Lovelace the world's first programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lovelace the world's first programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lovelace the world's first programmer
+who wrote programs about a hundred years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote programs about a hundred years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote programs about a hundred years
+before there were computers to run them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there were computers to run them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there were computers to run them
+but it's interesting that even in 1842
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting that even in 1842
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting that even in 1842
+people were hassling her about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were hassling her about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were hassling her about whether
+computers could get really smart and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers could get really smart and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers could get really smart and she
+said the analytical engine has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the analytical engine has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the analytical engine has no
+pretensions to originate anything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretensions to originate anything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretensions to originate anything it
+could do whatever we know how to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do whatever we know how to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do whatever we know how to order
+it to perform screwball idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to perform screwball idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to perform screwball idea that
+persists to this day nevertheless that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists to this day nevertheless that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists to this day nevertheless that
+was the origin of it all I was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the origin of it all I was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the origin of it all I was the
+beginning of the discussions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the discussions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the discussions and then
+nothing much happened until about 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much happened until about 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much happened until about 1950
+when Alan Turing wrote his famous paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Alan Turing wrote his famous paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Alan Turing wrote his famous paper
+which introduced the Turing test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which introduced the Turing test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which introduced the Turing test of
+course so Alan Turing had previously won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so Alan Turing had previously won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so Alan Turing had previously won
+the Second World War by breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Second World War by breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Second World War by breaking the
+German code the ultra code for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German code the ultra code for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German code the ultra code for which the
+British government rewarded him by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British government rewarded him by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British government rewarded him by
+driving him to suicide because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving him to suicide because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving him to suicide because he
+happened to be homosexual the Turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be homosexual the Turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be homosexual the Turing
+wrote his paper in 1950 and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote his paper in 1950 and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote his paper in 1950 and that was the
+first milestone after a lady Lovelace's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first milestone after a lady Lovelace's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first milestone after a lady Lovelace's
+comment in 1842
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment in 1842
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment in 1842
+and then the modern era really began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the modern era really began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the modern era really began
+with the paper written by Marvin Minsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the paper written by Marvin Minsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the paper written by Marvin Minsky
+in 1960 titled steps toward artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 titled steps toward artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 titled steps toward artificial
+intelligence and it wasn't long after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and it wasn't long after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and it wasn't long after
+the Jim Slagel a nearly buying graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jim Slagel a nearly buying graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jim Slagel a nearly buying graduate
+student wrote a program that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student wrote a program that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student wrote a program that did
+symbolic integration not adding up area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic integration not adding up area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic integration not adding up area
+under a curve but doing symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a curve but doing symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a curve but doing symbolic
+integration just like you learned to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration just like you learned to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration just like you learned to do
+in high school when you were a freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school when you were a freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school when you were a freshman
+now on Monday we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on Monday we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on Monday we're going to talk about
+this program and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program and you're going to
+understand exactly how it works and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand exactly how it works and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand exactly how it works and you
+could write one yourself and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write one yourself and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write one yourself and we're going
+to reach way back in time to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach way back in time to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach way back in time to look at
+that program because in one day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program because in one day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program because in one day it
+discussing it talking about it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it talking about it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing it talking about it will be
+in itself a miniature artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself a miniature artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself a miniature artificial
+intelligence course because it's so rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence course because it's so rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence course because it's so rich
+with important ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with important ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with important ideas
+so that's the dawn age early dawn age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the dawn age early dawn age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the dawn age early dawn age
+this was the age of speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accusation and this was the dawn age in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusation and this was the dawn age in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusation and this was the dawn age in
+here so that early dawn age the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that early dawn age the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that early dawn age the
+integration program took the world by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program took the world by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program took the world by
+storm because not everybody knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm because not everybody knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm because not everybody knows how to
+do integration and someone everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do integration and someone everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do integration and someone everyone
+thought that oh well if we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that oh well if we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that oh well if we can do
+integration today the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration today the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration today the rest of
+intelligence will be figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence will be figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence will be figured out
+tomorrow too bad for our side it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow too bad for our side it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow too bad for our side it didn't
+work out that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out that way
+here's another dawn age program the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another dawn age program the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another dawn age program the
+Eliza thing but imagine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eliza thing but imagine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eliza thing but imagine your
+demonstration it's just reading it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration it's just reading it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration it's just reading it right
+to prefer a demonstration okay let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prefer a demonstration okay let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prefer a demonstration okay let's see
+if we can demonstrate it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's left over from like a humming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's left over from like a humming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's left over from like a humming
+fashion debate of a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion debate of a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion debate of a couple of years ago
+how do you spell hamantaschen anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you spell hamantaschen anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you spell hamantaschen anybody
+know ch yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ch yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ch yeah
+sure hope that's right well it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure hope that's right well it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure hope that's right well it doesn't
+matter something interesting will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay your choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay your choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay your choice
+teal Burton house teal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's that's dawn a ji and and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's dawn a ji and and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's dawn a ji and and no
+one ever took that stuff seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ever took that stuff seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ever took that stuff seriously
+except that it was a it was a it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it was a it was a it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it was a it was a it was a
+fun your project level thing to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun your project level thing to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun your project level thing to work out
+some matching programs and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matching programs and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matching programs and so on the
+integration program was serious this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program was serious this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program was serious this one
+wasn't this was serious programs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't this was serious programs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't this was serious programs to do
+geometric analogy problems of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric analogy problems of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric analogy problems of the kind
+you find on intelligence tests you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find on intelligence tests you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find on intelligence tests you have
+the answer to this a is to be as C as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this a is to be as C as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this a is to be as C as to
+what they're to be to I guess what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're to be to I guess what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're to be to I guess what's the
+second best answer and the theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best answer and the theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best answer and the theories of
+the program that solved these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program that solved these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program that solved these problems
+are pretty much identical to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much identical to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much identical to what you
+just what you just figured out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what you just figured out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what you just figured out in the
+first case you deleted the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case you deleted the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case you deleted the inside
+character or the inside the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character or the inside the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character or the inside the inside
+figure and in the second case the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and in the second case the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and in the second case the reason
+you got four is because you deleted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got four is because you deleted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got four is because you deleted the
+outside part and grew the inside part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside part and grew the inside part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside part and grew the inside part
+there's another one I think this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one I think this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one I think this was the
+hardest one it got or the easiest one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest one it got or the easiest one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest one it got or the easiest one it
+didn't get I forgotten a is to be as C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get I forgotten a is to be as C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get I forgotten a is to be as C
+as two three in the late dawn age we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two three in the late dawn age we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two three in the late dawn age we
+began to turn our attention from purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to turn our attention from purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to turn our attention from purely
+symbolic reasoning to thinking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic reasoning to thinking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic reasoning to thinking a little
+bit about perceptual apparatus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about perceptual apparatus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about perceptual apparatus and
+programs were written that could figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs were written that could figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs were written that could figure
+out the nature of shapes and forms such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the nature of shapes and forms such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the nature of shapes and forms such
+as that and it's interesting that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that and it's interesting that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that and it's interesting that those
+programs had the same kind of difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs had the same kind of difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs had the same kind of difficulty
+with this that you do because now having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this that you do because now having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this that you do because now having
+deleted all the edges everything becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted all the edges everything becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted all the edges everything becomes
+ambiguous and it may be a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and it may be a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous and it may be a series of
+platforms or maybe a series of can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms or maybe a series of can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms or maybe a series of can you
+see the saw blades sticking up if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the saw blades sticking up if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the saw blades sticking up if you if
+you go through the reversal programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the reversal programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the reversal programs
+were written that could learn from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were written that could learn from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were written that could learn from a
+small number of examples many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of examples many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of examples many people
+think of computer learning is involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of computer learning is involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of computer learning is involving
+meeting some neural net to submission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting some neural net to submission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting some neural net to submission
+with thousands of trials programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thousands of trials programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thousands of trials programs are
+written in the early dawn age that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the early dawn age that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the early dawn age that
+learned that an arch is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that an arch is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that an arch is something that
+has to have the flat part on top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have the flat part on top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have the flat part on top and the
+two sides can't touch and the top may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides can't touch and the top may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides can't touch and the top may or
+may not be a wedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the late dawn age though the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late dawn age though the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late dawn age though the most
+important thing perhaps was what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing perhaps was what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing perhaps was what you'll
+look at with me on Wednesday next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at with me on Wednesday next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at with me on Wednesday next
+it's a rule-based expert systems and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rule-based expert systems and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rule-based expert systems and a
+program was written at Stanford that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was written at Stanford that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was written at Stanford that did
+diagnosis of bacterial infections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis of bacterial infections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis of bacterial infections of the
+blood it turned out to do it better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood it turned out to do it better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood it turned out to do it better than
+most doctors most general practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most doctors most general practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most doctors most general practitioners
+it was never used curiously enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was never used curiously enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was never used curiously enough
+because nobody cares what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody cares what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody cares what's actually
+where your problem actually is they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your problem actually is they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your problem actually is they just
+give you a broad-spectrum antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a broad-spectrum antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a broad-spectrum antibiotic
+I'll kill everything but this late dart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll kill everything but this late dart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll kill everything but this late dart
+age system the so called Meissen system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age system the so called Meissen system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age system the so called Meissen system
+was the was the system that lost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the was the system that lost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the was the system that lost that
+launched a thousand companies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched a thousand companies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched a thousand companies because
+people started building expert systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started building expert systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started building expert systems
+built on that technology here's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on that technology here's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on that technology here's one that
+you don't know you used or that was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know you used or that was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know you used or that was used
+in your behalf if you go through for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your behalf if you go through for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your behalf if you go through for
+example the Atlanta Airport your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Atlanta Airport your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Atlanta Airport your
+airplane is parked by a rule-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is parked by a rule-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is parked by a rule-based
+expert system that knows how to park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert system that knows how to park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert system that knows how to park
+aircraft effectively it saves Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft effectively it saves Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft effectively it saves Delta
+Airlines about half a million dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines about half a million dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines about half a million dollars a
+day at jet fuel by being a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day at jet fuel by being a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day at jet fuel by being a little
+smarter about how to park them so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter about how to park them so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter about how to park them so that's
+an example of an expert system it does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of an expert system it does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of an expert system it does a
+little bit of good for a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of good for a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of good for a lot of people
+there's deep blue that takes us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's deep blue that takes us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's deep blue that takes us to the
+next stage beyond the the the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage beyond the the the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage beyond the the the age of
+expert systems and the business age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems and the business age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems and the business age
+takes us into this age here which I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us into this age here which I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us into this age here which I call
+the bulldozer age because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulldozer age because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulldozer age because this is the
+time when people began to see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when people began to see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when people began to see that we
+had at our disposal unlimited amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at our disposal unlimited amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at our disposal unlimited amounts of
+computing and frequently you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and frequently you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and frequently you can
+substitute computing for intelligence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute computing for intelligence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute computing for intelligence so
+no one would say that deep blue does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one would say that deep blue does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one would say that deep blue does
+anything like what a human chess master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like what a human chess master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like what a human chess master
+does but nevertheless deep blue by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but nevertheless deep blue by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but nevertheless deep blue by
+processing data like a bulldozer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing data like a bulldozer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing data like a bulldozer
+processes gravel was able to beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes gravel was able to beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes gravel was able to beat the
+world champion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the right way that's the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the right way that's the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the right way that's the age
+we're in right now I will of course be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in right now I will of course be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in right now I will of course be
+introducing programs from those ages as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing programs from those ages as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing programs from those ages as
+we go through the subject there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through the subject there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through the subject there's a
+question of what age we're in right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what age we're in right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what age we're in right now
+and it's always dangerous to name an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always dangerous to name an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always dangerous to name an age
+when you're in it I guess I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in it I guess I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in it I guess I'd like to
+call it the the age of the right way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the the age of the right way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the the age of the right way and
+this is an age when we begin to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an age when we begin to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an age when we begin to realize
+that that definition up there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that definition up there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that definition up there is
+actually a little incomplete because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little incomplete because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little incomplete because
+much of our intelligence has to do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our intelligence has to do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our intelligence has to do not
+with thinking perception and action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinking perception and action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinking perception and action
+acting separately but with loops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting separately but with loops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting separately but with loops that
+tie all of those together we had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie all of those together we had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie all of those together we had one
+example with Africa here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with Africa here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with Africa here's another
+example drawn from a program that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example drawn from a program that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example drawn from a program that has
+been under development and continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been under development and continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been under development and continues to
+be in my laboratory pronounced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in my laboratory pronounced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in my laboratory pronounced the
+system to imagine something okay I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to imagine something okay I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to imagine something okay I only
+imagine the amount of ball falls into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay imagine a man runs into a woman you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay imagine a man runs into a woman you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay imagine a man runs into a woman you
+say it does the best it can if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it does the best it can if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it does the best it can if it
+doesn't have a good memory of what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a good memory of what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a good memory of what these
+situations actually involved but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations actually involved but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations actually involved but having
+imagined the scenic and then having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined the scenic and then having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined the scenic and then having
+having imagined the scene that can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having imagined the scene that can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having imagined the scene that can then
+read the answers using its visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the answers using its visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the answers using its visual
+apparatus on the scene that on the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus on the scene that on the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus on the scene that on the scene
+of that it imagined so it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it imagined so it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it imagined so it's just like
+what you did with Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did with Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did with Africa
+well now it's working with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now it's working with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now it's working with its own
+visual memory using visual programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know these looks like these look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know these looks like these look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know these looks like these look like
+slugs but they're actually distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slugs but they're actually distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slugs but they're actually distinguished
+professors it always does the best it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors it always does the best it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors it always does the best it
+can it's the it's the best thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's the it's the best thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's the it's the best thing they
+can do so that concludes our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so that concludes our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so that concludes our discussion
+of the of the history and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the history and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the history and a little bit
+of a provide you with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a provide you with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a provide you with a little bit of
+glimpse of what we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glimpse of what we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glimpse of what we're going to look at
+is the semester unfolds yes Chris has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the semester unfolds yes Chris has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the semester unfolds yes Chris has a
+small database of videos based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small database of videos based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small database of videos based on their
+content so if you have a if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so if you have a if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so if you have a if you say
+imagine that a student gave a ball to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a student gave a ball to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a student gave a ball to
+another student it imagines that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student it imagines that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student it imagines that if you
+say now did the others does the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now did the others does the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now did the others does the other
+student have the ball now the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student have the ball now the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student have the ball now the student
+take the ball it can answer those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ball it can answer those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ball it can answer those
+questions because it can review the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because it can review the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because it can review the same
+video and see the tape as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and see the tape as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and see the tape as well as the
+give in the same video so now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give in the same video so now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give in the same video so now we have to
+think about why we ought to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why we ought to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why we ought to be a little
+optimistic about the future because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic about the future because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic about the future because
+we've had a long history here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a long history here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a long history here
+and we haven't solved the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't solved the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't solved the problem but
+one reason why we can build up missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why we can build up missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why we can build up missing
+about the future is because all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future is because all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future is because all of our
+friends have been on the march and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends have been on the march and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends have been on the march and our
+friends include the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends include the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends include the cognitive
+psychologists the dementia belle-isle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists the dementia belle-isle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists the dementia belle-isle
+psychologists the linguists sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists the linguists sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists the linguists sometimes
+the philosophers and especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophers and especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophers and especially the
+paleo anthropologists because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleo anthropologists because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleo anthropologists because it is
+becoming increasingly clear why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming increasingly clear why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming increasingly clear why we're
+actually different from the chimpanzees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different from the chimpanzees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different from the chimpanzees
+and how we got to be that way the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we got to be that way the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we got to be that way the high
+school idea is that we evolved through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school idea is that we evolved through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school idea is that we evolved through
+slow gradual and continuous improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow gradual and continuous improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow gradual and continuous improvement
+but that doesn't seem to be the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't seem to be the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't seem to be the way it
+happened there are some characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there are some characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there are some characteristics
+of our species that are informative when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our species that are informative when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our species that are informative when
+it comes to guiding the activities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to guiding the activities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to guiding the activities of
+people like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like me
+and here's what the story seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what the story seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what the story seems to be
+from the fossil record first of all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fossil record first of all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fossil record first of all we
+humans have been around for maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have been around for maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have been around for maybe
+200,000 years in our present anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 years in our present anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 years in our present anatomical
+form if someone walked through the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if someone walked through the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if someone walked through the door
+right now from 200,000 years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now from 200,000 years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now from 200,000 years ago I
+imagine they would be dirty but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they would be dirty but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they would be dirty but other
+than that probably naked - other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that probably naked - other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that probably naked - other than
+that you wouldn't be able to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't be able to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't be able to tell the
+difference especially at MIT and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference especially at MIT and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference especially at MIT and it's a
+the then the ensuing 150 thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the ensuing 150 thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the ensuing 150 thousand years
+was a period in which we humans didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a period in which we humans didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a period in which we humans didn't
+actually amount to much but somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually amount to much but somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually amount to much but somehow
+shortly before fifty thousand years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly before fifty thousand years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly before fifty thousand years ago
+some small group of us developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small group of us developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small group of us developed a
+capability that separated us from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability that separated us from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability that separated us from all
+other species it was an accident of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species it was an accident of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species it was an accident of
+evolution and these accidents may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and these accidents may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and these accidents may or may
+not happen but it happened to produce us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen but it happened to produce us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen but it happened to produce us
+it's also the case that we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the case that we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the case that we probably
+necked down as a species to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necked down as a species to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necked down as a species to a few
+thousand or maybe even a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or maybe even a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or maybe even a few hundred
+individuals something which made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals something which made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals something which made these
+accidental changes accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental changes accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental changes accidental
+evolutionary products more capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary products more capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary products more capable of
+sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking
+but this leads us to speculate on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this leads us to speculate on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this leads us to speculate on what
+it was that happened fifty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was that happened fifty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was that happened fifty thousand
+years ago and paleoanthropologists noam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and paleoanthropologists noam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and paleoanthropologists noam
+chomsky a lot of people reached similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky a lot of people reached similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky a lot of people reached similar
+conclusions and that conclusion is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and that conclusion is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and that conclusion is if I
+could upload Chomsky so use the voice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could upload Chomsky so use the voice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could upload Chomsky so use the voice of
+authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+it seems that shortly before fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that shortly before fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that shortly before fifty
+thousand years ago some small group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years ago some small group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years ago some small group of
+us acquired the ability to take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us acquired the ability to take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us acquired the ability to take two
+concepts and combine them to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and combine them to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and combine them to make a
+third concept without disturbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third concept without disturbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third concept without disturbing the
+original two concepts without limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original two concepts without limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original two concepts without limit and
+from a perspective of an AI person like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a perspective of an AI person like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a perspective of an AI person like
+me what Chomsky seems to be saying is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what Chomsky seems to be saying is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what Chomsky seems to be saying is we
+learned how to begin to describe things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to begin to describe things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to begin to describe things
+in a way that was intimately connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that was intimately connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that was intimately connected
+with language and that in the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with language and that in the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with language and that in the end is
+what separates us from the chimpanzees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what separates us from the chimpanzees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what separates us from the chimpanzees
+so you might say well it's just study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say well it's just study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say well it's just study
+language no you can't do that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language no you can't do that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language no you can't do that because we
+think with our eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with our eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with our eyes
+so language does two things number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so language does two things number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so language does two things number one
+it enables us to make descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enables us to make descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enables us to make descriptions
+descriptions enable us to tell stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions enable us to tell stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions enable us to tell stories
+and storytelling and story understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and storytelling and story understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and storytelling and story understanding
+is what all of education is about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what all of education is about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what all of education is about that's
+going up and going down enables us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and going down enables us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and going down enables us to
+marshal the resources of our perceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshal the resources of our perceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshal the resources of our perceptual
+systems and even command our perceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and even command our perceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and even command our perceptual
+systems to imagine things we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to imagine things we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to imagine things we've never
+seen so here's an example imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so here's an example imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so here's an example imagine
+running down the street with a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down the street with a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down the street with a full
+bucket of water what happens money your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of water what happens money your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of water what happens money your
+leg gets wet the water sloshes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg gets wet the water sloshes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg gets wet the water sloshes out
+you'll never find that fact anywhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never find that fact anywhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never find that fact anywhere on
+the web you've probably never been told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web you've probably never been told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web you've probably never been told
+that that's what happens when you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what happens when you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what happens when you run
+down the street with a full bucket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the street with a full bucket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the street with a full bucket of
+water but you easily imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but you easily imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but you easily imagine this
+scenario and you know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and you know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and you know what's going to
+happen through its internal imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen through its internal imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen through its internal imagination
+simulation we're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we're never going to
+understand human intelligence until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand human intelligence until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand human intelligence until we
+can understand that here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that here's another
+example imagine running down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example imagine running down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example imagine running down the street
+with a full bucket of nickels what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a full bucket of nickels what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a full bucket of nickels what
+happens you you know it goes away a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you you know it goes away a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you you know it goes away a lot
+you're going to be bent over you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be bent over you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be bent over you're
+going to stagger you know that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stagger you know that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stagger you know that but
+nobody ever told you that you won't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody ever told you that you won't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody ever told you that you won't find
+it anywhere on the web so language is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anywhere on the web so language is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anywhere on the web so language is at
+the center of things because it enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of things because it enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of things because it enables
+storytelling going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling going up and
+marshaling the resources of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshaling the resources of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshaling the resources of the
+perceptual apparatus going down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual apparatus going down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual apparatus going down and
+that's where we're going to finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to finish the
+subject this semester but trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject this semester but trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject this semester but trying to
+understand more about that phenomenon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more about that phenomenon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more about that phenomenon so
+that concludes everything I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concludes everything I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concludes everything I wanted to
+say about the material and the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the material and the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the material and the subject
+now I want to turn my attention a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to turn my attention a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to turn my attention a little
+bit to how we are going to operate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to how we are going to operate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to how we are going to operate the
+subject because there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject because there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject because there are many
+characteristics of the subject that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the subject that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the subject that are
+confusing and yeah confusing first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and yeah confusing first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and yeah confusing first of
+all we have four kinds of activities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we have four kinds of activities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we have four kinds of activities in
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each of these has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these has a different
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I did the lectures and the lecturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did the lectures and the lecturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did the lectures and the lecturers
+are supposed to be an hour about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be an hour about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be an hour about
+introducing the material and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the material and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the material and the big
+picture they're about powerful ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture they're about powerful ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture they're about powerful ideas
+they're about they're about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about they're about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about they're about the
+experience side of the course let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience side of the course let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience side of the course let me
+step aside and make a remark mit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step aside and make a remark mit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step aside and make a remark mit is
+about two things it's about skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two things it's about skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two things it's about skill
+building and it's about big ideas so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and it's about big ideas so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and it's about big ideas so you
+can learn you can build a skill at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn you can build a skill at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn you can build a skill at home
+or at Dartmouth or at Harvard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at Dartmouth or at Harvard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at Dartmouth or at Harvard or
+Princeton or all those kinds of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton or all those kinds of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton or all those kinds of places
+but the experience you can only get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the experience you can only get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the experience you can only get at
+MIT I know everybody there is to know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I know everybody there is to know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I know everybody there is to know in
+artificial intelligence I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence I can tell you
+about how they think I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they think I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they think I can tell you
+about how I think and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I think and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I think and that's something
+you're not going to get any other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get any other place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get any other place
+so that's my my role as I see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my my role as I see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my my role as I see it in
+giving these lectures recitations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving these lectures recitations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving these lectures recitations are
+for my twisting and expanding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my twisting and expanding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my twisting and expanding on the
+material and providing a venue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and providing a venue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and providing a venue that's
+small enough for discussion mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough for discussion mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough for discussion mega
+recitations are unusual component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations are unusual component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations are unusual component of the
+course they're taught at the same hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they're taught at the same hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they're taught at the same hour
+on Fridays marks after my graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Fridays marks after my graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Fridays marks after my graduate
+student will be teaching those and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student will be teaching those and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student will be teaching those and those
+are wrapped around past quiz problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrapped around past quiz problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrapped around past quiz problems
+and Mark will show you how to work them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mark will show you how to work them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mark will show you how to work them
+so it's a very important component to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very important component to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very important component to to
+the subject and finally the tutorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject and finally the tutorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject and finally the tutorials
+are about helping helping you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about helping helping you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about helping helping you with the
+homework so you might say to me well do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so you might say to me well do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so you might say to me well do
+I really need to go to class and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really need to go to class and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really need to go to class and I'd
+like to say that the answer is only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say that the answer is only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say that the answer is only if
+you'd like to pass the subject but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to pass the subject but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to pass the subject but you
+are MIT students and MIT people always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are MIT students and MIT people always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are MIT students and MIT people always
+like to look at the data so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at the data so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at the data so this is a
+scattergram we made after the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattergram we made after the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattergram we made after the subject
+was taught last fall which shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taught last fall which shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taught last fall which shows the
+relationship between attendance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between attendance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between attendance at
+lectures and the grades awarded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and the grades awarded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and the grades awarded in the
+course and if you're not sure what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and if you're not sure what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and if you're not sure what that
+all means here's the regression line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was that that information was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was that that information was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was that that information was
+there's a little suspect for two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little suspect for two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little suspect for two reasons
+one of which is we ask people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which is we ask people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which is we ask people the
+self-report on how many lectures they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-report on how many lectures they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-report on how many lectures they
+thought they attended and our mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they attended and our mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they attended and our mechanism
+for assigning these numerical grades is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assigning these numerical grades is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assigning these numerical grades is
+a little weird and there's a third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little weird and there's a third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little weird and there's a third thing
+too and that is one must never confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and that is one must never confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and that is one must never confuse
+correlation with cause you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with cause you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with cause you can think of
+other explanations for why that trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other explanations for why that trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other explanations for why that trend
+line goes up different from whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line goes up different from whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line goes up different from whether it
+has something to do with lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with lectures
+producing good grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing good grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing good grades
+you might ask what at how I feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask what at how I feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask what at how I feel about
+the people up there in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people up there in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people up there in the upper left
+hand corner there one or two people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner there one or two people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner there one or two people who
+are near the top of the subject who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are near the top of the subject who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are near the top of the subject who
+didn't go to class at all and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to class at all and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to class at all and I have
+mixed feelings about that you're adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed feelings about that you're adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed feelings about that you're adults
+it's your call on the other hand I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your call on the other hand I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your call on the other hand I wish
+that if that's what you do have a CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that's what you do have a CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that's what you do have a CH
+habitually and all the subjects you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitually and all the subjects you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitually and all the subjects you take
+at MIT that you would resign and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT that you would resign and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT that you would resign and go
+somewhere else and let somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and let somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and let somebody else
+take your slot because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your slot because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your slot because you're not
+benefiting from the powerful ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting from the powerful ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting from the powerful ideas and
+the other kinds of things that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kinds of things that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kinds of things that involve
+interaction with the faculty so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the faculty so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the faculty so it can
+be done but I don't recommend it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done but I don't recommend it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done but I don't recommend it by the
+way all of the four activities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all of the four activities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all of the four activities that we
+have here show similar regression lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what about that five-point scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about that five-point scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about that five-point scale
+let me explain how that works to you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain how that works to you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain how that works to you we
+love to have people ask us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have people ask us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have people ask us what the
+class average is on a quiz because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class average is on a quiz because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class average is on a quiz because
+that's when we get to use our blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we get to use our blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we get to use our blank
+stare because we have no idea what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare because we have no idea what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare because we have no idea what the
+class average ever is on any quiz here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class average ever is on any quiz here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class average ever is on any quiz here's
+what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like everybody else we started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody else we started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody else we started off with
+a the score from zero to 100 but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the score from zero to 100 but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the score from zero to 100 but then we
+say to ourselves what score would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to ourselves what score would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to ourselves what score would you
+get if you had a thorough understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you had a thorough understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you had a thorough understanding
+of the material and we say well for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material and we say well for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material and we say well for this
+particular exam that's this number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular exam that's this number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular exam that's this number right
+here and what score would you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what score would you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what score would you get if you
+had a good understanding the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good understanding the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good understanding the material
+that's that score and what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that score and what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that score and what happens if
+you're down here is that you're falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down here is that you're falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down here is that you're falling
+off the edge of the range in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the edge of the range in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the edge of the range in which we
+think you need to do more work so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need to do more work so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need to do more work so what
+we do is we say that if you're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we say that if you're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we say that if you're in this
+range here following MIT convention with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range here following MIT convention with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range here following MIT convention with
+GPAs and stuff that gets you a 5 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPAs and stuff that gets you a 5 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPAs and stuff that gets you a 5 if
+you're in this range down here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this range down here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this range down here there's a
+sharp drop off to 4 and if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp drop off to 4 and if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp drop off to 4 and if you're in
+this range down here there's a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range down here there's a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range down here there's a sharp
+fall-off to 3 so that means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall-off to 3 so that means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall-off to 3 so that means that if
+you're in the middle of one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of one of those
+plateaus there's no point in arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateaus there's no point in arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateaus there's no point in arguing
+with this it's not going to do you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this it's not going to do you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this it's not going to do you any
+good we have these boundaries where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we have these boundaries where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we have these boundaries where we
+think the performance breakpoints are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the performance breakpoints are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the performance breakpoints are
+and you say well that seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well that seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well that seems a little
+harsh there might be a few point blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh there might be a few point blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh there might be a few point blah
+blah blah blah blah and start arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah blah and start arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah blah and start arguing
+but then we will come back with a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we will come back with a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we will come back with a second
+major innovation we have in this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major innovation we have in this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major innovation we have in this and the
+course and that is that your grade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that is that your grade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that is that your grade is
+calculated in several parts part one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in several parts part one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in several parts part one is
+the max of your grade on Q one and Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of your grade on Q one and Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of your grade on Q one and Part
+one of the final so in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the final so in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the final so in other words you
+get two shots at everything so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two shots at everything so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two shots at everything so if you
+give complete glorious undeniable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give complete glorious undeniable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give complete glorious undeniable
+horrible F on the first quiz it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible F on the first quiz it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible F on the first quiz it gets
+erased on the final if you do well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased on the final if you do well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased on the final if you do well on
+that part of the final so each quiz has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the final so each quiz has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the final so each quiz has
+a corresponding mirror on the final you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding mirror on the final you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding mirror on the final you
+get the max of the score you got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the max of the score you got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the max of the score you got in
+those two pieces and now you say to me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pieces and now you say to me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pieces and now you say to me I
+have an MIT student I have a lot of guts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an MIT student I have a lot of guts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an MIT student I have a lot of guts
+I'm only going to take the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has been done we don't recommend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been done we don't recommend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been done we don't recommend it
+and the reason we don't recommend it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we don't recommend it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we don't recommend it is
+that we don't expect everybody to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't expect everybody to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't expect everybody to do all
+of the final so there'll be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final so there'll be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final so there'll be a lot of
+time pressure if you thought to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pressure if you thought to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pressure if you thought to do all
+of the final 0:05 parts of the final so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final 0:05 parts of the final so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final 0:05 parts of the final so
+we have four quizzes and the final has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four quizzes and the final has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four quizzes and the final has a
+fifth part because there's some material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth part because there's some material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth part because there's some material
+that we teach you after the last date on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we teach you after the last date on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we teach you after the last date on
+which we can give you a final buy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can give you a final buy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can give you a final buy in
+student roles but that's roughly how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student roles but that's roughly how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student roles but that's roughly how it
+works and you can read about more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and you can read about more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and you can read about more of the
+details and the FAQ on the subject home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and the FAQ on the subject home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and the FAQ on the subject home
+page so now we're almost done I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page so now we're almost done I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page so now we're almost done I just
+want to talk a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about how
+we're trying to communicate with you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to communicate with you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to communicate with you in
+the next few days while we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few days while we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few days while we're getting
+ourselves organized so number one if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves organized so number one if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves organized so number one if I
+could ask the TAS to help me pass these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask the TAS to help me pass these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask the TAS to help me pass these
+out where you need to schedule you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where you need to schedule you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where you need to schedule you and
+dude into tutorials so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude into tutorials so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude into tutorials so we're going to
+ask you to fill out this form and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to fill out this form and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to fill out this form and give
+it to us before you leave so you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to us before you leave so you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to us before you leave so you'll be
+hearing from us once we do the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing from us once we do the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing from us once we do the sort
+there's the issue of whether we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the issue of whether we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the issue of whether we're going
+to have an recitations and a mega rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an recitations and a mega rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an recitations and a mega rest
+eight ordinary recitations at a mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight ordinary recitations at a mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight ordinary recitations at a mega
+recitation this week so pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week so pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week so pay attention
+otherwise you're going to be stranded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're going to be stranded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're going to be stranded in
+a classroom with nothing to do we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classroom with nothing to do we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classroom with nothing to do we are
+not going to have any regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have any regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have any regular
+recitations this week are we having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations this week are we having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations this week are we having
+regular recitation this week job no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular recitation this week job no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular recitation this week job no we
+may and probably will have a mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may and probably will have a mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may and probably will have a mega
+recitation this week that's devoted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week that's devoted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week that's devoted to a
+Python review now we know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python review now we know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python review now we know that there are
+many of you who are celebrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you who are celebrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you who are celebrating
+religious holiday on Friday and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious holiday on Friday and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious holiday on Friday and so we
+will be putting a lot of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be putting a lot of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be putting a lot of resources
+online so that you can get that review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so that you can get that review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so that you can get that review
+in another way now we probably will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another way now we probably will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another way now we probably will have
+a Python review on Friday and we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Python review on Friday and we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Python review on Friday and we ask
+that you look at our homepage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you look at our homepage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you look at our homepage for
+further information about that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further information about that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further information about that as the
+week progresses so that's all folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week progresses so that's all folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week progresses so that's all folks that
+concludes what we're going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes what we're going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes what we're going to do today
+and as soon as you give us your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as soon as you give us your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as soon as you give us your your
+form we're through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TzHbu221zMY.txt b/TzHbu221zMY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0620dc84776db16a41bf611d71bfc9b6c86676f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TzHbu221zMY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very fundamental question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very fundamental question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very fundamental question for
+humanity to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity to ask
+where do we come from and we are we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we come from and we are we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we come from and we are we are
+in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense
+a trying to study that and b trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trying to study that and b trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trying to study that and b trying to
+educate everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate everyone
+about that today on chalk radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today on chalk radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today on chalk radio
+we're talking star stuff in this episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking star stuff in this episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking star stuff in this episode
+we're going to be exploring stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be exploring stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be exploring stellar
+archaeology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeology
+and the origins of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the origins of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the origins of well
+everything it all comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it all comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it all comes from
+the cosmos from from the stars and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmos from from the stars and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmos from from the stars and from
+the supernova explosions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supernova explosions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supernova explosions
+our guest today is associate professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guest today is associate professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guest today is associate professor
+of physics anna freebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics anna freebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics anna freebo
+in a series of short videos created to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a series of short videos created to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a series of short videos created to
+go with her book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with her book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with her book
+searching for the oldest stars she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the oldest stars she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the oldest stars she
+reveals the secrets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals the secrets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals the secrets of
+stardust and explains the cosmic origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stardust and explains the cosmic origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stardust and explains the cosmic origins
+of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello my name is anna frevo i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is anna frevo i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is anna frevo i'm a
+physics professor at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics professor at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics professor at mit
+but i'm actually an astronomer so i sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm actually an astronomer so i sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm actually an astronomer so i sit
+in the astrophysics division and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the astrophysics division and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the astrophysics division and i
+search for the oldest stars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the oldest stars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the oldest stars in the
+universe and it's pretty cool and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and it's pretty cool and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and it's pretty cool and i
+think we're going to talk a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to talk a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to talk a lot more
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+it is pretty cool and what's even cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pretty cool and what's even cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pretty cool and what's even cooler
+is that by the end of this podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by the end of this podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by the end of this podcast
+you'll understand what she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand what she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand what she does
+even if your prior experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your prior experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your prior experience with
+astronomy like mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy like mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy like mine
+starts and ends with gazing at the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends with gazing at the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends with gazing at the stars
+and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying
+wait is that the big dipper and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait is that the big dipper and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait is that the big dipper and that's
+exactly why we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why we wanted to
+have her on this show she's an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have her on this show she's an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have her on this show she's an expert
+science communicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science communicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science communicator
+she conveys complex topics in inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she conveys complex topics in inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she conveys complex topics in inspiring
+and clear ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear ways
+as the title of her book suggests much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the title of her book suggests much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the title of her book suggests much
+of professor friebel's work is rooted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professor friebel's work is rooted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professor friebel's work is rooted in
+learning more about the origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more about the origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more about the origins
+of the elements by studying the oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements by studying the oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements by studying the oldest
+stars in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars in the universe
+i was curious how old we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was curious how old we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was curious how old we were talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+we want to figure out exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to figure out exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to figure out exactly how
+element formation proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element formation proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element formation proceeds
+and you have to look at different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to look at different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to look at different types
+of objects in the cosmos to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects in the cosmos to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects in the cosmos to figure it
+out because all the elements are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because all the elements are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because all the elements are made
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+now if you take the sun for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you take the sun for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you take the sun for example
+the sun is about 4.6 billion years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is about 4.6 billion years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is about 4.6 billion years old
+and the universe is about 13.8 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the universe is about 13.8 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the universe is about 13.8 billion
+years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old
+so the sun and its content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sun and its content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sun and its content
+reflects the state of the universe 4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the state of the universe 4.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the state of the universe 4.5
+or 4.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 4.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 4.6
+billion years ago now um that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years ago now um that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years ago now um that's pretty
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+that we get this kind of information but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get this kind of information but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get this kind of information but
+it actually it's much better for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually it's much better for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually it's much better for us to
+look at stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at stars
+that are much older that are formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much older that are formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much older that are formed
+sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner
+uh after the big bang and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after the big bang and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after the big bang and that's why we
+look at the oldest stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the oldest stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the oldest stars
+by studying the composition of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by studying the composition of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by studying the composition of these
+stars we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars we can then
+figure out what produced all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what produced all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what produced all these
+elements that we're seeing in the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we're seeing in the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we're seeing in the stars
+this process of looking to the oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of looking to the oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of looking to the oldest
+stars for information about the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars for information about the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars for information about the building
+blocks of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of the universe
+is called stellar archaeology and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called stellar archaeology and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called stellar archaeology and it
+helps us look into the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us look into the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us look into the past
+way into the past we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the past we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the past we are
+archaeologists of sorts right we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologists of sorts right we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologists of sorts right we are
+really good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good in
+piecing together the past because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecing together the past because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecing together the past because every
+distant object whose light we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant object whose light we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant object whose light we're seeing
+has traveled sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traveled sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traveled sometime
+to us and we are now seeing it as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us and we are now seeing it as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us and we are now seeing it as when
+you know for example a galaxy was in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example a galaxy was in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example a galaxy was in its
+baby stage we're seeing that now so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby stage we're seeing that now so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby stage we're seeing that now so that
+lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us
+explore the past now these stars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the past now these stars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the past now these stars that
+we're exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're exploring
+are in the milky way and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the milky way and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the milky way and that's
+really our local cosmic neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our local cosmic neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our local cosmic neighborhood
+the light travel time within our galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light travel time within our galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light travel time within our galaxy
+is thousands of years perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thousands of years perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thousands of years perhaps
+at least to the stars that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to the stars that we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to the stars that we're looking
+at so compared to the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so compared to the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so compared to the age of the
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+that's next to nothing so we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's next to nothing so we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's next to nothing so we are not
+looking for stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for stars
+that are very distant and whose light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very distant and whose light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very distant and whose light
+has traveled to us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traveled to us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traveled to us for
+literally a zillion years we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a zillion years we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a zillion years we are looking
+for stars that are truly old and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stars that are truly old and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stars that are truly old and still
+sitting there and again by studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and again by studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and again by studying
+their composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their composition
+we can then learn what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then learn what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then learn what the
+universe look like at the time of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe look like at the time of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe look like at the time of their
+formation soon after the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation soon after the big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation soon after the big bang
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you might be wondering how a scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be wondering how a scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be wondering how a scientist
+does this sort of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this sort of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this sort of work
+this stellar archaeology digging into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stellar archaeology digging into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stellar archaeology digging into
+the farthest reaches of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest reaches of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest reaches of the universe
+you'd have to use some of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to use some of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to use some of the best
+telescopes in the world and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes in the world and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes in the world and it's
+definitely not something you could set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not something you could set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not something you could set
+up in your backyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in your backyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in your backyard
+you have to fly to south america to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fly to south america to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fly to south america to
+chile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chile
+because most of the big telescopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the big telescopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the big telescopes are
+located there others are located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located there others are located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located there others are located in
+hawaii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawaii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawaii
+and while this sounds like a vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while this sounds like a vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while this sounds like a vacation
+it's really anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really anything but
+so you usually fly through miami or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you usually fly through miami or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you usually fly through miami or
+atlanta and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlanta and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atlanta and then you have to
+get to santiago de chile the capital of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to santiago de chile the capital of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to santiago de chile the capital of
+chile and then you have to fly another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chile and then you have to fly another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chile and then you have to fly another
+hour from there to la serena and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour from there to la serena and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour from there to la serena and then
+you get picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get picked up
+by a car and drives you the two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a car and drives you the two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a car and drives you the two and a
+half hours up into the mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hours up into the mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hours up into the mountain
+and you get there and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get there and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get there and you see the
+glittering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glittering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glittering
+telescope domes on the horizon waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope domes on the horizon waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope domes on the horizon waiting
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+and then it's like a tiny tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like a tiny tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like a tiny tiny little
+village up there so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village up there so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village up there so there are
+guest rooms for the observers where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest rooms for the observers where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest rooms for the observers where you
+sleep during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep during the day
+so thick curtains are a must and uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thick curtains are a must and uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thick curtains are a must and uh well
+so you get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get there
+you you meet other observers from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you meet other observers from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you meet other observers from from
+the other telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other telescopes
+you have your dinner and then you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your dinner and then you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your dinner and then you go to
+the telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telescope
+and then you sit there with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you sit there with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you sit there with lots of
+monitors and you work together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors and you work together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors and you work together with the
+telescope operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope operator
+they operate the actual telescope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate the actual telescope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate the actual telescope and
+the dome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dome
+and make sure that you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that you know you don't
+break anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break anything
+and then the astronomer operates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the astronomer operates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the astronomer operates the
+instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+so that's basically the a giant digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically the a giant digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically the a giant digital
+phone camera or a spectrograph that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone camera or a spectrograph that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone camera or a spectrograph that you
+know it's like a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like a prism
+where you split the light into rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you split the light into rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you split the light into rainbow
+colors so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so you have
+your buttons to press and decisions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your buttons to press and decisions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your buttons to press and decisions to
+make and of course a whole strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and of course a whole strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and of course a whole strategy
+about what to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what to observe
+and how to spread things out over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to spread things out over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to spread things out over the
+entire night so that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire night so that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire night so that you use
+every single second of telescope 10 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single second of telescope 10 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single second of telescope 10 that
+you have because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have because it's
+it's expensive and never enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive and never enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive and never enough
+telescope time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope time
+and then you know you get tired but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you get tired but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you get tired but you
+keep going and you get even more tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going and you get even more tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going and you get even more tired
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+keep going until the sun literally comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going until the sun literally comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going until the sun literally comes
+up again and at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again and at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again and at that point
+in the sun rise you just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun rise you just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun rise you just go
+back to bed and then sleep as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to bed and then sleep as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to bed and then sleep as much as
+you can during the day and then history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can during the day and then history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can during the day and then history
+repeats itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats itself
+but if the weather is bad and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the weather is bad and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the weather is bad and let's say
+there are clouds or it rains or it snows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are clouds or it rains or it snows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are clouds or it rains or it snows
+or something else then tough luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else then tough luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else then tough luck
+you go home empty-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when professor freebull is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when professor freebull is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when professor freebull is at the
+telescope down in chile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope down in chile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope down in chile
+she's getting a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's getting a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's getting a very different
+perspective than when she's back here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective than when she's back here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective than when she's back here in
+cambridge massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts
+because the universe you can visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the universe you can visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the universe you can visualize
+is different depending on where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different depending on where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different depending on where you're
+observing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing from
+we have a different night sky in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different night sky in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different night sky in the
+northern in the southern hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern in the southern hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern in the southern hemisphere
+and that's because of our orientation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of our orientation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of our orientation in
+the galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy
+we live in a spiral galaxy and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live in a spiral galaxy and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live in a spiral galaxy and so what
+we see as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see as the
+milky way in quotes on the night sky is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky way in quotes on the night sky is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky way in quotes on the night sky is
+actually the next door spiral arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the next door spiral arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the next door spiral arm
+and so that's why we have a band now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why we have a band now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why we have a band now in
+the northern hemisphere we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern hemisphere we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern hemisphere we're looking
+at the spiral arm that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spiral arm that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spiral arm that's kind of
+behind us so we're looking outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind us so we're looking outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind us so we're looking outside of
+the galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy
+so looking out in the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking out in the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking out in the southern
+hemisphere we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere we're looking
+in so it's really bright and shiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so it's really bright and shiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so it's really bright and shiny
+and that backlights the spiral arm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that backlights the spiral arm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that backlights the spiral arm and
+so when you're in the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're in the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're in the southern
+hemisphere you see a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere you see a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere you see a beautiful
+bright band over the sky much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright band over the sky much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright band over the sky much
+unlike what we have in the northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike what we have in the northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike what we have in the northern
+hemisphere it's truly remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere it's truly remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere it's truly remarkable
+how bright this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bright this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bright this can be
+so there's time during a single exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's time during a single exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's time during a single exposure
+to sneak out and look at the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sneak out and look at the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sneak out and look at the sky
+because i'm still a person i'm not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm still a person i'm not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm still a person i'm not just
+a scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientist
+and i do like looking at the at the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do like looking at the at the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do like looking at the at the sky
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i have been just walking outside with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have been just walking outside with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have been just walking outside with my
+flashlight under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight under
+under the milky way and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the milky way and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the milky way and uh you can
+actually switch off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually switch off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually switch off your
+your flashlight there and just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flashlight there and just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flashlight there and just walk
+in the light of the milky way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the light of the milky way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the light of the milky way you know
+no moon just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no moon just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no moon just
+starlight you can you can totally find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starlight you can you can totally find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starlight you can you can totally find
+your way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i was curious to learn more about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was curious to learn more about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was curious to learn more about how
+professor freebolt went from stargazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor freebolt went from stargazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor freebolt went from stargazing
+with the rest of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of us
+to stellar archaeology what made her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stellar archaeology what made her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stellar archaeology what made her
+want to dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig
+so much deeper into our cosmos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much deeper into our cosmos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much deeper into our cosmos
+it's just always been with me ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just always been with me ever since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just always been with me ever since
+i was little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was little
+i i knew i wanted to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i knew i wanted to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i knew i wanted to work with
+with stars and i knew it wasn't planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stars and i knew it wasn't planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stars and i knew it wasn't planets
+and it wasn't galaxies it was stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't galaxies it was stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't galaxies it was stars
+and i can really only describe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can really only describe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can really only describe what
+draws me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws me
+to this and always has is the analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and always has is the analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and always has is the analogy to
+you know why is blue your favorite color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is blue your favorite color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why is blue your favorite color
+why is it not red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not red
+that's just more it's more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just more it's more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just more it's more like a
+feeling and it really hit me when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and it really hit me when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and it really hit me when i
+learned about old stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about old stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about old stars
+i did not know about old stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not know about old stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not know about old stars
+specifically until i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically until i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically until i was
+22 but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 but uh
+in australia i i first encountered old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in australia i i first encountered old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in australia i i first encountered old
+stars and i knew that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and i knew that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and i knew that that's
+it for the rest of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the rest of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the rest of my life
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+as i shared earlier professor friebel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i shared earlier professor friebel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i shared earlier professor friebel is
+the author of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author of the book
+searching for the oldest stars which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the oldest stars which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for the oldest stars which
+makes this extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this extremely
+complex topic accessible to anyone still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex topic accessible to anyone still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex topic accessible to anyone still
+retaining some of that childlike wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining some of that childlike wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining some of that childlike wonder
+and curiosity about the world around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curiosity about the world around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curiosity about the world around
+or rather above all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather above all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather above all of us
+these times really speak for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these times really speak for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these times really speak for themselves
+people need to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people need to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people need to have more
+scientific literacy and i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific literacy and i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific literacy and i think the
+forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten
+point is that so much wonder comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that so much wonder comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that so much wonder comes along
+with it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it right
+information is power but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is power but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is power but it's also
+wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder
+and i think it's really really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's really really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's really really important
+as a scientist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scientist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scientist to
+make your work accessible you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your work accessible you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your work accessible you don't need
+a bachelor's in science to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bachelor's in science to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bachelor's in science to
+to understand that you know your body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that you know your body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that you know your body is
+made of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of different things
+and you know we always ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we always ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we always ask the question
+where does stuff come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does stuff come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does stuff come from
+where does the money in my wallet come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the money in my wallet come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the money in my wallet come
+from that's what my five-year-old is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's what my five-year-old is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's what my five-year-old is
+asking now right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking now right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking now right so
+yeah from my bank account but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah from my bank account but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah from my bank account but you know
+the story is obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is obviously
+a lot bigger and and science is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger and and science is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger and and science is exactly
+the same thing right i mean i could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing right i mean i could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing right i mean i could talk
+to him about the economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him about the economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him about the economy and
+the stock market and make it like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market and make it like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market and make it like really
+really complicated but in the end is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated but in the end is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated but in the end is you
+know i have a job and it pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i have a job and it pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i have a job and it pays
+and that's the basic idea and coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the basic idea and coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the basic idea and coming
+actually coming back to the stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming back to the stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming back to the stellar
+archaeology concept i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeology concept i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeology concept i think
+everyone should really know what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should really know what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should really know what their
+ancestry is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry is like
+and we are doing the exact same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are doing the exact same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are doing the exact same thing in
+the cosmos right we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmos right we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmos right we're looking at
+stellar generations and what came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar generations and what came before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar generations and what came before
+and it's a very fundamental question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very fundamental question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very fundamental question for
+humanity to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity to ask
+where do we come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of professor freeple's approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of professor freeple's approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of professor freeple's approach
+involves pulling back the curtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pulling back the curtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pulling back the curtain
+on what astrophysicists actually do on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what astrophysicists actually do on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what astrophysicists actually do on a
+day-to-day basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day basis
+and this is something she feels pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something she feels pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something she feels pretty
+passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about
+the nobel prize was one for this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nobel prize was one for this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nobel prize was one for this in this
+discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+that's cool that's very impressive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool that's very impressive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool that's very impressive but
+is that the really the interesting bit i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the really the interesting bit i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the really the interesting bit i
+think for many people it's actually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for many people it's actually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for many people it's actually much
+more interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting to
+hear the journey about what went all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the journey about what went all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the journey about what went all
+wrong on that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong on that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong on that path
+to success we like to just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to success we like to just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to success we like to just take the
+success in the end and throw away the 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in the end and throw away the 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in the end and throw away the 99
+other percent but that's not what life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other percent but that's not what life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other percent but that's not what life
+and reality is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reality is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reality is like
+as i said we go to the telescope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said we go to the telescope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said we go to the telescope and
+it's cloudy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cloudy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cloudy
+right but once i found something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but once i found something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but once i found something
+i made a big discovery then everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i made a big discovery then everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i made a big discovery then everyone
+literally forgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally forgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally forgets
+how many struggles you you had getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many struggles you you had getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many struggles you you had getting
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+it's great to have success but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great to have success but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great to have success but
+most of life is it's not success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of life is it's not success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of life is it's not success
+it's it's hard work and it's facing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's hard work and it's facing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's hard work and it's facing the
+struggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles
+and i think reminding people that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think reminding people that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think reminding people that even
+when you do have success there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do have success there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do have success there's really
+much much more to the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more to the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more to the story
+professor friebel's videos on mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor friebel's videos on mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor friebel's videos on mit open
+courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware
+are meant for anyone to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are meant for anyone to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are meant for anyone to learn from
+regardless of previous physics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of previous physics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of previous physics or
+astronomy knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy knowledge
+it's really for anyone and the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really for anyone and the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really for anyone and the book is
+written in the same way if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the same way if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the same way if you don't
+like a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a chapter
+you can just go to the next chapter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go to the next chapter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go to the next chapter you
+could even read the chapters backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even read the chapters backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even read the chapters backwards
+um it's all set up so it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's all set up so it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's all set up so it's completely
+interchangeable and flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable and flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable and flexible
+i think that you know children age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that you know children age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that you know children age
+10 or 15 could probably start watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 15 could probably start watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 15 could probably start watching
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+because again it's about the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it's about the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it's about the big
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+if you don't understand the sentence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't understand the sentence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't understand the sentence or
+the detail man don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail man don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail man don't worry about it
+right you wanna wonder and be amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you wanna wonder and be amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you wanna wonder and be amazed
+by something it's perfectly fine not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something it's perfectly fine not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something it's perfectly fine not to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+the details because it's not the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details because it's not the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details because it's not the details
+that make you amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make you amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make you amazed
+it's it's catching a glimpse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's catching a glimpse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's catching a glimpse of
+something bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bigger
+where you develop the desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you develop the desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you develop the desire to
+understand more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more
+and once you want to understand more my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you want to understand more my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you want to understand more my
+details are a drop in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are a drop in the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are a drop in the ocean
+in parting i wanted to go from looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parting i wanted to go from looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parting i wanted to go from looking
+to the past to looking to the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the past to looking to the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the past to looking to the future
+what exciting things are scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exciting things are scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exciting things are scientists
+doing to pave the way for more discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to pave the way for more discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to pave the way for more discovery
+and to inspire joy and wonder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to inspire joy and wonder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to inspire joy and wonder for
+generations to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations to come
+what i foresee in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i foresee in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i foresee in the next
+five to ten years is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to ten years is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to ten years is that this
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+knowing more about how the elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing more about how the elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing more about how the elements are
+all created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all created
+and on what time scales finding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on what time scales finding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on what time scales finding of
+course additional old stars in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course additional old stars in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course additional old stars in that
+all ages using their motions on the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ages using their motions on the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ages using their motions on the sky
+and then combining that with large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combining that with large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combining that with large
+simulations for the formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations for the formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations for the formation of the
+milky way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky way
+and so i think there's going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think there's going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think there's going to be a lot
+of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work
+into really figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into really figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into really figuring out
+all the puzzle pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the puzzle pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the puzzle pieces that
+it put together make up the mickey way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put together make up the mickey way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put together make up the mickey way
+and we figured out a few big ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured out a few big ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we figured out a few big ones but
+there are still lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still lots of little
+details that that that we need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that that that we need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that that that we need to figure
+out and and i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and i think that
+that's going to be the big thing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the big thing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the big thing so the
+milky way in the bigger view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky way in the bigger view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky way in the bigger view
+in a more holistic view that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more holistic view that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more holistic view that's that's
+going to be the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the focus
+in the next 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ultimately with the help of educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately with the help of educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately with the help of educators
+like professor friebel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like professor friebel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like professor friebel
+astrophysics can be a way to become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics can be a way to become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics can be a way to become more
+interested in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the world
+an avenue for understanding our place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avenue for understanding our place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avenue for understanding our place in
+the much much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the much much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the much much larger
+scheme of things if you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme of things if you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme of things if you're ready to
+learn more about the cosmic origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about the cosmic origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about the cosmic origin of
+the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements
+or have students who would be inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have students who would be inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have students who would be inspired
+by stellar archaeology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stellar archaeology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stellar archaeology
+you can find professor friebel's videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find professor friebel's videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find professor friebel's videos
+on our mit opencourseware website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our mit opencourseware website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our mit opencourseware website
+our resources are always free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our resources are always free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our resources are always free and
+remixable so they're perfect for use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remixable so they're perfect for use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remixable so they're perfect for use in
+your own teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own teaching
+for nearly 20 years open courseware has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nearly 20 years open courseware has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nearly 20 years open courseware has
+worked to share some of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to share some of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to share some of the best
+resources from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources from mit
+with teachers and learners just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teachers and learners just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teachers and learners just like you
+from newer resources like this podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from newer resources like this podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from newer resources like this podcast
+to our ever-growing library of online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our ever-growing library of online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our ever-growing library of online
+course content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course content
+a gift to ocw helps us do so freely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gift to ocw helps us do so freely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gift to ocw helps us do so freely and
+openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly
+if you're able please consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're able please consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're able please consider
+supporting ocw with a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting ocw with a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting ocw with a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ocw.mit.edu
+thank you for listening i'm sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for listening i'm sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for listening i'm sarah hansen
+from mit open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit open courseware
+signing off from under the night skies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing off from under the night skies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing off from under the night skies
+over cambridge massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mom pass the car
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UDOw-DUMhX0.txt b/UDOw-DUMhX0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fcf14299fabd50d13db2eb63a17676ae04ad0a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UDOw-DUMhX0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+streams three trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams three trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams three trash
+barrels and three electrodes each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels and three electrodes each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels and three electrodes each
+connected to the adjacent Barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the drop deflections indicate that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drop deflections indicate that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drop deflections indicate that a
+large alternating voltage is building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large alternating voltage is building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large alternating voltage is building
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneously we have an unusual form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously we have an unusual form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously we have an unusual form of
+a three-phase high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-phase high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-phase high voltage
+generator its explanation May occur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator its explanation May occur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator its explanation May occur to
+you with a little thought as we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a little thought as we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a little thought as we study
+now the interactions of electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interactions of electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interactions of electric fields
+and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+media moving medium is ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water we'lll the ring at 1 Kilt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential at a short distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at a short distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at a short distance from the
+nozzle the J break into drops which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle the J break into drops which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle the J break into drops which we
+see here in slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion the water jets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grounded and so charges on the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and so charges on the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and so charges on the ring
+induce image charges on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jets as the drops pull away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets as the drops pull away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets as the drops pull away from the
+stream they do so with a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream they do so with a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream they do so with a net
+charge this charge is then transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this charge is then transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge this charge is then transported
+to the pale where it adds to the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pale where it adds to the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pale where it adds to the charge
+from the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the preceding
+drops this sphere attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops this sphere attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops this sphere attached to a
+conductor can give an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor can give an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor can give an idea of the
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+intensity about 30 KT per cm is required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity about 30 KT per cm is required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity about 30 KT per cm is required
+to produce breakdown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air so we generate about 10 kts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so we generate about 10 kts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so we generate about 10 kts
+beginning with charges induced by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with charges induced by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with charges induced by two
+510 volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+510 volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+510 volt
+batteries we have a voltage generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the relaxation time and tap water is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation time and tap water is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation time and tap water is far
+less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a
+microsc this gives plenty of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc this gives plenty of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsc this gives plenty of time for
+charge to accumulate on the drop as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to accumulate on the drop as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to accumulate on the drop as it
+forms for the free drop the relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for the free drop the relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms for the free drop the relaxation
+time of the air is much greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the air is much greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the air is much greater than a
+second enough time for the drop to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second enough time for the drop to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second enough time for the drop to reach
+the pale with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pale with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pale with its
+charge the electri Reynolds number based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the electri Reynolds number based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the electri Reynolds number based
+on the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the properties of the
+air the distance of travel and the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air the distance of travel and the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air the distance of travel and the drop
+velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large in a high voltage vandag graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in a high voltage vandag graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in a high voltage vandag graph
+generator the falling drops are replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator the falling drops are replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator the falling drops are replaced
+by a moving insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+belt charges are placed on the Belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt charges are placed on the Belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt charges are placed on the Belt
+coronos Source at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom they are removed at the top where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom they are removed at the top where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom they are removed at the top where
+they accumulate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dome this small vandra generator can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dome this small vandra generator can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dome this small vandra generator can
+make 500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volts large modern electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts large modern electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts large modern electrostatic
+machines produce as high as 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines produce as high as 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines produce as high as 10 million
+volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far we've considered the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've considered the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've considered the effects of
+material motion on the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material motion on the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material motion on the electric
+field this experiment emphasizes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this experiment emphasizes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this experiment emphasizes what
+we've learned you'll want to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself we've placed a second stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself we've placed a second stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself we've placed a second stream of
+drops next to the one we were using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops next to the one we were using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops next to the one we were using a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ago this stream also has its inducer Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this stream also has its inducer Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this stream also has its inducer Ro
+and a pale for catching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drops now however there is no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops now however there is no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops now however there is no external
+source of voltage on either inducer ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of voltage on either inducer ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of voltage on either inducer ring
+rather the Rings are connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the Rings are connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the Rings are connected to the
+pales of the opposite streams which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pales of the opposite streams which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pales of the opposite streams which
+causes them to charge spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the electrical breakdown makes it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical breakdown makes it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical breakdown makes it clear
+that with no excitation this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with no excitation this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with no excitation this system
+generates about 20 kils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kelvin's water drop experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin's water drop experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin's water drop experiment
+demonstrates for us that not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates for us that not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates for us that not only does
+the motion generate the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion generate the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion generate the electric field
+but that the field also has a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the field also has a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the field also has a strong
+influence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Motions if we bear in mind that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motions if we bear in mind that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motions if we bear in mind that the
+major constituents of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major constituents of this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major constituents of this experiment
+air water drops and electric charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air water drops and electric charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air water drops and electric charges are
+also in the atmosphere it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the atmosphere it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the atmosphere it's not
+difficult to imagine that the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to imagine that the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to imagine that the drop
+Dynamics have a lot to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics have a lot to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics have a lot to do with
+lightning like our experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning like our experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning like our experiment
+thunderstorms are an electrohydrodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms are an electrohydrodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms are an electrohydrodynamic
+Dynamo of course a much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamo of course a much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamo of course a much more complicated
+one than we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here Lord kelvin's Dynamo took yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Lord kelvin's Dynamo took yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Lord kelvin's Dynamo took yet
+another form in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form in our
+introduction three strings with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction three strings with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction three strings with each
+inducer electrode attached to the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducer electrode attached to the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducer electrode attached to the barrel
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+neighbor the alternating streams show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor the alternating streams show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor the alternating streams show
+that the fields are spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fields are spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fields are spontaneously
+building up this time the voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up this time the voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up this time the voltage of
+each paale increases in an oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each paale increases in an oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each paale increases in an oscillatory
+fashion the arrangement of electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the arrangement of electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the arrangement of electrodes
+water and air is a three-phase AC Dynamo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UJji2L8XFZQ.txt b/UJji2L8XFZQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74e1d09fee49fecf960e8cf8b3e4efd10d11b0f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UJji2L8XFZQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3522 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: OK, so today's
+the last lecture day
+
+we're going to talk about
+the raw architecture.
+
+This is a processor that was
+built here at MIT and
+
+essentially trailblazed a lot
+of the research in terms of
+
+parallel architectures for
+multicores, compilation for
+
+multicores, programming
+language and so on.
+
+So you've heard some things
+about RAW and the
+
+parallelizing technology
+in terms of StreamIt.
+
+So we're going to cover some of
+that again here today just
+
+briefly and give you little
+bit more insight into what
+
+went into the design of
+the raw architecture.
+
+So these are RAW chips
+they were delivered
+
+in October of 2002.
+
+Each one of these has
+16 processors on it.
+
+I'm going to show you sort of
+a diagram on the next slide.
+
+It's really a tiled
+microprocessor.
+
+We'll get into what that means
+and how it actually--
+
+what does a tiled microprocessor
+give you that
+
+makes it an attractive
+design point in the
+
+architecture space?
+
+Each of the raw tiles-- you can
+sort of see the outline
+
+here sort of replicates--
+
+is four millimeters.
+
+It's four millimeters square.
+
+It's a single-issue
+8-stage pipeline.
+
+It has local memory, so
+there's a 32K cache.
+
+And the unique aspect of the raw
+processor is that is has a
+
+lot of on-chip networks that you
+could use to orchestrate
+
+communication between
+processors.
+
+So there's two operand
+networks.
+
+I'm going to get into
+what that means and
+
+what they used for.
+
+But these eventually allow
+you to do point-to-point
+
+communication between tiles
+with very low latency.
+
+And then there's a network that
+essentially allows you to
+
+handle cache misses and input
+and output and one for message
+
+passings, a more dynamic style
+of messaging, something
+
+similar to what you're
+accustomed to at the cell, for
+
+example, in DMA transfers.
+
+This was built in 180
+nanometer ASIC
+
+technology by IBM.
+
+It's got 100 million
+transistors.
+
+It was designed here by
+MIT grad students.
+
+It's got something like
+a million gates on it.
+
+Three to four years of
+development time.
+
+And what was really interesting
+here is that this
+
+was-- because of the tiled
+nature of the architecture,
+
+you could just design one tile
+and then once you have one
+
+tile, you essentially just plop
+down more and more and
+
+more of them.
+
+And so you have one, you scale
+it out to 16 tiles.
+
+And the design sort of came back
+without any bugs when the
+
+first chip was delivered.
+
+The core frequency was expected
+to run at 425--
+
+I think lower than
+425 megahertz.
+
+AUDIENCE: Designed for 250?
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: 250 megahertz
+and came back and it
+
+ran 425 megahertz.
+
+And it's been clocked as high as
+500 megahertz at 2.2 volts.
+
+The chip isn't really designed
+for low power but the tile
+
+abstraction is really nice for
+power consumption because if
+
+you're not using tiles
+you can essentially
+
+just shut them down.
+
+So it'll allow you to sort of
+have power efficient design
+
+just by nature of the
+architecture.
+
+But when you're using all the
+tiles, all the memories, all
+
+the networks, in a non-optimized
+design, you
+
+consume about 18
+watts of power.
+
+So how do you use this
+tiled processor?
+
+So here's one particular
+example.
+
+The nice thing about tile
+architecture is that you can
+
+let applications consume as
+many tiles as they need.
+
+If you have an application with
+a lot parallelism then
+
+you give it a lot of tiles.
+
+If you have an application that
+doesn't need a lot of
+
+parallelism then you don't
+give it a lot of tiles.
+
+So it allows you to really
+exploit the mapping of your
+
+application down to the
+architecture and gives you
+
+ASIC-like behavior-- application
+specific
+
+processing technology.
+
+So one example is you have
+some video that you're
+
+recording and you want to encode
+it and stream it across
+
+the web or display it on your
+monitor or whatever else.
+
+So you can have some logic
+that you map down.
+
+If your chips are here, you
+do some computation.
+
+You have memories sprinkled
+across the tile that you're
+
+going to use for local store.
+
+So you can parallelize, for
+example, the motion estimation
+
+for encoding the temporal
+redundancy in a video stream.
+
+You can have another application
+completely
+
+independent running on other
+part of the chip.
+
+So here's an application that's
+using four different
+
+tiles and it's really
+isolated.
+
+It doesn't affect what's going
+on in these tiles.
+
+You can have another application
+that's running
+
+something like MPI where
+you're doing dynamic
+
+messaging, and httpd server
+and this tile is maybe not
+
+used so it's just sleeping
+or it's idle.
+
+You can have memories
+connected off
+
+the chip, I/O devices.
+
+So it's really interesting in
+the sense that probably the
+
+most interesting aspect of it is
+you just allow the tiles to
+
+sort of be used as your
+fundamental resource.
+
+And you can scale
+them up as your
+
+application parallelism scales.
+
+This is a picture of the raw
+board-- the raw motherboard.
+
+Actually you see it in the Stata
+Center in the Raw Lab.
+
+This is the raw chip.
+
+A lot of the peripheral
+device, firmware and
+
+interconnect for dealing with a
+lot of devices off the chip
+
+are implemented in
+these FPGAs, so
+
+these are Xilinx chips.
+
+There's DRAM.
+
+You have connection to a
+PCI card, USB stick.
+
+Network interface so you can
+actually log into this machine
+
+and use it.
+
+And there's a real compiler.
+
+It can run real applications
+on it.
+
+There's actually a bigger chip
+that we built where we take
+
+four of these raw chips and
+sort of scale them up.
+
+So rather than having 16 tiles
+on your motherboard, you can
+
+have four raw chips.
+
+That gives you 64 tiles.
+
+You can scale this up to a
+thousand tiles or so on.
+
+Just because of the tile
+nature, everything is
+
+symmetric, homogeneous, so
+you can really scale
+
+it up really big.
+
+So what is the performance
+of raw?
+
+So looking at the overall
+application performance, so
+
+we've done a lot of
+benchmarking.
+
+So these are numbers from a
+paper that was published in
+
+2004, where we took a lot of
+applications-- some are
+
+well-known and used in standard
+benchmark suites--
+
+and compiled them for raw using
+various raw compiler
+
+that we built in-house.
+
+And we've compared them
+against the Pentium 3.
+
+So the Pentium 3 is sort of
+a unique comparison point
+
+because it sort of matches raw
+in terms of the technology
+
+that was used to fabricate
+the two.
+
+And what you're seeing here,
+this is a lock scale.
+
+The speedup of the application
+running on raw compared to the
+
+application running on a P3.
+
+So the higher you get, the
+better the performance is.
+
+So these applications are sort
+of grouped into a few classes.
+
+So the first class is what
+we call ILP applications.
+
+So these are applications that
+have essentially instruction
+
+level parallelism.
+
+I'm going to talk a little
+bit more about and
+
+sort of explain it.
+
+But you've seen this early
+on in the lecture--
+
+in some of Saman's lectures.
+
+So here you're trying to exploit
+inherent instruction
+
+level parallelism in
+the applications.
+
+And if you have lots of ILP then
+you map it to a lot of
+
+tiles and you can get
+parallelism that way and you
+
+get better performance.
+
+These applications here-- what
+we call the streaming
+
+applications.
+
+So you saw some of these in the
+StreamIt lecture and the
+
+StreamIt parallelizer
+compiler.
+
+Some of those numbers were
+generated on a raw-like
+
+architecture.
+
+And then you have the server
+or sort of more traditional
+
+applications that you expect
+to run in a server style or
+
+throughput-oriented.
+
+And then finally you have
+bit-level applications.
+
+So doing things at the very
+lowest level of computation
+
+where you're doing a lot
+of bit manipulation.
+
+So what's interesting here to
+note is that as you get into
+
+more applications that have a
+lot of inherent parallelism in
+
+them, where you want
+explicit--
+
+where you can extract a lot of
+parallelism because of the
+
+explicit nature of the
+applications--
+
+you can really map those
+really well through the
+
+architecture.
+
+And because of the communication
+nature--
+
+because of communication
+capabilities of the
+
+architecture, being able to
+stream data from one tile to
+
+another really fast, you can
+get really high on-chip
+
+bandwidth and that gives you
+really high performance,
+
+especially for these kinds
+of applications.
+
+There are other applications
+that we've done.
+
+Some of the students have worked
+on in the raw group.
+
+So an MPEG-2 encoder where
+you're essentially trying to
+
+do real-time encoding of a
+video screen at different
+
+resolutions.
+
+So 350 by 240 or 720 by 480
+where you're compiling down to
+
+a number of tiles.
+
+One, 4, 8 sixteen, 16--
+
+1 and 16 are somehow missing,
+I'm not sure why.
+
+And what you're looking
+for here?
+
+Sort of scalability
+of algorithm.
+
+As you add more tiles, are
+you getting more and more
+
+performance or are you getting
+better and better throughput?
+
+So you could encode more frames
+per second for example.
+
+So if you're doing HDTV, it's
+1080p, then you really want to
+
+sort of get--
+
+there's a lot of compute
+power that you need.
+
+And so as you add more frames,
+maybe you can get to sort of
+
+the throughput that
+you need for HDTV.
+
+So this is something that might
+be interesting for some
+
+of your projects as well.
+
+And we've talked about
+this before.
+
+On the cell, as you're using
+more and more SPEs, can you
+
+accelerate the performance
+of your application?
+
+Can you sort of show
+that if you're
+
+doing some visual aspect?
+
+And you can sort of
+demonstrate it.
+
+So there's a demo that is set
+up and in the lab where you
+
+can sort of crank up number of
+tiles that you're using and
+
+you get better performance
+from the MPEG encoder.
+
+And just looking at number of
+frames per second that you can
+
+get, with 64 tiles-- so the raw
+chip is 16 tiles, but you
+
+can scale it up by having
+more chips--
+
+so you can get about
+51 frames.
+
+These numbers have been
+improved and there are
+
+different ways of optimizing
+these performances.
+
+At 352 by 4 240, the estimated
+data rate-- estimated
+
+throughput--
+
+of 160 frames per second
+almost. So this
+
+is really high bandwidth.
+
+Another interesting thing that
+we've done with the raw chip
+
+is taking a look at graphics
+pipelines and looking at is
+
+there anything we can do to
+exploit the inherent tiled
+
+architecture of the raw chip.
+
+So here's a screenshot from
+Counterstrike and a simplified
+
+graphics pipeline where you have
+some input to the screen
+
+you want to render.
+
+You do some vertex shading.
+
+So these are triangles that you
+want to figure out what
+
+colors to make--
+
+what colors to paint them.
+
+The triangle's set up
+for pixel stage.
+
+And in this screen you'll notice
+that there are two
+
+different things that
+you're rendering.
+
+There's essentially this part of
+the screen which has a lot
+
+of triangles that span
+a relatively
+
+not-so-complex image.
+
+And then you have these guys
+here that have fewer triangle
+
+span a smaller region
+of the frame.
+
+And what you might want to do
+is allocate more computer
+
+power to the pixel stage and
+less compute power to the
+
+vertex stage.
+
+So that's analogous to saying,
+I want more tiles for one
+
+stage of the pipeline and
+fewer tiles for another.
+
+Or maybe I want to be able to
+dynamically change how many
+
+tiles I'm allocating
+at different
+
+stages of the pipeline.
+
+So that as your screens that
+you're rendering change in
+
+terms of their complexity, you
+can maintain the good visual
+
+illusions transparently without
+compromising the
+
+utilization of the chip.
+
+So some demos that were
+done with the
+
+graphics group it at MIT--
+
+Fredo Durand's group--
+
+phong shading.
+
+You have 132 vertices
+with 1 light source.
+
+So this is what you're
+trying to shade.
+
+You have a lot of
+regions black.
+
+So if you're looking at a
+fixed pipeline where the
+
+vertex shader is taking
+six tiles-- this is
+
+on a 64-tile chip--
+
+the rasterizer is taking 15
+tiles, the pixel processor has
+
+15 tiles, the alpha buffer
+operations has 15 tiles, then
+
+you might not get the best
+utilization because for that
+
+entire region that you're
+rendering where it's black
+
+there's nothing really
+interesting happening there.
+
+You want to shift those tiles
+to another processor, to
+
+another stage of pipeline.
+
+Or, if you can't really utilize
+them, then you're just
+
+wasting power, wasting energy,
+and so you might just want to
+
+shut them and not
+use them at all.
+
+So with a fixed pipeline
+versus a reconfigurable
+
+pipeline where I can change the
+number of tiles allocated
+
+to different stages of the
+pipeline, I can get better
+
+utilization.
+
+And, in some cases, better
+performance.
+
+So here, fuller bars,
+and you're
+
+finishing faster in time.
+
+So this is indicative also
+of what's going on in the
+
+graphics industry.
+
+So the graphics card
+used to be very--
+
+well, it had fixed resources
+allocated to different stage,
+
+which is essentially what we're
+trying model in this
+
+part of the experiment, where
+more and more now you have
+
+unified shaders that you can use
+for the pixel shading and
+
+the vertex shading.
+
+So you're getting into more of
+that programmable aspect.
+
+Precisely because you want to
+be able to do this kind of
+
+load balancing and exploit
+dynamisms that you see in
+
+different things that you're
+trying to render.
+
+Another example:
+shadow volumes.
+
+You have 4 triangles,
+one light source.
+
+And this was rendered
+in three passes.
+
+So pass 1, pass 2, pass 3, would
+essentially take the
+
+same amount of time because
+you're doing the same
+
+computation map to a fixed
+number of resources.
+
+But if I can change the number
+of resources that I need for
+
+different passes-- so the
+rasterizer, for example, and
+
+the alpha buffer operations,
+is really where you
+
+need a lot of power.
+
+So if you go from 15 tiles for
+each to 20 tiles for each, you
+
+get better execution time
+because you were able to
+
+exploit parallelism or match
+parallelism better to the
+
+application.
+
+And so you get 40%
+percent faster in
+
+this particular case.
+
+And another interesting
+application: this is the
+
+largest in the world
+microphone array.
+
+It's actually in the Guinness
+Book of Records.
+
+It was build in the lab.
+
+And what it essentially has--
+each of these little boards
+
+has two microphones on it.
+
+And so what you can
+use this for is
+
+eavesdropping for example.
+
+Or you can carry this
+around if you want.
+
+Pack it in the car and
+do some spying.
+
+But somewhat more interesting
+demos that were done with this
+
+in smaller scales was that in a
+noisy room, for example, if
+
+you want the sort of hone in.
+
+Let's say everybody here was
+speaking, but for the camera
+
+they want to record
+only my voice.
+
+They can have a microphone array
+in the back that focuses
+
+on just my voice.
+
+And the way it's done is you can
+measure the distance from
+
+the time it takes for the sound
+wave to reach each of
+
+these different microphones
+and you can focus in on a
+
+particular source of noise
+and be able to
+
+just highlight that.
+
+So there's this demo where's
+it's a noisy room--
+
+I probably should have had these
+in here in retrospect--
+
+there's a noisy room, lots of
+people are talking, then you
+
+turn on the microphone array
+and you can hear that one
+
+particular source and
+it's a lot clearer.
+
+You can also have applications
+where you're tracking a person
+
+in a room with videos as
+well, so you can sort
+
+of follow him around.
+
+So it's a very interesting
+application.
+
+An now I regret not having
+the video demo in here.
+
+Actually, should I do it?
+
+It's on the Web.
+
+OK.
+
+So a case study using
+the beamformer.
+
+So what's being done in the
+microphone array is you're
+
+doing beamforming.
+
+So you're trying to figure out
+what are the different beams
+
+that are reaching
+the microphone.
+
+You want to be able to
+amplify one of them.
+
+So looking at the application
+written natively in C running
+
+on a 1 gigahertz Pentium
+, what is the operation
+
+throughput?
+
+So you're getting about
+240 MegaFLOPS.
+
+And if you go down
+to an optimized--
+
+same code but running on single
+tile raw chip, you get
+
+about 19 MegaFLOPS.
+
+So a not very good
+performance.
+
+But here, what you really want
+to do, is you have al lot of
+
+parallelism.
+
+Because each of those beams
+that's reaching individual
+
+microphones can be
+done in parallel.
+
+So you have a lot of
+parallelism in that
+
+application.
+
+So taking the C program,
+reimplementing it in StreamIt
+
+that you've seen in previous
+lectures, and not really
+
+optimizing it in terms
+of doing a lot of the
+
+optimizations you saw in the
+parallelizing compiler talk,
+
+you get about 640 MegaFLOPS.
+
+So already you're beating the C
+program running on a pretty
+
+fast superscalar machine.
+
+And if you really optimize the
+StreamIt code in terms of
+
+doing the fission and fusion,
+increasing the parallelism,
+
+doing better load balancing
+automatically, you can get up
+
+to 1.4 GigaFLOPS.
+
+So really good performance and
+really matching the inherent
+
+parallelism to the
+architecture.
+
+So it was just a big overview of
+the raw chip and what we've
+
+done with it in lab.
+
+There's more in here than
+I've talked about.
+
+But what I'm going to do next
+is give you some insights as
+
+to what is the design philosophy
+that went into raw
+
+architecture, why was it
+designed the way it was.
+
+And then I'm going to talk a
+little bit about the raw
+
+parallelizing compiler.
+
+And while the StreamIt language
+and compiler also has
+
+a back end for the raw
+architecture, we've sort of
+
+seen that in previous lectures
+so I'm not going to
+
+talk about that here.
+
+So I'm just going to focus
+on the first two bullets.
+
+And a few years ago when the
+project got started, sort of
+
+the insight in the wide issue
+processors and the design
+
+philosophy that was being
+followed in industry for
+
+building wider superscalars,
+faster superscalars, was
+
+really going to come to a halt
+largely because you have
+
+scalability issues.
+
+So if you look at sort of a
+simplified illustration of a
+
+wide issue microprocessor, you
+have your program counter such
+
+as instructions.
+
+Goes into some control logic.
+
+Control logic is then
+going to run.
+
+You're going to read
+some variables from
+
+the register file.
+
+You'll have a big crossbar in
+the middle that routes to
+
+operands like ALUs.
+
+Yell And then you operate on
+those and you have to send it
+
+back to the register file.
+
+Plus you have this really big
+problem with the network.
+
+So if you're doing some
+computation--
+
+sorry, I rearranged
+these slides.
+
+So what you have if you have n
+ALUs, then the complexity of
+
+your crossbar increases as
+n squared, because you
+
+essentially have to
+have everybody
+
+talking to each other.
+
+And in terms of the number of
+wires that you need out of the
+
+register file to support
+everybody being able to sort
+
+of talk to anybody else very
+efficiently, the number of
+
+ports, the number of wires
+increases n cubed.
+
+So that's a problem because
+you can't clock all those
+
+wires fast enough.
+
+The frequency becomes
+sort of limited.
+
+It grows even less
+than linearly.
+
+And this is a problem because
+operational routing-- operand
+
+routing, is global.
+
+So if I have- I'm doing some
+operations and it's an add,
+
+the results of this add is fed
+to another operation to shift,
+
+and these are going to execute
+on two different ALUs.
+
+So what's going to happen?
+
+I do the add operation.
+
+It's going to produce
+a result.
+
+But there's no direct path for
+this ALU to send this result
+
+to this ALU.
+
+So instead what has happened is
+the operand has to travel
+
+all the way back around through
+the crossbar and then
+
+back to this ALU.
+
+So that's really just going to
+take a long time and not
+
+necessarily very efficient.
+
+And if you're doing this for a
+lot of ALU operations, you
+
+have a lot of parallelism in
+your application level,
+
+instructional level parallelism,
+and that's just
+
+creating a lot of
+communication.
+
+But you're not really exploiting
+the locality of the
+
+computation.
+
+If 2 instructions are really
+close together, you want to be
+
+able to just have a
+point-to-point path, for
+
+example, or a shorter path that
+allows you to exploit
+
+where was instructions
+are in space.
+
+And so this was the driving
+insight for the architecture
+
+in that you want to make
+operand routing local.
+
+So an idea is to essentially
+exploit this locality by
+
+distributing the ALUs.
+
+And rather than having that
+massive crossbar, what you
+
+want to do is have an on-chip
+mesh network.
+
+So rather than have one big
+crossbar, you have lots of
+
+smaller ones.
+
+So these become switch
+processors.
+
+So I can put value from this
+ALU here and then have that
+
+value routed to any other ALU.
+
+Maybe that just cost me more in
+terms of instructions that
+
+says where this operand
+is going.
+
+We'll get into that.
+
+But here, what this allows
+me to do is exploit
+
+that locality better.
+
+Same instruction chain, I can
+put the first operation on one
+
+ALU, I can put the other
+operation on the second ALU.
+
+And here, rather than putting
+it for example here, which
+
+would send the operand really
+far across chip, what I want
+
+to do is recognize that there's
+a producer/consumer
+
+relationship here.
+
+I want to exploit that locality
+and have them close
+
+in spaces so that the routes
+remain fairly short.
+
+You know what I can also do is
+sort of pipeline this network
+
+so that I can have the hardware
+essential match
+
+computation flow.
+
+If one ALU is producing a lot
+of results at a lot faster
+
+rate than for example this
+instruction can consume them,
+
+then the hardware can take care
+of, for example, blocking
+
+or stalling the producing
+processor so it doesn't get
+
+too far ahead.
+
+It gives you a nature mechanism
+for regulating the
+
+flow data on the chip.
+
+Well, this is better than what
+we saw before because with the
+
+crossbar you're not really
+getting any scalability in
+
+terms of your latency transport
+operands from one
+
+ALU to another.
+
+Whereas with on-chip network,
+if you've taken routing
+
+classes, you know that there
+exists an algorithm that sort
+
+of allows it to route things at
+least the square root of n,
+
+where n is the number of things
+that are communicating
+
+in your network.
+
+But if you're doing locality
+driven placement then it's
+
+essentially costing time.
+
+And in a raw chip, it's
+in fact three cycles.
+
+So you can send one operand from
+one tile to another in
+
+three cycles.
+
+And we'll get into how that
+number comes about.
+
+So this is much better.
+
+But what it does
+is increase the
+
+complexity on the compiler.
+
+It says, this is my computation,
+how do you map it
+
+efficiently so that things are
+clustered in space well so
+
+that I don't have these really
+long routes for communication?
+
+But then we can look at what
+else can we distribute.
+
+Well, we have the
+register file.
+
+We can distribute that
+across all the ALUs.
+
+And that essentially decreases
+that n cubed relationships
+
+between ALUs and register file
+ports to something that's a
+
+lot more tractable.
+
+Where it's one small
+register per ALU.
+
+And this is better in terms of
+scalability, but we haven't
+
+solved the entire problem in
+that we still have one global
+
+program counter, we have one
+global instruction fetch unit,
+
+one global control unified
+load/store queue for
+
+communicating with memory.
+
+And those all have scalability
+problems. So whereas we fixed
+
+the problem with
+the crossbar--
+
+that becomes more scalable--
+
+we haven't really fix the
+problems with the others.
+
+So what's the natural
+solution to do here?
+
+Well, we'll just distribute
+everything else.
+
+And so you start off with each
+ALU here now having it's own
+
+program counter, its own
+instruction cache, it's own
+
+data cache.
+
+And it has its register file ALU
+and everybody-- that same
+
+sort of design pattern
+is repeated for each
+
+one of those ALUs.
+
+So now it looks like it's
+a lot scalable.
+
+I don't have any global wires.
+
+There's no global centralized
+data structure.
+
+And all of that means I
+can do things more--
+
+I can do things faster
+and more efficiently.
+
+And what you start seeing here
+is this sort of tile processor
+
+coming about all.
+
+So each one of those things
+was exactly the same.
+
+And what was done in the raw
+processor is that none of
+
+those tiles was longer than
+you can communicate in one
+
+clock cycle.
+
+So this solved essentially a
+wire delay problem as well.
+
+So if this is the distance
+that a wire--
+
+that a signal can travel
+in one clock
+
+cycle, the tile is smaller.
+
+It can fit within this circle.
+
+So that means that you're
+guaranteed--
+
+you have better scalability
+problems. You're solving the
+
+issues that people are facing
+with wire delay.
+
+And in terms of the tile
+processor abstraction, Michael
+
+Taylor was is a PhD student in
+the raw group, his thesis sort
+
+of identified the tile processor
+approach and this
+
+aspect of the tile processor
+approach that makes it more
+
+attractive, the SON.
+
+Which is the scalar
+operand network.
+
+And the next two slides, the
+next part of the lecture, is
+
+going to really focus
+on what that means.
+
+He argues why the tile
+
+processor approach is scalable.
+
+And it's scalable for the same
+reasons as multicores.
+
+You just add more and more
+cores on a chip.
+
+But the intrinsic difference
+between the multicore that you
+
+see today and the raw
+architecture is the scalar
+
+operand network.
+
+So I'm going to ask you
+questions about
+
+this in a few slides.
+
+But really what you're getting
+here is the ability to
+
+communicate from one processor
+to another very efficiently.
+
+And the way you do this on raw
+is you have your instruction
+
+fetch d code, register file
+read stage, WALU--
+
+your competition pipeline.
+
+But part of the registers-- the
+new register file-- so 24
+
+through 27 are network mapped.
+
+So what that means is, if
+I write-- if one of the
+
+operations that I have in my
+computation has a destination
+
+register that's 24, 25, 26 or
+27, that value automatically
+
+get sent to the output
+network.
+
+And if I have a value--
+
+if one of my source operands is
+registered at 24, 25, 26 or
+
+27, implicitly that means get
+that value off the network.
+
+And so I can have add 25--
+
+added to register 25-- so this
+is one of the network map
+
+ports, sum two operands.
+
+So this is a picture
+of the raw chip.
+
+This is one tile.
+
+This is the other tile.
+
+So you can sort of see the
+computation and the network
+
+switch processor here.
+
+So the operand flows into the
+network and then gets
+
+transported across from
+one tile to the other.
+
+And then gets injected
+into the other
+
+tiles compute networks.
+
+And here this instruction has
+sort a source operand that
+
+that's register map operand.
+
+So it knows where to
+get its value from.
+
+And then you can do
+the computation.
+
+An interesting aspect here
+is that while you've seen
+
+instructions like this, just
+normal instructions, here you
+
+also have explicit routing
+instructions that are executed
+
+on the switch processor.
+
+So the switch processor here
+says take the value that's
+
+coming from my processor and
+send it east. So each
+
+processor can send values east,
+west, north or south.
+
+So it can go to the tile above
+it, the tile below it, the
+
+tile to the left of it or
+tile to the right of it.
+
+And so sending it east sends
+it along this wire here.
+
+And then this particular switch
+processor says get a
+
+value from the west port and
+send it to my processor.
+
+Now you could have had here,
+this process could say, this
+
+value is not for me, so I want
+to just pass through to some
+
+other processor.
+
+So you can pass it from the west
+port to the south port or
+
+to the north port or just pass
+it through laterally to the
+
+other east port.
+
+So it just allows you to
+essentially just have an
+
+on-chip network and not
+operand-- you can imagine
+
+having an operand that has a
+data packet and header that's
+
+says, I'm going to tile 10
+and the switches know
+
+which way to send it.
+
+But the interesting aspect
+here is that the compiler
+
+actually orchestrates the
+communication, so you don't
+
+need that extra header that
+says, I'm going to tile 10.
+
+You just have to generate a
+schedule of how to write that
+
+data through.
+
+So we'll get into what that
+means for the compiler in
+
+terms of that added
+complexity.
+
+So communication on multicores
+is expensive for
+
+the following reasons.
+
+And this is really sort of going
+contrast or going to put
+
+the scalar operand network
+into slightly more
+
+perspective.
+
+But first, so how do you
+communicate between multicores
+
+on the cell?
+
+You have the DMA transfers
+from one SPE to another.
+
+You can't really ship an
+operand single value.
+
+So if I write the value x, and
+I want to send x from one SPE
+
+to another, I can't really do
+that very efficiently, right?
+
+So this is essentially the
+contrasting thing between
+
+multicore processors that
+largely exist today and the
+
+raw processor.
+
+So I've shown you an empirical--
+a quantitative--
+
+an analytical model for
+communication costs before in
+
+earlier slides.
+
+This is an illustration
+of that concept.
+
+So if I have a processor that's
+talking to another,
+
+that value has to travel
+across some network and
+
+there's some transport costs
+associated with that.
+
+But there's also some
+added complexities.
+
+So there were lots of terms,
+if you remember, in that
+
+really big equation
+I've shown before.
+
+You have some overhead in terms
+of packaging the data.
+
+And you have some overhead in
+terms of unpacking the data.
+
+So what does that look?
+
+Well, there are two components
+we're going to break this down
+
+to: the send occupancy
+and send latency.
+
+And I'm going to talk
+about each of those.
+
+And similarly on the receive
+side, you have the receive
+
+latency and the receive
+occupancy.
+
+So bear in mind, this lifetime
+of a message essentially has
+
+to flow through these
+five components.
+
+It has to go through the
+occupancy stage, then there's
+
+the send latency, transport,
+receive latency and receive
+
+occupancy before you can
+actually use it to compute on.
+
+So what are some things
+that you do here?
+
+Well, it's things that you've
+done on cell for getting VME
+
+transfers to work.
+
+You have to figure who the
+destination is, what is the
+
+value, maybe you have an idea
+associated with it, a tag,
+
+things of that sort.
+
+And you have to essentially
+inject that
+
+message into the network.
+
+So there's some latency
+associated with that.
+
+Maybe your--
+
+on cell you have a DMA engine
+which essentially hides this
+
+latency for you.
+
+Because you can essentially just
+send the message to the
+
+DMA, right into its queue.
+
+And you can especially forget
+about it unless it stalls
+
+because the DMA list is full.
+
+On the receive side, you sort
+of have a similar thing.
+
+You have to get the network to
+inject that value into the
+
+processor and then you have to
+depackage it, demultiplex it
+
+and put it into some form that
+you can actually use to
+
+operate on it.
+
+So this 5-tuple is gives us a
+way of sort of characterizing
+
+communication patterns on
+different architectures.
+
+So I can contrast, for example,
+raw versus the
+
+traditional microprocessor.
+
+So this is a traditional
+superscalar.
+
+A traditional superscalar
+essentially has all the
+
+sophisticated circuitry that
+allows you to essentially
+
+bypass network.
+
+You can have an operand directly
+flowing to another
+
+ALU through all the n squared
+wires in the crossbar.
+
+And a lot of dynamic scheduling
+is going on.
+
+So it really has no occupancy,
+latency, you're not really
+
+doing any packaging
+of the operands.
+
+Your transport cost is
+essentially completely hidden.
+
+You have no complexity
+on the receive side.
+
+So it's really efficient.
+
+So this is essentially what you
+want to get to go: this
+
+kind of 5-tuple.
+
+But as we saw before, it's
+really not scalable because
+
+the wire complexity woes--
+whether it's n squared or n
+
+cubed, that's not good
+from an energy
+
+efficient point of view.
+
+Scalable multiprocessors--
+
+these are on-chip
+multiprocessors more
+
+indicative of things that you
+have today-- have this kind of
+
+5-tuple where you have about
+16 cycles just to get a
+
+message out, know roughly
+3 cycles are so
+
+to transport message.
+
+So maybe this is being done
+through a shared cache.
+
+Which is how a lot of
+architecture communicates
+
+between processors today.
+
+And you have to sort of
+demultiplex the message on the
+
+receive side.
+
+So that adds some latency.
+
+In raw, because you have these
+net memory map registers on
+
+the input side and the output
+side, you really can knock
+
+down the complexity from the
+send side in terms of the
+
+occupancy and latency to zero.
+
+And you just write the values
+to the register.
+
+And it looks like a normal
+register, right?
+
+But it just magically appears
+on the network.
+
+And then from one tile to
+another, it's one cycle to
+
+ship the value across that one
+link from one switch processor
+
+to the other, as long as
+it's a near neighbor.
+
+And then two cycles to
+inject the network
+
+into the tile processor.
+
+And then you're ready
+to use it.
+
+So in this space, where would
+you put cell is the question?
+
+Anybody have any ideas?
+
+What would the communication
+panel look like on cell?
+
+So you have to do explicit
+sends and receives.
+
+So let's look at this.
+
+So can we get rid of this
+stage on cell which is
+
+essentially saying
+packaging up my
+
+message, is it's no, right?
+
+Because you have to essentially
+say where that DMA
+
+transfer is going to go to--
+which region of memory?
+
+So you're buildings these
+control blocks.
+
+And then the send latency here
+is roughly zero, because you
+
+have the DMA processor which
+allows that kind of
+
+concurrency between
+communication and computation,
+
+so you can hide essentially that
+part of the transport--
+
+that part of communication
+costs.
+
+Your transport costs here, you
+have this really massive
+
+bandwidth, this really
+high bandwidth
+
+interconnect on the chip.
+
+So this makes it reasonably
+fast, but
+
+it's still a few cycles.
+
+There's no near neighbor?
+
+Yeah, a hundred cycles to go
+near neighbor communication.
+
+Because you're still--
+
+you don't have that fast
+mechanism of being able to
+
+send things points to point.
+
+You're putting things on the
+bus and there's some
+
+complexity there.
+
+On the receive, you have the
+same kind of complexity that
+
+you had on the send side.
+
+You have to know that the
+message is coming, that can be
+
+done in different ways.
+
+And then you have to take that
+message and write it into your
+
+local store.
+
+Which also adds some overhead in
+terms of the communication
+
+cost. So the cell would probably
+be somewhere up here,
+
+I would imagine.
+
+I didn't have a chance
+to get the numbers.
+
+If I do, I'll update
+the slide later on.
+
+OK, so that's essentially a
+brief insight into the raw--
+
+yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where did you get
+the scalable processor?
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: So these are
+from Michael Taylor's thesis.
+
+So I believe what he's done here
+is just looked at some
+
+existing microprocessor and
+essentially benchmarked
+
+communication latency from
+one processor to another.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this is like going
+through the cache on the
+
+[OBSCURED]?
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: That's
+in fact how you--
+
+a lot of these multiprocessors
+today have shared caches,
+
+either L-1 and more
+so now it's L-2.
+
+So if you have--
+
+L-1s are dedicated to different
+processors.
+
+But you still have to go the
+memory to communicate.
+
+So the raw parallelizing
+compiler-- yeah?
+
+Another question?
+
+AUDIENCE: You might want to
+postpone this question.
+
+Two related questions:
+so raw has--
+
+I guess raw has pretty well
+optimized nearest neighbor
+
+communication.
+
+But we know from, for example,
+Red's Rule in heuristic and
+
+intellectual engineering about
+the number of wires needed for
+
+a given area.
+
+Is that in between--
+
+as I recall, it's the minimum
+for a good sized circuit is
+
+proportional to the perimeter,
+or roughly the
+
+square root of the area.
+
+And it ranges from there to--
+not proportional to the area.
+
+There's something in between.
+
+Something with 3 in it.
+
+Like to the 3/2 power
+I think, perhaps.
+
+No, something like 2/3rds,
+something like--
+
+yeah, 2/3rds power.
+
+So the area to the 1/2 power or
+area to the 2/3rds power.
+
+So Red's Rule says the number
+of wires you need is roughly
+
+in that area.
+
+And so that sort of
+pushes that--
+
+so the minimum you need is the
+nearest communication.
+
+And often you need
+more than that.
+
+We know from the FPGA experience
+that nearest
+
+neighbor communication
+is not--
+
+or, at least, it's good to
+have move than nearest
+
+neighbor, and that often long
+wires followed across the
+
+chip, in extremely high--
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: So I'm going
+to actually show you an
+
+example where nearest neighbor
+is good but you might also
+
+want some global mechanism
+for control
+
+orchestration for example.
+
+AUDIENCE: Not just for con--
+not surely just for control
+
+but for broadcast, for arbitrary
+for the computation
+
+to use, not just for
+the chip to use.
+
+Like why are you scaling out two
+hops, four hops, fewer and
+
+fewer wire--
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: Yes, in fact
+what I think is going to
+
+happen is a lot of these chip
+designs are going to be
+
+heirarchical.
+
+You have some really global
+type communication at the
+
+highest level.
+
+And then as you get within each
+one of the processors,
+
+then you see things at the
+lowest level, something that
+
+looked like raw.
+
+So you can build sort of a
+hierarchy of communication
+
+stages that allow you to sort
+of solve that problem.
+
+But all of that adds
+complexity, right?
+
+First you have to solve the
+problem of how do you
+
+parallelize for just a fixed
+number of cores and then
+
+figure out the communications.
+
+Once we understand how to
+do that well with a nice
+
+programming model then you can
+build heirarchically on that.
+
+AUDIENCE: On the other hand, it
+might make the compiler's
+
+job easier because it's
+not as constrained.
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: It
+might give you a
+
+nice fall back rate.
+
+It might save you in cases where
+there are things that
+
+are hard to do.
+
+There are some issues
+in the last two--
+
+the second to the last
+three slides.
+
+We'll talk about an example of
+where that might be the case.
+
+AUDIENCE: Another question
+which [OBSCURED]
+
+so raw, I guess, being simpled
+and tiled, I guess one of the
+
+selling points I think was that
+it really cuts down on
+
+the engineering effort.
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH:
+Oh, absolutely.
+
+This was done a million gates
+in-house for [OBSCURED]
+
+AUDIENCE: So a company like
+Intel has a ridiculous number
+
+of engineers.
+
+And to get a competitive edge,
+they something they want to
+
+apply more engineering to it.
+
+And so the question is, where
+might you apply more
+
+engineering to try
+to squeeze more--
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE: That's
+the million dollar question
+
+that everybody's looking at.
+
+Because if somehow Intel thought
+they could add more
+
+and more engineering.
+
+And then build this very complex
+full-scale [OBSCURED]
+
+But separate vessels.
+
+And so I think there's still a
+lot of things that is wrong.
+
+Meaning it's [OBSCURED]
+
+so at Intel basically
+they will let you do
+
+something like that.
+
+They will put a lot of engineers
+doing each of these
+
+components, finding very few,
+and they can get a lot more
+
+performance, a lot less power
+and stuff like that.
+
+So depending on what you want,
+science is not everything.
+
+There are a lot of other
+things [OBSCURED]
+
+So while it makes it easier?
+
+[OBSCURED]
+
+And the key thing is, you start
+something simple and as
+
+you go on, you can add more
+and more complexity.
+
+Just, as there's more
+things to do.
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: Part of the
+complexity might be going to--
+
+not making all those
+[OBSCURED].
+
+OK, so raw pushes a lot of the
+complexity into the compiler
+
+in that the compiler now has
+to do at least two things.
+
+It has to distribute
+the instructions.
+
+You have a single program and
+you have to figure out how to
+
+parallelize it across
+multiple cores.
+
+But not only that, because you
+have the scalar operand
+
+network, you have to figure out
+how the different cores
+
+have to talk to each other.
+
+So you have to essentially
+generate schedule for the
+
+switch processors as well.
+
+So I'm going to talk a
+little bit about the
+
+raw paralyzing compiler.
+
+And this is different from
+a StreamIT parallelizing
+
+compiler which really talks
+about a different program as
+
+an input, using a different
+language.
+
+This is work again done here
+at MIT by Walter Lee who
+
+graduated two years ago.
+
+We have a sequential program.
+
+You inject it into raw C seed,
+raw C compiler, and you get
+
+fine-grained Orchestrated
+Parallel execution.
+
+And what the compiler does is
+worry about data distribution
+
+just like you have to do on cell
+in terms of which memory
+
+goes into which local store.
+
+which competition
+operates on--
+
+the raw compiler has to worry
+about which computation
+
+operates on which data element
+and can you put that data in
+
+the right caches for each
+of the different tiles.
+
+Instruction distribution:
+so the way this compiler
+
+essentially get parallelism,
+it's going to look at
+
+instruction level parallelism
+in your application.
+
+And it's going to divide that up
+among the different cores.
+
+And then the last step is the
+coordination of communication
+
+in control flow.
+
+So I'm just going
+to briefly step
+
+through each one of those.
+
+So the data distribution really
+has essentially trying
+
+to solve the problem
+of locality.
+
+You have two instructions.
+
+A load into r1 from some
+address and then
+
+you're adding r1.
+
+You're incrementing
+that value.
+
+And you might write it
+back for later on.
+
+So where would you put these
+two instructions?
+
+So to exploit the locality, then
+you want the data-- if
+
+the data is here, then you want
+these two instructions to
+
+be on this tile.
+
+If the data is here, then you
+want these two instructions to
+
+be on this file.
+
+Because it doesn't help you to
+have the data here and the
+
+instructions here.
+
+Because what do you have
+to do in that case?
+
+You have to send a message that
+says, send me this data.
+
+And then you have to wait for
+it to come in and then you
+
+have to operate on it.
+
+And then maybe you have
+to write it back.
+
+So the compiler sort of
+worries about the data
+
+distribution.
+
+It applies some data analysis.
+
+A lot of a thing that you saw in
+Saman's lecture on classic
+
+parallelization technology.
+
+Sort of figure out the
+interdependencies and then
+
+they can figure out how to split
+up the data across the
+
+different cores.
+
+And there's some other work done
+by other students in the
+
+group that tried to address
+this problem.
+
+The instruction distribution is
+perhaps as complicated and
+
+interesting.
+
+In here, what's going
+on is-- let's say
+
+you have a base block.
+
+So you take your sequential
+program.
+
+You figure out what are the
+different basic blocks of
+
+computation that you have and
+within the basic block you
+
+have lots of instructions.
+
+So each one of these green
+boxes is a particular
+
+instruction.
+
+And what you're seeing-- these
+arrows here that connect the
+
+edges-- are operands that
+you have to exchange.
+
+So you might have--
+
+this is an add instruction.
+
+It requires a value
+coming from here.
+
+Multiply--
+
+subtract instruction requires
+values coming in from
+
+different areas.
+
+So how would you
+distribute this
+
+across a number of cores--
+
+or across a number of tiles?
+
+Any ideas here?
+
+So you can look for, for
+example, some chains that are
+
+not interconnected.
+
+So you can look for clusters
+that you can use.
+
+And say, OK, well I see no edges
+here so maybe I can put
+
+this on one tile.
+
+And then maybe I can put some
+of these instructions on
+
+another tile.
+
+Because sort of the
+communication flow is local.
+
+So maybe one strategy might
+be, look for the longest
+
+single chains so you can keep
+the communication flow.
+
+And then you apply and make and
+algorithm, come up with a
+
+number of clusters.
+
+Something like that
+does happen.
+
+And keep in mind from the
+lectures we talked about the
+
+parallelizing compiler, you
+have to worry about
+
+parallelism versus
+communication.
+
+Some the more you distribute
+things, the more communication
+
+you have to get right.
+
+So here we're showing--
+
+what I'm showing is color
+mapping from the original
+
+instructions in the base block
+to the same instructions, but
+
+now each color essential
+represents a different cluster
+
+or essentially code that would
+map a different thread.
+
+So blue is one thread, yellow is
+another, green is another,
+
+red, purple, and so on.
+
+But I have to worry about
+communication between the
+
+different colors because
+they're essentially two
+
+different threads.
+
+They're going to run on two
+different processors or two
+
+different tiles.
+
+So those arrows that are
+highlighted in dark black are
+
+communication edges.
+
+They have to explicitly send
+the operands around.
+
+Right?
+
+So then I might look
+at the granularity.
+
+What is my communication cost?
+
+What is my computation cost?
+
+And I want to worry about
+load balancing.
+
+As we saw, load balancing can
+give you how it can better
+
+make use of your architecture
+and give you better
+
+utilization, better
+throughput.
+
+So you might essentially say,
+it doesn't-- it's not
+
+worthwhile to have these running
+on a different tile
+
+because there's a lot of
+communication going on.
+
+So maybe I'd want to fuse
+those together.
+
+Keep the communication local.
+
+And essentially eliminate
+costly communication.
+
+So there are different
+heuristics that you can apply.
+
+You can use that 5-tuple.
+
+You can use heuristic space on
+the 5-tuple to determine when
+
+it's profitable to break things
+up and when it's not.
+
+And then you have to worry
+about placement.
+
+So you don't quite have this
+on cell in that you create
+
+these SPE threads and
+they can run on any
+
+SPE in the raw compiler.
+
+You can actually exploit the
+spacial characteristics of the
+
+chip in the point-to-point
+communication network to say,
+
+I want to put these two threads
+on tile 1 and tile 2,
+
+where tile 1 and tile 2 are
+adjacent to each other.
+
+Because I have a well-defined
+communication pattern that I'm
+
+going to use.
+
+And map to the communication
+network on the chip to get
+
+really fast, really
+low latency.
+
+So you can take each one of
+these colors, place it on a
+
+different tile.
+
+And now you have these wires
+that are going across these
+
+tiles which essentially
+represent communication.
+
+But now the tile has to worry
+about, oh, I have to
+
+essentially send these
+on fixed routes.
+
+There's no arbitrary
+communication mechanism.
+
+So if there's data going from
+this tile to this tile, it
+
+actually has to be routed
+through a network.
+
+And that might mean getting
+routing through somebody
+
+else's tile.
+
+So the next stage would be
+communication coordination.
+
+You have to figure out which
+switch you need to go to and
+
+what do you do to get that
+operand to the right switch
+
+which then gets it to
+the right processor.
+
+So here, I believe the heuristic
+is to do dimension
+
+order routing so you send along
+the x-dimension and then
+
+the y-dimension.
+
+I might have those reversed.
+
+I don't know.
+
+And then finally, now you've
+figured out your communication
+
+patterns, you've figured out
+your instructions, you do some
+
+instructions scheduling.
+
+And what you can do here,
+because the communication
+
+patterns are static, you've
+split up the instructions so
+
+you know when you need to ship
+data around and how.
+
+You can guarantee deadlock
+freedom by carefully ordering
+
+your send and receive pairs.
+
+So what you see here, every time
+you see an instruction
+
+that needs to ship an operand
+around, there's the equivalent
+
+of a route instruction
+that has route east,
+
+west, north, south.
+
+There's an equivalent route
+instruction on the other
+
+processors.
+
+And that allows you to
+essentially analyze code and
+
+say, OK, I've laid these things
+out carefully, I've
+
+orchestrated my send and
+receive pairs so I can
+
+guarantee, for example, there
+are no overlapping routes.
+
+Or that there are no deadlocks
+because one is trying to shift
+
+the other while the other is
+also trying to ship, and they
+
+both block on the shared
+network link.
+
+And finally, you have the
+code representation.
+
+So this is where you package
+things up into object files,
+
+into essentially things
+like threads.
+
+And then you can compile
+them and run them.
+
+Now the question that was posed
+earlier is, well there's
+
+one thing we haven't talked
+about and that's branching.
+
+This is a sequential program,
+it executes branches.
+
+And now I have this loop that
+I've split up across a number
+
+of tiles, how do I know who's
+going to do the branch?
+
+And if one tile is doing
+the branch, how does it
+
+communicate with
+everybody else?
+
+Or if I'm going to repeat the
+branch on every file, does
+
+that mean I'm redoing
+too much computation
+
+on every other tile?
+
+So control coordination is
+actually quite an interesting
+
+aspect of--
+
+adds another interesting
+aspect to the
+
+parallelization for raw.
+
+So what you have to
+do is figure out--
+
+there are two different
+ways you can do it.
+
+Because you have no mechanism
+for a global message on raw,
+
+you can't say, I've taken a
+branch, everybody go to this
+
+program counter.
+
+You essentially have to send
+either the branch result so
+
+one tile can do the comparison,
+it calculates the
+
+condition, and then it has to
+communicate x to each of the
+
+different branches-- to each
+of the different tiles.
+
+Or every tiles has to
+essentially just replicate the
+
+control and redo the
+computations.
+
+So every tile figures out what
+is the condition, what are the
+
+conditions for the branch.
+
+They redundantly do that
+computation and then they can
+
+all merge at the same time--
+
+at different times.
+
+So that gives you two ways
+of doing the branching.
+
+If each tile's doing its own
+control flow calculation, then
+
+they can essentially branch
+at different times.
+
+But if they're all going to
+wait for the result to
+
+compare, then it essentially
+gives you points where you
+
+have to synchronize.
+
+Everybody's going to wait for
+the result of the branch.
+
+But the latency could
+be different.
+
+Because if I'm sending the
+branch condition to one tile
+
+versus another file, and if
+one's closer than the other.
+
+Then the branch that's closer to
+me-- the tile that's closer
+
+to me will take that branch
+earlier in time.
+
+So you get sort of the
+effective of a global
+
+asynchronous branching
+in either case.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So, in summary, the raw
+architecture is really a tile
+
+microprocessor.
+
+It incorporates the best
+elements from superscalars in
+
+terms of a really low latency
+communication network between
+
+tiles which really cuts down
+on the communication costs.
+
+And as we saw, and as probably
+you've been learning,
+
+communication is really
+an expensive part of
+
+parallelization on existing
+multicore chips.
+
+And it's also getting the
+scalability of multicores in
+
+terms of explicit parallelism
+but also gives you implicit
+
+parallelism because the networks
+are pipelined and
+
+they can give you
+full control.
+
+So you're trying to get to the
+point where you have a tile
+
+processor with scalar operand
+network that allows you to do
+
+communication with a very low
+cost. And it might be the case
+
+in the future that these chips
+will especially be--
+
+more complex architectures will
+sit on top of these so
+
+you'll use these as fundamental
+building blocks.
+
+And there was the 80 chip
+multicore from Intel: there
+
+have been rumors that that might
+actually be something
+
+like a graphics processor that
+has something like a scalar
+
+operand network because
+you could
+
+communicate with a very fast--
+
+with very low latency
+between tiles.
+
+And in that article which came
+out a few months ago was the
+
+first time I think that I had
+seen tile architectures used
+
+in literature or in
+publications.
+
+So I think you'll see more of
+these kinds of designs pattern
+
+appear as people scale out to
+more than 2 cores, 4 cores, 8
+
+cores and so on, where you
+could still communication
+
+reasonably well with caches.
+
+And that's all I prepared
+for today.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+And this is a list
+of people who
+
+contributed to the raw project.
+
+A lot of students who are
+led by Anant and Saman.
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE:
+[OBSCURED]
+
+view of what happened in our
+groups and then how it relates
+
+to necessary to what you need.
+
+But this is trying to take
+it to a much finer grain.
+
+Whereas in Cell, of course, the
+message has to be large,
+
+you can do a lot of coarse
+grain stuff.
+
+But in raw, you try to do much
+more fine grain stuff.
+
+But we're going to talk
+about it the next
+
+lecture on the future.
+
+[OBSCURED]
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+Don't you need long wires
+for the clock.
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: There's
+no global clock.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you have this
+network that seems to --
+
+So that the network actually
+requires handshaking?
+
+Or--
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE: The way
+you can do is, you can in
+
+modern processors, [OBSCURED]
+
+so since there's no long wire,
+you can actually carry the
+
+clock with the data.
+
+So in the global world, the
+switching here would happen
+
+when the switching here.
+
+But since there's no big wire
+connecting, then that's OK.
+
+So you can deal with
+clock ticking.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this is
+not going to be
+
+not clock drift because--
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE: Yeah,
+that's clock drift.
+
+One end of the process clock
+is happening at the global
+
+instant time at the other
+end of the processor.
+
+And since the wires also kind
+of go in the tree, you can
+
+deal with that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Drift meaning
+ticking at
+
+different rates, not just--
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE:
+Yeah, I know.
+
+Basically I don't think
+I can go back to it.
+
+It has a skew.
+
+There's a clock skew going
+in between those.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you don't need
+synchronizers between the
+
+different tiles?
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE: No, we
+don't need synchronizers
+
+because tiles are local.
+
+The clock would bring
+those tiles.
+
+The clock would bring two things
+that communicate close
+
+enough that it fits
+it in the cycle.
+
+But for example, if you get it
+two very far away branches of
+
+a tree and then if you try to
+communicate with them then you
+
+have a problem.
+
+Another thing is when the tree
+goes here, you want to use two
+
+different branches it's
+similar to going down.
+
+So you can compress
+the process.
+
+So there are all these things.
+
+I mean, modern processors
+really really destable.
+
+The problem occurs when you try
+to connect directly from
+
+the far end of the branch to
+something that gets clocked
+
+there to something that
+clocks at a very
+
+early end of the branch.
+
+If you're trying to connect
+those two, then the skew might
+
+be too long.
+
+Then you can get into
+clock trouble.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+I was just worried about
+this local network.
+
+[OBSCURED]
+
+AUDIENCE: Another question I had
+was in the mesh, obviously
+
+the processors in the middle
+have further to get to the I/O
+
+devices or to the main memory.
+
+What do you see happening as you
+get to larger and larger
+
+processors?
+
+Are they going to just put more
+and more local memory on
+
+the tile and [OBSCURED]
+
+it, or are they going to add
+extra memory buses on it?
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: It could
+be a combination of both.
+
+So it's not just memory,
+I/O devices.
+
+If you're doing I/O then you
+might to be placed at a part
+
+of the chip that has direct
+access to an I/O device or
+
+very close.
+
+It also comes up in the case
+of the communication
+
+orchestration.
+
+So if this guy is doing the
+branch then you want him
+
+essentially centrally located.
+
+So the best patterns for
+allocating things is
+
+essentially across.
+
+It's like a plus sign where
+it branches in the middle.
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE: But
+that's not [OBSCURED].
+
+You can make them uniform by
+everybody equally there.
+
+And a lot of times people have
+done that simple model with
+
+everybody equally there Or you
+try to take advantage of
+
+closeness and stuff like that.
+
+So you can't have both ways.
+
+So anytime you try to
+make me [OBSCURED]
+
+very, very close and fast
+access, you're are doing it by
+
+basically making the other parts
+to have less resources
+
+and less access.
+
+On the other hand, there are
+a lot of people working on
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+things that, for example,
+there's a thing called tree
+
+space laser.
+
+So what that does is you put a
+mirror on top of the tile, on
+
+top of the processor.
+
+And each of these-- you can
+embed a small LED transmitter
+
+into the chip.
+
+So basically if you want to
+communicate with someone, you
+
+just bounce that laser on
+top of that and get it
+
+to the right guy.
+
+So there are a lot of exotic
+things that might be able to
+
+solve this thing, technological
+problem.
+
+But in some case,
+speed of light--
+
+I don't think an engineer
+has figured out how to
+
+break speed of light.
+
+Unless, of course, people go
+with quantum computing and
+
+stuff like that.
+
+So, I mean the key thing is, you
+have resources, you have
+
+certain data and you just
+have to deal with it.
+
+Getting nice uniformity
+has a cost.
+
+PROFESSOR RABBAH: Yeah, I
+mean, on the [OBSCURED]
+
+that are groups here at MIT
+who are working on optical
+
+networks in the third
+dimension.
+
+So you have a tile chip plus
+an optical network in the
+
+third dimension which allows
+you to do things like
+
+broadcast much more
+efficiently.
+
+OK?
+
+PROFESSOR AMARASINGHE: I guess
+we'll take a break here and
+
+take a small, three-minute break
+and then we can go on to
+
+the next topic.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UPnqIKBAMaQ.txt b/UPnqIKBAMaQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bff7ab3c9bdf60ffda84cf6fdb4586cfb690cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UPnqIKBAMaQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would now like to look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now like to look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now like to look at some
+applications of the rocket equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of the rocket equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of the rocket equation in
+which we have an external force plus DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have an external force plus DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have an external force plus DM
+R DT where R is the mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R DT where R is the mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R DT where R is the mass of the rocket
+at time T times the relative velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T times the relative velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T times the relative velocity of
+the exhaust velocity was equal to M of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaust velocity was equal to M of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaust velocity was equal to M of R
+DV rocket DT and now we want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV rocket DT and now we want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV rocket DT and now we want to consider
+some special cases so our first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special cases so our first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special cases so our first example
+will be a case when there's no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a case when there's no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a case when there's no external
+force now this might be characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now this might be characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now this might be characteristic
+of a rocket that's in far away from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rocket that's in far away from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rocket that's in far away from any
+type of gravitational interaction and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of gravitational interaction and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of gravitational interaction and is
+either speeding up or slowing down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either speeding up or slowing down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either speeding up or slowing down this
+is a special case that will enable us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special case that will enable us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special case that will enable us to
+understand our problem now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand our problem now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand our problem now let's
+consider we'll draw a picture at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider we'll draw a picture at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider we'll draw a picture at time T
+it's just to remind ourselves so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to remind ourselves so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to remind ourselves so we have
+mass of the rocket it's moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the rocket it's moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the rocket it's moving with the
+velocity V of R of T and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V of R of T and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V of R of T and we're going to
+call this our plus I hat direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this our plus I hat direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this our plus I hat direction and
+then at time T plus delta-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time T plus delta-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time T plus delta-t
+we have our fuel Delta and fuel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our fuel Delta and fuel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our fuel Delta and fuel which
+was equal to minus Delta and rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to minus Delta and rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to minus Delta and rocket
+moving with the relative velocity U plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the relative velocity U plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the relative velocity U plus
+V of R of T plus delta T and our rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of R of T plus delta T and our rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of R of T plus delta T and our rocket
+itself is moving with the of R of T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is moving with the of R of T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is moving with the of R of T plus
+delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+so in our coordinate system we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our coordinate system we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our coordinate system we have to
+remember that the exhaust speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the exhaust speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the exhaust speed is
+relative to the rocket and we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the rocket and we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the rocket and we define
+that to be you since its rocket is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be you since its rocket is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be you since its rocket is
+moving forward and we've chosen plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward and we've chosen plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward and we've chosen plus I
+hat in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat in that direction
+it's minus you I have and we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus you I have and we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus you I have and we can write
+our vectors V R as V of R I hat so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vectors V R as V of R I hat so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vectors V R as V of R I hat so our
+rocket equation in this special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket equation in this special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket equation in this special case
+becomes DMR DT minus you I had equals M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes DMR DT minus you I had equals M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes DMR DT minus you I had equals M
+R DB r dt i huh now in this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R DB r dt i huh now in this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R DB r dt i huh now in this equation
+remember that it's important to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's important to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's important to recall
+that M of R is a function of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M of R is a function of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M of R is a function of time and
+unless we have an explicit model for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we have an explicit model for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we have an explicit model for how
+the mass is ejected in principle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass is ejected in principle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass is ejected in principle we
+can't solve for the time behavior but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve for the time behavior but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve for the time behavior but we
+can look at this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at this differential equation
+in aspect in just by eliminating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aspect in just by eliminating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aspect in just by eliminating the
+time completely by multiplying through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time completely by multiplying through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time completely by multiplying through
+by DT in which case we have minus DM r u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DT in which case we have minus DM r u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DT in which case we have minus DM r u
+equals M of R DV R now this is separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M of R DV R now this is separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M of R DV R now this is separable
+and I can integrate it so I'll bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can integrate it so I'll bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can integrate it so I'll bring the
+terms minus DM R over m are on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms minus DM R over m are on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms minus DM R over m are on this side
+times u and that's equal to DV r on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u and that's equal to DV r on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u and that's equal to DV r on that
+side now when we integrate we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now when we integrate we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now when we integrate we're going
+to be integrating mass of the rocket say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be integrating mass of the rocket say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be integrating mass of the rocket say
+at some initial time T initial to master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some initial time T initial to master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some initial time T initial to master
+the rocket at some final time and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket at some final time and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket at some final time and over
+here we're going to be integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to be integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to be integrating the
+velocity from some initial time to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity from some initial time to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity from some initial time to some
+final time when both these integrals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final time when both these integrals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final time when both these integrals are
+straightforward on the left hand side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward on the left hand side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward on the left hand side we
+have a natural log so we have minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a natural log so we have minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a natural log so we have minus u
+natural log of M R T final over mr t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of M R T final over mr t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of M R T final over mr t
+initial and this side we just have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and this side we just have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and this side we just have the
+velocity difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity difference
+B of R at T final minus V R at T initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of R at T final minus V R at T initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of R at T final minus V R at T initial
+now again you know we always check our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again you know we always check our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again you know we always check our
+minus signs but recall the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs but recall the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs but recall the mass of the
+rocket is decreasing so the log of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket is decreasing so the log of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket is decreasing so the log of a
+fraction is negative so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is negative so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is negative so we have a
+positive quantity on this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive quantity on this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive quantity on this side and
+that's indicating that the velocity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's indicating that the velocity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's indicating that the velocity has
+increased on that side and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased on that side and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased on that side and so we
+conclude that the velocity of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the velocity of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the velocity of the rocket
+at its final time is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its final time is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its final time is equal to the
+velocity of the rocket at its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the rocket at its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the rocket at its initial
+time but now here I'll keep this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but now here I'll keep this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but now here I'll keep this minus
+sign in here minus natural log of M R T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in here minus natural log of M R T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in here minus natural log of M R T
+final over M R T initial now in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final over M R T initial now in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final over M R T initial now in our
+answer we need to know what the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we need to know what the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we need to know what the mass of
+the rocket is at the final time so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket is at the final time so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket is at the final time so in
+general this equation is still not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this equation is still not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this equation is still not going
+to give us an explicit expression for V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us an explicit expression for V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us an explicit expression for V
+at T final unless we have one special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T final unless we have one special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T final unless we have one special
+case in which our final time is when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in which our final time is when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in which our final time is when all
+the fuel has been burned and our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel has been burned and our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel has been burned and our initial
+time is the rocket with all the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the rocket with all the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the rocket with all the fuel
+there and then this ratio is a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then this ratio is a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then this ratio is a known
+ratio and you can look at a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and you can look at a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and you can look at a variety of
+different examples for that so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples for that so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples for that so there's
+an example of solving the motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of solving the motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of solving the motion of a
+rocket with no external forces
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UZOT_ddWpco.txt b/UZOT_ddWpco.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad472d91c2dcb0a7bacbc2facfbd5d7d9617ba6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UZOT_ddWpco.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have reached the final lecture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have reached the final lecture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have reached the final lecture of
+this class which will also conclude our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class which will also conclude our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class which will also conclude our
+study of discrete-time finite state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of discrete-time finite state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of discrete-time finite state
+space markov chains we will first review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space markov chains we will first review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space markov chains we will first review
+the steady state behavior of Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state behavior of Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state behavior of Markov
+chains then we are going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains then we are going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains then we are going to talk about a
+classical application of Markov chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical application of Markov chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical application of Markov chains
+to analyze the design of a phone system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the design of a phone system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the design of a phone system
+and finally we'll see how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we'll see how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we'll see how we can
+calculate some interesting quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some interesting quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some interesting quantities
+that have to do with the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the behavior of
+Markov chains over a finite time horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chains over a finite time horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chains over a finite time horizon
+as opposed to in the long run so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to in the long run so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to in the long run so let us
+start
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V1i2bknbWfc.txt b/V1i2bknbWfc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e269ddd68ed94fe2df77d98bf2a139c582824adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V1i2bknbWfc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1566 @@
+The following content
+is provided by MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare, under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: The final quiz is
+scheduled for a week from
+
+today, on December 8.
+
+Following that weekend, we'll
+have one class on the 13th.
+
+And the last days of classes
+are Monday, Tuesday, and
+
+Wednesday, the 12th,
+13th, and 14th.
+
+So I know a number of you spoke
+up last time and said
+
+that you have a conflict on
+Thursday, the eighth, with a
+
+quiz in another class.
+
+So could I see a show of hands
+again of how many of you have
+
+this conflict?
+
+So three, six people, seven
+people, you're going to enroll
+
+in the other course just
+so you can put
+
+off taking the quiz.
+
+That's unfortunate, I don't
+think anybody should have to
+
+take two quizzes in one day.
+
+We can't move it up.
+
+We'll have to move it back.
+
+So I don't know if I am
+violating any Institute rule,
+
+but I know that it is strictly
+illegal to give assignments
+
+that are due after the last day
+of classes, let alone have
+
+a quiz after the last day of
+classes, which has not been
+
+previously scheduled as
+a final examination.
+
+So we can't give it after
+Wednesday, the 14th, the last
+
+day of classes.
+
+So, do any of the six impacted
+people have a strong
+
+preference for when we should
+schedule the quiz?
+
+AUDIENCE: Monday?
+
+PROFESSOR: Due it Monday?
+
+It doesn't have to
+be that soon.
+
+Monday?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why not Tuesday?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because Tuesday
+we have a class.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or Wednesday?
+
+Well we would have a Thursday
+class instead.
+
+Correct?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+If we're doing it after
+the quiz next
+
+week, there's a class.
+
+We have a last meeting
+here on the 13th.
+
+And I'm not going to shift
+it for other people,
+
+just for the impacted.
+
+So of the six who are entitled
+to vote, how many would prefer
+
+to have it Monday, the 12th?
+
+Three and I know how it's
+going to turn out.
+
+And for Wednesday, the 14th?
+
+Three.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can't take the test
+because-- not because of
+
+another test--
+
+I'm out of town.
+
+And I might come
+back Saturday.
+
+And Monday is just a little
+quick to take it
+
+after we get back.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think I'm going to
+have to make an executive--
+
+yes
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor, when you
+mean by conflict, do you mean
+
+having an exam at
+the exact time?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's on
+the exact same day.
+
+Considering this is a two hour
+examination, to have another
+
+examination exactly the same
+day, if you're not brain dead
+
+after an hour or two, you will
+be pretty close to it.
+
+So I think that is an unfair
+penalty to pay.
+
+I think, to keep it as close as
+possible to the quiz that
+
+the rest of the people will be
+taking, why don't we make it--
+
+since it's a tie vote--
+on Monday, the 12th.
+
+Do it sooner, rather
+than later.
+
+And I'll let you know next time
+of where we will hold it.
+
+I'll have to arrange
+a room for it.
+
+So that will not be
+a make-up quiz.
+
+It would be a made-up--
+
+invented--
+
+quiz.
+
+And, as I say on Monday, I
+should have all of the
+
+homework and the previous
+quiz to return to you.
+
+Reason you don't have it now
+is all the little crabbed
+
+handwriting that you see before
+you in the form of
+
+these notes, which
+takes forever.
+
+All right, so since we've
+satisfied the unpleasant
+
+aspects of the end of the
+term, let's get back to
+
+discussing some of the other
+piezoelectric effects that we
+
+have defined.
+
+And then also ask the question
+rhetorically, is there
+
+anything like a representation
+surface for a third-ranked
+
+tensor property?
+
+And it doesn't look promising.
+
+But there are some things that
+we can do to discuss variation
+
+of properties with direction,
+and we'll see
+
+directly what those are.
+
+But first let's look at the
+converse piezoelectric effect.
+
+And this again is a third-ranked
+tensor property,
+
+but what we do is to have the
+elements of strain, epsilon
+
+ij, a second-ranked tensor.
+
+And to take advantage of this
+curious relation between the
+
+directed converse effects,
+we define the converse
+
+piezoelectric effect as giving
+you nine elements of strain in
+
+terms of a third-ranked tensor
+dijk times e sub i.
+
+So what is not standard is our
+convention for the order of
+
+the subscripts on the moduli.
+
+And we make up the rules, we
+can do it any way we like.
+
+And the advantage of defining
+it this way, in nonstandard
+
+tensor notation, is that we can
+use the same coefficients
+
+for both the direct and
+the converse effects.
+
+So let me-- to illustrate what
+these equations look like--
+
+write out a few examples.
+
+Epsilon 11 would be d1jk
+times e sub 1.
+
+I'm writing it in simple
+fashion, and not expanding
+
+fully, just to save
+space and time.
+
+Epsilon 22 would be
+d2jk times e2.
+
+Epsilon 33 will be d3jk
+times epsilon 3.
+
+And let me stop after these six
+terms, and write, at least
+
+for these, an expansion.
+
+Because this gives us some
+interesting information.
+
+I'm not doing the equal
+signs in here.
+
+So this would say that the
+element of strain epsilon 11
+
+is d111 times e1 plus d112 times
+e2 plus d113 times e3.
+
+And I want to say this is 11k.
+
+And I want to say that
+this is 22k.
+
+The next term would be epsilon
+22, and that would be d122
+
+times epsilon 2 plus d212.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't the
+2's be balanced?
+
+PROFESSOR: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't
+that be d2's?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you're right.
+
+This should be epsilon jk equals
+dijk times e sub i.
+
+So this is all e1.
+
+This is e1.
+
+And this one goes
+with this one.
+
+This 2 goes with this one.
+
+You're right.
+
+d2 and this is the
+d311 times e11.
+
+This would be 122 times
+e1 plus 222 times e2
+
+plus d322 times e3.
+
+And the fourth one would be e33
+equals d133 times e1 plus
+
+d233 times e2 plus
+d333 times e3.
+
+OK, these elements here are the
+three that appear in the
+
+box that I had indicated
+for the terms djk.
+
+When we write the direct
+piezoelectric effect, this
+
+would be the box of
+coefficients.
+
+When we write the converse
+effect, this is the box of
+
+coefficients.
+
+And now what I wanted to point
+out is that delta v over v is
+
+equal to episilon 11 plus
+epsilon 22 plus epsilon 33,
+
+which is the trace of
+the strain tensor.
+
+And we're going to get one set
+of terms which depends on the
+
+x1 component of the field,
+another set of three terms
+
+that depend on the x2 component
+of the field, and
+
+another one on the
+x3 component.
+
+If these expressions sum
+to 0, then there would
+
+be no volume change.
+
+So this first set of 3--
+
+3 of the first 6 equations--
+
+give you an indication of when
+the application of a field
+
+will result in no volume
+change in the sample.
+
+And that again, I remind you,
+can be for two reasons.
+
+It could be because all of
+these six of the nine
+
+piezoelectric moduli are 0.
+
+Or alternatively, if you
+examined the form of the
+
+piezoelectric moduli matrices
+that is required by symmetry
+
+constraints, you'll find that
+there are a substantial number
+
+of point groups for which
+some terms are 0.
+
+But then there is, in addition,
+an equality between
+
+some of the other terms, which
+make the volume change zero.
+
+Even though, not all of the
+elements within this 1/2 box
+
+of moduli are zero.
+
+So that is an interesting
+effect.
+
+And it turns out that
+the majority of the
+
+non-centrosymmetric point groups
+do not have a volume
+
+change, when you apply in a
+field in any way you choose.
+
+A few do, but it's a minority.
+
+Alright, but this is not the
+main point of writing this.
+
+I want to--
+
+at this point--
+
+point out that this tells you
+about the volume change.
+
+And then we would have
+additional terms, we would
+
+have a term of the form e1
+something like e123 or e132.
+
+And this would be e14.
+
+This would also be e14 since
+we replace both of those
+
+subscripts by a single
+subscript.
+
+And the tensor elements
+that would go in
+
+here would be d123.
+
+We just want one of the them.
+
+d123 times e1, and then we want
+d223 times e2, and then
+
+d323 times e3.
+
+We're writing one of the
+specific equations for the
+
+shear strings.
+
+If we write the expression for
+d132, this is going to be d132
+
+times e1 plus d232 times
+e2 plus d332 times e3.
+
+There are two interesting
+consequences of this.
+
+The strain tensor
+is symmetric.
+
+And this element of strain--
+
+why have I got three
+subscripts in here?
+
+Don't want that one in there.
+
+These two strains are equal.
+
+And therefore, if we would apply
+just an e1 for example,
+
+let e be equal to just a
+component of field along x1.
+
+The strains have to be equal.
+
+But we have two different
+tensor elements here.
+
+And the only way that strain
+can be symmetric, and it's
+
+defined as such, is that d123
+be identical to d132.
+
+And that resolves the issue
+that came up in connection
+
+with the direct case
+electric effect.
+
+We said the direct piezoelectric
+effect depends
+
+just on the sum of the elements
+dijk and dikj.
+
+And since they're lumped
+together, all we can measure
+
+is the sum.
+
+And, so, we'll just have
+to call that a
+
+single matrix element.
+
+The converse piezoelectric
+effect tells us these tensor
+
+elements have to be equal,
+if the strain
+
+tensor is to be symmetric.
+
+So that says that, since we
+defined d16 as the sum of d123
+
+plus d132, this says that d132
+is equal to d123 is equal to
+
+1/2 of d16, just making
+the equality
+
+in the reverse direction.
+
+The converse effect let's us
+say that 123 has to be 132,
+
+that any ijk has to be
+equal to a dijk.
+
+So if I tried now to write this
+first expression in the
+
+reduced subscript notation,
+e23 is what we let e5 be.
+
+And now we have this equal to
+and in our reduced subscripts,
+
+we have this as 1/2 of d16.
+
+And the field that's
+multiplying this is
+
+piezoelectric modulus is e1.
+
+And that messy factor of 2 has
+come back to haunt us again.
+
+It's like trying to stuff
+a jack-in-the
+
+box back in the box.
+
+It keeps popping up.
+
+We ate the factor of 2 in
+defining the matrix
+
+representation of the
+
+piezoelectric electric modulus.
+
+And now when we try to go to a
+reduced subscript notation for
+
+the converse piezoelectric
+effect, we've
+
+got a 1/2 in there.
+
+And similarly, the second
+equation would be e5--
+
+same result epsilon 5--
+
+and it's 132, but 132 is
+1/2 of d16 times e1.
+
+And we have a similar mess for
+the other coefficients here.
+
+So what do we do?
+
+Do we say that the relation
+between strain epsilon j
+
+equals dij e sub j has 1/2 in
+front of several of the
+
+coefficients and
+not in others?
+
+Well, we can't really absorb
+the factor of 2 in the
+
+definition of the piezoelectric
+moduli, because
+
+we've already done that.
+
+So the only thing we can do is
+to say that we will have to
+
+take the off diagonal strains,
+and define them as having a
+
+1/2 in front, and
+we add these up.
+
+So we will have to write matrix
+strain in this reduced
+
+subscript notation.
+
+We'll have to take e11, epsilon
+12, epsilon 13,
+
+epsilon 21, epsilon 22, epsilon
+23, epsilon 31,
+
+epsilon 32, and epsilon 33.
+
+And in converting this to matrix
+form, we'll call this
+
+epsilon 1, analogous
+to what we did
+
+for the tensile stresses.
+
+We'll call this epsilon
+2 and this epsilon 3.
+
+And then for all of the
+off-diagonal elements of
+
+strain, in order to avoid the
+factor of 2 popping up in
+
+front of the matrix
+representation of the
+
+piezoelectric moduli, we're
+going to have to put in here
+
+1/2 of epsilon 4, 1/2 of epsilon
+5, and 1/2 of epsilon
+
+6, and same for the off diagonal
+terms 1/2 of epsilon
+
+5, 1/2 of epsilon 4, and
+1/2 of epsilon 6.
+
+So the moral of this story is
+that you can't win, but if you
+
+play it right, you can
+come out even.
+
+So only if we define the reduced
+subscript strains in
+
+this fashion, can we write an
+expression of this form.
+
+So this algebra is carried
+through for you for the other
+
+elements in the notes.
+
+But this is the way we are
+forced, unless we want to have
+
+a factor of 2 in some terms, and
+not in others, is the way
+
+we have to define
+matrix strain.
+
+All this is formalism and
+definition, but I'd like to
+
+now do two things.
+
+First of all, give you some
+examples of real numbers for
+
+piezoelectric moduli, and then
+ask the question about
+
+representation surfaces.
+
+Once again, these numbers are in
+the handout for you, so you
+
+don't have to make
+note of them.
+
+But one of the very important
+piezoelectric materials is the
+
+quartz form of SiO2.
+
+SiO2 has many polymorphic
+forms.
+
+Quartz is the form that's stable
+at room temperature,
+
+and it has point group
+32 asymmetric.
+
+And there are higher
+temperature
+
+polymorphs of SiO2.
+
+There's a phase transition in
+quartz to a more symmetric
+
+form, and then there are cubic
+forms at the highest
+
+temperatures.
+
+Now, quartz is not the material
+that displays the
+
+largest piezoelectric moduli.
+
+But it has the following
+advantages.
+
+One is it is a naturally
+occurring material that is
+
+very inexpensive.
+
+So it's not an exotic
+expensive material.
+
+Very stable.
+
+It's not water soluble.
+
+Extremely tough.
+
+You can take a thin wafer of
+quartz, for example, if you
+
+want to make a monochromator for
+a diffraction experiment.
+
+You can take a thin wafer of
+quartz, and bend it like this,
+
+and it does not break,
+very elastic.
+
+And if you want a material
+that's going to earn its
+
+living by being squished, you
+want something that doesn't
+
+plastically deform and something
+that is very hard
+
+and resistant to stress.
+
+So quartz, even though the
+moduli are not the largest, is
+
+a very attractive material,
+and is used in
+
+a variety of devices.
+
+There was a time when CB radios
+
+were very, very popular.
+
+Everybody had to have
+one in their car.
+
+I guess so they could pretend
+that they were truck drivers.
+
+But anyway, you don't have
+them anymore now that
+
+cellphones have come
+in in existence.
+
+But for your CB radio,
+you needed
+
+something called a crystal.
+
+And they were fairly
+expensive.
+
+And the number of channels on
+which you could communicate
+
+dependent on the number of
+crystals that you could plug
+
+into your CB radio.
+
+The so-called crystal
+was exactly that.
+
+It was a little black box that
+looked almost like a
+
+transistor.
+
+And there were two leads
+coming out of it.
+
+If you ever got curious and
+broke this thing open, what
+
+you found was a nice
+wafer of quartz.
+
+And on the wafer of quartz--
+brazed onto it--
+
+were two wires.
+
+And that's all there
+was in the box.
+
+The crystal really
+was a crystal.
+
+And the crystals had been
+very precisely ground to
+
+thicknesses such that when a
+field caused these wafers to
+
+hit a resonance, that resonance
+would be at exactly
+
+a particular frequency.
+
+And that was the frequency
+of that channel.
+
+One of the crises, during the
+Second World War, is that the
+
+highest quality natural crystals
+of quartz come from
+
+Brazil, and during the conflict
+the sea channels were
+
+essentially blocked.
+
+And so, people-- in order
+to make all these
+
+communication devices--
+
+had to learn how to synthesize
+crystals of quartz
+
+synthetically.
+
+And there are a number of
+companies, such as Sylvania up
+
+on the North Shore, that
+developed entire buildings
+
+devoted to growing single
+crystals of quartz.
+
+And they're big tanks like
+something out of the aquarium.
+
+And in the center of the tank is
+a rod, and seeds of quartz
+
+are placed on the rod.
+
+And the thing very
+slowly rotates
+
+around in this solution.
+
+And on the rod, eventually, are
+single crystals of quartz
+
+that are this size.
+
+And its a very spectacular
+thing to see.
+
+In any case, symmetry
+3 2, and the moduli
+
+that are 0 and non-zero.
+
+If we refer the reference axes
+to a set of coordinates with
+
+x1 in this direction, and x2--
+
+since it has to be orthogonal
+to x1-- in between the
+
+two-fold axes, and x3.
+
+And for all materials of
+commerce that are anisotropic,
+
+there has to be some standard
+for defining
+
+the choice of axes.
+
+For example, crystallographers
+would say the unique axis
+
+should be along the z direction,
+the x3 direction.
+
+But why isn't x1 and x2 in
+between the two-fold axis?
+
+There's some professional
+society that is responsible
+
+for giving standards for
+representing property
+
+measurements in some mutually
+agreed upon form.
+
+And this is the standard set
+of axes for the quartz and
+
+symmetry 3, 2.
+
+The moduli, dij, not dijk, but
+dij, these two are constrained
+
+to be equal.
+
+This one is 0.
+
+This is minus 0.67, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+0, 0, 0.67, 4.6, 0, 0, 0,
+
+0, 0, 0, 0.
+
+One of the strange materials
+for which no field
+
+can create a strain--
+
+field along x3 cannot
+create a strain.
+
+And these are all in units of
+10 to the minus 12 coulombs
+
+per Newton.
+
+An example they give you here,
+if you apply a field of 100
+
+volts per centimeter, which is
+not terribly large, but would
+
+be comparable to what
+you have in some
+
+electronic device, perhaps.
+
+So this, since our units are
+MKS, this would correspond to
+
+10 to the 4 volts per meter.
+
+The strain epsilon 1, which
+is d11 times e1.
+
+It turns out to be minus 2.3,
+which means it contracts.
+
+That's the significance of the
+negative times 10 to the 4.
+
+And that turns out to be
+10 to the minus 12
+
+times 10 to the fourth.
+
+That turns out to be a strain
+of minus 2.3 times 10 to the
+
+minus eighth.
+
+10 to the minus eighth is not
+exactly a large point strain.
+
+You're not going to see the
+crystal wafer twitch and jump,
+
+if you apply a field
+of 100 volts on it.
+
+But yet, even a strain of
+this sort is more than
+
+enough to be useful.
+
+But this is just to illustrate
+that quartz is not the most
+
+sensitive of piezoelectric
+materials.
+
+Another one that I give you
+data for is so-called ADP.
+
+And this is a widely
+used material.
+
+This is ammonium dihydrogen
+phosphate.
+
+And this is one of the family of
+salts that have very large
+
+piezoelectric responses.
+
+The nice part about it is that
+it's water soluble, so you can
+
+grow very, very large crystals
+easily from solution.
+
+The nasty part about it is that
+it is water soluble, so
+
+you have to be careful to
+protect this material from
+
+moisture if you're going to use
+it in any sort of device.
+
+But if we look at the moduli,
+relative to the standard axes,
+
+and this has point
+group 4-bar 2m.
+
+So x3 is taken along
+the 4-bar access.
+
+Then there are two-fold axes
+and orientations like this.
+
+And since they are orthogonal,
+you can take both x1 and x2
+
+along the two-fold axes.
+
+And the numbers here for dij,
+are 0, 0, 0, 1.7, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+
+0, 0, 1.7, 0.
+
+This is one of the interesting
+tensors where there's a
+
+diagonal row of non-zero terms
+off on the right hand side.
+
+And finally, the big surprise
+is the third
+
+modulus this is 51.7.
+
+So you can see this has
+a very strong effect.
+
+This is over 10 times
+the maximum
+
+piezoelectric modulus in quartz.
+
+So this is a material that's
+very commonly used in
+
+transducers.
+
+This is again times ten to the
+minus 12 coulombs per Newton.
+
+One of the very, very exciting
+developments in recent years
+
+is a class of materials
+that are perovskites.
+
+And they are very, very new.
+
+I gave you the reference to
+the first one that was
+
+reported, and that was just
+in the spring of 2000.
+
+And these are perovskites.
+
+Perovskites are materials that
+in the type form are cubic.
+
+But depending on composition
+and temperature, they can
+
+transform to a distorted version
+of this very simple
+
+cubic structure that
+is tetragonal.
+
+And this material can exhibit
+piezoelectric effects.
+
+And whether it distorts or not
+depends on the relative sizes
+
+of what goes into
+the perovskite.
+
+Perovskite has a composition
+ABO3 like barium titanate is
+
+one example.
+
+And the material has two
+different cations.
+
+And they have different
+valences so they have
+
+different sizes.
+
+And I won't bother to describe
+the structure, but it is only
+
+a very restricted locus in the
+field RA versus RB, where both
+
+the A and the B can remain in
+contact with the oxygen
+
+without distortion.
+
+And it turns out to be a line
+that does something like that.
+
+Any other perovskite-- and there
+are lots of them in this
+
+field of radii--
+
+has to have one of the ion
+sort of flopping around.
+
+And if that gets too serious,
+the structure distorts so that
+
+all these ions can remain in
+contact with the oxygen.
+
+OK in order to do that,
+many of them distort
+
+to tetragonal forms.
+
+Others distort to super
+structures, which have very,
+
+very large unit cells.
+
+But in any case, when you're
+right at the phase boundary
+
+between the distorted structure
+and the true
+
+perovskite structure, these
+materials sometimes have very,
+
+very complicated x solutions of
+the two phases, on a very
+
+sort of fine scale.
+
+And it's not known exactly why
+they have this property.
+
+But they have absolutely
+enormous piezoelectric moduli,
+
+very close to this
+phase boundary.
+
+And the references that I give
+you-- here-- is a compound
+
+that is a lead titanium
+zinc niobate.
+
+And the complicated composition
+is to get you
+
+close to this phase boundary.
+
+This has a d333 that is greater
+than 2,000 picocuries
+
+per Newton.
+
+And pico is 10 to
+the minus 12.
+
+So this is a piezoelectric
+electric modulus that is 10 to
+
+the 3 times d11 for quartz.
+
+So 3 orders of magnitude
+stronger than this very
+
+commonly used piezoelectric
+material.
+
+Some of these materials have
+strains getting close to 1%.
+
+So this is something that will
+actually twitch on the lab
+
+bench, when you apply
+a field to it.
+
+So these are entirely new.
+
+People still don't know the
+origin of this behavior.
+
+And it's still under
+considerable study.
+
+So this is a new family
+of materials.
+
+It's very exciting, and
+undergoing a lot of
+
+investigation and development
+work at the moment.
+
+Alright, we are almost
+out of time.
+
+Time goes fast when
+you're having fun.
+
+Let me raise the question that
+we'll consider next time,
+
+which will be one of
+our last lectures.
+
+And that is, is it possible to
+create representation surfaces
+
+that tell you how the
+piezoelectric properties of a
+
+particular material will
+vary with direction?
+
+Well, vary with what?
+
+Well, we talk about the direct
+piezoelectric effect.
+
+This gives us components of--
+
+well let's look at the
+simpler one, in
+
+terms of what we apply.
+
+We have the converse
+piezoelectric effect that says
+
+that epsilon ijk is going to
+be dijk times e sub i.
+
+So we've got a piece of
+material, and we apply a
+
+field, e sub i.
+
+So we can vary this in space
+relative to a coordinate
+
+system x1, x2, x3.
+
+But how in the world are we
+going to show what happens?
+
+So I always do an extra
+thing in here.
+
+There are 9 components
+to the strain
+
+tensor, which is symmetric.
+
+So they're really six responses
+that are unique.
+
+So yes, we can define
+the direction
+
+of the applied field.
+
+But they're going to be
+6 different strains.
+
+So we're going to need six
+representation surfaces.
+
+One for each of the three
+tensile strains, and one for
+
+each of the three
+shear strains.
+
+So you can't do it with
+a single surface.
+
+So you can't do much other than
+say, there are certain
+
+responses which are intended
+to emphasize one particular
+
+sort of strain or one
+particular sort of
+
+polarization.
+
+So one of the things we might do
+is to cut a very thin plate
+
+of something like quartz,
+and subject it
+
+to a uniaxial stress.
+
+So let's say sigma along
+the x3 axis.
+
+So we're looking at a very
+restricted strain tensor.
+
+That's 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+0, 0, 0, sigma 3.
+
+And in response to that strain,
+there are going to be
+
+three different components
+of the polarization.
+
+Polarization is manifested as
+a charge per unit area.
+
+So if we make a very
+thin plate--
+
+to be sure there will
+be charges induced
+
+on these thin edges--
+
+but if it's got a surface area
+that's a large compared to the
+
+area of these thin edges, we
+are going to be measuring
+
+primarily p3--
+
+the component of polarization
+that's
+
+normal to this surface--
+
+and that might have a charge
+per unit area that is
+
+comparable to these other
+two charged surfaces.
+
+But because the area by design
+of our specimen is so large,
+
+the response that would be most
+easy to detect, and which
+
+would be the largest response,
+by design, would be p3, which
+
+is the charge per unit
+area on this surface.
+
+So this is an effect we can
+define for a particular
+
+sample, and for a particular
+special form of the
+
+generalized force.
+
+And we then can ask, what is
+the value of the single
+
+modulus that relates
+p3 to sigma 3?
+
+And that's a question
+we can ask.
+
+And we can plot that response as
+a function of direction of
+
+a plate that we consider as
+being cut out of a single
+
+crystal, and different
+orientations, and then ask how
+
+this modulus--
+
+which connects the two--
+
+changes with the orientation
+of x3.
+
+So that is a question
+we can ask.
+
+And these surfaces are
+absolutely wild, highly
+
+anisotropic, can be identically
+zero in certain
+
+special directions, and they
+are very interesting, and a
+
+lot of fun to look at.
+
+So we'll take a quick look at a
+couple of those, which won't
+
+come as a surprise because
+they're already worked out for
+
+you in the notes.
+
+So we'll take a look
+at one of those.
+
+And in the problem set, I invite
+you to amuse yourself
+
+by looking at such
+representation surfaces for
+
+two other point groups.
+
+And with that, having kept
+you til five after
+
+the hour I will quit.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VJhDWandNwc.txt b/VJhDWandNwc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91e6b9554227370a0703371175a73e75fa6cb8a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VJhDWandNwc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now look at an example similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now look at an example similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now look at an example similar to the
+previous one in which we have again two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one in which we have again two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one in which we have again two
+scenarios but in which we have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios but in which we have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios but in which we have both
+discrete and continuous random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and continuous random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and continuous random variables
+involved you have one dollar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you have one dollar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you have one dollar and the
+opportunity to play in a lottery with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to play in a lottery with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to play in a lottery with
+probability 1/2 you do nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2 you do nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2 you do nothing and
+you're left with the dollar that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with the dollar that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with the dollar that you
+started with with probability 1/2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with with probability 1/2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with with probability 1/2 you
+decide to play the lottery and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to play the lottery and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to play the lottery and in that
+case you get back an amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you get back an amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you get back an amount of money
+which is random and uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is random and uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is random and uniformly
+distributed between 0 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between 0 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between 0 & 2
+is the random variable X discrete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the random variable X discrete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the random variable X discrete the
+answer is no because it takes values on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no because it takes values on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no because it takes values on
+a continuous range is the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous range is the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous range is the random
+variable X continuous the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X continuous the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X continuous the answer is no
+because the probability that X takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability that X takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability that X takes the
+value of exactly one is equal to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even though X takes values in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though X takes values in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though X takes values in a
+continuous range this is not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous range this is not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous range this is not enough to
+make it a continuous random variable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a continuous random variable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a continuous random variable we
+defined continuous random variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined continuous random variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined continuous random variables to
+be those that can be described by a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be those that can be described by a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be those that can be described by a PDF
+and we have seen that in such a case any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have seen that in such a case any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have seen that in such a case any
+individual point should have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual point should have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual point should have zero
+probability but this is not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but this is not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but this is not the case
+here and so X is not continuous we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so X is not continuous we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so X is not continuous we call
+X a mixed random variable more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X a mixed random variable more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X a mixed random variable more generally
+we can have a situation where the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a situation where the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a situation where the random
+variable X with some probability is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X with some probability is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X with some probability is the
+same as a particular discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a particular discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a particular discrete random
+variable and with some other probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and with some other probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and with some other probability
+it is equal to some other continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to some other continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to some other continuous
+random variable such a random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable such a random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable such a random variable X
+does not have a PMF because it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a PMF because it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a PMF because it is not
+discrete also it does not have a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete also it does not have a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete also it does not have a PDF
+because it is not continuous how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is not continuous how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is not continuous how do we
+describe such a random variable well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe such a random variable well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe such a random variable well we
+can describe it in terms of a cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe it in terms of a cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe it in terms of a cumulative
+distribution function CDF are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function CDF are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function CDF are always
+well defined for all kinds of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined for all kinds of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined for all kinds of random
+variables we have two scenarios and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we have two scenarios and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we have two scenarios and so
+we can use the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the total
+probability theorem and write that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem and write that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem and write that the
+CDF is equal to the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is equal to the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF is equal to the probability of the
+first scenario which is P times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenario which is P times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scenario which is P times the
+probability that the random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable Y
+is less than or equal to X this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to X this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to X this is a
+conditional model under the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model under the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model under the first
+scenario and with some probability we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and with some probability we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and with some probability we
+have the second scenario and under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the second scenario and under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the second scenario and under that
+scenario X will take a value less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario X will take a value less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario X will take a value less than
+little X if and only if the our random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X if and only if the our random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X if and only if the our random
+variable Z will take a value less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z will take a value less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Z will take a value less than
+little X or in CDF notation this is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X or in CDF notation this is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X or in CDF notation this is P
+times the CDF of the random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the CDF of the random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the CDF of the random variable Y
+evaluated at this particular X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at this particular X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at this particular X plus
+another weighted term involving the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another weighted term involving the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another weighted term involving the CDF
+of the random variable Z we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Z we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Z we can also
+define the expected value of x in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the expected value of x in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the expected value of x in a way
+that is consistent with the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consistent with the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consistent with the total
+expectation theorem namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem namely
+define the expected value of x to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the expected value of x to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the expected value of x to be the
+probability of the first scenario in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario in
+which case x is discrete times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case x is discrete times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case x is discrete times the
+expected value of the Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the Associated
+discrete random variable plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variable plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variable plus the
+probability of the second scenario under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the second scenario under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the second scenario under
+which X is continuous times the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X is continuous times the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X is continuous times the expected
+value of the Associated continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the Associated continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the Associated continuous
+random variable going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable going back to our
+original example we have two scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example we have two scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example we have two scenarios
+the scenarios that we can call a 1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenarios that we can call a 1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenarios that we can call a 1 and a
+2 under the first scenario we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 under the first scenario we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 under the first scenario we have a
+uniform PDF and the corresponding CDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform PDF and the corresponding CDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform PDF and the corresponding CDF is
+as follows it's flat until 0 then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows it's flat until 0 then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows it's flat until 0 then it
+rises linearly and then it stays flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises linearly and then it stays flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises linearly and then it stays flat
+and the value here is equal to 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value here is equal to 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value here is equal to 1 so the
+slope here is 1/2 so the slope is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here is 1/2 so the slope is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here is 1/2 so the slope is equal
+to the corresponding PDF under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the corresponding PDF under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the corresponding PDF under the
+second scenario we have a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second scenario we have a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second scenario we have a discrete
+actually a constant random variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a constant random variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a constant random variable and
+so the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the CDF
+is flat at zero until this value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flat at zero until this value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flat at zero until this value and the
+dot value have a jump equal to one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot value have a jump equal to one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot value have a jump equal to one we
+then use the total probability theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the total probability theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the total probability theorem
+which tells us that the CDF of the mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that the CDF of the mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that the CDF of the mixed
+random variable will be one half times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will be one half times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will be one half times
+the CDF under the first scenario plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF under the first scenario plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF under the first scenario plus
+1/2 times the CDF under the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 times the CDF under the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 times the CDF under the second
+scenario so we take one half of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so we take one half of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so we take one half of this
+plot and one half of that plot and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and one half of that plot and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and one half of that plot and add
+them up what we get is the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up what we get is the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up what we get is the function that
+rises now at the slope of 1/4 then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises now at the slope of 1/4 then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises now at the slope of 1/4 then we
+have a jump and the size of that jump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump and the size of that jump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump and the size of that jump is
+going to be equal to 1/2 and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 1/2 and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 1/2 and then it
+continues at the slope of 1/4 until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues at the slope of 1/4 until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues at the slope of 1/4 until it
+reaches this value and after that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches this value and after that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches this value and after that time
+it remains flat so this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains flat so this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains flat so this is a simple
+illustration that for mixed random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration that for mixed random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration that for mixed random
+variables it's not too hard to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's not too hard to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's not too hard to obtain
+the corresponding CDF even though this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding CDF even though this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding CDF even though this
+random variable does not have a PDF or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable does not have a PDF or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable does not have a PDF or a
+PMF of its own
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W1Wh00CQ-Vc.txt b/W1Wh00CQ-Vc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7062d5f665c7bbe876d9cc28aa3e4038dcad994c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W1Wh00CQ-Vc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu when we go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu when we go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu when we go ahead and get
+started folks um just uh some small talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started folks um just uh some small talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started folks um just uh some small talk
+to get us started I promise to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us started I promise to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us started I promise to tell you
+the stories about contamination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories about contamination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories about contamination and
+unintentional contamination uh before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional contamination uh before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional contamination uh before we
+dive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive in
+uh what a what a life right Steve Jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what a what a life right Steve Jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what a what a life right Steve Jobs
+that was that was really something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was really something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was really something um
+moments like that I think the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like that I think the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like that I think the best thing
+you can possibly do is to celebrate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can possibly do is to celebrate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can possibly do is to celebrate uh
+the person and uh well in honor of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and uh well in honor of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and uh well in honor of his
+inventiveness and uh the way he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventiveness and uh the way he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventiveness and uh the way he really
+turned Apple around uh just wanted to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned Apple around uh just wanted to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned Apple around uh just wanted to uh
+focus a minute on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus a minute on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus a minute on that
+um speaking of of contamination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um speaking of of contamination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um speaking of of contamination and
+unintentional contamination and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional contamination and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional contamination and the
+effect on uh processing there the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on uh processing there the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on uh processing there the the
+history books are full of this folklore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history books are full of this folklore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history books are full of this folklore
+if you start talking to people who grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start talking to people who grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start talking to people who grow
+crystals and who manufacture solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and who manufacture solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and who manufacture solar cells
+um the uh growth of the crystals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh growth of the crystals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh growth of the crystals that
+are used to actually make the Wafers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to actually make the Wafers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to actually make the Wafers uh
+that ultimately wind up being solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately wind up being solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately wind up being solar
+cells is a little bit of um how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is a little bit of um how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is a little bit of um how would
+you say a little bit of an art uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a little bit of an art uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a little bit of an art uh it's
+it is being codified rather well now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is being codified rather well now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is being codified rather well now and
+there's some strong science behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some strong science behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some strong science behind it
+but by and large um up to very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large um up to very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large um up to very recently
+it was it was more of an art than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was more of an art than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was more of an art than a
+science and uh it was comprised that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and uh it was comprised that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and uh it was comprised that the
+best best Crystal gor were people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best best Crystal gor were people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best best Crystal gor were people who
+were very observant and who were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very observant and who were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very observant and who were able to
+uh look out and see correlations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look out and see correlations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look out and see correlations where
+they weren't uh immediately visible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't uh immediately visible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't uh immediately visible to
+others so um in one particular Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so um in one particular Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so um in one particular Factory
+they started noticing that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started noticing that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started noticing that they had
+yield losses during the winter time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield losses during the winter time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield losses during the winter time and
+in particular they had dream yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they had dream yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they had dream yield
+losses Whenever there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses Whenever there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses Whenever there was a big
+snowstorm and it was somebody uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowstorm and it was somebody uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowstorm and it was somebody uh one of
+the uh uh shift leads I believe who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh shift leads I believe who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh shift leads I believe who
+traced it back to the Salt uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced it back to the Salt uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced it back to the Salt uh that was
+Marching In on people's boots as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marching In on people's boots as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marching In on people's boots as they
+were coming into the factory and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming into the factory and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming into the factory and that
+sodium was contaminating the the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium was contaminating the the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium was contaminating the the Silicon
+melt and resulting in in the the poor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt and resulting in in the the poor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt and resulting in in the the poor uh
+quality of the crystals that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the crystals that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the crystals that were being
+grown Flash Forward several years uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown Flash Forward several years uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown Flash Forward several years uh at
+franer Institute for soul Energy Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franer Institute for soul Energy Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franer Institute for soul Energy Systems
+in Friberg Germany uh where uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Friberg Germany uh where uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Friberg Germany uh where uh the
+observant uh manufacturers started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observant uh manufacturers started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observant uh manufacturers started
+noticing well gee our efficiencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing well gee our efficiencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing well gee our efficiencies are
+always lower on Fridays why is that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lower on Fridays why is that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lower on Fridays why is that and
+eventually they trace the problem down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they trace the problem down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they trace the problem down
+to uh the fact that on Fridays the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the fact that on Fridays the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the fact that on Fridays the uh
+technicians would go out to lunch at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicians would go out to lunch at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicians would go out to lunch at a
+Chinese restaurant and they would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese restaurant and they would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese restaurant and they would come
+back uh in their breath in their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh in their breath in their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh in their breath in their hands
+would be MSG and that was uh again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be MSG and that was uh again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be MSG and that was uh again the
+sodium was was Downing performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium was was Downing performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium was was Downing performance of
+the devices and so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices and so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices and so it's really
+interesting this this kind of sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this this kind of sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this this kind of sounds
+like um something you might see in a TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um something you might see in a TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um something you might see in a TV
+show uh where that scientist in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh where that scientist in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh where that scientist in the lab
+coat waltzes into a room and says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat waltzes into a room and says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat waltzes into a room and says it
+must be the sodium right and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the sodium right and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the sodium right and then they
+test it oh my gosh it's a sodium no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it oh my gosh it's a sodium no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it oh my gosh it's a sodium no
+problem solving in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving in the real world
+doesn't quite happen that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite happen that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite happen that way it
+involves a very methodical approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a very methodical approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a very methodical approach to
+uh uh testing a variety of hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh testing a variety of hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh testing a variety of hypotheses
+first brainstorming in a structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first brainstorming in a structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first brainstorming in a structured
+manner uh identifying the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh identifying the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh identifying the most likely
+candidates and going about solving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and going about solving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and going about solving uh
+the problem uh performing a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem uh performing a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem uh performing a series of
+designed experiments to really get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed experiments to really get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed experiments to really get at
+the the root cause so it's uh it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the root cause so it's uh it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the root cause so it's uh it's an
+interesting story it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story it's an interesting
+aside uh solving contamination problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside uh solving contamination problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside uh solving contamination problems
+though is very difficult and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is very difficult and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is very difficult and the best
+thing you can possibly do if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can possibly do if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can possibly do if you're
+growing crystals is to keep your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing crystals is to keep your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing crystals is to keep your system
+more clean than you think you need it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clean than you think you need it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clean than you think you need it to
+be uh that's the best advice I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that's the best advice I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that's the best advice I can give
+I was just talking with some folks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just talking with some folks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just talking with some folks from
+Caltech the other day they were running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech the other day they were running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech the other day they were running
+into contamination issues and uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into contamination issues and uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into contamination issues and uh that
+advice goes a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice goes a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice goes a long
+way okay well let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay well let's go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay well let's go ahead and get
+started in the topic of today uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the topic of today uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the topic of today uh back
+from Phoenix and um uh eyes are are red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Phoenix and um uh eyes are are red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Phoenix and um uh eyes are are red
+from irritation of having been awake for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from irritation of having been awake for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from irritation of having been awake for
+too many hours um so that can only mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many hours um so that can only mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many hours um so that can only mean
+one thing contacts right uh so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing contacts right uh so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing contacts right uh so we're
+going to be talking about contacts today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about contacts today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about contacts today
+charge extraction um as well and uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge extraction um as well and uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge extraction um as well and uh to
+put situate Us in the road map we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put situate Us in the road map we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put situate Us in the road map we have
+our fundamentals right here uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fundamentals right here uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fundamentals right here uh we're
+about to jump forward into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to jump forward into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to jump forward into the
+Technologies which is really exciting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies which is really exciting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies which is really exciting uh
+we're about out of the woods here folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about out of the woods here folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about out of the woods here folks
+um and finally into the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and finally into the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and finally into the cross
+themes and so again um every photo volte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and so again um every photo volte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and so again um every photo volte
+device must obey this uh General uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device must obey this uh General uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device must obey this uh General uh
+equation right here where the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here where the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here where the output
+energy over theut energy equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over theut energy equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over theut energy equals a
+conversion efficiency and for most solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency and for most solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency and for most solar
+cells this is represented by this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is represented by this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is represented by this right
+here and we have now tackled every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have now tackled every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have now tackled every
+single one of those uh at least in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of those uh at least in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of those uh at least in a
+very uh fundamental way uh and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh fundamental way uh and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh fundamental way uh and now
+finally we are focused on the output the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we are focused on the output the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we are focused on the output the
+charge collection uh in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge collection uh in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge collection uh in other words the
+contacting of the device again the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting of the device again the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting of the device again the total
+cell efficiency is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency is going to be the
+product of each of these individual cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of each of these individual cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of each of these individual cell
+efficiencies here and uh contacts are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies here and uh contacts are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies here and uh contacts are a
+very very easy way to kill device in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easy way to kill device in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easy way to kill device in a
+variety of ways um and uh we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways um and uh we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways um and uh we'll get to
+some of these points right here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these points right here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these points right here as a
+matter of fact this sback uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact this sback uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact this sback uh this
+surface recombination velocity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface recombination velocity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface recombination velocity on the
+back side of the device is a contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back side of the device is a contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back side of the device is a contact
+related uh phenomenon and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related uh phenomenon and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related uh phenomenon and that's exactly
+where the water is spilling out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the water is spilling out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the water is spilling out of this
+bucket right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket right
+here learning objectives um the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here learning objectives um the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here learning objectives um the idea is
+to start out with describing the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start out with describing the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start out with describing the purpose
+of context and uh their most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of context and uh their most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of context and uh their most common
+types uh then to describe um the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types uh then to describe um the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types uh then to describe um the impact
+of good and poor context and IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good and poor context and IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good and poor context and IV
+characteristics in other words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in other words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in other words to
+describe the device impact of contact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the device impact of contact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the device impact of contact so
+that we're convinced that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're convinced that this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're convinced that this is really
+something we should be spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should be spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should be spending a lot of
+time thinking about then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about then we're going to
+sketch the IV characteristics of shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the IV characteristics of shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the IV characteristics of shot
+key and omic contexts we'll learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and omic contexts we'll learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and omic contexts we'll learn what
+those mean um I hope you know what omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mean um I hope you know what omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mean um I hope you know what omic
+means uh describe what fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh describe what fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh describe what fundamental
+material parameters uh determine IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material parameters uh determine IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material parameters uh determine IV
+characteristics of a contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a contact
+semiconductor Junction uh sketch common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Junction uh sketch common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Junction uh sketch common
+band alignments and sketch common solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band alignments and sketch common solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band alignments and sketch common solar
+cell device architectures once we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device architectures once we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device architectures once we're
+done and then we can look back and gaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then we can look back and gaze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then we can look back and gaze
+over the fundamentals and say haha how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the fundamentals and say haha how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the fundamentals and say haha how
+far we've come and now that you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've come and now that you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've come and now that you look at
+a solar cell device hopefully you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar cell device hopefully you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar cell device hopefully you look
+at it in a much more profound way than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in a much more profound way than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in a much more profound way than
+you did in the first day of class uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did in the first day of class uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did in the first day of class uh the
+more you know the more you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know the more you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know the more you see so
+contacts why do we need them uh we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts why do we need them uh we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts why do we need them uh we need
+to extract the carriers from the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the carriers from the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the carriers from the device
+we need to prevent the back diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prevent the back diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prevent the back diffusion of
+carriers into the device uh we need uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers into the device uh we need uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers into the device uh we need uh
+well these contacts in general have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these contacts in general have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these contacts in general have been
+studied very extensively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied very extensively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied very extensively in the
+semiconductor industry why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry why is
+that why why why do we need contacts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why why why do we need contacts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why why why do we need contacts in
+the semiconductor industry to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor industry to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor industry to make
+integrated circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuits
+obvious answer we need wires we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious answer we need wires we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious answer we need wires we need to
+extract the charges from our transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the charges from our transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the charges from our transistors
+right so we're injecting charge pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're injecting charge pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're injecting charge pulling
+out charge uh so contacts have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out charge uh so contacts have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out charge uh so contacts have been
+pretty extensively studied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty extensively studied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty extensively studied in the
+semiconductor industry and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry and we're going
+to leverage that a lot um we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leverage that a lot um we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leverage that a lot um we're not
+going to reinvent the wheel where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reinvent the wheel where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reinvent the wheel where we
+don't need to uh contexts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to uh contexts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to uh contexts are
+semiconductor specific fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor specific fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor specific fundamentals
+apply broadly but the specifics are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply broadly but the specifics are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply broadly but the specifics are uh
+pertain to uh or the the the devils in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertain to uh or the the the devils in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertain to uh or the the the devils in
+the details in other words there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details in other words there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details in other words there are uh
+very specific uh effects that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific uh effects that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific uh effects that occur
+uh at at at depending on the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at at at depending on the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at at at depending on the precise
+semiconductor metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor metal
+combination and uh lastly U the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and uh lastly U the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and uh lastly U the um
+contacts are heavily influenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts are heavily influenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts are heavily influenced by the
+interface between the semiconductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the semiconductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the semiconductor and
+the metal uh we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh we're going to be talking
+about that as well so uh typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well so uh typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well so uh typical
+materials used for contacts include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used for contacts include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used for contacts include
+Metals transparent conducting oxides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals transparent conducting oxides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals transparent conducting oxides and
+uh and also we can find heavily doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also we can find heavily doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also we can find heavily doped
+organic materials as well um Metals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic materials as well um Metals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic materials as well um Metals we
+understand okay they're optically opaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay they're optically opaque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay they're optically opaque
+uh and electrically conductive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and electrically conductive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and electrically conductive that
+means they conduct electricity very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they conduct electricity very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they conduct electricity very
+nicely and so our series resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and so our series resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and so our series resistance
+along the metal wire should be low but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the metal wire should be low but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the metal wire should be low but
+they're optically opaque meaning they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're optically opaque meaning they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're optically opaque meaning they're
+resulting in a shading loss so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in a shading loss so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in a shading loss so if we
+cover our entire front side with metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover our entire front side with metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover our entire front side with metal
+we're not going to have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have a very
+inefficient solar cell because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient solar cell because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient solar cell because our
+absorption of light is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of light is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of light is going to be very
+poor on the other hand transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor on the other hand transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor on the other hand transparent
+conduct oxides are optically transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct oxides are optically transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct oxides are optically transparent
+and electrically conductive not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrically conductive not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrically conductive not quite as
+conductive as Metals but but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive as Metals but but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive as Metals but but pretty
+close so um let me think about that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so um let me think about that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so um let me think about that for
+a minute a material that is optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute a material that is optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute a material that is optically
+transparent that means it must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent that means it must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent that means it must have a
+very large band Gap right to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large band Gap right to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large band Gap right to let the
+light through doesn't interact with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through doesn't interact with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through doesn't interact with it
+but is electrically conductive in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is electrically conductive in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is electrically conductive in other
+words it has a high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it has a high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it has a high concentration of
+free carriers that can move around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free carriers that can move around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free carriers that can move around the
+material and conduct charge how's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and conduct charge how's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and conduct charge how's that
+possible I hope you're asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I hope you're asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I hope you're asking that
+question because this perplexed me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because this perplexed me for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because this perplexed me for a
+long time as well um and we'll answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time as well um and we'll answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time as well um and we'll answer
+that in a couple slides first the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a couple slides first the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a couple slides first the uh
+properties of tcos um what makes a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of tcos um what makes a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of tcos um what makes a a
+transparent conducting oxide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent conducting oxide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent conducting oxide to
+transparent conducting oxide I fig I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent conducting oxide I fig I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent conducting oxide I fig I'll
+spend a couple slides on this since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a couple slides on this since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a couple slides on this since
+metals are pretty self-evident but TC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are pretty self-evident but TC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are pretty self-evident but TC
+this might be the first time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be the first time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be the first time you're
+encountering them uh they're present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering them uh they're present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering them uh they're present in
+a variety of of devices if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of of devices if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of of devices if you have uh
+an iPhone or if you have uh if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iPhone or if you have uh if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iPhone or if you have uh if you've
+ever seen certain types of military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen certain types of military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen certain types of military
+aircraft uh tcos are involved um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft uh tcos are involved um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft uh tcos are involved um so the
+uh the material is very transparent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material is very transparent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material is very transparent you
+can see the transparency over a quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the transparency over a quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the transparency over a quite a
+broad wavelength range here um cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad wavelength range here um cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad wavelength range here um cutting
+off only in the several V range here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off only in the several V range here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off only in the several V range here the
+uh transparency begins to drop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transparency begins to drop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transparency begins to drop because
+you're able to excite carriers across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to excite carriers across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to excite carriers across
+the bang Gap so it's a very large Bap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bang Gap so it's a very large Bap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bang Gap so it's a very large Bap
+material and yet the conductivity uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and yet the conductivity uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and yet the conductivity uh is
+very good so uh here we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so uh here we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so uh here we can see that the
+conductivity of I that's indium tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of I that's indium tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of I that's indium tin
+oxide that's a particular type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide that's a particular type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide that's a particular type of
+transparent connecting oxide is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent connecting oxide is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent connecting oxide is almost
+as good as silver not quite but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as silver not quite but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as silver not quite but it's
+it's approaching it and so the uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approaching it and so the uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approaching it and so the uh again
+the the conductivity uh which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conductivity uh which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conductivity uh which is one
+over the resistivity is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the resistivity is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the resistivity is related to the
+carrier concentration and the mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration and the mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration and the mobility
+as we've seen before and uh therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen before and uh therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen before and uh therefore
+there must be a lot of free carriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a lot of free carriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a lot of free carriers and
+they must be fairly mobile uh to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be fairly mobile uh to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be fairly mobile uh to move
+around the material so how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the material so how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the material so how does that
+work band Gap greater than 3.1 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work band Gap greater than 3.1 EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work band Gap greater than 3.1 EV
+transmittance very high as a result but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance very high as a result but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance very high as a result but
+still a large number of carriers well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a large number of carriers well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a large number of carriers well if
+we consider our band Gap right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider our band Gap right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider our band Gap right here and
+for we we'll consider a floating firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we we'll consider a floating firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we we'll consider a floating firmy
+energy right now we'll explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right now we'll explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right now we'll explain why
+that's pegged there in a minute uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pegged there in a minute uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pegged there in a minute uh we
+assume that uh the band Gap is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh the band Gap is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh the band Gap is very
+large so that light can go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so that light can go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so that light can go through and
+it's ically transparent but now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ically transparent but now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ically transparent but now by
+doping the material with a specific type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping the material with a specific type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping the material with a specific type
+of dopent that forms midgap States we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dopent that forms midgap States we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dopent that forms midgap States we're
+going to create uh a new uh energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create uh a new uh energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create uh a new uh energy level
+here uh that is partially filled we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that is partially filled we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that is partially filled we can
+uh then excite with relatively little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then excite with relatively little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then excite with relatively little
+energy uh carriers into the uh excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh carriers into the uh excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh carriers into the uh excited
+States within that orange band and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States within that orange band and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States within that orange band and they
+can transport charge throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transport charge throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transport charge throughout the
+material uh on the other hand if we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh on the other hand if we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh on the other hand if we come
+in with a high energy Photon uh or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a high energy Photon uh or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a high energy Photon uh or a
+moderate energy Photon let's say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate energy Photon let's say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate energy Photon let's say in the
+visible uh it doesn't have quite enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible uh it doesn't have quite enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible uh it doesn't have quite enough
+energy to excite from that orange band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to excite from that orange band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to excite from that orange band
+into the conduction band nor from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the conduction band nor from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the conduction band nor from the
+veilance band into the orange band The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance band into the orange band The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance band into the orange band The
+the intermediate band there and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate band there and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate band there and that's
+the the general principle of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the general principle of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the general principle of how
+transparent conducting oxides function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent conducting oxides function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent conducting oxides function
+um you can have indium doped tin oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can have indium doped tin oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can have indium doped tin oxide
+for instance I as a classic example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance I as a classic example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance I as a classic example uh
+and and this is the uh the basic premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the uh the basic premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the uh the basic premise
+any questions so far because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far because this is
+kind of important before we launch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important before we launch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important before we launch into
+uh yeah so how big are those is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so how big are those is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so how big are those is that you
+yeah so uh this E3 right here is around4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh this E3 right here is around4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh this E3 right here is around4
+EV for a typical uh TCO and uh E1 and E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV for a typical uh TCO and uh E1 and E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV for a typical uh TCO and uh E1 and E2
+the the sum of both of them could be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of both of them could be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of both of them could be on
+the order of 3 to four EV maybe higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 3 to four EV maybe higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 3 to four EV maybe higher
+uh actually no sorry just one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually no sorry just one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually no sorry just one of these
+transitions right here could be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions right here could be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions right here could be on the
+order of of uh of 3 uh so the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of uh of 3 uh so the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of uh of 3 uh so the entire
+band Gap could be quite large uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap could be quite large uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap could be quite large uh if you
+think of metal oxides uh most metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of metal oxides uh most metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of metal oxides uh most metal
+oxides have very large band gaps uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides have very large band gaps uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides have very large band gaps uh and
+uh this uh most tcos fall under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh most tcos fall under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh most tcos fall under that
+category they could be tin oxide or zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category they could be tin oxide or zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category they could be tin oxide or zinc
+oxide but heavily doped with uh um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide but heavily doped with uh um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide but heavily doped with uh um an
+element like indium or Florine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element like indium or Florine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element like indium or Florine or
+aluminum to provide that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum to provide that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum to provide that that
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+band what are the doping concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band what are the doping concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band what are the doping concentrations
+required yes so um this is a deep dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required yes so um this is a deep dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required yes so um this is a deep dive
+and I'm happy to entertain that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm happy to entertain that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm happy to entertain that question
+um for those who kind of goes over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for those who kind of goes over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for those who kind of goes over your
+head don't worry about it we'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head don't worry about it we'll return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head don't worry about it we'll return
+so plan a flag Post in your mind where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plan a flag Post in your mind where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plan a flag Post in your mind where
+we're at uh remember the hydrogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at uh remember the hydrogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at uh remember the hydrogenic
+donor model for a dopent atom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor model for a dopent atom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor model for a dopent atom you
+introduce it into the lattice and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it into the lattice and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it into the lattice and that
+Loosely bound electron is there kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely bound electron is there kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely bound electron is there kind of
+like a hydrogenic donor it has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hydrogenic donor it has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hydrogenic donor it has a certain
+radius now if you begin doping at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius now if you begin doping at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius now if you begin doping at a very
+high concentration those electrons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration those electrons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration those electrons will
+begin interfering with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin interfering with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin interfering with each other
+they'll begin interacting and so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll begin interacting and so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll begin interacting and so instead
+of forming uh one isolated defect level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming uh one isolated defect level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming uh one isolated defect level
+they'll start splitting and forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll start splitting and forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll start splitting and forming a
+band uh and the uh density at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh and the uh density at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh and the uh density at which you
+have to dope depends on that uh donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dope depends on that uh donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dope depends on that uh donor
+radius uh so you're typically talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius uh so you're typically talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius uh so you're typically talking
+about concentrations in the 10 to the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about concentrations in the 10 to the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about concentrations in the 10 to the 20
+per cubic centimeter or one Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter or one Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter or one Atomic
+percent uh or higher so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent uh or higher so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent uh or higher so that's the
+dopent density that's required to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent density that's required to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent density that's required to to
+force this transition it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this transition it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this transition it's pretty cool
+uh there are I mean there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are I mean there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are I mean there are people who
+do their phds on uh transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their phds on uh transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their phds on uh transparent
+conducting oxides maybe some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting oxides maybe some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting oxides maybe some of you are
+uh you could probably come up and give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could probably come up and give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could probably come up and give a
+lecture about it so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about it so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about it so it's a it's a
+fascinating subject and because uh I or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating subject and because uh I or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating subject and because uh I or
+indium T oxide is just so amazing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium T oxide is just so amazing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium T oxide is just so amazing in
+terms of its conductivity it's almost up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its conductivity it's almost up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its conductivity it's almost up
+there buttressing against silver um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there buttressing against silver um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there buttressing against silver um it's
+very difficult to replace with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to replace with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to replace with something
+else uh zinc oxide and its variants get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh zinc oxide and its variants get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh zinc oxide and its variants get
+pretty close like aluminum dope zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close like aluminum dope zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close like aluminum dope zinc
+oxide sometimes called AO in the PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide sometimes called AO in the PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide sometimes called AO in the PB
+Community they get pretty close but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community they get pretty close but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community they get pretty close but
+they're not quite as good in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite as good in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite as good in terms of
+optical transparency and conductivity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical transparency and conductivity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical transparency and conductivity as
+itto now I has a problem it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itto now I has a problem it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itto now I has a problem it contains
+indium and the world supply of indium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium and the world supply of indium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium and the world supply of indium is
+limited it's not the most abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited it's not the most abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited it's not the most abundant
+element on the Earth's crust if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the Earth's crust if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the Earth's crust if you look
+at the periodic table it's pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the periodic table it's pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the periodic table it's pretty far
+down there and as you know the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there and as you know the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there and as you know the elemental
+abundance uh has a relative Decay from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance uh has a relative Decay from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance uh has a relative Decay from a
+power Decay from Light Elements to heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Decay from Light Elements to heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Decay from Light Elements to heavy
+elements with some fluctuations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with some fluctuations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with some fluctuations in
+between um but in general the Stardust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um but in general the Stardust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um but in general the Stardust
+that we have here is is less abundant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here is is less abundant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here is is less abundant in
+the heavier elements and indium is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavier elements and indium is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavier elements and indium is one
+of those elements and so people are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those elements and so people are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those elements and so people are are
+searching for Alternatives uh to I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for Alternatives uh to I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for Alternatives uh to I uh
+and that's an active area of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an active area of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an active area of research
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now okay so uh for now uh let's let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so uh for now uh let's let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so uh for now uh let's let's go
+back to the flag post that we we planted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the flag post that we we planted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the flag post that we we planted
+just a few minutes ago uh for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes ago uh for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes ago uh for everyone
+who didn't quite follow the the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't quite follow the the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't quite follow the the detail
+explanation the important thing to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation the important thing to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation the important thing to keep
+in mind is that tcos are conductive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is that tcos are conductive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is that tcos are conductive and
+transparent and they they are so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and they they are so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and they they are so because
+of the unique band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unique band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unique band
+structure so uh we can create contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so uh we can create contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so uh we can create contexts
+to semiconductors and extract charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to semiconductors and extract charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to semiconductors and extract charge
+using either a metal or TCO and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using either a metal or TCO and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using either a metal or TCO and right
+now we're going to uh dive into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to uh dive into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to uh dive into the
+impact of good and bad uh contacts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of good and bad uh contacts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of good and bad uh contacts on
+device characteristics so during our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device characteristics so during our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device characteristics so during our
+last uh believe it was two lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh believe it was two lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh believe it was two lectures ago
+we talked about the equivalent circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the equivalent circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the equivalent circuit
+diagram of a solar cell uh this being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of a solar cell uh this being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of a solar cell uh this being
+the simplest case now corrected with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case now corrected with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case now corrected with our
+minus one term right here and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one term right here and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one term right here and we can see
+our IV curve in linear linear scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our IV curve in linear linear scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our IV curve in linear linear scale and
+uh log linear scale there log current uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log linear scale there log current uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log linear scale there log current uh
+linear voltage and because this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear voltage and because this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear voltage and because this is an
+exponential you would expect a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you would expect a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you would expect a straight
+line and you do see that indeed now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you do see that indeed now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you do see that indeed now uh
+the IV curve and the upper part you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV curve and the upper part you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV curve and the upper part you can
+really see has a very nice fill Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see has a very nice fill Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see has a very nice fill Factor
+as a very sharp Kink pops straight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very sharp Kink pops straight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very sharp Kink pops straight up
+and so the fill factor of that IV curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fill factor of that IV curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fill factor of that IV curve
+when illuminated uh will be very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when illuminated uh will be very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when illuminated uh will be very high
+and hence the uh solar cell efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence the uh solar cell efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence the uh solar cell efficiency
+will be high not so when you introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be high not so when you introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be high not so when you introduce a
+series resistance so when you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance so when you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance so when you have that
+series resistance component uh now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance component uh now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance component uh now at
+higher bias voltages uh you begin to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher bias voltages uh you begin to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher bias voltages uh you begin to be
+series resistance limited which causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance limited which causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance limited which causes
+the fill factor to decrease and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fill factor to decrease and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fill factor to decrease and you can
+see that by going back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that by going back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that by going back and forth between
+these two slides um High fill Factor no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two slides um High fill Factor no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two slides um High fill Factor no
+series resistance lower fill Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance lower fill Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance lower fill Factor
+higher series resistance especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher series resistance especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher series resistance especially if
+you focus right here at this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you focus right here at this point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you focus right here at this point right
+there you can really see uh the decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can really see uh the decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can really see uh the decrease
+of fill Factor as a result of adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fill Factor as a result of adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fill Factor as a result of adding the
+series resistance component so contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance component so contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance component so contacts
+when improperly uh performed can add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when improperly uh performed can add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when improperly uh performed can add a
+series resistance component a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance component a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance component a rather
+significant one and drop the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant one and drop the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant one and drop the performance
+of your device likewise shunt resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your device likewise shunt resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your device likewise shunt resistance
+we saw uh a simple effect right here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw uh a simple effect right here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw uh a simple effect right here of
+shunt resistance if uh the shunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt resistance if uh the shunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt resistance if uh the shunt
+resistance goes down further uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance goes down further uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance goes down further uh and the
+uh uh the saturation current goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the saturation current goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the saturation current goes up
+even higher uh it begins to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher uh it begins to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher uh it begins to affect the
+fill Factor as well and so shunting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill Factor as well and so shunting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill Factor as well and so shunting uh
+can also be impacted by uh contacts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be impacted by uh contacts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be impacted by uh contacts uh
+particularly when you fire your contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you fire your contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you fire your contacts
+in other words when you uh heat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words when you uh heat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words when you uh heat your
+sample up or heat your stack up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample up or heat your stack up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample up or heat your stack up to
+create good contact between the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create good contact between the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create good contact between the metal
+and the semiconductor underneath or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the semiconductor underneath or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the semiconductor underneath or the
+tcco and the semiconductor underneath um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcco and the semiconductor underneath um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcco and the semiconductor underneath um
+a couple of things can happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things can happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things can happen if you
+don't get the chemistry just right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the chemistry just right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the chemistry just right at
+the interface maybe you didn't clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface maybe you didn't clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface maybe you didn't clean
+your sample properly maybe you didn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample properly maybe you didn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample properly maybe you didn't uh
+heat it up high enough so that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up high enough so that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up high enough so that the uh
+atoms really started to inter diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms really started to inter diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms really started to inter diffuse
+and interact um You can underf fire your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interact um You can underf fire your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interact um You can underf fire your
+contact and that results in poor contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and that results in poor contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and that results in poor contact
+with your semiconductor and large series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your semiconductor and large series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your semiconductor and large series
+resistance so large series resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so large series resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so large series resistance
+will essentially impede charge flow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will essentially impede charge flow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will essentially impede charge flow uh
+and result in a fill Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and result in a fill Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and result in a fill Factor
+loss on the other hand if you overfire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss on the other hand if you overfire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss on the other hand if you overfire
+your contact let's say you heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contact let's say you heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contact let's say you heat it up
+but fire it a little too long then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fire it a little too long then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fire it a little too long then the
+metal or the the contact material can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or the the contact material can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or the the contact material can
+drive too far into your semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive too far into your semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive too far into your semiconductor
+and wind up shunting your device what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wind up shunting your device what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wind up shunting your device what
+does a shunt mean a shunt means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a shunt mean a shunt means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a shunt mean a shunt means that the
+metal goes straight through the PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal goes straight through the PN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal goes straight through the PN
+Junction and contacts the the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and contacts the the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and contacts the the base
+material on the other side so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the other side so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the other side so remember
+the the PN Junction region of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PN Junction region of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PN Junction region of the solar
+cell is only about a micron away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is only about a micron away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is only about a micron away from
+the surface it's really close so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface it's really close so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface it's really close so if you
+have a fast diffusing metal species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fast diffusing metal species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fast diffusing metal species and
+heat it up too much you'll get the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up too much you'll get the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up too much you'll get the metal
+going straight through the in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going straight through the in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going straight through the in this case
+the N plus layer into the P you'll shunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus layer into the P you'll shunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus layer into the P you'll shunt
+your device so this is the fine balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device so this is the fine balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device so this is the fine balance
+that you have to walk when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to walk when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to walk when you're
+putting contact metalization on a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting contact metalization on a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting contact metalization on a device
+you can't overfire it because we wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't overfire it because we wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't overfire it because we wind up
+with shunts you can't under Fire it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shunts you can't under Fire it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shunts you can't under Fire it
+either because you might wind up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because you might wind up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because you might wind up with a
+very large contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large contact
+resistance so it's a a very tricky thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so it's a a very tricky thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so it's a a very tricky thing
+to get right um we just finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get right um we just finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get right um we just finished
+installing a contact metalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing a contact metalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing a contact metalization
+printer in our lab and and Joe how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer in our lab and and Joe how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer in our lab and and Joe how many
+human hours total have been spent trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hours total have been spent trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hours total have been spent trying
+to optimize the the firing process uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize the the firing process uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize the the firing process uh
+probably about 30 or 40 now 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about 30 or 40 now 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about 30 or 40 now 30 or 40
+human hours um so it's it's still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hours um so it's it's still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hours um so it's it's still work
+in progress but it it it takes a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in progress but it it it takes a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in progress but it it it takes a while
+to really nail that yes Ashley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really nail that yes Ashley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really nail that yes Ashley
+so would you want your um TCO to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so would you want your um TCO to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so would you want your um TCO to be to
+melt at a lower temperature than your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt at a lower temperature than your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt at a lower temperature than your uh
+semiconductor is it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is it another
+consideration well uh so um let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration well uh so um let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration well uh so um let's let's
+back up a step uh for the metal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up a step uh for the metal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up a step uh for the metal case
+it's pretty straightforward um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward um this is a
+homogeneous element let's call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous element let's call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous element let's call it a
+unary material meaning one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary material meaning one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary material meaning one element
+comprising that metal uh typically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprising that metal uh typically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprising that metal uh typically and
+uh it's very simple for us to see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very simple for us to see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very simple for us to see okay
+if we heat it up uh and and it reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we heat it up uh and and it reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we heat it up uh and and it reacts
+with our our material it drives in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our our material it drives in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our our material it drives in uh
+for a TCO it's a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a TCO it's a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a TCO it's a little less
+straightforward because you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward because you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward because you typically
+have a multinary compound meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multinary compound meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multinary compound meaning
+several elements comprising your TCO uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several elements comprising your TCO uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several elements comprising your TCO uh
+the formation of this intermediate band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of this intermediate band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of this intermediate band
+right here uh that forms the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh that forms the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh that forms the the the
+really the conductivity of the TCO is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the conductivity of the TCO is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the conductivity of the TCO is uh
+uh predicated upon the principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predicated upon the principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predicated upon the principle that
+you have these dopen atoms homogeneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these dopen atoms homogeneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these dopen atoms homogeneously
+spaced throughout your material if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced throughout your material if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced throughout your material if you
+heat it up too high and it begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up too high and it begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up too high and it begin to
+Cluster in other words precipitate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cluster in other words precipitate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cluster in other words precipitate out
+of phase uh you can wind up destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase uh you can wind up destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase uh you can wind up destroying
+your TCO or increasing the resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TCO or increasing the resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TCO or increasing the resistivity
+uh maybe even decreasing the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe even decreasing the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe even decreasing the optical
+transparency um and so there the it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency um and so there the it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency um and so there the it it
+it really is material specific when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is material specific when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is material specific when we
+start talking about tcos I'd rather not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about tcos I'd rather not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about tcos I'd rather not
+generalize about them about Metals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize about them about Metals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize about them about Metals it's
+more more straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more straightforward
+okay I guess for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I guess for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I guess for for
+Metals you you would have to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals you you would have to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals you you would have to choose a
+metal that melts before your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that melts before your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that melts before your your
+semiconductor typically you wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor typically you wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor typically you wouldn't you
+wouldn't have your your metal melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have your your metal melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have your your metal melting
+per se um what what you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se um what what you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se um what what you're looking for
+is a a chemical reaction here at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a chemical reaction here at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a chemical reaction here at this
+interface um you're looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um you're looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um you're looking for the
+metal most often to form a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal most often to form a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal most often to form a binary
+compound between your metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound between your metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound between your metal and the
+semiconducting material underneath let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material underneath let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material underneath let's
+say you have uh nickel and silicon you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have uh nickel and silicon you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have uh nickel and silicon you'd
+be looking for it to to form a nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking for it to to form a nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking for it to to form a nickel
+silicide at that interface and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicide at that interface and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicide at that interface and that's
+where you go to your phase diagrams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go to your phase diagrams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go to your phase diagrams and
+figure out what temperature uh those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what temperature uh those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what temperature uh those uh
+uh say inter metallic should form uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say inter metallic should form uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say inter metallic should form uh and
+then you're you're targeting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you're targeting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you're targeting that
+particular temperature during your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular temperature during your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular temperature during your your
+ramp and of course it's not only face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp and of course it's not only face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp and of course it's not only face
+diagrams which are under equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams which are under equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams which are under equilibrium
+conditions kinetics are involved as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions kinetics are involved as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions kinetics are involved as well
+uh so it becomes a rather tricky process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it becomes a rather tricky process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it becomes a rather tricky process
+yep question in the back the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep question in the back the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep question in the back the uh the
+picture is drawn where it says doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is drawn where it says doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is drawn where it says doing is
+concentrated underneath how do we how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated underneath how do we how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated underneath how do we how do
+we manage to concate just that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we manage to concate just that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we manage to concate just that surface
+section below very good question um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section below very good question um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section below very good question um so
+we'll explain uh toward the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain uh toward the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain uh toward the end of
+lecture why dopin has concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture why dopin has concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture why dopin has concentrated
+underneath there for those who are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there for those who are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there for those who are a
+little bit more advanced uh relates to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more advanced uh relates to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more advanced uh relates to a
+tunneling Junction effect or field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling Junction effect or field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling Junction effect or field
+emission effect um but we'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission effect um but we'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission effect um but we'll explain
+what that is for everyone else um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is for everyone else um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is for everyone else um the
+way you typically get uh an enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you typically get uh an enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you typically get uh an enhanced
+dopent concentration right underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration right underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration right underneath
+the metal uh first let's appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh first let's appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh first let's appreciate the
+length scales involved here the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales involved here the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales involved here the width of
+that contact metal is probably on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contact metal is probably on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contact metal is probably on the
+order of somewhere between let's say 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of somewhere between let's say 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of somewhere between let's say 80
+and 120 microns maybe a little more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 120 microns maybe a little more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 120 microns maybe a little more um
+and uh so at those length scales we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so at those length scales we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so at those length scales we
+don't need photolithography to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need photolithography to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need photolithography to really
+nail a particular location we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail a particular location we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail a particular location we're not
+talking about tens of nanometers uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about tens of nanometers uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about tens of nanometers uh it's
+really something more macroscopic uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something more macroscopic uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something more macroscopic uh so
+we can do it in a few ways uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it in a few ways uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it in a few ways uh on the
+high end we could use an ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high end we could use an ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high end we could use an ion
+implantation Tool uh to pattern our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation Tool uh to pattern our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation Tool uh to pattern our
+material with a mask uh on the low end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with a mask uh on the low end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with a mask uh on the low end
+uh we might um we might uh uh um diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we might um we might uh uh um diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we might um we might uh uh um diffuse
+in the emitter very deeply uh to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emitter very deeply uh to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emitter very deeply uh to create
+a highly doped region everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highly doped region everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highly doped region everywhere
+and then create a mask uh using um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create a mask uh using um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create a mask uh using um not
+exactly a photolithography process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a photolithography process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a photolithography process it
+could be a much simpler uh contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a much simpler uh contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a much simpler uh contacting
+process and then etch away some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then etch away some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then etch away some of the
+emitter in other regions to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter in other regions to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter in other regions to make it more
+lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly
+doped uh or even in silicon's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped uh or even in silicon's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped uh or even in silicon's case
+create a PO silicon layer and etch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a PO silicon layer and etch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a PO silicon layer and etch that
+off uh to to distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh to to distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh to to distinguish between the
+heavily doped and the lightly doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily doped and the lightly doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily doped and the lightly doped
+regions there are few different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions there are few different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions there are few different ways to
+skin that cat and and uh that's uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin that cat and and uh that's uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin that cat and and uh that's uh one
+of the one of the beauties of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the beauties of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the beauties of solar cell
+processing is that uh it really pertains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is that uh it really pertains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is that uh it really pertains
+to the specific material system involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specific material system involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specific material system involved
+but the length scales are such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the length scales are such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the length scales are such that
+you're really not typically limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really not typically limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really not typically limited by
+uh photo lithography you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photo lithography you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photo lithography you can probably
+get around that and use other techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that and use other techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that and use other techniques
+for masking it off MH great see folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for masking it off MH great see folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for masking it off MH great see folks
+are awake today despite the P do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are awake today despite the P do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are awake today despite the P do um
+sketch the IV characteristics of shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the IV characteristics of shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the IV characteristics of shot
+key and omic contacts okay so um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and omic contacts okay so um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and omic contacts okay so um what
+we're going to do here is uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do here is uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do here is uh talk about
+how shot key and omic contacts come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shot key and omic contacts come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shot key and omic contacts come into
+being and first off Define them so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and first off Define them so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and first off Define them so let's
+define them um an omic contact is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define them um an omic contact is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define them um an omic contact is one in
+which I sweep my voltage and I obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I sweep my voltage and I obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I sweep my voltage and I obtain a
+linear Uh current response uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Uh current response uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Uh current response uh so this is
+uh pretty straightforward it's OHS law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty straightforward it's OHS law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty straightforward it's OHS law
+follows Oh's law so V equals I uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows Oh's law so V equals I uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows Oh's law so V equals I uh this
+is a linear relationship then between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear relationship then between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear relationship then between
+voltage and current the slope of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current the slope of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current the slope of which
+is dictated by the resistance uh a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dictated by the resistance uh a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dictated by the resistance uh a shot
+key contact on the other hand uh follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key contact on the other hand uh follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key contact on the other hand uh follows
+this this beautiful exponential uh curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this beautiful exponential uh curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this beautiful exponential uh curve
+that we've come to know and love from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've come to know and love from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've come to know and love from
+our ideal diode equation as a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideal diode equation as a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideal diode equation as a matter of
+fact it follows that uh same expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it follows that uh same expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it follows that uh same expression
+rather nicely uh there's an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather nicely uh there's an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather nicely uh there's an exponential
+relation between voltage and current so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between voltage and current so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between voltage and current so
+whenever we have an exponential relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have an exponential relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have an exponential relation
+between voltage and current now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between voltage and current now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between voltage and current now that we
+know how a p injunction works and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how a p injunction works and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how a p injunction works and we
+recall that it's really that diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that it's really that diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that it's really that diffusion
+current that's driving the the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's driving the the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's driving the the uh the
+forward Uh current right here under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Uh current right here under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Uh current right here under
+forward bias conditions uh We've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias conditions uh We've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias conditions uh We've we've
+learned that when the barrier is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that when the barrier is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that when the barrier is too
+large uh the electrons just can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh the electrons just can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh the electrons just can't make
+it over but as the barrier begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over but as the barrier begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over but as the barrier begins
+dropping an exponentially increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping an exponentially increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping an exponentially increasing
+number of electrons can jump over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons can jump over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons can jump over that
+barrier and move from the uh region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and move from the uh region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and move from the uh region of
+high concentration to the region of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration to the region of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration to the region of low
+concentration or from the N type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or from the N type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or from the N type
+material to the ptype material so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to the ptype material so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to the ptype material so when
+we see an exponential current voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an exponential current voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an exponential current voltage
+response we should immediately think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we should immediately think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we should immediately think
+about some barrier involved in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some barrier involved in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some barrier involved in our
+system and as we begin biasing this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and as we begin biasing this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and as we begin biasing this uh
+this uh device uh in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh device uh in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh device uh in this case a
+semiconductor metal Junction as we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor metal Junction as we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor metal Junction as we begin
+biasing the uh semiconductor versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing the uh semiconductor versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing the uh semiconductor versus the
+metal We Begin seeing a an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal We Begin seeing a an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal We Begin seeing a an exponential
+current response we should imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current response we should imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current response we should imagine that
+there must be some barrier in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some barrier in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some barrier in between
+the metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and the
+semiconductor and we'll explain how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and we'll explain how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and we'll explain how that
+barrier comes into being so again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier comes into being so again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier comes into being so again uh
+just a recap making sure we hit all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a recap making sure we hit all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a recap making sure we hit all the
+points omic linear IV curve and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points omic linear IV curve and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points omic linear IV curve and it's
+typically used om contacts are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically used om contacts are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically used om contacts are typically
+used when charge separation is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when charge separation is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when charge separation is not the
+goal for your metalization let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal for your metalization let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal for your metalization let's say
+you've already achieved your charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already achieved your charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already achieved your charge
+separation through the PN Junction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation through the PN Junction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation through the PN Junction and
+now you just want to contact your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you just want to contact your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you just want to contact your
+semiconductor to extract the charge You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor to extract the charge You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor to extract the charge You'
+use an omic contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an omic contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an omic contact
+but you would use a shot key contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would use a shot key contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would use a shot key contact
+when you want to enforce some charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to enforce some charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to enforce some charge
+separation typically not uh quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation typically not uh quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation typically not uh quite as
+good as say a a p and Jung for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as say a a p and Jung for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as say a a p and Jung for for
+separating charge not as quite as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating charge not as quite as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating charge not as quite as high
+voltage but um but it's it's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage but um but it's it's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage but um but it's it's a useful
+tool for example in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for example in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for example in in
+research so uh we're going to describe U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so uh we're going to describe U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so uh we're going to describe U
+what fundamental material parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fundamental material parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fundamental material parameters
+determine the IV characteristics of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the IV characteristics of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the IV characteristics of both
+uh the omic and uh and shaki juns uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the omic and uh and shaki juns uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the omic and uh and shaki juns uh
+more generally a context semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally a context semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally a context semiconductor
+Junction and this uh dives into uh shaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and this uh dives into uh shaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and this uh dives into uh shaki
+Band Theory uh this is a very idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band Theory uh this is a very idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band Theory uh this is a very idealized
+version of the real world it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the real world it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the real world it's an
+idealized version because it gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized version because it gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized version because it gets us
+started and points Us in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and points Us in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and points Us in the right
+direction then we'll add layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then we'll add layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then we'll add layers of
+complexity until we build up to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity until we build up to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity until we build up to really
+understand what's going on inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on inside of
+these devices so let's start here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices so let's start here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices so let's start here this
+is a very good uh uh nice uh elegant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good uh uh nice uh elegant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good uh uh nice uh elegant uh
+view of contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of contact
+Theory we have our semiconductor over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we have our semiconductor over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we have our semiconductor over
+here let's walk through this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's walk through this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's walk through this so this is
+our energy band diagram we have e on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy band diagram we have e on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy band diagram we have e on the
+vertical axis that represents the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis that represents the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis that represents the energy
+of the electron versus X some real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron versus X some real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron versus X some real space
+parameter we have our semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we have our semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we have our semiconductor
+material here we have our veence band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here we have our veence band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here we have our veence band
+our conduction band and our firmy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conduction band and our firmy energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conduction band and our firmy energy
+this looks to be an N type uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks to be an N type uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks to be an N type uh
+semiconducting material and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material and we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material and we have our
+vacuum level uh the vacuum level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level uh the vacuum level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level uh the vacuum level is
+essentially the energy at which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the energy at which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the energy at which we
+remove an electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove an electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove an electron from the
+semiconductor if uh the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor if uh the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor if uh the semiconductor
+were placed let's say in a in a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were placed let's say in a in a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were placed let's say in a in a vacuum
+and we were to uh uh excite an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were to uh uh excite an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were to uh uh excite an electron
+out of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the material
+um through some I'll say a photo Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through some I'll say a photo Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through some I'll say a photo Mission
+effect uh we would have to overcome uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh we would have to overcome uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh we would have to overcome uh
+the energy uh between the firmy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy uh between the firmy energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy uh between the firmy energy
+and the vacuum level this uh Cai right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum level this uh Cai right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum level this uh Cai right
+here is essentially the uh electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is essentially the uh electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is essentially the uh electron
+affinity of the semiconductor that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity of the semiconductor that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity of the semiconductor that's the
+delta in energy or or or Q * is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in energy or or or Q * is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in energy or or or Q * is is a
+delta in energy between the vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in energy between the vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in energy between the vacuum level
+and the conduction band so we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conduction band so we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conduction band so we have all
+of the variables mapped out for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables mapped out for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables mapped out for the
+semiconductor most of them should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor most of them should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor most of them should be
+familiar for us already we've added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar for us already we've added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar for us already we've added the
+vacuum level for for for completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level for for for completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level for for for completeness
+the metal uh we also have a fir energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh we also have a fir energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh we also have a fir energy
+we also have a a chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a a chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a a chemical potential of
+the metal um and we have a work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal um and we have a work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal um and we have a work function
+of the metal right here so this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal right here so this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal right here so this work
+function is defined as the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined as the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined as the energy
+necessary to remove an electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to remove an electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to remove an electron from the
+metal uh say again by if you shine light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh say again by if you shine light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh say again by if you shine light
+on the material has a high enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the material has a high enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the material has a high enough energy
+you can begin exciting electrons off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin exciting electrons off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin exciting electrons off of
+the metal uh with a photoemission effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh with a photoemission effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal uh with a photoemission effect
+and uh so we have our vacuum levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we have our vacuum levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we have our vacuum levels in
+this particular diagram line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular diagram line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular diagram line
+and our chemical potentials are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our chemical potentials are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our chemical potentials are a little
+bit different between the metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different between the metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different between the metal and the
+semiconductor so what do you think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor so what do you think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor so what do you think will
+happen when we put the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when we put the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when we put the two
+together if we put the two together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if we put the two together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if we put the two together the
+chemical potential throughout the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential throughout the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential throughout the entire
+system has to be the same right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to be the same right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to be the same right because
+now they're in they're in in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're in they're in in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're in they're in in good
+contact with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with one
+another but what about that vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but what about that vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but what about that vacuum level
+what's going to happen will there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen will there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen will there be
+discontinuity first of all in the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity first of all in the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity first of all in the vacuum
+level can there be a discontinuing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level can there be a discontinuing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level can there be a discontinuing the
+vacuum level if I if I move one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level if I if I move one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level if I if I move one little
+Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+from the semiconductor into the metal do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the semiconductor into the metal do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the semiconductor into the metal do
+I expect there to be a discontinua the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect there to be a discontinua the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect there to be a discontinua the
+vacuum level no probably not right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level no probably not right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level no probably not right so
+there there has to be some smooth change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there has to be some smooth change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there has to be some smooth change
+in the vacuum energy relative to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vacuum energy relative to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vacuum energy relative to the uh
+firmy energy and if the vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy and if the vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy and if the vacuum level
+changes that means that the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that means that the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that means that the conduction
+band and veilance band energies are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and veilance band energies are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and veilance band energies are also
+going to change relative to the firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change relative to the firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change relative to the firmy
+energy because the veence band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because the veence band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because the veence band and
+conduction band energies track with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band energies track with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band energies track with the
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+level the vacuum level being defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the vacuum level being defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the vacuum level being defined as
+the amount of energy necessary to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy necessary to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy necessary to remove
+that electron from the system so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron from the system so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron from the system so what
+you get when you put these two materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you put these two materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you put these two materials
+together is something like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is something like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is something like this right
+here this dashed Blue Line representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this dashed Blue Line representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this dashed Blue Line representing
+the firmy energy or the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmy energy or the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmy energy or the chemical
+potential throughout the entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential throughout the entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential throughout the entire system
+is the same in this particular case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in this particular case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in this particular case we
+didn't bias our device we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't bias our device we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't bias our device we're not
+applying a battery or some bias voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a battery or some bias voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a battery or some bias voltage
+uh between one side and the other so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between one side and the other so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between one side and the other so we
+have the same chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same chemical potential
+throughout if we have the same chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout if we have the same chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout if we have the same chemical
+potential throughout notice that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential throughout notice that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential throughout notice that we had
+to push this up or push the firm energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push this up or push the firm energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push this up or push the firm energy
+up to reach and of course the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to reach and of course the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to reach and of course the work
+function of the metal is not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the metal is not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the metal is not changing
+and so the vacuum energy also goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the vacuum energy also goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the vacuum energy also goes up
+but since there can't be a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since there can't be a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since there can't be a discontinuity
+in the vacuum energy you see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vacuum energy you see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vacuum energy you see a little
+bit of a rise of the vacuum energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a rise of the vacuum energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a rise of the vacuum energy in
+the semiconductor uh and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor uh and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor uh and of course the
+valence band and conduction bands follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence band and conduction bands follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence band and conduction bands follow
+and that results in this little rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that results in this little rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that results in this little rise
+right here right next to the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right next to the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right next to the interface
+between the semiconductor and the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the semiconductor and the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the semiconductor and the metal
+any questions so far is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far is there a
+discontinuity in the first derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in the first derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in the first derivative of
+the vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum level
+it very interesting question so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very interesting question so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very interesting question so uh
+typically we draw it as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we draw it as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we draw it as having a
+discontinuity in in the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in in the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in in the first derivative
+we would draw very sharp interface right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would draw very sharp interface right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would draw very sharp interface right
+there but uh on a practical sense I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but uh on a practical sense I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but uh on a practical sense I'll
+I'll Reserve judgment on that until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll Reserve judgment on that until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll Reserve judgment on that until I
+think a little bit more deeply about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit more deeply about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit more deeply about it
+it's difficult for me to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult for me to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult for me to believe that
+there would be on a on a if you zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be on a on a if you zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be on a on a if you zoom in
+very very closely very finely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very closely very finely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very closely very finely um
+H the uh the B bending let's let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the uh the B bending let's let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the uh the B bending let's let's think
+about it from another way from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it from another way from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it from another way from what we
+already know uh this is essenti the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know uh this is essenti the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know uh this is essenti the
+second uh integral of the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh integral of the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh integral of the charge
+distribution across that interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution across that interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution across that interface uh
+and if the charge distribution is sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the charge distribution is sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the charge distribution is sharp
+enough uh sure I suppose you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh sure I suppose you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh sure I suppose you could get
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+some difference but um I I I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference but um I I I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference but um I I I think if I
+I'll have to resort judgment but my gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to resort judgment but my gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to resort judgment but my gut
+is telling me that there would not be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me that there would not be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me that there would not be on
+a very fine microscopic level uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fine microscopic level uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fine microscopic level uh in
+general though we draw it looking much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general though we draw it looking much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general though we draw it looking much
+like this that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that would
+be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay
+any other questions about this about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about this about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about this about how
+we constructed it using the Anderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed it using the Anderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed it using the Anderson
+method no okay why don't we continue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method no okay why don't we continue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method no okay why don't we continue uh
+what we've done right here is uh fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done right here is uh fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done right here is uh fill in
+those diagrams the same ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diagrams the same ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diagrams the same ones that you
+were looking at with many more variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at with many more variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at with many more variables
+uh the purpose of this is to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the purpose of this is to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the purpose of this is to get to the
+point where we can describe the builtin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we can describe the builtin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we can describe the builtin
+uh voltage uh remember we mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voltage uh remember we mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voltage uh remember we mentioned that
+if we have some exponential current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have some exponential current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have some exponential current
+voltage response there should be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage response there should be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage response there should be some
+barrier embedded in inside of our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier embedded in inside of our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier embedded in inside of our system
+and and this right here is that barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this right here is that barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this right here is that barrier
+so this series these series of of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this series these series of of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this series these series of of of uh
+variables are are teaching us how to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are are teaching us how to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are are teaching us how to uh
+derive that barrier how to uh discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive that barrier how to uh discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive that barrier how to uh discover
+how large that barrier is and this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large that barrier is and this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large that barrier is and this other
+component right here which is the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right here which is the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right here which is the width
+of the space charge region which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space charge region which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space charge region which is the
+width of this uh so-called uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this uh so-called uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this uh so-called uh uh uh uh
+curved region if you will is uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved region if you will is uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved region if you will is uh also
+going to be of importance so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of importance so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of importance so first off
+uh let's think about it this way if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's think about it this way if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's think about it this way if we
+are looking at this system from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at this system from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at this system from the
+electron perspective uh we have an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron perspective uh we have an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron perspective uh we have an N
+type semiconductor right here uh vers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type semiconductor right here uh vers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type semiconductor right here uh vers
+coming up against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up against the
+metal if our uh work function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal if our uh work function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal if our uh work function of the
+metal is larger than the work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is larger than the work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is larger than the work function
+or the the uh so-called a work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the uh so-called a work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the uh so-called a work function
+of the semiconductor which is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semiconductor which is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semiconductor which is really the
+electron affinity uh plus the Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity uh plus the Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity uh plus the Delta and
+energy between the conduction band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the conduction band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the conduction band and
+the firmy energy but if uh the work fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmy energy but if uh the work fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmy energy but if uh the work fun
+of the metal is larger than that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal is larger than that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal is larger than that uh we
+can see that the electron should very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the electron should very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the electron should very
+easily plop down uh into the metal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily plop down uh into the metal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily plop down uh into the metal uh
+and uh there should be let's see in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there should be let's see in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there should be let's see in that
+particular case work FR of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case work FR of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case work FR of the metal
+should result in an omic contact for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should result in an omic contact for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should result in an omic contact for the
+minority carriers in that case um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carriers in that case um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carriers in that case um but
+for um in terms of the barrier height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um in terms of the barrier height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um in terms of the barrier height
+this barrier height right here uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier height right here uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier height right here uh would
+be determined by uh that equation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by uh that equation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by uh that equation there
+um the uh contact potential um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh contact potential um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh contact potential um the
+built-in bias voltage uh would be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in bias voltage uh would be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in bias voltage uh would be here
+and the barrier height there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the barrier height there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the barrier height there and the
+width of the space charge region once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the space charge region once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the space charge region once
+again is dependent on the dopent density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is dependent on the dopent density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is dependent on the dopent density
+inside of the semiconductor here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the semiconductor here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the semiconductor here we've
+defined it as n subd because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it as n subd because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it as n subd because we're
+assuming that this is an N type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this is an N type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this is an N type
+semiconductor with donor atoms but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor with donor atoms but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor with donor atoms but of
+course if this were a ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if this were a ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if this were a ptype
+semiconductor we just replace this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor we just replace this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor we just replace this with
+N Sub a uh to determine the width and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Sub a uh to determine the width and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Sub a uh to determine the width and if
+the dope and density is small this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dope and density is small this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dope and density is small this means
+that the width of the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the width of the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the width of the space charge
+region is going to be large and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is going to be large and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is going to be large and that
+makes sense because there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because there has to be
+charge equal amount of charge on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge equal amount of charge on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge equal amount of charge on either
+side of the junction and if there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the junction and if there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the junction and if there's less
+charge per unit volume here you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge per unit volume here you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge per unit volume here you need a
+larger volume to compensate the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger volume to compensate the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger volume to compensate the charge
+on the other side so this is um again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side so this is um again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side so this is um again a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+a similar expression to the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar expression to the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar expression to the one that we
+saw when we were studying the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw when we were studying the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw when we were studying the P
+Junctions now uh the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions now uh the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions now uh the important thing to
+recognize here is that if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize here is that if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize here is that if we have the
+bands bending this way for electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands bending this way for electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands bending this way for electrons in
+our system uh there may be a varrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system uh there may be a varrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system uh there may be a varrier to
+hop out for holes in the system though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop out for holes in the system though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop out for holes in the system though
+um this could be uh a favorable uh exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this could be uh a favorable uh exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this could be uh a favorable uh exit
+strategy if the bands are bent that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy if the bands are bent that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy if the bands are bent that way
+if the bands are bent the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bands are bent the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bands are bent the other way
+electrons can rather easily roll down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can rather easily roll down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can rather easily roll down uh
+but holes will have a barrier uh to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but holes will have a barrier uh to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but holes will have a barrier uh to go
+out of the material so the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the material so the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the material so the same type of
+metal that might make an OM contact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that might make an OM contact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that might make an OM contact for
+an N type material might make a shot key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N type material might make a shot key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N type material might make a shot key
+contact for a ptype material or vice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact for a ptype material or vice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact for a ptype material or vice or
+yeah that's that's about it so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's about it so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's about it so we have
+to be very careful in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful in terms of our
+matching or pairing uh between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching or pairing uh between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching or pairing uh between the
+specific type of metal and the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific type of metal and the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific type of metal and the specific
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+involved let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved let me
+um let me put that into perspective here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me put that into perspective here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me put that into perspective here
+uh with something we've already seen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with something we've already seen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with something we've already seen um
+again the OM contact is one in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the OM contact is one in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the OM contact is one in which we
+have a linear IV characteristic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear IV characteristic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear IV characteristic and the
+electron barrier height has to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron barrier height has to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron barrier height has to be less
+than or equal to zero um to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero um to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero um to have the
+electrons very easily uh pop down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons very easily uh pop down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons very easily uh pop down into
+the contact whereas for a shot key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact whereas for a shot key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact whereas for a shot key
+contact there should be some barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact there should be some barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact there should be some barrier
+height it should be finite uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height it should be finite uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height it should be finite uh and we
+should have a difficulty of moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a difficulty of moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a difficulty of moving the
+uh electron from the the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electron from the the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electron from the the semiconductor
+into the metal in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the metal in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the metal in that particular
+case so um the natural question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so um the natural question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so um the natural question is what
+what metals should we use um or what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what metals should we use um or what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what metals should we use um or what is
+the range of metals that are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of metals that are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of metals that are available
+if the barrier height is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the barrier height is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the barrier height is a function of
+the work function of the metal what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function of the metal what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function of the metal what is
+the range of work functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of work functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of work functions that are
+available to us uh on this green arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us uh on this green arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us uh on this green arrow
+right here which is Q times the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here which is Q times the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here which is Q times the work
+function of the metal um we have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the metal um we have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the metal um we have uh a
+range of of different metals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of of different metals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of of different metals from
+aluminum uh to platinum uh and titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum uh to platinum uh and titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum uh to platinum uh and titanium
+zinc tungsten malum copper nickel gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc tungsten malum copper nickel gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc tungsten malum copper nickel gold
+in between and of course there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and of course there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and of course there are other
+metals too in the periodic table that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals too in the periodic table that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals too in the periodic table that
+you can add to this chart uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add to this chart uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add to this chart uh but this
+gives you a sense of where uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of where uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of where uh where the
+firmy energy of the metal would lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy of the metal would lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy of the metal would lie
+relative to the vacuum level and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the vacuum level and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the vacuum level and how
+that would match up against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would match up against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would match up against your
+arbitrary semiconductor this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary semiconductor this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary semiconductor this one here
+happens to be a silicon carbide material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a silicon carbide material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a silicon carbide material
+but if you happen to be working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you happen to be working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you happen to be working on a
+different semiconductor and place it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different semiconductor and place it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different semiconductor and place it
+right here you can see where your firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you can see where your firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you can see where your firmy
+energy would lie relative uh to the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy would lie relative uh to the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy would lie relative uh to the work
+funch of the metal if you line up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funch of the metal if you line up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funch of the metal if you line up the
+vacuum levels and this gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum levels and this gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum levels and this gives you an idea
+already of how the Bands Will Bend once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already of how the Bands Will Bend once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already of how the Bands Will Bend once
+you uh once you uh adjust the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh once you uh adjust the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh once you uh adjust the um the
+position of of the metal uh to match up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of of the metal uh to match up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of of the metal uh to match up
+the fir energy inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fir energy inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fir energy inside of your
+semiconducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting
+material so on the left is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so on the left is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so on the left is an
+semiconductor is it yeah it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is it yeah it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is it yeah it's pretty
+close to Intrinsic it's a little nend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Intrinsic it's a little nend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Intrinsic it's a little nend
+type it looks like but it's it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it looks like but it's it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it looks like but it's it's pretty
+close to Intrinsic um this in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Intrinsic um this in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Intrinsic um this in this case
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh a variant of silicon carbide there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a variant of silicon carbide there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a variant of silicon carbide there
+are many polymorphs of silicon carbide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many polymorphs of silicon carbide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many polymorphs of silicon carbide
+meaning uh same uh same composition same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning uh same uh same composition same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning uh same uh same composition same
+silicon carbon ratio but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbon ratio but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbon ratio but different
+Crystal structures depending on how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal structures depending on how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal structures depending on how it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+silvered no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silvered no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silvered no it's not
+listed yeah I'm I'm I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed yeah I'm I'm I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed yeah I'm I'm I'm going to have to
+guess that it's going to fall around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that it's going to fall around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that it's going to fall around
+here uh just from uh similarity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh just from uh similarity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh just from uh similarity of of
+other Elemental species in that list uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Elemental species in that list uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Elemental species in that list uh
+do you happen to remember the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you happen to remember the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you happen to remember the work
+function of silver Joe been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of silver Joe been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of silver Joe been working with
+it a lot lately yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot lately yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot lately yeah
+okay quick interesting aside about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay quick interesting aside about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay quick interesting aside about
+silver since it was brought up uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver since it was brought up uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver since it was brought up uh it is
+used very often in contact metalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used very often in contact metalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used very often in contact metalization
+in solar cells as a matter of fact a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar cells as a matter of fact a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar cells as a matter of fact a bit
+too much now uh so much so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much now uh so much so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much now uh so much so that it's
+driving up the price of of silver on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving up the price of of silver on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving up the price of of silver on the
+market uh does anybody we we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh does anybody we we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh does anybody we we talked
+about this I think in a few classes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think in a few classes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think in a few classes ago
+right 10% Pro of all silver worldwide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10% Pro of all silver worldwide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10% Pro of all silver worldwide is
+currently being used in contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently being used in contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently being used in contact
+metalization in solar cells it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization in solar cells it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization in solar cells it's a
+pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high
+number okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so we have
+um we have a variety of metals to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a variety of metals to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a variety of metals to choose
+from almost like a menu um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from almost like a menu um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from almost like a menu um and then the
+semiconductor here and we can see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor here and we can see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor here and we can see okay
+if we make contact and uh and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make contact and uh and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make contact and uh and let's say
+we we pick Nickel in this case uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we pick Nickel in this case uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we pick Nickel in this case uh if the
+firmy energies line up that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energies line up that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energies line up that means we
+shift the metal down that means that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the metal down that means that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the metal down that means that our
+vacuum level is going to fall down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level is going to fall down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level is going to fall down here
+in the semiconductor and for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semiconductor and for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semiconductor and for electrons
+at least we'll be be very uh easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we'll be be very uh easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we'll be be very uh easily
+contacting this uh silicon carbide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting this uh silicon carbide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting this uh silicon carbide
+material so from uh a simple band an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so from uh a simple band an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so from uh a simple band an
+energy band diagram point of view uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy band diagram point of view uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy band diagram point of view uh we
+can begin to see which contexts will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to see which contexts will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to see which contexts will
+create om context and which contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create om context and which contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create om context and which contexts
+will create shoty contexts um that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create shoty contexts um that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create shoty contexts um that's in
+the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+World in reality well let me make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World in reality well let me make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World in reality well let me make sure
+that we we we grasp this before we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on any questions conc this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any questions conc this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any questions conc this so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sure sure absolutely so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure sure absolutely so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure sure absolutely so from this
+diagram right here let's walk through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right here let's walk through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right here let's walk through it
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+I if I say have a semiconducting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I say have a semiconducting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I say have a semiconducting uh
+let's let's first line up the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's first line up the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's first line up the vacuum
+levels like we've done right here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels like we've done right here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels like we've done right here that's
+a a good first step on a we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good first step on a we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good first step on a we call the
+Anderson method of of identifying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anderson method of of identifying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anderson method of of identifying what
+the b b diagram or B structure will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b b diagram or B structure will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b b diagram or B structure will look
+like um we we start with uh the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um we we start with uh the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um we we start with uh the vacuum
+levels lined up so I'm going to uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels lined up so I'm going to uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels lined up so I'm going to uh write
+that this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this a
+vacuum and I'm going to draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and I'm going to draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and I'm going to draw my
+semiconductor on one side so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor on one side so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor on one side so let's say I
+have a conduction band and a veilance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conduction band and a veilance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conduction band and a veilance
+band uh like so and I have my firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh like so and I have my firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh like so and I have my firmy
+energy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like
+so e sub F so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductor and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and then I
+have an imaginary barrier and I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an imaginary barrier and I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an imaginary barrier and I have my
+metal on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's say we have um a metal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's say we have um a metal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's say we have um a metal that
+uh has a work function somewhere up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a work function somewhere up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a work function somewhere up
+here um so this is the the the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so this is the the the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so this is the the the work
+function of the metal we'll call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the metal we'll call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the metal we'll call it the
+firmy energy inside of the metal um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy inside of the metal um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy inside of the metal um what
+happens when I put these two materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I put these two materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I put these two materials
+together well uh step one is to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well uh step one is to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well uh step one is to remove
+that imaginary barrier in between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imaginary barrier in between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imaginary barrier in between them
+and now you begin to look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you begin to look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you begin to look at this and
+say well if they're in contact in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if they're in contact in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if they're in contact in good
+electrical contact and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact and there's no
+resistance throughout the material the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance throughout the material the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance throughout the material the
+chemical potential should be identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential should be identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential should be identical
+all throughout the material from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the material from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the material from left to
+right and so now I I merge into phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now I I merge into phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now I I merge into phase
+two which is to say uh I've removed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is to say uh I've removed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is to say uh I've removed this
+barrier here in the middle and now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here in the middle and now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here in the middle and now my
+firmy energy is going to be equilibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy is going to be equilibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy is going to be equilibrated
+throughout so my e subf is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so my e subf is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so my e subf is going to be
+the same throughout and so far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same throughout and so far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same throughout and so far away from
+the junction region here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction region here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction region here in the middle
+I'm going to draw my conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw my conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw my conduction band
+here and my vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and my vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and my vacuum
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+here and uh now far away from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh now far away from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh now far away from The
+Junction to the other side in the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction to the other side in the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction to the other side in the metal
+my firmy energy is here and my vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my firmy energy is here and my vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my firmy energy is here and my vacuum
+energy is going to be somewhere down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be somewhere down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be somewhere down
+around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so semiconductor and metal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so semiconductor and metal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so semiconductor and metal now
+what happens closer to the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens closer to the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens closer to the interface
+right here this is this is the firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is this is the firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is this is the firmy
+energy this is the conduction band this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the conduction band this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the conduction band this
+is the veence band this is the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the veence band this is the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the veence band this is the vacuum
+level in the semiconductor the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the semiconductor the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the semiconductor the vacuum
+level in the metal and like we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the metal and like we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the metal and like we just
+described uh the vacuum level uh has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described uh the vacuum level uh has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described uh the vacuum level uh has to
+be continuous uh there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous uh there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous uh there has to be a
+continuity throughout uh and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity throughout uh and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity throughout uh and so what we
+what we see here at the interface since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here at the interface since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here at the interface since
+the density of charge is very high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of charge is very high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of charge is very high in
+the metal but lower in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal but lower in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal but lower in the semiconductor
+there's going to be band bending at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be band bending at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be band bending at the
+interface and there's going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and there's going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and there's going to be a lot
+more bending of the bands in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bending of the bands in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bending of the bands in the
+semiconductor then there will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor then there will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor then there will be in the
+metal as a result of the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal as a result of the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal as a result of the difference in
+charge densities and so what you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge densities and so what you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge densities and so what you'll see
+is something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that looks like
+this right the vacuum level will drop as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the vacuum level will drop as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the vacuum level will drop as
+it reaches that conductor metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches that conductor metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches that conductor metal
+interface uh in order to match uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh in order to match uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh in order to match uh uh
+either side and the conduction band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side and the conduction band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side and the conduction band and
+veilance bands will track the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance bands will track the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance bands will track the vacuum
+level on either side of that Junction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level on either side of that Junction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level on either side of that Junction so
+this is the junction right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the junction right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the junction right here in
+between and now I look at this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and now I look at this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and now I look at this situation
+right here and I say okay if I an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and I say okay if I an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and I say okay if I an
+electron approaching this Junction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron approaching this Junction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron approaching this Junction right
+here there is no barrier to going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is no barrier to going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is no barrier to going from
+the semiconductor into the metal as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor into the metal as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor into the metal as a
+matter of fact there's almost an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact there's almost an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact there's almost an energy
+gain uh to be had from going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain uh to be had from going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain uh to be had from going from the
+semiconductor into the metal but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor into the metal but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor into the metal but now
+from the holes perspective if if I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the holes perspective if if I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the holes perspective if if I'm a
+hole right here in the veilance band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole right here in the veilance band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole right here in the veilance band and
+approaching this Junction uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this Junction uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this Junction uh there's
+actually a repulsion away from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a repulsion away from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a repulsion away from that
+interface if I'm a hole and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface if I'm a hole and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface if I'm a hole and so this
+particular Junction here allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Junction here allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Junction here allows
+electrons to pass but repels holes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to pass but repels holes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to pass but repels holes this
+is looking an awful lot like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking an awful lot like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking an awful lot like a
+diode so it's um it's it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode so it's um it's it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode so it's um it's it's this
+construction right here that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction right here that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction right here that allows you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+tell asteris tell asteris according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell asteris tell asteris according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell asteris tell asteris according to
+the the shaki band diagram uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shaki band diagram uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shaki band diagram uh whether
+whether or not this should behave omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this should behave omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this should behave omic
+or or in an omic fashion or a a a shi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or in an omic fashion or a a a shi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or in an omic fashion or a a a shi
+fashion uh for the particular carot type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion uh for the particular carot type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion uh for the particular carot type
+that you're you're probing and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're probing and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're probing and I say
+asteris because in real life um contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteris because in real life um contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteris because in real life um contacts
+are never that simple um this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never that simple um this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never that simple um this is an
+example right here of the calculated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right here of the calculated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right here of the calculated um
+make sure I get all my variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I get all my variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I get all my variables right
+yes so work funch in the metal uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so work funch in the metal uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so work funch in the metal uh the
+calculated barrier height for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated barrier height for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated barrier height for different
+metal species here on on a certain type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal species here on on a certain type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal species here on on a certain type
+A Certain polymorph of silicon carbide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Certain polymorph of silicon carbide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Certain polymorph of silicon carbide
+and these are the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the measured
+uh barrier Heights uh for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh barrier Heights uh for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh barrier Heights uh for different
+Metals titanium nickel and gold uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals titanium nickel and gold uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals titanium nickel and gold uh at
+different faces of the silicon carbide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different faces of the silicon carbide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different faces of the silicon carbide
+so uh if you have a binary semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you have a binary semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you have a binary semiconductor
+meaning a semiconductor comprised of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a semiconductor comprised of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a semiconductor comprised of two
+elements um if you terminate at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um if you terminate at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um if you terminate at a
+surface and you cut the plane just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and you cut the plane just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and you cut the plane just right
+you could wind up exposing a a row or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could wind up exposing a a row or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could wind up exposing a a row or a
+plane of uh silicon atoms or of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of uh silicon atoms or of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of uh silicon atoms or of carbon
+atoms if you have silicon carbide let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms if you have silicon carbide let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms if you have silicon carbide let's
+say depending on where you cut right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say depending on where you cut right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say depending on where you cut right so
+if you if you cut right here you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you cut right here you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you cut right here you might
+expose a plane of silicon atoms you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose a plane of silicon atoms you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose a plane of silicon atoms you cut
+one Atomic layer above you might expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Atomic layer above you might expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Atomic layer above you might expose
+a row of carbon atoms cut a row above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row of carbon atoms cut a row above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row of carbon atoms cut a row above
+that it's silicon again and so depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's silicon again and so depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's silicon again and so depending
+on what face you Expose and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what face you Expose and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what face you Expose and depending on
+the orientation of that face um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of that face um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of that face um your
+barrier height relative to the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier height relative to the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier height relative to the metal
+could be different so hm you glance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be different so hm you glance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be different so hm you glance at
+that and You Begin thinking to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and You Begin thinking to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and You Begin thinking to yourself
+okay this is macroscopic right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is macroscopic right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is macroscopic right here this
+tells you kind of from Continuum point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you kind of from Continuum point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you kind of from Continuum point
+of view what what the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view what what the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view what what the the the the
+interface should behave like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface should behave like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface should behave like what the
+contact should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact should be
+but what I'm seeing right here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm seeing right here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm seeing right here from the
+data is that the atomic configuration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that the atomic configuration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that the atomic configuration at
+that interface really matters so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface really matters so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface really matters so there
+must be something going on in an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be something going on in an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be something going on in an atomic
+level as well that's determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as well that's determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as well that's determining the
+barrier at that interface in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier at that interface in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier at that interface in fact there
+is the the dipole at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the dipole at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the dipole at the interface
+between the metal and that last layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the metal and that last layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the metal and that last layer of
+Semiconductor in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor in other words the
+distribution of charge between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of charge between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of charge between those two
+sets of atoms that are meeting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of atoms that are meeting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of atoms that are meeting at
+interface uh determines in part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh determines in part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh determines in part the
+barrier height we'll get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier height we'll get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier height we'll get to that in a
+few slides as well so uh this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides as well so uh this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides as well so uh this is um
+meant to to shine light on a much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to to shine light on a much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to to shine light on a much uh
+broader picture which is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader picture which is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader picture which is to say that
+there can be substantial deviations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be substantial deviations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be substantial deviations from
+shoty Theory um at the interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoty Theory um at the interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoty Theory um at the interface and
+some of the effects are are due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the effects are are due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the effects are are due to
+orientation dependent surface States um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation dependent surface States um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation dependent surface States um
+it could be due to the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be due to the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be due to the specific
+Elemental nature at the of of of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental nature at the of of of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental nature at the of of of the of
+the terminated surface as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminated surface as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminated surface as we just
+discussed whether you're terminating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed whether you're terminating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed whether you're terminating at
+the Silicon row or or plane or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon row or or plane or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon row or or plane or the
+carbon plane orientation dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon plane orientation dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon plane orientation dependence
+means gee if I have an anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means gee if I have an anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means gee if I have an anisotropic
+Crystal meaning a crystal that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal meaning a crystal that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal meaning a crystal that has a
+that looks a little bit different if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks a little bit different if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks a little bit different if I
+rotate it around in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it around in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it around in different
+orientations um if I make Cuts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations um if I make Cuts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations um if I make Cuts in
+different directions exposing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions exposing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions exposing different
+planes there going to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes there going to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes there going to be a different
+density of atoms in that plane there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of atoms in that plane there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of atoms in that plane there's
+going to be a different charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a different charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a different charge
+distribution that plane and hence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that plane and hence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that plane and hence I
+would expect there to be some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect there to be some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect there to be some different
+interaction between the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the semiconductor
+and the metal uh at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metal uh at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metal uh at that
+interface and finally um interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and finally um interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and finally um interface
+dipoles this this relates back up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles this this relates back up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles this this relates back up to the
+first one in part uh this just goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one in part uh this just goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one in part uh this just goes to
+say that but if I have uh an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that but if I have uh an ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that but if I have uh an ionic
+material or an element there at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or an element there at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or an element there at that
+interface that is grabbing charge uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that is grabbing charge uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that is grabbing charge uh I
+could result in uh a a small region uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could result in uh a a small region uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could result in uh a a small region uh
+of of of negative charge and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of negative charge and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of negative charge and positive
+charge forming a dipole right there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge forming a dipole right there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge forming a dipole right there at
+the interface and if I have a buildup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface and if I have a buildup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface and if I have a buildup of
+charge I have a field if I have a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge I have a field if I have a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge I have a field if I have a field
+I have a potential and if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a potential and if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a potential and if I have a
+potential I'm going to be disrupting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I'm going to be disrupting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I'm going to be disrupting uh
+this uh precise interface right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh precise interface right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh precise interface right here and
+we can as well vary the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can as well vary the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can as well vary the density of
+interface States I got you Ashley I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface States I got you Ashley I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface States I got you Ashley I'll
+be there in a sec so we can as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in a sec so we can as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in a sec so we can as well the
+density of of of of of defect States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of of of of of defect States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of of of of of defect States
+here at this interface um that can trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this interface um that can trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this interface um that can trap
+charge and again with the accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and again with the accumulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and again with the accumulation
+of charge comes a field with a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge comes a field with a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge comes a field with a field
+comes a deviation the potential so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes a deviation the potential so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes a deviation the potential so what
+we've done what we've done for ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done what we've done for ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done what we've done for ourselves
+is effectively we set up using uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effectively we set up using uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effectively we set up using uh this
+uh shot key model uh We've set up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shot key model uh We've set up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shot key model uh We've set up for
+ourselves uh the uh the energy band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh the uh the energy band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh the uh the energy band
+diagram of of a metal semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of of a metal semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of of a metal semiconductor
+contact uh contact in its simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact uh contact in its simplest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact uh contact in its simplest case
+and what we're going to do over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do over the the
+next few slides is explore some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides is explore some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides is explore some of the
+more complexity behind what goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complexity behind what goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complexity behind what goes into a
+a semiconductor metal contact Ashley so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor metal contact Ashley so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor metal contact Ashley so
+going back to the IDE yeah the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the IDE yeah the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the IDE yeah the with the
+green line um so these Metals given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line um so these Metals given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line um so these Metals given the
+semiconductor on the left would all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor on the left would all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor on the left would all be
+would all result in shot key uh contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all result in shot key uh contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all result in shot key uh contacts
+is that right because there all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right because there all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right because there all of the
+work functions are above the fmy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work functions are above the fmy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work functions are above the fmy level
+yeah so um IDE so yeah it depends on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um IDE so yeah it depends on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um IDE so yeah it depends on on
+what what carrier your uh what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what carrier your uh what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what carrier your uh what what what
+is the minority carrier in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minority carrier in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minority carrier in this
+particular uh uh Junction that's driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh uh Junction that's driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh uh Junction that's driving
+it because this is intrinsic uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because this is intrinsic uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because this is intrinsic uh it's a
+little difficult to to say actually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difficult to to say actually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difficult to to say actually but
+if if there was um if it was clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there was um if it was clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there was um if it was clear that
+it was NRP type and the uh carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was NRP type and the uh carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was NRP type and the uh carrier
+density or the minority carrier density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or the minority carrier density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or the minority carrier density
+at that interface was determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that interface was determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that interface was determining the
+current flow across it yeah uh then we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow across it yeah uh then we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow across it yeah uh then we'd
+be able to say with certainty whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say with certainty whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say with certainty whether it
+was one type or another yeah so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one type or another yeah so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one type or another yeah so if it
+were so in this case right over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so in this case right over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so in this case right over here
+let's let's make it specific in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make it specific in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make it specific in this
+case right over here let's make this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right over here let's make this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right over here let's make this um
+an N type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N type
+material so my e subf is now higher um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so my e subf is now higher um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so my e subf is now higher um
+okay uh that actually had the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that actually had the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that actually had the opposite
+effect let's let's exacerbate this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect let's let's exacerbate this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect let's let's exacerbate this a bit
+I'm actually going to invert that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to invert that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to invert that and
+make this a ptype material the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a ptype material the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a ptype material the reason is
+I I I want a big Delta in my firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I want a big Delta in my firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I want a big Delta in my firmy
+energy right here uh if my vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right here uh if my vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right here uh if my vacuum level
+is constant uh so it to exacerbate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant uh so it to exacerbate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant uh so it to exacerbate that
+band bending at the interface and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending at the interface and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending at the interface and so now
+I'm I'm going to get a pretty drastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to get a pretty drastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to get a pretty drastic
+band bending it'll be even more stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending it'll be even more stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending it'll be even more stream
+than what I drew here but let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I drew here but let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I drew here but let's say it's
+um it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's uh
+F so what we would have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so what we would have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so what we would have to do
+is um we would have to move this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um we would have to move this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um we would have to move this down
+further right uh actually no sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right uh actually no sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right uh actually no sorry this
+wouldn't change because this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change because this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change because this is still
+the same uh what we've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh what we've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh what we've done here is
+essentially shifted everything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially shifted everything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially shifted everything up
+further uh so to be more precise we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh so to be more precise we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh so to be more precise we'd
+have to move this up move this up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move this up move this up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move this up move this up and
+we'd have to move this up as well again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to move this up as well again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to move this up as well again
+P type material excellent and uh now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P type material excellent and uh now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P type material excellent and uh now uh
+again just going through the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just going through the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just going through the logic of
+the process here uh we have to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process here uh we have to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process here uh we have to make the
+vacuum levels match and there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum levels match and there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum levels match and there's going to
+be a uh an equal amount of charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh an equal amount of charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh an equal amount of charge on
+either side of that Junction now uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of that Junction now uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of that Junction now uh when
+there's a charge there's a field when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a charge there's a field when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a charge there's a field when
+there's a field there's a potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a field there's a potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a field there's a potential and
+the potential will uh change the uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential will uh change the uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential will uh change the uh well
+will be manifested in the bending of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be manifested in the bending of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be manifested in the bending of
+those bands uh approaching the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bands uh approaching the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bands uh approaching the interface
+the bands will bend a lot more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bands will bend a lot more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bands will bend a lot more in the
+semiconductor than they will in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor than they will in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor than they will in the
+metal because the the free charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal because the the free charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal because the the free charge
+density here in the semiconductor is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density here in the semiconductor is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density here in the semiconductor is a
+lot less than it is in the metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less than it is in the metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less than it is in the metal and
+going back to this equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this equation right
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+width of the region of bent bands is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the region of bent bands is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the region of bent bands is
+going to depend inversely on the dopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend inversely on the dopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend inversely on the dopen
+density or the amount of charge in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or the amount of charge in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or the amount of charge in that
+region so um this is to say that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so um this is to say that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so um this is to say that we'll
+have a much more extreme bending here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much more extreme bending here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much more extreme bending here in
+the semiconductor we roll in the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor we roll in the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor we roll in the metal
+virtually I'm perceptible there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually I'm perceptible there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually I'm perceptible there in the
+metal and uh we drop this down as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and uh we drop this down as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and uh we drop this down as well
+and we drop this down as well so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drop this down as well so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drop this down as well so some
+really interesting things have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting things have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting things have happened
+right here uh to the position of the fmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh to the position of the fmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh to the position of the fmy
+energy within the band Gap right we over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy within the band Gap right we over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy within the band Gap right we over
+here we have a p type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a p type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a p type
+material and over here at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and over here at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and over here at the surface
+layer it almost looks like this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it almost looks like this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it almost looks like this material
+is going end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going end
+type let me pause right here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type let me pause right here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type let me pause right here because
+this is just utterly fascinating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just utterly fascinating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just utterly fascinating and
+tell you the story about indium nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the story about indium nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the story about indium nitride
+um it's a common material that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a common material that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a common material that many
+people I see a few knowing nods here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I see a few knowing nods here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I see a few knowing nods here in
+the audience um so indium nitride was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience um so indium nitride was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience um so indium nitride was a
+semiconducting material that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material that people
+really didn't have a good handle on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't have a good handle on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't have a good handle on for
+a variety of reasons and uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of reasons and uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of reasons and uh there was a
+renewed interest in it because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed interest in it because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed interest in it because people
+finally started to understand why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally started to understand why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally started to understand why the
+band Gap was the way it was and uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap was the way it was and uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap was the way it was and uh many
+groups started studying it and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups started studying it and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups started studying it and they all
+started reporting this n type indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started reporting this n type indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started reporting this n type indium
+nitride Behavior very highly nype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride Behavior very highly nype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride Behavior very highly nype
+material highly doped end typ material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material highly doped end typ material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material highly doped end typ material
+it turned out that there was this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out that there was this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out that there was this uh
+band bending here at the surface um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending here at the surface um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending here at the surface um uh
+and they were measuring uh a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were measuring uh a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were measuring uh a high
+electron concentration at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration at the surface
+because of the bending of the Bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the bending of the Bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the bending of the Bands
+where in reality the intrinsic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in reality the intrinsic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in reality the intrinsic material
+deep with in the bulk was ptype but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep with in the bulk was ptype but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep with in the bulk was ptype but they
+just couldn't see it because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just couldn't see it because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just couldn't see it because their
+probes were touching the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes were touching the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes were touching the semiconductor
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+surface it it took uh a certain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it it took uh a certain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it it took uh a certain um
+Scientist by the name of Becca Jones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scientist by the name of Becca Jones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scientist by the name of Becca Jones in
+Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley lab I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley lab I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley lab I believe
+at the time uh she immersed the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh she immersed the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh she immersed the sample
+into a liquid solution of an acid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a liquid solution of an acid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a liquid solution of an acid I
+believe it was hydrochloric acid uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it was hydrochloric acid uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it was hydrochloric acid uh and
+managed to uh relieve the pinning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to uh relieve the pinning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to uh relieve the pinning of the
+bands at the surface and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands at the surface and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands at the surface and so they
+returned to normal and she was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to normal and she was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to normal and she was able to
+probe using a semiconductor liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe using a semiconductor liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe using a semiconductor liquid
+Junction uh the true uh conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction uh the true uh conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction uh the true uh conductivity
+type of the bulk material Becca Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the bulk material Becca Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the bulk material Becca Jones
+then went on to uh produce what is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went on to uh produce what is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went on to uh produce what is now
+the oh she was on the team that produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh she was on the team that produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh she was on the team that produced
+uh one of the highest efficiency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the highest efficiency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the highest efficiency uh
+cells uh on the efficiency versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh on the efficiency versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh on the efficiency versus time
+plots so she's doing well for herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots so she's doing well for herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots so she's doing well for herself
+there in the PB World um yeah for holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the PB World um yeah for holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the PB World um yeah for holes
+and for electrons sorry sorry so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for electrons sorry sorry so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for electrons sorry sorry so let me
+get back back to that what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back back to that what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back back to that what what would
+you what would happen if you were an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what would happen if you were an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what would happen if you were an
+electron right here and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right here and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right here and you were
+approaching this Junction this is e um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this Junction this is e um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this Junction this is e um
+this is the energy of electrons so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy of electrons so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy of electrons so the
+electron will seek to minimize its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will seek to minimize its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will seek to minimize its
+energy will seek to uh encounter a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will seek to uh encounter a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will seek to uh encounter a lower
+energy state so if you're approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state so if you're approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state so if you're approaching
+this Junction as an electron what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Junction as an electron what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Junction as an electron what would
+happen you acceler J yep so it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you acceler J yep so it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you acceler J yep so it would go
+down and there wouldn't be any barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and there wouldn't be any barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and there wouldn't be any barrier
+for it to do so right it would just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to do so right it would just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to do so right it would just go
+straight down now let's inverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down now let's inverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down now let's inverse the
+situation and imagine what if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and imagine what if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and imagine what if you're
+hole right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole right
+here what now if you think of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what now if you think of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what now if you think of electrons
+as bowling balls that want to roll down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bowling balls that want to roll down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bowling balls that want to roll down
+Hills holes will be the opposite which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills holes will be the opposite which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills holes will be the opposite which
+would be like balloons that want toise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like balloons that want toise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like balloons that want toise
+right and so the hole this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the hole this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the hole this is actually a
+barrier for a hole you need a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for a hole you need a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for a hole you need a certain
+amount of energy uh to get the hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy uh to get the hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy uh to get the hole
+across and so the hole naturally will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and so the hole naturally will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and so the hole naturally will be
+repelled by this Junction the hole will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by this Junction the hole will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by this Junction the hole will
+want to go this way the electron will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go this way the electron will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go this way the electron will
+want to go that way okay so electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go that way okay so electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go that way okay so electrons
+but sorry holes let's imagine we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry holes let's imagine we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry holes let's imagine we have a
+device that is driven by the minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that is driven by the minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that is driven by the minority
+carrier flux here at this interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier flux here at this interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier flux here at this interface
+right and so what is the minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what is the minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what is the minority
+carrier in this particular case so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier in this particular case so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier in this particular case so the
+left is p type and so the minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is p type and so the minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is p type and so the minority
+carrier the electrons yep exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier the electrons yep exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier the electrons yep exactly so
+what would you expect this contact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect this contact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect this contact to
+behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave
+like so it' be shot key for no for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it' be shot key for no for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it' be shot key for no for
+electron so this one right here um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so this one right here um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so this one right here um the
+electrons would be able to flow over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be able to flow over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be able to flow over
+quite easily so in the illuminated case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easily so in the illuminated case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easily so in the illuminated case
+um where you the the current would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you the the current would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you the the current would be
+driven by the minority carrier flux uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the minority carrier flux uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the minority carrier flux uh
+you would expect to see a behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect to see a behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect to see a behavior
+without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a
+barrier okay so only for yeah now it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier okay so only for yeah now it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier okay so only for yeah now it it
+it it can become a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can become a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can become a little bit more
+complicated but let's let's leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but let's let's leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but let's let's leave that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there if you have a shocky barrier like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you have a shocky barrier like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you have a shocky barrier like
+that it's just extracted electrons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just extracted electrons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just extracted electrons or
+holes then is it relevant qual quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes then is it relevant qual quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes then is it relevant qual quantity
+on left the Quasi fmy energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on left the Quasi fmy energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on left the Quasi fmy energy for
+electrones or is always the over energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrones or is always the over energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrones or is always the over energy
+yeah so um you you rais an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um you you rais an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um you you rais an interesting
+point which is uh the the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is uh the the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is uh the the question of
+Quasi fmy energy so if you illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quasi fmy energy so if you illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quasi fmy energy so if you illuminate
+your device or you forward bias it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device or you forward bias it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device or you forward bias it um
+what happens now you start injecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now you start injecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now you start injecting
+carriers and as we discussed during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and as we discussed during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and as we discussed during
+class uh the other time the uh total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh the other time the uh total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh the other time the uh total
+carrier density is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier density is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier density is going to be equal to
+uh let's call it the uh intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it the uh intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it the uh intrinsic
+carrier concentration plus the uh dopent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration plus the uh dopent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration plus the uh dopent
+density if it's n that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density if it's n that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density if it's n that would be the
+density of donors plus uh my Delta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of donors plus uh my Delta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of donors plus uh my Delta n
+which is the injected carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the injected carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the injected carrier
+concentration right so uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right so uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right so uh in this
+particular case um let's parse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case um let's parse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case um let's parse this
+through this is going to be small so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is going to be small so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is going to be small so we
+can ignore that well actually no for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore that well actually no for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore that well actually no for the
+electrons in this case uh this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this case uh this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this case uh this will
+actually be quite big uh uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be quite big uh uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be quite big uh uh this is
+going to be smaller ra rather negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be smaller ra rather negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be smaller ra rather negligible
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um let's think this through carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think this through carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think this through carefully
+here so the uh under equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the uh under equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the uh under equilibrium
+conditions under equilibrium conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under equilibrium conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under equilibrium conditions
+let's describe this as an N knot briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's describe this as an N knot briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's describe this as an N knot briefly
+so under equilibrium conditions my n KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under equilibrium conditions my n KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under equilibrium conditions my n KN
+is going to be rather small uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be rather small uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be rather small uh because
+if I have a high dopent density of ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a high dopent density of ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a high dopent density of ptype
+material that means that my electron m n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that means that my electron m n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that means that my electron m n
+is going to be equal to n i s / P KN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to n i s / P KN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to n i s / P KN and
+if p is in the order of say 10^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is in the order of say 10^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is in the order of say 10^
+16 N I would be on the order of 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 N I would be on the order of 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 N I would be on the order of 10 the
+10 we'd have something in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we'd have something in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we'd have something in the order of
+10 to the 4 uh for n knot that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 4 uh for n knot that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 4 uh for n knot that would be
+a rather small number uh now if I inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather small number uh now if I inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather small number uh now if I inject
+light on it I could have say 10 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on it I could have say 10 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on it I could have say 10 14
+electrons being created so this drowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being created so this drowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being created so this drowns
+out everything else so now my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything else so now my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything else so now my uh
+electron concentration is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration is going to be
+driven by the free carrier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the free carrier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the free carrier uh
+concentration the photo phot oxided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the photo phot oxided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the photo phot oxided
+carrier concentration now on the p on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration now on the p on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration now on the p on
+the other hand uh this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand uh this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand uh this is going to be
+equal to P KN plus Delta P um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P KN plus Delta P um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P KN plus Delta P um so let me
+drag this over here uh the Delta p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag this over here uh the Delta p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag this over here uh the Delta p is
+still on the same order as the Delta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on the same order as the Delta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on the same order as the Delta n
+let's say 10 the 13 somewhere in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 the 13 somewhere in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 the 13 somewhere in that
+range but my P KN is equal to the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but my P KN is equal to the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but my P KN is equal to the uh uh
+the the dopen density the acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dopen density the acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dopen density the acceptor
+density which could in the order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which could in the order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which could in the order of 10
+16 so this will be um somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so this will be um somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so this will be um somewhere in the
+range of say 10 16 driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of say 10 16 driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of say 10 16 driven by the
+acceptor concentration and so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor concentration and so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor concentration and so now I have
+a situation in which I have 10 to the 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which I have 10 to the 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which I have 10 to the 13
+uh electrons maybe 10 to the 16 holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrons maybe 10 to the 16 holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrons maybe 10 to the 16 holes
+and If I multiply the two together I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and If I multiply the two together I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and If I multiply the two together I'm
+not getting the intrinsic carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting the intrinsic carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting the intrinsic carrier
+concentration squared because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration squared because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration squared because I'm not
+under dark conditions I'm not under uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under dark conditions I'm not under uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under dark conditions I'm not under uh
+equilibrium conditions I'm in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium conditions I'm in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium conditions I'm in a steady
+state condition I'm Shining Light I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state condition I'm Shining Light I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state condition I'm Shining Light I'm
+exciting carriers they're recombining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting carriers they're recombining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting carriers they're recombining
+but at steady state state I'm Shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at steady state state I'm Shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at steady state state I'm Shining
+Light generating the carrier again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light generating the carrier again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light generating the carrier again um
+and we reach this uh this this quasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reach this uh this this quasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reach this uh this this quasa
+equilibrium and so what we have at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so what we have at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so what we have at the
+end of the day is a separation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day is a separation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day is a separation of the
+firmy energy between electrons and holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy between electrons and holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy energy between electrons and holes
+the firmy energy for holes is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmy energy for holes is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmy energy for holes is going to
+be relatively constant but the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relatively constant but the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relatively constant but the electrons
+for the minority carrier you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minority carrier you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minority carrier you'll have a
+rise of that quasif fmy energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of that quasif fmy energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of that quasif fmy energy because
+now you're filling in more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're filling in more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're filling in more of the
+electrons up here and so the firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons up here and so the firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons up here and so the firmy
+energy as defined as the energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as defined as the energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as defined as the energy state
+that is uh has a 50% occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh has a 50% occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh has a 50% occupancy
+probability is now at a energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is now at a energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is now at a energy for
+electrons and for holes awesome it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and for holes awesome it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and for holes awesome it's
+it's really one of those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really one of those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really one of those things that
+takes a while to really wrap your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a while to really wrap your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a while to really wrap your mind
+around um and so now U we might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um and so now U we might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um and so now U we might have a
+situation which my uh my electron um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which my uh my electron um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which my uh my electron um uh
+quasi fmy energy is somewhere up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi fmy energy is somewhere up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi fmy energy is somewhere up here
+right so that that let's let's make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that let's let's make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that let's let's make it a
+little bit I don't want to get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I don't want to get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I don't want to get into a
+what's called a two-dimensional electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a two-dimensional electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a two-dimensional electron
+gas I'll draw it somewhere down here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas I'll draw it somewhere down here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas I'll draw it somewhere down here um
+so now I I have a a this this Del this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I I have a a this this Del this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I I have a a this this Del this
+distance here is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is defined
+by the minority care diffusion length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the minority care diffusion length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the minority care diffusion length
+typically from The Junction um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically from The Junction um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically from The Junction um and then
+as the electrons drop from that quity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the electrons drop from that quity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the electrons drop from that quity
+from energy to the fir energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from energy to the fir energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from energy to the fir energy of the
+metal what happens so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal what happens so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal what happens so the important
+thing to think about is current flow can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about is current flow can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about is current flow can
+be reduced to electrons within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced to electrons within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced to electrons within the
+conduction band discrete particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band discrete particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band discrete particles that
+are seeking to minimize their free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeking to minimize their free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeking to minimize their free
+energy the voltage or the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the voltage or the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the voltage or the potential
+across is dictated by The Ensemble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across is dictated by The Ensemble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across is dictated by The Ensemble and
+that's where the firm energies come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the firm energies come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the firm energies come into
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in in that particular case it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in that particular case it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in that particular case it might
+even cause the the firmy energy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cause the the firmy energy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cause the the firmy energy over
+here to rise a bit and then you you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to rise a bit and then you you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to rise a bit and then you you'd
+have a potential across if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential across if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential across if you had a
+wire connecting this to an external load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire connecting this to an external load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire connecting this to an external load
+you'd actually be able to power it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd actually be able to power it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd actually be able to power it the
+electrons would be photo exited and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be photo exited and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be photo exited and here
+would be driven over into the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be driven over into the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be driven over into the the the
+the uh the metal because of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the metal because of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the metal because of the field
+the built-in field and then they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in field and then they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in field and then they'd be
+able to power an external circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to power an external circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to power an external circuit and
+come back into the back so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back into the back so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back into the back so you're
+beginning to see something that looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see something that looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see something that looks a
+lot like a p injunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this particular case uh the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular case uh the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular case uh the dark
+current uh the dark current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh the dark current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh the dark current for
+electrons would be dictated by uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be dictated by uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be dictated by uh their
+flow back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductor so um yes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor so um yes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor so um yes in this
+particular case in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case in this particular case
+here let me correct myself in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me correct myself in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me correct myself in this
+particular case here for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case here for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case here for the for the
+electron you would have a barrier uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you would have a barrier uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you would have a barrier uh for
+the diffusion current which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current which would be
+driven from your uh from the uh metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven from your uh from the uh metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven from your uh from the uh metal
+into the into the base right here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the base right here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the base right here and so
+the diffusion current of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current of the electrons
+would be facing this barrier here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be facing this barrier here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be facing this barrier here and
+this would be uh shoty like in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be uh shoty like in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be uh shoty like in in in
+nature if you illuminate it your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature if you illuminate it your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature if you illuminate it your
+illumination current would uh so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current would uh so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current would uh so let me
+let me back up one step right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me back up one step right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me back up one step right here so
+under in the dark uh completely uh dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under in the dark uh completely uh dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under in the dark uh completely uh dark
+sample right here this um that IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample right here this um that IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample right here this um that IV
+characteristic is driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is driven by the
+diffusion current of electrons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current of electrons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current of electrons from the
+metal into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal into the
+semiconductor and that is in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and that is in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and that is in this case
+with the barrier and as you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the barrier and as you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the barrier and as you begin
+forward biasing it you would have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward biasing it you would have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward biasing it you would have more
+and more carriers coming across and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more carriers coming across and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more carriers coming across and that
+would drive the diffusion current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive the diffusion current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive the diffusion current
+forward the illumination current would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the illumination current would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the illumination current would
+be driving the opposite way and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be driving the opposite way and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be driving the opposite way and so if
+you illuminated this entire system your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you illuminated this entire system your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you illuminated this entire system your
+blue curve would shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so there is a u let's say if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so there is a u let's say if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so there is a u let's say if you're
+photo exciting carriers within the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo exciting carriers within the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo exciting carriers within the base
+right here they can very easily reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here they can very easily reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here they can very easily reach
+the metal but if you're putting contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal but if you're putting contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal but if you're putting contacts
+and probing the the the total current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probing the the the total current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probing the the the total current
+flowing through your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through your system
+in the dark you would be measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark you would be measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark you would be measuring the
+diffusion current from the metal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current from the metal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current from the metal into
+the semiconductor there's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor there's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor there's a positive
+electrons over here and so the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over here and so the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over here and so the metals
+the electrons would be driven from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons would be driven from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons would be driven from the
+semiconduct from the metal into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconduct from the metal into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconduct from the metal into the
+semiconductor and they would be facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and they would be facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and they would be facing
+this barrier and hence you would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier and hence you would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier and hence you would see a
+shocky like uh Behavior okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocky like uh Behavior okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocky like uh Behavior okay so in the
+in the dark it would be shocky like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark it would be shocky like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark it would be shocky like for
+electrons and in the so the the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in the so the the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in the so the the you
+think of it in terms of total current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of total current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of total current
+yes you're absolutely right and holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're absolutely right and holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're absolutely right and holes
+would be equal and opposite um then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal and opposite um then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal and opposite um then when
+you illuminate it current would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you illuminate it current would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you illuminate it current would start
+flowing the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing the other
+direction right so in the dark the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so in the dark the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so in the dark the
+current is Flowing say in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is Flowing say in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is Flowing say in the positive
+direction it's uh and let's define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's uh and let's define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's uh and let's define the
+positive direction as um uh electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction as um uh electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction as um uh electrons
+flowing from here to here which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from here to here which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from here to here which means
+that positive flow is going from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive flow is going from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive flow is going from left to
+right um so that makes sense and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so that makes sense and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so that makes sense and when we
+illuminate it uh now instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate it uh now instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate it uh now instead of the
+electrons flowing from the right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons flowing from the right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons flowing from the right into
+the left we have the electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we have the electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we have the electron the
+illumination current driving electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current driving electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current driving electrons
+from the the left into the right right M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the left into the right right M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the left into the right right M
+so the direction of current is reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the direction of current is reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the direction of current is reversed
+when we illuminate this and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we illuminate this and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we illuminate this and that's the
+same thing as saying I'm going to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as saying I'm going to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as saying I'm going to shift
+this down under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down under
+illumination and wind up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and wind up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and wind up with something
+that behaves very similar to an IV curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behaves very similar to an IV curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behaves very similar to an IV curve
+P wait I thought we said that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P wait I thought we said that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P wait I thought we said that under
+illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+conditions this situation is om for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this situation is om for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this situation is om for
+electrons or is that not true sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or is that not true sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or is that not true sorry the
+the electrons have no barrier to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons have no barrier to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons have no barrier to travel
+over here for the illumination current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the illumination current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the illumination current
+right the illumination current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the illumination current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the illumination current is going
+to constant throughout but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant throughout but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant throughout but for the
+diffusion current yeah for the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current yeah for the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current yeah for the diffusion
+the net current behavior the net IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net current behavior the net IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net current behavior the net IV
+characteristic of this will be shot key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of this will be shot key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of this will be shot key
+like but the diffusion current is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but the diffusion current is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but the diffusion current is the
+one that's driving uh the current in net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's driving uh the current in net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's driving uh the current in net
+case and the uh the illumination current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the uh the illumination current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the uh the illumination current
+is being driven by the minority carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being driven by the minority carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being driven by the minority carrier
+uh flow right here at the edge of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow right here at the edge of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow right here at the edge of the uh
+metal semiconductor contact okay Joe why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal semiconductor contact okay Joe why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal semiconductor contact okay Joe why
+don't we flag this I sense this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we flag this I sense this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we flag this I sense this is going
+to be a an item for discussion during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a an item for discussion during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a an item for discussion during
+the uh during the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh during the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh during the recitation
+session um just uh the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session um just uh the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session um just uh the metal
+semiconductor interface uh I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor interface uh I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor interface uh I think we're
+going to have to go through it uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go through it uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go through it uh from
+scratch again this is very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch again this is very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch again this is very very similar
+to a PN johnon yeah so I think where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a PN johnon yeah so I think where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a PN johnon yeah so I think where
+folks are getting tripped up is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are getting tripped up is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are getting tripped up is is
+thinking about and and even I sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and and even I sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and and even I sometimes
+get tripped up is thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tripped up is thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tripped up is thinking about what
+happens to the illuminated current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the illuminated current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the illuminated current and
+what happens to the uh uh the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the uh uh the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the uh uh the drift
+current and the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and the diffusion
+current so it's all very similar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so it's all very similar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so it's all very similar it's
+all stuff we've seen before we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff we've seen before we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff we've seen before we just have
+to think through it step by step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through it step by step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through it step by step and
+make sure we don't get tripped up along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we don't get tripped up along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we don't get tripped up along
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's talk about some of the n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about some of the n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about some of the n n
+non idealities because this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non idealities because this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non idealities because this is where the
+fun stuff lies um when we uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun stuff lies um when we uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun stuff lies um when we uh when we
+have a metal on a semiconductor a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a metal on a semiconductor a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a metal on a semiconductor a lot
+goes into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it
+um for example if we have interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example if we have interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example if we have interface
+States or Surface States uh we can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or Surface States uh we can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or Surface States uh we can form
+band bending there at that interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending there at that interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending there at that interface uh
+let me demonstrate how this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me demonstrate how this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me demonstrate how this is an
+article that everyone should have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that everyone should have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that everyone should have read
+already it's was part of the assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's was part of the assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's was part of the assigned
+reading today and uh if my past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading today and uh if my past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading today and uh if my past
+experience is a guide there is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is a guide there is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is a guide there is a fixed
+percentage of you who haven't seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of you who haven't seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of you who haven't seen it
+yet so I'm going to pass around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I'm going to pass around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I'm going to pass around the
+article that you should have read um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that you should have read um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that you should have read um so
+this is something uh feel free to skim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something uh feel free to skim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something uh feel free to skim
+through it uh gain an appreciation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it uh gain an appreciation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it uh gain an appreciation for
+the the the really the spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the really the spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the really the spectacular
+nature of that article and then pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of that article and then pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of that article and then pass it
+around to your colleagues make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to your colleagues make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to your colleagues make sure they
+uh get to everybody gets to see them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get to everybody gets to see them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get to everybody gets to see them on
+the left hand side we have an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side we have an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side we have an example of
+a semiconductor let's say surface um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor let's say surface um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor let's say surface um the
+surface is represented by this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is represented by this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is represented by this really
+large Bank G material right there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Bank G material right there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Bank G material right there that
+box that rectilinear box very thin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that rectilinear box very thin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that rectilinear box very thin and
+skinny it's thin because the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny it's thin because the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny it's thin because the uh the
+surface layer is very thin it's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer is very thin it's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer is very thin it's maybe a
+few nanometers typically in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few nanometers typically in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few nanometers typically in a
+semiconductor and it's very large in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and it's very large in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and it's very large in
+band Gap because we formed a metal o or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap because we formed a metal o or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap because we formed a metal o or
+a semiconductor oxide let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor oxide let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconductor oxide let's say a
+silicon oxide a silica layer at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon oxide a silica layer at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon oxide a silica layer at that
+surface so if we have pure silicon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so if we have pure silicon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so if we have pure silicon we
+expose it to air the Silicon will react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it to air the Silicon will react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it to air the Silicon will react
+with air and form a very thin S2 layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air and form a very thin S2 layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air and form a very thin S2 layer
+or silicon oxide layer and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or silicon oxide layer and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or silicon oxide layer and that's what
+this represents it's a very large banget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents it's a very large banget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents it's a very large banget
+material and it's very thin and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it's very thin and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it's very thin and so if
+there are no interface States if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no interface States if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no interface States if we have
+an ideal material we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal material we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal material we have our
+semiconductor over here and our surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor over here and our surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor over here and our surface
+layer there and at that interface boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there and at that interface boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there and at that interface boom
+you just have a a discontinuity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a a discontinuity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a a discontinuity in the
+uh conduction band but uh and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conduction band but uh and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conduction band but uh and of course
+the the vacuum levels are are matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vacuum levels are are matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vacuum levels are are matching
+up but if you have um in in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but if you have um in in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but if you have um in in the case
+where you have surface States at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have surface States at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have surface States at that
+interface what happens well now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface what happens well now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface what happens well now those
+surface States can be filled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface States can be filled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface States can be filled by
+electrons in the neighboring region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the neighboring region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the neighboring region
+and uh as a result uh you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as a result uh you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as a result uh you'll have a
+natural band bending uh at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural band bending uh at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural band bending uh at that
+interface so as you begin filling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so as you begin filling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so as you begin filling in
+those States another way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States another way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States another way to think about
+it is that you're pulling the firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you're pulling the firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you're pulling the firmy
+energy toward midgap because now as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy toward midgap because now as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy toward midgap because now as the
+electrons uh are depleted from that near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh are depleted from that near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh are depleted from that near
+surface region as they fall into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface region as they fall into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface region as they fall into those
+midgap or to those those surface States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midgap or to those those surface States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midgap or to those those surface States
+uh the firmy energy is going to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the firmy energy is going to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the firmy energy is going to shift
+towards mid Gap and if you indeed look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards mid Gap and if you indeed look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards mid Gap and if you indeed look
+at the semiconductor right here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the semiconductor right here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the semiconductor right here at the
+surface you'll see the firmy energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you'll see the firmy energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you'll see the firmy energy is
+almost at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost at the
+midgap and so this is a very uh Curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midgap and so this is a very uh Curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midgap and so this is a very uh Curious
+phenomenon that occurs in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that occurs in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that occurs in many
+semiconductors there's a natural Bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors there's a natural Bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors there's a natural Bend
+bending toward the surface depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending toward the surface depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending toward the surface depending on
+the surface chemistry if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface chemistry if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface chemistry if you have a
+metal o or say a uh semiconducting oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal o or say a uh semiconducting oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal o or say a uh semiconducting oxide
+forming at the surface or if you happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming at the surface or if you happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming at the surface or if you happen
+to be exposing it to a sulfur-based gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exposing it to a sulfur-based gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exposing it to a sulfur-based gas
+uh right after you grow it and you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right after you grow it and you form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right after you grow it and you form
+some sulfide at the surface uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sulfide at the surface uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sulfide at the surface uh the the
+surface chemistry is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface chemistry is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface chemistry is very important for
+dictating the band bending at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictating the band bending at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictating the band bending at the
+surface why is that important that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface why is that important that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface why is that important that's
+important because when you go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because when you go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because when you go ahead and
+deposit a metal on top of it now you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit a metal on top of it now you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit a metal on top of it now you not
+only have to contend with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to contend with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to contend with what the
+semiconduct is doing but what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconduct is doing but what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconduct is doing but what that
+semiconductor surface layer is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor surface layer is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor surface layer is doing
+right now the situation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the situation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the situation is really
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+complex so um this is uh meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so um this is uh meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so um this is uh meant to
+represent right here uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent right here uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent right here uh what happens
+when you have a metal uh in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a metal uh in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a metal uh in this case a
+semiconducting oxide semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting oxide semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting oxide semiconductor
+interface um also known as a moss metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um also known as a moss metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um also known as a moss metal
+oxide semiconductor um what happens well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide semiconductor um what happens well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide semiconductor um what happens well
+uh you know in an ideal case um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in an ideal case um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in an ideal case um you
+would have the bands bending a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the bands bending a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the bands bending a certain
+uh way uh and then with the uh metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way uh and then with the uh metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way uh and then with the uh metal
+oxide layer in between you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide layer in between you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide layer in between you can have a
+definite shift so uh what this is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite shift so uh what this is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite shift so uh what this is meant
+to represent right here is a metal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent right here is a metal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent right here is a metal with
+a work function that is larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work function that is larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work function that is larger than the
+electron affinity and a work work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity and a work work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity and a work work
+function that is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is smaller than the
+electron affinity and so given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity and so given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity and so given what
+we've seen before given the um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before given the um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before given the um uh the
+shaki method of of producing the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaki method of of producing the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaki method of of producing the band
+diagrams here we would expect that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams here we would expect that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams here we would expect that in
+this case we would see bands bending say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we would see bands bending say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we would see bands bending say
+down and in that case let's see now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and in that case let's see now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and in that case let's see now in
+this case we see band bendings down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we see band bendings down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we see band bendings down in
+the semiconductor and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor and in this case the
+bands would bend up in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands would bend up in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands would bend up in the semiconductor
+as we reach that interface but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we reach that interface but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we reach that interface but but
+because the firmy energy is pinned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the firmy energy is pinned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the firmy energy is pinned by
+these surface States here we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surface States here we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surface States here we have very
+little uh motion of those um of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh motion of those um of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh motion of those um of those
+bands and so we wind up in a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and so we wind up in a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and so we wind up in a case where
+we uh pined the firmy energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh pined the firmy energy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh pined the firmy energy at the
+surface and uh pretty much no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and uh pretty much no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and uh pretty much no matter
+what metal we deposit on top of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what metal we deposit on top of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what metal we deposit on top of our
+sample we can wind up with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we can wind up with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we can wind up with a certain
+type of Behavior Uh of the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Behavior Uh of the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Behavior Uh of the semiconductor
+a certain current voltage response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain current voltage response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain current voltage response and
+this can drive someone absolutely insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can drive someone absolutely insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can drive someone absolutely insane
+when you're in the laboratory trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in the laboratory trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in the laboratory trying to
+get a repeatable contact and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a repeatable contact and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a repeatable contact and everything
+is changing all the time and you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing all the time and you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing all the time and you walk
+through the math and you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math and you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math and you know that you
+should be getting an let's say an omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting an let's say an omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting an let's say an omic
+contact UM you walk through the math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact UM you walk through the math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact UM you walk through the math and
+you you derive the the the energy band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you derive the the the energy band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you derive the the the energy band
+diagram of that interface and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of that interface and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of that interface and then you
+go to the lab and over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the lab and over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the lab and over and over and over
+again you obtain a shot key contact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you obtain a shot key contact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you obtain a shot key contact and
+it just drives you insane um the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just drives you insane um the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just drives you insane um the trick
+is to always use repeatable repeatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to always use repeatable repeatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to always use repeatable repeatable
+uh surface preparation always prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surface preparation always prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surface preparation always prepare
+your surfaces using the same chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your surfaces using the same chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your surfaces using the same chemistry
+the same way every single time and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way every single time and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way every single time and if
+you do that uh most likely in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that uh most likely in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that uh most likely in many cases
+you can get rid of this native surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of this native surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of this native surface
+oxide on your semiconducting sample but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on your semiconducting sample but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on your semiconducting sample but
+if you take your sample out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take your sample out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take your sample out of the
+growth chamber and move it around in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth chamber and move it around in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth chamber and move it around in air
+and then put it into the metalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it into the metalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it into the metalization
+chamber where you evaporate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber where you evaporate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber where you evaporate your
+contacts you're exposing your sample to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts you're exposing your sample to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts you're exposing your sample to
+uh to the air you'll form some surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the air you'll form some surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the air you'll form some surface
+layer on it and your contacts will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer on it and your contacts will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer on it and your contacts will be
+different there was a a colleague of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there was a a colleague of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there was a a colleague of
+mine who's now professor at a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine who's now professor at a university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine who's now professor at a university
+and during his PhD I think he spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during his PhD I think he spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during his PhD I think he spent
+about a year on a problem like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a year on a problem like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a year on a problem like this
+trying to make good contacts and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make good contacts and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make good contacts and uh
+unfortunately contacts is such a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately contacts is such a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately contacts is such a basic
+thing uh that um it's one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh that um it's one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh that um it's one of the first
+skills to go when uh when the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to go when uh when the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills to go when uh when the field
+moves on so for example people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves on so for example people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves on so for example people really
+knew how to make good contacts at MIT 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to make good contacts at MIT 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to make good contacts at MIT 30
+years ago uh when the IC industry was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh when the IC industry was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh when the IC industry was
+was a hot topic of the day uh then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hot topic of the day uh then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hot topic of the day uh then as
+that phased out uh the knowled of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phased out uh the knowled of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phased out uh the knowled of how to
+make good contact onto silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good contact onto silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good contact onto silicon uh
+disappeared um there was maybe one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared um there was maybe one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared um there was maybe one or
+two professors who really had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two professors who really had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two professors who really had that
+knowledge embedded in their minds and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge embedded in their minds and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge embedded in their minds and so
+when uh a new PhD student came along at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh a new PhD student came along at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh a new PhD student came along at
+Harvard University uh trying to make Om
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard University uh trying to make Om
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard University uh trying to make Om
+make contact into silicon uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact into silicon uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact into silicon uh there
+wasn't anybody he could go to and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't anybody he could go to and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't anybody he could go to and talk
+with he didn't know where to where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with he didn't know where to where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with he didn't know where to where to
+start where who to talk to because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start where who to talk to because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start where who to talk to because this
+is kind of Base knowledge it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of Base knowledge it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of Base knowledge it's um it's
+really fundamental instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fundamental instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fundamental instrumental
+knowledge that is going to be infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that is going to be infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that is going to be infinitely
+useful uh but it quickly gets lost when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh but it quickly gets lost when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh but it quickly gets lost when
+a field moves on when the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field moves on when the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field moves on when the next uh
+material system becomes hot or the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material system becomes hot or the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material system becomes hot or the next
+topical area uh is is the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical area uh is is the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical area uh is is the the key
+research area of the day if you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research area of the day if you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research area of the day if you know how
+to make good contacts onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good contacts onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good contacts onto a
+semiconductor I guarantee you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor I guarantee you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor I guarantee you you will
+find someplace in industry or someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someplace in industry or someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someplace in industry or someplace
+in Academia where you'll be well sought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Academia where you'll be well sought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Academia where you'll be well sought
+out and that skill will be put to good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and that skill will be put to good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and that skill will be put to good
+use let's talk about the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use let's talk about the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use let's talk about the space charge
+region width very briefly because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region width very briefly because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region width very briefly because we're
+running out of time we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time we've talked about
+this barrier as being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier as being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier as being this
+insurmountable barrier let's say for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurmountable barrier let's say for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurmountable barrier let's say for an
+electron to travel over in this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to travel over in this case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to travel over in this case uh
+to get to the metal but what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the metal but what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the metal but what happens if
+we increase the dopent density within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the dopent density within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the dopent density within
+the semiconductor if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor if we increase the
+dopent density in the semiconductor then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent density in the semiconductor then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent density in the semiconductor then
+the amount of charge per unit volume at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of charge per unit volume at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of charge per unit volume at
+that interface or per unit thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface or per unit thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface or per unit thickness of
+at the interface increases so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface increases so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface increases so to
+compensate some buildup of charge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate some buildup of charge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate some buildup of charge in the
+metal we would need a a a thinner region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal we would need a a a thinner region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal we would need a a a thinner region
+of the semiconductor because it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semiconductor because it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semiconductor because it's more
+heavily doped because they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily doped because they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily doped because they're more
+dopant per per uh cubic centimeter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant per per uh cubic centimeter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant per per uh cubic centimeter and
+and hence there are more free carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence there are more free carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence there are more free carriers
+per cubic centimeter as well and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter as well and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter as well and as a
+result the width of the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the width of the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the width of the space charge
+region will decrease and if the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region will decrease and if the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region will decrease and if the width of
+the space charge region decreases what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space charge region decreases what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space charge region decreases what
+happens this um barrier height still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this um barrier height still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this um barrier height still
+stays the same the barrier height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same the barrier height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same the barrier height
+doesn't change but the width changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change but the width changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change but the width changes and
+what do we know from quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know from quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know from quantum mechanics
+if our barrier is very very thin or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our barrier is very very thin or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our barrier is very very thin or very
+narrow what happens electrons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow what happens electrons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow what happens electrons will
+tunnel and that's exactly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and that's exactly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and that's exactly what happens
+right here so if we have a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so if we have a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so if we have a very narrow
+uh space charge region we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space charge region we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space charge region we'll have a
+tunneling Junction um field emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling Junction um field emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling Junction um field emission
+effect also known as um and irrespective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect also known as um and irrespective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect also known as um and irrespective
+of the barrier height you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier height you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier height you will get
+electrons moving straight across now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons moving straight across now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons moving straight across now if
+we have uh a wide barrier represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh a wide barrier represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh a wide barrier represented
+there at the top um there is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the top um there is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the top um there is an energy
+barrier for the electrons to overcome uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for the electrons to overcome uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for the electrons to overcome uh
+before they reach uh the metal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they reach uh the metal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they reach uh the metal on the
+other side and so there we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and so there we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and so there we have a
+thermionic emission which means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermionic emission which means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermionic emission which means that uh
+you need to have an excited electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have an excited electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have an excited electron
+thermally excited that's where the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally excited that's where the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally excited that's where the name
+therm therm comes from so a thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therm therm comes from so a thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therm therm comes from so a thermally
+excited electron before it manages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited electron before it manages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited electron before it manages to
+hop across and because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop across and because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop across and because there's an
+exponentially decaying number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying number of
+electrons with higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with higher and higher
+energies we'll get a very small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies we'll get a very small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies we'll get a very small number
+of electrons that can actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that can actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that can actually make it
+so the thermionic emission case will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thermionic emission case will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thermionic emission case will in
+effect manifest itself as a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect manifest itself as a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect manifest itself as a higher
+series resistance than the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance than the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance than the field
+emission case you can have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission case you can have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission case you can have the same
+metal contacting a semiconductor but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal contacting a semiconductor but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal contacting a semiconductor but if
+the dop and density is changing if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dop and density is changing if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dop and density is changing if the
+dop and density is changing you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and density is changing you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and density is changing you will
+make a better omic contact and uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a better omic contact and uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a better omic contact and uh of
+course when you're you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you're you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you're you're actually
+trying to uh measure the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh measure the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh measure the contact
+resistance here or measure the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance here or measure the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance here or measure the uh
+barrier height uh you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier height uh you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier height uh you really have to
+know this interface really really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this interface really really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this interface really really well
+you can measure experimentally but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure experimentally but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure experimentally but to
+determine from Theory you get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine from Theory you get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine from Theory you get a good
+start by using the shaky models we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by using the shaky models we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by using the shaky models we
+described right here but to really nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described right here but to really nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described right here but to really nail
+it you need to perform density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you need to perform density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you need to perform density
+functional Theory and determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional Theory and determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional Theory and determine the
+charge distribution across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution across that
+interface there's uh it's really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface there's uh it's really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface there's uh it's really the the
+best way to go about it so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to go about it so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to go about it so in terms of
+experiment um thankfully there are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um thankfully there are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um thankfully there are are
+big tables that we can look up if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tables that we can look up if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tables that we can look up if we
+have a particular semiconducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular semiconducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular semiconducting
+material um that's well studied we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um that's well studied we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um that's well studied we can
+look up the contact materials that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the contact materials that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the contact materials that would
+make the best contacts and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the best contacts and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the best contacts and what
+techniques we can use to deposit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we can use to deposit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we can use to deposit them
+what temperature we should anal at to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature we should anal at to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature we should anal at to
+form that alloy these are very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that alloy these are very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that alloy these are very practical
+lookup tables that exist in uh reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables that exist in uh reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tables that exist in uh reference
+books trusted websites not any website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books trusted websites not any website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books trusted websites not any website
+but the trusted Ones review articles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the trusted Ones review articles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the trusted Ones review articles but
+let's say you're working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're working on a
+semiconducting material that's not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material that's not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material that's not on
+this list let's say you're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list let's say you're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list let's say you're working on
+CIS oxide for instance and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS oxide for instance and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS oxide for instance and you have to
+start from scratch the best way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch the best way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch the best way to go
+about it would simply to be measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it would simply to be measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it would simply to be measure the
+contact resistance using the techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance using the techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance using the techniques
+that we described two lectures ago where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we described two lectures ago where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we described two lectures ago where
+we describe the tlm method or the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe the tlm method or the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe the tlm method or the uh uh
+the trans the um uh uh the um sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans the um uh uh the um sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans the um uh uh the um sorry not
+much sleep uh the transfer line method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sleep uh the transfer line method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sleep uh the transfer line method
+so uh the the important thing here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the important thing here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the important thing here is to
+know that you do have a few tools at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you do have a few tools at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you do have a few tools at
+your disposal to measure barrier Heights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your disposal to measure barrier Heights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your disposal to measure barrier Heights
+experimentally and at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and at the end of the day
+you can uh obtain uh precise numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh obtain uh precise numbers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh obtain uh precise numbers um
+just going quickly into hetero Junctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going quickly into hetero Junctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going quickly into hetero Junctions
+um this is uh similar to the shoty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh similar to the shoty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh similar to the shoty
+Junctions we've been talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions we've been talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions we've been talking about so
+far shom contexts between metals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far shom contexts between metals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far shom contexts between metals and
+semiconductors this very very briefly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors this very very briefly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors this very very briefly is
+what happens when a semiconductor meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when a semiconductor meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when a semiconductor meets
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+semiconductor um not always can you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor um not always can you form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor um not always can you form
+a homotype junction meaning not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homotype junction meaning not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homotype junction meaning not always
+can you have n and ptype dopant uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have n and ptype dopant uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have n and ptype dopant uh in a
+semiconductor like Silicon sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor like Silicon sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor like Silicon sometimes it
+just won't dope both nmp type and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't dope both nmp type and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't dope both nmp type and so you
+have to make contact with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make contact with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make contact with another
+semiconducting material and for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material and for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material and for that we
+call it a heterojunction and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a heterojunction and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a heterojunction and there are
+three General types of heterojunctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three General types of heterojunctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three General types of heterojunctions
+one is in which you have a wide banget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in which you have a wide banget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in which you have a wide banget
+material on the left a narrow banget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the left a narrow banget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the left a narrow banget
+material on the right the two are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the right the two are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the right the two are in
+contact with each other and the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with each other and the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with each other and the vacuum
+levels line up in just such a way as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels line up in just such a way as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels line up in just such a way as to
+wind up with this band alignment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with this band alignment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with this band alignment now
+let's say I excite an electron hole pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I excite an electron hole pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I excite an electron hole pair
+in this wide bang material the hole will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this wide bang material the hole will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this wide bang material the hole will
+be able to move across the electron will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to move across the electron will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to move across the electron will
+be able to move across so both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to move across so both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to move across so both the
+electron and hole have moved across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and hole have moved across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and hole have moved across that
+Junction and we have not separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and we have not separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and we have not separated
+charge so type one very bad from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so type one very bad from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so type one very bad from a
+photovoltaic point of view type two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic point of view type two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic point of view type two this
+is more similar to the PN Junction what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more similar to the PN Junction what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more similar to the PN Junction what
+we've seen so far um and uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far um and uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far um and uh in this
+particular case if we excite an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case if we excite an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case if we excite an electron
+hole pair the electron will move across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole pair the electron will move across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole pair the electron will move across
+because of the field but the hole will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the field but the hole will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the field but the hole will
+be repelled and so the type two Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repelled and so the type two Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repelled and so the type two Junction
+is actually preferred from a photo Vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually preferred from a photo Vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually preferred from a photo Vol
+point of view type three Junction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view type three Junction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view type three Junction will
+still separate charge the electron will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still separate charge the electron will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still separate charge the electron will
+move from the the left hand side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from the the left hand side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from the the left hand side to the
+right hand side and the hole will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and the hole will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and the hole will be
+repelled but now that the electron has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled but now that the electron has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled but now that the electron has
+moved to the right hand side it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the right hand side it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the right hand side it actually
+has a lower energy than on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lower energy than on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lower energy than on the right
+hand side so there's no driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so there's no driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so there's no driving force
+there's no voltage buildup for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no voltage buildup for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no voltage buildup for the
+electron to go across outside of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to go across outside of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to go across outside of an
+external circuit and power an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external circuit and power an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external circuit and power an external
+load and so from a photoal take point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and so from a photoal take point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and so from a photoal take point of
+view the type three unless under very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the type three unless under very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the type three unless under very
+high illumination conditions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high illumination conditions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high illumination conditions is
+generally considered um uh not desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally considered um uh not desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally considered um uh not desirable
+as well so the type two Junction is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so the type two Junction is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so the type two Junction is uh
+the preferred Junction type for photable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preferred Junction type for photable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preferred Junction type for photable
+take uh devices and um yeah pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh devices and um yeah pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh devices and um yeah pretty much
+it so you can go through the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can go through the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can go through the exercise
+shown right here on your own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right here on your own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right here on your own and
+determine um for this particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine um for this particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine um for this particular system
+right here what will happen at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here what will happen at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here what will happen at that
+Junction how will those bands align you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction how will those bands align you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction how will those bands align you
+have the cheat sheet shown right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cheat sheet shown right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cheat sheet shown right after
+um but an open question for you is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but an open question for you is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but an open question for you is using
+what you know from today where we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know from today where we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know from today where we first
+lined up the vacuum levels Drew out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up the vacuum levels Drew out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up the vacuum levels Drew out the
+the inde the the band diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inde the the band diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inde the the band diagrams
+independently for uh material one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for uh material one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for uh material one and
+material 2 just like we've done there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material 2 just like we've done there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material 2 just like we've done there
+now we eliminate that barrier in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we eliminate that barrier in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we eliminate that barrier in between
+them we put them together and we match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we put them together and we match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we put them together and we match
+the fir energies in other words this fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fir energies in other words this fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fir energies in other words this fir
+energy ef1 has to equal ef2 so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ef1 has to equal ef2 so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ef1 has to equal ef2 so there's
+has to be this shift going on like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be this shift going on like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be this shift going on like that
+what happens then how will the bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then how will the bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then how will the bands
+align uh follow the vacuum level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align uh follow the vacuum level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align uh follow the vacuum level that's
+my best advice I can give you uh let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best advice I can give you uh let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best advice I can give you uh let the
+conduction band and veilance bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band and veilance bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band and veilance bands
+follow the bending of the vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the bending of the vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the bending of the vacuum level
+and then uh from there you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh from there you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh from there you should be
+able to determine uh the a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine uh the a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine uh the a final
+structure that look something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that look something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that look something like that
+but that's a take-home uh assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a take-home uh assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a take-home uh assignment
+just to uh see if the concepts really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh see if the concepts really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh see if the concepts really
+gelled today so what did we learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelled today so what did we learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelled today so what did we learn how to
+do or at least what did we what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or at least what did we what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or at least what did we what did we
+have an appreci a greater appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreci a greater appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreci a greater appreciation
+for we have a greater appreciation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we have a greater appreciation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we have a greater appreciation for
+all of these different components um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different components um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different components um how
+to make different types of contacts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make different types of contacts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make different types of contacts uh
+on our material what they're good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our material what they're good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our material what they're good for
+and ultimately how this um band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately how this um band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately how this um band
+alignment that we've learned uh in our p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment that we've learned uh in our p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment that we've learned uh in our p
+and Junction Explorations can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Junction Explorations can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Junction Explorations can be applied
+as well to metal contacts and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well to metal contacts and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well to metal contacts and ultimately
+how uh this can also be applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh this can also be applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh this can also be applied to
+semiconductor semiconductor context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor semiconductor context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor semiconductor context
+where we might have two different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we might have two different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we might have two different types
+of semiconductors coming together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semiconductors coming together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semiconductors coming together and
+forming a junction uh how do we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a junction uh how do we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a junction uh how do we predict
+what the energy band diagram is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy band diagram is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy band diagram is going to
+look like uh once we have our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like uh once we have our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like uh once we have our final
+Junction right here and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction right here and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction right here and what do we
+expect that to mean in terms of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that to mean in terms of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that to mean in terms of charge
+transport across that layer so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport across that layer so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport across that layer so those are
+the building blocks the basic building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building blocks the basic building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building blocks the basic building
+blocks that you will need to uh be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that you will need to uh be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that you will need to uh be able
+to predict how two materials will behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict how two materials will behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict how two materials will behave
+when they encounter each other so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they encounter each other so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they encounter each other so that
+you can make solar cell devices and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make solar cell devices and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make solar cell devices and I
+think with that we can complete we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with that we can complete we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with that we can complete we can
+pretty much wrap up our fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much wrap up our fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much wrap up our fundamentals
+portion of the class wooo we get to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the class wooo we get to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the class wooo we get to talk
+about Technologies next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W5AMaIxtHZc.txt b/W5AMaIxtHZc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c495f0debf872aad4fadd7515ec838add000cbd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W5AMaIxtHZc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I have two activities that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have two activities that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have two activities that I've
+prepared so interpretation this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared so interpretation this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared so interpretation this idea of
+constructing meanings or developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing meanings or developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing meanings or developing
+meanings about works of art or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings about works of art or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings about works of art or we can
+think of interpretation as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of interpretation as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of interpretation as you know
+someone is speaking one language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is speaking one language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is speaking one language and
+then we take that language and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take that language and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take that language and we are
+able to not only do we speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to not only do we speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to not only do we speak and
+understand this language but then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this language but then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this language but then we can
+translate a closed ideas in those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate a closed ideas in those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate a closed ideas in those words
+and turn them into a different language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn them into a different language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn them into a different language
+that someone else speak so we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone else speak so we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone else speak so we can have
+interpretation function in that way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation function in that way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation function in that way as
+well so it's about taking ideas from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it's about taking ideas from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it's about taking ideas from one
+context into into another or one mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context into into another or one mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context into into another or one mode of
+representation and communication into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and communication into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and communication into
+another but in terms of art and art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but in terms of art and art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but in terms of art and art
+practice art criticism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice art criticism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice art criticism and
+interpretation work work together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation work work together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation work work together so
+this image I think is useful for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image I think is useful for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image I think is useful for our
+purposes here imagine that this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes here imagine that this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes here imagine that this image
+was the poster for a movie right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the poster for a movie right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the poster for a movie right
+full-length feature length movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-length feature length movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-length feature length movie and
+imagine you were responsible for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you were responsible for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you were responsible for for
+writing the copy for writing the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the copy for writing the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the copy for writing the text
+for the voice-over of the movie trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the voice-over of the movie trailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the voice-over of the movie trailer
+but all you had was this image to go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all you had was this image to go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all you had was this image to go by
+you probably heard movie trailers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably heard movie trailers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably heard movie trailers you
+know there's little commercials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's little commercials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's little commercials for
+movies and usually in my experience they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and usually in my experience they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and usually in my experience they
+start off with one of two phrases or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with one of two phrases or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with one of two phrases or a
+version of one of two phrases one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of one of two phrases one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of one of two phrases one of the
+phrases is usually something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases is usually something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases is usually something like this
+imagine a place right and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a place right and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a place right and you can
+imagine you've heard this phrase before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you've heard this phrase before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you've heard this phrase before
+it for movie trailers imagine a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for movie trailers imagine a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for movie trailers imagine a place
+and the music could start to engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the music could start to engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the music could start to engine
+tuned you see the scenery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned you see the scenery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned you see the scenery
+another phrase that is often used is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phrase that is often used is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phrase that is often used is in
+a world where right you see group I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world where right you see group I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world where right you see group I see
+nodding going on so that means all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding going on so that means all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding going on so that means all right
+you probably name several films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably name several films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably name several films that
+have movie trailers that start that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have movie trailers that start that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have movie trailers that start that way
+so take one of those phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take one of those phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take one of those phrases
+imagine a place or in a world and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a place or in a world and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a place or in a world and know
+if you have I don't if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have I don't if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have I don't if you have
+something to write with or if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write with or if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write with or if you want
+to keep it in your head and if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it in your head and if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it in your head and if you come
+up with a sentence or two that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a sentence or two that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a sentence or two that would be
+great but the sentence or two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but the sentence or two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but the sentence or two that
+starts with one of those two prompts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with one of those two prompts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with one of those two prompts
+would function as the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would function as the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would function as the beginning
+voiceover copy for the movie from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceover copy for the movie from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceover copy for the movie from which
+this still comes we got it alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still comes we got it alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still comes we got it alright
+here's the movie trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so part of what I'm hearing it like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of what I'm hearing it like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of what I'm hearing it like I
+heard swimming upstream adversity these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard swimming upstream adversity these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard swimming upstream adversity these
+water hoses I heard it was issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water hoses I heard it was issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water hoses I heard it was issue of
+control resistance this border walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control resistance this border walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control resistance this border walls
+suggest there's something about being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest there's something about being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest there's something about being in
+and out and not being able to attain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out and not being able to attain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out and not being able to attain
+something and then the x-games the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then the x-games the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then the x-games the the
+what you call the what cheerleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call the what cheerleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call the what cheerleading
+extreme ultimate cheerleading extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme ultimate cheerleading extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme ultimate cheerleading extreme
+cheerleading so there's an activity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleading so there's an activity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheerleading so there's an activity but
+then there's something else that pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something else that pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something else that pushes
+it or ramps it up add some context here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or ramps it up add some context here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or ramps it up add some context here
+this is an a still image from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an a still image from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an a still image from a
+performance by performance artist Dred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by performance artist Dred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by performance artist Dred
+Scott the title of the work is called on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott the title of the work is called on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott the title of the work is called on
+the impossibility of freedom in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impossibility of freedom in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impossibility of freedom in a
+country founded on slavery and genocide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country founded on slavery and genocide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country founded on slavery and genocide
+and he's referencing a range of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's referencing a range of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's referencing a range of events
+but specifically a particular event in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but specifically a particular event in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but specifically a particular event in
+the 60s where there was a protest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s where there was a protest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s where there was a protest
+against racial injustice where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against racial injustice where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against racial injustice where the
+authorities used water hoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities used water hoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities used water hoses
+high-powered water hoses to push back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-powered water hoses to push back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-powered water hoses to push back
+African Americans this was not a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Americans this was not a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Americans this was not a single
+event this is these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this is these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this is these kinds of things
+happen all the time in the 60s so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all the time in the 60s so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all the time in the 60s so this
+is part of dred Scott's performance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of dred Scott's performance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of dred Scott's performance this
+is still from his performance I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still from his performance I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still from his performance I find it
+remarkable listening to even the comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable listening to even the comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable listening to even the comedy
+trailer that you were picking up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer that you were picking up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer that you were picking up on
+elements of what his performance what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of what his performance what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of what his performance what he
+intended his performance to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended his performance to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended his performance to be
+but also what other people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also what other people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also what other people have
+interpreted his performance to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted his performance to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted his performance to be about
+Charles go Ryan is a performance artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles go Ryan is a performance artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles go Ryan is a performance artist
+and art educator who also taught high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art educator who also taught high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art educator who also taught high
+school in the Bay Area in San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in the Bay Area in San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in the Bay Area in San Francisco
+and he taught his students in late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he taught his students in late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he taught his students in late 60s
+in the 70s into the 80s actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s into the 80s actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s into the 80s actually I
+believe about performance art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe about performance art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe about performance art and
+happenings and the ways in which our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happenings and the ways in which our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happenings and the ways in which our
+bodies can perform symbolically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies can perform symbolically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies can perform symbolically to
+construct works of art that relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct works of art that relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct works of art that relate to
+social issues and cultural issues so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issues and cultural issues so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issues and cultural issues so his
+work is documented in several of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is documented in several of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is documented in several of his
+books one of which is called performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books one of which is called performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books one of which is called performing
+pedagogy where he interprets several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy where he interprets several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy where he interprets several
+works of art and performance art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art and performance art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art and performance art and
+then provides a set of activities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then provides a set of activities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then provides a set of activities that
+teachers and their students can perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and their students can perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and their students can perform
+to learn some of the basic structures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn some of the basic structures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn some of the basic structures or
+some elements of performance art using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elements of performance art using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elements of performance art using
+one's body as part as an artistic medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's body as part as an artistic medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's body as part as an artistic medium
+but also a way in which to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a way in which to comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a way in which to comment on
+social issues but it's the idea of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issues but it's the idea of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issues but it's the idea of using
+our bodies as symbolic vehicles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies as symbolic vehicles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies as symbolic vehicles that
+become powerful and also the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become powerful and also the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become powerful and also the ways that
+our bodies can move in a the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies can move in a the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies can move in a the ways in
+which our bodies interact with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our bodies interact with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our bodies interact with other
+objects or other ideas the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects or other ideas the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects or other ideas the way in which
+we might maybe think of taking our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might maybe think of taking our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might maybe think of taking our body
+doing something to it doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something to it doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something to it doing something
+else to it so there's an activity that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to it so there's an activity that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to it so there's an activity that I
+often do with my students undergrads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do with my students undergrads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do with my students undergrads
+graduate students students who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students students who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students students who are
+learning to be teachers that I borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to be teachers that I borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to be teachers that I borrowed
+from Charles gray and here's a still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Charles gray and here's a still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Charles gray and here's a still
+image of one student doing this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of one student doing this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of one student doing this and what
+I'd like you to do is to identify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to do is to identify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to do is to identify a
+statement could be an excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement could be an excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement could be an excerpt
+it could be song lyrics it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be song lyrics it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be song lyrics it could be a
+poem but it needs to be a set of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem but it needs to be a set of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem but it needs to be a set of words
+that ideally it's a text that or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideally it's a text that or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideally it's a text that or a
+sentence or several phrases that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or several phrases that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or several phrases that you
+could or someone else could say within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could or someone else could say within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could or someone else could say within a
+30-second time period so borrow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30-second time period so borrow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30-second time period so borrow from
+Charles grands approach one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles grands approach one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles grands approach one of the
+activities is to take an image and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities is to take an image and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities is to take an image and a
+body and the body engages in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the body engages in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the body engages in a
+repetitive motion a repetitive activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive motion a repetitive activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive motion a repetitive activity
+and the idea is that that body in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that that body in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that that body in motion
+in relationship to were in juxtaposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relationship to were in juxtaposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relationship to were in juxtaposition
+with or in critique or conversation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or in critique or conversation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or in critique or conversation with
+that image will inherently start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image will inherently start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image will inherently start to
+construct or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct or
+suggest different interpretations just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest different interpretations just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest different interpretations just
+like what you did we saw the image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you did we saw the image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you did we saw the image and
+you added some text to that but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you added some text to that but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you added some text to that but there's
+a third element and that's the text that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third element and that's the text that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third element and that's the text that
+you've come up with so what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've come up with so what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've come up with so what is going to
+happen so here's another student doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so here's another student doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so here's another student doing
+something similar so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar so what's going to
+happen is I'm going to hit this button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is I'm going to hit this button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is I'm going to hit this button
+and then I'm gonna go over here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm gonna go over here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm gonna go over here and I'm
+gonna start performing I want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start performing I want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start performing I want to do a
+repetitive motion for 30 seconds when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive motion for 30 seconds when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive motion for 30 seconds when I
+get over there you're gonna speak your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over there you're gonna speak your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over there you're gonna speak your
+text yes no no oh you would rather not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text yes no no oh you would rather not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text yes no no oh you would rather not
+share your text that would be fine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share your text that would be fine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share your text that would be fine all
+right we'll do that and then I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll do that and then I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll do that and then I have two
+other images so we'll be able to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other images so we'll be able to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other images so we'll be able to get to
+other people but you'll see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people but you'll see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people but you'll see how this
+works ready go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works ready go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works ready go okay
+sometimes you gotta post bad pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you gotta post bad pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you gotta post bad pictures of
+yourself online so that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself online so that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself online so that people are
+impressed with it when they see you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed with it when they see you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed with it when they see you in
+person sometimes you got to post bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sometimes you got to post bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sometimes you got to post bad
+pictures of yourself online so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of yourself online so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of yourself online so that
+people aren't impressed when they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't impressed when they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't impressed when they see
+you in person sometimes you got to post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in person sometimes you got to post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in person sometimes you got to post
+bad pictures of yourself online so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad pictures of yourself online so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad pictures of yourself online so that
+people are impressed when they see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are impressed when they see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are impressed when they see you
+in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in person
+sometimes you gotta post bad pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you gotta post bad pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you gotta post bad pictures of
+yourself online so that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself online so that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself online so that people are
+impressed when they see whether person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed when they see whether person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed when they see whether person
+I'm alright thank you very trust him cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm alright thank you very trust him cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm alright thank you very trust him cuz
+you know three minutes could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three minutes could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three minutes could have been
+30 things you see what happened we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 things you see what happened we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 things you see what happened we have
+a repetitive motion which might suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repetitive motion which might suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repetitive motion which might suggest
+certain ideas and concepts meanings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ideas and concepts meanings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ideas and concepts meanings we
+had this text be where it would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this text be where it would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this text be where it would say that
+say it again Oh sometimes you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again Oh sometimes you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again Oh sometimes you have to
+post that pictures of yourself online so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post that pictures of yourself online so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post that pictures of yourself online so
+that people are impressed when they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are impressed when they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are impressed when they see
+you in person so now we have that text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in person so now we have that text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in person so now we have that text
+and we gotta put in relationship to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gotta put in relationship to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gotta put in relationship to this
+movement but this image what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement but this image what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement but this image what is this
+image have to do with this movement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image have to do with this movement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image have to do with this movement I
+mean it's interesting you can put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's interesting you can put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's interesting you can put two
+ideas together or put these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas together or put these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas together or put these two things
+together or these two things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or these two things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or these two things together
+but all three of them anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all three of them anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all three of them anybody want to
+attempt to weave these three together go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to weave these three together go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to weave these three together go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+since the theme of repetition like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the theme of repetition like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the theme of repetition like I
+didn't catch it at first but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't catch it at first but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't catch it at first but the fact
+that you kept repeating it and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you kept repeating it and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you kept repeating it and then your
+hop kind of synced in with that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop kind of synced in with that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop kind of synced in with that and then
+looking at this image just the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this image just the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this image just the fact that
+there's all these windows and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these windows and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these windows and all the
+pieces of the image like deconstructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the image like deconstructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the image like deconstructed
+sort of fell into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fell into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fell into this
+it's like cycle of posting pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like cycle of posting pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like cycle of posting pictures
+online and seeing people multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and seeing people multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and seeing people multiple times
+and it's right in time come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's right in time come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's right in time come together
+okay right so why would I do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so why would I do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so why would I do something
+like that well at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that well at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that well at the end of the
+semester the students in one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the students in one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the students in one of my
+graduate class that I teach at Penn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate class that I teach at Penn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate class that I teach at Penn
+State and also at Vermont College of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and also at Vermont College of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and also at Vermont College of
+Fine Arts after going through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine Arts after going through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine Arts after going through that
+process of the randomness of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the randomness of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the randomness of making
+those connections they then have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those connections they then have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those connections they then have to go
+through the process of intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process of intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process of intentionally
+combining image text and body movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining image text and body movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining image text and body movement
+for a public performance that lasts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a public performance that lasts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a public performance that lasts at
+least five minutes so these are the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five minutes so these are the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five minutes so these are the top
+row is our stills from one video the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is our stills from one video the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is our stills from one video the
+bottom row are stills from another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom row are stills from another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom row are stills from another one
+and one at the top the student was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one at the top the student was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one at the top the student was
+interested in the idea that someone told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the idea that someone told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the idea that someone told
+her at one point something like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her at one point something like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her at one point something like well
+there have never been any Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have never been any Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have never been any Wars
+international Wars on US soil and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Wars on US soil and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Wars on US soil and she
+thought this doesn't make any sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this doesn't make any sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this doesn't make any sense and
+a history teacher told her that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history teacher told her that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history teacher told her that so the
+idea was that this performance speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that this performance speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that this performance speaks
+back to that this was performed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that this was performed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that this was performed in
+Philadelphia and so you can see in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and so you can see in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and so you can see in these
+three different images she's using her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different images she's using her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different images she's using her
+body and different way she's holding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and different way she's holding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and different way she's holding a
+photo of a satellite photo of a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo of a satellite photo of a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo of a satellite photo of a plane
+bombing she created almost a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing she created almost a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing she created almost a little
+memorial and burial for this and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial and burial for this and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial and burial for this and has
+watered it generously and then puts her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watered it generously and then puts her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watered it generously and then puts her
+own body down in this bench that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own body down in this bench that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own body down in this bench that is
+essentially a whispering bench where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a whispering bench where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a whispering bench where if
+she she's sitting at one end and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's sitting at one end and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's sitting at one end and can
+whisper into the corner and the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisper into the corner and the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisper into the corner and the person
+sitting at the other end can hear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the other end can hear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the other end can hear what
+she's saying and one at the bottom is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's saying and one at the bottom is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's saying and one at the bottom is a
+student who performed outside of court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who performed outside of court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who performed outside of court
+she that's at Carnegie Hall up front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she that's at Carnegie Hall up front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she that's at Carnegie Hall up front of
+Carnegie Hall and symbolically speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie Hall and symbolically speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie Hall and symbolically speaking
+to a death in her family but also her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a death in her family but also her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a death in her family but also her
+own musical aspirations and the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own musical aspirations and the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own musical aspirations and the way in
+which there's they relate to her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's they relate to her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's they relate to her own
+life but also she was equated it to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but also she was equated it to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but also she was equated it to to
+gun violence and so she was cleaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun violence and so she was cleaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun violence and so she was cleaning the
+clarinet and you puts it in this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinet and you puts it in this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinet and you puts it in this case in
+very in various ways that make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in various ways that make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in various ways that make you
+they suggest is this a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suggest is this a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suggest is this a musical
+instrument or is it an implement for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument or is it an implement for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument or is it an implement for an
+instrument of killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument of killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument of killing
+so these are some outgrowths from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some outgrowths from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some outgrowths from that
+quick assignment that we did so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick assignment that we did so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick assignment that we did so in
+summary we you could engage learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary we you could engage learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary we you could engage learners
+like we've done today in any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done today in any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done today in any of these
+ways or you could do boring stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or you could do boring stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or you could do boring stuff it's
+really up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WPuDh61Lkpg.txt b/WPuDh61Lkpg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13e0345a99cadc62bc649c115273244dd05e3455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WPuDh61Lkpg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16549 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last
+time we talked about what corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about what corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about what corresponding
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um to us to a fundamental to external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to us to a fundamental to external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to us to a fundamental to external
+fundamental quock in Ang for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quock in Ang for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quock in Ang for y
+Ser so the way we did this was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser so the way we did this was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser so the way we did this was by
+um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider M plus one this re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider M plus one this re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider M plus one this re
+brain then you separate one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them you separate one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you separate one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you separate one of
+them and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider one string connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider one string connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider one string connect
+between then you connecting then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between then you connecting then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between then you connecting then you can
+see that the open string connect between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the open string connect between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the open string connect between
+this n and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n and this
+one and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and such
+object from the point of view be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from the point of view be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from the point of view be because
+this end have a unique index and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end have a unique index and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end have a unique index and this
+end have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end have
+indices so so this will transform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so so this will transform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so so this will transform on the
+fundamental representation uh of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental representation uh of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental representation uh of this uh
+suum because when you're reshuffling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suum because when you're reshuffling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suum because when you're reshuffling
+when you uh reshuffling the indices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh reshuffling the indices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh reshuffling the indices of
+this end and this will transform as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end and this will transform as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end and this will transform as a
+vector because there only only one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector because there only only one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector because there only only one end
+uh uh ending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ending on
+it so so so this is the Fielder picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so so this is the Fielder picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so so this is the Fielder picture
+then in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the gravity
+picture when you go to ads so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when you go to ads so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when you go to ads so when you
+take the low energ limit in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the low energ limit in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the low energ limit in the gravity
+side then this m braan just disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this emban disappeared and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this emban disappeared and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this emban disappeared and then you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+boundary say I equal to infinity or zal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary say I equal to infinity or zal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary say I equal to infinity or zal
+to zero and then you find in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and then you find in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and then you find in the
+suitable L the single brain Still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable L the single brain Still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable L the single brain Still
+Remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and then this string become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then this string become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then this string become a
+string just ending on this brain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string just ending on this brain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string just ending on this brain but
+extend all the way to I equal to INF all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend all the way to I equal to INF all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend all the way to I equal to INF all
+the way to I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to I equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to I equal to
+zero okay because all the now the nend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay because all the now the nend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay because all the now the nend
+this rbr not disappeared that replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rbr not disappeared that replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rbr not disappeared that replaced
+by the geometry so now now what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the geometry so now now what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the geometry so now now what you find
+is that in the gravity side this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the gravity side this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the gravity side this just
+become a single D brain single D3 brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a single D brain single D3 brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a single D brain single D3 brain
+ning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ning in the
+ads5 okay n in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 okay n in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 okay n in the
+ads5 and with one point on S5 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 and with one point on S5 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 and with one point on S5 so it
+depend on the direction so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the direction so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the direction so this will be
+extended in some some direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in some some direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in some some direction in the
+transverse direction to the this rebrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction to the this rebrin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction to the this rebrin
+and so that direction determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that direction determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that direction determines the
+point on the S5 so we lying on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the S5 so we lying on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the S5 so we lying on the
+single point on the S S5 and the and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point on the S S5 and the and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point on the S S5 and the and all
+the three dimension uh and and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three dimension uh and and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three dimension uh and and all the
+spatial Dimension is parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Dimension is parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Dimension is parallel to the
+boundary Direction okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary Direction okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary Direction okay this is the
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+good and now if we want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and now if we want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and now if we want to consider
+external quar which have infinite mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external quar which have infinite mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external quar which have infinite mass
+then you want to put this brain to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to put this brain to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to put this brain to the
+boundary because the mass of this quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary because the mass of this quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary because the mass of this quar
+is controlled by the lens so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled by the lens so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled by the lens so you want
+this lens go to Infinity then you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lens go to Infinity then you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lens go to Infinity then you put it
+to the boundary and uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary and uh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary and uh um yeah
+essentially uh uh so so that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh uh so so that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh uh so so that tells you
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+um so that tells you so uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that tells you so uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that tells you so uh so this
+picture tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture tells
+you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh exal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in then is mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a string ending on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a string ending on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a string ending on the boundary
+okay a string ending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a string ending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a string ending on the
+boundary do you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary do you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary do you have any questions
+regarding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture and the mass of the string as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the mass of the string as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the mass of the string as we
+discussed before either from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before either from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before either from this
+picture uh uh uh the mass of the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+lens ided by 2 pi 2 pi Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens ided by 2 pi 2 pi Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens ided by 2 pi 2 pi Alpha
+Prime and this Mass get inherited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this Mass get inherited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and this Mass get inherited to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture and then you can check it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then you can check it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then you can check it as a
+sale consistency check that the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale consistency check that the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale consistency check that the straight
+string extend all the way say from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string extend all the way say from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string extend all the way say from some
+radius from some location R to the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius from some location R to the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius from some location R to the r
+equal to zero and precisely have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and precisely have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and precisely have this
+Mass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so as we said before if you say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so as we said before if you say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so as we said before if you say in
+ordinary cug the if you take external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cug the if you take external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cug the if you take external
+quock say mve in the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock say mve in the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock say mve in the fundamental
+representation and when you parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and when you parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and when you parallel
+transport that quock say along some Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that quock say along some Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that quock say along some Loop
+then you get the Wilson Loop okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the Wilson Loop okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the Wilson Loop okay then
+you get the wi Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the wi Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the wi Loop
+but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this
+case the parallel transport of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quar of such an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock actually give something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock actually give something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock actually give something which is
+slightly different from the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the standard
+Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson
+Loop so the standard w is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following is the you take the Chas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is the you take the Chas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is the you take the Chas you
+pass order and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass order and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass order and the
+exponential say I a mu say say supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential say I a mu say say supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential say I a mu say say supposed
+say s parameterize the path uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say s parameterize the path uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say s parameterize the path uh the
+length along the path and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length along the path and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length along the path and then you have
+a mu then you have DX mu DS okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mu then you have DX mu DS okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mu then you have DX mu DS okay so this
+is the standard we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the standard we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the standard we
+noop but in this case actually you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noop but in this case actually you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noop but in this case actually you have
+something more in the exponential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more in the exponential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more in the exponential for
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason so if you think so in the in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so if you think so in the in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so if you think so in the in for
+Theory you not only have a gaug field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory you not only have a gaug field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory you not only have a gaug field
+you also have a scalar field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a scalar field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a scalar field and the
+scaler field essentially parameterize as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field essentially parameterize as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field essentially parameterize as
+we said before the scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said before the scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said before the scalar field
+parameterize uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize uh uh the
+external the fluctuation in the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external the fluctuation in the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external the fluctuation in the external
+in the in the transverse direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the transverse direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the transverse direction of
+the D bra okay so now if you imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D bra okay so now if you imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D bra okay so now if you imagine you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+string ending on such deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string ending on such deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string ending on such deep
+brains just by mechanical thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains just by mechanical thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains just by mechanical thinking
+really mechanical thinking if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mechanical thinking if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mechanical thinking if you have
+something ending on the de brain and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ending on the de brain and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ending on the de brain and if
+this thing have a mass and it got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing have a mass and it got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing have a mass and it got to
+pull this de brain okay in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this de brain okay in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this de brain okay in in the in the
+direction because this thing have a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because this thing have a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because this thing have a f
+tension so it want to pull the de brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension so it want to pull the de brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension so it want to pull the de brain
+so so that means that the uh the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that means that the uh the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that means that the uh the string
+actually will deform the the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will deform the the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will deform the the shape of
+the debring around the ending point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debring around the ending point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debring around the ending point so
+what that means is that the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that the uh the
+string should couple to the scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string should couple to the scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string should couple to the scal of
+field on the de brain okay such open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the de brain okay such open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the de brain okay such open
+string should couple to the scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string should couple to the scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string should couple to the scal of
+field on the de brain the scal of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the de brain the scal of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the de brain the scal of field
+parameterize the transverse Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the transverse Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the transverse Direction
+the transverse motion and and the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse motion and and the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse motion and and the string
+should pull the uh the D brain so this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pull the uh the D brain so this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pull the uh the D brain so this D
+brain got to carple to the so this U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain got to carple to the so this U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain got to carple to the so this U so
+this open string got to cover to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open string got to cover to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open string got to cover to the
+scaler field okay so this is a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field okay so this is a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field okay so this is a rough
+intuition but you can work out work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but you can work out work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but you can work out work out
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+explicitly you you you just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly you you you just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly you you you just take this
+series so so this is Su and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so so this is Su and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so so this is Su and Y
+Ser n plus y y the and then you break to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser n plus y y the and then you break to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser n plus y y the and then you break to
+s n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U1 so this open string corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 so this open string corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 so this open string corresponding to
+the off diagonal de Freedom when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal de Freedom when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal de Freedom when you do
+this breaking and between the n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this breaking and between the n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this breaking and between the n and the
+one and the a corresponding to explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the a corresponding to explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the a corresponding to explicit
+field in this Theory and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in this Theory and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in this Theory and you can just
+work out the dynamic of that field you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the dynamic of that field you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the dynamic of that field you
+can easily check that actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily check that actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily check that actually this
+coupl to that scal of field I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupl to that scal of field I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupl to that scal of field I will not
+go into detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into detail
+there but you can work out the workcity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you can work out the workcity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you can work out the workcity
+okay so so the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the bottom
+line is that such a object will not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that such a object will not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that such a object will not only
+coup to the gauge field but also couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coup to the gauge field but also couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coup to the gauge field but also couple
+to the scer field and if you work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the scer field and if you work it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the scer field and if you work it out
+explicitly uh uh it cou to the scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh uh it cou to the scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh uh it cou to the scaler
+field in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the following
+way so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so let me just
+so let me denote the five so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me denote the five so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me denote the five so you have
+six scalar fields and let me denote them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six scalar fields and let me denote them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six scalar fields and let me denote them
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+okay yeah so now now let me explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so now now let me explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so now now let me explain this
+notation so this n essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so this n essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so this n essentially the
+direction of the string so this will so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the string so this will so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the string so this will so
+N is a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+S5 which is the location of that de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 which is the location of that de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 which is the location of that de
+brain okay which is label the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay which is label the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay which is label the location
+of this de brain is5 because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this de brain is5 because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this de brain is5 because it's in
+some transverse Direction okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transverse Direction okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transverse Direction okay and the
+five is just the the six scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field uh uh which I write the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh uh which I write the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh uh which I write the vector
+field of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for okay and then do x s is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay and then do x s is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay and then do x s is just the
+just the modulus of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the modulus of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the modulus of this guy
+okay do you have any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you have any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you have any questions on this
+so now because this is the we Noob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now because this is the we Noob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now because this is the we Noob
+corresponding to such a string such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to such a string such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to such a string such a
+external clock and then and then uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external clock and then and then uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external clock and then and then uh uh
+and actually uh when we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh when we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh when we consider the
+stream Dynamics on the gravity side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream Dynamics on the gravity side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream Dynamics on the gravity side that
+will related to the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will related to the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will related to the expectation value
+for example of this wheel n okay not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example of this wheel n okay not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example of this wheel n okay not the
+standard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock Traverse some groups uh Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock Traverse some groups uh Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock Traverse some groups uh Traverse
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+traverses some part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverses some part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverses some part
+C some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C some new
+C on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we'll make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll make two
+statements and from these two statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and from these two statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and from these two statement
+then we will be able to guess what the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will be able to guess what the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will be able to guess what the W
+no will corresponding to on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no will corresponding to on the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no will corresponding to on the gravity
+side okay so so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so so the first
+statement is that this quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so the loop formed by this quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so the loop formed by this quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so the loop formed by this quar
+trajectory there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory there must
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corresponding string W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet okay so let me quote this sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay so let me quote this sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay so let me quote this sheet
+Sigma okay so in other words that c must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay so in other words that c must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay so in other words that c must
+be corresponding to the boundary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be corresponding to the boundary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be corresponding to the boundary of the
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement is that the V Loop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that the V Loop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that the V Loop the
+expectation value of the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the V
+Loop so this can be considered as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop so this can be considered as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop so this can be considered as the
+partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of this quock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay so you can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can think about the
+expectation value of the wion loop as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the wion loop as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the wion loop as
+the following so you take the quark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following so you take the quark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following so you take the quark and
+write down the path integral for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the path integral for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the path integral for this
+quock along uh yeah right down the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock along uh yeah right down the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock along uh yeah right down the path
+uh uh of the quar along this noop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of the quar along this noop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of the quar along this noop and
+then uh um yeah just integrate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh um yeah just integrate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh um yeah just integrate all
+possible uh um yeah just integrate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh um yeah just integrate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh um yeah just integrate all
+the Dynamics of the quock and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the quock and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the quock and then and
+then what you remaining would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you remaining would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you remaining would be just
+the uh um yeah it's this whe n okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh um yeah it's this whe n okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh um yeah it's this whe n okay so
+uh so you can just imagine uh this W no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can just imagine uh this W no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can just imagine uh this W no
+corresponding to the partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the partition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the partition function
+of this quk system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now from from our experience with Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now from from our experience with Str
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now from from our experience with Str
+Ser with The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser with The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser with The
+Duality now we can just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality now we can just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality now we can just make a
+guess we can just make a guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we can just make a guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we can just make a guess because
+we always identify one partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always identify one partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always identify one partition
+function with the other partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the other partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the other partition
+function they should be the same object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they should be the same object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they should be the same object
+so now we just we should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we just we should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we just we should be able to
+identify the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the expectation value of the
+Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop this is the stream par function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop this is the stream par function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop this is the stream par function of
+this particular string which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular string which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular string which
+ending at the boundary the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at the boundary the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at the boundary the stream
+partition function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who whose work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who whose work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who whose work
+sheets ending at the boundary as uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets ending at the boundary as uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets ending at the boundary as uh uh
+uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+okay so so this is the just you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the just you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the just you can
+just's make a Lal guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you have any questions regarding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so now let me say a few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now let me say a few words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now let me say a few words about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so supposing it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so supposing it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so supposing it's just
+parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say x say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x say
+m Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Sigma
+Alpha to parameterize the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet say say Sigma Alpha is the W sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet say say Sigma Alpha is the W sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet say say Sigma Alpha is the W sheet
+coordinates and XM are the coordinate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and XM are the coordinate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and XM are the coordinate on
+the ads in the ads and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ads in the ads and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ads in the ads and then and then
+this parameterize the a stream moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameterize the a stream moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameterize the a stream moving
+ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the stream partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function you can just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can just write it
+as DX you integrate over all POS X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DX you integrate over all POS X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DX you integrate over all POS X and
+then the string uh uh the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the string uh uh the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the string uh uh the string
+action with the boundary condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action with the boundary condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action with the boundary condition that
+the the W sheet of the boundary should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the W sheet of the boundary should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the W sheet of the boundary should
+ending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on
+C okay so so this essentially the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so so this essentially the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so so this essentially the right
+hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so according to your convenience you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so according to your convenience you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so according to your convenience you can
+either choose the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either choose the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either choose the string
+action say to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action say to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action say to be
+loto or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poov as you want okay or po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poov as you want okay or po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poov as you want okay or po
+C for example let me just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for example let me just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for example let me just write down the
+remind you what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what is the
+lambot for the lambug goo you just 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambot for the lambug goo you just 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambot for the lambug goo you just 2 pi
+Alpha Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time letter H and H is the induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time letter H and H is the induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time letter H and H is the induced
+matric on the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet okay H is induced maging on Bo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay H is induced maging on Bo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay H is induced maging on Bo
+sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so uh so now we we have a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so now we we have a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so now we we have a precise
+so in principle we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle we have a
+precise mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise mathematical
+formulation we can work with then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation we can work with then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation we can work with then you
+can check whether this proposal makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check whether this proposal makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check whether this proposal makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ETA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay of course again this object is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course again this object is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course again this object is very
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+calculate yeah I should say uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate yeah I should say uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate yeah I should say uh uh uh uh
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+you may also include the fans depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also include the fans depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also include the fans depend on
+the super string that you may have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super string that you may have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super string that you may have other
+things but this is the most basic object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again this object are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again this object are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again this object are in
+principle very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate but then become simple if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate but then become simple if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate but then become simple if we
+consider the G string goes to zero limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the G string goes to zero limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the G string goes to zero limit
+and Alpha Prime goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha Prime goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha Prime goes to zero
+limit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit okay
+so in the g string goes to zero limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the g string goes to zero limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the g string goes to zero limit
+you remember then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember then we can
+neglect a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect a different
+topologies you you you can just uh stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologies you you you can just uh stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologies you you you can just uh stick
+to the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topology so in other words you can when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so in other words you can when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so in other words you can when
+g string goes to zero you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g string goes to zero you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g string goes to zero you can
+nect splitting of the string splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nect splitting of the string splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nect splitting of the string splitting
+or joining of the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can just consider the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can just consider the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can just consider the the
+worksheet with the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topology and in Alpha Prime go zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology and in Alpha Prime go zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology and in Alpha Prime go zero
+limit so Alpha Prime appears as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so Alpha Prime appears as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so Alpha Prime appears as
+prefactor one of alpha Prime appears as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor one of alpha Prime appears as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor one of alpha Prime appears as
+the preactor in this war sheet Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preactor in this war sheet Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preactor in this war sheet Theory
+whether you do the poop or you do the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do the poop or you do the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do the poop or you do the L
+go is the same thing so so Alpha Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is the same thing so so Alpha Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is the same thing so so Alpha Prime
+essentially place the coing constant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially place the coing constant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially place the coing constant on
+the W sheet okay so the alpha Prime goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W sheet okay so the alpha Prime goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W sheet okay so the alpha Prime goes
+to zero limit so the so Alpha Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero limit so the so Alpha Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero limit so the so Alpha Prime is
+essentially the H bar on the W sheet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the H bar on the W sheet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the H bar on the W sheet is
+the effective H bar on W sheet okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective H bar on W sheet okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective H bar on W sheet okay so
+so when Alpha Prime goes to zero you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluate then the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral just like in the in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral just like in the in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral just like in the in the gravity
+formulation we can evaluate the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation we can evaluate the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation we can evaluate the path
+integral when the G Newton goes zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral when the G Newton goes zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral when the G Newton goes zero so
+here we can evaluate path integral using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can evaluate path integral using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can evaluate path integral using
+the CLE Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation the side point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the side point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the side point
+okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+means so this is equity implies us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so this is equity implies us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so this is equity implies us the
+set point expression essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set point expression essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set point expression essentially just
+evaluate the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the classical
+action okay just find the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay just find the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay just find the classical
+solution classical Sol uh classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution classical Sol uh classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution classical Sol uh classical
+string solution and then uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string solution and then uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string solution and then uh and then
+evaluate the action on that classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the action on that classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the action on that classical
+solution and so this is corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neglecting fluctuation of the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay
+so as I said this Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said this Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said this Alpha
+Prime appears in the Vol action just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime appears in the Vol action just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime appears in the Vol action just as
+the place which is uh the H bar appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place which is uh the H bar appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place which is uh the H bar appears
+and so when you take Alpha Prime go zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you take Alpha Prime go zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you take Alpha Prime go zero
+limit then corresponding to you neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit then corresponding to you neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit then corresponding to you neglect
+the fluctuation of the war sheet then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuation of the war sheet then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuation of the war sheet then
+you can just consider the classical a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just consider the classical a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just consider the classical a
+string uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string uh
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+okay then in this limit then we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then in this limit then we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then in this limit then we can do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+easily so that means in the g string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so that means in the g string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so that means in the g string
+goes zero limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes zero limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes zero limit
+and Alpha Prime goes to the limit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha Prime goes to the limit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha Prime goes to the limit which
+again translate on the gra on the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again translate on the gra on the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again translate on the gra on the field
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+side to the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the in
+infinity and the Lambda goes Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and the Lambda goes Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and the Lambda goes Infinity
+limit then we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the expectation value of the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expectation value of the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expectation value of the W
+noop just as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classical the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the classical
+action the action for the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the action for the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the action for the stream
+evaluate as a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SC is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluated at a classical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so essentially you have just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you have just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you have just have a
+rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worksheet any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so now we can talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now we can talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now we can talk about some
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example you said let's just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you said let's just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you said let's just consider
+static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock okay static clock does not move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock okay static clock does not move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock okay static clock does not move so
+if this is a Time Direction then the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a Time Direction then the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a Time Direction then the w
+nine of the quock is just the a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine of the quock is just the a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine of the quock is just the a straight
+line moving in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line moving in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line moving in the time
+Direction okay and say from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and say from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and say from minus
+infinity to plus infinity and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity and then you
+can imagine close the loop at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine close the loop at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine close the loop at Infinity
+anyway uh this is just a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh this is just a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh this is just a straight line
+okay so this is a simply situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a simply situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a simply situation and
+so let me uh level is convenient to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh level is convenient to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh level is convenient to give
+a lens to this uh line in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens to this uh line in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens to this uh line in the time
+Direction so they we call the total lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so they we call the total lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so they we call the total lens
+is T capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then then without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then then without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then then without
+calculating then essentially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating then essentially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating then essentially by
+definition the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the expectation value of the
+W and loop will should be just minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and loop will should be just minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and loop will should be just minus
+IMT okay so this is just the so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMT okay so this is just the so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMT okay so this is just the so this is
+the phase Factor associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase Factor associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase Factor associated with
+transport this thing and the uh the quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this thing and the uh the quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this thing and the uh the quar
+does not move and the m is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not move and the m is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not move and the m is the total
+energy of the quar the mass of the Quack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the quar the mass of the Quack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the quar the mass of the Quack
+and then you just have the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just have the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just have the standard
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's try to calculate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to calculate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to calculate on the
+gravity side okay now let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side okay now let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side okay now let's try to
+calculate what is the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the corresponding
+object to this on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side so I will use the uh so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I will use the uh so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I will use the uh so now let me
+just remind you the the ads uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matric so we can use the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric so we can use the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric so we can use the two different
+way say whether using this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate or using this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates and they're related by very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they're related by very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they're related by very
+simple coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just one over remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so on the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so on the gravity
+side so let's now draw our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so let's now draw our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so let's now draw our
+boundary so this is I equal to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so this is I equal to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so this is I equal to infinity
+or Z equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Z equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Z equal to
+zero okay so so the r increase in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so so the r increase in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so so the r increase in this
+direction and Z increase in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and Z increase in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and Z increase in that
+direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so such object on the gravity side just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such object on the gravity side just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such object on the gravity side just
+from the description we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the description we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the description we said
+earlier which just corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier which just corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier which just corresponding to a
+string does not move at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string does not move at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string does not move at
+all extends from the boundary all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all extends from the boundary all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all extends from the boundary all the
+way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the
+interior okay and because this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior okay and because this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior okay and because this is just a
+single qu does not move this is just our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single qu does not move this is just our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single qu does not move this is just our
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture Okay so so let's just uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Okay so so let's just uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Okay so so let's just uh uh we
+can parameterize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as we discussed before this action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we discussed before this action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we discussed before this action is
+paration rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paration rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paration rep
+reparameterization in varant so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparameterization in varant so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparameterization in varant so that
+means you can choose the sigma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can choose the sigma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can choose the sigma and the
+tow at this two Sigma coordinates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow at this two Sigma coordinates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow at this two Sigma coordinates so
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+Alpha I will call the T and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I will call the T and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I will call the T and the
+sigma so I can choose the T and sigma as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma so I can choose the T and sigma as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma so I can choose the T and sigma as
+we want according to the convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want according to the convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want according to the convenience
+according to the convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the convenience
+so for this one let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose to equal just T at the real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to equal just T at the real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to equal just T at the real space
+time T so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T so that's
+T and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then take the
+sigma along the rad Direction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+okay so this straight string just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this straight string just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this straight string just
+corresponding to the solution which x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TR r equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR r equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR r equal to
+constant so this is a string which does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is a string which does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is a string which does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+move so so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so so the other
+directions uh uh uh is just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh uh uh is just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh uh uh is just a constant
+if you put it as on point it stays there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the obvious solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the obvious solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the obvious solution of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration so you can check this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so you can check this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so you can check this is
+indeed the solution to the L go action I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the solution to the L go action I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the solution to the L go action I
+will not check there because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not check there because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not check there because this is the
+essentially our started with so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially our started with so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially our started with so you can
+immediately tell this must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution okay so now let's now let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so now let's now let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so now let's now let's try
+to find the classical action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the classical action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the classical action
+corresponding to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so so so for this purpose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so so so for this purpose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so so so for this purpose we
+have to work out this induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work out this induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work out this induced
+metric so the EAS so the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric so the EAS so the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric so the EAS so the easiest way to
+work out this reduced Matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out this reduced Matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out this reduced Matrix as
+follows so the the worksheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matric would be H Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric would be H Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric would be H Alpha
+Beta say d Sigma Alpha Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta say d Sigma Alpha Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta say d Sigma Alpha Sigma
+beta okay and H Alpha Beta is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay and H Alpha Beta is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay and H Alpha Beta is given by
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+okay and the easiest way to work out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the easiest way to work out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the easiest way to work out is
+that you just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down the ads Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now you think each T and x and R as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you think each T and x and R as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you think each T and x and R as
+a function of this Sigma T and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of this Sigma T and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of this Sigma T and you just
+substitute that functions in okay so T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that functions in okay so T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that functions in okay so T
+just equal to T So this just become d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square but uh but X is independent of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but uh but X is independent of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but uh but X is independent of T
+and R so so so so when I write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R so so so so when I write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R so so so so when I write the
+SpaceTime coordinate that use x but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime coordinate that use x but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime coordinate that use x but then
+when I write that coordinate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write that coordinate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write that coordinate as a
+function of the W sheet then I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the W sheet then I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the W sheet then I use the
+capital so so this is the just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so so this is the just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so so this is the just to
+emphasize this is the function anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this is the function anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this is the function anyway
+and here I replace by that X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I replace by that X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I replace by that X which is
+independent of XT so there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of XT so there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of XT so there's nothing
+here and now the T the R square become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now the T the R square become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now the T the R square become
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square become Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square become Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square become Sigma
+Square because I just equal to Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because I just equal to Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because I just equal to Sigma and
+and then this is my worksheet Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is my worksheet Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is my worksheet Matrix
+Sigma Square R sare minus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square plus R square Sigma Square D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus R square Sigma Square D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus R square Sigma Square D
+Square D D D D Sigma Square okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square D D D D Sigma Square okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square D D D D Sigma Square okay so this
+is my induced wet matric for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my induced wet matric for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my induced wet matric for this
+special worksheet and you should imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special worksheet and you should imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special worksheet and you should imagine
+there a time Direction which this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a time Direction which this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a time Direction which this string
+just translate in the time Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just translate in the time Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just translate in the time Direction
+that's not moveing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not moveing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not moveing
+okay so now we can easily work out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can easily work out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can easily work out what
+is the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the determinant
+this is diagonal matrix you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is diagonal matrix you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is diagonal matrix you see these
+two cancel so the determinant just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cancel so the determinant just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cancel so the determinant just equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so now we can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so now we can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so now we can write down the
+war sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action let me Erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so the work sheet action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n
+g will be just minus 1 / 2 pi Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g will be just minus 1 / 2 pi Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g will be just minus 1 / 2 pi Alpha
+Prime now the Delta H is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now the Delta H is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now the Delta H is just equal to
+one then I just have integration of DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I just have integration of DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I just have integration of DT
+then I have integration of Dr R because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have integration of Dr R because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have integration of Dr R because
+t equal to T and sigma equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and R should be from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity so this integration of DT just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this integration of DT just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this integration of DT just
+give us a capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and this is
+Divergent okay so so normally uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent okay so so normally uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent okay so so normally uh when we
+see something diverging as we always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just say this is not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say this is not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say this is not at
+Infinity let's put the small cut up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity let's put the small cut up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity let's put the small cut up here
+at IAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at IAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at IAL to
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+okay so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and then this just become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+okay so now if you read from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if you read from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if you read from
+here this should be identified with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this should be identified with w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this should be identified with w
+c i times of that object should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i times of that object should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i times of that object should be
+identified with W C and that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with W C and that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with W C and that should be
+equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+Mt so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclude that the mass must be Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the mass must be Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the mass must be Lambda
+over 2 pi Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime okay but this is actually what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay but this is actually what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay but this is actually what I
+just advertised earlier that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just advertised earlier that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just advertised earlier that you can
+check it explicitly that the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it explicitly that the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it explicitly that the mass of the
+object is precisely just the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is precisely just the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is precisely just the radial
+location divided by r divided by 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location divided by r divided by 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location divided by r divided by 2 pi
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+okay and U uh and I just confirmed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and U uh and I just confirmed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and U uh and I just confirmed that
+expectation okay I just confirm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation so and this is infinite by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Design because I want to have infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design because I want to have infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design because I want to have infinite
+Mass quock so that I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass quock so that I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass quock so that I don't have
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+okay and so so in principle I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so in principle I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so in principle I can take
+Lambda as large as I want but actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda as large as I want but actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda as large as I want but actually I
+can control the Lambda so it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control the Lambda so it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control the Lambda so it actually
+makes sense so physically you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense so physically you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense so physically you should
+think there's some kind of this reing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some kind of this reing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some kind of this reing
+here which I can control the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I can control the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I can control the location
+and in the end I take Lambda go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end I take Lambda go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end I take Lambda go to
+Infinity because I want the mass go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity because I want the mass go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity because I want the mass go to
+infinite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's also instructive to rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also instructive to rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also instructive to rewrite this
+in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z so in terms of the Z and the Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so in terms of the Z and the Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so in terms of the Z and the Z is
+related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+to capital r by this way then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital r by this way then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital r by this way then this
+corresponding to a small thing in Z so Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a small thing in Z so Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a small thing in Z so Z
+will be r s so this corresponding to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be r s so this corresponding to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be r s so this corresponding to C
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Z at Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z at Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z at Epsilon
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon so so we can write this m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so so we can write this m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so so we can write this m in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+Z then equal to become P Pi Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z then equal to become P Pi Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z then equal to become P Pi Alpha
+Prime R s/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon so now let me do one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so now let me do one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so now let me do one more step
+so so as we said before that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so as we said before that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so as we said before that in terms of
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate so you also have checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so you also have checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so you also have checked
+Yourself by doing this holographic Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourself by doing this holographic Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourself by doing this holographic Bond
+EXC so this Epsilon can be considered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC so this Epsilon can be considered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC so this Epsilon can be considered as
+a short distance cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay didn't cut a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay didn't cut a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay didn't cut a
+boundary so this can also be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so this can also be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so this can also be considered
+as the mass of the quock and uh due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mass of the quock and uh due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mass of the quock and uh due to
+that you put some short distance cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put some short distance cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put some short distance cut off
+say say ABS distance away from the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say ABS distance away from the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say ABS distance away from the clock
+okay and so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember remember the dictionary r s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember the dictionary r s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember the dictionary r s
+divided by Alpha Prime is related to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Alpha Prime is related to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Alpha Prime is related to on
+the gravity side to what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity side to what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity side to what do you
+remember yeah yeah let me write the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember yeah yeah let me write the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember yeah yeah let me write the big
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so R to the power 4 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so R to the power 4 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so R to the power 4 divided by
+Alpha Prime Square equal to what equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Prime Square equal to what equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Prime Square equal to what equal
+to Lambda which is the G mu sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n which is G Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is G Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is G Square
+n and then the five dimensional Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then the five dimensional Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then the five dimensional Newton
+constant divided by R Cube that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by R Cube that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by R Cube that is to
+the N so this is I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N so this is I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N so this is I think is
+Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi / 2
+n²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you don't need to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't need to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't need to remember the
+precise prefactors but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise prefactors but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise prefactors but you should
+remember that R square divided by alha P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that R square divided by alha P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that R square divided by alha P
+is related to Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so Lambda is C so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Lambda is C so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Lambda is C so now we can
+rewrite this as square root Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as square root Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as square root Lambda
+ID by 2 pi then one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon so there's something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is said this a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is said this a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is said this a square root
+Lambda okay it's a square root Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay it's a square root Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay it's a square root Lambda
+appearing here and this is a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here and this is a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here and this is a square root
+G squ *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G squ *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G squ *
+n so if you remember in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so if you remember in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so if you remember in the
+QED so if you try to calculate what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QED so if you try to calculate what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QED so if you try to calculate what is
+the sale of energy of the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sale of energy of the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sale of energy of the electron in
+the most naive way so the so electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most naive way so the so electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most naive way so the so electron
+naively have infinite potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively have infinite potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively have infinite potential energy
+because if you go closer to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go closer to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go closer to the electron
+and then the energy will blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the energy will blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the energy will blow
+up and but if you put the small COV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and but if you put the small COV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and but if you put the small COV
+around the electron then what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the electron then what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the electron then what would the
+energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get yeah yeah say say if you put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yeah yeah say say if you put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yeah yeah say say if you put two
+electrons two electrons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you use a lot of electron to prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you use a lot of electron to prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you use a lot of electron to prop
+it then you would get e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you would get e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you would get e
+s okay you would get e square but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay you would get e square but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay you would get e square but here
+interesting thing is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that it's
+proportional to the square root of the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square root of the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square root of the E
+Square okay this is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay this is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay this is proportional to the
+square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the
+squares so so this square root Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so so this square root Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so so this square root Lambda is
+essentially the strong caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prediction we say more about this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we say more about this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction we say more about this uh uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so so we have finished this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so we have finished this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so we have finished this
+simple example seems to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example seems to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example seems to make
+sense okay so so this just corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so this just corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so this just corresponding
+to a mass of the clock so now let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a mass of the clock so now let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a mass of the clock so now let's do
+something a bit Lal a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a bit Lal a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a bit Lal a little bit more
+longval so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longval so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longval so let's consider
+the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antiock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so from the field side we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the field side we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the field side we can see
+the such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration so suppose this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so suppose this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so suppose this is some
+some X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X1
+Direction so this is the time Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is the time Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is the time Direction
+so we consider such a loop so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we consider such a loop so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we consider such a loop so this is
+L in the X1 Direction say this is L /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in the X1 Direction say this is L /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in the X1 Direction say this is L /
+two and this is minus L / 2 and in the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this is minus L / 2 and in the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this is minus L / 2 and in the T
+direction again uh the lens is capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction again uh the lens is capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction again uh the lens is capital T
+okay the length is capital T and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the length is capital T and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the length is capital T and we
+always take the T to be much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take the T to be much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take the T to be much much
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+L okay essentially you can imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay essentially you can imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay essentially you can imagine this
+T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is
+infinite okay so as we mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay so as we mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay so as we mentioned last
+time this is a conf if you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a conf if you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a conf if you can see the
+loop like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop like
+this when the T become much much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when the T become much much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when the T become much much greater
+than L you can forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than L you can forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than L you can forget about the
+beginning part and the end part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning part and the end part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning part and the end part
+essentially you have two parallel line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have two parallel line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have two parallel line
+and the two par line runs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two par line runs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two par line runs in the
+opposite direction in time then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction in time then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction in time then you can
+get you can see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you can see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you can see that this is
+corresponding to a quock this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a quock this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a quock this
+corresponding to anti quock moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to anti quock moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to anti quock moving
+parallel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel in
+time and then this again the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then this again the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then this again the expectation
+value of the Wilson Loop should give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the Wilson Loop should give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the Wilson Loop should give you
+so this is a static system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a static system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a static system okay
+yeah this is a a system with translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a a system with translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a a system with translation
+warant in time if I take T go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant in time if I take T go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warant in time if I take T go to
+infinite okay you can imagine as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay you can imagine as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay you can imagine as a
+translation variant in time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation variant in time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation variant in time and then
+this this translation in time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this translation in time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this translation in time you can
+write it to leing order in not t it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it to leing order in not t it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it to leing order in not t it must
+have the following form just on General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following form just on General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following form just on General
+ground and E total is just the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and E total is just the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and E total is just the total
+energy of the system okay uh just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system okay uh just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system okay uh just in
+Quantum mechanic in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum mechanic in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum mechanic in quantum mechanics
+any translation variant system uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any translation variant system uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any translation variant system uh uh the
+whole thing just minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing just minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing just minus I
+okay and uh and the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and the E
+total should corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total should corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total should corresponding
+to the mass of the two external clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass of the two external clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass of the two external clock
+then plus the potential energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them find the potential energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them find the potential energy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them find the potential energy between
+them okay so if you calculate this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so if you calculate this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so if you calculate this we
+Loop in in say in qcd so that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop in in say in qcd so that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop in in say in qcd so that will give
+you the force between the quar and anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the force between the quar and anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the force between the quar and anti-
+quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ex but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex but in
+general if you have a strong C gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you have a strong C gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you have a strong C gate
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+we don't know how to do such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to do such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to do such a
+calculation okay it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay it's very hard to
+do but in this case equipped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but in this case equipped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but in this case equipped with
+this equi at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this then the gravity will help us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then the gravity will help us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then the gravity will help us to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+calculation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+find V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find V
+L and strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we want to calculate the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to calculate the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to calculate the uh
+uh uh the string work sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the string work sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the string work sheets
+corresponding to such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration do you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration do you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration do you have any questions
+regarding our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setup okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's
+write consider the gravity side again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write consider the gravity side again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write consider the gravity side again
+this is the boundary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ads and now let's imagine this is our x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads and now let's imagine this is our x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads and now let's imagine this is our x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+direction then we have a quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then we have a quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then we have a quar
+here at l/ by two and then have anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at l/ by two and then have anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at l/ by two and then have anti
+quar here at minus l/ by two okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar here at minus l/ by two okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar here at minus l/ by two okay you
+can see these two line is one from quock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these two line is one from quock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these two line is one from quock
+one from anti clock and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from anti clock and now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from anti clock and now this is
+translate in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate in time
+okay so if you so this is the I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you so this is the I equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you so this is the I equal to
+infinity or zal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we just have two isolated qu if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we just have two isolated qu if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we just have two isolated qu if
+each of them isolated then the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them isolated then the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them isolated then the string
+was sheet we just as we said before just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sheet we just as we said before just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sheet we just as we said before just
+two straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two straight
+nine okay just two straight line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay just two straight line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay just two straight line and
+that's corresponding to iated CL uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's corresponding to iated CL uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's corresponding to iated CL uh uh
+but now this two CL can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this two CL can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this two CL can
+interact okay contct so the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact okay contct so the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact okay contct so the natural
+expectation is that this string work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is that this string work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is that this string work
+sheet will get DEF formed and the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet will get DEF formed and the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet will get DEF formed and the L
+expectation that they will just connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that they will just connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that they will just connect
+to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you expect the string waret will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you expect the string waret will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you expect the string waret will
+be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like
+this so if the string waret is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if the string waret is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if the string waret is like this
+that means there's no interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's no interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's no interaction
+between these two clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two clock
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+now if the two string yeah uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the two string yeah uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the two string yeah uh uh uh uh
+so so this is the quark and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the quark and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the quark and this is the
+anti- quar so they should have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- quar so they should have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- quar so they should have all
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+orientation and then and then the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and then and then the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and then and then the string
+War sheet we have orientation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War sheet we have orientation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War sheet we have orientation like this
+so so we'll go off like that so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we'll go off like that so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we'll go off like that so now you
+expect now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect now you
+expect that the war sheet will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the war sheet will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the war sheet will be like
+this okay and again it's translation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and again it's translation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and again it's translation in
+war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in
+time any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time any questions on this
+is this clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so geometrically this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so geometrically this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so geometrically this is the only
+way which this two qu can can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which this two qu can can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which this two qu can can have
+interactions is by joining their War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is by joining their War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is by joining their War
+together so generally we' be doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so generally we' be doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so generally we' be doing the
+path intergral over all closed strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path intergral over all closed strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path intergral over all closed strings
+that have those boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have those boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have those boundary conditions
+sorry open string yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry open string yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry open string yeah that's right
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good okay so now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay so now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay so now with this
+realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the rest become mechanical not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest become mechanical not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest become mechanical not
+quite mechanical with a little bit uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite mechanical with a little bit uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite mechanical with a little bit uh uh
+with a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit
+uh yeah so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so we can
+choose as before tal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T so uh uh so t equal to Infinity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so uh uh so t equal to Infinity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so uh uh so t equal to Infinity so we
+can consider the system translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider the system translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider the system translation
+varant in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so let's choose again tal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's choose again tal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's choose again tal to
+T so we can also choose the sigma still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we can also choose the sigma still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we can also choose the sigma still
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+R but now let me do it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R but now let me do it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R but now let me do it slightly
+differently uh let me do Sigma equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh let me do Sigma equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh let me do Sigma equal to
+X1 so you can do both but just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so you can do both but just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 so you can do both but just to give
+you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+variety let me not choose Sigma equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety let me not choose Sigma equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety let me not choose Sigma equal to
+X1 because X1 direction also become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 because X1 direction also become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 because X1 direction also become
+non-al okay let me choose s with X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-al okay let me choose s with X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-al okay let me choose s with X1 and
+then this work sheet then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this work sheet then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this work sheet then it's
+parametrized just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized just by
+Z which is only a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is only a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is only a function of
+Sigma okay so Sigma runs from M half L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay so Sigma runs from M half L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay so Sigma runs from M half L
+to L and Z then this string will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L and Z then this string will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L and Z then this string will be
+parameterized by some function Z as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by some function Z as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by some function Z as a
+function of Sigma and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Sigma and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Sigma and because the
+translation variance you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation variance you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation variance you cannot have
+dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on
+t Okay cannot have dependence on T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay cannot have dependence on T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay cannot have dependence on T and
+also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+other all the other directions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all the other directions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all the other directions are not
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+they should be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant because they uh because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because they uh because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because they uh because they're
+not moving in the other directions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving in the other directions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving in the other directions so
+they should be just constant okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be just constant okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be just constant okay so the
+long so the only longval thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so the only longval thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so the only longval thing will be
+in the X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Y
+Direction you can also choose the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you can also choose the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you can also choose the sigma
+to be Z and then then X1 then will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Z and then then X1 then will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Z and then then X1 then will be a
+function of Z then the X1 will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z then the X1 will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z then the X1 will be a
+function of Sigma you can do it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Sigma you can do it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Sigma you can do it either
+way doesn't matter okay so the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way doesn't matter okay so the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way doesn't matter okay so the boundary
+condition would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition would be
+Z when you evaluate at plus minus 12 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z when you evaluate at plus minus 12 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z when you evaluate at plus minus 12 L
+then this of course should be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this of course should be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this of course should be at the
+boundary so you should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so you should be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so you should be equal to
+zero so this is the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is the boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is the boundary condition
+that this starting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary okay so now let's try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay so now let's try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay so now let's try to write
+down the w sheeet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the w sheeet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the w sheeet
+action okay let's try to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay let's try to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay let's try to write down the
+warsh matric yeah under the wet action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warsh matric yeah under the wet action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warsh matric yeah under the wet action
+so the war sheet the metric is again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the war sheet the metric is again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the war sheet the metric is again as
+what uh what we were doing before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what we were doing before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what we were doing before you
+can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write
+down I = to Z ² minus DT 2+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I = to Z ² minus DT 2+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I = to Z ² minus DT 2+
+DX squ plus DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX squ plus DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX squ plus DZ
+s okay so now tal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so now tal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so now tal to
+T So DT Square just become d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and the dx1 square just become D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and the dx1 square just become D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and the dx1 square just become D
+Sigma square and the others we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square and the others we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square and the others we don't
+need to care so this just be become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to care so this just be become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to care so this just be become the
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and Z is a function of Sigma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and Z is a function of Sigma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and Z is a function of Sigma so
+this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just
+become Z Prime Sigma Square D Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Z Prime Sigma Square D Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Z Prime Sigma Square D Sigma
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+okay and then you just find this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you just find this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you just find this is
+equal to r sare z sare d d square plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to r sare z sare d d square plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to r sare z sare d d square plus 1
++ z Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ z Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ z Prime
+squ dma squ okay so this is the induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ dma squ okay so this is the induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ dma squ okay so this is the induced
+matric on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric on the
+worksheet and then you can now write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet and then you can now write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheet and then you can now write
+down the lamb goo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action so just one over 2 pi Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so just one over 2 pi Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so just one over 2 pi Alpha
+Prime D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime D2
+Sigma and then you take the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then you take the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then you take the determinant
+of this Matrix which is easy to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix which is easy to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix which is easy to do you
+get r sare factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get r sare factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get r sare factor
+out and then you get one / d square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just square root 1 + D Prime squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just square root 1 + D Prime squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just square root 1 + D Prime squ
+okay so this is the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant okay so we can do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay so we can do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay so we can do a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+massage so this this D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage so this this D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage so this this D2
+Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is
+DT D Sigma and sigma is from minus L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT D Sigma and sigma is from minus L to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT D Sigma and sigma is from minus L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L because this is the sigma is X1 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L because this is the sigma is X1 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L because this is the sigma is X1 from
+minus L to 12 L okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L to 12 L okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L to 12 L okay
+so first and last depend on T so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first and last depend on T so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first and last depend on T so we can
+just replace it by by factor of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace it by by factor of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace it by by factor of capital
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+okay and obviously this system have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and obviously this system have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and obviously this system have
+symmetry between the between the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry between the between the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry between the between the X and
+the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+X okay and then I can just choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and then I can just choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and then I can just choose the
+integration from half of it I do it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration from half of it I do it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration from half of it I do it from
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+to L IDE by two and then I eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L IDE by two and then I eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L IDE by two and then I eliminate the
+two on the downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my
+action then then what they I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action then then what they I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action then then what they I need to do
+is they I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extremize this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremize this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremize this is
+action respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action respect
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma then you find then you solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma then you find then you solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma then you find then you solve for
+this Sigma which satisfy the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sigma which satisfy the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sigma which satisfy the boundary
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+and then find solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the sigma and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sigma and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sigma and then
+find S classical action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this
+reduce to freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to freshman
+problem literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem literally
+little cute freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so which which is actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so which which is actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so which which is actually quite
+fun to do with a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to do with a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to do with a little bit
+twist this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twist so do you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist so do you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist so do you want to do it
+immediately or do you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately or do you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately or do you want to have a
+break okay so now let's try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so now let's try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so now let's try to do this
+try to do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do this so
+first just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just we
+expect just by consistency we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect just by consistency we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect just by consistency we expect
+this thing must be Divergent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing must be Divergent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing must be Divergent okay
+because this contains 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this contains 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this contains 2
+m but 2 m in our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m but 2 m in our set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m but 2 m in our set
+up if you start something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you start something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you start something from the
+boundary and the m is infinite and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the m is infinite and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the m is infinite and then
+we would expect this thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect this thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect this thing to be
+Divergent okay we we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent okay we we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent okay we we would expect
+something to be Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be Divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be Divergent
+and indeed you see the dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed you see the dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed you see the dangerous
+thing is said when the approach when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is said when the approach when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is said when the approach when the
+sigma approach l/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma approach l/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma approach l/
+two then you have one/ d square here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then you have one/ d square here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then you have one/ d square here and
+at Z one/ two L over two this is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z one/ two L over two this is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z one/ two L over two this is zero so
+there is some potential Divergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some potential Divergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some potential Divergence is
+here okay but of course you we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but of course you we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but of course you we all have
+to look at the behavior of this term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the behavior of this term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the behavior of this term but
+at least you see there is some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you see there is some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you see there is some potential
+Divergence here and this is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence here and this is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence here and this is expected
+because we know that the uh uh this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that the uh uh this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that the uh uh this must
+contain the 2 m and if this whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the 2 m and if this whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the 2 m and if this whole story
+is consistent there must be a Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent there must be a Divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent there must be a Divergent
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so let us just uh uh uh write with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let us just uh uh uh write with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let us just uh uh uh write with
+that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+mind so let me just substract the 2 Mt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so let me just substract the 2 Mt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so let me just substract the 2 Mt
+from here so this uh uh so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so this uh uh so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so this uh uh so so this
+supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus i e total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i e total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i e total
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation we would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we would write
+VL so now again I replace the R R square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL so now again I replace the R R square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL so now again I replace the R R square
+divid by Alpha Prime by square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid by Alpha Prime by square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid by Alpha Prime by square root
+Lambda so I will have square root Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi then L IDE by 2 D Sigma 1 / z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi then L IDE by 2 D Sigma 1 / z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi then L IDE by 2 D Sigma 1 / z
+s 1 + z Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 1 + z Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 1 + z Prime
+squ and the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and the minus
+now one over Epsilon okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one over Epsilon okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one over Epsilon okay because the
+price the m is just square root piid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the m is just square root piid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the m is just square root piid by
+square root LDA ID Pi * 1 Epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root LDA ID Pi * 1 Epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root LDA ID Pi * 1 Epsilon okay
+so I take out this factor and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take out this factor and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take out this factor and so we
+expect the V just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if this
+guess we have said earlier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we have said earlier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we have said earlier is
+correct that the uh the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that the uh the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that the uh the partition
+function of the the wilon noop should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the the wilon noop should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the the wilon noop should be
+related to the partition function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the partition function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the partition function of the
+string and then reduced to a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and then reduced to a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and then reduced to a classical
+action EXC if that idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action EXC if that idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action EXC if that idea is
+right this we should find by self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this we should find by self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this we should find by self
+consistency that this thing should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency that this thing should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency that this thing should be
+finite okay this thing should be finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite okay this thing should be finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite okay this thing should be finite
+and uh should also be negative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh should also be negative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh should also be negative because
+the quark and antiquark have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark and antiquark have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark and antiquark have
+um um attractive Force so would so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um attractive Force so would so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um attractive Force so would so so we
+should find this to be finite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find this to be finite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find this to be finite and
+negative you see this guy is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you see this guy is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you see this guy is actually
+positive and no matter what is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and no matter what is the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and no matter what is the Z
+this guy is actually positive so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is actually positive so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is actually positive so that
+means that this guy must be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this guy must be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this guy must be smaller than
+one over Epsilon and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Epsilon and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Epsilon and so you get
+something negative okay so this guy must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something negative okay so this guy must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something negative okay so this guy must
+be some one Epson matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something okay so now let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so now let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so now let me call this
+to be my Lin so so now we have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my Lin so so now we have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my Lin so so now we have to do a
+small variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem uh yeah yeah yeah let me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh yeah yeah yeah let me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh yeah yeah yeah let me not
+confused by that L let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by that L let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by that L let me call this
+script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script
+l so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is my
+nring and so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nring and so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nring and so I can
+choose this is a a one dimensional lrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this is a a one dimensional lrin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this is a a one dimensional lrin
+problem and this LR does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and this LR does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and this LR does not depend on
+Sigma okay so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay so if the
+and we treat the sigma as time so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we treat the sigma as time so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we treat the sigma as time so this
+is like a one dimensional problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a one dimensional problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a one dimensional problem with
+the sigma as time so if the L does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma as time so if the L does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma as time so if the L does not
+depend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend the
+time what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what's going to
+happen exactly the energy is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen exactly the energy is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen exactly the energy is conserved
+energy is conserved so we can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is conserved so we can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is conserved so we can write down
+the energy corespond to this guy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy corespond to this guy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy corespond to this guy then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is z
+Prime Pi Z minus l so this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Pi Z minus l so this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Pi Z minus l so this must be
+constant and the pi Z just the a canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the pi Z just the a canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the pi Z just the a canonic
+momentum conjugate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so all this is very Elementary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all this is very Elementary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all this is very Elementary you
+can immediately write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately write down this
+equation this one over D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ okay so you find the pi you plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so you find the pi you plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so you find the pi you plug it
+here then you find this equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you find this equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you find this equation this
+equation just become that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's try to parameterize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to parameterize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to parameterize this
+constant so the way to do it is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the way to do it is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the way to do it is just
+look for the special point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the special point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the special point on the
+trajectory so the special point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so the special point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so the special point on the
+trajectory is this point by symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is this point by symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is this point by symmetry
+should correspond to Sigma equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should correspond to Sigma equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should correspond to Sigma equal to
+zero so this point should correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this point should correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this point should correspond to
+Sigma equal to zero and so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma equal to zero and so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma equal to zero and so let me call
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+z0 so this is essentially how deep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so this is essentially how deep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so this is essentially how deep this
+string going into the uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string going into the uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string going into the uh into the
+bo so let's call that to be z z so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo so let's call that to be z z so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo so let's call that to be z z so it's
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+at at Sigma equal to zero the Z Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Sigma equal to zero the Z Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Sigma equal to zero the Z Prime
+should be equal to zero so I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to zero so I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to zero so I can just
+call this so this should be just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this so this should be just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this so this should be just equal
+to 1/ z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/ z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/ z0
+squ okay should be one z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay should be one z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay should be one z0
+squ and then you can just immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then you can just immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then you can just immediately
+rewrite this as ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as ordinary
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so now you can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so now you can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so now you can immediately
+integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay and uh um say uh uh Z zero is found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determined by the boundary condition by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the boundary condition by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the boundary condition by
+requiring the L equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring the L equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring the L equal to zero
+okay so I will not do it here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will not do it here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will not do it here but you
+can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it
+in in 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 30
+seconds uh uh to find the Z zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds uh uh to find the Z zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds uh uh to find the Z zero you
+actually don't need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to actually
+integrate this equation this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this equation this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this equation this is a simple
+trick to do it anyway so uh so uh so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to do it anyway so uh so uh so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to do it anyway so uh so uh so let
+me just write down the answer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write down the answer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write down the answer you can
+find the z0 equal to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the z0 equal to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the z0 equal to l
+is proportional to L and then sare root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to L and then sare root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to L and then sare root
+pi/ 2 GMA 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 2 GMA 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 2 GMA 1
+qu And the gma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu And the gma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu And the gma's
+reporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter
+okay oh this funny number yeah 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh this funny number yeah 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh this funny number yeah 30
+seconds H 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds H 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds H 30
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah Mathematica will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you take you 25 5 Seconds to type into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you 25 5 Seconds to type into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you 25 5 Seconds to type into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Mathematica and and the 4 seconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica and and the 4 seconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica and and the 4 seconds to
+check the arrow and the Mathematica one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the arrow and the Mathematica one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the arrow and the Mathematica one
+second to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay so uh so you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we will comment on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we will comment on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we will comment on this
+implication a little bit later so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication a little bit later so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication a little bit later so now we
+can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug
+this in into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in into this
+action so let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so now let me plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation back into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star so this again a simple trick to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so this again a simple trick to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so this again a simple trick to do
+it you don't need to know the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't need to know the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't need to know the explicit
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+Z because what you can do is is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z because what you can do is is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z because what you can do is is you can
+rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this
+VL you can rewrite this integral as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL you can rewrite this integral as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL you can rewrite this integral as
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+VL say this square root Lambda IDE by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL say this square root Lambda IDE by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL say this square root Lambda IDE by
+pi so this D Sigma you can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so this D Sigma you can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so this D Sigma you can write it as
+DZ / by Z Prime so this is the D Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ / by Z Prime so this is the D Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ / by Z Prime so this is the D Sigma
+you can change the variable from Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the variable from Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the variable from Sigma
+to Z and then this just integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z and then this just integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z and then this just integration
+become z0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become z0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become z0 to
+z0 and then you have the uh one / d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 and then you have the uh one / d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 and then you have the uh one / d
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+1 + z Prime squ okay so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + z Prime squ okay so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + z Prime squ okay so now you can
+substitute what is z Prime into here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute what is z Prime into here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute what is z Prime into here and
+now this just become integral over Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this just become integral over Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this just become integral over Z and
+just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral you still need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you still need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you still need
+minus okay so if you plug into the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so if you plug into the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so if you plug into the the
+expression for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the Z
+Prime and then then do a scaling say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then then do a scaling say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then then do a scaling say
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+Z equal to z0 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to z0 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to z0 y
+because that you see uh uh this all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that you see uh uh this all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that you see uh uh this all have
+the light scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light scaling
+form so it's good to scale the Z zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so it's good to scale the Z zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so it's good to scale the Z zero
+out so you so let's do a scaling zal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you so let's do a scaling zal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you so let's do a scaling zal to
+z0 Y then you can rewrite that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 Y then you can rewrite that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 Y then you can rewrite that integral
+oh sorry this is not VZ this is VL so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this is not VZ this is VL so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this is not VZ this is VL so
+you can rewrite that integral as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite that integral as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite that integral as
+V = to square root Pi square root Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V = to square root Pi square root Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V = to square root Pi square root Lambda
+IDE Pi 1 / z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I have put the Epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have put the Epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have put the Epsilon in
+here anticipating that this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anticipating that this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anticipating that this integral
+will be diverging here okay uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be diverging here okay uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be diverging here okay uh so this
+is the same Epsilon we put in there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same Epsilon we put in there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same Epsilon we put in there when
+we do the Single part do the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the Single part do the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the Single part do the single
+quock uh the single clock so so we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock uh the single clock so so we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock uh the single clock so so we put
+there uh um yeah maybe let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh um yeah maybe let me just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh um yeah maybe let me just write
+one more step so that you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more step so that you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more step so that you can see it
+more explicitly yeah so uh yes I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicitly yeah so uh yes I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicitly yeah so uh yes I just
+plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this
+in plug this in plug this into here into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plug this in plug this into here into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plug this in plug this into here into
+here then what you get square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then what you get square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then what you get square root
+Lambda Z 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Z 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Z 0
+square Epsilon then I put theep a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Epsilon then I put theep a cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Epsilon then I put theep a cut
+off in the Epsilon then this become DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square okay and now I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay and now I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay and now I can do this
+scaling to express in terms of Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling to express in terms of Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling to express in terms of Y to
+express in terms of Y and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express in terms of Y and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express in terms of Y and then this
+become square root Lambda Pi 1/ z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z y over
+1 1 Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so minus one/ Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so minus one/ Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so minus one/ Epsilon
+for Simplicity I will slightly rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity I will slightly rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity I will slightly rewrite
+this one over Epsilon into the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over Epsilon into the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over Epsilon into the following
+SC just as a contrast as from Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC just as a contrast as from Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC just as a contrast as from Infinity
+Epson ID z0 Dy / y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epson ID z0 Dy / y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epson ID z0 Dy / y
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh you can easily do this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can easily do this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can easily do this integral
+this integral you integrate is one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral you integrate is one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral you integrate is one /
+Y and the upper end give you zero lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the upper end give you zero lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the upper end give you zero lower
+end give you z z divide by Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end give you z z divide by Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end give you z z divide by Epsilon and
+and then the zero cancel with this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the zero cancel with this Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the zero cancel with this Z
+zero so so you just get one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so you just get one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so you just get one one of
+Epsilon but the reason to write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon but the reason to write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon but the reason to write in this
+form is to see that this two Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is to see that this two Singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is to see that this two Singularity
+inde cancel so this have a singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inde cancel so this have a singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inde cancel so this have a singularity
+uh uh uh as y goes zero this is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh as y goes zero this is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh as y goes zero this is non
+integral and here you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and here you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and here you have the same
+similarity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity they
+cancel so when the the y equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so when the the y equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so when the the y equal to zero
+they cancel and and the next all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel and and the next all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel and and the next all the
+term come from by expanding this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term come from by expanding this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term come from by expanding this term
+then you get the Y to the power 4 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the Y to the power 4 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the Y to the power 4 when
+you expand the this term in the upstair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expand the this term in the upstair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expand the this term in the upstair
+you get one power y power 4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one power y power 4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one power y power 4 and then
+that will give you something finite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you something finite okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you something finite okay
+so that just tells you immediately see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just tells you immediately see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just tells you immediately see
+that the singularity have cancelled okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the singularity have cancelled okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the singularity have cancelled okay
+so you will guarantee to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will guarantee to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will guarantee to get something
+finite okay you will guaranteed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite okay you will guaranteed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite okay you will guaranteed to get
+something finite and another reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something finite and another reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something finite and another reason to
+write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in this
+form is that this is something integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is that this is something integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is that this is something integrate
+to one and this is something integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and this is something integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and this is something integrate
+to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity
+it turns out the difference between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the difference between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the difference between them
+is negative okay because the uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative okay because the uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative okay because the uh you have
+to really do the calculation but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really do the calculation but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really do the calculation but this is
+because integrant is not exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because integrant is not exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because integrant is not exactly the
+same uh but the fact that this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh but the fact that this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh but the fact that this is going
+to infinite give you a chance that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinite give you a chance that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinite give you a chance that this
+become negative and when you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become negative and when you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become negative and when you calculate
+it's indeed negative so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indeed negative so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indeed negative so and and
+now literally you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now literally you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now literally you can do it
+yeah so you can write down the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can write down the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can write down the answer
+you find the answer is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the answer is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the answer is given by
+something like this it's minus squ Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it's minus squ Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it's minus squ Ro
+lamb ID Pi then some some numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb ID Pi then some some numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb ID Pi then some some numerical
+factor which is not very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is not very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is not very important but
+let me just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four okay so this answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so this answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so this answer is
+nice so then now let me make some final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so then now let me make some final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so then now let me make some final
+remarks so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks so this is
+finite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative negative so this pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative so this pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative so this pass the
+minimal consistency check that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal consistency check that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal consistency check that we are
+doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something
+sensible okay okay we doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible okay okay we doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible okay okay we doing something
+sensible if you find something infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible if you find something infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible if you find something infinite
+then uh then then that proposal must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then then that proposal must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then then that proposal must be
+wrong you can immediately root it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can immediately root it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can immediately root it out
+and if you find something positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you find something positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you find something positive then
+you can also immediately root it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also immediately root it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also immediately root it out and
+uh and side this this is a self of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and side this this is a self of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and side this this is a self of
+consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency
+check oh oh I forgot the Y one over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check oh oh I forgot the Y one over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check oh oh I forgot the Y one over y
+z0 oh yeah actually uh uh if you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 oh yeah actually uh uh if you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 oh yeah actually uh uh if you plug in
+the one / z0 I think you just no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one / z0 I think you just no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one / z0 I think you just no no no
+no I write wrong this is not P this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I write wrong this is not P this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I write wrong this is not P this is
+L so I have plug in z0 so z0 is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so I have plug in z0 so z0 is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so I have plug in z0 so z0 is given by
+this is proportional to L and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is proportional to L and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is proportional to L and then this
+is one / l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this one over L is also makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one over L is also makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one over L is also makes
+sense physically because L one over L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense physically because L one over L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense physically because L one over L is
+just a coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential and we do expect the coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and we do expect the coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and we do expect the coolant
+potential because we have a because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because we have a because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because we have a because for
+y Ser as we said this a scale in warant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Ser as we said this a scale in warant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Ser as we said this a scale in warant
+theory and in four dimension scale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and in four dimension scale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and in four dimension scale in
+Waring series a potential just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waring series a potential just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waring series a potential just on
+dimensional ground will be one / L just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional ground will be one / L just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional ground will be one / L just
+uh by by scaling symmetry it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by scaling symmetry it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by scaling symmetry it's just
+exactly like why why electr magism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like why why electr magism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like why why electr magism is
+one over L okay and uh uh so this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over L okay and uh uh so this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over L okay and uh uh so this just
+from the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the scale
+enir there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enir there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enir there's no other
+scale so the dependence on L must be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so the dependence on L must be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so the dependence on L must be one
+over L because V have Dimension Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L because V have Dimension Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L because V have Dimension Mass
+because V have Dimension Mass they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V have Dimension Mass they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V have Dimension Mass they
+cannot have other L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have other L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have other L
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+okay so the second point is now we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the second point is now we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the second point is now we again
+see this proportional to square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda again this is this is a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda again this is this is a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda again this is this is a strong
+carony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do because at weak company we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know and we C below it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and we C below it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and we C below it must be
+proportional to Lambda divid by L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Lambda divid by L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Lambda divid by L
+Lambda just the uh the analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda just the uh the analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda just the uh the analog of the
+fine structure constant and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine structure constant and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine structure constant and then this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+potential so we see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so we see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so we see that this
+potential so when so when Lambda close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so when so when Lambda close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so when so when Lambda close
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+you this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this so this
+preactor so one over L is always true L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor so one over L is always true L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor so one over L is always true L
+the value of the coupling so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the coupling so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the coupling so you see
+when you D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling from Lambda equal to zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling from Lambda equal to zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling from Lambda equal to zero then
+should be linear in Lambda then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be linear in Lambda then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be linear in Lambda then when
+Lambda goes Infinity then become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda goes Infinity then become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda goes Infinity then become the
+square root in Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark is that we see that Z zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark is that we see that Z zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark is that we see that Z zero is
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L so what's the physical now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so what's the physical now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so what's the physical now let's look
+at the geometrical meaning of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the geometrical meaning of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the geometrical meaning of this the
+zero so this is z zero is how far a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is z zero is how far a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is z zero is how far a a
+string EX tend into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string EX tend into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string EX tend into the
+bo say if you say l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small then V Zer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small now if L is large if I make L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small now if L is large if I make L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small now if L is large if I make L
+large then the zero become bigger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then the zero become bigger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then the zero become bigger that
+means that the string extend further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the string extend further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the string extend further
+into the B okay and when you take a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the B okay and when you take a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the B okay and when you take a go
+to infinity and this go go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and this go go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and this go go all the way
+to the uh to the ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh to the ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh to the ads
+okay and again this is the reflection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iuv fraction for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iuv fraction for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iuv fraction for R
+UV because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV because
+L the L corresponding to whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the L corresponding to whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the L corresponding to whether you
+measure UV physics or I physics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure UV physics or I physics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure UV physics or I physics in the
+field the so a small is a short distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the so a small is a short distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the so a small is a short distance
+physics large is long distance physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics large is long distance physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics large is long distance physics
+and you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see when
+you when you Pro long distance physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you Pro long distance physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you Pro long distance physics
+then you ping much deeper in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you ping much deeper in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you ping much deeper in the
+interior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior in
+ads okay and if you're looking at short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads okay and if you're looking at short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads okay and if you're looking at short
+distance then you're probing the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance then you're probing the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance then you're probing the region
+very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions on
+this yes so there any like interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes so there any like interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes so there any like interesting
+experimental implications of these sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental implications of these sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental implications of these sorts
+of things that you couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you couldn't get
+otherwise like could we have known these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise like could we have known these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise like could we have known these
+four F or these yeah these four facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four F or these yeah these four facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four F or these yeah these four facts
+basically without doing this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically without doing this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically without doing this calculation
+by using more standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using more standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using more standard
+you mean this thing yeah no yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean this thing yeah no yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean this thing yeah no yeah yeah
+yeah so this is really strong comping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is really strong comping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is really strong comping
+prediction so so what would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction so so what would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction so so what would that
+correspond like what what sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond like what what sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond like what what sort of thing
+could you measure in nature that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you measure in nature that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you measure in nature that would
+sort of yeah so so that what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yeah so so that what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yeah so so that what you would
+do in your pet so in your pet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in your pet so in your pet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in your pet so in your pet in the
+last problem you will calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem you will calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem you will calculate this
+thing at the fight temperature which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at the fight temperature which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at the fight temperature which we
+will talk about we will talk F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about we will talk F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about we will talk F
+temperature in in a few minutes yeah do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in in a few minutes yeah do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in in a few minutes yeah do
+it in the F temperature yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the F temperature yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the F temperature yeah and that's
+precisely and then you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely and then you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely and then you can calculate
+essentially calculate this potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially calculate this potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially calculate this potential at
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+temperature and as you will do in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and as you will do in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and as you will do in the P
+side there's a screening lens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's a screening lens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there's a screening lens at the
+final is no longer scale in wariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is no longer scale in wariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is no longer scale in wariant
+Beyond certain lens the the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond certain lens the the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond certain lens the the potential
+will go to zero and you can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to zero and you can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to zero and you can measure the
+screening lens and people on the latis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening lens and people on the latis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening lens and people on the latis
+qcd they precisely measure that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd they precisely measure that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd they precisely measure that so you
+can compare ads calculation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare ads calculation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare ads calculation to the
+strongly carp qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly carp qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly carp qcd
+calculation using spend huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using spend huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using spend huge amount of
+computing time large amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing time large amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing time large amount of money
+large amount of mind power on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of mind power on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of mind power on the on the
+computer to do that kind of wi Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to do that kind of wi Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to do that kind of wi Loop
+calculation on the computer and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation on the computer and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation on the computer and then you
+see the answer is very s very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the answer is very s very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the answer is very s very
+similar yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah question but um you said the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah question but um you said the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah question but um you said the strong
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+proportional but the square Lambda was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional but the square Lambda was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional but the square Lambda was
+was what you said from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what you said from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what you said from the beginning
+because it just inversely proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just inversely proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just inversely proportional
+to Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Al
+it does not involve calul at all so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not involve calul at all so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not involve calul at all so this
+will never produce a weak coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never produce a weak coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never produce a weak coupling
+result oh sure sure because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result oh sure sure because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result oh sure sure because we are
+calculated strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated strong
+coupling because we are calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling because we are calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling because we are calculating the
+strong cing yeah so this whole set up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong cing yeah so this whole set up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong cing yeah so this whole set up is
+for the strong coupling so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the strong coupling so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the strong coupling so you can't
+this this this thism cannot treat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this thism cannot treat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this thism cannot treat with
+no no but with cing can do F diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but with cing can do F diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but with cing can do F diagrams
+you don't need this yeah but uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need this yeah but uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need this yeah but uh but we
+but strong cing we have no other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but strong cing we have no other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but strong cing we have no other way to
+do this kind of calculation other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of calculation other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of calculation other than
+than doing massive computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing massive computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing massive computer
+simulation yeah and for some things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation yeah and for some things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation yeah and for some things you
+cannot even do computer calculation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot even do computer calculation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot even do computer calculation yeah
+good any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any other
+questions yeah so this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so this is a good
+question so so this is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so this is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so this is actually very
+good point so this tells you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point so this tells you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point so this tells you on the
+gravity side essentially anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side essentially anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side essentially anything
+involving this always prop square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving this always prop square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving this always prop square root
+Lambda just related to one of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda just related to one of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda just related to one of alpha
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+yeah it just come from the kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just come from the kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just come from the kinematics
+yeah but this is the but is this this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but this is the but is this this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but this is the but is this this a
+very longval prediction of the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very longval prediction of the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very longval prediction of the strong
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior good we we need to go to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior good we we need to go to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior good we we need to go to the um
+fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+temperature because I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because I want you to be
+able to do your pet um so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do your pet um so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do your pet um so now we have
+talked about vares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about vares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about vares
+observables how to calculate the vares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables how to calculate the vares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables how to calculate the vares
+observable now let's now we can pause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable now let's now we can pause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable now let's now we can pause a
+little bit to talk about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to talk about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to talk about other
+Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first
+generation is that let's do finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is that let's do finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is that let's do finite
+temperature to Long zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature okay so so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so so far we
+considered so far we discussed say Ad S5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so far we discussed say Ad S5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so far we discussed say Ad S5
+* S5 stringing ads time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* S5 stringing ads time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* S5 stringing ads time
+S5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string in ad S5 * S5 is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked
+about that this in terms of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that this in terms of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that this in terms of small
+perations the normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations the normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations the normalizable
+mode on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side should map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side should map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side should map
+to say some nontrivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say some nontrivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say some nontrivial
+state to to some States state say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to to some States state say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to to some States state say you
+have some noriz mode should should do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some noriz mode should should do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some noriz mode should should do do
+to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+states and for example the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ads5 so there nothing exciting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 so there nothing exciting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 so there nothing exciting this
+is a example of this such kind of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a example of this such kind of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a example of this such kind of yeah
+lit modes and so this is should be dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit modes and so this is should be dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit modes and so this is should be dual
+to the vacuum because nothing excited on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vacuum because nothing excited on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vacuum because nothing excited on
+the field series side so this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field series side so this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field series side so this must be
+dual to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to the
+vacuum so now now start with this pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so now now start with this pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so now now start with this pure
+ads5 now you start putting things inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 now you start putting things inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads5 now you start putting things inside
+excite the system and then you will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite the system and then you will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite the system and then you will say
+in some sense excite some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense excite some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense excite some some
+normalizable mode and then that's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode and then that's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode and then that's then
+you go to excited States in your y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to excited States in your y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to excited States in your y
+Theory okay and then one of the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay and then one of the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay and then one of the obvious
+excited States is the finite temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited States is the finite temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited States is the finite temperature
+States okay so so the obvious question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so so the obvious question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so so the obvious question
+is what does the sum of State correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does the sum of State correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does the sum of State correspond
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah corresponding to just save time let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah corresponding to just save time let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah corresponding to just save time let
+me okay so the gravity description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so the gravity description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so the gravity description
+should have satisfy the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions should satisfy the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions should satisfy the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions should satisfy the following
+features so now we want to guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so now we want to guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so now we want to guess what
+should be the thing on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the thing on the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the thing on the gravity
+side first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side first
+is said it should be asymptotic ATS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 that means that there should be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 that means that there should be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 that means that there should be only
+normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes okay there should be normaliz only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes okay there should be normaliz only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes okay there should be normaliz only
+lariz mode because the F temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lariz mode because the F temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lariz mode because the F temperature
+state is a specific state of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is a specific state of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is a specific state of the field
+Theory so so should so there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so so should so there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so so should so there should be
+no long normalizable modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excited and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the field the have a fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the field the have a fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the field the have a fight
+temperature the other side must also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the other side must also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the other side must also
+have a fight temperature so so must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fight temperature so so must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fight temperature so so must have
+a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so now I use t means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so now I use t means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so now I use t means the
+temperature now the capital t means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now the capital t means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now the capital t means the
+temperature and in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and in particular this
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfies all laws of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the third one is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the third one is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the third one is that you
+should have of course have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have of course have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have of course have all the
+symmetries of the F temperature system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries of the F temperature system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries of the F temperature system
+so you should have translation varant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have translation varant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have translation varant
+rotational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational symmetry
+ET of course lent symmetry Len boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ET of course lent symmetry Len boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ET of course lent symmetry Len boost
+will be broken so you still should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be broken so you still should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be broken so you still should have
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Symmetry and the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetries symmetries but the Boost will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries symmetries but the Boost will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries symmetries but the Boost will
+be broken because now when you add fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken because now when you add fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken because now when you add fin
+you no longer have the lant Boost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer have the lant Boost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer have the lant Boost okay
+so you need to find some kind of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to find some kind of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to find some kind of gravity
+solution which satisfy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which satisfy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which satisfy those
+Criterion satisfy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion satisfy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion satisfy those
+criteria so there are two obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria so there are two obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria so there are two obvious
+candidates the two obvious candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+candidates so the first is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so the first is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so the first is just you
+consider some kind of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas in ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just imagine you have some sum gas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just imagine you have some sum gas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just imagine you have some sum gas in
+this and the second possibility is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the second possibility is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the second possibility is that
+you have a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a black
+hole okay because we also know black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay because we also know black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay because we also know black ho
+is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum
+object okay we also L back is a su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object so it turns out so now so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so it turns out so now so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so it turns out so now so we will
+only consider the P patch so we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only consider the P patch so we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only consider the P patch so we only
+consider the boundary is the uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the boundary is the uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the boundary is the uh is the
+uh is really the r R3 rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is really the r R3 rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is really the r R3 rather than the
+rather than the sphere so the sum of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the sphere so the sum of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the sphere so the sum of gas
+so let me first describe the sum of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+description so normally in the FI the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so normally in the FI the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so normally in the FI the
+how do you describe a thermos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so how would you describe a Sumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so how would you describe a Sumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so how would you describe a Sumo
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H uh in field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh in field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh in field
+the yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah it's
+a par fun is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a par fun is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a par fun is one
+observable of a Thal system so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable of a Thal system so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable of a Thal system so if you
+want to describe the Thal system in fil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the Thal system in fil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the Thal system in fil
+C what what do you do so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what what do you do so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what what do you do so if you want to
+calculate correlation function you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate correlation function you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate correlation function you want
+to calculate many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things exactly so normally in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exactly so normally in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exactly so normally in the in the
+in the field the what you do is you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field the what you do is you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field the what you do is you go
+toting Ting signature and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toting Ting signature and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toting Ting signature and then
+periodically identify time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically identify time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically identify time and the
+period of time is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time is the inverse
+temperature okay so we can do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so we can do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so we can do it here
+the some gasing AAS essentially is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some gasing AAS essentially is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some gasing AAS essentially is what
+we do is that we go to the ukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and we
+take yeah let me call it te we go to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah let me call it te we go to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah let me call it te we go to k
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time we go to C in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go to C in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go to C in time
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we identify your creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identify your creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identify your creating
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+periodically with inverse temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically with inverse temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically with inverse temperature
+which we always call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta and uh so the in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and uh so the in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and uh so the in particular the
+fance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antiperiodic okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antiperiodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiperiodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiperiodic
+okay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay me
+iic of course the B on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iic of course the B on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iic of course the B on is
+periodic but actually this matric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic but actually this matric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic but actually this matric is
+bad for the following reason for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for the following reason for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for the following reason for the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+reason so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so so in
+gravity in gravity as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule whenever you see a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule whenever you see a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule whenever you see a compact
+space go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space go to zero
+sides then this a danger of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides then this a danger of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides then this a danger of having a
+curvature single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature single
+Singularity it's almost always you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity it's almost always you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity it's almost always you have
+a curval singularity only for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curval singularity only for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curval singularity only for some
+special situations it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special situations it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special situations it does not
+happen and so so this is bad because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so so this is bad because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so so this is bad because now
+but when you compactify this ukle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you compactify this ukle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you compactify this ukle in
+time this become a compact Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this become a compact Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this become a compact Direction
+This is a circle and when you go to Z go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a circle and when you go to Z go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a circle and when you go to Z go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Infinity this circle goes to zero sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this circle goes to zero sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this circle goes to zero sides
+okay you can check that actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can check that actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can check that actually this
+have Cur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Cur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Cur to
+Singularity so so this is actually bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity so so this is actually bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity so so this is actually bad
+so so when T is Compact and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when T is Compact and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when T is Compact and then this is
+a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coordinate
+Singularity but when T become Compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity but when T become Compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity but when T become Compact
+and then this become generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this become generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this become generate
+Singularity okay this become General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity
+so first this Matrix is bad because have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Singularity I talk at zal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity I talk at zal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity I talk at zal to
+Infinity okay and deep in the interial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay and deep in the interial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay and deep in the interial
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+is there's also a second reason which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's also a second reason which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's also a second reason which is
+a more stringy reason which uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more stringy reason which uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more stringy reason which uh uh you
+don't need to care let me just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to care let me just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to care let me just write it
+down for completeness so if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for completeness so if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for completeness so if you actually
+analyze a string Series in such kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a string Series in such kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a string Series in such kind of
+uh space time so so so also there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space time so so so also there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space time so so so also there's a
+generic rule in stren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic rule in stren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic rule in stren
+the if that if you have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if that if you have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if that if you have a very small
+circle then the string can wind around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle then the string can wind around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle then the string can wind around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+circle okay the string can wind around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle okay the string can wind around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle okay the string can wind around
+the circle and when that Circle become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle and when that Circle become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle and when that Circle become
+very very small then the then the take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small then the then the take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small then the then the take
+less and less energy for string to wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less energy for string to wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less energy for string to wind
+around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that
+Circle to wind around that Circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle to wind around that Circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle to wind around that Circle and
+normally so if you have super Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally so if you have super Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally so if you have super Symmetry
+and and also when you have a string wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also when you have a string wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also when you have a string wind
+around Circle there's a cosm energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Circle there's a cosm energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Circle there's a cosm energy and
+the cosm energy typically is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosm energy typically is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosm energy typically is negative
+for the ban and the fan is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ban and the fan is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ban and the fan is positive and
+if you have super symmetry then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have super symmetry then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have super symmetry then that
+cosm energy cancels and then and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosm energy cancels and then and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosm energy cancels and then and when
+the circle shrink to zero sides then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle shrink to zero sides then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle shrink to zero sides then the
+stream become massless so that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream become massless so that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream become massless so that's in the
+typical in the super stream but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in the super stream but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in the super stream but if you
+in the bosonic stram but if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bosonic stram but if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bosonic stram but if in the
+situation which Super Sim is broken then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which Super Sim is broken then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which Super Sim is broken then
+typically then there's netive cos cosmal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically then there's netive cos cosmal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically then there's netive cos cosmal
+energy and then when the then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then when the then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then when the then when the
+string side become the circle side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string side become the circle side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string side become the circle side
+become smaller and smaller and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller and then take
+lower lower energy for string to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lower energy for string to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lower energy for string to wrap
+around Circle and then uh uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Circle and then uh uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Circle and then uh uh and then
+the cosmal energy yeah anyway if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmal energy yeah anyway if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmal energy yeah anyway if you
+include the cosm energy ex then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the cosm energy ex then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the cosm energy ex then you find
+the stram actually become negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stram actually become negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stram actually become negative
+energy and uh and uh uh and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh and uh uh and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh and uh uh and you find
+that the uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ke actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+develops negative Max mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square okay so as we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so as we discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so as we discussed before
+this is called ton and signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called ton and signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called ton and signal
+inability and here there's a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability and here there's a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability and here there's a circle
+which become small sides and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which become small sides and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which become small sides and here
+there's no super simat because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no super simat because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no super simat because when you
+have a fight temperature your super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fight temperature your super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fight temperature your super
+simat is broken because both Ania have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simat is broken because both Ania have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simat is broken because both Ania have
+opposite B have different boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite B have different boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite B have different boundary
+conditions anyway so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions anyway so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions anyway so that means that
+this option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this option is
+gone cannot work so the only thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone cannot work so the only thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone cannot work so the only thing we
+know is to do a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is to do a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is to do a black
+hole okay so now we need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay so now we need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay so now we need to find the
+black hole with the right symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason I emphasized is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I emphasized is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I emphasized is the right
+symmetri because in the standard case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetri because in the standard case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetri because in the standard case
+the black when we say black hole it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black when we say black hole it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black when we say black hole it's
+because black hole is a hole it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because black hole is a hole it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because black hole is a hole it's a
+spral symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spral symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spral symmetric
+hole but here we have we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole but here we have we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole but here we have we need to have
+translation symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetry
+in the because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the because this is a
+planner so here now we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner so here now we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner so here now we need to have a
+black brain black the whole Horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black brain black the whole Horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black brain black the whole Horizon is
+actually not a hole is actually a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a hole is actually a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a hole is actually a plane
+okay so leave the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so leave the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so leave the black
+hole this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole this
+topology so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so the
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology
+topology should be R to to the D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology should be R to to the D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology should be R to to the D minus
+one rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+okay okay once you realize that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay once you realize that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay once you realize that then
+it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to
+do when you realize that it's easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you realize that it's easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you realize that it's easy to do
+so you can just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just write down
+answers because this system have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers because this system have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers because this system have lots of
+symmetries and you can just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and you can just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and you can just write down
+answers and then just plug into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and then just plug into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and then just plug into the
+Einstein equation to solve it say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation to solve it say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation to solve it say say
+for example you can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can write down the
+answers so you can write down say R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so you can write down say R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so you can write down say R
+square so you can write down answers DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so you can write down answers DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so you can write down answers DS
+Square equal to r s/ z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square equal to r s/ z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square equal to r s/ z
+s so now you still need translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so now you still need translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so now you still need translation
+symmetry so you can put something before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so you can put something before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so you can put something before
+DT squ but you still have rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT squ but you still have rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT squ but you still have rotation
+symmetry yeah so anyway you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry yeah so anyway you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry yeah so anyway you can write
+down answers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down answers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down answers like
+this put in some two functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay putting some two functions here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay putting some two functions here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay putting some two functions here so
+this is the most General solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most General solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most General solution which
+is consistent with the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with the translation
+symmetry in the T and X Direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in the T and X Direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in the T and X Direction and
+the rotational symmetry in the T and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational symmetry in the T and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational symmetry in the T and X
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+okay and uh and and then you have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and and then you have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and and then you have just
+two functions which can only depend on Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions which can only depend on Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions which can only depend on Z
+because you cannot depend on T and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you cannot depend on T and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you cannot depend on T and X
+otherwise you break translations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you break translations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you break translations in
+between so this is the most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so this is the most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so this is the most General
+matric you have two undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric you have two undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric you have two undetermined
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+then you plug into Einstein equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you plug into Einstein equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you plug into Einstein equation
+then you solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you find in fact H actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you find in fact H actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you find in fact H actually
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to one / G equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one / G equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one / G equal
+to something like this in D dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like this in D dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like this in D dimension in
+D Dimension uh say if I have a adsd +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Dimension uh say if I have a adsd +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Dimension uh say if I have a adsd +
+one and then you find a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you find a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you find a very simple
+matric of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so let
+me again give you a slight quit so why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again give you a slight quit so why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again give you a slight quit so why I
+don't put a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so why
+I in princip I can also put the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in princip I can also put the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in princip I can also put the function
+here right so why I only put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so why I only put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so why I only put the
+function here and the function here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and the function here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and the function here but
+not put the function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not put the function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not put the function here
+H yeah exactly because you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H yeah exactly because you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H yeah exactly because you can imagine
+uh uh uh uh this just as a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh this just as a definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh this just as a definition of
+Z okay and then but then I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay and then but then I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay and then but then I don't have
+freedom to choose this uh uh uh the or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to choose this uh uh uh the or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to choose this uh uh uh the or I
+can choose here to be one and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose here to be one and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose here to be one and then I
+need to put the function there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put the function there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put the function there
+okay so so in this matric The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon is at zal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon is at zal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon is at zal to
+z0 this Z is some constant so this Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 this Z is some constant so this Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 this Z is some constant so this Z is
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant Z is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Z is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Z is some
+constant right z z and indeed I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right z z and indeed I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right z z and indeed I have the
+topology of the R D minus one okay look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of the R D minus one okay look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of the R D minus one okay look
+at the D zal to zero the topology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the D zal to zero the topology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the D zal to zero the topology is
+this R is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere and also you see that when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and also you see that when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and also you see that when you go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Infinity the f and g approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the f and g approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the f and g approach
+one with a very fast for off with Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a very fast for off with Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a very fast for off with Z to
+the power D so this is normalizable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power D so this is normalizable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power D so this is normalizable okay
+and this is normalizable so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is normalizable so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is normalizable so this
+behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is so this Matrix satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is so this Matrix satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is so this Matrix satisfy
+all our Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our Criterion
+and the and the standard black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the standard black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the standard black ho
+thermodynamics will ensure this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics will ensure this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics will ensure this is a
+thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay so uh so this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so this must be
+dual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to
+our fight temperature y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now let's work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now let's work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now let's work out the
+temperature in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in terms of
+z0 so just using the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature which we have discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and and the requir the the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and and the requir the the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and and the requir the the Matrix
+is regular at the uh at the orig at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regular at the uh at the orig at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regular at the uh at the orig at the
+Horizon when you go to k signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon when you go to k signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon when you go to k signature
+require the Matrix is regular The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the Matrix is regular The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the Matrix is regular The
+Horizon and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and then you can
+deduce that the uh this should have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the uh this should have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the uh this should have some
+specific periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific periodicity
+anyway uh I hope you still remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh I hope you still remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh I hope you still remember that
+so so you can deduce the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can deduce the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can deduce the temperature of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+flal so beta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flal so beta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flal so beta is equal
+to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4
+Pi D * d0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi D * d0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi D * d0
+okay so so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you can
+deduce so this you remember right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce so this you remember right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce so this you remember right okay
+good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+emphasiz this is the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasiz this is the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasiz this is the temperature
+measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in
+t because whenever as we emphasize many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t because whenever as we emphasize many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t because whenever as we emphasize many
+time before but L you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before but L you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before but L you talk about
+temperature you have to refer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you have to refer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you have to refer to a
+Time Time unit to define the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Time unit to define the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Time unit to define the temperature
+and this temperature is defined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this temperature is defined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this temperature is defined with
+respect this to this time okay so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect this to this time okay so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect this to this time okay so so in
+other words this is the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this is the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this is the boundary
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the B of course depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the B of course depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the B of course depend on the
+value of Z the local temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Z the local temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Z the local temperature is
+different and uh and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and uh and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and uh and this is the
+temperature corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature corresponding to the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this relation
+is again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now in the gravity side so this is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the gravity side so this is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the gravity side so this is z
+equal to zero boundary and now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero boundary and now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero boundary and now on the
+gravity side now there a horizon at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side now there a horizon at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side now there a horizon at Z
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+Z zal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z zal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z zal to
+z0 and this Horizon according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 and this Horizon according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 and this Horizon according to this
+formula is proportional to one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T it's proportional to 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's proportional to 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's proportional to 1/
+T again this is the reflection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T again this is the reflection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T again this is the reflection of the
+iuv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connection because if you can very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because if you can very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because if you can very high
+temperature very high temperature means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature very high temperature means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature very high temperature means
+you're probing very high energy process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probing very high energy process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probing very high energy process
+okay then then z0 becomes small then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then z0 becomes small then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then z0 becomes small then the
+Horizon moves to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon moves to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon moves to the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+okay the Horizon moves to the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the Horizon moves to the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the Horizon moves to the boundary
+and when Z when T becomes become small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Z when T becomes become small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Z when T becomes become small
+then Z Zer become Bigg then the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Z Zer become Bigg then the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Z Zer become Bigg then the Horizon
+move down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down okay
+so so that means that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that means that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that means that depends on the
+value of T you can prob different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of T you can prob different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of T you can prob different
+regions in the gravity s so for for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the gravity s so for for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the gravity s so for for very
+high temperature you prob very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature you prob very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature you prob very tiny
+region near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region near the
+infinity and for small T then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and for small T then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and for small T then you can
+Pro more and more regions okay again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro more and more regions okay again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro more and more regions okay again
+this is reflection of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UV any question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV any question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV any question on
+this now with this black h solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now with this black h solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now with this black h solution we
+can work out all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics and then we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and then we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and then we should be
+able to work then just by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work then just by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work then just by definition
+essentially by definition then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by definition then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by definition then for
+example the black hole entropy should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the black hole entropy should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the black hole entropy should be
+uh uh then you should be identified with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh then you should be identified with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh then you should be identified with
+the FI entropy or black ho free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FI entropy or black ho free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FI entropy or black ho free energy
+should be identified with the free fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be identified with the free fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be identified with the free fi
+Ser fre energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser fre energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser fre energy
+ex it just essentially if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex it just essentially if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex it just essentially if there's a
+relation uh if black ho describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh if black ho describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh if black ho describe the
+field Theory at F temperature then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory at F temperature then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory at F temperature then then
+you should be able to equate the somody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to equate the somody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to equate the somody
+damic quantities okay and this way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damic quantities okay and this way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damic quantities okay and this way we
+can actually use the blacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use the blacko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use the blacko
+themodynamics now to calculate the somic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themodynamics now to calculate the somic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themodynamics now to calculate the somic
+behavior of strong cou for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of strong cou for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of strong cou for
+super okay so we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtain some dnamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain some dnamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain some dnamic
+Behavior some dnamic quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in you need black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+okay so now let's do that so now uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's do that so now uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's do that so now uh uh
+now let's specify to D equal to four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's specify to D equal to four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's specify to D equal to four so
+that's corresponding to the the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's corresponding to the the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's corresponding to the the four
+dimensional boundaries to D equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional boundaries to D equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional boundaries to D equal to
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+so so now let's first do the blacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's first do the blacko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's first do the blacko
+entropy which is easy thing to do so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which is easy thing to do so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which is easy thing to do so the
+blacko entropy just the the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacko entropy just the the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacko entropy just the the area of the
+Horizon divided by Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon divided by Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon divided by Newton
+constant so so we have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so so we have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so so we have to use the
+effective five dimensional Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective five dimensional Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective five dimensional Newton
+constants so we work with ads5 so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we work with ads5 so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we work with ads5 so with
+Dimension reduction on S5 so we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension reduction on S5 so we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension reduction on S5 so we work
+with the uh five dimensional Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh five dimensional Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh five dimensional Newton
+constant and then then the uh uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then then the uh uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then then the uh uh then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+area here just infinite volume it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here just infinite volume it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here just infinite volume it's just
+dx1 dx2 dx3 because this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx1 dx2 dx3 because this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx1 dx2 dx3 because this is just
+parallel to the boundary but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the boundary but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the boundary but doesn't
+matter it doesn't matter so so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it doesn't matter so so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it doesn't matter so so what this
+defines still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines still
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+times R Cub to the z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R Cub to the z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R Cub to the z0
+cube okay because you have to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube okay because you have to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube okay because you have to multiply
+area as the Horizon so you valuate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as the Horizon so you valuate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as the Horizon so you valuate so
+essentially compute the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially compute the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially compute the determinant of
+the spatial part at the Horizon evalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial part at the Horizon evalate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial part at the Horizon evalate
+at z0 okay eval at z z so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at z0 okay eval at z z so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at z0 okay eval at z z so you have this
+factor and then you have this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and then you have this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and then you have this infinite
+Factor but this infinite Factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor but this infinite Factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor but this infinite Factor it
+doesn't matter we can just take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter we can just take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter we can just take it out
+then what you get is the eny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get is the eny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get is the eny
+density so then we find the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density is essentially just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is essentially just given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is essentially just given by
+this R Cube divided by z0 to the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R Cube divided by z0 to the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R Cube divided by z0 to the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you can just plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can just plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can just plug in the
+numbers so now you have to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so now you have to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so now you have to use this
+equation G5 divid rbe in is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation G5 divid rbe in is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation G5 divid rbe in is related to
+the related to Pi / 2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the related to Pi / 2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the related to Pi / 2 n
+s and then you plug in this relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then you plug in this relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then you plug in this relation to
+relate z0 to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate z0 to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate z0 to T
+and then then then after a tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then then after a tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then then after a tiny bit
+algebra so you find n²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so you find n²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra so you find n²
+TQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay again this answer makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again this answer makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again this answer makes
+sense again you can do some very minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense again you can do some very minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense again you can do some very minimal
+consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency
+check so first is said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so first is said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so first is said this is
+proportional to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T
+Cube it makes sense because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube it makes sense because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube it makes sense because we are
+working with a four dimensional scale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a four dimensional scale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a four dimensional scale in
+Waring Theory and entropy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waring Theory and entropy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waring Theory and entropy density
+entropy by itself does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy by itself does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy by itself does not have a
+dimension and entropy density should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and entropy density should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and entropy density should
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+Dimension Cube because of the volume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension Cube because of the volume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension Cube because of the volume you
+divide by the volume okay should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the volume okay should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the volume okay should be one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume uh do you follow so enty density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh do you follow so enty density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh do you follow so enty density
+should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+Dimension enty density should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension enty density should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension enty density should have
+Dimension m D minus one okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension m D minus one okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension m D minus one okay because the
+D minus one come from because you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus one come from because you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus one come from because you divide
+it by entropy by the volume and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by entropy by the volume and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by entropy by the volume and the
+volume have yeah one of volume have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume have yeah one of volume have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume have yeah one of volume have
+Dimension MD minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension MD minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension MD minus
+one okay and uh so but here in the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and uh so but here in the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and uh so but here in the scale
+in you don't have any other scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you don't have any other scale factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you don't have any other scale factor
+you only have t so must come from D to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have t so must come from D to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have t so must come from D to T
+to the D minus one so you get T Cub okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D minus one so you get T Cub okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D minus one so you get T Cub okay
+and also this is proportional to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this is proportional to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this is proportional to n
+square and of course in the L M Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and of course in the L M Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and of course in the L M Ser
+should be po to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square so now you can also obtain say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so now you can also obtain say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so now you can also obtain say
+for example the energy density and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the energy density and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the energy density and the
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ex by by calculating the TM T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex by by calculating the TM T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex by by calculating the TM T
+mu so you can calculate the say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so you can calculate the say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so you can calculate the say one
+point function of the stress tensor then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function of the stress tensor then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function of the stress tensor then
+you can read what is the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read what is the energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read what is the energy density
+and what is the pressure Etc and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the pressure Etc and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the pressure Etc and so this
+is the same as what we did it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as what we did it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as what we did it's very
+similar procedure as what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar procedure as what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar procedure as what we did before
+for the Scala field Theory the onepoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Scala field Theory the onepoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Scala field Theory the onepoint
+function of the stretch tensor is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the stretch tensor is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the stretch tensor is just
+you can read it from the counterpart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read it from the counterpart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read it from the counterpart of
+the B modes a counterpart of the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B modes a counterpart of the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B modes a counterpart of the uh uh
+the the latal modes okay so here the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the latal modes okay so here the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the latal modes okay so here the L
+mode is just this Z to the power D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is just this Z to the power D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is just this Z to the power D and
+the coefficient is one / zero uh one / Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient is one / zero uh one / Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient is one / zero uh one / Z
+0 to the power D and so so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the power D and so so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the power D and so so that tells
+you you should be proportional to 1 / e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should be proportional to 1 / e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should be proportional to 1 / e
+to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0
+to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the four
+okay okay so because that's the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so because that's the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so because that's the analog
+of this B mode normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this B mode normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this B mode normalizable
+mode to the one / Z to the 04 and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode to the one / Z to the 04 and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode to the one / Z to the 04 and again
+this will be proportional to T to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be proportional to T to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be proportional to T to the
+power 4 again this is consistent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power 4 again this is consistent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power 4 again this is consistent on
+dimensional ground because energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional ground because energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional ground because energy
+density have Dimension m to the power D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density have Dimension m to the power D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density have Dimension m to the power D
+and so it's t to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's t to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's t to the^
+4 but you actually work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 but you actually work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 but you actually work out the
+prefactor we c a little bit effort uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor we c a little bit effort uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor we c a little bit effort uh uh
+uh yeah uh in the scaler case we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah uh in the scaler case we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah uh in the scaler case we say
+it's two new * B so in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two new * B so in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two new * B so in the in the
+gravity case in the mat case gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity case in the mat case gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity case in the mat case gets a
+little bit more complicated anyway uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated anyway uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated anyway uh
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but but you can read the scale okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you can read the scale okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you can read the scale okay I
+will not uh uh calculate the preactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not uh uh calculate the preactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not uh uh calculate the preactor
+using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+methods so to calculate the prefactor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so to calculate the prefactor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so to calculate the prefactor is
+easier just to use the Su Dynamics just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier just to use the Su Dynamics just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier just to use the Su Dynamics just
+to use the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+so because s just equal to the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because s just equal to the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because s just equal to the free
+energy ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ided by
+T now we so so now everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now we so so now everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now we so so now everything here
+should be considered the density s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered the density s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered the density s is
+enty density and F is the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enty density and F is the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enty density and F is the free energy
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ex so you can just below lot the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex so you can just below lot the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex so you can just below lot the entropy
+you you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can just
+integrate the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density so this is equal to I s/ 8 n² T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so this is equal to I s/ 8 n² T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so this is equal to I s/ 8 n² T
+4 okay and then you can find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay and then you can find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay and then you can find out the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+density F Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density F Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density F Plus
+Ts so you find it's three Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ts so you find it's three Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ts so you find it's three Pi
+s s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this uh uh yeah if you work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this uh uh yeah if you work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this uh uh yeah if you work out
+the one one point fun the stretch tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one point fun the stretch tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one point fun the stretch tens
+carefully of the freif fror you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully of the freif fror you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully of the freif fror you will
+find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this
+okay so this is are the result at Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is are the result at Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is are the result at Lambda
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+Infinity so these are the strong cing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so these are the strong cing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so these are the strong cing
+results all these are the strong cing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh the thermodynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the thermodynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the thermodynamical
+behavior how get no you just integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior how get no you just integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior how get no you just integrate
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation yeah yeah just integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah yeah just integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah yeah just integrate that
+equation so this is the behavior the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is the behavior the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is the behavior the
+infinite Lambda so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare with the free Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is undergraduate
+thermodynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so
+so so let's just calculate the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's just calculate the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's just calculate the entropy
+density uh uh with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling so so I have to remind you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling so so I have to remind you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling so so I have to remind you one
+thing is that in the each Mass Bic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that in the each Mass Bic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that in the each Mass Bic
+Freedom contribute to the in density 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom contribute to the in density 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom contribute to the in density 2
+pi Square / 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi Square / 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi Square / 45
+to the^ T Cube I don't know whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the^ T Cube I don't know whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the^ T Cube I don't know whether you
+still remember this thing so in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember this thing so in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember this thing so in four
+dimension a single mat deg Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension a single mat deg Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension a single mat deg Freedom
+contribute to the entropy density uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the entropy density uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the entropy density uh uh
+uh uh uh yeah this come from doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh yeah this come from doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh yeah this come from doing the
+single massless bonic de freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single massless bonic de freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single massless bonic de freedom
+contribut to entropy like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribut to entropy like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribut to entropy like this
+okay uh this is a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a good thing to
+remember and now in in for Super Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and now in in for Super Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and now in in for Super Y
+Theory we have eight B on we said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we have eight B on we said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we have eight B on we said before
+for we have eight Mass dispos on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom and we have eight for meic Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and we have eight for meic Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and we have eight for meic Mass
+deg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deg
+freedom and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and each
+fic deg Freedom contributes to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fic deg Freedom contributes to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fic deg Freedom contributes to how much
+of the bosan do anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bosan do anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bosan do anybody
+know a massless fian compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a massless fian compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a massless fian compared to
+massless boson what is the ratio for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless boson what is the ratio for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless boson what is the ratio for
+each degrees Freedom contributed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each degrees Freedom contributed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each degrees Freedom contributed to the
+in density in the free series free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in density in the free series free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in density in the free series free
+particle no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle no
+h no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven8 okay and now in the in the suage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven8 okay and now in the in the suage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven8 okay and now in the in the suage
+the we we we have n Square minus one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we we we have n Square minus one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we we we have n Square minus one we
+have n Square minus one in the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n Square minus one in the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n Square minus one in the joint
+representation so now you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so now you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so now you can calculate
+this is a without the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a without the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a without the three
+the so so let's take lar and forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so so let's take lar and forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so so let's take lar and forget
+about the one so then you get 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the one so then you get 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the one so then you get 2 pi over
+3 23 sare n² T to ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 23 sare n² T to ^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 23 sare n² T to ^
+CU so now you find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remarkable so now you found something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable so now you found something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable so now you found something
+remarkable you find S Lambda equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable you find S Lambda equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable you find S Lambda equal to
+Infinity divided by S Lambda equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity divided by S Lambda equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity divided by S Lambda equal to
+zero is equal to 12 / by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is equal to 12 / by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is equal to 12 / by
+2/3 so becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3/4 so you go from zero C to to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 so you go from zero C to to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 so you go from zero C to to infinite
+cing and the entropy density change by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cing and the entropy density change by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cing and the entropy density change by
+3/ quter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/ quter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/ quter
+okay so so there's a long story there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there's a long story there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there's a long story there's
+several long story I can tell a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several long story I can tell a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several long story I can tell a good
+story I can tell about this thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I can tell about this thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I can tell about this thing but
+now I run run lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I run run lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I run run lot of
+time but but let me mention a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but but let me mention a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but but let me mention a couple
+words on the on the on your pide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on the on the on your pide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on the on the on your pide
+problem so in the P problem you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in the P problem you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in the P problem you want to
+compute this wison noop the same will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this wison noop the same will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this wison noop the same will
+Loop the L and the T at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop the L and the T at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop the L and the T at the final
+temperature so you did now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you did now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you did now instead of
+the pure ideas you you use this black C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure ideas you you use this black C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure ideas you you use this black C
+geometry you use this black geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you use this black geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you use this black geometry
+okay use this black geometry so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay use this black geometry so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay use this black geometry so what you
+will find So Physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+physically the VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you expect the potential between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you expect the potential between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you expect the potential between the
+quock and and the quock will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock and and the quock will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quock and and the quock will go to
+zero when L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+okay so physically for this reason so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so physically for this reason so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so physically for this reason so so
+here this thing the same thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this thing the same thing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this thing the same thing happens
+in the in the even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the even in the
+Q so this is just the story of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so this is just the story of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so this is just the story of the
+screening suppose you have electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening suppose you have electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening suppose you have electron
+anti- electron so of course they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- electron so of course they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- electron so of course they have
+interaction between them but now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between them but now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between them but now if you
+have a plasma between them you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plasma between them you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plasma between them you have many
+positive and negative charg particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative charg particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative charg particles
+can running around and then the then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can running around and then the then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can running around and then the then the
+interaction will be screened okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction will be screened okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction will be screened okay the
+interaction will be screen because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction will be screen because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction will be screen because there
+will be slightly more lative particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be slightly more lative particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be slightly more lative particle
+here and slightly more positive particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and slightly more positive particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and slightly more positive particle
+here then they will be screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then they will be screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then they will be screened
+similarly if you have a quark and anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you have a quark and anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you have a quark and anti
+quar which they colored object and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar which they colored object and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quar which they colored object and when
+you put them at in the fin temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them at in the fin temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them at in the fin temperature
+in the final temperature you can excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final temperature you can excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final temperature you can excite
+many other Mass color de Freedom then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other Mass color de Freedom then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other Mass color de Freedom then
+then they're running around those quock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're running around those quock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're running around those quock
+and anti quock then they will screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti quock then they will screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti quock then they will screen
+them so so so so when they take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so so so so when they take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so so so so when they take the
+distance sufficiently large then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance sufficiently large then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance sufficiently large then you
+will find the uh uh uh uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find the uh uh uh uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find the uh uh uh uh uh the
+potential between them goes zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential between them goes zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential between them goes zero okay so
+on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gravity
+side what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so on the gravity side what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so on the gravity side what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so on the gravity side what you will
+see so now you cannot do everything anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so now you cannot do everything anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so now you cannot do everything anal
+analytically but you but you can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically but you but you can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically but you but you can derive
+the qualitative Behavior analy ially it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qualitative Behavior analy ially it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qualitative Behavior analy ially it
+said if the L is small so suppose here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if the L is small so suppose here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if the L is small so suppose here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+Horizon when the L is small then then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon when the L is small then then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon when the L is small then then of
+course we just connect the string with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we just connect the string with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we just connect the string with
+close by nothing nothing changes nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by nothing nothing changes nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by nothing nothing changes nothing
+much changes from our zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much changes from our zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much changes from our zero temperature
+calculation and this makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and this makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and this makes sense because
+at short distance you Pro the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at short distance you Pro the UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at short distance you Pro the UV
+physics and the problem the UV phics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the problem the UV phics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the problem the UV phics of
+course you don't see the temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you don't see the temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you don't see the temperature so
+for L it's much much much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L it's much much much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L it's much much much smaller than
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+temperature then you don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you don't see the
+effect of the temperature and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the temperature and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the temperature and the and
+the result will be just like small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be just like small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be just like small
+corrections to the vacuum be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to the vacuum be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to the vacuum be uh
+R but now when a become of all the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R but now when a become of all the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R but now when a become of all the one
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+temperature then you find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you find something
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+happens then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a then this war sheet will roughly go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then this war sheet will roughly go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then this war sheet will roughly go to
+the horizon then what we will find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon then what we will find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon then what we will find in
+the end when L become say larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end when L become say larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end when L become say larger than
+some value say of all the one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value say of all the one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value say of all the one /
+T you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you find
+this the only solution you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only solution you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only solution you can
+find is that this string just two string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that this string just two string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that this string just two string
+hanging down that's the only solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging down that's the only solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging down that's the only solution
+and then that means that the the quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that means that the the quar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that means that the the quar
+and the quar no longer inag with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quar no longer inag with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quar no longer inag with each
+other okay and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and then they
+squ then they squ so short distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ then they squ so short distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ then they squ so short distance is
+the same as in the vacuum but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as in the vacuum but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as in the vacuum but when you
+go to non distance of all the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to non distance of all the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to non distance of all the one of
+temperature and then eventually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then eventually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then eventually they
+will get screened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get screened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get screened so
+um so this is a lot cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh calculus problem which I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculus problem which I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculus problem which I'm sure you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enjoy yeah yeah let uh uh uh that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy yeah yeah let uh uh uh that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy yeah yeah let uh uh uh that's all
+for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WRuAAoyEmY0.txt b/WRuAAoyEmY0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a118823aa13b2f0ecef545fe11356270c5a2d346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WRuAAoyEmY0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi and welcome back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi and welcome back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi and welcome back to the
+1401 problem solving videos today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 problem solving videos today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 problem solving videos today we're
+going to work on Fall 2010 problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work on Fall 2010 problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work on Fall 2010 problem set
+one problem number four and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem number four and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem number four and in this
+problem we're going to be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to be working with
+elasticities but instead of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities but instead of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities but instead of starting
+with a demand function and starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a demand function and starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a demand function and starting with
+a supply function and calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supply function and calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supply function and calculating the
+elasticity given those functions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity given those functions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity given those functions we're
+going to be given the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be given the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be given the elasticity of
+demand and the elasticity of supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and the elasticity of supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and the elasticity of supply and
+we're going to have to back out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to back out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to back out what the
+demand functions and the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand functions and the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand functions and the supply
+functions should have looked like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions should have looked like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions should have looked like so
+we're basically just working in Reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically just working in Reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically just working in Reverse
+from what we did in lecture let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we did in lecture let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we did in lecture let's go
+ahead and read the full problem up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and read the full problem up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and read the full problem up
+through part A you have been asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through part A you have been asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through part A you have been asked to
+analyze the market for steel from public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the market for steel from public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the market for steel from public
+sources you are able to find that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources you are able to find that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources you are able to find that last
+year's price for steel was $20 per ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's price for steel was $20 per ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's price for steel was $20 per ton
+at this price 100 million tons were sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this price 100 million tons were sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this price 100 million tons were sold
+on the World Market from trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the World Market from trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the World Market from trade
+Association data you are able to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association data you are able to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association data you are able to obtain
+estimates for their own price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates for their own price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates for their own price
+elasticities of demand and Supply on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities of demand and Supply on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities of demand and Supply on the
+world markets as negative .25 for demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world markets as negative .25 for demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world markets as negative .25 for demand
+and 0.5 for Supply assume the steel has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.5 for Supply assume the steel has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.5 for Supply assume the steel has
+linear demand and Supply curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear demand and Supply curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear demand and Supply curves
+throughout part A asks us to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout part A asks us to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout part A asks us to solve for
+the equations of demand and Supply in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of demand and Supply in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of demand and Supply in in
+this market and to sketch the demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market and to sketch the demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market and to sketch the demand and
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+curves so looking at the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so looking at the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so looking at the formal
+definition of elasticity of demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of elasticity of demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of elasticity of demand and
+elasticity of supply we basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of supply we basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of supply we basically are
+going to have three different parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have three different parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have three different parts to
+it we have the derivative of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we have the derivative of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we have the derivative of either
+demand or Supply function with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand or Supply function with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand or Supply function with respect
+to P in this case the own price of P or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P in this case the own price of P or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P in this case the own price of P or
+the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of
+steel and we also have the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and we also have the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and we also have the equilibrium
+price or any price at the point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price or any price at the point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price or any price at the point on the
+curve and a quantity in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and a quantity in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and a quantity in this case it's
+going to be the equilibrium quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the equilibrium quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the equilibrium quantity
+so basically what we have now is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what we have now is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what we have now is we are
+given for the elasticity of demand we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given for the elasticity of demand we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given for the elasticity of demand we're
+given three variables we're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given three variables we're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given three variables we're given the
+price the quantity and the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the quantity and the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the quantity and the elasticity of
+demand and that means the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and that means the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and that means the only thing
+that we don't know is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know is the derivative of
+the demand curve with respect to P so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve with respect to P so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve with respect to P so if
+we can isolate this derivative then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can isolate this derivative then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can isolate this derivative then we
+can integrate the the number that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate the the number that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate the the number that we're
+able to solve through for and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve through for and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve through for and then we
+can solve out for what our demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve out for what our demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve out for what our demand curve
+is going to look like so let's go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like so let's go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like so let's go ahead
+and walk through that process together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk through that process together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk through that process together
+substituting in for the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in for the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in for the elasticity of
+demand p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q we're going to have this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we're going to have this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we're going to have this equation and
+the one thing that I want you to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing that I want you to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing that I want you to notice
+is since the derivative of the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since the derivative of the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since the derivative of the demand
+curve with respect to P is .25 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with respect to P is .25 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with respect to P is .25 and the
+this case we know that it's linear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we know that it's linear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we know that it's linear but
+just because it's linear at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's linear at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's linear at the point
+where price is 20 and quantity is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where price is 20 and quantity is 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where price is 20 and quantity is 100
+that doesn't necessarily mean it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily mean it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily mean it's going
+to be linear throughout so it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be linear throughout so it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be linear throughout so it's useful
+to know that at any point on this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that at any point on this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that at any point on this line
+it's always going to have the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to have the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to have the derivative
+equal to ne25 so that's useful we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ne25 so that's useful we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ne25 so that's useful we know
+we can integrate and have the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate and have the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate and have the correct
+answer solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer solving for
+DQ DDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have
+-1.25 and we're just going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1.25 and we're just going to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1.25 and we're just going to integrate
+this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to
+p and we're when we after we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and we're when we after we integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and we're when we after we integrate
+we're going to be left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant in this case we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in this case we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in this case we're going to
+call the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the constant
+a this is how much the demand curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is how much the demand curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is how much the demand curve is
+actually shift it up to begin with shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shift it up to begin with shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shift it up to begin with shift
+it up or down and to solve for a all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up or down and to solve for a all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up or down and to solve for a all we
+have to do is we can just plug back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is we can just plug back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is we can just plug back in
+for the $2 and the 100 quantity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the $2 and the 100 quantity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the $2 and the 100 quantity and we
+can solve through for what a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve through for what a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve through for what a is going to
+be equal when you solve through plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal when you solve through plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal when you solve through plugging
+in Q and P you're going to find that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Q and P you're going to find that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Q and P you're going to find that a
+is equal to 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to have that our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have that our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have that our final
+demand function is going to be 1.25 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function is going to be 1.25 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function is going to be 1.25 P
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+125 now we can go through this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 now we can go through this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 now we can go through this exact
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+process with the elasticity of supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with the elasticity of supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with the elasticity of supply
+now and all we have to do now is use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and all we have to do now is use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and all we have to do now is use the
+number 0. five instead and we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 0. five instead and we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 0. five instead and we can solve
+through we can integrate and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we can integrate and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we can integrate and then we're
+going to solve for the other constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve for the other constant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve for the other constant to
+again get our supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get our supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get our supply
+curve substituting in the information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have we're going to be left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're going to be left with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're going to be left with this
+equation and we're going to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we're going to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we're going to go ahead and
+isolate the derivative that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have and when we integrate again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and when we integrate again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and when we integrate again we have
+to remember that we are going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that we are going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that we are going to have a
+constant that we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that we're going to have to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for and I'm going to just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'm going to just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'm going to just call this
+constant C again plug in the price of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C again plug in the price of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C again plug in the price of 20
+and the quantity equal to 100 and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quantity equal to 100 and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quantity equal to 100 and you're
+going to find that the supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be equal to 2.5 P plus 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to 2.5 P plus 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to 2.5 P plus 50
+and we can do a quick sketch of this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do a quick sketch of this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do a quick sketch of this on
+our axis here we're just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our axis here we're just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our axis here we're just going to go
+ahead and draw our upward sloping supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and draw our upward sloping supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and draw our upward sloping supply
+curve our downward sloping demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve our downward sloping demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve our downward sloping demand
+curve and we're going to Mark the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we're going to Mark the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we're going to Mark the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and label the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and label the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and label the equilibrium
+quantities and the equilibrium prices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and the equilibrium prices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and the equilibrium prices as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and before we move on to the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before we move on to the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before we move on to the second part
+of this problem we can pause here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem we can pause here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem we can pause here and we
+can think about what do the elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what do the elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what do the elasticities
+that we started with actually mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with actually mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with actually mean well
+if we were to look at this point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to look at this point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to look at this point of
+intersection at the equilibrium of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection at the equilibrium of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection at the equilibrium of the
+demand curve we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve we're looking at the
+percentage change at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change at this point in
+quantity per percentage change in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity per percentage change in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity per percentage change in price
+so we're basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying for that tiny ch an infinitism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for that tiny ch an infinitism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for that tiny ch an infinitism
+small change at this point for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change at this point for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change at this point for the
+demand curve how much does quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve how much does quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve how much does quantity
+change percentage wise relative to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change percentage wise relative to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change percentage wise relative to price
+and that's also what we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also what we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also what we're looking at
+with the supply curve so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the supply curve so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the supply curve so when you're
+given an elasticity if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an elasticity if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an elasticity if you have an
+elasticity of supply it makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of supply it makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of supply it makes sense that
+it's going to be positive in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be positive in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be positive in this case
+0. five because price when price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. five because price when price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. five because price when price
+increases suppliers are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases suppliers are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases suppliers are willing to
+supply more and it makes sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply more and it makes sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply more and it makes sense that the
+demand Cur elasticity that we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Cur elasticity that we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Cur elasticity that we're given
+is negative or negative. 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative or negative. 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative or negative. 25
+because when price begins to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when price begins to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when price begins to increase
+the consumers are going to want less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers are going to want less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers are going to want less of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+product now the second part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now the second part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now the second part of this
+problem is going to give us new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is going to give us new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is going to give us new
+elasticities of demand and supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities of demand and supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities of demand and supply and
+I'm going to just quickly run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just quickly run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just quickly run through
+the actual calculation because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual calculation because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual calculation because it's
+going to be the same as our calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as our calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as our calculation
+that we just did and instead we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did and instead we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did and instead we're going
+to think about um possible causes um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about um possible causes um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about um possible causes um for
+the shifts that we see in the supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifts that we see in the supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifts that we see in the supply and
+the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand
+curve Part B says suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve Part B says suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve Part B says suppose that you
+discover that the current price of steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the current price of steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the current price of steel
+is $15 per ton and the current level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $15 per ton and the current level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $15 per ton and the current level of
+worldwide sales of Steel is 150 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide sales of Steel is 150 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide sales of Steel is 150 million
+tons the most recent elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons the most recent elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons the most recent elasticity
+estimates estimates from the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates estimates from the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates estimates from the trade
+Association this year are negative .125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association this year are negative .125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association this year are negative .125
+for demand and 0.25 for Supply describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for demand and 0.25 for Supply describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for demand and 0.25 for Supply describe
+the change in the supply and the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the supply and the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the supply and the demand
+curves over the past year using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves over the past year using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves over the past year using your
+diagram from part A what sort of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram from part A what sort of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram from part A what sort of events
+might explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might explain the
+change now I've given us the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now I've given us the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now I've given us the information
+for this part of the problem on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this part of the problem on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this part of the problem on this
+board and you'll notice that our inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and you'll notice that our inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and you'll notice that our inputs
+or our variables have changed now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our variables have changed now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our variables have changed now the
+price has dropped from 20 now it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price has dropped from 20 now it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price has dropped from 20 now it's going
+to be down to 15 you're going to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be down to 15 you're going to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be down to 15 you're going to notice
+that the quantity has actually increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quantity has actually increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quantity has actually increased
+from 100 up to 150 and our elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 100 up to 150 and our elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 100 up to 150 and our elasticities
+of demand and elasticities of Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand and elasticities of Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand and elasticities of Supply
+have changed because the price and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed because the price and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed because the price and the
+quantity are different and we're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity are different and we're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity are different and we're at a
+different point on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point on our
+graph the process we're going to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the process we're going to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the process we're going to do to
+solve for our demand curves and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for our demand curves and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for our demand curves and our
+supply curves are going to be be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curves are going to be be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curves are going to be be exactly
+identical and when you follow the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and when you follow the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and when you follow the same
+process I'll just do the first step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'll just do the first step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'll just do the first step up
+here you're going to substitute in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're going to substitute in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're going to substitute in for
+the information that's given in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that's given in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that's given in the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all you're going to do is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you're going to do is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you're going to do is you're
+again going to solve through for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going to solve through for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going to solve through for the
+derivative you're going to integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you're going to integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you're going to integrate and
+you're going to find the constants after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find the constants after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find the constants after
+you do that entire process you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that entire process you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that entire process you're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+find that the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the demand
+curve is given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and you're going to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you're going to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you're going to find that
+the supply curve is given by this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation now if we look at this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now if we look at this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now if we look at this new
+demand curve and this new supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve and this new supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve and this new supply curve
+we'll actually notice that the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually notice that the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually notice that the slope
+with respect to P is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to P is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to P is going to be
+identical in both of the cases that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in both of the cases that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in both of the cases that we
+solved for both the beginning case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for both the beginning case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for both the beginning case and
+the case in the end of the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in the end of the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in the end of the problem the
+only thing that shifted between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that shifted between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that shifted between our
+quantities demanded and our quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities demanded and our quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities demanded and our quantities
+supplied are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied are the
+curves is there's been a shift and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves is there's been a shift and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves is there's been a shift and the
+shift for the demand curve it went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift for the demand curve it went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift for the demand curve it went from
+an intercept of25 now to an intercept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intercept of25 now to an intercept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intercept of25 now to an intercept of
+168.75 so our demand curve is Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+168.75 so our demand curve is Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+168.75 so our demand curve is Shifting
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+out so we can represent this shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand like this notice that the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand like this notice that the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand like this notice that the slope
+is going to be exactly identical I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be exactly identical I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be exactly identical I'm
+going to write a small DB for Part B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write a small DB for Part B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write a small DB for Part B and
+then we can do the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can do the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can do the same sort of
+interpretation for our supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for our supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for our supply curve
+looking at our supply curve The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at our supply curve The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at our supply curve The
+Intercept now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept now is
+112.5 but before it was only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112.5 but before it was only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112.5 but before it was only at
+50 and what this means this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and what this means this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and what this means this means that
+the supply curve is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply curve is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply curve is going to
+shift in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and so my graph with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so my graph with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so my graph with the
+equilibrium price that I've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price that I've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price that I've kind of
+drawn it's a little bit off but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it's a little bit off but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it's a little bit off but what you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see you should see that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you should see that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you should see that the new
+equilibrium price has fallen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price has fallen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price has fallen in this
+case it's Fallen to 115 or to 15 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's Fallen to 115 or to 15 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's Fallen to 115 or to 15 and the
+equilibrium quantity has increased from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium quantity has increased from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium quantity has increased from
+100 to 150 so since we had both a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 150 so since we had both a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 150 so since we had both a shift
+in Supply and a shift in demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Supply and a shift in demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Supply and a shift in demand
+necessarily we see that quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we see that quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we see that quantity is
+going to increase but if the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase but if the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase but if the demand
+curve had shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve had shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve had shifted
+up way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up way up
+here we could see that price could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we could see that price could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we could see that price could have
+increased so the effect on the price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased so the effect on the price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased so the effect on the price in
+this market is ambiguous we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market is ambiguous we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market is ambiguous we can say that
+necessarily the effect on quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the effect on quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the effect on quantity is
+going to be clearly towards an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be clearly towards an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be clearly towards an increase
+so to wrap up this problem we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to wrap up this problem we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to wrap up this problem we saw that
+changes in elasticities can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in elasticities can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in elasticities can also
+represent changes in the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent changes in the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent changes in the underlying
+demand and Supply functions let's wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and Supply functions let's wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and Supply functions let's wrap
+up by just thinking about what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by just thinking about what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by just thinking about what could
+have caused the demand Shi the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caused the demand Shi the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caused the demand Shi the demand
+shift that we've seen and what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that we've seen and what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that we've seen and what could
+cause the supply shift that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the supply shift that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the supply shift that we
+saw now there are a couple of ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw now there are a couple of ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw now there are a couple of ideas that
+we can have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand the first idea that we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the first idea that we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the first idea that we could have
+is we could just have had an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could just have had an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could just have had an increase in
+the income of a consumer if a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income of a consumer if a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income of a consumer if a consumer
+has more income then they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more income then they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more income then they might be
+willing to spend more on steel a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to spend more on steel a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to spend more on steel a second
+idea that we have we could have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we have we could have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we have we could have that the
+price of a substitute perhaps you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a substitute perhaps you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a substitute perhaps you're
+considering building a bridge out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering building a bridge out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering building a bridge out of
+iron instead of Steel if the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron instead of Steel if the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron instead of Steel if the price of
+the substitute has increased then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitute has increased then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitute has increased then
+perhaps the consumers are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the consumers are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the consumers are going to be
+willing to pay more to get the steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay more to get the steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay more to get the steel
+since the the iron is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the the iron is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the the iron is more
+expensive a third possible idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive a third possible idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive a third possible idea is that
+the number of goods that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of goods that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of goods that you need to
+make from steel is increasing so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make from steel is increasing so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make from steel is increasing so if you
+suddenly find New Uses for steel then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly find New Uses for steel then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly find New Uses for steel then
+the price or the price that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price or the price that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price or the price that you're
+willing to pay at any given point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay at any given point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay at any given point is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+higher basically to affect the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher basically to affect the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher basically to affect the demand
+curve you have to think about why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you have to think about why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you have to think about why would
+people be more willing to pay more for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people be more willing to pay more for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people be more willing to pay more for a
+fixed quantity and I just listed off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed quantity and I just listed off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed quantity and I just listed off a
+couple of ideas there we can also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ideas there we can also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ideas there we can also think
+about reasons about why the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reasons about why the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reasons about why the supply
+curve could be shifting in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve could be shifting in in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve could be shifting in in this case
+why is it why are willing to offer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it why are willing to offer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it why are willing to offer a
+cheaper price at any fixed quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper price at any fixed quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper price at any fixed quantity and
+one idea that we could have for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea that we could have for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea that we could have for this is
+just that there are more firms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that there are more firms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that there are more firms in this
+market if this Market isn't perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if this Market isn't perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if this Market isn't perfectly
+competitive to start off with then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive to start off with then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive to start off with then
+increasing the number of firms is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the number of firms is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the number of firms is going
+to increase competition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase competition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase competition and the
+producers are going to have to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are going to have to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are going to have to drop
+their prices a second idea for why we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices a second idea for why we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices a second idea for why we've
+seen this supply curve shift out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this supply curve shift out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this supply curve shift out and
+down could be the fact that a input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down could be the fact that a input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down could be the fact that a input
+price for steel has dropped perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for steel has dropped perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for steel has dropped perhaps the
+way of manufacturing or getting the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of manufacturing or getting the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of manufacturing or getting the raw
+material is cheaper because the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is cheaper because the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is cheaper because the machine
+they're using to get the steel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using to get the steel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using to get the steel is
+cheaper basically when you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper basically when you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper basically when you're thinking
+about the shift that's making it cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the shift that's making it cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the shift that's making it cheaper
+for suppliers to produce the good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for suppliers to produce the good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for suppliers to produce the good all
+you need to think about is what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about is what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about is what could
+make it so that they're more willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that they're more willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that they're more willing to
+produce at a lower price so again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at a lower price so again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at a lower price so again with
+this problem we went through working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we went through working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we went through working
+with elasticities and demands we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elasticities and demands we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elasticities and demands we've seen
+that we can go from a demand curve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go from a demand curve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go from a demand curve or
+supply curve to elasticities or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve to elasticities or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve to elasticities or we can
+go from elasticities to demands and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from elasticities to demands and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from elasticities to demands and then
+once we've had the supply and the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've had the supply and the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've had the supply and the demand
+curves we looked at how do we interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves we looked at how do we interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves we looked at how do we interpret
+the shifts and shocks and we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifts and shocks and we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifts and shocks and we looked at
+possible explanations for those shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible explanations for those shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible explanations for those shift
+and shocks I hope you found this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shocks I hope you found this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shocks I hope you found this problem
+helpful
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wj0oH3ehk18.txt b/Wj0oH3ehk18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c2a0e2d0c141faa8d25002d0f971e3f3e84400b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wj0oH3ehk18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation you've
+been doing some work on trig integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing some work on trig integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing some work on trig integration
+I have a nice example here of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a nice example here of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a nice example here of a problem
+that requires trig integration in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires trig integration in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires trig integration in order
+to solve so what I'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve so what I'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve so what I'd like you to do is
+to compute the volume of the solid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the volume of the solid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the volume of the solid that
+you get when you take one hump of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you take one hump of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you take one hump of the
+curve yals sin ax and you revolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve yals sin ax and you revolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve yals sin ax and you revolve it
+around the x- axis so you take you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the x- axis so you take you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the x- axis so you take you take
+the curve between two consecutive roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve between two consecutive roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve between two consecutive roots
+and then you you you know rolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you you know rolve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you you know rolve that
+around the x- axis and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the x- axis and that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the x- axis and that gives you
+some I don't know vaguely football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I don't know vaguely football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I don't know vaguely football
+shaped thing and and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped thing and and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped thing and and so then the
+question is what's what's the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's what's the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's what's the volume of
+that solid so why don't you pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid so why don't you pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid so why don't you pause the
+video take a little while to uh to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video take a little while to uh to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video take a little while to uh to work
+that out come back and we can work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out come back and we can work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out come back and we can work it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together welcome back in order to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back in order to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back in order to to
+solve this problem we just are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem we just are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem we just are going to
+apply our usual methods for computing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our usual methods for computing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our usual methods for computing a
+a volume of a solid of rotation so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volume of a solid of rotation so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volume of a solid of rotation so in
+order to do that remember that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that remember that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that remember that one of
+the things you need is you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you need is you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you need is you need to know
+the the region over which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the region over which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the region over which you're
+integrating and you need to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and you need to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and you need to choose a
+method of integration so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of integration so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of integration so in this case
+looking at this at this region here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this at this region here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this at this region here I'm
+I'm rotating it around the the xaxis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rotating it around the the xaxis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rotating it around the the xaxis it
+looks to me so we we have two choices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to me so we we have two choices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to me so we we have two choices we
+could do shells with hor horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do shells with hor horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do shells with hor horizontal
+rectangles or we could do discs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles or we could do discs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles or we could do discs with
+vertical rectangles looks to me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles looks to me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles looks to me like
+vertical rectangles are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles are going to be the
+way to go for this for this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go for this for this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go for this for this function
+nice simple um have their base on the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple um have their base on the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple um have their base on the x-
+axis you know this is a a nice a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you know this is a a nice a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you know this is a a nice a nice
+setup for for for discs so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for for for discs so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for for for discs so we're going
+to take uh vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take uh vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take uh vertical
+discs here like this vertical rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs here like this vertical rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs here like this vertical rectangles
+that are going to spin into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to spin into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to spin into into
+vertical discs and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical discs and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical discs and so we're going to
+integrate um all these discs we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um all these discs we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um all these discs we're going
+to add them up starting at at X equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them up starting at at X equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them up starting at at X equal 0
+and going until the end of this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going until the end of this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going until the end of this region
+so we need to figure out what the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to figure out what the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to figure out what the end of
+that region is so we need sin ax to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region is so we need sin ax to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region is so we need sin ax to be
+zero again well the first zero the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again well the first zero the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again well the first zero the first
+time sign is zero after zero is it Pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sign is zero after zero is it Pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sign is zero after zero is it Pi so
+we need ax to be Pi so this value is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need ax to be Pi so this value is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need ax to be Pi so this value is is
+that pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pi over
+a okay so that's the that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so that's the that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so that's the that's the the
+setup for the for the problem and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for the for the problem and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for the for the problem and now we
+just need to remember you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to remember you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to remember you know how how
+to do a problem like this so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a problem like this so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a problem like this so we have
+each of these discs well it's height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these discs well it's height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these discs well it's height
+here is the height of the function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the height of the function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the height of the function which
+is which is y in this case so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is y in this case so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is y in this case so the the
+little the area of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the area of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the area of a little
+dis or I sorry the area of a disc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis or I sorry the area of a disc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis or I sorry the area of a disc the
+the little oh dear the element of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little oh dear the element of volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little oh dear the element of volume
+the little bit of volume that we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little bit of volume that we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little bit of volume that we get is
+equal to well the area of the disc is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well the area of the disc is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well the area of the disc is pi
+y^ 2 which is pi sin SAR of ax and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2 which is pi sin SAR of ax and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2 which is pi sin SAR of ax and then
+the thickness of the disc is a little DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the disc is a little DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the disc is a little DX
+so this is our our little element DV of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our our little element DV of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our our little element DV of
+volume and now to get the whole volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and now to get the whole volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and now to get the whole volume
+we just integrate this over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just integrate this over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just integrate this over the
+appropriate range so this means V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate range so this means V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate range so this means V is
+equal to the integral from zero to as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral from zero to as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral from zero to as we
+said to pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to pi/
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+of PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PK
+* sin 2 of a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* sin 2 of a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* sin 2 of a x
+DX so this is just like the sorts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so this is just like the sorts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so this is just like the sorts of uh
+integrals you were doing in in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you were doing in in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you were doing in in class
+it's a definite integral I guess most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definite integral I guess most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definite integral I guess most of
+the ones you did were were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you did were were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you did were were just
+anti-derivatives but of course that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives but of course that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives but of course that's an
+easy translation to make VI the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy translation to make VI the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy translation to make VI the
+fundamental theorem um so okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem um so okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem um so okay so we
+have this ax here you know it's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this ax here you know it's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this ax here you know it's up to
+you I I think my life will be simpler if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I think my life will be simpler if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I think my life will be simpler if
+I just make a little U substitution get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just make a little U substitution get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just make a little U substitution get
+rid of the ax then I don't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the ax then I don't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the ax then I don't have to think
+about it very much anymore so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very much anymore so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very much anymore so I could
+take U equal a a x so du = a DX or DX =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take U equal a a x so du = a DX or DX =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take U equal a a x so du = a DX or DX =
+1 a du um so I okay so I make this quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a du um so I okay so I make this quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a du um so I okay so I make this quick
+substitution um when X is z u is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution um when X is z u is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution um when X is z u is also
+zero when X is pi over a u is just Pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when X is pi over a u is just Pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when X is pi over a u is just Pi so
+this becomes the integral from Zer to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes the integral from Zer to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes the integral from Zer to Pi
+I can pull this Pi out front and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can pull this Pi out front and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can pull this Pi out front and I can
+pull so I'm going to get pi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull so I'm going to get pi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull so I'm going to get pi I
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+sin^2 U * DX is 1 / a du so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 U * DX is 1 / a du so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 U * DX is 1 / a du so I'm going to
+pull the one over a out front as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the one over a out front as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the one over a out front as well so
+it's pi over a times the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pi over a times the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pi over a times the integral from 0
+to Pi of sin^2 U du okay so now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi of sin^2 U du okay so now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi of sin^2 U du okay so now now
+we've just simplified it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just simplified it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just simplified it to the
+situation where we've just got a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we've just got a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we've just got a trig
+integral no no other complications at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral no no other complications at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral no no other complications at
+all um how do we do this one well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um how do we do this one well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um how do we do this one well okay
+so this is not one of those nice ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not one of those nice ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not one of those nice ones
+where we have an odd power for either s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an odd power for either s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an odd power for either s
+or cosine we have S is appearing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cosine we have S is appearing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cosine we have S is appearing to the
+even power two and cosine well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even power two and cosine well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even power two and cosine well it
+doesn't appear it appears to the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear it appears to the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear it appears to the even
+power zero if you if you like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power zero if you if you like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power zero if you if you like you could
+say it that way um so when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it that way um so when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it that way um so when we have a
+situation where where s and cosine both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where where s and cosine both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where where s and cosine both
+appear in even Powers what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in even Powers what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in even Powers what we need to do
+is we need to use one of our trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need to use one of our trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need to use one of our trig
+identities we need to use a a half angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities we need to use a a half angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities we need to use a a half angle
+identity um so the the identity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity um so the the identity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity um so the the identity in
+particular that we want to use is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that we want to use is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that we want to use is we
+want to replace s^ 2qu U with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replace s^ 2qu U with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replace s^ 2qu U with something
+uh like a like a cosine of 2 U somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a like a cosine of 2 U somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a like a cosine of 2 U somehow
+um so in order to do that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in order to do that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in order to do that we need to
+remember the the appropriate identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the appropriate identity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the appropriate identity so
+one of the double angle identities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the double angle identities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the double angle identities is
+cosine of 2T = 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2T = 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2T = 1 -
+2 sin^2 T which we can rewrite as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sin^2 T which we can rewrite as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sin^2 T which we can rewrite as the
+half angle identity sin^2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half angle identity sin^2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half angle identity sin^2 T
+= 1 - cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 - cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 - cine
+2T / 2 so this is true for any value T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T / 2 so this is true for any value T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T / 2 so this is true for any value T
+in particular it's true when T is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it's true when T is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it's true when T is equal
+to U uh back over here so we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U uh back over here so we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U uh back over here so we can rewrite
+this by replacing sin^2 U with sin 2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by replacing sin^2 U with sin 2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by replacing sin^2 U with sin 2 U
+with 1 minus cosine of 2 U / 2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 minus cosine of 2 U / 2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 minus cosine of 2 U / 2 so this
+integral becomes so our integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes so our integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes so our integral is
+equal to well we've still got the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well we've still got the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well we've still got the pi
+over a in front integral from 0 to Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a in front integral from 0 to Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a in front integral from 0 to Pi of
+1us cosine of 2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us cosine of 2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us cosine of 2 U
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+2 du okay and so now we integrate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 du okay and so now we integrate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 du okay and so now we integrate it so
+one over two that's easy that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two that's easy that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two that's easy that's just
+okay so the pi over a is still out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the pi over a is still out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the pi over a is still out in
+front 1 over two integrates just gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front 1 over two integrates just gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front 1 over two integrates just gives
+us U over two how about cosine of 2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us U over two how about cosine of 2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us U over two how about cosine of 2 U
+well so minus cosine of 2 U so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so minus cosine of 2 U so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so minus cosine of 2 U so that
+should give us a minus sign right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give us a minus sign right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give us a minus sign right
+derivative of s is cosine derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s is cosine derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s is cosine derivative of
+minus s is minus cosine so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s is minus cosine so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s is minus cosine so it's
+minus s of 2 U and then because it's 2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of 2 U and then because it's 2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of 2 U and then because it's 2 U
+we're going to have to divide by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to divide by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to divide by two
+again um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four all right if you don't believe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four all right if you don't believe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four all right if you don't believe me
+of course you could always check by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you could always check by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you could always check by
+differentiating this expression and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating this expression and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating this expression and and
+making sure that it matches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that it matches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that it matches that
+expression um the the integrant here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um the the integrant here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um the the integrant here and
+okay and so we need to take that between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we need to take that between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we need to take that between
+U equals z and U equals Pi so luckily we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals z and U equals Pi so luckily we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals z and U equals Pi so luckily we
+changed our bounds of integration we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed our bounds of integration we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed our bounds of integration we
+don't have to go all the way back to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go all the way back to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go all the way back to X
+again um okay so this is pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a times okay so uh so U over 2 minus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times okay so uh so U over 2 minus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times okay so uh so U over 2 minus sin
+2 U over 4 When U is pi is is pi/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U over 4 When U is pi is is pi/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U over 4 When U is pi is is pi/ 2
+minus s of 2 pi that's just zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of 2 pi that's just zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of 2 pi that's just zero right
+yes that's just zero good so this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's just zero good so this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's just zero good so this term
+is just zero Pi / 2 um minus okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero Pi / 2 um minus okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero Pi / 2 um minus okay now
+when we put in zero here well we get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put in zero here well we get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put in zero here well we get 0
+minus s of 0 so that's also just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of 0 so that's also just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of 0 so that's also just that's
+just zero so just pi over two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero so just pi over two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero so just pi over two okay so
+the answer then is pi^ 2 over 2 a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer then is pi^ 2 over 2 a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer then is pi^ 2 over 2 a so
+that's the volume we were looking for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the volume we were looking for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the volume we were looking for so
+just to to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to quickly
+recap we have our our solid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap we have our our solid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap we have our our solid of
+Revolution here that we get by spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution here that we get by spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution here that we get by spinning
+this region around the the x-axis we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region around the the x-axis we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region around the the x-axis we use
+our typical methods for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our typical methods for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our typical methods for computing
+volumes of solids of Revolution we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of solids of Revolution we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of solids of Revolution we've
+got a uh when we do that the integr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a uh when we do that the integr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a uh when we do that the integr
+integral that we set up is a is a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we set up is a is a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we set up is a is a trig
+integral with a s squared in it so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a s squared in it so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a s squared in it so both
+s and cosine appear to an even power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and cosine appear to an even power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and cosine appear to an even power in
+this trig integral and when you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trig integral and when you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trig integral and when you're in
+that situation you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation you're going to have to
+use your your half angle formulas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your your half angle formulas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your your half angle formulas like
+so once you do that you'll simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do that you'll simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do that you'll simplify
+sometimes life is hard you'll have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes life is hard you'll have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes life is hard you'll have to do
+it more than once in this case we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more than once in this case we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more than once in this case we only
+had to do that once um so we got uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do that once um so we got uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do that once um so we got uh then
+we that reduces the the integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that reduces the the integral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that reduces the the integral to
+something that's that's easy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's easy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's easy to compute
+where where you have one of s or cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you have one of s or cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you have one of s or cosine
+always appearing to an odd power in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always appearing to an odd power in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always appearing to an odd power in this
+case very simple you just had a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case very simple you just had a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case very simple you just had a cosine
+um and then you you integrate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you you integrate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you you integrate it and
+this was our final answer I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X9t-u87df3o.txt b/X9t-u87df3o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de88d1836b0107e53cf65916f3e6c767edbfd1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X9t-u87df3o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi, I'm Gilbert
+Strang, and I'm a math
+
+professor at MIT.
+
+And I hope these highlights of
+calculus will be helpful.
+
+I started the project this
+year, because the linear
+
+algebra lectures which were in
+class have been watched by a
+
+lot of people on
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+And so I looked at what there
+was for calculus.
+
+And I saw two or three
+types of things.
+
+One was lectures, sort of
+very serious, too mathy.
+
+And another was supported by
+foundations, an effort to make
+
+math look so terrifically
+exciting and wonderful and
+
+connect with everything.
+
+And yet, I feel a lot of
+people are taking math
+
+courses, calculus, in high
+school, in college, and simply
+
+want a little help to see
+what's the main point.
+
+And maybe that's the idea of
+these lectures, is to try to
+
+tell you the main point without
+all the heavy things
+
+that a giant textbook would
+do, and without all the
+
+practice that you'll get
+in class, and doing
+
+exercises and so on.
+
+So these are kind of short,
+but I hope alive.
+
+And if they help,
+I'm very happy.
+
+So I guess I'm hoping everybody
+might watch this
+
+who'd like a little help or a
+second look at calculus, both
+
+high school and college
+students.
+
+I wanted to capture key ideas
+that you could use for review
+
+and see new examples
+and see just coming
+
+from a second person.
+
+That seems to be what succeeds
+with linear algebra.
+
+The videos are sort of just to
+add, to supplement what you're
+
+actually seeing in class
+and in the textbook.
+
+I think of the textbooks as
+often so large and so many
+
+exercises that it's totally easy
+to lose the key point,
+
+what's essential about calculus
+and what is just kind
+
+of routine and practice.
+
+So in short videos, it has to
+be the essential points, the
+
+three groups of functions, like
+powers of x, sine and
+
+cosine of x, and e to the x.
+
+If you understand those, you've
+got the main ideas.
+
+We're starting out with a first
+group of five videos.
+
+Maybe big picture is the words
+that we think of for those.
+
+And then that'll be the first
+group that'll be on
+
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+And then I've done 12 after
+that, that do sort of the rest
+
+of differential calculus, big
+words just meaning how to find
+
+the derivative, the
+slope, the speed.
+
+You'll see in the videos.
+
+And then after that could come
+integral calculus, if you
+
+think I should.
+
+I don't think of a lot of
+
+prerequisites for these videos.
+
+I guess I'm always hopeful that
+you could watch them even
+
+if you haven't started calculus,
+to see what's
+
+coming, what it's about.
+
+I've taught math for a long
+time, and it's so easy to get
+
+into the course and jump over
+the opening, the introduction
+
+that tells what's
+important here.
+
+And that's maybe what these
+videos are aimed at.
+
+FEMALE SPEAKER: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XDsfydo1gkM.txt b/XDsfydo1gkM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8d086c988304a045a4705ae7989f8a50ac95ce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XDsfydo1gkM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencare under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencare under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencare under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one of
+things uh there you see you see and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh there you see you see and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh there you see you see and then
+and then you know matter what the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know matter what the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know matter what the tool
+you're using is you you take you you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using is you you take you you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using is you you take you you've
+got to look closely at the tool marks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to look closely at the tool marks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to look closely at the tool marks to
+to uh to get a sense of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to get a sense of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to get a sense of what's going on
+right all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the time
+full um so you may you may not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full um so you may you may not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full um so you may you may not want to
+take off um for today I think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off um for today I think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off um for today I think that you
+this model is going to be used uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is going to be used uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is going to be used uh for a
+demonstration today too of how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration today too of how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration today too of how to how to
+redevelop design when you're drafting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redevelop design when you're drafting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redevelop design when you're drafting um
+so but if you can get a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if you can get a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if you can get a couple of
+Curves maybe the trans whereas with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curves maybe the trans whereas with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curves maybe the trans whereas with this
+thing yeah I would get maybe one back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah I would get maybe one back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah I would get maybe one back
+here somewhere um you know maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere um you know maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere um you know maybe this
+shape back here and then yeah say should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape back here and then yeah say should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape back here and then yeah say should
+try yeah no no I think this just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try yeah no no I think this just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try yeah no no I think this just go
+ahead and draw it now because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and draw it now because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and draw it now because you can
+always erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always erase
+it go ahead and make it literal for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go ahead and make it literal for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go ahead and make it literal for now
+and uh the other thing that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other thing that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other thing that you want to
+do um well just yeah just do that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um well just yeah just do that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um well just yeah just do that part
+now then we'll add water line SE your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we'll add water line SE your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we'll add water line SE your
+later on another arbitrary water line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on another arbitrary water line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on another arbitrary water line or
+or or Center Line rather um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I'm going to mention that to Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to mention that to Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to mention that to Tony
+because that's that could be confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that could be confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that could be confusing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thereare the square not the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereare the square not the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereare the square not the square
+the triangle right triangle the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle right triangle the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle right triangle the the big
+plastic ones yeah that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic ones yeah that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic ones yeah that there's a
+cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'd be
+smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of you may want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah um
+what what I what I want to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I what I want to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I what I want to do with the
+vi what I'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi what I'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi what I'd like you to do is
+um when you're working on on uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're working on on uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're working on on uh you know
+in drawing I don't know if you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in drawing I don't know if you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in drawing I don't know if you've done
+ever done any computer drawing of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done any computer drawing of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done any computer drawing of any of
+any sort you have you know how you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort you have you know how you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort you have you know how you work
+in layers and trans well um that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in layers and trans well um that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in layers and trans well um that all
+came from from what people can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from from what people can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from from what people can do with
+paper which is that when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which is that when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which is that when you get
+something to a certain to a certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to a certain to a certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to a certain to a certain uh
+extent then you just layer another sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent then you just layer another sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent then you just layer another sheet
+on top and and pick up the stuff through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top and and pick up the stuff through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top and and pick up the stuff through
+it and then continue to to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then continue to to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then continue to to develop
+things from there um so basically you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from there um so basically you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from there um so basically you've
+got this one line left to draw right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this one line left to draw right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this one line left to draw right to
+uh to capture what's what the model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to capture what's what the model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to capture what's what the model has
+and then at that point what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that point what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that point what we're going
+to do is going to lay another um Ruben's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is going to lay another um Ruben's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is going to lay another um Ruben's
+going to see if we can get some some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see if we can get some some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see if we can get some some uh
+tracing paper uh lay sheet of tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing paper uh lay sheet of tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing paper uh lay sheet of tracing
+paper or another sheet of this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or another sheet of this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or another sheet of this would be
+good enough to pick up the the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to pick up the the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to pick up the the lines
+through it and then I'm I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and then I'm I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and then I'm I'm going to go
+over with you how how to uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over with you how how to uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over with you how how to uh start
+developing this further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most important design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't have time to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know 10 in of water okay um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 in of water okay um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 in of water okay um with
+everything being kicked up you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything being kicked up you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything being kicked up you wouldn't
+have as good a steering or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as good a steering or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as good a steering or anything like
+that but you could do it without hurting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you could do it without hurting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you could do it without hurting
+boat so on that on that if that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat so on that on that if that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat so on that on that if that's if
+that's a principle that makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a principle that makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a principle that makes sense to
+you and I think it might for for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I think it might for for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I think it might for for your
+use I would make that quite that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I would make that quite that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I would make that quite that that
+Keel just barely proud of the line along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keel just barely proud of the line along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keel just barely proud of the line along
+here does that make sense I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does that make sense I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does that make sense I think so
+yeah and it looks I kind of like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it looks I kind of like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it looks I kind of like that
+idea okay cool yeah so we out here have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay cool yeah so we out here have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay cool yeah so we out here have
+it be have this part be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got one more about 45 minute to an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one more about 45 minute to an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one more about 45 minute to an hour
+long um lecture Workshop part of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um lecture Workshop part of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um lecture Workshop part of the day
+so so Tony's Tony's going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Tony's Tony's going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Tony's Tony's going to take the
+lead on that obviously to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on that obviously to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on that obviously to talk about
+designing and reiterating the design on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing and reiterating the design on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing and reiterating the design on
+a on a drafting board and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a drafting board and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a drafting board and and then
+following that we'll kind of go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that we'll kind of go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that we'll kind of go back to
+as we are some drawing some finishing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are some drawing some finishing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are some drawing some finishing um
+we'll have different kinds of drawings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have different kinds of drawings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have different kinds of drawings
+going on through the day and um I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on through the day and um I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on through the day and um I'm also
+going to go at after lunch so so Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go at after lunch so so Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go at after lunch so so Tony
+has his one-on-one time with all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his one-on-one time with all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his one-on-one time with all you
+guys so so let's all pick a table and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so so let's all pick a table and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so so let's all pick a table and uh
+a a drafting board Raphael's board is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a drafting board Raphael's board is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a drafting board Raphael's board is
+over here Tony yeah um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here Tony yeah um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here Tony yeah um so you know
+oh and just just so you know uh Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and just just so you know uh Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and just just so you know uh Tony
+because all of the um all of the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of the um all of the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of the um all of the all of
+the lines get lifted in the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines get lifted in the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines get lifted in the same plane
+all the section lines there kind of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the section lines there kind of has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the section lines there kind of has
+to be two center lines you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two center lines you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two center lines you can't really
+roll them over and have them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll them over and have them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll them over and have them you know
+half on about half on one side start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half on about half on one side start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half on about half on one side start
+half on so so that's why there's two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half on so so that's why there's two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half on so so that's why there's two two
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+right uh okay so um why didn't everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh okay so um why didn't everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh okay so um why didn't everybody
+come on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sure yeah good idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure yeah good idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure yeah good idea okay so
+um on on Monday we roughed out um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on Monday we roughed out um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on Monday we roughed out um the
+the the basic starting um the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic starting um the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic starting um the master
+lines for each of these designs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for each of these designs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for each of these designs that
+that um Bas that that set up the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Bas that that set up the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Bas that that set up the the
+rough parameters of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough parameters of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough parameters of the kind of
+characteristics of each of the boats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of each of the boats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of each of the boats and
+uh so so B you know based on on U our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so B you know based on on U our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so B you know based on on U our
+you know brief but uh um brief analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know brief but uh um brief analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know brief but uh um brief analysis
+of what each boat was was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what each boat was was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what each boat was was going to be
+intended for uh we made a a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended for uh we made a a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended for uh we made a a first
+attempt at well what what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at well what what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at well what what would be the
+best the best characteristics for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best characteristics for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best characteristics for that
+boat and uh and laid out th those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and uh and laid out th those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and uh and laid out th those those
+starting lines and uh and then you spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting lines and uh and then you spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting lines and uh and then you spent
+the last couple of days um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of days um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of days um you know
+carving the these these blocks uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving the these these blocks uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving the these these blocks uh in in
+a way that that um that was intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that that um that was intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that that um that was intended to
+to to to reconcile those those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to reconcile those those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to reconcile those those lines
+those starting lines you master lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those starting lines you master lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those starting lines you master lines to
+each other in a way o over over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in a way o over over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in a way o over over this
+three threedimensional volume because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three threedimensional volume because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three threedimensional volume because um
+obviously each one of those lines was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously each one of those lines was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously each one of those lines was
+started as a two-dimensional line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as a two-dimensional line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as a two-dimensional line
+projected in space and then you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected in space and then you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected in space and then you know by
+carving you you uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving you you uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving you you uh you know you
+eliminated everything that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated everything that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated everything that was that was
+outside of those lines and you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of those lines and you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of those lines and you're also
+using the the tools to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the tools to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the tools to um to
+help um add information in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help um add information in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help um add information in between the
+are the between the the lines that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the between the the lines that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the between the the lines that that
+that we' already that we'd set up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we' already that we'd set up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we' already that we'd set up so
+that it was like well what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was like well what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was like well what's going to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+between between this this area and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between this this area and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between this this area and this
+area well the tool is going to is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area well the tool is going to is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area well the tool is going to is going
+to show me what what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show me what what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show me what what's going to happen
+between there by by using the the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there by by using the the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there by by using the the tool
+more or less uh to your advantage um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uh to your advantage um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uh to your advantage um you
+more or less quickly um were able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less quickly um were able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less quickly um were able to to
+you know to to flesh out the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to to flesh out the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to to flesh out the the the
+whole surface uh starting from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole surface uh starting from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole surface uh starting from those
+from those few uh those those few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those few uh those those few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those few uh those those few uh
+that little frame you know that wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little frame you know that wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little frame you know that wire
+framework of those original lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of those original lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of those original lines
+projections now when we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections now when we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections now when we go to
+paper in a sense we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in a sense we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in a sense we're we're
+recapitulating that whole process but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulating that whole process but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulating that whole process but
+we're going to do it in a more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it in a more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it in a more abstract
+ra manner you know here you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra manner you know here you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra manner you know here you're you're
+you're um you're not having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um you're not having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um you're not having to
+conceptualize visualize in your mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize visualize in your mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize visualize in your mind the
+three-dimensional volume because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional volume because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional volume because you're
+actually creating a threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating a threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating a threedimensional
+volume but in uh on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but in uh on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but in uh on the other hand
+you've got the resistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the resistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the resistance of
+three-dimensional Mass you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional Mass you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional Mass you know and and
+uh um and you've you know had to use use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um and you've you know had to use use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um and you've you know had to use use
+actual cutting tools to to to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cutting tools to to to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cutting tools to to to to to
+force your will on on this lump of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force your will on on this lump of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force your will on on this lump of of
+reality um when we go to paper uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um when we go to paper uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um when we go to paper uh we
+kind of etherealized all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of etherealized all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of etherealized all of those
+problems because now you're not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because now you're not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because now you're not having
+to physically carve away anything you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically carve away anything you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically carve away anything you're
+you're just drawing you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just drawing you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just drawing you know um
+abstractly drawing lines you know on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly drawing lines you know on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly drawing lines you know on on
+on a on a sheet of paper the the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a sheet of paper the the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a sheet of paper the the hardest
+thing to do is to is is is to erase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to is is is to erase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to is is is to erase a
+little bit of carbon or to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of carbon or to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of carbon or to you know to
+draw another little bit of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another little bit of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another little bit of carbon
+physically but uh but the challenge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically but uh but the challenge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically but uh but the challenge here
+becomes greater in that now with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes greater in that now with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes greater in that now with the
+experience of the model and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the model and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the model and the actual
+model sitting next to you um you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model sitting next to you um you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model sitting next to you um you you're
+going to have to uh to learn to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to uh to learn to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to uh to learn to start to
+visualize how these these lines on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize how these these lines on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize how these these lines on a
+piece of paper um represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper um represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper um represent that
+three-dimensional space you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space you know
+threedimensional form that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional form that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional form that that that
+you've been struggling to create uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been struggling to create uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been struggling to create uh in
+in reality and um the the if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality and um the the if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality and um the the if you know
+when when you get to the point when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you get to the point when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you get to the point when you
+can Su successfully do that then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Su successfully do that then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Su successfully do that then you're
+actually are liberated to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are liberated to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are liberated to a large extent
+from from having you know having to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from having you know having to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from having you know having to deal
+deal with the design uh physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the design uh physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the design uh physically
+because you you you can deal with it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you you can deal with it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you you can deal with it uh
+um you um abstractly in this way it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you um abstractly in this way it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you um abstractly in this way it also
+opens up the the possibility to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up the the possibility to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up the the possibility to um to
+take U accurate measurements because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take U accurate measurements because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take U accurate measurements because you
+saw how how um that's can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how how um that's can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how how um that's can be quite
+accurate to to take lines off of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate to to take lines off of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate to to take lines off of you
+know those Dimensions off the model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those Dimensions off the model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those Dimensions off the model but
+that still uh especially at these scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still uh especially at these scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still uh especially at these scales
+um you can you know you can uh discern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can you know you can uh discern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can you know you can uh discern
+some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you
+know um barely barely a sliver of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um barely barely a sliver of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um barely barely a sliver of
+misaligned line on a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaligned line on a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaligned line on a piece of paper
+which is a much higher accuracy than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a much higher accuracy than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a much higher accuracy than you
+could with that with a tool like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could with that with a tool like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could with that with a tool like that or
+even you know with a with some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know with a with some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know with a with some sort of a
+laser Gizmo to uh uh do it off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser Gizmo to uh uh do it off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser Gizmo to uh uh do it off of a
+physical model so so because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model so so because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model so so because of that
+gain in accuracy and the ease of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in accuracy and the ease of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in accuracy and the ease of of
+picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking
+up um quantitative information off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um quantitative information off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um quantitative information off of
+the drawing that opens up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawing that opens up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawing that opens up the
+possibility to do um mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to do um mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to do um mathematical
+analyses of of the design and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses of of the design and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses of of the design and uh and and
+then which allows you to to uh to hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which allows you to to uh to hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which allows you to to uh to hook
+into a a a body of uh experience built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a a body of uh experience built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a a body of uh experience built
+up over the last couple hundred years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over the last couple hundred years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over the last couple hundred years of
+how of how these different um um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how of how these different um um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how of how these different um um um
+formulas and these different derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and these different derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and these different derivatives
+uh how those might compare to to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how those might compare to to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how those might compare to to actual
+performance in reality so so um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in reality so so um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in reality so so um you know
+as as you get more abstract you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you get more abstract you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you get more abstract you also
+open up the possibility to to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the possibility to to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the possibility to to turn this
+into a into a more of a of a scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a more of a of a scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a more of a of a scientific
+study as opposed to just um you and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as opposed to just um you and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as opposed to just um you and your
+your intuition and and and the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition and and and the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition and and and the you know
+the carve the carve model and it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carve the carve model and it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carve the carve model and it's one
+of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons
+why um a a designer working working this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um a a designer working working this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um a a designer working working this
+way uh can can have felt more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh can can have felt more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh can can have felt more
+comfortable uh doing a broader range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable uh doing a broader range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable uh doing a broader range of
+of designs than the the Craftsman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designs than the the Craftsman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designs than the the Craftsman
+Builder designer uh would have done who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder designer uh would have done who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder designer uh would have done who
+who only had experience with with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who only had experience with with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who only had experience with with these
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+um and while while kind of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and while while kind of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and while while kind of doing this
+timeline we just take it all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline we just take it all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline we just take it all the way to
+the end right now um the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end right now um the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end right now um the the next
+evolution of of all of this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of of all of this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of of all of this of course
+has been computer design and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been computer design and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been computer design and uh I
+mentioned that briefly on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that briefly on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that briefly on Monday
+um in computer design you you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in computer design you you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in computer design you you actually
+end up kind of reconciling both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up kind of reconciling both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up kind of reconciling both of these
+working methods and folding them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working methods and folding them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working methods and folding them into
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+uh so that you're creating a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that you're creating a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that you're creating a virtual
+model just that that is virtually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just that that is virtually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just that that is virtually as
+three-dimensional as as these models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional as as these models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional as as these models are
+but um but you've abstracted the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but you've abstracted the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but you've abstracted the the
+actual cutting you're no longer cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cutting you're no longer cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cutting you're no longer cutting
+Mass you're you're just um manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass you're you're just um manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass you're you're just um manipulating
+algorithms to to give the to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to to give the to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to to give the to uh to
+create this this virtual illusion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this this virtual illusion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this this virtual illusion of a
+of a of a threedimensional mass and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a threedimensional mass and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a threedimensional mass and then
+because of the fact that um that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that um that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that um that the um
+the the programs allow you to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the programs allow you to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the programs allow you to do all
+sorts of mathematical analysis on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of mathematical analysis on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of mathematical analysis on that
+virtual 3D Mass um and um um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual 3D Mass um and um um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual 3D Mass um and um um and and
+greatly automates all of that it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly automates all of that it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly automates all of that it allows
+you to uhu to do everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to uhu to do everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to uhu to do everything that you
+could have done done on uh you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done done on uh you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done done on uh you know to
+analyze a paper uh drawing um just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a paper uh drawing um just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a paper uh drawing um just with
+within the within the you know within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within the you know within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within the you know within
+the uh the virtual 3D World so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the virtual 3D World so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the virtual 3D World so that um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+in as as you you'll you'll find out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as as you you'll you'll find out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as as you you'll you'll find out when
+we go from from 3D to to paper there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from from 3D to to paper there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from from 3D to to paper there are
+a lot of there's a lot of the immediacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of there's a lot of the immediacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of there's a lot of the immediacy
+that that gets lost and that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gets lost and that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gets lost and that's you know
+part a lot of what you guys have got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a lot of what you guys have got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a lot of what you guys have got to
+try to tune yourselves into is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to tune yourselves into is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to tune yourselves into is is to
+find the nuances to to kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the nuances to to kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the nuances to to kind of try to
+capture it back but still for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it back but still for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it back but still for instance
+the way uh the way in which in which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh the way in which in which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh the way in which in which a
+sheer line interacts in in 3D uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer line interacts in in 3D uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer line interacts in in 3D uh at
+different angles and from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and from different
+directions and at different distances uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and at different distances uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and at different distances uh
+which has a lot to do with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a lot to do with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a lot to do with the with the
+Ely whether what the character of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ely whether what the character of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ely whether what the character of of uh
+of of the the boat is going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the the boat is going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the the boat is going to be really
+very hard to to to judge just off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to to to judge just off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to to to judge just off of a
+of some flat flat views on on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some flat flat views on on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some flat flat views on on a piece of
+paper once you get back into virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper once you get back into virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper once you get back into virtual
+model World though of course all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model World though of course all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model World though of course all of that
+is is um is is readily available again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is um is is readily available again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is um is is readily available again
+because you can just twist and turn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just twist and turn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just twist and turn and
+change Viewpoint and look at the at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Viewpoint and look at the at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Viewpoint and look at the at that
+model from any angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from any angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from any angle so
+um so so again you're reconciling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so again you're reconciling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so again you're reconciling the
+immediacy and then the the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy and then the the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy and then the the other the
+other big Advance is in in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big Advance is in in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big Advance is in in my opinion
+has been that um with with the uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been that um with with the uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been that um with with the uh with
+the physical model it it took you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical model it it took you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical model it it took you know a
+lifetime of of experience with a narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of of experience with a narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of of experience with a narrow
+type or even generations of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or even generations of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or even generations of experience
+with a narrow type of boat to uh gain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a narrow type of boat to uh gain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a narrow type of boat to uh gain a
+body of experience that could then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of experience that could then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of experience that could then be
+tied in to some sort of nuances within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied in to some sort of nuances within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied in to some sort of nuances within
+the model uh that that the designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model uh that that the designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model uh that that the designer
+Builder could be confident enough would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder could be confident enough would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder could be confident enough would
+actually get a an improvement in desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a an improvement in desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a an improvement in desired
+results from one boat to the next it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from one boat to the next it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from one boat to the next it was
+very slow methodical uh step-by-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow methodical uh step-by-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow methodical uh step-by-step
+Evolution uh of design from one boat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh of design from one boat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh of design from one boat to
+the next to the next um when when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to the next um when when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to the next um when when you're
+able to to jump to the the analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to jump to the the analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to jump to the the analysis that
+that can be done on on a paper drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done on on a paper drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done on on a paper drawing
+um and that being able to plug into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that being able to plug into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that being able to plug into a
+wider uh and and uh and deeper uh base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider uh and and uh and deeper uh base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider uh and and uh and deeper uh base
+of experience IAL uh um knowledge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience IAL uh um knowledge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience IAL uh um knowledge um
+through the through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through those
+analyses you you sped up that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses you you sped up that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses you you sped up that that
+process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of
+gaining an intuitive grasp of of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining an intuitive grasp of of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining an intuitive grasp of of of uh
+of the medium of what you working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medium of what you working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medium of what you working with
+and being able to then make judgments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being able to then make judgments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being able to then make judgments uh
+by looking at at at the lines that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at at at the lines that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at at at the lines that that
+that you could feel would carry certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could feel would carry certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could feel would carry certain
+a certain conviction that uh yes making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain conviction that uh yes making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain conviction that uh yes making
+this change is going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change is going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change is going to have this
+particular result in the end now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result in the end now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result in the end now the the
+the I started designing uh on on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I started designing uh on on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I started designing uh on on paper
+and uh you know for the first um 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know for the first um 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know for the first um 10
+years or more uh worked exclusively on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or more uh worked exclusively on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or more uh worked exclusively on
+paper and on physical models U that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and on physical models U that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and on physical models U that's
+one of my models right there that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my models right there that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my models right there that was
+done from a from a design that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from a from a design that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from a from a design that that was
+originally uh done on paper and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh done on paper and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh done on paper and uh
+actually I lofted and built the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I lofted and built the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I lofted and built the boat
+before the before this model was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the before this model was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the before this model was built
+um but uh then then after you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh then then after you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh then then after you know then
+then the PC you know personal computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the PC you know personal computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the PC you know personal computers
+came came around and U um and I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came came around and U um and I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came came around and U um and I made a
+transition from from designing that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from from designing that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from from designing that way
+to designing in CAD and um what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to designing in CAD and um what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to designing in CAD and um what it was
+you know very steep learning curve for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very steep learning curve for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very steep learning curve for a
+long time because you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because you know when
+you're you know and you're really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know and you're really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know and you're really the
+first generation to be on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation to be on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation to be on the other side
+of that of of that uh divide but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of of that uh divide but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of of that uh divide but um
+before before virtual reality existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before virtual reality existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before virtual reality existed
+the only way that that that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that that that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that that that you could
+interact with with creating you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with with creating you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with with creating you know
+volume in in space was either physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in in space was either physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in in space was either physically
+with a with a model or a sculpture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a model or a sculpture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a model or a sculpture or
+whatever by carving or molding or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever by carving or molding or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever by carving or molding or or
+abstractly on on paper um and uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly on on paper um and uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly on on paper um and uh those
+those required a a physical interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those required a a physical interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those required a a physical interaction
+with the object or a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the object or a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the object or a physical
+interaction with with the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with with the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with with the representation
+on paper but when you go into uh working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper but when you go into uh working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper but when you go into uh working
+on in virtual reality it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in virtual reality it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in virtual reality it's it's kind of
+like the old uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the old uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the old uh
+um um you know um you know those nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know um you know those nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know um you know those nuclear
+experiments where you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where you're working with
+the you know through the rubber gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know through the rubber gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know through the rubber gloves
+or with the little robotic arms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the little robotic arms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the little robotic arms and
+you're you're behind the glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're behind the glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're behind the glass and
+you're trying to make something happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make something happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make something happen
+on the other side of the glass and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the glass and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the glass and uh
+and all the tools you have are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the tools you have are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the tools you have are a
+keyboard and a mouse very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard and a mouse very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard and a mouse very different from
+from you know grabbing grabbing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know grabbing grabbing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know grabbing grabbing this
+rasp and and doing this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rasp and and doing this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rasp and and doing this uh
+but in effect once you've learned what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in effect once you've learned what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in effect once you've learned what
+you're doing the algorithm in the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the algorithm in the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the algorithm in the you
+know in the computer program is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the computer program is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the computer program is doing
+exactly the same thing as you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing as you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing as you know when
+when you ask it to do to do this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask it to do to do this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask it to do to do this same
+process it's doing exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's doing exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's doing exactly the same
+thing um but it's doing it um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um but it's doing it um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um but it's doing it um you know
+using this other tool and this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this other tool and this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this other tool and this other
+medium um so anyway so there's this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium um so anyway so there's this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium um so anyway so there's this big
+long transition to being able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long transition to being able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long transition to being able to to
+understand and work with this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and work with this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and work with this these
+these uh uh mediums then to to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh mediums then to to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh mediums then to to go and
+work behind the the glass box but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work behind the the glass box but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work behind the the glass box but um but
+what I found once I started to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found once I started to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found once I started to get uh
+fluent in that was that um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent in that was that um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent in that was that um because of
+the of the facility involved both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the facility involved both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the facility involved both in
+creating the the forms and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the the forms and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the the forms and also in
+analyzing the forms that um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the forms that um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the forms that um what
+happened was a an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was a an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was a an a
+a a a Quantum jump really you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a Quantum jump really you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a Quantum jump really you know the
+the the evolution from this to this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the evolution from this to this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the evolution from this to this um
+maybe gained you know gained a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe gained you know gained a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe gained you know gained a a
+broadness of experience that that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadness of experience that that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadness of experience that that was uh
+you know three times let's say but but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three times let's say but but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three times let's say but but I
+I found that U that the jump from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found that U that the jump from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found that U that the jump from this
+stuff to the to to CAD allowed for um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to the to to CAD allowed for um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to the to to CAD allowed for um a
+a jump and experience of of maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jump and experience of of maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jump and experience of of maybe you
+know 10 or 50 or 100 to one um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 or 50 or 100 to one um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 or 50 or 100 to one um in that
+um to uh to analyze to to draw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh to analyze to to draw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh to analyze to to draw and
+analyze a uh a a design a model on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a uh a a design a model on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a uh a a design a model on on
+paper and um and then you know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and um and then you know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and um and then you know with the
+measuring tools and then with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring tools and then with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring tools and then with the the
+equations um it takes about a a week per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um it takes about a a week per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um it takes about a a week per
+iteration or took me about a week per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration or took me about a week per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration or took me about a week per
+iteration toh to work on and iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration toh to work on and iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration toh to work on and iteration
+of course means basically when you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course means basically when you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course means basically when you guys
+are done with with everything this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done with with everything this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done with with everything this week
+you'll have done an iteration which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have done an iteration which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have done an iteration which
+means you'll have taken a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll have taken a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll have taken a basic
+conception and you'll have taken it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception and you'll have taken it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception and you'll have taken it
+through to the point where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the point where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the point where you have
+something down on paper that covers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something down on paper that covers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something down on paper that covers the
+whole you know the that that is uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole you know the that that is uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole you know the that that is uh an
+attempt at the whole at the whole model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at the whole at the whole model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at the whole at the whole model
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then so so that plus the plus the um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so so that plus the plus the um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so so that plus the plus the um um
+the basic computations and basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic computations and basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic computations and basic
+analysis of the design would would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the design would would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the design would would take
+me about a week to do and um of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about a week to do and um of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about a week to do and um of course
+you're you're never going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're never going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're never going to get a
+design right in the first iteration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design right in the first iteration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design right in the first iteration and
+um that's just you know just not um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's just you know just not um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's just you know just not um not
+at all the way things things work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the way things things work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the way things things work I mean
+even if whatever you you did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if whatever you you did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if whatever you you did in the
+first itation you'd certainly want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first itation you'd certainly want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first itation you'd certainly want to
+iterate a few times just to to settle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate a few times just to to settle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate a few times just to to settle it
+in and so so basically about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so so basically about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so so basically about four
+iterations um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations um is a
+month and um so you know over a over a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and um so you know over a over a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and um so you know over a over a a
+career of of Designing that way um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career of of Designing that way um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career of of Designing that way um um
+and even with the kind of shortcuts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even with the kind of shortcuts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even with the kind of shortcuts of
+having a whole office of people drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a whole office of people drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a whole office of people drawing
+for you and uh um um and having a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and uh um um and having a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and uh um um and having a bunch
+of designs being very derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designs being very derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of designs being very derivative of
+other designs so that their changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other designs so that their changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other designs so that their changes are
+fairly minor uh which you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly minor uh which you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly minor uh which you would have
+found in a in a design office um 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in a in a design office um 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in a in a design office um 50
+years ago or or 75 years ago um still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago or or 75 years ago um still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago or or 75 years ago um still in
+a lifetime you might do a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lifetime you might do a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lifetime you might do a few hundred
+designs um and I found that in a year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs um and I found that in a year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs um and I found that in a year in
+CAD um I was able to do hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAD um I was able to do hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAD um I was able to do hundreds of
+iterations in a year um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations in a year um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations in a year um
+and either either for I you know for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either either for I you know for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either either for I you know for for
+finally you know a lot of those would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you know a lot of those would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you know a lot of those would be
+finally tuning uh a type from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally tuning uh a type from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally tuning uh a type from one
+generation to the next next and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to the next next and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to the next next and making
+very evolutionary changes and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very evolutionary changes and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very evolutionary changes and others
+would be um running parallel you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um running parallel you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um running parallel you know uh
+well you know like basically all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know like basically all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know like basically all of the
+different types of boats that we've that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of boats that we've that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of boats that we've that
+we're doing now uh instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now uh instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now uh instead of having
+nine people do them um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine people do them um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine people do them um you know I
+basically would have let's say nine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would have let's say nine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would have let's say nine of
+these types moving along and uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types moving along and uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types moving along and uh and I
+was able to move th those types ahead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to move th those types ahead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to move th those types ahead um
+you know it's the old cut and paste I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the old cut and paste I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the old cut and paste I
+mean you know nothing is ever lost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know nothing is ever lost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know nothing is ever lost you
+just you just take another iteration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just take another iteration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just take another iteration and
+move it ahead and you haven't lost what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it ahead and you haven't lost what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it ahead and you haven't lost what
+you did before um you guys know all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did before um you guys know all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did before um you guys know all that
+very well obviously you grew up with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well obviously you grew up with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well obviously you grew up with it
+um and that what I found is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that what I found is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that what I found is that what
+that allowed for was that uh it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed for was that uh it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed for was that uh it took
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that before happened at such a slow pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before happened at such a slow pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before happened at such a slow pace
+that it was hard over a human lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was hard over a human lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was hard over a human lifetime
+to actually get you know an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get you know an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get you know an intuitive
+grasp over what the what the modulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp over what the what the modulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp over what the what the modulations
+might be you know I mean you you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know I mean you you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know I mean you you kind of
+would hint out it's it's like trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hint out it's it's like trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hint out it's it's like trying to
+to create a you know a a a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a you know a a a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a you know a a a prediction
+graph or something where you've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or something where you've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or something where you've only
+have a a few scattered clouds of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a few scattered clouds of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a few scattered clouds of points
+um that very slowly accumulate it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that very slowly accumulate it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that very slowly accumulate it's like
+well how do I get a trend out of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I get a trend out of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I get a trend out of all
+this um when when it there's so few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um when when it there's so few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um when when it there's so few
+points and they're so scattered over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they're so scattered over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they're so scattered over a
+long period of time but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time but when you
+compress all of that into a short period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress all of that into a short period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress all of that into a short period
+of time it's it's I found it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time it's it's I found it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time it's it's I found it was kind of
+analogous to saying um all to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to saying um all to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to saying um all to sit
+someone out in a pasture in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone out in a pasture in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone out in a pasture in front of a
+of a of a sapling and say all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a sapling and say all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a sapling and say all right now
+I want you to sit here in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to sit here in front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to sit here in front of this
+tree and then I want you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then I want you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then I want you to understand
+how this tree grows um that's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this tree grows um that's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this tree grows um that's not not
+that easy easy a job but if you then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy easy a job but if you then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy easy a job but if you then if
+you took a film of that of of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took a film of that of of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took a film of that of of a you know
+time lapse of that of a tree growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time lapse of that of a tree growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time lapse of that of a tree growing and
+then showed it to someone in 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then showed it to someone in 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then showed it to someone in 15 minutes
+and compressed 30 years of growth into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compressed 30 years of growth into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compressed 30 years of growth into
+into into a 15 minutes or a half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into a 15 minutes or a half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into a 15 minutes or a half hour
+anyone watching that that little that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone watching that that little that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone watching that that little that
+compressed bit of time like that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed bit of time like that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed bit of time like that would
+would would gain an intuitive grasp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would gain an intuitive grasp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would gain an intuitive grasp of
+how it is that a tree grows because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that a tree grows because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that a tree grows because
+because of the compression of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the compression of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the compression of time I
+mean if you think think about that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you think think about that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you think think about that that
+applies pretty much to to anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies pretty much to to anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies pretty much to to anything in
+life you know things that that U that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you know things that that U that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you know things that that U that
+you're able to go to experience many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to go to experience many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to go to experience many
+many iterations because they happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many iterations because they happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many iterations because they happen
+quickly um you can take in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um you can take in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um you can take in and
+absorb a lot a lot easier than things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb a lot a lot easier than things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb a lot a lot easier than things
+that that happen you know very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that happen you know very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that happen you know very slowly
+and that that you that you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that you that you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that you that you don't get
+much information on so so by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information on so so by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information on so so by by by
+experiencing CAD that that way and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing CAD that that way and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing CAD that that way and and
+having that that that much accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that that that much accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that that that much accelerated
+feedback Loop it it brings it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback Loop it it brings it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback Loop it it brings it brings
+things that before were either groped at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that before were either groped at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that before were either groped at
+very slowly in a in a very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly in a in a very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly in a in a very you know
+through the clouds and and very narrowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the clouds and and very narrowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the clouds and and very narrowly
+with you know with with the the the uhu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know with with the the the uhu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know with with the the the uhu
+the you know the Craftsman Builder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the Craftsman Builder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the Craftsman Builder
+Builder designer tradition or that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder designer tradition or that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder designer tradition or that were
+approached uh with with um with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached uh with with um with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached uh with with um with you know
+the abstract crushes crutches of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstract crushes crutches of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstract crushes crutches of of uh
+paper drawing and and a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper drawing and and a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper drawing and and a certain amount
+of uh of empirical experience kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of empirical experience kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of empirical experience kind of
+distilled into a few graphs and formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled into a few graphs and formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled into a few graphs and formulas
+and and sped that up to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sped that up to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sped that up to the point where
+where um where you could just absorb it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where you could just absorb it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where you could just absorb it
+and uh and then all of a sudden it um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then all of a sudden it um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then all of a sudden it um it
+opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens
+up it by speeding up your experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it by speeding up your experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it by speeding up your experience
+like that it it it um it gains you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it it it um it gains you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it it it um it gains you the
+ability to kind of to to u to to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to kind of to to u to to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to kind of to to u to to see
+what what what what would have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what would have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what would have been very
+difficult to to see before what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to to see before what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to to see before what what
+what it took um you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it took um you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it took um you know um
+genius designers to do you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius designers to do you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius designers to do you know a
+hundred years ago uh is now AC much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago uh is now AC much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago uh is now AC much more
+accessible because because you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible because because you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible because because you know we
+don't need to have that in incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have that in incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have that in incredibly
+Keen uh uh ability to analyze um I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keen uh uh ability to analyze um I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keen uh uh ability to analyze um I I I
+kind of stress all this because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stress all this because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stress all this because I think
+that um that that this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that that this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that that this is something that
+I other than what I when I rant about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I other than what I when I rant about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I other than what I when I rant about it
+I never really hear about this from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never really hear about this from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never really hear about this from and
+any other forums and uh and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other forums and uh and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other forums and uh and I think it's
+um I think it's a a really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it's a a really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it's a a really critical
+lesson of of what of what U uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson of of what of what U uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson of of what of what U uh you know
+um computer work allows one to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um computer work allows one to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um computer work allows one to do that
+that that's revolutionary that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's revolutionary that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's revolutionary that really
+wasn't available before and um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't available before and um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't available before and um and I
+think that it's it's a uh it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's it's a uh it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's it's a uh it's a way to
+that that opens up uh a a set of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that opens up uh a a set of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that opens up uh a a set of very
+powerful tools to you know to society to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tools to you know to society to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tools to you know to society to
+be to be used in you know in a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be used in you know in a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be used in you know in a number
+number of ways um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways um you know
+it for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for instance
+um um you know well even today I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know well even today I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know well even today I mean
+most people who go into engineering go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people who go into engineering go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people who go into engineering go
+into engineering because they um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into engineering because they um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into engineering because they um they
+had an aptitude for for for mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an aptitude for for for mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an aptitude for for for mathematics
+which goes back to an aptitude in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes back to an aptitude in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes back to an aptitude in
+arithmetic or whatever and uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic or whatever and uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic or whatever and uh and that
+there's you know been a a real divide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know been a a real divide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know been a a real divide in
+education between those who who do math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education between those who who do math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education between those who who do math
+and those who who do um Humanities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who who do um Humanities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who who do um Humanities or
+you know who who don't think you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who who don't think you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who who don't think you know in
+that aren't fluent in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't fluent in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't fluent in that kind of
+of numerical analysis well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerical analysis well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerical analysis well with
+basically with with what what computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with with what what computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with with what what computers
+have done for us now with I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done for us now with I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done for us now with I mean just
+specifically in this field um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in this field um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in this field um the
+computer does all the math um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does all the math um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does all the math um so that
+the the the person doing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the person doing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the person doing the work
+doesn't have to necessarily have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to necessarily have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to necessarily have that
+same fluency and Acuity with numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same fluency and Acuity with numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same fluency and Acuity with numbers
+just just like um um you know the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just like um um you know the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just like um um you know the person
+flying an airplane doesn't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying an airplane doesn't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying an airplane doesn't have to have
+feathers you know and know how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers you know and know how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers you know and know how to how to
+fly because you know because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly because you know because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly because you know because because
+they uh they grew up as a bird I mean um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they grew up as a bird I mean um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they grew up as a bird I mean um
+the you know the we can let the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the we can let the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the we can let the tool
+take care of of that of that foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of of that of that foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of of that of that foundation
+and then and then and then you know work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then and then you know work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then and then you know work
+work on top of that and and and be a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on top of that and and and be a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on top of that and and and be a way
+to to to bring you know variety of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to bring you know variety of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to bring you know variety of of uh
+skills and experiences together into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and experiences together into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and experiences together into
+into something which before had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something which before had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something which before had been
+kind of had been been u c u categorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of had been been u c u categorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of had been been u c u categorized
+and separated into you know into divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separated into you know into divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separated into you know into divides
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+come back down to earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to earth
+um let's start with just capitulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start with just capitulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start with just capitulate
+again or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or
+recapitulate how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate how we're going to
+recapitulate the design in going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate the design in going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate the design in going from
+from uh the model to the paper so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the model to the paper so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the model to the paper so we
+started we started the model by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we started the model by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we started the model by um
+deciding on a on a on a length a a depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding on a on a on a length a a depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding on a on a on a length a a depth
+of of Hull both below the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Hull both below the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Hull both below the water and
+roughly above the water and then a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly above the water and then a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly above the water and then a uh
+a beam you know the the breadth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam you know the the breadth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam you know the the breadth of the
+hull and and then some some sense of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hull and and then some some sense of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hull and and then some some sense of of
+the character of the midsection and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character of the midsection and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character of the midsection and of
+the of the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the ends
+um now then then you you all carved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now then then you you all carved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now then then you you all carved and
+then you measured um the profiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you measured um the profiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you measured um the profiles and
+the the deck plan and the and uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the deck plan and the and uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the deck plan and the and uh a
+certain number of sections using the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of sections using the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of sections using the The
+Infernal machine over there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infernal machine over there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infernal machine over there and then
+you've you're either have or will begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you're either have or will begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you're either have or will begin
+to put those those things on on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those those things on on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those those things on on paper
+and then what we're going to do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we're going to do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we're going to do is is
+start dealing with these the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with these the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with these the same the
+same way we we did we did with the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we we did we did with the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we we did we did with the model
+and we're going to do them again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do them again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do them again but
+we're going to take advantage of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take advantage of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take advantage of the of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um uh the things that that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the things that that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the things that that are that are
+um more more direct and easier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more more direct and easier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more more direct and easier about
+working on paper and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on paper and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on paper and then we're going to
+have the crutch of being able to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the crutch of being able to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the crutch of being able to use the
+model to help us visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to help us visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to help us visualize
+both what we've what we're keeping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both what we've what we're keeping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both what we've what we're keeping from
+the model and also what we're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and also what we're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and also what we're changing
+from the model and um and again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model and um and again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model and um and again we'll
+start with the master lines um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the master lines um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the master lines um which
+again we've the first draft of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we've the first draft of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we've the first draft of which we
+we've taken from the model and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken from the model and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken from the model and um and
+then we'll be developing them the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be developing them the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be developing them the same
+way and how we started with thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and how we started with thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and how we started with thinking
+about a midsection and and the ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a midsection and and the ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a midsection and and the ends and
+then we started thinking well how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started thinking well how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started thinking well how about
+let's if if we divided it like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's if if we divided it like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's if if we divided it like so
+because um because you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um because you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um because you know these are
+also important and then then as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also important and then then as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also important and then then as we go
+along we're going to instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along we're going to instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along we're going to instead of using
+the tools kind of to bridge all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools kind of to bridge all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools kind of to bridge all of these
+gaps um and also because we need a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps um and also because we need a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps um and also because we need a lot
+of points to to work on the the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points to to work on the the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points to to work on the the analysis
+part of it we're going to then create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it we're going to then create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it we're going to then create a
+whole grid of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grid of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grid of uh of
+crosssections um so that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections um so that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections um so that we really
+capture capture this three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture capture this three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture capture this three-dimensional
+volume um in in some detail on the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um in in some detail on the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um in in some detail on the model
+and um and then once we have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then once we have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then once we have a first
+draft of that uh which you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of that uh which you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of that uh which you know there's
+a whole set of uh of crafts and of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of uh of crafts and of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of uh of crafts and of of
+physical techniques that required to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical techniques that required to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical techniques that required to do
+this well that you don't you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well that you don't you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well that you don't you're
+certainly not going to learn in in a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not going to learn in in a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not going to learn in in a you
+know in a few hours um but will but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a few hours um but will but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a few hours um but will but
+anyone no matter what their skill level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone no matter what their skill level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone no matter what their skill level
+would would still at that point take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would still at that point take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would still at that point take
+that first draft cover it over with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first draft cover it over with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first draft cover it over with a
+with another layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another layer of
+transparency and uh and then using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and uh and then using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and uh and then using this
+as a foundation you see again this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a foundation you see again this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a foundation you see again this kind
+of parallels the development um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parallels the development um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parallels the development um that
+takes us to CAD um when you're carving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us to CAD um when you're carving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us to CAD um when you're carving
+on the model and you make a mistake it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the model and you make a mistake it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the model and you make a mistake it's
+kind of fatal um I mean you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fatal um I mean you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fatal um I mean you can always
+come back and glue a chunk on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and glue a chunk on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and glue a chunk on or
+whatever but but still it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but but still it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but but still it's very
+difficult to recover from a from a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to recover from a from a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to recover from a from a from
+a an error in the model um whereas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an error in the model um whereas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an error in the model um whereas here
+you've got the Eraser and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the Eraser and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the Eraser and then you
+always have another clean sheet of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have another clean sheet of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have another clean sheet of paper
+it's a lot easier to recover from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to recover from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to recover from an
+error and to to move ahead and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and to to move ahead and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and to to move ahead and also to
+and to but to hold on to what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to but to hold on to what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to but to hold on to what you had
+before you know the whole uh cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know the whole uh cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know the whole uh cut and
+paste or save as thing U really came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste or save as thing U really came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste or save as thing U really came
+from working on paper this way all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from working on paper this way all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from working on paper this way all right
+when you get this to the to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get this to the to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get this to the to the point
+where you're you you feel like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're you you feel like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're you you feel like you've
+gone as far as you can go comfortably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone as far as you can go comfortably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone as far as you can go comfortably
+save as start another sheet you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save as start another sheet you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save as start another sheet you make
+your uh your experiments on that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh your experiments on that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh your experiments on that next
+sheet you take that to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you take that to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you take that to the point where
+you start to think well I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think well I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think well I might be
+starting to ruin this save as put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to ruin this save as put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to ruin this save as put
+another sheet and you work you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sheet and you work you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sheet and you work you know you
+work up in that way which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work up in that way which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work up in that way which is something
+that you couldn't really do in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't really do in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't really do in the model
+because the model you know other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the model you know other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the model you know other than
+than corrective surgery or whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than corrective surgery or whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than corrective surgery or whatever it's
+a start over it's not a save as um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a start over it's not a save as um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a start over it's not a save as um and
+then at c a certain point we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at c a certain point we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at c a certain point we'll get to
+we'll get to the point where we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to the point where we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to the point where we'll call
+it call it a day and then and then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it call it a day and then and then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it call it a day and then and then start
+I'll we'll we'll go over this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll we'll we'll go over this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll we'll we'll go over this will
+probably be tomorrow morning uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be tomorrow morning uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be tomorrow morning uh or
+midday we'll we'll start to go over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midday we'll we'll start to go over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midday we'll we'll start to go over uh
+actually the process of measuring and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the process of measuring and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the process of measuring and uh
+and some of the basic analysis of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the basic analysis of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the basic analysis of uh of
+of one or two of these boats um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one or two of these boats um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one or two of these boats um and um
+and then during this whole this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then during this whole this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then during this whole this whole
+process what I'd like to do is we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what I'd like to do is we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what I'd like to do is we we'll
+start um kind of going over over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um kind of going over over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um kind of going over over the
+shoulder and uh and and starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder and uh and and starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder and uh and and starting with
+with one of one of these these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of one of these these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of one of these these uh these
+sets of drawings that are already begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of drawings that are already begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of drawings that are already begun
+and kind of recap um you know actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of recap um you know actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of recap um you know actually
+show you how how this thing goes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how how this thing goes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how how this thing goes and
+then um since we only have the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um since we only have the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um since we only have the four
+boards uh and people are at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards uh and people are at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards uh and people are at different
+stages we'll you know um people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages we'll you know um people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages we'll you know um people will
+will elect or be elected to to to trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will elect or be elected to to to trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will elect or be elected to to to trans
+to go write the paper now and others can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go write the paper now and others can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go write the paper now and others can
+continue to work on their models and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to work on their models and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to work on their models and uh
+and we'll just sort of you know flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just sort of you know flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just sort of you know flow
+along here and uh and see how far we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here and uh and see how far we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here and uh and see how far we can
+go and and a lot of points we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and and a lot of points we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and and a lot of points we're going
+to interrupt and kind of look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interrupt and kind of look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interrupt and kind of look at a
+particular thing and and and uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing and and and uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing and and and uh again
+it's it's much better to uh to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much better to uh to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much better to uh to talk
+about some of the details when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the details when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the details when
+specifically relating to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically relating to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically relating to a particular
+example instead of just sort of randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example instead of just sort of randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example instead of just sort of randomly
+throwing up a bunch of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing up a bunch of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing up a bunch of of uh of
+disjointed fact it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed fact it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed fact it's important that
+everybody kind stay involved in in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody kind stay involved in in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody kind stay involved in in all
+of the processes so keep keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the processes so keep keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the processes so keep keep moving
+around the room to look at what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room to look at what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room to look at what's going
+on everywhere because yeah yeah well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everywhere because yeah yeah well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everywhere because yeah yeah well I I
+won't be shy to call people over when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be shy to call people over when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be shy to call people over when
+when I think that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think that there's something
+worth uh worth sharing um and uh I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh worth sharing um and uh I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh worth sharing um and uh I'd say
+that's that's about it for the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's about it for the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's about it for the just the
+the pep talk part um and U I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pep talk part um and U I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pep talk part um and U I think for
+for for starts i' I'd like to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for starts i' I'd like to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for starts i' I'd like to start with
+Luke's drawing is it's it's uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke's drawing is it's it's uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke's drawing is it's it's uh it's it's
+simplest boat to capture on paper but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest boat to capture on paper but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest boat to capture on paper but it
+probably that for that re very reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that for that re very reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that for that re very reason
+it's further along and also that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's further along and also that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's further along and also that reason
+I think it' be be the the easiest one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it' be be the the easiest one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it' be be the the easiest one to
+kind of start getting a grasp of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of start getting a grasp of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of start getting a grasp of of uh
+what the process is so we can move over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the process is so we can move over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the process is so we can move over
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so um yeah I'd like everybody to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um yeah I'd like everybody to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um yeah I'd like everybody to to
+kind of get in here as close as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get in here as close as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get in here as close as as
+possible you don't have to be right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you don't have to be right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you don't have to be right side
+up on the drawing but uh but close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the drawing but uh but close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the drawing but uh but close
+enough to really see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+so Luke's Luke's boat is one of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Luke's Luke's boat is one of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Luke's Luke's boat is one of the of
+the simplest types of of of boat um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest types of of of boat um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest types of of of boat um in
+that um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's
+basically the half Hull is are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the half Hull is are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the half Hull is are basically
+two two uh flat surfaces that are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two uh flat surfaces that are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two uh flat surfaces that are you
+know then flat sheets that are curved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then flat sheets that are curved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then flat sheets that are curved uh
+and joined at a at a single uh angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joined at a at a single uh angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joined at a at a single uh angle and
+then the whole thing is chopped off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole thing is chopped off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole thing is chopped off at
+the two ends and um and then there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ends and um and then there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ends and um and then there you
+know there's a there's a a Shear which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a there's a a Shear which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a there's a a Shear which
+in many well boats of this of this shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many well boats of this of this shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many well boats of this of this shape
+range anything down from you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range anything down from you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range anything down from you know the
+little uh Johnny boats that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh Johnny boats that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh Johnny boats that that you
+know the aluminum Johnny boats that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the aluminum Johnny boats that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the aluminum Johnny boats that that
+are for sale at hardware stores uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for sale at hardware stores uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for sale at hardware stores uh all
+the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to
+um um 100 foot uh uh scow Schooners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um 100 foot uh uh scow Schooners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um 100 foot uh uh scow Schooners and
+and uh and lighters and different you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and lighters and different you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and lighters and different you
+know carrying uh heavy capacity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know carrying uh heavy capacity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know carrying uh heavy capacity uh
+Coastal carrying vessels that that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coastal carrying vessels that that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coastal carrying vessels that that were
+used up until you know the early part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up until you know the early part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up until you know the early part of
+the 20th century uh for carrying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century uh for carrying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century uh for carrying things
+like stone or Garbage or well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stone or Garbage or well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stone or Garbage or well you know
+the scow actually still still exists as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scow actually still still exists as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scow actually still still exists as
+uh as as uh toad barge you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as uh toad barge you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as uh toad barge you know that
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+used pony but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pony but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pony but
+um this particular is will be around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this particular is will be around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this particular is will be around one
+of these these small little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these small little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these small little little
+little uh um actually the model way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh um actually the model way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh um actually the model way it
+turned out it's probably not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it's probably not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it's probably not just a
+little rowing um scow but but could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rowing um scow but but could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rowing um scow but but could even
+be a little sailing scow too um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little sailing scow too um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little sailing scow too um and so
+so basically the the the the curves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the the the the curves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the the the the curves that
+Define this boat are the are the shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this boat are the are the shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this boat are the are the shear
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chine the the the uh profile which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chine the the the uh profile which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chine the the the uh profile which is
+all of this um and the the two transoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this um and the the two transoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this um and the the two transoms
+the bow transom and the stern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bow transom and the stern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bow transom and the stern
+transom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transom and
+um then so so the the drawing here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then so so the the drawing here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then so so the the drawing here you
+know this is a this is called a a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a this is called a a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a this is called a a three
+view projection right where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view projection right where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view projection right where we have
+um we have a well it's the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a well it's the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a well it's the other side
+but we have a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a plan
+view we have a profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view we have a profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view we have a profile
+view and we have sectional views right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and we have sectional views right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and we have sectional views right
+is everyone able to to to to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone able to to to to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone able to to to to capture
+that that basic thing that we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that basic thing that we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that basic thing that we're we're
+cutting this this or you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting this this or you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting this this or you know or
+projecting it from from these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting it from from these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting it from from these these
+three basic views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic views
+um and just just like the way we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just just like the way we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just just like the way we started
+physically with the model you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically with the model you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically with the model you know we we
+start with well you know the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with well you know the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with well you know the overall
+length um the the the water line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length um the the the water line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length um the the the water line and
+then well how deep is it going to be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well how deep is it going to be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well how deep is it going to be how
+high is it going to be how much sheer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is it going to be how much sheer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is it going to be how much sheer is
+there going to be how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be how much how much
+rocker that's the curve curvature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocker that's the curve curvature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocker that's the curve curvature or
+straightness of it here how beamy is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightness of it here how beamy is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightness of it here how beamy is it
+going to be and uh then once we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and uh then once we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and uh then once we've made
+these basic decisions of okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basic decisions of okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basic decisions of okay well
+maximum beam is this and maximum depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum beam is this and maximum depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum beam is this and maximum depth
+is that and maximum length is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and maximum length is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and maximum length is that it's
+like all right well what how do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right well what how do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right well what how do those
+how do those flesh out how are they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those flesh out how are they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those flesh out how are they you
+know how do u those original um um stabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do u those original um um stabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do u those original um um stabs
+at it uh add up and um in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it uh add up and um in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it uh add up and um in the model
+you've used the the tools to reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've used the the tools to reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've used the the tools to reconcile
+all of those points um going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those points um going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those points um going to use
+reconcile is a it's a technical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile is a it's a technical term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile is a it's a technical term
+okay that means that um you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means that um you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means that um you're you know
+when you first when this model was a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first when this model was a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first when this model was a was
+a rectangular block it was very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular block it was very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular block it was very much
+like these projections right the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these projections right the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these projections right the you
+weren't physically at this this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't physically at this this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't physically at this this point
+you were either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were either
+up here at this point or you were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here at this point or you were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here at this point or you were you
+know down here at this point but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know down here at this point but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know down here at this point but uh but
+either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those
+lines uh those those two lines didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh those those two lines didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh those those two lines didn't
+weren't necessarily going to come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't necessarily going to come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't necessarily going to come out to
+this to any particular spot once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to any particular spot once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to any particular spot once you
+brought them together you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought them together you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought them together you know in the
+projection is that clear everybody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is that clear everybody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is that clear everybody you
+know that the that you know when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the that you know when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the that you know when this
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+this beam here was was flat out here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam here was was flat out here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam here was was flat out here and
+this height here was was way out here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this height here was was way out here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this height here was was way out here um
+they those those two projections had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they those those two projections had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they those those two projections had not
+been reconciled with each other and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reconciled with each other and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reconciled with each other and that
+by carving away you said all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by carving away you said all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by carving away you said all right well
+those two hypothetical points when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hypothetical points when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hypothetical points when they
+when they intersect and when they relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they intersect and when they relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they intersect and when they relate
+to all the other hypothetical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the other hypothetical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the other hypothetical points
+they're going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to create a
+physical um you know Edge you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical um you know Edge you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical um you know Edge you know
+physical uh corner and U when and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh corner and U when and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh corner and U when and some
+of them are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be
+are going to have to compromise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to compromise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to compromise because
+you know they have to absolutely have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have to absolutely have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have to absolutely have to
+to come out you know have to reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out you know have to reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out you know have to reconcile
+and and um then the the result of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um then the the result of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um then the the result of those
+two starting points is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two starting points is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two starting points is going to be an
+actual curve in three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual curve in three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual curve in three-dimensional space
+and I jump in on that yeah one of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I jump in on that yeah one of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I jump in on that yeah one of one of
+the ways that you would exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that you would exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that you would exactly that
+that idea one of the ways You' use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea one of the ways You' use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea one of the ways You' use this
+to build a boat from say out of plywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a boat from say out of plywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a boat from say out of plywood
+is you would you would project this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you would you would project this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you would you would project this this
+shap was a two-dimensional flat sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shap was a two-dimensional flat sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shap was a two-dimensional flat sheet
+right and if you cut out that shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you cut out that shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you cut out that shape and
+did the same thing with this end is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same thing with this end is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same thing with this end is when
+you put them together they could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them together they could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them together they could only
+meet and touch if if you touch these SES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and touch if if you touch these SES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and touch if if you touch these SES
+It could only meet and make this safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could only meet and make this safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could only meet and make this safe
+right it's the only way it can work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the only way it can work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the only way it can work out
+so that's just a way that I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a way that I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a way that I don't know
+if you just said that yeah well just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just said that yeah well just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just said that yeah well just um
+yeah that that I think taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that I think taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that I think taking this
+it's I'm not sure if you guys understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm not sure if you guys understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm not sure if you guys understand
+what what he meant by projecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what he meant by projecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what he meant by projecting this
+onto into a flat sheet um you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto into a flat sheet um you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto into a flat sheet um you know these
+these shapes can come out of a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shapes can come out of a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shapes can come out of a flat
+sheet but if you just took this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet but if you just took this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet but if you just took this this
+drawing and let's say well let's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing and let's say well let's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing and let's say well let's he
+hasn't put this Chine on the bottom this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't put this Chine on the bottom this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't put this Chine on the bottom this
+Chine on here yet but if you just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chine on here yet but if you just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chine on here yet but if you just took
+and cut a piece of cardboard or steel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut a piece of cardboard or steel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut a piece of cardboard or steel or
+plywood to the shape of this and tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plywood to the shape of this and tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plywood to the shape of this and tried
+to build this you wouldn't have it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this you wouldn't have it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this you wouldn't have it the
+re reason being of course that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re reason being of course that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re reason being of course that that's
+just a straight projection it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a straight projection it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a straight projection it doesn't
+take into account the fact that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the fact that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the fact that this is
+curved and that that that if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved and that that that if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved and that that that if you if you
+took this shape and flattened it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this shape and flattened it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this shape and flattened it out
+right it's actually going to be longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's actually going to be longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's actually going to be longer
+he Jo than than the projection is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Jo than than the projection is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Jo than than the projection is that
+is that clear right obviously um so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear right obviously um so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear right obviously um so but
+but all of those things are are ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of those things are are ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of those things are are ways you
+know working Inward and then back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know working Inward and then back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know working Inward and then back out
+again dealing with this projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again dealing with this projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again dealing with this projected
+geometry uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh of the
+model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so
+uh okay so so now with more or less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so so now with more or less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so so now with more or less uh
+skill and and accuracy and uh and ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and and accuracy and uh and ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and and accuracy and uh and ease
+you you all have taken those original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you all have taken those original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you all have taken those original
+ideas and and and more or less gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and and and more or less gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and and and more or less gotten to
+the point where you're at a recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you're at a recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you're at a recognizable
+shape uh and you know do constraints of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape uh and you know do constraints of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape uh and you know do constraints of
+of time in the point of the course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in the point of the course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in the point of the course we're
+going to just going to continue as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just going to continue as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just going to continue as
+though as though they were all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as though they were all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as though they were all you know
+taken as far as they could be um and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as far as they could be um and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as far as they could be um and U
+and so then we're going to we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we're going to we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we're going to we're we're
+now and and it wouldn't matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and it wouldn't matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and it wouldn't matter whether
+or not this model to everyone's eye in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this model to everyone's eye in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this model to everyone's eye in
+this room looked absolutely perfect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room looked absolutely perfect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room looked absolutely perfect or
+not uh it still would never be at a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it still would never be at a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it still would never be at a you
+know you know it's still never as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know it's still never as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know it's still never as as
+developed as it could be so so even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed as it could be so so even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed as it could be so so even even
+if this model had no known faults or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this model had no known faults or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this model had no known faults or
+whatever doing this would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever doing this would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever doing this would actually
+expose things that weren't readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose things that weren't readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose things that weren't readily
+apparent here um and uh so so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent here um and uh so so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent here um and uh so so you know
+ultimately we'd still be doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we'd still be doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we'd still be doing this
+anyway whether it was a month from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway whether it was a month from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway whether it was a month from now
+or a year from now continuing to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a year from now continuing to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a year from now continuing to work on
+the model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now what what you've done is is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what what you've done is is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what what you've done is is is is
+taken the the sections off off the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the the sections off off the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the the sections off off the model
+using the this machine over here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the this machine over here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the this machine over here and and
+I'm sure everyone everyone understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure everyone everyone understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure everyone everyone understands
+how that how that that works right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that how that that works right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that how that that works right um
+and Ruben I think if anyone else wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ruben I think if anyone else wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ruben I think if anyone else wants
+to have their lines taken off they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have their lines taken off they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have their lines taken off they
+should do that while you're still here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that while you're still here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that while you're still here
+at least start it while you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least start it while you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least start it while you're still
+here we've done it as a crew so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've done it as a crew so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've done it as a crew so
+you and it's definitely a Twan operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it's definitely a Twan operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it's definitely a Twan operation
+okay so I think if you just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think if you just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think if you just work
+together I don't want you to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I don't want you to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I don't want you to take off
+saves until you're really ready with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves until you're really ready with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves until you're really ready with
+your mod yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mod yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mod yeah um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+thatal so now we need to kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatal so now we need to kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatal so now we need to kind of get
+into some of the of the um yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of the of the um yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of the of the um yeah all
+right now I found myself again here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I found myself again here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I found myself again here so
+um so so now that that you've created um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now that that you've created um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now that that you've created um
+a reconciled line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reconciled line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reconciled line
+um when we transfer it onto paper or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we transfer it onto paper or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we transfer it onto paper or if
+we continue to carve we would now say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue to carve we would now say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue to carve we would now say
+well we have a line that's true but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a line that's true but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a line that's true but is
+this the true line that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the true line that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the true line that we want
+right and we we'd adjust it and uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we we'd adjust it and uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we we'd adjust it and uh of
+course on the model basically the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on the model basically the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on the model basically the only
+way you're going to adjust it is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're going to adjust it is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're going to adjust it is by
+removing more so model is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing more so model is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing more so model is going to get
+smaller and smaller and smaller um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller um but
+by jumping to paper here we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by jumping to paper here we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by jumping to paper here we don't have
+to we can kind of equally treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we can kind of equally treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we can kind of equally treat the
+errors of of uh of of of of things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors of of uh of of of of things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors of of uh of of of of things being
+overly oversized or things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly oversized or things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly oversized or things being
+undersized and treat them all equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undersized and treat them all equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undersized and treat them all equally
+without any any of the bias of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any any of the bias of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any any of the bias of the model
+which the model is saying well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the model is saying well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the model is saying well it's a
+lot easier to take away than it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier to take away than it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier to take away than it is to
+add so I'll just keep on taking away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add so I'll just keep on taking away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add so I'll just keep on taking away um
+on the on the paper now all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the paper now all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the paper now all of those
+things are equal so once we get once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equal so once we get once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equal so once we get once we
+get the the these the uh data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the these the uh data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the these the uh data points
+onto the onto the the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the onto the the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the onto the the page
+um when this is something I mentioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when this is something I mentioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when this is something I mentioned on
+Monday you know when uh before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday you know when uh before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday you know when uh before before
+CAD um every attempt at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAD um every attempt at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAD um every attempt at uh
+at at working on a scale model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at working on a scale model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at working on a scale model of
+anything uh was always an attemp you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh was always an attemp you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh was always an attemp you
+always had to hold on to the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had to hold on to the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had to hold on to the idea that
+that uh accuracy was was a hard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh accuracy was was a hard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh accuracy was was a hard one
+battle and that you always wanted to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle and that you always wanted to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle and that you always wanted to try
+to improve accuracy and and and hone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve accuracy and and and hone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve accuracy and and and hone
+your ability to extrapolate accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to extrapolate accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to extrapolate accuracy
+because it was a difficult thing to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a difficult thing to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a difficult thing to get
+a hold of um you'll see why if you AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hold of um you'll see why if you AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hold of um you'll see why if you AR
+already haven't already figured it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already haven't already figured it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already haven't already figured it out
+um in the computer because because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the computer because because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the computer because because this
+thing is can crunch numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is can crunch numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is can crunch numbers so
+incredibly easily uh into so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly easily uh into so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly easily uh into so many
+decimal places there's accuracy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places there's accuracy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places there's accuracy more
+always more accuracy than you ever need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always more accuracy than you ever need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always more accuracy than you ever need
+so so so that whole thing has fallen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so that whole thing has fallen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so that whole thing has fallen
+away but but here um you found that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but but here um you found that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but but here um you found that when
+first off there's inaccuracies just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off there's inaccuracies just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off there's inaccuracies just be
+because of fallibility in creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of fallibility in creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of fallibility in creating the
+model then there were inaccuracies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then there were inaccuracies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then there were inaccuracies that
+came from the measurement um you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the measurement um you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the measurement um you combine
+those inaccuracies and you put them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inaccuracies and you put them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inaccuracies and you put them down
+on the on the page here and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the page here and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the page here and all of a
+sudden because of the abstraction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden because of the abstraction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden because of the abstraction um
+each of these these things becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these these things becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these these things becomes
+something that you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can look at
+critically in in isolation from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically in in isolation from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically in in isolation from all the
+other parts so for instance when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts so for instance when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts so for instance when we
+looked at this at these points for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this at these points for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this at these points for this
+sheer line here in in plan view we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer line here in in plan view we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer line here in in plan view we found
+that um that a lot of them were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that a lot of them were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that a lot of them were were
+lining up pretty nicely but but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining up pretty nicely but but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining up pretty nicely but but there
+were there were outliers there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were outliers there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were outliers there were
+there were ones that were obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were ones that were obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were ones that were obviously not
+going to be where we want want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be where we want want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be where we want want them to
+be now it at this point it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now it at this point it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now it at this point it doesn't
+really matter whether they're because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter whether they're because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter whether they're because
+the model is wrong or because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is wrong or because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is wrong or because the
+measurement is wrong or because of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is wrong or because of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is wrong or because of of
+the transposition of the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transposition of the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transposition of the measurement
+onto the paper was wrong we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the paper was wrong we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the paper was wrong we're actually
+now designing on paper and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now designing on paper and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now designing on paper and we're going
+to choose the one that the ones that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the one that the ones that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the one that the ones that the
+points that we want to keep and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we want to keep and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we want to keep and we're
+going to let go the points we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let go the points we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let go the points we don't want
+to keep and now so that's basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep and now so that's basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep and now so that's basically it's
+like uh you know you can send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh you know you can send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh you know you can send a
+carpenter off with a with instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpenter off with a with instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpenter off with a with instructions
+that basically is one sentence and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically is one sentence and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically is one sentence and make
+them work for a year on it build build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them work for a year on it build build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them work for a year on it build build
+me a house okay so basically that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a house okay so basically that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a house okay so basically that little
+sentence of instruction is what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence of instruction is what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence of instruction is what could
+then spend a month on here uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then spend a month on here uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then spend a month on here uh and that
+is that um you're going to to um to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you're going to to um to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you're going to to um to to
+take the the these measurements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the these measurements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the these measurements that
+came from here you're going to lay them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from here you're going to lay them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from here you're going to lay them
+out and then you're going to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then you're going to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then you're going to analyze
+each of the lines separately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the lines separately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the lines separately and
+reconcile them with each other and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile them with each other and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile them with each other and pick
+pick what's true you know what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick what's true you know what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick what's true you know what's what
+you want to keep as true and and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep as true and and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep as true and and develop
+what what what uh what you what you dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what uh what you what you dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what uh what you what you dis
+you know disagree with and then at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know disagree with and then at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know disagree with and then at every
+step of the way uh we can more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the way uh we can more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the way uh we can more or less
+deeply go into what the what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply go into what the what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply go into what the what those
+choices might imply towards the finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices might imply towards the finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices might imply towards the finished
+boat uh and those those implications or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat uh and those those implications or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat uh and those those implications or
+anything from from uh um just um visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from from uh um just um visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from from uh um just um visual
+appeal to u to hydro dnamic U um ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to u to hydro dnamic U um ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to u to hydro dnamic U um ability
+for whatever the purpose of the boat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever the purpose of the boat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever the purpose of the boat or
+um or cons or a construction constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or cons or a construction constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or cons or a construction constraint
+um there you know there're all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you know there're all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you know there're all sorts of
+things that can impinge on on why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can impinge on on why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can impinge on on why you
+decide to make a certain curve or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to make a certain curve or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to make a certain curve or a
+certain line the way it is vers versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain line the way it is vers versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain line the way it is vers versus
+versus something else and basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus something else and basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus something else and basically what
+what makes in my opinion what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes in my opinion what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes in my opinion what makes
+designing a a a boat such a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a a a boat such a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a a a boat such a an
+incredible uh training Tool uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh training Tool uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh training Tool uh for for
+for critical thinking of about complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for critical thinking of about complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for critical thinking of about complex
+issues is that there is such there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues is that there is such there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues is that there is such there can
+be such complexity on every level I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such complexity on every level I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such complexity on every level I you
+know I I uh I defy anyone to bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I uh I defy anyone to bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I uh I defy anyone to bring up
+anything that I can't within three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I can't within three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I can't within three
+degrees of separation can bring into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of separation can bring into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of separation can bring into
+into uh into boats um but um but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh into boats um but um but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh into boats um but um but because
+because of the of the broad possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the of the broad possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the of the broad possibility
+and implications that can be that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implications that can be that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implications that can be that can be
+expressed in a boat and because of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a boat and because of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a boat and because of um
+how how how it still can be done by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how it still can be done by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how it still can be done by by
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+individual uh as opposed to having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh as opposed to having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh as opposed to having to
+have a you know a whole a whole U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know a whole a whole U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know a whole a whole U
+institution you know try to try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you know try to try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you know try to try to work
+up this complicated plan U it allows an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this complicated plan U it allows an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this complicated plan U it allows an
+individual person to to to uh grapple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual person to to to uh grapple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual person to to to uh grapple
+with and uh and and gain some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh and and gain some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh and and gain some sense of
+of control and Mastery over over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control and Mastery over over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control and Mastery over over um
+something that has you know broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has you know broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has you know broad
+ranging implications and and and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging implications and and and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging implications and and and many
+many many many variables and of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many variables and of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many variables and of all
+sorts of uh of of of quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh of of of quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh of of of quality and
+character so um so that by by being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so um so that by by being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so um so that by by being able
+to at least in in in a in a in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least in in in a in a in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least in in in a in a in practice
+like this in in um in study to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in in um in study to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in in um in study to to to
+start grappling with those those issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start grappling with those those issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start grappling with those those issues
+and and and dealing with that complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and dealing with that complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and dealing with that complexity
+with these these tools of thinking um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these these tools of thinking um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these these tools of thinking um I
+I just think that that basically applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just think that that basically applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just think that that basically applies
+to everything that any of you are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything that any of you are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything that any of you are are
+aiming to do and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming to do and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming to do and uh
+okay so uh I guess I guess this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I guess I guess this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I guess I guess this probably
+be a good point for people to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good point for people to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good point for people to go ahead
+do what what you have been doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what what you have been doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what what you have been doing and
+then um we'll we'll we'll pick things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um we'll we'll we'll pick things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um we'll we'll we'll pick things up
+as as as they go as they uh as they pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as as they go as they uh as they pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as as they go as they uh as they pop
+up all right um first off any question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right um first off any question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right um first off any question
+questions uh we we kind of take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh we we kind of take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh we we kind of take this
+hour as being just sort of push out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour as being just sort of push out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour as being just sort of push out but
+but uh um there at this point there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um there at this point there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um there at this point there may
+actually be be some questions I'd rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be be some questions I'd rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be be some questions I'd rather
+take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on one of the things I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the things I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the things I think
+um two I don't I I stepped out for part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two I don't I I stepped out for part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two I don't I I stepped out for part
+of your talk so I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your talk so I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your talk so I don't know if you
+covered it or not Tony but um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it or not Tony but um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it or not Tony but um if you
+would talk a little bit about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would talk a little bit about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would talk a little bit about about
+laying out the grid and and what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying out the grid and and what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying out the grid and and what those
+lines with so so if you could speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines with so so if you could speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines with so so if you could speak
+physically to the process so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically to the process so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically to the process so everybody
+has an idea how to begin how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an idea how to begin how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an idea how to begin how to think
+about the layout Yeah well yeah I I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the layout Yeah well yeah I I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the layout Yeah well yeah I I kind
+of glossed over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glossed over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glossed over that
+um because we all not have physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we all not have physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we all not have physically
+have a model to start with we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model to start with we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model to start with we actually
+just the way um Luke's done on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way um Luke's done on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way um Luke's done on this
+model um lay actually lay out the Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um lay actually lay out the Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um lay actually lay out the Grid
+on the model to start with uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the model to start with uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the model to start with uh and I
+think that gives just you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that gives just you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that gives just you have to do
+that anyway to make the machine work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway to make the machine work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway to make the machine work and
+uh but also that that's the Great place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also that that's the Great place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also that that's the Great place
+to start getting a a a conceptual hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start getting a a a conceptual hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start getting a a a conceptual hold
+over these things of course the glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these things of course the glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these things of course the glue
+lines are giving us one set of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are giving us one set of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are giving us one set of of these
+projections you know the the either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections you know the the either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections you know the the either the
+water lines or the or the buttock lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water lines or the or the buttock lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water lines or the or the buttock lines
+everybody familiar with those basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody familiar with those basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody familiar with those basic
+terms there's uh water line buttock Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms there's uh water line buttock Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms there's uh water line buttock Line
+Station um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station um
+Shear no okay let me just grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shear no okay let me just grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shear no okay let me just grab
+uh more complicated model here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more complicated model here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more complicated model here
+um all right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right the
+I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+so these two models are are are done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two models are are are done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two models are are are done the
+way you know between these two we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know between these two we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know between these two we've got
+the way all of our models are done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way all of our models are done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way all of our models are done um
+this is the more common method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the more common method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the more common method
+where the the glue lines the layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the glue lines the layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the glue lines the layers of
+wood U represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood U represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood U represent the
+horizontal uh longitudinally horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh longitudinally horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh longitudinally horizontal
+cuts through the boat which uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts through the boat which uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts through the boat which uh are
+called water lines now the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called water lines now the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called water lines now the boat
+eventually is going to float on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually is going to float on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually is going to float on a on a
+line you know that's in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know that's in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you know that's in that direction
+and of course that's the water line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's the water line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's the water line and
+then the water lines below that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the water lines below that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the water lines below that are
+called uh you know that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh you know that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh you know that's called the
+level water line or the datm water line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level water line or the datm water line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level water line or the datm water line
+the ones below that are lettered or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones below that are lettered or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones below that are lettered or
+numbered below and uh the ones above are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered below and uh the ones above are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered below and uh the ones above are
+lettered or numbered above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettered or numbered above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettered or numbered above the
+uh this model as some of of of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this model as some of of of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this model as some of of of your
+models are done um is organized around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are done um is organized around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are done um is organized around
+the buttock lines um the the the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buttock lines um the the the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buttock lines um the the the term
+butock I think comes from from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butock I think comes from from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butock I think comes from from from the
+the character of of of the curves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character of of of the curves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character of of of the curves um
+especially in the stern of some of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the stern of some of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the stern of some of of of
+the Fuller Fuller designs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fuller Fuller designs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fuller Fuller designs you know
+there's a certain um you know roundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain um you know roundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain um you know roundness
+to the curve um but but these These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve um but but these These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve um but but these These are
+are parallel U longitudinal cuts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel U longitudinal cuts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parallel U longitudinal cuts that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+perpendicular um to the to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular um to the to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular um to the to the water
+line lines and are parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line lines and are parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line lines and are parallel to the
+center line you know the backboard here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center line you know the backboard here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center line you know the backboard here
+is the center line and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the center line and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the center line and these are
+parallel cuts to the center line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel cuts to the center line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel cuts to the center line and
+um the as as we're going to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the as as we're going to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the as as we're going to find out
+throughout throughout the process of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout throughout the process of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout throughout the process of uh
+of tring or reconciling the the lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tring or reconciling the the lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tring or reconciling the the lines in
+in on paper each of of these curves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on paper each of of these curves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on paper each of of these curves is
+more useful in certain parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful in certain parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful in certain parts of the
+shape of a particular boat than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a particular boat than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a particular boat than others
+uh and will give them more weight in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and will give them more weight in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and will give them more weight in in
+in those in those areas now A boat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those in those areas now A boat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those in those areas now A boat like
+this which is basically basically flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is basically basically flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is basically basically flat
+in in in in U in the waterline plane um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in U in the waterline plane um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in U in the waterline plane um
+you're not going to gain much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to gain much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to gain much much
+uh accuracy accurate knowledge about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accuracy accurate knowledge about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accuracy accurate knowledge about its
+shape by by creating um some widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape by by creating um some widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape by by creating um some widely
+spaced waterline uh cuts through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced waterline uh cuts through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced waterline uh cuts through this
+because as as the shape you know as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as as the shape you know as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as as the shape you know as you
+either go into the shape or out or or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go into the shape or out or or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go into the shape or out or or as
+you draw the line a little bit too wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw the line a little bit too wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw the line a little bit too wide
+or too narrow um you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too narrow um you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too narrow um you can go through
+quite gross changes without really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite gross changes without really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite gross changes without really
+having having uh changed the shape very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having uh changed the shape very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having uh changed the shape very
+much because you know basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because you know basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because you know basically you're
+talking about a you know Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a you know Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a you know Crossings
+between your your cut line and the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your your cut line and the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your your cut line and the shape
+of the boat which are very oblique right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boat which are very oblique right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boat which are very oblique right
+so you know with an oblique Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know with an oblique Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know with an oblique Crossing
+like this here's the shape of the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here's the shape of the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here's the shape of the boat
+and here's this the the waterline SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's this the the waterline SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's this the the waterline SE
+whatever um is is this point you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um is is this point you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um is is this point you know
+more accurate right here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate right here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate right here in the middle
+should it be there or should it be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be there or should it be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be there or should it be there
+you're you're but where when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're but where when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're but where when you get to
+a place where Crossings between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where Crossings between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where Crossings between the
+shape and the and the cut are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and the and the cut are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and the and the cut are are are
+more perpendicular like this well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perpendicular like this well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perpendicular like this well if
+you're if you're accurate it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're accurate it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're accurate it's very
+obvious and if you're inaccurate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and if you're inaccurate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and if you're inaccurate it's
+very obvious right I mean anything off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious right I mean anything off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious right I mean anything off
+of that intersection becomes becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that intersection becomes becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that intersection becomes becomes
+clear um so so that in this boat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um so so that in this boat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um so so that in this boat in
+through these shapes here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these shapes here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these shapes here you can see
+that that the this butet cut is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the this butet cut is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the this butet cut is very
+perpendicular to the to the to the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the to the to the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the to the to the shape
+through a lot of the bottom of the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of the bottom of the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of the bottom of the boat
+um it it's not very perpendicular to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's not very perpendicular to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's not very perpendicular to to
+these areas here or or these areas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas here or or these areas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas here or or these areas here
+but then we have the station cuts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have the station cuts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have the station cuts which
+of course are very perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are very perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are very perpendicular to
+those so this boat can pretty much be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this boat can pretty much be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this boat can pretty much be be
+accurately um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um
+uh grided by a combination of of buttock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grided by a combination of of buttock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grided by a combination of of buttock
+lines and stations and water lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and stations and water lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and stations and water lines are
+are marginally useful as far as trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are marginally useful as far as trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are marginally useful as far as trying
+to to uh to to capture the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh to to capture the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh to to capture the the
+shape on that same point one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape on that same point one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape on that same point one of the
+things that on on models I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that on on models I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that on on models I mean this is
+done in the different process but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the different process but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the different process but some
+some of models I've made there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of models I've made there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of models I've made there'll be
+buttock lines below the the level water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttock lines below the the level water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttock lines below the the level water
+line and then water lines above it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then water lines above it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then water lines above it right
+and and that's just part of the thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's just part of the thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's just part of the thinking
+about that is it's easier to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is it's easier to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is it's easier to see
+something it's easier to site and judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's easier to site and judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's easier to site and judge
+if a long a long gradual curve is fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a long a long gradual curve is fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a long a long gradual curve is fair
+then a very tight little station curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a very tight little station curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a very tight little station curve
+is fair so these you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fair so these you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fair so these you know the the
+sectional lines here can be really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional lines here can be really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional lines here can be really hard
+to see and Jud and judge them over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and Jud and judge them over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and Jud and judge them over the
+length of the hull as they move whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the hull as they move whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the hull as they move whereas
+sighting that that long line is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighting that that long line is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighting that that long line is an
+easier judgment to make and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier judgment to make and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier judgment to make and that's
+really important and and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and and when you're
+drawing these boats full size so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing these boats full size so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing these boats full size so you'll
+end up having you know you be as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having you know you be as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having you know you be as you're
+drawing your boat full size you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing your boat full size you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing your boat full size you'll
+you'll draw the the buttock line say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll draw the the buttock line say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll draw the the buttock line say um
+for 2third of the distance of the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2third of the distance of the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2third of the distance of the boat
+then you won't even bother drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you won't even bother drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you won't even bother drawing the
+rest where it's where it becomes obl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest where it's where it becomes obl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest where it's where it becomes obl
+leak up forward and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak up forward and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak up forward and then you have the
+water line and so they overlap and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water line and so they overlap and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water line and so they overlap and they
+meet um but it's all those like reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet um but it's all those like reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet um but it's all those like reliable
+lines and how they you know how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and how they you know how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and how they you know how they
+best Express the shape but sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best Express the shape but sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best Express the shape but sectional
+lines can be you know if you if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines can be you know if you if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines can be you know if you if you put
+a if you made a card um and cut out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you made a card um and cut out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you made a card um and cut out to
+the sectional shape of this model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sectional shape of this model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sectional shape of this model and
+laid it on it if you tipped it one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid it on it if you tipped it one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid it on it if you tipped it one or
+two degrees it would be wrong it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degrees it would be wrong it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degrees it would be wrong it
+wouldn't quite fit correctly so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't quite fit correctly so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't quite fit correctly so it's
+easier to see those longer lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see those longer lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see those longer lines
+sometimes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um just trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a you know I don't um how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know I don't um how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know I don't um how many of you
+have ever done I'm sure you've all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever done I'm sure you've all done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever done I'm sure you've all done
+some work where you you've either uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work where you you've either uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work where you you've either uh in
+some sort of a math or Math course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a math or Math course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a math or Math course of
+some sort where you've actually laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort where you've actually laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort where you've actually laid out
+a uh a graph right and uh you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a graph right and uh you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a graph right and uh you know so
+you have you have a set of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have a set of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you have a set of points and
+and you're trying to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to analyze
+um you know how how how accurate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how how how accurate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how how how accurate they
+are perhaps by by combining them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perhaps by by combining them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perhaps by by combining them into
+you know how close they come to some to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how close they come to some to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how close they come to some to
+some uh um mathematical ideal of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh um mathematical ideal of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh um mathematical ideal of some
+curve uh and of course you pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh and of course you pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh and of course you pick the
+coordinates in a way to be as as telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in a way to be as as telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in a way to be as as telling
+for that particular uh outcome as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particular uh outcome as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particular uh outcome as
+possible so so basically what we're do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so so basically what we're do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so so basically what we're do
+doing is by attacking this this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is by attacking this this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is by attacking this this this uh
+complicated shape from these these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated shape from these these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated shape from these these three
+basic types of cuts we're ensuring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types of cuts we're ensuring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types of cuts we're ensuring that
+somewhere over this shape we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over this shape we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over this shape we're going to
+find a um you know an an an um a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a um you know an an an um a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a um you know an an an um a spatial
+an analytical tool right a a a a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analytical tool right a a a a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analytical tool right a a a a graph
+that that is going to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is going to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is going to be the most
+telling for that particular part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling for that particular part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling for that particular part of the
+curvature and so part of what we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and so part of what we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and so part of what we we have
+to do is is is to understand well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is is to understand well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is is to understand well over
+this part of the boat if if these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the boat if if these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the boat if if these two
+these three um views aren't a agreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three um views aren't a agreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three um views aren't a agreeing
+which one should we give the most weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one should we give the most weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one should we give the most weight
+to which one should we say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which one should we say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which one should we say all right
+that one has to follow along and agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to follow along and agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to follow along and agree
+with what the other two say because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the other two say because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the other two say because that
+one is is is just not accurate um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is is just not accurate um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is is just not accurate um so so
+all right so again just to rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again just to rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again just to rec
+recapitulate there's the the the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate there's the the the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate there's the the the water
+line Cuts they're the buttock line cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Cuts they're the buttock line cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Cuts they're the buttock line cuts
+and then the station cuts which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the station cuts which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the station cuts which the
+guillotine here would you know provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guillotine here would you know provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guillotine here would you know provides
+for us too which are which are this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us too which are which are this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us too which are which are this way
+now beyond that there there there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now beyond that there there there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now beyond that there there there's one
+other set of of uh projections which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other set of of uh projections which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other set of of uh projections which are
+a little bit more complicated and we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more complicated and we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more complicated and we may
+or may not get into it all uh over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not get into it all uh over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not get into it all uh over over
+the course of this but um there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of this but um there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of this but um there there
+are the uh there are diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh there are diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh there are diagonal
+projections where and you'll see in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections where and you'll see in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections where and you'll see in some
+of these of the lines plans that we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these of the lines plans that we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these of the lines plans that we look
+at where you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where you actually
+take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and
+U you know from the from the end end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know from the from the end end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know from the from the end end
+view you take a series of of diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view you take a series of of diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view you take a series of of diagonal
+cuts through through from you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts through through from you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts through through from you know from
+like down here to up here to up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like down here to up here to up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like down here to up here to up here and
+then you know those those cuts are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know those those cuts are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know those those cuts are made
+through this way and then you pick up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this way and then you pick up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this way and then you pick up on
+each station those intersections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each station those intersections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each station those intersections and
+then you lay those out as projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you lay those out as projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you lay those out as projections
+and um those diagonals actually although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um those diagonals actually although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um those diagonals actually although
+they um they end up being they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um they end up being they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um they end up being they're
+considered back in the days of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered back in the days of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered back in the days of paper
+drawing they were considered kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing they were considered kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing they were considered kind of as
+a as a last proof of whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a last proof of whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a last proof of whether or not the
+rest of the design was was uh reconciled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the design was was uh reconciled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the design was was uh reconciled
+correctly um but in in the in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um but in in the in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um but in in the in the end
+they're actually the closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually the closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually the closest to the
+actual flow lines of of water across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual flow lines of of water across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual flow lines of of water across
+across a boat's Hull you know water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a boat's Hull you know water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a boat's Hull you know water
+isn't isn't constrained necessarily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't isn't constrained necessarily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't isn't constrained necessarily to
+to follow any of these of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow any of these of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow any of these of these
+geometric uh uh of these these par you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric uh uh of these these par you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric uh uh of these these par you
+know parallel or perpendicular cuts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know parallel or perpendicular cuts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know parallel or perpendicular cuts it
+can go wherever it wants and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go wherever it wants and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go wherever it wants and it turns
+out that basically it ends up going kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that basically it ends up going kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that basically it ends up going kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+um normal you know or perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um normal you know or perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um normal you know or perpendicular to
+normal to the surface which ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the surface which ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the surface which ends up
+being actually quite close to what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being actually quite close to what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being actually quite close to what a
+diagonal is and U so so the diagonal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is and U so so the diagonal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is and U so so the diagonal is
+ends up being a a very good way of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being a a very good way of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being a a very good way of of uh
+of judging um a boat's um potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of judging um a boat's um potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of judging um a boat's um potential
+performance performance issues too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance performance issues too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance performance issues too
+although in a in a fairly U it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in a in a fairly U it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in a in a fairly U it's a
+fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+esoteric process U unless you until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric process U unless you until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric process U unless you until you
+get into into CAD where you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into into CAD where you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into into CAD where you can actually
+start to experiment with what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to experiment with what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to experiment with what those
+different um you know those different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um you know those different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um you know those different um
+possibilities might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities might might
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um okay so I think that's about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I think that's about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I think that's about it for
+just abstractly talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just abstractly talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just abstractly talking about the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+um yeah go ahead just just just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah go ahead just just just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah go ahead just just just going
+back to some of the this speaking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the this speaking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the this speaking very
+fundamentally you know about about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally you know about about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally you know about about this
+what what you're doing on these on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you're doing on these on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you're doing on these on these
+drawings um you know again just how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings um you know again just how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings um you know again just how you
+Orient that grid and but also also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient that grid and but also also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orient that grid and but also also that
+this that process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that process of
+okay you've got you've got a line that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've got you've got a line that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've got you've got a line that's
+that doesn't agree here you you've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't agree here you you've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't agree here you you've drawn
+a fair curve for the shear line and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair curve for the shear line and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair curve for the shear line and you
+have one ordinate that's out outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one ordinate that's out outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one ordinate that's out outside of
+it so it would means logically you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it would means logically you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it would means logically you need
+to correct it back here right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct it back here right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct it back here right there's a
+mistake here so every every view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake here so every every view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake here so every every view is
+Conant you're going back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant you're going back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant you're going back and forth and
+making them all agree to the lines work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them all agree to the lines work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them all agree to the lines work
+so you know you can you can't it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can you can't it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can you can't it's very
+hard to judge this series of of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to judge this series of of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to judge this series of of points
+are do they make a fair line until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are do they make a fair line until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are do they make a fair line until
+you've done that right once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that right once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that right once you have
+that that line drawn you see it Mak nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that line drawn you see it Mak nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that line drawn you see it Mak nice
+sweet curve or not then you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet curve or not then you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet curve or not then you can go back
+and and adjust so that's that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and adjust so that's that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and adjust so that's that's just a
+way of cross referencing referencing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of cross referencing referencing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of cross referencing referencing the
+line yeah I I was kind of saving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yeah I I was kind of saving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yeah I I was kind of saving that
+until we actually got into doing it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we actually got into doing it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we actually got into doing it um
+um but but yeah obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but yeah obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but yeah obviously
+um you know that's the whole process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that's the whole process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that's the whole process of
+of of of reconciling on paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of reconciling on paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of reconciling on paper on
+reconciling in in the model was was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling in in the model was was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling in in the model was was done
+by by carving the two and getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by carving the two and getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by carving the two and getting them
+to agree here reconciling means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree here reconciling means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree here reconciling means that uh
+that you know that this this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that this this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that this this first
+attempt at this came from here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at this came from here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at this came from here which
+came from there and then when we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from there and then when we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from there and then when we make a
+change here we then have to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here we then have to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here we then have to make that
+change back here and then see whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change back here and then see whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change back here and then see whether or
+not that change affects this view also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that change affects this view also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that change affects this view also
+um and then that's that's the whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then that's that's the whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then that's that's the whole the
+actual work process and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual work process and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual work process and that's what we
+will be doing over and over again um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing over and over again um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing over and over again um as
+we go along um well so so just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along um well so so just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along um well so so just you know
+on that on that on that note as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on that on that note as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on that on that note as you're
+as you're working out the shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're working out the shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're working out the shape that
+your your grid is composed of arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your grid is composed of arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your grid is composed of arbitrary
+arbitrary planes you get to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary planes you get to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary planes you get to put them
+where where they have the most meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where they have the most meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where they have the most meaning
+your diagonals and everything so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diagonals and everything so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diagonals and everything so right
+it's it's never you because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's never you because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's never you because you don't
+you're not working on a computer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not working on a computer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not working on a computer where
+we can have millions of stations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have millions of stations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have millions of stations and
+millions of water lines and millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of water lines and millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of water lines and millions of
+bucks all these different slices um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks all these different slices um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks all these different slices um you
+you pick fewer and you and you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick fewer and you and you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick fewer and you and you choose
+carefully right so right you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully right so right you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully right so right you can see how
+Luke scheduled his his station lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke scheduled his his station lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke scheduled his his station lines and
+uh yeah yeah for instance you know in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah for instance you know in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah for instance you know in in
+this in this boat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this boat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this boat here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's there there's not much point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there there's not much point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there there's not much point in
+having in having u 10 water lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having in having u 10 water lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having in having u 10 water lines
+between here and and here um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and and here um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and and here um because
+they they're hardly going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're hardly going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're hardly going to be any
+different from each other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other you know
+because it's basically it's flat there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's basically it's flat there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's basically it's flat there
+um but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it it
+uh it it might make sense to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it might make sense to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it might make sense to have to
+have a a lot of a lot of buttock lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a lot of a lot of buttock lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a lot of a lot of buttock lines
+you know in in through through through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in through through through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in through through through
+here uh because the shape is is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh because the shape is is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh because the shape is is changing
+quite quickly through through that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly through through that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly through through that that
+through that area um and uh but to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that area um and uh but to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that area um and uh but to but
+to start with basically we're we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with basically we're we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with basically we're we'll
+we've got the the uh the perpendiculars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the the uh the perpendiculars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the the uh the perpendiculars
+which are the extent of the of the hull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the extent of the of the hull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the extent of the of the hull
+or sometimes they're taken from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes they're taken from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes they're taken from the from
+the extents of the water line um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extents of the water line um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extents of the water line um and
+then for analysis for for doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for analysis for for doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for analysis for for doing the the
+measuring that leads towards figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring that leads towards figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring that leads towards figuring
+out what the displacement of the hull is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the displacement of the hull is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the displacement of the hull is
+and the different um um parametrics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the different um um parametrics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the different um um parametrics of
+the hull um that's done by by laying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hull um that's done by by laying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hull um that's done by by laying out
+an an even number of stations um or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an even number of stations um or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an even number of stations um or that
+that adds up to uh to to U 10 I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds up to uh to to U 10 I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adds up to uh to to U 10 I think it
+is or or or multiples of 10 and um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or or or multiples of 10 and um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or or or multiples of 10 and um but
+but uh that those are those that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that those are those that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that those are those that's a
+grid that that um although we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid that that um although we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid that that um although we can we can
+work with that when when it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that when when it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that when when it's convenient
+whenever whenever necessary we can e you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever necessary we can e you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever whenever necessary we can e you
+know we can add we can add sub um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can add we can add sub um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can add we can add sub um
+substations um where the shape is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substations um where the shape is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substations um where the shape is
+changing rapidly and and we don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rapidly and and we don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rapidly and and we don't don't
+feel we have control over over the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel we have control over over the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel we have control over over the shape
+and we don't have to start with all 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have to start with all 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have to start with all 10
+either we start with with uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we start with with uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we start with with uh you know
+the extremes the middle and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extremes the middle and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extremes the middle and then you
+know one one or more and and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one one or more and and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one one or more and and keep
+working out from there um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out from there um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out from there um but but
+basically now I'd like to do the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically now I'd like to do the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically now I'd like to do the rest of
+this actually working on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually working on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually working on a on a
+particular uh boat boat with people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh boat boat with people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh boat boat with people so
+so any kind of more general question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any kind of more general question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any kind of more general question or
+or uh is is there anything that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh is is there anything that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh is is there anything that just
+didn't make any s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make any s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make any s
+or or a short list of things that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a short list of things that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a short list of things that didn't
+make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any
+sense all right um all right well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right um all right well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right um all right well let's
+just go ahead and split up and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and split up and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and split up and and and
+get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started
+um so Luke you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Luke you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Luke you're you're
+gonna yeah okay well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where're just quickly set this up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where're just quickly set this up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where're just quickly set this up as
+though there were there was a station at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there were there was a station at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there were there was a station at
+at this at at this point here right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at at this point here right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at at this point here right at
+this at this extent and we're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this extent and we're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this extent and we're finding
+where that where this sheer height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that where this sheer height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that where this sheer height
+height off the or or breadth off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height off the or or breadth off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height off the or or breadth off the
+center line would come and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center line would come and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center line would come and um
+Reuben this picks up the point now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuben this picks up the point now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuben this picks up the point now where
+does where do you actually capture it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does where do you actually capture it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does where do you actually capture it on
+this machine oh basically there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this this will sit up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this this will sit up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this this will sit up here
+and and you just have a a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you just have a a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you just have a a piece of paper
+attached here right so you simply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached here right so you simply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached here right so you simply you
+know you put ble you put a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you put ble you put a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you put ble you put a pencil
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+hole um so so the way you would the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole um so so the way you would the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole um so so the way you would the way
+you would start this is you would You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would start this is you would You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would start this is you would You'
+uh you this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you this has to be
+over this is a very fussy finicky tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this is a very fussy finicky tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this is a very fussy finicky tool
+Hy so you you'd establish a Center Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy so you you'd establish a Center Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hy so you you'd establish a Center Line
+plane by making a Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right and a mark down here now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and a mark down here now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and a mark down here now you
+have two points to find the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two points to find the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two points to find the center
+center of the model um I think ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the model um I think ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the model um I think ideally
+this would be pointing the other way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so then you simply go up the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so then you simply go up the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so then you simply go up the model
+and you make you make a series of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make you make a series of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make you make a series of points
+you slide it up make another Point FL it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slide it up make another Point FL it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slide it up make another Point FL it
+up make another Point yeah so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up make another Point yeah so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up make another Point yeah so you're
+poing it make a series of dots and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poing it make a series of dots and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poing it make a series of dots and yeah
+exactly and the um the the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and the um the the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and the um the the the thing
+with a model to remember as you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a model to remember as you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a model to remember as you're using
+is that it's actually very good taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's actually very good taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's actually very good taking
+taking shapes um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking shapes um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking shapes um of
+these uh of these upper parts of the hle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh of these upper parts of the hle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh of these upper parts of the hle
+because it comes in normal it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes in normal it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes in normal it comes in
+very square but as you work down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very square but as you work down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very square but as you work down the
+hull it comes at a very at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hull it comes at a very at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hull it comes at a very at a very
+oblique angle and um it becomes pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblique angle and um it becomes pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblique angle and um it becomes pretty
+inaccurate as you work down the hull um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate as you work down the hull um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate as you work down the hull um
+so that's just a thing to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a thing to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a thing to be aware of
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+tool could probably also use it uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool could probably also use it uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool could probably also use it uh for
+instance yeah you could turn it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance yeah you could turn it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance yeah you could turn it the
+other way yeah you sure could and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way yeah you sure could and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way yeah you sure could and get a
+series y of them you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series y of them you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series y of them you know in this
+direction yeah Y and then then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction yeah Y and then then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction yeah Y and then then you put
+those those all those those together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those all those those together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those all those those together in
+what you know in your drawing yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know in your drawing yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know in your drawing yeah right
+that's that's right yeah so yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's right yeah so yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's right yeah so yeah we
+haven't gone to that step ever but it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gone to that step ever but it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gone to that step ever but it be
+it' be nice to try one time but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be nice to try one time but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be nice to try one time but yeah
+especially with with a with a hull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with with a with a hull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with with a with a hull that
+that is mostly in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mostly in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mostly in the other direction
+the way the way this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the way this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the way this one is
+yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y7UsD2SNIIw.txt b/Y7UsD2SNIIw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a247889cc923976c4738e7e3662835ee317c5547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y7UsD2SNIIw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2895 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+So in the last week
+of this semester,
+
+we will be finishing up
+the chapter on coherence.
+
+What we want to continue
+to explore today
+
+is the presence of a dark state.
+
+If you have a three
+level system, and that's
+
+what we went through
+last week, we
+
+will always find one
+state which is dark,
+
+which means we fully illuminate
+the atom with laser light,
+
+but there is one
+state which is not
+
+coupled to the excited state
+which does not scatter light,
+
+and therefore is dark.
+
+I showed you that for very
+general conditions, if you have
+
+two laser beams
+exciting the two states,
+
+there will always be a coherent
+superposition of the two
+
+states, which is the dark state.
+
+The dark state is the novel
+feature of three level systems,
+
+and I want to show you
+different perspectives of it.
+
+We started out by talking
+about just the existence
+
+of the dark state.
+
+Then we talked about
+dark state transfer.
+
+You can regard, for detuned
+light, the dark state
+
+as the lowest energy
+state of the system.
+
+And then an adiabatic
+theorem tells you
+
+that you can keep
+particles in the dark state
+
+even if you change
+the laser parameters
+
+and change what state
+is now the dark state.
+
+This is the basis of
+coherent population transfer,
+
+or the famous STIRAP method.
+
+There is another aspect
+of the dark state
+
+which gives us a possibility
+of lasing without inversion.
+
+As I reminded you,
+lasing has a threshold,
+
+which is inversion that you need
+more atoms in the excited state
+
+than in the ground state because
+the atoms in the ground state
+
+absorb the laser light
+and you want a net gain.
+
+However, if you
+have a dark state,
+
+you have a situation where the
+atoms do not absorb the laser
+
+light, and therefore, the
+conditions for net gain
+
+have changed.
+
+And indeed, lasing without
+inversion becomes possible.
+
+I started to explain
+to you the way
+
+how lasing without
+inversion could come about.
+
+It relies on the fact that
+in a three level system,
+
+absorption
+destructively interferes
+
+but stimulated emission does
+not destructively interfere.
+
+And therefore, you
+can have lasing
+
+without inversion in
+such three level systems.
+
+I showed you one
+possible realization,
+
+and this is about hydrogen
+in a DC electric field.
+
+If we mix the 2S and 2P
+states with an electric field,
+
+we have this three
+level structure.
+
+And for a laser tuned right
+in the middle between the two
+
+states, the two amplitudes
+for excitation cancel exactly,
+
+and therefore, you have a
+zero absorption feature.
+
+However, if you put now a
+little bit of population into,
+
+let's say, the upper
+state, this upper state
+
+in the wings of its
+profile has still
+
+gained for stimulated
+emission, and what we get
+
+is lasing without inversion.
+
+Now you say, OK, but
+that's a hydrogen atom.
+
+Which atom is really
+degenerate between two levels,
+
+and you can split regeneracy
+with a static electric field.
+
+Well, you're already an expert
+at this point in the course.
+
+If the 2S and 2P state
+are widely separated,
+
+well, you add a
+photon, and the photon,
+
+which is in resonance
+with the 2S and 2P state,
+
+creates, in the dressed
+atom picture, degeneracy.
+
+Maybe I should have
+shown the P state higher.
+
+The 2S state with one
+more photon and the 2P
+
+state with one photon
+less have the same energy,
+
+and then you create
+exactly this situation.
+
+So therefore, the
+way you can realize
+
+that in atoms
+other than hydrogen
+
+is use an AC electric field
+to mix S and P states.
+
+And I'll show you in five
+minutes a little bit more
+
+in detail what I mean by that.
+
+There is a trivial
+realization which
+
+I want to mention for
+lasing without inversion,
+
+and this would be if
+you have a three level
+
+system with an excited
+state, two levels, g
+
+and f in the ground state.
+
+You may have an inversion
+for the e to g transition.
+
+And therefore,
+you can get lasing
+
+because the population in
+this state f is not coupled.
+
+This is pretty trivial, but the
+more subtle part, of course,
+
+is that we can realize it using
+a driven system using a control
+
+laser by creating the same
+situation with the bright
+
+and the dark state, and
+population in the dark state
+
+is hidden from the light
+and does not absorb light.
+
+Let me just indicate that
+in both those states,
+
+we would have no
+absorption, dark state.
+
+Those examples may raise the
+question whether whenever
+
+you have lasing
+without inversion,
+
+if you can find a basis where
+you have inversion again
+
+between the two levels
+which are relevant
+
+and the extra population
+is just hidden.
+
+I want to make two
+comments about it.
+
+This question is
+sometimes discussed
+
+in the literature, sometimes
+in a semi-controversial way.
+
+There are two comments about it.
+
+One is when you
+start dressing up
+
+your system with laser beams,
+you have strong control lasers.
+
+You have two lasers,
+omega 1, omega 2.
+
+One is often a
+strong control laser
+
+and the other one
+is the weak laser
+
+where we want to have lasing.
+
+You have actually a time
+dependent system driven
+
+by time dependent fields, and
+once you have a time dependent
+
+system, it's no longer clear
+what the eigenstates are,
+
+what the populations are,
+and what are the coherences.
+
+There is no longer a
+unique way to distinguish
+
+what are the eigenstates because
+every state is, so to speak,
+
+time dependent
+almost by definition.
+
+On the other hand,
+I think the example
+
+I gave you with atomic
+hydrogen where you just
+
+a little bit of mixing
+with an electric field
+
+is an example
+where you genuinely
+
+have less population
+in the excited state
+
+than you have in
+the ground state,
+
+and at least the equation tells
+you, even without inversion,
+
+you have a net gain.
+
+So my own understanding
+of that situation
+
+is that in many situations,
+you can actually reduce it
+
+to a simple picture where you
+have simply hidden population
+
+in a dark state, but without any
+sort of unnatural definitions,
+
+you may not find that
+in some other systems.
+
+Questions about lasing
+without inversion?
+
+Nancy?
+
+STUDENT: Is lasing
+without inversion
+
+important in lab, as opposed
+to lasing with inversion,
+
+or is it more about
+teaching us [INAUDIBLE]??
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, lasing
+without inversion
+
+has definitely been
+touted as a way
+
+to get lasing deeper
+in the UV, to get
+
+lasing for very blue
+transitions because when
+
+you want to create inversion--
+
+this actually has been
+the problem in creating
+
+x-ray lasers in atomic systems.
+
+If you have larger and
+larger energy separation,
+
+spontaneous emission scales
+with omega [? cube. ?]
+
+And so therefore, it
+becomes harder and harder
+
+to fulfill the
+ordinary gain equation.
+
+STUDENT: So in those
+cases, even these last two
+
+methods [INAUDIBLE]
+because [INAUDIBLE]??
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, lasing
+without inversion
+
+alleviates the requirement
+to build a laser,
+
+and so people have
+discussed that where
+
+it's really hard to create a
+laser in the conventional way,
+
+deep, deep in the blue of the
+UV or in the x-ray regime,
+
+that lasing without
+inversion may help.
+
+I'm not aware that any
+practical development
+
+has emerged from that because
+there is a price to be paid,
+
+and that is usually in
+the form of coherence.
+
+You need a certain
+degree of coherence
+
+in your system to
+be able to do that.
+
+It's an idea which is
+powerful, but as far as I know,
+
+there was no killer
+application of it.
+
+The importance of dark
+states is definitely
+
+in slow light, manipulation,
+quantum computation,
+
+and concepts of storing
+light, and this is
+
+what we want to discuss next.
+
+Actually not next,
+but after next.
+
+What I first want to
+discuss is another aspect
+
+of the dark state, and
+this goes by the name
+
+EIT, electromagnetically
+induced transparency.
+
+I can introduce this topic by
+a question to Radio Yerevan,
+
+is it possible to send a laser
+beam through a brick wall?
+
+And the answer of Radio
+Yerevan, if you know the joke,
+
+is always, in principle yes, but
+you need another very powerful
+
+laser.
+
+So in an incoherent
+way, of course,
+
+a very powerful laser can
+drill a hole into the wall
+
+and then the next laser
+can go through the wall
+
+without absorption,
+but you can be smarter.
+
+If the very powerful
+laser through coherence
+
+puts all the atoms in the brick
+in the beam pass of the laser
+
+into a coherent
+superposition state,
+
+and then they
+become a dark state,
+
+then your laser can go
+through a brick wall.
+
+So can a laser beam penetrate
+an optically thick medium?
+
+And the answer is yes, with
+the help of another laser.
+
+Original ideas along those
+lines were formulated by Steve
+
+Harris, who has really
+pioneered this field,
+
+and he first considered special
+auto-ionizing excited states
+
+which couple to--
+
+there were two pathways of
+coupling into the continuum,
+
+but later work has
+shown that it can
+
+be realized in a lambda system.
+
+Let me talk about this
+conceptionally simpler
+
+realization in a three
+level lambda system.
+
+Let's assume we have again
+our normal three level system
+
+gf and an excited state
+which has a width, gamma.
+
+And we want to send a probe
+laser through a dense medium,
+
+and it would be completely
+absorbed by the resonance
+
+to the excited state.
+
+But now we can have a
+strong coupling laser
+
+with a rapid frequency,
+omega c, and so if we drive
+
+the system very strongly, we
+can create a situation where
+
+the coupling laser does, if
+it's strong enough, complete
+
+mixing between the excited
+state and the ground state,
+
+and that means if you have two
+levels which are completely
+
+mixed, they are split by
+the energy or the frequency
+
+of the coupling.
+
+So in other words,
+what we obtain is we
+
+have now two states, e
+plus f and e minus f.
+
+You know the how you should
+read is the following.
+
+You can just assume
+for a second the state
+
+f will degenerate with gamma and
+then I put in a very strong mix
+
+in between the two.
+
+This is exactly the example
+we had with hydrogen
+
+in an electric
+field, and then we
+
+get two states which have
+both width gamma over 2.
+
+They are strongly
+mixed, and the splitting
+
+is nothing else than the matrix
+element of the electric field.
+
+But if you don't have
+two degenerate states
+
+and we add a photon,
+then the photon--
+
+I mentioned it again and again
+in addressed atom picture--
+
+creates a degeneracy.
+
+You can just add a photon,
+draw a dashed line,
+
+and this is your virtual
+state if you want.
+
+Or if you look at
+Schrodinger's equation,
+
+you have something
+which oscillates
+
+at the frequency
+of the state, f,
+
+but now you multiply it with an
+electric field which oscillates
+
+at the resonance
+frequency, and then
+
+you have something
+which oscillates
+
+at the sum of the
+two frequencies,
+
+and this is exactly what I
+indicated with a dashed line.
+
+So that's how you
+create, so to speak,
+
+a degeneracy by using the
+frequency of the laser
+
+to overcome the
+energy splitting,
+
+and the result is that
+you have created exactly
+
+this excited state
+level structure.
+
+And if you now look
+at the ground state,
+
+and our photon is tuned right
+between those two continua,
+
+then we have a dark resonance.
+
+And in order to
+accomplish this, I'm
+
+not going into any
+calculations here,
+
+but you need a sufficiently
+strong coupling
+
+laser who can accomplish that.
+
+For instance,
+coupling laser which
+
+is stronger than the spontaneous
+emission rate or decoherence
+
+rate gamma in the excited state.
+
+So if we now scan
+the probe laser
+
+and we look for
+transmission, let
+
+me assume for simplicity
+that there is no relaxation
+
+between the two ground states.
+
+If the coupling
+laser strength is 0,
+
+then we have a
+broad feature, which
+
+is simply the single photon
+absorption of the probe light.
+
+If we have an infinitesimal
+coupling laser strength,
+
+we get a very,
+very sharp feature,
+
+and if the coupling laser
+is stronger and stronger,
+
+we get a window of transparency,
+and the width is given.
+
+The width delta omega
+of this central feature
+
+is given by the Rabi frequency
+of the coupling laser.
+
+So what are possible
+applications?
+
+One is you can design
+non-linear materials.
+
+Usually, when you want to have
+frequency conversion processes
+
+or optical switches
+at one laser beam
+
+affects another
+laser beam, you want
+
+a very strong non-linear
+response of your medium,
+
+you usually get that if
+you go near resonance,
+
+but near resonance, you
+have strong absorption.
+
+But now, using the concept
+of EIT, you can have both.
+
+You can have the strong
+non-linear response
+
+of your medium near resonance
+but you suppress absorption,
+
+you get a window of
+transparency using EIT.
+
+So you can have near resonant
+materials without absorption.
+
+Again, in principle,
+I'm not aware
+
+that this has really taken
+off in a bigger time.
+
+One would be if you want to do
+very sensitive spectroscopy.
+
+Assume you want to
+measure one isotope which
+
+has a tiny little
+abundance but you
+
+have to observe it against
+the background of a very
+
+strong isotope.
+
+If you could switch off the
+absorption of the background,
+
+the absorption of
+the strong isotope,
+
+you could still see a small
+amount of a trace isotope
+
+in the presence of a
+strong absorption line.
+
+So sensitive detection
+of trace elements.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+I've given you
+qualitative pictures
+
+for lasing without
+inversion and for EIT.
+
+I want to give it a little
+bit more quantitative touch,
+
+not by going through to the
+optical Bloch equations which
+
+would be necessary to
+describe all features of it,
+
+but at least I want to
+give you one picture where
+
+you can derive
+and discuss things
+
+in a more quantitative way, and
+this is the eigenstate picture.
+
+I've also done here what
+I've said several times,
+
+that when we have splittings
+between the levels,
+
+we can actually focus
+on what really matters,
+
+namely the detunings,
+by absorbing the laser
+
+frequency into the
+definition of our levels,
+
+and that's what I've done here.
+
+Instead of using levels g, f,
+and e, I have levels with g, f,
+
+e, but this is the photon
+number in laser field one
+
+and the photon number
+in laser field two.
+
+So if all of the photons,
+the laser field one and laser
+
+field two, would be resonance
+with their respective
+
+transitions, then all
+those three levels
+
+would be degenerate.
+
+But now in the
+three level system,
+
+they're not degenerate
+only because we
+
+have a relative detuning
+delta, detuning small delta
+
+from the Raman resonance, and
+we have a detuning peak delta,
+
+which is sort the common
+detuning of the Raman laser
+
+from the excited state levels.
+
+So therefore, if I did
+define the Rabi frequencies,
+
+the Rabi frequencies over
+2 are gain coefficient,
+
+and the Rabi frequencies
+are proportional
+
+to the electric field.
+
+Therefore, they scale
+with the photon numbers n
+
+and m in the two laser beams.
+
+If I do that, I have a really
+very simple Hamiltonian.
+
+On the diagonal, we
+simply have the detuning
+
+of both laser beams
+form the excited state.
+
+Here we have the Raman detuning,
+and we have two couplings
+
+to the excited state.
+
+One is laser field one,
+g1, with n photons,
+
+and the other one is laser
+field g2 with m photons.
+
+Any questions about?
+
+Just setting up the
+simple equations
+
+which we have done a few times.
+
+Let me focus first
+on the simple case
+
+that everything is on resonance.
+
+Then, if everything
+is on resonance,
+
+we have the structure
+which I've shown here.
+
+You can sort of say you
+have three levels, which
+
+are degenerate without
+any Rabi frequency,
+
+because the detunings
+are all zero,
+
+or all the diagonal is zero.
+
+And then the off diagonal matrix
+elements, the Rabi frequencies,
+
+are just spreading the
+three levels apart,
+
+and the general
+structure of this matrix
+
+is that in the
+middle, you always
+
+have a state which is just
+a superposition of g and f.
+
+So it's a dark state.
+
+It has no contribution
+in the excited state.
+
+And the two outer states
+have equal contribution
+
+of the excited state.
+
+So the excited state has
+been distributed over the two
+
+outer states, and the
+widths of those levels
+
+is therefore gamma over 2.
+
+And we know when
+we had two levels
+
+and we were driving them with
+a Rabi frequency resonantly,
+
+we had splittings
+which were just
+
+given by the Rabi
+frequency, and now
+
+the splitting between the
+outer level and the dark state
+
+is the quadrature sum of
+the two Rabi frequencies.
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's a
+very general structure.
+
+I want to go back
+to the situation
+
+where one laser
+is a probe laser.
+
+Let's assume this is
+our laser beam which
+
+wants to go through
+the brick wall,
+
+and the other laser has
+to prepare the system.
+
+Let me discuss the limit where
+the photon number becomes very
+
+small in laser one, the
+photon number n goes to unity,
+
+and this is much smaller than m.
+
+So we have the situation
+of a weak probe field.
+
+If we have this limit,
+then the dark state
+
+has much, much more
+amplitude in state g,
+
+and the state g is
+almost decoupled.
+
+It's in a trivial way.
+
+The dark state
+and the laser beam
+
+is very strongly mixing the
+state f and the excited state.
+
+So in this limit, we have
+a nice physical situation.
+
+I should actually
+point out that you
+
+can solve most of those
+situations for three level
+
+systems analytically.
+
+It's just those explanations
+get long and are not
+
+very transparent.
+
+So what I'm trying
+here in the classroom,
+
+I try to pick certain examples--
+
+weak probe field, resonance--
+
+where we can easily understand
+the new features which
+
+happen in the system.
+
+So the situation we
+have now prepared
+
+is we have our dark
+state, which is level g,
+
+we said we have only one
+photon in our probe beam,
+
+and we have lots and lots of
+photons in the coupling laser
+
+which couples the other ground
+state, f, to the excited state,
+
+e.
+
+So we have the structure that
+we have now two states which
+
+have half of the widths
+of the excited state,
+
+and they are both bright.
+
+We can call one
+the bright state 1
+
+and the other the
+bright state 2.
+
+The splitting is related
+to the Rabi frequency.
+
+Let me just call it delta bar.
+
+This is now the level
+structure which we have,
+
+and what I want to now
+emphasize in this picture
+
+is the phenomenon
+of interference.
+
+We've talked about
+interference of amplitudes,
+
+but now I want to
+take the system
+
+and show you how we
+get now interference
+
+when we send one probe
+photon through the system.
+
+What we can now formulate
+is a scattering problem.
+
+We have one photon in our
+probe beam in a special mode,
+
+but then, all the other
+modes are unoccupied.
+
+And when we are asking, does
+the probe photon get absorbed?
+
+Does the weak laser beam
+get stuck in the brick wall?
+
+We are actually are
+asking if it is possible
+
+that we scatter the
+photon out of the mode
+
+and it gets absorbed.
+
+But you know absorption
+is actually always
+
+a two photon process involves
+spontaneous emission,
+
+and we have emitted the
+photon into another mode.
+
+The scattering problem
+is a two photon process,
+
+and the matrix element
+needs an intermediate state,
+
+but now we have two.
+
+We start with one photon, we
+have the light atom coupling,
+
+we can go through
+bright state 1.
+
+From bright state 1, we have
+the light atom coupling again,
+
+and eventually, we go
+back to the ground state
+
+without four photon.
+
+And here we have a detuning.
+
+Let's assume we
+are halfway detuned
+
+between the two bright states.
+
+And then we have a
+second amplitude,
+
+and it's indistinguishable.
+
+We have a Feynman
+double slit experiment,
+
+and everything here is
+the same except that we
+
+scatter through bright state 2.
+
+This matrix element,
+when it vanishes,
+
+this is now the condition
+of electromagnetically
+
+induced transparency.
+
+But we want to now
+understand what happens
+
+when we detune the probe laser.
+
+So we have set up the system
+with a strong control laser,
+
+we have completely mixed the
+ground state f with the excited
+
+state, and now we want to
+ask, can a weak probe laser
+
+go through the brick wall
+How much of the probe laser
+
+is absorbed?
+
+So what we want
+to understand now,
+
+and this is a new feature
+I want to discuss now,
+
+what happens when we detune
+the probe laser by delta?
+
+Well, it's clear, and I just
+wanted to show you the formula.
+
+We had two detunings here, and
+if we detune the probe laser
+
+by delta, that would mean now
+that those denominators are
+
+no longer opposite but equal.
+
+In one case, we add delta.
+
+In the other case,
+we subtract delta.
+
+And therefore, we have no
+longer the cancellation
+
+of the two amplitudes
+and we have
+
+the scattering of the photon.
+
+This is sort of the
+framework, and I
+
+want to show you now
+several examples.
+
+I want to show you examples
+of a probe absorption spectra.
+
+It's more a little
+bit of show and tell.
+
+I want to show you the result
+if you would work that out.
+
+It's pretty interesting.
+
+So first, I want to discuss
+the case where the coupling
+
+laser is really in resonance.
+
+We are near the one
+photon resonance.
+
+Let me assume first that the
+Rabi frequency of the coupling
+
+laser is much, much
+larger than gamma.
+
+Then if you look at
+the probe transmission,
+
+we have the situation
+that we know
+
+when we are right
+here in the middle,
+
+we have a window
+of transparency,
+
+but if we detune by the
+Rabi frequency over two,
+
+we hit the bright state 1, and
+if we detune in the opposite,
+
+we hit the bright state 2.
+
+And the splitting in this
+situation, delta bar,
+
+is nothing else than the
+Rabi frequency omega 2.
+
+So what we have is we have
+the detuning in between,
+
+and we know already here
+is our special point,
+
+and that's what
+we have discussed
+
+for long, electromagnetically
+induced transparency.
+
+The two bright states
+are at plus and minus
+
+half the Rabi frequency
+of the coupling laser.
+
+We know that we have very
+strong absorption here.
+
+What you get is sort
+of broad feature.
+
+But this was a situation when we
+drive the system very strongly.
+
+I now want to discuss the case
+that the coupling laser is
+
+much weaker than gamma.
+
+Then the splitting between
+the two bright states
+
+was the Rabi frequency,
+but the width is gamma,
+
+so then the two bright
+states pretty much merge
+
+into one continuum
+feature of width gamma.
+
+For that situation, we have a
+broad feature of absorption,
+
+which is on the order
+of gamma, or if you
+
+have an opaque
+medium, of course,
+
+you put the
+absorption coefficient
+
+into the exponent of
+an exponential function
+
+and you get a blackout
+which is wider than gamma.
+
+But then we have our
+phenomenon of EIT,
+
+but the width of this feature
+is now much smaller than gamma.
+
+So what we have here
+in those two situations
+
+where the lasers are close
+to resonance with the excited
+
+level, we have the situation
+that the strong absorption
+
+feature due to
+the bright states,
+
+either one strong feature of
+width gamma or two features
+
+here, those broad, similar
+photon absorption features,
+
+they really overlap with
+our window of transparency.
+
+And what I find very insightful
+is now to discuss the situation
+
+where we separate the two, and
+I want to show you what happens.
+
+It gives a very
+interesting profile.
+
+So what we want to discuss now
+are the famous Fano profiles,
+
+and I want to discuss two
+photon absorption features.
+
+We have discussed the case
+where the one photon detuning.
+
+We want to go now to a large
+one photon detuning delta 2,
+
+and the new feature
+now is that this
+
+will separate the window
+of electromagnetically
+
+induced transparency from the
+broad absorption features.
+
+Let me just draw a
+diagram of the states.
+
+As usual, we have our two
+states in a lambda transition, g
+
+and f.
+
+We have this continuum
+of the excited state,
+
+but now, and this is what often
+is done in the experiment,
+
+you're not using Raman
+lasers which are in resonance
+
+with the excited state.
+
+You're using Raman lasers--
+
+here is the strong
+coupling lasers--
+
+which are far detuned.
+
+So here we have a detuning
+for laser two called gamma 2.
+
+The Rabi frequency is omega 2.
+
+Here we have a weak probe laser
+omega 1, and the detuning.
+
+Let's call it gamma 1.
+
+So in order to keep
+the situation simple,
+
+we use a weak probe laser.
+
+Omega 1 is small.
+
+And our Raman detuning
+delta is the difference
+
+between the two single
+photons detuning,
+
+capital delta 2 minus delta 1.
+
+For these situations, there
+are nice analytic expressions,
+
+and together with
+the class notes,
+
+I will post a
+wonderfully clear paper
+
+by [? Lunis ?] and [INAUDIBLE]
+where the two authors discuss
+
+this situation.
+
+Let's just figure out what are
+the features in the system.
+
+Let's just go through
+different situations.
+
+One is if the Raman
+detuning is zero,
+
+we should always
+get the phenomenon
+
+of electromagnetically
+induced transparency.
+
+If we don't have
+any coupling, then
+
+we simply have a
+two level system,
+
+and if we tune omega
+1 into resonance,
+
+we get simple single
+photon absorption.
+
+So if we look at the
+system of the three levels
+
+and we are asking what are
+now the relevant processes,
+
+one limit is, of course,
+the trivial limit
+
+that we have single
+photon absorption.
+
+This is, of course,
+a trivial case.
+
+Let's now go to the
+more interesting case
+
+that we have a coupling laser.
+
+What happens now?
+
+We have our two states.
+
+The excited state is
+coupled with the laser
+
+and Rabi frequency omega 2.
+
+Now we know that the laser omega
+2, if it is not on resonance,
+
+will give us an AC Stark shift.
+
+This AC Stark shift, we've gone
+through that several times.
+
+It's the matrix element
+or Rabi frequency squared
+
+divided by the detuning.
+
+If we now bring in
+the probe laser,
+
+what are the features we expect?
+
+Well, there are two features.
+
+One is we've just discussed
+the trivial case above.
+
+If we tune the probe laser
+into resonance with the excited
+
+state, we have single
+photon absorption.
+
+We get a broad feature.
+
+It's almost like in
+the two level system.
+
+But in contrast to the case
+I just discussed above,
+
+the excited state level e
+has now an AC Stark shift
+
+so the resonance is shifted.
+
+That's now becoming
+a four photon process
+
+because we need
+two photons going
+
+up and down with
+a coupling laser
+
+to create the AC Stark shift.
+
+And now we have a laser
+from the probe beam
+
+and the photon is scattered,
+so it's a four photon process
+
+and it will give us a
+broad resonance which
+
+is now AC stack shifted.
+
+But in addition, we
+have a resonance,
+
+which is the Raman resonance.
+
+When the Raman detuning
+is zero, then we
+
+absorb from the
+probe laser and we
+
+emit in a stimulated way
+with the coupling laser,
+
+and we have a stimulated
+two photon transition.
+
+Now, what is the width of
+this stimulated two photon
+
+transition?
+
+Well, we go from a
+stable ground state to--
+
+I wanted to say another
+stable ground state,
+
+but this other
+stable ground state
+
+is now scattering photons.
+
+So because of the presence
+of a strong coupling laser,
+
+you have broadened this
+level f by photon scattering.
+
+You interrupt the
+coherent time evolution
+
+by scattering photons,
+and the photon scattering
+
+happens in perturbation
+theory by the amplitude to be
+
+in the excited state
+squared times gamma.
+
+The scattering rate,
+gamma scattering,
+
+is Rabi frequency
+divided by detuning.
+
+This is the amplitude to
+be in the excited state.
+
+We square that, and then
+we multiply with gamma,
+
+and if I can trust
+my notes, it's
+
+a factor of two, which I
+don't want to discuss further.
+
+This is a quantitative argument.
+
+The analytic expressions
+are in the reference
+
+I've given to you.
+
+So the situation which
+we have right now
+
+can be in a very powerful
+way summarized as follows.
+
+We have our ground
+state, we have
+
+two continua we can couple to.
+
+We can couple to the
+excited state which
+
+has a width, gamma,
+through a single photon,
+
+but there is the AC Stark shift.
+
+Or we can couple through a
+two photon Raman transition
+
+to the state f, but the
+width is much, much smaller
+
+because it is only the
+scattering rate due
+
+to the off resonant
+coupling laser.
+
+Let me just write that down
+because I said a lot of things.
+
+So g couples now.
+
+When we detune the
+probe laser, we
+
+can be in resonance
+with this feature
+
+and we can be in resonance
+with that feature
+
+to a narrow and
+wide excited state.
+
+One excited state, of
+course, is the state f,
+
+but the coupling laser puts
+some character of the excited
+
+states into the state f.
+
+And the most important
+thing now is the following.
+
+This is the theme I've
+emphasized again and again when
+
+we discussed three
+level systems.
+
+Those two states have
+a width, and the width
+
+means they spontaneously
+emit light,
+
+but they emit light
+into the same continuum.
+
+So if you start in
+the ground state,
+
+your probe laser has a photon
+and the photon gets scattered.
+
+You do not know through which
+channel it has been scattered.
+
+So in general,
+and this is as far
+
+as I want to push it in this
+class, in three level system,
+
+we have now the interference
+between those two continua.
+
+One is narrow and one is wide.
+
+Let me just write that down
+because this is important,
+
+but both excited states
+couple to the same continuum.
+
+And by continuum,
+I mean the vacuum
+
+of all empty states where
+photons can be scattered,
+
+and this is the condition
+for interference.
+
+And this is, of
+course, what gives rise
+
+to electromagnetically
+induced transparency.
+
+I'll take your
+questions, but let
+
+me first give you
+a drawing which
+
+may illustrate, or summarize,
+what I've just said.
+
+So what we try to
+understand is what happens
+
+when we detune the probe laser.
+
+Until now, we had always the
+EIT feature, the EIT window,
+
+was completely overlapping
+with the one photon resonance,
+
+but now, because the
+coupling laser has
+
+a detuning of gamma 2, we have
+to use with the probe laser.
+
+I have to trace back how
+the detunings are defined.
+
+The Raman detuning was big
+delta 2 minus big delta 1.
+
+If the detuning delta
+is chosen to be delta 2,
+
+we have the simple situation
+that we go from the ground
+
+state right to
+the excited state,
+
+and we have the feature
+which has a width of gamma.
+
+This is what you would call
+the single photon resonance.
+
+It is the single
+photon resonance.
+
+It is due by resonantly
+coupling into this continuum,
+
+and the only feature
+of the coupling laser
+
+is that there's an
+AC Stark shift to it.
+
+Single normal resonance, almost
+like in a two level system,
+
+but the only addition
+is the AC Stark effect.
+
+Now we have a second feature,
+which can be very sharp.
+
+This is when we do the
+two photon Raman process
+
+into the other ground state.
+
+Due to photon scattering,
+this resonance
+
+has a width of gamma
+scattering, and the position
+
+is not at zero at the
+naked Raman resonance.
+
+It also has an AC Stark shift
+because the coupling laser
+
+does an AC Stark shift to both
+the excited and the ground
+
+state.
+
+The coupling laser,
+the AC Stark shift,
+
+pushes ground and excited
+state in opposite directions.
+
+So therefore, we find
+that at the Rabi frequency
+
+of the coupling laser
+divided by gamma over 2.
+
+The name of this feature is
+the two photon Raman resonance
+
+plus the AC Stark shift,
+which actually means
+
+it's a four photon process.
+
+The question is now, where is
+the electromagnetically induced
+
+transparency?
+
+We have introduced now
+specifically the absorption
+
+feature.
+
+We have identified a one
+photon absorption feature
+
+plus AC Stark shift, a
+two photon absorption
+
+feature plus AC Stark shift,
+but where is electromagnetically
+
+introduced transparency?
+
+Here.
+
+Electromagnetically
+induced transparency
+
+is always at delta equals 0.
+
+You have to fulfill
+the Raman resonance,
+
+and this resonance is not
+affected by any AC Stark shift.
+
+It's always at delta equals 0.
+
+So therefore, what that means
+is you have two absorption
+
+features, and you would think
+these are two Lorentzians,
+
+but they interfere and they go
+to exactly 0 at delta equals 0,
+
+and this is our EIT feature.
+
+So there is an interference
+effect between a broad feature
+
+and a narrow
+feature, and this is
+
+found in many different
+parts of spectroscopy,
+
+but you also find it
+in nuclear physics
+
+whenever you have a
+narrow feature embedded
+
+into continuum.
+
+What we have here is a narrow
+feature and a broader feature,
+
+but a narrow feature
+and something
+
+which is broader or continuum
+is called a Fano resonance.
+
+You actually have
+the same situation
+
+when you look at
+scattering of atoms.
+
+Many of you are familiar
+with Feshbach resonances.
+
+Well, a lot of people call
+it Fano Feshbach resonance,
+
+and what you have in a Fano
+Feshbach resonance is two atoms
+
+can scatter off each other.
+
+This is the continuum.
+
+This would be your
+broad feature.
+
+But then they can also scatter
+through a molecular state,
+
+and this is a narrow feature.
+
+And what we've identified
+now for electromagnetically
+
+induced transparency
+are the two features.
+
+One is the single
+photon absorption,
+
+one is the Ramon resonance.
+
+But in general, the concept
+is much more general.
+
+You have a narrow feature,
+you have a broader feature.
+
+It's responsible for
+scattering two atoms
+
+or it's responsible for
+scattering a photon,
+
+and once the photon or the
+atoms have been scattered,
+
+you have no way of telling
+which intermediate state was
+
+involved.
+
+And therefore, you
+get interference.
+
+And what I just said,
+what is EIT for light
+
+is the zero crossing
+of a scattering length
+
+that the atoms do not
+scatter off each other
+
+because the two different
+processes completely
+
+destructively interfere.
+
+So what I've shown here is
+two Lorentzian, two absorption
+
+features.
+
+Let me know re-plot it and
+plot the index of refraction
+
+minus 1.
+
+Here was EIT, zero detuning.
+
+We have a sharp feature here
+at the two photon resonance,
+
+we have a broad feature here
+at the single photon resonance,
+
+and if I now transform
+the Lorentzian
+
+into a dispersive feature.
+
+I use freehand, so this
+is a dispersive feature
+
+for the broad transition.
+
+The narrow transition
+has a much, much sharper
+
+dispersive feature,
+and the important part
+
+is now at the EIT,
+at the detuning delta
+
+is zero where we have
+electromagnetically
+
+induced transparency, we
+have an index of refraction
+
+which is exactly one
+because it's a dark state,
+
+you have no absorption, you
+have no light scattering,
+
+you have no reaction
+to the light.
+
+And therefore, the index of
+refraction of the material
+
+is like the index of
+refraction of the vacuum.
+
+So you have n equals 1.
+
+It looks like a vacuum in
+terms of index of refraction.
+
+It looks like a vacuum because
+you have no absorption.
+
+But what you have is you
+have a large derivative
+
+of the index of refraction
+with the frequency detuning,
+
+and that affects, and that's
+what I want to tell you now,
+
+the group velocity of light.
+
+So anyway, this is maybe as
+far as I want to push it,
+
+and I was actually wondering
+if this is a little bit too
+
+complicated to present in class.
+
+But on the other hand,
+I think it sort of also
+
+wraps up the course.
+
+We have a three
+level system, and we
+
+find a lot of things we have
+studied separately before--
+
+two photon Raman feature,
+single photon light scattering--
+
+but now they act
+together and they
+
+interfere and have
+this additional feature
+
+of electromagnetically
+induced transparency.
+
+Colin?
+
+STUDENT: So the way you drew the
+level diagram, the f, I think,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] state [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Actually, I emphasized that
+we have an AC Stark shift,
+
+and what I didn't say
+when I discussed it here
+
+that the AC Stark shift
+pushes this level down
+
+and pushes the other level up.
+
+But since we are talking
+about a very broad resonance
+
+in the excited state, for
+all practical matters,
+
+the AC Stark shift
+doesn't matter,
+
+whereas for the narrow
+Raman resonance,
+
+the AC Stark shift is important.
+
+STUDENT: Also, you
+showed on the plot
+
+that the shift of the
+excited state [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+Thanks.
+
+So the AC Stark shift
+for that detuning
+
+would shift this level up and
+would shift this level down.
+
+What's the second question?
+
+STUDENT: You drew on the plot--
+
+PROFESSOR: This one?
+
+STUDENT: That one.
+
+That the shift of
+the excited state
+
+was much higher than the
+shift of the ground state.
+
+PROFESSOR: You mean
+those two shifts?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: We have to
+now do the bookkeeping.
+
+We have assumed that
+the coupling laser has
+
+a large detuning,
+the coupling laser
+
+is very far away from resonance.
+
+And if you want to
+hit the excited state,
+
+we know we need a Raman
+resonance, which is delta 2,
+
+but the Raman resonance,
+capital delta 2,
+
+means that we are smack
+on the single photon
+
+resonance for the probe laser.
+
+So this feature is pretty
+much we take the ground state
+
+and go exactly to the excited
+state with a single photon.
+
+There is an AC
+Stark shift involved
+
+but it's not relevant here,
+whereas the other feature is
+
+the two photon Raman feature.
+
+And the one thing I wanted
+to point out in this context
+
+is that there is
+actually a small energy
+
+splitting between the two photon
+Raman feature by the AC Stark
+
+effect, whereas the
+EIT feature always
+
+happens at Raman
+resonance delta equals 0.
+
+Because, just to
+emphasize that, delta
+
+equals 0 is really you induce
+a coherence between g and f.
+
+It's a dark state,
+and when you have
+
+a dark state in
+that situation, you
+
+don't have an AC Stark effect.
+
+So the EIT feature
+is at delta equals 0,
+
+whereas the photon scattering
+features, they suffer,
+
+or they experience--
+
+it may not be negative to
+suffer an AC Stark shift,
+
+but they experience
+an AC Stark shift.
+
+Further questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: Can we
+somehow relate this
+
+to Doppler free spectroscopy?
+
+PROFESSOR: Can we relate that
+to Doppler free spectroscopy?
+
+Actually, I don't
+think so because I
+
+would say for the
+whole discussion here,
+
+let's assume we have an atom
+which has infinite mass, which
+
+is not moving at all.
+
+We're really talking
+about internal coherences.
+
+However, and that's
+where it becomes related,
+
+if you look at very,
+very narrow features
+
+as a function of detuning
+then, of course, Doppler shifts
+
+play a role, and if you
+have very, very, very
+
+narrow features, you become
+sensitive to very, very, very
+
+small velocities,
+and therefore, you
+
+have an opportunity to cool.
+
+So if you can distinguish
+spectroscopically
+
+an atom which moves a tiny
+little bit and an atom which
+
+stands still, if you
+can, by a narrow line,
+
+distinguish the two,
+then you can actually
+
+laser cool this atom.
+
+The EIT feature can give you
+extremely high resolution.
+
+I'm not discussing it here.
+
+I've discussed the
+phenomenon of EIT, which is
+
+coherent population trapping.
+
+But there is an extension, which
+is VSCPT, Velocity Selective
+
+Coherent Population Trapping,
+and VSCPT was a powerful method
+
+to cool atoms below
+the recoil limit,
+
+but I've not connected anything
+of coherent population trapping
+
+with the Doppler shift.
+
+So for all this
+discussion, please
+
+assume the atom is not moving.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Then let me just say a
+few words about the fact
+
+that we have a large derivative
+of the index of refraction,
+
+and this, of course,
+is used for generating
+
+what is called slow light.
+
+The group velocity of light
+is the speed of light,
+
+but then it has a
+denominator which
+
+is the derivative of
+the index of refraction
+
+with respect to frequency.
+
+Towards the end of
+the last century,
+
+there were predictions that
+electromagnetically induced
+
+transparency would give you
+very sharp features which can
+
+be used for very slow light.
+
+And what eventually triggered
+major developments in the field
+
+was this landmark
+paper by Lene Hau where
+
+she used the Bose-Einstein
+condensate to eliminate
+
+all kinds of Doppler broadening.
+
+There are other tricks
+how you can eliminate it,
+
+but this was the
+most powerful way
+
+to just take a Bose-Einstein
+condensate where
+
+atoms have no thermal velocity
+and, in this research,
+
+she was able to show
+that light propagated
+
+at the speed of a bicycle.
+
+So it was a dramatic reduction
+of the speed of light,
+
+and this showed the
+true potential of EIT.
+
+There have been
+other demonstrations
+
+before where light has been
+slowed by a factor of 100
+
+or a few hundred,
+but eventually,
+
+combining that with a
+Doppler-less feature
+
+because the atoms
+don't move in a BEC
+
+created a dramatic effect.
+
+So we have now two
+ways how we can get
+
+a large derivative, dn d omega.
+
+I've discussed here
+the general case
+
+that we have a narrow feature,
+a broad feature, because we
+
+have the coupling light
+detuned from the excited state,
+
+but let me just point out that
+even if you have the coupling
+
+light on resonance, depends
+what you really want,
+
+but you can get an even
+stronger feature in the index
+
+of refraction versus frequency.
+
+This is now the situation where
+we have the strong absorption
+
+feature, but then we
+have the EIT window.
+
+So we have this superposition
+of a positive Lorentzian
+
+and a negative
+Lorentzian, and if I now
+
+run it through my
+Kramers-Kronig calculator
+
+and I take the
+dispersive shape, I
+
+can sort of do it for the
+broad feature in this way
+
+and for the narrow
+feature in this way,
+
+and now you have
+to add up the two.
+
+And what you realize
+is at this point,
+
+you have a huge dn d omega.
+
+What I'm plotting here is on
+the left side, the absorption
+
+of the Lorentzian, and you
+can regard this sharp notch
+
+as a second Lorentzian.
+
+So you have the positive
+Lorentzian, negative
+
+Lorentzian, and then you
+take the dispersive features
+
+and you add them up
+with the correct sign.
+
+So whether you're realizing now
+for quite a general situation
+
+where you have single photon
+detuning, which I discussed
+
+before, or whether you're on
+the single photon resonance,
+
+you can have extremely
+sharp features.
+
+So now you can take
+it to the next level.
+
+You have a light pulse
+which enters a medium,
+
+and now the light pulse slowly
+moves through the medium.
+
+But while the light pulse
+moves through the medium,
+
+you reduce the strength
+of the coupling laser.
+
+What happens?
+
+So you do now an adiabatic
+change of your system.
+
+You do an adiabatic change
+of the control field
+
+omega 2 while the probe
+pulse is in the medium.
+
+Well, that means that under
+idealized assumptions which
+
+we've discussed, this
+feature gets narrower
+
+and narrower and narrower.
+
+If omega 2 goes to 0, the
+strength of the control field,
+
+this feature becomes
+infinitesimally narrow.
+
+And therefore, this feature
+becomes infinitely sharp,
+
+and that means that the
+group velocity goes to zero.
+
+This is now in
+the popular press,
+
+it's called stopped
+light or frozen light
+
+because the light has
+come to a standstill.
+
+What really happens
+is the following.
+
+We have our coupling
+laser, omega 2,
+
+and we have our
+probe laser, omega 1.
+
+When we do what I just said is
+that omega 2 goes through zero,
+
+then the dark state originally,
+for very strong omega 2,
+
+remember the dark state was g?
+
+But now if we let
+omega 2 go to zero,
+
+the dark state will become f.
+
+And that means that in a way,
+every photon in the probe pulse
+
+has now pumped an atom from
+g through two photon Raman
+
+process into f.
+
+So therefore, what it
+means to stop light
+
+or to freeze light means simply
+that the photons of the laser
+
+have turned into an atomic
+excitation where the excitation
+
+is now the state, f.
+
+In other words, you
+have written the photon.
+
+The photon has now put the
+atom into a different hyperfine
+
+state.
+
+So if this is done
+adiabatically,
+
+and I can't do full
+justice in this course,
+
+but this means that
+the light is coherently
+
+converted into the atomic--
+
+when I say "coherently"
+say "into population," I
+
+mean all the quantum
+phases, everything which
+
+was in the quantum nature of the
+light has now been converted,
+
+has been written
+into the state, f.
+
+This is often called, because
+g and f are hyperfine states,
+
+this means that
+you have coherently
+
+converted the photon or
+the electromagnetic wave
+
+in the probe beam into
+a spin wave or a magnon.
+
+Anyway, I just want to
+show you the analogy.
+
+The fact that you can put the
+quantum information of light
+
+into an atomic state
+and back and forth,
+
+we've discussed that when we
+had the situation of cavity QED.
+
+We prepared a superposition
+of ground and excited state
+
+and exactly the same quantum
+state which we had in the atom
+
+we later found in the
+cavity as a superposition
+
+of the zero photon and
+the one photon state.
+
+So from those general concepts,
+it should be clear to you
+
+that it is possible
+to coherently
+
+transform a quantum
+state from light to atoms
+
+and back to light.
+
+And here you see the
+different realization.
+
+We have a quantum state of
+the photon in the probe laser,
+
+and we can now describe
+the excitations
+
+in the system in a
+parametrized way.
+
+What it means is for
+the strong probe laser,
+
+for the strong coupling laser,
+the excitation in the system
+
+travels as a photon
+in the field one,
+
+but when you reduce the
+coupling in the coupling laser,
+
+the excitation becomes
+less and less photon-like.
+
+It becomes more and more
+magnon-like, spin wave like.
+
+And the moment you reduce the
+power in the coupling laser
+
+to zero, what used
+to be an excitation
+
+in the electromagnetic field has
+now been termed adiabatically
+
+into a spin excitation.
+
+Coherence has been written
+into the hyperfine states
+
+or your atoms, g and f.
+
+All this is done coherently,
+and therefore reversibly.
+
+You can read out the information
+by simply time reversing
+
+the process.
+
+You ramp up again
+the coupling laser,
+
+and that adiabatically turns
+the spin excitation back
+
+into an excitation of the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Well, we have
+three minutes left,
+
+but I'm not getting
+started with superradiance.
+
+We have one more
+topic left, and this
+
+will be the topic on
+Wednesday, decay superradiance,
+
+and this is when we discuss the
+phenomenon of coherence where
+
+we have coherence not only in
+one atom between two or three
+
+levels.
+
+We will then
+discuss on Wednesday
+
+if we have coherence
+between many atoms,
+
+and this at the heart
+of superradiance.
+
+OK.
+
+See you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YCzxXdJlZ-M.txt b/YCzxXdJlZ-M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa2dad2ece0b5a949e781f8742e845180bb46d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YCzxXdJlZ-M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu one announcement uh be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one announcement uh be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one announcement uh be a
+weekly quiz on Tuesday based on homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly quiz on Tuesday based on homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly quiz on Tuesday based on homework
+N9 which will cover uh glasses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N9 which will cover uh glasses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N9 which will cover uh glasses and
+chemical kinetics speaking of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics speaking of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics speaking of which
+that's uh something we started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh something we started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh something we started talking
+about last day um I found this cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last day um I found this cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last day um I found this cute
+quote that kinetics is Nature's Way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that kinetics is Nature's Way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that kinetics is Nature's Way of
+making sure that everything doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that everything doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that everything doesn't
+happen all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all at
+once um and we looked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um and we looked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um and we looked at uh
+the rate lws the most General rate LW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate lws the most General rate LW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate lws the most General rate LW
+shown here the rate of consumption of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the rate of consumption of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the rate of consumption of a
+particular uh reactant goes as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh reactant goes as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh reactant goes as some
+function of its instant concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of its instant concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of its instant concentration
+raised to the power n which is the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power n which is the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power n which is the order
+of reaction the specific chemical rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction the specific chemical rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction the specific chemical rate
+constant K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K is the
+proportionality and K can be influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality and K can be influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality and K can be influenced
+by temperature through this arous type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by temperature through this arous type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by temperature through this arous type
+relationship which compares the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which compares the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which compares the
+exponential of the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the activation energy
+with the available thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the available thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the available thermal
+energy and we saw that we can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we saw that we can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we saw that we can integrate
+that rate equation and uh put the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate equation and uh put the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate equation and uh put the data
+to the test if we have a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the test if we have a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the test if we have a first order
+reaction we should get a semi log uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we should get a semi log uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we should get a semi log uh
+dependence and I think I've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and I think I've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and I think I've got that
+shown here now here's the data I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here now here's the data I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here now here's the data I showed
+you last day this is just a normal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you last day this is just a normal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you last day this is just a normal uh
+decrease in concentration with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in concentration with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in concentration with time
+typical attenuation curve if we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical attenuation curve if we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical attenuation curve if we put it
+to the first order test according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first order test according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first order test according to
+this relationship we should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship we should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship we should get a
+straight line with a slope of minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with a slope of minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with a slope of minus K
+and we saw that in the special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that in the special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that in the special case of
+first order reactions it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order reactions it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order reactions it makes sense
+sometimes to talk about Half-Life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to talk about Half-Life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to talk about Half-Life in
+particular with radioactive decay uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular with radioactive decay uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular with radioactive decay uh we
+also looked at second order reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looked at second order reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looked at second order reactions
+which have a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a slightly different
+functional dependence here and uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependence here and uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependence here and uh then
+we went back and looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back and looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back and looked at the
+underlying physical chemistry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical chemistry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical chemistry of the
+activation energy and we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy and we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy and we came up with
+this uh model which we uh presented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh model which we uh presented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh model which we uh presented in
+terms of mechanical analog and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of mechanical analog and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of mechanical analog and we saw
+that we could look at the decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could look at the decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could look at the decrease in
+chemical potential as not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential as not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential as not being
+monotonic but as requiring some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic but as requiring some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic but as requiring some initial
+activation and so we have here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and so we have here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and so we have here the
+energy state of the reactants at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state of the reactants at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state of the reactants at one
+value the energy state of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the energy state of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the energy state of the products
+at a lower value and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower value and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower value and the difference
+between those Val vales is the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those Val vales is the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those Val vales is the driving
+force for the reaction the Delta e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force for the reaction the Delta e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force for the reaction the Delta e of
+the reaction but in order to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction but in order to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction but in order to get from
+the reactant state to the product State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactant state to the product State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactant state to the product State
+we first have to activate and physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first have to activate and physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first have to activate and physically
+there are a number of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of things that are
+going on and at the end of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and at the end of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and at the end of the lecture
+I'll show you an example with reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example with reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example with reference
+to an automobile exhaust catalyst what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an automobile exhaust catalyst what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an automobile exhaust catalyst what
+is happening in terms of forming some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening in terms of forming some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening in terms of forming some
+kind of an activated complex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an activated complex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an activated complex which
+allows the reactants to reorganize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the reactants to reorganize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the reactants to reorganize
+themselves so that they can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so that they can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so that they can recognize
+that there's an energy to be gained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an energy to be gained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an energy to be gained by
+their reacting with one another and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reacting with one another and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reacting with one another and how
+a catalyst fac facilitates this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catalyst fac facilitates this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catalyst fac facilitates this and
+specifically we see that there's a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we see that there's a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we see that there's a tiny
+tiny fraction of a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny fraction of a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny fraction of a population
+distribution that has enough energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that has enough energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that has enough energy to
+surmount the activation barrier and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surmount the activation barrier and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surmount the activation barrier and uh
+the inhibitor and the Catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhibitor and the Catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhibitor and the Catalyst
+respectively either impede the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively either impede the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively either impede the reaction
+by raising the effective activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by raising the effective activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by raising the effective activation
+energy thereby lopping off an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thereby lopping off an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thereby lopping off an even
+greater amount of the distri ution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater amount of the distri ution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater amount of the distri ution or
+facilitate the reaction by lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the reaction by lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the reaction by lowering the
+activation energy thereby making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy thereby making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy thereby making a
+greater fraction of the uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater fraction of the uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater fraction of the uh thermal
+distribution available for participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution available for participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution available for participation
+in the reaction and I think that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reaction and I think that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reaction and I think that's uh
+that's where we left it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we left it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we left it last
+day and um so today what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and um so today what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and um so today what I'd like to do
+is to continue the whole discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to continue the whole discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to continue the whole discussion of
+what is broadly termed rate phenomena so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is broadly termed rate phenomena so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is broadly termed rate phenomena so
+chemical kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics
+is is part of a unit here at 3091 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is part of a unit here at 3091 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is part of a unit here at 3091 that
+I'm going to call rate processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call rate processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call rate processes and
+rate processes are basically processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate processes are basically processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate processes are basically processes
+that involve rate of change with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve rate of change with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve rate of change with respect
+to time rate of change with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time rate of change with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time rate of change with respect to
+time and so one of course is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so one of course is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so one of course is chemical
+kinetics and we've just spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and we've just spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and we've just spent some time
+looking at chemical kinetics but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at chemical kinetics but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at chemical kinetics but um
+there's another area that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another area that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another area that we want to
+touch upon and it's the area called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon and it's the area called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon and it's the area called
+transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+phenomena transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena transport
+phenomena and there's a reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and there's a reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and there's a reason for
+talking about this when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this when we think about
+how we're going to process materials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to process materials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to process materials in
+order to achieve solids with uh desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to achieve solids with uh desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to achieve solids with uh desired
+properties we have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we have to think about the
+two Basics that are required to sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Basics that are required to sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Basics that are required to sustain
+a reaction and those are matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction and those are matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction and those are matter and
+energy so let's look at what's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so let's look at what's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so let's look at what's involved
+in each of these matter and energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these matter and energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these matter and energy we
+have to furnish these to the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to furnish these to the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to furnish these to the reaction
+and so if we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to think about
+energy in terms of Transport phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in terms of Transport phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in terms of Transport phenomena
+that gets us into heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us into heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us into heat
+transfer heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer heat
+transfer but we're not going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer but we're not going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer but we're not going to discuss
+heat transfer in 3091 I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer in 3091 I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer in 3091 I can't do
+everything instead what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything instead what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything instead what we're going to
+do is we're going to look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to look at something
+that's representative of Transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's representative of Transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's representative of Transport
+phenomena and we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and we're going to look at
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+transport mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport mass
+transport and mathematically there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and mathematically there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and mathematically there are
+many parallels between heat transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parallels between heat transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parallels between heat transfer and
+mass transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass transfer
+and when are we talking about mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when are we talking about mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when are we talking about mass
+transport if we're trying to drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport if we're trying to drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport if we're trying to drive a
+reaction we have to do two things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we have to do two things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we have to do two things we
+have to deliver reactants to the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deliver reactants to the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deliver reactants to the site
+and we have to remove products from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to remove products from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to remove products from the
+site if we don't do both the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site if we don't do both the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site if we don't do both the reaction
+could either starve or choke and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either starve or choke and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either starve or choke and we saw
+a good example of that early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example of that early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example of that early in the
+semester and we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and we talked about the
+Hindenburg the Hindenburg was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hindenburg the Hindenburg was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hindenburg the Hindenburg was a good
+example of a reaction that had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a reaction that had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a reaction that had a huge
+driving force of hydrogen explosion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force of hydrogen explosion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force of hydrogen explosion but
+the Hindenburg did not explode because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hindenburg did not explode because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hindenburg did not explode because
+we had 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen
+and in order for that to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order for that to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order for that to react
+explosively we would have had to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosively we would have had to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosively we would have had to deliver
+7 million cubic feet of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 million cubic feet of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 million cubic feet of oxygen
+instantaneously and we couldn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously and we couldn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously and we couldn't do that
+couldn't do that so because the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do that so because the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do that so because the reaction
+was starved thanks to a transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starved thanks to a transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starved thanks to a transport
+phenomena problem instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena problem instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena problem instead of an
+explosion what we got was a burn very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion what we got was a burn very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion what we got was a burn very
+different and as a result two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and as a result two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and as a result two-thirds of
+the occupants of the of the vessel were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occupants of the of the vessel were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occupants of the of the vessel were
+able to uh walk off it and uh not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh walk off it and uh not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh walk off it and uh not so
+many perished as otherwise would have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many perished as otherwise would have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many perished as otherwise would have so
+transport phenomena clearly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport phenomena clearly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport phenomena clearly important
+and the dominant form of mass transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dominant form of mass transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dominant form of mass transport
+in solids is diffusion so we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids is diffusion so we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids is diffusion so we're talking
+about mass transport in solids we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass transport in solids we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass transport in solids we have
+to talk about diffusion and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about diffusion and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about diffusion and that's why
+we're going to do it so let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it so let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it so let's think of
+an example suppose I've got this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example suppose I've got this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example suppose I've got this uh
+wafer of silicon and we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer of silicon and we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer of silicon and we've talked about
+doping we've talked about doping suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping we've talked about doping suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping we've talked about doping suppose
+I want to render it ptype so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to render it ptype so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to render it ptype so what I want
+to do is I want to infuse this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I want to infuse this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I want to infuse this with a
+subvalent dopen such as Boron so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvalent dopen such as Boron so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvalent dopen such as Boron so how do
+we do that do we smear this with Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that do we smear this with Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that do we smear this with Boron
+and just wait what's the process well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just wait what's the process well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just wait what's the process well
+let's take a look more closely what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look more closely what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look more closely what we
+can do is we can take us our wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can take us our wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can take us our wafer and
+I'm going to exaggerate the dimension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to exaggerate the dimension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to exaggerate the dimension so
+it's going to look more like a hockey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look more like a hockey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look more like a hockey
+puck than a than a silicon wafer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puck than a than a silicon wafer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puck than a than a silicon wafer so
+here's the silicon and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the silicon and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the silicon and we're going to
+put this into a furnace and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this into a furnace and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this into a furnace and we want to
+get Boron into the wafer and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Boron into the wafer and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Boron into the wafer and we're not
+going to do this by melting we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this by melting we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this by melting we're going
+to do this while the wafer is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this while the wafer is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this while the wafer is in the
+solid state that's why we're over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state that's why we're over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state that's why we're over here
+talking about diffusion it's a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about diffusion it's a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about diffusion it's a solid
+state process so what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pass a form of boron over the wafer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a form of boron over the wafer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a form of boron over the wafer as
+the gas dorine and the dorine passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas dorine and the dorine passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas dorine and the dorine passes
+over and on contact with the Silicon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and on contact with the Silicon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and on contact with the Silicon it
+decomposes to form Boron which goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes to form Boron which goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes to form Boron which goes into
+the Silicon Plus hydrogen and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon Plus hydrogen and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon Plus hydrogen and that
+hydrogen of course remains in the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen of course remains in the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen of course remains in the gas
+phase and we could even write a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and we could even write a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and we could even write a rate
+constant because this is a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because this is a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because this is a chemical
+reaction this is decomposition of dorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is decomposition of dorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is decomposition of dorine
+into hydrogen and Boron and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hydrogen and Boron and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hydrogen and Boron and we could
+even take a guess that maybe the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take a guess that maybe the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take a guess that maybe the rate of
+this I haven't measured it but the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I haven't measured it but the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I haven't measured it but the rate
+would go as some relationship involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go as some relationship involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go as some relationship involving
+the concentration of dorine to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of dorine to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of dorine to some
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+n so we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we've seen that
+but now what I want to do is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what I want to do is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what I want to do is I want to
+ask what's what's the process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's what's the process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's what's the process by which
+Boron enters the Silicon so now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron enters the Silicon so now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron enters the Silicon so now I want
+to zoom in here to the to the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zoom in here to the to the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zoom in here to the to the near
+surface and here's the free surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and here's the free surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and here's the free surface of
+silicon this is the surface this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is the surface this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is the surface this is the
+inside the wafer and I've got Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the wafer and I've got Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the wafer and I've got Boron
+that's decomposing and dissolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's decomposing and dissolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's decomposing and dissolving
+remember it goes in substitutionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it goes in substitutionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it goes in substitutionally
+sitting on Silicon SES so now I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on Silicon SES so now I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on Silicon SES so now I'm asking
+how does the Boron how does Boron enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the Boron how does Boron enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the Boron how does Boron enter
+the Silicon what are the kinetics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon what are the kinetics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon what are the kinetics of the
+Ingress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress of
+boron so that's what we want to ask rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron so that's what we want to ask rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron so that's what we want to ask rate
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Ingress rate of Ingress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress rate of Ingress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress rate of Ingress of
+boron through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron through
+silicon through silicon that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon through silicon that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon through silicon that's what we
+want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at
+and this is not some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not some kind of a
+Cooperative process because the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative process because the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative process because the Silicon
+is solid so individual atoms have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solid so individual atoms have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solid so individual atoms have to
+move step by step through because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move step by step through because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move step by step through because it's a
+substitutional solution that's forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional solution that's forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional solution that's forming
+here so we can take a guess at it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can take a guess at it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can take a guess at it if I
+now make this the coordinate system if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now make this the coordinate system if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now make this the coordinate system if I
+make this the coordinate system call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this the coordinate system call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this the coordinate system call the
+free surface x equals z and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free surface x equals z and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free surface x equals z and this is
+moving down into greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving down into greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving down into greater
+depth I can make a plot of Ingress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth I can make a plot of Ingress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth I can make a plot of Ingress of
+boron into silicon so this is X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron into silicon so this is X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron into silicon so this is X which is
+depth from surface this is the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth from surface this is the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth from surface this is the free
+surface at xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface at xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface at xal
+zero and I'm going to fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm going to fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm going to fix the
+concentration of dorine in the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of dorine in the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of dorine in the reactor
+and so the concentration of boron at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the concentration of boron at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the concentration of boron at the
+surface will be fixed as long as I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface will be fixed as long as I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface will be fixed as long as I keep
+the concentration of dorine fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of dorine fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of dorine fixed
+concentration of boron at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of boron at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of boron at the surface
+will be fixed so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be fixed so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be fixed so what I'm going to do is
+plot the concentration of boron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the concentration of boron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the concentration of boron in the
+Silicon as a function of depth from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon as a function of depth from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon as a function of depth from the
+surface now we know deep inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface now we know deep inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface now we know deep inside the
+Silicon there's no Boron so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's no Boron so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon there's no Boron so here it
+should be zero we you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero we you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero we you know at the
+surface it's constant the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's constant the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's constant the question is
+what is the shape of the curve just as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the shape of the curve just as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the shape of the curve just as I
+showed you last day we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you last day we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you last day we talked about
+first order second order what it boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order second order what it boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order second order what it boils
+down to is what is the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to is what is the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to is what is the shape of the
+curve and we know it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we know it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we know it's going to look
+something like this doesn't that look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this doesn't that look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this doesn't that look a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+like the attenuation curve for the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the attenuation curve for the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the attenuation curve for the loss
+of matter in a chemical reaction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter in a chemical reaction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter in a chemical reaction it
+starts at some constant value and trails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at some constant value and trails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at some constant value and trails
+off ASM totically so really the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off ASM totically so really the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off ASM totically so really the question
+is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the
+shape what is the shape and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape what is the shape and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape what is the shape and how do we
+answer that question we can't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question we can't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question we can't look at
+this and Eyeball it instead what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and Eyeball it instead what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and Eyeball it instead what we do
+is we do a new mapping do a new mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we do a new mapping do a new mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we do a new mapping do a new mapping
+map concentration into some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map concentration into some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map concentration into some function of
+concentration map depth into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration map depth into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration map depth into some
+function of depth such that I will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of depth such that I will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of depth such that I will get a
+straight line and then I can with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and then I can with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and then I can with the
+naked eye say I've got it I know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye say I've got it I know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye say I've got it I know what's
+going on here and so therefore the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and so therefore the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and so therefore the model
+that transformed C into F of c x into G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformed C into F of c x into G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformed C into F of c x into G
+of X then underlies the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X then underlies the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X then underlies the whole
+representation and so the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and so the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and so the mathematical
+formulation of diffusion we owe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of diffusion we owe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of diffusion we owe to
+someone by the name of Adolf Fick Adolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone by the name of Adolf Fick Adolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone by the name of Adolf Fick Adolf
+Fick he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fick he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fick he was a
+physician he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician he was a
+physician but he loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician but he loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician but he loved
+mathematics and he did did to diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and he did did to diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and he did did to diffusion
+what Balmer did to spectroscopy recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Balmer did to spectroscopy recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Balmer did to spectroscopy recall
+Balmer studied the measurements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balmer studied the measurements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balmer studied the measurements that
+were made by angstrom and it was Balmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made by angstrom and it was Balmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made by angstrom and it was Balmer
+who fit angstroms data to that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who fit angstroms data to that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who fit angstroms data to that equation
+that ultimately we learned to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately we learned to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately we learned to be in
+concert with the ridberg equation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert with the ridberg equation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert with the ridberg equation what
+Fick did he looked at Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fick did he looked at Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fick did he looked at Thomas
+Grahams Thomas Graham had published some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grahams Thomas Graham had published some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grahams Thomas Graham had published some
+diffusion data for the rate of Ingress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion data for the rate of Ingress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion data for the rate of Ingress
+of some uh materials in into aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some uh materials in into aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some uh materials in into aquous
+media and Fick was the one who was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and Fick was the one who was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and Fick was the one who was able
+to fit Thomas Graham's data and give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit Thomas Graham's data and give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit Thomas Graham's data and give us
+a model and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model and here is the
+um let's jump through here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's jump through here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's jump through here this is the
+uh cover page this is the first page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cover page this is the first page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cover page this is the first page of
+the paper this was published in uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper this was published in uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper this was published in uh an
+alander physique and In leig 1855 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alander physique and In leig 1855 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alander physique and In leig 1855 and
+here we are in page 59 uh on diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are in page 59 uh on diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are in page 59 uh on diffusion
+by Dr adal Fick from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Dr adal Fick from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Dr adal Fick from
+and it starts off as you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts off as you've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts off as you've seen before
+there's a little bit of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of background
+there's references to the antecedent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's references to the antecedent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's references to the antecedent
+literature and a way we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and a way we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and a way we go
+1855 so what did he tell us in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1855 so what did he tell us in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1855 so what did he tell us in this
+important paper let's take a look at his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important paper let's take a look at his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important paper let's take a look at his
+representation of what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what's going on in
+this process he was able to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process he was able to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process he was able to quantify
+this and give us a a measure that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and give us a a measure that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and give us a a measure that has
+predictive capacity and what he said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive capacity and what he said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive capacity and what he said was
+that the rate of Ingress expressed by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate of Ingress expressed by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate of Ingress expressed by by
+a term called flux flux measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term called flux flux measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term called flux flux measures the
+rate of infusion it's a mass flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of infusion it's a mass flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of infusion it's a mass flow rate
+it's a mass flow rate so clearly it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mass flow rate so clearly it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mass flow rate so clearly it must
+have some kind of units of mass per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of units of mass per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of units of mass per unit
+time so I'm going to use SI units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm going to use SI units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm going to use SI units
+kilograms per second but diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms per second but diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms per second but diffusion is
+Quantified on the basis of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified on the basis of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified on the basis of unit
+cross-sectional area so it's a mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area so it's a mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area so it's a mass flow
+rate of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of species
+I um in I'm going to make it in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um in I'm going to make it in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um in I'm going to make it in One
+Direction in the X Direction the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the X Direction the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the X Direction the way
+I've set things up in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've set things up in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've set things up in the previous
+sketch so it's kilogram per second on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch so it's kilogram per second on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch so it's kilogram per second on a
+unit area basis so flux is mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area basis so flux is mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area basis so flux is mass flow
+rate per unit area so the flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate per unit area so the flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate per unit area so the flux of
+species I what he observed was this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I what he observed was this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I what he observed was this it's
+related to the concentration gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the concentration gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the concentration gradient in
+species I it's the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I it's the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I it's the concentration
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+that dictates the rate of Ingress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictates the rate of Ingress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictates the rate of Ingress
+gradient in concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in concentration of
+I in the X Direction later on you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in the X Direction later on you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in the X Direction later on you can
+generalize this in three dimensions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this in three dimensions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this in three dimensions you
+can replace the derivative with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace the derivative with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace the derivative with the with
+the dell and do it in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dell and do it in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dell and do it in three dimensions
+simultaneously the constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the constant of
+proportionality is D the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality is D the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality is D the diffusion
+coefficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusivity diffusion coefficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity diffusion coefficient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity diffusion coefficient or
+diffusivity and finally there's a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and finally there's a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and finally there's a minus
+sign why because species move from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign why because species move from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign why because species move from high
+concentration to low concentration so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to low concentration so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to low concentration so if
+I look at the at the curve above I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the at the curve above I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the at the curve above I
+expect that since the concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that since the concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that since the concentration is
+high at the free surface that the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high at the free surface that the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high at the free surface that the flux
+is moving from left to right we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving from left to right we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving from left to right we would
+expect J subi to move from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect J subi to move from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect J subi to move from high
+concentration low concentration but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration low concentration but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration low concentration but look
+at the slope the slope here is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the slope the slope here is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the slope the slope here is negative
+so in order to have a positive flux with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to have a positive flux with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to have a positive flux with
+a negative slope we fix it no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative slope we fix it no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative slope we fix it no problem
+math is easy you just put a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is easy you just put a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is easy you just put a minus sign
+so that's the Genesis of the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the Genesis of the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the Genesis of the minus sign
+to make the coordinates come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the coordinates come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the coordinates come out
+properly and units well we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and units well we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and units well we know the
+units on concentration concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units on concentration concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units on concentration concentration
+must be in kilogram per cubic meter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be in kilogram per cubic meter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be in kilogram per cubic meter so
+we got that um d by DX the DX this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got that um d by DX the DX this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got that um d by DX the DX this x
+actually calls for a unit so that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calls for a unit so that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calls for a unit so that's 1
+over meter and if I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over meter and if I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over meter and if I'm going to have
+kilog per square meter per second on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog per square meter per second on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog per square meter per second on the
+left and these are the units of DC by DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and these are the units of DC by DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and these are the units of DC by DX
+then it follows that diffusivity must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it follows that diffusivity must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it follows that diffusivity must
+have units of length squared per time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units of length squared per time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units of length squared per time so
+diffusivity is expressed in me squar per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is expressed in me squar per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is expressed in me squar per
+second concentration kilog per cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second concentration kilog per cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second concentration kilog per cubic
+meter the derivative 1 over M and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter the derivative 1 over M and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter the derivative 1 over M and the
+flux in the following units but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux in the following units but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux in the following units but there's
+more thi in this paper was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thi in this paper was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thi in this paper was so
+Visionary he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visionary he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visionary he said you
+know this describes diffusion of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this describes diffusion of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this describes diffusion of matter
+into matter but he says this also Bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into matter but he says this also Bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into matter but he says this also Bears
+a resemblance are you ready for this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resemblance are you ready for this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resemblance are you ready for this I
+said there are some parallels between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there are some parallels between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there are some parallels between
+heat transfer and mass transport Fick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer and mass transport Fick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer and mass transport Fick
+recognized in his paper that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in his paper that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in his paper that you know
+this is similar to fourier's First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to fourier's First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to fourier's First
+Law F's first law for heat condu he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law F's first law for heat condu he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law F's first law for heat condu he
+said look at the parallel this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look at the parallel this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look at the parallel this is the
+rate this is the heat flux instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this is the heat flux instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this is the heat flux instead of a
+mass flux this is heat flux so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flux this is heat flux so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flux this is heat flux so this is
+Jews per me squared per second goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews per me squared per second goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews per me squared per second goes as
+minus some thermal conductivity times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some thermal conductivity times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some thermal conductivity times
+the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in
+temperature so temperature is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so temperature is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so temperature is the
+potential acting on heat conduction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential acting on heat conduction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential acting on heat conduction the
+way concentration is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way concentration is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way concentration is the potential
+acting on diffusion and this is thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on diffusion and this is thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on diffusion and this is thermal
+diffusivity and then he says why stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and then he says why stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and then he says why stop at
+two let's go for the hat trick let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's go for the hat trick let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's go for the hat trick let's go
+for three he says you know what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three he says you know what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three he says you know what this is
+just like ohms law this is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like ohms law this is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like ohms law this is just like
+ohms law well you know ohms law as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms law well you know ohms law as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms law well you know ohms law as V
+equals I but you can write v as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I but you can write v as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I but you can write v as minus
+the gradient in electrical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in electrical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in electrical potential
+minus the gradient electrical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the gradient electrical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the gradient electrical potential
+gives you voltage and then I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you voltage and then I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you voltage and then I can write
+instead of resistance distance I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of resistance distance I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of resistance distance I can
+write conductance so I can map that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write conductance so I can map that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write conductance so I can map that
+into since I know v v equals minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into since I know v v equals minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into since I know v v equals minus that
+I can then write Oh's law as the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can then write Oh's law as the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can then write Oh's law as the current
+see this is a current it's a heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a current it's a heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a current it's a heat flux
+this is a current it is a mass flux so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a current it is a mass flux so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a current it is a mass flux so
+let's write ohms law not with potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write ohms law not with potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write ohms law not with potential
+as a function of current let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of current let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of current let's write
+current density this is amps which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current density this is amps which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current density this is amps which is
+KMS per second per square meter goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KMS per second per square meter goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KMS per second per square meter goes as
+minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+gtimes DV by DX so in one paper he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtimes DV by DX so in one paper he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtimes DV by DX so in one paper he
+unifies electron drift heat conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifies electron drift heat conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifies electron drift heat conduction
+and mass transport by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mass transport by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mass transport by
+diffusion not bad not bad this guy was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion not bad not bad this guy was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion not bad not bad this guy was a
+medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+doctor so shows you that knowledge Knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor so shows you that knowledge Knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor so shows you that knowledge Knows
+No Boundaries so what is diffusion let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No Boundaries so what is diffusion let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No Boundaries so what is diffusion let's
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+diffusion let's define diffusion as mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion let's define diffusion as mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion let's define diffusion as mass
+transport mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport mass
+transport by random Atomic motion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport by random Atomic motion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport by random Atomic motion by
+random Atomic motion and I'll make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Atomic motion and I'll make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Atomic motion and I'll make that
+point by the end of the lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point by the end of the lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point by the end of the lecture so
+you'll understand what what it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand what what it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand what what it is so
+what does it tell us so far it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it tell us so far it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it tell us so far it tells us
+if we want to increase the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to increase the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to increase the rate of
+Ingress remember we're still running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress remember we're still running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress remember we're still running
+this uh this doping operation I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this doping operation I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this doping operation I hope you
+haven't forgotten about our about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't forgotten about our about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't forgotten about our about our
+silicon Fab line here we're still trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Fab line here we're still trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Fab line here we're still trying
+to dope this with Boron so it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dope this with Boron so it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dope this with Boron so it's telling
+us that if I want to get a higher flux I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that if I want to get a higher flux I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that if I want to get a higher flux I
+need to get a higher gradient which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a higher gradient which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a higher gradient which
+means I need to have a higher surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I need to have a higher surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I need to have a higher surface
+concentration so if I have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so if I have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so if I have a higher
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+concentration I will increase increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I will increase increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration I will increase increase
+the flux by increasing C Subs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux by increasing C Subs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux by increasing C Subs which
+means increase the pressure of B2 H6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means increase the pressure of B2 H6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means increase the pressure of B2 H6 so
+that's good but there's another way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but there's another way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but there's another way we
+can increase the rate of Ingress we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase the rate of Ingress we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase the rate of Ingress we can
+increase the rate of Ingress we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the rate of Ingress we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the rate of Ingress we know
+from experiment increase J by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiment increase J by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiment increase J by increasing
+temperature we saw that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we saw that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we saw that with the
+kinetics chemical kinetics well where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics chemical kinetics well where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics chemical kinetics well where's
+temperature I don't see any temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I don't see any temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I don't see any temperature
+effect here unless you're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here unless you're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here unless you're going to say
+well concentration is density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well concentration is density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well concentration is density and
+density is a mild function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is a mild function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is a mild function of
+temperature no here's where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature no here's where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature no here's where all the
+chemistry is it's inside the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is it's inside the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is it's inside the diffusivity
+because what's diffusivity going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's diffusivity going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's diffusivity going to be
+related to if it's Boron moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to if it's Boron moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to if it's Boron moving through
+silicon diffusivity must be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon diffusivity must be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon diffusivity must be related to
+atom mobility and atom Mobility must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom mobility and atom Mobility must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom mobility and atom Mobility must be
+related to atom arrangements and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to atom arrangements and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to atom arrangements and what
+dictates atom Arrangements bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates atom Arrangements bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates atom Arrangements bonding and
+what dictates bonding electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dictates bonding electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dictates bonding electronic
+structure you see chemistry is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you see chemistry is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you see chemistry is not just
+a Litany of silly little laws and rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Litany of silly little laws and rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Litany of silly little laws and rules
+and facts there's a there's a Unity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facts there's a there's a Unity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facts there's a there's a Unity here
+so the chemistry is all contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chemistry is all contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chemistry is all contained in
+D and that's also where the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and that's also where the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and that's also where the temperature
+effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is
+contained it should come as no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained it should come as no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained it should come as no surprise
+to you that the temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that the temperature dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that the temperature dependence
+of diffusivity obeys an arenus type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diffusivity obeys an arenus type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diffusivity obeys an arenus type
+relationship where we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship where we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship where we have some
+pre-exponential which instead of a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential which instead of a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential which instead of a in
+honor of arenus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of arenus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of arenus is
+D they don't honor arenus when they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D they don't honor arenus when they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D they don't honor arenus when they talk
+about diffusion they just put D KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diffusion they just put D KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diffusion they just put D KN
+exponential minus Q not to be confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus Q not to be confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus Q not to be confused
+with the heat flux this is the term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the heat flux this is the term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the heat flux this is the term that
+they use Q over RT and Q is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use Q over RT and Q is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use Q over RT and Q is an
+activation energy it's an activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy it's an activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy it's an activation
+energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for
+diffusion activation energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion activation energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion activation energy for
+diffusion which means it's an activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion which means it's an activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion which means it's an activation
+energy for Atomic motion and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for Atomic motion and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for Atomic motion and you're
+normally going to see it RT R is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally going to see it RT R is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally going to see it RT R is simply
+not to be confused with the Redbird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be confused with the Redbird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be confused with the Redbird
+constant this is the gas constant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is the gas constant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is the gas constant which
+is the product of the avagadro number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the avagadro number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the avagadro number
+and the boltzman constant you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the boltzman constant you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the boltzman constant you're going
+to say well how do I know whether I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well how do I know whether I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well how do I know whether I'm
+supposed to put the bolts constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to put the bolts constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to put the bolts constant here
+or the universal gas constant simple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the universal gas constant simple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the universal gas constant simple the
+exponential must be dimensionless so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential must be dimensionless so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential must be dimensionless so if
+the units of Q are Jewels per atom then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of Q are Jewels per atom then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of Q are Jewels per atom then
+you're going to use the boltman constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use the boltman constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use the boltman constant
+if the units on Q are Jewels per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the units on Q are Jewels per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the units on Q are Jewels per mole
+then you're going to use the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to use the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to use the gas
+constant otherwise you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant otherwise you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant otherwise you're going to be
+off by a mere factor of 6 * 10 23rd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a mere factor of 6 * 10 23rd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a mere factor of 6 * 10 23rd and
+that should tip you off that something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should tip you off that something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should tip you off that something's
+wrong because you're going to get diffus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because you're going to get diffus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because you're going to get diffus
+Fusion coefficients that are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion coefficients that are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion coefficients that are either
+blindingly fast you'd have atoms moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindingly fast you'd have atoms moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindingly fast you'd have atoms moving
+at a gazillion times the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a gazillion times the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a gazillion times the speed of light
+or you will have uh five times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will have uh five times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will have uh five times the
+universe to dope the Silicon with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe to dope the Silicon with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe to dope the Silicon with the
+Boron so that should tip you off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron so that should tip you off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron so that should tip you off that
+something's wrong and as far as typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's wrong and as far as typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's wrong and as far as typical
+values go Q is on the order of about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values go Q is on the order of about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values go Q is on the order of about two
+electron volts or 200 Kil per mole when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts or 200 Kil per mole when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts or 200 Kil per mole when
+we're talking about diffusion in solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about diffusion in solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about diffusion in solids
+and and I do want to draw attention I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I do want to draw attention I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I do want to draw attention I
+mean clearly when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean clearly when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean clearly when we're talking about
+matter moving through matter solid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter moving through matter solid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter moving through matter solid it's
+got to be diffusion in liquids we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be diffusion in liquids we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be diffusion in liquids we can
+have Cooperative motion convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Cooperative motion convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Cooperative motion convection
+stirring but you can have in capillaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring but you can have in capillaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring but you can have in capillaries
+and narrow fissures you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and narrow fissures you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and narrow fissures you can have
+diffusion in a liquid state and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in a liquid state and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in a liquid state and in the
+case of the liquid the value is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the liquid the value is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the liquid the value is on the
+order of about a tenth of that about 0 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of about a tenth of that about 0 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of about a tenth of that about 0 2
+EV which is about 20 kles per mole in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV which is about 20 kles per mole in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV which is about 20 kles per mole in in
+liquids in liquid so that give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids in liquid so that give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids in liquid so that give you some
+sense so that that means if we plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so that that means if we plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so that that means if we plot the
+natural log of the diffusion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of the diffusion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of the diffusion coefficient
+as a function of the reciprocal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the reciprocal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the reciprocal of the
+absolute temperature as we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute temperature as we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute temperature as we saw before
+with the arenus plot for the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the arenus plot for the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the arenus plot for the specific
+chemical rate constant you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical rate constant you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical rate constant you get a
+straight line with a negative slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with a negative slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with a negative slope
+because high temperature is to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because high temperature is to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because high temperature is to the left
+1 overt increases to the right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 overt increases to the right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 overt increases to the right and the
+slope of this is minus the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this is minus the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this is minus the value of the
+activation energy for diffusion divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy for diffusion divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy for diffusion divided
+by either boltzman constant or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either boltzman constant or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either boltzman constant or the
+universal gas constant so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal gas constant so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal gas constant so that's the
+that's the story now I want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the story now I want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the story now I want to try to
+give some insight into what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some insight into what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some insight into what the
+activation process must be what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation process must be what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation process must be what what's
+going on at the atomistic level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at the atomistic level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at the atomistic level that
+we're trying to uh activate and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to uh activate and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to uh activate and for that
+I go to this cartoon we see the cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to this cartoon we see the cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to this cartoon we see the cartoon
+showing that this is now diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that this is now diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that this is now diffusion of
+metal in a close-packed system so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in a close-packed system so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in a close-packed system so we see
+an atom with a vacancy next to it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom with a vacancy next to it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom with a vacancy next to it that's
+the first thing the atom must diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing the atom must diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing the atom must diffuse
+into a vacancy if there's No Vacancy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vacancy if there's No Vacancy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vacancy if there's No Vacancy the
+atom can't move but we know there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom can't move but we know there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom can't move but we know there have
+to be vacancies we've already seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be vacancies we've already seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be vacancies we've already seen in
+the from earlier that it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from earlier that it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from earlier that it's impossible
+above zero Kelvin to have a vacancy free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above zero Kelvin to have a vacancy free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above zero Kelvin to have a vacancy free
+metal or solid Crystal and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or solid Crystal and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or solid Crystal and so this
+cartoon shows the atom moving from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon shows the atom moving from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon shows the atom moving from the
+site to the left jumping into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site to the left jumping into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site to the left jumping into the
+vacancy and eventually occupying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and eventually occupying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and eventually occupying the
+site to the right and there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site to the right and there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site to the right and there there's a
+few things good and bad about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things good and bad about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things good and bad about this uh
+this sketch let's look at it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sketch let's look at it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sketch let's look at it from the
+top forget the bottom the Bottom's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top forget the bottom the Bottom's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top forget the bottom the Bottom's
+showing you interstitial diffusion let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you interstitial diffusion let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you interstitial diffusion let's
+just focus on the top first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on the top first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on the top first of all you
+got to have a vacancy this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a vacancy this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a vacancy this is important
+you know that if you if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if you if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if you if you watch
+traffic you ever been stuck in traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic you ever been stuck in traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic you ever been stuck in traffic
+you're say a fourth car back from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're say a fourth car back from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're say a fourth car back from the
+traffic light the light turns green then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light the light turns green then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light the light turns green then
+you don't move you're the light turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't move you're the light turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't move you're the light turned
+green what's the matter with everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green what's the matter with everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green what's the matter with everybody
+well it takes time for the first car to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it takes time for the first car to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it takes time for the first car to
+move to create a vacancy behind it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to create a vacancy behind it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to create a vacancy behind it and
+then the second car moves creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second car moves creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second car moves creates a
+vacancy behind it third car moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy behind it third car moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy behind it third car moves to
+create a vacancy in front of you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a vacancy in front of you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a vacancy in front of you so you
+drive into car vacancies and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive into car vacancies and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive into car vacancies and you can
+stand on a bridge sometime and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on a bridge sometime and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on a bridge sometime and look at
+cars pulling away from a light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars pulling away from a light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars pulling away from a light and
+instead of watching the cars move watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of watching the cars move watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of watching the cars move watch
+the vacancy move backwards that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy move backwards that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy move backwards that's what
+you have to have here if that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have here if that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have here if that if you if
+you cease to wait for the vacancy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cease to wait for the vacancy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cease to wait for the vacancy then
+you end up with the what's shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with the what's shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with the what's shown here
+you see the atoms deforming okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the atoms deforming okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the atoms deforming okay now the
+atoms don't deform this is nuts this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms don't deform this is nuts this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms don't deform this is nuts this
+this is a this picture is incorrect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this picture is incorrect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this picture is incorrect so
+what's really going on what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on what's really
+going on this is a lattice at0 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this is a lattice at0 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this is a lattice at0 Kelvin
+this is a lattice at0 Kelvin what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lattice at0 Kelvin what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lattice at0 Kelvin what do we
+know is going on those atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is going on those atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is going on those atoms are
+vibrating so we have to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating so we have to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating so we have to consider a
+pulsating lattice a pulsating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsating lattice a pulsating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsating lattice a pulsating
+lattice and we have to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and we have to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and we have to understand what
+the range of pulsation is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of pulsation is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of pulsation is what's the
+amplitude of the pulsation and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the pulsation and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the pulsation and what's
+the frequency of the pulsation okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of the pulsation okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of the pulsation okay so I
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+frequency and I need amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I need amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I need amplitude
+because the squishy these are not Nerf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the squishy these are not Nerf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the squishy these are not Nerf
+balls these are hard spheres so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls these are hard spheres so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls these are hard spheres so this
+cartoon is only partly correct so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon is only partly correct so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon is only partly correct so first
+of all what's the pulsation frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what's the pulsation frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what's the pulsation frequency
+well this is the vibrational frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the vibrational frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the vibrational frequency
+of a crystal is called the Debby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a crystal is called the Debby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a crystal is called the Debby
+frequency the Debby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the Debby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the Debby
+frequency denoted new subd the Debby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency denoted new subd the Debby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency denoted new subd the Debby
+frequency and the Debby frequency at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the Debby frequency at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the Debby frequency at
+room temperature is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is on the order of
+about 10 trillion per second 10 the 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 trillion per second 10 the 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 trillion per second 10 the 13th
+Hertz 10 the 13th times a second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz 10 the 13th times a second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz 10 the 13th times a second the
+atoms and all of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and all of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and all of us are
+vibrating but diffusion if we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating but diffusion if we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating but diffusion if we work
+backwards from established data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from established data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from established data we
+learned that the jump frequency in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the jump frequency in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the jump frequency in other
+words the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the jump
+rate the jump frequency which is denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the jump frequency which is denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the jump frequency which is denoted
+Capital gamma is on the order of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital gamma is on the order of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital gamma is on the order of about
+100 million per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million per
+second so that's a big number but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's a big number but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's a big number but it's
+still 100 times small 100,000 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 100 times small 100,000 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 100 times small 100,000 times
+smaller than the dibby frequency so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the dibby frequency so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the dibby frequency so most
+of the atomic motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atomic motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atomic motion is
+oscillatory most of it is oscillatory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory most of it is oscillatory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory most of it is oscillatory so
+this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one
+attempt one attempt in 10 to the 5th is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt one attempt in 10 to the 5th is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt one attempt in 10 to the 5th is
+successful so this means that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so this means that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so this means that even if
+you have a vacancy next door even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a vacancy next door even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a vacancy next door even if you
+have a vacancy next door you'll try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacancy next door you'll try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacancy next door you'll try a
+100,000 times to jump into the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 times to jump into the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 times to jump into the vacancy
+before you get in and what has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get in and what has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get in and what has to happen
+what has to happen is the two atoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to happen is the two atoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has to happen is the two atoms on
+either side the ones that are shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side the ones that are shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side the ones that are shown here
+as squashed those two atoms at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as squashed those two atoms at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as squashed those two atoms at least one
+of them has to be moving out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has to be moving out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has to be moving out at the
+moment you're moving in and when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you're moving in and when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you're moving in and when that
+atom moves out at the moment you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom moves out at the moment you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom moves out at the moment you try to
+move in you can squeeze through without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in you can squeeze through without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in you can squeeze through without
+having to result to the Nerf ball model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to result to the Nerf ball model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to result to the Nerf ball model
+okay let's not have any deformable atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's not have any deformable atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's not have any deformable atoms
+so that's what we're learning here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're learning here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're learning here that
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+this to wait for so what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to wait for so what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to wait for so what does this mean
+this means then that the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means then that the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means then that the activation
+energy the activation energy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the activation energy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the activation energy can be
+broken into two components first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into two components first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into two components first of all
+we have to form the vacancy so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to form the vacancy so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to form the vacancy so we've got
+that we learned that earlier when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned that earlier when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned that earlier when we
+studied defects so there's a enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied defects so there's a enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied defects so there's a enthalpy of
+vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy
+formation vacancy formation you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation vacancy formation you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation vacancy formation you have to
+pay for that pay to open up a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for that pay to open up a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for that pay to open up a vacancy
+next door and then there's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next door and then there's the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next door and then there's the energy
+associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this
+fluctuation and that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation and that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation and that's called the
+enthalpy of migration atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+migration and the first one is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration and the first one is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration and the first one is related
+to bonding because this is really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bonding because this is really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bonding because this is really in
+essence the inverse of the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence the inverse of the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence the inverse of the bonding
+energy and the second one must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the second one must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the second one must be
+related to structure it must be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to structure it must be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to structure it must be related
+to free volume and here's a cute graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free volume and here's a cute graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free volume and here's a cute graph
+that illustrates this these are all FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that illustrates this these are all FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that illustrates this these are all FCC
+Metals lead aluminum silver gold copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals lead aluminum silver gold copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals lead aluminum silver gold copper
+and iron iron is both FCC and BCC but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron iron is both FCC and BCC but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron iron is both FCC and BCC but
+we'll put it on the graph for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put it on the graph for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put it on the graph for
+completeness and so what's plotted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness and so what's plotted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness and so what's plotted here
+is activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activation energy
+and it's a function of of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a function of of melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a function of of melting
+temperature activation energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature activation energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature activation energy as a
+function of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature activation energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature activation energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature activation energy for
+diffusion as a function of the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion as a function of the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion as a function of the melting
+point well we know that the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well we know that the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well we know that the melting
+point must be related to bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point must be related to bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point must be related to bond
+energy and bond energy is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and bond energy is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and bond energy is related to the
+energy of vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of vacancy
+formation so a low melting metal has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so a low melting metal has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so a low melting metal has a
+low activation energy for diffusion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low activation energy for diffusion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low activation energy for diffusion a
+high melting metal has a high bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high melting metal has a high bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high melting metal has a high bond
+energy therefore a high vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy therefore a high vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy therefore a high vacancy
+formation energy there's such beauty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy there's such beauty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy there's such beauty in
+this graph there's completeness here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph there's completeness here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph there's completeness here it
+ties everything together that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties everything together that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties everything together that's
+really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so
+elegant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant so
+elegant and we can also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and we can also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and we can also look at
+diffusion by an interstitial mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion by an interstitial mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion by an interstitial mechanism
+and that's what's showing underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's showing underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's showing underneath
+here same idea the only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same idea the only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same idea the only difference is
+with interstitials there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interstitials there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interstitials there are so many
+interstitials they exist we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials they exist we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials they exist we don't have
+to pay to form the interstitials the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay to form the interstitials the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay to form the interstitials the
+interstitials are there by virtue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials are there by virtue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials are there by virtue of the
+fact that we don't have 100% packing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we don't have 100% packing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we don't have 100% packing the
+closest pack structure we have is uh FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest pack structure we have is uh FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest pack structure we have is uh FCC
+and that's 74% Atomic so therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 74% Atomic so therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 74% Atomic so therefore it's
+26% free volume so we've got 26% to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26% free volume so we've got 26% to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26% free volume so we've got 26% to play
+with and it's unlikely we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and it's unlikely we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and it's unlikely we've got
+interstitial loading to consume all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial loading to consume all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial loading to consume all of
+that so in the case of inter ials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in the case of inter ials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in the case of inter ials for
+interstitials the Q is simply equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials the Q is simply equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials the Q is simply equal to
+Delta h of migration in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h of migration in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h of migration in the case of
+interstitials you don't have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials you don't have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials you don't have to pay
+for formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacancies so now let's get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so now let's get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies so now let's get to the
+question of random Atomic motion this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of random Atomic motion this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of random Atomic motion this is
+what'll convince you that we have random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll convince you that we have random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll convince you that we have random
+Atomic motion let's look at a very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic motion let's look at a very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic motion let's look at a very clean
+experiment let's look at this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's look at this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's look at this one we
+talked about radioactivity last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about radioactivity last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about radioactivity last day
+suppose I make a diffusion sandwich that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I make a diffusion sandwich that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I make a diffusion sandwich that
+consists of the following I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of the following I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of the following I'm going to
+put Cobalt Cobalt and Cobalt It's All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Cobalt Cobalt and Cobalt It's All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Cobalt Cobalt and Cobalt It's All
+Pure Cobalt the only difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure Cobalt the only difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure Cobalt the only difference is the
+center of the sandwich is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the sandwich is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the sandwich is going to
+consist of radioactive Cobalt and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of radioactive Cobalt and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of radioactive Cobalt and the
+the two layers of bread are cool Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two layers of bread are cool Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two layers of bread are cool Cobalt
+so there's no concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no concentration gradient
+here because you know that radioisotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you know that radioisotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you know that radioisotopes
+behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave
+identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically
+chemically the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically the fact that there's
+radioactivity does not affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity does not affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity does not affect the
+chemical bonding capabilities of cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonding capabilities of cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonding capabilities of cobalt
+because it doesn't affect the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't affect the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't affect the electronic
+structure and as far as the Mass Effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and as far as the Mass Effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and as far as the Mass Effect
+goes it's so tiny that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it's so tiny that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it's so tiny that it can be
+disregarded so what happens over time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disregarded so what happens over time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disregarded so what happens over time if
+there's no concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no concentration gradient
+according to fi there should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to fi there should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to fi there should be no
+diffusion but what happens is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion but what happens is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion but what happens is this
+cartoon shows if we have a center band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon shows if we have a center band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon shows if we have a center band
+here that consists of a mix of radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that consists of a mix of radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that consists of a mix of radio
+Cobalt and regular Cobalt over time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt and regular Cobalt over time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt and regular Cobalt over time we
+find that the Cobalt is uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the Cobalt is uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the Cobalt is uniformly
+distributed throughout the specimen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout the specimen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout the specimen and
+if we stop action and measure the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we stop action and measure the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we stop action and measure the rate
+of dispersion of cobalt through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dispersion of cobalt through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dispersion of cobalt through the
+specimen we find that the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen we find that the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen we find that the rate is
+described by fixed law so we have random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by fixed law so we have random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by fixed law so we have random
+jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping
+random jumping at the atomic level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random jumping at the atomic level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random jumping at the atomic level in
+accordance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with
+fixed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first
+law in accordance with fixed first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in accordance with fixed first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in accordance with fixed first law
+so this is a demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a demonstration
+that we have things occurring at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have things occurring at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have things occurring at the
+atomistic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic level
+involving random jumping and to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving random jumping and to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving random jumping and to make the
+case more uh potent the actual curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case more uh potent the actual curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case more uh potent the actual curve
+here obeys a gaussian which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obeys a gaussian which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obeys a gaussian which is exactly
+the the the random walk problem you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the random walk problem you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the random walk problem you know
+the drunken sailor walks out the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drunken sailor walks out the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drunken sailor walks out the door
+takes one step or two steps and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one step or two steps and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one step or two steps and so the
+chances that he gets five steps away are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that he gets five steps away are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that he gets five steps away are
+vanishingly small the chances are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishingly small the chances are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishingly small the chances are that
+he falls after one or two steps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he falls after one or two steps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he falls after one or two steps are
+higher so you'll get a gaussian curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so you'll get a gaussian curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so you'll get a gaussian curve
+here for the distance that the Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the distance that the Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the distance that the Cobalt
+has gone as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so what's wrong with this cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what's wrong with this cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what's wrong with this cartoon
+by the way we've talked about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we've talked about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we've talked about this is
+Cobalt jumping through Cobalt where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt jumping through Cobalt where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt jumping through Cobalt where does
+Cobalt have to jump to has to jump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt have to jump to has to jump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt have to jump to has to jump into
+a vacancy I don't see any vacancies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy I don't see any vacancies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy I don't see any vacancies here
+so the chances of this Cobalt jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chances of this Cobalt jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chances of this Cobalt jumping
+and exchanging with the adjacent Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchanging with the adjacent Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchanging with the adjacent Cobalt
+now we're not talking about a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're not talking about a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're not talking about a tiny
+fluctuation to allow Cobalt to squirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation to allow Cobalt to squirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation to allow Cobalt to squirt
+into a vacancy we're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vacancy we're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vacancy we're talking about a
+fluctuation like this to allow two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation like this to allow two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation like this to allow two
+Cobalts to crisscross and I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalts to crisscross and I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalts to crisscross and I mean that's
+just not going to happen maybe once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to happen maybe once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to happen maybe once in
+the life of the universe but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the universe but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the universe but I don't
+think it's going to happen so we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to happen so we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to happen so we really
+need to have vacancies in here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have vacancies in here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have vacancies in here and and
+ultimately we have to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to recognize that
+diffusion is heavily influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is heavily influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is heavily influenced by
+defects influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects influenced by
+defects no vacancies poor diffusion many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects no vacancies poor diffusion many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects no vacancies poor diffusion many
+vacancies better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies better
+diffusion so let's take a look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so let's take a look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so let's take a look at some
+evidence of this uh this is a plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this uh this is a plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this uh this is a plot of
+diffusion coefficient as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient as a function of
+temperature it's an arous plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's an arous plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's an arous plot in
+accordance with this curve here and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with this curve here and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with this curve here and what
+we have is for a variety of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is for a variety of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is for a variety of uh
+impurities in solid iron so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities in solid iron so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities in solid iron so let's look
+up at the top here this is hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the top here this is hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the top here this is hydrogen and
+you can see that the conductivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the conductivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the conductivity of
+excuse me the diffusivity of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me the diffusivity of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me the diffusivity of hydrogen
+increases with temperature up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with temperature up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with temperature up to the
+temperature at which iron converts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which iron converts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which iron converts from
+BCC to FCC and then there's an Abrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC to FCC and then there's an Abrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC to FCC and then there's an Abrupt
+drop in the diffusivity of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in the diffusivity of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in the diffusivity of hydrogen
+what's happening what's happening what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening what's happening what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening what's happening what's
+the void fraction of BCC versus the void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the void fraction of BCC versus the void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the void fraction of BCC versus the void
+fraction of FCC FCC is more tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of FCC FCC is more tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of FCC FCC is more tightly
+packed and so we see it abrupt fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed and so we see it abrupt fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed and so we see it abrupt fall
+here's carbon same thing the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's carbon same thing the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's carbon same thing the diffusivity
+Rises up to the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises up to the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises up to the transformation
+temperature Falls and then continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Falls and then continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Falls and then continues to
+rise and note the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise and note the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise and note the difference in the
+slope the slope of carbon in BCC iron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope of carbon in BCC iron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope of carbon in BCC iron is
+gentler than the slope of carbon in FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentler than the slope of carbon in FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentler than the slope of carbon in FCC
+iron well what's that mean it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron well what's that mean it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron well what's that mean it means that
+the slope in FCC iron is this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope in FCC iron is this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope in FCC iron is this upper
+value the slope in BCC iron is the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the slope in BCC iron is the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the slope in BCC iron is the lower
+value you don't have to pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you don't have to pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you don't have to pay for the
+formation of vacancies here's uh self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of vacancies here's uh self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of vacancies here's uh self
+diffusion of iron and IR iron look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of iron and IR iron look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of iron and IR iron look it
+drops two orders of magnitude when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops two orders of magnitude when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops two orders of magnitude when it
+moves from BCC to FCC and just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from BCC to FCC and just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from BCC to FCC and just to make
+the point this is carbon and graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point this is carbon and graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point this is carbon and graphite
+this is self diffusion of carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is self diffusion of carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is self diffusion of carbon and
+graphite what's the problem there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite what's the problem there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite what's the problem there where
+where do we see that as operating well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we see that as operating well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we see that as operating well
+we said the Delta H vacancy formation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the Delta H vacancy formation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the Delta H vacancy formation is
+related to bonding so you here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to bonding so you here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to bonding so you here you see
+the comparison between metallic bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison between metallic bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison between metallic bonding
+which is what you have in Iron so self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you have in Iron so self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you have in Iron so self
+diffusion of iron if I were to project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of iron if I were to project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of iron if I were to project
+this curve up to this temperature so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve up to this temperature so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve up to this temperature so we
+can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare
+at the same temperature we see seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature we see seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature we see seven
+eight orders of magnitude difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight orders of magnitude difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight orders of magnitude difference
+between self diffusion of iron and iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between self diffusion of iron and iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between self diffusion of iron and iron
+that's a metal in a metallic Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metal in a metallic Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metal in a metallic Crystal
+versus carbon in graphite which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus carbon in graphite which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus carbon in graphite which is
+carbon in a Cove valent Crystal so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in a Cove valent Crystal so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in a Cove valent Crystal so big
+big difference in in performance now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference in in performance now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference in in performance now
+there are other ways of looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways of looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways of looking at it
+let's look at other defects how do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at other defects how do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at other defects how do other
+defects affect so here's a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects affect so here's a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects affect so here's a cartoon
+showing the diffusion of some solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the diffusion of some solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the diffusion of some solute
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+material only this is a real material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material only this is a real material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material only this is a real material
+it's a poly crystallin material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a poly crystallin material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a poly crystallin material so
+there's a grain boundary and as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a grain boundary and as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a grain boundary and as you know
+grain boundaries have little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundaries have little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundaries have little more
+openness they have few the atoms at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness they have few the atoms at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness they have few the atoms at the
+grain boundary have fewer nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundary have fewer nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundary have fewer nearest
+neighbors well if you what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors well if you what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors well if you what you were
+trying to do is to jump through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to jump through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to jump through that
+little narrow Saddle Point waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little narrow Saddle Point waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little narrow Saddle Point waiting for
+those atoms to pulsate in a grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atoms to pulsate in a grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atoms to pulsate in a grain
+boundary you don't have to wait the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you don't have to wait the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you don't have to wait the
+atoms are farther apart so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are farther apart so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are farther apart so it's it's
+like the difference between having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the difference between having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the difference between having a
+drive down an expressway or drive down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive down an expressway or drive down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive down an expressway or drive down a
+narrow City Street you got a got a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow City Street you got a got a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow City Street you got a got a much
+easier time of moving quickly down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time of moving quickly down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time of moving quickly down the
+expressway all right so we can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressway all right so we can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressway all right so we can see what
+the cartoon is trying to show is that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon is trying to show is that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon is trying to show is that up
+at the top we see the rate of Ingress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top we see the rate of Ingress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top we see the rate of Ingress of
+this solute through the bulk or we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solute through the bulk or we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solute through the bulk or we say
+it's lattice diffusion classical lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lattice diffusion classical lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lattice diffusion classical lattice
+diffusion down the grain boundary at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion down the grain boundary at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion down the grain boundary at the
+same time we see a much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we see a much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we see a much deeper
+penetration because the material is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration because the material is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration because the material is able
+to move with less constraint and along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move with less constraint and along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move with less constraint and along
+the surface it can move very readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface it can move very readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface it can move very readily
+surface diffusion is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface diffusion is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface diffusion is very very
+rapid and here's some data these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid and here's some data these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid and here's some data these are
+three different investigations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different investigations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different investigations of
+diffusion of silver diffusion of Silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of silver diffusion of Silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of silver diffusion of Silver
+Self diffusion okay this is silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Self diffusion okay this is silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Self diffusion okay this is silver
+diffusing through silver so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing through silver so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing through silver so this is
+classical what they call volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical what they call volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical what they call volume
+diffusion is what we would call lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is what we would call lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is what we would call lattice
+diffusion or bulk diffusion single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or bulk diffusion single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or bulk diffusion single
+Crystal silver moving through silver how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal silver moving through silver how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal silver moving through silver how
+would you make these measurements what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make these measurements what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make these measurements what's
+the only way you could identify one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you could identify one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you could identify one
+silver from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver from another
+have to use radio Tracer okay so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use radio Tracer okay so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use radio Tracer okay so using
+radio Tracer they're able to get self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio Tracer they're able to get self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio Tracer they're able to get self-
+diffusion coefficient and you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient and you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient and you see what
+they've done is they flipped this around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done is they flipped this around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done is they flipped this around
+this is very wimpy this is this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very wimpy this is this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very wimpy this is this is so
+wimpy look at what they've done these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wimpy look at what they've done these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wimpy look at what they've done these
+people the people that plotted this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the people that plotted this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the people that plotted this are
+so they're such sissies you know look do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're such sissies you know look do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're such sissies you know look do
+you have any trouble figuring out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any trouble figuring out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any trouble figuring out that
+temperature is increasing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is increasing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is increasing in this
+Direction I mean you can think in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I mean you can think in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I mean you can think in one
+over t space this is how I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t space this is how I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t space this is how I feel
+comfortable when I look at an arous plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable when I look at an arous plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable when I look at an arous plot
+I want a negative slope in a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a negative slope in a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a negative slope in a straight
+line and what they did is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and what they did is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and what they did is look at the
+numbers see the numbers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers see the numbers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers see the numbers they're
+ascending from right to left because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending from right to left because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending from right to left because
+they were they're so chicken that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they're so chicken that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they're so chicken that they
+are afraid to have temperature rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are afraid to have temperature rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are afraid to have temperature rising
+from right to left so what they did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left so what they did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left so what they did is
+they plotted um the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they plotted um the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they plotted um the diffusion
+coefficient natural log of the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient natural log of the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient natural log of the diffusion
+coefficient but they've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient but they've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient but they've got one
+overt rising from right to left so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt rising from right to left so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt rising from right to left so that
+they'll get positive looking slopes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get positive looking slopes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get positive looking slopes on
+their lines it's very girly don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lines it's very girly don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lines it's very girly don't like
+this I don't like this okay so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't like this okay so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't like this okay so look at
+this now here we have a a a first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now here we have a a a first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now here we have a a a first of all
+a very steep slope a very steep slope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very steep slope a very steep slope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very steep slope a very steep slope so
+that indicates a higher activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicates a higher activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicates a higher activation
+energy because we have a higher lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because we have a higher lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because we have a higher lattice
+energy which with which we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which with which we have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which with which we have to deal
+here's the grain boundary the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the grain boundary the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the grain boundary the grain
+boundary first of all it's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary first of all it's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary first of all it's several
+orders of magnitude higher and the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude higher and the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude higher and the slope
+is gentler indicating that we have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gentler indicating that we have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gentler indicating that we have less
+constraint and finally up at the top we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and finally up at the top we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and finally up at the top we
+have the surface diffusion which has and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the surface diffusion which has and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the surface diffusion which has and
+I draw your attention to the values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw your attention to the values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw your attention to the values here
+we're down around 10 the minus 8 10us 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down around 10 the minus 8 10us 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down around 10 the minus 8 10us 9
+10 the minus 10 in units of ceneter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the minus 10 in units of ceneter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the minus 10 in units of ceneter
+squar per second look at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar per second look at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar per second look at the surface
+diffusion 10 Theus 5 10 Theus 4 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion 10 Theus 5 10 Theus 4 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion 10 Theus 5 10 Theus 4 here's
+diffusion in molten Ferris Alloys 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in molten Ferris Alloys 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in molten Ferris Alloys 10
+Theus 5 10 Theus 4 so what we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 5 10 Theus 4 so what we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus 5 10 Theus 4 so what we've got
+here is diffusion across the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is diffusion across the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is diffusion across the surface is
+on a par with diffusion in a liquid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a par with diffusion in a liquid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a par with diffusion in a liquid so
+it gives you a very uh Vivid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a very uh Vivid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a very uh Vivid
+demonstration of how there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of how there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of how there's a
+relationship between the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the physical
+constraints of the lattice and defusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the lattice and defusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the lattice and defusion
+coefficient so we can capture that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so we can capture that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so we can capture that by
+saying that the activation energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the activation energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the activation energy for
+what I've been calling bulk diffusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been calling bulk diffusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been calling bulk diffusion or
+lattice diffusion this is classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice diffusion this is classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice diffusion this is classical
+vacancy stuff okay vacancy mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy stuff okay vacancy mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy stuff okay vacancy mechanism
+okay via vacancy this activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay via vacancy this activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay via vacancy this activation energy
+is much greater than the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than the activation
+energy for diffusion along grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundaries which is much greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries which is much greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries which is much greater than
+the activation energy across a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy across a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy across a free
+surface right so what do we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right so what do we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right so what do we see the
+trend in moving from left to right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend in moving from left to right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend in moving from left to right is
+decreasing coordination number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing coordination number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing coordination number
+decreasing coordination number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing coordination number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing coordination number which
+means more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom and as Q goes down the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and as Q goes down the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and as Q goes down the value of
+d goes up so all of the things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d goes up so all of the things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d goes up so all of the things being
+equal this is for let's compare Apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal this is for let's compare Apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal this is for let's compare Apples
+to Apples so this is for self diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Apples so this is for self diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Apples so this is for self diffusion
+silver and silver iron and iron what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and silver iron and iron what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and silver iron and iron what
+have you the diffusion coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you the diffusion coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you the diffusion coefficient for
+lattice diffusion is going to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice diffusion is going to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice diffusion is going to be less
+than the diffusion coefficient for grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the diffusion coefficient for grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the diffusion coefficient for grain
+boundary diffusion Which is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary diffusion Which is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary diffusion Which is less than
+the diffusion coefficient for surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion coefficient for surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion coefficient for surface
+diffusion and so things are making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so things are making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so things are making sense
+and finally to make the point it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally to make the point it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally to make the point it even
+applies an amorphous solids so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies an amorphous solids so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies an amorphous solids so I want to
+show you some data this is helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some data this is helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some data this is helium
+entering different glasses we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering different glasses we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering different glasses we've just
+finished the unit on glasses so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the unit on glasses so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the unit on glasses so let's
+put it all together so what people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together so what people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together so what people have
+done here is measure they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is measure they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is measure they're they're
+using a a permeation velocity for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a permeation velocity for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a permeation velocity for all
+intents and purposes the uh ordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents and purposes the uh ordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents and purposes the uh ordinate is
+uh proportional to the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proportional to the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proportional to the diffusion
+coefficient so high permeation velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so high permeation velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so high permeation velocity
+high value of permitivity K is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value of permitivity K is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value of permitivity K is the same
+as high value of D diffusivity and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high value of D diffusivity and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high value of D diffusivity and what
+do you find first of all arous type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find first of all arous type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find first of all arous type
+Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+and secondly what you see the most rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly what you see the most rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly what you see the most rapid
+infusion of helium is with fuse silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infusion of helium is with fuse silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infusion of helium is with fuse silica
+vior as we come down here we see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vior as we come down here we see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vior as we come down here we see more
+and more modification down here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more modification down here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more modification down here we have
+soda lime glass so let's pick a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda lime glass so let's pick a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda lime glass so let's pick a constant
+temperature say 200° C Fus silica is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say 200° C Fus silica is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say 200° C Fus silica is
+strictly Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly Network
+former boros silicate has Network former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former boros silicate has Network former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former boros silicate has Network former
+plus some borate intermediate down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some borate intermediate down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some borate intermediate down here
+we have soda lime which consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have soda lime which consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have soda lime which consists of
+network former plus a fair bit of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network former plus a fair bit of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network former plus a fair bit of sodium
+oxide so the chain lengths are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so the chain lengths are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so the chain lengths are getting
+shorter we have tighter packing the void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter we have tighter packing the void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter we have tighter packing the void
+space is smaller and down here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is smaller and down here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is smaller and down here we have
+lead borate lead borate has a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead borate lead borate has a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead borate lead borate has a huge
+amount of modification it's a euphemism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of modification it's a euphemism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of modification it's a euphemism
+for Crystal so we have lead crystal down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Crystal so we have lead crystal down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Crystal so we have lead crystal down
+here we have a morphos silica here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a morphos silica here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a morphos silica here at
+constant temperature we can see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature we can see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature we can see this is
+10 the- 8 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the- 8 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the- 8 this is
+10-14 a million times difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-14 a million times difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-14 a million times difference in the
+coefficient for helium entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for helium entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for helium entering the
+glasses at the same temperature so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses at the same temperature so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses at the same temperature so again
+the message is as the channel is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is as the channel is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is as the channel is less
+and less constrained you have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less constrained you have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less constrained you have a higher
+and higher rate of uh diffusion and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher rate of uh diffusion and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher rate of uh diffusion and so
+what they did here is they plotted uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did here is they plotted uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did here is they plotted uh as
+a function of the amount of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the amount of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the amount of these are
+all Network formers so as the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Network formers so as the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Network formers so as the fraction
+of network formers Rises you get a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network formers Rises you get a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network formers Rises you get a more
+open structure as the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open structure as the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open structure as the fraction of
+network formers Falls that's to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network formers Falls that's to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network formers Falls that's to say the
+chain lengths are getting shorter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain lengths are getting shorter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain lengths are getting shorter you
+got tighter packing so this is beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got tighter packing so this is beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got tighter packing so this is beautiful
+it's an isotherm showing the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an isotherm showing the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an isotherm showing the rate of
+helium Ingress as a function of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium Ingress as a function of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium Ingress as a function of uh
+amount of network formation and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of network formation and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of network formation and here's
+the last one I'll show you I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one I'll show you I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one I'll show you I couldn't
+resist these they're so beautiful look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist these they're so beautiful look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist these they're so beautiful look
+at this this is now the same glass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this is now the same glass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this is now the same glass but
+instead of asking what's the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of asking what's the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of asking what's the rate of
+helium let's compare same glass same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium let's compare same glass same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium let's compare same glass same
+structure what's the rate of helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what's the rate of helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what's the rate of helium
+Ingress neon Ingress nitrogen Ingress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress neon Ingress nitrogen Ingress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingress neon Ingress nitrogen Ingress
+and what do you find the larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you find the larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you find the larger the
+species and this is H but in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and this is H but in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and this is H but in fact it's
+H2 so what do you find the larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 so what do you find the larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 so what do you find the larger the
+species the greater the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the greater the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the greater the activation
+energy for Ingress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for Ingress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for Ingress of
+the species into the same glass so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species into the same glass so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species into the same glass so this
+is changing the size of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing the size of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing the size of the of the
+diffuser and keeping the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser and keeping the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser and keeping the size of the
+channel constant this one here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel constant this one here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel constant this one here was
+this one here was keeping the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here was keeping the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here was keeping the size of
+the diffuser constant and changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffuser constant and changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffuser constant and changing the
+size of the channel so everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the channel so everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the channel so everything is
+making sense so I wanted to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sense so I wanted to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sense so I wanted to give you an
+example showing how the Catalyst works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example showing how the Catalyst works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example showing how the Catalyst works
+and so I'd like to talk about catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'd like to talk about catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'd like to talk about catalytic
+converters in automobiles this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters in automobiles this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters in automobiles this is the
+number one market for industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one market for industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one market for industrial
+catalysts catalytic converters a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts catalytic converters a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts catalytic converters a little
+bit of background gasoline is a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of background gasoline is a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of background gasoline is a mix of
+hydrocarbons but the dominant one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons but the dominant one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons but the dominant one is
+octane here C8 h18 which we burn with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane here C8 h18 which we burn with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane here C8 h18 which we burn with
+air and air of course is only 20% oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and air of course is only 20% oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and air of course is only 20% oxygen
+it's roughly 80% nitrogen so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly 80% nitrogen so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly 80% nitrogen so when we
+burn gasoline we make not just water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn gasoline we make not just water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn gasoline we make not just water
+vapor carbon monoxide carbon dioxide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor carbon monoxide carbon dioxide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor carbon monoxide carbon dioxide but
+the air at those temperatures forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air at those temperatures forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air at those temperatures forms
+various nitrous oxides and these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nitrous oxides and these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nitrous oxides and these are in
+fact the precursor to smog so back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the precursor to smog so back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the precursor to smog so back in
+the early' 70s it was decided that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early' 70s it was decided that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early' 70s it was decided that in in
+order to improve urban air quality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to improve urban air quality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to improve urban air quality we
+need to convert unburned hydrocarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert unburned hydrocarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert unburned hydrocarbon
+some of the gasoline actually doesn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the gasoline actually doesn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the gasoline actually doesn't uh
+end up being burned and some of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being burned and some of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being burned and some of it's
+incompletely burned to carbon monoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompletely burned to carbon monoxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompletely burned to carbon monoxide
+and of course there's the nitrous oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's the nitrous oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's the nitrous oxide
+so here's what the Mandate was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what the Mandate was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what the Mandate was to
+convert the hydrocarbons to water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the hydrocarbons to water vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the hydrocarbons to water vapor
+and carbon dioxide I know carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbon dioxide I know carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbon dioxide I know carbon dioxide
+is implicated in greenhouse gases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicated in greenhouse gases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicated in greenhouse gases but
+believe me if you've got a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me if you've got a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me if you've got a choice of
+carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide I
+recommend you go with carbon dioxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you go with carbon dioxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you go with carbon dioxide so
+we'll solve the small problems first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve the small problems first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve the small problems first and
+then nitrous oxides convert them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nitrous oxides convert them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nitrous oxides convert them to
+nitrogen oxygen and CO2 now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen and CO2 now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen and CO2 now look at the
+nature of these three reactions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of these three reactions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of these three reactions the
+first two involve oxidation reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two involve oxidation reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two involve oxidation reactions
+the last one involves a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one involves a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one involves a reduction
+reaction now if I told you I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction now if I told you I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction now if I told you I want you to
+make a single reactor in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a single reactor in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a single reactor in which you
+should simultaneously conduct three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should simultaneously conduct three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should simultaneously conduct three
+different chemical conversions two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical conversions two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemical conversions two of
+which are reductions and one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are reductions and one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are reductions and one of which is
+an oxidation in the same place at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidation in the same place at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidation in the same place at the
+same same time you'd say you're nuts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same time you'd say you're nuts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same time you'd say you're nuts you
+can't do that well that's the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that well that's the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that well that's the challenge
+that was presented to the Auto industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was presented to the Auto industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was presented to the Auto industry
+and on top of it some pin head in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on top of it some pin head in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on top of it some pin head in the
+government decided to invoke the Sherman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government decided to invoke the Sherman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government decided to invoke the Sherman
+Antitrust Act which was designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antitrust Act which was designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antitrust Act which was designed to
+prevent people from colluding on price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from colluding on price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from colluding on price
+fixing but they invoked it in colluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing but they invoked it in colluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing but they invoked it in colluding
+on technological development so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on technological development so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on technological development so all of
+the auto companies were obliged to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto companies were obliged to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto companies were obliged to work
+independently so GM and Ford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so GM and Ford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so GM and Ford and
+Chrysler couldn't pull their resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrysler couldn't pull their resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrysler couldn't pull their resources
+GM Al tried 1500 formulations why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM Al tried 1500 formulations why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM Al tried 1500 formulations why did
+they try 1500 because people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try 1500 because people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try 1500 because people don't
+understand the basic science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic science of
+catalysis and when you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis and when you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis and when you don't understand
+there's only one way to proceed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to proceed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way to proceed it's
+called bu inspection cook and look it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bu inspection cook and look it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bu inspection cook and look it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+costly and finally this is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and finally this is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and finally this is what they
+settled on Platinum padium for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled on Platinum padium for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled on Platinum padium for the first
+two reactions and rodium for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions and rodium for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions and rodium for the last
+one basically you go to the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basically you go to the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basically you go to the most
+expensive part of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive part of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive part of the periodic
+table and that's the formulation um Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and that's the formulation um Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and that's the formulation um Tom
+if we could go to the document camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could go to the document camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could go to the document camera
+this catalyst is put on a substrate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this catalyst is put on a substrate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this catalyst is put on a substrate so
+we want to use as little of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use as little of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use as little of the uh
+precious metals as possible because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious metals as possible because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious metals as possible because it's
+a surface reaction what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface reaction what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface reaction what's happening is
+the catalyst is sitting here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst is sitting here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst is sitting here so this is
+platinum rodium pardon me rodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum rodium pardon me rodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum rodium pardon me rodium and
+Palladium and what happens is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium and what happens is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium and what happens is it
+provides a site for selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a site for selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a site for selectivity
+absorption of CO's so CO's can absorb as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of CO's so CO's can absorb as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of CO's so CO's can absorb as
+follows as opposed to in the gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows as opposed to in the gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows as opposed to in the gas phase
+two of these molecules are zooming along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these molecules are zooming along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these molecules are zooming along
+at high speed and it's not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high speed and it's not good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high speed and it's not good enough
+for them to just Collide they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to just Collide they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to just Collide they actually
+have to be close enough together for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be close enough together for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be close enough together for a
+long enough period of time for uh bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough period of time for uh bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough period of time for uh bonds
+to uh Decay and form if we absorb they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Decay and form if we absorb they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Decay and form if we absorb they
+can sit side by side long enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit side by side long enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit side by side long enough for
+something to to do this and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to to do this and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to to do this and then they
+have to desorb you have to absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to desorb you have to absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to desorb you have to absorb the
+reactants and desorb the products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and desorb the products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and desorb the products so
+this is now a ceramic Catalyst you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a ceramic Catalyst you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a ceramic Catalyst you can
+see it's been extruded like pasta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's been extruded like pasta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's been extruded like pasta and
+then fired so all up and down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fired so all up and down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fired so all up and down these
+channels honeycomb channels we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels honeycomb channels we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels honeycomb channels we put a
+dilute wash of acids containing Platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute wash of acids containing Platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute wash of acids containing Platinum
+rodium Palladium fire because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodium Palladium fire because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodium Palladium fire because we want
+the thinnest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinnest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinnest
+thinnest uh layer of the uh precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest uh layer of the uh precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest uh layer of the uh precious
+metal all up and down this ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal all up and down this ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal all up and down this ceramic
+catalyst so that's what's inside if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst so that's what's inside if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst so that's what's inside if you
+look up underneath the uh car you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up underneath the uh car you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up underneath the uh car you'll see
+the the exhaust tubing and it'll flare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the exhaust tubing and it'll flare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the exhaust tubing and it'll flare
+out to something about this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to something about this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to something about this side
+and then it goes on to the muffler so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes on to the muffler so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes on to the muffler so
+this is the the three-way catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the three-way catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the three-way catalytic
+converter and then U Tom could we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and then U Tom could we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and then U Tom could we go
+back to the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please and then hand and glove with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please and then hand and glove with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please and then hand and glove with this
+came unleaded gasoline we couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came unleaded gasoline we couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came unleaded gasoline we couldn't have
+catalytic converters with leaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic converters with leaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic converters with leaded
+gasoline because leaded gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline because leaded gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline because leaded gasoline
+contains as the name implies lead as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains as the name implies lead as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains as the name implies lead as
+Tetra athl lead shown here with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetra athl lead shown here with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetra athl lead shown here with this
+compound and one of the combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound and one of the combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound and one of the combustion
+products is lead oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is lead oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is lead oxide
+well lead oxide you've met before it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lead oxide you've met before it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lead oxide you've met before it's a
+modifier but it's also it's volatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifier but it's also it's volatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifier but it's also it's volatile
+it's volatile so it will go down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's volatile so it will go down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's volatile so it will go down through
+the exhaust stream to the catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaust stream to the catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaust stream to the catalytic
+converter and it is converted as nox is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and it is converted as nox is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and it is converted as nox is
+to Elemental lead and then it decomposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Elemental lead and then it decomposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Elemental lead and then it decomposes
+so now you have elemental lead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have elemental lead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have elemental lead and
+Elemental lead Alloys with Platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental lead Alloys with Platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental lead Alloys with Platinum
+Palladium and rodium now what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium and rodium now what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium and rodium now what do you
+think the catalytic value of lead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the catalytic value of lead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the catalytic value of lead is
+well let me tell you given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me tell you given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me tell you given the
+difference in price between these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in price between these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in price between these three
+and this if this had any catalytic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this if this had any catalytic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this if this had any catalytic value
+we wouldn't be using these so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't be using these so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't be using these so what this
+does is it poisons the Catalyst and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it poisons the Catalyst and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it poisons the Catalyst and
+after several tank fulls of gas renders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after several tank fulls of gas renders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after several tank fulls of gas renders
+the Catalyst useless so the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Catalyst useless so the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Catalyst useless so the Advent of
+the three-way catalytic converter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-way catalytic converter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-way catalytic converter was
+accompanied by the Advent of unleaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by the Advent of unleaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by the Advent of unleaded
+gasoline have a nice weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YfmkNaRq9yc.txt b/YfmkNaRq9yc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7690f2d5cb7d3ec61d7813ada53342f388516763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YfmkNaRq9yc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8693 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we're definitely now starting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're definitely now starting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're definitely now starting into
+the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelet
+book uh our starting point of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh our starting point of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh our starting point of course is
+is the idea of a filter which is um much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of a filter which is um much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of a filter which is um much
+much older and and more widely used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much older and and more widely used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much older and and more widely used and
+and generally more fundamental than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally more fundamental than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally more fundamental than
+wavelets but it leads us to wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets but it leads us to wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets but it leads us to wavelets
+this way uh so we're going to today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh so we're going to today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh so we're going to today is
+this lecture is focuses on individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is focuses on individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is focuses on individual
+filters then we'll see well those do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters then we'll see well those do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters then we'll see well those do
+wonderful things to a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things to a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things to a signal
+but they're not so easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not so easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not so easily
+invertible you you lose information when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible you you lose information when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible you you lose information when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+filter and uh so if you want a transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and uh so if you want a transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and uh so if you want a transform
+that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an
+inverse we'll see that to combine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse we'll see that to combine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse we'll see that to combine a
+couple of filters is one one is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of filters is one one is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of filters is one one is a very
+neat way to do it so this use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat way to do it so this use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat way to do it so this use of the
+word Banks simply means that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Banks simply means that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Banks simply means that we have two
+or more filters acting together so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more filters acting together so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more filters acting together so this
+is what's coming so so this this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's coming so so this this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's coming so so this this was
+this is coming this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming this is
+coming and this single filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and this single filter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and this single filter is
+now okay so so filter Banks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so so filter Banks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so so filter Banks uh
+coming uh actually probably in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh actually probably in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh actually probably in the very
+next lecture so so the syllabus as I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture so so the syllabus as I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture so so the syllabus as I had
+outlined it I think I can do say what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined it I think I can do say what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined it I think I can do say what I
+want to say about filters in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about filters in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about filters in this
+lecture and then move ahead to filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then move ahead to filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then move ahead to filter
+Banks ER right away uh when we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks ER right away uh when we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks ER right away uh when we meet
+again okay so a filter is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I I guess
+I'm point out here that we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm point out here that we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm point out here that we're using the
+word filter in a different sense I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word filter in a different sense I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word filter in a different sense I think
+than calman filter which was the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than calman filter which was the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than calman filter which was the subject
+of earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of earlier
+lectures maybe there's a there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures maybe there's a there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures maybe there's a there is
+somehow a common theme but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a common theme but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow a common theme but
+here here I wanted to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I wanted to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I wanted to make that
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+though the filters I'm speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the filters I'm speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the filters I'm speaking about
+are pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pure
+convolutions here's the input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions here's the input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions here's the input signal
+there is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the filter
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chosen and that's where the to choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose the input we can't choose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the input we can't choose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the input we can't choose it's
+whatever comes to us and of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever comes to us and of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever comes to us and of course this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+output so I could if I wanted to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so I could if I wanted to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so I could if I wanted to draw a
+a uh a a filter you know a block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a a filter you know a block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a a filter you know a block diagram
+I would think there's the input goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think there's the input goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think there's the input goes
+through some filter H and the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some filter H and the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some filter H and the output is
+y fine okay and this so what this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y fine okay and this so what this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y fine okay and this so what this filter
+does is a convolution and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is a convolution and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is a convolution and I'm going to
+you you can see well I've used n for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see well I've used n for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see well I've used n for now
+this is a different n from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different n from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different n from the previous
+lecture I guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I guess because
+the the uh signal is infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh signal is infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh signal is infinitely
+long we're we're in the we're not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long we're we're in the we're not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long we're we're in the we're not in the
+finite periodic cyclic case now we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite periodic cyclic case now we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite periodic cyclic case now we're in
+the whole line case the whole discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole line case the whole discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole line case the whole discret
+line case so so x i I have to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line case so so x i I have to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line case so so x i I have to express
+this as a matrix of course so so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix of course so so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix of course so so here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+output y of Zer y of one y of two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of Zer y of one y of two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of Zer y of one y of two and so
+forth y of minus one and forever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth y of minus one and forever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth y of minus one and forever so
+that's my first point is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my first point is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my first point is that we're
+looking at vectors with no start and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at vectors with no start and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at vectors with no start and no
+finish and we are multiplying by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish and we are multiplying by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish and we are multiplying by a
+tuplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix uh the vector x0 okay and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh the vector x0 okay and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh the vector x0 okay and you've
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+this already in this in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lectures and what's the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and what's the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and what's the Matrix
+The Matrix well if I just look at y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix well if I just look at y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix well if I just look at y of
+zero when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when n is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+oh let's remember some words that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's remember some words that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's remember some words that we
+used before this is this filter has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before this is this filter has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before this is this filter has
+finite length there only n+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length there only n+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length there only n+
+one Taps n plus one coefficients so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Taps n plus one coefficients so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Taps n plus one coefficients so this
+filter is an firir filter find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is an firir filter find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is an firir filter find
+length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and
+also it acts only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on earlier signals samples earlier or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earlier signals samples earlier or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earlier signals samples earlier or at
+the same time as the output it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time as the output it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time as the output it's not a
+look ahead filter so it's firir and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead filter so it's firir and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead filter so it's firir and
+causal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal the
+cause X comes before the response Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause X comes before the response Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause X comes before the response Y and
+this is I'm in the time domain here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm in the time domain here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm in the time domain here this
+is the K is I inan a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the K is I inan a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the K is I inan a discrete time
+domain discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time from from you know all min-2 minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from from you know all min-2 minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from from you know all min-2 minus1
+all integer in I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all integer in I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all integer in I'm taking
+the sampling period to be one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling period to be one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling period to be one for
+Simplicity so I've have samples that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity so I've have samples that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity so I've have samples that all
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+times and I act on those with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and I act on those with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and I act on those with this
+filter H which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter H which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter H which
+in which is which multiplies X of0 by h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is which multiplies X of0 by h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is which multiplies X of0 by h
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these of course we everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these of course we everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these of course we everybody
+says I mean I even highlighted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I mean I even highlighted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I mean I even highlighted with
+yellow this fact that we've got K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow this fact that we've got K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow this fact that we've got K the
+two indices add to this one it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices add to this one it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices add to this one it's a
+convolution it's a Time linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution it's a Time linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution it's a Time linear time
+invariant I could I should put all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant I could I should put all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant I could I should put all this
+down this is It's F it's causal and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is It's F it's causal and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is It's F it's causal and it's
+linear time invariant well I'm squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time invariant well I'm squeezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time invariant well I'm squeezing
+key facts but they're all evident here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key facts but they're all evident here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key facts but they're all evident here
+okay I I just want to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I just want to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I just want to complete this
+Matrix so y of Z is H of 0 x of0 then h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so y of Z is H of 0 x of0 then h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so y of Z is H of 0 x of0 then h
+of one notice it's going to be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one notice it's going to be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one notice it's going to be lower
+triangular and tlets might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and tlets might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and tlets might as well
+anticipate what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what's
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+that on the that h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the that h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the that h of
+Z multiplies X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z multiplies X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z multiplies X of
+n when the when K is zero H of0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when the when K is zero H of0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when the when K is zero H of0
+multiplies X of n h of one multiplies X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X of n h of one multiplies X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X of n h of one multiplies X
+of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus
+one so H of0 will sit on the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so H of0 will sit on the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so H of0 will sit on the main
+diagonal multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal multiplying
+X of two to give the Y of to contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of two to give the Y of to contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of two to give the Y of to contribute
+to Y of two but then there'll be an H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y of two but then there'll be an H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y of two but then there'll be an H of
+one on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on this
+diagonal you you see that h of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal you you see that h of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal you you see that h of 1
+multiplying X of minus1 into y of 0 h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X of minus1 into y of 0 h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X of minus1 into y of 0 h of
+one multiplying X of0 contributes to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiplying X of0 contributes to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiplying X of0 contributes to Y
+of 1 h of One X of one contributes to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 h of One X of one contributes to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 h of One X of one contributes to Y
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+two so so the The Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tuplets and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuplets and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuplets and we can
+understand that and the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that and the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that and the Matrix is
+completely let's quit it at at at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely let's quit it at at at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely let's quit it at at at uh
+let's quit at while we're ahead at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's quit at while we're ahead at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's quit at while we're ahead at
+two suppose and suppose suppose I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two suppose and suppose suppose I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two suppose and suppose suppose I just
+have two Taps h of zero h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two Taps h of zero h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two Taps h of zero h of
+one let's take short filters crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's take short filters crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's take short filters crude
+filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters
+what could we achieve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we achieve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we achieve with
+um a two tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a two tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a two tap
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+okay so so so the the fil so written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so the the fil so written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so the the fil so written out
+in full y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in full y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in full y of
+n is H of 0 x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is H of 0 x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is H of 0 x of
+n plus h of 1 x at n minus1 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus h of 1 x at n minus1 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus h of 1 x at n minus1 and that's
+all we're doing so there's the a twap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing so there's the a twap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing so there's the a twap
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+and therefore just two diagonals in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix how should we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how should we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how should we understand the
+action of such a convolution so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of such a convolution so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of such a convolution so that is
+a convolution that's a convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convolution that's a convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convolution that's a convolution of
+something of that only has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that only has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that only has two
+components H with something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components H with something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components H with something that has
+doubly infinite components but what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly infinite components but what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly infinite components but what does
+it do what does it do for example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do what does it do for example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do what does it do for example let's
+just take examples uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh suppose they both equal a half H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose they both equal a half H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose they both equal a half H
+equal a the two components are both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a the two components are both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a the two components are both a
+half so so so y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n is 12 x of N and 12 of X of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 12 x of N and 12 of X of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 12 x of N and 12 of X of n minus
+one the previous sample so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the previous sample so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the previous sample so it's a
+running average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we just consider that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just consider that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just consider that example
+because it's a very useful one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what how should we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well it's natural to ask uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's natural to ask uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's natural to ask uh
+I can hardly avoid now going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can hardly avoid now going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can hardly avoid now going into the
+for into the forier domain looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for into the forier domain looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for into the forier domain looking to
+see because it's constant coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because it's constant coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see because it's constant coefficients
+looking to see what it does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see what it does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see what it does to
+exponentials can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials can I do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+what well first of all what did what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well first of all what did what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well first of all what did what
+does it do to uh zero frequency to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do to uh zero frequency to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do to uh zero frequency to the
+DC term suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC term suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC term suppose the
+input uh suppose the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh suppose the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh suppose the input is
+X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all
+ones constant DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones constant DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones constant DC
+input what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what's the
+output same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I I I'm seeing this as a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I I'm seeing this as a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I I'm seeing this as a low pass
+filter because this is this is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because this is this is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because this is this is Omega
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+filter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter with
+no no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no uh
+corruption Omega equals zero I'm I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption Omega equals zero I'm I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption Omega equals zero I'm I'll
+introduce Omega properly but zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Omega properly but zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Omega properly but zero
+frequency certainly corresponds to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency certainly corresponds to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency certainly corresponds to that
+input okay tell me the Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay tell me the Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay tell me the Other
+Extreme what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme what
+input would be wiped out by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter alternating one input so a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter alternating one input so a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter alternating one input so a second
+input of of of special interest is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of of of special interest is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of of of special interest is that
+alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one - one 1 - one and that leads to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one - one 1 - one and that leads to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one - one 1 - one and that leads to y
+equals what's the output for that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what's the output for that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what's the output for that of
+course that continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that continues
+forever to to so it doesn't spoil our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to to so it doesn't spoil our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to to so it doesn't spoil our
+Beauty here uh y comes out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay okay and what
+frequency now let's allow that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now let's allow that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now let's allow that word
+frequency to begin to sneak in even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to begin to sneak in even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to begin to sneak in even more
+uh this to me is a frequency Omega equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this to me is a frequency Omega equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this to me is a frequency Omega equal
+pi and that's the fastest oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and that's the fastest oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and that's the fastest oscillation
+the highest frequency I can have my 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest frequency I can have my 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest frequency I can have my 4A
+transform is or also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is or also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is or also it's
+also Omega equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi those two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi those two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi those two are
+identical in other words I'm using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in other words I'm using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in other words I'm using that
+that discrete time for a transform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discrete time for a transform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discrete time for a transform that
+takes well let's just so it's a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes well let's just so it's a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes well let's just so it's a discrete
+time so in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain I'll use capital X for the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I'll use capital X for the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I'll use capital X for the trans
+transform of the input Little X so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the input Little X so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the input Little X so what
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+transform capital x depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform capital x depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform capital x depends on
+frequency Little X depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Little X depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Little X depends on
+time and the transform is these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the transform is these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the transform is these are the
+coefficients of a two Pi periodic Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of a two Pi periodic Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of a two Pi periodic Series
+E to the minus I or J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and I add
+and all ends now my signals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+that that is the discrete time for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the discrete time for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the discrete time for a
+Transformer I start with discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I start with discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I start with discrete time
+signal and what kind of a result have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and what kind of a result have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and what kind of a result have I
+got here what what what kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here what what what kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here what what what kind of an
+object is this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is this for
+transform it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it's a
+function so a function of frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so a function of frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so a function of frequency and
+what's the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the range of
+frequencies well this thing is 2 pi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies well this thing is 2 pi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies well this thing is 2 pi it's
+it has Period 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has Period 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has Period 2
+pi so I it's normal to take the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so I it's normal to take the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so I it's normal to take the range of
+frequencies to be minus pi to Pi so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies to be minus pi to Pi so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies to be minus pi to Pi so let
+me do that let me do that so I it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that let me do that so I it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that let me do that so I it it
+makes the figures nicer if I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the figures nicer if I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the figures nicer if I go from
+minus from this is frequency here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus from this is frequency here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus from this is frequency here from
+minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+and somehow what I want to plot is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow what I want to plot is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow what I want to plot is for
+this example is at Omega equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is at Omega equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is at Omega equals 0
+somehow the multiplier the gain the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the multiplier the gain the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the multiplier the gain the the
+frequency response function was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one at Omega equals z this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at Omega equals z this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at Omega equals z this is
+Omega a frequency but it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a frequency but it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a frequency but it's going to be
+periodic so this is the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so this is the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so this is the highest
+frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and
+everything happens on this 2 pi now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happens on this 2 pi now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happens on this 2 pi now this
+is telling me that the frequency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me that the frequency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me that the frequency that
+the response at this frequency is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response at this frequency is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response at this frequency is zero
+so maybe I use yellow to plot those key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points I'm talking here about a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I'm talking here about a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I'm talking here about a low pass
+this is going to be a low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a low pass filter
+this averaging this running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this averaging this running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this averaging this running
+average running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average running
+average okay what's up at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay what's up at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay what's up at the other
+frequencies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what
+what's what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what what's the
+input and what's the output at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and what's the output at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and what's the output at other
+frequencies okay I'm I'm I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay I'm I'm I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay I'm I'm I'm looking for
+I guess I'm looking for an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm looking for an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm looking for an igen
+Vector this was an igen Vector with IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector this was an igen Vector with IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector this was an igen Vector with IG
+value one just came right out this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one just came right out this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one just came right out this was
+an IG Vector with IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IG Vector with IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IG Vector with IG
+value zero right was actually a null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero right was actually a null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero right was actually a null
+vector and notice th this is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and notice th this is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and notice th this is telling us
+then that we cannot invert this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that we cannot invert this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that we cannot invert this filter
+this this Matrix this Matrix now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Matrix this Matrix now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Matrix this Matrix now which
+is which is one halfes let me put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is one halfes let me put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is one halfes let me put those
+one halfes in there is a is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one halfes in there is a is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one halfes in there is a is a very
+simple Matrix but it is isn't it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Matrix but it is isn't it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Matrix but it is isn't it's not
+invertible so 1/2 is sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so 1/2 is sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so 1/2 is sitting on the
+diagonal all the way and 1/2 is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all the way and 1/2 is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all the way and 1/2 is sitting
+below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+diagonal all the way and other y zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all the way and other y zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all the way and other y zeros
+and that's the main diagonal there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main diagonal there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main diagonal there and
+that Matrix doesn't have a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix doesn't have a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix doesn't have a bounded
+inverse because we found a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse because we found a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse because we found a vector that
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+kills okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills okay
+okay now what are the other what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what are the other what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what are the other what are the
+igen vectors maybe I mean it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors maybe I mean it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors maybe I mean it's sort of
+weird to be using to be asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to be using to be asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to be using to be asking about
+igen vectors here but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors here but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors here but maybe
+the maybe the main point is that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe the main point is that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe the main point is that when we
+have a constant coefficient linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant coefficient linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant coefficient linear
+operation the igen vectors are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the igen vectors are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the igen vectors are always
+the same guys that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same guys that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same guys that's
+somehow and therefore that's the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and therefore that's the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and therefore that's the way to
+study every constant coefficient linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study every constant coefficient linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study every constant coefficient linear
+operation you have to study it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you have to study it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you have to study it because
+by those igen vectors which are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by those igen vectors which are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by those igen vectors which are always
+these pure frequencies these pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pure frequencies these pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pure frequencies these pure
+harmonics so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics so let
+X Omega of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Omega of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Omega of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this pure frequency e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this pure frequency e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this pure frequency e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+I Omega n so so this is the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega n so so this is the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega n so so this is the there
+is there's a pure so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a pure so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a pure so these are the
+components of the vector there're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the vector there're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the vector there're there
+it's a it's a harmonic discrete harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a harmonic discrete harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a harmonic discrete harmonic
+because it's these n where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's these n where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's these n where the
+N um is discrete time but those that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um is discrete time but those that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um is discrete time but those that's
+th this was Omega equals Zer then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this was Omega equals Zer then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this was Omega equals Zer then all
+the components were one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components were one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components were one
+this was Omega equal Pi what were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Omega equal Pi what were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Omega equal Pi what were all
+what are all the components of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all the components of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all the components of this
+thing when Omega is pi do do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when Omega is pi do do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when Omega is pi do do you see
+that this is the right thing if Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the right thing if Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the right thing if Omega is
+pi what what have I got there Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi what what have I got there Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi what what have I got there Omega is
+pi then e to the I Omega n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah if if Omega is pi then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah if if Omega is pi then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah if if Omega is pi then I have
+e to the I Pi which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Pi which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Pi which
+is which is minus one to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is minus one to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is minus one to the n
+which is exactly our alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly our alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly our alternating
+guy and in between for these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and in between for these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and in between for these other
+omegas in between omegas we've got well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas in between omegas we've got well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas in between omegas we've got well
+but little problem here what what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but little problem here what what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but little problem here what what's my
+little problem on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph I've got complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I've got complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I've got complex
+numbers only for these two cases all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers only for these two cases all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers only for these two cases all
+ones and pure alternating then I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and pure alternating then I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and pure alternating then I got
+real numbers so I started off with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers so I started off with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers so I started off with this
+graph so happily but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so happily but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so happily but
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure yeah well that's what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah well that's what I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah well that's what I have to
+that's what I have to tell you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I have to tell you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I have to tell you now
+because I have to you no that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to you no that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to you no that's fine
+that's exactly what shall I graph and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what shall I graph and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what shall I graph and I
+I've got a little problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a little problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a little problem
+because because I I can only graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because I I can only graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because I I can only graph
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real so let me let me think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so let me let me think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so let me let me think a little bit
+bit more about these to see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about these to see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about these to see what it
+ought to graph yeah okay what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to graph yeah okay what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to graph yeah okay what am I
+graphing what what what is the if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing what what what is the if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing what what what is the if this
+is the input what's the output that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the input what's the output that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the input what's the output that's my
+question that's really my question if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's really my question if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's really my question if if
+if my input is is a vector of is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my input is is a vector of is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my input is is a vector of is is is
+this pure pure frequency Omega what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pure pure frequency Omega what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pure pure frequency Omega what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+output oh well I'll just plug it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output oh well I'll just plug it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output oh well I'll just plug it into
+the formula and figure out the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula and figure out the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula and figure out the output
+here you go this one is easy right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go this one is easy right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go this one is easy right okay
+X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n
+I'm is e to the I Omega n I'm taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm is e to the I Omega n I'm taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm is e to the I Omega n I'm taking a
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency and what's X of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one e to the I Omega n minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e to the I Omega n minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e to the I Omega n minus one so
+that's what the filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing to this pure frequency and now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to this pure frequency and now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to this pure frequency and now how
+do I want to write that what how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to write that what how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to write that what how do I
+want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand
+that I could yes let me let me just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could yes let me let me just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could yes let me let me just get
+an e to the I Omega n out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the I Omega n out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the I Omega n out of it
+first so what what do I get times an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so what what do I get times an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so what what do I get times an e
+to the I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well
+one2 and what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and what's the other
+one a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a half
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+what either the minus I Omega well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what either the minus I Omega well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what either the minus I Omega well
+there's the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the most important
+function that function's got it it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that function's got it it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that function's got it it's got
+the total information about the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total information about the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total information about the filter
+it's got because it's it shows us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got because it's it shows us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got because it's it shows us the
+half and the half and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the half and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the half and this is the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+function and I'll call it h using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I'll call it h using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I'll call it h using the
+same letter H of Omega well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h i used capital x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h i used capital x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h i used capital x of
+Omega for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega for the
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete
+X's is my notation consistent I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's is my notation consistent I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's is my notation consistent I believe
+it actually is this this h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is this this h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is this this h of
+Omega is this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is this is nothing
+but h of Omega is nothing but the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but h of Omega is nothing but the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but h of Omega is nothing but the sum of
+the h h of K is e to the minus i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+yeah I'm jumping from the example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm jumping from the example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm jumping from the example where
+was a half and a half and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a half and a half and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a half and a half and we did
+everything really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really
+clearly to uh what it would be for uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly to uh what it would be for uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly to uh what it would be for uh uh
+a different for any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers can I say what I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers can I say what I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers can I say what I'm trying
+to say in all in one sentence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in all in one sentence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in all in one sentence what
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up what's up is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what's up is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what's up is this
+formula that that this convolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that that this convolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that that this convolution in
+time domain goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain goes into a
+multiplication in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the frequency domain
+there's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal that's the most important formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that's the most important formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that's the most important formula
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subject so in the time domain we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so in the time domain we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so in the time domain we have
+little X's we have little H's and outome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X's we have little H's and outome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X's we have little H's and outome
+Little D y's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little D y's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little D y's by
+convolution in the frequency domain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the frequency domain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the frequency domain we
+have big a X's big H's we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big a X's big H's we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big a X's big H's we multiply
+ordinary multiplication because we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary multiplication because we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary multiplication because we in
+the transform domain and out comes Big Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform domain and out comes Big Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform domain and out comes Big Y
+and of course this is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is the way to
+understand the filter and oppenheim's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the filter and oppenheim's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the filter and oppenheim's
+book would never have written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book would never have written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book would never have written that
+Matrix at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all does is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensible wh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible wh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible wh what is
+this I mean that the the first page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean that the the first page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean that the the first page of
+or the first two or three pages of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the first two or three pages of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the first two or three pages of the
+wavelet book check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet book check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet book check this
+that that just check that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that just check that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that just check that if
+we start in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and we
+Define the frequency the transforms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the frequency the transforms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the frequency the transforms the
+capital x capital h capital Y that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x capital h capital Y that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x capital h capital Y that the
+convolution in the time domain gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the time domain gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the time domain gives us
+a multiplication in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication in the frequency domain
+right most important formula surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most important formula surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most important formula surely
+surely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely and
+uh uh that's so this is what we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's so this is what we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's so this is what we ought to
+graph this is this is what we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is this is what we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is this is what we ought to
+graph but it's complex here it was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but it's complex here it was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but it's complex here it was it's
+complex number so what's the best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number so what's the best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number so what's the best to
+do gra graph its magnitude so that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gra graph its magnitude so that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gra graph its magnitude so that now
+we finally say what are we graphing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally say what are we graphing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally say what are we graphing I'm
+going to graph the magnitude of H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega I'm losing the phase in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I'm losing the phase in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I'm losing the phase in this graph
+I I I would have to do a separate graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I would have to do a separate graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I would have to do a separate graph
+of the phase so if I really want the I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phase so if I really want the I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phase so if I really want the I I
+really want h of Omega I have a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want h of Omega I have a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want h of Omega I have a graph of
+magnitude and a graph of phase I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and a graph of phase I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and a graph of phase I'm just
+you know this I'm I'm I'm breaking h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this I'm I'm I'm breaking h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this I'm I'm I'm breaking h of
+Omega into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega into its
+magnitude times its phase e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude times its phase e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude times its phase e to the I
+phase of Omega and I I don't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of Omega and I I don't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of Omega and I I don't it
+magnitude is good enough for now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is good enough for now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is good enough for now what
+would the magnitude be in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the magnitude be in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the magnitude be in this example
+What's the magnitude of that so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the magnitude of that so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the magnitude of that so you you
+you said it uh as soon as I wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said it uh as soon as I wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said it uh as soon as I wrote that
+up there what's the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there what's the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there what's the magnitude of
+that is it the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it the cosine of
+something how do I see that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how do I see that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how do I see that that's the
+cosine of Omega is that really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega is that really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega is that really the
+cosine of Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega over
+two oh yeah I multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two oh yeah I multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two oh yeah I multiply it by
+what by right I multiply it by e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what by right I multiply it by e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what by right I multiply it by e to the
+I Omega over 2 and that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega over 2 and that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega over 2 and that doesn't change
+the magnitude that changed the f phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude that changed the f phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude that changed the f phase
+that added Omega over 2 to the phase but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that added Omega over 2 to the phase but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that added Omega over 2 to the phase but
+if I multiply by e to the I Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply by e to the I Omega over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply by e to the I Omega over 2
+the magnitude doesn't change and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude doesn't change and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude doesn't change and then
+what do I have so so the magnitude won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have so so the magnitude won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have so so the magnitude won't
+change if I if I do that a half of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if I if I do that a half of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if I if I do that a half of e to
+the I Omega over 2 and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Omega over 2 and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Omega over 2 and then when I
+multiply this one that's an that leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this one that's an that leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this one that's an that leaves
+an e to the minus I Omega over 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the minus I Omega over 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the minus I Omega over 2 and
+then that's the cosine of yes thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the cosine of yes thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the cosine of yes thanks so
+that's exactly right magnitude of of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right magnitude of of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right magnitude of of H
+of Omega in this in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega in this in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega in this in this example
+is let's can I graph the cosine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's can I graph the cosine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's can I graph the cosine what
+does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like it's one Loop of the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's one Loop of the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's one Loop of the cosine
+right it it's sort of like Parabola is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it it's sort of like Parabola is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it it's sort of like Parabola is
+it but it's not a true Parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah okay so I'm graphing the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I'm graphing the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I'm graphing the cosine of
+Omega over to and what kind of a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over to and what kind of a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over to and what kind of a filter
+is that if I look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I look at that
+filter it's low pass it's a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it's low pass it's a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it's low pass it's a low pass
+filter because frequency low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because frequency low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because frequency low frequencies
+go through more or less high frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through more or less high frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through more or less high frequencies
+get killed more or less it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed more or less it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed more or less it's a very
+crude low pass filter because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude low pass filter because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude low pass filter because there's a
+big big region which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuzzy so if if I really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy so if if I really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy so if if I really wanted
+which I which I very very often do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I which I very very often do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I which I very very often do in
+applications given the signal I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications given the signal I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications given the signal I want to
+take I want to find the part of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I want to find the part of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I want to find the part of it that
+has a certain range of frequencies say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain range of frequencies say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain range of frequencies say a
+say a low pass filter but a heck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a low pass filter but a heck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a low pass filter but a heck of a
+lot better than this one what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better than this one what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better than this one what what what
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+uh let's let's draw a better low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter but I'll keep it low PA pass for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter but I'll keep it low PA pass for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter but I'll keep it low PA pass for
+the moment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment okay
+so a what would a better low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a what would a better low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a what would a better low pass filter
+do it'd be from minus pi0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it'd be from minus pi0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it'd be from minus pi0 and
+Pi so I'm going to graph h of Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so I'm going to graph h of Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so I'm going to graph h of Omega and
+what would a really good low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a really good low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a really good low pass filter
+do suppose I wanted to pass to keep all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suppose I wanted to pass to keep all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suppose I wanted to pass to keep all
+the frequencies between there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies between there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies between there and there
+so some some omega pass Omega p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some some omega pass Omega p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some some omega pass Omega p and
+minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega
+p and suppose I want to kill all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and suppose I want to kill all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and suppose I want to kill all the
+frequencies I can't kill I mean ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies I can't kill I mean ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies I can't kill I mean ideal
+low pass filter ideal low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter ideal low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter ideal low pass filter
+would be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideal perfectly keeps all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal perfectly keeps all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal perfectly keeps all these
+frequency perfectly kills all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency perfectly kills all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency perfectly kills all those
+that's an ideal filter and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an ideal filter and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an ideal filter and that's a
+graph of H of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of H of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of H of Omega
+again which is the sum of H of K e Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which is the sum of H of K e Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which is the sum of H of K e Theus
+i e e Theus i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well certainly we will be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well certainly we will be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well certainly we will be very very
+happy to construct such filters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to construct such filters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to construct such filters because
+that means that we can take any in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we can take any in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we can take any in you
+give me an input and I and I take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an input and I and I take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an input and I and I take out
+all the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the high
+frequencies and keep the good ones keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and keep the good ones keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and keep the good ones keep
+the good stuff but what the trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good stuff but what the trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good stuff but what the trouble with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+filter that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that I
+can't it takes a long time because right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't it takes a long time because right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't it takes a long time because right
+because there's no finite I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no finite I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no finite I
+mean if that's a graph of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if that's a graph of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if that's a graph of this I
+need all I need K all the way from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all I need K all the way from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all I need K all the way from minus
+infinity to Infinity that I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to Infinity that I didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to Infinity that I didn't want
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+that for an ideal filter it it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for an ideal filter it it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for an ideal filter it it would be
+iir infinite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iir infinite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iir infinite impulse
+response so that I could stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so that I could stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so that I could stand for
+infinite and also for ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there let's see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's see when
+I'm if I'm add I'm not sure what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm add I'm not sure what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm add I'm not sure what you're
+adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding
+two so that's this is what my what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's this is what my what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's this is what my what this
+did were we asking about this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did were we asking about this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did were we asking about this filter
+okay so it computes the average now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it computes the average now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it computes the average now in
+the frequency domain it it wipes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain it it wipes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain it it wipes out
+Omega equal Pi because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equal Pi because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equal Pi because that's the
+alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating
+guy if if my input was a sum of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy if if my input was a sum of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy if if my input was a sum of yeah
+that's a good question if my input was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question if my input was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question if my input was a
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+a DC term and a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alternation yeah but a good what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternation yeah but a good what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternation yeah but a good what would
+what would be the input what what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the input what what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the input what what so
+what input would I be talking about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what input would I be talking about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what input would I be talking about then
+suppose I add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I add the
+inputs for Omega equal Z and Omega Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs for Omega equal Z and Omega Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs for Omega equal Z and Omega Pi
+there's another good example so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another good example so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another good example so there
+what input would that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me one two one two or 02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one two one two or 02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one two one two or 02
+02 yeah right if I if I literally added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 yeah right if I if I literally added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 yeah right if I if I literally added
+them it' be 02 02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it' be 02 02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it' be 02 02
+02 and what would the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be all ones it's beautiful isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all ones it's beautiful isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all ones it's beautiful isn't it
+keeps averaging those zeros and twos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps averaging those zeros and twos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps averaging those zeros and twos and
+the average would then the output would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average would then the output would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average would then the output would
+be all ones right right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all ones right right that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all ones right right that's right
+yeah now that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now that's a good
+example yeah so this is not a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah so this is not a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah so this is not a pure
+frequency it's a sum of it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's a sum of it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's a sum of it's a it's a
+sum of two frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yes right right that's right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes right right that's right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes right right that's right right
+okay so where did we get to we we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where did we get to we we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where did we get to we we got to
+this ideal filter but we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ideal filter but we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ideal filter but we couldn't
+implement it now what what to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it now what what to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it now what what to do this is
+certainly the the the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the the the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the the the problem that
+everybody faced as they started creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody faced as they started creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody faced as they started creating
+filters they we want this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters they we want this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters they we want this but it's
+asking too much so what what shall we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking too much so what what shall we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking too much so what what shall we do
+well the Natural Way idea is take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Natural Way idea is take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Natural Way idea is take these
+we could figure out these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could figure out these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could figure out these numbers
+right because these are this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because these are this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because these are this is the this
+is the 4A series of that function oh boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 4A series of that function oh boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 4A series of that function oh boy
+I better say that again because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better say that again because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better say that again because I just
+thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it there there's our function and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there there's our function and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there there's our function and here's
+its 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know the 4A coefficients of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the 4A coefficients of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the 4A coefficients of a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+wave uh they die off at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh they die off at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh they die off at what
+rate just just linearly just one overk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate just just linearly just one overk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate just just linearly just one overk
+it's bad news so if we truncate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad news so if we truncate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad news so if we truncate
+this at any at a thousand we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at any at a thousand we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at any at a thousand we're still
+throwing away pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away pretty big
+stuff and uh we would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and uh we would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and uh we would have a
+tremendously long filter and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously long filter and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously long filter and what would
+it's suppose I go from minus a th000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's suppose I go from minus a th000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's suppose I go from minus a th000 to
+a th000 and I and I use these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 and I and I use these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 and I and I use these same
+numbers well even let me do a 100 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers well even let me do a 100 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers well even let me do a 100 I'm
+going to have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have trouble
+enough suppose I just truncate is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough suppose I just truncate is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough suppose I just truncate is that a
+good idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or
+not in order to it it should should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in order to it it should should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in order to it it should should be
+somewhat ideal right in a way it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat ideal right in a way it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat ideal right in a way it's the
+optimal it's the it's it's the idealist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's the it's it's the idealist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's the it's it's the idealist
+filter we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we could
+create uh in some sense and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh in some sense and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh in some sense and and what
+would the picture look like yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the picture look like yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the picture look like yeah what's
+the what's the uh so now I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the uh so now I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the uh so now I have another
+function chopped at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 and what's what's the graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and what's what's the graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and what's what's the graph of the
+function look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like it it has the Gibbs phenomena this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it has the Gibbs phenomena this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it has the Gibbs phenomena this
+is exactly what the Gibs phenomenon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what the Gibs phenomenon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what the Gibs phenomenon is
+take the 4A series for a for a true step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 4A series for a for a true step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 4A series for a for a true step
+and chop it so if I graphed this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chop it so if I graphed this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chop it so if I graphed this it
+would be really accurate here but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really accurate here but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really accurate here but it
+would get worse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get worse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get worse and
+worse worst of course right there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse worst of course right there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse worst of course right there then
+it would do a good pretty good job drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would do a good pretty good job drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would do a good pretty good job drop
+down and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then it
+would these there'd be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would these there'd be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would these there'd be a little
+envelope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope of
+ripples there that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples there that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples there that would
+be unpleasantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unpleasantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unpleasantly
+large right at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency all right so filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency all right so filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency all right so filter
+designers that's this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers that's this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers that's this is actually the
+closest function this Ripley guy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest function this Ripley guy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest function this Ripley guy this
+polinomial so that's a polinomial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so that's a polinomial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so that's a polinomial of
+some two degree 200 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some two degree 200 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some two degree 200 or
+so and of course it goes the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and of course it goes the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and of course it goes the other way
+too same it's going to be uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too same it's going to be uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too same it's going to be uh s
+symmetric uh now in what sense is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh now in what sense is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh now in what sense is is
+that Ripley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ripley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ripley
+Gibbs unpleasant looking or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs unpleasant looking or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs unpleasant looking or a little
+sort of you know worrying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know worrying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know worrying because
+because this height is a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this height is a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this height is a fixed number
+here uh in what sense I said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in what sense I said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in what sense I said it was
+really the best possible in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the best possible in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the best possible in a certain
+sense and and what is the sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and and what is the sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and and what is the sense in which
+that's the closest function to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest function to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closest function to the
+ideal in L2 right if I measure the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in L2 right if I measure the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in L2 right if I measure the error
+the difference between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between those two
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and integrate the square I've got it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate the square I've got it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate the square I've got it as
+small as I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as I can get
+it because that's for you because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's for you because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's for you because this
+is an orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an orthonormal
+basis and if I take an orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and if I take an orthonormal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and if I take an orthonormal basis
+the in the L2 Norm everything it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the L2 Norm everything it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the L2 Norm everything it's it's
+a pure projection use the same numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure projection use the same numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure projection use the same numbers
+and just set the other numbers to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just set the other numbers to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just set the other numbers to zero
+that's L2 so there you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's L2 so there you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's L2 so there you're seeing
+a an advance Vantage of L2 that it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an advance Vantage of L2 that it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an advance Vantage of L2 that it's so
+nice to compute with we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to compute with we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to compute with we didn't have to
+all we just did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we just did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we just did was
+truncate but the drawback is pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate but the drawback is pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate but the drawback is pointwise
+it's not as real not as not perfect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as real not as not perfect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as real not as not perfect okay
+suppose I wanted so now tell me what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted so now tell me what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted so now tell me what a
+different filter designer might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filter designer might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filter designer might come
+along and say well the filter you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and say well the filter you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and say well the filter you want
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would
+we is not going to be optimal in L2 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is not going to be optimal in L2 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is not going to be optimal in L2 what
+what measure would be another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what measure would be another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what measure would be another possible
+measure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use so how could I measure this error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so how could I measure this error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so how could I measure this error
+one way is to measure its energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to measure its energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to measure its energy the
+L2 but another measure of the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 but another measure of the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 but another measure of the error
+is is the max difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the max difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the max difference
+right so the biggest biggest Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the biggest biggest Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the biggest biggest Ripple
+there is killing us in the max Norm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is killing us in the max Norm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is killing us in the max Norm so
+the ma in the maximum Norm this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ma in the maximum Norm this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ma in the maximum Norm this would be
+a no this would have a much higher error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no this would have a much higher error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no this would have a much higher error
+namely this this Gibbs number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this this Gibbs number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this this Gibbs number which is
+known to actually it's interesting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to actually it's interesting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to actually it's interesting I
+gibbs's first paper his papers on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gibbs's first paper his papers on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gibbs's first paper his papers on this
+on his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own
+phenomenon are like the first paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon are like the first paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon are like the first paper is
+about a page and a half and he gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a page and a half and he gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a page and a half and he gets it
+wrong he he he missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong he he he missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong he he he missed
+it and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then uh
+six months or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months or so
+later of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later of course
+it a correction was published that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a correction was published that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a correction was published that has
+only about 10 lines where he says I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 10 lines where he says I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 10 lines where he says I just
+missed it there and and then he tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed it there and and then he tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed it there and and then he tells us
+that it goes up here and he tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes up here and he tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes up here and he tells us
+what that number is it's some integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number is it's some integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number is it's some integral
+of something and we can find it to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and we can find it to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and we can find it to any
+number of places and uh so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of places and uh so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of places and uh so it's sort of
+he's you know it's the most famous of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's you know it's the most famous of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's you know it's the most famous of
+phenomenal in Signal processing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal in Signal processing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal in Signal processing in a
+tiny tiny paper that was a correction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny paper that was a correction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny paper that was a correction to
+a quite short paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quite short paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quite short paper
+anyway if we're looking at the max error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if we're looking at the max error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if we're looking at the max error
+we want to reduce it there at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce it there at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce it there at the cost
+of raising it there so we could reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of raising it there so we could reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of raising it there so we could reduce
+the reduce it there but but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduce it there but but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduce it there but but then the
+ripples wouldn't die off as fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples wouldn't die off as fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples wouldn't die off as fast and
+what's the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the optimum
+if we're looking at Max the max error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're looking at Max the max error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're looking at Max the max error
+equ Ripple so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ Ripple so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ Ripple so the the
+optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum
+error in the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the max
+Norm meaning the worst frequency is equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm meaning the worst frequency is equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm meaning the worst frequency is equ
+Ripple what does equ Ripple mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple what does equ Ripple mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple what does equ Ripple mean it
+means that I'm graphing a polinomial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I'm graphing a polinomial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I'm graphing a polinomial of
+degree 200 it's got 200 Ripples and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 200 it's got 200 Ripples and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 200 it's got 200 Ripples and they
+all have the same height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess in magnitude I can't let them go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in magnitude I can't let them go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in magnitude I can't let them go
+below zero here they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below zero here they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below zero here they do
+yeah so that's the equ Ripple filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the equ Ripple filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the equ Ripple filter and
+that now how would you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now how would you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now how would you find the
+coefficients for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for that
+one so now this is a this is H 100 equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ripple that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple that's not so
+easy you're looking for the polom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you're looking for the polom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you're looking for the polom that
+and it's not even automatically clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not even automatically clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not even automatically clear
+that there is one that has equal height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ripple all along there of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple all along there of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple all along there of course there's
+got to be an error here actually to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be an error here actually to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be an error here actually to to
+get anywhere we really have to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere we really have to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere we really have to allow
+ourselves a little space between the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a little space between the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a little space between the end
+of the past band and the start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past band and the start of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past band and the start of the
+stop band so let me so if I give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band so let me so if I give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band so let me so if I give this
+these numbers to mat lab matlb would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers to mat lab matlb would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers to mat lab matlb would
+want two numbers the matlb um uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want two numbers the matlb um uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want two numbers the matlb um uh so
+what's the matlb command RZ I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the matlb command RZ I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the matlb command RZ I think
+because it's it's this guy's algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's this guy's algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's this guy's algorithm
+so rzm would be the matlb command which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rzm would be the matlb command which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rzm would be the matlb command which
+would so what would it do you would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so what would it do you would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so what would it do you would tell
+it Omega p and Omega s so you the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Omega p and Omega s so you the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Omega p and Omega s so you the inputs
+would be Omega p and Omega s and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Omega p and Omega s and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Omega p and Omega s and you
+could input put the the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could input put the the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could input put the the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh stop s for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh stop s for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh stop s for
+stop uh as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice it's some distance here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it's some distance here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it's some distance here and the
+more distance you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more distance you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more distance you give
+it the easier the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem the lower the the lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the lower the the lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the lower the the lower the
+ripples the the the closer you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples the the the closer you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples the the the closer you can come
+to Ideal if we fix uh the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ideal if we fix uh the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ideal if we fix uh the degree
+then then if if I if you're asking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then if if I if you're asking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then if if I if you're asking this
+polinomial to Ripple and then get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial to Ripple and then get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial to Ripple and then get down
+like mad and ripple again if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mad and ripple again if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mad and ripple again if you if you
+tighten that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten that that
+will sort of there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of there's a there's a
+relation between the 100 and the Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the 100 and the Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the 100 and the Ripple
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+Delta yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean you can't get them no you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can't get them no you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can't get them no you can't get
+them both so so somehow the there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both so so somehow the there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both so so somehow the there's a
+relation between should I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between should I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between should I call this
+degree and so there's a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so there's a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so there's a relation between
+n the number of coefficients I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the number of coefficients I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the number of coefficients I'm
+allowing the Omega s minus Omega P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the Omega s minus Omega P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the Omega s minus Omega P the
+width I'm trying to do this in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width I'm trying to do this in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width I'm trying to do this in and the
+Delta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta the
+error and uh a student of mine pinned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and uh a student of mine pinned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and uh a student of mine pinned
+that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down
+I think more closely it was known people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think more closely it was known people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think more closely it was known people
+did um mad lab experiments to to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um mad lab experiments to to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um mad lab experiments to to get a
+graph of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this
+relationship uh but the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship uh but the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship uh but the theory is
+possible here uh I'll just mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible here uh I'll just mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible here uh I'll just mention that
+if oppenheim was sitting here he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if oppenheim was sitting here he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if oppenheim was sitting here he would
+say uh he would wait he would he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh he would wait he would he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh he would wait he would he would
+allow let's see is is it he would he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow let's see is is it he would he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow let's see is is it he would he
+would want a smaller ripples in the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want a smaller ripples in the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want a smaller ripples in the stop
+band than in the pass band so he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band than in the pass band so he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band than in the pass band so he would
+introduce a weight so so uh we'll allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a weight so so uh we'll allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a weight so so uh we'll allow
+W oppenheim for for a for a weight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W oppenheim for for a for a weight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W oppenheim for for a for a weight that
+that weights that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weights that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weights that allows you to
+unequally have unequal height ripples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequally have unequal height ripples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequally have unequal height ripples in
+the pass and the stop bands but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass and the stop bands but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass and the stop bands but let's
+take let's let's set up and I'm equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's let's set up and I'm equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's let's set up and I'm equal to
+one here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here okay
+okay um so what was my point that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what was my point that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what was my point that that
+uh these equal filters are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these equal filters are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these equal filters are the best
+optimal error in the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal error in the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal error in the max
+sense and also that we have to we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and also that we have to we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and also that we have to we have
+to go to matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to matlb
+to to to so what will mat lab output if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to so what will mat lab output if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to so what will mat lab output if
+we if we give mat lab the what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we give mat lab the what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we give mat lab the what we
+want the coefficients exactly mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the coefficients exactly mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the coefficients exactly mat lab
+will output the coefficients and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will output the coefficients and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will output the coefficients and it'll
+plot the graph and it of course it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the graph and it of course it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the graph and it of course it won't
+look like that it'll look like this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that it'll look like this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that it'll look like this yeah
+yeah and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we we know a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we we know a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we we know a relation between
+these so that if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so that if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so that if we know
+what pass stop and pass band we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pass stop and pass band we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pass stop and pass band we want we
+know how the what degree we have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the what degree we have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the what degree we have to take
+to get a certain error reduction yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a certain error reduction yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a certain error reduction yeah
+okay that's a discussion of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a discussion of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a discussion of filter
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of now it's not a final discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now it's not a final discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now it's not a final discussion of
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+design I mean this oppenheim's course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I mean this oppenheim's course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I mean this oppenheim's course
+could could could ask other things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could could ask other things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could could ask other things you
+might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like
+combine the you so we've got two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the you so we've got two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the you so we've got two two
+choices here L2 Le squares and Max but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices here L2 Le squares and Max but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices here L2 Le squares and Max but
+that's not the only two choices we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only two choices we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the only two choices we could
+we could average between those we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could average between those we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could average between those we could
+introduce other error measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce other error measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce other error measures
+all all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all sorts of
+possibilities um but maybe that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um but maybe that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um but maybe that's a
+point to go to High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to go to High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to go to High
+Pass let's look at the other extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pass let's look at the other extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pass let's look at the other extreme
+what would be a high path filter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a high path filter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a high path filter what
+would its graph look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would its graph look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would its graph look like
+and um let's give me an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um let's give me an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um let's give me an example of a
+highpass filter let me give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter let me give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter let me give me an
+example of a highpass filter that kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a highpass filter that kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a highpass filter that kills
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+frequency so let's let's do a high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so let's let's do a high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so let's let's do a high pass
+filter in dotted line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in dotted line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in dotted line
+L uh I guess I'm going to look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh I guess I'm going to look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh I guess I'm going to look for a
+filter that has h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that has h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that has h of
+Omega is probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign of Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of Omega over
+two what what what or what would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what what what or what would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what what what or what would be a
+natural how could I fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural how could I fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural how could I fix this
+filter change change one of the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter change change one of the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter change change one of the signs
+right so I can easily change high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can easily change high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can easily change high pass
+to low pass or vice versa by alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low pass or vice versa by alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low pass or vice versa by alternating
+the signs that's that's a point we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs that's that's a point we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs that's that's a point we'll
+see in in in filter banks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in in in filter banks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in in in filter banks that are
+coming we we'll have to get quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming we we'll have to get quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming we we'll have to get quite quite
+quite Adept at uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite Adept at uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite Adept at uh at
+um at playing with properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at playing with properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at playing with properties of
+filters but uh so so this is like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters but uh so so this is like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters but uh so so this is like that
+that I'll write that point down from low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write that point down from low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write that point down from low
+low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass
+to high between low pass and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high between low pass and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high between low pass and high
+pass one way if I have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass one way if I have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass one way if I have one of
+them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh
+alternate well reverse every other sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate well reverse every other sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate well reverse every other sign
+I I'll say it out in full here reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll say it out in full here reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll say it out in full here reverse
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+sign in the in the sequence of H's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you ought to think why why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you ought to think why why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you ought to think why why does
+that work think of what that means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work think of what that means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work think of what that means in
+for Capital H because you you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Capital H because you you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Capital H because you you really
+have to train yourself to think in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to train yourself to think in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to train yourself to think in terms
+of Capital H this function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Capital H this function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Capital H this function okay
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+um no let's see what will it do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no let's see what will it do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no let's see what will it do yeah
+what will it do yeah maybe since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will it do yeah maybe since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will it do yeah maybe since we're
+doing that and I'm saying we should pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and I'm saying we should pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and I'm saying we should pay
+attention to it what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it what would happen
+there what and what do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what and what do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what and what do we want to
+do yeah yeah so I I want to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah yeah so I I want to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah yeah so I I want to I'm going to
+stay with that idea because it's it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with that idea because it's it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with that idea because it's it is
+important so let's say our low pass guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so let's say our low pass guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so let's say our low pass guy
+is H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega which is by our rule is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now first let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now first let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now first let me ask
+how would I what do I want to do to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I what do I want to do to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I what do I want to do to make
+that into a highpass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter if I have this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture and I don't know if my sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I don't know if my sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I don't know if my sign
+picture was it was correct at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all I want yeah so so I two ways to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want yeah so so I two ways to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want yeah so so I two ways to look
+at it either I either I said here so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it either I either I said here so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it either I either I said here so now
+hi hi by pass will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi hi by pass will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi hi by pass will
+be I claim that if I do a minus1 the k h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I claim that if I do a minus1 the k h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I claim that if I do a minus1 the k h
+of k e the minus i k Omega that I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k e the minus i k Omega that I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k e the minus i k Omega that I've got
+a high pass now but I I don't see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high pass now but I I don't see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high pass now but I I don't see why
+from that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+what what have I done when I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what have I done when I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what have I done when I did this
+crazy minus one to the K what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy minus one to the K what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy minus one to the K what have I
+done in the frequency domain so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the frequency domain so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the frequency domain so so I
+want to re-identify this as what did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to re-identify this as what did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to re-identify this as what did I
+do to this thing in the time domain I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to this thing in the time domain I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to this thing in the time domain I
+did a minus one to the yeah here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a minus one to the yeah here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a minus one to the yeah here we go
+question finally focus in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question finally focus in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question finally focus in the time
+domain I mult I I I did a minus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I mult I I I did a minus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I mult I I I did a minus one to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+k i i that's my what I'll later call for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i i that's my what I'll later call for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i i that's my what I'll later call for
+in short alternating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short alternating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short alternating the
+signs what have I done in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs what have I done in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs what have I done in the frequency
+domain keeping the same K but changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain keeping the same K but changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain keeping the same K but changing
+the frequency so the same h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency so the same h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency so the same h of
+KS now just it's a phase shift by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what one or the other because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only well we
+could okay well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could okay well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could okay well let's
+see what do we want to do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what do we want to do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what do we want to do we want to
+move Omega go zero out to Pi don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Omega go zero out to Pi don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Omega go zero out to Pi don't we
+want to shift by pi what was Zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift by pi what was Zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift by pi what was Zero we
+want to be Pi what was Pi we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be Pi what was Pi we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be Pi what was Pi we want to be
+zero or 2 pi yeah yeah so it's this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or 2 pi yeah yeah so it's this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or 2 pi yeah yeah so it's this and
+of course minus1 the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course minus1 the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course minus1 the K is
+what is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is e to
+the I or minus plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I or minus plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I or minus plus or minus
+I Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Pi
+K so we just it's it's just Omega plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we just it's it's just Omega plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we just it's it's just Omega plus
+pi or Omega minus Pi e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi or Omega minus Pi e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi or Omega minus Pi e to the
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+k you see we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k you see we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k you see we've
+got well maybe minus E I I'm I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well maybe minus E I I'm I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well maybe minus E I I'm I'm I'm
+kind of getting myself Tangled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of getting myself Tangled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of getting myself Tangled with
+minus signs here but the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs here but the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus signs here but the whole point
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+uh this is and what's the word for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is and what's the word for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is and what's the word for that
+when you shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shift the
+frequency that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's a
+modulation we've modulated in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation we've modulated in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation we've modulated in frequency
+domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and
+we've multiplied by e to the I Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've multiplied by e to the I Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've multiplied by e to the I Pi
+something e to the i k something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something e to the i k something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something e to the i k something in the
+in the time domain yeah yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain yeah yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain yeah yeah so this is
+what happened in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the time
+domain that's what happen that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that's what happen that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that's what happen that's the
+modulation in the frequency domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation in the frequency domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation in the frequency domain and
+that's why this is that's why this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is that's why this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is that's why this rule
+of alternating signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+um let's I think we should call both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's I think we should call both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's I think we should call both
+modulation yeah yeah I mean that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation yeah yeah I mean that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation yeah yeah I mean that because
+we it's the same I mean it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's the same I mean it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's the same I mean it's the same
+operation seen in the two domains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation seen in the two domains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation seen in the two domains so
+let's let's call it modulation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's call it modulation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's call it modulation right
+modulation phase shift what what mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation phase shift what what mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation phase shift what what mean
+modulation phase shift all those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation phase shift all those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation phase shift all those words
+it's I don't know how you feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I don't know how you feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I don't know how you feel about
+these things it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's it's
+like on the one hand it's Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on the one hand it's Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on the one hand it's Elementary
+what we're doing here but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here but on the other
+hand you have to think it through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you have to think it through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you have to think it through and
+it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so
+important you know and and it just uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know and and it just uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know and and it just uses
+again the the the fundamental facts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the the fundamental facts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the the fundamental facts of
+of the whole of the fury thing but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole of the fury thing but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole of the fury thing but so
+important okay so this is now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so this is now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so this is now we know
+how to get from low pass to high pass I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get from low pass to high pass I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get from low pass to high pass I
+guess in the in the lecture outline I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in the in the lecture outline I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in the in the lecture outline I
+use the word band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word band
+pass so let's just know what that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass so let's just know what that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass so let's just know what that word
+means what what would what would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what what would what would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what what would what would be an
+ideal band pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter well in the frequency domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well in the frequency domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well in the frequency domain of
+course I can't ask you such questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can't ask you such questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can't ask you such questions in
+the time domain I wouldn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain I wouldn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain I wouldn't have the
+slightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest
+idea what would be a typical band pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what would be a typical band pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what would be a typical band pass
+filter okay what are we trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter okay what are we trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter okay what are we trying to do
+we're trying to create a filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to create a filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to create a filter that
+selects a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects a range of
+frequencies like suppose we know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies like suppose we know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies like suppose we know we're
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+heartbeats and and we want to pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeats and and we want to pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeats and and we want to pick out
+uh you know a range of frequencies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a range of frequencies there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a range of frequencies there
+or we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're looking at
+electrocardiogram I mean or or uh or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocardiogram I mean or or uh or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocardiogram I mean or or uh or an
+electroencephalogram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalogram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalogram for
+epilepsy uh we want to pick out a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy uh we want to pick out a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy uh we want to pick out a range
+of frequencies that's physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies that's physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies that's physically
+significant say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant say this
+range okay then what's the ideal band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay then what's the ideal band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay then what's the ideal band
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+filter well you know it before I draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay there I maybe in many cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay there I maybe in many cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay there I maybe in many cases we
+would we would uh it would very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we would uh it would very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we would uh it would very often
+happen that we would be looking at real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that we would be looking at real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that we would be looking at real
+coefficients and and it would be a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and and it would be a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and and it would be a that
+would be it would be very common that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it would be very common that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it would be very common that we
+would have a symmetric thing around zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a symmetric thing around zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a symmetric thing around zero
+so there would be a band pass filter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there would be a band pass filter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there would be a band pass filter or
+just one of them I I'm not a good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them I I'm not a good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them I I'm not a good enough
+engineer to know what which one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer to know what which one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer to know what which one to
+design mat lab I guess would design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design mat lab I guess would design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design mat lab I guess would design that
+for us again well it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us again well it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us again well it's not going to
+design the infinite one we could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the infinite one we could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the infinite one we could find
+the coefficients for we could truncate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients for we could truncate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients for we could truncate
+it it would have a Gibbs phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it would have a Gibbs phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it would have a Gibbs phenomenon
+again so it wouldn't be that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it wouldn't be that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it wouldn't be that great
+probably and uh but mat lab with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and uh but mat lab with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and uh but mat lab with a
+different algorithm could find an equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithm could find an equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algorithm could find an equ
+Ripple band path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple band path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple band path
+filter it would the error would it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it would the error would it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it would the error would it would
+Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple
+of uh we'd have to accept an error Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh we'd have to accept an error Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh we'd have to accept an error Delta
+that would depend on a right okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would depend on a right okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would depend on a right okay well
+that's a a lot of discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a lot of discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a lot of discussion of
+filters and oh there's more to say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and oh there's more to say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and oh there's more to say of
+course there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there there
+are people's names are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people's names are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people's names are associated with
+filters or something called butter worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters or something called butter worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters or something called butter worth
+filters those are the those are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters those are the those are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters those are the those are I
+filters how how could we get an i filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters how how could we get an i filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters how how could we get an i filter
+a typical iir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical iir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical iir
+filter would be when h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is a
+ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of
+uh P of Omega over a q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P of Omega over a q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P of Omega over a q of
+Omega of a polinomial over a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of a polinomial over a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of a polinomial over a polinomial
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+rational we use the word rational to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational we use the word rational to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational we use the word rational to
+mean ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean ratio of
+polinomial that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that would be
+uh you see that that would be iir right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see that that would be iir right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see that that would be iir right
+because it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not a
+polinomial f is polinomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial f is polinomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial f is polinomial so
+fi filter is a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi filter is a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi filter is a true
+polinomial this is this one is Q inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial this is this one is Q inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial this is this one is Q inverse
+P this is this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fi inverse times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi inverse times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi inverse times an
+fiir that and those are quite valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiir that and those are quite valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiir that and those are quite valuable
+those are used a lot in uh statistics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are used a lot in uh statistics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are used a lot in uh statistics in
+um what's that called where you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's that called where you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's that called where you where
+yeah regression yeah Arma what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah regression yeah Arma what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah regression yeah Arma what is that
+auto regression right all all that world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regression right all all that world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regression right all all that world
+so there so that's a there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there so that's a there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there so that's a there's there's
+interesting design questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting design questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting design questions for
+rational functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational functions
+well this is a major world but my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a major world but my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a major world but my point
+at the beginning of the next lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the next lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the next lecture so
+wavelets and filter Banks really start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets and filter Banks really start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets and filter Banks really start
+two weeks from today my point will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks from today my point will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks from today my point will be
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than one
+filter because if we have a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because if we have a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because if we have a low pass
+filter it kills the high frequency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it kills the high frequency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it kills the high frequency we
+can't invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't invert
+that we want a we want with two filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want a we want with two filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want a we want with two filters
+yeah this here here's the ideal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this here here's the ideal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this here here's the ideal filter
+bank and then I'll stop the ideal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and then I'll stop the ideal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and then I'll stop the ideal filter
+bank would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank would
+be fin I'll draw this graph again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fin I'll draw this graph again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fin I'll draw this graph again
+because it's always there okay ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's always there okay ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's always there okay ideal
+filter bank would be a l an ideal low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank would be a l an ideal low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter bank would be a l an ideal low
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+filter and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and an
+ideal high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal high pass
+filter that would be beautiful wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that would be beautiful wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that would be beautiful wouldn't
+it what would what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would what would be the
+properties of those two filters if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of those two filters if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of those two filters if we
+had if we and they we we do have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if we and they we we do have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if we and they we we do have them
+only they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they're
+I so we in goes the signal X it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so we in goes the signal X it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so we in goes the signal X it goes
+through the low pass so it comes out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the low pass so it comes out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the low pass so it comes out we
+we we find its low frequencies we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we find its low frequencies we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we find its low frequencies we find
+its high frequencies are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its high frequencies are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its high frequencies are totally
+separated I mean that's that's the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated I mean that's that's the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated I mean that's that's the ideal
+of every uh filter designer to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every uh filter designer to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every uh filter designer to be able
+to do this in a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in a nice
+way uh and I gu those two fun those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and I gu those two fun those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and I gu those two fun those two
+vectors would probably be perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors would probably be perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors would probably be perpendicular
+to each other because this involves only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other because this involves only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other because this involves only
+low they don't share any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they don't share any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they don't share any
+frequencies and and pure frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and and pure frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and and pure frequencies are
+perpendicular so I mean that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so I mean that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so I mean that would be
+wonderful but we can't do it so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful but we can't do it so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful but we can't do it so we're
+going to have to settle for filters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to settle for filters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to settle for filters that
+are the low pass filter will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the low pass filter will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the low pass filter will have to
+we'll have to let me draw that in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to let me draw that in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to let me draw that in yellow
+we'll have to in some way we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to in some way we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to in some way we'll have
+have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with
+uh we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll have to
+compromise and the high pass filter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise and the high pass filter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise and the high pass filter if
+we choose it brilliantly will compromise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose it brilliantly will compromise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose it brilliantly will compromise
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and the two pieces the the two outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two pieces the the two outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two pieces the the two outputs
+are no longer orthogonal because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no longer orthogonal because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no longer orthogonal because we've
+got overlap here but uh still we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got overlap here but uh still we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got overlap here but uh still we've got
+something valuable we've got a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something valuable we've got a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something valuable we've got a pretty
+good separation of the input into low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good separation of the input into low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good separation of the input into low
+and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high
+okay so that's it's it's a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it's it's a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it's it's a lot of fun
+now coming up uh the designing of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now coming up uh the designing of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now coming up uh the designing of filter
+Banks and uh uh if you have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and uh uh if you have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and uh uh if you have a chance
+then to if you have a copy of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to if you have a copy of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to if you have a copy of the of the
+wavelet book this would maybe be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet book this would maybe be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet book this would maybe be the
+right time to to get it out and and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time to to get it out and and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time to to get it out and and look
+at chapter one okay see you in two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at chapter one okay see you in two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at chapter one okay see you in two weeks
+then yes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Yjeexoq_WAI.txt b/Yjeexoq_WAI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e411af3303dbf736087290352ce85234299f3a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Yjeexoq_WAI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10600 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's go ahead and get
+started all right so today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started all right so today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started all right so today we're going
+to continue talking about feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue talking about feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue talking about feed-forward
+neural networks and we're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks and we're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks and we're going to keep
+working on some interesting aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on some interesting aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on some interesting aspects of
+linear algebra matrix transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra matrix transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra matrix transformations
+we're going to introduce a new idea from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce a new idea from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce a new idea from
+linear algebra the idea of basis sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra the idea of basis sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra the idea of basis sets
+we're going to describe some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to describe some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to describe some interesting
+and important properties of basis sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important properties of basis sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important properties of basis sets
+such as linear independence and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as linear independence and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as linear independence and then
+we're going to end with just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end with just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end with just a very
+simple formulation of how to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formulation of how to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formulation of how to change
+between different different basis sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different different basis sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different different basis sets
+so let me explain a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me explain a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me explain a little bit more
+motivate a little bit more why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate a little bit more why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate a little bit more why we're
+doing these things so so as as people as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things so so as as people as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things so so as as people as
+animals looking out at the world we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals looking out at the world we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals looking out at the world we are
+looking at high dimensional data we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at high dimensional data we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at high dimensional data we have
+hundreds of millions of photoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of photoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of photoreceptors
+in our retina those data get compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our retina those data get compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our retina those data get compressed
+down into about a million nerve fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into about a million nerve fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into about a million nerve fibers
+that go through a optic nerve up to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go through a optic nerve up to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go through a optic nerve up to our
+brain so it's a very high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so it's a very high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so it's a very high dimensional
+data set and then our brain unpacks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and then our brain unpacks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and then our brain unpacks that
+data and tries to make sense of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and tries to make sense of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and tries to make sense of it and
+it does that by passing that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that by passing that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that by passing that data
+through layers of neural circuits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through layers of neural circuits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through layers of neural circuits that
+make transformations and we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make transformations and we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make transformations and we've talked
+about how in going from one layer bronze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how in going from one layer bronze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how in going from one layer bronze
+to another layer of neurons there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another layer of neurons there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another layer of neurons there's a
+feed-forward projection that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward projection that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward projection that essentially
+does what looks like a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what looks like a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what looks like a matrix
+multiplication okay so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay so that's one of the
+reasons why we're trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we're trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we're trying to understand
+what matrix multiplications do now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matrix multiplications do now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matrix multiplications do now we
+talked about some of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some of the matrix
+transformations that you can see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that you can see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that you can see when
+you do a matrix multiplication and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a matrix multiplication and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a matrix multiplication and one
+of those was a rotation okay matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those was a rotation okay matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those was a rotation okay matrix
+multiplications can implement rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications can implement rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications can implement rotations
+and rotations are very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotations are very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotations are very important for
+visualizing high dimensional data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing high dimensional data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing high dimensional data so
+this is from a website at Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a website at Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a website at Google
+research where they've implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research where they've implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research where they've implemented
+different viewers for high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viewers for high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viewers for high dimensional
+data ways of taking high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ways of taking high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ways of taking high dimensional
+data and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and and
+reducing the dimensionality and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the dimensionality and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the dimensionality and then
+visualizing what that data looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing what that data looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing what that data looks like
+and one of the most important ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the most important ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the most important ways that
+you visualize high dimensional data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visualize high dimensional data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visualize high dimensional data is
+by rotating it and looking at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotating it and looking at it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotating it and looking at it from
+different angles and what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and what you're doing
+when you do that is you take this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that is you take this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that is you take this high
+dimensional data you rotate it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data you rotate it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data you rotate it and you
+project it into a plane which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it into a plane which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it into a plane which is what
+you're seeing seeing on the screen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing seeing on the screen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing seeing on the screen you
+can see that you get a lot out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you get a lot out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you get a lot out of
+looking at different projections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different projections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different projections and
+different rotations of datasets also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rotations of datasets also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rotations of datasets also you
+know when you're zooming in on the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're zooming in on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're zooming in on the data
+that's another matrix transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another matrix transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another matrix transformation
+okay you can stretch and compress and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can stretch and compress and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can stretch and compress and do
+all sorts of different things to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of different things to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of different things to data
+now one of the cool things is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the cool things is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the cool things is that when
+we study the brain to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study the brain to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study the brain to try to figure out
+how it does this really cool process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it does this really cool process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it does this really cool process of
+rotating data through its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating data through its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating data through its
+transformations that are produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that are produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that are produced by
+neural networks we record from lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks we record from lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks we record from lots of
+neurons there's technology now where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there's technology now where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there's technology now where you
+can image from thousands or even tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can image from thousands or even tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can image from thousands or even tens of
+thousands of neurons simultaneously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of neurons simultaneously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of neurons simultaneously and
+again it's this really high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's this really high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's this really high dimensional
+data set that we're looking at to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that we're looking at to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that we're looking at to try to
+figure out how the brain works and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how the brain works and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how the brain works and so in
+order to analyze those data we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to analyze those data we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to analyze those data we try to
+build programs or machines that act like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build programs or machines that act like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build programs or machines that act like
+the brain in order to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain in order to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain in order to understand the
+data that we collect from the brain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we collect from the brain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we collect from the brain okay
+it's really cool and so so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool and so so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool and so so it's kind of
+fun as as neuroscientists we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun as as neuroscientists we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun as as neuroscientists we're trying
+to build a brain to analyze the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a brain to analyze the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a brain to analyze the data
+that we collect from the brain okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we collect from the brain okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we collect from the brain okay all
+right and so the cool thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the cool thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the cool thing is that the
+math that we're looking at right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that we're looking at right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that we're looking at right now and
+the kinds of neural networks that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of neural networks that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of neural networks that we're
+looking at right now are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at right now are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at right now are exactly the
+kinds of math and neural networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of math and neural networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of math and neural networks that
+you use to explain the brain and to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to explain the brain and to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to explain the brain and to look
+at data okay in very powerful ways all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at data okay in very powerful ways all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at data okay in very powerful ways all
+right so okay so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so that's what we're
+trying to do so let's start by coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do so let's start by coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do so let's start by coming
+back to our two layer feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our two layer feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our two layer feed-forward
+Network and looking in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and looking in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and looking in a little bit more
+detail about what it does okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about what it does okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about what it does okay so I
+introduced the idea this this two layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea this this two layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea this this two layer
+of feed-forward network we have an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feed-forward network we have an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feed-forward network we have an input
+layer that has a vector of firing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that has a vector of firing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that has a vector of firing rates
+a firing rate that describes each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firing rate that describes each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firing rate that describes each of
+those input neurons a vector of firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those input neurons a vector of firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those input neurons a vector of firing
+rates that again is a list of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that again is a list of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that again is a list of numbers
+that describes the firing rate of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes the firing rate of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes the firing rate of each
+neuron in the output layer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the output layer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the output layer and the
+connections between these two layers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between these two layers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between these two layers are
+a bunch of synapses synaptic weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of synapses synaptic weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of synapses synaptic weights
+that we can use to calculate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to calculate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to calculate to
+transform the firing rates at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the firing rates at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the firing rates at the input
+layer into the firing rates at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer into the firing rates at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer into the firing rates at the
+output layer okay so let's look in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output layer okay so let's look in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output layer okay so let's look in a
+little bit more detail now at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail now at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail now at what that
+collection of weights looks like so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of weights looks like so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of weights looks like so we
+describe it as a matrix that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it as a matrix that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it as a matrix that's called
+the weight matrix the matrix has in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight matrix the matrix has in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight matrix the matrix has in it a
+number for the weight from each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for the weight from each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for the weight from each of the
+input neurons to each of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neurons to each of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neurons to each of the output
+neurons the rows are a vector of weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the rows are a vector of weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the rows are a vector of weights
+onto each of the output neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto each of the output neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto each of the output neurons and
+we'll see in a in a couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a in a couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a in a couple of slides
+that the columns are the set of weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the columns are the set of weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the columns are the set of weights
+from each input neuron to all the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each input neuron to all the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each input neuron to all the output
+neurons okay a row of this weight matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay a row of this weight matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay a row of this weight matrix
+is a vector of weights onto one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector of weights onto one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector of weights onto one of the
+output neurons okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons okay all right
+so we can compute the firing rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compute the firing rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compute the firing rates of
+the neurons in our output layer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons in our output layer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons in our output layer for the
+case of linear neurons in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of linear neurons in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of linear neurons in the output
+layer simply as a matrix product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer simply as a matrix product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer simply as a matrix product of this
+weight vector times the vector of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight vector times the vector of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight vector times the vector of input
+firing rates and that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates and that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates and that matrix
+multiplication gives us a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication gives us a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication gives us a vector that
+describes the firing rates of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the firing rates of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the firing rates of the output
+layer so let me just go through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so let me just go through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so let me just go through what
+that looks like if we define a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like if we define a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like if we define a column
+vector of firing rates of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of firing rates of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of firing rates of each of the
+output neurons we can write that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons we can write that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons we can write that as the
+weight matrix times the column vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix times the column vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix times the column vector of
+the firing rates of the input layer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rates of the input layer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rates of the input layer we
+can calculate the firing rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the firing rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the firing rate of the
+first neuron in the output layer as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron in the output layer as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron in the output layer as the
+dot product of that row of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of that row of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of that row of the weight
+matrix with that vector of fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with that vector of fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with that vector of fire
+okay and that gives us the the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that gives us the the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that gives us the the firing
+rate v1 is then W of a equals 1 dot u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate v1 is then W of a equals 1 dot u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate v1 is then W of a equals 1 dot u
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that is one particular way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one particular way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one particular way of thinking
+about how you're calculating the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're calculating the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're calculating the the
+firing rates in the output layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in the output layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in the output layer and
+it's called the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the dot product
+interpretation of matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of matrix multiplication
+alright now there's a different sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now there's a different sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now there's a different sort of
+complimentary way of thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary way of thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary way of thinking about what
+happens when you do this matrix product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you do this matrix product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you do this matrix product
+that's also important to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also important to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also important to understand
+because it's a it's a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a it's a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a it's a different way of
+thinking about what's going on we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's going on we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's going on we can
+also think about the columns of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about the columns of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about the columns of this
+weight matrix and we can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix and we can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix and we can think about the
+weight matrix as a collection of column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix as a collection of column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix as a collection of column
+vectors that we put together into matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we put together into matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we put together into matrix
+form so in this particular network here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so in this particular network here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so in this particular network here
+we can write down this weight matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down this weight matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down this weight matrix
+alright and you can see that this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and you can see that this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and you can see that this first
+input neuron connects to output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron connects to output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron connects to output neuron
+one so there's a one there that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a one there that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a one there that first
+input neuron connects to output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron connects to output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron connects to output neuron
+two so there's a 1 there the first input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so there's a 1 there the first input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so there's a 1 there the first input
+neuron does not connect output neuron 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron does not connect output neuron 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron does not connect output neuron 3
+so there's a zero there okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a zero there okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a zero there okay right so
+the columns of the weight matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of the weight matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of the weight matrix
+represent the pattern of projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the pattern of projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the pattern of projections
+from one of the input neurons to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the input neurons to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the input neurons to all of
+the output neurons ok all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neurons ok all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neurons ok all right so let's
+just take a look at what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look at what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look at what would happen if
+only one of our input neurons was active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of our input neurons was active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of our input neurons was active
+and all the others were silent ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the others were silent ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the others were silent ok so
+this run is active what would the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this run is active what would the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this run is active what would the output
+vector look like what would the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector look like what would the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector look like what would the pattern
+of firing rates look like for the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firing rates look like for the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firing rates look like for the output
+neurons in this case anybody it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in this case anybody it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in this case anybody it's
+straight for it's not a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this neuron is firing and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this neuron is firing and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this neuron is firing and these
+weights are all 1 or 0 yes this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are all 1 or 0 yes this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are all 1 or 0 yes this would
+fire this would fire and that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire this would fire and that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire this would fire and that would not
+fire right good so so you can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire right good so so you can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire right good so so you can write that
+out as a matrix multiplication so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a matrix multiplication so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a matrix multiplication so the
+firing rate vector in this case would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector in this case would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector in this case would be
+the dot product of this with this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product of this with this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product of this with this this
+with this and that with that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and that with that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and that with that and what
+you'd see is that the output finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see is that the output finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see is that the output finite
+vector would look like this first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector would look like this first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector would look like this first column
+of the weight matrix okay so the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weight matrix okay so the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weight matrix okay so the output
+vector would look like 1 1 0 if only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector would look like 1 1 0 if only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector would look like 1 1 0 if only the
+first neuron were active okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron were active okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron were active okay so you can
+think of the output firing rate vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the output firing rate vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the output firing rate vector
+as being a contribution from neuron 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a contribution from neuron 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a contribution from neuron 1
+and that contribution from neuron 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that contribution from neuron 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that contribution from neuron 1 is
+simply the first column of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the first column of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the first column of the weight
+matrix plus a contribution from neuron 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix plus a contribution from neuron 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix plus a contribution from neuron 2
+which is given by the second column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by the second column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by the second column of
+the weight matrix and a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight matrix and a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight matrix and a contribution
+from neuron input neuron 3 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neuron input neuron 3 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neuron input neuron 3 which is
+given by the third column of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the third column of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the third column of the weight
+matrix ok so you can think of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix ok so you can think of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix ok so you can think of the output
+firing rate vector as being a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector as being a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector as being a linear
+combination of a contribution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a contribution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a contribution from the
+first neuron a contribution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron a contribution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neuron a contribution from the
+second neuron and a contribution from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second neuron and a contribution from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second neuron and a contribution from
+the third neuron does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third neuron does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third neuron does that make sense
+it's a it's a different way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a different way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a different way of thinking
+about it in in the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in in the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in in the dot product
+interpretation we're asking what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation we're asking what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation we're asking what is the
+we're summing up all of the weights onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing up all of the weights onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing up all of the weights onto
+neuron 1 from those synapses we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron 1 from those synapses we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron 1 from those synapses we're
+summing up all the weights onto neuron 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up all the weights onto neuron 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up all the weights onto neuron 2
+from those synapses and summing up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those synapses and summing up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those synapses and summing up all
+the weights on turnaround 3 from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights on turnaround 3 from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights on turnaround 3 from those
+synapses so we're doing it one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses so we're doing it one output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses so we're doing it one output
+neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural
+at a time okay in this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time okay in this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time okay in this other
+interpretation of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this matrix
+multiplication we're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication we're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication we're doing something
+different we're asking what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we're asking what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we're asking what is the
+contribution to the output from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the output from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the output from one of
+the input neurons what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input neurons what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input neurons what is the
+contribution to the output from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the output from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the output from another
+input neuron and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input neuron and what is the
+contribution to the output from yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the output from yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the output from yet
+another input arm does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input arm does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input arm does that make sense
+okay all right so we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we have a linear
+combination of contributions from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of contributions from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of contributions from each
+of those input neurons all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those input neurons all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those input neurons all right and
+that's called the outer product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the outer product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the outer product
+interpretation I'm not going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation I'm not going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation I'm not going to explain
+right now why it's called that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now why it's called that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now why it's called that but
+that's that's how that's referred to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how that's referred to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how that's referred to so
+the output pattern is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output pattern is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output pattern is a linear
+combination of contributions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of contributions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of contributions okay so
+let's let's take a look at some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a look at some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a look at some the
+effect of some very simple feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of some very simple feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of some very simple feed-forward
+networks okay so let's just look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks okay so let's just look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks okay so let's just look at a
+few examples so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples so if we have a
+feed-forward this is sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward this is sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward this is sort of the the
+simplest feed-forward Network each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest feed-forward Network each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest feed-forward Network each
+neuron in the input layer connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the input layer connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the input layer connects to
+each neuron in the to one neuron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each neuron in the to one neuron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each neuron in the to one neuron in the
+output layer with a weight of 1 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output layer with a weight of 1 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output layer with a weight of 1 okay so
+what is the weight matrix of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the weight matrix of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the weight matrix of this
+network it's the identity matrix and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it's the identity matrix and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it's the identity matrix and so
+the firing rate of the output layer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of the output layer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of the output layer will
+be exactly the same as the firing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same as the firing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same as the firing rates
+and the input layer okay so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input layer okay so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input layer okay so there's the
+weight matrix which is just the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix which is just the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix which is just the identity
+matrix the firing rate and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the firing rate and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the firing rate and the output
+layer is just the identity matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is just the identity matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is just the identity matrix times
+the firing rate of the input layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of the input layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of the input layer and
+so that's equal to the input firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's equal to the input firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's equal to the input firing rate
+okay all right let's take a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's take a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's take a slightly
+more complex network and let's make each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex network and let's make each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex network and let's make each
+one of those weights independent they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those weights independent they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those weights independent they're
+not all just equal to one but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all just equal to one but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all just equal to one but they're
+scaled by some constant lambda1 lambda2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some constant lambda1 lambda2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some constant lambda1 lambda2
+and lambda3 the weight matrix looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda3 the weight matrix looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda3 the weight matrix looks like
+this it's a diagonal matrix where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a diagonal matrix where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a diagonal matrix where each
+of those weights is is on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those weights is is on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those weights is is on the diagonal
+and in that case you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you can see that the
+output firing rate is just this diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output firing rate is just this diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output firing rate is just this diagonal
+matrix times the input firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times the input firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times the input firing rate
+and you can see that the output foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the output foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the output foreign
+rate is just the input for Amit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is just the input for Amit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is just the input for Amit where
+each component of the input far right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component of the input far right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component of the input far right is
+scaled by some constant okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some constant okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some constant okay all right
+pretty it's pretty straightforward okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it's pretty straightforward okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it's pretty straightforward okay
+let's take a look at a case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at a case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at a case where the
+weight matrix is now corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix is now corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix is now corresponds to a
+rotation matrix okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix okay so we're going to
+let the weight matrix look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the weight matrix look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the weight matrix look like this
+rotation matrix that we talked about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix that we talked about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix that we talked about on
+Tuesday where the diagonal elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday where the diagonal elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday where the diagonal elements are
+cosine of some rotation angle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of some rotation angle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of some rotation angle and the
+off diagonal elements are plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements are plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements are plus and minus
+sign of the rotation angle okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the rotation angle okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the rotation angle okay so you
+can see that this weight matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this weight matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this weight matrix
+corresponds to this network okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this network okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this network okay where
+the projection from input neuron one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection from input neuron one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection from input neuron one to
+output neuron one is cosine Phi input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron one is cosine Phi input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron one is cosine Phi input
+neuron two to output neuron two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron two to output neuron two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron two to output neuron two is
+cosine Phi and then these cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Phi and then these cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Phi and then these cross
+connections are plus and minus sine Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are plus and minus sine Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are plus and minus sine Phi
+okay so what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that do
+okay so you can see that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that the output
+firing rate vector is just a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector is just a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector is just a product of
+this rotation matrix times the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotation matrix times the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotation matrix times the input
+firing rate vector and you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector and you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector and you can write
+down each component like that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each component like that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each component like that all right
+so what does that do so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that do so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that do so let's take a
+particular rotation angle we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rotation angle we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rotation angle we're gonna
+take a rotation angle of PI over 4 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a rotation angle of PI over 4 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a rotation angle of PI over 4 which
+is 45 degrees that's what the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 45 degrees that's what the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 45 degrees that's what the weight
+matrix looks like and we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix looks like and we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix looks like and we can do that
+multiplication to find that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication to find that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication to find that the output
+firing rate vector looks like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector looks like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate vector looks like one of the
+neurons has a fire rate that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons has a fire rate that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons has a fire rate that looks like
+the sum of the two input firing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the two input firing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the two input firing rates
+and the other output neuron has a firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other output neuron has a firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other output neuron has a firing
+rate that looks like the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that looks like the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that looks like the difference
+between the two input firing rates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two input firing rates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two input firing rates okay
+and if you look at what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at what this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at what this looks like
+in in the space of firing rates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the space of firing rates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the space of firing rates of the
+input layer and the output layer we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input layer and the output layer we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input layer and the output layer we can
+see what what happens okay so what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what happens okay so what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what happens okay so what we'll
+often do when we look at the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do when we look at the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do when we look at the behavior of
+neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network
+is we'll make a plot of the firing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll make a plot of the firing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll make a plot of the firing rates
+of the different neurons in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different neurons in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different neurons in the network
+and what we'll often do for input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll often do for input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll often do for input for
+simple feed-forward networks and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple feed-forward networks and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple feed-forward networks and what
+we'll also do this for recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also do this for recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also do this for recurrent
+networks is we'll plot the input firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is we'll plot the input firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is we'll plot the input firing
+rates as you know in the plane of u1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates as you know in the plane of u1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates as you know in the plane of u1 and
+u2 okay and then we can plot the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2 okay and then we can plot the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u2 okay and then we can plot the output
+firing rates in the same plane okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in the same plane okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in the same plane okay so
+for example if we have a an input state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we have a an input state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we have a an input state
+that looks like u1 equals u 2 it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like u1 equals u 2 it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like u1 equals u 2 it will be
+some point on this diagonal line okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point on this diagonal line okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point on this diagonal line okay we
+can then plot the output firing rate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then plot the output firing rate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then plot the output firing rate on
+this plane V 1 versus V 2 and what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane V 1 versus V 2 and what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane V 1 versus V 2 and what will
+that what will the output firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what will the output firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what will the output firing rate
+look like what will the firing rate of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what will the firing rate of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what will the firing rate of V
+1 look like in this case yeah let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 look like in this case yeah let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 look like in this case yeah let's say
+this is 1 and 1 so what will the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 and 1 so what will the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 and 1 so what will the firing
+rate of this neuron look like again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this neuron look like again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this neuron look like again
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+so the the firing rate of V 1 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the firing rate of V 1 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the firing rate of V 1 is just
+this quantity right here right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity right here right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity right here right so it's
+u1 plus u2 right so it's like 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 plus u2 right so it's like 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 plus u2 right so it's like 1 plus 1
+over root 2 okay so it will be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root 2 okay so it will be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root 2 okay so it will be big
+what will the firing rate of neuron V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the firing rate of neuron V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the firing rate of neuron V 2
+look like will be u 2 minus u 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like will be u 2 minus u 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like will be u 2 minus u 1 which is
+0 so be it will be over here right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so be it will be over here right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so be it will be over here right so it
+will be that input rotated by 45 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that input rotated by 45 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that input rotated by 45 degrees
+an input down here so the firing rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input down here so the firing rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input down here so the firing rate of
+V 1 will be the sum of those two those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 1 will be the sum of those two those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 1 will be the sum of those two those
+two inputs are both negative so V 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs are both negative so V 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs are both negative so V 1 for
+this input will be big and negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input will be big and negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input will be big and negative and
+the two will be the difference of u 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will be the difference of u 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will be the difference of u 1
+and u 2 which for anything on this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u 2 which for anything on this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u 2 which for anything on this line
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+and so that input will be rotated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that input will be rotated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that input will be rotated over
+to here okay so you can think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here okay so you can think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here okay so you can think you can
+think of it this way any input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this way any input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this way any input in this
+space of u1 and u2 will be in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of u1 and u2 will be in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of u1 and u2 will be in the output
+will be just rotated by in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just rotated by in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just rotated by in this case
+it's minus 45 degrees so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 45 degrees so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 45 degrees so that's
+clockwise are the minus rotations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise are the minus rotations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise are the minus rotations okay
+so you can just predict the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just predict the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just predict the output
+firing rates simply by taking the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates simply by taking the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates simply by taking the input
+firing rates in this plane and rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in this plane and rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in this plane and rotating
+them by minus 45 degrees all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by minus 45 degrees all right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by minus 45 degrees all right any
+questions about that it's very simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that it's very simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that it's very simple so
+this little neural network implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little neural network implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little neural network implements
+rotations right of this input space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations right of this input space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations right of this input space
+that's pretty cool okay so so why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool okay so so why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool okay so so why would
+you do why would you want a network to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do why would you want a network to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do why would you want a network to
+do rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rotations
+well this solves exactly the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this solves exactly the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this solves exactly the problem
+that we were working on last time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were working on last time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were working on last time when
+we were talking about our perceptron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about our perceptron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about our perceptron
+where we were trying to classify stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were trying to classify stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were trying to classify stimuli
+that could not be separated in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could not be separated in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could not be separated in one
+dimension but rather can be separated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but rather can be separated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but rather can be separated in
+two dimensions so if we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions so if we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions so if we have different
+categories dogs not and non dogs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories dogs not and non dogs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories dogs not and non dogs that
+can be viewed along different dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be viewed along different dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be viewed along different dimensions
+how furry they are but can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how furry they are but can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how furry they are but can't be
+separated the two categories can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the two categories can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the two categories can't be
+separated from each other on one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from each other on one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from each other on one on the
+basis of just one dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of just one dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of just one dimension of
+observation okay so in this case what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay so in this case what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay so in this case what we
+want to do is take this space of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is take this space of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is take this space of inputs
+and rotate it into a new what we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotate it into a new what we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotate it into a new what we'll call
+a new basis set so that now we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new basis set so that now we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new basis set so that now we can take
+the firing rates of these output neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and use those to separate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those to separate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those to separate these
+different categories from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories from each other
+does that make sense okay so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so let me show
+you a few more examples of that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few more examples of that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few more examples of that so so
+this this is one way to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is one way to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is one way to think about what
+we do when we do color vision okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we do color vision okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we do color vision okay so
+you know that we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we have different
+different cones in a retina that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cones in a retina that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cones in a retina that are
+sensitive to different wavelengths most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to different wavelengths most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to different wavelengths most
+colors are combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are combinations of those
+wavelengths so if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so if we look at the
+activity of let's say a cone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of let's say a cone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of let's say a cone that's
+sensitive to wavelength one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to wavelength one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to wavelength one and the
+activity in a cone that's sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in a cone that's sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in a cone that's sensitive to
+wavelength two we might see a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength two we might see a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength two we might see a you know
+and then we look around the world we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we look around the world we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we look around the world we'll
+see a bunch of different objects or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a bunch of different objects or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a bunch of different objects or a
+bunch of different stimuli that activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different stimuli that activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different stimuli that activate
+those two different cones in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two different cones in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two different cones in different
+ratios and you might imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and you might imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and you might imagine that you
+know this axis corresponds to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this axis corresponds to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this axis corresponds to let's say
+how much red there is in a stimulus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much red there is in a stimulus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much red there is in a stimulus this
+axis corresponds to how much green there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis corresponds to how much green there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis corresponds to how much green there
+is in a stimulus but let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a stimulus but let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a stimulus but let's say that
+you're in an environment where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in an environment where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in an environment where there's
+some cloud of contribution of red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cloud of contribution of red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cloud of contribution of red and
+green so what would this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so what would this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so what would this direction
+correspond to in this cloud that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in this cloud that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in this cloud that the
+this this direction corresponds to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this direction corresponds to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this direction corresponds to more
+red and more green what would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and more green what would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and more green what would that
+correspond to well so okay so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to well so okay so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to well so okay so what I'm
+trying to get at here is that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at here is that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at here is that the sum of
+those two is sort of the brightness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two is sort of the brightness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two is sort of the brightness of
+the object right something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object right something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object right something that has
+little red and little green will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little red and little green will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little red and little green will look
+the same color as something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same color as something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same color as something that has
+more red and more green right but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more red and more green right but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more red and more green right but what's
+different about those two stimuli is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about those two stimuli is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about those two stimuli is
+that the ones brighter than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ones brighter than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ones brighter than the other
+the second one is brighter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is brighter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is brighter than the
+first one but this dimension corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one but this dimension corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one but this dimension corresponds
+to what differences in the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what differences in the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what differences in the ratio of
+those two colors right sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two colors right sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two colors right sort of
+changes in the in in the different two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the in in the different two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the in in the different two
+wavelengths and that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and that corresponds to
+color so if we can take this space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so if we can take this space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so if we can take this space of
+stimuli and rotate it such that one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and rotate it such that one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and rotate it such that one axis
+corresponds to the sum of the two colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the sum of the two colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the sum of the two colors
+and the other axis corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other axis corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other axis corresponds to the
+difference of the two colors then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the two colors then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the two colors then this
+axis will tell you how bright it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis will tell you how bright it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis will tell you how bright it is and
+this axis will tell you what the hue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis will tell you what the hue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis will tell you what the hue is
+what the color is that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the color is that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the color is that makes sense
+so there's a simple case of we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a simple case of we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a simple case of we're taking
+a rotation of a of a input space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation of a of a input space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation of a of a input space of a
+set of sensors will give you different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sensors will give you different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sensors will give you different
+information than you would get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than you would get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than you would get if you
+just had one of those stimuli if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had one of those stimuli if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had one of those stimuli if you
+were to just look at the activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just look at the activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just look at the activity of the
+cone that's giving you a red signal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone that's giving you a red signal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone that's giving you a red signal if
+one object has more activity in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one object has more activity in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one object has more activity in that
+cone you don't know whether that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone you don't know whether that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone you don't know whether that other
+object is just brighter or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is just brighter or if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is just brighter or if it's
+actually more red that look red does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more red that look red does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more red that look red does
+that make sense so doing a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense so doing a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense so doing a rotation
+gives us signals in single neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us signals in single neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us signals in single neurons that
+carries useful information it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries useful information it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries useful information it can
+disambiguate different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate different kinds of
+information okay all right so we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay all right so we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay all right so we can use
+that simple rotation matrix to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple rotation matrix to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple rotation matrix to perform
+that kind of separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of separate
+okay so brightness in color there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so brightness in color there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so brightness in color there's
+another example we we didn't I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example we we didn't I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example we we didn't I didn't
+get to talk about this in this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to talk about this in this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to talk about this in this class but
+there are so barn owls when they there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so barn owls when they there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so barn owls when they there
+they can very exquisitely localize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can very exquisitely localize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can very exquisitely localize
+objects by sound okay so when they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by sound okay so when they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by sound okay so when they so
+they hunt essentially at night in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hunt essentially at night in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hunt essentially at night in the
+dark they can hear a mouse scurrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark they can hear a mouse scurrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark they can hear a mouse scurrying
+around in the in the grass they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the in the grass they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the in the grass they just
+listen to that sound and they can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to that sound and they can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to that sound and they can tell
+exactly where it is and then they down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where it is and then they down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where it is and then they down
+and catch the mouse okay so how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catch the mouse okay so how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catch the mouse okay so how do they
+do that well they use timing differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that well they use timing differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that well they use timing differences
+to tell which way the sound is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell which way the sound is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell which way the sound is coming
+from side to side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from side to side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from side to side
+and they use intensity differences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use intensity differences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use intensity differences to
+tell which way the sound is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which way the sound is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which way the sound is coming from
+up and down now how do you use intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down now how do you use intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down now how do you use intensity
+differences well one of their ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences well one of their ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences well one of their ears
+they're right when it's slightly upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right when it's slightly upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right when it's slightly upwards
+and their left ear is pointed slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their left ear is pointed slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their left ear is pointed slightly
+downwards so when they hear a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards so when they hear a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards so when they hear a sound
+that's slightly louder in the right ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's slightly louder in the right ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's slightly louder in the right ear
+and slightly softer in the left ear they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slightly softer in the left ear they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slightly softer in the left ear they
+know that it's coming from up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's coming from up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's coming from up above
+right and if it's the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if it's the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if it's the other way around
+if it's slightly louder in the left ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's slightly louder in the left ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's slightly louder in the left ear
+and softer and the right ear know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and softer and the right ear know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and softer and the right ear know it's
+coming from below horizontal okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from below horizontal okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from below horizontal okay and
+it's an extremely precise system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extremely precise system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extremely precise system okay
+so here's an example so if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example so if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example so if they're
+sitting there listening to the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there listening to the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there listening to the intensity
+the amplitude of the sound in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the sound in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the sound in the left
+ear and the amplitude of the sound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear and the amplitude of the sound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear and the amplitude of the sound in
+the right ear sounds will be up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ear sounds will be up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ear sounds will be up here
+with high amplitude in both ears some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high amplitude in both ears some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high amplitude in both ears some
+sounds will be over here with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds will be over here with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds will be over here with more
+amplitude in the right ear and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in the right ear and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in the right ear and less
+amplitude in the left ear what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in the left ear what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in the left ear what does this
+dimension correspond to that dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension correspond to that dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension correspond to that dimension
+corresponds to proximity or overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to proximity or overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to proximity or overall the
+loudness of the sound right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness of the sound right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness of the sound right and what
+does this dimension correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this dimension correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this dimension correspond to the
+the difference in intensity corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in intensity corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in intensity corresponds
+to how how the elevation of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how how the elevation of the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how how the elevation of the sound
+relative to the horizontal okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the horizontal okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the horizontal okay all
+right so in fact what winds in the Owls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in fact what winds in the Owls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in fact what winds in the Owls
+brain is that these two signals undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is that these two signals undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is that these two signals undergo
+a rotation to produce activity in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation to produce activity in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation to produce activity in some
+neurons that's sensitive to the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that's sensitive to the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that's sensitive to the overall
+loudness and activity in other neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness and activity in other neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness and activity in other neurons
+that's sensitive to the difference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sensitive to the difference okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sensitive to the difference okay
+between the intensity of the two sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the intensity of the two sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the intensity of the two sounds
+it's a measure of the elevation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of the elevation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of the elevation of the
+sound okay all right so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay all right so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay all right so this kind of
+rotation matrix is very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix is very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix is very useful for
+projecting stimuli into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting stimuli into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting stimuli into the right
+dimensions so that the so they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so that the so they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so that the so they give
+useful signals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's come back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's come back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's come back to our
+matrix transformations and look in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformations and look in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformations and look in a
+little bit more detail about what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about what kinds
+of transformations you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transformations you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transformations you can do with
+matrices so we talked about we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we talked about we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we talked about we talked
+about how matrices can do stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how matrices can do stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how matrices can do stretch
+compression rotation and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression rotation and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression rotation and we're going to
+talk about a new kind of transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a new kind of transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a new kind of transformation
+that they can do okay so you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can do okay so you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can do okay so you remember we
+talked about how a matrix multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how a matrix multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how a matrix multiply
+multiplication implements a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication implements a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication implements a
+transformation from one set of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from one set of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from one set of vectors
+into another set of vectors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another set of vectors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another set of vectors and the
+inverse of that matrix transforms back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of that matrix transforms back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of that matrix transforms back
+to the original set of vectors okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original set of vectors okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original set of vectors okay so
+you can make a transformation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a transformation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a transformation and then
+you can undo that transformation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can undo that transformation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can undo that transformation by
+multiplying by the inverse of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by the inverse of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by the inverse of the matrix
+okay so we talked about different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked about different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked about different kinds
+of transformations that you can do so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transformations that you can do so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transformations that you can do so so
+if you take the identity matrix and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the identity matrix and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the identity matrix and you
+make a small perturbation to both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a small perturbation to both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a small perturbation to both of the
+diagonal elements the same perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements the same perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements the same perturbation
+to both diagonal elements you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both diagonal elements you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both diagonal elements you're
+basically taking a set of vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a set of vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a set of vectors and
+you're stretching them uniformly in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stretching them uniformly in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stretching them uniformly in all
+directions if you make a perturbation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if you make a perturbation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if you make a perturbation to
+just one of the components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the components of the
+identity matrix you can take the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix you can take the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix you can take the data
+and stretch it in one direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stretch it in one direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stretch it in one direction or
+stretch it in the other direction if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch it in the other direction if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch it in the other direction if you
+add something to the first component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something to the first component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something to the first component and
+subtracted something from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted something from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted something from the second
+component you can stretch in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can stretch in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can stretch in one
+direction and compress in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and compress in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and compress in another
+direction we talked about flexions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we talked about flexions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we talked about flexions and
+inversions through the origin these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions through the origin these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions through the origin these are
+all transformations that are produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transformations that are produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transformations that are produced by
+diagonal matrices and the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices and the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices and the inverse of
+those diagonal matrices is just one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diagonal matrices is just one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diagonal matrices is just one over
+the diagonal elements okay we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal elements okay we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal elements okay we also
+talked about rotations that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about rotations that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about rotations that you can do
+with this rotation matrix and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this rotation matrix and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this rotation matrix and then the
+inverse of the rotation matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the rotation matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the rotation matrix is
+basically you compute the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you compute the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you compute the inverse of a
+rotation matrix simply by computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix simply by computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix simply by computing the
+rotation matrix with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix with a minus sign
+for this using the negative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this using the negative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this using the negative of the
+rotation angle okay and we also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation angle okay and we also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation angle okay and we also talked
+about how a rotation matrix for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a rotation matrix for rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a rotation matrix for rotation
+matrix the inverse is also equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the inverse is also equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the inverse is also equal to the
+transpose and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the reason is that
+rotation matrices have this anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrices have this anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrices have this anti
+symmetry where the off diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry where the off diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry where the off diagonal elements
+have the opposite sign one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite sign one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite sign one of the things
+we haven't talked about is so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about is so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about is so we talked
+about how this kind of matrix can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this kind of matrix can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this kind of matrix can
+produce a stretch along one dimension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a stretch along one dimension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a stretch along one dimension or
+a stretch along the other dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stretch along the other dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stretch along the other dimension of
+the vectors but one really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors but one really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors but one really important
+kind of transformation that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation that we need to
+understand is how you can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is how you can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is how you can produce
+stretches in an arbitrary direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches in an arbitrary direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches in an arbitrary direction okay
+so not just along the x axis or along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not just along the x axis or along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not just along the x axis or along
+the y axis but along any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis but along any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis but along any arbitrary
+direction okay and the reason we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and the reason we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and the reason we know
+how we need to know how that works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we need to know how that works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we need to know how that works is
+because that formulation of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that formulation of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that formulation of how you
+write down a matrix to stretch data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a matrix to stretch data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a matrix to stretch data in
+any arbitrary direction is the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary direction is the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary direction is the basis of
+a lot of really important data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of really important data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of really important data analysis
+methods okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay
+including principle analysis and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including principle analysis and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including principle analysis and and
+other methods okay so I'm going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods okay so I'm going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other methods okay so I'm going to walk
+you through how to think about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through how to think about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through how to think about making
+stretches in data in arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches in data in arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches in data in arbitrary
+dimensions okay so here's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay so here's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay so here's what we're
+gonna walk through let's say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna walk through let's say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna walk through let's say we have a
+set of vectors I just picked I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vectors I just picked I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vectors I just picked I don't
+know what is that twenty or so random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is that twenty or so random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is that twenty or so random
+vectors okay so I just called the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so I just called the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so I just called the random
+number generator 20 times and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator 20 times and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator 20 times and just
+picked 20 random vectors and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked 20 random vectors and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked 20 random vectors and we're going
+to figure out how to write down a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to write down a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to write down a matrix
+that will transform that set of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will transform that set of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will transform that set of vectors
+into a new set of vectors that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new set of vectors that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new set of vectors that's
+stretched along some arbitrary axis does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched along some arbitrary axis does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched along some arbitrary axis does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+okay so how do we do that so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that so and
+remember we know how to do two things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we know how to do two things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we know how to do two things we
+know how to stretch a set of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to stretch a set of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to stretch a set of vectors
+along the x axis we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x axis we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x axis we know how to
+structures along the y axis and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures along the y axis and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures along the y axis and we know
+how to rotate a set of vectors so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to rotate a set of vectors so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to rotate a set of vectors so we're
+just going to combine those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to combine those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to combine those two
+ingredients to produce this stretch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients to produce this stretch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients to produce this stretch in
+an arbitrary direction okay so now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary direction okay so now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary direction okay so now I've
+given you the the recipe or I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you the the recipe or I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you the the recipe or I've given
+you the ingredients the recipe is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the ingredients the recipe is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the ingredients the recipe is pretty
+obvious right we're gonna take this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right we're gonna take this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right we're gonna take this set
+of initial vectors good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial vectors good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial vectors good
+Leyna bingo that's it okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leyna bingo that's it okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leyna bingo that's it okay so we're
+gonna take all right so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take all right so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take all right so we're gonna
+rotate this thing 45 degrees we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this thing 45 degrees we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this thing 45 degrees we take
+this original set of vectors we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original set of vectors we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original set of vectors we're going
+to okay so first of all the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so first of all the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so first of all the first thing
+we do when we want to take the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we want to take the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we want to take the points
+and stretch it along an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stretch it along an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stretch it along an arbitrary
+direction we pick that angle that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we pick that angle that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we pick that angle that we
+want to stretch it on in this case 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stretch it on in this case 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stretch it on in this case 45
+degrees and we write down a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and we write down a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and we write down a rotation
+matrix corresponding to that rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix corresponding to that rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix corresponding to that rotation
+corresponding to that angle so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that angle so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that angle so that's
+the first thing we do okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we do okay so we've
+chosen 45 degrees we want to stretch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen 45 degrees we want to stretch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen 45 degrees we want to stretch on
+so now we write down a rotation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we write down a rotation matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we write down a rotation matrix
+for 40 45 degree rotation then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40 45 degree rotation then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40 45 degree rotation then what
+we're going to do is we're gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're gonna take
+that set of points and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of points and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of points and we're going to
+rotate it by minus 45 degrees okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it by minus 45 degrees okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it by minus 45 degrees okay so
+how do we do that how do we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that how do we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that how do we take that
+any one of those vectors X and rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of those vectors X and rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of those vectors X and rotate it
+by minus so this that rotation matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus so this that rotation matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus so this that rotation matrix is
+4 plus 45 how do we rotate that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus 45 how do we rotate that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus 45 how do we rotate that vector
+by minus 45 good say it yeah and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus 45 good say it yeah and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus 45 good say it yeah and what's
+the inverse of a transpose so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a transpose so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a transpose so we don't
+have to go to MATLAB you use the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to MATLAB you use the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to MATLAB you use the inverse
+matrix in inversion we can just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in inversion we can just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in inversion we can just do the
+transpose okay okay so we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay okay so we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay okay so we take that
+vector and we multiply it by Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we multiply it by Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we multiply it by Phi
+transpose okay so that does a minus 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so that does a minus 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so that does a minus 45
+degree rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree rotation
+all of those points and then what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those points and then what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those points and then what do we
+do I know you said it stretch it stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know you said it stretch it stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know you said it stretch it stretch
+it along the x-axis good which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along the x-axis good which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along the x-axis good which is what
+does that matrix look like that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that matrix look like that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that matrix look like that does
+that just give me give me yep awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just give me give me yep awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just give me give me yep awesome
+that's it so we're gonna stretch using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we're gonna stretch using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we're gonna stretch using a
+stretch matrix so I use Phi for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix so I use Phi for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix so I use Phi for a
+rotation matrix and I use lambda for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix and I use lambda for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix and I use lambda for a
+stretch matrix a stretch bricks along X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix a stretch bricks along X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix a stretch bricks along X
+or Y lambda is a diagonal matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Y lambda is a diagonal matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Y lambda is a diagonal matrix which
+always just stretches or compresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just stretches or compresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just stretches or compresses
+along the X or Y direction and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the X or Y direction and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the X or Y direction and then what
+do we do good by multiplying by by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do good by multiplying by by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do good by multiplying by by this
+excellent that's all so how do we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent that's all so how do we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent that's all so how do we write
+this down so remember here we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down so remember here we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down so remember here we're sort of
+marching through the the recipe from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching through the the recipe from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching through the the recipe from
+left to right when you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right when you write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right when you write down
+matrices you go the other way so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you go the other way so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you go the other way so when
+you do matrix multiplication you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do matrix multiplication you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do matrix multiplication you take
+your vector X and you multiply it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector X and you multiply it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector X and you multiply it on the
+left side by Phi transpose okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side by Phi transpose okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side by Phi transpose okay and then
+you take that and you multiply that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that and you multiply that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that and you multiply that on
+the left side by lambda and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side by lambda and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side by lambda and then you
+take that that now gives you these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that that now gives you these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that that now gives you these and
+now to get the final answer here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to get the final answer here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to get the final answer here you
+multiply again on the left side by Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply again on the left side by Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply again on the left side by Phi
+okay sit that's how you produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sit that's how you produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sit that's how you produce an
+arbitrary stretch a stretch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary stretch a stretch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary stretch a stretch or
+compression of a data in an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression of a data in an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression of a data in an arbitrary
+direction all right you take the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction all right you take the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction all right you take the data
+the vector you multiply it by a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector you multiply it by a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector you multiply it by a rotation
+matrix transpose multiplied it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transpose multiplied it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transpose multiplied it by a
+stretch matrix the diagonal matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix the diagonal matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix the diagonal matrix you
+multiply it by a rotation matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a rotation matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a rotation matrix okay
+rotate stretch unrotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's so let's actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's so let's actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's so let's actually do this
+for 45 degrees so there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 degrees so there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 45 degrees so there's our
+there's our rotation matrix 1 minus 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our rotation matrix 1 minus 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our rotation matrix 1 minus 1 1
+1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay
+the transpose is 1 1 minus 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose is 1 1 minus 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose is 1 1 minus 1 1 and
+here's our stretch matrix in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our stretch matrix in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our stretch matrix in this case
+it was stretched by a factor of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was stretched by a factor of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was stretched by a factor of 2
+ok so we multiply X by Phi transpose x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so we multiply X by Phi transpose x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so we multiply X by Phi transpose x
+lambda and then multiplied by Phi ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and then multiplied by Phi ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and then multiplied by Phi ok so
+we can now write that down if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now write that down if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now write that down if you just
+do those 3 matrix multiplications those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those 3 matrix multiplications those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those 3 matrix multiplications those
+two matrix multiplications sorry it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrix multiplications sorry it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrix multiplications sorry it's 1
+to 2 matrix multiplications you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 matrix multiplications you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 matrix multiplications you get a
+single matrix that when you multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single matrix that when you multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single matrix that when you multiply it
+by implements this stretch ok any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by implements this stretch ok any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by implements this stretch ok any
+questions about that you should ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that you should ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that you should ask me
+now if you don't understand because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you don't understand because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you don't understand because I
+want you to be able to do this for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to do this for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to do this for an
+arbitrary so I'm gonna give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary so I'm gonna give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary so I'm gonna give you some
+some angle and I'll tell you construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle and I'll tell you construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle and I'll tell you construct a
+matrix that stretches data along a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that stretches data along a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that stretches data along a 30
+degree axis by a factor of 5 ok you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree axis by a factor of 5 ok you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree axis by a factor of 5 ok you
+should be able to write down that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to write down that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to write down that matrix
+ok alright so this is what you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok alright so this is what you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok alright so this is what you're gonna
+do and that's what that matrix will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that's what that matrix will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that's what that matrix will look
+like something like that now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like that now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like that now we can
+stretch these data along a third a 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch these data along a third a 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch these data along a third a 45
+degree axis by some factor of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree axis by some factor of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree axis by some factor of let's
+factor of 2 here how do we go back how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 here how do we go back how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 here how do we go back how
+do we undo that stretch ok so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we undo that stretch ok so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we undo that stretch ok so how do you
+take the inverse of a product of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse of a product of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse of a product of a bunch
+of matrices like this ok so the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices like this ok so the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices like this ok so the answer
+is very simple if we want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple if we want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple if we want to take the
+inverse of a product of three matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a product of three matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a product of three matrices
+what we do is we just it's again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we just it's again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we just it's again a
+product of three matrices it's a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three matrices it's a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three matrices it's a product
+of the inverse of those three matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inverse of those three matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inverse of those three matrices
+but you have to reverse the order so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to reverse the order so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to reverse the order so if
+you want to find the inverse of matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find the inverse of matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find the inverse of matrix a
+times B times C it's C inverse times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B times C it's C inverse times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B times C it's C inverse times B
+inverse times a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times a inverse
+okay and you can prove that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can prove that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can prove that that's the
+right sir as follows so ABC inverse x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sir as follows so ABC inverse x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sir as follows so ABC inverse x
+ABC should be the identity matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC should be the identity matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC should be the identity matrix right
+so let's let's replace this by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's replace this by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's replace this by this
+result here so C inverse B inverse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here so C inverse B inverse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here so C inverse B inverse a
+inverse times ABC be the identity matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times ABC be the identity matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times ABC be the identity matrix
+and you can see that right here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that right here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that right here a
+inverse times a is I so you can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times a is I so you can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times a is I so you can get rid
+of that B inverse times B is i C inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that B inverse times B is i C inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that B inverse times B is i C inverse
+times C is I okay so we just proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C is I okay so we just proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C is I okay so we just proved that
+that is the correct way of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the correct way of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the correct way of taking the
+inverse of a product of matrices all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a product of matrices all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a product of matrices all
+right okay so the inverse of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the inverse of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the inverse of this kind
+of matrix that stretches data along an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix that stretches data along an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix that stretches data along an
+arbitrary direction looks like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary direction looks like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary direction looks like this it's
+v transpose inverse lambda inverse Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v transpose inverse lambda inverse Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v transpose inverse lambda inverse Phi
+inverse okay so let's figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so let's figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so let's figure out what
+each one of those things is so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those things is so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those things is so what is
+bi transpose inverse or Phi is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi transpose inverse or Phi is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi transpose inverse or Phi is a
+rotation matrix Phi good and what is Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix Phi good and what is Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix Phi good and what is Phi
+inverse Phi good and lambda inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Phi good and lambda inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Phi good and lambda inverse
+we'll get to in a second so the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to in a second so the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to in a second so the inverse
+of this arbitrary rotated stretch matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arbitrary rotated stretch matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arbitrary rotated stretch matrix
+is just another rotated stretch matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another rotated stretch matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another rotated stretch matrix
+right where the lambda now has lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the lambda now has lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the lambda now has lambda
+inverse is just given by the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is just given by the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is just given by the inverse of
+each of those diagonal elements so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those diagonal elements so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those diagonal elements so it's
+super easy find the inverse of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy find the inverse of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy find the inverse of one of
+these matrices that computes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices that computes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices that computes this
+stretch in an arbitrary direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch in an arbitrary direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch in an arbitrary direction you
+just keep the same Phi it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep the same Phi it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep the same Phi it's just
+Phi times some diagonal matrix times Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi times some diagonal matrix times Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi times some diagonal matrix times Phi
+transpose but the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but the die
+those are invert does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are invert does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are invert does that make sense
+okay all right so let's write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's write it out
+we're going to undo this 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to undo this 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to undo this 45 degree
+stretch that we just did we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch that we just did we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch that we just did we're gonna do
+it by rotating stretching by 1/2 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by rotating stretching by 1/2 instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by rotating stretching by 1/2 instead
+of stretching by 2 okay so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stretching by 2 okay so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stretching by 2 okay so you can see
+that press is now along the x axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that press is now along the x axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that press is now along the x axis and
+then we rotate back and we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we rotate back and we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we rotate back and we're back to
+our original data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original data
+okay any questions about that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about that it's it's
+really easy as long as you just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy as long as you just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy as long as you just think
+through what you're doing as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what you're doing as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what you're doing as you go
+through those steps all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those steps all right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those steps all right any
+questions about that okay Wow all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that okay Wow all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that okay Wow all right
+and so you can actually just write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can actually just write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can actually just write those
+down and compute the the single that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and compute the the single that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and compute the the single that
+implements this this depression along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this this depression along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this this depression along
+that 45 degree axis okay all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 45 degree axis okay all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 45 degree axis okay all right okay
+so so let me just show you one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me just show you one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me just show you one other
+example and I'll show you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I'll show you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I'll show you something
+interesting that happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that happens if you
+construct a matrix that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a matrix that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a matrix that instead of
+stretching along a 45 degree axis does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching along a 45 degree axis does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching along a 45 degree axis does
+compression along a 45 degree axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression along a 45 degree axis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression along a 45 degree axis okay
+so here's our original data let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our original data let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our original data let's take
+that data and rotate it by plus 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data and rotate it by plus 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data and rotate it by plus 45
+degrees okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees okay
+multiplied by lambda that compresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by lambda that compresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by lambda that compresses
+along the x axis and then rotates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x axis and then rotates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x axis and then rotates by
+minus 45 degrees okay so so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 45 degrees okay so so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 45 degrees okay so so here's an
+example where we can take data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we can take data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we can take data and
+compress it along in at minus 45 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it along in at minus 45 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it along in at minus 45 degrees
+all right so you can write this down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you can write this down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you can write this down so
+we're going to say we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say we're going to
+compress along a minus 45 degree axis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress along a minus 45 degree axis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress along a minus 45 degree axis we
+write down Phi of minus 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down Phi of minus 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down Phi of minus 45
+that when you do this compression there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do this compression there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do this compression there
+or stretching there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stretching there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stretching there are different ways
+you can do it right you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it right you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it right you can take the
+data you can rotate it this way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can rotate it this way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can rotate it this way and then
+squish along this axis or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish along this axis or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish along this axis or you could
+rotate it this way and squish along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it this way and squish along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it this way and squish along this
+axis right you can also you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right you can also you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right you can also you know so
+there are choices for how you do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are choices for how you do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are choices for how you do it but
+in the end you're going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you're going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you're going to end up with
+the same matrix that does all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same matrix that does all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same matrix that does all of those
+equivalent transformations okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent transformations okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent transformations okay so here
+we are we're gonna write this out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we're gonna write this out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we're gonna write this out so
+we're writing down a matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're writing down a matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're writing down a matrix that
+produces this compression along a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this compression along a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this compression along a 4
+minus 45 degree axis so there's 5 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 45 degree axis so there's 5 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 45 degree axis so there's 5 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lambda a compression along the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lambda a compression along the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lambda a compression along the x
+axis so here it's point to 0 0 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so here it's point to 0 0 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so here it's point to 0 0 1 and
+here's the Phi transpose okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Phi transpose okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Phi transpose okay so you
+write all that out and you get point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all that out and you get point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all that out and you get point six
+point four point four point four okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four point four point four okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four point four point four okay
+let me show you one more what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you one more what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you one more what happens if
+we accidentally take this data we rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accidentally take this data we rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accidentally take this data we rotate
+it and then we squish the data to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then we squish the data to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then we squish the data to zero
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't you can do either one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't you can do either one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't you can do either one okay
+you could let me go back so here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could let me go back so here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could let me go back so here all
+right let me just go back to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me just go back to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me just go back to the very
+first one so here we rotated clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one so here we rotated clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one so here we rotated clockwise
+and then stretched along the x axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stretched along the x axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stretched along the x axis and
+then Unruh we could have taken these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Unruh we could have taken these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Unruh we could have taken these
+data rotated counterclockwise stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data rotated counterclockwise stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data rotated counterclockwise stretched
+along the y axis and then rotated back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the y axis and then rotated back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the y axis and then rotated back
+right that make sense you'll still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that make sense you'll still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that make sense you'll still get
+the same answer you'll still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer you'll still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer you'll still get the
+same answer for this matrix here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer for this matrix here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer for this matrix here okay
+now watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if we take these data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we take these data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we take these data we
+rotate them and then we compress data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate them and then we compress data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate them and then we compress data
+all the way to zero okay so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to zero okay so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to zero okay so by
+compressing the data to a line we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the data to a line we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the data to a line we're
+multiplying it by zero we put a zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by zero we put a zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by zero we put a zero in
+this element of the stretch matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element of the stretch matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element of the stretch matrix right
+and what happens the data get compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens the data get compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens the data get compressed
+right to zero okay and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to zero okay and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to zero okay and then we can
+rotate back so we've taken these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate back so we've taken these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate back so we've taken these data
+we've written down them we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down them we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down them we can write
+down a matrix that takes those data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a matrix that takes those data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a matrix that takes those data and
+squishes them to zero along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishes them to zero along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishes them to zero along some
+arbitrary direction now can we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary direction now can we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary direction now can we take
+those data and go back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data and go back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data and go back to the original
+data can we write down a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data can we write down a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data can we write down a transformation
+that takes those and goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes those and goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes those and goes back to the
+original data why not say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data why not say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data why not say it again
+good what's another way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what's another way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what's another way to think about
+that you've lost that information so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've lost that information so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've lost that information so in
+order to go back from here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to go back from here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to go back from here to the
+original data you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data you have to have
+information somewhere here that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information somewhere here that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information somewhere here that tells
+you how far out to stretch it again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how far out to stretch it again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how far out to stretch it again if
+you when you try to go back but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you try to go back but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you try to go back but in this
+case we've compressed everything to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we've compressed everything to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we've compressed everything to a
+line and so there's no information how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so there's no information how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so there's no information how
+to go back to the original data okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the original data okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the original data okay and
+how do you know if you've done this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if you've done this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if you've done this well
+you can take a look at this matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a look at this matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a look at this matrix that
+you created okay so let's say somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you created okay so let's say somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you created okay so let's say somebody
+gave you this matrix how would you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this matrix how would you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this matrix how would you tell
+whether you could back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could back to the original
+data any ideas OB but you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data any ideas OB but you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data any ideas OB but you look at the
+determinant so if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so if you calculate the
+determinant of this matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix the
+determinant is 0 and as soon as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is 0 and as soon as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is 0 and as soon as you see
+a 0 determinant you know right away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 determinant you know right away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 determinant you know right away that
+you can't back after you've made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't back after you've made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't back after you've made this
+transformation you can't go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you can't go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you can't go back to the
+original data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data
+okay alright and we're gonna get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright and we're gonna get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright and we're gonna get into a
+little more detail about why that is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail about why that is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail about why that is and
+what that means okay and the reason here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means okay and the reason here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means okay and the reason here
+is that the determinant of lambda is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the determinant of lambda is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the determinant of lambda is 0
+the determinant of a properties like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of a properties like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of a properties like
+this like this is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this is the product of the
+determinants and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and in this case the
+determinant of the lambda matrix is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the lambda matrix is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the lambda matrix is 0
+and so the determinant of the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the determinant of the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the determinant of the product is
+0 ok all right so now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 ok all right so now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 ok all right so now let's talk about
+basis sets all right so we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis sets all right so we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis sets all right so we can think of
+vectors in abstract directions ok so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in abstract directions ok so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in abstract directions ok so if
+I hold my arm out here and tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hold my arm out here and tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hold my arm out here and tell you this
+is a vector there's the origin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector there's the origin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector there's the origin the
+vector is pointing in that direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is pointing in that direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is pointing in that direction you
+don't need a coordinate system to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a coordinate system to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a coordinate system to know
+which way I'm pointing I don't need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way I'm pointing I don't need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way I'm pointing I don't need I
+don't need to tell you my arm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to tell you my arm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to tell you my arm is
+pointing you know 80 centimeters in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you know 80 centimeters in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you know 80 centimeters in that
+direction and 40 centimeters in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and 40 centimeters in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and 40 centimeters in that
+direction and 10 centimeters in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and 10 centimeters in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and 10 centimeters in that
+direction right you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right you don't need a
+coordinate system to know which way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system to know which way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system to know which way I'm
+pointing right but if I want to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing right but if I want to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing right but if I want to quantify
+that vector so that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector so that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector so that if you want to
+quantify that vector so that you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify that vector so that you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify that vector so that you can you
+know maybe tell somebody else precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe tell somebody else precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe tell somebody else precisely
+which direction I'm pointing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction I'm pointing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction I'm pointing you need to
+write down those numbers okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down those numbers okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down those numbers okay so you can
+think of vectors in abstract directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of vectors in abstract directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of vectors in abstract directions
+but if you want to actually quantify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to actually quantify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to actually quantify it
+or write it down you need to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or write it down you need to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or write it down you need to choose a
+coordinate system okay and so to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system okay and so to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system okay and so to do this
+you choose a set of vectors special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose a set of vectors special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose a set of vectors special
+vectors called a basis set alright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors called a basis set alright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors called a basis set alright and
+now we just say here's a vector how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just say here's a vector how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just say here's a vector how how
+much is it pointing in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is it pointing in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is it pointing in that direction
+that direction and that direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and that direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and that direction okay
+and that's called a basis so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called a basis so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called a basis so we can
+write down our vector now as a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our vector now as a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our vector now as a set of
+three numbers that simply tell us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers that simply tell us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers that simply tell us how
+far that vector is is overlapped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far that vector is is overlapped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far that vector is is overlapped with
+three other vectors that form the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other vectors that form the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other vectors that form the basis
+okay so the standard way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the standard way of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the standard way of doing this
+is to describe a vector as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to describe a vector as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to describe a vector as a
+in the x-direction which is a vector 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x-direction which is a vector 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x-direction which is a vector 1 1
+0 that's sort of in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's sort of in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's sort of in the standard
+notation a component in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a component in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a component in the Y direction
+which is 0 1 0 and a component in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0 1 0 and a component in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0 1 0 and a component in the Z
+Direction 0 0 1 ok so we can write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction 0 0 1 ok so we can write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction 0 0 1 ok so we can write those
+those vectors as standard basis first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors as standard basis first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors as standard basis first
+the numbers XY and Z here are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers XY and Z here are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers XY and Z here are called the
+coordinates of the vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the vector and the
+vectors e1 e2 and e3 are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors e1 e2 and e3 are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors e1 e2 and e3 are called the
+basis vectors and this is how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors and this is how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors and this is how you would
+write that down for a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down for a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down for a three-dimensional
+vector ok again the little hat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector ok again the little hat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector ok again the little hat here
+denotes that those are unit vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes that those are unit vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes that those are unit vectors that
+have length 1 alright so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length 1 alright so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length 1 alright so in order to
+describe an arbitrary vector in a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an arbitrary vector in a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an arbitrary vector in a space
+of n real numbers RN the basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n real numbers RN the basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n real numbers RN the basis vectors
+each need to have n numbers ok and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each need to have n numbers ok and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each need to have n numbers ok and in
+order to describe an arbitrary vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to describe an arbitrary vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to describe an arbitrary vector in
+that space you need to have n basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space you need to have n basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space you need to have n basis
+vectors you need to have in n dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you need to have in n dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you need to have in n dimensions
+you need to have n basis vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have n basis vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have n basis vectors and
+each one of those basis vectors has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those basis vectors has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those basis vectors has to
+have n numbers in them ok so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n numbers in them ok so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n numbers in them ok so these
+vectors here 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 and 0 0 1 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 and 0 0 1 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 and 0 0 1 are
+called the standard basis and each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standard basis and each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standard basis and each one
+of these vets has one element that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vets has one element that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vets has one element that's 1
+and the rest are 0 that's the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest are 0 that's the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest are 0 that's the standard
+basis ok the standard basis has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis ok the standard basis has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis ok the standard basis has the
+property that any one of those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that any one of those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that any one of those vectors
+dotted into itself is 1 that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted into itself is 1 that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted into itself is 1 that's because
+there are unit vectors they have length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are unit vectors they have length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are unit vectors they have length
+1 so i dot e AI is the length squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so i dot e AI is the length squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so i dot e AI is the length squared of
+the ice vector and if the length is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice vector and if the length is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice vector and if the length is 1
+then the length squared is 1 each vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the length squared is 1 each vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the length squared is 1 each vector
+is orthogonal to the other all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the other all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the other all the other
+vectors that means that a 1 dot e 2 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that means that a 1 dot e 2 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that means that a 1 dot e 2 is 0
+and e 1 dot e 3 is 0 and e 2 e 3 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e 1 dot e 3 is 0 and e 2 e 3 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e 1 dot e 3 is 0 and e 2 e 3 is 0
+you can run it down as a sub i dot e sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run it down as a sub i dot e sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run it down as a sub i dot e sub
+j equals 0 for i not equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 for i not equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 for i not equal to j
+you can write all of those properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write all of those properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write all of those properties
+down in one equation e sub i dot e sub J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in one equation e sub i dot e sub J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in one equation e sub i dot e sub J
+equals Delta IJ Delta IJ is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Delta IJ Delta IJ is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Delta IJ Delta IJ is what's
+called the Delta function the Kronecker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Delta function the Kronecker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Delta function the Kronecker
+Delta function is a 1 if I equals J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function is a 1 if I equals J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function is a 1 if I equals J and
+a 0 if I is not equal to J okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 if I is not equal to J okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 if I is not equal to J okay so it's
+a very compact way of writing down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very compact way of writing down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very compact way of writing down this
+property that each vector is a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that each vector is a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that each vector is a unit
+vector and each vector is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and each vector is orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and each vector is orthogonal to
+all the other vectors and the set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other vectors and the set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other vectors and the set with
+that property is called an orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property is called an orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property is called an orthonormal
+basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright now the standard basis is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now the standard basis is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now the standard basis is not
+the only basis so if sorry I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only basis so if sorry I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only basis so if sorry I'm trying to
+do XY and Z here ok so if you have XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do XY and Z here ok so if you have XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do XY and Z here ok so if you have XY
+and Z that's not the only orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z that's not the only orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z that's not the only orthonormal
+basis set any basis set that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set any basis set that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set any basis set that is a
+rotation of those three vectors is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of those three vectors is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of those three vectors is also
+an orthonormal basis let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis let's write down
+two other orthogonal unit vectors we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other orthogonal unit vectors we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other orthogonal unit vectors we can
+write down our vector V in this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our vector V in this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our vector V in this other
+basis set as follows we just take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set as follows we just take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set as follows we just take our
+vector V we can plot the basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V we can plot the basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V we can plot the basis vectors
+in this other basis and we can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this other basis and we can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this other basis and we can simply
+project V onto those other basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project V onto those other basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project V onto those other basis vectors
+so we can project V onto f1 and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can project V onto f1 and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can project V onto f1 and we can
+project beyond 2 f2 ok so we can write V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project beyond 2 f2 ok so we can write V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project beyond 2 f2 ok so we can write V
+as a sum of a vector in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of a vector in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of a vector in the direction of
+f1 and a vector in the direction of f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 and a vector in the direction of f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 and a vector in the direction of f2
+you can write down this vector V in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down this vector V in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down this vector V in this
+different basis set as a vector with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different basis set as a vector with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different basis set as a vector with two
+components this is two dimensional art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components this is two dimensional art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components this is two dimensional art
+this is r2 you can write it down as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is r2 you can write it down as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is r2 you can write it down as a
+two component vector V dot F 1 and V dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two component vector V dot F 1 and V dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two component vector V dot F 1 and V dot
+F 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 2
+ok so that's a simple intuition for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's a simple intuition for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's a simple intuition for what
+like in two dimensions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in two dimensions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in two dimensions we're going to
+develop the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the formal
+for doing this in arbitrary dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this in arbitrary dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this in arbitrary dimensions
+okay and it's very simple all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's very simple all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's very simple all right
+these components here are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components here are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components here are called the
+vector coordinates of this vector this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector coordinates of this vector this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector coordinates of this vector this F
+all right now basis sets or basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now basis sets or basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now basis sets or basis
+vectors don't have to be orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors don't have to be orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors don't have to be orthogonal to
+each other and they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they don't have to be
+normal they don't have to have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal they don't have to have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal they don't have to have they
+don't have to be unit vectors you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be unit vectors you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be unit vectors you can
+write down an arbitrary vector as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an arbitrary vector as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an arbitrary vector as a sum
+of components that aren't orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components that aren't orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components that aren't orthogonal to
+each other so you can write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you can write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you can write down this
+vector V as a sum of a component here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V as a sum of a component here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V as a sum of a component here in
+the f1 direction and a component in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f1 direction and a component in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f1 direction and a component in the
+f2 direction even if one and f2 are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 direction even if one and f2 are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 direction even if one and f2 are not
+orthogonal to each other and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other and even if
+they're not unit vectors okay so again V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not unit vectors okay so again V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not unit vectors okay so again V
+is expressed as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed as a linear combination of
+a vector in the f1 direction and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in the f1 direction and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in the f1 direction and a
+vector in the f2 direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the f2 direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the f2 direction okay
+so let's take a vector and decompose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a vector and decompose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a vector and decompose it
+into an arbitrary basis set f1 f2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an arbitrary basis set f1 f2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an arbitrary basis set f1 f2 okay
+so V equals C 1 F 1 plus C 2 F 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V equals C 1 F 1 plus C 2 F 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V equals C 1 F 1 plus C 2 F 2 the
+coefficients here are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here are called the
+coordinates of the vector in this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the vector in this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the vector in this basis
+and the vector V sub F these numbers C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector V sub F these numbers C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vector V sub F these numbers C 1
+and C 2 these numbers C 1 and C 2 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 2 these numbers C 1 and C 2 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 2 these numbers C 1 and C 2 when
+combined into this vector is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined into this vector is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined into this vector is called the
+coordinate vector of V in the basis F 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate vector of V in the basis F 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate vector of V in the basis F 1
+and F 2 okay does that make sense just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F 2 okay does that make sense just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F 2 okay does that make sense just
+some terminology okay so let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology okay so let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology okay so let's define
+this basis F 1 and F 2 we just pick two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis F 1 and F 2 we just pick two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis F 1 and F 2 we just pick two
+vectors and arbitrary two vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and arbitrary two vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and arbitrary two vectors and
+I'll explain later that not all choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain later that not all choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain later that not all choices
+of vectors work but we but most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors work but we but most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors work but we but most of them
+do so here are two vectors that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so here are two vectors that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so here are two vectors that we can
+choose as a basis okay so one three just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as a basis okay so one three just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as a basis okay so one three just
+sort of like like this and minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like like this and minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like like this and minus two
+it's kind of like that okay okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like that okay okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like that okay okay and
+we're gonna write down this vector V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna write down this vector V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna write down this vector V in
+this new basis so we we have a vector V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new basis so we we have a vector V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new basis so we we have a vector V
+that's three five in the standard basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's three five in the standard basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's three five in the standard basis
+and we're going to rewrite it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to rewrite it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to rewrite it in this
+new basis all right so we're gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new basis all right so we're gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new basis all right so we're gonna find
+the vector coordinates of V in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector coordinates of V in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector coordinates of V in the new
+basis so we're gonna do this as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so we're gonna do this as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so we're gonna do this as follows
+we're gonna write V as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna write V as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna write V as a linear
+combination of these two basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two basis vectors
+so C 1 times F 1 1 3 plus C 2 times F 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C 1 times F 1 1 3 plus C 2 times F 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C 1 times F 1 1 3 plus C 2 times F 2
+minus 2 1 is equal to 3 5 that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 1 is equal to 3 5 that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 1 is equal to 3 5 that makes
+sense so what is that that is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what is that that is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what is that that is just a
+system of equations right and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations right and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations right and what we're
+trying to do is solve for C 1 and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is solve for C 1 and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is solve for C 1 and C 2
+that's it so we already did this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we already did this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we already did this problem
+last in the last lecture so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last in the last lecture so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last in the last lecture so we have this
+system of equations we can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations we can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations we can write this
+down in the following matrix notation F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the following matrix notation F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the following matrix notation F
+times V F the F is just C and C 2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V F the F is just C and C 2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V F the F is just C and C 2 equals
+V so there's F 1 3 minus 2 1 those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so there's F 1 3 minus 2 1 those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so there's F 1 3 minus 2 1 those are
+our two basis vectors times C 1 C 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two basis vectors times C 1 C 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two basis vectors times C 1 C 2 the
+vector C 1 C 2 is equal to 3/5 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector C 1 C 2 is equal to 3/5 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector C 1 C 2 is equal to 3/5 and we
+solve for V F in other words we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for V F in other words we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for V F in other words we solve
+for C 1 and simply by multiplying V by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C 1 and simply by multiplying V by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C 1 and simply by multiplying V by
+the inverse of this matrix AB okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of this matrix AB okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of this matrix AB okay so
+the coordinate vector in this new basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate vector in this new basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate vector in this new basis
+set is just the old vector times F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is just the old vector times F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is just the old vector times F
+inverse and what is F inverse F inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what is F inverse F inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what is F inverse F inverse
+is just a matrix that has the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a matrix that has the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a matrix that has the basis
+vectors as the columns of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as the columns of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as the columns of the matrix
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that courts of this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that courts of this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that courts of this vector
+in this new basis set are given by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new basis set are given by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new basis set are given by F
+inverse times B okay we can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times B okay we can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times B okay we can find the
+inverse of F so if that's that's our F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of F so if that's that's our F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of F so if that's that's our F
+we can calculate the the inverse of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate the the inverse of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate the the inverse of that
+remember you flip the diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you flip the diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you flip the diagonal elements
+you multiply the off diagonals by -1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the off diagonals by -1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the off diagonals by -1 and
+you divide by the determinant so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by the determinant so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by the determinant so f
+inverse is this times v is that and F V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is this times v is that and F V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is this times v is that and F V
+sub F is just 13 sevenths over minus 4/7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub F is just 13 sevenths over minus 4/7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub F is just 13 sevenths over minus 4/7
+okay so that's just a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just a different way of
+writing V so there's me in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing V so there's me in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing V so there's me in the standard
+basis there's the in this new basis all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there's the in this new basis all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there's the in this new basis all
+right and all you do to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all you do to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all you do to go from the
+standard basis to any arbitrary new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis to any arbitrary new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis to any arbitrary new
+basis is multiply the vector by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is multiply the vector by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is multiply the vector by F
+inverse and when you're actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and when you're actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and when you're actually doing
+this in MATLAB you this is really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in MATLAB you this is really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in MATLAB you this is really simple
+you just write down a matrix F that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down a matrix F that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down a matrix F that has
+the bases in the columns you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bases in the columns you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bases in the columns you just use
+the matrix inverse function and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix inverse function and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix inverse function and then you
+multiply that by the data matrix okay by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by the data matrix okay by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by the data matrix okay by
+the data vector alright so we're I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data vector alright so we're I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data vector alright so we're I'm
+just gonna summarize again in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna summarize again in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna summarize again in order to
+find the coordinate vector for ly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the coordinate vector for ly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the coordinate vector for ly in
+this new basis you construct a matrix F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new basis you construct a matrix F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new basis you construct a matrix F
+whose columns are just the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose columns are just the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose columns are just the elements of
+the basis vectors so if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors so if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors so if you have two
+basis vectors that it's a to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors that it's a to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors that it's a to remember
+each of those basis vectors in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those basis vectors in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those basis vectors in two
+dimensions there are two basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions there are two basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions there are two basis vectors
+each has two numbers so this is a 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each has two numbers so this is a 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each has two numbers so this is a 2 by 2
+matrix in n dimensions you have n basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in n dimensions you have n basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in n dimensions you have n basis
+vectors each of a suspect errs has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors each of a suspect errs has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors each of a suspect errs has n
+numbers and so this matrix F is an N by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and so this matrix F is an N by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and so this matrix F is an N by
+n matrix alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n matrix alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n matrix alright
+you know that you can write down v as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you can write down v as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you can write down v as
+this basis times V sub F you solve for V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis times V sub F you solve for V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis times V sub F you solve for V
+sub F by multiplying both sides by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub F by multiplying both sides by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub F by multiplying both sides by F
+inverse alright that performs what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse alright that performs what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse alright that performs what
+change of basis okay now that only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis okay now that only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis okay now that only works
+if F has an inverse so if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F has an inverse so if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F has an inverse so if you're gonna
+choose base choose a new basis to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose base choose a new basis to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose base choose a new basis to write
+down your vector you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your vector you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your vector you have to be careful
+to pick one that has an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick one that has an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick one that has an inverse
+alright and I want to tell you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and I want to tell you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and I want to tell you what it
+looks like when you pick a basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when you pick a basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when you pick a basis that
+doesn't have an inverse and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an inverse and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an inverse and what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+alright and that gets to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and that gets to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and that gets to the idea of
+linear independence alright so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear independence alright so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear independence alright so remember
+I said that if in n dimensions in RN in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that if in n dimensions in RN in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that if in n dimensions in RN in
+order to have a basis in RN you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have a basis in RN you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have a basis in RN you have
+certain requirements not any vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain requirements not any vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain requirements not any vectors
+will work so let's take a look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work so let's take a look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work so let's take a look at these
+at these vectors well those work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these vectors well those work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these vectors well those work to
+describe an art without well that basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an art without well that basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an art without well that basis
+at work to describe an arbitrary vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work to describe an arbitrary vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work to describe an arbitrary vector
+in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions
+no why not right so the problem is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why not right so the problem is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why not right so the problem is in
+which coordinate which which access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which coordinate which which access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which coordinate which which access the
+z-axis you can see that you have zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis you can see that you have zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis you can see that you have zeros
+and all three of those vectors okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three of those vectors okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three of those vectors okay so
+that you can't any you can't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't any you can't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't any you can't describe
+any vector with this basis that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector with this basis that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector with this basis that has a
+nonzero component in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero component in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero component in the Z Direction
+okay so that and the reason is that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that and the reason is that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that and the reason is that any
+linear combination of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of these three
+vectors will always lie in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors will always lie in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors will always lie in the XY plane
+so you can't describe any vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't describe any vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't describe any vector here
+that has a nonzero Z component all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a nonzero Z component all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a nonzero Z component all right
+all right so what we say is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we say is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we say is that this
+set of vectors doesn't span all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vectors doesn't span all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vectors doesn't span all of our
+three it only spans the XY plane which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it only spans the XY plane which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it only spans the XY plane which
+is us what which is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is us what which is what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is us what which is what we call a
+subspace of r3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's take a look at these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at these three
+vectors the other thing you notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the other thing you notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the other thing you notice is
+that you can write any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write any one of these
+vectors as a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as a linear combination of the
+other two okay so you can write F 3 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two okay so you can write F 3 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two okay so you can write F 3 as a
+sum of F 1 and F 2 right the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of F 1 and F 2 right the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of F 1 and F 2 right the sum of
+those two vectors is equal to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors is equal to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors is equal to that one
+you can write F 2 as F 3 minus F 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write F 2 as F 3 minus F 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write F 2 as F 3 minus F 1 so
+any of these vectors can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these vectors can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these vectors can be written as a
+linear combination of the others and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the others and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the others and so
+that set of vectors is called linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of vectors is called linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of vectors is called linearly
+dependent okay and any set of linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent okay and any set of linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent okay and any set of linearly
+dependent vectors cannot form a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent vectors cannot form a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent vectors cannot form a basis
+and how do you know if a set of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you know if a set of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you know if a set of vectors
+that you choose for your basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose for your basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose for your basis is
+linearly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent
+well again you just find the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again you just find the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again you just find the determinant
+of that matrix and if it's 0 those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that matrix and if it's 0 those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that matrix and if it's 0 those
+vectors are linearly dependent ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are linearly dependent ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are linearly dependent ok so
+what that corresponds to is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that corresponds to is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that corresponds to is you're
+taking your data and when you transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your data and when you transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your data and when you transform
+it into a new basis if the dependent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a new basis if the dependent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a new basis if the dependent if
+the determinant of that matrix F is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of that matrix F is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of that matrix F is 0
+then what you're doing is you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're doing is you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're doing is you're taking
+those data it's forming them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data it's forming them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data it's forming them into a
+space where they're being collapsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where they're being collapsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where they're being collapsed
+let's say if you're in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you're in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you're in three dimensions
+those data are being collapsed onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data are being collapsed onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data are being collapsed onto a
+plane or onto a line okay and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or onto a line okay and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or onto a line okay and that means
+you can't undo that transformation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't undo that transformation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't undo that transformation all
+right and the way to tell whether you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way to tell whether you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way to tell whether you've
+got that problem is just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that problem is just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that problem is just looking at the
+determinant alright let me show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant alright let me show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant alright let me show you one
+other cool thing about the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cool thing about the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cool thing about the determinant
+there's a very simple geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple geometrical
+interpretation of what the determinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what the determinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what the determinate
+is okay all right so sorry so if F Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay all right so sorry so if F Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay all right so sorry so if F Maps
+your data onto a subspace then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data onto a subspace then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data onto a subspace then the
+mapping is not reversible okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is not reversible okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is not reversible okay so what
+is the determinant correspond to if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the determinant correspond to if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the determinant correspond to if in
+let's say in two dimensions if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in two dimensions if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in two dimensions if I have
+two orthogonal unit vectors you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orthogonal unit vectors you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orthogonal unit vectors you can
+think of those vectors as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those vectors as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those vectors as kind of
+forming a square in this space or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a square in this space or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a square in this space or in
+three dimensions if I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions if I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions if I have three
+orthogonal vectors you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal vectors you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal vectors you can think of
+those vectors as defining a cube okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors as defining a cube okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors as defining a cube okay
+and if there are unit vectors then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there are unit vectors then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there are unit vectors then they
+define a cube of volume one here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a cube of volume one here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a cube of volume one here you
+have a square of area one okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a square of area one okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a square of area one okay so let's
+think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+let's think about this unit volume okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this unit volume okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this unit volume okay
+I transform those two vectors or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I transform those two vectors or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I transform those two vectors or those
+three vectors in 3d space by a matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors in 3d space by a matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors in 3d space by a matrix a
+those vectors get rotated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors get rotated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors get rotated and
+transformed okay they point in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed okay they point in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed okay they point in different
+directions and they define it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and they define it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and they define it's no
+longer a cube but they define some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a cube but they define some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a cube but they define some sort
+of rhombus okay and you can ask what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rhombus okay and you can ask what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rhombus okay and you can ask what is
+the volume of that rhombus the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of that rhombus the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of that rhombus the volume of
+that rhombus is just the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rhombus is just the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rhombus is just the determinant of
+that matrix a okay so now what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix a okay so now what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix a okay so now what happens
+if I have a Q in three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a Q in three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a Q in three-dimensional space
+and I multiply it by a matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply it by a matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply it by a matrix that
+transforms it into a rhombus that has 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it into a rhombus that has 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it into a rhombus that has 0
+volume so let's say I have those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so let's say I have those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so let's say I have those three
+vectors it transforms it into let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it transforms it into let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it transforms it into let's say
+a square the volume of that square in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square the volume of that square in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square the volume of that square in
+three-dimensional space is 0 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is 0 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is 0 so what
+that means is I'm transforming my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is I'm transforming my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is I'm transforming my
+vectors into a space that has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors into a space that has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors into a space that has zero
+volume in the original dimensions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in the original dimensions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in the original dimensions okay
+so I'm transforming things from 3d into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm transforming things from 3d into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm transforming things from 3d into
+a 2d plane okay and what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d plane okay and what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d plane okay and what that means is
+I've lost information and I can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost information and I can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost information and I can't go
+back okay ok notice that a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay ok notice that a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay ok notice that a rotation
+matrix if I take this cube and I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if I take this cube and I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if I take this cube and I rotate
+it has exactly the same volume as it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has exactly the same volume as it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has exactly the same volume as it did
+before I rotated it and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I rotated it and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I rotated it and so you can
+always tell when you have a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell when you have a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell when you have a rotation
+matrix because the day of a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because the day of a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because the day of a rotation
+matrix is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 1 so
+you take a matrix a-alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a matrix a-alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a matrix a-alright
+and you find the determinant and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find the determinant and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find the determinant and you
+find that the determinant is 1 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the determinant is 1 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the determinant is 1 you know
+that you have a rotate you have a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a rotate you have a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a rotate you have a pure
+rotation matrix okay what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix okay what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix okay what does it mean
+if the determinant is minus 1 ok what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the determinant is minus 1 ok what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the determinant is minus 1 ok what it
+means is you have a rotation but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you have a rotation but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you have a rotation but that
+one of the axes is inverted is flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the axes is inverted is flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the axes is inverted is flipped
+there's like a mirror there's a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a mirror there's a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a mirror there's a mirror
+in there ok so you can tell if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there ok so you can tell if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there ok so you can tell if you have
+a pure rotation or if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure rotation or if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure rotation or if you have a
+rotation and one of the AB axes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and one of the AB axes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and one of the AB axes is
+flipped because in the pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped because in the pure rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped because in the pure rotation
+that determinant is 1 and in an impure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant is 1 and in an impure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant is 1 and in an impure
+rotation you have a rotation and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you have a rotation and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you have a rotation and a
+mirror flip okay alright alright and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror flip okay alright alright and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror flip okay alright alright and I
+just want a a couple more comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want a a couple more comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want a a couple more comments about
+change of basis ok all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis ok all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis ok all right so let's
+choose a set of basis vectors for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a set of basis vectors for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a set of basis vectors for our
+new basis let's write those into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new basis let's write those into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new basis let's write those into a
+matrix F it's going to be our matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix F it's going to be our matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix F it's going to be our matrix of
+basis vectors if the determinant is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors if the determinant is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors if the determinant is not
+equal to 0 then these vectors that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 then these vectors that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 then these vectors that set
+of vectors are linearly independent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors are linearly independent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors are linearly independent that
+means you cannot write one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you cannot write one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you cannot write one of those
+vectors as a linear combination of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as a linear combination of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as a linear combination of any
+one of those vectors as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those vectors as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those vectors as a linear
+combination of the others those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the others those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the others those vectors
+form a complete basis in that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complete basis in that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complete basis in that n
+dimensional space the matrix F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space the matrix F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space the matrix F
+implements a change of basis and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements a change of basis and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements a change of basis and you can
+go from the standard basis to F by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the standard basis to F by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the standard basis to F by
+multiplying your vector by F inverse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying your vector by F inverse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying your vector by F inverse to
+get the coordinate vector in your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coordinate vector in your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the coordinate vector in your new
+basis and you can go back from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and you can go back from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and you can go back from that
+rotated or transform basis back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated or transform basis back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated or transform basis back to the
+coordinate basis by multiplying by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate basis by multiplying by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate basis by multiplying by F
+okay multiplied by F inverse transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay multiplied by F inverse transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay multiplied by F inverse transforms
+to the new basis multiplying by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new basis multiplying by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new basis multiplying by F
+transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms
+back if that set of vectors is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if that set of vectors is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if that set of vectors is an
+orthonormal basis then okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis then okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis then okay so let's
+let's take this matrix F that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this matrix F that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this matrix F that has
+columns that are the new basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are the new basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are the new basis vectors
+and let's say that those are those form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that those are those form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that those are those form
+an orthonormal basis in that case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis in that case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis in that case we can
+write down so in any case we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down so in any case we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down so in any case we can write
+down the transpose of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the transpose of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the transpose of this matrix
+alright f transpose and now the rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright f transpose and now the rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright f transpose and now the rows of
+that matrix are the basis vectors notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix are the basis vectors notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix are the basis vectors notice
+that if we multiply F transpose times F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we multiply F transpose times F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we multiply F transpose times F
+we have basis vectors in rows here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have basis vectors in rows here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have basis vectors in rows here and
+columns here so what is F transpose F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns here so what is F transpose F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns here so what is F transpose F
+for the case where these are unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case where these are unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case where these are unit
+vectors that are orthogonal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that are orthogonal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that are orthogonal to each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+what is that product it's what good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that product it's what good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that product it's what good
+because F 1 dot F 1 is 1 F 1 F 2 is 0 F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F 1 dot F 1 is 1 F 1 F 2 is 0 F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F 1 dot F 1 is 1 F 1 F 2 is 0 F
+2 dot F 1 is 0 and F 2 F 2 is 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 dot F 1 is 0 and F 2 F 2 is 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 dot F 1 is 0 and F 2 F 2 is 0 so
+that's equal to the identity matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the identity matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the identity matrix
+right so F transpose equals F inverse if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so F transpose equals F inverse if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so F transpose equals F inverse if
+the inverse matrix is just its transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix is just its transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix is just its transpose
+then that matrix is a rotation matrix ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that matrix is a rotation matrix ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that matrix is a rotation matrix ok
+so f is just a rotation matrix all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is just a rotation matrix all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is just a rotation matrix all right
+now let's see what happens so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what happens so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what happens so that means
+the inverse of F is just this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of F is just this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of F is just this F
+transpose let's do this coordinate let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose let's do this coordinate let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose let's do this coordinate let's
+change a basis for this case so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a basis for this case so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a basis for this case so you can
+see that V sub F the coordinate vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that V sub F the coordinate vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that V sub F the coordinate vector
+in the new basis is f transpose V that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new basis is f transpose V that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new basis is f transpose V that's
+F here's F transpose the basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F here's F transpose the basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F here's F transpose the basis vectors
+are in the rows times V this is just V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the rows times V this is just V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the rows times V this is just V
+dot F 1 V dot F 2 right so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot F 1 V dot F 2 right so this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot F 1 V dot F 2 right so this shows
+how for a orthonormal basis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for a orthonormal basis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for a orthonormal basis the
+transpose which is the inverse of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which is the inverse of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which is the inverse of F
+taking the transpose of F times V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the transpose of F times V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the transpose of F times V is
+just taking the dot product of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the dot product of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the dot product of V
+to each of the basis vectors okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the basis vectors okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the basis vectors okay so
+that ties it back to what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ties it back to what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ties it back to what we were
+showing before about how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing before about how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing before about how to do this
+change of basis okay just tying up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis okay just tying up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis okay just tying up those
+two ways of thinking about it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways of thinking about it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways of thinking about it okay
+so again what were what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again what were what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again what were what we've been
+developing when we talk about change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing when we talk about change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing when we talk about change of
+basis are ways of rotating vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis are ways of rotating vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis are ways of rotating vectors
+rotating sets of data into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating sets of data into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating sets of data into different
+dimensions into different basis sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions into different basis sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions into different basis sets
+okay so that we can look at data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that we can look at data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that we can look at data from
+different directions that's all we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions that's all we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions that's all we're
+doing okay and you can see that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay and you can see that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay and you can see that when you
+look at data from different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at data from different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at data from different directions
+you can get you know some views of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get you know some views of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get you know some views of data
+you have a lot of things overlapping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of things overlapping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of things overlapping and
+you can't see them but when you rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see them but when you rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see them but when you rotate
+those data now all of a sudden you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data now all of a sudden you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data now all of a sudden you can
+see things clearly that used to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things clearly that used to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things clearly that used to be you
+know things get separated that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things get separated that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things get separated that in some
+views whereas in other views things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views whereas in other views things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views whereas in other views things are
+kind of mixed up and covering each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mixed up and covering each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mixed up and covering each other
+okay and that's exactly what neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's exactly what neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's exactly what neural
+networks are doing when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are doing when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are doing when they're
+analyzing sensory stimuli okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing sensory stimuli okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing sensory stimuli okay they're
+doing that kind of rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of rotations and
+untangle the data to see what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangle the data to see what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangle the data to see what's what's
+there in that high dimensional data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in that high dimensional data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in that high dimensional data okay
+all right that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z0vdSf8m13k.txt b/Z0vdSf8m13k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..faee62a9c05718b956dfcfc17fd7ff5d81f7c395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z0vdSf8m13k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19328 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me get started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get started on
+uh lecture 20. so i'm going to finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture 20. so i'm going to finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture 20. so i'm going to finish up
+with what we discussed last time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we discussed last time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we discussed last time which
+is lecture 1919 and i'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lecture 1919 and i'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lecture 1919 and i'm going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+lecture 20 which is about malleability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 20 which is about malleability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 20 which is about malleability
+and inaccurate accessibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inaccurate accessibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inaccurate accessibility of
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+um for now we're going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for now we're going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for now we're going to talk a little
+bit more about defaults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about defaults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about defaults
+and frames and nudges in particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frames and nudges in particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frames and nudges in particular um
+so what we left it off last time was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we left it off last time was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we left it off last time was um
+we talked about default effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about default effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about default effects
+we talked about that in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that in particular in
+retirement savings defaults can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement savings defaults can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement savings defaults can be
+sort of setting essentially in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of setting essentially in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of setting essentially in one
+default option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default option
+that is like what happens if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like what happens if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like what happens if you do
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+in a retirement savings account setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a retirement savings account setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a retirement savings account setting
+a certain default option can have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain default option can have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain default option can have very
+powerful effects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful effects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful effects in
+affecting people's behavior in a domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting people's behavior in a domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting people's behavior in a domain
+that's really important in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important in this case
+savings uh and in a domain where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings uh and in a domain where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings uh and in a domain where uh
+traditional economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional economic
+tools have not really um gone very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools have not really um gone very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools have not really um gone very far
+isn't like matching contributions or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like matching contributions or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like matching contributions or any
+sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+types of like financial education etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of like financial education etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of like financial education etc
+it's just not doing very much it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not doing very much it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not doing very much it's like
+expensive to do and it's hard to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do and it's hard to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do and it's hard to change
+behavior while using defaults is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior while using defaults is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior while using defaults is really
+powerful and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and can
+cause large behavior behavior change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause large behavior behavior change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause large behavior behavior change a
+large sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sort of
+changes in outcomes even like years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in outcomes even like years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in outcomes even like years
+later let me talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later let me talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later let me talk a little bit about
+like well what is the optimal default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well what is the optimal default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well what is the optimal default
+decision regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision regime
+and that's uh uh getting into tricky um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh uh getting into tricky um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh uh getting into tricky um
+territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+we talked about this um last time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this um last time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this um last time a
+little bit um we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um we'll talk about this
+again in the last lecture on lecture 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the last lecture on lecture 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the last lecture on lecture 23
+when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about
+policy so when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so when you think about like
+active choice versus default so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active choice versus default so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active choice versus default so what is
+active choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active choice
+active choice to remind you is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active choice to remind you is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active choice to remind you is like
+somebody has asked at the beginning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has asked at the beginning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has asked at the beginning or
+directly asked like you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly asked like you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly asked like you have to make a
+choice and like um i'm just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and like um i'm just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and like um i'm just sort of
+forcing you to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing you to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing you to do it
+more or less and sort of the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less and sort of the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less and sort of the company
+hires somebody and in the hiring package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hires somebody and in the hiring package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hires somebody and in the hiring package
+there's just a form that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a form that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a form that you need to
+fill out and otherwise you cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out and otherwise you cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out and otherwise you cannot really
+start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the
+company some sense that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company some sense that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company some sense that's not really
+enforceable but effectively essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforceable but effectively essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforceable but effectively essentially
+just everybody makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody makes
+some choice that's essentially active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choice that's essentially active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choice that's essentially active
+choice versus default which is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice versus default which is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice versus default which is just like
+if you do nothing you either get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do nothing you either get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do nothing you either get like
+zero retirement savings or some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero retirement savings or some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero retirement savings or some positive
+amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts
+now um if people are really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um if people are really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um if people are really different
+then essentially active choice is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially active choice is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially active choice is a
+great thing because if people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing because if people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing because if people really
+have different preferences then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different preferences then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different preferences then we
+shouldn't just push them into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just push them into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just push them into one
+direction or the other they should sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other they should sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other they should sort
+of choose everybody's shoes on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choose everybody's shoes on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choose everybody's shoes on their own
+what's best for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's best for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's best for them
+in contrast if you think most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast if you think most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast if you think most people are
+the same anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same anyway
+and in addition people don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition people don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition people don't really know
+what's best for them well then it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's best for them well then it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's best for them well then it might
+be better to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better to just
+provide one default within most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide one default within most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide one default within most people
+that's best for most people but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's best for most people but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's best for most people but then
+most people will stick to any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will stick to any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will stick to any way
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+these defaults tend to stick and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these defaults tend to stick and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these defaults tend to stick and if
+people don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know what they
+want or what's good for them then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want or what's good for them then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want or what's good for them then sort
+of letting them choose actively might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letting them choose actively might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letting them choose actively might
+make things potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things potentially
+um worse anyway right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse anyway right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse anyway right and so
+uh that's sort of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's sort of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's sort of the fundamental
+trade-off when people have you know come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off when people have you know come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off when people have you know come
+down in different sides of this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in different sides of this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in different sides of this and it
+depends on your view kind of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your view kind of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your view kind of about
+sophistication and so on of customers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and so on of customers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and so on of customers or
+of people now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people now one
+big and important issue with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and important issue with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and important issue with like
+defaults and with the nudges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults and with the nudges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults and with the nudges
+um in general which i'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general which i'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general which i'm going to talk
+about to you in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to you in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to you in a second
+is we kind of want to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we kind of want to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we kind of want to make sure that we
+don't make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make people
+worse off in some ways by pushing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off in some ways by pushing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off in some ways by pushing people
+in certain directions for example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain directions for example one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain directions for example one
+thing you might say is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might say is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might say is well
+not why not set the default to like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not why not set the default to like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not why not set the default to like five
+percent or ten percent of retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or ten percent of retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or ten percent of retirement
+savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+well then you you worry about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you you worry about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you you worry about people
+potentially over saving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially over saving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially over saving in the
+retirement savings accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement savings accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement savings accounts
+and then essentially they have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then essentially they have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then essentially they have lots of
+credit card debt potentially which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card debt potentially which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card debt potentially which might
+be even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even larger
+like you know that sorry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that sorry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that sorry the the
+interest rate on the credit card debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate on the credit card debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate on the credit card debt
+might be really large and people get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really large and people get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really large and people get in
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+or people then would draw premature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people then would draw premature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people then would draw premature
+aliens on which is also to potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliens on which is also to potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliens on which is also to potentially
+um worse for them we talked very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse for them we talked very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse for them we talked very briefly
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+smart plan which again i'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart plan which again i'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart plan which again i'm going to get
+back to in lecture 23 um as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to in lecture 23 um as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to in lecture 23 um as well
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um i also talked briefly about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um i also talked briefly about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um i also talked briefly about sort
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+default effects also are quite powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default effects also are quite powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default effects also are quite powerful
+in other settings for example in organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other settings for example in organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other settings for example in organ
+donations in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations in some places
+um organ donations are explicit consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um organ donations are explicit consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um organ donations are explicit consent
+which is like you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you have to
+opt in and otherwise you will not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt in and otherwise you will not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt in and otherwise you will not be an
+organ donor in other countries and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ donor in other countries and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ donor in other countries and this
+is from a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a while ago
+um in other countries things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in other countries things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in other countries things are
+different where there is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different where there is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different where there is what's called
+presumed consent which is like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumed consent which is like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumed consent which is like you have
+to opt out and otherwise if you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to opt out and otherwise if you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to opt out and otherwise if you do not
+opt out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out
+you presume to consenting to organ um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you presume to consenting to organ um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you presume to consenting to organ um
+translation you see essentially huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation you see essentially huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation you see essentially huge
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+in otherwise quite similar um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in otherwise quite similar um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in otherwise quite similar um uh
+countries which sort of shows you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries which sort of shows you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries which sort of shows you that
+the default here can have really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default here can have really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default here can have really um
+large effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effects
+there's some other examples of default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other examples of default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other examples of default
+effects in particular when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in particular when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in particular when it comes to
+like voter registration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like voter registration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like voter registration or
+green energy choices in some cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green energy choices in some cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green energy choices in some cases in
+particular when it comes to voter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when it comes to voter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when it comes to voter
+registration it's actually quite hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration it's actually quite hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration it's actually quite hard to
+come with arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with arguments
+against setting the default in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against setting the default in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against setting the default in a certain
+way like in some sense like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like in some sense like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like in some sense like
+getting voters to be registered when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting voters to be registered when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting voters to be registered when you
+get like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like so
+say like a driver's license or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like a driver's license or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like a driver's license or the like
+it seems just like very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems just like very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems just like very straightforward
+and like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like or
+you know over the turn 18 that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over the turn 18 that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over the turn 18 that seems
+like a very straightforward thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very straightforward thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very straightforward thing to do
+and sort of um there in some ways um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of um there in some ways um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of um there in some ways um the
+defaults can really sort of remove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults can really sort of remove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults can really sort of remove some
+barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers
+um uh and inefficiencies where like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and inefficiencies where like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and inefficiencies where like you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+we think we should agree that like most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we should agree that like most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we should agree that like most
+or we should everybody should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we should everybody should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we should everybody should be able to
+vote if they would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote if they would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote if they would like to
+uh uh with some exceptions perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh with some exceptions perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh with some exceptions perhaps
+and so uh if you can default people into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh if you can default people into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh if you can default people into
+getting registered to vote that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting registered to vote that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting registered to vote that seems
+like a good thing ambiguously so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good thing ambiguously so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good thing ambiguously so those
+sort of default effects can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of default effects can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of default effects can be really
+really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+powerful now uh uh let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful now uh uh let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful now uh uh let's talk
+a little bit about nudges again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about nudges again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about nudges again we're
+gonna talk about this again in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about this again in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about this again in lecture
+23 when it comes about policy but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 when it comes about policy but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 when it comes about policy but let me
+sort of define the issue and sort of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of define the issue and sort of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of define the issue and sort of be
+clear about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about that
+uh so you might have sort of come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you might have sort of come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you might have sort of come across
+a very famous book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very famous book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very famous book by
+richard taylor who recently won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard taylor who recently won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard taylor who recently won the
+nobel prize in economics and cass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize in economics and cass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize in economics and cass
+sunstein uh called nudge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunstein uh called nudge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunstein uh called nudge
+i'll give you the definition by um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you the definition by um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you the definition by um uh
+castenstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castenstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castenstein
+who says a nudge is a feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says a nudge is a feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says a nudge is a feature of the
+social environment that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social environment that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social environment that affects
+people's choices without imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's choices without imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's choices without imposing
+coercion of any kind of a material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercion of any kind of a material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercion of any kind of a material or
+any kind of material incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of material incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of material incentive
+so that's default to sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's default to sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's default to sort of like a
+clear case of that where essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear case of that where essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear case of that where essentially you
+just say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say okay
+if you don't do anything i'm gonna just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do anything i'm gonna just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do anything i'm gonna just
+pick a choice for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a choice for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a choice for you
+um but you can choose however uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can choose however uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can choose however uh in
+whichever way you want and sort of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want and sort of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want and sort of there
+there's essentially no material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially no material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially no material
+incentive but i'm changing essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive but i'm changing essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive but i'm changing essentially
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+choice environment or what people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice environment or what people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice environment or what people would
+call sometimes the choice architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sometimes the choice architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sometimes the choice architecture
+and there's other versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other versions of that
+there's simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's simplification
+information disclosure again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information disclosure again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information disclosure again these are
+all things that are like usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things that are like usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things that are like usually
+available people can figure it out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available people can figure it out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available people can figure it out on
+their own but make it sort of easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own but make it sort of easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own but make it sort of easier for
+for people and one of the big mantras of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people and one of the big mantras of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people and one of the big mantras of
+any ass like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ass like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ass like
+uh they tell her about like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they tell her about like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they tell her about like you know
+what are you right right what's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you right right what's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you right right what's the main
+thing we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we should do
+to improve people's behavior um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve people's behavior um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve people's behavior um they
+failed it off and say make it easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed it off and say make it easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed it off and say make it easy for
+people essentially people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially people are
+um often um and he says that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often um and he says that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often um and he says that about
+himself people are lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself people are lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself people are lazy
+and you know they make simple choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they make simple choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they make simple choices
+and like if you make it easy for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like if you make it easy for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like if you make it easy for them to
+make the right choice they will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right choice they will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right choice they will be more
+likely to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to make
+good choices for them there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choices for them there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good choices for them there's some other
+things like warnings reminders uh notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like warnings reminders uh notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like warnings reminders uh notice
+for reminders for example again like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reminders for example again like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reminders for example again like you
+already have the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the information that
+somebody gave it to you previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave it to you previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave it to you previously
+so really it's only like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it's only like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it's only like if you have
+memory issues um uh you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory issues um uh you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory issues um uh you might be
+uh that might be useful for you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might be useful for you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might be useful for you there's
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+material incentives or the like uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material incentives or the like uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material incentives or the like uses of
+social norms that would be things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms that would be things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms that would be things like
+you know i'm telling you like all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm telling you like all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm telling you like all of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+um friends did x now would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um friends did x now would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um friends did x now would you like to
+do x or y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do x or y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do x or y
+or you know i can send you letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know i can send you letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know i can send you letters and
+say um your neighbors use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um your neighbors use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um your neighbors use
+so much energy and you use more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much energy and you use more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much energy and you use more energy
+than your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your neighbor
+and then i put like a sad face next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i put like a sad face next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i put like a sad face next to
+it or something and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or something and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or something and then you know
+you might feel bad about it because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might feel bad about it because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might feel bad about it because of
+social norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms
+and sort of reduce your energy um usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of reduce your energy um usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of reduce your energy um usage
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+people have in fact um done uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have in fact um done uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have in fact um done uh you can
+also like increase ease and convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like increase ease and convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like increase ease and convenience
+this is exactly what like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly what like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly what like
+um power decrease is inconvenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um power decrease is inconvenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um power decrease is inconvenience
+that's exactly what the accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what the accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what the accelerator
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+those are things like for example uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things like for example uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things like for example uh you
+know you can put like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can put like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can put like
+snicker bars next to um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snicker bars next to um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snicker bars next to um the the the
+counter at the cashier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter at the cashier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter at the cashier
+or i can put like sort of like apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i can put like sort of like apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i can put like sort of like apples
+next to it and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it and you know
+people are more likely to buy apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more likely to buy apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more likely to buy apples
+when it's easy or simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's easy or simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's easy or simple
+when they're reminded of eating apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're reminded of eating apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're reminded of eating apples
+and they're more likely to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're more likely to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're more likely to eat
+snickerdoodle as far as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snickerdoodle as far as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snickerdoodle as far as if they
+uh essentially if they're salient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially if they're salient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially if they're salient to
+them to the extent that they want make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the extent that they want make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the extent that they want make
+people to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to make
+uh certain what one might think of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain what one might think of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain what one might think of like
+as good choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good choices
+making it easy for them to make the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it easy for them to make the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it easy for them to make the good
+choice without sort of restricting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice without sort of restricting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice without sort of restricting
+anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's
+um choice sets or coveraging them in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choice sets or coveraging them in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choice sets or coveraging them in any
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+is considered a nudge and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered a nudge and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered a nudge and then there's
+also some things about framing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some things about framing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some things about framing of
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+as in like gains versus losses in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like gains versus losses in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like gains versus losses in terms
+of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their
+contract any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then let me give you briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then let me give you briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then let me give you briefly
+sort of and again we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and again we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and again we're going to get
+back to all of this in lecture 23 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to all of this in lecture 23 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to all of this in lecture 23 but
+let me briefly sort of give you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me briefly sort of give you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me briefly sort of give you a couple
+of examples of nudges in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of nudges in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of nudges in some cases
+where like it's pretty clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like it's pretty clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like it's pretty clear that
+um some matches are a good idea so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some matches are a good idea so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some matches are a good idea so one
+thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+that we talked about quite a bit already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about quite a bit already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about quite a bit already
+when it comes to like procrastination or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to like procrastination or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to like procrastination or
+self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+um uh self-control problems so present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh self-control problems so present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh self-control problems so present
+bias or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias or
+present focus is uh the health domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present focus is uh the health domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present focus is uh the health domain
+and what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people
+um in particular individuals and society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular individuals and society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular individuals and society
+often have aligned goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have aligned goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have aligned goals
+where like you know individuals often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like you know individuals often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like you know individuals often
+want behavioral change they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want behavioral change they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want behavioral change they want to
+improve their diets increase physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their diets increase physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their diets increase physical
+activity stop smoking get vaccinated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity stop smoking get vaccinated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity stop smoking get vaccinated and
+use less energy and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use less energy and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use less energy and so on
+and often there are societal costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often there are societal costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often there are societal costs of
+these behaviors a lack of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these behaviors a lack of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these behaviors a lack of those
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+sometimes there's actualities from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's actualities from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's actualities from like
+smoking or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking or um
+getting uh or not getting vaccinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh or not getting vaccinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh or not getting vaccinated
+sometimes there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's just
+like health care costs in the leg from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like health care costs in the leg from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like health care costs in the leg from
+like obesity and so on where like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obesity and so on where like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obesity and so on where like you
+know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+it's bad for everybody if the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad for everybody if the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad for everybody if the population
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+sick now so these goals are now aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick now so these goals are now aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick now so these goals are now aligned
+and the social planner might want people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social planner might want people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social planner might want people
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+improve their diet or the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their diet or the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their diet or the government
+might want that uh i might want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want that uh i might want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want that uh i might want to like
+do smoking and so on um but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do smoking and so on um but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do smoking and so on um but you know
+individuals as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals as we
+saw previously often failed to follow um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw previously often failed to follow um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw previously often failed to follow um
+through and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and sort of
+often education and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often education and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often education and information
+interventions are often ineffective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are often ineffective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are often ineffective
+um even price interventions are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even price interventions are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even price interventions are often
+ineffective or in sense of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective or in sense of like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective or in sense of like you know
+increasing prices so incentivizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing prices so incentivizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing prices so incentivizing
+people doesn't always work plus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doesn't always work plus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doesn't always work plus it's
+quite expensive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite expensive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite expensive to do
+so one natural question you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one natural question you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one natural question you might want
+to ask is well can we use some nudges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is well can we use some nudges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is well can we use some nudges
+to align intentions and actions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align intentions and actions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align intentions and actions and the
+reason why this is really popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this is really popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this is really popular in
+particular among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular among
+governments is that it's really cheap to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments is that it's really cheap to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments is that it's really cheap to
+do this right so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this right so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this right so essentially
+sending some reminders or like the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending some reminders or like the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending some reminders or like the like
+or providing information in one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or providing information in one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or providing information in one way or
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+is essentially free and if governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially free and if governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially free and if governments
+don't have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have um
+a lot of money that's an easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money that's an easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money that's an easy thing to
+do as opposed to like paying people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as opposed to like paying people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as opposed to like paying people
+which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know
+quite expensive um in many cases uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite expensive um in many cases uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite expensive um in many cases uh so
+here's an example of like a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of like a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of like a free
+intervention which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention which is about
+flu shot communication this is a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot communication this is a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot communication this is a study
+by katy milkman and co-authors from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by katy milkman and co-authors from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by katy milkman and co-authors from
+2011.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011.
+so here uh uh the the goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here uh uh the the goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here uh uh the the goal of the
+intervention is to get people to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is to get people to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention is to get people to sign up
+or to actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to actually get
+um flu shots so the control group got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flu shots so the control group got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flu shots so the control group got
+like an informational mailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an informational mailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an informational mailing
+i'll show you this in a second a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you this in a second a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you this in a second a
+treatment group got um the same plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group got um the same plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group got um the same plus
+like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+and encouraged men to make a date um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encouraged men to make a date um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encouraged men to make a date um
+plan and the treatment group got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and the treatment group got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and the treatment group got
+like the same plus um make a date plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same plus um make a date plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same plus um make a date plan
+and a time plot let me show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a time plot let me show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a time plot let me show you what
+this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like
+so here's the control condition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the control condition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the control condition this is
+just an informational mailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an informational mailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an informational mailing
+uh you know saying like here the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know saying like here the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know saying like here the company
+is and this is a company trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is a company trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is a company trying to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is holding a free uh flu shot clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is holding a free uh flu shot clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is holding a free uh flu shot clinic
+and companies very much want their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies very much want their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies very much want their
+workers to get flu shots because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to get flu shots because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to get flu shots because you
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+reduces essentially sort of uh sick days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces essentially sort of uh sick days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces essentially sort of uh sick days
+if everybody gets their flu shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody gets their flu shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody gets their flu shot
+not only are they healthier and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are they healthier and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are they healthier and it's
+probably good for them and they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good for them and they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good for them and they're like
+less at risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less at risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less at risk of
+you know dying and infecting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dying and infecting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dying and infecting each other
+or just being sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just being sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just being sick
+but it's also good for the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also good for the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also good for the company
+because the company now um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the company now um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the company now um uh
+gets workers to actually show up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets workers to actually show up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets workers to actually show up more
+and have like fewer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have like fewer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have like fewer um
+sick days so here's sort of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick days so here's sort of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick days so here's sort of the control
+condition it looks like a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it looks like a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it looks like a perfectly
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+um uh letter where you say here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh letter where you say here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh letter where you say here is
+like these these days in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these these days in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these these days in which you can
+sort of like sign up and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like sign up and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like sign up and you are
+informed about like the dates and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed about like the dates and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed about like the dates and times
+of the workplace flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the workplace flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the workplace flu
+clinic now the um treatment condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic now the um treatment condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic now the um treatment condition is
+the date plan condition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date plan condition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date plan condition which
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+is asking people to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking people to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking people to um
+or invite people to choose a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or invite people to choose a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or invite people to choose a concrete
+date for getting a fluvax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date for getting a fluvax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date for getting a fluvax
+uh vaccine and the rest of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vaccine and the rest of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vaccine and the rest of the the
+information mailer is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information mailer is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information mailer is exactly the same
+so essentially that's just asking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's just asking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's just asking people
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+you know pick a day of the week and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pick a day of the week and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pick a day of the week and a
+month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month
+um a month and a day on a day of week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a month and a day on a day of week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a month and a day on a day of week
+and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just
+write it down presumably that also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down presumably that also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down presumably that also then
+encourages people to put it into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages people to put it into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages people to put it into that
+calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar
+um uh the like and sort of act to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the like and sort of act to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the like and sort of act to some
+form of a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a reminder
+notice there's no incentive here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's no incentive here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's no incentive here there's
+no financial incentives there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no financial incentives there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no financial incentives there's no
+conversion and so on it's just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and so on it's just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and so on it's just saying
+like why don't you just pick a day right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why don't you just pick a day right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why don't you just pick a day right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh just have a look check your calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just have a look check your calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just have a look check your calendar
+and just figure out you know make a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just figure out you know make a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just figure out you know make a plan
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+and um the second condition is then make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the second condition is then make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the second condition is then make
+a date and a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a date and a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a date and a time
+um um planned condition which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um planned condition which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um planned condition which is to say
+why don't you also pick a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you also pick a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you also pick a time
+um which is like even more concrete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is like even more concrete that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is like even more concrete that
+would be you know uh monday uh october
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know uh monday uh october
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know uh monday uh october
+26th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26th
+at like 9 a.m or wherever i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like 9 a.m or wherever i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like 9 a.m or wherever i'm going to
+go presumably that also encourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go presumably that also encourages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go presumably that also encourages
+people to put it into their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to put it into their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to put it into their um
+calendar now um what you then get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar now um what you then get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar now um what you then get in
+this experiment in this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment in this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment in this very simple
+experiment uh you get to like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh you get to like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh you get to like when you
+just send a letter 33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a letter 33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a letter 33
+actually get the flu shot when you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get the flu shot when you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get the flu shot when you also
+send a date plan 34 and when you send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a date plan 34 and when you send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a date plan 34 and when you send a
+date plan at a time plan it's 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date plan at a time plan it's 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date plan at a time plan it's 37
+now these effects are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these effects are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these effects are a little bit
+underwhelming in the sense they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwhelming in the sense they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwhelming in the sense they're kind
+of small you know it's like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small you know it's like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small you know it's like uh
+you know 1.6 percentage points and 4.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1.6 percentage points and 4.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1.6 percentage points and 4.2
+percentage points and then relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage points and then relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage points and then relative
+terms that's you know not not huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that's you know not not huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that's you know not not huge
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+but notice um what's beautiful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice um what's beautiful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice um what's beautiful about
+here is that the costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the costs are
+essentially zero right so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero right so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero right so in some sense
+if you value additional flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you value additional flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you value additional flu
+um short adherence if you value more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short adherence if you value more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short adherence if you value more
+people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um
+getting flu shots then you know a 4.2 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting flu shots then you know a 4.2 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting flu shots then you know a 4.2 um
+percentage parts increase which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage parts increase which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage parts increase which is about
+like a 10 percent or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10 percent or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10 percent or like
+whatever 11 12 or something increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever 11 12 or something increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever 11 12 or something increase
+relative to the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the control group
+that's quite a bit of uh of an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite a bit of uh of an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite a bit of uh of an increase
+for something that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that's essentially
+free so the cost effectiveness of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so the cost effectiveness of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so the cost effectiveness of this
+is of course very very high because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course very very high because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course very very high because you
+know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's
+essentially free and we cost somebody um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially free and we cost somebody um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially free and we cost somebody um
+like a few minutes to sort of write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a few minutes to sort of write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a few minutes to sort of write this
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+um or like designed as the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or like designed as the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or like designed as the sheet
+but really at its cost exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really at its cost exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really at its cost exactly the same
+to send like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send like the
+uh sheet share on the left versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sheet share on the left versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sheet share on the left versus the
+sheet here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet here on the right
+so that's kind of like an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of like an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of like an example of
+like a win-win kind of situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a win-win kind of situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a win-win kind of situation where
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um we make things essentially more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we make things essentially more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we make things essentially more
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+it's not really hurting anybody and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really hurting anybody and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really hurting anybody and it's
+cheap and free to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and free to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and free to do
+and sort of everybody is happy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of everybody is happy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of everybody is happy and it's
+sort of uncontroversial in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uncontroversial in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uncontroversial in the sense of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+nobody would argue that this is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would argue that this is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would argue that this is a bad
+thing of course some people might sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of course some people might sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of course some people might sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+have some concerns about the flu shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some concerns about the flu shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some concerns about the flu shots
+themselves which i don't think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves which i don't think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves which i don't think there's
+any actual evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any actual evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any actual evidence
+against that as far as i know but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that as far as i know but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that as far as i know but that's
+sort of an example where you say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example where you say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example where you say look
+this is very cheap to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very cheap to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very cheap to do
+so presumably you should sort of pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so presumably you should sort of pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so presumably you should sort of pick
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+uh mailing or the right design if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mailing or the right design if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mailing or the right design if a
+mailing to encourage people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing to encourage people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing to encourage people to do
+desirable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable things
+at least from the company's perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from the company's perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from the company's perspective
+while also preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also preserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also preserving
+people's freedom not spending any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's freedom not spending any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's freedom not spending any money
+but also not encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not encouraging
+anybody any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another example of a
+similar intervention which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar intervention which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar intervention which is um
+uh uh signing up for fafsa this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh signing up for fafsa this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh signing up for fafsa this is a
+paper about bettinger adolf in 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper about bettinger adolf in 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper about bettinger adolf in 2009
+uh where essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where essentially um
+people were provided free uh additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were provided free uh additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were provided free uh additional
+assistance in completing and filing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance in completing and filing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance in completing and filing
+applications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for
+um college financial aid this is fafsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um college financial aid this is fafsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um college financial aid this is fafsa
+the financial aid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial aid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial aid for
+for college um and it really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for college um and it really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for college um and it really uh
+increased um uh college enrollment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased um uh college enrollment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased um uh college enrollment uh
+not only fafsa completion but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only fafsa completion but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only fafsa completion but also
+college enrollment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college enrollment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college enrollment
+and um they're sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they're sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they're sort of different
+conditions one is control versus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions one is control versus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions one is control versus just
+providing people information only here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing people information only here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing people information only here's
+an information of like you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information of like you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information of like you could get
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+fafsa help and so on but it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fafsa help and so on but it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fafsa help and so on but it seems to be
+really what you need is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you need is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you need is like
+um some additional assistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some additional assistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some additional assistance of
+of of completing and filing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of completing and filing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of completing and filing this
+application just somebody essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application just somebody essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application just somebody essentially
+walking you through the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you through the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you through the file
+the the filing um um has a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the filing um um has a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the filing um um has a huge
+impact there's a bit of a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact there's a bit of a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact there's a bit of a question of
+like is that really just a nudge or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that really just a nudge or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that really just a nudge or is
+it like a more powerful intervention but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like a more powerful intervention but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like a more powerful intervention but
+it's a really minor intervention where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really minor intervention where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really minor intervention where
+some people just need some a little help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just need some a little help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just need some a little help
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in filling out this form and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in filling out this form and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in filling out this form and it has
+pretty large effects if you look at sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large effects if you look at sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large effects if you look at sort
+of the fafsa completion of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fafsa completion of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fafsa completion of like
+completion of these forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of these forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of these forms
+and actually reasonably large effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually reasonably large effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually reasonably large effect on
+like college enrollment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like college enrollment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like college enrollment
+you might think this is a hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think this is a hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think this is a hugely
+important choice and sort of if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important choice and sort of if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important choice and sort of if you get
+people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to
+make that really big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that really big change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that really big change
+that's pretty remarkable um for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty remarkable um for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty remarkable um for doing
+some very simple things where i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very simple things where i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very simple things where i'm just
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+help me complete and fill out like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me complete and fill out like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me complete and fill out like a
+simple um form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um form
+something that you could have done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could have done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could have done um
+anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so
+and here again so that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here again so that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here again so that this is a
+relatively cheap thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively cheap thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively cheap thing to do
+and it's it's essentially equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's essentially equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's essentially equivalent to
+the impact of several thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of several thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of several thousands of
+dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of
+education subsidy so if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education subsidy so if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education subsidy so if you wanted to
+essentially pay people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially pay people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially pay people to
+uh go to college subsidize that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to college subsidize that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to college subsidize that which
+you might want to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do for
+for for other reasons anyway one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for other reasons anyway one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for other reasons anyway one key
+issue with that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with that is that
+not only um is it perhaps not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only um is it perhaps not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only um is it perhaps not
+particularly effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly effective
+but also you're going to pay a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you're going to pay a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you're going to pay a lot of
+informational people you're going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational people you're going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational people you're going to pay
+a lot of people who would have gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people who would have gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people who would have gone to
+college anyway you're going to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college anyway you're going to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college anyway you're going to pay the
+subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+so if you have a low budget that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a low budget that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a low budget that's
+really um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um uh
+tough to do and sort of then there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to do and sort of then there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to do and sort of then there's not
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+um the cost effectiveness tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cost effectiveness tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cost effectiveness tends to be
+very low because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low because you
+you have essentially a low impact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have essentially a low impact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have essentially a low impact but
+like really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really high
+costs and you can read about this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and you can read about this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and you can read about this more
+in the link that i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the link that i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the link that i had
+but essentially the bottom line here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially the bottom line here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially the bottom line here is
+again like you can do very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like you can do very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like you can do very small
+changes that can have pretty large um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that can have pretty large um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that can have pretty large um
+effects there's other types of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there's other types of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there's other types of examples
+that government use or where governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that government use or where governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that government use or where governments
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+nudges another example would be sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges another example would be sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges another example would be sending
+out letters for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out letters for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out letters for people to
+pay their taxes which essentially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay their taxes which essentially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay their taxes which essentially are
+like reminders or often like appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reminders or often like appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reminders or often like appealing
+to people's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people's um
+sort of pro-sociality and various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pro-sociality and various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pro-sociality and various ways
+but like the government sends you lottos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the government sends you lottos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the government sends you lottos
+and there's different ways in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's different ways in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's different ways in which you
+can get these write this letters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these write this letters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these write this letters you
+could say you should pay your taxes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say you should pay your taxes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say you should pay your taxes or
+everybody is paying their taxes or good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is paying their taxes or good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is paying their taxes or good
+citizens pay their taxes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens pay their taxes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens pay their taxes and so on
+and people there's a whole industry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people there's a whole industry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people there's a whole industry of
+like nudge units where people have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nudge units where people have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nudge units where people have then
+try to figure out what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what's the best
+way of doing that and uh by doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing that and uh by doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing that and uh by doing that
+in different ways that can have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways that can have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways that can have pretty
+large effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effects
+on people's um behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's um behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's um behaviors
+and the government sort of love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the government sort of love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the government sort of love this
+because you know it's a very cheap thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's a very cheap thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's a very cheap thing
+to do and they can have large impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and they can have large impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and they can have large impacts
+and change behaviors but quite a bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change behaviors but quite a bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change behaviors but quite a bit in
+this case in the tax case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in the tax case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in the tax case
+increase revenue by quite a bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase revenue by quite a bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase revenue by quite a bit um
+without costing the government very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without costing the government very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without costing the government very much
+because often they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often they'll
+send some letters anyway and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send some letters anyway and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send some letters anyway and there's
+then some more and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some more and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some more and some
+less effective ways of doing that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective ways of doing that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective ways of doing that when
+you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the
+the intervention that i have here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention that i have here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention that i have here on the
+slide the fafsa one is essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the fafsa one is essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the fafsa one is essentially just
+the effects almost surely will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects almost surely will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects almost surely will be
+persistent in the sense that like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent in the sense that like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent in the sense that like this
+is a one judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one judge
+one shot choice whether like you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shot choice whether like you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shot choice whether like you send
+your kid to college or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kid to college or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kid to college or not
+and once you increase the college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you increase the college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you increase the college
+enrollment which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment which you know
+um might have some other issues but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might have some other issues but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might have some other issues but once
+you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that
+uh uh there's gonna be persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's gonna be persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's gonna be persistent
+effects because once kids go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because once kids go to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because once kids go to college
+they know that has effects on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that has effects on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that has effects on their
+behaviors and so on now what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and so on now what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and so on now what you're
+saying something else which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something else which is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something else which is some
+other decisions we're just like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other decisions we're just like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other decisions we're just like about
+paying taxes we're like every year you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying taxes we're like every year you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying taxes we're like every year you
+get this letter from the government that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this letter from the government that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this letter from the government that
+sort of tells you you should pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tells you you should pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tells you you should pay your
+taxes maybe the first time it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes maybe the first time it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes maybe the first time it works
+maybe the second time as well but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the second time as well but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the second time as well but at
+some point you're like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you're like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you're like whatever
+um i don't care that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't care that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't care that's a great question
+and i don't know whether we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know whether we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know whether we have lots of
+evidence on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on that
+i think the governments would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the governments would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the governments would sort of
+and uh i think there's some research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i think there's some research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i think there's some research on
+this that i just i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that i just i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that i just i'm not
+sure i'm aware of um i think governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i'm aware of um i think governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i'm aware of um i think governments
+or people would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people would say well
+in some sense we don't care that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we don't care that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we don't care that much
+about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh
+i says of course we care but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i says of course we care but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i says of course we care but it doesn't
+change the fact that like in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the fact that like in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the fact that like in the first
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+so we know that the first year works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the first year works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the first year works
+pretty well and there's some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and there's some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and there's some things that
+work better than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better than others
+many governments send some letters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many governments send some letters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many governments send some letters or
+some forms of mailers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of mailers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of mailers
+anyway so what you want to do is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what you want to do is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what you want to do is kind of
+like make sure you optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make sure you optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make sure you optimize
+at least the first or second time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the first or second time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the first or second time you
+contact people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact people
+and that might have some persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might have some persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might have some persistent
+effects by themselves even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects by themselves even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects by themselves even if you don't
+recontact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recontact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recontact
+them because once you start paying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because once you start paying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because once you start paying your
+taxes maybe then it becomes a habit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes maybe then it becomes a habit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes maybe then it becomes a habit and
+people do it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do it anyway
+but even if that's not persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if that's not persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if that's not persistent
+governments would say well if that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments would say well if that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments would say well if that gets
+people to pay taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to pay taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to pay taxes
+more at least once or twice that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at least once or twice that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at least once or twice that's worth
+sort of the money spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the money spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the money spent
+that you have like there's just some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have like there's just some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have like there's just some you
+need like somebody essentially needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need like somebody essentially needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need like somebody essentially needs to
+design this letters there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design this letters there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design this letters there's like
+templates of what you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates of what you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates of what you can use
+and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh
+uh that's that's actually very cheap to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's that's actually very cheap to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's that's actually very cheap to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+and uh uh has pretty large effects at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh has pretty large effects at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh has pretty large effects at
+least in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the short run
+i think they're saying something correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they're saying something correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they're saying something correct
+which is sometimes it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sometimes it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sometimes it's like
+some effects on like it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effects on like it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effects on like it's just
+information versus like some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information versus like some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information versus like some things
+about making you feel bad or social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making you feel bad or social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making you feel bad or social
+norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms
+i think the information things if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the information things if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the information things if people
+if you think people just forget stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think people just forget stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think people just forget stuff
+for example if people forget to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if people forget to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if people forget to get
+their flu shot and so on you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their flu shot and so on you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their flu shot and so on you should
+probably send reminders and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably send reminders and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably send reminders and so on and
+get them to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to do that
+if people if there's sort of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people if there's sort of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people if there's sort of these
+social norms or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms or sort of
+our governments you feel bad in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our governments you feel bad in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our governments you feel bad in some
+ways maybe those things are maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways maybe those things are maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways maybe those things are maybe more
+likely to potentially at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to potentially at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to potentially at least
+uh go away once you do it like 17 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go away once you do it like 17 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go away once you do it like 17 times
+because at some point people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at some point people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at some point people
+yeah whatever like the same letter i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever like the same letter i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever like the same letter i got
+always and i haven't paid my taxes last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and i haven't paid my taxes last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and i haven't paid my taxes last
+time i'm not going to pay them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i'm not going to pay them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i'm not going to pay them now
+either it's um it's additional assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's um it's additional assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's um it's additional assist
+assistance in completing and filing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance in completing and filing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance in completing and filing
+applications right so essentially it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications right so essentially it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications right so essentially it's
+not so the financial aid is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the financial aid is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the financial aid is always
+available it's just who takes advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it's just who takes advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it's just who takes advantage
+of financial aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial aid
+depends on how easy you make it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how easy you make it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how easy you make it to
+people and whether you support some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and whether you support some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and whether you support some
+provide some support in completing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some support in completing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some support in completing and
+filing applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing applications
+there's also something with that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also something with that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also something with that where
+essentially uh once you do your taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh once you do your taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh once you do your taxes
+essentially it already pre-fills you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it already pre-fills you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it already pre-fills you the
+forms which is even easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms which is even easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms which is even easier
+to do but essentially this falls under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but essentially this falls under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but essentially this falls under
+the category of making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the category of making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the category of making things
+easy for people and uh that can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for people and uh that can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for people and uh that can sort of
+change behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change behaviors
+um quite a bit but the the key part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite a bit but the the key part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite a bit but the the key part in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nudges and this is let me get back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges and this is let me get back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges and this is let me get back again
+to the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the definition
+is that uh there's no financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh there's no financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh there's no financial
+um incentives right so this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incentives right so this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incentives right so this is the key
+part here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here is
+without imposing any coercion or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without imposing any coercion or without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without imposing any coercion or without
+uh paying any kind of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paying any kind of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paying any kind of material
+incentives or at least only very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives or at least only very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives or at least only very very
+small incentives there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small incentives there's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small incentives there's a bit of a
+question how to define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how to define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how to define that
+but once i pay you a thousand dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once i pay you a thousand dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once i pay you a thousand dollars to
+go to college or whatever subsidize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college or whatever subsidize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college or whatever subsidize you
+that's not a notch anymore or once i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a notch anymore or once i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a notch anymore or once i'm
+like taking away certain options from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking away certain options from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking away certain options from
+you and just sort of like eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and just sort of like eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and just sort of like eliminating
+choices from your choice set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices from your choice set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices from your choice set
+again that's not a nudge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's not a nudge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's not a nudge that's
+something else that's changing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's changing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's changing your
+choices this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices this one is
+nudges are explicitly about keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges are explicitly about keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudges are explicitly about keeping
+people's choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's choices
+um uh fully free and available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh fully free and available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh fully free and available
+but making it easier for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but making it easier for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but making it easier for them
+to make a certain choice presumably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a certain choice presumably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a certain choice presumably a
+choice that's desired in some ways by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's desired in some ways by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that's desired in some ways by
+the social planner or about people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social planner or about people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social planner or about people's
+uh plans for their future so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plans for their future so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plans for their future so anyway
+there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large
+um sort of set of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of set of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of set of examples
+of different nudges and so on and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different nudges and so on and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different nudges and so on and they
+can be fairly effective um of course not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fairly effective um of course not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fairly effective um of course not
+for everybody and often the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody and often the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody and often the fraction of
+people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are
+swayed by these matches is not huge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swayed by these matches is not huge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swayed by these matches is not huge in
+part because if you think about it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because if you think about it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because if you think about it like
+essentially people need to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people need to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people need to be sort of
+like marginal in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like marginal in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like marginal in some ways
+if people just really really don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people just really really don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people just really really don't want
+to go to college because it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to college because it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to college because it's too
+expensive for them or whatever for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive for them or whatever for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive for them or whatever for
+other reasons or if people really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons or if people really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons or if people really want
+to go to college anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to college anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to college anyway
+the nudge will not change that behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nudge will not change that behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nudge will not change that behavior
+whether somebody fills out the form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody fills out the form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody fills out the form or
+not doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't really matter
+but if somebody is sort of like ah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if somebody is sort of like ah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if somebody is sort of like ah maybe
+i should send the kid to college or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should send the kid to college or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should send the kid to college or not
+but nowadays it's like form and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nowadays it's like form and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nowadays it's like form and then
+they forget about it and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they forget about it and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they forget about it and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+for that kind of people there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of people there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of people there will be
+like potentially uh large effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like potentially uh large effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like potentially uh large effects
+um but sort of then by definition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sort of then by definition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sort of then by definition in
+some ways the fraction of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the fraction of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the fraction of people who are
+actually marginal will not be huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually marginal will not be huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually marginal will not be huge
+but again since the costs tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again since the costs tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again since the costs tend to be
+extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low
+it tends to be very much like cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be very much like cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be very much like cost
+effective to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to do so
+now again sort of um previewing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again sort of um previewing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again sort of um previewing a little
+bit what comes in the policy lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what comes in the policy lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what comes in the policy lecture is
+so minor interventions can have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minor interventions can have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minor interventions can have large
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+but you know nudges can often achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know nudges can often achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know nudges can often achieve
+sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+so in some cases that just can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some cases that just can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some cases that just can achieve
+unambiguous improvements like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous improvements like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous improvements like if you
+send people reminders and they forget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send people reminders and they forget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send people reminders and they forget to
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+flu shot and now they do the flu shot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot and now they do the flu shot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot and now they do the flu shot or
+if they certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they certain
+you know if people don't take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if people don't take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if people don't take that
+medication and you remind them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and you remind them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and you remind them or
+provide information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide information
+or some other forms where you get help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other forms where you get help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other forms where you get help
+people to to take their medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to take their medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to take their medication
+it's pretty clear that that's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear that that's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear that that's making
+people better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people better off
+but there's also a bunch of challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a bunch of challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a bunch of challenges
+and other situations which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other situations which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other situations which is kind of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh in some cases it's not at all obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some cases it's not at all obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some cases it's not at all obvious
+like which nudge to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which nudge to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which nudge to choose
+i'll be making everybody like better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be making everybody like better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be making everybody like better off
+and people some people made worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people some people made worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people some people made worse off
+for example should everybody say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example should everybody say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example should everybody say for
+retirement are we pushing people to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement are we pushing people to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement are we pushing people to save
+for too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too much
+take too much should everybody go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take too much should everybody go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take too much should everybody go to
+college maybe in some ways for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college maybe in some ways for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college maybe in some ways for some
+people it's more suitable than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it's more suitable than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it's more suitable than for
+others to go to college often it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to go to college often it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to go to college often it's a
+huge financial expense for the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge financial expense for the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge financial expense for the family
+and you know if then the job prospects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if then the job prospects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if then the job prospects
+are not necessarily better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily better
+compared to not going to college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to not going to college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to not going to college and
+it's not clear that one should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that one should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that one should do that
+there's also some evidence or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some evidence or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some evidence or some
+concerns about not just making you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about not just making you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about not just making you feel
+people feel bad so like you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel bad so like you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel bad so like you get these
+letters that says you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that says you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that says you're like
+destroying the environment and like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the environment and like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the environment and like you
+know with all these like sad faces how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with all these like sad faces how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with all these like sad faces how
+many worse than your neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many worse than your neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many worse than your neighbors
+people might just feel bad about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might just feel bad about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might just feel bad about it and
+you know um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um uh
+you should put some uh you put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should put some uh you put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should put some uh you put some
+weight on that if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on that if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on that if you sort of
+if they send these letters to like lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they send these letters to like lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they send these letters to like lots
+of house a thousand households and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of house a thousand households and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of house a thousand households and like
+50 households or 20 households change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 households or 20 households change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 households or 20 households change
+their behavior in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior in certain ways
+but 300 households feel bad about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 300 households feel bad about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 300 households feel bad about it
+because you just like feel uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just like feel uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just like feel uncomfortable
+getting these nudges or like you get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these nudges or like you get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these nudges or like you get all
+these like phone calls or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like phone calls or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like phone calls or
+spams on or they feel bad about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spams on or they feel bad about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spams on or they feel bad about the
+environment from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment from like
+sending too many letters um we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending too many letters um we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending too many letters um we should
+put some weight on that and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some weight on that and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some weight on that and there's like
+then there's some trade-offs it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some trade-offs it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some trade-offs it's not
+like entirely free and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like entirely free and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like entirely free and then you know
+there's some costs and benefits of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some costs and benefits of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some costs and benefits of that
+there's also some questions about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some questions about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some questions about which
+self should we respect we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self should we respect we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self should we respect we talked about
+this a lot before which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot before which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot before which is you know
+if oneself wants to be very virtuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if oneself wants to be very virtuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if oneself wants to be very virtuous and
+exercise a lot and so on and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise a lot and so on and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise a lot and so on and the other
+one wants to sit on the couch and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to sit on the couch and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to sit on the couch and watch
+tv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv
+or if oneself wants to smoke and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if oneself wants to smoke and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if oneself wants to smoke and the
+other one does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does not
+it's not obvious that we should respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious that we should respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious that we should respect
+the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+short-run self that wants to just enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run self that wants to just enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run self that wants to just enjoy
+themselves and so on and sort of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and so on and sort of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and so on and sort of now
+there's tricky issues and like i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tricky issues and like i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tricky issues and like i'll be
+actually making people better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making people better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making people better off
+um or not and we'll get back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or not and we'll get back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or not and we'll get back to these
+issues in the last lecture which talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the last lecture which talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the last lecture which talks
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+policy any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy any questions on
+this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is actually lecture 20 about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually lecture 20 about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually lecture 20 about
+malleability and accessibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability and accessibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability and accessibility of
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+um this is a in a way a more radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a in a way a more radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a in a way a more radical
+deviation from neoclassical economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from neoclassical economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from neoclassical economics
+because so far we have always said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so far we have always said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so far we have always said
+people know their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know their preferences
+people have certain beliefs their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have certain beliefs their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have certain beliefs their
+beliefs might be wrong and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs might be wrong and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs might be wrong and so on
+but crucially um people knew what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but crucially um people knew what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but crucially um people knew what they
+were doing and they were deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing and they were deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing and they were deliberately
+making certain choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making certain choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making certain choices
+and uh whether you know their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh whether you know their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh whether you know their their
+preferences were perhaps uh including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences were perhaps uh including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences were perhaps uh including
+present bias so social preferences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias so social preferences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias so social preferences the
+reference dependence the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependence the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependence the like
+but these preferences were given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these preferences were given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these preferences were given and
+fixed and people knew what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and people knew what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and people knew what those
+preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are
+now we're going to deviate from that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to deviate from that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to deviate from that and
+think about it and i'll show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and i'll show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and i'll show you some
+evidence that people might not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that people might not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that people might not actually
+um aid um these preferences might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aid um these preferences might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aid um these preferences might be
+malleable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable
+and b people might not even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b people might not even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b people might not even like
+understand why they want what they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they want what they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they want what they want
+and sort of um the preference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of um the preference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of um the preference is
+sort of quite mysterious to people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quite mysterious to people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quite mysterious to people and
+it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite
+easy in some ways to manipulate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy in some ways to manipulate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy in some ways to manipulate people
+in some ways uh without them even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways uh without them even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways uh without them even
+like understanding and knowing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like understanding and knowing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like understanding and knowing about it
+so i'll tell you some uh about some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll tell you some uh about some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll tell you some uh about some very
+fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating
+um psychology work which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psychology work which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psychology work which is called the
+paper is called telling more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is called telling more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is called telling more than you
+can know from nisbet and wilson which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know from nisbet and wilson which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know from nisbet and wilson which is
+a classic paper and social psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic paper and social psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic paper and social psychology
+um and then we're going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're going to talk a little
+bit about willingness to pay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about willingness to pay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about willingness to pay and then
+the paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper by
+um a reality coherent arbitrariness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a reality coherent arbitrariness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a reality coherent arbitrariness
+which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+you were supposed to read for um today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were supposed to read for um today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were supposed to read for um today
+okay so um let's go step back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's go step back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's go step back a little
+bit and talk about the nisbet and wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and talk about the nisbet and wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and talk about the nisbet and wilson
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh paper so this is um so many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh paper so this is um so many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh paper so this is um so many uh
+questions you might have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you might have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you might have any questions
+about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know
+cognitive processes underlying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processes underlying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processes underlying our
+choices evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices evaluations
+judgments and behaviors you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments and behaviors you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments and behaviors you want to
+wonder why do you like a certain person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why do you like a certain person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why do you like a certain person
+versus not what do you like about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not what do you like about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not what do you like about them
+and why do you like this person and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do you like this person and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do you like this person and not
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+and why are you friends with this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why are you friends with this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why are you friends with this person
+versus somebody else and why do you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus somebody else and why do you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus somebody else and why do you like
+math versus english and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math versus english and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math versus english and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+um how did you solve a certain problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did you solve a certain problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did you solve a certain problem
+once you sort of asked to solve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you sort of asked to solve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you sort of asked to solve some
+problems how did you come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems how did you come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems how did you come up with the
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+uh you know why did you take this job or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know why did you take this job or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know why did you take this job or
+why did you take this class was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you take this class was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you take this class was this
+another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class
+and you might sort of say well i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might sort of say well i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might sort of say well i like
+this one and not that one and i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and not that one and i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and not that one and i really
+like sort of like computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of like computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of like computer
+science versus like math versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science versus like math versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science versus like math versus
+economics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics um
+but you know when i then when you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know when i then when you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know when i then when you then
+ask about yourself for others you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about yourself for others you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about yourself for others you know
+why exactly do you like that one versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why exactly do you like that one versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why exactly do you like that one versus
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+you'll realize quickly that people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize quickly that people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize quickly that people often
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+don't quite have a good answer um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite have a good answer um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite have a good answer um to
+those questions and this but in wilson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions and this but in wilson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions and this but in wilson's
+sort of fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fairly
+um provocative paper says essentially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um provocative paper says essentially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um provocative paper says essentially we
+have no idea where these preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea where these preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea where these preferences are
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+and we're just making stuff up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just making stuff up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just making stuff up and so
+let me give you some examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some examples of that
+the first example is what what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example is what what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example is what what's called
+meyer's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meyer's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meyer's um
+two-string problem from 1931. this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-string problem from 1931. this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-string problem from 1931. this is
+like a very simple one of these classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple one of these classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple one of these classic
+psychology experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiments
+the experiments works as follows there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments works as follows there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments works as follows there's
+um two cords um hung from the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two cords um hung from the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two cords um hung from the ceiling
+of a lab with many objects such as poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lab with many objects such as poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lab with many objects such as poles
+ring stands clamps pliers and extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring stands clamps pliers and extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring stands clamps pliers and extension
+cords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords
+subjects are now asked are told that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects are now asked are told that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects are now asked are told that the
+task is to tie the two ends of the ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is to tie the two ends of the ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is to tie the two ends of the ports
+together so there's two chords hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so there's two chords hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so there's two chords hanging
+um on the side of like of each side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the side of like of each side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the side of like of each side of
+the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+and subjects are supposed to like tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subjects are supposed to like tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subjects are supposed to like tie
+these two chords together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two chords together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two chords together
+the problem is that the chords are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that the chords are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that the chords are
+placed far apart from each other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed far apart from each other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed far apart from each other such
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+subjects can't while holding onto one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects can't while holding onto one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects can't while holding onto one
+chord reach the other so you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord reach the other so you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord reach the other so you can't just
+take one chord and then sort of like try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one chord and then sort of like try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one chord and then sort of like try
+to reach the other because it's too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach the other because it's too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach the other because it's too far
+um away and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um away and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um away and so um
+and then there's all these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's all these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's all these like
+different objects in the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects in the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects in the room and
+somebody's just sort of trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's just sort of trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's just sort of trying to figure
+out how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do this
+and so then they usually sort of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they usually sort of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they usually sort of they
+they're told so usually they come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're told so usually they come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're told so usually they come up
+with one or two solutions that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one or two solutions that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one or two solutions that are not
+really solutions because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solutions because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solutions because it doesn't
+really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work
+so they can get the users like extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can get the users like extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can get the users like extension
+cord they use the pliers and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they use the pliers and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they use the pliers and so on and
+the clamp and some ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clamp and some ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clamp and some ring
+whatever and it just doesn't work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it just doesn't work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it just doesn't work and
+um and then they sort of try it and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then they sort of try it and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then they sort of try it and keep
+keep trying but it doesn't really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep trying but it doesn't really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep trying but it doesn't really um
+work out and then they're told to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and then they're told to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and then they're told to do it
+um another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another way
+and then meyer the experimenter walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then meyer the experimenter walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then meyer the experimenter walks
+into the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room
+at some point or walks around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point or walks around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point or walks around and
+essentially accidentally this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially accidentally this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially accidentally this is sort of
+like on purpose of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on purpose of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on purpose of course
+accidentally puts some of the cords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally puts some of the cords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally puts some of the cords in
+motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and
+subjects then very quickly afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects then very quickly afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects then very quickly afterwards
+figure out the solution within the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the solution within the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the solution within the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of course the reason here is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of course the reason here is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of course the reason here is why
+they figure it out is because now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figure it out is because now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figure it out is because now that
+chords are put into motion and subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords are put into motion and subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords are put into motion and subjects
+sort of figure out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of figure out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of figure out then
+how to do this and what you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this and what you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this and what you're supposed
+to do is essentially put the chords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is essentially put the chords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is essentially put the chords in
+motion and once you put them in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and once you put them in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and once you put them in motion
+you can essentially reach them both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially reach them both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially reach them both and
+then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put
+it um together um i have a video here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um together um i have a video here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um together um i have a video here a
+little traumatized from last time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little traumatized from last time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little traumatized from last time um
+where it didn't work out so i'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it didn't work out so i'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it didn't work out so i'm not sure
+no i don't even see it so maybe let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't even see it so maybe let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't even see it so maybe let's
+just skip it but you can watch the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip it but you can watch the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip it but you can watch the video
+of that it's the first sort of two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's the first sort of two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's the first sort of two and a
+half minutes this video i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes this video i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes this video i don't
+know we don't see anything but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't see anything but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't see anything but there's a
+video that sort of demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that sort of demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that sort of demonstrates
+um this task um that you can want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this task um that you can want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this task um that you can want to
+just skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip this
+so now then afterwards people are asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now then afterwards people are asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now then afterwards people are asked
+well how did you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how did you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how did you come up
+um uh with the idea of using a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with the idea of using a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with the idea of using a pendulum
+and sort of people then have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of people then have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of people then have all these
+like explanations well it just dawned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like explanations well it just dawned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like explanations well it just dawned on
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+i was the only i was the only thing left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the only i was the only thing left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the only i was the only thing left
+i thought about all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought about all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought about all these different
+things and at the end i came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and at the end i came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and at the end i came up with
+this other solution which is like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other solution which is like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other solution which is like using
+these strings as a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings as a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings as a pendulum
+or you know i just realized the chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know i just realized the chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know i just realized the chord
+with what's swinging how fast and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's swinging how fast and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's swinging how fast and the
+weight on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on it so
+like what the solution at the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the solution at the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the solution at the end is
+like you put the plier in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you put the plier in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you put the plier in one of the
+chords and then swing it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and then swing it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and then swing it and then you
+sort of use the other one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use the other one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use the other one and then you
+can put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put them together
+there's one harvard psychology faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one harvard psychology faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one harvard psychology faculty
+subject in fact had the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in fact had the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in fact had the following
+explanation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which is
+having exhausted everything else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having exhausted everything else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having exhausted everything else the
+next thing was to swing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing was to swing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing was to swing it
+i thought of the situation of swinging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought of the situation of swinging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought of the situation of swinging
+across a river i had an imagery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a river i had an imagery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a river i had an imagery of
+monkeys swinging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys swinging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys swinging
+from trees this imagery uh appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trees this imagery uh appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trees this imagery uh appeared
+simultaneously with a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously with a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously with a solution
+the idea appeared complete now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea appeared complete now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea appeared complete now of course
+the problem here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is that
+um the the the problem here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the problem here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the problem here is
+that's all like because um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all like because um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all like because um uh
+the reason why people come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why people come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why people come up with a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+is because um as i told you um meyer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because um as i told you um meyer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because um as i told you um meyer was
+walking in and accidentally putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking in and accidentally putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking in and accidentally putting the
+chords in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords in motion
+and you know you can sort of there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you can sort of there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you can sort of there's
+differences in timing sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in timing sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in timing sometimes they
+would come in earlier sometimes later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in earlier sometimes later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in earlier sometimes later
+and every time you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you know that
+experimenter walks in people would sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter walks in people would sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter walks in people would sort
+of accidentally then figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accidentally then figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accidentally then figure it out
+and then come up with these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come up with these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come up with these like
+elaborate explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate explanations
+and the reason why we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why we know that this is
+because um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um uh
+the experimenter coming in is because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter coming in is because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter coming in is because if
+the experiment doesn't accidentally come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment doesn't accidentally come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment doesn't accidentally come
+in and puts the the chords in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and puts the the chords in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and puts the the chords in motion
+then essentially people are not figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially people are not figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially people are not figuring
+out so we know the causal the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we know the causal the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we know the causal the true
+causal effect here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect here is
+the experimenter coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter coming in and
+suggesting a solution to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting a solution to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting a solution to people
+but people then make up all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people then make up all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people then make up all these
+stories where um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories where um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories where um uh
+uh including like the monkeys swing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including like the monkeys swing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including like the monkeys swing from
+trees how they came up with a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees how they came up with a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees how they came up with a solution
+which is clearly not how they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is clearly not how they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is clearly not how they came up
+with the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solution
+the reason why they came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they came up with the
+solution is because meyer touched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is because meyer touched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is because meyer touched the
+the strings okay now there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings okay now there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings okay now there's a second
+example here which or there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here which or there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here which or there's three
+examples in total so let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in total so let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in total so let me tell you
+about example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about example
+number or let me ask first any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or let me ask first any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or let me ask first any questions
+about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um
+study by the way you should um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study by the way you should um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study by the way you should um
+lower your hands uh if you asked stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower your hands uh if you asked stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower your hands uh if you asked stuff
+previously like brian and carmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yes you have additional questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me um let me tell you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me um let me tell you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me um let me tell you um
+uh the second study now this is a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second study now this is a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second study now this is a study
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+um uh uh uh latin and darley um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh latin and darley um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uh latin and darley um which is
+uh we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked
+i talked to i tell you this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked to i tell you this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked to i tell you this a little bit
+about which is the um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is the um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is the um these are
+the impacts of bystanders and witnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts of bystanders and witnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts of bystanders and witnesses
+on helping behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on helping behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on helping behaviors
+i told you about the story of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you about the story of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you about the story of the good
+samaritan before this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samaritan before this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samaritan before this is sort of a
+similar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um
+study and this is essentially um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and this is essentially um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and this is essentially um a
+situation that's again created by social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's again created by social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's again created by social
+psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists
+it's not a real situation but people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a real situation but people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a real situation but people are
+meant to think that it's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to think that it's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to think that it's real
+and so here um the more people over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here um the more people over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here um the more people over here
+someone in another room having what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in another room having what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in another room having what
+sounds like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like an
+epileptic seizure the lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epileptic seizure the lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epileptic seizure the lower the
+probability that any given individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that any given individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that any given individual
+will rush to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rush to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rush to help
+and uh you get similar results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you get similar results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you get similar results for
+individuals reaction to dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals reaction to dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals reaction to dangerous
+looking smoke coming out of the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking smoke coming out of the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking smoke coming out of the ceiling
+of a room so like there's people in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a room so like there's people in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a room so like there's people in an
+experiment and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and they
+have like smoke coming out in a room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like smoke coming out in a room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like smoke coming out in a room and
+the more people that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more people that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more people that are there
+the less likely is any given person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less likely is any given person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less likely is any given person
+perhaps because their free writing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because their free writing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because their free writing is to
+actually do something about it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do something about it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do something about it and you
+know this looks kind of very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks kind of very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks kind of very dangerous
+but nobody does anything because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody does anything because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody does anything because
+essentially other people are also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially other people are also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially other people are also not
+doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+now when you then ask people afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you then ask people afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you then ask people afterwards
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+uh what influenced your choices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what influenced your choices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what influenced your choices and
+um essentially um when you ask them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially um when you ask them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially um when you ask them like
+directly and tactfully and bluntly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and tactfully and bluntly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and tactfully and bluntly
+um you always get the same answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you always get the same answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you always get the same answer that
+essentially they think their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they think their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they think their behavior
+had not been influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been influenced by
+the other people present they think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people present they think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people present they think like
+for whatever reason they didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason they didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason they didn't do
+anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and
+maybe they thought it wasn't so bad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they thought it wasn't so bad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they thought it wasn't so bad or
+like it wasn't really danger or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but of course these are randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course these are randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course these are randomized
+experiments we know that some subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we know that some subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we know that some subjects
+were influenced by the presence of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were influenced by the presence of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were influenced by the presence of other
+people because precisely the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because precisely the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because precisely the experiment
+was creating the aberration and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was creating the aberration and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was creating the aberration and it
+affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected
+people's behavior yet when you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior yet when you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior yet when you ask
+people people essentially just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people essentially just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people essentially just don't
+understand that and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that and sort of
+um then come up with other explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then come up with other explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then come up with other explanations
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+why they do or did what they um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they do or did what they um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they do or did what they um in fact
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+and uh number three is sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh number three is sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh number three is sort of very
+similar these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar these are
+um uh called sort of erroneous reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh called sort of erroneous reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh called sort of erroneous reports
+about position effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about position effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about position effects
+these are studies where um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are studies where um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are studies where um uh uh
+certain items were positioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain items were positioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain items were positioned in
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+um to get people to uh when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get people to uh when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get people to uh when people were
+evaluating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating them
+so there um uh passer buys were asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there um uh passer buys were asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there um uh passer buys were asked to
+evaluate some clothing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate some clothing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate some clothing um
+and they're asking about people's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're asking about people's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're asking about people's the
+quality and the preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and the preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and the preferences
+um or their the quality of certain goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or their the quality of certain goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or their the quality of certain goods
+and people's preferences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people's preferences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people's preferences between
+different goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goods
+and the way this experiment was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way this experiment was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way this experiment was set up
+and this is sort of essentially like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of essentially like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of essentially like a
+marketing experiment if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing experiment if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing experiment if you want
+essentially there's a pronounced left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a pronounced left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there's a pronounced left to
+right position effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right position effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right position effect
+the rightmost object was heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost object was heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost object was heavily
+overchosen in these experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overchosen in these experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overchosen in these experiments and
+that's in some sense irrelevant why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in some sense irrelevant why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in some sense irrelevant why
+that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case
+but essentially from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially from previous
+experiments we know that essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we know that essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we know that essentially the
+rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost
+object is most uh likely to be chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is most uh likely to be chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is most uh likely to be chosen
+perhaps because people look at it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because people look at it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because people look at it first
+so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because
+they look at it last and so on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at it last and so on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at it last and so on it
+doesn't matter what's important for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what's important for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what's important for our
+purposes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes is that
+the rightmost object is most happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost object is most happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost object is most happily
+chosen people like that object the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen people like that object the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen people like that object the best
+in these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these experiments
+and then you know there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know there's gonna be
+randomization and the positioning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and the positioning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and the positioning of
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+and people then ask well why did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people then ask well why did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people then ask well why did you
+choose this sweater versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this sweater versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this sweater versus
+another and no ob subject whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and no ob subject whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and no ob subject whatsoever
+ever mentions the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever mentions the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever mentions the position of the
+article and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and the uh
+in the room and virtually all subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room and virtually all subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room and virtually all subjects
+denied it was when asked directly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied it was when asked directly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied it was when asked directly about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+possible effect of the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible effect of the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible effect of the position of the
+article and people come up with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and people come up with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and people come up with all
+these explanations it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these explanations it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these explanations it's like
+of green is really always my five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green is really always my five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green is really always my five
+favorite color and like the sweater is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite color and like the sweater is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite color and like the sweater is
+really fluffy and this and that and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fluffy and this and that and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fluffy and this and that and like
+you know i really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i really um
+i like it for reason x and y of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like it for reason x and y of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like it for reason x and y of course
+that's true for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for some people
+but we know that at least some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that at least some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that at least some people
+must be swayed by these position effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be swayed by these position effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be swayed by these position effects
+because we set up an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we set up an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we set up an experiment
+to precisely do that and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to precisely do that and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to precisely do that and then that
+essentially swayed behavior in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially swayed behavior in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially swayed behavior in a very
+predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable
+way so essentially there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so essentially there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so essentially there are these
+determinants on people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants on people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants on people's
+preferences behavior that people do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences behavior that people do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences behavior that people do not
+seem to understand okay so let me sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to understand okay so let me sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to understand okay so let me sort
+of just summarize what did we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just summarize what did we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just summarize what did we learn
+um so there are many instances in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are many instances in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are many instances in which
+subjects have no idea why they choose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects have no idea why they choose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects have no idea why they choose um
+what they choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they choose
+and then people and this is you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people and this is you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people and this is you can read
+this more in this paper um which i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more in this paper um which i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more in this paper um which i think
+is a beautiful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a beautiful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a beautiful um
+paper people appear to make up stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper people appear to make up stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper people appear to make up stories
+that are based on their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based on their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based on their um
+a priori implicit causal theories what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priori implicit causal theories what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priori implicit causal theories what i
+mean by that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that essentially
+they have some theory of like why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some theory of like why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some theory of like why they
+do certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do certain things
+and when you ask them then okay well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you ask them then okay well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you ask them then okay well why
+did you do what you just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do what you just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do what you just did
+people would sort of come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would sort of come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would sort of come up with some
+ways of justifying exposed in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of justifying exposed in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of justifying exposed in some ways
+uh uh their behavior based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh their behavior based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh their behavior based on some
+theories that they had about themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that they had about themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that they had about themselves
+and sort of you know i always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of you know i always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of you know i always like
+fluffy sweaters and therefore you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluffy sweaters and therefore you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluffy sweaters and therefore you choose
+the sweater of course it happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweater of course it happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweater of course it happens to be
+the only choose a sweater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only choose a sweater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only choose a sweater
+if it's only very much on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only very much on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only very much on the right
+versus on the left but people then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on the left but people then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on the left but people then sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+have their ways in which they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their ways in which they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their ways in which they then
+explain what they do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what they do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what they do um
+based on essentially things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on essentially things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on essentially things that they
+sort of essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially um
+make up any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up any questions on this
+before move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i encourage you to read the paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i encourage you to read the paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i encourage you to read the paper uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+more for fun than for anything uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for fun than for anything uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for fun than for anything uh it
+makes you kind of wonder quite a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you kind of wonder quite a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you kind of wonder quite a lot and
+why you do what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you do what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you do what you do
+and why you prefer certain things versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you prefer certain things versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you prefer certain things versus
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+okay so let's briefly talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's briefly talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's briefly talk about two
+experimental design tools which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design tools which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design tools which will be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+for the um coherent arbitrariness paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um coherent arbitrariness paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um coherent arbitrariness paper
+one is what's called the strategy method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what's called the strategy method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what's called the strategy method
+which you already came across a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you already came across a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you already came across a little
+bit and the second one is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the second one is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the second one is what's called
+the bdm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bdm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bdm
+the back of the growth moisture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the growth moisture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the growth moisture
+procedure procedure for eliciting values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure procedure for eliciting values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure procedure for eliciting values
+i'll try to be um quick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to be um quick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to be um quick so
+um we're often interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're often interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're often interested in and
+behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in
+um rare um contingencies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rare um contingencies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rare um contingencies so
+often we sort of ask the question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we sort of ask the question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we sort of ask the question how
+would people behave in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would people behave in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would people behave in many different
+contingencies some of them are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies some of them are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies some of them are often
+quite rare that doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite rare that doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite rare that doesn't actually
+don't happen very often and why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen very often and why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen very often and why do we
+care about such contingencies well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about such contingencies well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about such contingencies well
+sometimes we just care about them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we just care about them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we just care about them like
+um per se and like it's inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um per se and like it's inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um per se and like it's inherently
+important how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how people
+um behave or like prevent certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um behave or like prevent certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um behave or like prevent certain
+contingencies disasters earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies disasters earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies disasters earthquake
+crowds etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowds etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowds etc
+we care a lot about these things even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care a lot about these things even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care a lot about these things even if
+they're sort of rarely happenings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of rarely happenings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of rarely happenings we
+kind of want to know how people behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to know how people behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to know how people behave
+in certain situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain situations
+but events and rare contingencies also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but events and rare contingencies also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but events and rare contingencies also
+can affect uh on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect uh on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect uh on top of that
+events and likely contingencies here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and likely contingencies here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and likely contingencies here's a
+simple example if your roommates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example if your roommates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example if your roommates
+um i think you'll punch them in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think you'll punch them in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think you'll punch them in the face
+if they borrow your stuff without asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they borrow your stuff without asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they borrow your stuff without asking
+them they will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they will not
+do it of course uh hopefully you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it of course uh hopefully you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it of course uh hopefully you are not
+punching your roommates and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching your roommates and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching your roommates and uh
+i very much do not want to encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i very much do not want to encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i very much do not want to encourage you
+to do so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but
+um uh here the the key part here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh here the the key part here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh here the the key part here is that
+punching is rare but important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching is rare but important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching is rare but important
+um precisely because you might do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um precisely because you might do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um precisely because you might do so
+in case they misbehave um they will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case they misbehave um they will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case they misbehave um they will not
+borrow your stuff or steal your stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow your stuff or steal your stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow your stuff or steal your stuff
+in the first place so essentially sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place so essentially sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place so essentially sort
+of these offer equilibrium or rare uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these offer equilibrium or rare uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these offer equilibrium or rare uh
+contingencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies
+might be quite important not because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quite important not because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quite important not because we
+think they actually happen very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they actually happen very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they actually happen very often
+but they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they sort of
+discipline behavior um in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline behavior um in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline behavior um in other cases
+now what's not a strategy method well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's not a strategy method well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's not a strategy method well
+the strategy method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy method
+um helps you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helps you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helps you to
+elicit behavior in many potentially rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit behavior in many potentially rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit behavior in many potentially rare
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+by asking subjects what they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by asking subjects what they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by asking subjects what they would do
+with the choice implemented if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the choice implemented if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the choice implemented if the
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+arises that is to say i'm asking you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises that is to say i'm asking you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises that is to say i'm asking you for
+different many different cases i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different many different cases i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different many different cases i'm going
+to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just
+implement one of those cases and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement one of those cases and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement one of those cases and um
+that's going to allow me to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to allow me to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to allow me to be an
+incentive compatible in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive compatible in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive compatible in various ways
+so since the decision does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since the decision does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since the decision does
+count if the contingency occurs subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if the contingency occurs subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if the contingency occurs subjects
+have an incentive to choose correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to choose correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to choose correctly
+for each contingency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each contingency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each contingency
+that is to say i could say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say i could say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say i could say you know
+suppose um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose um uh
+this this is what we're doing in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what we're doing in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what we're doing in class
+in some sense um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense um
+i talked about social preferences i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked about social preferences i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked about social preferences i said
+you know i'm asking you to make a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm asking you to make a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm asking you to make a choice
+i'm going to only pick one of you um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to only pick one of you um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to only pick one of you um to
+implement that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that choice
+and you have the incentives now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the incentives now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the incentives now um
+to choose um or to answer truthfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose um or to answer truthfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose um or to answer truthfully
+because it could always be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could always be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could always be the case that
+your choice will be um implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice will be um implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice will be um implemented
+and so that allows them the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that allows them the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that allows them the experiment
+or me and that case to generate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or me and that case to generate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or me and that case to generate a lot of
+data from one simple experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from one simple experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from one simple experiment
+um where essentially you can give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where essentially you can give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where essentially you can give a
+subject many different decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject many different decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject many different decisions
+and then say only one of your choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say only one of your choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say only one of your choices
+will actually be implemented for sure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be implemented for sure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be implemented for sure or
+you can ask many people the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask many people the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask many people the same
+question and say i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and say i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and say i'm
+not going to do a lottery only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do a lottery only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do a lottery only one of
+you or one of your choices will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or one of your choices will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or one of your choices will be
+implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+and so then that's essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that's essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that's essentially um
+incentive compatible because it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive compatible because it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive compatible because it can
+always be that your choice is the one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be that your choice is the one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be that your choice is the one or
+one of the choices the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the choices the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the choices the one
+that counts and when you look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that counts and when you look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that counts and when you look at sort of
+experimental evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence
+um it seems to suggest that the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to suggest that the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to suggest that the strategy
+methods are asking like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are asking like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are asking like essentially
+if i can ask you so there's experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can ask you so there's experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can ask you so there's experiments
+where i can ask you a hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can ask you a hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can ask you a hundred different
+questions and only one of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and only one of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and only one of them will be
+implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+versus a different group would be ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a different group would be ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a different group would be ask a
+randomized group would be asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized group would be asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized group would be asked
+only one question it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one question it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one question it turns out that
+people actually answer and experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually answer and experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually answer and experiments
+these questions pretty similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions pretty similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions pretty similarly
+in both of these cases so that's to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these cases so that's to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these cases so that's to say
+the strategy method seems to elicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy method seems to elicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy method seems to elicit
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+um through preferences pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through preferences pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through preferences pretty well
+um sorry this is a little bit messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry this is a little bit messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry this is a little bit messed up
+but i think that's fine so what's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that's fine so what's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that's fine so what's not a
+becca declared martial procedure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becca declared martial procedure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becca declared martial procedure it's
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+a version of that which looks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of that which looks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of that which looks um
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+which is um uh people are asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um uh people are asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um uh people are asked
+elicited so what the goal here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicited so what the goal here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicited so what the goal here is to
+understand people's willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand people's willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand people's willingness to pay
+for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good
+so subjects are told that a price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subjects are told that a price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subjects are told that a price for
+the good will be randomly selected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good will be randomly selected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good will be randomly selected and
+the price goes from like 50 cents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes from like 50 cents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes from like 50 cents to
+let's say 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10
+and for each of these prices the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these prices the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these prices the person
+is asked do you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asked do you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asked do you prefer
+buy versus non not buy in these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy versus non not buy in these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy versus non not buy in these options
+and so then you know i ask you to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you know i ask you to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you know i ask you to fill
+out the entire form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the entire form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the entire form
+tell me for each of these prices what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me for each of these prices what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me for each of these prices what
+you want to do if the price is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do if the price is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do if the price is three
+dollars what do you want if the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars what do you want if the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars what do you want if the price is
+one dollar what you want if the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar what you want if the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar what you want if the price is
+ten dollar what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollar what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollar what do you want
+and then i'm going to afterwards then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to afterwards then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to afterwards then um
+pick a price and say okay now the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a price and say okay now the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a price and say okay now the price
+is 3.50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3.50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3.50
+and now i'm going to just look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to just look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to just look at like
+what did you actually say and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you actually say and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you actually say and whatever
+your choice was then for that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice was then for that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice was then for that specific
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+um is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to be
+implemented isn't that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it doesn't really clear what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it doesn't really clear what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it doesn't really clear what the
+problem is that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we're trying to
+uh uh uh overcome here suppose i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh overcome here suppose i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh overcome here suppose i'm
+trying to sell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you
+a mug um and say or you know suppose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mug um and say or you know suppose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mug um and say or you know suppose i
+have this this mug here i'm saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this mug here i'm saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this mug here i'm saying like
+would you like to buy this mug it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to buy this mug it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to buy this mug it's a
+very beautiful night with lots of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful night with lots of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful night with lots of trees
+on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them
+i'd like to sell it to you and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to sell it to you and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to sell it to you and i'm
+eliciting your willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting your willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting your willingness to pay
+what's the problem that's that arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem that's that arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem that's that arises
+from just asking you this directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just asking you this directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just asking you this directly
+without the bdm procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the bdm procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the bdm procedure
+what problem what is the bdm procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what problem what is the bdm procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what problem what is the bdm procedure
+sort of helping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of helping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of helping with
+right so if you go to a marketplace or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you go to a marketplace or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you go to a marketplace or
+try to bargain with me on this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bargain with me on this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bargain with me on this like
+mom which again is a a beautiful mug um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom which again is a a beautiful mug um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom which again is a a beautiful mug um
+uh you might sort of want to shade your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might sort of want to shade your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might sort of want to shade your
+valuation you might want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation you might want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation you might want to say
+you might be willing to pay five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be willing to pay five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be willing to pay five dollars
+but you're gonna save two dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're gonna save two dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're gonna save two dollars
+because you are hoping to get a bargain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are hoping to get a bargain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are hoping to get a bargain
+and get one of a cheap uh price for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get one of a cheap uh price for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get one of a cheap uh price for me
+right and the key part here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the key part here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the key part here is that you
+are essentially hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially hoping that
+your willingness to pay whatever you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay whatever you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay whatever you are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+offering me will essentially change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering me will essentially change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering me will essentially change
+whatever price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever price
+i'm offering the mug to you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm offering the mug to you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm offering the mug to you notice that
+that's not the case here in the vm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case here in the vm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case here in the vm
+procedure and the bdm procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and the bdm procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and the bdm procedure
+uh whatever you say is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever you say is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever you say is independent of
+the actual price that's implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual price that's implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual price that's implemented
+right i'm saying essentially i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm saying essentially i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm saying essentially i'm going
+to randomly pick one of those 10 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomly pick one of those 10 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomly pick one of those 10 or 20
+prices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices here
+and you're going to tell me for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to tell me for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to tell me for each of
+those prices what you want either buy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those prices what you want either buy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those prices what you want either buy or
+not buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not buy
+and your choices are since i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your choices are since i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your choices are since i'm
+randomizing afterwards like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing afterwards like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing afterwards like which
+price i'm actually going to pick your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price i'm actually going to pick your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price i'm actually going to pick your
+choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are
+irrelevant um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant um for
+which of the actual uh prices are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the actual uh prices are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the actual uh prices are uh
+is selected and so now essentially get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selected and so now essentially get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selected and so now essentially get
+around this issue about people shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this issue about people shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this issue about people shading
+or essentially under reporting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially under reporting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially under reporting their
+willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay
+precisely that's what makes it incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that's what makes it incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that's what makes it incentive
+compatible and that's essentially what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and that's essentially what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and that's essentially what's
+called the bdm mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bdm mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bdm mechanism
+that's what many economists use in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what many economists use in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what many economists use in many
+many experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many experiments
+experiments there's another version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments there's another version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments there's another version of
+what's called the bdm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the bdm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the bdm which is
+um uh a more straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a more straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a more straightforward
+version of it here you know notice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it here you know notice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it here you know notice here
+you have to ask 20 question asks would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask 20 question asks would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask 20 question asks would
+you like to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to pay
+would you like to buy it for 50 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to buy it for 50 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to buy it for 50 cents
+1.50 two dollars and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.50 two dollars and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.50 two dollars and so on and so forth
+um another version of this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another version of this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another version of this is um
+uh i'm asking you straight up what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm asking you straight up what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm asking you straight up what's
+your willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay
+and the bid is then compared to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bid is then compared to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bid is then compared to like a
+price determined by a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price determined by a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price determined by a random
+number generator i'm just saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator i'm just saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator i'm just saying like
+tell me what your willingness to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what your willingness to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what your willingness to pay is
+then i'm gonna do like a random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm gonna do like a random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm gonna do like a random number
+uh generator if the subject's bid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generator if the subject's bid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generator if the subject's bid is
+greater than the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the price
+that's generated by the run number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generated by the run number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generated by the run number uh
+generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+he or she pays the price not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she pays the price not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she pays the price not the
+announced one has to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced one has to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced one has to pay
+and receive the item being auctioned if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receive the item being auctioned if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receive the item being auctioned if
+the subject spend is lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject spend is lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject spend is lower than the
+price he or she pays nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price he or she pays nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price he or she pays nothing and
+receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives
+nothing and so now here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so now here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so now here again
+the final price the person must pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final price the person must pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final price the person must pay is
+independent of what the person indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what the person indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what the person indicated
+as your willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your willingness to pay
+which essentially solves the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially solves the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially solves the incentive
+compatibility issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility issue
+think of like this version that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like this version that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like this version that i have
+on this slide it's just a more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide it's just a more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide it's just a more efficient
+way of eliciting uh the question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of eliciting uh the question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of eliciting uh the question that's
+on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide
+this is essentially exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially exactly the same
+thing except for that it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing except for that it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing except for that it's a more
+efficient thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing to do
+the problem with this version often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this version often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this version often is
+like comprehension people get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comprehension people get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comprehension people get confused
+so people tend to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people tend to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people tend to still
+try to bargain and give like lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bargain and give like lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bargain and give like lower
+willingness to pay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay so
+sometimes this version works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this version works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this version works better
+because it's much easier much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's much easier much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's much easier much
+transparent but you say here's a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but you say here's a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but you say here's a price
+do you want to buy it or not versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to buy it or not versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to buy it or not versus
+uh and so on well here it's people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on well here it's people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on well here it's people are
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+tend to because they used to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to because they used to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to because they used to essentially
+bargain they tend to sort of under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain they tend to sort of under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain they tend to sort of under
+report at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report at least
+um sometimes any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i'm also going to skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm also going to skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm also going to skip this
+video it's like a fun video who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video it's like a fun video who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video it's like a fun video who knows
+the story of tom sawyer and the fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it's in the readings no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's in the readings no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's in the readings no
+i'm sorry it was misbehaving he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry it was misbehaving he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry it was misbehaving he was
+essentially punished to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially punished to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially punished to um
+paint the fence he really didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the fence he really didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the fence he really didn't want to
+do it but then his friend comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but then his friend comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but then his friend comes along
+and essentially he sort of tricks his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially he sort of tricks his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially he sort of tricks his
+friend into thinking this is really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend into thinking this is really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend into thinking this is really like
+such a fun task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a fun task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a fun task
+and it ends up being essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up being essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up being essentially the
+friend even paying him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend even paying him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend even paying him
+for um painting the fence um and he not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um painting the fence um and he not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um painting the fence um and he not
+having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to
+to do it and the point of the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and the point of the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and the point of the story of
+course is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that um
+uh people's willingness to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people's willingness to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people's willingness to pay is
+malleable in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable in the sense
+like even to the extent that like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even to the extent that like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even to the extent that like people
+don't even know whether they're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know whether they're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know whether they're willing
+to pay for something or you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for something or you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for something or you have to pay
+them something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them something um
+to do it and so essentially people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and so essentially people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and so essentially people's
+preferences are inherently malleable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are inherently malleable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are inherently malleable by
+the way they're being marketed or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're being marketed or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're being marketed or the
+way they appear to them are being sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they appear to them are being sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they appear to them are being sold
+to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them
+and you can watch the video and the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can watch the video and the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can watch the video and the in
+the slides if you download it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides if you download it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides if you download it
+for whatever reason this is not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason this is not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason this is not working
+on uh zoom at least for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh zoom at least for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh zoom at least for now
+so um stepping back a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um stepping back a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um stepping back a little bit so
+overall um so far we talked about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um so far we talked about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um so far we talked about two
+key components of individual decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key components of individual decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key components of individual decision
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+utility functions what people want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions what people want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions what people want and
+what they care about and beliefs how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they care about and beliefs how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they care about and beliefs how
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+perceive themselves and patterns in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive themselves and patterns in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive themselves and patterns in the
+world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and so
+understanding these of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these of course is
+important because you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you know that
+determines people's choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines people's choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines people's choices
+now so far we have always sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far we have always sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far we have always sort of
+pretended and said you know people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretended and said you know people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretended and said you know people's
+preferences beliefs are always sharply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences beliefs are always sharply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences beliefs are always sharply
+or people are always sharply aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people are always sharply aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people are always sharply aware of
+what they want and believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want and believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want and believe
+and constantly make plans in this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constantly make plans in this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constantly make plans in this for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+homeowner might have reference dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowner might have reference dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowner might have reference dependent
+preferences but they know what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences but they know what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences but they know what their
+preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are
+um you know there might be some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there might be some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there might be some issues
+about how the reference point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the reference point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the reference point is
+determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+but the preference is the function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the preference is the function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the preference is the function the
+functional form is always like fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form is always like fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form is always like fixed and
+it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known
+a person might have the wrong theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person might have the wrong theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person might have the wrong theory of
+the world but she always has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but she always has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but she always has some
+beliefs in mind what she uses to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs in mind what she uses to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs in mind what she uses to make
+those choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices
+or smoker might act suboptimally but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smoker might act suboptimally but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smoker might act suboptimally but he
+always has this fully specific strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has this fully specific strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has this fully specific strategy
+in mind for all his current and future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind for all his current and future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind for all his current and future
+decisions right so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions right so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions right so people
+the smoker might sort of have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoker might sort of have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoker might sort of have some
+issues with present bias or some wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with present bias or some wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with present bias or some wrong
+beliefs in some ways on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs in some ways on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs in some ways on the other
+but the utility function was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the utility function was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the utility function was always
+assumed to be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be fixed
+and no okay now we're going to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no okay now we're going to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no okay now we're going to deviate
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+if you think about it like um what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it like um what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it like um what are
+your preferences and like what you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preferences and like what you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preferences and like what you like
+and what you're not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're not like
+in many cases um we actually don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases um we actually don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases um we actually don't know
+and uh in many cases people sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in many cases people sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in many cases people sort of just
+uh make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make things
+up as they go along so um that's to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as they go along so um that's to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as they go along so um that's to say
+like people are just essentially making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are just essentially making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are just essentially making
+some choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choices
+um and this is what were the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is what were the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is what were the examples
+that i showed you from earlier the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i showed you from earlier the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i showed you from earlier the three
+example that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you
+showed you first where people are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you first where people are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you first where people are just
+induced to make certain choices one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced to make certain choices one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced to make certain choices one way
+or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+depending on their choice environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their choice environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their choice environment
+depending on their social influence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their social influence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their social influence and
+tom sawyer's case what he tells tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tom sawyer's case what he tells tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tom sawyer's case what he tells tells
+his friend his friend is not willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friend his friend is not willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friend his friend is not willing to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+to pay defense which actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay defense which actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay defense which actually is a
+punishment so people's preferences seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment so people's preferences seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment so people's preferences seem
+inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently
+um malleable and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um malleable and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um malleable and so that's
+um uh what this paper um about queer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what this paper um about queer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what this paper um about queer and
+arbitrariness is very much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness is very much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness is very much um
+about and so if you think about it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so if you think about it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so if you think about it um
+in some ways um almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways um almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways um almost all of
+um economics in any class that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um economics in any class that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um economics in any class that you have
+taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken
+uh the professor or any sort of in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the professor or any sort of in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the professor or any sort of in any
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+people will write down utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will write down utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will write down utility function
+as if that's some truth that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if that's some truth that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if that's some truth that we know
+about the world and this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world and this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world and this is what the
+utility function looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function looks like
+but if you think about it in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about it in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about it in many cases
+actually we don't know what is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't know what is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't know what is due
+utility functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functioning
+if somebody asks you about particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody asks you about particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody asks you about particular
+about new goods um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about new goods um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about new goods um
+who knows what our preferences actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what our preferences actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what our preferences actually
+are so for example if you say you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so for example if you say you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so for example if you say you look
+at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+you're trying to buy a monitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to buy a monitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to buy a monitor and
+there's like a 30 inch monitor versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a 30 inch monitor versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a 30 inch monitor versus a
+24 inch monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 inch monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 inch monitor
+who knows how much you're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows how much you're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows how much you're willing to pay
+for that like you know maybe maybe 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that like you know maybe maybe 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that like you know maybe maybe 50
+maybe 100 maybe 20 maybe nothing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 100 maybe 20 maybe nothing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 100 maybe 20 maybe nothing it's
+very hard to sort of figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to sort of figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to sort of figure this
+um out and sort of when make when asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out and sort of when make when asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out and sort of when make when asked
+to make these kinds of decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these kinds of decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these kinds of decisions
+people tend to sort of construct their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to sort of construct their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to sort of construct their
+preferences on the stuff they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences on the stuff they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences on the stuff they
+essentially make stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially make stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially make stuff
+up and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so um
+because of that because people are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that because people are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that because people are sort
+of fundamentally in some ways unsure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamentally in some ways unsure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamentally in some ways unsure
+about their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their preferences
+this construction of their valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this construction of their valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this construction of their valuation
+is very much easily manipulated by often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much easily manipulated by often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much easily manipulated by often
+uh cues that should be really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cues that should be really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cues that should be really um
+irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+and so one example that i showed you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one example that i showed you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one example that i showed you a
+little bit um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um uh
+in the i think in the second class uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i think in the second class uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i think in the second class uh or
+from the survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the survey
+is what's called anchoring this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called anchoring this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called anchoring this is also
+in the aurelia paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aurelia paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aurelia paper
+which essentially is what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is what they were
+doing is they were um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they were um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they were um uh
+asking people about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking people about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking people about uh
+uh their willingness to pay their social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their willingness to pay their social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their willingness to pay their social
+security number and then afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number and then afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number and then afterwards
+their willingness to pay for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their willingness to pay for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their willingness to pay for different
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+about like um wine design books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like um wine design books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like um wine design books
+chocolates and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolates and so on
+notice that these are somewhat unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these are somewhat unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these are somewhat unusual
+things that people wouldn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people wouldn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people wouldn't necessarily
+buy every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy every day
+and essentially what you see is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what you see is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what you see is people
+who are in the highest quantile of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the highest quantile of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the highest quantile of the
+social security number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social security number
+which is like your number um five have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like your number um five have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like your number um five have
+much higher willingness to pay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher willingness to pay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher willingness to pay and this
+is also all incentive compatible sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also all incentive compatible sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also all incentive compatible sort of
+elicitation methods essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicitation methods essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicitation methods essentially
+using some form of pdf methods um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some form of pdf methods um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some form of pdf methods um
+people's willingness to pay his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay his way
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+um when their social security number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when their social security number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when their social security number uh
+the last digits of their social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last digits of their social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last digits of their social
+security number are higher now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number are higher now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number are higher now of course
+that shouldn't be the case your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't be the case your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't be the case your social
+security number has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number has nothing to do with
+your like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your like
+cases for wine uh because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for wine uh because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for wine uh because that's a
+system actually explicitly random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually explicitly random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually explicitly random
+uh yet you know people are easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yet you know people are easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yet you know people are easily
+manipulable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulable and
+you know the difference in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the difference in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the difference in sort of
+valuations is like huge you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations is like huge you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations is like huge you know if you
+have a loan happen to have a low social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a loan happen to have a low social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a loan happen to have a low social
+security number or the last digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number or the last digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number or the last digit
+low then you know you pay and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low then you know you pay and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low then you know you pay and you are
+willing to pay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay um
+11.73 if it's high uh you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.73 if it's high uh you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.73 if it's high uh you're willing to
+pay like three times or even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay like three times or even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay like three times or even more
+um as much so the huge difference is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as much so the huge difference is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as much so the huge difference is um
+i'm sure that people are pretty easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that people are pretty easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that people are pretty easily
+uh manipulable now notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manipulable now notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manipulable now notice that this is
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+questions that are asked here are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are asked here are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are asked here are sort
+of somewhat unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhat unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhat unusual
+um sort of items this is not asking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of items this is not asking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of items this is not asking like
+how much are you willing to pay for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are you willing to pay for food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are you willing to pay for food
+at the food truck or like whatever like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the food truck or like whatever like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the food truck or like whatever like
+stuff that you do every day um or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you do every day um or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you do every day um or like
+you know for a pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a pizza
+because you know there people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there people kind of
+know already how much they're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already how much they're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already how much they're paying
+anyway and if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and if i
+just ask you something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask you something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask you something else that's
+different from the market price people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the market price people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the market price people
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+would not want to to to be paying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not want to to to be paying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not want to to to be paying like
+30 dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 dollars for
+uh even if their social security number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if their social security number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if their social security number
+tends to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be quite
+high now um arielia and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high now um arielia and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high now um arielia and i'll
+go further with this in some sense they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further with this in some sense they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further with this in some sense they
+have sort of more radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of more radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of more radical
+deviations um so they elicit people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations um so they elicit people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations um so they elicit people's
+willingness to accept then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept then
+this is how much they have to be paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much they have to be paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much they have to be paid
+to endure an unpleasant sound for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endure an unpleasant sound for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endure an unpleasant sound for a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+length of time now why did they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of time now why did they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of time now why did they pick
+like an unpleasant sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an unpleasant sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an unpleasant sound
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in part because they could provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because they could provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because they could provide
+people like a sample of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like a sample of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like a sample of it
+in part because people don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because people don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because people don't have any
+experience with that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with that it's
+completely unclear how much you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unclear how much you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unclear how much you you're
+supposed to be willing to pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be willing to pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be willing to pay to
+uh or willing to accept for listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or willing to accept for listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or willing to accept for listening to
+a sound um so there's no price or market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound um so there's no price or market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound um so there's no price or market
+price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for
+it and people sort of had to sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and people sort of had to sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and people sort of had to sort of in
+some ways rely on their own preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways rely on their own preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways rely on their own preferences
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+and then you know it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's very easy to
+change the quantity you can do like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the quantity you can do like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the quantity you can do like 10
+seconds 30 seconds 50 seconds it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 30 seconds 50 seconds it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 30 seconds 50 seconds it's very
+easy to sort of manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sort of manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sort of manipulate
+that now what is the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what is the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what is the procedure
+subjects were listening um to of a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects were listening um to of a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects were listening um to of a 30
+second sample of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sample of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sample of the noise
+then they were as asks or answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were as asks or answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were as asks or answer
+answering whether they hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering whether they hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering whether they hypothetically
+would be willing to listen to the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be willing to listen to the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be willing to listen to the noise
+for another 30 seconds for accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another 30 seconds for accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another 30 seconds for accents
+and then they were asked their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they were asked their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they were asked their
+willingness to accept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept for
+10 30 and 60 seconds afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 30 and 60 seconds afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 30 and 60 seconds afterwards
+notice that number two is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that number two is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that number two is only a
+hypothetical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical question
+and is essentially entirely irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is essentially entirely irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is essentially entirely irrelevant
+for number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for number three
+so this is supposed to say number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is supposed to say number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is supposed to say number three
+not number one um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not number one um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not number one um so
+number two here is like completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two here is like completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two here is like completely
+irrelevant this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant this is
+should really have no effect whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really have no effect whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really have no effect whatsoever
+in affecting your willingness to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in affecting your willingness to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in affecting your willingness to accept
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the 10 30 and 60 seconds again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 30 and 60 seconds again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 30 and 60 seconds again this is
+just a hypothetical question that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a hypothetical question that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a hypothetical question that is
+really um does not matter and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um does not matter and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um does not matter and that's not
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+implemented at all now and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented at all now and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented at all now and then the
+experimental variation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental variation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental variation here
+is that x was varied across um subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x was varied across um subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x was varied across um subjects
+now why would x matter or what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would x matter or what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would x matter or what's the
+what's going on here what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here what's the
+experiment trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment trying to do
+so people are very unsure about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are very unsure about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are very unsure about what
+their evaluation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their evaluation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their evaluation is
+so now what they do is essentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what they do is essentially they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what they do is essentially they
+use um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um the
+the x the amount that's offered as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x the amount that's offered as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x the amount that's offered as like
+an anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anchor
+um the same way as in like usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same way as in like usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the same way as in like usually in
+market when you go to like a store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market when you go to like a store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market when you go to like a store
+and look at like how much do certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at like how much do certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at like how much do certain
+things cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cost
+and you don't know the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know the quality of the
+underlying items often people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying items often people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying items often people sort of
+try to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to infer
+quality or lack of quality from like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality or lack of quality from like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality or lack of quality from like the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+and you know if you sort of say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you sort of say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you sort of say you know
+if i'm telling you i'm gonna pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm telling you i'm gonna pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm telling you i'm gonna pay you
+like hundred dollars for this it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hundred dollars for this it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hundred dollars for this it must be
+really really painful so people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really painful so people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really painful so people try to
+sort of infer in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of infer in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of infer in some ways
+something from that now notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from that now notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from that now notice that this
+is like explicitly hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like explicitly hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like explicitly hypothetical
+and so on and and really it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and and really it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and and really it shouldn't
+matter if people were sure about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if people were sure about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if people were sure about like
+i just played with the sound so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just played with the sound so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just played with the sound so you
+shouldn't be able to tell me how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to tell me how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to tell me how much
+you like it or dislike it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it or dislike it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it or dislike it
+so this should really be irrelevant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should really be irrelevant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should really be irrelevant but
+people seem to sort of essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to sort of essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to sort of essentially just
+not really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really know
+what's appropriate or how much they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's appropriate or how much they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's appropriate or how much they're
+willing to accept or not to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept or not to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept or not to do that
+and x essentially sort of then anchoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x essentially sort of then anchoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x essentially sort of then anchoring
+people okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so now
+we get this like somewhat messy graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this like somewhat messy graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this like somewhat messy graphs
+can somebody explain to me what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody explain to me what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody explain to me what this
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+uh shows like what what do we what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shows like what what do we what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shows like what what do we what do we
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+so these are our one not sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are our one not sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are our one not sort of like a
+certain subject and then there's like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain subject and then there's like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain subject and then there's like um
+uh 10 seconds 30 seconds and 60 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 seconds 30 seconds and 60 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 seconds 30 seconds and 60 seconds
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so people are always for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are always for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are always for each of these
+lines on average at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on average at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on average at least
+um willingness to accept goes up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um willingness to accept goes up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um willingness to accept goes up in the
+way you expect in a sense that like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you expect in a sense that like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you expect in a sense that like you
+know for more time people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for more time people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for more time people are going
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+for more that's very reasonable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more that's very reasonable right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more that's very reasonable right so
+like 30 seconds presumably of worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30 seconds presumably of worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30 seconds presumably of worse than
+10 seconds and 60 seconds or worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds and 60 seconds or worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds and 60 seconds or worse than
+10 seconds but um the levels seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds but um the levels seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds but um the levels seem to be
+completely arbitrary essentially giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrary essentially giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrary essentially giving
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+like a high anchor increases the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a high anchor increases the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a high anchor increases the levels
+by a lot for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot for each
+each duration and giving people a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each duration and giving people a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each duration and giving people a low
+anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor
+decreases their willingness to pay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases their willingness to pay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases their willingness to pay at
+least a little bit compared to no anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a little bit compared to no anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a little bit compared to no anchor
+and surely compared to the high angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surely compared to the high angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surely compared to the high angle
+that is to say and this is sort of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say and this is sort of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say and this is sort of where
+this term comes from coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term comes from coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term comes from coherent
+arbitrariness which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness which is
+uh essentially people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially people seem to be
+coherent in the sense of like once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent in the sense of like once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent in the sense of like once you
+fix a certain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a certain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a certain level
+uh based on that level if you ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on that level if you ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on that level if you ask them
+like okay you tell me about like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you tell me about like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you tell me about like 10
+seconds and i ask you about 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and i ask you about 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and i ask you about 30 seconds
+about 60 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 seconds
+this demand curve or supply curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand curve or supply curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand curve or supply curve you
+want um looks pretty reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um looks pretty reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um looks pretty reasonable
+but the actual level to start with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual level to start with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual level to start with is
+completely arbitrary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrary um
+uh uh because you know i can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh because you know i can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh because you know i can essentially
+manipulate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate you
+by quite a bit look at the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a bit look at the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a bit look at the differences
+in magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitudes
+this is like 50 versus 30 that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like 50 versus 30 that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like 50 versus 30 that's almost
+like twice as much depending on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like twice as much depending on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like twice as much depending on just
+like this irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this irrelevant
+um anchor and there's sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anchor and there's sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anchor and there's sort of different
+rounds in that you can sort of do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds in that you can sort of do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds in that you can sort of do this
+one way or the other this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other this is like
+essentially increasing or decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially increasing or decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially increasing or decreasing
+like starting at 10 seconds versus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like starting at 10 seconds versus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like starting at 10 seconds versus and
+then going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going up
+people's willingness to uh um to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to uh um to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to uh um to accept
+goes up the longer it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up the longer it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up the longer it is
+or if you start with 60 seconds let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you start with 60 seconds let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you start with 60 seconds let's go
+down essentially people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down essentially people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down essentially people's willingness to
+accept goes down the shorter death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept goes down the shorter death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept goes down the shorter death
+so the direction is very much coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the direction is very much coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the direction is very much coherent
+the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of
+essentially this sort of the the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this sort of the the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this sort of the the change
+in terms of relative to duration is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of relative to duration is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of relative to duration is very
+much coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much coherent
+the level seems very much um arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level seems very much um arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level seems very much um arbitrary
+and so this is essentially whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is essentially whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is essentially whether the
+title of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the the
+paper comes from arbitrarian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper comes from arbitrarian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper comes from arbitrarian is
+essentially people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people's willingness to
+accept uh dependence strongly on on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept uh dependence strongly on on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept uh dependence strongly on on x
+for x equals 50 the willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x equals 50 the willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x equals 50 the willingness to
+accept is like about 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept is like about 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept is like about 59
+cents on average um for x equals 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents on average um for x equals 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents on average um for x equals 10
+it's only um 40 cents but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only um 40 cents but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only um 40 cents but it's also
+coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent
+and very sensible ways the willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very sensible ways the willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very sensible ways the willingness
+to accept so highly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept so highly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept so highly uh
+sensitive to the duration in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the duration in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the duration in the very
+much in the expected direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the expected direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the expected direction
+longer it's always perceived to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it's always perceived to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it's always perceived to be more
+painful okay so how do we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful okay so how do we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful okay so how do we think about
+this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well
+so one um preferences can be influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one um preferences can be influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one um preferences can be influenced
+by relevant queues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by relevant queues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by relevant queues
+um uh for instance by an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for instance by an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for instance by an arbitrary
+initial question or the social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial question or the social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial question or the social security
+number or whatever that's being elicited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or whatever that's being elicited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or whatever that's being elicited
+to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with
+but once people have stated um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once people have stated um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once people have stated um a
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+related preferences like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related preferences like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related preferences like you know
+essentially uh surrounding preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh surrounding preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh surrounding preferences
+are consistent in the sense of like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent in the sense of like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent in the sense of like if
+you think you know i'm listening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you know i'm listening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you know i'm listening to the
+sound is painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is painful
+asking you to listen to it twice as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to listen to it twice as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to listen to it twice as long
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+more painful and therefore i have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more painful and therefore i have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more painful and therefore i have to pay
+you more to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more to do that
+compared to like what you said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like what you said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like what you said in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+any questions or is that is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now there's some concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now there's some concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now there's some concerns about
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+x might be um viewed as a hint from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x might be um viewed as a hint from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x might be um viewed as a hint from the
+experiment as how bad the sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment as how bad the sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment as how bad the sound is
+but you know like people just listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like people just listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like people just listen to
+the sound for 30 seconds to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound for 30 seconds to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound for 30 seconds to start with
+like i gave you the sound for 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i gave you the sound for 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i gave you the sound for 30 seconds
+i told you exactly what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you exactly what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you exactly what it is
+so in some sense um that seems like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense um that seems like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense um that seems like uh
+not really a concern anyway but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a concern anyway but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a concern anyway but there's
+also the variant of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the variant of this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the variant of this experiment
+where x was generated by the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where x was generated by the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where x was generated by the last two
+digits of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits of this
+subject's um social security number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject's um social security number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject's um social security number uh
+and explicitly so and still there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explicitly so and still there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explicitly so and still there was a
+correlation between essentially x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between essentially x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between essentially x and
+subjects willingness to accept which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects willingness to accept which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects willingness to accept which
+really shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shouldn't be
+um in any other uh in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any other uh in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any other uh in the absence of
+such anchoring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such anchoring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such anchoring of
+effects now stakes too low i told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects now stakes too low i told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects now stakes too low i told you
+about like 30 cents and 50 cents maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 30 cents and 50 cents maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 30 cents and 50 cents maybe
+people just don't care and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't care and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't care and so on
+but there's also another experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also another experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also another experiment with
+like 10 fold stakes and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 fold stakes and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 fold stakes and they got
+essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same
+results now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results now so
+uh uh so this evidence now is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so this evidence now is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so this evidence now is very much
+consistent with the idea that subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the idea that subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the idea that subjects
+are searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are searching
+for their preferences they don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their preferences they don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their preferences they don't quite
+know their true willingness to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their true willingness to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their true willingness to accept
+for the sound and this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sound and this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sound and this is essentially
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+but they know their willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they know their willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they know their willingness to
+accept uh should relate to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept uh should relate to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept uh should relate to each other
+in a coherent way and in fact wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a coherent way and in fact wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a coherent way and in fact wants to
+fix sort of the level in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix sort of the level in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix sort of the level in some ways
+they are in fact coherent or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in fact coherent or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in fact coherent or like
+essentially uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh uh
+they sort of making sense uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of making sense uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of making sense uh they're
+internally consistent with that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally consistent with that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally consistent with that once you
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+a certain level now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain level now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain level now um
+this is now getting back to like tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now getting back to like tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now getting back to like tom
+sawyer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawyer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawyer now
+the paper goes so this essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper goes so this essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper goes so this essentially is
+sort of saying like your level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying like your level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying like your level of
+willingness to accept for certain good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept for certain good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept for certain good
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+that's unpleasant is malleable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unpleasant is malleable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unpleasant is malleable
+essentially i can manipulate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i can manipulate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i can manipulate you
+to um ask for like a lower higher price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um ask for like a lower higher price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um ask for like a lower higher price
+depending on some irrelevant question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on some irrelevant question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on some irrelevant question
+that i ask you for a given thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i ask you for a given thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i ask you for a given thing that is
+perceived to be unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived to be unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived to be unpleasant
+similarly i can manipulate you to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly i can manipulate you to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly i can manipulate you to pay
+more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less
+for a certain good that's perceived to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain good that's perceived to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain good that's perceived to
+be a good something that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good something that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good something that you want
+right so like the stuff on the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like the stuff on the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like the stuff on the social
+security number that i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number that i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number that i showed you
+previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+going back these are all kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back these are all kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back these are all kind of things
+presumably there's some use for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's some use for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's some use for these
+things you know belgian chocolates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know belgian chocolates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know belgian chocolates are
+are supposed to be delicious rare wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be delicious rare wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be delicious rare wine
+even if you don't like wine you can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't like wine you can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't like wine you can sell
+it to somebody else or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to somebody else or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to somebody else or something
+these are all things that are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things that are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things that are you know
+you were worth they seem to be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were worth they seem to be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were worth they seem to be worth
+willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to
+to to pay for something and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pay for something and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pay for something and now
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+um given that you're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given that you're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given that you're willing to pay
+something or some positive amount for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or some positive amount for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or some positive amount for it
+i can manipulate now or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can manipulate now or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can manipulate now or the
+experimenters in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters in this
+case can manipulate people uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case can manipulate people uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case can manipulate people uh uh
+into higher lower willingness to pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into higher lower willingness to pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into higher lower willingness to pay and
+so that's true for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's true for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's true for positive
+for negative things now what's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative things now what's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative things now what's amazing
+about the tom sawyer's story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tom sawyer's story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tom sawyer's story
+however isn't the the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however isn't the the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however isn't the the the uh
+it's ain't that work it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ain't that work it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ain't that work it's sort of like
+that's the expression he sort of says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the expression he sort of says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the expression he sort of says um
+towards the end uh the amazing part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end uh the amazing part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end uh the amazing part here
+is that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that not only
+is tom sawyer able to manipulate his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tom sawyer able to manipulate his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tom sawyer able to manipulate his
+friend's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's
+willingness to accept the willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept the willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to accept the willingness to
+pay in one direction or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in one direction or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in one direction or the other
+uh to sort of increase or decrease it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sort of increase or decrease it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sort of increase or decrease it
+but he's even able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's even able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's even able to
+flip it from something that he hates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it from something that he hates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it from something that he hates
+doing that's essentially something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's essentially something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's essentially something that
+you really do not want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do not want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do not want to do
+or essentially one has to pay somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially one has to pay somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially one has to pay somebody
+to do it but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but instead
+his friend is willing to pay tom sawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friend is willing to pay tom sawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friend is willing to pay tom sawyer
+for being able to do it right the friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being able to do it right the friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being able to do it right the friend
+now instead of like having the friend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of like having the friend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of like having the friend to
+pay for it you can say i have to pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it you can say i have to pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it you can say i have to pay you
+ten dollars to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars to do it
+the friend is very happy to say uh tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend is very happy to say uh tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend is very happy to say uh tom
+i'm gonna pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna pay you
+some amounts or i think he gives him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amounts or i think he gives him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amounts or i think he gives him
+some apples or some candy or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some apples or some candy or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some apples or some candy or whatever
+um so that he can actually do it himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that he can actually do it himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that he can actually do it himself
+so essentially what the manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what the manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what the manipulation
+here does is not only changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does is not only changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does is not only changing the
+level for something that's good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for something that's good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for something that's good or bad
+but it's flipping a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's flipping a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's flipping a sign
+from like willingness to accept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like willingness to accept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like willingness to accept to
+willingness to pay which is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay which is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay which is even more
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+um deviation you might sort of think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deviation you might sort of think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deviation you might sort of think we
+know what's good for us and what's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's good for us and what's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's good for us and what's bad
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+but it seems to me that what tom sawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to me that what tom sawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to me that what tom sawyer
+is doing is essentially manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing is essentially manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing is essentially manipulating
+sort of the social perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the social perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the social perception
+of the the item or the activity and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the item or the activity and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the item or the activity and that
+sort of flips essentially the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flips essentially the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flips essentially the sign
+of of the item so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the item so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the item so um
+then our early now does um that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our early now does um that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our early now does um that in a
+very sort of a beautiful experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of a beautiful experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of a beautiful experiment in
+class and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i
+i always have wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always have wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always have wanted to sort of
+replicate this but i i i'm not sure i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate this but i i i'm not sure i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate this but i i i'm not sure i
+i should so what he does is uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should so what he does is uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should so what he does is uh at the
+time this is with mba's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is with mba's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is with mba's
+where he um did a port pre-reading from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he um did a port pre-reading from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he um did a port pre-reading from
+walt whitman's leaves of grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walt whitman's leaves of grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walt whitman's leaves of grass
+and there he has an experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there he has an experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there he has an experiment where
+half of the class is asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the class is asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the class is asked
+hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically
+again hypothetically whether they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hypothetically whether they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hypothetically whether they'd be
+willing to pay ten dollars to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay ten dollars to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay ten dollars to listen to
+i really recite poetry for 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really recite poetry for 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really recite poetry for 10 minutes
+like okay in class some of you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay in class some of you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay in class some of you um
+uh are able to listen to this um but or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are able to listen to this um but or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are able to listen to this um but or
+it could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be like
+i think it's outside of class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's outside of class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's outside of class because
+otherwise there's some compounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's some compounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's some compounds and
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+for attending this like poetry reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for attending this like poetry reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for attending this like poetry reading
+and i think actually aurelia is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think actually aurelia is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think actually aurelia is a very
+good sort of story reader so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sort of story reader so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sort of story reader so it might
+actually be fun to listen to it but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be fun to listen to it but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be fun to listen to it but so
+you know they ask like hypothetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they ask like hypothetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they ask like hypothetically
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+it the other half then i ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other half then i ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other half then i ask
+hypothetically are they willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically are they willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically are they willing to
+accept ten dollars to listen to i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept ten dollars to listen to i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept ten dollars to listen to i really
+recite the poetry for ten minutes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recite the poetry for ten minutes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recite the poetry for ten minutes that's
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+it sounds like it's pretty painful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like it's pretty painful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like it's pretty painful to
+listen to our reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to our reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to our reality
+so he's gonna pay you ten dollars to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's gonna pay you ten dollars to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's gonna pay you ten dollars to do
+it and you know are you willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you know are you willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you know are you willing to
+to to do that notice that that here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do that notice that that here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do that notice that that here is
+only hypothetical these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hypothetical these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hypothetical these are all
+hypothetical choices that will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical choices that will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical choices that will not be
+implemented so these hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented so these hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented so these hypothetical
+questions should really have no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions should really have no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions should really have no effect
+whatsoever on what's asked afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever on what's asked afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever on what's asked afterwards
+because afterwards people are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because afterwards people are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because afterwards people are in fact
+indicating their monetary evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating their monetary evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating their monetary evaluations
+for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+three or six minutes of poetry reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or six minutes of poetry reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or six minutes of poetry reading
+now you can already guess what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can already guess what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can already guess what's
+happening here is here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is here the first
+condition is essentially asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is essentially asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is essentially asking for
+people's willingness to pay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay that's
+essentially selling the item is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially selling the item is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially selling the item is like a
+good that's something that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's something that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's something that you really
+want and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and you
+it's sort of essentially encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of essentially encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of essentially encouraging
+people to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to say well
+you should be willing to to to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be willing to to to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be willing to to to pay
+something for it even as much as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for it even as much as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for it even as much as like
+ten dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars for
+um uh ten minutes and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh ten minutes and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh ten minutes and that will
+intensely encourage people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely encourage people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely encourage people
+since they don't quite know listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they don't quite know listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they don't quite know listening to
+your listening to your professors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your listening to your professors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your listening to your professors like
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+some weird poetry could be really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird poetry could be really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird poetry could be really great
+or could be really bad they don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could be really bad they don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could be really bad they don't quite
+know but here essentially they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but here essentially they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but here essentially they're
+manipulated into paying for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated into paying for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated into paying for it
+while here they're manipulated into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while here they're manipulated into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while here they're manipulated into like
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+being paid for it or asking for money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid for it or asking for money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid for it or asking for money um
+uh to be paid for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be paid for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be paid for it
+so now um what they then get is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um what they then get is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um what they then get is um uh
+uh uh their willingness to pay and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh their willingness to pay and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh their willingness to pay and their
+willingness to pay conditions when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay conditions when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay conditions when the
+first condition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first condition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first condition here
+where they are given that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are given that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are given that the
+hypothetical ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical ten dollars
+for 10 minutes here the willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 minutes here the willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 minutes here the willingness to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+goes up and is positive and here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and is positive and here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and is positive and here it's
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+and goes down so what we see essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes down so what we see essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes down so what we see essentially
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+not only is it the case that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it the case that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it the case that when you
+when you make it essential when you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make it essential when you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make it essential when you ask
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh uh how much are they willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh how much are they willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh how much are they willing to pay
+people are in fact afterwards willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in fact afterwards willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in fact afterwards willing to
+pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it
+and notice that everybody could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that everybody could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that everybody could have
+just said zero if they didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said zero if they didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said zero if they didn't want to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+but in addition um uh once you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition um uh once you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition um uh once you sort of
+fix the willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the willingness to pay
+the demand curve is very much like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve is very much like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve is very much like um
+uh sensible in a sense once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sensible in a sense once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sensible in a sense once you're
+willing to pay some amount for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay some amount for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay some amount for one
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+you're going to be willing to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be willing to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be willing to pay more
+uh money for like more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money for like more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money for like more minutes
+essentially once we define this good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially once we define this good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially once we define this good to
+be a good for you or like this item or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good for you or like this item or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good for you or like this item or
+this activity to be like a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this activity to be like a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this activity to be like a good thing
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+people say more must be better and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say more must be better and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say more must be better and sort
+of are willing to pay more for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are willing to pay more for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are willing to pay more for more
+minutes on the other hand once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on the other hand once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on the other hand once
+um uh the uh item is um determined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the uh item is um determined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the uh item is um determined as
+like a bad in the sense of like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bad in the sense of like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bad in the sense of like this is
+really a bad activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a bad activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a bad activity
+listening to your professor um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to your professor um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to your professor um uh
+reciting poetry is like really awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciting poetry is like really awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciting poetry is like really awful
+and you have to be paid for that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to be paid for that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to be paid for that then
+they sort of say well one minute is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of say well one minute is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of say well one minute is bad
+but like six minutes surely it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like six minutes surely it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like six minutes surely it's really
+bad and you have to pay me a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and you have to pay me a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and you have to pay me a lot more
+for six minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six minutes
+than for um one minute and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for um one minute and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for um one minute and that's
+essentially saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying
+subjects don't know whether this reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects don't know whether this reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects don't know whether this reading
+is good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good or bad
+and but they do know essentially either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they do know essentially either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they do know essentially either
+way more requires um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more requires um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more requires um
+more money that's essentially exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money that's essentially exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money that's essentially exactly
+the korean return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the korean return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the korean return is
+where essentially the the level or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially the the level or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially the the level or even
+like the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sign
+is really unclear but once the sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really unclear but once the sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really unclear but once the sign is
+sort of fixed people behave and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fixed people behave and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fixed people behave and pretty
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+um ways i actually don't remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways i actually don't remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways i actually don't remember i
+should look it up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look it up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look it up but
+it's really in the paper whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really in the paper whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really in the paper whether it's
+possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um
+in this condition to actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this condition to actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this condition to actually have
+negative so the clean experiment would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the clean experiment would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the clean experiment would
+surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely
+always ask you a whole range where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask you a whole range where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask you a whole range where like
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you can always say um between say minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always say um between say minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always say um between say minus
+6 or minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 or minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 or minus 10
+and plus 10 and i'll tell me you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus 10 and i'll tell me you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus 10 and i'll tell me you were
+willing to accept versus willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept versus willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to accept versus willingness to
+pay so if it's positive it's willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so if it's positive it's willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so if it's positive it's willingness
+to pay if it's negative it's willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay if it's negative it's willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay if it's negative it's willingness
+to accept i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept i think that's
+what so surely that's how the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so surely that's how the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so surely that's how the experiment
+should have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been done
+i would like to think and hope that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to think and hope that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to think and hope that's
+also how it was actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how it was actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how it was actually done
+i don't remember i read this quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember i read this quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember i read this quite a
+while ago um but it's really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago um but it's really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago um but it's really in the
+paper so i don't know if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so i don't know if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so i don't know if anybody
+remembers but i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers but i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers but i think that
+it's exactly right in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly right in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly right in some sense the
+experiment is very much sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is very much sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is very much sort of
+manipulating people in the way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating people in the way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating people in the way of saying
+like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+uh so the the prompt here really gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the prompt here really gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the prompt here really gets
+you into like okay you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into like okay you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into like okay you're supposed to
+pay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for this
+now it's kind of a little bit of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's kind of a little bit of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's kind of a little bit of a weird
+thing to say i'm willing to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say i'm willing to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say i'm willing to accept
+you know professor says um you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know professor says um you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know professor says um you know uh
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you willing to pay ten dollars for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and then you say well how much are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say well how much are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say well how much are you
+willing to pay for like you know six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for like you know six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for like you know six
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+and then you say well you have to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say well you have to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say well you have to pay me
+like five dollars it's been a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five dollars it's been a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five dollars it's been a weird
+thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to
+say and the other way around so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and the other way around so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and the other way around so it's
+very much sort of like i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much sort of like i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much sort of like i think
+uh set up to sort of generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set up to sort of generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set up to sort of generate the
+effects that they're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that they're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that they're looking for
+i think the underlying so i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the underlying so i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the underlying so i think the
+underlying essence and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying essence and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying essence and there's some
+other experiments which are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experiments which are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experiments which are so
+some somewhat similar results the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somewhat similar results the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somewhat similar results the
+underlying essence is right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying essence is right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying essence is right that
+for particularly for unknown goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particularly for unknown goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particularly for unknown goods
+people's preferences are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences are very much
+malleable and people just don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and people just don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and people just don't know um
+what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are
+and there's also some other things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also some other things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also some other things for
+example if you think about for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you think about for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you think about for example
+social activities where maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social activities where maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social activities where maybe your
+friends like them or they don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends like them or they don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends like them or they don't like
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and people are very much like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are very much like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are very much like this is
+exactly the tom sawyer example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the tom sawyer example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the tom sawyer example
+where people are very much sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are very much sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are very much sort of um
+malleable and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and you can
+you can vastly shape what people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can vastly shape what people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can vastly shape what people want
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+not uh in many cases and for example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh in many cases and for example one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh in many cases and for example one
+example would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be like
+there's some very nice work by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very nice work by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very nice work by their
+boosting and co-authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting and co-authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting and co-authors
+that looks at um education and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at um education and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at um education and sort of
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+do do students want to study versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do students want to study versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do students want to study versus not
+and you want to like be a nerd versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to like be a nerd versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to like be a nerd versus
+not in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in class
+and so depending very much like on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so depending very much like on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so depending very much like on your
+environment as a kid when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as a kid when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as a kid when you when you
+grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up
+uh if all of your friends are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if all of your friends are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if all of your friends are sort of
+essentially not working hard and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially not working hard and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially not working hard and sort of
+like want to be cool and sort of do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like want to be cool and sort of do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like want to be cool and sort of do not
+want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study
+and it's not a cool thing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a cool thing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a cool thing in your
+environment to study um people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to study um people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to study um people might
+just not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not want
+that but on the other end if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but on the other end if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but on the other end if you have
+like you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know five
+uh nerd friends who are all working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nerd friends who are all working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nerd friends who are all working
+really hard or like if you're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard or like if you're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard or like if you're running
+around at mit studying is a cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around at mit studying is a cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around at mit studying is a cool thing
+and everybody sort of is working hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody sort of is working hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody sort of is working hard
+and that becomes suddenly like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes suddenly like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes suddenly like a very
+much like a desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a desirable
+activity so i think more generally while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so i think more generally while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so i think more generally while
+this is a bit of a contrived experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of a contrived experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of a contrived experiment
+surely people's preferences are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely people's preferences are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely people's preferences are very
+much malleable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much malleable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much malleable
+through their uh uh social environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their uh uh social environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their uh uh social environments
+and what they think others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they think others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they think others
+um um think and how to perceive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um think and how to perceive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um think and how to perceive it
+and that can be better and shaped by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be better and shaped by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be better and shaped by um
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+manipulate manipulated in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate manipulated in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate manipulated in certain ways
+and potentially affect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially affect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially affect it
+that could be a very much like a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a very much like a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a very much like a policy
+angle if you wanted to change people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle if you wanted to change people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle if you wanted to change people's
+behavior profoundly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior profoundly without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior profoundly without
+um spending much money in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spending much money in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spending much money in fact um
+let me i think that's mostly what i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me i think that's mostly what i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me i think that's mostly what i have
+to say let me let me summarize and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say let me let me summarize and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say let me let me summarize and then
+tell you about uh next week for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about uh next week for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about uh next week for
+for for a second so we asked sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a second so we asked sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a second so we asked sort of the
+question whether people have stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether people have stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether people have stable
+preferences and it seems to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and it seems to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and it seems to be that
+people don't have clear preferences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have clear preferences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have clear preferences for
+goods and experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and experiences
+and sort of construct their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of construct their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of construct their preferences
+on this spot now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this spot now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this spot now
+um they're influenced by environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're influenced by environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're influenced by environmental
+cues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues that
+in a way that doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that doesn't necessarily
+reflect the true utility from the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the true utility from the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the true utility from the good
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+experience and that's very much also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that's very much also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that's very much also
+what companies are doing in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what companies are doing in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what companies are doing in science and
+sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you know
+some items are made really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some items are made really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some items are made really really
+expensive like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive like
+like why is this thing expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is this thing expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is this thing expensive and
+somehow companies are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow companies are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow companies are able to
+create some fads or some way of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some fads or some way of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some fads or some way of making
+things desirable by just making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things desirable by just making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things desirable by just making them
+expenses and making people want them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses and making people want them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses and making people want them uh
+in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way
+that very much relies on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very much relies on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very much relies on the fact that
+people are in fact sort of malleable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in fact sort of malleable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in fact sort of malleable
+and you can sort of introspect and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sort of introspect and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sort of introspect and think
+about like what things in the world do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what things in the world do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what things in the world do
+you generally and make you generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally and make you generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally and make you generally
+happy what things do you really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy what things do you really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy what things do you really like
+and what things are sort of more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what things are sort of more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what things are sort of more things
+that like well other people like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like well other people like them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like well other people like them
+and you kind of like get sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of like get sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of like get sort of
+manipulated or you get sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated or you get sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated or you get sort of like
+tricked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked into
+uh doing that in some sense i will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing that in some sense i will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing that in some sense i will talk
+about this next week a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this next week a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this next week a little bit about
+happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness
+it's important to sort of try and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to sort of try and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to sort of try and figure
+it out and try to sort of not perhaps be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and try to sort of not perhaps be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and try to sort of not perhaps be
+as much influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much influenced
+by others and rather figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by others and rather figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by others and rather figuring out what
+what you generally and truly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you generally and truly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you generally and truly um
+like so there's some nice series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's some nice series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's some nice series of
+experiments that sort of demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that sort of demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that sort of demonstrate
+this coherent arbitrariness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coherent arbitrariness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coherent arbitrariness
+um when very sort of like clean um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when very sort of like clean um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when very sort of like clean um
+variation and somewhat contrived um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and somewhat contrived um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and somewhat contrived um uh
+context so you might wonder then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so you might wonder then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so you might wonder then like
+does it matter in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter in the real world
+well you know it's it's perhaps less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it's it's perhaps less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it's it's perhaps less
+important than settings for people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than settings for people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than settings for people have
+experienced again like if i had done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced again like if i had done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced again like if i had done the
+same experiments with like pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiments with like pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiments with like pizza
+um you know you know how much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you know how much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you know how much you're
+willing to pay for pizza you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for pizza you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for pizza you know the
+market price and you know also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price and you know also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price and you know also uh
+and so on and so they are probably your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so they are probably your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so they are probably your
+willingness to pay and your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay and your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay and your preferences
+are very much like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much like um
+uh set but in some other cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set but in some other cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set but in some other cases and
+particularly like new environments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like new environments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like new environments and
+when sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sort of
+new um when sort of preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new um when sort of preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new um when sort of preferences are
+shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+for example think about maybe back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example think about maybe back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example think about maybe back when
+you first started at mit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first started at mit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first started at mit um
+uh sort of seeing lots of other students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of seeing lots of other students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of seeing lots of other students
+when norms are shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when norms are shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when norms are shaped
+people's preferences are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences are very much
+malleable and can be influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and can be influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable and can be influenced
+profoundly now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly now um
+uh there's not so much like actual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's not so much like actual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's not so much like actual field
+evidence in high stakes settings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence in high stakes settings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence in high stakes settings that
+are sort of of this clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of of this clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of of this clean
+nature having said that the examples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature having said that the examples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature having said that the examples for
+example environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example environmental
+sorry educational choices it is perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry educational choices it is perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry educational choices it is perhaps
+like the most compelling one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most compelling one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most compelling one because
+that's really a high stake setting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a high stake setting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a high stake setting that
+matters a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot
+but people's preferences or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people's preferences or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people's preferences or their
+choices are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices are very much
+malleable that's all i have to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable that's all i have to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable that's all i have to say for
+on coherent retirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on coherent retirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on coherent retirements
+um so um next time monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um next time monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um next time monday
+we're going to talk about poverty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about poverty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about poverty um
+please read the paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please read the paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please read the paper by
+uh mani rao and then on wednesday may i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mani rao and then on wednesday may i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mani rao and then on wednesday may i
+talk about happiness and mental health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about happiness and mental health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about happiness and mental health
+now um i i promised you like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um i i promised you like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um i i promised you like a a
+a guest lecturer and so you know i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest lecturer and so you know i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest lecturer and so you know i was
+thinking about what's what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's what's a good
+thing to do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and so
+you may have heard about this at uc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about this at uc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about this at uc
+berkeley they had essentially llamas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berkeley they had essentially llamas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berkeley they had essentially llamas
+come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to
+to um campus to make students happy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um campus to make students happy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um campus to make students happy and
+distress them in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress them in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress them in some ways
+now of course i can can't bring any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course i can can't bring any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course i can can't bring any any
+uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real
+llamas but what i found and you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llamas but what i found and you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llamas but what i found and you may have
+seen this on the on the daily show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this on the on the daily show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this on the on the daily show
+there's this thing called go to meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing called go to meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing called go to meeting
+where you can essentially get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can essentially get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can essentially get like a
+um a goat or a llama um to come to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a goat or a llama um to come to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a goat or a llama um to come to your
+meeting for um 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting for um 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting for um 10 minutes
+um i did off i did ask for like a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i did off i did ask for like a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i did off i did ask for like a um
+a llama to arrive but there's apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a llama to arrive but there's apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a llama to arrive but there's apparently
+a chance that it might be a goat or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance that it might be a goat or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance that it might be a goat or a
+cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow
+so um we'll have essentially a visitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we'll have essentially a visitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we'll have essentially a visitor
+at the the end of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the end of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the end of the lecture
+i think i asked for like 2 20 um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i asked for like 2 20 um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i asked for like 2 20 um or
+between 2 20 and 2 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2 20 and 2 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2 20 and 2 30
+um um in which we'll have a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um in which we'll have a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um in which we'll have a guest
+lecture that will hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that will hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that will hopefully
+uh either tell us about happiness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either tell us about happiness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either tell us about happiness or
+maybe make uh some of you or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make uh some of you or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make uh some of you or at least
+myself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+happy uh that's all i have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy uh that's all i have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy uh that's all i have for
+for for today i'm happy to answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for today i'm happy to answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for today i'm happy to answer any
+questions that you might have
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z4CSAWrzguY.txt b/Z4CSAWrzguY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cfc6509357a3cc8636af7cfb6d3796267f7f19c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z4CSAWrzguY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the solutions can be organized one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions can be organized one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions can be organized one way
+to do it is not the standard way is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is not the standard way is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is not the standard way is with
+plotting n here and L here and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero one two three one two three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one two three one two three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one two three one two three you
+have all these points remember every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these points remember every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these points remember every
+point is allowed every integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is allowed every integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is allowed every integer
+combination is allowed all those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is allowed all those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is allowed all those are
+energy levels of the hydrogen atom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of the hydrogen atom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of the hydrogen atom but
+now you can see that this point when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see that this point when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see that this point when
+both are zero corresponds to N equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are zero corresponds to N equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are zero corresponds to N equals to
+1 because if N and L are 0 n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because if N and L are 0 n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because if N and L are 0 n is equal to
+1 and there's just one solution with N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and there's just one solution with N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and there's just one solution with N
+equals to 1 these two points here when L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 1 these two points here when L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 1 these two points here when L
+is equal to 1 and N equals 0 when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 and N equals 0 when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 and N equals 0 when n is
+equal to 1 and l equals 0 represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and l equals 0 represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and l equals 0 represent the
+two possibilities that realize N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities that realize N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities that realize N equals
+to 2 N equals to 2 is realized by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 N equals to 2 is realized by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 N equals to 2 is realized by having
+1 and 0 or 1 and 0 to values similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 or 1 and 0 to values similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 or 1 and 0 to values similarly
+there are three things with N equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three things with N equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three things with N equals to
+3 for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 for things
+my graph is not that great with n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph is not that great with n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph is not that great with n equal
+to 4 and more and more states so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and more and more states so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and more and more states so for
+each n each n you have that n plus L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each n each n you have that n plus L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each n each n you have that n plus L is
+equal to n minus 1 and L can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n minus 1 and L can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n minus 1 and L can never
+exceed n minus 1 and that's physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed n minus 1 and that's physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed n minus 1 and that's physically
+quite something that people remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but also n cannot exceed n minus 1 or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also n cannot exceed n minus 1 or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also n cannot exceed n minus 1 or 0
+both are they're limited by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are they're limited by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are they're limited by these
+quantities so if you have some n you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so if you have some n you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so if you have some n you
+will have L and n for example for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have L and n for example for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have L and n for example for some
+quantum number n you will have l equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number n you will have l equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number n you will have l equals
+0 and n would be n minus 1 that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and n would be n minus 1 that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and n would be n minus 1 that would
+work out l plus n would be n minus 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out l plus n would be n minus 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out l plus n would be n minus 1 or
+1 and n minus 2 or all the things up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and n minus 2 or all the things up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and n minus 2 or all the things up to
+n minus 1 and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 and 0
+so they take terms they have to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they take terms they have to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they take terms they have to add up
+to n minus 1 so let's plot let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus 1 so let's plot let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus 1 so let's plot let's
+actually um we can go here you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um we can go here you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um we can go here you don't
+have too much more to say at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too much more to say at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too much more to say at this moment
+so let's let's have this we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's have this we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's have this we can do a
+little counting that it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counting that it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counting that it's interesting
+and count the number of states for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the number of states for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the number of states for a
+given n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example for n equals to 1 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for n equals to 1 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for n equals to 1 what
+can we have we said L equals 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we have we said L equals 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we have we said L equals 0 and
+capital n is equal to 0 as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is equal to 0 as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is equal to 0 as well and
+that's one state for N equals to 2 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one state for N equals to 2 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one state for N equals to 2 what
+can you have N equals to 2 you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have N equals to 2 you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have N equals to 2 you could
+have l equals 1 or l equals 0 so l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have l equals 1 or l equals 0 so l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have l equals 1 or l equals 0 so l
+equals 1 or l equals 0 on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 or l equals 0 on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 or l equals 0 on how many
+states do we have here well L equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states do we have here well L equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states do we have here well L equal 1
+can have M equals 1 0 and minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have M equals 1 0 and minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have M equals 1 0 and minus 1
+remember the M value is another label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the M value is another label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the M value is another label
+for States those are different states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for States those are different states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for States those are different states so
+here there are three states plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are three states plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are three states plus 1
+States 3 plus 1 States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States 3 plus 1 States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States 3 plus 1 States
+that's for N equals 3 we'll have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for N equals 3 we'll have l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for N equals 3 we'll have l
+equals 2 l equals 1 and l equals 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 l equals 1 and l equals 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 l equals 1 and l equals 0 which
+is 5 states plus 3 states plus 1 stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 states plus 3 states plus 1 stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 states plus 3 states plus 1 stage
+which is 9 states and that's a 3 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 9 states and that's a 3 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 9 states and that's a 3 squared
++ 4 was actually 2 squared and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 was actually 2 squared and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 was actually 2 squared and if you go
+on to n you will have N squared States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to n you will have N squared States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to n you will have N squared States
+something that perhaps you could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that perhaps you could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that perhaps you could try to
+count and show that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so whatever what are our quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever what are our quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever what are our quantum numbers
+for the states of hydrogen well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the states of hydrogen well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the states of hydrogen well our
+quantum numbers are it's our choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers are it's our choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers are it's our choice but
+physically we want to understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically we want to understand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically we want to understand them
+each intuitively so here we go one most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each intuitively so here we go one most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each intuitively so here we go one most
+important quantum number and its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important quantum number and its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important quantum number and its name
+says so is principle quantum numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so is principle quantum numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so is principle quantum numbers of
+the quantum numbers quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum numbers quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum numbers quantum numbers
+verse of hydrogen and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse of hydrogen and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse of hydrogen and the first
+important things and we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things and we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things and we definitely
+cannot do away with n it fixes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do away with n it fixes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do away with n it fixes our
+energies and now we have a possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and now we have a possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and now we have a possibility
+we look at this as a year well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this as a year well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this as a year well actually
+I either need to determine what is L or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I either need to determine what is L or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I either need to determine what is L or
+what is n so it doesn't even come close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n so it doesn't even come close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n so it doesn't even come close
+physicists will not say oh I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists will not say oh I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists will not say oh I want to
+describe the quantum number by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the quantum number by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the quantum number by the
+degree of the polynomial inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the polynomial inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the polynomial inside the
+solution no faces will say I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution no faces will say I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution no faces will say I want to use
+the angular momentum uncertain if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum uncertain if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum uncertain if you
+know L and you know and you know capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know L and you know and you know capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know L and you know and you know capital
+end so capital n is a funny number has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so capital n is a funny number has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so capital n is a funny number has
+to do with a degree of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a degree of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a degree of the polynomial
+that shows up in between this leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up in between this leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up in between this leading
+behavior and that exponential behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and that exponential behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and that exponential behavior
+very interesting but not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting but not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting but not directly
+physical the L however is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical the L however is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical the L however is directly
+associated to an observable angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to an observable angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to an observable angular
+momentum so to describe the state that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so to describe the state that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so to describe the state that I
+have here if I give you m and L you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here if I give you m and L you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here if I give you m and L you can
+see that you determine which state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you determine which state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you determine which state you
+are so the second quantum number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so the second quantum number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so the second quantum number is
+going to be L and the third quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be L and the third quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be L and the third quantum
+number is unavoidable is the Z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is unavoidable is the Z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is unavoidable is the Z component
+of angular momentum should be M that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum should be M that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum should be M that's
+also physical we should not skip it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also physical we should not skip it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also physical we should not skip it so
+these are our quantum numbers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our quantum numbers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our quantum numbers and they
+fix capital n in case you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix capital n in case you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix capital n in case you're interested
+as n minus L plus 1 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n minus L plus 1 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n minus L plus 1 and that's
+interesting information so let's recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting information so let's recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting information so let's recall
+our variables who ok row is here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables who ok row is here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables who ok row is here that's
+very nice Oh so Rho is sub to Kappa Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice Oh so Rho is sub to Kappa Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice Oh so Rho is sub to Kappa Z
+over a not R but now we know what Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a not R but now we know what Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a not R but now we know what Kappa
+is Kappa is 1 over 2 n so actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Kappa is 1 over 2 n so actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Kappa is 1 over 2 n so actually the
+row variable is tailored to the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row variable is tailored to the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row variable is tailored to the quantum
+numbers it's just Z R over N a naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's just Z R over N a naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's just Z R over N a naught
+where n is the principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so back to the solution you see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the solution you see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the solution you see we have
+to recap recap quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recap recap quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recap recap quickly
+sigh n L M is equal to U of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh n L M is equal to U of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh n L M is equal to U of the energy
+of the radial equation so if N and L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radial equation so if N and L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radial equation so if N and L is
+sufficient for that over r yl m or the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient for that over r yl m or the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient for that over r yl m or the U
+is the thing that we had here ul and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that we had here ul and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that we had here ul and now
+it has an energy as into it so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an energy as into it so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an energy as into it so it's a
+row to the L plus 1 still our and Rho up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the L plus 1 still our and Rho up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the L plus 1 still our and Rho up
+to number so this is like a row a W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number so this is like a row a W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number so this is like a row a W and
+L if we wish of Rho e to the minus Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L if we wish of Rho e to the minus Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L if we wish of Rho e to the minus Rho
+and ylm theta phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so well let's write one more equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finish so just to give the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish so just to give the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish so just to give the feeling
+of the solution what what does that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution what what does that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution what what does that give
+you row to the L a polynomial of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you row to the L a polynomial of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you row to the L a polynomial of row
+which is a polynomial of degree N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a polynomial of degree N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a polynomial of degree N and
+which is our n little n minus L plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our n little n minus L plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our n little n minus L plus 1
+times e to the minus Rho ylm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus Rho ylm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus Rho ylm it's
+important for you to see the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you to see the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you to see the whole
+solution this is the whole solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is the whole solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is the whole solution of
+the hydrogen atom I'll write it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom I'll write it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom I'll write it in one
+more way a a constant because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more way a a constant because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more way a a constant because this is
+similar row well row is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar row well row is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar row well row is in terms of
+units at least has R to the over a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units at least has R to the over a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units at least has R to the over a not
+to the L here it is a polynomial yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L here it is a polynomial yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L here it is a polynomial yeah
+in R over a not of degree little n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R over a not of degree little n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R over a not of degree little n minus
+L plus 1 and this polynomial we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L plus 1 and this polynomial we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L plus 1 and this polynomial we could
+make a whole study of it these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a whole study of it these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a whole study of it these are
+Legare polynomials we will not look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legare polynomials we will not look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legare polynomials we will not look into
+them in this course you may do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this course you may do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this course you may do it in a
+more advanced course if it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced course if it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more advanced course if it's interesting
+but it's better to just get an intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's better to just get an intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's better to just get an intuition
+as to what's happening here there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what's happening here there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what's happening here there is an
+e to the minus row which is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus row which is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus row which is interesting
+to have fully so this is e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have fully so this is e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have fully so this is e to the minus
+Z R over N a nought and there's a wile m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z R over N a nought and there's a wile m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z R over N a nought and there's a wile m
+of failing fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is your whole solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your whole solution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your whole solution for the
+hydrogen atom we should write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom we should write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom we should write the
+simplest one sigh 1 0 0 n equal 1 l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one sigh 1 0 0 n equal 1 l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one sigh 1 0 0 n equal 1 l
+equals 0 M equals 0 spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 M equals 0 spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 M equals 0 spherically
+symmetric here it is 1 over PI a cubed e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric here it is 1 over PI a cubed e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric here it is 1 over PI a cubed e
+to the minus R over a not for the case Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus R over a not for the case Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus R over a not for the case Z
+is equal to 1 ground state of hydrogen
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_PmJoExiSPo.txt b/_PmJoExiSPo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82f79a3fb26745416eba40a6b56109c0d2d88cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_PmJoExiSPo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1354 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today we're going
+to do an example of
+
+using some of the equilibrium
+concepts that we've learned to
+
+drug design.
+
+And it's going to be an example
+that's out in the
+
+literature.
+
+And potentially a very big
+deal if you can do
+
+drug design this way.
+
+And it's an example of how,
+remember how I told you that
+
+if you have the Gibbs free
+energy, you have everything
+
+and how clueless I was as a
+graduate student, and when I
+
+look back I think how silly it
+was for me not to realize how
+
+important it was.
+
+Well, this is an example where
+people calculate delta G's or
+
+Gibbs free energy changes for
+binding of proteins to
+
+receptors on cells,
+or ligands.
+
+And from that, design drugs that
+work much better than the
+
+real thing.
+
+And it's all about calculating
+delta G. We're going to see
+
+how that is, and how that comes
+in with equilibrium.
+
+So the paper that this
+is based on was
+
+published in 2002.
+
+And since then there have
+been larger-scale
+
+trials, animal trials.
+
+And I believe there have been
+human trials of this concept,
+
+of this drug that they
+have designed.
+
+You've got the reference
+in the notes.
+
+And we're going to have to do
+a little bit of review of
+
+biology first, to figure
+out what's going on.
+
+And this particular process,
+this particular drug, is
+
+called the, I have
+it right here,
+
+granulocyte stimulating factor.
+
+Where was it in here?
+
+To give you the right
+name for it.
+
+There it is.
+
+It's a protein drug
+called GCSF.
+
+Granulocyte Colony Stimulating
+Factor.
+
+And it's there's wild
+tie for natural
+
+version of this protein.
+
+That is generated by
+normal tissue.
+
+And this protein goes to the
+blood, to the bone marrow.
+
+And it binds the receptors on
+cells that are in the blood
+
+and the bone marrow, and
+stimulates the growth of white
+
+blood cells, and stem cells, and
+also acts to tell the bone
+
+marrow to pump out these stem
+cells into the blood.
+
+And the problem is that if you
+have a chemotherapy patient,
+
+their bone marrow cells are
+largely destroyed through the
+
+chemotherapy.
+
+And so they have a problem
+with the white blood cell
+
+counts, and with stem cell
+counts and all that stuff.
+
+So one of the ways that you
+can try to reverse this
+
+problem is by stimulating,
+artificially stimulating the
+
+growth or the proliferation of
+these white blood cells.
+
+And one of the ways you could
+do that is by giving the
+
+patient a lot of this protein,
+granulocyte colony stimulating
+
+factor, to stimulate the output
+of white blood cells
+
+from the bone marrow.
+
+Whatever is left of
+the bone marrow.
+
+To rebuild it up.
+
+And so that's done with wild
+type, with protein.
+
+You can make the wild
+type protein.
+
+But if you had something that
+was basically the same thing
+
+but somehow mutated, where you
+made a few changes to the
+
+amino acid sequence, so that it
+worked a little bit better,
+
+then you might have a lot of
+people, a lot of patients.
+
+And that's what the basis
+of this paper is, that's
+
+referenced here.
+
+Is how to go about mutating this
+protein here to make it a
+
+drug that would be
+more effective
+
+then the natural protein.
+
+So that you can give
+it to patients.
+
+So now let me go back and tell
+you a little bit about this
+
+equilibrium that we're
+talking about.
+
+So we've been talking
+about equilibria of
+
+molecules coming together.
+
+And then creating
+new molecules,
+
+products and reactants.
+
+Well, when you're talking about
+ligands and receptors on
+
+cells, the same sort
+of ideas come in.
+
+The same equilibrium
+concepts come in.
+
+So if you have a cell membrane,
+the cell membrane
+
+could have a receptor in it.
+
+Which is a protein that extends
+through the membrane
+
+that's got some sort of
+pocket outside here.
+
+The membrane keeps on going.
+
+And you've got the blood on the
+outside here, or some of
+
+the tissue of the cells,
+and you've got the
+
+inside of the cell here.
+
+And this receptor is waiting
+for some ligand.
+
+A ligand being another protein
+that's floating around.
+
+That's specific for binding
+to this receptor here.
+
+And there's the ligand here.
+
+There's the receptor here.
+
+And every now and then one of
+these ligands will find a
+
+receptor and bind to it.
+
+So we write, then, in
+equilibrium, ligand plus
+
+receptor goes to complex.
+
+This is happening all
+the time on cells.
+
+There are millions of different
+kinds of receptors,
+
+millions, billions of
+kinds of ligands.
+
+Wild types, fake ones,
+et cetera et cetera.
+
+When you've got a binding event,
+the cell knows that's
+
+something has bound, usually.
+
+And that usually triggers a
+cascade of other things.
+
+It signals a cell to
+do a lot of things.
+
+So, for instance, in the case
+of the GCSF, you've got the
+
+receptor on the cell.
+
+And you've got this granulocyte
+colony signaling
+
+factor, that would be
+the ligand here.
+
+It binds to the receptor
+on the cell.
+
+That triggers the bone marrow
+cells to produce more
+
+proteins, which signals more
+things to happen, and
+
+eventually down the way, after
+a bunch of signaling
+
+processes, out come a
+burst of stem cells
+
+or white blood cells.
+
+It's a complicated process,
+and every step of the way
+
+needs to be done correctly.
+
+And for this process at least,
+this protein here, this ligand
+
+protein, triggers the cascade.
+
+And so this binding and
+unbinding of this protein then
+
+triggers the whole sequence
+of reactions.
+
+So this equilibrium becomes
+super-important then.
+
+OK.
+
+What else should we review
+about, I should have used a
+
+different board than
+this, but.
+
+This is going to
+get covered up.
+
+What else can we review about
+biology that would be
+
+interesting?
+
+So, other things that we will
+need to remember, need to
+
+know, is that these receptors
+on the surface of the cells
+
+aren't static.
+
+The cells recycle
+their receptors.
+
+Things can happen.
+
+Things get degraded.
+
+And so the cell is constantly
+taking these receptors,
+
+bringing them back inside the
+cell, merging them with
+
+lysosomes, where the pH is five,
+or 5.5 compared to the
+
+outside of the blood,
+which is 7.4.
+
+It breaks down the proteins into
+their amino acids, the
+
+cell can use the amino acids
+again to make more proteins.
+
+Make better, make
+new receptors.
+
+And that's how the cell recycles
+the receptors.
+
+So basically, you end up with
+the cell taking the receptor.
+
+Making a small sort of cavity
+around the receptor.
+
+So there's the cell
+sitting here.
+
+There's the inside
+of the cell.
+
+There's the receptor being
+engulfed by the cell, now.
+
+And it could have the ligand
+in on it, also.
+
+There's the ligand sitting
+right here.
+
+It's called an endocytotic
+event, or it's endocytosis of
+
+the receptor.
+
+Into the cell.
+
+And then once you're inside
+the cell, let's put the
+
+nucleus in the middle here,
+you've got things called
+
+lysosomes that are
+sitting nearby.
+
+There's a lysosome here.
+
+Lysosome.
+
+And there's your little
+vesicle that
+
+contains your receptor.
+
+Merges towards the lysosome,
+these two get together.
+
+Then you have your ligand, I'm
+running out of colors here.
+
+So there's the receptor and the
+ligand together in here.
+
+And then the pH here becomes
+5.5, things break apart.
+
+And you've got to find another
+receptor, another ligand, to
+
+continue the process.
+
+Everybody knows this biology,
+or you know it well enough.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So let's go do this example.
+
+So this is the process
+of binding.
+
+We can have a delta G associated
+with this, delta G
+
+a, delta G0 is minus
+RT log K sub a.
+
+This is the association
+equilibrium.
+
+And you can have the reverse
+process, where the complex
+
+gets broken up into receptor
+plus a ligand.
+
+And then you have a delta
+G for this process here.
+
+So this is delta Ga,
+let's call it.
+
+This would be delta GD, which is
+the negative minus RT log K
+
+sub D. This is the dissociation
+process.
+
+And the dissociation process,
+K sub D, is equal to R, the
+
+concentration of the receptors
+times the concentration of the
+
+ligand, divided by the
+concentration of the complex.
+
+And the lower K sub D is, the
+smaller this number is, small
+
+means that you're mostly on this
+side here, mostly in the
+
+complex, the tighter
+the binding.
+
+So small KD means
+tight binding.
+
+So if I want, in principle,
+then, if I want to design a
+
+drug that's going to signal this
+event here, I want K sub
+
+D for this ligand that
+I'm going to
+
+design to be very small.
+
+To be small.
+
+Small enough so that it binds
+strongly and does its job, so
+
+I don't need too much of it.
+
+Now, you need to do experiments
+to figure out
+
+what's going on.
+
+So how do you do these
+experiments?
+
+You need to be able to measure,
+then these K sub D's,
+
+experimentally, to see whether
+or not what you've designed on
+
+the computer, when you calculate
+delta G's on the
+
+computer you've got to know
+whether or not it's working.
+
+And this is still an
+experimental science.
+
+How does it work?
+
+So, usually you do the
+experiment with the ligand
+
+concentration very high.
+
+Very large.
+
+So that the concentration of
+the ligand at any time is
+
+basically the same thing as
+the concentration of the
+
+ligand you put in.
+
+So you overwhelm the system
+with ligands.
+
+So that L is much bigger than
+C or R, and so it doesn't
+
+matter which way the
+equilibrium is.
+
+L stays roughly the same.
+
+So you know, throughout
+the experiment, what
+
+concentration is.
+
+Then you get a bunch of cells.
+
+In a well or something, or a 96
+well plate with a bunch of
+
+different kinds of ligands.
+
+And you can take your ligand,
+you can label it
+
+radioactively.
+
+So you can take your ligand
+as some long protein.
+
+And you can take an iodine 125,
+let's say, radioactive
+
+label on your ligand,
+on your protein.
+
+So you can keep track of it.
+
+The nice thing about radioactive
+labels, and which
+
+is why people use them in
+biology or bio-medicine.
+
+We use them to look at, for
+instance, bio-distribution of
+
+things in animals.
+
+We want to know where things
+are, and whether they all left
+
+the animal, or.
+
+Because you can use a Geiger
+counter and you
+
+can count the events.
+
+The radioactive events.
+
+And that gives you extremely
+quantitative analysis of where
+
+things are.
+
+So you take those radioactive
+ligand.
+
+And, L0, very large
+concentration.
+
+You expose this concentration
+to the cells.
+
+The cells have some receptors
+on the surface.
+
+There's a bunch of receptors
+on the surface of the cell.
+
+And some fraction of the
+receptors will have the ligand
+
+bound to them.
+
+So you incubate.
+
+You let it wait a while.
+
+Then you wash.
+
+So you get rid of all
+the excess ligand
+
+that's on top there.
+
+And then you take your petri
+dish, or your 96 well plate.
+
+And you read the radioactivity
+that's coming from the cells.
+
+And that signal, that
+radioactive signals, tells you
+
+exactly how many ligand you
+have on these cells.
+
+You knew what the cell
+concentration was initially.
+
+So that tells you what the
+concentration of ligands, of
+
+complexes, was.
+
+So this experiment then gets
+you, experimentally, gets you
+
+the concentration of
+C, the complex.
+
+So now this is something
+you know.
+
+You also know what L0
+was, because that's
+
+what you put in.
+
+And that's enough for you
+to find out what KD is.
+
+And if you know what KD
+is, then you know
+
+what delta G0 is.
+
+And so generally, then, let's
+go ahead and do that.
+
+So we know what L is.
+
+We know what L0, C is, let me
+just do it on this board here.
+
+So we start with rewriting KD as
+equal to R times L divided
+
+by the complex concentration.
+
+And now L is basically L0, so we
+can use that approximation.
+
+So we have L0 sitting here.
+
+We still have the complex on
+the bottom, and that's
+
+something that we've
+experimentally discovered.
+
+And the concentration of
+receptors, this is the
+
+concentration of receptors
+that don't have
+
+anything bound to them.
+
+So it's these guys right here.
+
+That's equal to the
+concentration of receptors,
+
+the total number of receptors,
+minus those receptors that
+
+have a ligand bound to them.
+
+Complexes.
+
+Something we can
+
+experimentally define, or discover.
+
+So we replace this R here with
+RT minus C. And then we're all
+
+at equilibrium.
+
+So we're going to put a little
+equilibrium sign under these
+
+C's here. equilibrium.
+
+And then we can rearrange this
+equation so that, people like
+
+to have plots that are linear,
+in a way that is a linear
+
+plot, where the slope of the
+plot is the inverse of the
+
+equilibrium constant.
+
+So you do some massaging
+of this equation here.
+
+And you rewrite it in
+terms of C over L0.
+
+There's the equilibrium
+concentration of the complex.
+
+This is the total receptor
+concentration divided by the
+
+equilibrium constant.
+
+And then you have the
+equilibrium concentration of
+
+the complex divided by KD.
+
+And so you plot, then,
+this ratio.
+
+Which is an experimental
+ratio.
+
+You've just measured this
+concentration of complexes
+
+using this radioactivity,
+radioactive labeling
+
+experiment.
+
+You know what this is, because
+that's what you've put in.
+
+This is your x-axis
+on your plot.
+
+This is what you've measured.
+
+And this is going
+to be the slope.
+
+It's called a Scatchard plot.
+
+After Mr. Scatchard
+
+So you get a straight line.
+
+So we're plotting here
+the equilibrium
+
+constant of the complex.
+
+And on this here we're plotting
+the ratio of the
+
+complex divided by L0.
+
+And we get this straight line
+like this, where the slope is
+
+one over KD.
+
+Minus one over KD.
+
+OK, now there's a couple of
+things that you can look at
+
+that are sometimes useful.
+
+In this analysis here.
+
+You can also rewrite this
+equation up here in terms of
+
+the ratio of C equilibrium
+divided by RT.
+
+So that's basically the ratio
+of receptors that have a
+
+ligand attached to them,
+divided by the total
+
+concentration of receptors.
+
+So if most of the receptors
+are empty, then this is a
+
+small number.
+
+Then most of the receptors are
+taken up, this is a number
+
+close to one.
+
+It can't be anywhere, it can't
+be ever bigger than one,
+
+because the biggest number of
+complexes you can get is the
+
+total number of receptors.
+
+So if you take this equation
+here and you massage it a
+
+little bit, one over one plus KD
+over L0, and that, you can
+
+also plot that.
+
+As a function of L0.
+
+How much ligands you put in.
+
+And you find this is something
+that saturates at one.
+
+So this ratio here is going
+to saturate at one.
+
+This is C equilibrium divided by
+total number of receptors.
+
+And so if L0 is small enough, if
+L0 is small enough, meaning
+
+that it's smaller than KD, so if
+L0 is much smaller then KD,
+
+then you can rearrange this
+ratio here so that C
+
+equilibrium divided by RT
+is roughly L0 over KD.
+
+So that's linear, with a
+slope of one over KD.
+
+So this slope here is one
+over KD is the slope.
+
+And as you get L0 to be quite
+large, bigger than KD, then
+
+this saturate to one.
+
+And this one over something very
+large become zero, and
+
+basically you end up with
+something close to one.
+
+So you saturate at one.
+
+So that's another way
+of doing this.
+
+But this is really what we
+want to concentrate here.
+
+The fact that you can get KD
+out of experimentally.
+
+If you have KD, you
+have delta G.
+
+So now let's go back and think
+about this whole process here.
+
+If we're going to design this
+drug here, this protein,
+
+artificially.
+
+So what you want, then, is you
+want something that's going to
+
+bind strongly enough to
+receptor, to stimulate the
+
+growth of granulocytes, or the
+colony of granulocytes.
+
+But when the cell decides to
+recycle the receptor, and
+
+destroy it, chew it apart in
+the lysosome here, you want
+
+this drug not to be degraded.
+
+Because you have to keep
+injecting in the patient.
+
+So you want this drug to release
+from the receptor,
+
+before the lysosome has a
+chance to chew it up.
+
+So that means that you want the
+equilibrium constant at pH
+
+5.5, you want that KD, to be
+much larger at 5.5 than you
+
+want it at 7.4.
+
+You want strong binding at
+pH 7.4, and you want weak
+
+binding at pH 5.5.
+
+That way the drug
+gets recycled.
+
+Can find, go back
+to the blood.
+
+Bind to a receptor again,
+generate the signaling events,
+
+gets engulfed by the cell.
+
+Releases before it has
+a chance to be
+
+chewed up, et cetera.
+
+The wild type will
+get chewed up.
+
+The regular kind will get chewed
+up, and so that's why
+
+you have to, with the patients
+you have to keep giving them
+
+this drug over and over again.
+
+Because it gets chewed
+up by the cells.
+
+So that's the design principle
+that these authors had in mind
+
+when they started their study.
+
+And so they knew what the
+sequence, what the amino acid
+
+sequence was, for this wild type
+drug, and they started
+
+doing point mutations.
+
+Changing one amino acid
+here and there.
+
+And cranking out the calculation
+to calculate delta
+
+G for binding of this protein
+to this receptor.
+
+At pH 7.4 and at pH
+5.5, and getting
+
+differences of delta G's.
+
+So let me then review again.
+
+What is the motivation here.
+
+The motivation is to try to
+get the ratio, KD, at 5.5
+
+divided by KD at 7.4, pH 7.4.
+
+And you want this to
+be bigger than one.
+
+And really as large
+as possible.
+
+As possible, of course
+within limits.
+
+So we want this to
+bind at pH 7.4.
+
+And the point of comparison
+is the wild types.
+
+Which at 7.4 has a KD
+of 270, roughly.
+
+And at the ratio of pH
+5.5 to 7.4 is 1.7.
+
+So it's a little bit weaker
+binding at 5.5.
+
+Remember, large KD means
+weak binding.
+
+Small KD means tight binding.
+
+So the fact that KD at 5.5 is
+bigger than KD at 7.5 means
+
+that it's slightly weaker
+binding at 5.5 than 7.4.
+
+So this is sort of the baseline
+that the protein
+
+designers had to deal with.
+
+So everything gets compared
+to this guy here.
+
+So they don't actually, in
+a calculation they don't
+
+actually measure this.
+
+What they do is, they
+look at delta G's.
+
+And so they look at differences
+of delta G's.
+
+They look at delta G0 for
+the binding of the
+
+ligand to the receptor.
+
+At 7.4 minus the delta G0 at
+pH 5.5, let's call this the
+
+delta delta G. Since you know
+delta G is minus RT log K,
+
+this is equal to minus the delta
+of log KD, which is log
+
+KD at 5.5 divided
+by KD at 7.4.
+
+So then they calculate delta
+delta G0, and it's completely
+
+related to this ratio that you
+measured in the experiment.
+
+And so for the wild type, this
+delta delta G is just
+
+basically the log of
+this number here.
+
+Is 0.53.
+
+So now they go ahead and
+do their calculation.
+
+And they find a couple
+of mutants.
+
+Where, and they focus
+on delta delta G0.
+
+They want something that's
+bigger than this.
+
+And then they'll worry about
+whether there are more
+
+problems associated with it.
+
+So they found two mutants,
+let's call
+
+them D110H and D113H.
+
+I think it's a histidine
+mutation, point mutation at
+
+110 and 113, where this ratio
+here was 8.3 and 17.
+
+So, huge differences here.
+
+More than a factor of 20, or
+factor of 30 difference in the
+
+change in the binding
+efficiency, at least according
+
+to these delta delta G, between
+pH 5.5 and pH 7.4.
+
+That means that this protein
+here with the point mutation,
+
+with this one point mutation, if
+it binds as strongly to the
+
+receptor on the surface, as soon
+as the lysosome comes in
+
+and begins to decrease pH inside
+the cell, this ligand
+
+is going to come off.
+
+And it's going to be
+able to float away.
+
+Hopefully, before it
+gets recycled.
+
+Before it gets chewed up.
+
+So they can be used again.
+
+So that's good.
+
+Alright, so experiments
+were done.
+
+And on the D110H
+and the D113H.
+
+And KD was measured in
+the experiments.
+
+And remember, the wild
+type is 270.
+
+The KD's were at 370.
+
+And 320, with some error bar.
+
+And the different, the ratios
+of KD's were measured.
+
+There were 4.4 and 6.8.
+
+With some error bars.
+
+And they turned out to match
+reasonably well, at least as
+
+far as comparison between
+experiment and theory.
+
+Still not great for these sorts
+of calculations, because
+
+pretty involved.
+
+A lot of approximations
+go on in there.
+
+And it gives you
+a rough guide.
+
+So this 17 here is probably not
+quite right, because it
+
+doesn't quite translate
+to 6.8 here.
+
+This difference between 4.4 and
+6.8 doesn't quite match
+
+the difference that they saw
+here in the calculation.
+
+But it's the right
+direction, right?
+
+And that's why you still
+need to do experiments.
+
+This number here is a
+little bit bigger
+
+than this number here.
+
+Which means that these don't
+bind quite as strongly.
+
+Because KD small means
+strong binding.
+
+That means the initial binding
+of the ligand to the receptor
+
+is not quite as good
+as the wild type.
+
+That's often the case.
+
+It's often not so easy to find
+something that binds as
+
+strongly as the wild version.
+
+But, it's good enough.
+
+And this ratio is really
+what clamps the deal
+
+in this case here.
+
+And so, these mutants, in fact
+these two mutants are the ones
+
+that have undergone
+the animal trials.
+
+That are in the pipeline.
+
+This is a big deal.
+
+This is a big deal because this
+is a huge, huge market.
+
+There's a very large number of
+people that are affected with
+
+chemotherapy.
+
+And this is basic thermodynamics
+here.
+
+It's basic thermodynamic
+calculation of a complicated
+
+molecule with some fairly simple
+equilibrium concepts.
+
+OK, any questions on this?
+
+OK, well, we're ended
+really early today.
+
+I don't have the phase
+transition ready, but Keith
+
+Nelson is going to start a phase
+transition next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_U6YamvF7BE.txt b/_U6YamvF7BE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..996a7c4519d5b964a32052f1ed387029d7e00226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_U6YamvF7BE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu click in your response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just do 10 seconds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just do 10 seconds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just do 10 seconds on
+the uh clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+82% um I like it when we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82% um I like it when we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82% um I like it when we get into the
+90s just uh FYI uh for these so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s just uh FYI uh for these so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s just uh FYI uh for these so since
+this is similar to one we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to one we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to one we did last time
+is just to remind you again of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to remind you again of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to remind you again of uh the
+first part of problem set one where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of problem set one where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of problem set one where we
+have this material that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this material that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this material that you need to
+learn how to to cover um so does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to to cover um so does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to to cover um so does anyone
+want to uh tell me how they got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh tell me how they got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh tell me how they got the
+right answer and this is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer and this is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer and this is not going to be
+a great prize it's going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great prize it's going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great prize it's going to be better
+prize later this is an American Chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize later this is an American Chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize later this is an American Chemical
+Society pen for this one since we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society pen for this one since we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society pen for this one since we had a
+similar question last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar question last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar question last
+time everyone's I should have told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time everyone's I should have told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time everyone's I should have told you
+there's G to be a better prize later now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's G to be a better prize later now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's G to be a better prize later now
+No One's Gonna everyone's gonna wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay see see if that's turned on so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see see if that's turned on so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see see if that's turned on so you
+no I gu that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I gu that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I gu that's
+not um oh no one give oh wait try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um oh no one give oh wait try that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um oh no one give oh wait try that
+so you find the uh limiting reactant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find the uh limiting reactant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find the uh limiting reactant by
+dividing the amount of moles for both by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the amount of moles for both by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the amount of moles for both by
+the molar coefficient and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molar coefficient and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molar coefficient and you see that
+it's uh uh feo and then you just uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh feo and then you just uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh feo and then you just uh do
+12 times the molar fraction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 times the molar fraction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 times the molar fraction which is
+just one al203 for every three feo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one al203 for every three feo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one al203 for every three feo and
+you get four mhm great so if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get four mhm great so if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get four mhm great so if you haven't
+practiced these yet go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced these yet go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced these yet go ahead and
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+yeah okay so um let's think about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so um let's think about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so um let's think about where
+we were what we were talking about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were what we were talking about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were what we were talking about on
+Friday we were talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we were talking about the
+discovery of the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the electron and the
+nucleus and uh realize through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and uh realize through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and uh realize through the
+experiments that the atom is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that the atom is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that the atom is mostly
+empty space um but there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space um but there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space um but there is this
+concentrated small part of the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated small part of the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated small part of the nucleus
+um that can uh deflect Alpha part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can uh deflect Alpha part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can uh deflect Alpha part
+particles or pingpong balls um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or pingpong balls um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or pingpong balls um and this
+is a really uh small uh concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really uh small uh concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really uh small uh concentrated
+part so that would be like the head of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that would be like the head of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that would be like the head of a
+pin in a room somewhat bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin in a room somewhat bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin in a room somewhat bigger than this
+or a p in the size of a sports arena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a p in the size of a sports arena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a p in the size of a sports arena
+these are the nucleus is very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the nucleus is very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the nucleus is very tiny
+compared to the atom and the atom is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the atom and the atom is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the atom and the atom is is
+again mostly empty space so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again mostly empty space so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again mostly empty space so this
+discovery was amazing of these subatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery was amazing of these subatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery was amazing of these subatomic
+particles and was really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and was really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and was really kind of
+changing what people were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what people were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what people were thinking about
+so at that time they started to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that time they started to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that time they started to realize
+in doing these experim experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing these experim experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing these experim experiments and
+the experiments I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments I'm going to tell you
+today that they needed a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that they needed a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that they needed a different way
+of thinking about matter and to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about matter and to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about matter and to explain
+the observations that scientists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations that scientists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations that scientists were
+making at the time they needed to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making at the time they needed to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making at the time they needed to think
+about the fact that radiation had both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that radiation had both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that radiation had both
+wavelike and particle like properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike and particle like properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike and particle like properties
+and matter had also wav like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter had also wav like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter had also wav like and
+particle like properties um and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties um and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties um and also
+that energy is quantized into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is quantized into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is quantized into these
+discrete bundles called photons so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete bundles called photons so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete bundles called photons so we're
+going to be talking about these these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about these these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about these these uh
+new discoveries and the data that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new discoveries and the data that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new discoveries and the data that didn't
+fit today and how uh we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit today and how uh we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit today and how uh we came up with
+this new sort of mechanics that help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new sort of mechanics that help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new sort of mechanics that help to
+explain the properties that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the properties that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the properties that were being
+observed so we're going to start today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed so we're going to start today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed so we're going to start today
+with a wave particle duality of light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wave particle duality of light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wave particle duality of light so
+we're going to talk about light as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about light as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about light as a
+wave um and we're going to first talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave um and we're going to first talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave um and we're going to first talk
+about the characteristics of waves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the characteristics of waves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the characteristics of waves which
+is a little review and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little review and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little review and then we're going
+to talk about light as a particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about light as a particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about light as a particle and
+get into the photoelectric effect which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the photoelectric effect which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the photoelectric effect which
+was a really important series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really important series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really important series of
+experiments that help scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that help scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that help scientists
+understand what was going on so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what was going on so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what was going on so first
+we'll just have a little review about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just have a little review about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just have a little review about
+waves so some of you come from places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so some of you come from places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so some of you come from places
+that you probably don't have oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably don't have oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably don't have oceans
+nearby um you're now living in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby um you're now living in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby um you're now living in a place
+that does have an ocean nearby uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does have an ocean nearby uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does have an ocean nearby uh so uh
+you can go take the blue line to rever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go take the blue line to rever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go take the blue line to rever
+beach um I always find doing chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach um I always find doing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach um I always find doing chemistry
+problem sets very relaxing on the beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets very relaxing on the beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets very relaxing on the beach
+um and you can watch the water level go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can watch the water level go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can watch the water level go
+up and down in this repeated periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down in this repeated periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down in this repeated periodic
+fashion um and uh so if you have't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um and uh so if you have't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um and uh so if you have't
+experienced water waves you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced water waves you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced water waves you should
+absolutely do that um so waves have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely do that um so waves have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely do that um so waves have this
+periodic uh variation so you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic uh variation so you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic uh variation so you could have
+average water level the water level will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average water level the water level will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average water level the water level will
+go up and then go down and go up and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and then go down and go up and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and then go down and go up and go
+down from high levels to low levels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from high levels to low levels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from high levels to low levels this
+same behavior is observed for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same behavior is observed for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same behavior is observed for other
+types of waves such as sound waves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of waves such as sound waves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of waves such as sound waves so
+here you would have the average density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would have the average density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would have the average density
+and the sound wave can go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sound wave can go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sound wave can go to higher
+density lower density higher density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density lower density higher density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density lower density higher density
+lower density and the same periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower density and the same periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower density and the same periodic
+behavior is also observed with light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is also observed with light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is also observed with light
+light or electromagnetic radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or electromagnetic radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or electromagnetic radiation is
+also a periodic function but here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a periodic function but here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a periodic function but here you
+have this periodic variation um of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this periodic variation um of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this periodic variation um of an
+electric field so we have whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so we have whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so we have whether it's
+water waves or if we have uh sound waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water waves or if we have uh sound waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water waves or if we have uh sound waves
+or light waves we always have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or light waves we always have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or light waves we always have this
+periodic behavior and you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic behavior and you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic behavior and you can Define
+this periodic Behavior by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic Behavior by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic Behavior by a number of
+different terms which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms which we'll talk about
+now mostly will be focused on light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mostly will be focused on light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mostly will be focused on light
+waves today but these terms can apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves today but these terms can apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves today but these terms can apply to
+other types of waves as well so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of waves as well so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of waves as well so we have
+amplitude and that's the deviation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and that's the deviation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and that's the deviation from
+the average level so you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average level so you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average level so you can have a
+positive amplitude or a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude or a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude or a negative
+amplitude here so this is the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude here so this is the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude here so this is the height of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+wave you also have wavelength where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you also have wavelength where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you also have wavelength where the
+abbreviation is Lambda and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation is Lambda and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation is Lambda and this is the
+distance between successive Maxima so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between successive Maxima so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between successive Maxima so
+the distance from this Maxima to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from this Maxima to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from this Maxima to this
+Maxima is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima is one
+wavelength we also have frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength we also have frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength we also have frequency of the
+wave which helps to Define it oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which helps to Define it oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which helps to Define it oh I
+should say wavelength can be up here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say wavelength can be up here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say wavelength can be up here or
+down here they should be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here they should be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here they should be exactly the
+same uh so frequency are new is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh so frequency are new is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh so frequency are new is the
+number of cycles per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cycles per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cycles per unit
+time so we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we talk about
+wavelength amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength amplitude and
+frequency and as you turn the page we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and as you turn the page we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and as you turn the page we
+can also talk about the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also talk about the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also talk about the period of the
+wave so one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so one over the
+frequency is the called the period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is the called the period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is the called the period and
+it's the time it takes for one cycle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time it takes for one cycle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time it takes for one cycle to
+occur so the time that you go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so the time that you go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so the time that you go from one
+maximum to the other maximum for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum to the other maximum for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum to the other maximum for one
+cycle is the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is the period of the
+wave as with most things in chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as with most things in chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as with most things in chemistry
+there are units always think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are units always think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are units always think about your
+units so units of frequency are cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so units of frequency are cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so units of frequency are cycles
+per second and that's also called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and that's also called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and that's also called a
+Hertz so you will often just see per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz so you will often just see per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz so you will often just see per
+second but sometimes you'll see htz in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but sometimes you'll see htz in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but sometimes you'll see htz in
+these problems so those can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems so those can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems so those can be used
+interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one other term is intensity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one other term is intensity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one other term is intensity which is
+equal to the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the amplitude
+squared so for all of these waves there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so for all of these waves there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so for all of these waves there
+are these certain characteristics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these certain characteristics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these certain characteristics you
+think about the amplitude of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the amplitude of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the amplitude of the wave
+the wavelength and the frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and the frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and the frequency the
+period of the wave and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of the wave and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of the wave and also the
+intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the
+wave so now if we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so now if we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so now if we're thinking about
+light waves which we will be most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves which we will be most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves which we will be most of the
+time we can also think about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we can also think about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we can also think about the the
+speed of that uh light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of that uh light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of that uh light that is
+traveling and so at Time Zero if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling and so at Time Zero if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling and so at Time Zero if we're
+thinking about the time it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the time it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the time it is going to
+take uh this little uh um orange dot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh this little uh um orange dot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh this little uh um orange dot to
+move this this uh Peak here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this this uh Peak here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this this uh Peak here that's
+labeled to move from here to here move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled to move from here to here move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled to move from here to here move
+one wavelength so it has moved to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wavelength so it has moved to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wavelength so it has moved to this
+second location the time it takes to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second location the time it takes to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second location the time it takes to do
+that um is going to be one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is going to be one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is going to be one over the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+and then if we think about then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we think about then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we think about then the
+speed at which this will happen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which this will happen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which this will happen that
+it'll go from here to here at Time Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go from here to here at Time Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go from here to here at Time Zero
+to time one over the frequency or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time one over the frequency or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time one over the frequency or one
+period as we just defined now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as we just defined now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as we just defined now we can
+fill out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out this
+equation and see that the speed is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and see that the speed is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and see that the speed is going
+to be equal to the wavelength Lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the wavelength Lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the wavelength Lambda so
+that's the distance traveled the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the distance traveled the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the distance traveled the wave
+traveled one wavelength and the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled one wavelength and the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled one wavelength and the time it
+took the time elapsed was one period or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the time elapsed was one period or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the time elapsed was one period or
+one over the frequency and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the frequency and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the frequency and then we can
+Define one of the equations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define one of the equations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define one of the equations that you
+probably don't really need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't really need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't really need to have
+defined for you which is that the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for you which is that the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for you which is that the speed
+of light is equal to the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light is equal to the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light is equal to the wavelength
+times the frequency and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the frequency and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the frequency and this is in
+usually units of meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually units of meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually units of meters per
+second so most people already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so most people already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so most people already know what
+this speed of light um we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speed of light um we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speed of light um we're talking
+again about light here is equal to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about light here is equal to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about light here is equal to and
+it has a constant speed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a constant speed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a constant speed so
+electromagnetic radiation has a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation has a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation has a constant
+speed the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the speed of
+light and the speed of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and the speed of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and the speed of light is
+abbreviated C equals the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated C equals the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated C equals the wavelength
+times the frequency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the frequency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the frequency which is
+29979 x 108 m/ second so most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29979 x 108 m/ second so most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29979 x 108 m/ second so most of you
+have seen this before and are well aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this before and are well aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this before and are well aware
+of it this also has some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this also has some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this also has some of the
+conversions on here speed of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions on here speed of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions on here speed of light is
+quite fast and often people have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fast and often people have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fast and often people have the
+expression you know how fast did you st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you know how fast did you st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you know how fast did you st
+you're working at the speed of light um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working at the speed of light um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working at the speed of light um
+and that's a pretty valid kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a pretty valid kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a pretty valid kind of thing
+to indicate you're doing things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate you're doing things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate you're doing things very
+very quickly because that is fast and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly because that is fast and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly because that is fast and in
+fact if we had the Earth here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we had the Earth here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we had the Earth here and the
+moon here um light would go uh like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon here um light would go uh like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon here um light would go uh like that
+um and it should take about 1.2 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it should take about 1.2 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it should take about 1.2 seconds
+to do that so speed of light very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so speed of light very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so speed of light very
+quickly all right so what's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly all right so what's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly all right so what's also
+important in thinking about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in thinking about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in thinking about this is that
+the speed of light is a constant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light is a constant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light is a constant which
+is going um to mean that these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going um to mean that these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going um to mean that these terms are
+related okay so first before we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related okay so first before we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related okay so first before we move on
+let's do a clicker question and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a clicker question and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a clicker question and you can
+all uh test out that your clickers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh test out that your clickers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh test out that your clickers are
+working again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are we doing okay let's do 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing okay let's do 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing okay let's do 10 10
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay 92 that's awesome all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay 92 that's awesome all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay 92 that's awesome all right
+does someone want to uh explain how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone want to uh explain how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone want to uh explain how they
+knew that how they could eliminate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that how they could eliminate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that how they could eliminate one
+and two versus three and four and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two versus three and four and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two versus three and four and get
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right make sure I think it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try it's on the bottom sorry I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it's on the bottom sorry I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it's on the bottom sorry I thought
+this was on there we go sure well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on there we go sure well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on there we go sure well it
+looks like this Pro problem is asking us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this Pro problem is asking us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this Pro problem is asking us
+to look at two different things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at two different things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at two different things the
+wavelength of these waves and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of these waves and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of these waves and the
+frequency and you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you can look at the
+distance between the two peaks um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the two peaks um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the two peaks um in the
+both of the waves to see how short or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the waves to see how short or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the waves to see how short or
+long the wavelength is is wavelength a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the wavelength is is wavelength a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the wavelength is is wavelength a
+has a much shorter distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much shorter distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much shorter distance between
+Peaks and B does and then you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and B does and then you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and B does and then you're also
+looking for new the frequency uh So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for new the frequency uh So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for new the frequency uh So
+within a period of time you can fit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a period of time you can fit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a period of time you can fit more
+uh more waves of a than b and so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more waves of a than b and so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more waves of a than b and so it has
+a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+so this uh this prize here oops this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh this prize here oops this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh this prize here oops this
+turned off this prize here is a Lego and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off this prize here is a Lego and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off this prize here is a Lego and
+Lego has decided to make girl chemist um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego has decided to make girl chemist um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego has decided to make girl chemist um
+so this is a little Lego girl chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little Lego girl chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little Lego girl chemist
+that comes with pretty colored eram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes with pretty colored eram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes with pretty colored eram
+flask so that's very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask so that's very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask so that's very special
+okay okay yeah so the trick of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay yeah so the trick of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay yeah so the trick of that
+question you just looked which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you just looked which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you just looked which was the
+longer wavelength um and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer wavelength um and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer wavelength um and then you could
+rule out that from the picture and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out that from the picture and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out that from the picture and also
+realized that there's connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there's connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there's connections
+because of the constant speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the constant speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the constant speed of light
+between the frequency and the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the frequency and the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the frequency and the wavelength
+so when you're talking about wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're talking about wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're talking about wavelengths
+of light you always have C is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light you always have C is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light you always have C is always
+equal to a product of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a product of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a product of the wavelength
+times the frequency so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the frequency so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the frequency so they're not
+independent of each other and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and if you
+know one you will know the other so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one you will know the other so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one you will know the other so this
+is something you'll come in very handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you'll come in very handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you'll come in very handy
+as you're doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're doing these
+problems okay so let's talk about light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so let's talk about light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so let's talk about light
+for a minute and uh look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and uh look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and uh look at these
+different colors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors of
+light so we go from red at long wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so we go from red at long wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so we go from red at long wave
+lengths to Violet at the shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths to Violet at the shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths to Violet at the shorter
+wavelengths and so here the frequenc or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and so here the frequenc or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and so here the frequenc or
+here the wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the wavelength is
+decreasing and then if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and then if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and then if we think about
+the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding
+frequencies um up here then if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies um up here then if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies um up here then if we have
+long wavelengths what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long wavelengths what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long wavelengths what are we going to
+have in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in terms of the
+frequency yeah so we will have lower or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency yeah so we will have lower or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency yeah so we will have lower or
+shorter frequencies going up to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter frequencies going up to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter frequencies going up to higher
+frequencies up here so again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies up here so again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies up here so again we have
+this relationship because the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship because the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship because the speed of
+light equals the wavelength um times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light equals the wavelength um times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light equals the wavelength um times the
+frequency so you are not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so you are not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so you are not responsible for
+memorizing all of the wavelengths but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing all of the wavelengths but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing all of the wavelengths but
+you should have a sense of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have a sense of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have a sense of the order of
+the wavelengths and certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths and certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths and certainly the
+relationship between wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between wavelength and
+frequency and there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and there's going to be a
+number of problems uh later and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of problems uh later and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of problems uh later and we're
+talking about colors of light that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about colors of light that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about colors of light that are
+admitted from things or colors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted from things or colors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted from things or colors that are
+absorbed where it's really convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed where it's really convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed where it's really convenient to
+sort of have the order of weight lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the order of weight lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the order of weight lengths
+memorized so I thought I would just help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized so I thought I would just help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized so I thought I would just help
+you out with this um by uh this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out with this um by uh this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out with this um by uh this nice
+little song from um from they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little song from um from they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little song from um from they must be
+Giants and here comes science album
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giants and here comes science album
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giants and here comes science album
+which should help you always remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should help you always remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should help you always remember
+the order of the wavelength so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the wavelength so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the wavelength so let's
+just see if this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if this will
+play R is for Red O is for orange Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play R is for Red O is for orange Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play R is for Red O is for orange Y is
+for yellow and G is for green B is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yellow and G is for green B is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yellow and G is for green B is for
+blue I for indigo and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue I for indigo and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue I for indigo and for
+Violet and that spells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Roy Roy isor man and he proud stands at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roy Roy isor man and he proud stands at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roy Roy isor man and he proud stands at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+rainbow okay so I think you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow okay so I think you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow okay so I think you get the idea
+there um and it sticks in your head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and it sticks in your head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and it sticks in your head and
+and you may remember this for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may remember this for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may remember this for the rest
+of your life even if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life even if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life even if you don't want to
+that's a very catchy song in fact my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very catchy song in fact my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very catchy song in fact my
+six-year-old daughter I think learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-year-old daughter I think learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-year-old daughter I think learned it
+when she was about three and then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was about three and then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was about three and then would
+get very upset if anybody drew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very upset if anybody drew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very upset if anybody drew the
+colors that were not in the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that were not in the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that were not in the appropriate
+order of the rainbow and she would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the rainbow and she would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the rainbow and she would come
+around and correct their work um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and correct their work um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and correct their work um so uh
+anyway it sort of made her into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it sort of made her into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it sort of made her into a little
+bit of a holy Terror but we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a holy Terror but we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a holy Terror but we're working
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+okay so in addition to the visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in addition to the visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in addition to the visible light
+which is actually a very small part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a very small part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a very small part of
+uh all of the range of waves um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of the range of waves um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of the range of waves um and so
+we have a visual uh light in here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a visual uh light in here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a visual uh light in here we can
+also think about other waves that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about other waves that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about other waves that go
+from then long wavelength here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then long wavelength here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then long wavelength here um and
+low frequency to short wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency to short wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency to short wavelength and
+high frequency so we have radio waves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency so we have radio waves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency so we have radio waves on
+the long wavelength um end and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long wavelength um end and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long wavelength um end and we have
+then microwaves um microwaves are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then microwaves um microwaves are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then microwaves um microwaves are I
+think college students best friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think college students best friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think college students best friend
+friends um and as I am teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends um and as I am teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends um and as I am teaching this
+course um since many of you are freshmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um since many of you are freshmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um since many of you are freshmen
+I feel the need to impair my many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel the need to impair my many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel the need to impair my many years
+of experience um at MIT with you point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience um at MIT with you point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience um at MIT with you point
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+one just use the popcorn button on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just use the popcorn button on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just use the popcorn button on the
+microwave don't think about how long is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave don't think about how long is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave don't think about how long is
+it just use the popcorn button on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just use the popcorn button on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just use the popcorn button on the
+microwave I used to live in uh Simmons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave I used to live in uh Simmons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave I used to live in uh Simmons
+for a while 3:00 a.m. fire drills uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while 3:00 a.m. fire drills uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while 3:00 a.m. fire drills uh or
+fire things because someone did not push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire things because someone did not push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire things because someone did not push
+the popcorn button on the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popcorn button on the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popcorn button on the microwave
+while making popcorn anyway uh life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while making popcorn anyway uh life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while making popcorn anyway uh life
+lesson number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson number one
+microwaves so so um molecules behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves so so um molecules behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves so so um molecules behave
+differently in these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in these different kinds of
+waves so you can rotate infrared you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so you can rotate infrared you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so you can rotate infrared you're
+looking at vibrations of course here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at vibrations of course here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at vibrations of course here
+visible light we also have UV light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light we also have UV light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light we also have UV light so
+when you go to the beach on the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the beach on the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the beach on the green
+line this weekend to do set number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this weekend to do set number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this weekend to do set number two
+um and look at the waves you'll want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and look at the waves you'll want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and look at the waves you'll want to
+wear your sunscreen because UV is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear your sunscreen because UV is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear your sunscreen because UV is in
+fact dangerous so wear sunscreen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact dangerous so wear sunscreen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact dangerous so wear sunscreen uh
+advice uh number two then we have x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice uh number two then we have x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice uh number two then we have x-rays
+um hope hopefully most of you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hope hopefully most of you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hope hopefully most of you do not
+know one of the uses to detect broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the uses to detect broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the uses to detect broken
+bones um and as you'll hear later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones um and as you'll hear later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones um and as you'll hear later on
+x-rays can also be used to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays can also be used to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays can also be used to solve
+structures of molecules at Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of molecules at Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of molecules at Atomic
+resolution and then on the very uh short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and then on the very uh short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and then on the very uh short
+wavelength and we have gamma rays as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we have gamma rays as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we have gamma rays as
+well so again you're not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so again you're not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so again you're not responsible for
+memorizing all these numbers but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing all these numbers but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing all these numbers but you
+have should have a sense of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have should have a sense of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have should have a sense of the order of
+these different types of of rays of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of of rays of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of of rays of the
+electromagnetic spectrum what's at Short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum what's at Short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum what's at Short
+um what's at long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's at long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's at long
+wavelengths all right so waves have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths all right so waves have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths all right so waves have
+other properties and one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties and one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties and one of the most
+important properties of waves is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of waves is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of waves is that
+they can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can uh
+superimpose so if you have two waves one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose so if you have two waves one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose so if you have two waves one
+drawn up here and one drawn drawn down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn up here and one drawn drawn down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn up here and one drawn drawn down
+here that are in Phase with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are in Phase with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are in Phase with each other
+which means that their troughs are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that their troughs are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that their troughs are at
+the same place their peaks are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place their peaks are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place their peaks are at the
+same place you can get constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place you can get constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place you can get constructive
+interference and that would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and that would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and that would look like
+this so you have um these waves come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you have um these waves come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you have um these waves come
+together in phase and you get this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in phase and you get this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in phase and you get this much
+larger constructive interference this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger constructive interference this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger constructive interference this
+property can be very important um as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property can be very important um as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property can be very important um as um
+we'll talk a little bit more about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit more about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit more about later
+you can also have what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have what's called
+destructive interference so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference so when the
+when you have out of phase waves and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have out of phase waves and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have out of phase waves and the
+clicker you can uh tell me what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker you can uh tell me what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker you can uh tell me what that
+should look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds now it looks like it's back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds now it looks like it's back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds now it looks like it's back to
+being a darker color box in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a darker color box in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a darker color box in the
+corner just likes to vary it up on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner just likes to vary it up on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner just likes to vary it up on its
+own okay that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second all right 98% we don't have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right 98% we don't have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right 98% we don't have to uh
+explain that one that one was pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that one that one was pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that one that one was pretty uh
+pretty clear so here you had complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear so here you had complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear so here you had complete
+they were completely out of phase so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were completely out of phase so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were completely out of phase so you
+had total destructive interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had total destructive interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had total destructive interference so
+that just looks like a straight a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just looks like a straight a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just looks like a straight a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line so the combination of constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the combination of constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the combination of constructive
+and destructive interference actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destructive interference actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destructive interference actually
+has a number of uh of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of uh of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of uh of practical
+applications so people who are very in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so people who are very in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so people who are very in
+interested in constructive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in constructive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in constructive and
+destructive interference include people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference include people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference include people
+who are designing uh Symphony Halls um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are designing uh Symphony Halls um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are designing uh Symphony Halls um
+or classrooms actually this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or classrooms actually this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or classrooms actually this is one of
+the better classrooms in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better classrooms in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better classrooms in terms of the
+Acoustics and the Boston Symphony is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics and the Boston Symphony is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics and the Boston Symphony is
+actually supposedly the third best in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supposedly the third best in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supposedly the third best in
+the world in terms of Acoustics and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in terms of Acoustics and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in terms of Acoustics and MIT
+students get nice discounts go check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get nice discounts go check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get nice discounts go check it
+out um another practical application um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um another practical application um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um another practical application um
+was uh in designing noise cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh in designing noise cancelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh in designing noise cancelling
+headphones I brought a pair if some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones I brought a pair if some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones I brought a pair if some of
+you have never try them and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have never try them and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have never try them and you want to
+come down after class um you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down after class um you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down after class um you can give
+them a try and uh see see what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a try and uh see see what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a try and uh see see what you think
+these headphones the B the boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these headphones the B the boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these headphones the B the boss
+headphones um were developed by a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones um were developed by a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones um were developed by a former
+MIT Professor he passed away last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Professor he passed away last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Professor he passed away last year
+he taught at MIT taught Acoustics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he taught at MIT taught Acoustics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he taught at MIT taught Acoustics for
+many years um and he was riding on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years um and he was riding on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years um and he was riding on an
+airplane once and it was just so loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane once and it was just so loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane once and it was just so loud
+and he was thinking wow I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was thinking wow I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was thinking wow I was wondering
+if there a way I can design some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there a way I can design some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there a way I can design some good
+headphones to cancel this noise um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones to cancel this noise um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones to cancel this noise um and
+he did and many billions and billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did and many billions and billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did and many billions and billions
+and billions of dollars later so um As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and billions of dollars later so um As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and billions of dollars later so um As
+You Are an MIT student you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Are an MIT student you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Are an MIT student you get a
+discount on these headphones so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount on these headphones so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount on these headphones so if
+you're going to buy them buy them while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to buy them buy them while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to buy them buy them while
+you're here also when he died the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here also when he died the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here also when he died the
+majority share of his stock went to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority share of his stock went to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority share of his stock went to MIT
+so you will buy them get a discount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will buy them get a discount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will buy them get a discount and
+you'll also be giving MIT money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also be giving MIT money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also be giving MIT money by
+buying uh these because we we get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying uh these because we we get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying uh these because we we get a lot
+of money for this so I feel like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money for this so I feel like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money for this so I feel like this
+brings up a really important point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up a really important point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up a really important point that
+I just want to stress and I'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to stress and I'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to stress and I'll probably
+mention a couple times that the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a couple times that the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a couple times that the material
+that you learn in your classes here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learn in your classes here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learn in your classes here at
+Mi and in this class you will learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi and in this class you will learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi and in this class you will learn a
+lot of really useful things some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really useful things some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really useful things some of that
+will lead to money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to money
+and as you make lots of money you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you make lots of money you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you make lots of money you should
+remember where you learned that and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where you learned that and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where you learned that and know
+that I take both cash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take both cash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take both cash and
+checks okay another practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks okay another practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks okay another practical
+application is actually in my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is actually in my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is actually in my own
+research so we have a series that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so we have a series that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so we have a series that I'm
+going to be using I mentioned to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using I mentioned to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using I mentioned to bring
+some different faces in the first video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different faces in the first video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different faces in the first video
+I'm going to show you in the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you in the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you in the series is
+actually me so it's not a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually me so it's not a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually me so it's not a different
+phase but when I ask other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but when I ask other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but when I ask other people to
+make videos about how they were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make videos about how they were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make videos about how they were using
+chemical principles in their research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical principles in their research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical principles in their research
+they said okay but you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said okay but you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said okay but you're going to do
+one too right Kathy so it's like yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too right Kathy so it's like yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too right Kathy so it's like yes I
+guess I'm going to do one and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm going to do one and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm going to do one and that just
+happens to be the first one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the first one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the first one that I'm
+going to show so um another practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show so um another practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show so um another practical
+use of constructive and destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of constructive and destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of constructive and destructive
+interference has to do with x-rays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference has to do with x-rays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference has to do with x-rays and
+you can use constructive and destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use constructive and destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use constructive and destructive
+interference to determine the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference to determine the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference to determine the structures
+of very tiny things protein molecules or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very tiny things protein molecules or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very tiny things protein molecules or
+nucleic acids in your body body so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids in your body body so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids in your body body so I'm
+going to try to run this movie now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to run this movie now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to run this movie now we'll
+see this is a demo good to try it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a demo good to try it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a demo good to try it out
+with me um and see how how this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me um and see how how this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me um and see how how this is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+work so see if I oh there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so see if I oh there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so see if I oh there we
+go and my name is Kathy Drennan and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and my name is Kathy Drennan and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and my name is Kathy Drennan and I'm
+a professor of chemistry and biology at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor of chemistry and biology at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor of chemistry and biology at
+MIT and I'm also a professor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and I'm also a professor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and I'm also a professor and
+investigator with the Howard Hughes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator with the Howard Hughes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator with the Howard Hughes
+Medical Institute and my lab uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Institute and my lab uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Institute and my lab uses the
+principles of defraction uh in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of defraction uh in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of defraction uh in our
+research a wave shoots through some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research a wave shoots through some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research a wave shoots through some kind
+of grading you can have light say light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grading you can have light say light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grading you can have light say light
+waves shooting through and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves shooting through and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves shooting through and when the
+light waves hit the metal lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves hit the metal lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves hit the metal lattice
+they'll be diffracted and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be diffracted and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be diffracted and some of those
+waves will be in Phase with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves will be in Phase with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves will be in Phase with each other
+and will constructively interfere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will constructively interfere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will constructively interfere and
+you get a bright spot in a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bright spot in a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bright spot in a defraction
+pattern other waves will be out of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern other waves will be out of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern other waves will be out of phase
+and they'll destructively interfere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll destructively interfere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll destructively interfere and
+you'll see nothing as a result of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves from this pattern of spots and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves from this pattern of spots and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves from this pattern of spots and no
+spots you can understand something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots you can understand something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots you can understand something about
+about the structure of the grading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of the grading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of the grading that
+it went through so if I had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went through so if I had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went through so if I had two
+different gradings the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gradings the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gradings the defraction
+patterns would be different for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns would be different for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns would be different for these
+and so from looking at the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from looking at the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from looking at the defraction
+pattern you can figure out how the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you can figure out how the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you can figure out how the sort
+of the metal or whatever was ranged uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal or whatever was ranged uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal or whatever was ranged uh
+and that generated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generated that
+pattern this property Works whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this property Works whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this property Works whether it's
+a metal grading or a lattice that's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal grading or a lattice that's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal grading or a lattice that's made
+up of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of protein
+molecules because the protein molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because the protein molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because the protein molecules
+are small the crystals are small we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small the crystals are small we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small the crystals are small we use
+X-rays and short wavelength high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and short wavelength high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and short wavelength high energy
+but because everything is really tiny we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because everything is really tiny we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because everything is really tiny we
+need really bright x-rays to do this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need really bright x-rays to do this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need really bright x-rays to do this um
+and and I I don't mean high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I don't mean high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I don't mean high energy
+bright I mean uh intensity so um we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright I mean uh intensity so um we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright I mean uh intensity so um we need
+more photons per second so we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more photons per second so we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more photons per second so we have to go
+to a place called a synchrotron a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a place called a synchrotron a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a place called a synchrotron a
+research facility that has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research facility that has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research facility that has really
+intense X-rays and then we shoot those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense X-rays and then we shoot those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense X-rays and then we shoot those
+x-rays through their Crystal collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays through their Crystal collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays through their Crystal collect
+this defraction pattern and then figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defraction pattern and then figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defraction pattern and then figure
+out what the shapes of these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the shapes of these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the shapes of these molecules
+are the structure can tell you so much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the structure can tell you so much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the structure can tell you so much I
+mean there can be big questions of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there can be big questions of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there can be big questions of field
+about how something works and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how something works and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how something works and all of a
+sudden you see what the molecule looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you see what the molecule looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you see what the molecule looks
+like and you're like ah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you're like ah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you're like ah of course
+sometimes there a problem with the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there a problem with the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there a problem with the DNA
+that thing gets translated into a defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing gets translated into a defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing gets translated into a defect
+in the protein um but people often don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein um but people often don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein um but people often don't
+know you know why does it matter why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know why does it matter why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know why does it matter why
+does it matter that the protein has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter that the protein has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter that the protein has you
+know is this or that um but we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this or that um but we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this or that um but we can look
+at it and figure it out so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and figure it out so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and figure it out so we can
+compare what the protein structure looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what the protein structure looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what the protein structure looks
+like for a healthy individual with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a healthy individual with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a healthy individual with a
+protein structure from someone who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure from someone who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure from someone who has a
+mutation all of a sudden you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation all of a sudden you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation all of a sudden you might see
+well the vitamin that this protein needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the vitamin that this protein needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the vitamin that this protein needs
+can't bind anymore so we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't bind anymore so we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't bind anymore so we can have a
+sense of what's wrong and then sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's wrong and then sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what's wrong and then sometimes
+you can figure out how to treat it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out how to treat it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out how to treat it once
+you know what the problem is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the problem is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the problem is sometimes
+there'll be a protein molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a protein molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a protein molecule that
+everyone knows is important and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows is important and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows is important and everyone
+wants to know what it looks like but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what it looks like but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what it looks like but you
+might be the one who does it you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the one who does it you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the one who does it you might
+be the one to figure out what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one to figure out what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one to figure out what it looks
+like and you'll be the first one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you'll be the first one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you'll be the first one you
+know you'll see these patterns these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll see these patterns these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll see these patterns these
+defraction patterns and you'll build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns and you'll build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns and you'll build
+this model and and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and and all of a sudden
+you'll be like whoa that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be like whoa that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be like whoa that's not what
+people expected and it'll just be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expected and it'll just be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expected and it'll just be this
+incredible Discovery so you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible Discovery so you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible Discovery so you know you're
+sort of an Explorer of the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an Explorer of the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an Explorer of the molecular
+world when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when you're a
+crystallographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer
+okay okay so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay so that's the first in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so that's the first in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so that's the first in the
+series um we're gonna have another um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um we're gonna have another um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um we're gonna have another um
+one this week as well because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this week as well because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this week as well because we have a
+lot of history so we got to counter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of history so we got to counter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of history so we got to counter it
+with a lot of current research um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of current research um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of current research um and so
+you'll be learning about Quantum dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be learning about Quantum dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be learning about Quantum dots
+also this week okay so those are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this week okay so those are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this week okay so those are some of
+the characteristics of waves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of waves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of waves that are
+really important and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and we talked about
+light as a wave now we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as a wave now we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as a wave now we're going to talk
+about light as a particle light as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light as a particle light as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light as a particle light as a
+wave is a little bit easier to grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a little bit easier to grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a little bit easier to grasp
+light as a particle is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as a particle is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as a particle is a little bit more
+confusing um and it wasn't it took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um and it wasn't it took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um and it wasn't it took a
+while for people to really appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for people to really appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for people to really appreciate
+that light had particle like properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light had particle like properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light had particle like properties
+I.E it was quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E it was quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E it was quantized
+and this really came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really came out of the
+photoelectric effect so what were people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect so what were people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect so what were people
+doing and this is around the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and this is around the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and this is around the time of the
+discovery of the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the electron and the
+nucleus and what scientists were having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and what scientists were having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and what scientists were having
+fun doing were taking beams of UV light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun doing were taking beams of UV light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun doing were taking beams of UV light
+and hitting metal surfaces and seeing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hitting metal surfaces and seeing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hitting metal surfaces and seeing if
+they could eject electrons which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could eject electrons which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could eject electrons which had
+been discovered it's like let's get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered it's like let's get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered it's like let's get some
+electrons out of those metal surfaces we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out of those metal surfaces we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out of those metal surfaces we
+know they're there let's see them come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're there let's see them come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're there let's see them come
+off and characterize their properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and characterize their properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and characterize their properties so
+they found that if they had a UV V some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that if they had a UV V some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that if they had a UV V some
+UV light and the frequency of that UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV light and the frequency of that UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV light and the frequency of that UV
+light was below something below a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light was below something below a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light was below something below a
+threshold that they referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that they referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold that they referred to as the
+threshold frequency so we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold frequency so we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold frequency so we have a new
+zero here if the frequency was lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here if the frequency was lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here if the frequency was lower
+than some of this magic number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some of this magic number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some of this magic number for
+frequency nothing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency nothing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency nothing would
+happen but if they increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but if they increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but if they increased the
+frequency if it was greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if it was greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if it was greater than or
+equal to this threshold frequency then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this threshold frequency then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this threshold frequency then
+all of a sudden they would see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden they would see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden they would see something
+they would see an electron being ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would see an electron being ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would see an electron being ejected
+and the electron would come off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron would come off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron would come off with a
+certain amount of kinetic energy K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of kinetic energy K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of kinetic energy K and
+kinetic energy is equal to a half time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is equal to a half time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is equal to a half time
+the mass time the velocity squared all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass time the velocity squared all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass time the velocity squared all
+right so they decided let's characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they decided let's characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they decided let's characterize
+this um let's uh vary some parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um let's uh vary some parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um let's uh vary some parameters
+and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what
+happens so they looked at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so they looked at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so they looked at constant
+intensity of this light and they changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of this light and they changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of this light and they changed
+the frequency and then they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and then they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and then they looked at
+the number of electrons that were coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons that were coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons that were coming
+off and so below this threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so below this threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so below this threshold
+frequency no electrons came off I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency no electrons came off I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency no electrons came off I just
+uh told you about that then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh told you about that then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh told you about that then when they
+were at the threshold they saw electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the threshold they saw electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the threshold they saw electrons
+coming off and then they increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off and then they increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off and then they increased the
+frequency even more but they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency even more but they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency even more but they weren't
+getting any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any more
+electrons H okay this was interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons H okay this was interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons H okay this was interesting so
+I thought what else can we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought what else can we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought what else can we sort of
+measure here and they knew how to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure here and they knew how to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure here and they knew how to to
+measure the kinetic energy so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the kinetic energy so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the kinetic energy so it's like
+let's start measuring the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start measuring the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start measuring the kinetic energy
+of these electrons that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these electrons that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these electrons that are coming
+off so they plotted kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so they plotted kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so they plotted kinetic energy of
+the ejected electrons as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ejected electrons as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ejected electrons as a function of
+the frequency of the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of the incoming
+light and again below the threshold they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and again below the threshold they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and again below the threshold they
+saw nothing but above the threshold they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw nothing but above the threshold they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw nothing but above the threshold they
+saw the kinetic energy increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the kinetic energy increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the kinetic energy increase
+proportionally to the increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally to the increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally to the increase in the
+frequency of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the light
+and this didn't really make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this didn't really make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this didn't really make any sense
+from what they knew at the time um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what they knew at the time um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what they knew at the time um they
+they didn't have a way to relate kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a way to relate kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a way to relate kinetic
+energy and frequency so they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and frequency so they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and frequency so they really
+weren't sure what this was about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure what this was about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure what this was about but
+they were having fun doing experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were having fun doing experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were having fun doing experiments
+it's like let's keep going Let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like let's keep going Let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like let's keep going Let's uh
+let's vary more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's vary more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's vary more
+properties so then they decided to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so then they decided to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so then they decided to look
+at um kinetic how the kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um kinetic how the kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um kinetic how the kinetic energy of
+the electron was affected by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron was affected by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron was affected by changing
+the intensity of the light and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the light and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the light and they
+thought that if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that if you increase the
+intensity you have sort of more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you have sort of more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you have sort of more energy
+in your system you should have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system you should have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system you should have more
+kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+but that did not seem to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that did not seem to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that did not seem to be the case
+they increased the intensity the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increased the intensity the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increased the intensity the kinetic
+energy St the same and that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy St the same and that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy St the same and that they they
+were having trouble wrapping their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having trouble wrapping their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having trouble wrapping their head
+around it but they said all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it but they said all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it but they said all right well
+let's collect some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's collect some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's collect some more
+data so now they decided to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so now they decided to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so now they decided to look at the
+number of ejected electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ejected electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ejected electrons
+as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the
+intensity and they really didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and they really didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and they really didn't think
+there should be much difference increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be much difference increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be much difference increase
+the intensity number of electrons should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity number of electrons should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity number of electrons should
+be the same but experiment showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same but experiment showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same but experiment showed
+otherwise so when they increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so when they increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so when they increased the
+intensity more electrons came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity more electrons came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity more electrons came
+off and this is sort of where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and this is sort of where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and this is sort of where they were
+in the field it almost seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field it almost seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field it almost seemed like
+everything they did was sort of opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they did was sort of opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they did was sort of opposite
+of what they expected it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they expected it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they expected it's a pretty
+exciting time actually in science when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting time actually in science when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting time actually in science when
+you're getting results that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting results that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting results that are
+unexpected and some of this data kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and some of this data kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and some of this data kind of
+sat around for a while and then Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat around for a while and then Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat around for a while and then Einstein
+decided to take a little look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to take a little look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to take a little look at it and
+see see what he thought of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see see what he thought of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see see what he thought of this
+data and people were studying all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and people were studying all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and people were studying all sorts
+of things they're taking different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things they're taking different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things they're taking different
+Metals different you have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals different you have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals different you have a different
+metal you have a different threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you have a different threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you have a different threshold
+frequency and so people were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so people were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so people were were
+characterizing different Metals um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing different Metals um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing different Metals um and
+figuring out the threshold frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the threshold frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the threshold frequency for
+all the different metals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different metals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different metals and then
+plotting the kinetic energy uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the kinetic energy uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the kinetic energy uh of the
+ejected electrons as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected electrons as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected electrons as a function of the
+frequency and you look at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you look at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you look at this you
+realize huh there's different threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize huh there's different threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize huh there's different threshold
+frequencies for the different Metals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies for the different Metals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies for the different Metals but
+they all seem to have these straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all seem to have these straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all seem to have these straight
+lines that all seem to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that all seem to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that all seem to have the same
+slope and sometimes when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and sometimes when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and sometimes when you look at the
+discoveries of really amazing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries of really amazing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries of really amazing people
+like Einstein you're sort of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Einstein you're sort of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Einstein you're sort of thinking
+well um basically what he did was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um basically what he did was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um basically what he did was sort
+of solve the equation for a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solve the equation for a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solve the equation for a straight
+line you realize hey maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you realize hey maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you realize hey maybe I can
+contribute to science as well so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to science as well so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to science as well so we had
+a whole lot of straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of straight lines
+here and when you have that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when you have that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when you have that you can
+solve for the slope so that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the slope so that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the slope so that's what he
+did he solved for the slope and he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he solved for the slope and he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he solved for the slope and he got
+this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6.62607004 stunning black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.62607004 stunning black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.62607004 stunning black body
+radiation so different totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so different totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so different totally different
+phenomenon but yet the number comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon but yet the number comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon but yet the number comes up
+again Plank's constant also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Plank's constant also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Plank's constant also known as
+H now that seemed like a really strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H now that seemed like a really strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H now that seemed like a really strange
+coincidence so there must be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence so there must be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence so there must be something
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+number so if you look at this plot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if you look at this plot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if you look at this plot we
+can also think about what the y axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about what the y axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about what the y axis is
+so the inter or the Y intercept is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inter or the Y intercept is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inter or the Y intercept is minus
+planks constant times that threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant times that threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant times that threshold
+frequency and when you have all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and when you have all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and when you have all of this
+you can now write the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now write the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now write the equation for the
+straight line in terms of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line in terms of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line in terms of all of these
+variables and so we're going to Y AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we're going to Y AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we're going to Y AIS
+here is kinetic energy so we'll solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kinetic energy so we'll solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kinetic energy so we'll solve
+that equation now in terms of kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation now in terms of kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation now in terms of kinetic
+energy so kinetic energy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so kinetic energy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so kinetic energy is going to be
+equal we have our x axis here the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal we have our x axis here the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal we have our x axis here the x-
+axis is frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is frequency
+M again now the slope of the line we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M again now the slope of the line we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M again now the slope of the line we
+know is Plank's constant so that's H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is Plank's constant so that's H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is Plank's constant so that's H and
+the inter Y intercept or B was minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter Y intercept or B was minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter Y intercept or B was minus H
+times the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency and this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this is a very important
+equation so just to define those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so just to define those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so just to define those terms
+again we have the frequency here Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have the frequency here Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have the frequency here Plank's
+constant Plank's constant time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Plank's constant time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Plank's constant time the
+frequency is an energy it is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is an energy it is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is an energy it is the energy
+of the incident light or the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident light or the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident light or the incoming
+light e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light e
+subi and on this side over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and on this side over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and on this side over here we have
+that threshold frequency again we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold frequency again we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold frequency again we also
+have Plank's constant so Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Plank's constant so Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Plank's constant so Plank's
+constant times the threshold threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the threshold threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the threshold threshold
+frequency is another energy term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is another energy term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is another energy term which
+is called the threshold energy or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the threshold energy or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the threshold energy or more
+commonly a work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly a work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly a work function
+so the kinetic energy equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy equals the
+incident energy the en the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy the en the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy the en the energy of the
+incoming uh light minus the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming uh light minus the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming uh light minus the work
+function which has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has to do with the
+threshold frequency which depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold frequency which depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold frequency which depends on the
+metal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in
+question so this was a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this was a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this was a really important
+equation um and Einstein realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and Einstein realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and Einstein realized that
+the energy of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of light is
+proportional to its frequency and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its frequency and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its frequency and it's
+proportional by Plank's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional by Plank's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional by Plank's constant
+and this really changed how people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really changed how people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really changed how people had
+been thinking about about energy and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about about energy and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about about energy and all
+of a sudden a lot of those observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden a lot of those observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden a lot of those observations
+made sense now Einstein of course did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense now Einstein of course did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense now Einstein of course did
+had many important discoveries in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many important discoveries in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many important discoveries in his
+career but this one was the one that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career but this one was the one that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career but this one was the one that he
+personally felt was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally felt was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally felt was the most
+revolutionary so I don't know he people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary so I don't know he people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary so I don't know he people
+are always their worst critic but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always their worst critic but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always their worst critic but even
+he realized that this was this was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he realized that this was this was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he realized that this was this was kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+important and in terms of units because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and in terms of units because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and in terms of units because
+units h units always important uh notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units h units always important uh notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units h units always important uh notice
+usually you'll see energy in Jewels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you'll see energy in Jewels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you'll see energy in Jewels or
+kogs and planks constant has the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kogs and planks constant has the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kogs and planks constant has the units
+of juw seconds and frequency is per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of juw seconds and frequency is per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of juw seconds and frequency is per
+seconds or Hertz so in this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or Hertz so in this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or Hertz so in this equation
+your units work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your units work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your units work
+out so from this idea then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so from this idea then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so from this idea then we have this
+notion that light is made up of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that light is made up of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that light is made up of these
+energy packets which people call photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy packets which people call photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy packets which people call photons
+where the energy of that photon depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the energy of that photon depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the energy of that photon depends
+on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its
+frequency so we can go back to the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so we can go back to the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so we can go back to the photo
+El electric effect now and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El electric effect now and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El electric effect now and start
+thinking about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those
+observations and and uh and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and and uh and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and and uh and try to
+rationalize now what we had been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize now what we had been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize now what we had been seeing
+so here's this new model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this new model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this new model for the
+photoelectric effect where we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect where we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect where we can think
+about the energy of that incoming Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy of that incoming Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy of that incoming Photon
+or that um incident uh Photon if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that um incident uh Photon if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that um incident uh Photon if it's
+greater than the work function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the work function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the work function then
+you'll eject a metal um from of you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll eject a metal um from of you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll eject a metal um from of you'll
+eject an electron from the metal and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject an electron from the metal and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject an electron from the metal and any
+left over energy is the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over energy is the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over energy is the kinetic energy
+of that ejected electron so we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that ejected electron so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that ejected electron so we can think
+about that here that here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that here that here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that here that here we have the
+energy coming in of the uh incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy coming in of the uh incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy coming in of the uh incident
+Photon we have to get over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon we have to get over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon we have to get over that
+threshold frequency or overcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold frequency or overcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold frequency or overcome that
+work function so you have this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function so you have this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function so you have this minus
+this and the leftover is the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the leftover is the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the leftover is the kinetic
+energy so we can also write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we can also write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we can also write it this way
+that the kinetic energy equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinetic energy equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinetic energy equals the
+incident energy minus the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy minus the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy minus the work
+function so if you just have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if you just have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if you just have enough
+energy to uh to do this you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to uh to do this you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to uh to do this you have very
+small kinetic energy but if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small kinetic energy but if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small kinetic energy but if you have a
+lot of extra energy once you've overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of extra energy once you've overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of extra energy once you've overcome
+the work function you'll have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function you'll have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function you'll have more
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energy we can also write the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we can also write the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we can also write the equation
+this way that the incident energy equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that the incident energy equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that the incident energy equals
+the kinetic energy plus the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy plus the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy plus the work
+function okay so let's just try uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so let's just try uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so let's just try uh a
+clicker question on this and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question on this and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question on this and we're going
+to go back and look at those graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and look at those graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and look at those graphs and
+think about what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to do the other one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now all right let's do 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so here the trick was to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so here the trick was to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so here the trick was to think
+about what the work function is and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the work function is and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the work function is and how
+much energy was coming in of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy was coming in of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy was coming in of the photon
+but here the energy is lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the energy is lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the energy is lower than the
+threshold needed so you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold needed so you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold needed so you're not going to
+get any um electrons ejected let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any um electrons ejected let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any um electrons ejected let's try
+one more let's see if we can get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90% so now we've changed the energies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so now we've changed the energies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so now we've changed the energies or
+the energy but not the uh the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy but not the uh the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy but not the uh the threshold
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah 98% yeah so now we're over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 98% yeah so now we're over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 98% yeah so now we're over the
+threshold energy so we need to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy so we need to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy so we need to subtract
+the threshold energy and the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold energy and the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold energy and the remaining
+is the kinetic energy okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kinetic energy okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kinetic energy okay so this is
+these are the kinds of questions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds of questions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds of questions we have
+on this and now let's go back um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and now let's go back um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and now let's go back um and
+think about these plots again so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these plots again so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these plots again so we
+don't have these a second time in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have these a second time in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have these a second time in your
+notes but you have them one time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but you have them one time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but you have them one time and
+let's just think about how this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about how this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about how this makes
+sense now with the new equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense now with the new equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense now with the new equations that
+Einstein helped uh helped us achieve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein helped uh helped us achieve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein helped uh helped us achieve so
+in the the top here we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the top here we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the top here we had the
+surprising observation that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising observation that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising observation that when you
+increase the frequency of the light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the frequency of the light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the frequency of the light that
+the kinetic energy increased well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy increased well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy increased well now
+this makes sense because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense because if you're
+increasing the frequency of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the frequency of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the frequency of the light
+you're increasing the incident energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing the incident energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing the incident energy of
+the photons coming in and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons coming in and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons coming in and so if you're
+increasing uh you're increasing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh you're increasing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh you're increasing this
+frequency so you're increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so you're increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so you're increasing the
+incident energy and once you're above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy and once you're above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy and once you're above
+the threshold energy you'll have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold energy you'll have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold energy you'll have more
+extra uh kinetic energy coming off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra uh kinetic energy coming off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra uh kinetic energy coming off as
+the frequency or the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency or the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency or the energy of the
+incident light comes up so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light comes up so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light comes up so that makes
+sense all right what about intensity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right what about intensity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right what about intensity we
+haven't really talked so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really talked so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really talked so much about
+intensity so let's consider intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so let's consider intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so let's consider intensity
+for a minute and think about the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and think about the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and think about the number
+of electrons as well so both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons as well so both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons as well so both of these
+are about intensity so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about intensity so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about intensity so let's think about
+the number of electrons ejected from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons ejected from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons ejected from a
+metal surface we're going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal surface we're going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal surface we're going to come back
+to those plots in minutes sorry to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those plots in minutes sorry to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those plots in minutes sorry to make
+you go back and forth in your notes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and forth in your notes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and forth in your notes um
+and that's going to be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be proportional to
+the number of photons so the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of photons so the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of photons so the more
+photons you have coming in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you have coming in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you have coming in the more
+electrons you're going to have coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you're going to have coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you're going to have coming
+out that is if the photons have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that is if the photons have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that is if the photons have the
+appropriate amount if they're over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount if they're over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount if they're over the
+threshold uh the threshold frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold uh the threshold frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold uh the threshold frequency
+over the threshold energy then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the threshold energy then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the threshold energy then you're
+going to have an electron ejected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an electron ejected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an electron ejected from
+the metal surface so for each Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal surface so for each Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal surface so for each Photon
+that has greater the greater uh incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has greater the greater uh incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has greater the greater uh incident
+energy than the threshold you'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than the threshold you'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than the threshold you'll have an
+electron being injected so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron being injected so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron being injected so what is
+intensity well the intensity is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity well the intensity is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity well the intensity is is
+really the photons per second so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the photons per second so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the photons per second so it's
+proportional to the number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of photons
+being absorbed by the metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being absorbed by the metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being absorbed by the metal and
+therefore the number of electrons coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the number of electrons coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the number of electrons coming
+out of the metal so intensi units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the metal so intensi units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the metal so intensi units are
+often in Watts you um also can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in Watts you um also can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in Watts you um also can do a
+conversion in Jewels per second so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion in Jewels per second so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion in Jewels per second so the
+more the higher the intensity the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the higher the intensity the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the higher the intensity the more
+photons the more photons with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons the more photons with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons the more photons with the
+appropriate amount of energy to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount of energy to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount of energy to overcome
+that work function the more electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work function the more electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work function the more electrons
+coming off so now we can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off so now we can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off so now we can go back and
+think about these plots again so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these plots again so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these plots again so here
+the relationship between intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between intensity and
+kinetic energy was flat and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy was flat and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy was flat and that was
+unexpected but the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected but the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected but the kinetic energy
+doesn't doesn't change here since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't change here since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't change here since the
+intensity means more photons per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity means more photons per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity means more photons per second
+not more energy per photon so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more energy per photon so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more energy per photon so you're
+just increasing the number of photons if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just increasing the number of photons if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just increasing the number of photons if
+none of the photons have the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the photons have the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the photons have the appropriate
+energy you're not going to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you're not going to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you're not going to have any
+electrons coming off but if you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off but if you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off but if you have um
+more photons per second then and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more photons per second then and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more photons per second then and they
+have the appropriate amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the appropriate amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the appropriate amount of energy
+then you are going to see these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are going to see these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are going to see these um
+electrons coming off so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off so the number of
+electrons admitted does change since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons admitted does change since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons admitted does change since
+high intensity means more photons more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high intensity means more photons more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high intensity means more photons more
+photons more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons more
+electrons so these things that Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so these things that Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so these things that Einstein
+helped us with these equations now made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us with these equations now made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us with these equations now made
+sense of the data that was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the data that was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the data that was being
+observed so the photoelectric effect was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed so the photoelectric effect was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed so the photoelectric effect was
+really important in helping derive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in helping derive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in helping derive these
+relationships between energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between energy and
+frequency and so in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so in particular the
+really important points here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important points here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important points here is that
+light is made up of these photons these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is made up of these photons these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is made up of these photons these
+discrete energy packages and each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete energy packages and each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete energy packages and each one of
+those photons has to have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those photons has to have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those photons has to have enough energy
+in it um to overcome the threshold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it um to overcome the threshold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it um to overcome the threshold to
+emit an electron so energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit an electron so energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit an electron so energy is
+proportional to frequency which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to frequency which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to frequency which was a
+really new and exciting idea at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new and exciting idea at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new and exciting idea at the time
+E equals Plank's constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E equals Plank's constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E equals Plank's constant times
+frequency and the intensity light has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the intensity light has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the intensity light has to
+do with the number of photons hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the number of photons hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the number of photons hitting
+per second and if you keep these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and if you keep these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and if you keep these things
+in mind you'll do really well finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind you'll do really well finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind you'll do really well finishing
+up a number of the problems on the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a number of the problems on the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a number of the problems on the photo
+electric effect which are in problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric effect which are in problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric effect which are in problem set
+one okay see you on Wednesday we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay see you on Wednesday we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay see you on Wednesday we're
+going to do a demo of the photo electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a demo of the photo electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a demo of the photo electric
+effect
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_YVcjNmjHik.txt b/_YVcjNmjHik.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08f15c45ba803667d1137ca3ae43fd732ec0ea58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_YVcjNmjHik.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1868 @@
+Today we are going to do a last
+serious topic on the Laplace
+
+transform, the last topic for
+which I don't have to make
+
+frequent and profuse apologies.
+One of the things the Laplace
+
+transform does very well and one
+of the reasons why people like
+
+it, engineers like it,
+is that it handles functions
+
+with jump discontinuities very
+nicely.
+
+Now, the OR function with a
+jump discontinuity is-- Purple.
+
+Is a function called the unit
+step function.
+
+I will draw a graph of it.
+Even the graph is
+
+controversial,
+but everyone is agreed that it
+
+zero here and one there.
+What people are not agreed upon
+
+is its value at zero.
+And some people make it zero,
+
+some people make it one,
+and some equivocate like me.
+
+I will leave it undefined.
+It is u of t.
+
+It is called the unit step.
+
+Because that is what it is.
+And let's say we will leave u
+
+of zero undefined.
+
+If that makes you unhappy,
+get over it.
+
+Of course, we don't always want
+the jump to be at zero.
+
+Sometimes we will want to jump
+in another place.
+
+If I want the function to jump,
+let's say at the point a
+
+instead of jumping at zero,
+I am going to start doing what
+
+everybody does.
+You put in the vertical lines,
+
+even though I have no meaning,
+whatever, but it makes the
+
+graph look more connected and a
+little easier to read.
+
+So that function I will call u
+sub a is the function
+
+which jumps at the point a.
+How shall I give its
+
+definition?
+Well, you can see it is just
+
+the translation by a of the unit
+step function.
+
+So that is the way to write it,
+u of t minus a.
+
+Now I am not done.
+There is a unit box function,
+
+which we will draw in general
+terms like this.
+
+It gets to a,
+then it jumps up to one,
+
+falls down again at b and
+continues onto zero.
+
+This happens between a and b.
+And the value to which it
+
+arises is one.
+I will call this the unit box.
+
+It is a function of t,
+a very simple one but an
+
+important one.
+And what would be the formula
+
+for the unit box function?
+Well, in general,
+
+almost all of these functions,
+as you will see when you use
+
+jump discontinuity,
+the idea is to write them all
+
+cleverly using nothing but u of.
+
+Because it is that will have
+the Laplace transformer.
+
+The way to write this is (u)ab.
+
+And, if you like,
+you can treat this as the
+
+definition of it.
+Let's make it a definition.
+
+Okay, three lines.
+Or, better yet,
+
+a colon and two lines.
+I am defining this to be,
+
+what would it be?
+Make the unit step at a step up
+
+at a, but then I would continue
+at one all the time.
+
+I should, therefore,
+step down at b.
+
+Now, the way you step down is
+just by taking the negative of
+
+the unit step function.
+I step down at b by subtracting
+
+u sub b of t .
+In other words,
+
+it is u of t minus a minus u of
+t minus b.
+
+And now I have expressed it
+
+entirely in terms of the unit
+step function.
+
+That will be convenient when I
+want take the Laplace transform.
+
+What is so good about these
+things?
+
+Well, these functions,
+when you use them in
+
+multiplications,
+they transform other functions
+
+in a nice way.
+Not transform.
+
+That is not the right word.
+They operate on them.
+
+They turn them into other
+strange creatures,
+
+and it might be these strange
+creatures that you are
+
+interested in.
+Let me just draw you a picture.
+
+That will be good enough.
+Suppose we have some function
+
+like that, f of t,
+what would the function u sub
+
+ab,
+I will put in the variable,
+
+t times f of t,
+what function would that be?
+
+I am just going to draw its
+graph.
+
+What would its graph be?
+Well, in between a and b this
+
+function (u)ab of t has the
+value one.
+
+All I am doing is multiplying f
+of t by one.
+
+In short, I am not doing
+anything to it at all.
+
+Outside of that interval,
+(u)ab has the value zero,
+
+so that zero times f of t makes
+zero.
+
+And, therefore,
+outside of this it is zero.
+
+The effect of multiplying an
+arbitrary function by this unit
+
+box function is,
+you wipe away all of its graph
+
+except the part between a and b.
+Now, that is a very useful
+
+thing to be able to do.
+Well, that is enough of that.
+
+Now, let's get into the main
+topic.
+
+That is just preliminary.
+I will be using these functions
+
+all during the period,
+but the real topic is the
+
+following.
+Let's calculate the Laplace
+
+transform of the unit step
+function.
+
+Well, this is no very big deal.
+It is the integral from zero to
+
+infinity e to the minus s t
+times y of t, dt.
+
+But, look, when t is bigger
+than zero,
+
+this has the value one.
+So it is the same of the
+
+Laplace transform of one.
+In other words,
+
+it is one over s for
+positive values of s.
+
+Or, to make it very clear,
+the Laplace transform of one is
+
+exactly the same thing.
+As you see, the Laplace
+
+transform really is not
+interested in what happens when
+
+t is less than zero
+because that is not part of the
+
+domain of integration,
+the interval of integration.
+
+That is fine.
+They both have Laplace
+
+transform of one over s.
+
+What is the big deal?
+The big deal is,
+
+what is the inverse Laplace
+transform of one over s?
+
+Will the real function please
+
+stand up?
+Which of these two should I
+
+pick?
+Up to now in the course we have
+
+been picking one just because I
+never made a fuss over it and
+
+one was good enough.
+For today one is no longer
+
+going to be good enough.
+And we have to first
+
+investigate the thing in a
+slightly more theoretical way
+
+because this problem,
+I have illustrated it on the
+
+inverse Laplace transform of one
+over x,
+
+but it occurs for any inverse
+Laplace transform.
+
+Suppose I have,
+in other words,
+
+that a function f of t has as
+its Laplace transform capital F
+
+of s?
+And now, I ask what the inverse
+
+Laplace transform of capital F
+of s is.
+
+Well, of course you want to
+write f of t.
+
+But the same thing happens.
+I will draw you a picture.
+
+Suppose, in other words,
+that here is our function f of
+
+t.
+Well, one answer certainly is f
+
+of t.
+That is okay.
+
+That is the answer we have been
+using up until now.
+
+But, you see,
+I can complete this function in
+
+many other ways.
+Suppose I haven't told you what
+
+it was for s less than zero.
+Any of these possibilities all
+
+will produce the same Laplace
+transform.
+
+In fact, I can even make it
+this.
+
+That is okay.
+Each of these,
+
+f of t with any one of
+these tails, all have the same
+
+Laplace transform.
+
+Because the Laplace transform,
+remember the definition,
+
+integral zero to infinity,
+e to the negative s t,
+
+f of t, dt
+
+because the Laplace transform
+does not care what the function
+
+was doing for negative values of
+t.
+
+Now, if we have to have a
+unique answer --
+
+And most of the time you don't
+because, in general,
+
+the Laplace transform is only
+used for problems for future
+
+time.
+That is the way the engineers
+
+and physicists and other people
+who use it habitually think of
+
+it.
+If your problem is starting now
+
+and going on into the future and
+you don't have to know anything
+
+about the past,
+that is a Laplace transform
+
+problem.
+If you also have to know about
+
+the past, then it is a Fourier
+transform problem.
+
+That is beyond the scope of
+this course, you will never hear
+
+that word again,
+but that is the difference.
+
+We are starting at time zero
+and going forward.
+
+All right.
+It does not care what f of t
+
+was doing for negative values of
+t.
+
+And that gives us a problem
+when we try to make the Laplace
+
+transform unique.
+Now, how will I make it unique?
+
+Well, there is a simple way of
+doing it.
+
+Let's agree that wherever it
+makes a difference,
+
+and most of the time it
+doesn't, but today it will,
+
+whenever it makes a difference
+we will declare,
+
+we will by brute force make our
+function zero for negative
+
+values of t.
+That makes it unique.
+
+I am going to say that to make
+it unique, now,
+
+how do I make f of t zero
+for negative values
+
+of t?
+The answer is multiply it by
+
+the unit step function.
+That leaves it what it was.
+
+It multiplies it by one for
+positive values but multiplies
+
+it by zero for negative values.
+The answer is going to be u of
+
+t times f of t.
+That will be the function that
+
+will look just that way that I
+drew, but I will draw it once
+
+more.
+It is the function that looks
+
+like this.
+And when I do this,
+
+it makes the inverse Laplace
+transform unique.
+
+Out of all the possible tails I
+might have put on f of t,
+
+it picks the least
+interesting one,
+
+the tail zero.
+
+That is a start.
+But what we have to do now is
+
+--
+
+What I want is a formula.
+What we are going to need is,
+
+as you see right even in the
+beginning, if for example,
+
+if I want to calculate the
+Laplace transform of this,
+
+what I would like to have is a
+nice Laplace transform for the
+
+translate.
+If you translate a function,
+
+how does that effect this
+Laplace transform?
+
+In other words,
+the formula I am looking for is
+
+--
+
+I want to express the Laplace
+transform of f of t minus a.
+
+In other words,
+
+the function translated,
+let's say a is positive,
+
+so I translate it to the right
+along the t axis by the distance
+
+a.
+I want a formula for this in
+
+terms of the Laplace transform
+of the function I started with.
+
+Now, my first task is to
+convince you that,
+
+though this would be very
+useful and interesting,
+
+there cannot possibly be such a
+formula.
+
+There is no such formula.
+
+Why not?
+Well, I think I will explain it
+
+over there since there is a
+little piece of board I did not
+
+use.
+Waste not want not.
+
+Why can't there be such a
+formula?
+
+What is it we are looking for?
+Let's take a nice average
+
+function f of t.
+It has a Laplace transform.
+
+And now I am going to translate
+it.
+
+Let's say this is the point
+negative a.
+
+And so the corresponding point
+positive a will be around here.
+
+I am going to translate it to
+the right by a.
+
+What is it going to look like?
+Well, then it is going to start
+
+here and is going to look like
+this dashy thing.
+
+That is f of t minus a.
+
+That is not too bad a picture.
+It will do.
+
+I just took that curve and
+shoved it to the right by a.
+
+Now, why is it impossible to
+express the Laplace transform of
+
+the dashed line in terms of the
+Laplace transform of the solid
+
+line?
+The answer is this piece.
+
+I will write it this way.
+The trouble is,
+
+this piece is not used for the
+Laplace transform of f of t.
+
+Why isn't it used?
+
+Well, because it occurs to the
+left of the vertical axis.
+
+It occurs for negative values
+of t.
+
+And the Laplace transform of f
+of t simply does not
+
+care what f of t was
+doing to the left of that line,
+
+for negative values of t.
+It does not enter into the
+
+integral.
+It was not used when I
+
+calculated this piece of the
+curve.
+
+It was not used when I
+calculated the Laplace transform
+
+of f of t.
+On the other hand,
+
+it is going to be needed.
+It occurs here,
+
+after I shift it to the right.
+It is going to be needed for
+
+the Laplace transform of f of t
+minus a,
+
+because I will have to start
+the integration here,
+
+and I will have to know what
+that is.
+
+In other words,
+when I took the Laplace
+
+transform, I automatically lost
+all information about the
+
+function for negative values of
+t.
+
+If I am later going to want
+some of that information for
+
+calculating this,
+I won't have it and,
+
+therefore, there cannot be a
+formula expressing one in terms
+
+of the other.
+Now, of course,
+
+that cannot be the answer,
+otherwise I would not have
+
+raised your expectations merely
+to dash them.
+
+I don't want to do that,
+of course.
+
+There is a formula,
+of course.
+
+It is just, I want to emphasize
+that you must write it my way
+
+because, if you write it any
+other way, you are going to get
+
+into the deepest trouble.
+The formula is-- the good
+
+formula, the right formula --
+
+-- accepts the given.
+It says look,
+
+we have lost that pink part of
+it.
+
+Therefore, I can never recover
+that.
+
+Therefore, I won't ask for it.
+The translation formula I will
+
+ask for is not one for the
+Laplace transform of f of t
+
+minus a,
+but rather for the Laplace
+
+transform of this thing where I
+have wiped away that pink part
+
+from the translated function.
+In other words,
+
+the function I am talking about
+now is the formula for,
+
+I will put it over here to show
+you the function what we are
+
+talking about.
+It is the function f of,
+
+well, in terms of the pink
+function it is,
+
+I will have to reproduce some
+of that picture.
+
+There is f of t.
+f of t minus a,
+
+then, looked like this.
+And so the function I am
+
+looking for is,
+this is the thing translated,
+
+but when I get down to the
+corresponding,
+
+this is the point that
+corresponds to that one,
+
+I wipe it away and just go with
+zero after that.
+
+So this is u of t minus a times
+f of t minus a times f of t
+
+minus a.
+What is this Laplace transform?
+
+Now that does have a simple
+answer.
+
+The answer is it is e to the
+minus as,
+
+a funny exponential,
+times the Laplace transform of
+
+the original function.
+Now, this formula occurs in two
+
+forms.
+This one is not too bad
+
+looking.
+The trouble is,
+
+when you want to solve
+differential equations you are
+
+going to be extremely puzzled
+because the function that you
+
+will have to take to do the
+calculation on will not be given
+
+to you in the form f of t minus
+a.
+
+It will look sine t
+or t squared or some
+
+polynomial in t.
+It will not be written as t
+
+minus a.
+What do you do?
+
+If your function does not look
+like that but instead,
+
+in terms of symbols looks like
+this, you can still use the
+
+formula.
+Just a trivial change of
+
+variable means that you can
+write it instead.
+
+Now, this is one place,
+there is no way of writing the
+
+answer in terms of capital F of
+s.
+
+This is one of those cases
+where this notation is just no
+
+good anymore.
+I am going to have to write it
+
+using the L notation.
+The Laplace transform of f of,
+
+and wherever you see a t,
+you should write t plus a.
+
+Basically, this is the same
+
+formula as that one.
+But I will have to stand on my
+
+head for one minute to try to
+convince you of it.
+
+I won't do that now.
+I would like you just to take a
+
+look at the formula.
+You should know what it is
+
+called.
+There are a certain number of
+
+idiots who call this the
+exponential shift formula
+
+because on the right side you
+multiply by an exponential,
+
+and that corresponds to
+shifting the function.
+
+Unfortunately,
+we have preempted that.
+
+We are not going to call it
+this.
+
+I will call it what your book
+calls it.
+
+The difficulty is there is no
+universal designation for this
+
+formula, important as it is.
+However, your book calls this
+
+t-axis translation formula.
+Translation because I am
+
+translating on the t-axis.
+And that is what I do to the
+
+function, essentially.
+And this tells me what its new
+
+Laplace transform is.
+
+The other formula,
+remember it?
+
+The exponential shift formula,
+the shift or the translation
+
+occurs on the s-axis.
+In other words,
+
+the formula said that F of s
+minus a,
+
+you do the translation in s
+variable corresponded to
+
+multiplying this by e
+to the a t.
+
+In other words,
+the formulas are sort of dual
+
+to each other.
+This guy translates on the left
+
+side and multiplies by the
+exponential on the right.
+
+The formula that you know
+translates on the right and
+
+multiplies by the exponential on
+the left.
+
+What are we going to calculate?
+I am trying to calculate,
+
+so I am trying to prove this
+first formula.
+
+The second one will be an easy
+consequence.
+
+I am trying to calculate the
+Laplace transform of that thing.
+
+What is it?
+Well, it is the integral from
+
+zero to infinity of e to the
+minus st times u of t minus a,
+
+f of t minus a times dt.
+
+That is the formula for it.
+But I am trying to express it
+
+in terms of the Laplace
+transform of f itself.
+
+Now, it is trying to be the
+Laplace transform of f.
+
+The problem is that here,
+a (t minus a) occurs,
+
+which I don't like.
+I would like that to be just a
+
+t.
+Now, in order not to confuse
+
+you, and this is what confused
+everybody, I will set t1 equal
+
+to t minus a.
+I will change the variable.
+
+This is called changing the
+variable in a definite integral.
+
+How do you change the variable
+in a definite integral?
+
+You do it.
+Well, let's leave the limits
+
+for the moment.
+e to the minus s
+
+times --
+Now, t, remember you can change
+
+the variable forwards,
+direct substitution,
+
+but now I have to use the
+inverse substitution.
+
+It's trivial,
+but t is equal to t1 plus a.
+
+To change this I must
+
+substitute backwards and make
+that t1 plus a.
+
+How about the rest of it?
+Well, this becomes u of t1.
+
+This is f of t1.
+
+I have to change the dt,
+too, but that's no problem.
+
+dt1 equals dt
+because a is a constant.
+
+That is dt1.
+And the last step is to put in
+
+the limits.
+Now, when t is equal to zero,
+
+t1 has the value
+negative a.
+
+So this has to be negative a
+when t is infinity.
+
+Infinity minus a is still
+infinity, so that is still
+
+infinity.
+In other words,
+
+this changes to that.
+These two things,
+
+whatever they are,
+they have the same value.
+
+All I have done is changed the
+variable.
+
+Make it change a variable.
+But now, of course,
+
+I want to make this look
+better.
+
+How am I going to do that?
+Well, first multiply out the
+
+exponential and then you get a
+factor e to the minus s(t1).
+
+That is good.
+
+That goes with this guy.
+Now I get a factor e to the
+
+minus s times a from
+the exponential law.
+
+But that does not have anything
+to do with the integral.
+
+It is a constant as far as the
+integral is concerned because it
+
+doesn't involve t1.
+And, therefore,
+
+I can pull it outside of the
+integral sign.
+
+And write that e to the minus s
+times a.
+
+Let's write it the other way.
+Times the integral of what?
+
+Well, e to the negative st1.
+
+Now, u of t1,
+f of t1 times dt1.
+
+Still integrated from minus a
+
+to infinity.
+And now the final step.
+
+This u of t1 is zero
+for negative values of t.
+
+And, therefore,
+it is equal to one for positive
+
+values of t.
+It is equal to zero for
+
+negative values of t,
+which means I can forget about
+
+the part of the integral that
+goes from negative a to zero.
+
+I better rewrite this.
+
+Okay, leave that.
+In other words,
+
+this is equal to e to the minus
+as times the
+
+integral from zero to infinity
+of e to the minus s --
+
+Let me do the shifty part now.
+
+And this is since u of t1 is
+equal to zero for
+
+t1 less than zero.
+That is why I can replace this
+
+with zero.
+Because from negative a to
+
+zero, nothing is happening.
+The integrand is zero.
+
+And why can I get rid of it
+after that?
+
+Well, because it is one after
+that.
+
+And what is this thing?
+This is the Laplace transform.
+
+No, it is not the Laplace
+transform they said.
+
+Because you had t1 there,
+not t.
+
+It is the Laplace transform
+because this is a dummy
+
+variable.
+The t1 is integrated out.
+
+It is a dummy variable.
+It doesn't matter what you call
+
+it.
+It is still the Laplace
+
+transform if I make that wiggly
+t or t star or tau or u.
+
+I can call it anything I want
+and it is still the Laplace
+
+transform of f of t.
+
+What is the answer?
+That is e to the negative as
+
+times the Laplace transform of
+the function f.
+
+That is what I promised you in
+that formula.
+
+Now, how about the other
+formula?
+
+Well, let's look at that
+quickly.
+
+That is, as I say,
+just sleight of hand.
+
+But since that is the formula
+you will be using at least half
+
+the time you better learn it.
+This little sleight of hand is
+
+also reproduced in one page of
+notes that I give you,
+
+but maybe you will find it easy
+to understand if I talk it out
+
+loud.
+The problem now is for the
+
+second formula.
+I am going to have to recopy
+
+out the first one in order to
+make the argument in a form in
+
+which you will understand it,
+I hope.
+
+This goes to e to the minus as
+F s,
+
+except I am now going to write
+that not in F of s;
+
+since I will not be able to
+write the second formula using F
+
+of s, I am not going to write
+the first formula that way
+
+either.
+I will write it as the Laplace
+
+transform with f of t.
+
+Now, formally if somebody says,
+okay, how do I calculate the
+
+Laplace transform of this thing?
+I say put down this.
+
+Well, that has no t in it.
+It doesn't have the f in it
+
+either.
+Then write this.
+
+What formula did I do?
+I looked at that and changed t
+
+minus a to t. Now, 
+how did I change t minus a?
+
+The way to say it is 
+
+I changed t.
+Because the t is always there.
+
+t to t plus a.
+You get this by replace t by t
+
+plus a to get the right-hand
+side.
+
+I replace this t by t plus a,
+and that turns this 
+
+into f of t.
+And that is the f of t
+
+that went in there.
+That is the universal rule for
+
+doing it.
+Now I am going to use that same
+
+rule for transforming u of t
+minus a times f of t.
+
+See, the problem is now I have
+
+a function like t squared
+or sine t,
+
+which is not written in terms
+of t minus a.
+
+And I don't know what to do
+with it.
+
+The answer is,
+by brute force,
+
+write it in terms of t minus a.
+
+What is brute force?
+Brute force is the following.
+
+I am going to put a t minus a
+there if it kills me.
+
+t minus a plus a.
+No harm in that,
+
+is there?
+Now there is a t minus a there,
+
+just the way there was up
+there.
+
+And now what is the rule?
+I am just going to follow my
+
+nose.
+What's sauce for the goose is
+
+sauce for the gander.
+Minus as, Laplace transform of
+
+f of, now what am I going to
+write here?
+
+Wherever I see a t,
+I am going to change it from t
+
+plus a.
+Here I see a t.
+
+I will change that 
+to t plus a.
+
+What do I have?
+t plus a minus a plus a,
+
+well,
+if you can keep count,
+
+what does that make?
+It makes t plus a in
+
+the end.
+
+The peace that passeth
+understanding.
+
+Let's do some examples and
+suddenly you will breathe a sigh
+
+of relief that this all is
+doable anyway.
+
+Let's calculate something.
+I hope I am not covering up any
+
+crucial, yes I am.
+I am covering up the u of t's,
+
+but you know that by now.
+Let's see.
+
+What should we calculate first?
+What I just covered up.
+
+Let's calculate the Laplace
+transform of (u)ab of t.
+
+What is that going to be?
+
+Well, first of all,
+write out what it is in terms
+
+of the unit step function.
+
+Remember that formula?
+There.
+
+Now you see it.
+Now you don't.
+
+Its Laplace transform is going
+to be what?
+
+Well, the Laplace transform of
+t minus a,
+
+that is a special case here
+where this function is one.
+
+Well, that one.
+Either one.
+
+It makes no difference.
+It is simply going to be the
+
+Laplace transform of what f of t
+would have been,
+
+which is --
+
+See, the Laplace transform of u
+of t is what?
+
+That's one over s,
+right?
+
+Because this is the function
+one, and we don't care the fact
+
+that it is zero or negative
+values of t.
+
+That is my f of s.
+And so I multiply it by e to
+
+the minus as times one over s.
+
+I am using this formula,
+e to the minus as times the
+
+Laplace transform of the unit
+step function,
+
+which is one over s.
+How about the translation?
+
+That was taken care of by the
+exponential factor.
+
+And it's minus because this is
+minus.
+
+The same thing with the b.
+This is the Laplace transform
+
+of the unit box function.
+It looks a little hairy.
+
+You will learn to work with it,
+don't worry about it.
+
+How about the Laplace transform
+of --
+
+Okay.
+Let's use the other formula.
+
+What would be the Laplace
+transform of u of t minus one
+
+times t squared, for example?
+
+See, if I gave this to you and
+you only had the first formula,
+
+you would say,
+hey, but there is no t minus
+
+one in there.
+There is only t squared.
+
+What am I supposed to do?
+
+Well, some of you might dig way
+back into high school and say
+
+every polynomial can be written
+in powers of t minus one,
+
+that is what I will do.
+That would give the right
+
+answer.
+But in case you had forgotten
+
+how to do that,
+you don't have to know because
+
+you could use the other formula
+instead, which,
+
+by the way, is the way you do
+it.
+
+What are we going to do?
+It goes into e to the minus s.
+
+The a is one in this case,
+
+plus one.
+e to the minus s times the
+
+Laplace transform of what
+function?
+
+Change t to t plus one.
+
+The Laplace transform of t plus
+one squared.
+
+What is that?
+That is e to the minus s times
+
+the Laplace transform of t
+squared plus 2t plus one.
+
+What's that?
+
+Well, by the formulas which I
+am not bothering to write on the
+
+board anymore because you know
+them, it is e to the minus s
+
+times --
+Laplace transform of t squared
+
+is two factorial over s cubed.
+
+Remember you always have to
+
+raise the exponent by one.
+This is two factorial,
+
+but that is the same as two.
+Plus two.
+
+This two comes from there.
+The Laplace transform of t is
+
+one over s squared.
+
+And, finally,
+the Laplace transform of one is
+
+one over s.
+You mean all that mess from
+
+this simple-looking function?
+This function is not so simple.
+
+What is its graph?
+What is it we are calculating
+
+the Laplace transform of?
+Well, it is the function t
+
+squared.
+But multiplying it by that
+
+factor u of t minus one 
+means that the only part of
+
+it I am using is this part,
+because u of t minus one is one
+
+when t is
+bigger than one.
+
+But when t is less than one it
+is zero.
+
+That function doesn't look all
+that simple to me.
+
+And that is why its Laplace
+transform has three terms in it
+
+with this exponential factor.
+Well, it is a discontinuous
+
+function.
+And it gets discontinuous at a
+
+very peculiar spot.
+You have to expect that.
+
+Where in this does it tell you
+it becomes discontinuous at one?
+
+It is because this is e to the
+minus one times s.
+
+This tells you where the
+discontinuity occurs.
+
+The rest of it is just stuff
+you have to take because it is
+
+the function t squared.
+It's what it is.
+
+All right.
+I think most of you are going
+
+to encounter the worst troubles
+when you try to calculate
+
+inverse Laplace transforms,
+so let me try to explain how
+
+that is done.
+I will give you a simple
+
+example first.
+And then I will try to give you
+
+a slightly more complicated one.
+But even the simple one won't
+
+make your head ache.
+We are going to calculate the
+
+inverse Laplace transform of
+this guy, one plus e to the
+
+negative pi s --
+
+-- divided by s squared plus
+one.
+
+All right.
+Now, the first thing you must
+
+do is as soon as you see
+exponential factors in there
+
+like that you know that these
+functions, the answer is going
+
+to be a discontinuous function.
+And you have got to separate
+
+out the different pieces of it
+that go with the different
+
+exponentials.
+Because the way the formula
+
+works, it has to be used
+differently for each value of a.
+
+Now, in this case,
+there is only one value of a
+
+that occurs.
+Negative pi.
+
+But it does mean that we are
+going to have to begin by
+
+separating out the thing into
+one over s squared plus one
+
+and this other
+factor e to the negative pi s
+
+divided by s squared plus one.
+
+Now all I have to do is take
+the inverse Laplace transform of
+
+each piece.
+The inverse Laplace transform
+
+of one over s squared plus one
+is --
+
+Well, up to now we have been
+saying its sine t,
+
+right?
+If you say it is sine t you are
+
+going to get into trouble.
+How come?
+
+We didn't get into trouble
+before.
+
+Yes, but that was because there
+were no exponentials in the
+
+expression.
+When there are exponentials you
+
+have to be more careful.
+Make the inverse transform
+
+unique.
+Make it not sine t,
+
+but u of t sine t.
+
+You will see why in just a
+moment.
+
+If this weren't there then sine
+t would be perfectly okay.
+
+With that factor there,
+you have got to put in the u of
+
+t, otherwise you won't
+be able to get the formula to
+
+work right.
+In other words,
+
+I must use this particular one
+that I picked out to make it
+
+unique at the beginning of the
+period.
+
+Otherwise, it just won't work.
+Now, I know that is fine.
+
+But now what is the inverse
+Laplace transform of e to the
+
+minus pi?
+In other words,
+
+it is the same function,
+except I am now multiplying it
+
+by e to the negative pi s.
+
+Well, now I will use that
+formula.
+
+My f of s is one over s squared
+plus one,
+
+and that corresponds it to
+sine t.
+
+If I multiply it by e to the
+minus pi s,
+
+just copy it down.
+It now corresponds,
+
+the inverse Laplace transform,
+to what the left side says it
+
+does.
+u of t minus pi
+
+times, in other words,
+this corresponds to that.
+
+Then if I multiply it by e to
+the minus pi s,
+
+it corresponds to change the t
+to t minus pi.
+
+What is the answer?
+The answer is you sum these two
+
+pieces.
+The first piece is u of time
+
+sine t.
+The second piece is u of t
+
+minus pi sine t of minus pi.
+
+Now, if you leave the answer in
+that form it is technically
+
+correct, but you are going to
+lose a lot of credit.
+
+You have to transform it to
+make it look good.
+
+You have to make it
+intelligible.
+
+You are not allowed to leave it
+in that form.
+
+What could we do to it?
+Well, you see,
+
+this part of it is interesting
+whenever t is positive.
+
+This part of it is only
+interesting when t is greater
+
+than or equal to pi because
+this is zero.
+
+Before that this is zero.
+What you have to do is make
+
+cases.
+Let's call the answer f of t.
+
+The function has to be
+
+presented in what is called the
+cases format.
+
+That is what it is called when
+you type in tech,
+
+which I think a certain number
+of you can do anyway.
+
+You have to make cases.
+The first case is what happened
+
+between zero and pi?
+Well, between zero and pi,
+
+only this term is operational.
+The other one is zero because
+
+of that factor.
+Therefore, between zero and pi
+
+the function looks like,
+now, I don't have to put in the
+
+u of t because that is
+equal to one.
+
+It is equal to sine t
+between zero and pi.
+
+What is it equal to bigger than
+pi?
+
+Well, the first factor,
+the first term still obtains,
+
+so I have to include that.
+But now I have to add the
+
+second one.
+Well, what is the second term?
+
+I don't include the t minus
+pi, u of t minus pi
+
+anymore because
+that is now one.
+
+That has the value one.
+It is sine of t minus pi.
+
+But what is sine of t minus pi?
+
+You take the sine curve and you
+translate it to the right by pi.
+
+So what happens to it?
+It turns into this curve.
+
+In other words,
+it turns into the curve,
+
+what curve is that?
+Minus sine t.
+
+The other factor,
+this factor is one and this
+
+becomes negative sine t.
+
+And so the final answer is f of
+t is equal to sine t
+
+between zero and pi and
+zero for t greater than or equal
+
+to pi.
+That is the right form of the
+
+answer.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_dZtcXCwIFw.txt b/_dZtcXCwIFw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35def090b458dfcc3b1ff2485cb24d6edf105112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_dZtcXCwIFw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay we've been chatting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay we've been chatting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay we've been chatting up
+here and taking up your valuable time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and taking up your valuable time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and taking up your valuable time we
+have the privilege today to have donard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the privilege today to have donard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the privilege today to have donard
+Professor Donal sard speaking uh Don and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Donal sard speaking uh Don and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Donal sard speaking uh Don and
+I and Professor silby taught this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Professor silby taught this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Professor silby taught this course
+the previous prior two years so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous prior two years so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous prior two years so he's
+he's been in here before he's an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been in here before he's an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been in here before he's an expert
+on international business international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on international business international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on international business international
+finance regular finance and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance regular finance and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance regular finance and of course
+the Cub Revolution which he witnessed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cub Revolution which he witnessed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cub Revolution which he witnessed as
+a small boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small boy
+Don perfect start okay uh I I I wish I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don perfect start okay uh I I I wish I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don perfect start okay uh I I I wish I'd
+been with you all term but I'm glad I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been with you all term but I'm glad I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been with you all term but I'm glad I'm
+not I'm on IAL this year and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm on IAL this year and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm on IAL this year and I'm
+enjoying that so I'm uh probably a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying that so I'm uh probably a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying that so I'm uh probably a bit
+Rusty in the classroom today but hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rusty in the classroom today but hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rusty in the classroom today but hope
+hope we'll have a good time I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we'll have a good time I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we'll have a good time I'm going to
+talk about Innovation and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Innovation and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Innovation and energy
+business model so that's a big mouthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model so that's a big mouthful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model so that's a big mouthful
+because we're trying to get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're trying to get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're trying to get a lot of
+things done in one session uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things done in one session uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things done in one session uh but
+it's where I really want to go is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where I really want to go is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where I really want to go is to
+make you you know comfortable with focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you you know comfortable with focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you you know comfortable with focus
+on these These are the big questions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these These are the big questions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these These are the big questions the
+first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question
+always is what problem are we solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is what problem are we solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is what problem are we solving
+what's the value proposition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value proposition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value proposition what
+problem we Sol solving for whom how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we Sol solving for whom how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we Sol solving for whom how how
+will we monetize it how will we turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we monetize it how will we turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we monetize it how will we turn it
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+business what's the best business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business what's the best business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business what's the best business model
+to do that second question and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that second question and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that second question and we're not
+going to answer all of that but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to answer all of that but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to answer all of that but I want
+to give you a little sense of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little sense of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little sense of which
+kinds of energy in Innovations lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of energy in Innovations lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of energy in Innovations lend
+themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to
+startups which kinds of energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups which kinds of energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups which kinds of energy in
+Innovations have to be undertaken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations have to be undertaken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations have to be undertaken by
+large incumbent firms which ones might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large incumbent firms which ones might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large incumbent firms which ones might
+be undertaken by new big pioneering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be undertaken by new big pioneering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be undertaken by new big pioneering
+firms which ones require consort right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms which ones require consort right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms which ones require consort right
+so how big what kind of structure has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how big what kind of structure has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how big what kind of structure has to
+carry a particular type of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a particular type of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a particular type of innovation
+forward because energy is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward because energy is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward because energy is a very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+space um then this is something we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um then this is something we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um then this is something we will
+not completely deal with in the session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely deal with in the session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely deal with in the session
+but I'll start on and you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll start on and you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll start on and you've been
+talking about a lot already un under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a lot already un under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a lot already un under
+what circumstances will The Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what circumstances will The Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what circumstances will The Innovation
+you're focusing on be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on be
+viable and who and what has to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable and who and what has to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable and who and what has to change
+for it to work because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to work because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to work because that's the
+primary question you've got a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary question you've got a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary question you've got a better
+light bulb who is going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb who is going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb who is going to have to
+change for it to work what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for it to work what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for it to work what are the
+various barriers to change going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various barriers to change going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various barriers to change going to be
+uh you looked at hexion you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you looked at hexion you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you looked at hexion you looked at
+biofuels you've got questions within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels you've got questions within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels you've got questions within the
+firm you have questions with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm you have questions with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm you have questions with the
+customer you have questions within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you have questions within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you have questions within the
+industry you have questions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you have questions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you have questions with
+regulation you have questions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you have questions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you have questions with
+societal attitude so which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal attitude so which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal attitude so which of those
+things have to change and that takes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have to change and that takes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have to change and that takes you
+back to the business model because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the business model because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the business model because the
+business model very often will be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model very often will be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model very often will be not
+only about producing the thing but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about producing the thing but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about producing the thing but also
+bringing about the change that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing about the change that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing about the change that's
+required so that the thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so that the thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so that the thing will be
+viable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable in the
+marketplace right so that that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace right so that that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace right so that that may
+really complicate the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicate the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicate the notion of a
+business model uh and you know finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model uh and you know finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model uh and you know finally
+the kind of the standard strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the standard strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the standard strategy
+questions what capabilities what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what capabilities what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what capabilities what do you
+have to be good at what scale what scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be good at what scale what scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be good at what scale what scope
+what various activities do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what various activities do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what various activities do you have to
+be involved in and where do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in and where do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in and where do you have to
+be and that's for another session later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and that's for another session later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and that's for another session later
+where do you have to be to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you have to be to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you have to be to make this
+work and of course the answer is it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course the answer is it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course the answer is it all
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'd say it depend it depends on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd say it depend it depends on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd say it depend it depends on many
+things but I'm going to focus on really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I'm going to focus on really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I'm going to focus on really
+the first two so and they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two so and they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two so and they're they're
+related they're slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related they're slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related they're slightly different
+concepts but they're related it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts but they're related it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts but they're related it depends
+upon the maturity of the technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the maturity of the technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the maturity of the technology and
+it depends upon whether the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends upon whether the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends upon whether the Innovation
+is disruptive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is disruptive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is disruptive or
+not so we need to start doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we need to start doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we need to start doing some
+classification of the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of the nature of the
+technology the nature of the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the nature of the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the nature of the Innovation
+to understand what kind of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what kind of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what kind of business
+models might work okay so far uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models might work okay so far uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models might work okay so far uh and
+then I'm going to talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to talk a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to talk a bit about
+Innovation games which is a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation games which is a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation games which is a nice way to
+think about different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about different types of
+innovation processes it's some new work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation processes it's some new work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation processes it's some new work
+being done by a friend of mine and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done by a friend of mine and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done by a friend of mine and then
+we'll end with some Innovation business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end with some Innovation business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end with some Innovation business
+models okay so technology maturity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay so technology maturity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay so technology maturity uh
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh read read the paper here we have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh read read the paper here we have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh read read the paper here we have you
+know you can do this with a rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can do this with a rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can do this with a rising
+scurve or you can do this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scurve or you can do this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scurve or you can do this with this
+falling curve in terms of rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling curve in terms of rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling curve in terms of rate of
+Innovation uh but there's a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation uh but there's a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation uh but there's a sense that
+most Technologies go through these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Technologies go through these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Technologies go through these three
+phases right there's a phase of a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right there's a phase of a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right there's a phase of a fluid
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+uh what's the statement in Genesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the statement in Genesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the statement in Genesis was
+without form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without form and
+void so without form and void and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void so without form and void and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void so without form and void and there
+may be some sense of an unmet need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be some sense of an unmet need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be some sense of an unmet need and
+there are lots of different solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of different solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of different solutions
+being brought about uh nobody's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being brought about uh nobody's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being brought about uh nobody's quite
+sure how to do it there are entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how to do it there are entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how to do it there are entrance
+from all kinds of places says it's a zoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all kinds of places says it's a zoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all kinds of places says it's a zoo
+it's highly fluid uh there is no clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly fluid uh there is no clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly fluid uh there is no clear
+sense about which the best products or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense about which the best products or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense about which the best products or
+Technologies or even what categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies or even what categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies or even what categories
+sometimes the products or Services fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the products or Services fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the products or Services fit
+into waren Buffet talk I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into waren Buffet talk I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into waren Buffet talk I think about
+2,000 automobile manufacturers circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 automobile manufacturers circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 automobile manufacturers circuit
+1910 yeah everybody with a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 yeah everybody with a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 yeah everybody with a different way
+to get rich so automobiles took off yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rich so automobiles took off yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rich so automobiles took off yeah
+2,000 automobile man manufacturers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 automobile man manufacturers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 automobile man manufacturers in
+the US by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US by what
+1933 you'd probably slim down to 16 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 you'd probably slim down to 16 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 you'd probably slim down to 16 now
+we're back to what eight maybe but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to what eight maybe but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to what eight maybe but with
+three based in the US big consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three based in the US big consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three based in the US big consolidation
+over time uh fluid phase everybody's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh fluid phase everybody's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh fluid phase everybody's at
+it uh transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh transitional
+phase you know it's it's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you know it's it's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you know it's it's starting to
+take shape and then the mature phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take shape and then the mature phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take shape and then the mature phase
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+Consolidated uh and it's really blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated uh and it's really blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated uh and it's really blocking
+and tackling and tough competition on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tackling and tough competition on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tackling and tough competition on an
+operational basis and it's largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational basis and it's largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational basis and it's largely
+scale-based it's Comcast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-based it's Comcast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-based it's Comcast right
+so you think about uh Communications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think about uh Communications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think about uh Communications and
+internet and all those things we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and all those things we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and all those things we've got
+some mature monopolis over here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mature monopolis over here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mature monopolis over here with
+regulatory capture and that that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory capture and that that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory capture and that that's more
+toour face but we've got all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toour face but we've got all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toour face but we've got all kinds of
+new stuff going on in the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stuff going on in the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stuff going on in the same time and
+a number of transitional things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of transitional things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of transitional things going on
+at the same time and energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time and energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time and energy is
+particularly Lively this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Lively this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Lively this
+way uh again from the paper fluid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh again from the paper fluid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh again from the paper fluid phase
+right a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot
+of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of
+uncertainty this is important a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty this is important a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty this is important a high
+rate of product innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of product innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of product innovation
+and high degree of process flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high degree of process flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high degree of process flexibility
+means people do things lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means people do things lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means people do things lots of different
+ways it's almost craft industry one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's almost craft industry one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's almost craft industry one
+company does it one way another company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company does it one way another company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company does it one way another company
+does it another way you really haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it another way you really haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it another way you really haven't
+scaled it uh you produce the product or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled it uh you produce the product or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled it uh you produce the product or
+service however you can demand is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service however you can demand is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service however you can demand is taking
+off but still it's low total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but still it's low total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but still it's low total
+volume this is important not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume this is important not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume this is important not always the
+case but right what what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but right what what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but right what what does that tell
+you about who's buying the product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about who's buying the product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about who's buying the product in
+this phase functionality is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase functionality is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase functionality is more
+important than brand names who's buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than brand names who's buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than brand names who's buying
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+product who would care more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product who would care more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product who would care more about
+functionality than brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name think about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name think about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name think about it in terms of
+computers or Internet somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers or Internet somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers or Internet somebody who
+really knows the stuff right somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knows the stuff right somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knows the stuff right somebody
+who knows the functionality is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows the functionality is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows the functionality is a is a
+lead user is really into what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user is really into what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user is really into what it does
+don't tell me who makes it tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell me who makes it tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell me who makes it tell me
+exactly what it does right so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it does right so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it does right so you get
+the techies of that particular product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techies of that particular product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techies of that particular product
+into it so the early emergence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so the early emergence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so the early emergence of an
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+car uh or the early emergence of of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car uh or the early emergence of of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car uh or the early emergence of of some
+other new product may be much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other new product may be much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other new product may be much more about
+the intricacies of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intricacies of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intricacies of that particular
+product because You' got a set of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because You' got a set of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because You' got a set of people
+who are fascinated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are fascinated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are fascinated with the
+functionality right later it becomes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality right later it becomes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality right later it becomes is
+it accepted is it a brand name is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it accepted is it a brand name is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it accepted is it a brand name is it
+kind of standard so this is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of standard so this is saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of standard so this is saying that
+the markets are different the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets are different the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets are different the nature of
+what's going on in The Firm is as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in The Firm is as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in The Firm is as we go
+across but also the customer behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across but also the customer behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across but also the customer behavior is
+different and what are you trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and what are you trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and what are you trying to do
+you're trying to develop your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to develop your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to develop your technology
+and you're trying to hang on to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to hang on to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to hang on to it
+because you're inventing new ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're inventing new ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're inventing new ways to
+satisfy some unmet need you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy some unmet need you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy some unmet need you're going to
+try to cash in on that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cash in on that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cash in on that you know that
+there's going to be a ShakeOut you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a ShakeOut you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a ShakeOut you know
+there's going to be a consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a consolidation
+you're trying to hang on either to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to hang on either to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to hang on either to a
+market position or some IP or ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market position or some IP or ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market position or some IP or ideally
+both right now we get into transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both right now we get into transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both right now we get into transitional
+phase Min design so think about bicycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Min design so think about bicycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Min design so think about bicycles
+in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what
+1880s and they had big one big front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s and they had big one big front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s and they had big one big front
+wheel and they had a little small wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and they had a little small wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and they had a little small wheel
+and they had two equal wheels and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had two equal wheels and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had two equal wheels and some
+had chains and some didn't if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had chains and some didn't if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had chains and some didn't if you look
+in the old books all kinds of designs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old books all kinds of designs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old books all kinds of designs I
+don't know what year but probably mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what year but probably mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what year but probably mid
+90s or maybe 2005 1905 or so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s or maybe 2005 1905 or so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s or maybe 2005 1905 or so the
+standard two wheel bicycle with a seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard two wheel bicycle with a seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard two wheel bicycle with a seat
+position the chain emerged as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position the chain emerged as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position the chain emerged as the
+dominant design of course there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant design of course there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant design of course there were
+other compan companes making other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other compan companes making other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other compan companes making other
+designs but most bicycle companies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs but most bicycle companies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs but most bicycle companies were
+focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what
+happens there's a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's a much better
+understanding about what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about what's what
+customers need much more process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers need much more process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers need much more process
+Innovation so u in my Global strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation so u in my Global strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation so u in my Global strategy
+class one of my favorite cases to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one of my favorite cases to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one of my favorite cases to teach
+is Shimano we look at Shimano from 1921
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Shimano we look at Shimano from 1921
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Shimano we look at Shimano from 1921
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+present and Shimano starts off in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and Shimano starts off in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and Shimano starts off in a
+small village outside of Osaka it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small village outside of Osaka it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small village outside of Osaka it
+actually is the village where the swords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the village where the swords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the village where the swords
+were made so it has it has experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made so it has it has experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made so it has it has experience
+with metal working the bicycle's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with metal working the bicycle's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with metal working the bicycle's not
+invented there it's invented in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented there it's invented in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented there it's invented in France
+2,000 bicycle shops spring up in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 bicycle shops spring up in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 bicycle shops spring up in a year
+everybody's making bicycles in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's making bicycles in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's making bicycles in their own
+shops but as the dominant design emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops but as the dominant design emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops but as the dominant design emerges
+and as you get 2,000 bicycle shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you get 2,000 bicycle shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you get 2,000 bicycle shops
+Shimano figures out that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shimano figures out that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shimano figures out that there are
+economies of scale and making rear hubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale and making rear hubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale and making rear hubs
+and crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crank
+sets not in welding frames not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets not in welding frames not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets not in welding frames not in
+putting on handlebars not in making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on handlebars not in making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on handlebars not in making
+bicycle seats but in making hubs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle seats but in making hubs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle seats but in making hubs and
+crank sets and then they get really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank sets and then they get really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank sets and then they get really good
+at that they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that they become
+codependent right they become a supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codependent right they become a supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codependent right they become a supplier
+of components to the whole industry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components to the whole industry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components to the whole industry you
+still have a couple thousand bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a couple thousand bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a couple thousand bicycle
+makers but you have one company that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers but you have one company that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers but you have one company that's
+making the high-scale economy more high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the high-scale economy more high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the high-scale economy more high
+technology product and they really start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology product and they really start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology product and they really start
+focusing on process Innovation they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on process Innovation they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on process Innovation they find
+ways to make make things cheaper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to make make things cheaper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to make make things cheaper with
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+quality so they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so they go
+from uh casting to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh casting to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh casting to drop
+forging huge jump in quality so process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forging huge jump in quality so process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forging huge jump in quality so process
+technology starts becoming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology starts becoming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology starts becoming the
+differentiator because it allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator because it allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator because it allows me to
+develop deliver the same product right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop deliver the same product right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop deliver the same product right
+either at a lower cost or with greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at a lower cost or with greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at a lower cost or with greater
+functionality so back to the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality so back to the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality so back to the frontier
+you were talking about last last period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were talking about last last period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were talking about last last period
+and so the competition becomes much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the competition becomes much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the competition becomes much more
+about process and that's scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about process and that's scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about process and that's scale and
+experience and becoming good at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and becoming good at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and becoming good at things
+right and Quant quality and availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Quant quality and availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Quant quality and availability
+becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the
+competition the technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the technological
+capabilities of the firm are much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of the firm are much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of the firm are much less
+about development much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about development much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about development much more about
+manufacturability uh again we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturability uh again we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturability uh again we've got a
+large customer base we probably have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large customer base we probably have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large customer base we probably have a
+fairly strong brand mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly strong brand mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly strong brand mature
+phase right the product starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right the product starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right the product starts
+commoditizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditizing
+there are more than enough manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more than enough manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more than enough manufacturers
+for it there's a more than enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it there's a more than enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it there's a more than enough
+capacity for it it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for it it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for it it's very hard to
+differentiate your product from someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate your product from someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate your product from someone
+else's more similarities than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's more similarities than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's more similarities than
+differences in final products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in final products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in final products
+convergence of project and process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of project and process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of project and process
+Innovation really focused on cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation really focused on cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation really focused on cost
+control lean and efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control lean and efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control lean and efficient
+organization lean tight not waste a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization lean tight not waste a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization lean tight not waste a
+penny do everything right now just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny do everything right now just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny do everything right now just think
+about the company that is in the mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the company that is in the mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the company that is in the mature
+phase how ready it is now to engage in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase how ready it is now to engage in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase how ready it is now to engage in a
+new round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new round of
+innovation it's just squeezed all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation it's just squeezed all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation it's just squeezed all of
+that out right if it's a single Product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out right if it's a single Product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out right if it's a single Product
+Company it's in a phase of its life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company it's in a phase of its life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company it's in a phase of its life
+where it's really worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's really worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's really worried about
+efficiency and production process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and production process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and production process and
+it's pretty well forgotten it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty well forgotten it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty well forgotten it's
+forgotten about the Innovation process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten about the Innovation process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten about the Innovation process a
+classic example was um Volkswagen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example was um Volkswagen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example was um Volkswagen which
+was a single Product Company for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a single Product Company for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a single Product Company for many
+years and the bug became the the beetle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the bug became the the beetle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the bug became the the beetle
+became the dominant design and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the dominant design and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the dominant design and it was
+out there and it held up and it held up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and it held up and it held up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and it held up and it held up
+and it held up and they kept producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it held up and they kept producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it held up and they kept producing
+and producing and producing it staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and producing and producing it staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and producing and producing it staying
+in that market they forgot how to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that market they forgot how to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that market they forgot how to design
+a car they forgot how to bring in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car they forgot how to bring in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car they forgot how to bring in a new
+model it took them a lot of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it took them a lot of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it took them a lot of time to
+relearn that right so you see this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relearn that right so you see this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relearn that right so you see this kind
+of cycle this this is common sense stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cycle this this is common sense stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cycle this this is common sense stuff
+but it's you look at a technology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you look at a technology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you look at a technology it's
+important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think
+about where are you in the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where are you in the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where are you in the evolutionary
+period is this kind of pre pre fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is this kind of pre pre fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is this kind of pre pre fluid
+right you don't even know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't even know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't even know what's going
+on is this fluid but it's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is this fluid but it's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is this fluid but it's starting to
+take shape uh is this transitional where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take shape uh is this transitional where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take shape uh is this transitional where
+you're beginning to see the emergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're beginning to see the emergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're beginning to see the emergence of
+dominant designs and you're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant designs and you're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant designs and you're starting to
+see the ShakeOut and you're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ShakeOut and you're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ShakeOut and you're starting to
+see a few firms take on strong positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a few firms take on strong positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a few firms take on strong positions
+or is this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this really
+mature cost-based quality based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature cost-based quality based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature cost-based quality based
+brand-based competition where the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-based competition where the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-based competition where the big
+players win typically or the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players win typically or the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players win typically or the very
+focused players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused players
+win uh and okay so you got it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win uh and okay so you got it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win uh and okay so you got it um
+spend two or three minutes five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend two or three minutes five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend two or three minutes five minutes
+three minutes with the three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes with the three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes with the three or four
+people around you what I want is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around you what I want is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around you what I want is an
+example of an energy technology at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an energy technology at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an energy technology at each
+stage of evolution so again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of evolution so again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of evolution so again something
+that is just emerging turmoil something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just emerging turmoil something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just emerging turmoil something
+that's kind of in a transitional stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of in a transitional stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of in a transitional stage
+where you can start seeing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can start seeing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can start seeing that it's
+going to look this way but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look this way but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look this way but it's not
+quite settled and something where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite settled and something where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite settled and something where it's
+highly mature it's head-to-head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly mature it's head-to-head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly mature it's head-to-head
+competition uh so think about clean tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh so think about clean tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh so think about clean tech
+products of a wide variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of a wide variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of a wide variety
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+again very importantly I'd say any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very importantly I'd say any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very importantly I'd say any
+anywhere right anywhere in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere right anywhere in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere right anywhere in the in the
+energy supply chain so I I tend to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supply chain so I I tend to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supply chain so I I tend to think
+of right primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right primary
+energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh
+conversion transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion transmission
+distribution uh end use but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh end use but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh end use but now we have
+end use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use in
+industry residen IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry residen IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry residen IAL
+transport and then I guess we have dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and then I guess we have dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and then I guess we have dick
+area which is how do we how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is how do we how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is how do we how do we
+balance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that
+stuff or how do we balance the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or how do we balance the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or how do we balance the whole
+thing if we include demand management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if we include demand management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if we include demand management
+right so that would be the space we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be the space we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be the space we're
+looking at so anything in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so anything in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so anything in that
+space uh new technologies Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh new technologies Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh new technologies Innovative
+Technologies for new is the wrong word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies for new is the wrong word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies for new is the wrong word
+but technologies that are coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but technologies that are coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but technologies that are coming into
+the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace
+or are in the marketplace for primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are in the marketplace for primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are in the marketplace for primary
+energy energy conversion energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy conversion energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy conversion energy
+transmission storage Etc or for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission storage Etc or for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission storage Etc or for all
+kinds of end use what stage would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of end use what stage would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of end use what stage would you
+put them at and kind of within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them at and kind of within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them at and kind of within your
+group give me give me one for each area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group give me give me one for each area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group give me give me one for each area
+give me fluid transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mature fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature fluid
+one different energy storage the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one different energy storage the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one different energy storage the grid
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+power like fressh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air so we have not not only do we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so we have not not only do we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so we have not not only do we we
+have batteries and very different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have batteries and very different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have batteries and very different kinds
+of battery technologies and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of battery technologies and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of battery technologies and we have
+compressed air and we have flywheels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed air and we have flywheels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed air and we have flywheels and
+we actually have quite a few substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have quite a few substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have quite a few substitutes
+because we have fast start generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have fast start generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have fast start generators
+right and demand management is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and demand management is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and demand management is actually
+a substitute if you think of the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substitute if you think of the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substitute if you think of the balance
+but it's a zoo right I've been trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a zoo right I've been trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a zoo right I've been trying to
+follow A123 with its grid level storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow A123 with its grid level storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow A123 with its grid level storage
+and no one knows what the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one knows what the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one knows what the dominant
+design is there and is this to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is there and is this to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is there and is this to be used
+for grid stabilization do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grid stabilization do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grid stabilization do you want to
+stick it out on the end next to a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it out on the end next to a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it out on the end next to a wind
+farm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm right
+it's it's not known it's all going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not known it's all going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not known it's all going on
+over in Department of Material Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Department of Material Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Department of Material Science
+there what about six different six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what about six different six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what about six different six or
+seven different competing companies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different competing companies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different competing companies or
+more out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more out of
+dmse I like sway swimming pools okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitional wind because which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional wind because which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional wind because which kind of
+wind okay let's put wind good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitional yeah no so so grid grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional yeah no so so grid grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional yeah no so so grid grid
+level wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level wind
+uh and again if we were drilling down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again if we were drilling down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again if we were drilling down a
+little bit we'd find I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we'd find I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we'd find I think
+that on onshore wind looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on onshore wind looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on onshore wind looks like it's
+starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to
+standardize offshore wind is still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize offshore wind is still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize offshore wind is still very
+much in the air in terms of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the air in terms of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the air in terms of the standard
+design right so you're you're somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design right so you're you're somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design right so you're you're somewhere
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+between uh although there's I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh although there's I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh although there's I guess
+there's still some big transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still some big transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still some big transitions in
+the size of the blades I look out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the blades I look out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the blades I look out my
+window and Vermont and I have 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and Vermont and I have 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and Vermont and I have 180
+Footers now and they're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Footers now and they're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Footers now and they're going to build
+480 Footers right so with the strobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+480 Footers right so with the strobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+480 Footers right so with the strobe
+lights is beginning to standard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights is beginning to standard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights is beginning to standard right
+but that's that's the point so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's the point so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's the point so it's it's
+you know the water is starting to freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the water is starting to freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the water is starting to freeze
+it's starting to congeal it's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to congeal it's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to congeal it's starting
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+standardize uh there's a real ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize uh there's a real ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize uh there's a real ship
+partly the demand is has shrunk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly the demand is has shrunk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly the demand is has shrunk a little
+bit with European financial difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with European financial difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with European financial difficulties
+with uncertainties about the US credits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uncertainties about the US credits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uncertainties about the US credits
+and the Chinese have run through a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Chinese have run through a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Chinese have run through a very
+quick ramp up partly but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick ramp up partly but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick ramp up partly but it's also
+starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to
+consolidate right so it's okay TR mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate right so it's okay TR mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate right so it's okay TR mature
+or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mature big oh that's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature big oh that's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature big oh that's a very interesting
+question you think today's boiling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you think today's boiling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you think today's boiling water
+reactors will be the design used in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors will be the design used in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors will be the design used in 20
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+right that's your question mark so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's your question mark so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's your question mark so it's
+it's mature and almost dead now but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mature and almost dead now but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mature and almost dead now but if
+it comes back to life it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back to life it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back to life it's probably
+going to become fluid for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become fluid for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become fluid for a little while
+I hope not too fluid but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope not too fluid but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope not too fluid but anyway
+okay okay uh team in the middle whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay uh team in the middle whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay uh team in the middle whoever
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are say fuel cells which fuel cells fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say fuel cells which fuel cells fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say fuel cells which fuel cells fuel
+cells yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells yeah
+uh that may that's yeah it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that may that's yeah it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that may that's yeah it's pretty
+fluid maybe free but that's good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid maybe free but that's good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid maybe free but that's good it's
+right it's still largely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still largely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still largely in the
+labs you got to find something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs you got to find something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs you got to find something that
+doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need
+Platinum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitional grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solar that again we start drilling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar that again we start drilling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar that again we start drilling down
+right so the crystall and stuff looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the crystall and stuff looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the crystall and stuff looks
+fairly mature the thin film stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly mature the thin film stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly mature the thin film stuff is
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+fluid uh the concentrated solar is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid uh the concentrated solar is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid uh the concentrated solar is still
+probably fluid so that's so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fluid so that's so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fluid so that's so that's a
+good catch all so let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good catch all so let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good catch all so let's just say
+grid what's nice about it is while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid what's nice about it is while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid what's nice about it is while you
+have a pretty mature Crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty mature Crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty mature Crystal and silicon
+technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in
+solar you've got all these other designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar you've got all these other designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar you've got all these other designs
+being worked on uh cylindra Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worked on uh cylindra Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worked on uh cylindra Etc and
+people looking to increase efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking to increase efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking to increase efficiency
+and if somebody hits it right it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody hits it right it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody hits it right it get
+Crystal silicon gets displaced well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal silicon gets displaced well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal silicon gets displaced well and
+you have everybody looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have everybody looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have everybody looking at the
+efficiency of of the Chip and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of of the Chip and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of of the Chip and all that
+matters is the installation cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is the installation cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is the installation cost
+so get the chip more efficient you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so get the chip more efficient you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so get the chip more efficient you don't
+have to have as much installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have as much installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have as much installation
+because you don't take as much still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't take as much still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't take as much still
+still so when we get it okay I'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so when we get it okay I'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so when we get it okay I'll take a
+group over here I I don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group over here I I don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group over here I I don't know exactly
+where the boundaries of the groups are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the boundaries of the groups are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the boundaries of the groups are
+but I'll just take one in the back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just take one in the back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just take one in the back on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+side you want the mature one or well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you want the mature one or well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you want the mature one or well if
+you say the same you just say the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say the same you just say the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say the same you just say the same
+so so for fluid we talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for fluid we talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for fluid we talked about like
+wave energy when in the ocean ocean wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave energy when in the ocean ocean wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave energy when in the ocean ocean wave
+energy and that may be pre also but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that may be pre also but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that may be pre also but it's
+starting it's starting to merge so ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting it's starting to merge so ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting it's starting to merge so ocean
+or a or wave it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a or wave it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a or wave it's very
+early we actually talking about wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early we actually talking about wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early we actually talking about wind and
+solar so kind okay and mature we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar so kind okay and mature we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar so kind okay and mature we talked
+about like turbines like uh gas turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like turbines like uh gas turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like turbines like uh gas turbine
+or like uh coal Coal fir plants Stu like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like uh coal Coal fir plants Stu like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like uh coal Coal fir plants Stu like
+that why why is it with why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why why is it with why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why why is it with why is it that
+you're all focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all focused
+here if we're going to solve right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we're going to solve right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we're going to solve right if
+we're going to solve the energy problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve the energy problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve the energy problem
+we got to knock a third off the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to knock a third off the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to knock a third off the carbon
+footprint here we've got to cut a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint here we've got to cut a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint here we've got to cut a third
+of the inefficiency here and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inefficiency here and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inefficiency here and we've got
+to cut use here by a third why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut use here by a third why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut use here by a third why is it
+you're only focusing on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only focusing on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only focusing on one of the
+three okay let's have something over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay let's have something over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay let's have something over
+here technology most of our have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here technology most of our have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here technology most of our have been
+discussed when we talked about white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed when we talked about white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed when we talked about white
+and transitional again fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was okay what do they do they developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay what do they do they developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay what do they do they developed
+techology physics professors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techology physics professors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techology physics professors here
+develop a technology that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a technology that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a technology that basically
+wirelessly transmits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wirelessly transmits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wirelessly transmits
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wireless yeah yeah Tesla comes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless yeah yeah Tesla comes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless yeah yeah Tesla comes back to
+life right okay good transition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right okay good transition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right okay good transition we
+talked about LEDs and solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about LEDs and solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about LEDs and solid state
+batteries um and we wanted to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries um and we wanted to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries um and we wanted to separate
+batteries into several categories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries into several categories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries into several categories and
+argue that LE acid lium and N are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that LE acid lium and N are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that LE acid lium and N are
+more right so so again uh which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so so again uh which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so so again uh which kind of
+batteries do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries do I have
+here solid state batteries and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here solid state batteries and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here solid state batteries and here I
+have lead acid batteries right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lead acid batteries right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lead acid batteries right so this
+is interest and now you're moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interest and now you're moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interest and now you're moving into
+the middle and at least towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and at least towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and at least towards the end
+with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+but but it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's interesting
+because the categories right you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the categories right you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the categories right you say
+within within an existing broad category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within an existing broad category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within an existing broad category
+of Technology you probably have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology you probably have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology you probably have some of
+all of those right within wind within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those right within wind within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those right within wind within
+solar within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar within
+storage within lighting so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage within lighting so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage within lighting so you've got
+these life cycles going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these life cycles going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these life cycles going on
+within classes of Technology as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within classes of Technology as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within classes of Technology as well as
+across uh anybody okay let's go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh anybody okay let's go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh anybody okay let's go over
+here anything radically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anything radically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anything radically different
+no okay anybody who's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay anybody who's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay anybody who's got some
+Downstream examples you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream examples you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream examples you know
+something here like what we use right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here like what we use right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here like what we use right uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon okay uh tell me a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon okay uh tell me a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon okay uh tell me a little bit more
+for what kind of use um okay so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what kind of use um okay so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what kind of use um okay so take a
+look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your
+wallart whatever is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallart whatever is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallart whatever is in there
+often times like old ones generally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times like old ones generally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times like old ones generally have
+Transformers Inside and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers Inside and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers Inside and then they
+Rectify but newer ones which are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rectify but newer ones which are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rectify but newer ones which are more
+efficient and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and to
+have a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a type of
+electrical converter uh so power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical converter uh so power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical converter uh so power
+supplies and power converters for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and power converters for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and power converters for all
+kinds of stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh some of them right I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them right I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them right I mean there's
+there clearly is there's a mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there clearly is there's a mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there clearly is there's a mature
+category of those right and then so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of those right and then so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of those right and then so uh
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+converters but there's also right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters but there's also right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters but there's also right
+emerging emerging better ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging emerging better ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging emerging better ways of doing
+this uh yeah I spent about a day running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah I spent about a day running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah I spent about a day running
+around Delta Electronics in Taiwan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Delta Electronics in Taiwan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Delta Electronics in Taiwan and
+they're all over this they are right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over this they are right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over this they are right the
+power converter guys see um mature could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter guys see um mature could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter guys see um mature could
+be florescent L what FL oh florescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be florescent L what FL oh florescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be florescent L what FL oh florescent
+light yeah yep so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah yep so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah yep so now we have
+fluorescent right it's not dead yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent right it's not dead yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent right it's not dead yet uh
+it still has several waves of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still has several waves of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still has several waves of innovation
+in it it's still competitive for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it's still competitive for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it's still competitive for some
+uses but it's mature technology although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses but it's mature technology although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses but it's mature technology although
+I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the
+drivers the drivers for the FL light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers the drivers for the FL light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers the drivers for the FL light
+there's some big changes putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some big changes putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some big changes putting the
+drivers on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers on a
+chip lowers the cost raises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip lowers the cost raises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip lowers the cost raises the
+efficiency so if you get inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so if you get inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so if you get inside the
+fluorescent light there there's some MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent light there there's some MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent light there there's some MIT
+professors who have the new Chips to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors who have the new Chips to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors who have the new Chips to
+drive them yeah um this different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive them yeah um this different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive them yeah um this different way of
+approaching this but you wanted us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this but you wanted us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching this but you wanted us to
+discuss the the final third as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the the final third as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the the final third as well so
+I'll put habits in mature CU I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put habits in mature CU I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put habits in mature CU I don't see
+much Innovation and thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Innovation and thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Innovation and thinking about how
+you consume energy that is that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consume energy that is that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consume energy that is that is a
+very interesting different way so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting different way so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting different way so you'd
+say you know what what is it and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what what is it and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what what is it and we'll
+we'll come when we talk about disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come when we talk about disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come when we talk about disruption
+we'll talk about the customer it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the customer it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the customer it was a
+nice thing saying here we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing saying here we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing saying here we're talking
+about hard stuff technology but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hard stuff technology but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hard stuff technology but in fact
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+behavior human behavior could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior human behavior could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior human behavior could be
+categorized and institutional Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized and institutional Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized and institutional Behavior
+could be categorized in the same way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be categorized in the same way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be categorized in the same way and
+our habits for commuting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our habits for commuting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our habits for commuting and
+driving and where we choose to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and where we choose to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and where we choose to live
+those things are pretty hardwired our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are pretty hardwired our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are pretty hardwired our
+habits regarding the use of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits regarding the use of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits regarding the use of electricity
+mental attitudes probably pretty mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental attitudes probably pretty mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental attitudes probably pretty mature
+we've been doing that now for uh 100 130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing that now for uh 100 130
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing that now for uh 100 130
+years right pretty mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right pretty mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right pretty mature
+habit we've got some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit we've got some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit we've got some things that are
+transitional there may be some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional there may be some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional there may be some things
+that are quite fluid right so this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are quite fluid right so this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are quite fluid right so this is so
+you could apply a similar thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could apply a similar thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could apply a similar thinking
+structure to behaviors uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to behaviors uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to behaviors uh this is
+focused on technology but I think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on technology but I think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on technology but I think you've
+all got the point on anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all got the point on anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all got the point on anytime you're
+looking at a technology you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a technology you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a technology you want to know
+where it's at uh because that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's at uh because that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's at uh because that's going to
+tell you a lot about the bus what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a lot about the bus what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a lot about the bus what's
+going to be required to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be required to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be required to have a
+successful business model in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful business model in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful business model in that
+phase okay now we'll go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay now we'll go on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay now we'll go on to the next
+piece of this which is discontinuities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this which is discontinuities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this which is discontinuities
+are disruptive and they're similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disruptive and they're similar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disruptive and they're similar and
+hon maybe you can straighten me out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hon maybe you can straighten me out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hon maybe you can straighten me out in
+terms of the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the difference between these
+literatures I view them was almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literatures I view them was almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literatures I view them was almost the
+same but the the point of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the the point of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the the point of kind of
+discontinuities or disruptive change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities or disruptive change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities or disruptive change so
+we've got some incumbent technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some incumbent technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some incumbent technology
+right and it's gone through an s-curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's gone through an s-curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's gone through an s-curve
+of unit sales and it's matured and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit sales and it's matured and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit sales and it's matured and it's
+leveling off and a challenger comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off and a challenger comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off and a challenger comes in
+out of the fluid phase it starts really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the fluid phase it starts really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the fluid phase it starts really
+emerging let's say in the transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging let's say in the transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging let's say in the transitional
+phase in here it starts garnering some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in here it starts garnering some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in here it starts garnering some
+sales it's probably not direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales it's probably not direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales it's probably not direct
+competition at first it may even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition at first it may even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition at first it may even be
+dismissed as irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissed as irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissed as irrelevant
+right uh and over time if it's if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and over time if it's if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and over time if it's if it's
+appropriate right it will supplant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate right it will supplant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate right it will supplant the
+existing technology so I gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing technology so I gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing technology so I gave you a
+reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about
+Kodak uh and a reading about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kodak uh and a reading about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kodak uh and a reading about some of the
+difficulties that Kodak had in dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that Kodak had in dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that Kodak had in dealing
+with right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right this
+is film-based photography Kodak wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is film-based photography Kodak wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is film-based photography Kodak wrote it
+from the initial chemistry to pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial chemistry to pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial chemistry to pretty
+much dominating the market although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dominating the market although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dominating the market although they
+did have a little Challenge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a little Challenge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a little Challenge from the
+Japanese and the Germans but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese and the Germans but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese and the Germans but they they
+Rod that market very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod that market very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod that market very
+nicely now we're in a totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely now we're in a totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely now we're in a totally different
+world nobody uses film totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world nobody uses film totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world nobody uses film totally different
+product and so you see these Cycles over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and so you see these Cycles over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and so you see these Cycles over
+and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+uh I may be getting out of out of line a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I may be getting out of out of line a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I may be getting out of out of line a
+little bit but but one of the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but but one of the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but but one of the things you
+want to think about in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about in these
+discontinuities is who who is having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities is who who is having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities is who who is having to
+change this becomes the critical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this becomes the critical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this becomes the critical thing
+so the question I'll pose in two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question I'll pose in two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question I'll pose in two slides
+after I do this next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do this next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do this next one is
+discontinuous at what level disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous at what level disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous at what level disruptive
+at what level because you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what level because you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what level because you really have to
+sort that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that out
+but in order for your opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order for your opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order for your opportunity to
+materialize what changes do you need do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialize what changes do you need do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialize what changes do you need do
+you need changes in enduser Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need changes in enduser Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need changes in enduser Behavior
+habits do you need changes in prices do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits do you need changes in prices do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits do you need changes in prices do
+I now need Peak load pricing or do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now need Peak load pricing or do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now need Peak load pricing or do I
+need carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need carbon
+pricing do I need a change in policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing do I need a change in policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing do I need a change in policies
+building codes right so a whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building codes right so a whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building codes right so a whole series
+of things that may need to change not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that may need to change not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that may need to change not
+just my technology my technology may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my technology my technology may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my technology my technology may be
+maturing but I need I may need Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturing but I need I may need Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturing but I need I may need Behavior
+I may need prices I may need regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may need prices I may need regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may need prices I may need regulation
+and of course we'll come back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we'll come back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we'll come back to these
+but you'll think about right which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll think about right which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll think about right which which
+points you can lever let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you can lever let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you can lever let's look at this
+this point now though disruptive to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point now though disruptive to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point now though disruptive to what
+so we we're trying to classify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're trying to classify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're trying to classify a
+technology an innovation as to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology an innovation as to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology an innovation as to whether
+it will be disruptive or not not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be disruptive or not not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be disruptive or not not just
+because it's fun but because it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fun but because it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fun but because it gives us
+some notion of how we need to address it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion of how we need to address it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion of how we need to address it
+and what it will take take to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it will take take to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it will take take to get it
+implemented is it disruptive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented is it disruptive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented is it disruptive to the
+customer to the firm to the incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer to the firm to the incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer to the firm to the incumbent
+firm to the platform or system to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm to the platform or system to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm to the platform or system to the
+industry to the regulatory context to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry to the regulatory context to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry to the regulatory context to
+the social acceptance and mindset right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social acceptance and mindset right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social acceptance and mindset right
+we're kind of going down in levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of going down in levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of going down in levels of
+difficulty so oh that slide turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty so oh that slide turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty so oh that slide turned out
+beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully
+uh but customer and we could you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but customer and we could you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but customer and we could you've
+talked a bit about customers taking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about customers taking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about customers taking on
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+products a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products a bit
+you know we we we tend we tend to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we we tend we tend to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we we tend we tend to focus
+on the price and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the price and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the price and the
+economics of a new energy use and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of a new energy use and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of a new energy use and then
+of course we get in an argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we get in an argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we get in an argument about
+whether people really look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people really look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people really look at the
+current cost or whether they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current cost or whether they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current cost or whether they look at the
+life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle
+cost uh but there are two other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh but there are two other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh but there are two other issues
+at least that go along with that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that go along with that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that go along with that price
+and that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that price
+calculation new behaviors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation new behaviors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation new behaviors or
+competencies do I have to start acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competencies do I have to start acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competencies do I have to start acting
+in a different way does this require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way does this require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way does this require
+that I undo some habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I undo some habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I undo some habits
+to use this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this new
+product if it does I've got a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if it does I've got a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if it does I've got a much
+harder sell right and I I have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder sell right and I I have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder sell right and I I have to think
+this is not marketing my product this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not marketing my product this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not marketing my product this is
+getting you to change your behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you to change your behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you to change your behavior
+that's one issue or the other of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one issue or the other of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one issue or the other of course
+is does it require new system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does it require new system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does it require new system
+complement do I have to have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement do I have to have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement do I have to have other
+goodies to go along with it uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodies to go along with it uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodies to go along with it uh so you
+give me some device for um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some device for um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some device for um I don't know
+controlling the the heat uh the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the the heat uh the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the the heat uh the air
+conditioning in my unit I also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning in my unit I also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning in my unit I also need
+obviously the the controls on the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the the controls on the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the the controls on the pieces
+and I probably need that to be hooked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I probably need that to be hooked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I probably need that to be hooked in
+with my cell phone so I can do it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my cell phone so I can do it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my cell phone so I can do it from a
+distance right I need an infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right I need an infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right I need an infrastructure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+intercommunicate so think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercommunicate so think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercommunicate so think about the
+customer you've got a product for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you've got a product for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you've got a product for them
+you say this is a new and improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is a new and improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is a new and improved
+product it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's going
+to save you energy and or it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save you energy and or it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save you energy and or it's going to
+reduce the carbon footprint hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the carbon footprint hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the carbon footprint hopefully
+it's going to do both of those uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do both of those uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do both of those uh and so
+you should buy this product and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should buy this product and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should buy this product and if you
+do a careful life cycle calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a careful life cycle calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a careful life cycle calculation
+which you probably won't do uh you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably won't do uh you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably won't do uh you may
+find that this product is attractive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that this product is attractive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that this product is attractive you
+still have to think about am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to think about am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to think about am I going to
+use it what do I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it what do I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it what do I have to do
+differently uh and am I going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh and am I going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh and am I going to have to
+change out a bunch of other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change out a bunch of other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change out a bunch of other stuff
+because the critical point about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the critical point about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the critical point about energy
+and you've seen this over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen this over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen this over and over again
+is this is the installed base industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the installed base industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the installed base industry
+to kill for right it's got huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill for right it's got huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill for right it's got huge
+installed base of compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed base of compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed base of compliment
+stuff uh so your wiring your appliances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh so your wiring your appliances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh so your wiring your appliances
+everything in your house are all built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in your house are all built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in your house are all built
+in a particular way to change that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way to change that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way to change that it's
+a big job kind of scary job okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big job kind of scary job okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big job kind of scary job okay so I'm
+I'm not going to go too deeply on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go too deeply on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go too deeply on the
+customer today because I didn't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer today because I didn't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer today because I didn't give you
+any readings on that but I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any readings on that but I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any readings on that but I think that's
+the primary one yeah for all you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary one yeah for all you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary one yeah for all you you
+have examples you think of disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have examples you think of disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have examples you think of disruptive
+innovation actually in some ways this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation actually in some ways this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation actually in some ways this
+might actually not be correct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually not be correct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually not be correct because
+disp Innovation comes from the bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disp Innovation comes from the bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disp Innovation comes from the bottom so
+the transistor radio is a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transistor radio is a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transistor radio is a classic
+examples so when we too young to had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so when we too young to had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so when we too young to had
+transistor radios but the point was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor radios but the point was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor radios but the point was is
+transistor radios were someone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor radios were someone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor radios were someone that
+teenagers Tak in their room listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers Tak in their room listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers Tak in their room listen to
+radio stations um so they didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio stations um so they didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio stations um so they didn't have to
+sit around the living room when their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit around the living room when their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit around the living room when their
+parents are on the big big two radio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are on the big big two radio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are on the big big two radio and
+the point is is that it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that it was not
+disruptive to the teenagers it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the teenagers it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the teenagers it's not
+like they got privacy the the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they got privacy the the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they got privacy the the quality of
+reception was pretty poor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception was pretty poor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception was pretty poor and the
+quality of sound was pretty poor was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of sound was pretty poor was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of sound was pretty poor was a
+very inexpensive technology you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inexpensive technology you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inexpensive technology you know the
+same way that that that all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that that that all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that that that all of you
+adopted social media right it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted social media right it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted social media right it's very
+simple method to allow people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple method to allow people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple method to allow people that are
+used to not doing that right much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to not doing that right much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to not doing that right much more
+disruptive so in many ways when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive so in many ways when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive so in many ways when you
+think of about projects that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of about projects that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of about projects that you're
+working on for your papers for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on for your papers for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on for your papers for example
+you can think of disruptive innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of disruptive innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of disruptive innovation
+of ways that you can kind of find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways that you can kind of find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways that you can kind of find a
+customer that is actually very in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that is actually very in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that is actually very in many
+ways a very simple way almost too simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways a very simple way almost too simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways a very simple way almost too simple
+right a way to get there and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a way to get there and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a way to get there and and that's
+and then it disrupts from the bot so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it disrupts from the bot so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it disrupts from the bot so it
+disrupts the marketplace but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the marketplace but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the marketplace but it's not
+necessarily disrupted for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily disrupted for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily disrupted for the
+individuals that take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that take it
+up well in fact the if you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well in fact the if you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well in fact the if you like the
+disruption may be desired by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption may be desired by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption may be desired by your
+customer so disruptive sounds like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so disruptive sounds like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so disruptive sounds like this
+is negative so all all of the family had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative so all all of the family had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative so all all of the family had
+to sit around the Single TV set or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit around the Single TV set or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit around the Single TV set or the
+single radio set and the parents may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single radio set and the parents may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single radio set and the parents may
+have liked that or may not have liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liked that or may not have liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liked that or may not have liked
+that depending upon their style but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending upon their style but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending upon their style but uh
+certainly there were there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there were there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there were there were
+customers who wanted to get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who wanted to get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers who wanted to get away from
+that right who wanted privacy wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right who wanted privacy wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right who wanted privacy wanted to
+go to their own rooms so you say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to their own rooms so you say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to their own rooms so you say this is
+disruptive for the existing family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive for the existing family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive for the existing family
+habits but but the question is is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits but but the question is is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits but but the question is is there
+a segment that finds this disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a segment that finds this disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a segment that finds this disruption
+attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive
+I'm just trying to open up this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just trying to open up this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just trying to open up this concept
+of disruption at all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disruption at all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disruption at all of these different
+levels because we tend to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels because we tend to think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels because we tend to think of it is
+it disruptive to the incumbent firm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it disruptive to the incumbent firm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it disruptive to the incumbent firm but
+that's only one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only one of the many
+considerations uh and should not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations uh and should not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations uh and should not be a
+negatively or positively loaded term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively or positively loaded term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively or positively loaded term
+it's a descriptive term is it disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a descriptive term is it disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a descriptive term is it disruptive
+does it require certain types of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it require certain types of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it require certain types of changes
+and very often does it require changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often does it require changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often does it require changes
+in a complimentary set of activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complimentary set of activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complimentary set of activities and
+then what are those Chang required so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what are those Chang required so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what are those Chang required so
+not how do we make it but what changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how do we make it but what changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how do we make it but what changes
+will be required so that it is adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be required so that it is adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be required so that it is adopted
+and that will often be a more central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will often be a more central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will often be a more central
+part of the business model than how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the business model than how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the business model than how do
+we make it that's wind and solar are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make it that's wind and solar are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make it that's wind and solar are
+interesting from that point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from that point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from that point of view and
+we'll come back to them week after next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to them week after next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to them week after next
+but putting a lot of wind in an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but putting a lot of wind in an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but putting a lot of wind in an electric
+power system requires a lot of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system requires a lot of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system requires a lot of changes
+in other parts of the system I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other parts of the system I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other parts of the system I mean it's
+not disruptive to people who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not disruptive to people who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not disruptive to people who get
+electricity uh it's not disruptive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh it's not disruptive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh it's not disruptive to
+people who you know are buying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who you know are buying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who you know are buying is
+disruptive too how do you run the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive too how do you run the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive too how do you run the grid
+right so so if we push past what 6 8% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if we push past what 6 8% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if we push past what 6 8% in
+a deep grid uh in Winter solar then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep grid uh in Winter solar then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep grid uh in Winter solar then it's
+disruptive to the grid and it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the grid and it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the grid and it may be
+disruptive it's probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive it's probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive it's probably going to be
+disruptive to the economic model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the economic model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive to the economic model of the
+grid because how do you recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid because how do you recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid because how do you recover the
+additional costs associated with having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional costs associated with having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional costs associated with having
+uh the depth to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the depth to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the depth to deal with the
+intermittency right or or you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittency right or or you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittency right or or you could say
+wind has to have storage at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind has to have storage at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind has to have storage at
+s so that it's interaction with the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that it's interaction with the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that it's interaction with the grid
+grid is smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is smooth
+right that's happening in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's happening in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's happening in some places
+you're not going yeah no no A123 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going yeah no no A123 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going yeah no no A123 is
+actually in Chile they've got this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Chile they've got this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Chile they've got this so
+you've got wind farms way the hell away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got wind farms way the hell away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got wind farms way the hell away
+right if you got a wind farm a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you got a wind farm a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you got a wind farm a long way
+away from a population Center then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a population Center then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a population Center then your
+problem is you're going to have to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you're going to have to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you're going to have to build
+a very high capacity line to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high capacity line to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high capacity line to deal with
+the intermittency it becomes economic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermittency it becomes economic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermittency it becomes economic to
+put grid level storage at the wind farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put grid level storage at the wind farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put grid level storage at the wind farm
+tuned to the wind farm so that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to the wind farm so that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to the wind farm so that it can
+then feed through the line on a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then feed through the line on a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then feed through the line on a steady
+basis and now it's not disrup but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and now it's not disrup but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and now it's not disrup but now
+it's disruptive in that wind farm has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disruptive in that wind farm has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disruptive in that wind farm has to
+combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+storage right so it's a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage right so it's a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage right so it's a more complex
+business model to avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model to avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model to avoid the
+disruption uh to the grid so General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption uh to the grid so General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption uh to the grid so General
+Point any technology you think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point any technology you think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point any technology you think about you
+need to think of the various points at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of the various points at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of the various points at
+which it may be disruptive and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it may be disruptive and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it may be disruptive and not
+saying disruptive is bad but rather to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying disruptive is bad but rather to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying disruptive is bad but rather to
+focus on who is going to have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on who is going to have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on who is going to have to change
+how and will they have the incentives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and will they have the incentives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and will they have the incentives to
+do so and how could you work on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and how could you work on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and how could you work on those
+incentives for them to do so right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for them to do so right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for them to do so right it's
+it's just a way of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way of thinking about the
+process okay uh incumbent firms capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay uh incumbent firms capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay uh incumbent firms capacity
+to change this is the Christensen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this is the Christensen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this is the Christensen
+article could would some of you one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article could would some of you one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article could would some of you one of
+you like to tell me the tell us all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to tell me the tell us all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to tell me the tell us all the
+Kodak story in terms of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kodak story in terms of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kodak story in terms of those four
+quadrants I I just happen to pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants I I just happen to pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants I I just happen to pick up the
+Ft yesterday and had this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ft yesterday and had this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ft yesterday and had this beautiful
+story Ready for today's class right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story Ready for today's class right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story Ready for today's class right so
+we all know that Cod lost it right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know that Cod lost it right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know that Cod lost it right it
+dominated the the film business it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated the the film business it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated the the film business it was
+an early participant in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early participant in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early participant in digital
+technology it certainly had the money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it certainly had the money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it certainly had the money to
+do it it certainly had the technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it it certainly had the technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it it certainly had the technology to
+do it and it's nowhere right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and it's nowhere right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and it's nowhere right so it
+totally lost the score and it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally lost the score and it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally lost the score and it had a
+fantastic brand name it had everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic brand name it had everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic brand name it had everything
+going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for
+it lost it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lost it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lost it so
+what what was it uh in that story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was it uh in that story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what was it uh in that story that
+you know I guess the question would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh does this does this framework even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does this does this framework even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does this does this framework even
+help and how would we kind of shoehorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and how would we kind of shoehorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and how would we kind of shoehorn
+that case into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case into this
+framework um so did did it fit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um so did did it fit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um so did did it fit with
+their proc processes capabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proc processes capabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proc processes capabilities the
+one thing I'd add processes capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'd add processes capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'd add processes capabilities
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+relationships did digital fit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships did digital fit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships did digital fit with
+codex why not how not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codex why not how not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codex why not how not
+I mean I guess for for the longest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess for for the longest time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess for for the longest time
+they invested in well film Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invested in well film Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invested in well film Technologies
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so we're chemists the P one you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're chemists the P one you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're chemists the P one you start
+you start off kind of at the habit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start off kind of at the habit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start off kind of at the habit or
+People level right the high Prestige
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People level right the high Prestige
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People level right the high Prestige
+people in this firm are uh Optics people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this firm are uh Optics people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this firm are uh Optics people
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+chemists there's some really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists there's some really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists there's some really pretty
+pretty hairy stuff going on there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hairy stuff going on there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hairy stuff going on there and
+those are so first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are so first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are so first of all the
+prestigious people this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious people this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious people this is not
+prestigious so that's a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious so that's a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious so that's a little bit of an
+issue and so it doesn't draw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and so it doesn't draw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and so it doesn't draw in the
+chemic teal capabilities at all are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemic teal capabilities at all are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemic teal capabilities at all are the
+film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film making
+capabilities Kodak was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities Kodak was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities Kodak was also
+a very Advanced manufacturing company if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very Advanced manufacturing company if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very Advanced manufacturing company if
+you gone to Kodak planet was what a mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gone to Kodak planet was what a mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gone to Kodak planet was what a mile
+long a continuous one single continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long a continuous one single continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long a continuous one single continuous
+machine to make all this film just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to make all this film just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to make all this film just a
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+Marvel uh again digital cameras have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marvel uh again digital cameras have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marvel uh again digital cameras have
+nothing like that so there's not a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that so there's not a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that so there's not a deep
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capability selling capabilities putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability selling capabilities putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability selling capabilities putting
+them in stores ought to be about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in stores ought to be about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in stores ought to be about the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+any anything different about the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything different about the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything different about the model
+between putting cameras and film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between putting cameras and film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between putting cameras and film in
+stores versus digital cameras in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores versus digital cameras in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores versus digital cameras in
+stores what well film is a compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores what well film is a compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores what well film is a compliment
+for a film camera film's a compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a film camera film's a compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a film camera film's a compliment
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+probably you probably basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you probably basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you probably basically
+subsidize or sell the camera at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize or sell the camera at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize or sell the camera at a very
+low cost especially the cheap cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost especially the cheap cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost especially the cheap cameras
+right there were disposable cameras that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there were disposable cameras that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there were disposable cameras that
+basically cost nothing because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cost nothing because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cost nothing because you're
+selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling
+film uh what's the complement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh what's the complement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh what's the complement that you
+sell with digital photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not you may sell some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not you may sell some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not you may sell some
+compliments in the internet in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments in the internet in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments in the internet in terms of
+storage and in terms of social media but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and in terms of social media but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and in terms of social media but
+it's not within your same category it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not within your same category it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not within your same category it's
+not even people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even people you
+know right so I very quickly start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right so I very quickly start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right so I very quickly start
+saying yeah this would require Kodak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah this would require Kodak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah this would require Kodak to
+be a very different place on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very different place on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very different place on the other
+hand they do have a brand name that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they do have a brand name that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they do have a brand name that is
+show associated with images right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show associated with images right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show associated with images right they
+do have the Optics that are still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have the Optics that are still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have the Optics that are still very
+important in digital photography so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in digital photography so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in digital photography so they
+they have some relevant capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some relevant capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some relevant capabilities
+they're not out of the game but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not out of the game but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not out of the game but they
+don't have them all how about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have them all how about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have them all how about the uh
+values and time Horizon did you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and time Horizon did you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and time Horizon did you pick up
+anything from the story about values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from the story about values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from the story about values and
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+Horizon yeah didn't fit with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon yeah didn't fit with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon yeah didn't fit with their
+values because the way that had um been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because the way that had um been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because the way that had um been
+like started by the founder was um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like started by the founder was um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like started by the founder was um just
+like with film right never talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with film right never talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with film right never talk about
+dig I think that was the problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig I think that was the problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig I think that was the problem when
+they were deciding whether or not to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were deciding whether or not to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were deciding whether or not to go
+into that's almost that's identity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that's almost that's identity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that's almost that's identity right
+so is is our identity images or is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is is our identity images or is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is is our identity images or is our
+identity photography yeah felt that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity photography yeah felt that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity photography yeah felt that if
+they went into um digital they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went into um digital they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went into um digital they would
+lose like a lot of their customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose like a lot of their customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose like a lot of their customers
+because like they had always been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like they had always been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like they had always been like
+fil and that's it or that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fil and that's it or that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fil and that's it or that they would
+cannibalize their customers uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalize their customers uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalize their customers uh thinking
+that they alone owned the transition was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they alone owned the transition was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they alone owned the transition was
+a little bit of hubris right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of hubris right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of hubris right just
+because they were leading firm didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were leading firm didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were leading firm didn't
+mean that they alone owned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they alone owned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they alone owned the
+transition but let's let's get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition but let's let's get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition but let's let's get down to
+the nitty-gritty value and time Horizons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitty-gritty value and time Horizons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitty-gritty value and time Horizons
+how how did Kodak measure Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how did Kodak measure Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how did Kodak measure Investments
+and the desirability of Investments what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the desirability of Investments what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the desirability of Investments what
+did they what did it was in the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they what did it was in the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they what did it was in the story
+what did they judge Investments on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they judge Investments on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they judge Investments on or
+businesses on good business versus bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses on good business versus bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses on good business versus bad
+business's there if you if you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business's there if you if you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business's there if you if you read the
+story carefully from a kind of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story carefully from a kind of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story carefully from a kind of financial
+or accounting perspective would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accounting perspective would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accounting perspective would have
+jumped out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you profit
+margin the difference between sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the difference between sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the difference between sales
+price and cost they were in a near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and cost they were in a near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and cost they were in a near
+monopolis position with a mature product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis position with a mature product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis position with a mature product
+they had very high profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very high profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very high profit
+margins anything that they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins anything that they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins anything that they're looking at
+they're judging in terms of profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're judging in terms of profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're judging in terms of profit
+margins this new product Even If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins this new product Even If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins this new product Even If
+eventually it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it's going to have a
+high-profit margin will not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-profit margin will not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-profit margin will not have a
+high-profit margin you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-profit margin you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-profit margin you got to be
+forward-looking right the company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking right the company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking right the company is
+looking let's say quarter by quarter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking let's say quarter by quarter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking let's say quarter by quarter at
+the current profitability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current profitability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current profitability of the
+existing business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing business
+if you use that optic on businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use that optic on businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use that optic on businesses
+which now fits the existing business no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now fits the existing business no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now fits the existing business no
+way in hell you're going to choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in hell you're going to choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in hell you're going to choose this
+new business is going to take five seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business is going to take five seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business is going to take five seven
+eight years to launch and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years to launch and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years to launch and it's actually
+going to take quite a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take quite a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take quite a long time to
+figure out what the compliments are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the compliments are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the compliments are that
+you reach into to get the extra profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach into to get the extra profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach into to get the extra profit
+right so if you if you look in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you if you look in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you if you look in digital
+photography I'm sure that a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I'm sure that a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I'm sure that a lot of money
+is being made by people other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being made by people other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being made by people other than
+camera makers there's a lot of value out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera makers there's a lot of value out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera makers there's a lot of value out
+there's a lot more photography being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more photography being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more photography being
+done there's a lot more being swapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there's a lot more being swapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there's a lot more being swapped
+uh granted it's swapped at lower costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh granted it's swapped at lower costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh granted it's swapped at lower costs
+but I sus it would be interesting to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I sus it would be interesting to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I sus it would be interesting to go
+out and add up who all makes money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and add up who all makes money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and add up who all makes money on
+Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook
+right Facebook makes money uh YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Facebook makes money uh YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Facebook makes money uh YouTube
+makes money you have a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes money you have a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes money you have a whole series of
+places that make money out of storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that make money out of storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that make money out of storing
+and swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swapping
+images some of that space might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images some of that space might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images some of that space might have
+been codex right they were in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been codex right they were in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been codex right they were in the image
+business they they had an online well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business they they had an online well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business they they had an online well
+they tried processing service point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried processing service point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried processing service point
+point is companies companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is companies companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is companies companies
+evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve
+companies change with the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies change with the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies change with the conditions
+they in with the pressures they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in with the pressures they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in with the pressures they're in
+this was a company with a very mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a company with a very mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a company with a very mature
+technology that it was driving it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that it was driving it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that it was driving it had a
+couple of tough customer competitors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tough customer competitors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tough customer competitors so
+it worried quite a bit about cost but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worried quite a bit about cost but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worried quite a bit about cost but it
+still had nice margins had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had nice margins had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had nice margins had this
+fantastic scale and quality oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic scale and quality oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic scale and quality oriented
+manufacturing it had brand name based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it had brand name based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it had brand name based
+distribution it made most of its money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it made most of its money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it made most of its money
+off the film not off the cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the film not off the cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the film not off the cameras
+well-tuned business model and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-tuned business model and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-tuned business model and you could
+judge each different sector by profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge each different sector by profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge each different sector by profit
+margin and Along Comes this new business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin and Along Comes this new business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin and Along Comes this new business
+that is going to take 10 years to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to take 10 years to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to take 10 years to build
+come on guys right we're not in the VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on guys right we're not in the VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on guys right we're not in the VC
+business we're in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business we're in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business we're in the current
+profitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability
+business uh so I think that puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh so I think that puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh so I think that puts a
+little life into this figure it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little life into this figure it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little life into this figure it's hard
+it's very hard for incumbent companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard for incumbent companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard for incumbent companies
+to change especially and we often talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change especially and we often talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change especially and we often talk
+about the disadvantages of a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the disadvantages of a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the disadvantages of a company
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+Diversified because it gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified because it gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified because it gets very
+confusing it's not focused Etc one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it's not focused Etc one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it's not focused Etc one of
+the advantages may be that it may in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages may be that it may in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages may be that it may in
+fact house Technologies at all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact house Technologies at all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact house Technologies at all three
+stages of maturity because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of maturity because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of maturity because if the
+company is predominantly at a mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is predominantly at a mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is predominantly at a mature
+stage it's going to have a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage it's going to have a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage it's going to have a very hard
+time dealing with things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dealing with things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dealing with things at the
+transitional stage because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional stage because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional stage because everything
+it's going to do is going to be tuned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do is going to be tuned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do is going to be tuned to
+cranking it out lowcost lean right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranking it out lowcost lean right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranking it out lowcost lean right
+manufacturing operations Focus the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing operations Focus the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing operations Focus the best
+parking lots will belong to the sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lots will belong to the sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lots will belong to the sales
+managers and the manufacturing managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers and the manufacturing managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers and the manufacturing managers
+not the scientists and The Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the scientists and The Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the scientists and The Innovation
+folks not even the engineers PR say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks not even the engineers PR say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks not even the engineers PR say
+you're going to shift who gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shift who gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shift who gets the
+parking lot who has the power okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot who has the power okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot who has the power okay you
+do the other way husky was very finely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other way husky was very finely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other way husky was very finely
+tuned in a very in a different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned in a very in a different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned in a very in a different direction
+not cost oriented technology oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cost oriented technology oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cost oriented technology oriented
+focused on a segment all built to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on a segment all built to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on a segment all built to do to
+deliver top quality to a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver top quality to a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver top quality to a set of
+customers tough to turn that ship tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers tough to turn that ship tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers tough to turn that ship tough
+to turn that ship it's very hard to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that ship it's very hard to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that ship it's very hard to be
+good without being finely tuned and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good without being finely tuned and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good without being finely tuned and if
+you're finally tuned it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finally tuned it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finally tuned it's very hard to
+change that's the whole story there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's the whole story there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's the whole story there's
+nothing more to it than that uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more to it than that uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more to it than that uh then you
+can think about the different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the different elements
+of that change and I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that change and I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that change and I think this is a
+useful categorization to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful categorization to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful categorization to make an
+assessment of whether it's even worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of whether it's even worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment of whether it's even worth
+trying you can make an assessment is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying you can make an assessment is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying you can make an assessment is it
+worth trying and then what things would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth trying and then what things would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth trying and then what things would
+you have to work on in order to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work on in order to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work on in order to make the
+change or do you totally give up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or do you totally give up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or do you totally give up uh
+christensen's claim to fame he basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christensen's claim to fame he basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christensen's claim to fame he basically
+says nothing Innovative can come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says nothing Innovative can come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says nothing Innovative can come out of
+a big company it always has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big company it always has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big company it always has to be a
+startup uh that creates a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup uh that creates a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup uh that creates a major
+conundrum for us in the energy sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum for us in the energy sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum for us in the energy sector
+because almost anything you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because almost anything you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because almost anything you need to do
+in the energy sector is large scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sector is large scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sector is large scale and
+highly interdependent and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly interdependent and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly interdependent and therefore
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+scale but it needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but it needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but it needs a
+startup Catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup Catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup Catch
+22 any other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 any other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 any other questions about this
+yeah that would assume that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would assume that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would assume that we're
+talking about organic growth right but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about organic growth right but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about organic growth right but a
+lot of lot of times you'll see competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lot of times you'll see competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lot of times you'll see competent
+especially in Tech business where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Tech business where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Tech business where we
+might not have that much uh Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have that much uh Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have that much uh Capital
+intensive investment so a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive investment so a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive investment so a lot of things
+are really just Bas on software for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really just Bas on software for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really just Bas on software for
+example Google I think they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Google I think they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Google I think they're very
+finally tuned but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally tuned but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally tuned but at the same time
+they're innovating very quickly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're innovating very quickly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're innovating very quickly they're
+changing things they're they acquire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing things they're they acquire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing things they're they acquire a
+lot of different types of companies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different types of companies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different types of companies I
+think it's because they if they see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's because they if they see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's because they if they see a
+technology that is promising they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is promising they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is promising they are
+able to sort of grow inorganically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of grow inorganically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of grow inorganically by
+that company and see you know that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company and see you know that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company and see you know that let
+the company almost operate independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company almost operate independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company almost operate independently
+for a while and see how the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while and see how the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while and see how the technology
+is okay so very very interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so very very interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so very very interesting point
+so if we were to complicate it we'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to complicate it we'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to complicate it we'd say
+that you could say that this is a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could say that this is a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could say that this is a story
+about organic growth kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about organic growth kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about organic growth kind of just
+investing yourself and you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing yourself and you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing yourself and you might say
+that we could avoid some of these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could avoid some of these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could avoid some of these issues
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+acquiring uh and we can let things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring uh and we can let things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring uh and we can let things
+operate by themselves for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate by themselves for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate by themselves for a while and
+then we can bring them in now we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can bring them in now we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can bring them in now we get a
+new set of challenges the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of challenges the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of challenges the set of
+challenges is is the company going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is is the company going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is is the company going to be
+successful at integrating the acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful at integrating the acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful at integrating the acquired
+firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm
+or is it is it going to leave it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it is it going to leave it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it is it going to leave it alone
+and basically become a portfolio owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically become a portfolio owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically become a portfolio owner
+therefore it really didn't bring it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it really didn't bring it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it really didn't bring it in
+or is it going to bring it in and crush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it going to bring it in and crush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it going to bring it in and crush
+it uh it's very hard for large companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh it's very hard for large companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh it's very hard for large companies
+to do this well um one of my major case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this well um one of my major case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this well um one of my major case
+studies over the years has been semx the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies over the years has been semx the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies over the years has been semx the
+Mexican cement company and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican cement company and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican cement company and they have
+grown entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown entirely by
+acquisition uh and they are very until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition uh and they are very until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition uh and they are very until
+2007 when they bought the wrong company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 when they bought the wrong company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 when they bought the wrong company
+and almost bankrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost bankrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost bankrupted
+themselves they were very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they were very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they were very successful
+acquirers but there were a lot of tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquirers but there were a lot of tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquirers but there were a lot of tricks
+associated with they have a post merger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with they have a post merger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with they have a post merger
+integration process one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration process one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration process one of the key
+tricks they developed not a trick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks they developed not a trick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks they developed not a trick it's
+very important they developed the 8020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important they developed the 8020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important they developed the 8020
+principle in the post merger integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in the post merger integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in the post merger integration
+so after 18 months the company we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 18 months the company we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 18 months the company we
+acquire it's a cement company is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire it's a cement company is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire it's a cement company is going
+to be operating exactly like the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be operating exactly like the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be operating exactly like the rest of
+semx hey guys this is an acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semx hey guys this is an acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semx hey guys this is an acquisition
+this is not a merger you will operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a merger you will operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a merger you will operate
+exactly like xmx but if the post merger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like xmx but if the post merger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like xmx but if the post merger
+integration team which consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration team which consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration team which consists of
+people from semx and the newly bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from semx and the newly bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from semx and the newly bought
+company don't come back with roughly 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company don't come back with roughly 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company don't come back with roughly 20%
+of the practices that they could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the practices that they could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the practices that they could change
+in semx they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semx they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semx they
+failed right so we're willing to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed right so we're willing to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed right so we're willing to learn
+from the company we acquire that's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the company we acquire that's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the company we acquire that's a way
+of creating dynamism in a large parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating dynamism in a large parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating dynamism in a large parent
+company right very few companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right very few companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right very few companies have
+that kind of dynamism I've done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of dynamism I've done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of dynamism I've done a lot of
+work with BP BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with BP BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with BP BP
+bought standard of Ohio BP bought Amo BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought standard of Ohio BP bought Amo BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought standard of Ohio BP bought Amo BP
+bought Arco they changed the label they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought Arco they changed the label they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought Arco they changed the label they
+didn't change the systems and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the systems and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the systems and you see
+what we got so acquisition doesn't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got so acquisition doesn't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got so acquisition doesn't solve
+the problem it may give you it may give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem it may give you it may give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem it may give you it may give
+you a way to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a way to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a way to have multiple
+cultures it may give you a way to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures it may give you a way to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures it may give you a way to have
+two pieces of the company that operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of the company that operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of the company that operate
+on a different clock speed but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different clock speed but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different clock speed but if you're
+going to gain the advantage ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to gain the advantage ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to gain the advantage ultimately
+you're going to have to integrate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to integrate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to integrate it and
+that's very very very hard so good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very very hard so good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very very hard so good point
+but one of the things that also happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things that also happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things that also happens
+from time to time is you typically made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time is you typically made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time is you typically made
+at the startup you've made the founders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the startup you've made the founders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the startup you've made the founders
+of that company Rich yeah and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that company Rich yeah and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that company Rich yeah and you know I
+could stay in work in a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stay in work in a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stay in work in a large
+organization although I prefer a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization although I prefer a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization although I prefer a small
+company or I can go buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or I can go buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or I can go buy a
+yacht and start another company or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yacht and start another company or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yacht and start another company or and
+it's and it's my baby yeah so so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's my baby yeah so so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's my baby yeah so so if you
+if you bring in the acquisition side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bring in the acquisition side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bring in the acquisition side and
+especially then you have to also deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially then you have to also deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially then you have to also deal
+with kind of family and founder life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of family and founder life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of family and founder life
+cycles which is much more hyrams area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles which is much more hyrams area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles which is much more hyrams area so
+you have to lay that in as well right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lay that in as well right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lay that in as well right so
+you got to be at the right life cycle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be at the right life cycle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be at the right life cycle uh
+but so the acquired firm has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the acquired firm has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the acquired firm has to be
+willing to be acquired and has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to be acquired and has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to be acquired and has to
+actually want to transfer what it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to transfer what it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to transfer what it's good
+at and the key middle employees of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and the key middle employees of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and the key middle employees of that
+acquired firm want to stay have to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired firm want to stay have to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired firm want to stay have to want
+to stay there and the top management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay there and the top management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay there and the top management
+either wants to integrate itself into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either wants to integrate itself into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either wants to integrate itself into
+the company's bought or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company's bought or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company's bought or just
+vanish uh so so now we have this Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish uh so so now we have this Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish uh so so now we have this Dynamic
+within the incumbent firm we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the incumbent firm we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the incumbent firm we also have
+the dynamic within the firm we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic within the firm we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic within the firm we're going
+to acquire so it may solve our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire so it may solve our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire so it may solve our problem
+but it's difficult so bottom line change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's difficult so bottom line change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's difficult so bottom line change
+is hard change is particularly hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard change is particularly hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard change is particularly hard for
+large bureaucratic organizations if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bureaucratic organizations if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bureaucratic organizations if a
+company has really dominated a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has really dominated a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has really dominated a product
+Market segment in something like energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market segment in something like energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market segment in something like energy
+by definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition is
+huge it's very bureaucratic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge it's very bureaucratic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge it's very bureaucratic it's
+probably very cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably very cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably very cost
+oriented uh if it's a public utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented uh if it's a public utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented uh if it's a public utility
+it's even worse because it's regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse because it's regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse because it's regulated
+and again it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's very
+large uh and it's focused on cost and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh and it's focused on cost and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh and it's focused on cost and a
+very particular definition of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular definition of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular definition of service
+and it has a set of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a set of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a set of people and
+capabilities for delivering the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for delivering the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for delivering the current
+products and service not for developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and service not for developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and service not for developing
+new ones right so it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ones right so it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ones right so it's going to be the
+extreme of this case okay let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme of this case okay let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme of this case okay let's go to
+the next level so the system context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level so the system context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level so the system context
+change this is the Michelin article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is the Michelin article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is the Michelin article
+right so Michelin brings you this new no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Michelin brings you this new no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Michelin brings you this new no
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+tire uh why why did it fail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire uh why why did it fail in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire uh why why did it fail in the
+marketplace was it a lousy design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace was it a lousy design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace was it a lousy design
+great design right then why did it fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great design right then why did it fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great design right then why did it fail
+uh yeah I'm Julian the uh repair shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I'm Julian the uh repair shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I'm Julian the uh repair shops
+didn't want to take the time to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to take the time to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to take the time to put in
+new expensive infrastruct help change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new expensive infrastruct help change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new expensive infrastruct help change
+the tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire
+properly okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a tire an automobile Tire unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tire an automobile Tire unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tire an automobile Tire unless it's
+absolutely perfect and of course why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely perfect and of course why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely perfect and of course why
+would you have a run flat tire if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have a run flat tire if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have a run flat tire if it was
+perfect right the fact that it's a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect right the fact that it's a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect right the fact that it's a run
+flat tire already admits to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat tire already admits to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat tire already admits to the fact
+that it's going to have damage and need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to have damage and need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to have damage and need
+repair so the the inherent nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair so the the inherent nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair so the the inherent nature of the
+product says this is a product that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product says this is a product that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product says this is a product that you
+buy and then a product that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and then a product that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and then a product that you
+Service uh and the whole appeal is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service uh and the whole appeal is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service uh and the whole appeal is you
+want to be able to drive to the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to drive to the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to drive to the service
+shop right you want to go 45 miles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop right you want to go 45 miles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop right you want to go 45 miles on
+your flat tire at night you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flat tire at night you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flat tire at night you don't have
+to stop on the freeway Etc uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop on the freeway Etc uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop on the freeway Etc uh so it's
+embedded in a system is it just the tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in a system is it just the tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in a system is it just the tire
+repair shop that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair shop that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair shop that we need
+or do we need any do we have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do we need any do we have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do we need any do we have any other
+complement that we need to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement that we need to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement that we need to make this
+work yeah need need new rims CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah need need new rims CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah need need new rims CU
+different Rim it needs a clincher Rim if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Rim it needs a clincher Rim if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Rim it needs a clincher Rim if
+you ride really old motorcycles right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ride really old motorcycles right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ride really old motorcycles right
+you have Clincher rims now we have rims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Clincher rims now we have rims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Clincher rims now we have rims
+that are just with tire pressure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just with tire pressure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just with tire pressure this
+needs to clinch a rim against you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to clinch a rim against you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to clinch a rim against you got to
+go and talk to hay or whoever it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and talk to hay or whoever it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and talk to hay or whoever it is that
+makes the wheels and you've got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the wheels and you've got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the wheels and you've got to get
+the autom manufacturer to specify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autom manufacturer to specify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autom manufacturer to specify those
+more expensive rims that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive rims that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive rims that have the
+clinchers on them also pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinchers on them also pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinchers on them also pressure
+management system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system
+so now I have to buy the valve stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have to buy the valve stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have to buy the valve stamps
+but it also has to be part of the com of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also has to be part of the com of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also has to be part of the com of
+the car's computer system in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car's computer system in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car's computer system in terms of
+the pressure management system so who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure management system so who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure management system so who do
+I let's just think about how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's just think about how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's just think about how many how
+many parties we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parties we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parties we have to
+coordinate and how many parties have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and how many parties have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and how many parties have to
+pre-investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they obviously in that testing had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they obviously in that testing had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they obviously in that testing had to
+work with some wheel manufacturers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with some wheel manufacturers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with some wheel manufacturers but
+they got to get some wheel manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to get some wheel manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to get some wheel manufacturers
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pre-investment wheel and it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-investment wheel and it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-investment wheel and it has to be
+able to be serviced at what 50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be serviced at what 50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be serviced at what 50,000
+points in the United States because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the United States because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the United States because I
+got 45 mile range so I've got to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 45 mile range so I've got to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 45 mile range so I've got to be able
+to get to a authorized Michelin repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a authorized Michelin repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a authorized Michelin repair
+shop within that range otherwise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop within that range otherwise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop within that range otherwise that
+product doesn't do me any good and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product doesn't do me any good and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product doesn't do me any good and now
+I'm really pissed off but I paid extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really pissed off but I paid extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really pissed off but I paid extra
+money for a product that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for a product that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for a product that's going to
+solve this problem for me and suddenly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem for me and suddenly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem for me and suddenly I
+find out it's worse than the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out it's worse than the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out it's worse than the standard
+product which I could have gotten fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which I could have gotten fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which I could have gotten fixed
+at any old service station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any old service station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any old service station
+right you got it so we have a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you got it so we have a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you got it so we have a product
+and this is fairly simple so I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is fairly simple so I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is fairly simple so I only have
+three four maybe five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four maybe five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four maybe five different
+complementors to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this is not an uncommon kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is not an uncommon kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is not an uncommon kind of
+problem if you think about video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you think about video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you think about video games
+Who develops a game for a console that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who develops a game for a console that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who develops a game for a console that
+doesn't sell who wants to buy a console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sell who wants to buy a console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sell who wants to buy a console
+for which there are no games you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which there are no games you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which there are no games you got to
+get the consoles out and the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the consoles out and the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the consoles out and the games
+developed uh when they embedded credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh when they embedded credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh when they embedded credit
+cards you had to get the merchants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards you had to get the merchants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards you had to get the merchants to
+put in the terminals to accept the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the terminals to accept the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the terminals to accept the cards
+and you had to get the consumers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to get the consumers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to get the consumers to
+carry them but if no consumers carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry them but if no consumers carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry them but if no consumers carry the
+card what good is the terminal and if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card what good is the terminal and if no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card what good is the terminal and if no
+Merchant accept the card what good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchant accept the card what good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchant accept the card what good is
+carrying it this chicken egg problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying it this chicken egg problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying it this chicken egg problem or
+finding compliment is not uncommon these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding compliment is not uncommon these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding compliment is not uncommon these
+days the chicken egg and and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the chicken egg and and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the chicken egg and and if you're
+if you're going to drive the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to drive the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to drive the development
+of this platform which is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this platform which is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this platform which is what it is
+it's now the Michelin run flat platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now the Michelin run flat platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now the Michelin run flat platform
+that includes the Michelin tire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes the Michelin tire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes the Michelin tire the
+inner ring that is made manufactured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ring that is made manufactured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ring that is made manufactured by
+someone else the rim that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else the rim that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else the rim that is
+manufactured by someone else the tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured by someone else the tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured by someone else the tire
+monitoring system that is manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring system that is manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring system that is manufactured
+by someone else and the distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by someone else and the distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by someone else and the distributed
+repair stations right uh then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair stations right uh then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair stations right uh then you're
+probably going to have to have a brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to have to have a brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to have to have a brand
+in reputation that make people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reputation that make people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reputation that make people think
+that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will
+succeed you have to have a deep enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed you have to have a deep enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed you have to have a deep enough
+pocket that convinces people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket that convinces people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket that convinces people that you
+will succeed and you have to have a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will succeed and you have to have a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will succeed and you have to have a deep
+enough pocket to pre-fund some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pocket to pre-fund some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pocket to pre-fund some of these
+other activities right so this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities right so this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities right so this is not an
+activity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity for
+startup right startup might well come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup right startup might well come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup right startup might well come in
+on the platform in fact it may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the platform in fact it may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the platform in fact it may be the
+best time to come in because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time to come in because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time to come in because the
+platform sponsor has to prefunds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform sponsor has to prefunds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform sponsor has to prefunds
+anyway startup may be available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway startup may be available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway startup may be available for
+cheap to come into one of those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap to come into one of those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap to come into one of those places
+right so but they can't push it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but they can't push it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but they can't push it so this
+is just a perfect example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a perfect example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a perfect example of the
+compliments design and sell right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments design and sell right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments design and sell right so if
+you came up with this design you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came up with this design you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came up with this design you'd say
+who who could make best use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who could make best use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who could make best use of this
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+and the first question you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question you're going to
+ask is not what technology is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is not what technology is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is not what technology is involved
+and who knows how to use this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows how to use this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows how to use this technology
+but what changes will be required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what changes will be required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what changes will be required for
+this product to make it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product to make it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product to make it in the
+marketplace and who has the standing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and who has the standing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and who has the standing and
+the power and the prestige to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power and the prestige to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power and the prestige to bring
+about those changes right you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those changes right you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those changes right you're looking
+at your technology but you say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your technology but you say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your technology but you say what is
+what needs to happen for if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to happen for if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to happen for if you're
+making an app for an iPhone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an app for an iPhone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an app for an iPhone that
+problem's been solved for you right app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's been solved for you right app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's been solved for you right app
+Apple has created the platform they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple has created the platform they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple has created the platform they even
+have the cash collection system for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cash collection system for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cash collection system for you
+they even have their standards all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even have their standards all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even have their standards all you
+have to do is make your app and ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is make your app and ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is make your app and ticket
+on the platform is the platform exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the platform is the platform exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the platform is the platform exists
+and in fact a good platform is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact a good platform is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact a good platform is a good
+entry point for smaller firms but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point for smaller firms but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point for smaller firms but if you
+got an idea that is going to change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an idea that is going to change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an idea that is going to change a
+system you're going to have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're going to have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're going to have to find a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+driver okay U any ideas about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver okay U any ideas about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver okay U any ideas about what
+Michelin might have done with uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelin might have done with uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelin might have done with uh all of
+those Tire people yeah well I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Tire people yeah well I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Tire people yeah well I just
+thinking as you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as you're talking about
+wouldn't it maybe have been better since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it maybe have been better since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it maybe have been better since
+they have they have this they need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they have this they need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they have this they need the
+network of places that can repair the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of places that can repair the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of places that can repair the
+tire until maybe approach the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire until maybe approach the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire until maybe approach the market
+from like maybe a really like luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like maybe a really like luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like maybe a really like luxury
+sports car type manufacturers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports car type manufacturers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports car type manufacturers because
+they kind of like if you're going to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of like if you're going to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of like if you're going to buy
+a really expensive car usually you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really expensive car usually you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really expensive car usually you only
+trust a couple of people to service that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust a couple of people to service that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust a couple of people to service that
+car then you only need that tire repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car then you only need that tire repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car then you only need that tire repair
+system in that special service shop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in that special service shop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in that special service shop and
+people who own those expensive cars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who own those expensive cars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who own those expensive cars are
+willing to pay more and like take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay more and like take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay more and like take their
+car to the special service key lesson a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car to the special service key lesson a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car to the special service key lesson a
+segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment
+you pick a seg you pick a segment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a seg you pick a segment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a seg you pick a segment that
+will place a very very high willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will place a very very high willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will place a very very high willingness
+to pay for your Innovation remember last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for your Innovation remember last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for your Innovation remember last
+session you pick a segment that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session you pick a segment that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session you pick a segment that is
+manageable and in fact initially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable and in fact initially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable and in fact initially you
+probably going to pick a segment that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to pick a segment that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to pick a segment that is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+profitable because your goal is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable because your goal is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable because your goal is to get
+out and show that it works and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and show that it works and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and show that it works and if you go
+for the big segment then you've taken on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the big segment then you've taken on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the big segment then you've taken on
+a big change problem if you go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big change problem if you go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big change problem if you go for the
+small segment you've taken on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small segment you've taken on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small segment you've taken on a
+manageable problem problem now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable problem problem now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable problem problem now I've got
+this set of specialized tire repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of specialized tire repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of specialized tire repair
+places and I probably already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and I probably already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and I probably already have
+agreements with them that they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements with them that they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements with them that they were they
+will favor Michelin right what I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will favor Michelin right what I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will favor Michelin right what I do I
+rent them the machines and I charge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent them the machines and I charge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent them the machines and I charge them
+on a peruse basis because I say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a peruse basis because I say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a peruse basis because I say I don't
+know if you're going to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're going to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're going to have any
+customers for this machine or not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers for this machine or not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers for this machine or not that's
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+risk your risk is learning how to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk your risk is learning how to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk your risk is learning how to use it
+right and if we succeed in selling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we succeed in selling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we succeed in selling this
+thing then you're going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then you're going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then you're going to get some
+business and then you can pay me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and then you can pay me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and then you can pay me back
+peace meal so you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace meal so you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace meal so you could think about
+business models that took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models that took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models that took the
+complementors into account my sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementors into account my sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementors into account my sense is
+Michelin did not do that because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelin did not do that because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelin did not do that because they
+had a better product they had a clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a better product they had a clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a better product they had a clearly
+Superior technology there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior technology there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior technology there was no
+question this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this was
+better but to get people to adopt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but to get people to adopt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but to get people to adopt it
+change change change and I have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change change change and I have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change change change and I have to think
+about it differently as the customer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it differently as the customer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it differently as the customer a
+little bit but it's mainly my compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but it's mainly my compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but it's mainly my compliment
+that I have to bring along and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to bring along and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to bring along and I have to
+get it specified on the car and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it specified on the car and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it specified on the car and then I
+have to service it afterwards okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to service it afterwards okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to service it afterwards okay
+um difficulty of change and this I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficulty of change and this I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficulty of change and this I guess
+you've had you've had dick channeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had you've had dick channeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had you've had dick channeling
+Susan as opposed to Susan teaching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan as opposed to Susan teaching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan as opposed to Susan teaching you
+on the kind of the cultural the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of the cultural the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of the cultural the cultural
+sociological side but this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological side but this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological side but this is a little
+bit like culture uh if you think of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like culture uh if you think of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like culture uh if you think of how
+hard is the change on the customer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard is the change on the customer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard is the change on the customer's
+part or on the firm's part I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part or on the firm's part I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part or on the firm's part I would argue
+that it goes in this order so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes in this order so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes in this order so I've got
+to learn how to do new things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to do new things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to do new things in a
+different way that's pretty hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that's pretty hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that's pretty hard but
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+harder right if I have to use new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder right if I have to use new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder right if I have to use new
+complements or change the form in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements or change the form in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements or change the form in which
+I use things so use form uh shared cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use things so use form uh shared cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use things so use form uh shared cars
+versus owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus owned
+cars that's a totally different use form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars that's a totally different use form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars that's a totally different use form
+it's a very different style right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very different style right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very different style right or
+clustered housing versus distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered housing versus distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered housing versus distributed
+housing whole series of like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing whole series of like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing whole series of like that and
+then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally
+right different way of thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right different way of thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right different way of thinking about it
+uh we we collectively in this country a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we collectively in this country a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we collectively in this country a
+car is immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is immediately
+available so we can go someplace on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so we can go someplace on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so we can go someplace on a
+whim and that's one of the advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whim and that's one of the advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whim and that's one of the advantages of
+having a car it's that freedom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a car it's that freedom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a car it's that freedom right
+being untied from schedules so being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being untied from schedules so being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being untied from schedules so being
+untied from this and that and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untied from this and that and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untied from this and that and the other
+thing if we were go to Shared cars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if we were go to Shared cars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if we were go to Shared cars or
+public transportation or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation or something else
+we would have to change the rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to change the rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to change the rhythms
+right suddenly you have to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suddenly you have to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suddenly you have to become
+synchronized with everyone else again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized with everyone else again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized with everyone else again
+have to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to become
+Swiss right Swiss societies build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss right Swiss societies build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss right Swiss societies build on
+railroads American society build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads American society build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads American society build on
+cars well that's that's deep that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars well that's that's deep that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars well that's that's deep that's
+really deep for a society that has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep for a society that has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep for a society that has not
+developed that way and where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed that way and where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed that way and where people
+really value that autonomy so just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really value that autonomy so just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really value that autonomy so just think
+of kind of levels of change okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of levels of change okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of levels of change okay uh
+discontinuity will happen the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity will happen the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity will happen the level of
+Industry as well as technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry as well as technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry as well as technology and
+there'll be an era of substitution area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be an era of substitution area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be an era of substitution area
+design competition area of incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design competition area of incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design competition area of incremental
+change this is again in the mure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is again in the mure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is again in the mure and
+Phillips article industry Dynamics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips article industry Dynamics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips article industry Dynamics this
+is kind of repetition dominant design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of repetition dominant design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of repetition dominant design
+similar competencies uh the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar competencies uh the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar competencies uh the interesting
+point in in this article they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in this article they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in this article they talk about
+the activity Network versus the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity Network versus the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity Network versus the industry
+because you think of there is a field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think of there is a field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think of there is a field of
+firms that are both competitors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that are both competitors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that are both competitors and
+complementors and in a wellestablished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementors and in a wellestablished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementors and in a wellestablished
+industry there will be four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there will be four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there will be four or five
+other firms that look like you and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firms that look like you and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firms that look like you and that
+will be the industry and that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the industry and that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the industry and that's pretty
+much who you look at in a transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much who you look at in a transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much who you look at in a transitional
+phase there are all kinds of players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase there are all kinds of players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase there are all kinds of players
+that might be involved and you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be involved and you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be involved and you got to
+think outside your normal boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think outside your normal boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think outside your normal boundaries
+that's their key point I want to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their key point I want to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their key point I want to get you
+the next next slide this is where I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next next slide this is where I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next next slide this is where I want
+to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end
+so this is a way of bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way of bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way of bringing
+together technology maturity versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together technology maturity versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together technology maturity versus the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+architecture uh Roger Miller is a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture uh Roger Miller is a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture uh Roger Miller is a friend
+of mine I did a book with him about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine I did a book with him about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine I did a book with him about 10
+years ago this is his latest book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago this is his latest book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago this is his latest book it's
+about to come out and he says think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to come out and he says think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to come out and he says think
+think of innovation as a game every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of innovation as a game every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of innovation as a game every
+Innovation is a game it has many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation is a game it has many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation is a game it has many many
+different players and product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different players and product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different players and product
+architecture is the product Standalone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is the product Standalone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is the product Standalone
+is the product platform based is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product platform based is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product platform based is the
+product a closed system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a closed system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a closed system
+Market maturity is it emerging is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market maturity is it emerging is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market maturity is it emerging is it in
+the transitional face or is it mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitional face or is it mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitional face or is it mature
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+Eureka what's that say single inventor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka what's that say single inventor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka what's that say single inventor
+startup need idea Eureka it's Standalone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup need idea Eureka it's Standalone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup need idea Eureka it's Standalone
+it's transitional you do it right mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transitional you do it right mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transitional you do it right mature
+markets Standalone new and improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets Standalone new and improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets Standalone new and improved
+tide right it's the new version or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tide right it's the new version or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tide right it's the new version or five
+star Five Star Energy rating as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Five Star Energy rating as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Five Star Energy rating as opposed
+to energy star rating as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to energy star rating as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to energy star rating as opposed to
+fourstar energy star rating or uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourstar energy star rating or uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourstar energy star rating or uh the
+next version of LEDs a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next version of LEDs a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next version of LEDs a little more
+warmth warmth than the light compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmth warmth than the light compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmth warmth than the light compared to
+the last warmth that right the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last warmth that right the lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last warmth that right the lighting
+pattern is already satisfied we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is already satisfied we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is already satisfied we're now
+in incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in incremental
+Improvement is it platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement is it platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement is it platform
+based uh so Apple iPhone versus uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based uh so Apple iPhone versus uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based uh so Apple iPhone versus uh the
+other guys right micros slop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys right micros slop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys right micros slop and
+whatever they sell uh Android uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they sell uh Android uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they sell uh Android uh so
+Apple versus iPhone versus Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple versus iPhone versus Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple versus iPhone versus Android
+that's those are platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are platform
+Wars and you've got heavy heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars and you've got heavy heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars and you've got heavy heavy
+investment by sponsors of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment by sponsors of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment by sponsors of those
+platforms fighting with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms fighting with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms fighting with each other and
+you have a lot of app producers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of app producers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of app producers who are
+actually playing across both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing across both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing across both of them
+right and they're both in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're both in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're both in both
+ecosystems uh or if it's mature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems uh or if it's mature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems uh or if it's mature it's
+Mass customization is Just Apps it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass customization is Just Apps it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass customization is Just Apps it's no
+longer the platform Wars because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the platform Wars because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the platform Wars because there
+is the established platform system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the established platform system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the established platform system
+breakthrough pushing the envelope I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough pushing the envelope I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough pushing the envelope I'm
+not quite so sure about his terms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite so sure about his terms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite so sure about his terms there
+but interesting classification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interesting classification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interesting classification so
+uh let me change this question let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me change this question let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me change this question let me
+change the question to think think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the question to think think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the question to think think about
+the technology that you are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that you are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that you are working on
+in your team and decide where it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your team and decide where it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your team and decide where it fits
+there take take a couple minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there take take a couple minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there take take a couple minutes to
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about uh kind of position it tell us why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh kind of position it tell us why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh kind of position it tell us why
+because it'll tell you a lot about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll tell you a lot about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll tell you a lot about uh
+the business model that's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business model that's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business model that's going to go
+along with your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with your technology
+let me be countercultural in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me be countercultural in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me be countercultural in Cambridge
+so let me start on my right and just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start on my right and just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start on my right and just go
+around this way I don't have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this way I don't have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this way I don't have to get
+everybody but you know each team kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but you know each team kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but you know each team kind of
+tell me tell me what your technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me tell me what your technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me tell me what your technology is
+and where you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fits okay so why is it platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based hogen there's also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solar solar cells lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of okay so so there's we're we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so so there's we're we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so so there's we're we're we're
+in a certainly a transitional technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certainly a transitional technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certainly a transitional technology
+area I would think the platform base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I would think the platform base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I would think the platform base
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+again uh who Bears the cost of storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh who Bears the cost of storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh who Bears the cost of storage
+and where does the storage fit into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does the storage fit into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does the storage fit into the
+system right so it's it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so it's it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so it's it's going to
+become part of a grid but it's also who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become part of a grid but it's also who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become part of a grid but it's also who
+are the compliment that make the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the compliment that make the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the compliment that make the pieces
+uh you may have battery makers on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may have battery makers on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may have battery makers on one
+hand and semiconductor people or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and semiconductor people or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and semiconductor people or the
+folks doing the thermal who makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks doing the thermal who makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks doing the thermal who makes the
+big block of graphite or whatever using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big block of graphite or whatever using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big block of graphite or whatever using
+this right thermal storage medium so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right thermal storage medium so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right thermal storage medium so you
+you do have different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have different sets of
+complementors depending on what road you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementors depending on what road you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementors depending on what road you
+go down is that what you have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down is that what you have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down is that what you have in mind
+yeah and so there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so there's going to be some
+there's some pathway of grid development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some pathway of grid development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some pathway of grid development
+with particular types of storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particular types of storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particular types of storage
+embedded in order to make this storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in order to make this storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in order to make this storage
+feasible and that that in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and that that in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and that that in that sense
+would be a platform and that's good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a platform and that's good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a platform and that's good okay
+next next group yeah we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next group yeah we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next group yeah we talking about
+solar also um but like while always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar also um but like while always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar also um but like while always
+getting better and the need for solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and the need for solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and the need for solar
+solar is always going to be increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is always going to be increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is always going to be increasing
+as well um what's like more important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um what's like more important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um what's like more important in
+our eyes is pressing it on on like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes is pressing it on on like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes is pressing it on on like a
+market that's already mature forsus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's already mature forsus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's already mature forsus
+something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't
+Sol so where does that put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol so where does that put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol so where does that put you
+uh where like it's not that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where like it's not that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where like it's not that not
+necessarily that you're youve improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that you're youve improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that you're youve improved
+like one solar to another but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one solar to another but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one solar to another but you're
+improving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving a
+uh get just acquiring grid level or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get just acquiring grid level or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get just acquiring grid level or
+household or more household more house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household or more household more house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household or more household more house
+that would be very different right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very different right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very different right so uh
+it may be radical for the household but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be radical for the household but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be radical for the household but
+it's kind of one more feature to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of one more feature to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of one more feature to change
+your energy cost mix and change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy cost mix and change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy cost mix and change your
+greenness so in that sense it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenness so in that sense it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenness so in that sense it might be
+new and improved it probably has a brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and improved it probably has a brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and improved it probably has a brand
+name beside it it probably has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name beside it it probably has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name beside it it probably has a
+financing compliment it may have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing compliment it may have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing compliment it may have you
+know it be be serious Home Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it be be serious Home Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it be be serious Home Improvement
+where you put it on charge and you do 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put it on charge and you do 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put it on charge and you do 17
+other things at the same time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things at the same time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things at the same time so it
+could be it might be here or it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it might be here or it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it might be here or it might be
+here it could be between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it could be between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it could be between those two
+depending upon the economies of scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the economies of scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the economies of scope
+but that's good okay next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's good okay next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's good okay next next
+team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+com okay so and again and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com okay so and again and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com okay so and again and again the
+question is whether you need to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether you need to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether you need to link
+those or whether the grid will link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those or whether the grid will link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those or whether the grid will link
+those right and and Dick and I were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right and and Dick and I were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right and and Dick and I were just
+talking about what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what's the difference
+between a closed system and a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a closed system and a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a closed system and a and a
+platform based system if the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform based system if the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform based system if the grid
+manages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages the
+complementarities then it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarities then it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarities then it's an open
+system if you manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you manage the
+complementarities you've chosen to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay uh I'm going to run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay uh I'm going to run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay uh I'm going to run out of
+time quickly so let me do couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time quickly so let me do couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time quickly so let me do couple more
+teams that team and this team here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that team and this team here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that team and this team here and
+then we'll come down to one team over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come down to one team over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come down to one team over
+here to more or less cover so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to more or less cover so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to more or less cover so what do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have nuclear nuclear again so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nuclear nuclear again so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nuclear nuclear again so okay
+anybody who's different anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's different anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's different anybody who's
+down at the at the user end of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the at the user end of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the at the user end of the chain
+yes um well I want to say I guess user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um well I want to say I guess user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um well I want to say I guess user
+in terms of Transportation so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Transportation so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Transportation so yeah so
+ours is about publicly shared Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours is about publicly shared Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours is about publicly shared Electric
+Vehicle Systems okay uh so our guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicle Systems okay uh so our guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicle Systems okay uh so our guess
+would that that would kind of tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that that would kind of tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that that would kind of tend
+towards a platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a platform
+yeah because uh well like it's it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because uh well like it's it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because uh well like it's it's even
+though the actual Market before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the actual Market before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the actual Market before the
+transportation Market is kind of mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation Market is kind of mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation Market is kind of mature
+but the the incoming technology is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the incoming technology is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the incoming technology is very
+much in a transitional phase like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in a transitional phase like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in a transitional phase like you
+have to improve a lot of you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to improve a lot of you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to improve a lot of you have to
+improve the technology to make it P but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the technology to make it P but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the technology to make it P but
+you need to kind of change uh existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to kind of change uh existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to kind of change uh existing
+foring the system like charging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foring the system like charging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foring the system like charging and
+other things and you also have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and you also have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and you also have to change
+some fundamental habits right in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fundamental habits right in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fundamental habits right in many
+ways so you're talking about a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you're talking about a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you're talking about a large
+system change you're going to need a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system change you're going to need a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system change you're going to need a an
+important systemic change agent okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important systemic change agent okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important systemic change agent okay you
+could go on on this I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go on on this I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go on on this I think it's very
+important to kind of classify where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to kind of classify where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to kind of classify where you
+are uh if you think of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh if you think of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh if you think of what are the
+different business models just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different business models just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different business models just quickly
+in the last minute startup or Skunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last minute startup or Skunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last minute startup or Skunk
+Works right so either it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works right so either it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works right so either it's a
+freestanding company or it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding company or it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding company or it's a
+freestanding piece of a company because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding piece of a company because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding piece of a company because
+it really is autonomous and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is autonomous and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is autonomous and you want to
+optimize The Innovation process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize The Innovation process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize The Innovation process that's
+probably an established brand new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an established brand new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an established brand new and
+improved because it already has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved because it already has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved because it already has some
+reputation it already has Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation it already has Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation it already has Market
+position it already has distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it already has distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it already has distribution the
+product is not different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is not different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is not different
+enough to get you out of that channel if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get you out of that channel if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get you out of that channel if
+it's up here you know you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up here you know you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up here you know you need a
+networked shaper somebody who's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networked shaper somebody who's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networked shaper somebody who's got
+money and name and whatever else down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and name and whatever else down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and name and whatever else down
+here you this is already somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you this is already somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you this is already somebody who
+has a dominant platform who so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a dominant platform who so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a dominant platform who so the
+utility has a dominant platform if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility has a dominant platform if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility has a dominant platform if it
+will bring you in if not how do you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring you in if not how do you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring you in if not how do you go
+around it this is probably a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it this is probably a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it this is probably a public
+private Consortium right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Consortium right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Consortium right your
+nuclear solar you're going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear solar you're going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear solar you're going to get this
+developed by a public private Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by a public private Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by a public private Consortium
+the first time it's too big it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it's too big it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it's too big it's too
+complex no one's going to take it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex no one's going to take it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex no one's going to take it on
+other than that on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that on the other hand if
+we're talking about a a new generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a a new generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a a new generation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh of generation a new kind of grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of generation a new kind of grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of generation a new kind of grid
+generation probably maybe a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation probably maybe a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation probably maybe a large
+incumbent so Duke power or Southeast one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent so Duke power or Southeast one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent so Duke power or Southeast one
+of the big Utilities in the South or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big Utilities in the South or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big Utilities in the South or a
+private Consortium this is not final but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Consortium this is not final but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Consortium this is not final but
+this gives you an indication of who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you an indication of who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you an indication of who do
+you have to be when you grow up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be when you grow up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be when you grow up not
+because of the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the complexity of the
+technology but because of who needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but because of who needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but because of who needs to
+change in what ways in order for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in what ways in order for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in what ways in order for your
+technology to be implemented so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to be implemented so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to be implemented so that's
+that's the story on Innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the story on Innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the story on Innovation and
+business models all set thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a5PF2PcElV0.txt b/a5PF2PcElV0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3d4f93955f062065afe1d10a8b754997b65eee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a5PF2PcElV0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15306 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um actually at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um actually at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um actually at the end of
+class last time we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class last time we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class last time we were talking about
+what happened with the uh stock prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened with the uh stock prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened with the uh stock prices
+of those four companies that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those four companies that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those four companies that were
+engaged in manufacturing parts for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in manufacturing parts for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in manufacturing parts for the
+space shuttle and I didn't realize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle and I didn't realize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle and I didn't realize this
+but uh apparently in some of your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh apparently in some of your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh apparently in some of your other
+classes I've been told that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes I've been told that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes I've been told that you actually
+did a case on Morton thall and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a case on Morton thall and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a case on Morton thall and the fact
+that there were some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were some interesting
+discussions between the Morton thall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions between the Morton thall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions between the Morton thall and
+NASA Engineers about whether to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA Engineers about whether to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA Engineers about whether to launch
+and that in fact you know when you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in fact you know when you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in fact you know when you just
+look at it from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it from the perspective of the
+uh the data uh it it would not have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the data uh it it would not have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the data uh it it would not have made
+sense to go ahead with the launch well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to go ahead with the launch well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to go ahead with the launch well
+the point about efficient markets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about efficient markets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about efficient markets is
+that while it may not be immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while it may not be immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while it may not be immediately
+apparent as to what all of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent as to what all of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent as to what all of the inputs
+are for coming up with a bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for coming up with a bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for coming up with a bottom line
+price for an asset the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for an asset the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for an asset the fact is that
+enormous enormous amounts of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous enormous amounts of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous enormous amounts of information
+are collected collated analyzed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collected collated analyzed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collected collated analyzed and
+ultimately reflected in the price to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately reflected in the price to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately reflected in the price to the
+point where after a six-month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where after a six-month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where after a six-month
+investigation it was determined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation it was determined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation it was determined that
+Morton thall uh was at fault uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morton thall uh was at fault uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morton thall uh was at fault uh for the
+uh explosion but in fact within hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explosion but in fact within hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explosion but in fact within hours
+after the crash and literally minutes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the crash and literally minutes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the crash and literally minutes we
+see that the Morton thol stock price was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the Morton thol stock price was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the Morton thol stock price was
+the one hit hardest and even when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hit hardest and even when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hit hardest and even when you
+control for other factors like size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for other factors like size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for other factors like size and
+Industry effects uh you still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry effects uh you still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry effects uh you still have a
+pretty significant finger pointed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant finger pointed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant finger pointed at
+Morton thol purely from the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morton thol purely from the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morton thol purely from the stock
+market in a nutshell this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in a nutshell this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in a nutshell this is what
+efficient markets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient markets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient markets is
+about and for the longest time that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and for the longest time that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and for the longest time that is
+really what uh academic Finance taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what uh academic Finance taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what uh academic Finance taught
+and what was the basis for virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the basis for virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the basis for virtually
+everything that we do so in fact all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do so in fact all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do so in fact all the
+material that we've covered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we've covered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we've covered in this
+course really assumes and requires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really assumes and requires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really assumes and requires that
+markets work well that markets reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets work well that markets reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets work well that markets reflect
+all of available information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of available information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of available information because
+obviously if it didn't then when I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if it didn't then when I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if it didn't then when I tell
+you go look at the market I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go look at the market I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go look at the market I'm telling
+you to waste your time right because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to waste your time right because why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to waste your time right because why
+would you consult something that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you consult something that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you consult something that really
+didn't contain some significant uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't contain some significant uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't contain some significant uh uh
+informational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informational
+advantages that's the good news that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages that's the good news that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages that's the good news that's
+the positive side of ficient markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side of ficient markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side of ficient markets
+over the last 15 20 years there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 15 20 years there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 15 20 years there have
+been more and more criticism leveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more and more criticism leveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more and more criticism leveled
+against this hypothesis of efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this hypothesis of efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this hypothesis of efficient
+markets and the the the most easy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and the the the most easy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and the the the most easy the
+the the most obvious and easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most obvious and easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most obvious and easiest way to
+make that point uh is H with a joke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that point uh is H with a joke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that point uh is H with a joke that
+you might have heard about economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have heard about economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have heard about economists
+two economists walking down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two economists walking down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two economists walking down the street
+one of them sees a $100 bill lying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them sees a $100 bill lying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them sees a $100 bill lying on
+the ground and starts to pick it up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and starts to pick it up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and starts to pick it up when
+the other Economist says oh don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Economist says oh don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Economist says oh don't bother
+picking it up and then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking it up and then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking it up and then the first
+Economist says well why not the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist says well why not the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist says well why not the second
+Economist says well if that were a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist says well if that were a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist says well if that were a real
+genuine $100 bill someone would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine $100 bill someone would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine $100 bill someone would have
+already taken it so it must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken it so it must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken it so it must be a
+counterfeit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeit
+now you laugh at that but that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you laugh at that but that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you laugh at that but that's exactly
+what efficient market says it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what efficient market says it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what efficient market says it says that
+you can't make any money in markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make any money in markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make any money in markets
+because if you could someone would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you could someone would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you could someone would have
+already done it markets are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done it markets are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done it markets are so
+competitive that in fact you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive that in fact you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive that in fact you can't make
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+money and after a while people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and after a while people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and after a while people started
+asking questions about this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about this hypothesis
+in particular they would ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they would ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they would ask the
+question well if nobody can make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well if nobody can make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well if nobody can make any
+money then why does any anybody bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then why does any anybody bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then why does any anybody bother
+going into financial markets if nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into financial markets if nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into financial markets if nobody
+makes any money then who's the folks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any money then who's the folks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any money then who's the folks out
+there that is gathering information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that is gathering information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that is gathering information to
+make markets efficient so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make markets efficient so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make markets efficient so first of all
+there's a bit of a Zen Paradox and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a Zen Paradox and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a Zen Paradox and we'll
+talk about that Zen Paradox a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that Zen Paradox a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that Zen Paradox a little bit
+later on but the more substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but the more substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but the more substantial
+criticisms have to do with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms have to do with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms have to do with the fact that
+this presumption of efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presumption of efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presumption of efficiency
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+rationality in particular it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality in particular it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality in particular it requires
+that market participants behave the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market participants behave the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market participants behave the way
+that economists would argue that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economists would argue that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economists would argue that they
+behave so so all of you were very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave so so all of you were very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave so so all of you were very uh
+gracious in not arguing with me that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracious in not arguing with me that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracious in not arguing with me that you
+would all want to hold a tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all want to hold a tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all want to hold a tangency
+portfolio now you could have asked me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio now you could have asked me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio now you could have asked me at
+that time well why why would I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time well why why would I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time well why why would I want to
+hold the tangency portfolio I may happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the tangency portfolio I may happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the tangency portfolio I may happen
+to enjoy holding a small subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enjoy holding a small subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enjoy holding a small subset of
+stocks that I know and love and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that I know and love and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that I know and love and have a
+particular emotional attachment too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular emotional attachment too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular emotional attachment too but
+you probably recognize that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably recognize that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably recognize that that that
+wasn't where the class was going so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't where the class was going so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't where the class was going so you
+were very gracious and not raising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very gracious and not raising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very gracious and not raising that
+as an issue even though in your heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an issue even though in your heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an issue even though in your heart of
+hearts you might really prefer that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts you might really prefer that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts you might really prefer that you
+might simply want to hold a few stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might simply want to hold a few stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might simply want to hold a few stocks
+that you know and enjoy and believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know and enjoy and believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know and enjoy and believe in
+and so on and so forth well that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth well that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth well that's an
+example of an irrationality from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an irrationality from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an irrationality from the
+point of view of the economist and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the economist and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the economist and in a
+minute I'm gonna actually call into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I'm gonna actually call into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I'm gonna actually call into
+question what we mean by rationality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what we mean by rationality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what we mean by rationality uh
+altogether so by the end of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether so by the end of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether so by the end of this lecture
+I'm going to make a fairly strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a fairly strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a fairly strong
+prediction I'm going to predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction I'm going to predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction I'm going to predict that
+what I'm going to tell you in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to tell you in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to tell you in the next
+hour and 15 minutes will change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and 15 minutes will change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and 15 minutes will change your
+lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+permanently that's a tall order but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently that's a tall order but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently that's a tall order but but
+you'll you'll let me know I want in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll let me know I want in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll let me know I want in five
+or 10 years I want you to write me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years I want you to write me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years I want you to write me back
+and tell me whether or not I'm right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me whether or not I'm right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me whether or not I'm right I I
+think I am right because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I am right because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I am right because I'm going to
+change the way all of you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way all of you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way all of you look at
+rationality completely uh and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality completely uh and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality completely uh and actually
+we're going to do this in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this in the context of
+your own behavior all right so um so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own behavior all right so um so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own behavior all right so um so let
+me let me tell you where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me tell you where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me tell you where we're going
+with this behavioral Finance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this behavioral Finance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this behavioral Finance the
+alternative to market efficiency says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to market efficiency says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to market efficiency says
+that market participants are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market participants are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market participants are simply
+irrational they don't make decisions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational they don't make decisions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational they don't make decisions the
+way that economists would presuppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that economists would presuppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that economists would presuppose
+that they do in particular they suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do in particular they suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do in particular they suffer
+from all sorts of biases uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all sorts of biases uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all sorts of biases uh and uh
+they're listed here loss aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listed here loss aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listed here loss aversion
+anchoring framing overconfidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchoring framing overconfidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchoring framing overconfidence
+overreaction hurt in mental accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overreaction hurt in mental accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overreaction hurt in mental accounting
+and so on and some of you I think may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and some of you I think may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and some of you I think may
+have come across these in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come across these in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come across these in some of the
+other courses that you've taken uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses that you've taken uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses that you've taken uh if
+you ever take an experimental psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever take an experimental psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever take an experimental psychology
+course you would actually see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you would actually see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you would actually see these
+kinds of examples uh uh in uh in pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of examples uh uh in uh in pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of examples uh uh in uh in pretty
+uh intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intimate
+detail when you look down this list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail when you look down this list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail when you look down this list and
+you take uh seriously what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take uh seriously what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take uh seriously what the
+psychologists are telling us you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists are telling us you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists are telling us you would
+conclude that the human animal is among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the human animal is among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the human animal is among
+the stupidest creatures on Earth because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupidest creatures on Earth because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupidest creatures on Earth because
+we engage in all of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engage in all of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engage in all of these kinds of
+biases and I want to go through a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases and I want to go through a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases and I want to go through a few
+examples some of you may have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples some of you may have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples some of you may have already
+seen this um because I actually gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this um because I actually gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this um because I actually gave
+these examples in my introductory talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples in my introductory talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples in my introductory talk
+on finance and if you have we'll going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on finance and if you have we'll going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on finance and if you have we'll going
+to go through it pretty quickly but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it pretty quickly but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it pretty quickly but if
+you haven't I think you'll be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't I think you'll be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't I think you'll be kind of
+surprised by some of the outcomes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by some of the outcomes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by some of the outcomes so the
+loss AV version example is one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss AV version example is one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss AV version example is one that I
+did give uh in my introductory lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give uh in my introductory lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give uh in my introductory lecture
+how many people have seen this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have seen this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have seen this or
+remember this okay so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this okay so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this okay so I'm going to go
+through this pretty quickly this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this pretty quickly this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this pretty quickly this is an
+example where clearly most people when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where clearly most people when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where clearly most people when
+they're confronted with a choice of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're confronted with a choice of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're confronted with a choice of a
+certain gain versus a riskier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain gain versus a riskier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain gain versus a riskier
+alternative that might have even bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative that might have even bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative that might have even bigger
+gains but might also entail uh gaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but might also entail uh gaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but might also entail uh gaining
+nothing uh that most everybody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh that most everybody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh that most everybody would
+pick choice A over B as most of you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick choice A over B as most of you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick choice A over B as most of you did
+when we ran this example beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we ran this example beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we ran this example beginning of
+the semester so even though B has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so even though B has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so even though B has a
+higher expected value more risk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher expected value more risk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher expected value more risk more
+expected return like the capm says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return like the capm says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return like the capm says you
+should have nevertheless most of you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have nevertheless most of you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have nevertheless most of you as
+a personal preference would pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal preference would pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal preference would pick the
+less risky alternative a now when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risky alternative a now when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risky alternative a now when you're
+confronted with losses as you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with losses as you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with losses as you recall
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+example most of you picked the shore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example most of you picked the shore uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example most of you picked the shore uh
+not the shore loss but rather the gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the shore loss but rather the gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the shore loss but rather the gamble
+that uh actually might cause you to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh actually might cause you to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh actually might cause you to lose
+even more but might also allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more but might also allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more but might also allow you to
+get back to even so the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to even so the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to even so the reason that
+these two choices are so interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two choices are so interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two choices are so interesting is
+that in the first case of a versus B you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the first case of a versus B you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the first case of a versus B you
+picked the less risky alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the less risky alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the less risky alternative
+because you were being confronted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were being confronted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were being confronted with
+gains but in this case when you're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but in this case when you're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but in this case when you're being
+confronted with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with two
+losses instead of being consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses instead of being consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses instead of being consistent and
+picking the less risky alternative which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the less risky alternative which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the less risky alternative which
+by the way is the shore loss C virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is the shore loss C virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is the shore loss C virtually
+all of you picked the gamble you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you picked the gamble you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you picked the gamble you're
+willing to take more risk when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take more risk when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take more risk when it comes
+to losses than you are when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to losses than you are when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to losses than you are when it comes to
+gains that's an asymmetry that frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains that's an asymmetry that frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains that's an asymmetry that frankly
+doesn't jive with modern Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't jive with modern Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't jive with modern Financial
+Theory with utility maximization with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory with utility maximization with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory with utility maximization with
+efficient markets so the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient markets so the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient markets so the reason that
+that these two sets of choices are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two sets of choices are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two sets of choices are so
+interesting when ju toose together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting when ju toose together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting when ju toose together is
+that the choices that most of you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the choices that most of you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the choices that most of you did
+Pick A and D was actually strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pick A and D was actually strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pick A and D was actually strictly
+dominated by the choices that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by the choices that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by the choices that most of
+you did not pick which is C uh and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did not pick which is C uh and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did not pick which is C uh and B
+when you combine these two you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you combine these two you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you combine these two you can show
+that B and C is exactly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B and C is exactly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B and C is exactly equal to the
+most popular choices A and D plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular choices A and D plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular choices A and D plus
+$10,000 cash so you guys left $10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 cash so you guys left $10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 cash so you guys left $10,000
+lying on the sidewalk and that's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying on the sidewalk and that's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying on the sidewalk and that's clearly
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+efficient well it turns out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient well it turns out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient well it turns out that there
+is a reason for this kind of bias and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reason for this kind of bias and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reason for this kind of bias and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+hardwired into all of you and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired into all of you and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired into all of you and I'm going
+to tell you what that is in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what that is in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what that is in a few
+minutes after I go through just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes after I go through just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes after I go through just a couple
+other examples to make sure that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples to make sure that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples to make sure that that we
+all understand the limitations of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all understand the limitations of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all understand the limitations of what
+we consider to be rational economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider to be rational economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider to be rational economic
+decision-making okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making okay any questions about
+this example this is called loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example this is called loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example this is called loss
+aversion this is an example that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion this is an example that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion this is an example that was
+first proposed by two psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposed by two psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposed by two psychologists
+Conan and tersi and for which uh conoman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conan and tersi and for which uh conoman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conan and tersi and for which uh conoman
+won the Nobel prize in economics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel prize in economics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel prize in economics a
+couple years ago uh tki would have won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago uh tki would have won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago uh tki would have won
+it as well had he been alive but he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well had he been alive but he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well had he been alive but he died
+a few years before and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years before and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years before and what's
+interesting about the fact that Conan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the fact that Conan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the fact that Conan
+won the Nobel Prize is that he's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel Prize is that he's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel Prize is that he's not an
+economist he's a psychologist and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist he's a psychologist and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist he's a psychologist and uh so
+in a way maybe the Nobel Memorial prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way maybe the Nobel Memorial prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way maybe the Nobel Memorial prize
+uh in economics was uh trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in economics was uh trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in economics was uh trying to uh
+signal to the economics profession that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the economics profession that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the economics profession that
+they ought to take these kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ought to take these kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ought to take these kind of things
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+seriously okay this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously okay this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously okay this is the second
+example that I gave in that introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I gave in that introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I gave in that introductory
+lecture on uh drawing balls out of an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on uh drawing balls out of an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on uh drawing balls out of an N
+how many people still remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people still remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people still remember this
+example no okay so let me go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example no okay so let me go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example no okay so let me go through
+this in a little bit more detail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a little bit more detail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a little bit more detail because
+this is directly relevant to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is directly relevant to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is directly relevant to the current
+financial crisis that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis that we're
+facing those of you who have ever taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing those of you who have ever taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing those of you who have ever taken
+an undergraduate statistics course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate statistics course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate statistics course
+you'll remember the bane of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember the bane of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember the bane of your
+existence during that semester was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence during that semester was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence during that semester was the
+prototypical N example right drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical N example right drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical N example right drawing
+balls out of an N I hated those examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls out of an N I hated those examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls out of an N I hated those examples
+they're real pain in the neck so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real pain in the neck so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real pain in the neck so I'm
+going to give you one now but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you one now but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you one now but this one
+this one is not as bad as the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is not as bad as the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is not as bad as the others
+that you might have come across I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have come across I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have come across I want
+you to imagine an ear that I have where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to imagine an ear that I have where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to imagine an ear that I have where
+I've got 100 Balls and 50 of those balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 100 Balls and 50 of those balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 100 Balls and 50 of those balls
+are colored red the other 50 are colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are colored red the other 50 are colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are colored red the other 50 are colored
+black they're otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black they're otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black they're otherwise
+identical and you and I we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and you and I we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and you and I we're going to
+play a game and here's the game you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game and here's the game you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game and here's the game you pick
+a color red or black don't tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color red or black don't tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color red or black don't tell me what
+it is write it down on a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is write it down on a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is write it down on a piece of paper
+and then I'm going to draw a ball out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to draw a ball out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to draw a ball out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+n and if the ball that I draw is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if the ball that I draw is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if the ball that I draw is your
+color I'm going to pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color I'm going to pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color I'm going to pay you
+$110,000 and if it's not I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$110,000 and if it's not I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$110,000 and if it's not I'm going to
+pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you
+nothing okay that's the game and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing okay that's the game and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing okay that's the game and we're
+going to do this exactly once play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this exactly once play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this exactly once play this
+game once I wish we could do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game once I wish we could do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game once I wish we could do this in
+reality but the prize is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but the prize is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but the prize is a little bit
+higher than what Ardine is willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than what Ardine is willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than what Ardine is willing to
+let me uh Gamble with but let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh Gamble with but let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh Gamble with but let's uh let's
+let's imagine we're going to do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine we're going to do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine we're going to do this for
+real okay so I want you to tell me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real okay so I want you to tell me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real okay so I want you to tell me first
+of all uh how many people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uh how many people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uh how many people would be
+willing to play this game with me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to play this game with me for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to play this game with me for a
+dollar in other words you pay me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in other words you pay me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in other words you pay me a
+dollar and then we'll play this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and then we'll play this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and then we'll play this yeah
+okay good how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good how
+$1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000
+2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000
+3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000
+4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+49.99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.99
+5,010 okay so I still had a few hands up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,010 okay so I still had a few hands up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,010 okay so I still had a few hands up
+at $49.99 nobody wants to play this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at $49.99 nobody wants to play this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at $49.99 nobody wants to play this with
+me for 5,000 to10 presumably because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for 5,000 to10 presumably because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for 5,000 to10 presumably because
+leis so if you ask the question how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis so if you ask the question how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis so if you ask the question how many
+people would sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+mm play this red well that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm play this red well that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm play this red well that's a different
+question though right this roul well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though right this roul well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though right this roul well but
+it's it's a it's not a roulette wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's not a roulette wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's not a roulette wheel
+though it's it's a it's a different game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's it's a it's a different game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's it's a it's a different game
+it's an N with 50 balls red and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an N with 50 balls red and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an N with 50 balls red and 50
+black I mean you know I I I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black I mean you know I I I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black I mean you know I I I have to tell
+you that you know a roulette wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you know a roulette wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you know a roulette wheel
+happens to be more entertaining you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be more entertaining you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be more entertaining you know
+you see the little ball rolling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the little ball rolling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the little ball rolling around
+and it's a different game all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a different game all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a different game all right
+we're going to come back to this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this in a
+minute but let's let's get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but let's let's get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but let's let's get back to the
+price we I established the price at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we I established the price at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we I established the price at
+$5,000 and not surprisingly all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 and not surprisingly all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 and not surprisingly all of you
+extremely numerate MIT students you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely numerate MIT students you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely numerate MIT students you
+figured out that the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that the expected value is
+$5,000 right and so that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 right and so that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 right and so that's what you
+bid okay now before I go on let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid okay now before I go on let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid okay now before I go on let me ask
+you one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one other
+question do you have a preference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do you have a preference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do you have a preference for
+which color you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which color you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which color you'd
+pick no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick no
+preference you sure why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference you sure why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference you sure why not
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+preference 50% it's 50/50 that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference 50% it's 50/50 that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference 50% it's 50/50 that's right
+so there's no reason that you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no reason that you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no reason that you'd have a
+preference one or the other however I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference one or the other however I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference one or the other however I
+should just let you know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just let you know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just let you know that in
+populations where they you know do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations where they you know do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations where they you know do this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+survey there's a slight preference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey there's a slight preference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey there's a slight preference for
+the color red in the population it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color red in the population it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color red in the population it's
+kind of interesting but you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting but you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting but you know all
+right fine you 50/50 you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fine you 50/50 you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fine you 50/50 you understand the
+game there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there's no
+preference okay now we're going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference okay now we're going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference okay now we're going to play
+the exact same game except with NN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same game except with NN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same game except with NN
+B NN B is identical to n a in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B NN B is identical to n a in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B NN B is identical to n a in every
+respect except that in this case I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect except that in this case I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect except that in this case I'm not
+going to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you the
+proportion there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion there could be
+50/50 red and black but it could be 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 red and black but it could be 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 red and black but it could be 40
+60 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 or
+7030 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7030 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7030 or
+8515 or 100 Z I will promise you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8515 or 100 Z I will promise you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8515 or 100 Z I will promise you that
+there are exactly 100 Balls and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exactly 100 Balls and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exactly 100 Balls and and
+there are at most two colors red and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at most two colors red and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at most two colors red and or
+black but beyond that I will not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black but beyond that I will not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black but beyond that I will not not
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+anything and now we're going to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and now we're going to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and now we're going to play the
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+game okay so the question is first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay so the question is first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game okay so the question is first of
+all what color would you prefer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what color would you prefer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what color would you prefer and you
+have any particular preference here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any particular preference here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any particular preference here why
+not red red you'd prefer red okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not red red you'd prefer red okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not red red you'd prefer red okay yeah
+go for black because you know that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for black because you know that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for black because you know that most
+people prefer red well no I didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people prefer red well no I didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people prefer red well no I didn't say
+most people preferred red I said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people preferred red I said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people preferred red I said there
+was a slight preference for red ingred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a slight preference for red ingred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a slight preference for red ingred
+you seem to uh fall into that category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seem to uh fall into that category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seem to uh fall into that category
+and so you prefer black instead all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you prefer black instead all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you prefer black instead all
+right well we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we're going to come back to
+the color later on but now let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color later on but now let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color later on but now let me ask
+you how much would you pay to play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much would you pay to play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much would you pay to play this
+game with me everything else is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with me everything else is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with me everything else is the same
+$10,000 prize if you get the color that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 prize if you get the color that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 prize if you get the color that
+I pick all right do we trust you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick all right do we trust you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick all right do we trust you what's
+that do we trust you I don't know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do we trust you I don't know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do we trust you I don't know do
+you well first of all what is there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well first of all what is there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well first of all what is there to
+trust I yes that that I will guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust I yes that that I will guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust I yes that that I will guarantee
+so after the fact we will will verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after the fact we will will verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after the fact we will will verify
+that there's exactly 100 Balls and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's exactly 100 Balls and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's exactly 100 Balls and it it
+will be at most two colors red and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at most two colors red and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at most two colors red and or
+black and that's it no other elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and that's it no other elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and that's it no other elements
+will be introduced okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be introduced okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be introduced okay so that's
+perfectly verifiable and we will verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly verifiable and we will verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly verifiable and we will verify
+that after the fact that all prizes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after the fact that all prizes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after the fact that all prizes are
+contingent upon that verification but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent upon that verification but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent upon that verification but
+that's the extent to which you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the extent to which you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the extent to which you need to
+trust me if you're asking whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me if you're asking whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me if you're asking whether or not
+I'm the one that's picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the one that's picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the one that's picking the
+distribution then yes I am I'm picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then yes I am I'm picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then yes I am I'm picking
+the distribution but but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution but but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution but but I don't
+communicate with you and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with you and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with you and you don't
+communicate with me ahead of time other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with me ahead of time other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with me ahead of time other
+than what I know about you in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I know about you in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I know about you in this class
+and over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over the last
+semester okay so now let's figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester okay so now let's figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester okay so now let's figure out
+how much this will draw in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much this will draw in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much this will draw in terms of the
+price how many people will be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price how many people will be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price how many people will be willing to
+play this game with me once for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game with me once for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game with me once for a
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+$1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000
+2,000 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 3,000
+4,000 $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000 $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000 $
+49.99 5,10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.99 5,10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.99 5,10
+okay so it's about the you be you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's about the you be you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's about the you be you you
+play more you pay more to play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play more you pay more to play this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play more you pay more to play this game
+than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one
+before I'm GNA come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm GNA come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm GNA come back to that in a
+minute that's that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that's that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that's that's worth
+exploring but uh before I get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring but uh before I get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring but uh before I get back to
+DAV Justin you you were willing to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DAV Justin you you were willing to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DAV Justin you you were willing to play
+pay the same for both why because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the same for both why because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the same for both why because the
+proportion doesn't matter because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion doesn't matter because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion doesn't matter because you
+pick the color so it's kind of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the color so it's kind of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the color so it's kind of out of
+your hands you know it's either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands you know it's either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands you know it's either one
+color the other color you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the other color you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the other color you know the
+proportions already been decided upon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions already been decided upon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions already been decided upon so
+it should be the same as the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the same as the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the same as the previous
+okay so you think that the odds are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you think that the odds are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you think that the odds are the
+same in this case as before even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in this case as before even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in this case as before even though
+I'm the one that picks the odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the one that picks the odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the one that picks the odds
+you beforehand and I guess if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you beforehand and I guess if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you beforehand and I guess if it was
+random well no no no it's it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random well no no no it's it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random well no no no it's it's exactly
+what I just told you I get to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just told you I get to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just told you I get to pick the
+odd so unless you consider me random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd so unless you consider me random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd so unless you consider me random
+yeah yeah we still get to pick the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we still get to pick the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we still get to pick the ball
+you get to pick the ball you get to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to pick the ball you get to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to pick the ball you get to pick
+the color I still think I still think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color I still think I still think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color I still think I still think
+it's about about 5050 50/50 okay Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about about 5050 50/50 okay Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about about 5050 50/50 okay Mike
+you pick the odds after we tell you our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the odds after we tell you our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the odds after we tell you our
+color no clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color no clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color no clearly
+not yeah no no that's that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah no no that's that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah no no that's that's a good
+point and no we won't cheat in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and no we won't cheat in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and no we won't cheat in the sense
+that I will not pick the uh distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will not pick the uh distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will not pick the uh distribution
+after you tell me what your color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you tell me what your color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you tell me what your color
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+Danel I you really don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danel I you really don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danel I you really don't know the
+probability so yeah even if you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so yeah even if you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so yeah even if you have one
+black ball since you're drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ball since you're drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ball since you're drawing
+you know one B first and it has to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one B first and it has to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one B first and it has to match
+the color then you have another 99 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color then you have another 99 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color then you have another 99 so
+your prob are really high at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prob are really high at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prob are really high at that point
+yeah unless you're very unlucky the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unless you're very unlucky the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unless you're very unlucky the very
+first ball being black then so but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ball being black then so but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ball being black then so but he
+could go either way okay so I so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go either way okay so I so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go either way okay so I so what's
+the bottom line do you think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line do you think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line do you think it's the
+same as before or it's different would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before or it's different would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before or it's different would
+you bid the same amount to play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bid the same amount to play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bid the same amount to play this
+game with me I ended up bidding the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with me I ended up bidding the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with me I ended up bidding the same
+amount you did okay anybody disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you did okay anybody disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you did okay anybody disagree
+with that anybody that would not pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that anybody that would not pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that anybody that would not pay the
+same a lot of you didn't pay the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same a lot of you didn't pay the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same a lot of you didn't pay the same
+yeah Jen just calculate the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Jen just calculate the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Jen just calculate the worst
+outcome here yeah is worse it's like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome here yeah is worse it's like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome here yeah is worse it's like 100
+yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+right1 that is the worst outcome I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right1 that is the worst outcome I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right1 that is the worst outcome I mean
+if you pick red I could have 100 black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick red I could have 100 black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick red I could have 100 black
+balls in there and then you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in there and then you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in there and then you're you're
+going to lose no matter what but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose no matter what but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose no matter what but that's
+also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+best because that's true yes if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best because that's true yes if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best because that's true yes if you look
+at it the other way it's the best case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it the other way it's the best case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it the other way it's the best case
+if you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did the
+opposite H so what do we make of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite H so what do we make of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite H so what do we make of that
+yeah I think basically to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think basically to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think basically to a large extent
+probability same yeah because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability same yeah because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability same yeah because in this
+case the probability is you're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the probability is you're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the probability is you're being
+able to pick the right B and that's 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick the right B and that's 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick the right B and that's 5050
+the right color right is it is it 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right color right is it is it 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right color right is it is it 50/50
+though that's the question yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's the question yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's the question yeah I'm
+picking the distribution you picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the distribution you picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the distribution you picking the
+ball right yeah D I'm not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball right yeah D I'm not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball right yeah D I'm not sure I
+understand exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that that would explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that would explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that would explain
+certain sure go ahead the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sure go ahead the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sure go ahead the real
+proportion is 5050 I would pay 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion is 5050 I would pay 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion is 5050 I would pay 5,000
+sure the real proportion is is zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the real proportion is is zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the real proportion is is zero yeah
+I pay way more real proportion is is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay way more real proportion is is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay way more real proportion is is one
+I pay way more yeah that's right so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay way more yeah that's right so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay way more yeah that's right so sure
+if you knew that this was if you had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew that this was if you had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew that this was if you had it
+insiders view of what the proportion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insiders view of what the proportion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insiders view of what the proportion is
+you might pay more so on average I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might pay more so on average I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might pay more so on average I will
+pay more than 5,000 okay but do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more than 5,000 okay but do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more than 5,000 okay but do you
+think you know something then no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know something then no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know something then no but I
+would say that I I would pay more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that I I would pay more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that I I would pay more than
+5,000 why why only if you had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 why why only if you had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 why why only if you had more
+information but do you do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but do you do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but do you do you think you
+have more information even if it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more information even if it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more information even if it's less
+than 5050 yeah then I would pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5050 yeah then I would pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5050 yeah then I would pay more
+than 5,000 but but what if it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5,000 but but what if it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5,000 but but what if it's more
+than 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5050
+what if it's more than in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's more than in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's more than in other words
+what if it's 6040 against you as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's 6040 against you as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's 6040 against you as opposed
+to 4060 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4060 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4060 with
+you that's 6040 I mean it's like as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's 6040 I mean it's like as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's 6040 I mean it's like as if
+it were 100 and zero then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were 100 and zero then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were 100 and zero then it will be
+winning sure that depends on your color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning sure that depends on your color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning sure that depends on your color
+it depends on your color yeah if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on your color yeah if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on your color yeah if there's
+no expectation that you're biased yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no expectation that you're biased yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no expectation that you're biased yes
+you can't make that expectation then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make that expectation then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make that expectation then the
+expectation how much you could get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation how much you could get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation how much you could get is
+the same okay so if you going just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so if you going just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so if you going just on
+the expectation what your bias is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation what your bias is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation what your bias is right
+well so you guys have seen me over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you guys have seen me over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you guys have seen me over the
+last 12 weeks you know what my biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 12 weeks you know what my biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 12 weeks you know what my biases
+are in this case uh you know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this case uh you know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this case uh you know I've
+already told you that I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you that I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you that I have some
+information right that people on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right that people on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right that people on average
+prefer red a little bit more than black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer red a little bit more than black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer red a little bit more than black
+so I actually you have that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually you have that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually you have that piece of
+information what would you do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what would you do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what would you do with it
+does that that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything well it does tell you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything well it does tell you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything well it does tell you something
+it tells you that I know that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that I know that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that I know that people
+prefer red slightly more than black but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer red slightly more than black but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer red slightly more than black but
+the problem with that is that you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that is that you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that is that you know I
+know and moreover I know you know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and moreover I know you know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and moreover I know you know I know
+and you know I know you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I know you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I know you know I
+know when you take it back to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you take it back to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you take it back to its
+infinite regression you know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite regression you know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite regression you know what it
+comes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50/50 it turns out that mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 it turns out that mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 it turns out that mathematically
+the odds for this game are literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds for this game are literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds for this game are literally
+identical to the odds of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the odds of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the odds of the previous
+game but it's also the case that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but it's also the case that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but it's also the case that when
+you take these two earns and you auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take these two earns and you auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take these two earns and you auction
+them off to the public there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off to the public there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off to the public there is a very
+very significant discount in what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant discount in what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant discount in what people
+will pay for earn B and we saw this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay for earn B and we saw this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay for earn B and we saw this in
+class A Lot fewer of you raised your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class A Lot fewer of you raised your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class A Lot fewer of you raised your
+hands when we were going to 3,000 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands when we were going to 3,000 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands when we were going to 3,000 4,000
+49.99 and you know why when you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.99 and you know why when you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.99 and you know why when you ask
+people why is it that you would pay less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people why is it that you would pay less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people why is it that you would pay less
+for this ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this ear
+than the previous one they'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the previous one they'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the previous one they'll tell you
+very plainly it's because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very plainly it's because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very plainly it's because in this
+case I don't know what the odds are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't know what the odds are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't know what the odds are I
+know what the odds are in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the odds are in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the odds are in the previous
+case but I don't know what kind of risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but I don't know what kind of risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but I don't know what kind of risks
+I'm dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dealing
+with you know in most dictionaries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know in most dictionaries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know in most dictionaries and
+thesauruses risk and uncertainty are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesauruses risk and uncertainty are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesauruses risk and uncertainty are
+considered synonyms but in fact we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered synonyms but in fact we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered synonyms but in fact we see
+here that from a decision-making point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that from a decision-making point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that from a decision-making point
+of view when there is uncertainty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view when there is uncertainty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view when there is uncertainty about
+your risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk
+you tend to shy away from that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to shy away from that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to shy away from that because I
+don't know what I'm dealing with here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what I'm dealing with here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what I'm dealing with here
+now there is one simple mechanism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is one simple mechanism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is one simple mechanism by
+which all of you in this room could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all of you in this room could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all of you in this room could make
+it impossible for me to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impossible for me to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impossible for me to somehow
+strategically pick the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically pick the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically pick the worst
+distribution against you anybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution against you anybody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution against you anybody tell me
+what that algorithm is yeah you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that algorithm is yeah you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that algorithm is yeah you just
+flipped a coin to decide what uh color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped a coin to decide what uh color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped a coin to decide what uh color
+you pick exactly if Brian flips his coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick exactly if Brian flips his coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick exactly if Brian flips his coin
+not my coin if you take your coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my coin if you take your coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my coin if you take your coin and
+flip it and pick red or black based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it and pick red or black based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it and pick red or black based upon
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+outcome there's no way I could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome there's no way I could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome there's no way I could possibly
+do anything to disadvantage you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything to disadvantage you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything to disadvantage you now
+that's a real interesting conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real interesting conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real interesting conclusion
+isn't it because what that's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it because what that's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it because what that's telling you
+is that by injecting uncertainty into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by injecting uncertainty into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by injecting uncertainty into a
+system you might actually make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you might actually make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you might actually make it more
+preferable more fair by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable more fair by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable more fair by adding
+Randomness in there and yet when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in there and yet when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in there and yet when you
+tell people that they say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people that they say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people that they say well you know
+that sounds great I still don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds great I still don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds great I still don't want
+this because I don't I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I don't I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I don't I don't want to
+deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the
+uncertainty and that's hardwired we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and that's hardwired we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and that's hardwired we as
+human beings shy away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings shy away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings shy away from the
+unknown okay now take this example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown okay now take this example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown okay now take this example and
+apply it to a non-financial corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to a non-financial corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to a non-financial corporation
+that has toxic assets as part of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has toxic assets as part of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has toxic assets as part of its
+balance sheet where you have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet where you have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet where you have no idea
+what the market value is because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market value is because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market value is because there
+is no Market because it's not trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no Market because it's not trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no Market because it's not trading
+because you don't know how to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know how to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know how to evaluate
+the security because it contains too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security because it contains too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security because it contains too
+many parts that you can't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parts that you can't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parts that you can't figure out
+what the legal never mind Financial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the legal never mind Financial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the legal never mind Financial uh
+ramifications are for those assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications are for those assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications are for those assets and
+you can understand now why people say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand now why people say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand now why people say oh
+wait a minute I I don't want to play I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute I I don't want to play I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute I I don't want to play I I
+don't I don't care what it's worth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't care what it's worth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't care what it's worth I
+don't want to know I don't want to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to know I don't want to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to know I don't want to deal
+with it because I just I can't evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it because I just I can't evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it because I just I can't evaluate
+the risk that's what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk that's what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk that's what's happening in
+Spades Today Show me in the second game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades Today Show me in the second game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades Today Show me in the second game
+you said that people prefer to pay less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that people prefer to pay less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that people prefer to pay less
+yeah because they don't they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they don't they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they don't they don't want
+to to involve with the uncertainty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to involve with the uncertainty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to involve with the uncertainty the
+uncertainty about the risk but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the risk but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the risk but but the
+uncertainty about the risk is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the risk is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about the risk is not
+important that's right they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's right they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's right they don't
+understand the game this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the game this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the game this is the reason
+why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they
+PR well let me put it this way all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR well let me put it this way all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR well let me put it this way all of
+you here I think are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here I think are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here I think are pretty
+sophisticated uh all of you by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated uh all of you by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated uh all of you by the way
+understand the mathematics of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mathematics of this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mathematics of this game
+I believe right there's not that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe right there's not that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe right there's not that many
+moving Parts if we were to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving Parts if we were to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving Parts if we were to do an
+anonymous survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous survey
+where I forced you to play with me so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I forced you to play with me so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I forced you to play with me so in
+other words I deducted $5,000 from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I deducted $5,000 from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I deducted $5,000 from your
+payroll so you're playing with me no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payroll so you're playing with me no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payroll so you're playing with me no
+matter whether you like it or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you like it or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you like it or not you
+just paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just paid
+$5,000 but I did let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 but I did let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 but I did let you
+choose whether you play with NN a or NN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose whether you play with NN a or NN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose whether you play with NN a or NN
+B I bet you the result even in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I bet you the result even in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I bet you the result even in as
+sophisticated an audience as this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated an audience as this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated an audience as this is
+that the vast majority would pick earn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority would pick earn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority would pick earn a
+not earn B you don't have to raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not earn B you don't have to raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not earn B you don't have to raise your
+hands I won't put you on the spot but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands I won't put you on the spot but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands I won't put you on the spot but my
+guess is that most of you if not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that most of you if not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that most of you if not all of
+you would end up picking earn a simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would end up picking earn a simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would end up picking earn a simply
+because you then can evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you then can evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you then can evaluate the
+uncertainty whereas with B you can't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty whereas with B you can't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty whereas with B you can't so
+you're right that that mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that that mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that that mathematically
+they're the same but the fact is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same but the fact is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same but the fact is that we
+shy away from anything we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy away from anything we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy away from anything we don't
+understand and so what that suggests is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and so what that suggests is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and so what that suggests is
+that there are layers of risk in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are layers of risk in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are layers of risk in fact
+there was an economist many years ago by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an economist many years ago by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an economist many years ago by
+the name of Frank Knight who was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Frank Knight who was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Frank Knight who was trying
+to explain how it was that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how it was that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain how it was that certain
+people in the econ were so much richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the econ were so much richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the econ were so much richer
+than others in fact he was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others in fact he was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others in fact he was trying to
+explain the great wealth of the big Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the great wealth of the big Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the great wealth of the big Mega
+industrialists these are the folks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialists these are the folks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialists these are the folks like
+you know Pier Pont Morgan who was worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Pier Pont Morgan who was worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Pier Pont Morgan who was worth
+at that time you know a hundred million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time you know a hundred million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time you know a hundred million
+which was an extraordinary amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an extraordinary amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an extraordinary amount of
+wealth it's the you know the modern day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth it's the you know the modern day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth it's the you know the modern day
+version today is Bill Gates the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version today is Bill Gates the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version today is Bill Gates the question
+is should Bill Gates be worth 40 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is should Bill Gates be worth 40 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is should Bill Gates be worth 40 billion
+or50 billion does that make sense I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or50 billion does that make sense I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or50 billion does that make sense I mean
+is he really that much more valuable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he really that much more valuable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he really that much more valuable in
+any way than any of us why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way than any of us why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way than any of us why should
+somebody like that be worth so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like that be worth so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like that be worth so much more
+money and Frank Knight struggled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and Frank Knight struggled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and Frank Knight struggled with
+this because he he didn't understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because he he didn't understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because he he didn't understand how
+from an economic perspective you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an economic perspective you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an economic perspective you could
+justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify
+it and he finally came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he finally came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he finally came up with the
+following hypothesis or or proposal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following hypothesis or or proposal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following hypothesis or or proposal for
+uh why these entrepreneurs make so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why these entrepreneurs make so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why these entrepreneurs make so much
+money it's because they are taking on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's because they are taking on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's because they are taking on a
+kind of randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of randomness
+that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not
+quantifiable in other words there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable in other words there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable in other words there's two
+kinds of Randomness in Frank Knight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Randomness in Frank Knight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Randomness in Frank Knight's
+perspective one is risk risk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective one is risk risk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective one is risk risk is
+quantifiable for example mortality rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable for example mortality rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable for example mortality rates
+I don't know how many of you have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many of you have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many of you have looked
+at life insurance policies but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at life insurance policies but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at life insurance policies but if you
+have as I did when I first had my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as I did when I first had my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as I did when I first had my my
+first child I decided to learn a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first child I decided to learn a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first child I decided to learn a little
+bit about life insurance and I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about life insurance and I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about life insurance and I read
+mortality tables and looked at life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality tables and looked at life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality tables and looked at life
+expectancies and so on and I found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancies and so on and I found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancies and so on and I found it
+enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously
+depressing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing because
+because it turns out that if you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that if you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that if you tell me
+15 facts about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 facts about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 facts about your
+life with those 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life with those 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life with those 15
+facts I can actually pinpoint your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts I can actually pinpoint your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts I can actually pinpoint your life
+expectancy to within plus or minus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy to within plus or minus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy to within plus or minus five
+years with an enormous degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with an enormous degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with an enormous degree of
+accuracy and as far as I'm concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and as far as I'm concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and as far as I'm concerned
+that's much more information than I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much more information than I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much more information than I need
+uh you know I I don't need to know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I I don't need to know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I I don't need to know when
+I'm going to die think about it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to die think about it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to die think about it actually
+as Economist we always say the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Economist we always say the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Economist we always say the more
+information you have the better do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have the better do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have the better do you
+really believe that do you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that do you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that do you want to know
+when you're going to die if I had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going to die if I had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going to die if I had that
+information would you want me to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information would you want me to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information would you want me to tell
+you when you're going to die the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're going to die the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're going to die the
+specific day and time would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific day and time would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific day and time would you like to
+know think about that well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think about that well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think about that well it turns out
+with these mortality tables you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these mortality tables you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these mortality tables you know
+whether or not you've ever smoked do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you've ever smoked do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you've ever smoked do you
+drink you know what kind of car do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you know what kind of car do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you know what kind of car do you
+drive have you ever had an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive have you ever had an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive have you ever had an accident
+there's these 15 or 20 questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these 15 or 20 questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these 15 or 20 questions that
+once you answer them you got to put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you answer them you got to put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you answer them you got to put into
+a box and that box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box and that box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box and that box
+has a life expectancy that ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a life expectancy that ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a life expectancy that ends up being
+pretty darn accurate now the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn accurate now the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn accurate now the point of
+this is that the life insurance business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the life insurance business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the life insurance business
+is not currently a growth business I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not currently a growth business I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not currently a growth business I
+don't think anybody here is dying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody here is dying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody here is dying to
+graduate from Sloan to start a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from Sloan to start a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from Sloan to start a life
+insurance company why is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company why is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company why is that it's
+because there's not that much profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not that much profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not that much profit
+left given that it's relatively well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left given that it's relatively well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left given that it's relatively well
+understood how to forecast mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how to forecast mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how to forecast mortality
+rates and once you forecast them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and once you forecast them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and once you forecast them you can
+price the insurance in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the insurance in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the insurance in such a way that
+you be slightly profitable and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be slightly profitable and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be slightly profitable and that's
+pretty much all you're going to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all you're going to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all you're going to do so
+the profit opportunities for the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit opportunities for the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit opportunities for the kinds
+of Randomness that you can Define very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Randomness that you can Define very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Randomness that you can Define very
+precisely like mortality tables or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely like mortality tables or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely like mortality tables or
+Property and Casualty uh Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property and Casualty uh Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property and Casualty uh Insurance
+there's not a lot of profit in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of profit in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of profit in that
+anymore maybe for the first person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore maybe for the first person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore maybe for the first person who
+did it yes there was but by that time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it yes there was but by that time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it yes there was but by that time at
+that time there wasn't a lot of data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time there wasn't a lot of data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time there wasn't a lot of data on
+this okay so Knight said that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so Knight said that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so Knight said that you don't
+don't get rewarded with Untold sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get rewarded with Untold sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get rewarded with Untold sums of
+wealth for taking on risk what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth for taking on risk what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth for taking on risk what you get
+rewarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded
+for with Untold sums of wealth is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for with Untold sums of wealth is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for with Untold sums of wealth is for
+taking on uncertainty uncertainty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on uncertainty uncertainty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on uncertainty uncertainty is
+what Frank Knight called the risk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Frank Knight called the risk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Frank Knight called the risk that
+nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can
+parameterize so nanotechnology who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize so nanotechnology who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize so nanotechnology who the
+heck knows whether or not that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck knows whether or not that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck knows whether or not that's going
+to pay off we don't even know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay off we don't even know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay off we don't even know what that
+is or whether it's really a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or whether it's really a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or whether it's really a business
+that kind of uncertainty if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of uncertainty if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of uncertainty if you're
+willing to take that on then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take that on then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take that on then there are
+those who will make literally billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who will make literally billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who will make literally billions
+of dollars and so the profits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars and so the profits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars and so the profits that
+economists would argue have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists would argue have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists would argue have to be in
+equilibrium zero right zero profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium zero right zero profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium zero right zero profit
+condition is typically what an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is typically what an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is typically what an economic
+equilibrium consists of zero profit only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium consists of zero profit only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium consists of zero profit only
+applies to the risks that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the risks that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the risks that can be
+parameterized that can be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized that can be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized that can be well
+understood and the point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and the point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and the point is that the
+human tendency is to shy away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human tendency is to shy away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human tendency is to shy away from the
+uncertainties of life we don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties of life we don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties of life we don't like
+things we don't understand and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't understand and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't understand and we will
+shrink from those so if you are wired in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink from those so if you are wired in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink from those so if you are wired in
+a different way to be willing to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way to be willing to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way to be willing to take
+those kinds of risks you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of risks you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of risks you're going to get
+paid huge sums of money for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid huge sums of money for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid huge sums of money for that
+Mike game of it that the silence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike game of it that the silence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike game of it that the silence the
+cemetery the Bill Gates is offset by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cemetery the Bill Gates is offset by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cemetery the Bill Gates is offset by the
+thousands of entrepreneurs who failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of entrepreneurs who failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of entrepreneurs who failed
+and are worth so on average they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are worth so on average they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are worth so on average they're all
+normal well that may be true that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal well that may be true that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal well that may be true that on
+average it all works out but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it all works out but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it all works out but the point
+is that why do you have such a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why do you have such a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why do you have such a huge
+disparity for certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity for certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity for certain kinds of
+Randomness whereas for other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness whereas for other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness whereas for other kinds of
+Randomness you have a nice bell curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness you have a nice bell curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness you have a nice bell curve in
+other words why do you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words why do you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words why do you have this kind of
+tail risk going on the tail risk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail risk going on the tail risk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail risk going on the tail risk that
+you're talking about The Silence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about The Silence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about The Silence of the
+cemeteries the fact that for every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cemeteries the fact that for every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cemeteries the fact that for every one
+Bill Gates you've got several million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Gates you've got several million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Gates you've got several million
+failed entrepreneurs is because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed entrepreneurs is because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed entrepreneurs is because people
+are taking on the kind of Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking on the kind of Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking on the kind of Randomness
+that nobody knows how to quantify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody knows how to quantify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody knows how to quantify that
+that's the argument so it's consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the argument so it's consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the argument so it's consistent
+with that perspective okay so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that perspective okay so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that perspective okay so that's why
+VCS and and entrepreneurs those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS and and entrepreneurs those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS and and entrepreneurs those of you
+who want to do your startups I wish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to do your startups I wish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to do your startups I wish you
+great success and in this classroom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success and in this classroom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success and in this classroom I
+will bet that at least one of you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bet that at least one of you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bet that at least one of you will
+be a billionaire in 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a billionaire in 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a billionaire in 15
+years and I want to get to know you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I want to get to know you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I want to get to know you very
+well between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well between now and
+then but but the downside which all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but but the downside which all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but but the downside which all of
+you should know the downside is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know the downside is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know the downside is that for
+the rest of the entrepreneurs that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the entrepreneurs that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the entrepreneurs that don't
+make a billion dollars you'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a billion dollars you'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a billion dollars you'll make
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+zero you'll lose everything now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you'll lose everything now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you'll lose everything now you know
+that's a reasonable tradeoff if your if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable tradeoff if your if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable tradeoff if your if
+your particular psychological makeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particular psychological makeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particular psychological makeup
+enjoys that kind of a thrill but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoys that kind of a thrill but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoys that kind of a thrill but it's
+not for everybody and that's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for everybody and that's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for everybody and that's why people
+get paid what they get paid right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid what they get paid right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid what they get paid right so
+there is some logic to this kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some logic to this kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some logic to this kind of of
+uh puzzle by the way this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh puzzle by the way this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh puzzle by the way this particular
+example uh was developed also by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh was developed also by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh was developed also by a
+psychologist by the name of ellsburg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist by the name of ellsburg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist by the name of ellsburg and
+it's called the ellsburg paradox because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the ellsburg paradox because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the ellsburg paradox because
+this is a situation where despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation where despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation where despite the
+fact that the odds are the same people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the odds are the same people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the odds are the same people
+don't like the uncertainties and to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the uncertainties and to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the uncertainties and to me
+and to a lot of uh evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a lot of uh evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a lot of uh evolutionary
+biologists and neurophysiologists this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists and neurophysiologists this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists and neurophysiologists this
+is not surprising because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not surprising because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not surprising because we are
+hardwired to stay away from stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired to stay away from stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired to stay away from stuff we
+don't know because it's the stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know because it's the stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know because it's the stuff you
+don't know that can kill you and uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that can kill you and uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that can kill you and uh from
+an evolutionary perspective it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary perspective it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary perspective it makes a
+lot of sense question I feel like part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense question I feel like part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense question I feel like part
+of this whole m is that wiring unwi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole m is that wiring unwi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole m is that wiring unwi
+were chasing stuff they didn't know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were chasing stuff they didn't know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were chasing stuff they didn't know yeah
+and paying more for it well I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paying more for it well I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paying more for it well I I think
+it's not so much they were chasing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so much they were chasing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so much they were chasing what
+they didn't know but rather they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know but rather they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know but rather they were
+chasing stuff that they thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing stuff that they thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing stuff that they thought they
+knew that in fact they didn't so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that in fact they didn't so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that in fact they didn't so we're
+going to come back to that let me hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to that let me hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to that let me hold
+off on that for just 15 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that for just 15 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that for just 15 minutes and
+we're going to take that head on uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that head on uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that head on uh when
+we actually look at the applications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually look at the applications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually look at the applications to
+finance Zeke I think there's also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance Zeke I think there's also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance Zeke I think there's also like
+an Irish jig version of this of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Irish jig version of this of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Irish jig version of this of this as
+well and because there's not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and because there's not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and because there's not there's
+also not doing your homework taking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not doing your homework taking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not doing your homework taking on
+some uncertainty whereas you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uncertainty whereas you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uncertainty whereas you could be
+taking risk sure absolutely it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking risk sure absolutely it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking risk sure absolutely it it's
+possible that this kind of risk uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that this kind of risk uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that this kind of risk uh is
+non-systematic risk and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-systematic risk and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-systematic risk and there's nothing
+that says that you ought to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that you ought to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that you ought to get
+compensated for that except for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for that except for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for that except for the fact
+that if you're talking about very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're talking about very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're talking about very very
+very unusual kinds of Technologies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual kinds of Technologies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual kinds of Technologies or
+businesses that nobody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that nobody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that nobody really
+understands or is able to take on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands or is able to take on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands or is able to take on that's
+where the multi-billion dollar paydays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the multi-billion dollar paydays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the multi-billion dollar paydays
+are going to come from it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come from it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come from it's not going to
+come from starting up a new stand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from starting up a new stand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from starting up a new stand or
+setting up another restaurant uh or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up another restaurant uh or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up another restaurant uh or you
+know selling coffee well coffee maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know selling coffee well coffee maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know selling coffee well coffee maybe
+let me take that back uh because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take that back uh because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take that back uh because we have
+some counter examples but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some counter examples but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some counter examples but the point is
+that if it's commoditized if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's commoditized if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's commoditized if everybody
+understands how to do it then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how to do it then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how to do it then the
+profits ultimately are going to get bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits ultimately are going to get bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits ultimately are going to get bid
+down to zero okay yeah but you've also U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero okay yeah but you've also U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero okay yeah but you've also U
+brought attention you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought attention you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought attention you know
+bu's Divergence from the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu's Divergence from the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu's Divergence from the normal
+conventions of you know the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of you know the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of you know the right and
+then and then he says if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then he says if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then he says if you don't
+understand it don't touch it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it don't touch it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it don't touch it right so
+that's that's a huge that's hug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a huge that's hug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a huge that's hug
+uncertainty Factor but yet it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty Factor but yet it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty Factor but yet it's still
+right that's right he have may may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right he have may may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right he have may may have
+made money in other ways not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made money in other ways not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made money in other ways not necessarily
+by taking risks that nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking risks that nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking risks that nobody else
+understood but rather by being early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but rather by being early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but rather by being early in
+taking advantage of opportunities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of opportunities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of opportunities that
+other people didn't see so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people didn't see so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people didn't see so there are
+there's more than one way to make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one way to make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one way to make a lot
+of money and uh we'll talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and uh we'll talk a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and uh we'll talk a bit about
+that at the end when I talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end when I talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end when I talk about how
+evolutionary pressures ultimately allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary pressures ultimately allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary pressures ultimately allow
+businesses to fail and succeed so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to fail and succeed so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to fail and succeed so I'll
+I'll come back to that any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to that any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to that any other
+questions about the example though okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the example though okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the example though okay
+so we've got two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got two examples of
+irrationalities that all of us seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationalities that all of us seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationalities that all of us seem to
+possess and the third example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possess and the third example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possess and the third example that I
+give is one that I think you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give is one that I think you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give is one that I think you have seen
+which is this video clip of this gorilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this video clip of this gorilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this video clip of this gorilla
+right uh this is a clear example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this is a clear example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this is a clear example where
+we are all hardwired to see certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are all hardwired to see certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are all hardwired to see certain
+things that we are looking to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we are looking to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we are looking to see and
+when we're not looking for other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're not looking for other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're not looking for other things
+we don't see them at all and this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see them at all and this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see them at all and this final
+example I give because it provides I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I give because it provides I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I give because it provides I
+think incontrovertible evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think incontrovertible evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think incontrovertible evidence that
+human cognitive abilities are limited we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cognitive abilities are limited we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cognitive abilities are limited we
+are not infinitely rational in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not infinitely rational in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not infinitely rational in the sense
+that we can compute observe analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can compute observe analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can compute observe analyze
+forecast and remember an infinite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and remember an infinite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and remember an infinite amount
+of information and so after all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and so after all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and so after all of these
+examples this is why I said you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this is why I said you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this is why I said you must
+think that the human animal is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the human animal is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the human animal is the
+stupidest creature on earth Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidest creature on earth Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidest creature on earth Earth
+because we suffer from all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we suffer from all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we suffer from all of these
+behavioral biases so the behavioralists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral biases so the behavioralists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral biases so the behavioralists
+would conclude by saying we rest our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would conclude by saying we rest our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would conclude by saying we rest our
+case people are irrational therefore how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case people are irrational therefore how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case people are irrational therefore how
+could you rely on markets for making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you rely on markets for making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you rely on markets for making any
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+decisions well the efficient markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions well the efficient markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions well the efficient markets
+types have a a pretty powerful retort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types have a a pretty powerful retort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types have a a pretty powerful retort
+and the powerful retort comes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the powerful retort comes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the powerful retort comes in the
+form of what's known as the Dutch book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of what's known as the Dutch book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of what's known as the Dutch book
+theorem this is an example that I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this is an example that I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this is an example that I also
+give to try to illustrate how it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to try to illustrate how it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to try to illustrate how it could
+be that even though there are crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that even though there are crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that even though there are crazy
+people some of the time and certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some of the time and certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some of the time and certain
+people that are crazy all of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are crazy all of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are crazy all of the time
+that nevertheless the smart money will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nevertheless the smart money will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nevertheless the smart money will
+win so the example goes like this you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so the example goes like this you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so the example goes like this you've
+got an event a that we're going to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an event a that we're going to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an event a that we're going to bet
+on okay and the event is that the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and the event is that the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and the event is that the S&P
+500 Falls by 5% or more next Monday this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Falls by 5% or more next Monday this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Falls by 5% or more next Monday this
+used to be considered a pretty extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered a pretty extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered a pretty extreme
+event now it's business as usual right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now it's business as usual right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now it's business as usual right
+okay so let's suppose that you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose that you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose that you as the
+irrational behavioral psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational behavioral psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational behavioral psychological
+creature that uh behavioral economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature that uh behavioral economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature that uh behavioral economists
+would argue you are you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue you are you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue you are you have the
+following probability beliefs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following probability beliefs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following probability beliefs the
+probability of a is a half and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a is a half and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a is a half and the
+probability of not a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of not a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of not a is
+3/4s now some of you are chuckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4s now some of you are chuckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4s now some of you are chuckling
+because you would never have such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would never have such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would never have such
+beliefs right because the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs right because the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs right because the probabilities
+they don't add up to one well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't add up to one well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't add up to one well I
+guarantee each and every one of you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee each and every one of you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee each and every one of you if I
+got you into a Darkly lit room and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you into a Darkly lit room and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you into a Darkly lit room and I
+asked you a series of questions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you a series of questions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you a series of questions over
+time you would ultimately end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you would ultimately end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you would ultimately end up
+exhibiting biased probabilities just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting biased probabilities just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting biased probabilities just
+like this because the human cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because the human cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because the human cognitive
+faculties are not designed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties are not designed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties are not designed to make
+correct probabilistic inferences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct probabilistic inferences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct probabilistic inferences that
+this is not natural that we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not natural that we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not natural that we know how to
+make probabilistic Jud judgments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make probabilistic Jud judgments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make probabilistic Jud judgments so
+let's suppose that this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that this is what you
+believe now what's the problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe now what's the problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe now what's the problem with this
+irrationality well the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationality well the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationality well the problem is that
+you would be willing to take both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be willing to take both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be willing to take both of the
+following two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two
+bets bet B1 is a bet where if a occurs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets bet B1 is a bet where if a occurs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets bet B1 is a bet where if a occurs I
+pay you a dollar if a doesn't occur you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you a dollar if a doesn't occur you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you a dollar if a doesn't occur you
+pay me a dollar okay and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me a dollar okay and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me a dollar okay and the reason
+you're willing to take this bet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to take this bet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to take this bet is
+because the odds of a occurring are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the odds of a occurring are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the odds of a occurring are a
+half a half means 50/50 and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a half means 50/50 and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a half means 50/50 and so you're
+willing to take those 50/50 odds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take those 50/50 odds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take those 50/50 odds with
+bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet
+B1 however because you also believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 however because you also believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 however because you also believe that
+the probability of not a is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of not a is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of not a is three
+quarters which is one to three odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters which is one to three odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters which is one to three odds
+right one quar to 3/4s one to three odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one quar to 3/4s one to three odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one quar to 3/4s one to three odds
+because of that fact you're also willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that fact you're also willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that fact you're also willing
+to take bet B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take bet B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take bet B2
+bet B2 is a bet where I pay you a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet B2 is a bet where I pay you a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet B2 is a bet where I pay you a dollar
+if a doesn't occur but you pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a doesn't occur but you pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a doesn't occur but you pay me
+$3 if a does occur right and again the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 if a does occur right and again the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 if a does occur right and again the W
+the reason you're willing to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you're willing to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you're willing to do that is
+because you believe that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you believe that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you believe that the probability
+uh of a not occurring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a not occurring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a not occurring is
+34 now if that's the case you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 now if that's the case you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 now if that's the case you're willing
+to take be B1 and B2 here's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take be B1 and B2 here's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take be B1 and B2 here's what we're
+going to do I'm going to place $50 on B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do I'm going to place $50 on B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do I'm going to place $50 on B1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+$25 on B2 that's the wager that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 on B2 that's the wager that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 on B2 that's the wager that I want
+to engage in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in with
+you if we do that then let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if we do that then let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if we do that then let's see what
+happens if a occurs I lose my $50 on B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if a occurs I lose my $50 on B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if a occurs I lose my $50 on B1
+but I win three to one odds on my $25 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I win three to one odds on my $25 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I win three to one odds on my $25 on
+B2 so I win $75 on B2 so I make $25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so I win $75 on B2 so I make $25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so I win $75 on B2 so I make $25
+profit if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit if a
+occurs if a doesn't occur what happens s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs if a doesn't occur what happens s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs if a doesn't occur what happens s
+well if a doesn't occur I lose my $25 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if a doesn't occur I lose my $25 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if a doesn't occur I lose my $25 on
+B2 but I make $50 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 but I make $50 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 but I make $50 on
+B1 I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 I make
+$25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25
+again heads I win tails you lose no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again heads I win tails you lose no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again heads I win tails you lose no
+matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what
+happens I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I make
+$25 so I'm G to like this a lot and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 so I'm G to like this a lot and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 so I'm G to like this a lot and I'm
+G to keep doing it and doing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to keep doing it and doing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to keep doing it and doing it and
+doing it until one of two things happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it until one of two things happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it until one of two things happens
+either you run out of money or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you run out of money or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you run out of money or you
+change your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your probability
+beliefs and it turns out that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and it turns out that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and it turns out that there is
+only one set of probability beliefs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one set of probability beliefs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one set of probability beliefs for
+which I cannot construct this free lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I cannot construct this free lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I cannot construct this free lunch
+and you know what that is it's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what that is it's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what that is it's when the
+probability is sum to one so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is sum to one so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is sum to one so the point
+is that there's a limit to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a limit to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a limit to how
+irrational you can get because as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational you can get because as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational you can get because as long
+as I'm there to take advantage of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm there to take advantage of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm there to take advantage of you
+I'm simply going to pump money out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm simply going to pump money out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm simply going to pump money out of
+you until you cry Uncle until you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until you cry Uncle until you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until you cry Uncle until you change
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+beliefs yeah are there any examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs yeah are there any examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs yeah are there any examples of
+where this actually exploited absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this actually exploited absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this actually exploited absolutely
+there are tons of examples there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of examples there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of examples there are
+tons of examples of mispricings in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of examples of mispricings in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of examples of mispricings in fact
+the example that I gave you when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that I gave you when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that I gave you when we were
+doing fixed income Arbitrage when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing fixed income Arbitrage when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing fixed income Arbitrage when we had
+these different treasury Securities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different treasury Securities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different treasury Securities that
+had different yields for the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different yields for the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different yields for the very very
+same maturities and you could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maturities and you could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maturities and you could solve
+using simultaneous linear equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using simultaneous linear equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using simultaneous linear equations for
+the Arbitrage that is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arbitrage that is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arbitrage that is exactly this
+example so there are many many examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so there are many many examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so there are many many examples
+where this occurs and it doesn't last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this occurs and it doesn't last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this occurs and it doesn't last
+typically because people get tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically because people get tired of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically because people get tired of
+losing money uh and ultimately either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money uh and ultimately either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money uh and ultimately either
+they run out of that money or they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run out of that money or they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run out of that money or they get
+they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get
+wise so the idea behind this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise so the idea behind this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise so the idea behind this argument
+that efficient markets folks make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that efficient markets folks make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that efficient markets folks make is
+that sure people may be irrational from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sure people may be irrational from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sure people may be irrational from
+time to time and there may be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time and there may be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time and there may be some
+people that are old always irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are old always irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are old always irrational
+but as long as there are smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as there are smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as there are smart people
+out there as long as there's smart money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there as long as there's smart money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there as long as there's smart money
+out there then it doesn't matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there then it doesn't matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there then it doesn't matter because
+the probabilities will sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities will sum to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities will sum to one
+through Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Market
+forces and so then the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and so then the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and so then the question is how
+strong are those Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong are those Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong are those Market
+forces and I would point to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and I would point to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and I would point to the current
+crisis to tell you that those Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis to tell you that those Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis to tell you that those Market
+forces while they sound good on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces while they sound good on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces while they sound good on paper
+and at a place like MIT I promise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a place like MIT I promise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a place like MIT I promise you
+that what John mayard Kan said decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what John mayard Kan said decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what John mayard Kan said decades
+ago is still true which is the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago is still true which is the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago is still true which is the market
+can stay irrational much much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay irrational much much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay irrational much much longer
+than you can stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you can stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you can stay
+solvent in other words if you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in other words if you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in other words if you are the
+only sane person in an irrational world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sane person in an irrational world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sane person in an irrational world
+you're the one with the problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the one with the problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the one with the problem because
+you can't take advantage of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take advantage of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take advantage of these
+opportunities before ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities before ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities before ultimately the
+forces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces of
+irrationality overwhelm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationality overwhelm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrationality overwhelm
+you at least that's what Chan mayard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least that's what Chan mayard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least that's what Chan mayard
+thought now it seems to suggest then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought now it seems to suggest then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought now it seems to suggest then
+that it's a question about magnitudes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a question about magnitudes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a question about magnitudes in
+other words you got smart people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you got smart people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you got smart people here
+you got irrational people here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got irrational people here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got irrational people here they're
+going to interact and may the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interact and may the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interact and may the bigger
+pocketbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocketbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocketbook
+win question is who's got the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win question is who's got the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win question is who's got the bigger
+pocketbook who's got the stronger set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocketbook who's got the stronger set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocketbook who's got the stronger set of
+forces the irrational guys or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the irrational guys or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the irrational guys or the
+efficient markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient markets
+guys and before I answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and before I answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and before I answer that question
+or at least propose an answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least propose an answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least propose an answer to that
+question I need to now beg your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I need to now beg your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I need to now beg your
+Indulgence for the next 15 or 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indulgence for the next 15 or 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indulgence for the next 15 or 20 minutes
+because we're going to take a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to take a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to take a little bit
+of a detour I want to bring in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a detour I want to bring in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a detour I want to bring in some
+evidence from the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from the cognitive
+neurosciences that will speak directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences that will speak directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences that will speak directly
+to this issue of what we even mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this issue of what we even mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this issue of what we even mean by
+rationality it turns out that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality it turns out that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality it turns out that what
+economists mean by rationale is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists mean by rationale is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists mean by rationale is not what
+you and I take to be Ral from a daily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I take to be Ral from a daily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I take to be Ral from a daily uh
+kind of uh activities type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh activities type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh activities type of
+perspective so I want to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so I want to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so I want to tell you about
+some research in the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research in the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research in the cognitive
+neurosciences that really change changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences that really change changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences that really change changes
+the way we think about rationality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about rationality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about rationality and
+decision-making to do that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making to do that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making to do that I'm going to
+tell you about uh a particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about uh a particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about uh a particular case
+study that was described in a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was described in a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was described in a book
+written by a neuroscientist by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by a neuroscientist by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by a neuroscientist by the name
+of Antonio deasio deasio uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Antonio deasio deasio uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Antonio deasio deasio uh is a
+clinical neurologist uh meaning that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical neurologist uh meaning that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical neurologist uh meaning that he
+sees patients as well as does research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees patients as well as does research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees patients as well as does research
+and about 15 years ago he wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 15 years ago he wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 15 years ago he wrote a book
+titled decart's error and in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled decart's error and in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled decart's error and in a few
+minutes I'll explain to you where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'll explain to you where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'll explain to you where that
+title comes from but in this book he Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title comes from but in this book he Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title comes from but in this book he Des
+describes his experience in dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes his experience in dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes his experience in dealing with
+one of his patients code named Elliott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his patients code named Elliott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his patients code named Elliott
+who developed a brain tumor that had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who developed a brain tumor that had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who developed a brain tumor that had to
+be surgically removed and as you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surgically removed and as you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surgically removed and as you may
+know with these kinds of surgeries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with these kinds of surgeries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with these kinds of surgeries
+you've got to remove a healthy portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to remove a healthy portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to remove a healthy portion
+of the brain uh as well as the tumor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain uh as well as the tumor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain uh as well as the tumor to
+make sure that you've got all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you've got all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you've got all of the
+tumor and you don't don't leave anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and you don't don't leave anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and you don't don't leave anything
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+remaining so after they took out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining so after they took out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining so after they took out this
+tumor and after Elliot recovered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and after Elliot recovered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and after Elliot recovered from
+the surgery they gave him a battery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgery they gave him a battery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgery they gave him a battery of
+tests to see whether or not any of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests to see whether or not any of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests to see whether or not any of his
+cognitive abilities were impaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive abilities were impaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive abilities were impaired
+because of this uh uh surgery they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this uh uh surgery they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this uh uh surgery they gave
+him a perception test memory test IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a perception test memory test IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a perception test memory test IQ
+test learning ability language ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test learning ability language ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test learning ability language ability
+arithmetic with every single test Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic with every single test Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic with every single test Elliot
+passed with flying colors either average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed with flying colors either average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed with flying colors either average
+or well above average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or well above average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or well above average
+and yet within weeks after the recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet within weeks after the recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet within weeks after the recovery
+of his surgery he was fired from his job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his surgery he was fired from his job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his surgery he was fired from his job
+his wife left him and for all intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife left him and for all intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife left him and for all intents
+and purposes he had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes he had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes he had to be
+institutionalized he couldn't live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalized he couldn't live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalized he couldn't live on
+his own because his behavior became so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own because his behavior became so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own because his behavior became so
+irrational now let me describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational now let me describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational now let me describe to you
+what kind of irrationality uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of irrationality uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of irrationality uh we're
+talking about deasio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about deasio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about deasio
+describes uh what Elliot did when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes uh what Elliot did when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes uh what Elliot did when he was
+uh engaged in a task at his job he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engaged in a task at his job he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engaged in a task at his job he was
+an accountant at the time and so deasio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accountant at the time and so deasio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accountant at the time and so deasio
+writes when the job called for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes when the job called for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes when the job called for
+interrupting an activity and turning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupting an activity and turning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupting an activity and turning to
+another he might persist nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another he might persist nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another he might persist nonetheless
+seemingly losing sight of his main goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly losing sight of his main goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly losing sight of his main goal
+or he might interrupt the activity he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he might interrupt the activity he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he might interrupt the activity he
+had engaged to turn into something he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had engaged to turn into something he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had engaged to turn into something he
+found more captivating at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found more captivating at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found more captivating at that
+particular moment the flow of work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular moment the flow of work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular moment the flow of work was
+stopped one might say that Elliot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped one might say that Elliot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped one might say that Elliot uh
+that that the particular step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the particular step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the particular step of the
+task at which Elliot bed was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task at which Elliot bed was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task at which Elliot bed was actually
+being carried out too well and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being carried out too well and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being carried out too well and at the
+expense of the overall purpose one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of the overall purpose one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of the overall purpose one might
+say that Elliot had become irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that Elliot had become irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that Elliot had become irrational
+concerning the larger frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the larger frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the larger frame of
+Behavior now what deasio was telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior now what deasio was telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior now what deasio was telling you
+uh is a very simple example that he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a very simple example that he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a very simple example that he gave
+in the book where Elliot was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book where Elliot was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book where Elliot was asked to
+write a letter to one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a letter to one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a letter to one of his
+clients he'd fire up the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients he'd fire up the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients he'd fire up the word
+processor and before he started typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and before he started typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and before he started typing
+that letter he had to pick just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that letter he had to pick just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that letter he had to pick just the
+right font and it took him three hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right font and it took him three hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right font and it took him three hours
+to pick that font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick that font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick that font
+three hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours
+literally now those of you who use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally now those of you who use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally now those of you who use
+Microsoft Word I know that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Word I know that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Word I know that when you
+first got it you did the same thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first got it you did the same thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first got it you did the same thing I
+did you pulled down that that font menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you pulled down that that font menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you pulled down that that font menu
+and you went through you know Ariel SF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you went through you know Ariel SF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you went through you know Ariel SF
+Times New Roman you checked out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times New Roman you checked out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times New Roman you checked out all
+those fonts but it probably didn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fonts but it probably didn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fonts but it probably didn't take
+you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three
+hours moreover it didn't take you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours moreover it didn't take you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours moreover it didn't take you three
+hours every time you had to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours every time you had to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours every time you had to write a
+letter well it did for Elliot after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter well it did for Elliot after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter well it did for Elliot after the
+surgery every letter he wrote took three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery every letter he wrote took three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery every letter he wrote took three
+hours at the start because he had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours at the start because he had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours at the start because he had to
+pick just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick just the right
+font and it didn't dawn on damazio until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font and it didn't dawn on damazio until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font and it didn't dawn on damazio until
+he gave Elliot one test that he finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave Elliot one test that he finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave Elliot one test that he finally
+failed as to what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed as to what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed as to what was going
+on and let me tell you what the test was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and let me tell you what the test was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and let me tell you what the test was
+psychologists uh often use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists uh often use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists uh often use something
+called I blink response rate to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I blink response rate to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I blink response rate to measure
+emotional reaction uh it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional reaction uh it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional reaction uh it turns out that
+for normal human beings when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for normal human beings when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for normal human beings when you have a
+strong emotional response you blink your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong emotional response you blink your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong emotional response you blink your
+eyes a little bit more quickly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes a little bit more quickly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes a little bit more quickly than
+usual right those of you who've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual right those of you who've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual right those of you who've ever
+seen uh the Betty Boop cartoons where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh the Betty Boop cartoons where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh the Betty Boop cartoons where
+they have a female character trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a female character trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a female character trying to
+flirt with somebody else that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flirt with somebody else that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flirt with somebody else that the way
+they'll indicate flirtation is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll indicate flirtation is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll indicate flirtation is uh you
+know blinking their eyes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know blinking their eyes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know blinking their eyes a little bit
+more quickly batting their eyelashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly batting their eyelashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly batting their eyelashes
+right those of you who are serious poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those of you who are serious poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those of you who are serious poker
+players you'll know that there's a poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players you'll know that there's a poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players you'll know that there's a poker
+tell meaning a physical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell meaning a physical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell meaning a physical uh
+characteristic that will signal a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that will signal a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that will signal a strong
+emotional reaction on the part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional reaction on the part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional reaction on the part of your
+opponent and that is when they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent and that is when they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent and that is when they look at
+their hand they blink their eyes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand they blink their eyes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand they blink their eyes a
+little bit more rapidly that either it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more rapidly that either it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more rapidly that either it's
+a really strong hand or a really weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really strong hand or a really weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really strong hand or a really weak
+hand that's by the way why many poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that's by the way why many poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that's by the way why many poker
+players they wear sunglasses when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players they wear sunglasses when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players they wear sunglasses when they
+play not to look cool but to hide their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play not to look cool but to hide their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play not to look cool but to hide their
+reactions what they do is they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions what they do is they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions what they do is they take a
+subject and put him in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and put him in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and put him in front of a
+computer screen attach electrodes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer screen attach electrodes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer screen attach electrodes to
+their eyelids to measure how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyelids to measure how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyelids to measure how quickly
+they're blinking their eyes and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blinking their eyes and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blinking their eyes and they
+show the subject strong emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the subject strong emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the subject strong emotionally
+charged images things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged images things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged images things like
+pornography or uh scenes from Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography or uh scenes from Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography or uh scenes from Nazi
+concentration camps and when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration camps and when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration camps and when we have
+strong emotional reactions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong emotional reactions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong emotional reactions you can
+measure the increase in the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the increase in the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the increase in the rate at
+which we blink our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we blink our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we blink our
+eyes it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes it turns out that
+Elliott had no change in his ey blink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliott had no change in his ey blink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliott had no change in his ey blink
+response rates none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response rates none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response rates none
+whatsoever and so deasio finally asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever and so deasio finally asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever and so deasio finally asked
+Elliot Elliot how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot Elliot how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot Elliot how do you
+feel and Elliot said you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and Elliot said you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and Elliot said you know what's
+funny after the surgery I observed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny after the surgery I observed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny after the surgery I observed that
+the things that I used to enjoy before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I used to enjoy before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I used to enjoy before
+the surgery I don't anymore for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgery I don't anymore for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgery I don't anymore for example
+I used to like steak dinners red wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to like steak dinners red wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to like steak dinners red wine
+and Mozart and I've experienced all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mozart and I've experienced all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mozart and I've experienced all of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+things afterwards and I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things afterwards and I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things afterwards and I don't feel
+anything I know I should be enjoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I know I should be enjoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I know I should be enjoying
+them but I don't I don't feel anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I don't I don't feel anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I don't I don't feel anything I
+don't dislike it I just don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't dislike it I just don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't dislike it I just don't really
+enjoy it as much as I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it as much as I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it as much as I know I
+should now I don't know how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now I don't know how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now I don't know how many of you
+have had that kind of reaction uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had that kind of reaction uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had that kind of reaction uh I have
+fairly recently you know my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently you know my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently you know my my
+8-year-old son uh and I were at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8-year-old son uh and I were at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8-year-old son uh and I were at the
+supermarket the other day and I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket the other day and I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket the other day and I I was
+going by the candy aisle and I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going by the candy aisle and I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going by the candy aisle and I noticed
+that there were Cracker Jacks uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were Cracker Jacks uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were Cracker Jacks uh on the
+uh on the Shelf I don't know how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the Shelf I don't know how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the Shelf I don't know how many of
+you know what they are peanut coated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what they are peanut coated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what they are peanut coated
+popcorn candy and a prize and right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popcorn candy and a prize and right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popcorn candy and a prize and right um
+well I I loved Cracker Jacks when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I loved Cracker Jacks when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I loved Cracker Jacks when I was
+eight years old I remember that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years old I remember that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years old I remember that very
+distinctly you know just really enjoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly you know just really enjoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly you know just really enjoying
+it so I decided I was going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I decided I was going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I decided I was going to get some
+for my eight-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my eight-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my eight-year-old
+so I got some for him and I tried some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got some for him and I tried some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got some for him and I tried some
+as well and I remember thinking gee I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and I remember thinking gee I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and I remember thinking gee I
+know I should really be enjoying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I should really be enjoying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I should really be enjoying this
+but I'm not it's not you know maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not it's not you know maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not it's not you know maybe my
+taste have changed I don't know but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste have changed I don't know but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste have changed I don't know but it's
+not nearly as wonderful as I remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nearly as wonderful as I remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nearly as wonderful as I remembered
+it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+be imagine having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be imagine having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be imagine having that
+feeling about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about
+everything all your fears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all your fears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all your fears
+anxieties your your great desires all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties your your great desires all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties your your great desires all of
+your emotions gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your emotions gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your emotions gone
+you don't feel anything you sort of feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel anything you sort of feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel anything you sort of feel
+numb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numb
+inside it turns out that deasio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it turns out that deasio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it turns out that deasio
+conjectured that what we think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured that what we think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured that what we think of as
+rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+Behavior actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior actually
+requires emotion in other words you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires emotion in other words you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires emotion in other words you have
+to be able to feel in order to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to feel in order to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to feel in order to act
+rationally now that's really uh uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationally now that's really uh uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationally now that's really uh uh very
+different from the typical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the typical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the typical kind of
+impression where rationality is at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression where rationality is at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression where rationality is at one
+end of the spectrum and emotion fear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the spectrum and emotion fear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the spectrum and emotion fear and
+greed are at the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed are at the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed are at the other end of the
+spectrum this is day cart's perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum this is day cart's perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum this is day cart's perspective
+on the world this is why the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world this is why the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world this is why the book is
+titled decart's error he's arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled decart's error he's arguing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled decart's error he's arguing that
+dekart got it all wrong that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dekart got it all wrong that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dekart got it all wrong that in fact
+emotion is the opposite side of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion is the opposite side of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion is the opposite side of the same
+coin if you can't feel then you can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin if you can't feel then you can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin if you can't feel then you can't be
+rational so this calls into question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational so this calls into question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational so this calls into question
+what we think of as rationality and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of as rationality and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of as rationality and I'm
+going to beg your Indulgence for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to beg your Indulgence for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to beg your Indulgence for another
+five minutes as I tell you more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes as I tell you more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes as I tell you more about
+the neur physiological basis for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neur physiological basis for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neur physiological basis for this
+observation it turns out that the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation it turns out that the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation it turns out that the part
+of the brain that they took out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain that they took out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain that they took out from
+Elliot with his tumor is the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot with his tumor is the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot with his tumor is the part that
+was responsible for emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was responsible for emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was responsible for emotional
+reaction and there have been a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and there have been a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and there have been a number of
+theories that have been developed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that have been developed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that have been developed now
+about how the brain works so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the brain works so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the brain works so I want to
+describe probably the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe probably the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe probably the most popular
+Theory uh at least as of about 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh at least as of about 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh at least as of about 10 years
+ago and you'll get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and you'll get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and you'll get a better
+understanding for what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding for what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding for what's going on and
+this is the part that I think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that I think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that I think will
+change your lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your lives
+so it turns out that the brain which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that the brain which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that the brain which is
+pictured here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here in
+cross-section is not nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is not nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is not nearly the
+homogeneous organ that we often take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous organ that we often take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous organ that we often take it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be it turns out that the brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it turns out that the brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it turns out that the brain is
+comprised of different components and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of different components and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of different components and a
+neuroscientist by the name of Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist by the name of Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist by the name of Paul
+McLean about 10 years ago came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McLean about 10 years ago came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McLean about 10 years ago came up with
+what's now called the Triune model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now called the Triune model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now called the Triune model of
+the brain which decomposes the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain which decomposes the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain which decomposes the brain
+into three separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three separate
+components the first component component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the first component component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the first component component
+is located at the bottom of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is located at the bottom of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is located at the bottom of the brain
+it's also known as the brain stem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also known as the brain stem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also known as the brain stem it's
+the part of the brain that sits on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the brain that sits on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the brain that sits on top
+of your spinal cord and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your spinal cord and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your spinal cord and all of the
+nerves that go up through your spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves that go up through your spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves that go up through your spinal
+cord attaches into that brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord attaches into that brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord attaches into that brain
+stem and neuroscientists have determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem and neuroscientists have determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem and neuroscientists have determined
+that the brain stem is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the brain stem is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the brain stem is responsible for
+all of the sort of bodily functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the sort of bodily functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the sort of bodily functions that
+you take for granted and typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take for granted and typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take for granted and typically you
+cannot control unless you're a Zen Sufi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot control unless you're a Zen Sufi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot control unless you're a Zen Sufi
+Master things like heart rate breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master things like heart rate breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master things like heart rate breathing
+body temperature regulation things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body temperature regulation things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body temperature regulation things that
+we need for basic survival and McLean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for basic survival and McLean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for basic survival and McLean
+called the brain stem The Reptilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the brain stem The Reptilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the brain stem The Reptilian
+Brain because this is the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brain because this is the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brain because this is the part of the
+brain that we have in common with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that we have in common with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that we have in common with
+virtually all vertebrates reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all vertebrates reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all vertebrates reptiles
+mammals anything with a spinal cord will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals anything with a spinal cord will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals anything with a spinal cord will
+have a brain stem sitting on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a brain stem sitting on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a brain stem sitting on top of that
+and from an evolutionary perspective it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from an evolutionary perspective it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from an evolutionary perspective it
+is the oldest part of the brain uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oldest part of the brain uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oldest part of the brain uh and
+the the part that really controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the part that really controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the part that really controls the
+very most primitive functions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very most primitive functions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very most primitive functions of of
+Life the second part of the the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life the second part of the the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life the second part of the the brain
+that McLean identified is the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that McLean identified is the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that McLean identified is the middle
+part known as the midbrain or what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part known as the midbrain or what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part known as the midbrain or what uh
+McAn called the mamalian brain this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McAn called the mamalian brain this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McAn called the mamalian brain this is
+the part of the brain that uh we share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the brain that uh we share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the brain that uh we share
+only with warm-blooded creatures with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with warm-blooded creatures with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with warm-blooded creatures with
+mammals uh so reptiles don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals uh so reptiles don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals uh so reptiles don't have this
+and it's evolutionarily somewhat later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's evolutionarily somewhat later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's evolutionarily somewhat later
+in development Than The Reptilian Brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in development Than The Reptilian Brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in development Than The Reptilian Brain
+and this part of the brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part of the brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part of the brain is
+responsible for emotional reaction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for emotional reaction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for emotional reaction for
+social behavior for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social behavior for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social behavior for
+fear and greed love sexual attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear and greed love sexual attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear and greed love sexual attraction
+now you might ask well you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might ask well you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might ask well you know how do
+neuroscientists know this well the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists know this well the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists know this well the way
+that they've discovered this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've discovered this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've discovered this and it's
+only been over the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been over the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been over the last couple of
+decades is they take a subject and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades is they take a subject and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades is they take a subject and they
+put them in an MRI machine all of you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in an MRI machine all of you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in an MRI machine all of you I
+think know what an MRI is Right magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think know what an MRI is Right magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think know what an MRI is Right magnetic
+resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+imaging and instead of taking a snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and instead of taking a snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and instead of taking a snapshot
+what neuroscientists will do is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what neuroscientists will do is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what neuroscientists will do is to take
+a series of snapshots over many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of snapshots over many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of snapshots over many many
+milliseconds and eventually put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds and eventually put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds and eventually put together
+a movie a movie of your brain now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie a movie of your brain now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie a movie of your brain now the
+reason that's interesting is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's interesting is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's interesting is because
+blood contains iron and iron shows up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood contains iron and iron shows up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood contains iron and iron shows up on
+an MRI so when they take a movie of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MRI so when they take a movie of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MRI so when they take a movie of your
+brain they see the blood flowing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain they see the blood flowing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain they see the blood flowing in your
+brain and while a subject is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and while a subject is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and while a subject is in there
+they will uh impose certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will uh impose certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will uh impose certain kinds of
+stimuli on that subject and see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli on that subject and see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli on that subject and see where
+the blood goes so for example they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood goes so for example they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood goes so for example they ask
+you to lie in the magnet and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to lie in the magnet and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to lie in the magnet and you're
+lying there and they are taking a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there and they are taking a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there and they are taking a movie
+of your brain and while while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your brain and while while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your brain and while while you're
+lying there peacefully they'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there peacefully they'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there peacefully they'll take a
+needle and they'll stab you with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle and they'll stab you with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle and they'll stab you with it and
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ow and what they'll show is the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ow and what they'll show is the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ow and what they'll show is the blood
+flows to one very specific region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows to one very specific region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows to one very specific region in the
+brain that region is the pain center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that region is the pain center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that region is the pain center of
+the brain or at least that's how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain or at least that's how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain or at least that's how they
+identify so when you feel pain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify so when you feel pain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify so when you feel pain and
+they'll stab you in lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stab you in lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stab you in lots of different
+parts of the body and they'll show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the body and they'll show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the body and they'll show that
+It All Leads to activation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It All Leads to activation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It All Leads to activation of that
+little pain center so they'll say fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pain center so they'll say fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pain center so they'll say fine
+pain is identified in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain is identified in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain is identified in that particular
+region now the third part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region now the third part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region now the third part of the brain
+the last part that McLean identified is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part that McLean identified is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part that McLean identified is
+actually what we think of as the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we think of as the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we think of as the brain
+it's that gray matter the curly coils it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that gray matter the curly coils it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that gray matter the curly coils it
+turns out that that's not solid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's not solid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's not solid but
+that's like a blanket that sits on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a blanket that sits on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a blanket that sits on top
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+midbrain and that part of the brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and that part of the brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and that part of the brain is
+actually unique to Homo sapiens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually unique to Homo sapiens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually unique to Homo sapiens and
+certain great apes so this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain great apes so this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain great apes so this is called the
+h brain and from an evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h brain and from an evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h brain and from an evolutionary
+perspective it is the newest part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it is the newest part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it is the newest part of the
+brain so it's often called the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so it's often called the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so it's often called the neocortex
+the newest part of that brain using MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newest part of that brain using MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newest part of that brain using MRI
+techniques neuroscientists have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques neuroscientists have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques neuroscientists have been
+able to deduce that this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to deduce that this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to deduce that this part of the
+brain is responsible for language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is responsible for language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is responsible for language
+ability mathematical ability and logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability mathematical ability and logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability mathematical ability and logical
+deliberation what we think of as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation what we think of as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation what we think of as you
+know the higher thought functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the higher thought functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the higher thought functions of
+humans it resides in that neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans it resides in that neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans it resides in that neocortex
+now why am I telling you all this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why am I telling you all this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why am I telling you all this well
+because it turns out that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that these three
+components of the brain they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the brain they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the brain they end up
+working in different ways in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in different ways in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in different ways in fact they
+have different priorities uh what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different priorities uh what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different priorities uh what do I
+mean by that well let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that well let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that well let me give you an
+example suppose God forbid you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose God forbid you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose God forbid you're in a
+car accident you're bleeding and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car accident you're bleeding and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car accident you're bleeding and your
+body starts to shut down you you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body starts to shut down you you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body starts to shut down you you you go
+into shock and one by one your organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into shock and one by one your organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into shock and one by one your organs
+begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to
+fail of the three component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail of the three component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail of the three component
+of the brain which do you think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain which do you think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain which do you think will
+shut down last which of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down last which of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down last which of these three
+components will shut down last yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components will shut down last yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components will shut down last yeah
+reptilian The Reptilian that's right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptilian The Reptilian that's right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptilian The Reptilian that's right why
+it's responsible for your basic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's responsible for your basic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's responsible for your basic function
+exactly once your Reptilian Brain shuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once your Reptilian Brain shuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once your Reptilian Brain shuts
+down you know that's bye-bye that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know that's bye-bye that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know that's bye-bye that's the
+end right so this explains why you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right so this explains why you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right so this explains why you can
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+Consciousness but still breathe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness but still breathe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness but still breathe it's
+because Consciousness is seated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Consciousness is seated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Consciousness is seated in the
+homed brain and certain parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homed brain and certain parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homed brain and certain parts of the
+Maman brain but you don't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maman brain but you don't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maman brain but you don't need to be
+conscious in order to be breathing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious in order to be breathing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious in order to be breathing your
+reptilian brain controls that so from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptilian brain controls that so from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptilian brain controls that so from a
+priority perspective the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority perspective the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority perspective the most important
+part of your three components is The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your three components is The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your three components is The
+Reptilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reptilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reptilian
+Brain okay now let me ask you the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brain okay now let me ask you the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brain okay now let me ask you the next
+question before that of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question before that of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question before that of the remaining
+two the homed brain and the Maman brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the homed brain and the Maman brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the homed brain and the Maman brain
+which do you think has priority which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do you think has priority which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do you think has priority which
+shuts down later in the case of a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuts down later in the case of a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuts down later in the case of a car
+accident where you're bleeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out yeah milon that's right why that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah milon that's right why that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah milon that's right why that's I
+think where fight flight is fight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where fight flight is fight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where fight flight is fight or
+flight is in the Mamon brain but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is in the Mamon brain but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is in the Mamon brain but why
+would you think that has higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think that has higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think that has higher
+priority there's a certain of scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority there's a certain of scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority there's a certain of scenarios
+you want to react emo to those them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to react emo to those them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to react emo to those them
+right from an evolutionary perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from an evolutionary perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from an evolutionary perspective
+it's probably more important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably more important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably more important for you to
+be scared and run like hell when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scared and run like hell when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scared and run like hell when you're
+being confronted Ed by a saber-tooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being confronted Ed by a saber-tooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being confronted Ed by a saber-tooth
+tiger then for you to be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger then for you to be able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger then for you to be able to solve
+differential equations right even if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations right even if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations right even if if
+you're from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from
+MIT and so as a result from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and so as a result from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and so as a result from a
+evolutionary standpoint and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary standpoint and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary standpoint and more
+importantly from a physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly from a physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly from a physiological
+standpoint the mamalian brain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint the mamalian brain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint the mamalian brain has
+priority over the homed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority over the homed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority over the homed
+brain now neuroscientists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain now neuroscientists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain now neuroscientists have
+documented that this kind of hard wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented that this kind of hard wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented that this kind of hard wiring
+is even more significant than we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even more significant than we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even more significant than we had
+thought let me explain why they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought let me explain why they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought let me explain why they did the
+following experiment take a subject put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experiment take a subject put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experiment take a subject put
+him in a magnet and they asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in a magnet and they asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in a magnet and they asked the
+subject to solve arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to solve arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to solve arithmetic
+problems while they're in the magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems while they're in the magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems while they're in the magnet and
+you can do that because if you're lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that because if you're lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that because if you're lying
+down they have a mirror that where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they have a mirror that where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they have a mirror that where they
+project the image of a computer screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the image of a computer screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the image of a computer screen
+and your hands are free even though your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your hands are free even though your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your hands are free even though your
+head and your body are not and so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and your body are not and so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and your body are not and so while
+you're lying down in the magnet you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lying down in the magnet you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lying down in the magnet you're
+looking up at this mirror you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up at this mirror you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up at this mirror you see a
+computer screen and with your hands they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer screen and with your hands they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer screen and with your hands they
+give you a mouse and you can move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a mouse and you can move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a mouse and you can move around
+and solve arithmetic problems on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve arithmetic problems on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve arithmetic problems on the
+screen while you're in the magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen while you're in the magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen while you're in the magnet and
+arithmetic is seated at this the hominid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic is seated at this the hominid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic is seated at this the hominid
+brain level so they can see the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain level so they can see the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain level so they can see the blood
+flowing into that part of the brain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing into that part of the brain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing into that part of the brain as
+you solve these arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve these arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve these arithmetic
+problems while you're doing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems while you're doing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems while you're doing that the
+experimentor will take a needle and stab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentor will take a needle and stab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentor will take a needle and stab
+you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with
+it and you go ow and then it takes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you go ow and then it takes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you go ow and then it takes you
+longer to solve those arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to solve those arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to solve those arithmetic
+problems now you're saying this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now you're saying this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now you're saying this is what
+they give grants for I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give grants for I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give grants for I mean you know
+anybody could tell you that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody could tell you that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody could tell you that you know
+when somebody's trying to stab you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody's trying to stab you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody's trying to stab you it's
+going to take you longer to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take you longer to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take you longer to solve
+arithmetic problems okay but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic problems okay but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic problems okay but here's the
+Insight the Insight is that what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight the Insight is that what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight the Insight is that what they
+discovered was that the flow of blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered was that the flow of blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered was that the flow of blood
+was constricted to your neocortex after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constricted to your neocortex after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constricted to your neocortex after
+that pain uh that was implemented but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pain uh that was implemented but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pain uh that was implemented but it
+lasted for hours the the Restriction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted for hours the the Restriction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted for hours the the Restriction of
+blood flow to your neocortex lasted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow to your neocortex lasted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow to your neocortex lasted for
+hours hours after that pin prick not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours hours after that pin prick not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours hours after that pin prick not
+just seconds not just minutes but hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seconds not just minutes but hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seconds not just minutes but hours
+afterward it took you longer to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward it took you longer to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward it took you longer to solve
+arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+problems for all intents and purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for all intents and purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for all intents and purposes
+that pain stimulus made you stupider for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pain stimulus made you stupider for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pain stimulus made you stupider for
+a period of time you physiologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of time you physiologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of time you physiologically
+could not solve those problems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not solve those problems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not solve those problems as
+quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as
+before and this is a stunning result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this is a stunning result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and this is a stunning result
+because what it says is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it says is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it says is that there are
+periods where for purely physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where for purely physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where for purely physiological
+reasons we are going to be inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we are going to be inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we are going to be inhibited
+from using that part of the brain I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using that part of the brain I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using that part of the brain I'm
+going to give you some examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you some examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you some examples of this
+in your own behavior just to prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own behavior just to prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own behavior just to prove to
+you that this is actually going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this is actually going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this is actually going on right
+now in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in your
+heads how many of you have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads how many of you have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads how many of you have had the
+following experience you're um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experience you're um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experience you're um you're
+trying to meet a very attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to meet a very attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to meet a very attractive
+individual you want to go out on a date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you want to go out on a date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you want to go out on a date
+with them so you think of all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so you think of all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so you think of all sorts of
+really uh clever ways of meeting them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh clever ways of meeting them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh clever ways of meeting them by
+accident and then when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident and then when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident and then when you do that
+you're going to ask them out on a date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to ask them out on a date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to ask them out on a date
+and you've got your lines prepared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got your lines prepared you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got your lines prepared you
+know exactly what you're going to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what you're going to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what you're going to say to
+make them just completely thrilled at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them just completely thrilled at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them just completely thrilled at
+going out with you and finally it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out with you and finally it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out with you and finally it starts
+to unfold it happens you meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold it happens you meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold it happens you meet the
+person and as soon as you open your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and as soon as you open your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and as soon as you open your
+mouth and you start talking you sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth and you start talking you sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth and you start talking you sound
+like a total idiot you say all the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a total idiot you say all the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a total idiot you say all the wrong
+things right you're Tongue Tied you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right you're Tongue Tied you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right you're Tongue Tied you
+start stuttering and there's a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start stuttering and there's a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start stuttering and there's a reason
+for this is a physiological reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is a physiological reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is a physiological reason you
+know what it is it's the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it's the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it's the fact that
+sexual attraction hyper stimulates your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual attraction hyper stimulates your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual attraction hyper stimulates your
+midbrain here and when it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain here and when it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain here and when it does it
+restricts your blood flow to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts your blood flow to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts your blood flow to the
+neocortex language ability is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex language ability is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex language ability is in the
+neocortex love makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stupid let me give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid let me give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid let me give you another
+example this is an example that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an example that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an example that we're
+going to do together okay the example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do together okay the example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do together okay the example is
+going to go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go like this
+I'm going to show you a bunch of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a bunch of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a bunch of words
+that have different colors and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different colors and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different colors and I don't
+want you to read anything but I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to read anything but I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to read anything but I want you
+to say out loud with me what the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say out loud with me what the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say out loud with me what the colors
+are from left to right okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from left to right okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from left to right okay so these are
+the words but we're going to say out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words but we're going to say out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words but we're going to say out
+loud together as quickly as possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud together as quickly as possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud together as quickly as possible the
+colors you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors you guys
+ready okay here we go red green blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready okay here we go red green blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready okay here we go red green blue
+yellow orange blue brown red green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow orange blue brown red green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow orange blue brown red green
+purple pink black blue yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple pink black blue yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple pink black blue yellow
+no problem right very easy we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem right very easy we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem right very easy we're going
+to do the exact same thing now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the exact same thing now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the exact same thing now with this
+say the colors as quickly as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the colors as quickly as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the colors as quickly as possible
+you ready okay here we go blue red blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+black what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black what
+happened what's going on couldn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what's going on couldn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what's going on couldn't do it
+as quickly could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quickly could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quickly could
+you well let me tell you what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well let me tell you what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well let me tell you what's going on
+it turns out that language ability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that language ability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that language ability and
+color recognition are actually handled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color recognition are actually handled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color recognition are actually handled
+by two different parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two different parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two different parts of the brain
+language ability resid strictly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ability resid strictly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ability resid strictly in the
+neocortex the homed brain but color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex the homed brain but color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex the homed brain but color
+recognition is actually part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is actually part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is actually part of the
+mamalian brain mammals can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamalian brain mammals can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamalian brain mammals can recognize
+colors very well in fact I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors very well in fact I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors very well in fact I I don't know
+how many of you have redecorated your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have redecorated your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have redecorated your
+your homes or your your kitchens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homes or your your kitchens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homes or your your kitchens or
+dining rooms recently I did this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dining rooms recently I did this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dining rooms recently I did this a
+couple years ago and you know my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago and you know my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago and you know my wife
+talked to one of of her friends who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to one of of her friends who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to one of of her friends who was
+a decorator who who told her you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decorator who who told her you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decorator who who told her you've got
+to paint your dining room in red because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint your dining room in red because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint your dining room in red because
+why anybody know why is red the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why anybody know why is red the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why anybody know why is red the
+preferred color of restaurants dining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred color of restaurants dining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred color of restaurants dining
+rooms yeah makes you eat more exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms yeah makes you eat more exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms yeah makes you eat more exactly it
+makes you eat more it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you eat more it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you eat more it's a more
+appetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetizing
+color anybody ever wonder why that is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color anybody ever wonder why that is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color anybody ever wonder why that is do
+you know why red is a more appetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why red is a more appetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why red is a more appetizing
+color I hate to tell you because you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color I hate to tell you because you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color I hate to tell you because you may
+not be appetiz anymore it's the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be appetiz anymore it's the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be appetiz anymore it's the color of
+blood because it's hardwired into us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood because it's hardwired into us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood because it's hardwired into us
+when we see blood it's dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that is
+hardwired it's a it is it's true I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired it's a it is it's true I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired it's a it is it's true I mean
+I don't know how many you ever gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many you ever gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many you ever gone to
+the blue room that's a restaurant down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue room that's a restaurant down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue room that's a restaurant down
+the street I've actually never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street I've actually never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street I've actually never been
+there and I have to confess the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I have to confess the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I have to confess the reason
+is that you know the idea of a blue room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know the idea of a blue room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know the idea of a blue room
+for dinner is not very appetizing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dinner is not very appetizing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dinner is not very appetizing to me
+blue is not a color you want to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is not a color you want to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is not a color you want to see in
+your food okay so color recognition is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food okay so color recognition is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your food okay so color recognition is a
+deep-seated part of a mamalian brain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep-seated part of a mamalian brain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep-seated part of a mamalian brain but
+language ability is not language ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ability is not language ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ability is not language ability
+is part a different part of the brain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part a different part of the brain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part a different part of the brain in
+this case where the colors and the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case where the colors and the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case where the colors and the words
+don't match it takes your brain a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match it takes your brain a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match it takes your brain a split
+second longer to adjudicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second longer to adjudicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second longer to adjudicate that
+conflict but in this case when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict but in this case when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict but in this case when they're
+the same you can rattle it off like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you can rattle it off like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you can rattle it off like this
+so let me bring this now all back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me bring this now all back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me bring this now all back to
+finance as I I I told you I would what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance as I I I told you I would what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance as I I I told you I would what's
+the point of all of this the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of all of this the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of all of this the point is
+that what we take to be human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we take to be human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we take to be human
+preferences for decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for decision
+making is not a mathematical immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making is not a mathematical immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making is not a mathematical immutable
+object but in fact preferences are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but in fact preferences are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but in fact preferences are the
+outcome of interactions between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of interactions between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of interactions between the
+mamalian brain and the hominid brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamalian brain and the hominid brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamalian brain and the hominid brain and
+what we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of
+as basic decision making requires the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basic decision making requires the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basic decision making requires the
+proper balance of the two so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper balance of the two so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper balance of the two so in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+rationality is not logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality is not logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality is not logical
+deliberation the patient Elliott was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation the patient Elliott was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation the patient Elliott was a
+clear counter example Elliot was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear counter example Elliot was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear counter example Elliot was very
+logical but he was not rational emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but he was not rational emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but he was not rational emotion
+is a critical component of rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a critical component of rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a critical component of rationality
+but too much emotion and you get stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but too much emotion and you get stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but too much emotion and you get stupid
+uh as the case with falling in love or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the case with falling in love or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the case with falling in love or
+or uh in the in the case of overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh in the in the case of overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh in the in the case of overwhelming
+emotional stimulus cutting off blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional stimulus cutting off blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional stimulus cutting off blood
+flow to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow to your
+neocortex so this by the way will lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so this by the way will lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so this by the way will lead
+to some very useful uh uh self-help kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some very useful uh uh self-help kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some very useful uh uh self-help kind
+of advice let me give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advice let me give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of advice let me give you an example
+those of you who have ever been involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have ever been involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have ever been involved
+in corporate politics you know uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in corporate politics you know uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in corporate politics you know uh back
+office politics one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office politics one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office politics one of the things that
+uh you should keep in mind is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should keep in mind is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should keep in mind is that when
+you are emotionally hyper stimulated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are emotionally hyper stimulated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are emotionally hyper stimulated you
+will not be able to think straight how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to think straight how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to think straight how
+many of you have ever heard the phrase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have ever heard the phrase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have ever heard the phrase I
+was so angry I could barely speak you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so angry I could barely speak you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so angry I could barely speak you've
+heard that right you probably felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that right you probably felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that right you probably felt that
+well that's not just an a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not just an a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not just an a metaphor
+that's actually physiologically true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually physiologically true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually physiologically true
+when you are so angry it will cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are so angry it will cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are so angry it will cut off
+the flow of blood to your neocortex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of blood to your neocortex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of blood to your neocortex you
+will not be able to speak you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to speak you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to speak you will not
+be able to express yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to express yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to express yourself as
+articulately so the next time somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulately so the next time somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulately so the next time somebody
+goes into your office or your cubicle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into your office or your cubicle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into your office or your cubicle or
+your company and says something to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company and says something to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company and says something to you
+that makes you so mad that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you so mad that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you so mad that you want to
+strangle them uh and and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangle them uh and and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangle them uh and and you can't
+speak the best thing to do is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the best thing to do is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the best thing to do is not to
+speak it's to say thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it's to say thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it's to say thank you very much
+that was very insightful let me get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very insightful let me get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very insightful let me get back
+to you in a week or so because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in a week or so because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in a week or so because if you
+try to talk when you are emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to talk when you are emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to talk when you are emotionally
+hyper stimulated you will undoubtedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper stimulated you will undoubtedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper stimulated you will undoubtedly
+say stupid things things you will regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stupid things things you will regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stupid things things you will regret
+for possibly years later and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for possibly years later and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for possibly years later and this is a
+direct outcome of This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct outcome of This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct outcome of This
+neurophysiological research our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurophysiological research our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurophysiological research our
+preferences are the sum total of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are the sum total of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are the sum total of these
+interactions therefore they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions therefore they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions therefore they are not
+stable over time nor are they stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable over time nor are they stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable over time nor are they stable
+over circumstances right you are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over circumstances right you are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over circumstances right you are not the
+same person that you were 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person that you were 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person that you were 10 years ago
+and many of you who are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you who are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you who are going to be
+facing losses of one kind or another you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing losses of one kind or another you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing losses of one kind or another you
+lose a parent you lose a spouse or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a parent you lose a spouse or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a parent you lose a spouse or a
+child you will not be the same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you will not be the same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you will not be the same person
+after that event as before it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that event as before it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that event as before it will
+change you because it will change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you because it will change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you because it will change the
+balance between your hominid brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between your hominid brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between your hominid brain and
+your mamalian brain and unless you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mamalian brain and unless you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mamalian brain and unless you bring
+those back into balance you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those back into balance you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those back into balance you're going to
+be making decisions differently so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making decisions differently so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making decisions differently so if
+there's any advice that I have for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any advice that I have for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any advice that I have for you
+about how to take this information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to take this information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to take this information and
+use it it's to keep your eyes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it it's to keep your eyes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it it's to keep your eyes on the
+objective in other words decide what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective in other words decide what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective in other words decide what you
+want to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to achieve
+and then ask yourself at every step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask yourself at every step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask yourself at every step of
+the way is my current actions about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is my current actions about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is my current actions about to
+help or hinder those objectives you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or hinder those objectives you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help or hinder those objectives you know
+if you're driving home from work one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're driving home from work one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're driving home from work one day
+and somebody cuts you off and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody cuts you off and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody cuts you off and you want
+to give them the finger and RAM your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them the finger and RAM your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them the finger and RAM your car
+into them ask yourself will that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into them ask yourself will that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into them ask yourself will that help
+you achieve your objective of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you achieve your objective of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you achieve your objective of getting
+home without any incident or not if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home without any incident or not if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home without any incident or not if it
+doesn't you probably shouldn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you probably shouldn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you probably shouldn't do it
+even though it feel really good to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it feel really good to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it feel really good to do
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+now let me tell you about the Adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me tell you about the Adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me tell you about the Adaptive
+markets hypothesis and how I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets hypothesis and how I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets hypothesis and how I'm going to
+put it all together for you behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together for you behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together for you behavioral
+finance and rational Finance they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and rational Finance they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and rational Finance they are
+both correct and they are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both correct and they are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both correct and they are both
+incorrect the reason that they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect the reason that they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect the reason that they're both
+correct is that they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct is that they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct is that they both
+apply to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to certain
+circumstances what I taught you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances what I taught you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances what I taught you in this
+course up until now what we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course up until now what we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course up until now what we've learned
+together is the rational finance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is the rational finance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is the rational finance that
+applies most of the time when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies most of the time when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies most of the time when your
+midbrain and your neocortex are properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and your neocortex are properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and your neocortex are properly
+balanced but during extreme periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced but during extreme periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced but during extreme periods of
+distress when you're emotionally e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress when you're emotionally e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress when you're emotionally e
+either overwhelmed positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either overwhelmed positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either overwhelmed positive or
+overwhelmed negative in either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed negative in either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed negative in either of those
+circumstances you will not behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances you will not behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances you will not behave in
+ways that we would consider rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we would consider rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we would consider rational
+those are the moments when behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the moments when behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the moments when behavioral
+Finance applies or at least when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance applies or at least when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance applies or at least when the
+anomalies arise behavioral Finance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies arise behavioral Finance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies arise behavioral Finance is
+not a theory it's simply a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theory it's simply a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theory it's simply a collection of
+anomalies the Adaptive markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies the Adaptive markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies the Adaptive markets
+hypothesis is is this theory that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is is this theory that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is is this theory that I've
+been developing for the last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developing for the last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developing for the last several
+years that tries to to put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that tries to to put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that tries to to put these two
+together and the way to do that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the way to do that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the way to do that is by
+recognizing that we are both creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we are both creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we are both creatures
+of our mamalian brain and creatures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our mamalian brain and creatures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our mamalian brain and creatures of
+our neocortex depending on market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neocortex depending on market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neocortex depending on market
+conditions environmental conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions environmental conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions environmental conditions and
+our own decision-making process we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own decision-making process we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own decision-making process we may
+or may not be in the rational camp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be in the rational camp or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be in the rational camp or
+the behavioral camp at any point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavioral camp at any point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavioral camp at any point in time
+and when you look at the market as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at the market as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at the market as a
+whole and aggregate over all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and aggregate over all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and aggregate over all of these
+indviduals you will be able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indviduals you will be able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indviduals you will be able to get a
+sense of whether or not you can trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of whether or not you can trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of whether or not you can trust
+market prices at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices at the beginning of the
+course as this crisis was unfolding I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as this crisis was unfolding I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as this crisis was unfolding I
+told you very clearly that Finance day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you very clearly that Finance day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you very clearly that Finance day
+is going to be taking a several week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be taking a several week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be taking a several week
+vacation what I was getting at is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation what I was getting at is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation what I was getting at is that
+right now all of us are being hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now all of us are being hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now all of us are being hyper
+stimulated in our midbrains we are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated in our midbrains we are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated in our midbrains we are all
+scared to death as to what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared to death as to what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared to death as to what we're going
+to read about you know there was a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about you know there was a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about you know there was a time
+during this course where I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this course where I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this course where I was really
+not looking forward to the weekends CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking forward to the weekends CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking forward to the weekends CU
+something always seemed to be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something always seemed to be going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something always seemed to be going on
+in the weekends and Monday I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weekends and Monday I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weekends and Monday I have to
+come tell you well gee this bank is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come tell you well gee this bank is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come tell you well gee this bank is gone
+and that investment bank is no more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that investment bank is no more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that investment bank is no more and
+it was a very stressful period it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a very stressful period it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a very stressful period it still
+is decision- making is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decision- making is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decision- making is going to be
+affected by that so we develop urtic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by that so we develop urtic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by that so we develop urtic
+rules of thumb to balance out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb to balance out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb to balance out our
+neocortex and our uh uh mamalian brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and our uh uh mamalian brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and our uh uh mamalian brain
+we we we come up with not theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we come up with not theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we come up with not theoretical
+Optimum optimization algorithms but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum optimization algorithms but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum optimization algorithms but we
+come up with rules of thumb and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with rules of thumb and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with rules of thumb and the idea
+behind the Adaptive markets hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the Adaptive markets hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the Adaptive markets hypothesis
+is that these rules of thumb evolve over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these rules of thumb evolve over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these rules of thumb evolve over
+time as they either succeed or they fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as they either succeed or they fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as they either succeed or they fail
+so the economics that we learn and teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the economics that we learn and teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the economics that we learn and teach
+you in class is meant to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in class is meant to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in class is meant to be an
+approximation to a much more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to a much more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to a much more complex
+reality sometimes sometimes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality sometimes sometimes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality sometimes sometimes that
+approximation works sometimes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation works sometimes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation works sometimes that
+doesn't and the only way to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and the only way to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and the only way to really
+understand which uh it is is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which uh it is is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which uh it is is to try to
+get a sense of how these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of how these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of how these this
+evolutionary process works in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary process works in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary process works in particular
+where do these various different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these various different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these various different kinds
+of rules of thumb uh come from and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules of thumb uh come from and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules of thumb uh come from and to do
+that I'm going to tell you about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to tell you about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to tell you about one
+last thing and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing and then we're going to
+conclude which is that evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude which is that evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude which is that evolutionary
+forces are really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are really what
+drives the success or failure of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the success or failure of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the success or failure of these
+rules of thumb and I want to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb and I want to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb and I want to give you an
+example of these kinds of rules of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of these kinds of rules of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of these kinds of rules of thumb
+and how adaptation works and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how adaptation works and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how adaptation works and to do that
+I'm going to tell you about a a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about a a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about a a personal
+example that uh has to do with a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that uh has to do with a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that uh has to do with a problem
+that I solve every day and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I solve every day and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I solve every day and it's a
+problem that I think you have as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I think you have as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I think you have as well
+and I'm going to tell you about how my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you about how my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to tell you about how my
+euristic developed over the years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euristic developed over the years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euristic developed over the years the
+problem that I'm going to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I'm going to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I'm going to talk about is
+the problem of getting dressed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of getting dressed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of getting dressed in the
+morning okay every morning all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning okay every morning all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning okay every morning all of us
+have to get dressed and to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get dressed and to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get dressed and to give you a
+sense of the challenges that I face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the challenges that I face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the challenges that I face in
+in my process of getting dressed I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my process of getting dressed I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my process of getting dressed I have
+to tell you about my wardrobe so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about my wardrobe so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about my wardrobe so here's
+my wardrobe I've got five jackets 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wardrobe I've got five jackets 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wardrobe I've got five jackets 10
+pairs of pants 20 ties 10 shirts 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of pants 20 ties 10 shirts 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of pants 20 ties 10 shirts 10
+pairs of socks four pairs of shoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of socks four pairs of shoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of socks four pairs of shoes and
+five belts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five belts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five belts
+now you might argue that's a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might argue that's a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might argue that's a rather
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+wardrobe however if you took the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wardrobe however if you took the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wardrobe however if you took the time to
+compute the common at toric you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the common at toric you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the common at toric you would
+see that I have two million unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I have two million unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I have two million unique
+outfits in my wardrobe now granted not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfits in my wardrobe now granted not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfits in my wardrobe now granted not
+all of them are of the same fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are of the same fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are of the same fashion
+content they're not all equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content they're not all equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content they're not all equally
+compelling from the fashion perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling from the fashion perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling from the fashion perspective
+so I've got an optimization problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got an optimization problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got an optimization problem I
+got to figure out which is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out which is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out which is the right
+outfit for the right occasion suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit for the right occasion suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit for the right occasion suppose it
+takes me 1 second to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me 1 second to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me 1 second to evaluate the
+fashion content of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion content of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion content of an
+outfit how long would it take me to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit how long would it take me to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit how long would it take me to get
+dressed every day well if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed every day well if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed every day well if you do the
+math turns out it would take me 23.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math turns out it would take me 23.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math turns out it would take me 23.1
+days to get dressed now clearly I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to get dressed now clearly I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to get dressed now clearly I don't
+take that long to get dressed so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that long to get dressed so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that long to get dressed so how do
+I do it do I have some superhuman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it do I have some superhuman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it do I have some superhuman
+optimization algorithm up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization algorithm up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization algorithm up my
+sleeve no it turns out I use a urtic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve no it turns out I use a urtic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve no it turns out I use a urtic a
+rule of thumb and you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb and you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb and you might say well
+where did you get that rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did you get that rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did you get that rule of thumb
+I'll tell you when I was six years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you when I was six years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you when I was six years old
+growing up in Queens New York at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in Queens New York at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in Queens New York at that
+time the superhero of the day was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the superhero of the day was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the superhero of the day was
+Superman everybody watched Superman on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman everybody watched Superman on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman everybody watched Superman on
+TV comic books and so on and some clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV comic books and so on and some clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV comic books and so on and some clever
+marketing genius figured out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing genius figured out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing genius figured out that if you
+put a Superman emblem on a jacket you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a Superman emblem on a jacket you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a Superman emblem on a jacket you
+could sell a lot of them to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sell a lot of them to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sell a lot of them to uh
+six-year-old kids and growing up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-year-old kids and growing up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-year-old kids and growing up in a
+single household single family uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single household single family uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single household single family uh single
+parent household we didn't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent household we didn't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent household we didn't have a lot of
+extra cash so it took me weeks to nag my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra cash so it took me weeks to nag my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra cash so it took me weeks to nag my
+mother to get me this jacket weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother to get me this jacket weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother to get me this jacket weeks and
+weeks weeks of daily nagging and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks weeks of daily nagging and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks weeks of daily nagging and finally
+after weeks of nagging she she relented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after weeks of nagging she she relented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after weeks of nagging she she relented
+and she agreed to buy me this jacket and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she agreed to buy me this jacket and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she agreed to buy me this jacket and
+I remember vividly you know Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember vividly you know Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember vividly you know Friday
+afternoon after school she got home from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon after school she got home from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon after school she got home from
+work I waited for her we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I waited for her we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I waited for her we went to
+Alexander's bought the jacket I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander's bought the jacket I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander's bought the jacket I spent
+the whole weekend wearing this thing day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole weekend wearing this thing day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole weekend wearing this thing day
+and night it was I was wonderful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and night it was I was wonderful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and night it was I was wonderful and
+Monday morning I got up extra early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday morning I got up extra early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday morning I got up extra early
+really excited to go to school with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited to go to school with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited to go to school with this
+jacket I looked in the mirror did all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket I looked in the mirror did all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket I looked in the mirror did all my
+action poses and looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action poses and looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action poses and looked at
+myself and by the by the time I was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and by the by the time I was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and by the by the time I was done
+with that I was 15 minutes late for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I was 15 minutes late for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I was 15 minutes late for
+school and I needed a note from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I needed a note from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I needed a note from my
+mother to get into class and I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother to get into class and I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother to get into class and I remember
+vividly walking into the classroom going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly walking into the classroom going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly walking into the classroom going
+up to the front of the room giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the front of the room giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the front of the room giving the
+teacher the note walking back to my seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher the note walking back to my seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher the note walking back to my seat
+all the other kids already sitting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other kids already sitting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other kids already sitting down
+reading snickering at me and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading snickering at me and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading snickering at me and I was
+completely mortified and you know I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely mortified and you know I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely mortified and you know I must
+be mortified because 42 years later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mortified because 42 years later I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mortified because 42 years later I
+still remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember this
+exactly and you know what from that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and you know what from that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and you know what from that day
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it never took me more than five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never took me more than five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never took me more than five minutes
+to get dressed ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get dressed ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get dressed ever
+never so I solved my problem based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never so I solved my problem based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never so I solved my problem based upon
+very strong negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong negative
+feedback you see how it works I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you see how it works I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you see how it works I have a
+new euristic for getting dressed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new euristic for getting dressed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new euristic for getting dressed in the
+morning but that new urtic only came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning but that new urtic only came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning but that new urtic only came
+about after some very strong negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after some very strong negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after some very strong negative
+emotion if I was like Elliott and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion if I was like Elliott and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion if I was like Elliott and I
+never had any negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had any negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had any negative feedback
+I'd go on taking hours to get dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go on taking hours to get dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go on taking hours to get dressed
+every morning instead of getting dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every morning instead of getting dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every morning instead of getting dressed
+in five minutes like I do now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five minutes like I do now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five minutes like I do now now
+somebody else let's say a movie star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else let's say a movie star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else let's say a movie star
+like Tom Cruz I suspect that Tom Cruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Tom Cruz I suspect that Tom Cruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Tom Cruz I suspect that Tom Cruz
+spends a lot more than five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot more than five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends a lot more than five minutes
+getting dressed in the morning in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dressed in the morning in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dressed in the morning in fact
+he probably spends more time quaffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he probably spends more time quaffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he probably spends more time quaffing
+his hair than I spent quaffing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his hair than I spent quaffing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his hair than I spent quaffing my
+hair and and there's a reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair and and there's a reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair and and there's a reason for that
+for him it makes sense that euristic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him it makes sense that euristic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him it makes sense that euristic for
+him makes sense in his context not in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him makes sense in his context not in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him makes sense in his context not in my
+context all of us we engage in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context all of us we engage in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context all of us we engage in these
+juristic that are adaptive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juristic that are adaptive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juristic that are adaptive to the
+particular situation at hand so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation at hand so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation at hand so the
+Adaptive markets hypothesis acknowledges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive markets hypothesis acknowledges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive markets hypothesis acknowledges
+that people make mistakes but they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people make mistakes but they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people make mistakes but they learn
+and they adapt assuming this balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they adapt assuming this balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they adapt assuming this balance
+between emotion and logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between emotion and logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between emotion and logical
+deliberation so there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation so there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation so there are a number of
+very practical implications for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical implications for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical implications for this
+some of which suggest that the capm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which suggest that the capm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which suggest that the capm
+does not work and should not work except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work and should not work except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work and should not work except
+During certain periods of the market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During certain periods of the market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During certain periods of the market so
+what we've learned together in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned together in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned together in this
+course describes 80 to 90% of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course describes 80 to 90% of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course describes 80 to 90% of what
+happens in markets but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in markets but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in markets but there's another
+10 or 20% of extreme and unusual market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20% of extreme and unusual market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20% of extreme and unusual market
+conditions that makes this field a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that makes this field a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that makes this field a lot
+more challenging that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more challenging that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more challenging that you might
+otherwise think and that's the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise think and that's the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise think and that's the part that
+I want you to keep in mind we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to keep in mind we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to keep in mind we're not
+going to talk about that anymore in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that anymore in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that anymore in this
+course or in 402 or in 433 or in 434 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or in 402 or in 433 or in 434 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or in 402 or in 433 or in 434 or
+437 we don't talk about the messy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+437 we don't talk about the messy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+437 we don't talk about the messy part
+of Finance because it's still currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance because it's still currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance because it's still currently
+being developed in fact as I told you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed in fact as I told you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed in fact as I told you at
+the very beginning you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning you're not going to
+find any textbook versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any textbook versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any textbook versions of the
+Adaptive markets hypothesis the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive markets hypothesis the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive markets hypothesis the only
+person you'll ever find talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you'll ever find talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you'll ever find talking about it
+right now is me unfortunately hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is me unfortunately hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is me unfortunately hopefully
+that will change over time but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will change over time but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will change over time but this is
+still under development but just keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under development but just keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under development but just keep in
+mind that the theories that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the theories that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the theories that you've
+learned apply not all of the time most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned apply not all of the time most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned apply not all of the time most
+most of the time they apply and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time they apply and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time they apply and they're
+useful but they are an approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but they are an approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but they are an approximation to
+a much more complex reality and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more complex reality and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more complex reality and that
+reality will incorporate lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality will incorporate lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality will incorporate lots of other
+phenomenon which we described here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which we described here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which we described here and
+which I'll talk a bit more about uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk a bit more about uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk a bit more about uh on
+Monday okay so let me stop here since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday okay so let me stop here since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday okay so let me stop here since
+we're just about out of time any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just about out of time any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just about out of time any any
+questions no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions no
+yes I was wondering in my for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was wondering in my for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was wondering in my for
+example if I have an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I have an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I have an exam
+I tend to notice that I will be way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tend to notice that I will be way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tend to notice that I will be way more
+productive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive at
+learning before two days before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning before two days before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning before two days before
+yes and I cannot see a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and I cannot see a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and I cannot see a conflict
+because I will be feeling the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I will be feeling the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I will be feeling the pressure
+and having high emotions so how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having high emotions so how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having high emotions so how is it
+possible that I feel the emotion but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that I feel the emotion but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that I feel the emotion but at
+the same time yeah I that is a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time yeah I that is a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time yeah I that is a fantastic
+question let me repeat the question I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me repeat the question I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me repeat the question I'm
+not going to answer today but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to answer today but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to answer today but I'm going
+to talk about it on Monday because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it on Monday because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it on Monday because it's
+both a great question in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a great question in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a great question in the context of
+this uh Theory but but it's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh Theory but but it's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh Theory but but it's also very
+appropo since I'm going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropo since I'm going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropo since I'm going to be talking
+about the final exam next Monday okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the final exam next Monday okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the final exam next Monday okay
+the question is when you're studying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is when you're studying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is when you're studying for
+an exam you're under pressure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam you're under pressure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam you're under pressure you're
+feeling a lot of emotional stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling a lot of emotional stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling a lot of emotional stress and
+yet you seem to learn better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you seem to learn better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you seem to learn better
+faster during those periods of time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster during those periods of time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster during those periods of time it
+turns out that there is a physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a physiological
+and psychological basis for it a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psychological basis for it a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psychological basis for it a certain
+amount of pressure is actually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of pressure is actually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of pressure is actually a good
+thing but the question is what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the question is what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the question is what is that
+certain amount any more than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount any more than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount any more than that and
+then you'd be a basket cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd be a basket cas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd be a basket cas
+so we're going to talk about that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about that on
+Monday all right thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aHygKFodPKg.txt b/aHygKFodPKg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b792cdbc5057af365767cfd1617bb9dce19f265f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aHygKFodPKg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3648 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have been talking a lot about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have been talking a lot about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have been talking a lot about sort
+of the theory of things but I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theory of things but I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theory of things but I know you
+guys want to get into the practice at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to get into the practice at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to get into the practice at
+the end of class we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class we have a lot of
+plastic elements in the back that Siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic elements in the back that Siri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic elements in the back that Siri
+will help you guys check out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you guys check out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you guys check out some
+cameras Mike's headphones tripods if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras Mike's headphones tripods if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras Mike's headphones tripods if you
+guys want to just use your iphones for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to just use your iphones for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to just use your iphones for
+tonight's assignment that's totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's assignment that's totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's assignment that's totally fine
+as well Chris brought up a lot of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well Chris brought up a lot of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well Chris brought up a lot of really
+good points of just framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good points of just framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good points of just framing
+practicalities of filming I do want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicalities of filming I do want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicalities of filming I do want you
+to consider though that web video breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider though that web video breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider though that web video breaks
+a lot of these rules as well so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these rules as well so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these rules as well so you'll
+notice that scishow doesn't do the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that scishow doesn't do the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that scishow doesn't do the rule
+of thirds framing at all Hank green just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thirds framing at all Hank green just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thirds framing at all Hank green just
+just fins it yes yes but he does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fins it yes yes but he does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fins it yes yes but he does that
+very intentionally a lot of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intentionally a lot of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intentionally a lot of it is
+because the way his videos go he'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way his videos go he'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way his videos go he'll look
+to the side and a little image will pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side and a little image will pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side and a little image will pop
+up so I think part of why he does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I think part of why he does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I think part of why he does that
+is to leave room for some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to leave room for some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to leave room for some of those
+visuals and Vsauce does it because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals and Vsauce does it because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals and Vsauce does it because he's
+just super up close I'd be it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just super up close I'd be it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just super up close I'd be it's a little
+weird to do a rule of thirds when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to do a rule of thirds when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to do a rule of thirds when you're
+so up close because you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up close because you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up close because you don't have a
+background to get rid of so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to get rid of so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to get rid of so much so
+don't feel like you have to adhere to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like you have to adhere to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like you have to adhere to a
+rule just because we said you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule just because we said you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule just because we said you know you
+have to do this you have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this you have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this you have to do this
+thoughtfulness is one of the values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtfulness is one of the values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtfulness is one of the values so
+as long as you justify it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you justify it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you justify it in your
+reflection or in your assignment somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection or in your assignment somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection or in your assignment somehow
+it's totally fine so for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally fine so for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally fine so for today's
+assignment in addition to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in addition to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in addition to the two
+readings that are online and don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that are online and don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that are online and don't worry
+they're pretty short and they're fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty short and they're fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty short and they're fun
+we're going to have you guys make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have you guys make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have you guys make a
+video on a basically a circus sideshow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video on a basically a circus sideshow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video on a basically a circus sideshow
+pitch about a video that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch about a video that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch about a video that you're
+eventually going to make for your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going to make for your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going to make for your final
+project and it's okay if this ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and it's okay if this ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and it's okay if this ends up
+changing it's just an exercise to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it's just an exercise to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it's just an exercise to get
+you guys started to get you familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys started to get you familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys started to get you familiar
+with the camera don't worry about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera don't worry about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera don't worry about doing
+crazy camera moves or anything if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy camera moves or anything if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy camera moves or anything if all
+you want to do tonight is just set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do tonight is just set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do tonight is just set up
+your tripod and Mike up and deliver your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tripod and Mike up and deliver your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tripod and Mike up and deliver your
+pitch that's totally fine we just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch that's totally fine we just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch that's totally fine we just want
+you guys to get familiar with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to get familiar with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to get familiar with all the
+equipment but basically it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but basically it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but basically it is going to
+be selling an idea a topic about science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selling an idea a topic about science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selling an idea a topic about science
+technology engineering or math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology engineering or math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology engineering or math that
+should convince someone to want to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should convince someone to want to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should convince someone to want to watch
+your eventual video and again it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eventual video and again it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eventual video and again it's okay
+if you change the idea I do want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the idea I do want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the idea I do want you
+guys to brainstorm three ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to brainstorm three ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to brainstorm three ideas in
+addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+the pitch video that you make you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitch video that you make you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitch video that you make you don't
+have to post them online or write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to post them online or write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to post them online or write them
+down just have them in your head for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just have them in your head for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just have them in your head for
+class tomorrow because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class tomorrow because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class tomorrow because we're going to
+have some very special guest speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some very special guest speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some very special guest speakers
+first thing tomorrow who will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing tomorrow who will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing tomorrow who will help you
+with these pitches so to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these pitches so to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these pitches so to give you an
+idea of the type of thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the type of thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the type of thing that we're
+looking for again don't necessarily copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for again don't necessarily copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for again don't necessarily copy
+this video exactly um what is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video exactly um what is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video exactly um what is the most
+astounding fact hell what is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding fact hell what is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding fact hell what is the most
+astounding fact you can share with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding fact you can share with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding fact you can share with us
+about the universe the most astounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the universe the most astounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the universe the most astounding
+fact the most astounding fact is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the most astounding fact is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the most astounding fact is the
+knowledge that the atoms that comprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that the atoms that comprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that the atoms that comprise
+life on earth the atoms that make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life on earth the atoms that make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life on earth the atoms that make up the
+human body are traceable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body are traceable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body are traceable to the
+crucibles that cooked light elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucibles that cooked light elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucibles that cooked light elements
+into heavy elements in their core under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heavy elements in their core under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heavy elements in their core under
+extreme temperatures and pressures these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme temperatures and pressures these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme temperatures and pressures these
+stars the high mass ones among them went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars the high mass ones among them went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars the high mass ones among them went
+unstable in their later years they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable in their later years they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable in their later years they
+collapsed and then exploded scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed and then exploded scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed and then exploded scattering
+their enriched guts across the galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their enriched guts across the galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their enriched guts across the galaxy
+guts made of carbon nitrogen oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guts made of carbon nitrogen oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guts made of carbon nitrogen oxygen and
+all the fundamental ingredients of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fundamental ingredients of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fundamental ingredients of life
+itself these ingredients become part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself these ingredients become part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself these ingredients become part of
+gas clouds that condense collapse form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas clouds that condense collapse form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas clouds that condense collapse form
+the next generation of solar systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of solar systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of solar systems
+stars with orbiting planets and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars with orbiting planets and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars with orbiting planets and those
+planets now have the ingredients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets now have the ingredients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets now have the ingredients for
+life itself so that when I look up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life itself so that when I look up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life itself so that when I look up at
+the night sky and I know that yes we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night sky and I know that yes we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night sky and I know that yes we are
+part of this universe we are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this universe we are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this universe we are in this
+universe but perhaps more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe but perhaps more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe but perhaps more important than
+both of those facts is that the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those facts is that the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those facts is that the universe
+is in us when I reflect on that fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in us when I reflect on that fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in us when I reflect on that fact I
+look up many people feel small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up many people feel small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up many people feel small because
+they're small in the universe is big but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small in the universe is big but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small in the universe is big but
+I feel big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because my atoms came from those stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my atoms came from those stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my atoms came from those stars
+so obviously you don't have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously you don't have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously you don't have to do a
+super dramatic thing like Neil deGrasse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super dramatic thing like Neil deGrasse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super dramatic thing like Neil deGrasse
+Tyson did again don't feel like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyson did again don't feel like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyson did again don't feel like you have
+to go home and contemplate on life's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home and contemplate on life's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home and contemplate on life's
+mysteries and how you know evolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries and how you know evolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteries and how you know evolution is
+just this beautiful thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this beautiful thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this beautiful thing that happens
+on earth and it's an amazing thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth and it's an amazing thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth and it's an amazing thing or
+whatever but the reason why I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but the reason why I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but the reason why I wanted to
+show you guys that video is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys that video is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys that video is because the
+actual plastic elements of making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual plastic elements of making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual plastic elements of making that
+were pretty straightforward pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty straightforward pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty straightforward pretty
+simple just two cameras on a tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple just two cameras on a tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple just two cameras on a tripod
+nothing too crazy but he still hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing too crazy but he still hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing too crazy but he still hopefully
+manages to engage you somewhat I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to engage you somewhat I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to engage you somewhat I mean I
+I personally wanted to keep watching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally wanted to keep watching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally wanted to keep watching and
+keep learning about it that's partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep learning about it that's partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep learning about it that's partially
+because of his persona which some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his persona which some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his persona which some people
+find off-putting so again it's a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find off-putting so again it's a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find off-putting so again it's a matter
+of taste but what he does here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taste but what he does here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taste but what he does here is just
+sort of rattle off this theme of I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rattle off this theme of I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rattle off this theme of I think
+the thesis of this whole conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thesis of this whole conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thesis of this whole conversation
+that they have is that you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have is that you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have is that you take this
+misconception that we all think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that we all think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that we all think that
+were part of the universe but really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were part of the universe but really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were part of the universe but really the
+universe and all the things that make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and all the things that make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and all the things that make it
+up are inside of us he has this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up are inside of us he has this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up are inside of us he has this sort of
+fact or nugget that he builds upon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact or nugget that he builds upon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact or nugget that he builds upon to
+create this bigger narrative alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this bigger narrative alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this bigger narrative alright so
+for science out loud George and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science out loud George and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science out loud George and I just
+did an episode on snot and the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an episode on snot and the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an episode on snot and the way we
+started it was one of my former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it was one of my former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it was one of my former
+professors here Katharina ribek her lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors here Katharina ribek her lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors here Katharina ribek her lab
+studies mucus and I was reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies mucus and I was reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies mucus and I was reading about
+her in popular science because she just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in popular science because she just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in popular science because she just
+got this big feature in it and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this big feature in it and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this big feature in it and one of
+the facts I talked about was that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facts I talked about was that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facts I talked about was that your
+body produces over a gallon of mucus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body produces over a gallon of mucus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body produces over a gallon of mucus a
+day which I thought was like how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day which I thought was like how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day which I thought was like how does
+that happen that's disgusting we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen that's disgusting we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen that's disgusting we think
+of snot as the stuff that uses out of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of snot as the stuff that uses out of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of snot as the stuff that uses out of us
+when we're sick and the stuff that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're sick and the stuff that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're sick and the stuff that we
+blow into tissues and throw away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow into tissues and throw away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow into tissues and throw away but
+actually it's so important that our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's so important that our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's so important that our body
+makes over a gallon of it a day and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes over a gallon of it a day and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes over a gallon of it a day and that
+it does more than just come out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does more than just come out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does more than just come out of our
+nose when we're sick or when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose when we're sick or when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose when we're sick or when we're
+crying that it's doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying that it's doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying that it's doing things like
+providing moisture for our bodies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing moisture for our bodies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing moisture for our bodies which
+doesn't sound like a big deal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound like a big deal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound like a big deal right
+until you think about your body without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you think about your body without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you think about your body without
+you kiss that your eyes would dry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kiss that your eyes would dry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kiss that your eyes would dry out
+and you wouldn't be able to swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't be able to swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't be able to swallow
+because your esophagus would get ripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your esophagus would get ripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your esophagus would get ripped
+up every time you try to eat something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up every time you try to eat something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up every time you try to eat something
+and then you think of mucus as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you think of mucus as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you think of mucus as being
+more than just this sort of bodily waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just this sort of bodily waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just this sort of bodily waste
+that comes out of you but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of you but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of you but really
+this amazing thing that takes care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing thing that takes care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing thing that takes care of
+you in a way that's so important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a way that's so important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a way that's so important that
+you make over a gallon a day that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make over a gallon a day that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make over a gallon a day that sort
+of became the pitch the the circus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of became the pitch the the circus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of became the pitch the the circus
+sideshow step right up type of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideshow step right up type of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideshow step right up type of thing
+that inform the rest of our video and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inform the rest of our video and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inform the rest of our video and so
+that's the kind of thing that I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that I want you
+guys to be thinking about tonight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to be thinking about tonight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to be thinking about tonight and
+want you guys to record now you we very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys to record now you we very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys to record now you we very
+well could have had you guys just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could have had you guys just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could have had you guys just write
+a pitch but I think it would be more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pitch but I think it would be more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pitch but I think it would be more fun
+to make a video and I think it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a video and I think it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a video and I think it's good
+for you guys to get used to using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to get used to using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to get used to using the
+cameras and the plastic elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and the plastic elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and the plastic elements so
+again don't worry about you know is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't worry about you know is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't worry about you know is my
+our my camera movements good enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our my camera movements good enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our my camera movements good enough you
+don't even have to move the camera if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to move the camera if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to move the camera if
+you don't want to feel free to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to feel free to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to feel free to apply
+around us that if you want but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us that if you want but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us that if you want but really
+focus on clarity for this assignment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on clarity for this assignment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on clarity for this assignment so
+set up the camera in such a way and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the camera in such a way and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the camera in such a way and set
+up the lighting is in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the lighting is in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the lighting is in such a way that
+you're very clearly visible we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very clearly visible we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very clearly visible we are going
+to give you these little lavalier mic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you these little lavalier mic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you these little lavalier mic so
+make sure that your audio is very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your audio is very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your audio is very clear
+those are going to be the priorities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be the priorities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be the priorities for
+this assignment and then make your pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment and then make your pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment and then make your pitch
+very engaging and think of three backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very engaging and think of three backup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very engaging and think of three backup
+ideas just in case that sound good I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas just in case that sound good I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas just in case that sound good I had
+one more example 2 we can should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello this is Hank green and welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello this is Hank green and welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello this is Hank green and welcome to
+scishow you might have noticed that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scishow you might have noticed that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scishow you might have noticed that I
+talk a lot about how great plants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about how great plants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about how great plants are
+and why shouldn't I there autotrophs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why shouldn't I there autotrophs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why shouldn't I there autotrophs
+they can harness the raw untamed power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can harness the raw untamed power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can harness the raw untamed power
+of the Sun and use it to make food for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun and use it to make food for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun and use it to make food for
+themselves pretty impressive so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves pretty impressive so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves pretty impressive so why
+can't animals do it well oddly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't animals do it well oddly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't animals do it well oddly enough
+some of them do and in just the past few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them do and in just the past few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them do and in just the past few
+years researchers have been discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years researchers have been discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years researchers have been discovering
+animals that seem to be able to harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that seem to be able to harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that seem to be able to harvest
+sunlight for energy take for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight for energy take for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight for energy take for instance
+the eastern emerald alyssia a sea slug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eastern emerald alyssia a sea slug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eastern emerald alyssia a sea slug
+that looks like a big floating leaf it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a big floating leaf it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a big floating leaf it
+lives along the east coast of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives along the east coast of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives along the east coast of the United
+States where it just hangs out eating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States where it just hangs out eating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States where it just hangs out eating a
+specific kind of yellow green out so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of yellow green out so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of yellow green out so I
+just wanted to show you that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to show you that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to show you that as an
+example of the style and delivery it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the style and delivery it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the style and delivery it's
+very different from Neil deGrasse Tyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from Neil deGrasse Tyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from Neil deGrasse Tyson
+but again same concept so don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again same concept so don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again same concept so don't feel
+like you have to be Neil deGrasse Tyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to be Neil deGrasse Tyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to be Neil deGrasse Tyson
+don't feel like you have to be hankering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like you have to be hankering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like you have to be hankering
+to talk like this and jump back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk like this and jump back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk like this and jump back and
+forth between like close up and wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between like close up and wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between like close up and wide
+screen but hopefully that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but hopefully that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but hopefully that gives you an
+idea of what you guys need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you guys need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you guys need to make
+tonight if you guys have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight if you guys have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight if you guys have any questions
+I'll stick around after class and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stick around after class and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stick around after class and you
+can always email me too so for tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always email me too so for tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always email me too so for tonight
+stem pitch video series going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem pitch video series going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem pitch video series going to come
+talk now about what that process exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk now about what that process exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk now about what that process exactly
+looks like but basically always look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like but basically always look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like but basically always look at
+the the online version of the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the online version of the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the online version of the syllabus
+because I might tweak some things day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I might tweak some things day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I might tweak some things day to
+day but the stuff for day one is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but the stuff for day one is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but the stuff for day one is totally
+up to date right now you'll post your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to date right now you'll post your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to date right now you'll post your
+stem pitch to tumblr with the hashtags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem pitch to tumblr with the hashtags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem pitch to tumblr with the hashtags
+day one pitch and a hashtag of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one pitch and a hashtag of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one pitch and a hashtag of your
+Kerberos ID so that's all the s utd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerberos ID so that's all the s utd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerberos ID so that's all the s utd
+students you guys have an MIT ID right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you guys have an MIT ID right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you guys have an MIT ID right
+okay so it's just your username and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just your username and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just your username and then
+you'll post a daily blog and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll post a daily blog and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll post a daily blog and that's
+going to happen every day just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen every day just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen every day just
+reflections of what happened in class if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections of what happened in class if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections of what happened in class if
+you want to take pictures during class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take pictures during class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take pictures during class
+if you want to record video tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to record video tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to record video tomorrow
+feel free to tomorrow be a great day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to tomorrow be a great day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to tomorrow be a great day to
+record video up too soon and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record video up too soon and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record video up too soon and then there
+are two readings that I'd like you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two readings that I'd like you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two readings that I'd like you guys
+to annotate on annotation studio which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to annotate on annotation studio which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to annotate on annotation studio which
+series going to show you right now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series going to show you right now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series going to show you right now as
+well and then just bring three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then just bring three other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then just bring three other
+pitch ideas to class tomorrow did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch ideas to class tomorrow did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch ideas to class tomorrow did
+everyone get the email about class time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone get the email about class time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone get the email about class time
+being shifted up tomorrow so if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being shifted up tomorrow so if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being shifted up tomorrow so if you guys
+want to show up at 12 10 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show up at 12 10 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show up at 12 10 that would be
+good because our guest lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because our guest lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because our guest lectures are
+coming at 12 15 and will end class at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at 12 15 and will end class at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at 12 15 and will end class at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this is annotation studio it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this is annotation studio it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow this is annotation studio it's
+on annotation studio org and it's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on annotation studio org and it's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on annotation studio org and it's where
+you're going to be doing your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing your reading
+assignments so what you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments so what you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments so what you need to do is
+just go to the website click sign up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the website click sign up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the website click sign up or
+sign in and it's a really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in and it's a really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in and it's a really easy
+registration form first name last name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration form first name last name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration form first name last name
+email i use my MIT email affiliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email i use my MIT email affiliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email i use my MIT email affiliation
+just put MIT and a password and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put MIT and a password and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put MIT and a password and the most
+important thing so you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing so you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing so you can get the
+assignments in the first place is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in the first place is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in the first place is to
+type in the class so you just need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in the class so you just need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in the class so you just need to do
+20 to 19 press ENTER and it'll be blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 19 press ENTER and it'll be blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 19 press ENTER and it'll be blue
+to like confirm that you're in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like confirm that you're in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like confirm that you're in it and
+read and accept the Terms of Service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and accept the Terms of Service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and accept the Terms of Service
+check that box and register and so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that box and register and so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that box and register and so I'll
+show you what it looks like so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it looks like so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it looks like so this is
+what you'll see when you sign in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see when you sign in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see when you sign in you
+won't have any created documents but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have any created documents but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have any created documents but
+you'll have a signed documents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a signed documents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a signed documents and the
+two that we want you to read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we want you to read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we want you to read and
+annotate are the first two you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate are the first two you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate are the first two you can't
+make it on YouTube any more and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it on YouTube any more and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it on YouTube any more and this
+will revolutionize education you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will revolutionize education you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will revolutionize education you'll
+click on it and it'll bring you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on it and it'll bring you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on it and it'll bring you to the
+document itself I'm so for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document itself I'm so for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document itself I'm so for example this
+is the first one and you'll just be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first one and you'll just be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first one and you'll just be able
+to read along and highlight it and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read along and highlight it and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read along and highlight it and add
+in your thoughts as you go along so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your thoughts as you go along so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your thoughts as you go along so for
+example reading it you're reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example reading it you're reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example reading it you're reading about
+Hank green and how he was invited to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hank green and how he was invited to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hank green and how he was invited to new
+TB live I was starting my own online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB live I was starting my own online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB live I was starting my own online
+media conference and maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media conference and maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media conference and maybe you're
+thinking well what what is that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking well what what is that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking well what what is that so you
+can say well does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and then add some tags I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then add some tags I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then add some tags I don't know
+what tags really do but then everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tags really do but then everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tags really do but then everyone
+can see that annotation and who did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that annotation and who did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that annotation and who did it
+and I'm not sure because we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not sure because we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not sure because we haven't
+played around with this software too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with this software too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with this software too
+much but you probably will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but you probably will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but you probably will be able to
+comment on each other's annotations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on each other's annotations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on each other's annotations so
+if for some reason someone poses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for some reason someone poses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for some reason someone poses a
+question like this and someone knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like this and someone knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like this and someone knows the
+answer it's VidCon then they can respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's VidCon then they can respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's VidCon then they can respond
+you can add pictures you can add links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add pictures you can add links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add pictures you can add links
+and it's just really handy because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just really handy because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just really handy because then
+you can see people's idea flows as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see people's idea flows as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see people's idea flows as they
+go through the document don't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the document don't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the document don't feel like
+you have to spend hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to spend hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to spend hours
+these readings are pretty bonhomie one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these readings are pretty bonhomie one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these readings are pretty bonhomie one
+was posted on medium which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was posted on medium which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was posted on medium which is you know
+it's not like a super dry academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a super dry academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a super dry academic
+platform and the other one's a YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the other one's a YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform and the other one's a YouTube
+video so just respond honestly don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so just respond honestly don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so just respond honestly don't
+feel like they're we're expecting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they're we're expecting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they're we're expecting you
+know a huge analyses that leads but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a huge analyses that leads but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a huge analyses that leads but you
+want to see you guys creating it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um the other thing I I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the other thing I I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the other thing I I was going to
+show you guys how many of you have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys how many of you have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys how many of you have used
+tumblr before as a platform okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblr before as a platform okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblr before as a platform okay so a
+couple um so that's going to be our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple um so that's going to be our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple um so that's going to be our main
+blog I guess for this class I've sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog I guess for this class I've sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog I guess for this class I've sent
+you guys all an email invitation to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all an email invitation to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all an email invitation to join
+the website and be able to use it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website and be able to use it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website and be able to use it this
+is what the main website looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the main website looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the main website looks like you
+should have already looked at it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have already looked at it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have already looked at it earlier
+today and the main things are that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and the main things are that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and the main things are that there
+are links on this top bar to the stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are links on this top bar to the stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are links on this top bar to the stellar
+which we probably won't use annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we probably won't use annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we probably won't use annotation
+studio and an ask box and so I'll beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio and an ask box and so I'll beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio and an ask box and so I'll beyond
+the tumblr monitoring it all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumblr monitoring it all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumblr monitoring it all the time so
+you can ask questions there and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask questions there and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask questions there and there's
+lists of all our Kerberos is so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of all our Kerberos is so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of all our Kerberos is so we'll
+site will organize our posts with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site will organize our posts with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site will organize our posts with your
+MIT ID and then it's also organized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT ID and then it's also organized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT ID and then it's also organized so
+you can look at specific assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at specific assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at specific assignments
+like day one daily blogs and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like day one daily blogs and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like day one daily blogs and things like
+that which are all sorted and dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which are all sorted and dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which are all sorted and dependent
+on you guys tag in your posts correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you guys tag in your posts correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you guys tag in your posts correctly
+and and there's also reference material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's also reference material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's also reference material
+this bottom tab on the Left sidebar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom tab on the Left sidebar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom tab on the Left sidebar is
+probably most useful for you guys and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most useful for you guys and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most useful for you guys and I
+can't scroll down right now because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't scroll down right now because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't scroll down right now because they
+aren't enough posts but it has things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't enough posts but it has things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't enough posts but it has things
+like lists of all the assignments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lists of all the assignments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lists of all the assignments that
+Elizabeth will post answered questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth will post answered questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth will post answered questions
+and how to use tumblr and upload videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to use tumblr and upload videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to use tumblr and upload videos
+on YouTube which all go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube which all go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube which all go through
+hopefully really quickly so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully really quickly so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully really quickly so you guys
+don't have to stay too long um for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to stay too long um for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to stay too long um for those
+of you who haven't used tumblr when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who haven't used tumblr when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who haven't used tumblr when you
+log in when you accept the invitation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in when you accept the invitation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in when you accept the invitation to
+join the blog it'll look like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the blog it'll look like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the blog it'll look like this this
+is your dashboard I have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your dashboard I have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your dashboard I have multiple
+accounts and so if you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and so if you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and so if you have multiple
+accounts you have to go up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts you have to go up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts you have to go up here and
+choose MIT two and nine and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose MIT two and nine and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose MIT two and nine and this is
+going to be exactly what your dashboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly what your dashboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly what your dashboard
+is going to look like um so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like um so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like um so from here
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and make different types of posts we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make different types of posts we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make different types of posts we're
+probably going to use two most often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to use two most often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to use two most often a
+text and a video and so for a text post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and a video and so for a text post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and a video and so for a text post
+you just click text posts you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just click text posts you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just click text posts you can give
+it a title and put something in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we request that you tagged things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we request that you tagged things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we request that you tagged things
+with specific names depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific names depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific names depending on the
+assignment so Elizabeth gave examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so Elizabeth gave examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so Elizabeth gave examples of
+what we want you to do for your daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want you to do for your daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want you to do for your daily
+blogs which is day one or whatever day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blogs which is day one or whatever day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blogs which is day one or whatever day
+it is and your MIT kerberos and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and your MIT kerberos and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and your MIT kerberos and so for
+example if this was my daily blog for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if this was my daily blog for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if this was my daily blog for
+today i would type in day one enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i would type in day one enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i would type in day one enter and
+then my Kerberos which is c reilly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my Kerberos which is c reilly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my Kerberos which is c reilly and
+it'll be different for your video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be different for your video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be different for your video that
+you end up uploading to the site um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up uploading to the site um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up uploading to the site um and
+you can include images in this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can include images in this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can include images in this you can
+include other things like links if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include other things like links if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include other things like links if you
+need be if you find that it's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need be if you find that it's necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need be if you find that it's necessary
+to your blog and click post and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your blog and click post and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your blog and click post and then you
+should be able to see it right here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to see it right here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to see it right here on
+your dashboard and also on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dashboard and also on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dashboard and also on the website
+if you go click there okay so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go click there okay so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go click there okay so if you're
+making a video post how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a video post how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a video post how many of you have
+have any of you uploaded a video to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of you uploaded a video to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of you uploaded a video to
+YouTube before okay this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube before okay this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube before okay this is more
+familiar a way to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is but there's a five minute limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but there's a five minute limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but there's a five minute limit
+for day so for tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for day so for tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for day so for tonight
+just want to upload your property or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to upload your property or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to upload your property or
+thousand tumblr that's totally fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand tumblr that's totally fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand tumblr that's totally fine but
+eventually or some of the draft you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually or some of the draft you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually or some of the draft you may
+need yeah so I'm just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah so I'm just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah so I'm just going to go
+through this really briefly and youtube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this really briefly and youtube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this really briefly and youtube
+com and if you have a gmail account you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com and if you have a gmail account you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com and if you have a gmail account you
+have a youtube account automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a youtube account automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a youtube account automatically
+they're linked because Google owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're linked because Google owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're linked because Google owns
+everything and just click upload an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and just click upload an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and just click upload an
+upper right hand corner select files to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right hand corner select files to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right hand corner select files to
+upload I have an example video that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload I have an example video that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload I have an example video that I
+shot this morning okay so here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot this morning okay so here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot this morning okay so here you have
+basic information you can choose a title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic information you can choose a title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic information you can choose a title
+a description and this is like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a description and this is like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a description and this is like you can
+tag it with anything you want this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag it with anything you want this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag it with anything you want this is
+the key part I think to YouTube is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part I think to YouTube is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part I think to YouTube is where
+how you want to upload it so public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to upload it so public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to upload it so public
+means anyone can search it through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means anyone can search it through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means anyone can search it through the
+search bar through google searches it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search bar through google searches it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search bar through google searches it'll
+be available to the public private means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be available to the public private means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be available to the public private means
+you have to enter certain email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to enter certain email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to enter certain email
+addresses and those are the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and those are the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and those are the people who
+can access it using their gmail accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access it using their gmail accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access it using their gmail accounts
+I like doing unlisted personally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like doing unlisted personally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like doing unlisted personally because
+then if you have the link to the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have the link to the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have the link to the video
+you can access it but if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can access it but if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can access it but if you don't have
+the link to the video you can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link to the video you can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link to the video you can't see it
+um it's a way that it keeps like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a way that it keeps like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a way that it keeps like my
+draft videos like this one no one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft videos like this one no one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft videos like this one no one will
+want to watch it eight seconds when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch it eight seconds when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch it eight seconds when we
+talking to a phone camera and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a phone camera and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a phone camera and private
+enough from like the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough from like the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough from like the rest of the world
+but you can still post the link places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can still post the link places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can still post the link places
+like the tumblr and have it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tumblr and have it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tumblr and have it be
+accessible and so I like unlisted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and so I like unlisted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and so I like unlisted but
+you can do whatever you want with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do whatever you want with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do whatever you want with your
+videos and so you saw that the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and so you saw that the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and so you saw that the video
+uploaded and then it takes a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded and then it takes a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded and then it takes a little time
+to process and that's just YouTube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process and that's just YouTube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process and that's just YouTube and
+doing things so that it can be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things so that it can be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things so that it can be played
+that's my video now it's available the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my video now it's available the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my video now it's available the
+processing is really quick because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is really quick because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is really quick because it
+was eight seconds um and to upload it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was eight seconds um and to upload it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was eight seconds um and to upload it on
+tumblr just copy the URL or the embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblr just copy the URL or the embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblr just copy the URL or the embed
+code and make a video post paste it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and make a video post paste it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and make a video post paste it in
+here and there's no thumbnail yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's no thumbnail yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's no thumbnail yet
+because I haven't chosen one youtube set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't chosen one youtube set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't chosen one youtube set
+one that's one automatically after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's one automatically after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's one automatically after a
+couple minutes I can tag it with day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes I can tag it with day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes I can tag it with day one
+I and my username and set a caption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and my username and set a caption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and my username and set a caption and
+post it and it will appear on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it and it will appear on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it and it will appear on my
+dashboard and on the website so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard and on the website so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard and on the website so this is
+just like the general process under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the general process under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the general process under the
+references tab on the tumblr there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references tab on the tumblr there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references tab on the tumblr there's
+more detailed if you forget any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed if you forget any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed if you forget any of these
+steps or you're having any trouble or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps or you're having any trouble or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps or you're having any trouble or
+feel free to email me at any time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to email me at any time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to email me at any time and I
+can help troubleshoot any steps of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help troubleshoot any steps of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help troubleshoot any steps of this
+process and if you prefer vimeo you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and if you prefer vimeo you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and if you prefer vimeo you can
+also upload it there and just paste in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also upload it there and just paste in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also upload it there and just paste in
+the URL if you already have a vimeo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URL if you already have a vimeo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URL if you already have a vimeo
+account there's something like that so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account there's something like that so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account there's something like that so i
+know because we have to go to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because we have to go to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because we have to go to the last
+possible minute so we'll let you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible minute so we'll let you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible minute so we'll let you go
+ahead and go if you need any equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and go if you need any equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and go if you need any equipment
+tonight Sarah normal stick around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight Sarah normal stick around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight Sarah normal stick around and
+check the fountain stuff to you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the fountain stuff to you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the fountain stuff to you that you
+can keep for the month if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep for the month if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep for the month if you want to
+just use your iPhone tonight that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use your iPhone tonight that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use your iPhone tonight that's also
+fine just make sure you're lit blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine just make sure you're lit blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine just make sure you're lit blowing
+up and hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and hear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and hear you
+for tomorrow and if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tomorrow and if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tomorrow and if you have any
+questions I'll sticker
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aQ2SuAHFE5w.txt b/aQ2SuAHFE5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da34043d3fe64880f72e5c10db56aab8229c4286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aQ2SuAHFE5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13762 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so last time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we spent the uh hour and a half talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent the uh hour and a half talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent the uh hour and a half talking
+about classification methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classification methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classification methods
+um and their use in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and their use in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and their use in um
+and their use of genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their use of genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their use of genomic
+technologies in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+direct and somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and somewhat
+close to direct which we call indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to direct which we call indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to direct which we call indirect
+applications to clinical medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to clinical medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to clinical medicine
+and we talked about three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about three different
+types of class methods again exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of class methods again exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of class methods again exploration
+class exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class exploration
+um class prediction and class discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um class prediction and class discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um class prediction and class discovery
+and i think we sort of finished with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we sort of finished with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we sort of finished with the
+discussion about class prediction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about class prediction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about class prediction which
+is a basic approach that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a basic approach that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a basic approach that's used
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts with
+microarray data from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray data from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray data from a
+certain number of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of patients
+builds a certain model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a certain model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a certain model
+and then tries to predict something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tries to predict something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tries to predict something
+everybody who was here kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who was here kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who was here kind of
+remembered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered that
+vaguely at least and the basic steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely at least and the basic steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely at least and the basic steps of
+class prediction were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class prediction were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class prediction were
+first to choose a gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to choose a gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to choose a gene set
+so choose a number of genes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose a number of genes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose a number of genes that's
+representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+data and that divides the data into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that divides the data into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that divides the data into
+classes for which you're targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes for which you're targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes for which you're targeting
+your predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictions
+to construct a function a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a function a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a function a prediction
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be a
+mathematical function that you'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical function that you'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical function that you'll take a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sample with its expression data and plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample with its expression data and plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample with its expression data and plug
+into the function and get out an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the function and get out an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the function and get out an answer
+and then determine a rule to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then determine a rule to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then determine a rule to try and
+then use the rule to classify one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the rule to classify one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the rule to classify one way or
+the other and then lastly validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and then lastly validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and then lastly validation
+okay so i thought what we would do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i thought what we would do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i thought what we would do today
+is go through an example so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go through an example so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go through an example so we went
+through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm not sure we need this anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure we need this anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure we need this anymore
+i thought what we would do today is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought what we would do today is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought what we would do today is go
+through an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example
+and the example is related to breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example is related to breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example is related to breast
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+from nature 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nature 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nature 2002
+that we talked about i also so the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about i also so the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about i also so the issue
+of new england journal medicine that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new england journal medicine that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new england journal medicine that was
+published today had a number of articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published today had a number of articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published today had a number of articles
+related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+use of these classification methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of these classification methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of these classification methods
+um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in
+aml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aml
+in acute myelogenous leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's two different papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two different papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two different papers
+there's an editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an editorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an editorial
+and there's a perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a perspective
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe we'll look at the perspective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll look at the perspective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll look at the perspective for
+a second and the perspective is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and the perspective is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and the perspective is called
+microarrays and clinical investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+perspective is um pretty bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is um pretty bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is um pretty bold
+and uh it's uh it's views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's uh it's views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's uh it's views
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+and essentially the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the last
+paragraph the take home message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph the take home message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph the take home message
+so the take take-home message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take take-home message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take take-home message
+is that our usual thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that our usual thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that our usual thinking about
+biomarker discovery in clinical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarker discovery in clinical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarker discovery in clinical trials
+is about to change dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about to change dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about to change dramatically
+in the future clinical investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future clinical investigations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future clinical investigations
+will consist of small trials with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consist of small trials with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consist of small trials with a high
+density of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of data
+precise patient stratification according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise patient stratification according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise patient stratification according
+to the expression profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expression profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expression profile
+and highly tailored analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly tailored analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly tailored analysis of
+microarray data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray data
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+are looking at the articles in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at the articles in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at the articles in this
+issue of gene expression in aml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of gene expression in aml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of gene expression in aml
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the focus on identifying sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus on identifying sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus on identifying sort of the
+relevant so looking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so looking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so looking through
+seven thousand genes or i think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven thousand genes or i think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven thousand genes or i think one
+study had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study had
+used u-133 arrays with 13 000 another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used u-133 arrays with 13 000 another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used u-133 arrays with 13 000 another
+with 25 000 looking at large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 25 000 looking at large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 25 000 looking at large number of
+genes in their expression in patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in their expression in patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in their expression in patients
+and identifying smaller numbers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identifying smaller numbers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identifying smaller numbers that are
+very relevant to disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very relevant to disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very relevant to disease
+and that's what's meant by the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's meant by the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's meant by the term
+biomarkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarkers
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um and they're making a prediction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're making a prediction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're making a prediction that
+clint this is going to change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clint this is going to change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clint this is going to change the way
+clinical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are being done dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being done dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being done dramatically
+this seems very unlikely to me that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems very unlikely to me that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems very unlikely to me that this
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+i was really curious because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was really curious because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was really curious because when
+reading the articles at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the articles at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the articles at least
+glancingly they seem very bread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glancingly they seem very bread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glancingly they seem very bread of
+butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's it's a learning process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's a learning process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's a learning process for
+everybody there are things to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody there are things to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody there are things to learn from
+the breast cancer work that was done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breast cancer work that was done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breast cancer work that was done and
+we'll do it over the nature paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it over the nature paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it over the nature paper and
+that also was published in new england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also was published in new england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also was published in new england
+journal of medicine as well um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of medicine as well um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of medicine as well um let me
+give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+let's see i had this one for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see i had this one for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see i had this one for you
+and this one is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is important
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um
+i didn't have time to review the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't have time to review the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't have time to review the the
+aml stuff that's accompanying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aml stuff that's accompanying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aml stuff that's accompanying
+the editorials and perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editorials and perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editorials and perspective
+um in today's issue i think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in today's issue i think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in today's issue i think it would be
+nice to go through that and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to go through that and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to go through that and look at the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+directly and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and instead of
+the claims in the editorial but let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claims in the editorial but let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claims in the editorial but let's do
+that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the
+breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+that was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+paper you might want to have it just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you might want to have it just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you might want to have it just so
+you have it here because we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it here because we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it here because we're gonna
+i thought rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talking in the abstract as we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in the abstract as we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in the abstract as we did last
+time to really go through concretely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to really go through concretely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to really go through concretely
+the use of the prediction method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the prediction method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the prediction method
+here um which is used quite similarly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um which is used quite similarly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um which is used quite similarly in
+one of these papers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go through this nature paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through this nature paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through this nature paper on
+gene expression profiling predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression profiling predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression profiling predicting
+clinical outcome of breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in this paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+essentially what these authors did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what these authors did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what these authors did
+in the abstract you can see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the abstract you can see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the abstract you can see that they
+used microanalysis on primary breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used microanalysis on primary breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used microanalysis on primary breast
+tumors of 117
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors of 117
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors of 117
+young patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young patients
+and applied supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applied supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applied supervised
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+to identify a gene expression signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify a gene expression signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify a gene expression signature
+strongly predictive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly predictive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly predictive of
+a short interval to distant metastasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short interval to distant metastasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short interval to distant metastasis
+so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is
+again i often get tripped up by viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i often get tripped up by viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i often get tripped up by viewing
+things in terms of the specific tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of the specific tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of the specific tool
+that was used and really what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used and really what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used and really what they're
+doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is
+doing prediction here so of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing prediction here so of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing prediction here so of our
+different pigeon holes i try to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pigeon holes i try to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pigeon holes i try to put
+things in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in class
+exploration prediction and discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration prediction and discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration prediction and discovery
+this is prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is prediction
+supervised classification is one aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised classification is one aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised classification is one aspect
+of it but there are other parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but there are other parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but there are other parts of this
+two to doing prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to doing prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to doing prediction
+but what they were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they were interested in
+essentially is taking patience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is taking patience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is taking patience and
+making good or bad prediction project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good or bad prediction project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good or bad prediction project
+predictions of prognosis of outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of prognosis of outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of prognosis of outcome
+based on the ex their gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the ex their gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the ex their gene expression
+so they did a variety of things but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did a variety of things but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did a variety of things but most
+of this paper is focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paper is focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paper is focused
+we look at say the second paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at say the second paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at say the second paragraph
+on the first page after the abstract an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first page after the abstract an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first page after the abstract an
+unsupervised hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised hierarchical clustering
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+allowed us to cluster the 98 tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to cluster the 98 tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to cluster the 98 tumors
+so now we're down to 98 from 117. we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're down to 98 from 117. we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're down to 98 from 117. we'll
+come back to that on the basis of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that on the basis of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that on the basis of their
+similarities measured over approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities measured over approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities measured over approximately
+5 000 significant genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 000 significant genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 000 significant genes
+and that's figure 1a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here and they have things sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here and they have things sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here and they have things sort of
+sideways they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways they have the
+specimens as the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens as the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens as the rows
+and the genes as the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the genes as the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the genes as the columns
+in that top diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um
+so this is uh this is hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this is hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this is hierarchical
+clustering of this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering of this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering of this data set
+that consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a big table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the table again has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the table again has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the table again has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and 5000 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+expression levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it might be short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be short
+on that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't you guys look on that for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you guys look on that for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you guys look on that for now
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+this paper is up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is up on the
+site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+okay so this is the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the data set
+that they constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they constructed
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+figure way in particular okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure way in particular okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure way in particular okay
+um what's the utility of something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the utility of something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the utility of something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in the paper when i mean like so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper when i mean like so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper when i mean like so they're
+obviously they're not looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're not looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're not looking at this
+like if i were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if i were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if i were to
+you know when they get their data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when they get their data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when they get their data and
+they see something like this that feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see something like this that feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see something like this that feed
+into a computer that there's always some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a computer that there's always some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a computer that there's always some
+houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses
+so what's the purpose of showing us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the purpose of showing us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the purpose of showing us this
+rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just
+kind of cutting to the chase of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cutting to the chase of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cutting to the chase of what
+like their actual results are and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their actual results are and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their actual results are and is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+should this be standard for like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this be standard for like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this be standard for like when
+you know looking at doing using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking at doing using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking at doing using
+potential studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential studies
+i think they're pretty valuable diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they're pretty valuable diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they're pretty valuable diagrams
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they do allow you this is the black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do allow you this is the black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do allow you this is the black and
+white so there's the color version they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so there's the color version they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so there's the color version they
+do allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do allow you to
+to see that there are different patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that there are different patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that there are different patterns
+of expressions of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expressions of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expressions of genes
+and different subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different subgroups
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i mean i i guess maybe this these lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i i guess maybe this these lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i i guess maybe this these lower
+ones are blow ups and particular happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are blow ups and particular happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are blow ups and particular happens
+where it may become more obvious right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it may become more obvious right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it may become more obvious right
+but i'm thinking just in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm thinking just in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm thinking just in terms of like
+like if i saw an uh a sds page gel and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if i saw an uh a sds page gel and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if i saw an uh a sds page gel and a
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+it's just like you know right there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like you know right there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like you know right there you
+can see the results if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the results if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the results if i look at
+something like this it just looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it just looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it just looks like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a bunch of pixels or you know calling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of pixels or you know calling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of pixels or you know calling or
+whatever uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh-huh
+i just i i guess so but you're just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just i i guess so but you're just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just i i guess so but you're just what
+you have to do you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do you have to have
+motivation well yeah i mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation well yeah i mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation well yeah i mean so
+yes like the sub figures can be useful i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the sub figures can be useful i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the sub figures can be useful i
+guess uh and and maybe i can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh and and maybe i can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh and and maybe i can see how
+you'd say okay this is the originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say okay this is the originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say okay this is the originally
+expanded honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded honor
+but even in the big figures you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even in the big figures you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even in the big figures you you can
+often see and maybe i have a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see and maybe i have a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see and maybe i have a picture of
+this on color that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on color that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on color that i
+can put up i'm not sure if i do but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put up i'm not sure if i do but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put up i'm not sure if i do but i
+should um but you can see that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um but you can see that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um but you can see that there are
+different groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups
+even within color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry i'm seeing patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i'm seeing patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i'm seeing patience
+sort of as a uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a uh-huh
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+to looking at my you know yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to looking at my you know yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to looking at my you know yeah well
+that's you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know uh
+traditionally you see something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally you see something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally you see something like
+that like that you know when i'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like that you know when i'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like that you know when i'm seeing
+something like this i just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this i just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this i just go
+well dude that looked pretty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dude that looked pretty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dude that looked pretty and
+i have no idea what it means and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no idea what it means and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no idea what it means and you
+know or whatever and i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or whatever and i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or whatever and i think that
+it can be kind of intimidating to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be kind of intimidating to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be kind of intimidating to people
+to want to pick up a paper like this who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to pick up a paper like this who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to pick up a paper like this who
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+and this they don't quite get the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this they don't quite get the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this they don't quite get the point
+of seeing something like that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing something like that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing something like that well
+there's two issues but that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two issues but that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two issues but that that's an
+independent issue i think there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent issue i think there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent issue i think there's an
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i find compelling about these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find compelling about these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find compelling about these things is
+the same thing as looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as looking at a
+scattergram why should you involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattergram why should you involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattergram why should you involve a
+scattered look at a scattergram rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered look at a scattergram rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered look at a scattergram rather
+than just a correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a correlation coefficient
+uh describing data he's just giving me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh describing data he's just giving me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh describing data he's just giving me a
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+a look right test to see do i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look right test to see do i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look right test to see do i actually
+see my visual detection that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my visual detection that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my visual detection that it looks
+like this class in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this class in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this class in there
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so when i look at this thing i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i look at this thing i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i look at this thing i can
+actually convince myself that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convince myself that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convince myself that there's a
+lot of crap but there is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of crap but there is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of crap but there is also a
+some big chunks of red yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big chunks of red yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big chunks of red yeah so
+definitely the color picture helps a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the color picture helps a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the color picture helps a lot
+helps yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps yeah
+the the other part of these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other part of these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other part of these pictures
+which is helpful are the dendrograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is helpful are the dendrograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is helpful are the dendrograms
+okay so again we talked about the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again we talked about the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again we talked about the use of
+hierarchical clustering as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering as a
+classification method in that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification method in that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification method in that it does
+not really produce classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really produce classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really produce classes
+okay again everything is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again everything is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again everything is related to
+everything else we don't have disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we don't have disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we don't have disjoint
+classes it's just that the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it's just that the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it's just that the degree of
+relationship is represented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is represented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is represented by the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+literally the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the length of this
+this line right here in the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line right here in the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line right here in the diagram
+represents the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the relationship
+between these two over here and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two over here and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two over here and say
+these two over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two over here
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+again everything every cluster is split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again everything every cluster is split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again everything every cluster is split
+this is binary so everything is split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is binary so everything is split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is binary so everything is split
+into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the adjacency is actually another issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacency is actually another issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacency is actually another issue
+too about these is that you can spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too about these is that you can spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too about these is that you can spin
+any one of these clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these clusters
+at any node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any node
+without changing the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the organization
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+sometimes you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you will
+see diagrams why don't i show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see diagrams why don't i show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see diagrams why don't i show you one
+since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're
+planning getting to nitty gritty here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning getting to nitty gritty here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning getting to nitty gritty here
+yeah when you have a paper and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you have a paper and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you have a paper and you see
+that figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that figure
+just apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apart from the
+obvious like here's a really big red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious like here's a really big red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious like here's a really big red
+patch let's go uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can look at that figure and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at that figure and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at that figure and say
+ah pattern but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah pattern but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah pattern but here's
+another part of the figure that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the figure that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the figure that also
+gave me some more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me some more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me some more information
+and me as the newbie i'm just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me as the newbie i'm just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me as the newbie i'm just not
+seeing it because i'm not as familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it because i'm not as familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it because i'm not as familiar
+with that i don't have a password here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i don't have a password here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i don't have a password here
+i can't do this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a fair assessment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fair assessment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fair assessment okay
+what i was going to show you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was going to show you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was going to show you is that
+there's been in my area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been in my area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been in my area
+last week there was a publication it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week there was a publication it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week there was a publication it's
+the second one this group has done where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one this group has done where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one this group has done where
+they put one of these diagrams up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put one of these diagrams up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put one of these diagrams up here
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that
+three patients with with one condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three patients with with one condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three patients with with one condition
+they're they all clustered together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they all clustered together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they all clustered together
+and separate from another seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separate from another seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separate from another seven
+okay but they don't put the diagram they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they don't put the diagram they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they don't put the diagram they
+don't put the dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put the dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put the dendrogram
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+all they show is adjacency of rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they show is adjacency of rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they show is adjacency of rows and
+they don't show exactly how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't show exactly how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't show exactly how they're
+organized or connected so you see three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized or connected so you see three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized or connected so you see three
+that are here and then another seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here and then another seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here and then another seven
+that are here but it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here but it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here but it's possible that
+this one over here is actually part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over here is actually part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over here is actually part of a
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+of four over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four over here um
+and and so that's another value to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's another value to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's another value to these
+diagrams is when people claim classes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams is when people claim classes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams is when people claim classes to
+look and see when you look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see when you look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see when you look at this one
+you know it's not overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not overwhelming
+actually and this is where they drew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and this is where they drew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and this is where they drew the
+line and they took this as one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and they took this as one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and they took this as one class
+but this is really i mean every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really i mean every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really i mean every one of
+these is just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just sort of
+subdivided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided
+here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of
+one fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fairly
+large class so there is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large class so there is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large class so there is helpful
+information for the to seeing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the to seeing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the to seeing those
+diagrams so the leftmost is the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so the leftmost is the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so the leftmost is the two
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's correct they said there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct they said there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct they said there are two
+classes so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so this is the
+this is one branch here and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one branch here and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one branch here and this is the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+branch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay yeah well let's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah well let's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah well let's you know
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+get into the nitty-gritty so at least so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the nitty-gritty so at least so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the nitty-gritty so at least so
+we have one example that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one example that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one example that we've
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+fairly well what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well what's happening
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is an example so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example so this is just
+hierarchical clustering what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering what would you
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+if i made you pigeonhole it into class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i made you pigeonhole it into class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i made you pigeonhole it into class
+exploration class prediction or class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration class prediction or class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration class prediction or class
+discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+these are 98 patients with breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 98 patients with breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 98 patients with breast cancer
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+these are both lymph node positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both lymph node positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both lymph node positive and
+lymph node negative they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node negative they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node negative they're
+pretty much all of their samples except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of their samples except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of their samples except
+for a group that they've left off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a group that they've left off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a group that they've left off for
+other purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other purposes
+this would be an example of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be an example of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be an example of class
+exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+so they're starting by looking at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're starting by looking at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're starting by looking at their
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and they're just saying well does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just saying well does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're just saying well does it
+look like the expression profiles differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the expression profiles differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the expression profiles differ
+among patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among patients
+and allow us to find different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow us to find different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow us to find different
+subgroups different profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups different profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups different profiles
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now we talked about one step that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about one step that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about one step that was
+important to do sort of before this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do sort of before this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do sort of before this and
+that was the stuff about signatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the stuff about signatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the stuff about signatures and
+their reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reproducibility
+and their distinctness they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their distinctness they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their distinctness they don't
+provide any data here in that regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide any data here in that regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide any data here in that regard
+they say that they did every tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that they did every tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that they did every tumor
+sample twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample twice
+that they did two independent array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did two independent array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did two independent array
+profiles on each one but they don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles on each one but they don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles on each one but they don't say
+anything about what they did with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about what they did with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about what they did with that
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+we don't provide any correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't provide any correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't provide any correlation
+coefficients for example to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for example to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for example to say that
+when you do this same experiment twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this same experiment twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this same experiment twice
+on a given tissue you get out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a given tissue you get out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a given tissue you get out the same
+pattern of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but accepting that this first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but accepting that this first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but accepting that this first step
+is sort of exploration and this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here there is an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here there is an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here there is an attempt to
+correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate
+these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups
+with different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different um
+clinical features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical features
+okay so first they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first they do
+hierarchical clustering of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering of the entire
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+and they sort of look and see broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sort of look and see broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sort of look and see broad
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+maybe there is a group over here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is a group over here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is a group over here that's
+more red for these genes and greens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more red for these genes and greens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more red for these genes and greens for
+these and so maybe there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and so maybe there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and so maybe there is some
+structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here
+so the next step they do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step they do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step they do is to
+for each one of these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these patients
+they look at binary outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at binary outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at binary outcomes
+and say if this patient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if this patient here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if this patient here
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+had a mutation in the brca1 gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a mutation in the brca1 gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a mutation in the brca1 gene
+they'll colored in black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll colored in black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll colored in black
+and this patient here did not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this patient here did not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this patient here did not have a
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+okay so each for each one of these 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each for each one of these 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each for each one of these 98
+patients they're now looking at one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients they're now looking at one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients they're now looking at one two
+three four five six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six different
+phenotype phenotypic markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype phenotypic markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype phenotypic markers
+and coloring it in this way so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coloring it in this way so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coloring it in this way so that we
+can then sort of look and say is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then sort of look and say is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then sort of look and say is there
+any relationship between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any relationship between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any relationship between these
+phenotypic variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic variables
+and these two classes which were defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two classes which were defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two classes which were defined
+by the dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the dendrogram
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again to pigeonhole it into one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to pigeonhole it into one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to pigeonhole it into one of the
+three class methods what are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three class methods what are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three class methods what are they doing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class exploration
+class discovery they're doing class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class discovery they're doing class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class discovery they're doing class
+discovery here so they just they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery here so they just they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery here so they just they looked
+at their data they explored it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their data they explored it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their data they explored it they
+wondered that there might be classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered that there might be classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered that there might be classes and
+they're now asking is there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now asking is there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now asking is there something
+significant phenotypically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant phenotypically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant phenotypically
+that something meaningful clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something meaningful clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something meaningful clinically
+that relates to these two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates to these two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates to these two classes
+or is it just an artifact of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it just an artifact of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it just an artifact of doing
+clustering which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering which will
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+reduce things into classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce things into classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce things into classes
+depending on where you cut this tree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you cut this tree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you cut this tree you
+can have two classes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two classes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have two classes here
+or this one here that looks like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one here that looks like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one here that looks like there's
+a large class which goes from here down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large class which goes from here down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large class which goes from here down
+to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+you can sort of make up classes at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of make up classes at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of make up classes at any
+different level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level
+here because fundamentally there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because fundamentally there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because fundamentally there really
+are no classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no classes
+with a dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dendrogram
+but they're now saying well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're now saying well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're now saying well what
+phenotypic variables might correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic variables might correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic variables might correlate
+with this sort of split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of split
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is still discovery you know i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still discovery you know i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still discovery you know i would
+call this class discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this class discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this class discovery
+that they found two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they found two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they found two classes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that to
+establish them as truly classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish them as truly classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish them as truly classes
+that have some meaning some clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have some meaning some clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have some meaning some clinical
+meaning they want to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they want to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they want to say what
+clinical variables might this relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical variables might this relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical variables might this relate to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and so looking at the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so looking at the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so looking at the things
+here there are a few things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are a few things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are a few things which
+are fairly striking i guess the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly striking i guess the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly striking i guess the presence
+of estrogen receptors on the tumor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estrogen receptors on the tumor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estrogen receptors on the tumor cells
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is pretty good most of these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good most of these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good most of these patients
+are er positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are er positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are er positive
+most of these patients here are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these patients here are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these patients here are uh
+actually i can't remember which is black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i can't remember which is black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i can't remember which is black
+and which is white which is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is white which is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is white which is positive and
+which is negative for their classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is negative for their classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is negative for their classes
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metastases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastases so
+the presence of and i think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of and i think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of and i think this is
+distance metastases at five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not really too much difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really too much difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really too much difference
+maybe i think white is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i think white is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i think white is
+present so maybe more of these what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so maybe more of these what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so maybe more of these what's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+flight is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is positive
+so there were maybe more consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were maybe more consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were maybe more consistently
+certainly a larger percentage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a larger percentage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a larger percentage of this
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+had distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had distant
+metastases at five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastases at five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastases at five years
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+once they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they do this
+and believe that they do have classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe that they do have classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe that they do have classes
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then
+move to the next step and say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next step and say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next step and say we're
+going to build a predictive model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a predictive model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a predictive model
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is the one that they focus on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that they focus on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that they focus on is
+whether there's metastases or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's metastases or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's metastases or not
+so they're saying in this data there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're saying in this data there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're saying in this data there
+seems to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be some
+way to to classify the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to classify the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to classify the data that
+has some distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some distinctions
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+predicting outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting outcome
+and we're going to take it a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take it a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take it a step
+further here and actually go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further here and actually go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further here and actually go through the
+trouble of building a model to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of building a model to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of building a model to predict
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's
+so they want to use the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+maybe this is just another question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is just another question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is just another question now
+there's no ignorant questions here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ignorant questions here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ignorant questions here why
+did they choose that instead of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they choose that instead of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they choose that instead of like
+estrogen or something well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen or something well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen or something well
+yeah because people already know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because people already know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because people already know about
+the estrogen receptor and brca1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estrogen receptor and brca1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estrogen receptor and brca1
+mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um and metastasis is the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and metastasis is the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and metastasis is the it's
+fundamentally the important thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the important thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the important thing it's
+the important clinical endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important clinical endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important clinical endpoint
+um if we can make better predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we can make better predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we can make better predictions
+based on gene expression profiles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on gene expression profiles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on gene expression profiles of
+tumor when we do an initial biopsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor when we do an initial biopsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor when we do an initial biopsy
+on the breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the breast cancer
+can we use that to then decide how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use that to then decide how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use that to then decide how to
+treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+people people have a good prognosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people have a good prognosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people have a good prognosis
+don't need that same sort of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that same sort of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that same sort of treatment
+as people with a bad prognosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as people with a bad prognosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as people with a bad prognosis
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+it doesn't actually there's no treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually there's no treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually there's no treatment
+intervention not a treatment study here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention not a treatment study here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention not a treatment study here
+it's not saying that we can intervene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not saying that we can intervene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not saying that we can intervene
+and alter prognosis through treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alter prognosis through treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alter prognosis through treatment
+it's strictly predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strictly predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strictly predictive
+of prognosis at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prognosis at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prognosis at this point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to
+the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing
+they do after this sort of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do after this sort of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do after this sort of class
+exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+partial class discovery i mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial class discovery i mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial class discovery i mean they
+don't sort of carry it further and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of carry it further and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of carry it further and say
+that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+discovered a new class here because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a new class here because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a new class here because they
+really haven't i mean what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really haven't i mean what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really haven't i mean what what the
+prognosis is really correlating with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognosis is really correlating with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognosis is really correlating with is
+the estrogen receptor status here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estrogen receptor status here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estrogen receptor status here
+which is a well-known fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a well-known fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a well-known fact
+so patients who are estrogen receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so patients who are estrogen receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so patients who are estrogen receptor
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+have a better outcome i think in breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better outcome i think in breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better outcome i think in breast
+cancer so i'm not sure about the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so i'm not sure about the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so i'm not sure about the black
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+positive or negative the black is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative the black is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative the black is
+negative okay yeah that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay yeah that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay yeah that's right so
+patients who are estrogen receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are estrogen receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are estrogen receptor
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+have a better outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better outcome
+the estrogen receptor negative patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estrogen receptor negative patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estrogen receptor negative patients
+by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+have a uh a bad outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh a bad outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh a bad outcome
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+so there's actually no nothing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually no nothing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually no nothing new
+there's no sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sort of
+important class discovery that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important class discovery that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important class discovery that took
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what they next do is change the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they next do is change the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they next do is change the data set
+a little bit let's shut this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yep
+so the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step
+that they do in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do in this paper
+and that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's on
+is page 532
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no bottom of the first page sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no bottom of the first page sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no bottom of the first page sorry
+bottom of page 530.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of page 530.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of page 530.
+is they focus now on a subs group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they focus now on a subs group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they focus now on a subs group of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+samples on the 78 patients with sporadic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples on the 78 patients with sporadic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples on the 78 patients with sporadic
+lymph node negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node negative
+disease so these are all patients who at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so these are all patients who at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so these are all patients who at
+the time of the diagnosis of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the diagnosis of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the diagnosis of their
+breast cancer had lymph node biopsies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer had lymph node biopsies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer had lymph node biopsies
+which were negative and did not show any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were negative and did not show any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were negative and did not show any
+spread to the lymph nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to the lymph nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to the lymph nodes
+and so they then focus the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they then focus the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they then focus the rest of the
+paper on this select group of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on this select group of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on this select group of patients
+lymph node negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node negative
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+sporadic which means none of these had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadic which means none of these had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadic which means none of these had
+mutation for the brca1 or even brca2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation for the brca1 or even brca2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation for the brca1 or even brca2
+mutations they were not genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations they were not genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations they were not genetic
+breast cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancers
+patients with genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with genetic
+and so in that 78 group 44 patients were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in that 78 group 44 patients were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in that 78 group 44 patients were
+free of disease after five years and 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of disease after five years and 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of disease after five years and 34
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+developed metastasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed metastasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed metastasis
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so we're down to 78 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had good prognosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had good prognosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had good prognosis
+or turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or turned out
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+a good outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and 34 had poor outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what they then say on the next page 532
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they then say on the next page 532
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they then say on the next page 532
+is to identify reliably good and poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to identify reliably good and poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to identify reliably good and poor
+prognostic tumors we used a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognostic tumors we used a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognostic tumors we used a powerful
+three-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-step
+supervised classification method similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised classification method similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised classification method similar
+to those used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those used
+previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+in brief approximately five thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brief approximately five thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brief approximately five thousand
+genes were selected from the 25 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes were selected from the 25 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes were selected from the 25 000
+genes on the microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes on the microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes on the microarray
+okay so let's get into how they build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get into how they build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get into how they build
+the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so they're going to use this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to use this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to use this data
+so they're going to use 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to use 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to use 78
+instead of 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 98
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they do have 5 000 genes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have 5 000 genes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have 5 000 genes so the
+microarrays actually measured 25 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays actually measured 25 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays actually measured 25 000
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i had this data set to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first thing they did is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing they did is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing they did is use
+sort of basic but still fairly ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic but still fairly ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic but still fairly ad hoc
+procedures to get rid of genes that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures to get rid of genes that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures to get rid of genes that had
+very little meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little meaning
+so genes that just didn't vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so genes that just didn't vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so genes that just didn't vary
+a gene that had a low expression level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene that had a low expression level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene that had a low expression level
+for every single one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single one of these
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they removed
+such genes and ended up with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such genes and ended up with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such genes and ended up with five
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+after that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that point
+yes so was five thousand predetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so was five thousand predetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so was five thousand predetermined
+or was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see how they ended up with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how they ended up with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how they ended up with five
+they said significantly regulated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said significantly regulated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said significantly regulated in
+more than three tumors out of 78.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than three tumors out of 78.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than three tumors out of 78.
+so this is an area which remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an area which remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an area which remains
+completely ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ad hoc
+and different in virtually every paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different in virtually every paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different in virtually every paper
+sort of we call it the initial filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we call it the initial filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of we call it the initial filtering
+of meaningless genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meaningless genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meaningless genes
+and they decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decided that
+i believe that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe that they did
+t tests for significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t tests for significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t tests for significance
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+required there was some significance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required there was some significance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required there was some significance in
+at least 3 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 3 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 3 out of
+78 at some particular significant since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 at some particular significant since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 at some particular significant since
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+and ended up with 5000 genes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended up with 5000 genes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended up with 5000 genes there's
+many ways people do this some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways people do this some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways people do this some people
+will say i'll look at the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say i'll look at the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say i'll look at the standard
+deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+of these gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gene
+vectors and if the standard deviation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and if the standard deviation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and if the standard deviation is
+less than some cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than some cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than some cut off
+i'll assume those genes are not varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll assume those genes are not varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll assume those genes are not varying
+enough in this data set and get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in this data set and get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in this data set and get rid of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now they want to build their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they want to build their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they want to build their
+predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor
+okay and so we talked about those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we talked about those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we talked about those three
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+and the first step is the discriminative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first step is the discriminative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first step is the discriminative
+choosing a discriminative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a discriminative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a discriminative
+gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're going to whittle the 5 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to whittle the 5 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to whittle the 5 000
+genes down into a small numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes down into a small numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes down into a small numbers which
+they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna
+make put in their black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make put in their black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make put in their black box
+to make their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their model
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+do this by correlation with ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by correlation with ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by correlation with ideal
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+i think we talked about that method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we talked about that method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we talked about that method
+before so first they'll arrange the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so first they'll arrange the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so first they'll arrange the data
+set so that all of the good prognosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so that all of the good prognosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so that all of the good prognosis
+are up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+p 45 through 78 are the core prognosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 45 through 78 are the core prognosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 45 through 78 are the core prognosis
+and then they'll make up an ideal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll make up an ideal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll make up an ideal vector
+i and put let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and put let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and put let's say
+ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones here
+and then zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then zeros
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then for each of these five thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each of these five thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each of these five thousand
+genes they'll calculate a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes they'll calculate a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes they'll calculate a correlation
+coefficient to this ideal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to this ideal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to this ideal vector
+so r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r
+for gene one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gene one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gene one
+correlated with ideal vector i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with ideal vector i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with ideal vector i
+was some number point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some number point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some number point six
+and r for gene two correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r for gene two correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r for gene two correlated with
+vector i is some other number 0.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector i is some other number 0.45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector i is some other number 0.45
+negative 0.45 let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 0.45 let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 0.45 let's say
+and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this
+for the 5 000 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone follow
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing they do is they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing they do is they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing they do is they get
+this down to 231 genes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down to 231 genes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down to 231 genes by
+using a cutoff of 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a cutoff of 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a cutoff of 0.3
+negative or positive so anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive so anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive so anything that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+between an r between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an r between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an r between
+0.3 and negative point three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is gotten rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gotten rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gotten rid of
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so they get rid of this one here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get rid of this one here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get rid of this one here this
+they would keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would keep
+this one they would keep and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one they would keep and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one they would keep and so forth
+and so that left them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that left them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that left them with
+231 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will renumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will renumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will renumber
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+call these genes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's two issues here one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two issues here one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two issues here one is
+normalizing the data set so they used c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the data set so they used c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the data set so they used c
+dna arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna arrays
+so their normalization was built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their normalization was built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their normalization was built in
+because they used a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they used a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they used a reference
+so a c dna array is in span which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a c dna array is in span which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a c dna array is in span which you
+have two samples applied each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two samples applied each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two samples applied each time
+and their reference consisted of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their reference consisted of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their reference consisted of a
+little bit of rna from each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of rna from each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of rna from each one
+of i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i think the
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+say i don't know if it's a 78 or the 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i don't know if it's a 78 or the 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i don't know if it's a 78 or the 98
+or 117
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 117
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 117
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+so that was the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the normalization
+to do this they just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this they just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this they just just
+organize it that way just move these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it that way just move these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it that way just move these up
+here and move these down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and move these down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and move these down here
+i guess my question though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess my question though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess my question though
+i'm just trying to actually ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just trying to actually ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just trying to actually ask you
+do you actually quantify for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually quantify for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually quantify for
+in the correlation condition you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the correlation condition you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the correlation condition you're
+looking at direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at direction
+but does the amount of expression or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does the amount of expression or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does the amount of expression or
+difference an expression between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference an expression between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference an expression between
+the positive and the negatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and the negatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and the negatives that
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+in terms of your correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of your correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of your correlation
+no that won't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that won't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that won't matter
+again you could again car pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you could again car pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you could again car pearson
+correlation coefficients at least are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients at least are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients at least are
+invariant to linear transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to linear transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to linear transformations
+so you could take every piece here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take every piece here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take every piece here and
+multiply by 15 and add seven and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 15 and add seven and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 15 and add seven and it
+won't change its correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now they were left with 231
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now they were left with 231
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now they were left with 231
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+right and all of these genes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all of these genes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all of these genes have
+some threshold of high correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some threshold of high correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some threshold of high correlation
+either positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either positive or negative
+to this ideal outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ideal outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ideal outcome
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so gene one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gene one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gene one
+had a certain set of expression values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a certain set of expression values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a certain set of expression values
+in this group and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this group and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this group and it was
+different than in this group because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than in this group because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than in this group because it
+correlates to has a high correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates to has a high correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates to has a high correlation
+coefficient to that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to that vector
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+anyone follow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now they do
+some people would stop here and say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would stop here and say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would stop here and say this
+is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my
+discriminative native gene set and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative native gene set and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative native gene set and the
+next thing i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing i'm going to do is
+build my prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function then i'm going to make my rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'm going to validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to validate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they decide to further optimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they decide to further optimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they decide to further optimize this
+discriminative gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative gene set
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do
+not that complex so they take the 231
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that complex so they take the 231
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that complex so they take the 231
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+that they have here and they rank order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have here and they rank order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have here and they rank order
+them by largest magnitude of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by largest magnitude of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by largest magnitude of their
+correlation coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients
+so gene 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gene 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gene 16
+had a correlation coefficient of 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a correlation coefficient of 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a correlation coefficient of 0.9
+and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a correlation coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a correlation coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a correlation coefficient of
+negative 0.85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 0.85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 0.85
+and they rank these going down to g 231
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they rank these going down to g 231
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they rank these going down to g 231
+which just made it with a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just made it with a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just made it with a correlation
+coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of
+into this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this group
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now they're even looking deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they're even looking deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they're even looking deeper into
+this data structure and they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure and they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure and they're looking
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+for the the very best genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the very best genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the very best genes that
+correlate with this outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an example of such a gene might be gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of such a gene might be gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of such a gene might be gene
+16 which had expression levels that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 which had expression levels that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 which had expression levels that were
+1 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 000
+for these samples and was five for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these samples and was five for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these samples and was five for all
+of these samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these samples
+it was a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a perfect
+classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier
+that one gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one gene
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now they're gonna really build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're gonna really build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're gonna really build a
+discriminated gene set through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminated gene set through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminated gene set through the
+following procedure they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following procedure they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following procedure they're going to
+take the top five from this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the top five from this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the top five from this list
+okay and call that our discriminative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and call that our discriminative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and call that our discriminative
+gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set
+and their gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consisting of only five genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of only five genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of only five genes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then they're going to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to go through this
+build a prediction function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a prediction function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a prediction function
+make a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a rule
+and validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validate
+using leave one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using leave one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using leave one out
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+validation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation here
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+then they will add five more genes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will add five more genes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will add five more genes to
+this discriminative gene set so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discriminative gene set so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discriminative gene set so they'll
+go down five more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down five more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down five more
+in this group and now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this group and now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this group and now have a
+discriminative gene set of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative gene set of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminative gene set of ten
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+they'll take that build a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take that build a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take that build a prediction
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+make a rule and validate again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that they've done a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they've done a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they've done a second
+validation they have a second accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation they have a second accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation they have a second accuracy
+number to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to look at
+and they'll say did my accuracy get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll say did my accuracy get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll say did my accuracy get
+better or not so the first time they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or not so the first time they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or not so the first time they did
+this with the top five genes they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the top five genes they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the top five genes they found
+an accuracy in terms of prediction of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accuracy in terms of prediction of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accuracy in terms of prediction of i
+don't know what it was but we'll make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it was but we'll make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it was but we'll make up
+a number let's say 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number let's say 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number let's say 60
+predictions were correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after they built their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then they did this with another of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they did this with another of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they did this with another of
+the larger gene set with including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger gene set with including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger gene set with including the
+next five best genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five best genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five best genes
+and they found they had a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found they had a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found they had a prediction
+function of set seventy but that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of set seventy but that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of set seventy but that got
+them up to seventy percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they kept on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kept on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kept on going
+until their accuracy was the best it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until their accuracy was the best it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until their accuracy was the best it
+could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be
+and wasn't getting any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wasn't getting any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wasn't getting any better
+with the addition of more genes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the addition of more genes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the addition of more genes from the
+bottom of this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there they stopped at 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there they stopped at 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there they stopped at 70
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they constructed their discriminative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they constructed their discriminative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they constructed their discriminative
+gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+as a set of 70 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on this optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this optimization
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+trying first the top five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying first the top five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying first the top five
+building the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the model
+testing the model and looking at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the model and looking at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the model and looking at its
+accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy
+and improving the accuracy until it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improving the accuracy until it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and improving the accuracy until it was
+as best as it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best as it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best as it could be
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one would have taken them five times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have taken them five times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have taken them five times as
+long to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to get there
+that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that that's actually the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's actually the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's actually the point that
+people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to
+make in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in this field
+that one is not relevant in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is not relevant in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is not relevant in that
+the biomarkers that we're now looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biomarkers that we're now looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biomarkers that we're now looking
+for are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for are
+groups of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of genes
+i mean in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean in the sense
+this can be implemented clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be implemented clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be implemented clinically
+you can you know once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know once you
+set up to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to make a
+inkjet synthesized or even robotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet synthesized or even robotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet synthesized or even robotically
+spotted array you can do it for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotted array you can do it for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotted array you can do it for a few
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+you can spot a raise for a few dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spot a raise for a few dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spot a raise for a few dollars
+basically this is not actually expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is not actually expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is not actually expensive
+so basically they're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically they're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically they're going to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minimal amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+genes that will give them the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predictive value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value for
+the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+correct a predictive accuracy in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct a predictive accuracy in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct a predictive accuracy in terms
+of going for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going for this one
+prediction of good versus bad outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of good versus bad outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of good versus bad outcome
+now is there any any value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is there any any value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is there any any value
+you know at each step before they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at each step before they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at each step before they got to
+um the extra revision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there any value are they going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any value are they going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any value are they going
+outside of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of their
+231 back into the 5000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+231 back into the 5000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+231 back into the 5000
+and just sort of randomly i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of randomly i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of randomly i don't know
+how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far
+up they went i don't know if they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they went i don't know if they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they went i don't know if they went
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+231 right i doubt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+231 right i doubt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+231 right i doubt it
+that they then looked at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they then looked at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they then looked at right
+back another chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back another chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back another chance
+from there you know they never listened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you know they never listened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you know they never listened
+to 231 genes then they said okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 231 genes then they said okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 231 genes then they said okay we'll
+come there we've got certain candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come there we've got certain candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come there we've got certain candidates
+we're gonna get these back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get these back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get these back here
+once they've got those they're 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they've got those they're 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they've got those they're 70
+is there any value in going back out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any value in going back out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any value in going back out to
+the larger data and seeing if they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger data and seeing if they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger data and seeing if they can't
+call a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the main critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main critical point
+of this approach is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this approach is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this approach is that this is
+overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting
+this is very very serious overfitting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very serious overfitting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very serious overfitting of
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+this i don't think this is what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i don't think this is what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i don't think this is what you want
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+but people are still doing it and i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are still doing it and i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are still doing it and i mean
+it's it's fairly reasonable to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly reasonable to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly reasonable to make this
+gene set here and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set here and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set here and stop
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but to do a procedure that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do a procedure that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do a procedure that you then
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+this set you stop with the 231 to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set you stop with the 231 to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set you stop with the 231 to then
+take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that
+and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to
+do repetitive cross-validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do repetitive cross-validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do repetitive cross-validation
+on the very data that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the very data that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the very data that you're using
+to build the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the model
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and to to to do it to select the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to to to do it to select the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to to to do it to select the genes
+even in that way is very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in that way is very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in that way is very serious
+overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting
+of a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a data set
+and i put up that fictitious graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put up that fictitious graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put up that fictitious graph
+yesterday about the points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday about the points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday about the points and
+over fitting it with the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fitting it with the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fitting it with the best possible
+curve but it may not be the right one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but it may not be the right one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but it may not be the right one to
+make a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prediction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of a new point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new point
+here because of how overfitted it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because of how overfitted it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because of how overfitted it is so
+it works perfectly for the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works perfectly for the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works perfectly for the data set
+and i think i brought up some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i brought up some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i brought up some of the
+pitfalls in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls in terms of
+validation that's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation that's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation that's been done
+with microarray data i think i passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with microarray data i think i passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with microarray data i think i passed
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+a copy of that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of that paper
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+can't that be overcome by say cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't that be overcome by say cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't that be overcome by say cutting
+the data set in half and doing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set in half and doing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set in half and doing exactly
+what you just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just described
+in the background that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background that you just
+described and then taking that i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and then taking that i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and then taking that i mean i
+guess maybe that's what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then taking that other half that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking that other half that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking that other half that they
+remove because you do describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove because you do describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove because you do describe
+you can build right that's the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build right that's the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build right that's the right way
+to do it so that's the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so that's the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so that's the training set
+and then the validation set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the validation set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the validation set
+and even you know the real right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even you know the real right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even you know the real right way to
+do it is to you know make up any model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is to you know make up any model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is to you know make up any model
+you want and then prospectively test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and then prospectively test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and then prospectively test it
+on the next 100 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 2004 you have so few patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2004 you have so few patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2004 you have so few patients
+that you're low to give away 20 to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're low to give away 20 to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're low to give away 20 to your
+test set because you might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set because you might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set because you might not have
+enough signal in your training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough signal in your training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough signal in your training set
+if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's why it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so
+amazing how does his real paper recite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how does his real paper recite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how does his real paper recite a
+third of his patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of his patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of his patients
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+seems to be in l about only because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be in l about only because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be in l about only because of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah when these chips first came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when these chips first came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when these chips first came out
+they were 2 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were 2 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were 2 000
+2 000 a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they're very nothing more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're very nothing more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're very nothing more than that
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are very expensive you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are very expensive you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are very expensive you know
+costly experiments to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly experiments to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly experiments to do
+back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is their discriminative gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their discriminative gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their discriminative gene set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now they have to choose a predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have to choose a predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have to choose a predictive
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so the predictive function again is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the predictive function again is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the predictive function again is if
+one was to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was to give you
+to give this model a new clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give this model a new clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give this model a new clinical
+specimen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen
+how do we then make a prediction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we then make a prediction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we then make a prediction on the
+new clinical specimen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new clinical specimen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new clinical specimen
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so they used a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they used a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they used a fairly simple
+predictive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive function
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+to this ideal outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ideal outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ideal outcome
+so if i gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i gave you a
+patient's tissue sample and you did one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's tissue sample and you did one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's tissue sample and you did one
+of these microarray experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these microarray experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these microarray experiments and
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+25 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then either you would use that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then either you would use that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then either you would use that in this
+model by pulling out the numbers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model by pulling out the numbers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model by pulling out the numbers from
+the 70 genes that were relevant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70 genes that were relevant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70 genes that were relevant that
+were part of the discriminative gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were part of the discriminative gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were part of the discriminative gene set
+and then taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then taking that
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh
+70 jeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry i'm goofing up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the classifier predicted correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifier predicted correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifier predicted correctly
+the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry i thought i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i thought i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i thought i
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+their predictive function in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take a peek at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the predictive function is a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictive function is a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictive function is a threshold
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's evident like on figure two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i believe they took an average number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe they took an average number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe they took an average number so
+they took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the
+average so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+profile so they took these profiles here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so they took these profiles here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so they took these profiles here
+and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just
+after so there's 34 in this bad group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so there's 34 in this bad group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so there's 34 in this bad group
+bad prognosis group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad prognosis group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad prognosis group
+and they took the 34 numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took the 34 numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took the 34 numbers here
+and averaged them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and averaged them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and averaged them together
+to get one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one number
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then they did that for their other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they did that for their other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they did that for their other
+genes so we're down to 70 genes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes so we're down to 70 genes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes so we're down to 70 genes right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and so they have this sort of ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have this sort of ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have this sort of ideal
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm pretty sure this is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm pretty sure this is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm pretty sure this is what they
+did and they did the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and they did the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and they did the same thing for the
+good here and they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good here and they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good here and they have their
+good profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is just an arithmetic mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just an arithmetic mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just an arithmetic mean of the
+of the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+and now when submit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when submit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when submit when
+the model is presented with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is presented with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is presented with a new
+row vector there of expression data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector there of expression data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector there of expression data for
+70 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 genes
+for patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients
+and we'll call that new patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call that new patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call that new patient
+patient n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then they will calculate the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will calculate the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will calculate the co
+correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+of patient n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe just the good vector i guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just the good vector i guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just the good vector i guess you
+can't do it though so i'm sorry i'm i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it though so i'm sorry i'm i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it though so i'm sorry i'm i'm
+forgetting the details here a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting the details here a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting the details here a little bit
+and i'm having trouble finding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm having trouble finding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm having trouble finding them
+right off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off
+here but i'm pretty sure this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but i'm pretty sure this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but i'm pretty sure this is what
+they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did
+both so then which one did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so then which one did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so then which one did they
+correlate it with the good the good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate it with the good the good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate it with the good the good to
+the good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah which brings up another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah which brings up another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah which brings up another point
+why not do it to the bad profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not do it to the bad profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not do it to the bad profile
+and correlate to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correlate to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correlate to that
+as a means of your algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a means of your algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a means of your algorithm
+that might give you a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might give you a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might give you a very different
+answer i'm not quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but anyway so okay it seems like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so okay it seems like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so okay it seems like there
+is this choice here that they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this choice here that they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this choice here that they look at
+its correlation coefficient to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its correlation coefficient to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its correlation coefficient to the
+average good profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average good profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average good profile
+and got a number so this will give you r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got a number so this will give you r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got a number so this will give you r
+will give you a number point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a number point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a number point four
+and that's their prediction function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's their prediction function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's their prediction function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then the last step in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last step in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last step in this model
+building is to make up a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is to make up a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is to make up a rule
+and say if there's a and they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if there's a and they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if there's a and they use the
+threshold rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold rule
+in a non-ambiguous classifier so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-ambiguous classifier so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-ambiguous classifier so if it's
+above the threshold it's in one group if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the threshold it's in one group if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the threshold it's in one group if
+it's below the threshold it's in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's below the threshold it's in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's below the threshold it's in another
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they actually explored a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually explored a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually explored a different
+couple of different possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different possibilities
+for the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the threshold
+and we talked about that yesterday uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about that yesterday uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about that yesterday uh
+tuesday that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday that
+that's this this rule and bearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this this rule and bearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this this rule and bearing the
+threshold is is the classic trade-off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is is the classic trade-off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is is the classic trade-off of
+sensitivity versus specificity here of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity versus specificity here of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity versus specificity here of a
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+and they talk about that in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk about that in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk about that in this paper
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+so on this diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this diagram here
+to try to divide the blacks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to divide the blacks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to divide the blacks and the
+whites to best advantage is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites to best advantage is the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites to best advantage is the question
+here the good versus the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the good versus the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the good versus the bad
+prognosis and do do we cut it here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognosis and do do we cut it here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognosis and do do we cut it here and
+get all of the whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of the whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of the whites
+with just a couple of blacks or do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a couple of blacks or do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a couple of blacks or do we
+cut a little bit more and get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a little bit more and get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a little bit more and get more
+whites but so we're trading off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites but so we're trading off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites but so we're trading off
+sensitivity and specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and that's the and that's the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the and that's the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the and that's the rule
+that they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model
+that they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they use
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually do a couple of in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a couple of in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a couple of in this paper
+they they do a couple of things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do a couple of things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do a couple of things for
+validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+for this step right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this step right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this step right here
+and they do pick out a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do pick out a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do pick out a new
+tests a new validation set of 19 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests a new validation set of 19 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests a new validation set of 19 samples
+that they did not use to build the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did not use to build the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did not use to build the model
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and it's small they don't say exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's small they don't say exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's small they don't say exactly
+how they constructed that group of 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they constructed that group of 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they constructed that group of 19
+but they do use a separate group of 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do use a separate group of 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do use a separate group of 19
+to then test this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when they do that so that's i guess page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do that so that's i guess page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do that so that's i guess page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third paragraph to value to validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third paragraph to value to validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third paragraph to value to validate
+the prognosis classifier an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prognosis classifier an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prognosis classifier an initial
+independent set of primary tumors from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set of primary tumors from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set of primary tumors from
+19 young lymph node negative patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 young lymph node negative patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 young lymph node negative patients
+were selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were selected
+there were seven patients who had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were seven patients who had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were seven patients who had the
+good outcome 12 who had the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good outcome 12 who had the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good outcome 12 who had the bad
+and it resulted in two out of 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it resulted in two out of 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it resulted in two out of 19
+incorrect classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think both
+um so that's how they got an accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's how they got an accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's how they got an accuracy
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+out of that two of 19. as the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that two of 19. as the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that two of 19. as the accuracy
+one of the important issues that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important issues that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important issues that you get
+into when you do something like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into when you do something like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into when you do something like that is
+the accuracy may not be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy may not be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy may not be the same
+for the good versus the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good versus the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good versus the bad
+patients so you might have a classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so you might have a classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so you might have a classifier
+that predicts all of the good outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predicts all of the good outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predicts all of the good outcomes
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+um but is terrible at predicting the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but is terrible at predicting the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but is terrible at predicting the out
+the bad ones half the bad ones it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad ones half the bad ones it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad ones half the bad ones it says
+are good outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good outcomes
+that's not very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very helpful
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i think the data is in here and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the data is in here and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the data is in here and i think
+it's mentioned in the pitfall article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mentioned in the pitfall article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mentioned in the pitfall article
+that i handed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i handed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i handed out
+that teases that out a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teases that out a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teases that out a little bit more
+as to the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the importance of
+saying whether the predictor is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whether the predictor is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whether the predictor is working
+equally well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well
+on the good and the bad cases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the good and the bad cases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the good and the bad cases that are
+presented to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think that's essentially this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a follow-up for this which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a follow-up for this which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a follow-up for this which was
+in the new england journal it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new england journal it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new england journal it's on the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is even more focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is even more focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is even more focused on
+prediction as survival gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction as survival gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction as survival gene expression
+signature as a predictor of survival in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature as a predictor of survival in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature as a predictor of survival in
+breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+they used a larger data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used a larger data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used a larger data set
+here but they used the same model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but they used the same model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but they used the same model
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+they did validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did validation
+on the data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data sets
+but they they didn't do the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they didn't do the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they didn't do the full
+validation procedure so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation procedure so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation procedure so we talked about
+that how a lot of validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how a lot of validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how a lot of validation
+is done through leave one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done through leave one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done through leave one out
+so leave one sample out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so leave one sample out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so leave one sample out
+build a model and then test that sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model and then test that sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model and then test that sample
+and then do it for each of the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do it for each of the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do it for each of the samples
+78 times or 200 times whatever and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 times or 200 times whatever and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 times or 200 times whatever and see
+how accurate your predictions are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate your predictions are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate your predictions are each
+time but it's important when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's important when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's important when you do that
+to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back
+and rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rebuild
+the choice of the discriminative gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of the discriminative gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of the discriminative gene
+set each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set each time
+and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+this actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is a
+in the new england journal medicine they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new england journal medicine they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new england journal medicine they
+do actually report both they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually report both they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually report both they're sort of
+aware of the need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the need to do this
+and the numbers i think were 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numbers i think were 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numbers i think were 24
+versus 41 or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 41 or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 41 or something so
+27 so when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 so when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 so when they
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+error when they do the validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error when they do the validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error when they do the validation
+based on not doing this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on not doing this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on not doing this step
+here choosing the gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here choosing the gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here choosing the gene set
+there was a 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 27
+error rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but when they did it repeating this gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they did it repeating this gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they did it repeating this gene
+step there was a forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step there was a forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step there was a forty
+one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent
+error rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate
+you know which is getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is getting close to
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+flipping a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but in any event so really on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event so really on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event so really on the basis
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+netherlands cancer institute that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netherlands cancer institute that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netherlands cancer institute that did
+this said that they were going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this said that they were going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this said that they were going to start
+using this 70 gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this 70 gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this 70 gene set
+to make clinical decisions they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make clinical decisions they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make clinical decisions they're going
+to take new patients with breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take new patients with breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take new patients with breast cancer
+do a microarray experiment measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a microarray experiment measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a microarray experiment measure the
+70 genes use this model and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 genes use this model and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 genes use this model and make a
+prediction about good or bad outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction about good or bad outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction about good or bad outcome
+and tailor their treatment according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tailor their treatment according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tailor their treatment according to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yes so my answer the question related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so my answer the question related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so my answer the question related to
+this and more on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and more on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and more on that
+so the lab puts out a study like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lab puts out a study like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lab puts out a study like this
+says here are seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here are seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here are seven
+genes that we think are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that we think are a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that we think are a good
+indicator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+otherwise you're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're going to want to
+validate these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate these results
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in gathering so in collecting this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gathering so in collecting this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gathering so in collecting this data
+and like for this particular study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like for this particular study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like for this particular study
+they're still looking at patients over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still looking at patients over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still looking at patients over
+five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years
+you do a microarray analysis on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a microarray analysis on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a microarray analysis on a
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+and they pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pop up
+positive or whatever for this integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or whatever for this integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or whatever for this integrator
+now you've got people making clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got people making clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got people making clinical
+decisions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on this
+and it seems like the validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like the validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like the validation
+method is and like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is and like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is and like you know
+with health data they need to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with health data they need to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with health data they need to have like
+you know a bad prognosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bad prognosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bad prognosis
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+bad outcome right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad outcome right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad outcome right
+in order to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to like
+say that these candidates are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that these candidates are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that these candidates are you know
+for the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the patient
+that these 70 genes actually do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these 70 genes actually do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these 70 genes actually do have a
+negative effect or indicate that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effect or indicate that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effect or indicate that there's
+immediate effect that that effect has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate effect that that effect has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate effect that that effect has to
+be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there
+so how does that how does a clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+you know a clinical researcher for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a clinical researcher for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a clinical researcher for that
+matter who kind of sees patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter who kind of sees patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter who kind of sees patients and
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+how do they balance that i mean what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they balance that i mean what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they balance that i mean what can
+what would your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would your
+suggestion or advice be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion or advice be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion or advice be you know
+does that make any sense at all well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make any sense at all well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make any sense at all well
+you're talking about how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about how do you do
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+on patients this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on patients this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on patients this area
+how do you make field users clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make field users clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make field users clinically
+well not not how confident actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not not how confident actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not not how confident actually
+so we have this result people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this result people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this result people need to
+validate it yeah in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate it yeah in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate it yeah in the process of
+validating they're going to find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating they're going to find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating they're going to find people
+who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have
+this particular uh right pattern right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh right pattern right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh right pattern right
+and they need to follow those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need to follow those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need to follow those people
+over a certain time force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a certain time force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a certain time force
+and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to
+validate their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate their own
+reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially if they if none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if they if none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if they if none of the
+people who have these 70 genes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have these 70 genes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have these 70 genes or
+expression profiles or whatever develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles or whatever develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles or whatever develop
+breast cancer then the models kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer then the models kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer then the models kind of
+how they relate to the drawing board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they relate to the drawing board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they relate to the drawing board so
+essentially and and i need to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and and i need to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and and i need to say it
+this way but i can't think about it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but i can't think about it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but i can't think about it now
+what you're thinking yeah they they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're thinking yeah they they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're thinking yeah they they need
+these people to in order to validate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people to in order to validate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people to in order to validate the
+model they need them to progress right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model they need them to progress right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model they need them to progress right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet at the same time they're sort of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet at the same time they're sort of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet at the same time they're sort of as
+as clinicians as what you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clinicians as what you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clinicians as what you know so
+putting aside the researcher part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting aside the researcher part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting aside the researcher part as
+clinicians they need to treat these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians they need to treat these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians they need to treat these
+patients and if there's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and if there's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and if there's a strong
+indication from prior studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication from prior studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication from prior studies that
+that you know good chance you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know good chance you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know good chance you're going
+to get breast cancer and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get breast cancer and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get breast cancer and it's going to
+catastrophize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophize
+it's going to be really bad for you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really bad for you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really bad for you they
+can't just like not treat these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just like not treat these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just like not treat these people
+aggressively but that treatment is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively but that treatment is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively but that treatment is going
+to affect that outcome well people yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect that outcome well people yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect that outcome well people yeah
+right yeah so no i don't think anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so no i don't think anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so no i don't think anybody's
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh experiments yes so nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experiments yes so nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experiments yes so nobody's
+denying treatment or withholding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denying treatment or withholding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denying treatment or withholding
+best known treatments to patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you get i mean you can't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you get i mean you can't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you get i mean you can't because
+you can't say well they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say well they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't say well they didn't have
+metastasis because of my treatment there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastasis because of my treatment there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastasis because of my treatment there
+are a few issues and you you actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few issues and you you actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few issues and you you actually so
+in this new england journal of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new england journal of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new england journal of medicine
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+here i did not pass that one out it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i did not pass that one out it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i did not pass that one out it's on
+the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website
+what they did is they used this model on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they used this model on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they used this model on
+a larger group of patients and they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger group of patients and they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger group of patients and they then
+compared predictions of this model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared predictions of this model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared predictions of this model to
+best clinical predictors so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best clinical predictors so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best clinical predictors so for example
+there's other predictive scales and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other predictive scales and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other predictive scales and they
+used one called the saint galen scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one called the saint galen scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one called the saint galen scale
+which predicts outcome and breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which predicts outcome and breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which predicts outcome and breast cancer
+and they said you know how does our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said you know how does our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said you know how does our
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+compare to the saint galen scale we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the saint galen scale we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the saint galen scale we take
+all of these patients and we see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these patients and we see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these patients and we see what
+their st galen's number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their st galen's number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their st galen's number was
+and how they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they did
+and we take our predictions and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take our predictions and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take our predictions and how they
+did which is better and they concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did which is better and they concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did which is better and they concluded
+that their method was better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their method was better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their method was better
+than the saint galen's method of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the saint galen's method of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the saint galen's method of making
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+and that was really one of the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was really one of the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was really one of the principle
+the principle justification for saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle justification for saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle justification for saying
+we have a better method to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a better method to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a better method to make
+predictions about how patients are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about how patients are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions about how patients are going
+to do and we're going to start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and we're going to start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and we're going to start using
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in the netherlands at the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the netherlands at the cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the netherlands at the cancer
+institute to make our decisions rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute to make our decisions rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute to make our decisions rather
+than say galens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say galens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say galens
+okay what you point out is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what you point out is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what you point out is actually a
+big flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big flaw
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+research that does this because patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that does this because patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that does this because patients
+had their saint galen scale determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their saint galen scale determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their saint galen scale determined
+when they were diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were diagnosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were diagnosed
+and depending on what their clinicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on what their clinicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on what their clinicians
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+treated them accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated them accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated them accordingly
+in order to achieve best outcome so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to achieve best outcome so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to achieve best outcome so if
+they were in a poor outcome group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in a poor outcome group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in a poor outcome group to
+begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with
+based on saint galen's criteria they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on saint galen's criteria they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on saint galen's criteria they got
+treated more aggressively to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated more aggressively to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated more aggressively to try and
+make their outcome better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their outcome better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their outcome better
+so actually the goal of the commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the goal of the commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the goal of the commission
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+for the saint galen scale not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the saint galen scale not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the saint galen scale not to be
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+on these group of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these group of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these group of patients
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the interventions that took place on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interventions that took place on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interventions that took place on
+these patients because it was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients because it was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients because it was not a
+prospective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective
+controlled study the interventions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled study the interventions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled study the interventions that
+took place were specifically designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place were specifically designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place were specifically designed to
+mitigate the poor prognosis that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the poor prognosis that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the poor prognosis that the
+saint galen criteria indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint galen criteria indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint galen criteria indicated
+on these patients and so it may not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these patients and so it may not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these patients and so it may not be a
+surprise that the saint galen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that the saint galen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that the saint galen's
+predictor was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor was not
+all that accurate later on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that accurate later on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that accurate later on because
+people were intervening actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were intervening actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were intervening actively
+with that predict with the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that predict with the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that predict with the results of
+that predictor to change outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predictor to change outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predictor to change outcome
+and that wasn't happening with gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that wasn't happening with gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that wasn't happening with gene
+expression profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles
+nobody looked at the gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody looked at the gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody looked at the gene expression
+profile of these patients 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of these patients 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile of these patients 10 years ago
+and then decided how they were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then decided how they were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then decided how they were going to
+treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them
+over the next five years to make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next five years to make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next five years to make their
+disease better so is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease better so is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease better so is it just
+that because for right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because for right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because for right now the
+turnaround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround
+on the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the analysis of
+the uh gene expression profiles is long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh gene expression profiles is long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh gene expression profiles is long
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+that that that the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that the sort of the
+say galen's approach or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say galen's approach or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say galen's approach or
+you know a regressive treatment whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a regressive treatment whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a regressive treatment whatever
+that turnaround is long enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turnaround is long enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turnaround is long enough that
+you'll have your answer and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have your answer and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have your answer and your
+validation before controversies start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation before controversies start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation before controversies start
+getting made and repeat experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting made and repeat experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting made and repeat experiments are
+done to sort of cross-validate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get a new drug approved in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new drug approved in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new drug approved in this country
+for labeling requires that you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for labeling requires that you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for labeling requires that you take
+a group of patients with a disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of patients with a disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of patients with a disease and
+you treat some of them with the drug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat some of them with the drug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat some of them with the drug and
+some of them with a placebo and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them with a placebo and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them with a placebo and you see
+which works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works
+to ever really know whether prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ever really know whether prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ever really know whether prediction
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+are going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to work
+accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately
+one needs to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one needs to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one needs to do the same thing
+to take patients prospectively to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take patients prospectively to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take patients prospectively to apply
+prediction models to them ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction models to them ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction models to them ahead of time
+and to see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to see what happens
+with them without an intervention that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them without an intervention that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them without an intervention that's
+based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the
+result of the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the prediction
+that's why i find a paper like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i find a paper like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i find a paper like this
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+here kind of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of scary
+the microarrays in clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microarrays in clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microarrays in clinical
+investigations from today's journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations from today's journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations from today's journal
+where the authors envision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the authors envision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the authors envision that
+in the future clinical investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future clinical investigations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future clinical investigations
+will consist of small trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consist of small trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consist of small trials
+with a high density of data precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high density of data precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high density of data precise
+patient stratification according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient stratification according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient stratification according to
+expression profile and highly tailored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile and highly tailored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile and highly tailored
+analysis of microarray data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of microarray data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of microarray data
+otherwise known as massive overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as massive overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as massive overfitting
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+tons of expression data in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of expression data in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of expression data in a small
+number of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of patients
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and that's never going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's never going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's never going to tell you
+whether your predictions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your predictions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your predictions are
+correct and if you're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and if you're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and if you're going to make
+decisions about treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about treatment
+or predictions based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or predictions based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or predictions based on that
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+you won't be accurate i don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be accurate i don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be accurate i don't believe
+that there'll be sufficient accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be sufficient accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be sufficient accuracy
+from small so i don't think that trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small so i don't think that trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small so i don't think that trials
+need to get smaller and that trials can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get smaller and that trials can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get smaller and that trials can
+be made smaller because we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made smaller because we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made smaller because we now have
+microarray data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray data
+in fact trials need to be probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact trials need to be probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact trials need to be probably
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+because you have that much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have that much more
+undetermined data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+well so the netherlands cancer to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the netherlands cancer to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the netherlands cancer to you
+know they patented their set of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they patented their set of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they patented their set of genes
+as a predictor of breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a predictor of breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a predictor of breast cancer
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+right while hoping that they'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right while hoping that they'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right while hoping that they'll have the
+patent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent and
+if they show that their stuff works then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they show that their stuff works then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they show that their stuff works then
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+come to them and they'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to them and they'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to them and they'll start
+wholesaling their type of arrays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesaling their type of arrays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesaling their type of arrays and
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+do you know that that i haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that that i haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that that i haven't seen
+anything zack i mean there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything zack i mean there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything zack i mean there was
+an article that they were going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article that they were going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article that they were going to start
+doing this in the summer of 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in the summer of 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in the summer of 2003
+it was in nature you know we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in nature you know we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in nature you know we're gonna
+start doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing this and
+i think silence did they come to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think silence did they come to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think silence did they come to their
+senses that's what i'm thinking must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses that's what i'm thinking must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses that's what i'm thinking must
+have i think that probably somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i think that probably somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i think that probably somebody who
+actually used to say do you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to say do you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to say do you really want
+to screw our patients over by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's two issues here one is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two issues here one is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two issues here one is um
+whether fda approves these gene chips in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether fda approves these gene chips in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether fda approves these gene chips in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+let's let's get back to that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's get back to that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's get back to that in a second
+but narrowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but narrowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but narrowly
+whether we can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can use a
+with all the quality to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the quality to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the quality to describe
+uh these kind of albums on any platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these kind of albums on any platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these kind of albums on any platform
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i think as a responsible clinician most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think as a responsible clinician most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think as a responsible clinician most
+of us would not right now necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us would not right now necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us would not right now necessarily
+stratify our patients based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify our patients based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify our patients based on this
+analysis alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis alone
+would you agree with that yes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you agree with that yes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you agree with that yes even
+though it's being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's being done
+it's been done uh kind of for cancer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done uh kind of for cancer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done uh kind of for cancer in
+some oncology trials and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some oncology trials and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some oncology trials and it's kind of
+scary to me that i'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way cancer is done in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way cancer is done in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way cancer is done in this country
+uh is within big active centers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is within big active centers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is within big active centers is
+cooperative oncology groups where large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative oncology groups where large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative oncology groups where large
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+of individuals are treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals are treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals are treated
+in protocols and those are now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in protocols and those are now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in protocols and those are now being
+stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified
+by expression program for some studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by expression program for some studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by expression program for some studies
+i can't say that i fully agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't say that i fully agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't say that i fully agree with that
+with regard to actually using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to actually using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regard to actually using the
+measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of
+roche diagnostics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roche diagnostics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roche diagnostics
+made the headlines about two months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the headlines about two months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the headlines about two months ago
+where they tried to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they tried to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they tried to get a
+chip not for pressure but for genotyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip not for pressure but for genotyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip not for pressure but for genotyping
+uh mutations in the p450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mutations in the p450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mutations in the p450
+genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that
+clear a variety of toxic chemicals out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a variety of toxic chemicals out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a variety of toxic chemicals out
+of our body in the liver uh they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our body in the liver uh they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our body in the liver uh they tried
+at their point straightforward for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their point straightforward for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their point straightforward for
+chromogenomics because they'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromogenomics because they'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromogenomics because they'll tell you
+how fast growth appeared rosh tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast growth appeared rosh tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast growth appeared rosh tried to
+get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh
+through a waiver that says he said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a waiver that says he said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a waiver that says he said this
+is just a method of measurement we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a method of measurement we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a method of measurement we don't
+really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to
+get the specific approval that they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the specific approval that they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the specific approval that they said
+no no no hold it they have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no hold it they have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no hold it they have to go through
+the formal approval process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal approval process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal approval process
+so what cecily is talking about is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what cecily is talking about is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what cecily is talking about is that
+uh announced that another batch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh announced that another batch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh announced that another batch of
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+will see if they get repeated the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see if they get repeated the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see if they get repeated the same
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh
+it's actually an academic because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an academic because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an academic because some
+of you are involved in the hsp should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are involved in the hsp should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are involved in the hsp should
+know that hsp is actually very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that hsp is actually very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that hsp is actually very much
+involved trying to help the fda figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved trying to help the fda figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved trying to help the fda figure
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+exactly how to look at this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to look at this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to look at this because
+we're not that being coming now develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not that being coming now develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not that being coming now develop
+these minimum standards of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these minimum standards of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these minimum standards of data
+submission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+pharmaceutical pharmaceutical companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical pharmaceutical companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical pharmaceutical companies
+under microarray data they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under microarray data they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under microarray data they have no
+guidelines whatsoever on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines whatsoever on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines whatsoever on
+the standardized interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think this would be several hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this would be several hops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this would be several hops
+skips and jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skips and jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skips and jumps
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+these kinds of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of measurements
+translated from research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated from research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated from research
+descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions
+to uh clinical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh clinical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh clinical um
+clinical measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical measures
+they still could be used by the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still could be used by the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still could be used by the way to
+give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh
+they still can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still can be used
+in a medical center without fda approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a medical center without fda approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a medical center without fda approval
+as long as they're not sold so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as they're not sold so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as they're not sold so for
+instance a hardware consensus senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance a hardware consensus senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance a hardware consensus senator
+genetics genomics is has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics genomics is has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics genomics is has uh
+uh contracting with asymmetrics for um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contracting with asymmetrics for um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contracting with asymmetrics for um a
+resequencing check for lung genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resequencing check for lung genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resequencing check for lung genes
+involved in hearing loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in hearing loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in hearing loss
+and cardiomyopathies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cardiomyopathies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cardiomyopathies
+but partners is not selling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but partners is not selling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but partners is not selling this
+for general use it's being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for general use it's being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for general use it's being used
+internally by its clinicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally by its clinicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally by its clinicians
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+it's a very tricky process that is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very tricky process that is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very tricky process that is where
+regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+hits um genomics in fact we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits um genomics in fact we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits um genomics in fact we'll be
+hearing a lecture about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is on giving that lecture yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's uh that's all for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aVv9WXwW95w.txt b/aVv9WXwW95w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0ca129cc621d922ba0a666687dc947e346ea688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aVv9WXwW95w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everybody I hope you can hear me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody I hope you can hear me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody I hope you can hear me uh
+give me a thumb thums up if you can good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a thumb thums up if you can good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a thumb thums up if you can good
+I see I see I see them coming through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see I see I see them coming through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see I see I see them coming through um
+so we're going to get started um um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get started um um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get started um um uh
+okay so getting back to what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so getting back to what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so getting back to what we've been
+doing um you know we we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um you know we we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um you know we we've been talking
+about space complexity um measures how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about space complexity um measures how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about space complexity um measures how
+much memory uh the algorithm requires or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much memory uh the algorithm requires or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much memory uh the algorithm requires or
+various problems require and um we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various problems require and um we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various problems require and um we uh
+defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the
+uh space complexity classes uh space f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space complexity classes uh space f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space complexity classes uh space f
+ofn and non-deterministic space f ofn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn and non-deterministic space f ofn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn and non-deterministic space f ofn uh
+the polinomial space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial space and
+non-deterministic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic space
+non-deterministic space classes and gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic space classes and gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic space classes and gave
+some examples and so on and today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples and so on and today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples and so on and today uh
+we're going to pick up where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick up where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick up where we left off
+last time uh one of the examples which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh one of the examples which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh one of the examples which
+is going to be an important one for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be an important one for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be an important one for us
+is concerns this latter DFA problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerns this latter DFA problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerns this latter DFA problem so
+I'm going to go over that again uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go over that again uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go over that again uh give
+a little bit more emphasis to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more emphasis to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more emphasis to the uh
+space analysis uh which I got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space analysis uh which I got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space analysis uh which I got some
+questions about last time and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about last time and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about last time and then we're
+going to move on from there and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on from there and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on from there and prove
+Savages theorem and then talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savages theorem and then talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savages theorem and then talk about
+complete problems for p Spas um and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems for p Spas um and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems for p Spas um and show
+that this problem tqbf which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this problem tqbf which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this problem tqbf which we
+introduced last time is actually a pbas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time is actually a pbas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time is actually a pbas
+complete problem um but uh all in due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem um but uh all in due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem um but uh all in due
+course um a little bit of a review uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um a little bit of a review uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um a little bit of a review uh so
+we defined we defined what we mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined we defined what we mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined we defined what we mean by a
+touring machine to run in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machine to run in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machine to run in a certain
+amount of space that means it uses at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space that means it uses at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space that means it uses at
+most F of n if it's running in space f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most F of n if it's running in space f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most F of n if it's running in space f
+ofn it uses it most F ofn cells tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn it uses it most F ofn cells tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn it uses it most F ofn cells tape
+cells on every input of length n and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells on every input of length n and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells on every input of length n and uh
+similarly a non-deterministic touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly a non-deterministic touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly a non-deterministic touring
+machine does the same but what's um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine does the same but what's um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine does the same but what's um in
+addition to that the non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that the non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that the non-deterministic
+machine has to Halt on every branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has to Halt on every branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has to Halt on every branch of
+its computation and each branch of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its computation and each branch of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its computation and each branch of its
+computation has to use at most that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation has to use at most that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation has to use at most that
+bound that bounded amount of taste tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that bounded amount of taste tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that bounded amount of taste tape
+cells um so we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um so we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um so we're going to be talking
+about non-deterministic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about non-deterministic space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about non-deterministic space
+computation today as well um it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation today as well um it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation today as well um it's going
+to be relevant to us um so we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be relevant to us um so we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be relevant to us um so we defined
+the classes as I mentioned um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes as I mentioned um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes as I mentioned um and the
+polinomial and uh the P space and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and uh the P space and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and uh the P space and non
+deterministic peace based classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic peace based classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic peace based classes and
+this is how they uh uh see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they uh uh see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they uh uh see how we
+believe they relate to one another um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they relate to one another um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they relate to one another um
+the classes Co NP and NP as well and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes Co NP and NP as well and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes Co NP and NP as well and of
+course uh as I mentioned last time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh as I mentioned last time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh as I mentioned last time there
+are some very uh major unsolved problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some very uh major unsolved problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some very uh major unsolved problems
+in this area so everything could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area so everything could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area so everything could
+conceivably collapse down to p uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivably collapse down to p uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivably collapse down to p uh which
+would be of course be very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be of course be very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be of course be very surprising
+but we don't know how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know how to prove
+otherwise um and the big theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise um and the big theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise um and the big theorem that
+we're going to prove today is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove today is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove today is that
+polinomial space and non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space and non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space and non-deterministic
+polinomial space actually do collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space actually do collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space actually do collapse
+down to each other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to each other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to each other um
+and being the same class so in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being the same class so in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being the same class so in contrast
+with the situation that we believe to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the situation that we believe to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the situation that we believe to be
+the case for time complexity where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for time complexity where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for time complexity where we
+believe the non-deterministic converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the non-deterministic converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the non-deterministic converting
+non-deterministic to deterministic gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic to deterministic gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic to deterministic gives
+an exponential increase uh for space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential increase uh for space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential increase uh for space
+complexity it only gives a squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity it only gives a squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity it only gives a squaring
+income increase as we'll see um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income increase as we'll see um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income increase as we'll see um so uh
+any questions uh on any of this um or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions uh on any of this um or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions uh on any of this um or we
+will just March into a little review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just March into a little review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just March into a little review of
+this latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this latter
+problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+so re reviewing some of the notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so re reviewing some of the notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so re reviewing some of the notation and
+and let me emphasize that so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me emphasize that so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me emphasize that so the big
+theorem we're going to be proving today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we're going to be proving today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we're going to be proving today
+is that peace Bas and in peace Bas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that peace Bas and in peace Bas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that peace Bas and in peace Bas are
+equal um and also we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal um and also we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal um and also we're going to be
+talking about uh po peace based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh po peace based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh po peace based
+completeness uh uh but uh both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh uh but uh both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh uh but uh both of those
+involve proving theorems um in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve proving theorems um in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve proving theorems um in the in
+the first case Savage's theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case Savage's theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case Savage's theorem that
+convert conting non-deterministic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert conting non-deterministic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert conting non-deterministic to
+deterministic space is a squaring and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic space is a squaring and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic space is a squaring and in
+the second case proving that tqbf is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second case proving that tqbf is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second case proving that tqbf is
+ppace complete both of those theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppace complete both of those theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppace complete both of those theorems
+can be thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be thought of as
+generalizations of the of of um this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of the of of um this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of the of of um this um
+theorem here that the latter DFA problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here that the latter DFA problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here that the latter DFA problem
+can be done in in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in in uh the
+deterministic uh polinomial space or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh polinomial space or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh polinomial space or in
+squared space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared space
+um uh um so it really pays to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh um so it really pays to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh um so it really pays to try to
+understand how the proof of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the proof of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the proof of this theorem
+works because in a sense this theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works because in a sense this theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works because in a sense this theorem is
+a more concrete version of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more concrete version of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more concrete version of what we're
+going to be seeing in those other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seeing in those other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seeing in those other two
+theorems in a somewhat more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in a somewhat more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in a somewhat more abstract
+form okay so um I like understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so um I like understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so um I like understanding
+things in a more concrete way first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a more concrete way first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a more concrete way first so
+that's why this is a good example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is a good example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is a good example to
+start out with but really in the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with but really in the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with but really in the end of
+the day it's the same proof just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it's the same proof just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it's the same proof just
+repeated for those three theorems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated for those three theorems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated for those three theorems so
+this is are really three three for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is are really three three for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is are really three three for the
+price of one three three theorems one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of one three three theorems one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of one three three theorems one
+proof here so you're going to be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here so you're going to be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here so you're going to be seeing
+the same proof uh repeated three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same proof uh repeated three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same proof uh repeated three times
+um but in different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in different levels of
+abstraction okay so let's let's review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction okay so let's let's review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction okay so let's let's review
+again and I know some of you got it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I know some of you got it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I know some of you got it but
+um maybe some of you didn't and uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe some of you didn't and uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe some of you didn't and uh let's
+just try to uh be clear on the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to uh be clear on the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to uh be clear on the algorithm
+to solve the latter DFA problem so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the latter DFA problem so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the latter DFA problem so if
+you remember first of all let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember first of all let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember first of all let me just
+jump on ahead the latter problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump on ahead the latter problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump on ahead the latter problem is
+you're give a lad first of all is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're give a lad first of all is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're give a lad first of all is a
+sequence of strings uh that change one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of strings uh that change one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of strings uh that change one
+symbol at a time that perhaps connect go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol at a time that perhaps connect go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol at a time that perhaps connect go
+from one string to another so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one string to another so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one string to another so you're
+going to go from work to play changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from work to play changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from work to play changing
+one symbol at a time so we gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbol at a time so we gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbol at a time so we gave an
+example of this or you can easily come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this or you can easily come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this or you can easily come
+up with an example of doing this um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an example of doing this um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an example of doing this um but
+uh the computational problem is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computational problem is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computational problem is can you
+do it can you get from this string to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it can you get from this string to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it can you get from this string to
+that string and stay within a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that string and stay within a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that string and stay within a certain
+language so it might be the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so it might be the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so it might be the language of
+English words or it might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words or it might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words or it might be the
+language of all strings that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of all strings that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of all strings that some
+specific D DFA um uh um recognize um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific D DFA um uh um recognize um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific D DFA um uh um recognize um uh
+recognizes so it might be all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes so it might be all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes so it might be all of the
+string these might all be strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string these might all be strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string these might all be strings that
+some DFA accepts or you know might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some DFA accepts or you know might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some DFA accepts or you know might be
+English words or some other rule um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words or some other rule um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words or some other rule um and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh uh that's what we mean by um trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's what we mean by um trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's what we mean by um trying
+to test if there's a ladder um and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test if there's a ladder um and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test if there's a ladder um and so uh
+the the latter problem is um well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the latter problem is um well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the latter problem is um well I
+didn't I don't think I wrote down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I don't think I wrote down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I don't think I wrote down the
+latter problem itself but the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter problem itself but the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter problem itself but the bounded
+ladder problem is basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder problem is basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder problem is basically the same
+idea you're given a DFA you're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you're given a DFA you're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you're given a DFA you're given the
+strings u and v and now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings u and v and now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings u and v and now this is the
+bounded version of the problem where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded version of the problem where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded version of the problem where I'm
+going to give you a limited limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a limited limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a limited limit on the
+number of steps you can take so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps you can take so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps you can take so I'm
+illustrating that here so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating that here so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating that here so you're going
+to be given a b and you want to say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given a b and you want to say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given a b and you want to say can
+I get from this string to that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get from this string to that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get from this string to that string
+within B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within B
+steps okay um and we had a notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay um and we had a notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay um and we had a notation for
+writing that uh going from U to V if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that uh going from U to V if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that uh going from U to V if
+there's uh a ladder that connects you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a ladder that connects you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a ladder that connects you
+Tov within it most B steps and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tov within it most B steps and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tov within it most B steps and so the
+bounded ladder problem which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded ladder problem which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded ladder problem which I'm
+introducing because I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing because I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing because I'm going to be
+aiming toward a recursive algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming toward a recursive algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming toward a recursive algorithm to
+solve this problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem um
+is can I get from U to V by a ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can I get from U to V by a ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can I get from U to V by a ladder
+changing one symbol at a time where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing one symbol at a time where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing one symbol at a time where each
+string along the way is accepted by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string along the way is accepted by B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string along the way is accepted by B
+and I'm only allowed B steps little B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm only allowed B steps little B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm only allowed B steps little B
+steps okay um so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay um so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay um so that is the
+computational problem that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem that I'm going to
+be solving with the algorithm that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solving with the algorithm that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solving with the algorithm that I'm
+going to describe um so the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe um so the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe um so the algorithm
+I'm going to call BL for bounded latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call BL for bounded latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call BL for bounded latter
+problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+and uh here is the input and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here is the input and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here is the input and uh the
+algorithm is first of all going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is first of all going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is first of all going to look
+to see if B equals 1 if I'm just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if B equals 1 if I'm just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if B equals 1 if I'm just trying
+to get from U to V in a single step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from U to V in a single step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from U to V in a single step in
+that case it's a very simple problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it's a very simple problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it's a very simple problem
+because you want to test obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to test obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to test obviously that
+u and v are in the you know are accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v are in the you know are accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v are in the you know are accepted
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+automaton um and they just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton um and they just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton um and they just have to
+differ in one place and then then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in one place and then then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in one place and then then you
+have a very simple one-step ladder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very simple one-step ladder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very simple one-step ladder that
+takes takes U to V okay so for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes takes U to V okay so for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes takes U to V okay so for the case
+b equals 1 it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals 1 it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals 1 it's very
+simple uh for larger values of B we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh for larger values of B we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh for larger values of B we're
+going to use we're going to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use we're going to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use we're going to solve the
+problem recursively in terms of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem recursively in terms of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem recursively in terms of small
+smaller values of b um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values of b um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values of b um
+so for B greater than one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for B greater than one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for B greater than one we're going to
+recursively test um you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively test um you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively test um you know if you're
+trying to solve the problem can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the problem can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the problem can I get
+from U to V instead we're going to try e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V instead we're going to try e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V instead we're going to try e
+possible uh halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh halfway
+through we don't know that it's halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we don't know that it's halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we don't know that it's halfway
+through so we're just going to try each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so we're just going to try each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so we're just going to try each
+possible string and we're going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible string and we're going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible string and we're going to test
+can we get from U the initial string uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get from U the initial string uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get from U the initial string uh
+to that new string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that new string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that new string
+that W in half the number of steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W in half the number of steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W in half the number of steps and
+can I get to the final string V in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I get to the final string V in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I get to the final string V in half
+the number of steps if I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps if I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps if I can do that
+then I can get get from U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can get get from U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can get get from U to
+V the total number of steps B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the total number of steps B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the total number of steps B
+so I'm just going to try to do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to try to do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to try to do this one
+w at a time for every possible W this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w at a time for every possible W this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w at a time for every possible W this is
+going to be very expensive in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very expensive in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very expensive in terms of
+time but we're not worried about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we're not worried about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we're not worried about time
+right now we're trying to cut down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're trying to cut down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're trying to cut down on
+the amount of space that we're using and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of space that we're using and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of space that we're using and
+this is going to be a big savings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space um let's not worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um let's not worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um let's not worry about the
+division B over two here all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division B over two here all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division B over two here all of the
+divisions when we're going to be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions when we're going to be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions when we're going to be seeing
+this several times going forward in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this several times going forward in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this several times going forward in in
+the lecture we can we'll think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we can we'll think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we can we'll think of them
+rounding up but I'm not going to cumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding up but I'm not going to cumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding up but I'm not going to cumber
+up make the notation look cumbersome by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up make the notation look cumbersome by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up make the notation look cumbersome by
+by writing that every time um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by writing that every time um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by writing that every time um okay so
+here we go here is some candidate W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go here is some candidate W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go here is some candidate W
+string which is half halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through um recursively test can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um recursively test can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um recursively test can I get
+from the starting string to that W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the starting string to that W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the starting string to that W and
+from W to that ending string um if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from W to that ending string um if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from W to that ending string um if I can
+if I find such a w then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I find such a w then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I find such a w then I
+accept and if I try all possible W and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and if I try all possible W and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and if I try all possible W and I
+never man managed to find a way um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never man managed to find a way um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never man managed to find a way um to
+make both the top and the bottom work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both the top and the bottom work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both the top and the bottom work
+then I know I cannot get from D you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know I cannot get from D you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know I cannot get from D you know
+from the the starting string to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the starting string to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the starting string to the
+ending string within bsteps and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending string within bsteps and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending string within bsteps and so I
+reject okay and now I'm going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay and now I'm going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay and now I'm going to solve
+the original unbounded ladder Problem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original unbounded ladder Problem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original unbounded ladder Problem by
+simply putting the biggest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply putting the biggest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply putting the biggest possible
+bound into the bounded ladder problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound into the bounded ladder problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound into the bounded ladder problem
+and that's his value T which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's his value T which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's his value T which is
+gives the very trivial bound of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the very trivial bound of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the very trivial bound of the the
+total number of possible strings that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of possible strings that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of possible strings that I
+can write down within my length M that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down within my length M that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down within my length M that
+I'm working with so this is if Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with so this is if Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with so this is if Sigma is
+the alphabet of these strings it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphabet of these strings it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphabet of these strings it's just
+Sigma to the m that's all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to the m that's all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to the m that's all possible
+strings of course that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of course that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of course that's going to be a
+maximum size on the ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay uh so now how much space does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh so now how much space does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh so now how much space does
+this take and I think this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take and I think this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take and I think this is where
+people got a little bit um uh lost uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got a little bit um uh lost uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got a little bit um uh lost uh in
+in the lecture last time so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture last time so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture last time so I'm going to
+try to animate this um I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to animate this um I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to animate this um I don't know if
+that's going to help or not but you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to help or not but you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to help or not but you in
+the end of the day you're just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you're just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you're just have
+going to have to think through how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to think through how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to think through how the
+re how do you account for the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re how do you account for the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re how do you account for the cost of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+recursion um okay but the main thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion um okay but the main thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion um okay but the main thing to
+start off you have to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off you have to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off you have to make sure you
+understand the algorithm you know to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the algorithm you know to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the algorithm you know to get
+from here to there we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to there we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to there we're going to try
+all possible mid midpoints and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible mid midpoints and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible mid midpoints and then
+solve the upper part and the lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the upper part and the lower part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the upper part and the lower part
+recursively reusing the space that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively reusing the space that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively reusing the space that's the
+critical that's the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical that's the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical that's the way we're going to
+get a saving by solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a saving by solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a saving by solving this problem
+reusing the space that we use to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing the space that we use to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing the space that we use to solve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem okay so I'm going to I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so I'm going to I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so I'm going to I'm going
+to try to show this to you on actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to show this to you on actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to show this to you on actually
+how the space gets used on the touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the space gets used on the touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the space gets used on the touring
+machine you can kind of think of here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you can kind of think of here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you can kind of think of here's
+the input and then after that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and then after that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and then after that is going
+to be the stack for the recursion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the stack for the recursion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the stack for the recursion if
+you're not that familiar with how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that familiar with how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that familiar with how to
+implement recursion doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement recursion doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement recursion doesn't really
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+um but you can just think about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can just think about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can just think about what the
+algorithm needs to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm needs to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm needs to keep track of
+um and so as it's trying every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so as it's trying every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so as it's trying every possible
+W so you know just in order like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so you know just in order like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so you know just in order like an
+odometer um just trying every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odometer um just trying every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odometer um just trying every possible
+every possible string eventually maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible string eventually maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible string eventually maybe
+it finds a string that's in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds a string that's in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds a string that's in the language
+um that here's an English word one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that here's an English word one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that here's an English word one of
+the first English words of length four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first English words of length four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first English words of length four
+that you might run into um and so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might run into um and so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might run into um and so now it
+makes sense actually to do the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense actually to do the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense actually to do the recursion
+um so that's all every time you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's all every time you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's all every time you you're
+going to have to have a register or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to have a register or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to have a register or a
+location on the tape where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on the tape where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on the tape where you're going
+to be writing down those different W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be writing down those different W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be writing down those different W's
+um so let's say it's over here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say it's over here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say it's over here and and
+we're just going to go through I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to go through I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to go through I hope
+that's not too small for you to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too small for you to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too small for you to see you
+know that's really where that action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's really where that action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's really where that action is
+happening um and finally maybe you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um and finally maybe you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um and finally maybe you got
+to the string W now you're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the string W now you're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the string W now you're going to try
+to do the recur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the recur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the recur
+so here is um you know as you're recur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is um you know as you're recur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is um you know as you're recur
+doing the recursion on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the recursion on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the recursion on the top
+half again you're going to be cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half again you're going to be cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half again you're going to be cutting
+you're going to be finding a new W for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be finding a new W for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be finding a new W for
+the the intermediate uh point just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the intermediate uh point just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the intermediate uh point just
+solving this upper upper problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this upper upper problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this upper upper problem where
+we're testing if I can get from work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're testing if I can get from work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're testing if I can get from work to
+Able later I'm going to have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Able later I'm going to have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Able later I'm going to have to deal
+with get getting from able to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um go
+um so here again we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here again we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here again we're going to be
+trying fixing able fixing that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying fixing able fixing that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying fixing able fixing that the first
+W we're going to try every possible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W we're going to try every possible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W we're going to try every possible way
+of getting from work you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting from work you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting from work you know from the
+from the start string to that to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start string to that to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start string to that to that
+middle string um so we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle string um so we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle string um so we're going to try
+every possible thing here eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible thing here eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible thing here eventually
+maybe we find some string um some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we find some string um some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we find some string um some other
+string in the language we get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the language we get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in the language we get down to
+the string book um and uh that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string book um and uh that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string book um and uh that's all
+going to get stored you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get stored you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get stored you have to you
+can't forget this the string able but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't forget this the string able but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't forget this the string able but
+now we're going to use some more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use some more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use some more space
+to store those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store those
+candidates so that's a second version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so that's a second version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates so that's a second version of
+w um deeper in the recursion so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w um deeper in the recursion so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w um deeper in the recursion so here
+we're going to be trying all the POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be trying all the POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be trying all the POS
+possible strings here again eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible strings here again eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible strings here again eventually
+we get to some string book um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to some string book um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to some string book um and you
+know if that succeeds in getting us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that succeeds in getting us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that succeeds in getting us from
+uh work to Able via book now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work to Able via book now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work to Able via book now we're going
+to jump down to do the bottom half um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump down to do the bottom half um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump down to do the bottom half um to
+see if I can get from able to play um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can get from able to play um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can get from able to play um as
+a separate problem which gets solved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate problem which gets solved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate problem which gets solved in
+the same space so now um here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same space so now um here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same space so now um here we're
+going to try all these Poss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try all these Poss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try all these Poss
+possibilities getting from able to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities getting from able to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities getting from able to play
+Maybe Call is the right intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe Call is the right intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe Call is the right intermediate
+string there um and so now um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string there um and so now um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string there um and so now um we're
+going to erase the book and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to erase the book and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to erase the book and now we're
+going to solve the lower sub problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve the lower sub problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve the lower sub problem in
+the same location I hope this is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same location I hope this is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same location I hope this is helpful
+there's a lot of work making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work making these
+animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations
+um and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh
+um I hope so the point of all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope so the point of all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope so the point of all this is
+every time we go down the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we go down the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we go down the level of the
+re the recursion there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re the recursion there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re the recursion there's another
+register whose size is big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register whose size is big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register whose size is big enough to
+hold one of one of the strings uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold one of one of the strings uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold one of one of the strings uh is
+needed and that register gets reused um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and that register gets reused um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and that register gets reused um
+uh times as we're um at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times as we're um at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times as we're um at uh
+uh you know throughout as as we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know throughout as as we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know throughout as as we're going
+through through this recursion um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through this recursion um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through this recursion um so
+anyway I hope that's helpful um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I hope that's helpful um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I hope that's helpful um uh
+anyway so each level of the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so each level of the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so each level of the recursion
+adds another order in to record The W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds another order in to record The W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds another order in to record The W
+and so you have to how many levels do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to how many levels do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to how many levels do we
+get well the depth of the recursion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well the depth of the recursion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well the depth of the recursion is
+going to be how many times we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how many times we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how many times we end up
+having to divide this picture in half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to divide this picture in half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to divide this picture in half to
+get until we get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get until we get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get until we get down to
+one and so the height of this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so the height of this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so the height of this you know
+when we start off is going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start off is going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start off is going to be um
+basically an exponential in m m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an exponential in m m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an exponential in m m is
+roughly the size of n so when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the size of n so when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the size of n so when you take
+the log of that you're going to get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of that you're going to get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of that you're going to get um
+uh you're going to um pull down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to um pull down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to um pull down the
+exponential so it's going to be order M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's going to be order M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so it's going to be order M
+or which is again roughly the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which is again roughly the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which is again roughly the same size
+as the input m is like half the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input m is like half the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input m is like half the input
+because the whole input is u and v m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole input is u and v m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole input is u and v m is
+just the size of U um and so each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the size of U um and so each level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the size of U um and so each level
+requires order n and the depth is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires order n and the depth is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires order n and the depth is going
+to be order n deep you know the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order n deep you know the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order n deep you know the log of
+the initial height of this U uh ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial height of this U uh ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial height of this U uh ladder
+and so the total space used is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the total space used is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the total space used is going to
+be order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order n
+squ okay so why don't we just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so why don't we just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so why don't we just take a
+minute I'm happy to spend a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I'm happy to spend a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I'm happy to spend a little time
+going through this either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this either the
+algorithm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's
+correctness um understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness um understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness um understanding the
+recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion
+or understanding the space analysis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or understanding the space analysis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or understanding the space analysis if
+there's any question that you feel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any question that you feel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any question that you feel you
+can ask that would be clarifying for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask that would be clarifying for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask that would be clarifying for you
+um jump in we'll we'll we we'll I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um jump in we'll we'll we we'll I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um jump in we'll we'll we we'll I I'll
+set aside a few minutes just to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set aside a few minutes just to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set aside a few minutes just to answer
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um so I got a question here in step five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I got a question here in step five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I got a question here in step five
+why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we
+reject if all fail instead of just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject if all fail instead of just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject if all fail instead of just one
+fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails
+um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well
+here so remember what trying to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember what trying to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember what trying to do we're
+trying to say can I get from U to V in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps the way I'm going to be doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the way I'm going to be doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the way I'm going to be doing that
+is trying every possible intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying every possible intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying every possible intermediate
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+W um if I find some W which does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work that doesn't mean that there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that doesn't mean that there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that doesn't mean that there's not
+some other W which might work all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other W which might work all I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other W which might work all I need
+is one W for which I can get from U to W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one W for which I can get from U to W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one W for which I can get from U to W
+in half the number of steps and W to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half the number of steps and W to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half the number of steps and W to V
+in half the number of steps so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half the number of steps so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half the number of steps so I'm going
+to try every possible W if any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try every possible W if any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try every possible W if any one of
+them is good then I can accept if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is good then I can accept if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is good then I can accept if any
+one of them succeeds where I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them succeeds where I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them succeeds where I can get
+from U to W and half the steps and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to W and half the steps and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to W and half the steps and from
+W Tov in half the steps then I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W Tov in half the steps then I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W Tov in half the steps then I know I
+can get from u u Tov in in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from u u Tov in in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from u u Tov in in the full
+number of steps um so I only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps um so I only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps um so I only need to
+find one if I if one particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one if I if one particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one if I if one particular one
+doesn't work I'll just go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work I'll just go on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work I'll just go on to the next
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I okay here's a this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I okay here's a this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I okay here's a this is a good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um uh do we have to save the word book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh do we have to save the word book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh do we have to save the word book
+so once we succeed in getting from work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we succeed in getting from work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we succeed in getting from work
+to Able let's say via book do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Able let's say via book do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Able let's say via book do we need to
+save that word book anywhere no all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save that word book anywhere no all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save that word book anywhere no all we
+need to remember is that we've succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember is that we've succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember is that we've succeeded
+in getting from work to Able we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting from work to Able we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting from work to Able we don't
+need to remember book anymore we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember book anymore we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember book anymore we just
+you know remember that we've succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember that we've succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember that we've succeeded
+and that is by virt of where we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is by virt of where we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is by virt of where we are in
+the algorithm so we but you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm so we but you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm so we but you know if we
+have succeeded then we move on to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded then we move on to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded then we move on to this
+second uh recursion second call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh recursion second call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh recursion second call
+recursive call um so we we found some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call um so we we found some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call um so we we found some
+way to do it so we found some um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so we found some um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so we found some um some
+intermediate point which succeeds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate point which succeeds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate point which succeeds for
+this one so we move on to that one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so we move on to that one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so we move on to that one we
+don't have to keep any of that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to keep any of that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to keep any of that work
+anymore all you have to do is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all you have to do is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all you have to do is remember
+yes I can get from work to Able in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I can get from work to Able in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I can get from work to Able in half
+the number of steps now I need what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps now I need what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps now I need what all
+that's left is to get from able to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left is to get from able to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left is to get from able to play
+in half the number of steps I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half the number of steps I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half the number of steps I don't
+doesn't matter how I got to Able in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how I got to Able in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how I got to Able in the
+first place so we don't have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place so we don't have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place so we don't have to remember
+that that was a good question though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was a good question though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was a good question though
+um so I think I I understand this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think I I understand this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think I I understand this to
+before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+replace um the value for book with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace um the value for book with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace um the value for book with
+call with the work involved to find Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with the work involved to find Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with the work involved to find Co
+um yeah we have to check that we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we have to check that we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we have to check that we can get
+from work to book and book to Able so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work to book and book to Able so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work to book and book to Able so we
+hang keep on to book while we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang keep on to book while we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang keep on to book while we're working
+on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper
+half and only when we've finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and only when we've finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and only when we've finally
+succeeded in getting from work to Able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in getting from work to Able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in getting from work to Able
+let's say via book then you can throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say via book then you can throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say via book then you can throw a
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+Away um but while you're working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Away um but while you're working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Away um but while you're working on the
+upper half you try book you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half you try book you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper half you try book you try
+different you know different strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know different strings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know different strings of
+length four um until one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length four um until one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length four um until one of them
+Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm not sure somebody's asking me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure somebody's asking me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure somebody's asking me
+about breath for search and depth for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about breath for search and depth for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about breath for search and depth for
+search I'm not sure I see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I'm not sure I see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I'm not sure I see it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is I don't I'm not sure that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't I'm not sure that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't I'm not sure that's going to
+be a helpful way of thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a helpful way of thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a helpful way of thinking about this
+so I'm not going to answer that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to answer that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to answer that right
+now but um you know you can ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but um you know you can ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but um you know you can ask that
+offline later if you want why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline later if you want why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline later if you want why is the
+recursion why is the recursion depth log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion why is the recursion depth log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion why is the recursion depth log
+T instead of log M okay well how high is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T instead of log M okay well how high is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T instead of log M okay well how high is
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+initially um it's t high but every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially um it's t high but every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially um it's t high but every time
+we're doing a level we're calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a level we're calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a level we're calling the
+recursion we're cutting T in half first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion we're cutting T in half first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion we're cutting T in half first
+it's you know if you you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know if you you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know if you you know I'm
+solving this in general for B but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this in general for B but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this in general for B but we
+starting off with b equal to t t is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off with b equal to t t is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off with b equal to t t is the
+maximum size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum size
+so initially this is going to be T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially this is going to be T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially this is going to be T and
+then it's going to be T over2 then T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be T over2 then T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be T over2 then T
+over4 so it's going to be log T levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 so it's going to be log T levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 so it's going to be log T levels
+before we get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get down to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah so somebody's asking can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so somebody's asking can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so somebody's asking can we
+think of this as a memory stack yes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a memory stack yes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a memory stack yes this
+is like that's way a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that's way a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that's way a typical
+implementation of recursion is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of recursion is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of recursion is kind of
+with a stack where you push when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stack where you push when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stack where you push when you
+make a call and you pop when you return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a call and you pop when you return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a call and you pop when you return
+from the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is it possible that V can appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it possible that V can appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it possible that V can appear
+during BL procedure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during BL procedure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during BL procedure on
+T is it possible that V can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is it possible that V can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is it possible that V can
+appear um I'm not sure what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear um I'm not sure what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear um I'm not sure what that means
+you can V reappear you know so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can V reappear you know so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can V reappear you know so I'm
+starting with u to V is it possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with u to V is it possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with u to V is it possible that
+V might be one of these intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V might be one of these intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V might be one of these intermediate
+strs yeah you know um uh this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strs yeah you know um uh this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strs yeah you know um uh this you're
+going to try every possible intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try every possible intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try every possible intermediate
+string you know blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you know blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you know blind
+including V is one of them um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including V is one of them um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including V is one of them um uh you
+know if you can reach V more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can reach V more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can reach V more quickly
+well great um I guess what I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well great um I guess what I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well great um I guess what I have not
+dealt dealt with the issue of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt dealt with the issue of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt dealt with the issue of what
+happens if you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you get to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh yeah Tech technically it's it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah Tech technically it's it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah Tech technically it's it's going
+to work out because I'm allowing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out because I'm allowing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out because I'm allowing you
+know the difference to be in at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the difference to be in at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the difference to be in at most one
+place so even if you get there early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so even if you get there early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so even if you get there early
+you're allowed to not change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to not change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to not change anything
+and that still is a legal step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that still is a legal step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that still is a legal step in the
+latter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter um
+uh yeah I don't see how to do this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I don't see how to do this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I don't see how to do this from
+a bottomup perspective somebody's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottomup perspective somebody's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottomup perspective somebody's asking
+is there a bottomup version of this I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a bottomup version of this I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a bottomup version of this I I
+don't don't think so uh but no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't think so uh but no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't think so uh but no I don't
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+so all right why don't we move on um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right why don't we move on um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right why don't we move on um so
+now we're going to see this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to see this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to see this proof
+again but but this time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but but this time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but but this time we're going to
+be proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proving
+um that you can convert any um NFA to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can convert any um NFA to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can convert any um NFA to a
+DFA with only a squaring increase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFA with only a squaring increase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFA with only a squaring increase so
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well let me just put that up put that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me just put that up put that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me just put that up put that up
+there um uh so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um uh so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um uh so this is going to be
+Savage's the that among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savage's the that among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savage's the that among other things
+proves that PE Bas equals npace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that PE Bas equals npace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that PE Bas equals npace
+base uh so it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh so it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh so it says that
+you can convert a non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert a non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert a non-deterministic
+machine to a deterministic machine only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to a deterministic machine only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to a deterministic machine only
+squaring the amount of space so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the amount of space so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the amount of space so you're
+comfortable with those notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with those notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with those notation here
+anything that you can do an F of n space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you can do an F of n space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you can do an F of n space
+non-deterministically you can do an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically you can do an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically you can do an F
+squar of n space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of n space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of n space
+deterministically um and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically um and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically um and we're going to
+accomplish that by converting a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that by converting a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that by converting a you know
+an NTM to a deterministic TM but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NTM to a deterministic TM but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NTM to a deterministic TM but only
+squaring the space used so n is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the space used so n is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the space used so n is going to
+get converted to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get converted to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get converted to m
+and now this proof is going to look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this proof is going to look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this proof is going to look very
+similar to the proof from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the proof from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the proof from the previous
+slide um it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um it's the same
+proof um uh and um you know and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof um uh and um you know and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof um uh and um you know and and the
+fact from the previous slide you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact from the previous slide you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact from the previous slide you know
+about latter really is implied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about latter really is implied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about latter really is implied by this
+because you know we gave we had an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we gave we had an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we gave we had an easy
+algorithm to show that the latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to show that the latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to show that the latter
+problem is solvable in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is solvable in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is solvable in in
+non-deterministic you know in NP space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic you know in NP space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic you know in NP space
+so latter problem was easily shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so latter problem was easily shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so latter problem was easily shown to be
+in here um if you remember you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here um if you remember you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here um if you remember you just
+guess the you basically guess the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the you basically guess the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the you basically guess the steps
+of the ladder so non-deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ladder so non-deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ladder so non-deterministically
+you can easily check can I get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily check can I get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily check can I get from the
+start to the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to the end um
+but uh Savage's theorem tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh Savage's theorem tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh Savage's theorem tells us that
+anything you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can do
+non-deterministically in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically in polinomial
+space you can do deterministically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can do deterministically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can do deterministically in
+polinomial space so what we showed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space so what we showed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space so what we showed in
+the previous slide follows from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide follows from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide follows from this
+slide but this slide is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but this slide is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but this slide is really just a
+generalization of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the same
+proof okay maybe I've said it too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay maybe I've said it too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay maybe I've said it too many
+times now um so we're going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now um so we're going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now um so we're going to introduce
+a notation very similar to the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notation very similar to the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notation very similar to the notation
+we had last time but now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had last time but now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had last time but now we're going to
+be talking about simulating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about simulating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about simulating this
+non-deterministic machine with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine with a
+deterministic machine and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine and we're going to
+have take two configurations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have take two configurations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have take two configurations of this
+non-deterministic machine CI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine CI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic machine CI and
+CJ and say can I get from CI to CJ in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ and say can I get from CI to CJ in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ and say can I get from CI to CJ in at
+most B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most B
+steps I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I'm going to have a
+notation very similar to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation very similar to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation very similar to like the
+notation for the latter where I where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the latter where I where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the latter where I where I
+can get from this word to that word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from this word to that word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from this word to that word in
+it most be steps by a ladder here can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most be steps by a ladder here can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most be steps by a ladder here can I
+get from this word to that if can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this word to that if can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this word to that if can I get
+from this configuration to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this configuration to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this configuration to that
+configuration with at most B steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration with at most B steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration with at most B steps of
+the touring machine's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation so these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so these are two
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+now um of n so can n Go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um of n so can n Go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um of n so can n Go from this
+configuration CI to that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration CI to that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration CI to that other
+configuration CJ but only taking B steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration CJ but only taking B steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration CJ but only taking B steps
+along the way that's now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way that's now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way that's now the
+computational problem that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem that I'm going to
+solve for you with an algorithm and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for you with an algorithm and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for you with an algorithm and it's
+going to be a recursion exactly like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a recursion exactly like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a recursion exactly like the
+previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one
+um so M gets its input the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so M gets its input the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so M gets its input the two
+configurations CI and CJ and want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations CI and CJ and want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations CI and CJ and want and
+the bound B and want to check can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound B and want to check can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound B and want to check can I get
+from I to J within B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I to J within B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I to J within B
+okay so now the picture is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the picture is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the picture is a little
+different um but very similar so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um but very similar so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um but very similar so instead
+of a ladder appearing here it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a ladder appearing here it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a ladder appearing here it's really
+something that's basically a tableau for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's basically a tableau for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's basically a tableau for
+um for the machine n where I have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the machine n where I have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the machine n where I have a an
+initial configuration and an ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial configuration and an ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial configuration and an ending
+configuration this would be hap this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration this would be hap this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration this would be hap this
+would happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to be
+um uh the starting point for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the starting point for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the starting point for the whole
+procedure if you're testing whether n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure if you're testing whether n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure if you're testing whether n
+accepts W but we would be solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts W but we would be solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts W but we would be solving this
+in general for any config you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general for any config you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general for any config you know so
+with that case I have the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that case I have the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that case I have the start
+configuration of n on W and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of n on W and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of n on W and the
+accepting configuration or an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration or an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration or an accepting
+configuration but um in general what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration but um in general what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration but um in general what
+I will be solving is starting with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be solving is starting with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be solving is starting with any
+configuration CI and going to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration CI and going to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration CI and going to any
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+CJ so I want to uh test can I get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ so I want to uh test can I get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ so I want to uh test can I get from
+CI to CJ within at most B steps um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI to CJ within at most B steps um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI to CJ within at most B steps um so
+first of all if B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if B is
+one you can just check that directly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can just check that directly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can just check that directly um
+you know and now again this is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and now again this is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and now again this is we're
+operating deterministically to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating deterministically to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating deterministically to simulate
+the non-deterministic machine so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic machine so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic machine so this is
+the deterministic machine M so M can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic machine M so M can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic machine M so M can
+easily if it's given two configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if it's given two configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if it's given two configurations
+of N and says can I get from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and says can I get from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and says can I get from the first
+one to the second one in one step well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the second one in one step well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the second one in one step well
+that's an easy check you just lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy check you just lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy check you just lay out
+those two configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two configurations
+look at the n's transition function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the n's transition function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the n's transition function and
+say is this a legal move for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n yes or no and you accept or reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n yes or no and you accept or reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n yes or no and you accept or reject
+accordingly now if B is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly now if B is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly now if B is larger than
+one you're going to try all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to try all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to try all possible
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+configurations I'll calling them CID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I'll calling them CID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I'll calling them CID
+this was like the W from the previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like the W from the previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like the W from the previous uh
+theorem this is all all possible strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this is all all possible strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this is all all possible strings
+C all possible configurations see mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all possible configurations see mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all possible configurations see mid
+and you know I don't you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I don't you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I don't you know a
+configuration is just going to be a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is just going to be a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is just going to be a um
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+oh uh so far so okay this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh so far so okay this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh so far so okay this is all
+possible look like my PowerPoint crashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible look like my PowerPoint crashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible look like my PowerPoint crashed
+but it seems okay um look this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems okay um look this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems okay um look this is all
+possible configurations which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible configurations which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible configurations which is just a
+string with a string of tape symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with a string of tape symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with a string of tape symbols
+with a state symbol appearing somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a state symbol appearing somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a state symbol appearing somewhere
+that's all it is um going to try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is um going to try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is um going to try all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+uh configurations as candidate middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh configurations as candidate middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh configurations as candidate middle
+configurations and say can I get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and say can I get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and say can I get from
+the upper one to the middle to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper one to the middle to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper one to the middle to this
+candidate middle one and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate middle one and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate middle one and from that
+middle one to the to the lower one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one to the to the lower one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one to the to the lower one
+within half the number of steps each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within half the number of steps each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within half the number of steps each
+time so um and solving that problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursively
+um okay um so I I got a question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay um so I I got a question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay um so I I got a question here
+about the possibility of looping forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the possibility of looping forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the possibility of looping forever
+um uh first of all if n is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh first of all if n is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh first of all if n is going to be
+looping I don't have I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping I don't have I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping I don't have I don't have to
+worry about it because um I'm starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it because um I'm starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it because um I'm starting
+off I'm only need to simulate machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I'm only need to simulate machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I'm only need to simulate machines
+that that always hold that are deciders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that always hold that are deciders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that always hold that are deciders
+because I'm trying to show that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm trying to show that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm trying to show that any
+language in here has to be accepted has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in here has to be accepted has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in here has to be accepted has
+to be uh has to be decided by some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh has to be decided by some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh has to be decided by some some
+not deterministic machine so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not deterministic machine so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not deterministic machine so I'm not
+going to worry about machines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about machines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about machines that are
+looping if they're looping you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping if they're looping you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping if they're looping you know um
+uh M may be misbehave in some way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M may be misbehave in some way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M may be misbehave in some way but
+that's not going to be a problem for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be a problem for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be a problem for me
+um so let's only let's keep life simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's only let's keep life simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's only let's keep life simple
+think about the Mach deciders only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Mach deciders only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Mach deciders only
+um okay so we're going to recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we're going to recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we're going to recursively
+test here so that means I have a going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test here so that means I have a going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test here so that means I have a going
+to try every possible middle see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try every possible middle see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try every possible middle see if I
+can get from the the start to the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from the the start to the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from the the start to the middle
+and the middle to the end um uh if both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the middle to the end um uh if both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the middle to the end um uh if both
+of them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them work
+for my if my I test them recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my if my I test them recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my if my I test them recursively
+then I'm going to accept if not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to accept if not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to accept if not I'm
+going to continue and I reject if I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue and I reject if I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue and I reject if I try
+them all and none of them have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all and none of them have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all and none of them have worked
+then I know there's no way to for n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know there's no way to for n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know there's no way to for n to
+get from this configuration to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this configuration to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this configuration to that
+configuration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in
+bsteps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsteps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsteps okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um and the overall picture I test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the overall picture I test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the overall picture I test
+whether n accepts W as I mentioned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether n accepts W as I mentioned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether n accepts W as I mentioned by
+starting the c i is the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the c i is the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the c i is the start
+configuration and CJ is an the accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and CJ is an the accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and CJ is an the accept
+configuration um and now how big is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um and now how big is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um and now how big is T
+because I need to calculate a bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to calculate a bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to calculate a bound on
+how U many How deep the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how U many How deep the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how U many How deep the the the the
+recursions are going to be um so T here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions are going to be um so T here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions are going to be um so T here
+is going to be the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the total number of
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+configurations um you know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations um you know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations um you know if this is
+whole thing it never repeats a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it never repeats a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it never repeats a
+configuration so this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so this is going to be a
+bound on how many steps and can be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on how many steps and can be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on how many steps and can be taken
+and that's simply you know we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simply you know we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simply you know we calculated
+this before it's the number of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before it's the number of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before it's the number of um uh
+States times the number of head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States times the number of head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States times the number of head
+positions times the number of tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions times the number of tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions times the number of tape
+contents tape contents and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents tape contents and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents tape contents and this is
+really going to be the dominant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be the dominant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be the dominant um
+consideration anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration anyway and
+so now each recursive level and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now each recursive level and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now each recursive level and maybe I
+should have emphasized this at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have emphasized this at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have emphasized this at the
+beginning how wide is this picture it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning how wide is this picture it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning how wide is this picture it's
+big enough to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to store a
+configuration configuration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration configuration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration configuration is
+essentially a tape contents so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a tape contents so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a tape contents so that's
+going to be F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be F of n
+wide so each recursive level stores one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide so each recursive level stores one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide so each recursive level stores one
+configuration now the W cost F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration now the W cost F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration now the W cost F of n
+space to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to write
+down and the number of levels is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the number of levels is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the number of levels is going
+to be the log of the initial height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the log of the initial height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the log of the initial height
+which is this so this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this so this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this so this is going to be the
+dominating uh part of it so the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating uh part of it so the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating uh part of it so the log of
+this is going to be again order F ofn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be again order F ofn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be again order F ofn so
+this each one takes f ofn space to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this each one takes f ofn space to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this each one takes f ofn space to write
+down the depth of the cursion is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the depth of the cursion is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the depth of the cursion is going
+to be order F of n so the total is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order F of n so the total is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order F of n so the total is going
+to be order f^ s of N and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order f^ s of N and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order f^ s of N and that's how
+much space this this uses and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space this this uses and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space this this uses and that's the
+proof of Sav Savages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of Sav Savages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of Sav Savages
+there so yeah so there's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so yeah so there's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so yeah so there's a good point
+there uh I was thinking some somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh I was thinking some somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh I was thinking some somebody
+asked can there be multiple accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked can there be multiple accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked can there be multiple accepting
+configurations I should have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I should have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I should have made
+the I I I forgot to say this but and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I I I forgot to say this but and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I I I forgot to say this but and I
+was just realizing it as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just realizing it as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just realizing it as I was
+explaining it one of the things I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it one of the things I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it one of the things I should
+have you you can enforce that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you can enforce that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you can enforce that there is
+just a single accepting configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single accepting configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single accepting configuration
+this is kind of a detail but so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a detail but so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a detail but so don't
+worry about it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it if
+you if you don't if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you don't if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you don't if you don't want to
+but you can make sure that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can make sure that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can make sure that there's a
+single accepting configuration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single accepting configuration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single accepting configuration by
+telling the machine when it accepts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the machine when it accepts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the machine when it accepts it
+should erase its tape and move its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should erase its tape and move its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should erase its tape and move its head
+into the leftmost cell in the accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the leftmost cell in the accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the leftmost cell in the accept
+configuration so there's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so there's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so there's just going to
+be a single accepting configuration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a single accepting configuration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a single accepting configuration to
+worry about instead of having to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about instead of having to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about instead of having to try
+multiple uh possibilities which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh possibilities which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh possibilities which you
+could do in this algorithm but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do in this algorithm but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do in this algorithm but it would
+just be annoying to have to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be annoying to have to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be annoying to have to write it
+that down that way so we often assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down that way so we often assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down that way so we often assume
+there's just going to be a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just going to be a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just going to be a single
+accepting configuration for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration for these
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um okay so this is how do you know f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um okay so this is how do you know f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um okay so this is how do you know f
+ofn um so that's a that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn um so that's a that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn um so that's a that's actually a
+little bit of a delicate issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a delicate issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a delicate issue
+uh I mean if you could compute f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean if you could compute f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean if you could compute f
+ofn um the bound which is for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn um the bound which is for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn um the bound which is for for
+example if it's going to be a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's going to be a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's going to be a polinomial
+bound you could just compute F ofn it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound you could just compute F ofn it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound you could just compute F ofn it's
+very easy to compute n s or n cubed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to compute n s or n cubed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to compute n s or n cubed if
+and so you can just um uh compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can just um uh compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can just um uh compute that
+and then use that as um the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that as um the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that as um the size of the
+registers you're going to be writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers you're going to be writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers you're going to be writing
+down um for if you want to prove this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um for if you want to prove this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um for if you want to prove this in
+general for f ofn it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for f ofn it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for f ofn it's a little bit
+technical to have to deal with it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical to have to deal with it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical to have to deal with it um and
+I'm going to have to refer you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to refer you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to refer you to the
+book on that one the book tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on that one the book tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on that one the book tells you how
+to do Sol this for a general fent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Sol this for a general fent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Sol this for a general fent you
+basically have to try every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to try every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to try every possible
+value from one until it works um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm afraid that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm afraid that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm afraid that's going
+to derail us trying to un decipher that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derail us trying to un decipher that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derail us trying to un decipher that
+so let's not worry about that aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not worry about that aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not worry about that aspect of
+it but it's it's a it's a you can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's it's a it's a you can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's it's a it's a you can handle
+general f ofn here um you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general f ofn here um you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general f ofn here um you don't need to
+put any conditions on f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put any conditions on f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put any conditions on f
+ofen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofen um
+can we go over this term here so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we go over this term here so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we go over this term here so we've
+seen this term once before when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this term once before when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this term once before when we
+talked about lbas and and seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about lbas and and seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about lbas and and seeing that
+LBA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LBA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LBA is
+always uh we can solve the Alba problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh we can solve the Alba problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh we can solve the Alba problem
+this is simply the number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply the number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply the number of different
+configurations the machine can have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations the machine can have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations the machine can have um
+because the configuration is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the configuration is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the configuration is a state
+it's a head position and a contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a head position and a contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a head position and a contents of
+the tape and this is the number of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape and this is the number of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape and this is the number of each
+of those that that you can Poss POS have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those that that you can Poss POS have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those that that you can Poss POS have
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+states head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states head
+position you know the size of the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you know the size of the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you know the size of the tape
+of f ofn is f ofn so this is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f ofn is f ofn so this is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f ofn is f ofn so this is that many
+different head positions and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different head positions and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different head positions and this is the
+number of if D is the size of the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of if D is the size of the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of if D is the size of the tape
+alphabet this is the number of contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet this is the number of contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet this is the number of contents
+tape contents that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape contents that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape contents that you can
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay how is seeing if n accepts W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how is seeing if n accepts W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how is seeing if n accepts W
+with this algorithm convert non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this algorithm convert non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this algorithm convert non-
+deterministic turing machine to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic turing machine to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic turing machine to some
+determinist touring machine well n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinist touring machine well n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinist touring machine well n is
+the non-deterministic touring so n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic touring so n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic touring so n is
+we're converting non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're converting non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're converting non-deterministic
+touring machine n to deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machine n to deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machine n to deterministic
+turning machine M so m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning machine M so m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning machine M so m is a
+deterministic simulator of n that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic simulator of n that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic simulator of n that's what
+this whole M is so if we can do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole M is so if we can do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole M is so if we can do this for
+you know for any n that we' proved our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for any n that we' proved our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for any n that we' proved our
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+um okay why don't we defer I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay why don't we defer I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay why don't we defer I think you
+know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're
+I think I got through most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got through most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got through most of the
+questions here if there's other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here if there's other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here if there's other things
+we can save them for the um uh coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can save them for the um uh coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can save them for the um uh coffee
+break which is coming soon I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break which is coming soon I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break which is coming soon I think we
+have one more slide before that um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more slide before that um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more slide before that um okay
+so I'm going to Define peace based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define peace based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define peace based
+completeness I think yeah and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness I think yeah and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness I think yeah and then I
+think I think after that we have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think after that we have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think after that we have the uh
+the break uh so peace based completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break uh so peace based completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break uh so peace based completeness
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+defined and in very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and in very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and in very much
+inspired uh similarly to NP completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired uh similarly to NP completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired uh similarly to NP completeness
+um so uh a problem is PE space complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh a problem is PE space complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh a problem is PE space complete
+if it's in PE space and every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in PE space and every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in PE space and every other
+member of Peace base is reducible to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of Peace base is reducible to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of Peace base is reducible to it
+in polinomial time and we'll say a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polinomial time and we'll say a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polinomial time and we'll say a bit
+about why we choose polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why we choose polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why we choose polinomial time
+reducibility here um so here's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility here um so here's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility here um so here's a kind of
+a picture of how peace Bas or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of how peace Bas or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of how peace Bas or how
+complete problems of you know uh relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems of you know uh relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems of you know uh relate
+to relate to the their complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate to the their complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate to the their complexity
+classes so you kind of think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so you kind of think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so you kind of think of a
+complete problem for a class it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem for a class it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem for a class it's kind
+of the hardest problem in that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hardest problem in that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hardest problem in that class
+because you can convert you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can convert you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can convert you can reduce
+any other problem in that class to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other problem in that class to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other problem in that class to the
+complete problem so here the NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem so here the NP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem so here the NP complete
+problems sort of the hardest for NP here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems sort of the hardest for NP here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems sort of the hardest for NP here
+the P space complete problems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P space complete problems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P space complete problems kind of
+the hardest for p p space if any if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest for p p space if any if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest for p p space if any if an
+NP complete problem goes into P that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP complete problem goes into P that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP complete problem goes into P that
+pulls down all of NP to P if any pbas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls down all of NP to P if any pbas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls down all of NP to P if any pbas
+complete problem goes into P it pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem goes into P it pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem goes into P it pulls
+down all of P Bas into P by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all of P Bas into P by following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all of P Bas into P by following
+the chain of reductions um because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain of reductions um because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain of reductions um because any
+pe-based problem is reducible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pe-based problem is reducible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pe-based problem is reducible to the
+complete problem which in turn if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem which in turn if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem which in turn if it's
+in P then everything uh goes into P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P then everything uh goes into P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P then everything uh goes into P so
+if you have a PE Bas complete problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a PE Bas complete problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a PE Bas complete problem
+which is in P then all the PE base goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in P then all the PE base goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in P then all the PE base goes
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+P um so why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um so why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um so why do we
+use polinomial time reducibility and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use polinomial time reducibility and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use polinomial time reducibility and say
+instead of say polom space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of say polom space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of say polom space
+reducibility when we Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility when we Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibility when we Define this
+notion um it's kind of a very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion um it's kind of a very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion um it's kind of a very reasonable
+question but if you think about it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but if you think about it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but if you think about it using
+polinomial space reducibility would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space reducibility would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space reducibility would be a
+terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+idea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um
+because and we've seen this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and we've seen this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and we've seen this phenomenon
+happen before every two problems in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen before every two problems in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen before every two problems in P
+space are going to be P space reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are going to be P space reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space are going to be P space reducible
+to one another we haven't even defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another we haven't even defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another we haven't even defined
+that notion yet but you can imagine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion yet but you can imagine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion yet but you can imagine what
+it would be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be because
+a pebas reduction can solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pebas reduction can solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pebas reduction can solve the problem
+um for a problem in P space and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a problem in P space and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a problem in P space and then it
+can direct its answer anywhere that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can direct its answer anywhere that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can direct its answer anywhere that it
+likes so in general when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes so in general when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes so in general when we think about
+reductions the the reduction should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions the the reduction should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions the the reduction should be
+not capable of solving the problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of solving the problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of solving the problems in
+the class because if they could um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because if they could um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because if they could um then
+every two problems in the class would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two problems in the class would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two problems in the class would be
+reducible to one another and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to one another and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to one another and then all
+problems in the class would be complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the class would be complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the class would be complete
+because everything would be in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything would be in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything would be in the class
+would be reducible to any one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reducible to any one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reducible to any one of the
+other problems so it would not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems so it would not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems so it would not be an
+interesting notion what you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting notion what you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting notion what you want to have
+happen is that the uh reductions should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the uh reductions should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the uh reductions should
+be weaker than the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weaker than the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weaker than the power of the
+class and so um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and so um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and so um uh
+every um you know and if you if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every um you know and if you if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every um you know and if you if you look
+at the reductions that we've defined so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reductions that we've defined so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reductions that we've defined so
+far they're actually very simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far they're actually very simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far they're actually very simple you
+know the only thing is yeah they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the only thing is yeah they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the only thing is yeah they have to
+make sure that they can make it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they can make it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they can make it that
+they can make the output uh big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make the output uh big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make the output uh big enough
+but actually constructing the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually constructing the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually constructing the output
+they do very simple transformations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do very simple transformations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do very simple transformations in
+fact even polinomial time is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact even polinomial time is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact even polinomial time is more than
+you typically need there's even much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically need there's even much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically need there's even much
+more limited classes that are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more limited classes that are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more limited classes that are capable of
+doing the reductions as we'll see um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the reductions as we'll see um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the reductions as we'll see um so
+having powerful reductions is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having powerful reductions is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having powerful reductions is really not
+in the spirit of what reductions are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirit of what reductions are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirit of what reductions are all
+about you want very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you want very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you want very very simple
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+Transformations um to be the reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations um to be the reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations um to be the reductions
+anyway hope that's helpful so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway hope that's helpful so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway hope that's helpful so what what
+we're going to be aiming for in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be aiming for in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be aiming for in this
+second part of the lecture is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the lecture is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the lecture is showing
+that tqbf is pie based complete um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tqbf is pie based complete um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tqbf is pie based complete um and
+let me he has a check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me he has a check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me he has a check in
+uh uh so this is our first check-in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so this is our first check-in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so this is our first check-in um
+coming a little late in the Lector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a little late in the Lector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a little late in the Lector
+suppose we have proven that as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have proven that as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have proven that as we will
+that tqbf is PE based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tqbf is PE based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tqbf is PE based
+complete uh what can we CL conclude if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh what can we CL conclude if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh what can we CL conclude if
+tqbf is actually not necessarily in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf is actually not necessarily in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf is actually not necessarily in P
+only goes to NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goes to NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goes to NP
+that's and this is relevant to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and this is relevant to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and this is relevant to a
+question that's coming in from the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's coming in from the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's coming in from the chat
+but I'll answer that later so um suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll answer that later so um suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll answer that later so um suppose
+tqbf ends up being an NP and not in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf ends up being an NP and not in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf ends up being an NP and not in P
+what what can we conclude remember if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what can we conclude remember if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what can we conclude remember if it
+if tqbf is in P then P space equals P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if tqbf is in P then P space equals P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if tqbf is in P then P space equals P
+suppose it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NP what happens then check you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP what happens then check you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP what happens then check you know
+there may be several uh correct answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be several uh correct answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be several uh correct answers
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so check all all that all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply all right so we're near the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all right so we're near the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all right so we're near the end um
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the uh poll so let me give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh poll so let me give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh poll so let me give you another
+10 seconds and then we're going to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds and then we're going to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds and then we're going to shut
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay we all are we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we all are we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we all are we all
+in closing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closing it
+down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um
+here are the results so yes so uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the results so yes so uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the results so yes so uh first
+of all the most reasonable solution most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the most reasonable solution most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the most reasonable solution most
+reasonable answer is B uh which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer is B uh which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer is B uh which I think
+uh most of you have gotten that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of you have gotten that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of you have gotten that
+if you know if peace based complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if peace based complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if peace based complete
+problem goes down to NP well NP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem goes down to NP well NP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem goes down to NP well NP is
+capable of simulating the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of simulating the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of simulating the polinomial
+time reduction um and so um any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reduction um and so um any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reduction um and so um any other
+problem in peace base would then also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in peace base would then also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in peace base would then also be
+an NP and PE B would equal NP but note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NP and PE B would equal NP but note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NP and PE B would equal NP but note
+if P Bas equals NP there also NP equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P Bas equals NP there also NP equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P Bas equals NP there also NP equals
+Co NP um because peace base itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co NP um because peace base itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co NP um because peace base itself is
+closed on you know is closed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed on you know is closed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed on you know is closed under
+complementation so that was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation so that was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation so that was kind of a
+little bit extra fact that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit extra fact that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit extra fact that you could
+conclude from this as well um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from this as well um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from this as well um so let me
+let's move on then to our uh Kofi break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on then to our uh Kofi break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on then to our uh Kofi break
+and uh we'll pick up the proof that tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll pick up the proof that tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll pick up the proof that tqbf
+is peace based complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peace based complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peace based complete
+um after after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so was D true or not um D was P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so was D true or not um D was P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so was D true or not um D was P equal
+NP no D we cannot conclude that P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP no D we cannot conclude that P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP no D we cannot conclude that P equals
+NP um if um from pspace uh equal to NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um if um from pspace uh equal to NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um if um from pspace uh equal to NP
+um so if tqbf is an NP it doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if tqbf is an NP it doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if tqbf is an NP it doesn't tell
+us anything it's f for all we know P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us anything it's f for all we know P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us anything it's f for all we know P
+equals NP but uh from the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals NP but uh from the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals NP but uh from the stuff that
+we've that we know so far we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've that we know so far we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've that we know so far we cannot
+conclude that P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that P equals
+NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+um oh and yeah so you can conclude oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and yeah so you can conclude oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and yeah so you can conclude oh
+I'm sorry you you can B and D are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry you you can B and D are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry you you can B and D are both
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+let me just shut this thing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just shut this thing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just shut this thing off
+uh so B and D are correct so if if a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so B and D are correct so if if a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so B and D are correct so if if a p
+Bas complete problem goes to NP then NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas complete problem goes to NP then NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas complete problem goes to NP then NP
+equals P Bas and equals Co NP so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P Bas and equals Co NP so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P Bas and equals Co NP so the
+correct answer B and D sorry I I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer B and D sorry I I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer B and D sorry I I got
+myself confused so C but C is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself confused so C but C is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself confused so C but C is not
+something you can conclude or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay uh so somebody say somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay uh so somebody say somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay uh so somebody say somebody's
+asking me a fair question you know I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking me a fair question you know I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking me a fair question you know I say
+the reduction method should be weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction method should be weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction method should be weaker
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+class uh but you know for example even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh but you know for example even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh but you know for example even
+in the case of P space p space might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of P space p space might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of P space p space might be
+equal to p and then um it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p and then um it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p and then um it wouldn't be
+weaker than the class if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the class if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the class if we use
+polinomial time reductions but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reductions but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reductions but um I
+think maybe I should say apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe I should say apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe I should say apparently
+weaker uh as far as we know it's weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker uh as far as we know it's weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker uh as far as we know it's weaker
+uh but we believe it to be weaker if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we believe it to be weaker if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we believe it to be weaker if
+it's true if P equals P space then every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true if P equals P space then every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true if P equals P space then every
+problem in P is going to be P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in P is going to be P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in P is going to be P space
+complete it's just going to be a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it's just going to be a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it's just going to be a weird
+world if P equals P space similar same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if P equals P space similar same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if P equals P space similar same
+thing for NP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for NP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for NP and
+NP um so so I'm getting a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um so so I'm getting a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um so so I'm getting a number of
+questions also about other possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions also about other possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions also about other possible
+reducibilities that are even weaker than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibilities that are even weaker than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibilities that are even weaker than
+polinomial time reducibility um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reducibility um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reducibility um so we're
+going to see uh um very soon weak or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see uh um very soon weak or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see uh um very soon weak or
+reducing you know complexity classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing you know complexity classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing you know complexity classes
+within P so first of all P space seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within P so first of all P space seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within P so first of all P space seems
+to be bigger than P we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bigger than P we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bigger than P we're also going to
+look at log space but that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at log space but that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at log space but that's going to be
+um actually in Thursday's lecture those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually in Thursday's lecture those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually in Thursday's lecture those
+are these are classes in that seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are classes in that seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are classes in that seem to be
+inside well they're inside P they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside well they're inside P they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside well they're inside P they may be
+proper we believe they're properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper we believe they're properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper we believe they're properly
+inside P but we'll we'll see that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside P but we'll we'll see that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside P but we'll we'll see that later
+um let me just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just see
+here really should have so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really should have so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really should have so we're we're
+almost out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost out of time
+uh let me put our timer back in fact our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me put our timer back in fact our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me put our timer back in fact our
+timer is showing us out of time so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer is showing us out of time so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer is showing us out of time so um
+why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we
+um uh get going let me move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh get going let me move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh get going let me move this
+um back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay
+continuing peace tqbf is peace based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing peace tqbf is peace based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing peace tqbf is peace based
+complete so first of all let's remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so first of all let's remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so first of all let's remember
+tqbf um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf um
+uh these are all of the Quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are all of the Quantified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are all of the Quantified
+Boolean formulas that are true so tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean formulas that are true so tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean formulas that are true so tqbf
+stands for True Quantified Boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for True Quantified Boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for True Quantified Boolean
+formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+um uh and remember we saw these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and remember we saw these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and remember we saw these examples
+from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous
+lecture um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um uh
+that you know here these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know here these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know here these are two
+Quantified these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified these are two
+qbfs um the first one is true the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbfs um the first one is true the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbfs um the first one is true the second
+one is false and and you it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is false and and you it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is false and and you it's kind of
+interesting to think about you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about you know here
+they're exactly the same except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly the same except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly the same except for the
+order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the
+quantifiers and so what's really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and so what's really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and so what's really going
+on you know here uh just I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know here uh just I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know here uh just I think it's
+good to understand these Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to understand these Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to understand these Expressions
+they come up everywhere in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up everywhere in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up everywhere in mathematics
+uh these Quan quantifiers um you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these Quan quantifiers um you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these Quan quantifiers um you know in
+the upper one uh when we say for every X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper one uh when we say for every X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper one uh when we say for every X
+there exists a y that y can depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a y that y can depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a y that y can depend on
+the choice of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of x
+you choose to make a different X you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose to make a different X you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose to make a different X you're
+allowed to pick a different y but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to pick a different y but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to pick a different y but this
+but the lower expression says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lower expression says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lower expression says there's a
+universal y there's some one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal y there's some one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal y there's some one particular
+y that works for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that works for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that works for every
+X so in a sense um uh the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in a sense um uh the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in a sense um uh the lower
+statement is a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is a stronger
+statement um you know whatever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um you know whatever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um you know whatever you have
+in the inter the quantifier free part uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inter the quantifier free part uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inter the quantifier free part uh
+so the lower one implies the upper one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower one implies the upper one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower one implies the upper one
+happens that the lower one in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that the lower one in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that the lower one in this case
+is false and the upper one is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false and the upper one is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false and the upper one is true but
+in general the lower in the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the lower in the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the lower in the you know
+when you have this change of quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have this change of quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have this change of quantifiers
+like this the the um the lower one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the um the lower one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the um the lower one would
+imply the upper one okay anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the upper one okay anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the upper one okay anyway that's
+sort of a side remark so um let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a side remark so um let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a side remark so um let's get
+back to the proof that tqbf is PE based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the proof that tqbf is PE based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the proof that tqbf is PE based
+complete that's what our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that's what our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that's what our goal
+is all right um now as I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right um now as I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right um now as I mentioned this
+is the same proof going to be seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same proof going to be seeing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same proof going to be seeing it
+for the Third third time today but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Third third time today but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Third third time today but you
+know there's a certain amount of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a certain amount of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a certain amount of it's
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the context
+changes uh in each case so now uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh in each case so now uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh in each case so now uh we
+want to show that tqbf is peace based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that tqbf is peace based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that tqbf is peace based
+completed so it's one of these hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed so it's one of these hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed so it's one of these hardest
+problems now but for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now but for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now but for p
+space um where satisfiability was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um where satisfiability was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um where satisfiability was like a
+hardest problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest problem for
+NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+uh so we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we want to show
+that every language in pspace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every language in pspace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every language in pspace is
+reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to
+tqbf um and so we're going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf um and so we're going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf um and so we're going to give
+polinomial time reductions that map some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reductions that map some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reductions that map some
+particular problem a which can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem a which can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem a which can be done
+in space end to the K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space end to the K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space end to the K it's
+a problem solvable in PS space we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem solvable in PS space we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem solvable in PS space we're
+going to show how um f Maps a to tqbf we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show how um f Maps a to tqbf we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show how um f Maps a to tqbf we
+have to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to construct the
+F so f is going to be a mapping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so f is going to be a mapping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so f is going to be a mapping that
+Maps strings which may or may not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps strings which may or may not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps strings which may or may not be an
+A so strings W which may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A so strings W which may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A so strings W which may or may not be
+an a to these formulas these Quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a to these formulas these Quantified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a to these formulas these Quantified
+formulas um so uh W is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas um so uh W is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas um so uh W is going to get
+mapped to some formula f sub MW it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to some formula f sub MW it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to some formula f sub MW it had
+exactly the same even symbols we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same even symbols we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same even symbols we used
+when the proof proof of the cook Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the proof proof of the cook Lev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the proof proof of the cook Lev
+theorem about sat being NP complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem about sat being NP complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem about sat being NP complete this
+is a very similar proof um but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very similar proof um but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very similar proof um but you'll
+see that we have to do something more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we have to do something more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we have to do something more in
+order to make it work in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make it work in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make it work in this case
+uh so if W you know W is an a if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if W you know W is an a if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if W you know W is an a if and
+only if this formula is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this formula is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this formula is going to be in
+tqbf in other words if if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf in other words if if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf in other words if if and only if
+this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+um so this formula is going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this formula is going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this formula is going to kind of
+Express the fact that M accepts w which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express the fact that M accepts w which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express the fact that M accepts w which
+means that W is an a because m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that W is an a because m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that W is an a because m is the
+machine is the peace based machine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is the peace based machine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is the peace based machine for
+a so this uh formula says m excepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this uh formula says m excepts w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this uh formula says m excepts w
+and it achieves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it achieves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it achieves that
+by building in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by building in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by building in a
+simulation of M on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of M on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of M on
+W it kind of describes a simulation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it kind of describes a simulation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it kind of describes a simulation for
+M on W which ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M on W which ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M on W which ends up
+accepting and if M does not accept w you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting and if M does not accept w you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting and if M does not accept w you
+that description is going to inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that description is going to inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that description is going to inevitably
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+um okay so let's just see how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's just see how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's just see how that's
+what that's going to look like uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to look like uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to look like uh so
+we're going to use the same idea that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the same idea that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the same idea that we
+initial that we used for the cookle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial that we used for the cookle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial that we used for the cookle
+theorem that sat is NP complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that sat is NP complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that sat is NP complete this
+notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a
+tableau so if you remember that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau so if you remember that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau so if you remember that we had
+it was basically a table which ways was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was basically a table which ways was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was basically a table which ways was
+just simply a way of writing down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply a way of writing down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply a way of writing down and
+a computation history for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computation history for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computation history for
+MW okay so the rows are the steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW okay so the rows are the steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW okay so the rows are the steps of the
+machine um the top row is the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um the top row is the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um the top row is the start
+configuration the bottom row is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration the bottom row is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration the bottom row is let's
+say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some
+particular accept configuration such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular accept configuration such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular accept configuration such as
+I just described where the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just described where the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just described where the machine
+clears its tapes and moves its head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clears its tapes and moves its head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clears its tapes and moves its head to
+the left end so there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left end so there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left end so there's only one
+accepting configuration we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration we have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration we have to worry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and each of the rows here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and each of the rows here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and each of the rows here is a
+configuration of M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of M of
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um because M runs in space into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um because M runs in space into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um because M runs in space into the
+K the Tableau kind of similarly to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the Tableau kind of similarly to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the Tableau kind of similarly to what
+I described before has width into the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described before has width into the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described before has width into the K
+so now you know we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know we're talking about
+polinomial time machines so the F which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time machines so the F which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time machines so the F which
+is the bound the Space Bound is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bound the Space Bound is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bound the Space Bound is going to
+be some polinomial n to the k so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some polinomial n to the k so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some polinomial n to the k so the
+width of this uh Tableau the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this uh Tableau the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this uh Tableau the size of
+these configurations are going to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations are going to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations are going to be n
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+K how high is this Tableau going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K how high is this Tableau going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K how high is this Tableau going to be
+well that's going to be limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to be limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to be limited by the
+possible running time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible running time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible running time of the
+machine um which is similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um which is similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um which is similar to what we
+saw before um it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before um it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before um it's going to be
+exponential in the Space Bound so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in the Space Bound so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in the Space Bound so it's
+going to be D to the end of the K where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be D to the end of the K where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be D to the end of the K where
+D is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is the
+essentially the tape alphabet of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay
+so are we all together on this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we all together on this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are we all together on this this is
+um very similar to the proof of set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very similar to the proof of set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very similar to the proof of set is
+NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+complete the key difference there was M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the key difference there was M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the key difference there was M
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+non-deterministic um which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic um which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic um which might be
+something to think about later but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about later but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about later but let's
+not focus on that right now here this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not focus on that right now here this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not focus on that right now here this m
+is deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deterministic
+and um but the important difference was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but the important difference was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but the important difference was
+the shape of the Tableau the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the Tableau the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the Tableau the the the the
+the size of the Tableau was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the Tableau was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the Tableau was very
+different in the case of sat is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the case of sat is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the case of sat is NP
+complete we started off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete we started off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete we started off with a
+polinomial time non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time non-deterministic
+machine so it only could run for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so it only could run for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so it only could run for a
+polinomial number of steps here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial number of steps here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial number of steps here is a
+polinomial space machine which can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space machine which can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space machine which can run
+for an exponential number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exponential number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exponential number of steps
+that's a that's going to be an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's going to be an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's going to be an important
+difference here so let's let's see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the reduction has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reduction has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reduction has to
+construct this um Formula F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this um Formula F sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this um Formula F sub
+MW which basically says that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW which basically says that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW which basically says that this
+Tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tableau
+exists now we already saw how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists now we already saw how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists now we already saw how to do that
+when we proved the cookle theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we proved the cookle theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we proved the cookle theorem that
+sat is n be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat is n be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat is n be
+complete remember we had all of those we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete remember we had all of those we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete remember we had all of those we
+had variables for each cell that told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had variables for each cell that told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had variables for each cell that told us
+what the contents of that cell were was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the contents of that cell were was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the contents of that cell were was
+and then we had a lot of logic here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had a lot of logic here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had a lot of logic here we
+had a bunch of logic that said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of logic that said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of logic that said that
+those all the you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all the you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all the you know those
+neighborhoods were correct which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods were correct which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods were correct which
+basically says that the the Tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that the the Tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that the the Tableau
+corresponds to a correct uh computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a correct uh computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a correct uh computation
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+machine um so why don't we just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um so why don't we just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um so why don't we just do the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay so why don't we just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so why don't we just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so why don't we just build
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+formula using exactly the same process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula using exactly the same process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula using exactly the same process
+that we used to build a formula when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used to build a formula when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used to build a formula when we
+had sat being um NP complete something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sat being um NP complete something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sat being um NP complete something
+goes wrong we can't quite do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong we can't quite do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong we can't quite do
+that um the problem is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the problem is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the problem is that if you
+remember the formula that we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula that we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula that we built
+before was really about as big as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was really about as big as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was really about as big as the
+Tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tableau
+is because it had some Logic for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it had some Logic for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it had some Logic for each
+one of the cells it had a set of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cells it had a set of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cells it had a set of some of
+the had variables for each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the had variables for each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the had variables for each one of the
+cells and it had some logic you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and it had some logic you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and it had some logic you know for
+each of those neighborhoods basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those neighborhoods basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those neighborhoods basically so
+he says that each of the cells does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that each of the cells does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that each of the cells does the
+right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing
+um so it was a pretty big formula but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it was a pretty big formula but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it was a pretty big formula but it
+was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still
+polinomial um the problem is the Tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial um the problem is the Tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial um the problem is the Tableau
+is now n the K by D to the N the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now n the K by D to the N the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now n the K by D to the N the K
+that's an exponentially big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object so if your formula is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if your formula is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if your formula is going to be
+as big as the Tableau there's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as the Tableau there's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as the Tableau there's no way you
+can hope to produce that formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hope to produce that formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hope to produce that formula in
+polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the problem the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the problem the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the problem the formula is
+going to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be too
+big remember we're trying to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big remember we're trying to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big remember we're trying to get a
+polinomial Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time
+reduction from this language a so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from this language a so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from this language a so we
+have an input to a you know a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an input to a you know a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an input to a you know a string
+that might be an a which is We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an a which is We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an a which is We
+simulating The Machine um and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating The Machine um and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating The Machine um and then you
+know uh the size of the Tableau relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the size of the Tableau relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the size of the Tableau relative
+to W is going to be something enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W is going to be something enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W is going to be something enormous
+and so if the formula is as big as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if the formula is as big as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if the formula is as big as the
+Tableau there's no way to produce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tableau there's no way to produce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tableau there's no way to produce that
+formula in polinomial time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in polinomial time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in polinomial time so this is
+not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to
+work let's try again so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's try again so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's try again so now we have
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh now so remember this notation from CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now so remember this notation from CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now so remember this notation from CI
+to CJ in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps okay so we're going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay so we're going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay so we're going to give a
+general way of constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way of constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way of constructing
+formulas which Express this fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas which Express this fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas which Express this fact that I
+can get from uh configuration I of M to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from uh configuration I of M to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from uh configuration I of M to
+configuration J of M in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration J of M in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration J of M in B
+steps whatever that b is B is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps whatever that b is B is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps whatever that b is B is going to
+be some bound and I want to know uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some bound and I want to know uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some bound and I want to know uh can
+I get from this configuration to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get from this configuration to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get from this configuration to that
+configuration and I want to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and I want to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and I want to write that
+down as a a formula which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a a formula which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a a formula which is going to
+express that fact and it'll be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that fact and it'll be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that fact and it'll be either
+true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+false and I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and I'm going to give you a
+recursive Construction for this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive Construction for this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive Construction for this formula
+so I'm going to build that formula um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to build that formula um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to build that formula um uh
+for a value B out of formulas uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value B out of formulas uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value B out of formulas uh for
+smaller values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values of
+B okay so this is going to be a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this is going to be a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this is going to be a way of
+constructing that formula in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing that formula in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing that formula in terms of
+other formulas that I'm going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formulas that I'm going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formulas that I'm going to build
+and there's going to be a basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a basis for the
+recursion when b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion when b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion when b equals
+1 okay so that's the big picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so that's the big picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so that's the big picture so
+let's see how does this formula look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's let's not worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's let's not worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's let's not worry about the
+case for b equal 1 right now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for b equal 1 right now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for b equal 1 right now this is the
+case for larger values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for larger values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for larger values of
+B so I'm G to the fact of that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I'm G to the fact of that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I'm G to the fact of that I can get
+from CI to CJ within B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from CI to CJ within B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from CI to CJ within B
+steps I'm going to write this down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I'm going to write this down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I'm going to write this down in
+the in this way uh and let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this way uh and let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this way uh and let's try
+to uh unpack that and see what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying um you know without worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um you know without worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um you know without worrying
+about how we going to carry this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we going to carry this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we going to carry this out
+let's just try to understand at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try to understand at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try to understand at a high
+level the semantics of this thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the semantics of this thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the semantics of this thing what
+is trying to say to you it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to say to you it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to say to you it's going to
+say well I can get from CI to CJ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I can get from CI to CJ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I can get from CI to CJ in
+bsteps so M can get from CI to CJ and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsteps so M can get from CI to CJ and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsteps so M can get from CI to CJ and B
+steps if there is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps if there is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps if there is some other
+configuration C Mid I'm calling some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration C Mid I'm calling some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration C Mid I'm calling some
+other configur I'm calling it C Mid very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other configur I'm calling it C Mid very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other configur I'm calling it C Mid very
+much inspired by the previous proof um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much inspired by the previous proof um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much inspired by the previous proof um
+Savage's theorem where there was C Mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savage's theorem where there was C Mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savage's theorem where there was C Mid
+was that intermediate configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that intermediate configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that intermediate configuration so
+now instead of trying them all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of trying them all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of trying them all I'm
+saying does there exist one where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying does there exist one where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying does there exist one where I can
+get from CI to C Mid in half the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from CI to C Mid in half the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from CI to C Mid in half the number
+of steps and from C Mid to CJ in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps and from C Mid to CJ in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps and from C Mid to CJ in half
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps so if I can build these two config
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so if I can build these two config
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so if I can build these two config
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+formulas then I can combine them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas then I can combine them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas then I can combine them with
+this sort of extra stuff out here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of extra stuff out here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of extra stuff out here and
+them and them together and put an exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and them together and put an exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and them together and put an exist
+quantifier says does there exist some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier says does there exist some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier says does there exist some
+configuration some way to findi find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration some way to findi find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration some way to findi find a
+configuration such that it works as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration such that it works as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration such that it works as
+these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas
+require if I can do that then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require if I can do that then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require if I can do that then I'm going
+to be good because then I can um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be good because then I can um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be good because then I can um well
+good at least I'll be good in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at least I'll be good in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at least I'll be good in terms of
+making something that is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something that is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something that is going to work
+um so first of all let's understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all let's understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all let's understand what
+I mean by writing down uh does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by writing down uh does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by writing down uh does there
+exist C Mid it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist C Mid it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist C Mid it's really
+if you you know thinking back to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know thinking back to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know thinking back to the way
+we did the cookle theorem we represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the cookle theorem we represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the cookle theorem we represented
+these configurations by variables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations by variables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations by variables which
+uh were indicator variables for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were indicator variables for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were indicator variables for each of
+the cells and we're going to do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells and we're going to do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells and we're going to do exactly
+the same thing so we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so we're going to have a
+bunch of Boolean variables which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Boolean variables which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Boolean variables which are
+going to represent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent some
+configuration so more more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so more more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so more more you know
+formally or in more detail what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally or in more detail what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally or in more detail what this
+does there existence C Mid really is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there existence C Mid really is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there existence C Mid really is an
+assign into all of those variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign into all of those variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign into all of those variables that
+represent um the cells of the contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent um the cells of the contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent um the cells of the contents
+of the cells of those uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells of those uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells of those uh of that
+configuration okay so now let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration okay so now let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration okay so now let's see how
+to you know how does how will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know how does how will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know how does how will the
+recursion work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion work so
+um to get this value here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get this value here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get this value here I'm going to
+do the recursion further so does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the recursion further so does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the recursion further so does there
+exist a C Mid and now um for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a C Mid and now um for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a C Mid and now um for getting
+from CI to C Mid can is there some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from CI to C Mid can is there some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from CI to C Mid can is there some other
+C Mid this is like another value of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Mid this is like another value of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Mid this is like another value of w
+from the previous slide where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide where I'm
+getting again I'm cutting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting again I'm cutting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting again I'm cutting the number of
+steps in half again so I'm going from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in half again so I'm going from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in half again so I'm going from B
+over two steps to B over four steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two steps to B over four steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two steps to B over four steps and
+I'm going to do the same thing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the same thing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the same thing over
+here so I'm just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm just uh
+unraveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unraveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unraveling
+the uh the construction of this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the construction of this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the construction of this formula
+in terms of um building build by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um building build by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um building build by
+building it up recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it up recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it up recursively
+um so um and then I'm just going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um and then I'm just going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um and then I'm just going to keep
+doing that until I get down to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that until I get down to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that until I get down to the case
+where b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b equals
+1 um and when if I'm now trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 um and when if I'm now trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 um and when if I'm now trying to make
+a formula that's going to be say I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that's going to be say I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that's going to be say I can
+get from CI to CJ in just a single step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from CI to CJ in just a single step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from CI to CJ in just a single step
+so this is really talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really talking about a
+tableau of height one or height two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau of height one or height two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau of height one or height two then
+I can just uh directly write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just uh directly write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just uh directly write that down
+the way I now the Tableau is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I now the Tableau is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I now the Tableau is not very
+big so now I can write that down using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so now I can write that down using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so now I can write that down using
+the neighborhoods and so on that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhoods and so on that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhoods and so on that I did
+in the cookle theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cookle theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cookle theorem
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+um and this is how you put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is how you put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is how you put it all
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+um and now if you want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now if you want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now if you want to talk about the
+um uh getting from does does m accept W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh getting from does does m accept W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh getting from does does m accept W
+so I initially say can I get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I initially say can I get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I initially say can I get from the
+start configuration to the accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration to the accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration to the accept
+configuration in t-steps which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in t-steps which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in t-steps which is the
+maximum running time of the machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum running time of the machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum running time of the machine so
+again you know if you followed me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know if you followed me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know if you followed me what
+happened um in Savage's theorem it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened um in Savage's theorem it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened um in Savage's theorem it's the
+same it's the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's the same uh
+values uh now the thing is is we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh now the thing is is we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh now the thing is is we have to
+understand how big this formula is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how big this formula is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how big this formula is and
+if you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh if you think it through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think it through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think it through um
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+problem because what's going on here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because what's going on here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because what's going on here I'm
+expressing this formula in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing this formula in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing this formula in terms of
+formulas where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas where
+um the size of B is cut in half but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the size of B is cut in half but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the size of B is cut in half but now
+there are two of them so it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two of them so it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two of them so it's two
+formulas on half the value of B that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas on half the value of B that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas on half the value of B that's
+not going to be a recursion that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be a recursion that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be a recursion that's going
+to work in our favor um so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in our favor um so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in our favor um so let's just
+see what happens so each recursive level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens so each recursive level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens so each recursive level
+uh doubles the number of formulas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doubles the number of formulas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doubles the number of formulas right
+going here we have two formulas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here we have two formulas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here we have two formulas here
+we're going to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have four
+formulas and and so on so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and and so on so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and and so on so the number of
+formulas doubles each time so the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas doubles each time so the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas doubles each time so the length
+of the thing um that we're writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing um that we're writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing um that we're writing down
+is doubling in size each time we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doubling in size each time we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doubling in size each time we go to
+down the recursion that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the recursion that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the recursion that's going to be
+okay if we don't go too many levels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we don't go too many levels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we don't go too many levels but
+unfortunately we are going quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we are going quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we are going quite a few
+levels because the number of levels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels because the number of levels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels because the number of levels is
+going to be log of this initial um EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log of this initial um EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log of this initial um EXP
+itial size thing so it's going to be end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itial size thing so it's going to be end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itial size thing so it's going to be end
+the K levels and so if you're doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K levels and so if you're doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K levels and so if you're doubling
+something into the K times you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the K times you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the K times you're going
+to end up with an exponentially sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an exponentially sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an exponentially sized
+formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and
+again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failed okay so let's I have a check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed okay so let's I have a check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed okay so let's I have a check-in
+on this but I'd like maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I'd like maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I'd like maybe we should
+spend a couple of minutes just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a couple of minutes just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a couple of minutes just making
+trying to understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what's going on
+here um because the next slide is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because the next slide is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um because the next slide is my
+really my last slide and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my last slide and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my last slide and it's going to
+fix this problem but let's make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this problem but let's make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this problem but let's make sure we
+understand what the problem is before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the problem is before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the problem is before we
+try to fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um why can we no longer write over each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why can we no longer write over each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why can we no longer write over each
+layer of the recursion as we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the recursion as we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the recursion as we did in
+latter oh that's kind of a cool question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter oh that's kind of a cool question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter oh that's kind of a cool question
+what does it even mean to write over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it even mean to write over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it even mean to write over the
+different well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well you
+know uh so that that that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so that that that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so that that that's kind of an
+interesting question here so in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question here so in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question here so in a sense
+that's going to be the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the solution
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um you know reuse things in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know reuse things in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know reuse things in a certain
+way but but for but I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but but for but I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but but for but I want you to
+understand that this method itself does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this method itself does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this method itself does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+work because this recursion here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because this recursion here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because this recursion here where
+I'm writing the formula I'm building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing the formula I'm building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing the formula I'm building the
+formula for B out of formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for B out of formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for B out of formulas for
+smaller values of be um if I if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values of be um if I if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values of be um if I if I do it
+that way I'm going to end up if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way I'm going to end up if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way I'm going to end up if I do it
+as it's described in this um procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's described in this um procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's described in this um procedure
+here I'm going to end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to end up with an
+exponentially big formula and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially big formula and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially big formula and that's not
+uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good
+enough so if you cut the formula in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if you cut the formula in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if you cut the formula in half
+each time even though you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time even though you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time even though you have two
+formulas won't the length be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas won't the length be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas won't the length be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+um I'm not cutting the formula in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not cutting the formula in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not cutting the formula in half
+I'm cutting the value of B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cutting the value of B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cutting the value of B in
+half so you have to say say B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so you have to say say B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so you have to say say B is
+initially an exponentially Big Value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially an exponentially Big Value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially an exponentially Big Value so
+we're going to end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with an
+exponentially big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially big
+formula so it's not really cutting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so it's not really cutting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so it's not really cutting the
+formula in half cutting the b in half B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in half cutting the b in half B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in half cutting the b in half B
+starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out
+big I mean that b is this B is initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I mean that b is this B is initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I mean that b is this B is initially
+this value here D to the N to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K I'm worried not too many questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I'm worried not too many questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I'm worried not too many questions
+here I feeling that's that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I feeling that's that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I feeling that's that that's that's
+probably not a good sign uh so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a good sign uh so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a good sign uh so if you're
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you're well I mean if you're hopelessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well I mean if you're hopelessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well I mean if you're hopelessly
+confused maybe I can't fix it um quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused maybe I can't fix it um quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused maybe I can't fix it um quickly
+so anyway why don't we move on and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway why don't we move on and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway why don't we move on and see
+how to repair this how to fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to repair this how to fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to repair this how to fix this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+um and that is going to be by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that is going to be by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that is going to be by a
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+um in fact I know the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact I know the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact I know the people who were
+involved with coming up with this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with coming up with this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with coming up with this this
+was actually this proof was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually this proof was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually this proof was done
+originally at admit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally at admit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally at admit um
+and uh many years ago in the 1970s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many years ago in the 1970s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many years ago in the 1970s um
+and uh the folks who were involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the folks who were involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the folks who were involved with
+it called it the abbreviation trick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called it the abbreviation trick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called it the abbreviation trick so
+that's what we're going to do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do on the
+next slide uh oh no this is a check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide uh oh no this is a check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide uh oh no this is a check in
+first why shouldn't we be surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first why shouldn't we be surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first why shouldn't we be surprised that
+this construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fails um a well we can't just the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails um a well we can't just the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails um a well we can't just the notion
+of defining a Quantified bulling formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defining a Quantified bulling formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defining a Quantified bulling formula
+by by using recursion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by using recursion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by using recursion is
+just uh not allowed so you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh not allowed so you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh not allowed so you you just
+can't you can't Define formulas that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't Define formulas that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't Define formulas that way
+doesn't use the for all quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use the for all quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use the for all quantifier
+anywhere or because we know that tqbf is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere or because we know that tqbf is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere or because we know that tqbf is
+not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+P okay see what you um what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay see what you um what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay see what you um what what do you
+think why can't why should we not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think why can't why should we not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think why can't why should we not be
+surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised
+uh I guess I could put an could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess I could put an could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess I could put an could could
+have put a D in there not surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put a D in there not surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put a D in there not surprised
+because you're not you don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not you don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not you don't know what's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on that's another reason not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's another reason not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's another reason not to be
+surprised but um anyway um hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised but um anyway um hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised but um anyway um hopefully you
+have some glimmer of what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some glimmer of what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some glimmer of what what's
+happening here and why don't we just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and why don't we just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and why don't we just uh
+almost finished so I'm going to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost finished so I'm going to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost finished so I'm going to shut
+this down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in a
+second last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second last
+call okay ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay ending
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so in fact the right answer is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in fact the right answer is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in fact the right answer is B
+um I mean one should be suspicious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean one should be suspicious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean one should be suspicious that
+if you're not you know if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not you know if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not you know if you're not
+you're not there's no for alls appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not there's no for alls appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not there's no for alls appearing
+in this construction anywhere um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this construction anywhere um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this construction anywhere um so
+really what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're doing is we're
+constructing a formula that has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing a formula that has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing a formula that has only
+exist quantifiers so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist quantifiers so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist quantifiers so it's a
+satisfiability problem so really what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability problem so really what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability problem so really what we
+just did was we constructed a um we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did was we constructed a um we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did was we constructed a um we we
+did in a more complicated way the cookle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in a more complicated way the cookle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in a more complicated way the cookle
+construction because you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction because you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction because you end up with a
+sat sat formula only with exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat sat formula only with exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat sat formula only with exist
+quantifiers and so uh really try one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and so uh really try one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and so uh really try one and
+try two were the same so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try two were the same so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try two were the same so it's not
+surprising that you end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that you end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that you end up with an
+exponentially um big um formula as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um big um formula as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um big um formula as a
+result I don't know a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I don't know a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I don't know a lot of you
+answered we know that tqbf is in P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered we know that tqbf is in P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered we know that tqbf is in P is
+not in P we don't know that I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in P we don't know that I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in P we don't know that I don't know
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+you what's happening with you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's happening with you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's happening with you guys
+uh uh but no uh maybe that was a protest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but no uh maybe that was a protest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but no uh maybe that was a protest
+vote uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote uh
+but anyway no we we don't know that TQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway no we we don't know that TQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway no we we don't know that TQ
+and what does that got to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that got to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that got to do with
+anything anyway so anyway that's Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anyway so anyway that's Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anyway so anyway that's Le
+let's let's see how we solve this um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see how we solve this um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see how we solve this um in
+our remaining uh few minutes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our remaining uh few minutes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our remaining uh few minutes here
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here is the
+solution re he remember the this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution re he remember the this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution re he remember the this part
+where we're saying we're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're saying we're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're saying we're trying to find
+C Mid um does there exist a C Mid such I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Mid um does there exist a C Mid such I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Mid um does there exist a C Mid such I
+can get from CI to C Mid and half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from CI to C Mid and half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from CI to C Mid and half the
+number of steps and c m to CJ in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps and c m to CJ in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps and c m to CJ in half
+the number of steps I'm expressing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps I'm expressing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps I'm expressing one
+formula in terms of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in terms of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in terms of two
+formulas that's where the blowup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that's where the blowup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that's where the blowup is
+occurring because these two are then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring because these two are then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring because these two are then in
+turns going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns going to
+each so these two going to become four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so these two going to become four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so these two going to become four
+become eight and that's not good can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become eight and that's not good can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become eight and that's not good can I
+express this fact in terms of just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this fact in terms of just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this fact in terms of just one
+formula and it's kind of a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's kind of a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's kind of a little a
+little bit in the spirit of someone your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the spirit of someone your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the spirit of someone your
+suggestions can we kind of reuse things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions can we kind of reuse things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions can we kind of reuse things
+in a way and that's what we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way and that's what we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way and that's what we're actually
+kind of kind of do um so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of do um so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of do um so here's another
+way of saying the same thing but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying the same thing but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying the same thing but with
+just a single formula and it uses a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single formula and it uses a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single formula and it uses a for
+all and the idea behind it is that a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the idea behind it is that a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the idea behind it is that a an
+and is kind of like a for all or a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is kind of like a for all or a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is kind of like a for all or a for
+all is kind of like an and just like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is kind of like an and just like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is kind of like an and just like an
+exist is kind of like an or so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is kind of like an or so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is kind of like an or so when
+you're saying does something exist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying does something exist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying does something exist you
+know it's is it this thing or that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's is it this thing or that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's is it this thing or that thing
+or that thing or that thing and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that thing or that thing and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that thing or that thing and when you
+on saying for all it has this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on saying for all it has this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on saying for all it has this thing and
+that thing and that thing and that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing and that thing and that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing and that thing and that thing
+so ands and for alls are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ands and for alls are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ands and for alls are very much
+related and so we're going to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and so we're going to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and so we're going to convert
+this and into a for all we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and into a for all we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and into a for all we're going to
+say for all configurations CG and CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for all configurations CG and CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for all configurations CG and CH
+that are either set to c i c mid or to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either set to c i c mid or to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either set to c i c mid or to C
+Mid CJ the formula CG c i can get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mid CJ the formula CG c i can get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mid CJ the formula CG c i can get from
+CG to CH in half the number of steps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CG to CH in half the number of steps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CG to CH in half the number of steps so
+you have to think about what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about what this is
+mean here um uh and I also want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean here um uh and I also want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean here um uh and I also want to make
+sure that you don't feel I'm cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you don't feel I'm cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you don't feel I'm cheating
+you because well first of all so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because well first of all so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because well first of all so now we
+have just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a single
+formula we're going to go down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we're going to go down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we're going to go down to the
+case b equals 1 as we did before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b equals 1 as we did before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b equals 1 as we did before you
+have to make sure that saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that saying this
+restricted for all is is not a cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted for all is is not a cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted for all is is not a cheat
+when you have for all x's and S like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have for all x's and S like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have for all x's and S like we
+have over here is equivalent to saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over here is equivalent to saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over here is equivalent to saying
+for all x if x happens to be an S then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x if x happens to be an S then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x if x happens to be an S then
+the other thing follows and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing follows and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing follows and this
+implication can be expressed using NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication can be expressed using NS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication can be expressed using NS
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ores um and as before the initial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores um and as before the initial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores um and as before the initial um
+starting point is going to be with going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is going to be with going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is going to be with going
+from C start to C accept in t-steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C start to C accept in t-steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C start to C accept in t-steps and
+so the analysis that we get is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the analysis that we get is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the analysis that we get is that uh
+because there's no longer a blowup each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no longer a blowup each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no longer a blowup each
+recursive level just adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive level just adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive level just adds
+um this stuff here in front um the exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this stuff here in front um the exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this stuff here in front um the exist
+C Mid and the for and this for all part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Mid and the for and this for all part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Mid and the for and this for all part
+so that's going to be adding order n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be adding order n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be adding order n to
+the to the to the formula instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the to the formula instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the to the formula instead of
+multiplying because we have two formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying because we have two formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying because we have two formulas
+um and now the total number of levels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now the total number of levels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now the total number of levels is
+order n to the K as before so the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n to the K as before so the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n to the K as before so the size
+is going to be n the K time n the k um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be n the K time n the k um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be n the K time n the k um
+uh or order into the 2K um I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or order into the 2K um I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or order into the 2K um I actually
+had a brief check in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a brief check in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a brief check in here
+um which I'd like you to do just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I'd like you to do just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I'd like you to do just you
+know in our remaining few seconds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in our remaining few seconds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in our remaining few seconds um
+does this construction depend on M being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this construction depend on M being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this construction depend on M being
+deterministic um so let me just launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic um so let me just launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic um so let me just launch
+that uh I want you to guys to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I want you to guys to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I want you to guys to get your
+check in credit here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact if you
+uh you have to think this through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to think this through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to think this through um
+we're that formula says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're that formula says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're that formula says
+that the Tableau you you get a tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Tableau you you get a tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Tableau you you get a tableau
+is that going to matter depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to matter depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to matter depending upon
+whether it's deterministic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's deterministic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's deterministic or
+non-deterministic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic it's
+actually um well it's a kind of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um well it's a kind of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um well it's a kind of running
+50/50 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 here
+um why to just pick something because i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why to just pick something because i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why to just pick something because i'
+i' I'd like to just uh close this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I'd like to just uh close this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I'd like to just uh close this out
+and just get to our last slide um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just get to our last slide um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just get to our last slide um so if
+you don't don't follow don't worry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't don't follow don't worry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't don't follow don't worry um
+but it's actually interesting point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually interesting point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually interesting point that
+um the fact that this um so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that this um so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that this um so I'm going to
+end this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in uh so in fact the right answer is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh so in fact the right answer is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh so in fact the right answer is um
+it still would work if it's if it's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still would work if it's if it's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still would work if it's if it's non
+deterministic and this would give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and this would give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic and this would give you an
+alternative way of proving Savages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of proving Savages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of proving Savages
+theorem so really this all comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so really this all comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so really this all comes down to
+this proof which implies Savages theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof which implies Savages theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof which implies Savages theorem
+and then in turn implies the latter DFA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in turn implies the latter DFA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in turn implies the latter DFA
+problem so anyway that's side note not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so anyway that's side note not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so anyway that's side note not
+critical for scanning really you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for scanning really you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for scanning really you can
+take those as all separate results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those as all separate results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those as all separate results and
+and that's good that's good enough all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good that's good enough all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good that's good enough all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um coming back oops uh coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um coming back oops uh coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um coming back oops uh coming
+back this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this is
+uh this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is what we
+did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and
+um so each recursive level the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so each recursive level the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so each recursive level the size of
+the qbf is not the same somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qbf is not the same somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qbf is not the same somebody's
+asking is it the same at each recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is it the same at each recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is it the same at each recursive
+level now we had to add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now we had to add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now we had to add in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's just see what each recursion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just see what each recursion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just see what each recursion so
+you know we have this recur this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have this recur this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have this recur this is
+recursively built here but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively built here but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively built here but now we have
+to add this part in front and this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add this part in front and this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add this part in front and this part
+here in front so the quantifier you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in front so the quantifier you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in front so the quantifier you know
+which is Quantified over a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Quantified over a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Quantified over a bunch of
+variables representing the configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables representing the configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables representing the configuration
+that gets added on at each level so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets added on at each level so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets added on at each level so it's
+not that it stays the same um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it stays the same um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it stays the same um there's
+stuff that's get added in but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's get added in but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's get added in but what's
+important is that doesn't blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponentially um the Stu thatu gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um the Stu thatu gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um the Stu thatu gets
+added in every time but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplied um okay so we we're done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied um okay so we we're done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied um okay so we we're done here
+so anybody you can all take off I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anybody you can all take off I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anybody you can all take off I think
+many of you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you already have
+bye-bye thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye-bye thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye-bye thank
+you for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aheyquidLO8.txt b/aheyquidLO8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..914823752d65068b7d3ddd5c5dbc9914ff5d9004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aheyquidLO8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's think a bit more about the FSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a bit more about the FSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a bit more about the FSM
+abstraction if we see an FSM that uses K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction if we see an FSM that uses K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction if we see an FSM that uses K
+state bits what can we say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state bits what can we say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state bits what can we say about the
+number of states in the state transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states in the state transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states in the state transition
+diagram well we know the FSM can have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram well we know the FSM can have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram well we know the FSM can have at
+most 2 to the K States since that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 2 to the K States since that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 2 to the K States since that's the
+number of unique combinations of K bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unique combinations of K bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unique combinations of K bits
+suppose we connect to FSMs in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we connect to FSMs in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we connect to FSMs in series
+with the outputs of the first FSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outputs of the first FSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outputs of the first FSM
+serving as the inputs to the second this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving as the inputs to the second this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving as the inputs to the second this
+larger system is also an FSM how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger system is also an FSM how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger system is also an FSM how many
+states does it have well if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states does it have well if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states does it have well if we don't
+know the details of either of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the details of either of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the details of either of the
+component FSMs the upper bound or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FSMs the upper bound or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FSMs the upper bound or the
+number of states for the larger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states for the larger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states for the larger system
+is M times n this is because it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is M times n this is because it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is M times n this is because it may be
+possible for their first FSM to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for their first FSM to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for their first FSM to be in
+any of its M States while the second FSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of its M States while the second FSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of its M States while the second FSM
+is in any of its end states note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in any of its end states note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in any of its end states note that
+the answer doesn't depend on X or Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer doesn't depend on X or Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer doesn't depend on X or Y the
+number of input signals to each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of input signals to each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of input signals to each of the
+component FSMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FSMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component FSMs
+wider inputs just mean that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider inputs just mean that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider inputs just mean that there are
+longer labels on the transitions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer labels on the transitions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer labels on the transitions in the
+state transition diagram but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram but doesn't
+tell us anything about the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us anything about the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us anything about the number of
+internal states finally here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal states finally here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal states finally here's a
+question that's a bit trickier than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's a bit trickier than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's a bit trickier than it
+seems I give you an FSM with two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems I give you an FSM with two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems I give you an FSM with two inputs
+labeled 0 in one and one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 0 in one and one output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 0 in one and one output
+implemented as a light then I ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented as a light then I ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented as a light then I ask you to
+discover its state transition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover its state transition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover its state transition diagram
+can you do it just to be a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it just to be a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it just to be a bit more
+concrete you experiment for an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete you experiment for an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete you experiment for an hour
+pushing the buttons in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the buttons in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the buttons in a variety of
+sequences each time you push the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences each time you push the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences each time you push the 0
+button the light goes off if it was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button the light goes off if it was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button the light goes off if it was on
+and when you push the one button the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you push the one button the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you push the one button the
+light goes on if it was off otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light goes on if it was off otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light goes on if it was off otherwise
+nothing seems to happen with state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing seems to happen with state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing seems to happen with state
+transition diagram could we draw based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition diagram could we draw based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition diagram could we draw based
+on our experiments consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our experiments consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our experiments consider the
+following two state transition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two state transition diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two state transition diagrams
+the top diagram describes the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top diagram describes the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top diagram describes the behavior
+we observed in our experiments pushing 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed in our experiments pushing 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed in our experiments pushing 0
+turns the light off pushing 1 turns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the light off pushing 1 turns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the light off pushing 1 turns the
+light on the second diagram appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the second diagram appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the second diagram appears to
+do the same thing unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing unless
+you happen to push the one button four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to push the one button four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to push the one button four
+times in a row if we don't have an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in a row if we don't have an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in a row if we don't have an upper
+bound on the number of states in the FSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the number of states in the FSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the number of states in the FSM
+we can never be sure that we've explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can never be sure that we've explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can never be sure that we've explored
+all this possible behaviors but if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this possible behaviors but if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this possible behaviors but if we do
+have an upper bound say K on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an upper bound say K on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an upper bound say K on the number
+of states and we reset the FSM to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states and we reset the FSM to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states and we reset the FSM to its
+initial state we can't discover its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state we can't discover its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state we can't discover its
+behavior this is because in a K State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior this is because in a K State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior this is because in a K State
+FSM every reachable State can be reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM every reachable State can be reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM every reachable State can be reached
+in less than K transitions starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less than K transitions starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less than K transitions starting from
+the initial State so if we try all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial State so if we try all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial State so if we try all the
+possible case step input sequences one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible case step input sequences one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible case step input sequences one
+after another starting each trial at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after another starting each trial at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after another starting each trial at the
+initial state will be guaranteed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state will be guaranteed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state will be guaranteed to have
+visited every state in the machine our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited every state in the machine our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited every state in the machine our
+answer is also complicated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is also complicated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is also complicated by the
+observation that FSMs with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that FSMs with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that FSMs with different
+number of states may be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states may be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states may be equivalent
+here are two FSM s1 with two states one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are two FSM s1 with two states one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are two FSM s1 with two states one
+with five states are they different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five states are they different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five states are they different
+well not in any practical sense since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not in any practical sense since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not in any practical sense since
+the FSM s are externally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FSM s are externally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FSM s are externally
+indistinguishable we can use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable we can use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable we can use them
+interchangeably we say that two FSMs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably we say that two FSMs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably we say that two FSMs are
+equivalent if and only if every input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if and only if every input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if and only if every input
+sequence yields identical output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence yields identical output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence yields identical output
+sequences from both FSMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences from both FSMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences from both FSMs
+so as engineers if we have an FSM we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as engineers if we have an FSM we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as engineers if we have an FSM we
+would like to find the simplest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to find the simplest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to find the simplest and
+hence the least expensive equivalent FSM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the least expensive equivalent FSM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the least expensive equivalent FSM
+we'll talk about how to find smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to find smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to find smaller
+equivalent FSMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent FSMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent FSMs
+in the context of our next example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/avWOCswUJyI.txt b/avWOCswUJyI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..941b4b4ee727f931e8490a58582385a2d21811f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/avWOCswUJyI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll start today with an animation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start today with an animation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start today with an animation I
+think most of you have seen this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you have seen this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you have seen this I'll
+raise your hand if you haven't you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you haven't you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you haven't you have
+not seen this so some some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen this so some some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen this so some some of you have
+not okay so I'm gonna just play it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so I'm gonna just play it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so I'm gonna just play it this
+is London and you're gonna see different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is London and you're gonna see different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is London and you're gonna see different
+colors there's a legend on the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors there's a legend on the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors there's a legend on the sea
+weekend there's a legend right here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend there's a legend right here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend there's a legend right here on
+the on this corner lower left and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on this corner lower left and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on this corner lower left and blue
+stands for some card holder in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for some card holder in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for some card holder in the
+London system that has not yet been or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London system that has not yet been or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London system that has not yet been or
+it's after the last time that person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's after the last time that person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's after the last time that person was
+seen so it's a proxy for home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so it's a proxy for home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so it's a proxy for home
+essentially Green right Green is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Green right Green is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Green right Green is gonna
+be a proxy for for for travel it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a proxy for for for travel it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a proxy for for for travel it not
+wanna proxy it's gonna mean that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna proxy it's gonna mean that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna proxy it's gonna mean that this
+card is currently in the TfL system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is currently in the TfL system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is currently in the TfL system in a
+bus ride or in a train somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus ride or in a train somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus ride or in a train somewhere and
+then red will show anything between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then red will show anything between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then red will show anything between
+trips that day okay so that's a proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips that day okay so that's a proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips that day okay so that's a proxy
+for work or it could be a proxy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work or it could be a proxy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work or it could be a proxy for
+shopping or restaurants or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping or restaurants or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping or restaurants or anything
+it beats between travel before last so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it beats between travel before last so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it beats between travel before last so
+after the last trip is completed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the last trip is completed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the last trip is completed and
+before the last trip ends there's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the last trip ends there's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the last trip ends there's gonna
+play this and hopefully this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this and hopefully this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this and hopefully this will
+motivate the discussion yeah the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate the discussion yeah the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate the discussion yeah the rest of
+the lecture so you can see the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture so you can see the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture so you can see the time at
+the bottom sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom sorry
+so you see the morning rush and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the morning rush and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the morning rush and then
+people starting to work so it turns red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people starting to work so it turns red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people starting to work so it turns red
+that means more most people are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means more most people are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means more most people are are
+between trips right you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trips right you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trips right you see a lot of
+buzz in the middle of the city middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzz in the middle of the city middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzz in the middle of the city middle of
+the day and then as we approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and then as we approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and then as we approach the
+afternoon peak you start seeing the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon peak you start seeing the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon peak you start seeing the more
+green activity starting from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green activity starting from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green activity starting from the center
+going out are you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then some bluest people reach their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some bluest people reach their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some bluest people reach their
+homes and won't travel again that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and won't travel again that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and won't travel again that day
+still a lot of activity in some centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of activity in some centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of activity in some centers
+especially in the center of London a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the center of London a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the center of London a lot
+of travel still and then past midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of travel still and then past midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of travel still and then past midnight
+you sort of see Soho so you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of see Soho so you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of see Soho so you know where
+to hang out in London okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang out in London okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang out in London okay okay so
+before we continue any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we continue any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we continue any questions about
+that video so yeah in this video there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video so yeah in this video there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that video so yeah in this video there
+are there are multiple ways of yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are multiple ways of yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are multiple ways of yeah so
+there are multiple ways of generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple ways of generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple ways of generating
+this visualization and the one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visualization and the one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visualization and the one that was
+used to the one of my colleague used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to the one of my colleague used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to the one of my colleague used to
+make this by the way this this video was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this by the way this this video was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this by the way this this video was
+made by my colleague Jay Gordon you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by my colleague Jay Gordon you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by my colleague Jay Gordon you'll
+see in the last slide the references to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the last slide the references to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the last slide the references to
+his papers and to the website with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his papers and to the website with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his papers and to the website with a
+link to a video so yeah for for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to a video so yeah for for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to a video so yeah for for each
+stage when we'll talk about what a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage when we'll talk about what a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage when we'll talk about what a stage
+is for each of these trips for now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of these trips for now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of these trips for now you
+could do it a straight line or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it a straight line or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it a straight line or you could
+really interpolate geographically along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interpolate geographically along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interpolate geographically along
+the line and some in some aspects those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and some in some aspects those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and some in some aspects those
+straight line one yeah is showing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line one yeah is showing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line one yeah is showing like
+isochrones almost so it's more visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isochrones almost so it's more visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isochrones almost so it's more visually
+it's easier to understand literally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to understand literally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to understand literally the
+OD pairs when you do it that way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD pairs when you do it that way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD pairs when you do it that way but
+both have value and you could look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have value and you could look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have value and you could look at it
+both ways any other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways any other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways any other questions about this
+animation facilitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk about yeah let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about yeah let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about yeah let's talk
+about how we made that and so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we made that and so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we made that and so what what
+goes into creating this visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into creating this visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into creating this visualization
+and what what data was used Toria so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what data was used Toria so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what data was used Toria so
+today's lecture is on origin destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is on origin destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is on origin destination
+and transfer inference we abbreviate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer inference we abbreviate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer inference we abbreviate the
+OD x 0 for origin D for destination X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD x 0 for origin D for destination X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD x 0 for origin D for destination X
+being more graphical two lines crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more graphical two lines crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more graphical two lines crossing
+in the middle so your opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle so your opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle so your opportunity to
+transfer or interchange in if we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer or interchange in if we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer or interchange in if we use the
+British term for transfers that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British term for transfers that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British term for transfers that would be
+interchange so what's common in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange so what's common in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange so what's common in all
+these methods is that we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods is that we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods is that we're gonna be
+basing these methods on automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basing these methods on automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basing these methods on automatically
+collected data right so we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data right so we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data right so we're gonna be
+using AFC a VL a PC instead of manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using AFC a VL a PC instead of manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using AFC a VL a PC instead of manual
+surveys there are ways of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys there are ways of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys there are ways of estimating
+origin destination matrices it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin destination matrices it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin destination matrices it in the
+traditional way with manual surveys you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way with manual surveys you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way with manual surveys you
+go out and you distribute colored cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and you distribute colored cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and you distribute colored cards
+and collect them and and you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect them and and you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect them and and you can do this
+so a little bit about that when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit about that when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit about that when we talk
+sort of a I'm sorry planning this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a I'm sorry planning this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a I'm sorry planning this these
+methods can be used some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can be used some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can be used some of these
+methods can be used to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can be used to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can be used to infer
+destinations and open systems so open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations and open systems so open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations and open systems so open
+systems are like bus and rail here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are like bus and rail here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are like bus and rail here in
+Boston where you tap in but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston where you tap in but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston where you tap in but you don't
+tap out right if you look at the rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap out right if you look at the rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap out right if you look at the rail
+system in London or in Washington DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in London or in Washington DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in London or in Washington DC
+that's a closed system where you tap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a closed system where you tap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a closed system where you tap in
+and tap out and therefore the only pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tap out and therefore the only pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tap out and therefore the only pair
+for each trip is given in that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each trip is given in that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each trip is given in that part of
+the system it also in first transfers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it also in first transfers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it also in first transfers so
+we'll talk about why this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about why this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about why this is important
+one of the caveats of these methods is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the caveats of these methods is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the caveats of these methods is
+that they only look at the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they only look at the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they only look at the current
+public transportation demand so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation demand so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation demand so if you
+want a model of all the demand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a model of all the demand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a model of all the demand that
+could could be there the latent demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could be there the latent demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could be there the latent demand
+included this does not look at that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included this does not look at that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included this does not look at that so
+just be aware and also specifically one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be aware and also specifically one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be aware and also specifically one
+of the models we will look at this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the models we will look at this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the models we will look at this can't
+it can't infer destinations for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't infer destinations for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't infer destinations for every
+transaction right some of that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction right some of that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction right some of that makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+if you see a card one only one time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a card one only one time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a card one only one time they
+then necessarily have information to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then necessarily have information to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then necessarily have information to in
+destination are transfers that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination are transfers that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination are transfers that also
+happens with cash transactions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with cash transactions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with cash transactions which
+can't be tracked using a smart card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be tracked using a smart card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be tracked using a smart card
+there's variation so some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variation so some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's variation so some people might
+jump into a bus and not interact with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into a bus and not interact with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into a bus and not interact with a
+fare system so we can't capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare system so we can't capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare system so we can't capture that
+directly and then there's trips on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then there's trips on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then there's trips on other
+modes so part of the logic applying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so part of the logic applying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so part of the logic applying to
+destinations and transfers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations and transfers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations and transfers will
+essentially assume that the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assume that the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assume that the people are
+mostly travelling with public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly travelling with public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly travelling with public
+transportation and they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and they're not going to
+take uber or a long bike ride in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uber or a long bike ride in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uber or a long bike ride in between
+so we will look at that more in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will look at that more in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will look at that more in detail
+some of these methods most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these methods most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these methods most of these
+methods have been validated with surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods have been validated with surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods have been validated with surveys
+with the good results and they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the good results and they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the good results and they need to
+be scaled up because they don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scaled up because they don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scaled up because they don't make
+inferences for every card do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences for every card do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences for every card do you want
+the full demand you need to scale it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full demand you need to scale it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full demand you need to scale it up
+to a full demand we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a full demand we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a full demand we'll talk about
+scaling questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know I don't know yeah I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't know yeah I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't know yeah I don't
+have information about that so here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have information about that so here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have information about that so here so
+it could be fare evasion or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be fare evasion or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be fare evasion or it could be
+you might have a pass and hop onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a pass and hop onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a pass and hop onto the
+bus and that wouldn't be technically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and that wouldn't be technically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and that wouldn't be technically it
+wouldn't be fair evasion but it's it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be fair evasion but it's it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be fair evasion but it's it is
+not interaction so yeah that would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interaction so yeah that would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interaction so yeah that would still
+be counted here that's fair evasion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be counted here that's fair evasion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be counted here that's fair evasion but
+that's right so they're they're they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so they're they're they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so they're they're they are
+using fray vation esse you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fray vation esse you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fray vation esse you know more
+broadly it is high though because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly it is high though because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly it is high though because the
+train attendant don't manage to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train attendant don't manage to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train attendant don't manage to collect
+tickets from everyone and there are ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets from everyone and there are ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets from everyone and there are ways
+to game the system where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to game the system where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to game the system where you can
+activate it to get only the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate it to get only the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate it to get only the very
+inspectors approaching you so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors approaching you so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors approaching you so that's a
+flaw in the system and yeah so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaw in the system and yeah so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaw in the system and yeah so all right
+so more generally when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more generally when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more generally when we talk about
+data collection systems we've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection systems we've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection systems we've seen the
+key ones right AVL AP AFC APC I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ones right AVL AP AFC APC I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ones right AVL AP AFC APC I think
+we're all familiar with how these look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with how these look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with how these look
+does anybody have questions on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have questions on any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have questions on any of
+these systems right now you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems right now you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems right now you're looking
+at some data in your homework Lee how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some data in your homework Lee how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some data in your homework Lee how
+question okay all right so they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay all right so they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay all right so they can be
+used for many things and so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for many things and so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for many things and so if you look
+at supply and demand they both produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at supply and demand they both produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at supply and demand they both produce
+automatically collected the data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically collected the data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically collected the data right
+so under the men's side we have the fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under the men's side we have the fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under the men's side we have the fair
+transactions of the AFC system on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions of the AFC system on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions of the AFC system on the
+supply side you have the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side you have the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side you have the vehicle
+tracking of the AVL system you have a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking of the AVL system you have a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking of the AVL system you have a PC
+as well so they can be sent to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so they can be sent to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so they can be sent to some
+server where our data warehouse and used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server where our data warehouse and used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server where our data warehouse and used
+for many things it could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many things it could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many things it could be used for
+offline functions so performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline functions so performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline functions so performance
+measurement is one example of that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is one example of that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is one example of that where
+you want to measure reliability running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure reliability running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure reliability running
+times etc I could be used for service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times etc I could be used for service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times etc I could be used for service
+and operations planning and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations planning and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations planning and then it
+could also be used in real time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be used in real time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be used in real time so you
+could use some of this information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use some of this information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use some of this information to
+generate customer information which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate customer information which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate customer information which
+feeds back to the amande right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds back to the amande right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds back to the amande right you could
+send alert saying the trains are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send alert saying the trains are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send alert saying the trains are being
+delayed right now expect a longer wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed right now expect a longer wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed right now expect a longer wait
+and that could in fact influence demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could in fact influence demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could in fact influence demand
+it couldn't make some people not take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't make some people not take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't make some people not take a
+particular trip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular trip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular trip or
+wait they get it on their phone and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they get it on their phone and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they get it on their phone and then
+on the supply side the information can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side the information can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side the information can
+be used to control service so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to control service so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to control service so you might
+actually affect supply by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affect supply by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affect supply by changing the
+departure times and that would affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure times and that would affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure times and that would affect
+the data that is being generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that is being generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that is being generated from
+the supply side so there's a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply side so there's a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply side so there's a feedback
+loop in this lecture we will focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in this lecture we will focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in this lecture we will focus on
+only one aspect of this framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one aspect of this framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one aspect of this framework and
+that is origin destination matrices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is origin destination matrices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is origin destination matrices or
+in destination matrices one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in destination matrices one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in destination matrices one of the key
+inputs to service planning they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to service planning they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to service planning they are the
+key demand input to service planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key demand input to service planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key demand input to service planning and
+you need them to figure out where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need them to figure out where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need them to figure out where people
+want to go and it's just the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go and it's just the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go and it's just the data that
+expresses where people want to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses where people want to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses where people want to go and
+you should try to design your system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should try to design your system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should try to design your system to
+match that demand right so it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that demand right so it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that demand right so it used to be
+that we had to use manual surveys they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to use manual surveys they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to use manual surveys they
+were expensive they didn't cover all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expensive they didn't cover all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expensive they didn't cover all the
+times or places very well and now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or places very well and now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or places very well and now with
+all these automated data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these automated data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these automated data collection
+systems we can infer some of the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we can infer some of the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we can infer some of the origin
+destination matrices from the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination matrices from the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination matrices from the data and
+that's what we want to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to understand how
+does it happen what can we do how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it happen what can we do how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it happen what can we do how can we
+do it so all the matrix explanation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so all the matrix explanation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so all the matrix explanation can
+happen at different levels one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at different levels one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at different levels one way of
+looking at it is to think about root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it is to think about root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it is to think about root
+level versus network level so root level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level versus network level so root level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level versus network level so root level
+we're talking about one bus line and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about one bus line and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about one bus line and we
+want to look at the trips made in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the trips made in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the trips made in that
+one bus line and understand where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bus line and understand where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bus line and understand where people
+get get on and off that's route level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get on and off that's route level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get on and off that's route level so
+if you have two routes here route one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two routes here route one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two routes here route one
+route to we might notice or estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to we might notice or estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to we might notice or estimate
+that a person boards here and a lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person boards here and a lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person boards here and a lights
+here that person some of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that person some of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that person some of the people
+doing that OD pair may in fact continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that OD pair may in fact continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that OD pair may in fact continue
+on route 2 they might transfer to root 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on route 2 they might transfer to root 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on route 2 they might transfer to root 2
+so what's the drawback or why would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the drawback or why would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the drawback or why would it
+be important to know the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important to know the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important to know the transfer
+through 2 and the destination on route 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or is it irrelevant it's just cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the real the Schneider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the real the Schneider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the real the Schneider the
+place where the person actually wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the person actually wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the person actually wants to
+go my be on the destination would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go my be on the destination would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go my be on the destination would be to
+and not under the destination everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not under the destination everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not under the destination everyone
+right so that might this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that might this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that might this might be the
+only reason why the person is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lighting there is because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting there is because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting there is because that's the
+only way that's the sort of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that's the sort of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that's the sort of a function
+of the network of the supply Eva right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network of the supply Eva right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network of the supply Eva right
+right so if there were direct route from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if there were direct route from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if there were direct route from
+the first origin to the last destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first origin to the last destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first origin to the last destination
+perhaps they would prefer that and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they would prefer that and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they would prefer that and for
+service planning you want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service planning you want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service planning you want to know what
+people want to do right that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to do right that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to do right that's what the
+demand is so so we want network level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is so so we want network level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is so so we want network level so
+we go from unlinked trips to linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from unlinked trips to linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from unlinked trips to linked
+trips that's part of what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips that's part of what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips that's part of what we want to do
+at the network level we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the network level we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the network level we are looking at
+all the buses and the rail system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the buses and the rail system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the buses and the rail system so
+that's again that's what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again that's what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again that's what we want to do
+we'll look at both kinds of OD matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at both kinds of OD matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at both kinds of OD matrix
+estimation in this lecture let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation in this lecture let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation in this lecture let's start
+with one of the simpler cases consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the simpler cases consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the simpler cases consider a
+bus having a PC and the only a PC so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus having a PC and the only a PC so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus having a PC and the only a PC so a
+PC data looks like this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC data looks like this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC data looks like this you have
+timestamps you have a bus ID you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamps you have a bus ID you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamps you have a bus ID you have a
+route ID a trip ID some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route ID a trip ID some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route ID a trip ID some information
+about direction perhaps and then counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direction perhaps and then counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direction perhaps and then counts
+at each stop of how many people get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each stop of how many people get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each stop of how many people get on
+and how many people get off boarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many people get off boarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many people get off boarding
+some the Lighting's and of course a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the Lighting's and of course a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the Lighting's and of course a stop
+fighting or stop name or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting or stop name or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting or stop name or something like
+that so you can aggregate that across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can aggregate that across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can aggregate that across
+trips or or do it at a trip level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips or or do it at a trip level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips or or do it at a trip level and
+count how many people get on at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many people get on at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many people get on at each
+stop and how many people get off at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and how many people get off at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and how many people get off at each
+stop these are called control totals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop these are called control totals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop these are called control totals in
+the context of scaling so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of scaling so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of scaling so you might be
+aggregating across days for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating across days for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating across days for example for
+a 30 minute period and count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30 minute period and count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30 minute period and count how many
+people are getting on each stop getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting on each stop getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting on each stop getting
+off at each stop and then we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at each stop and then we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at each stop and then we what we
+want to estimate knowing how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to estimate knowing how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to estimate knowing how many people
+get on and off at each stop is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on and off at each stop is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on and off at each stop is the
+origin destination matrix that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin destination matrix that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin destination matrix that is the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+inside of this matrix saying how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this matrix saying how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this matrix saying how many
+people get on at stop one and off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get on at stop one and off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get on at stop one and off at
+stop three it we're showing here ten now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop three it we're showing here ten now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop three it we're showing here ten now
+you may notice that the matrix here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may notice that the matrix here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may notice that the matrix here it
+doesn't necessarily add up to the or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily add up to the or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily add up to the or it
+doesn't match the totals right so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match the totals right so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match the totals right so here
+we have 35 and 237 and it's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 35 and 237 and it's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 35 and 237 and it's where you
+just forty so we have to scale it up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forty so we have to scale it up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forty so we have to scale it up a
+little bit here we have thirty people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here we have thirty people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here we have thirty people
+getting off at stop two and we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting off at stop two and we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting off at stop two and we only have
+25 so that number is wrong we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so that number is wrong we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so that number is wrong we need to
+scale it up so what we're gonna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it up so what we're gonna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it up so what we're gonna look at
+now is a procedure called iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a procedure called iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a procedure called iterative
+proportional fitting that estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional fitting that estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional fitting that estimates
+given some control totals what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some control totals what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some control totals what the
+origin destination matrix is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin destination matrix is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin destination matrix is this is
+known as by proportional fitting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as by proportional fitting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as by proportional fitting or
+matrix scaling as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix scaling as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix scaling as well
+and we start with some initial matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we start with some initial matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we start with some initial matrix or
+some seed matrix in here in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some seed matrix in here in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some seed matrix in here in the center
+the value of that seed matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that seed matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that seed matrix is
+important it affects the solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it affects the solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it affects the solution so
+having an accurate seed matrix improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an accurate seed matrix improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an accurate seed matrix improves
+the accuracy of the final estimate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy of the final estimate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy of the final estimate if
+you don't have an idea then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have an idea then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have an idea then you could
+certainly initialize that seed matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly initialize that seed matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly initialize that seed matrix
+with all the ones and it'll produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the ones and it'll produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the ones and it'll produce an
+output but it may not be the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but it may not be the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but it may not be the the best
+output or the most accurate result so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or the most accurate result so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or the most accurate result so it
+is has been shown that if all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has been shown that if all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has been shown that if all the values
+provided in the matrix are strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided in the matrix are strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided in the matrix are strictly
+positive and here i am excluding what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and here i am excluding what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and here i am excluding what we
+call structural zeros so all the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call structural zeros so all the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call structural zeros so all the cells
+in which people could actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which people could actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which people could actually be
+traveling here we are showing a route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling here we are showing a route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling here we are showing a route
+with four stops ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a matrix showing how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix showing how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix showing how many people
+go from A to B from A to C from E to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from A to B from A to C from E to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from A to B from A to C from E to D
+from B to C from B to D and from C to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to C from B to D and from C to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to C from B to D and from C to D
+right those are the only possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are the only possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are the only possible
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+nobody's gonna or OD pears nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna or OD pears nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna or OD pears nobody's
+gonna go from A to A because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go from A to A because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go from A to A because that's the
+same stuff so that's not a valid trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff so that's not a valid trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff so that's not a valid trip
+and we're only looking at one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're only looking at one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're only looking at one direction
+so anything below that diagonal would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything below that diagonal would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything below that diagonal would be
+in the opposite direction and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction and we're not
+including it in this example so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including it in this example so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including it in this example so right so
+what we want to do is start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is start off with
+adding up each row adding up each column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up each row adding up each column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up each row adding up each column
+so we have total lighting's and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have total lighting's and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have total lighting's and total
+boarding so I want them to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding so I want them to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding so I want them to match
+boarding some much target lighting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding some much target lighting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding some much target lighting or
+the control to those questions or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control to those questions or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control to those questions or their
+total number their counts of boardings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number their counts of boardings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number their counts of boardings
+and count of Lighting's at each stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count of Lighting's at each stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count of Lighting's at each stop and
+they can in this example come from a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can in this example come from a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can in this example come from a PC
+yeah so what we do the algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what we do the algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what we do the algorithm for
+iterative proportional fitting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative proportional fitting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative proportional fitting it
+calculates a factor a scaling factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates a factor a scaling factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates a factor a scaling factor for
+each row as we start with rows and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row as we start with rows and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row as we start with rows and we
+say well we have we need to scale up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we have we need to scale up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we have we need to scale up
+everything on the first row by 40 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the first row by 40 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the first row by 40 over 3
+so that that number adds up to 40 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that number adds up to 40 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that number adds up to 40 right
+and we do you calculate the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do you calculate the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do you calculate the scaling
+factor for each row and apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for each row and apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for each row and apply it to the
+cells in this matrix and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in this matrix and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in this matrix and of course the
+sum of each column that sum of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of each column that sum of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of each column that sum of cells
+column wise it's not going to add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column wise it's not going to add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column wise it's not going to add up to
+the target Lighting's so the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target Lighting's so the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target Lighting's so the second step
+is to apply the same procedure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to apply the same procedure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to apply the same procedure on the
+columns and now we realize well we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and now we realize well we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and now we realize well we need
+to apply a scaling factor 30 over 13.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply a scaling factor 30 over 13.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply a scaling factor 30 over 13.3
+to get B to add up to 30 and you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get B to add up to 30 and you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get B to add up to 30 and you do the
+same for each column and now the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for each column and now the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for each column and now the columns
+sum up perfectly but the rows don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up perfectly but the rows don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up perfectly but the rows don't
+anymore so now we go back and repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so now we go back and repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so now we go back and repeat the
+process and we we go to the rows and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and we we go to the rows and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and we we go to the rows and the
+columns the rows and the columns I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the rows and the columns I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the rows and the columns I've
+put in all the slides so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all the slides so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all the slides so you can
+actually repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repeat this
+in your spreadsheet program if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your spreadsheet program if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your spreadsheet program if you want
+it has been shown that if all the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been shown that if all the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been shown that if all the non
+structural values of the cell of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural values of the cell of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural values of the cell of the
+cells in that matrix are not zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in that matrix are not zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in that matrix are not zero and
+then they are positive then it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are positive then it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are positive then it will
+converge and it will converge to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and it will converge to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and it will converge to the
+maximum likelihood estimate of a best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimate of a best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimate of a best
+possible estimate given your seed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible estimate given your seed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible estimate given your seed and
+given your control totals so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given your control totals so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given your control totals so you can
+apply this if you ever have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this if you ever have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this if you ever have a situation
+where you have control totals but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have control totals but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have control totals but not
+the origin destination matrix and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin destination matrix and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin destination matrix and that's
+one example of that would be having a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of that would be having a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of that would be having a PC
+and nothing else okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else okay any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else okay any questions on
+this method we're gonna see it again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method we're gonna see it again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method we're gonna see it again in
+a different application later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different application later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different application later in this
+lecture well correct what is correct it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well correct what is correct it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well correct what is correct it
+doesn't it may not be the truth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it may not be the truth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it may not be the truth if
+that's what you mean by correct so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you mean by correct so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you mean by correct so it's
+the best estimate of the truth given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best estimate of the truth given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best estimate of the truth given the
+information provided your seed matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information provided your seed matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information provided your seed matrix
+might be wrong or there are might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wrong or there are might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wrong or there are might be
+aggregation errors for example so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation errors for example so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation errors for example so if you
+start with all ones that's clearly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with all ones that's clearly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with all ones that's clearly not
+true and this is the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and this is the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and this is the best possible
+estimate given your starting assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate given your starting assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate given your starting assumption
+that all all the pairs are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all all the pairs are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all all the pairs are equally
+likely and then adjusting from there -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and then adjusting from there -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and then adjusting from there -
+yeah right and then I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right and then I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right and then I mentioned
+structural zeros so yeah if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural zeros so yeah if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural zeros so yeah if you have a
+non structural zero say that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non structural zero say that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non structural zero say that you you
+collected some with armboard survey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected some with armboard survey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected some with armboard survey you
+collected oh the demand only for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected oh the demand only for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected oh the demand only for a
+couple of trips and use that to seed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of trips and use that to seed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of trips and use that to seed the
+matrix and let's say that for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and let's say that for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and let's say that for some of
+these only pair he didn't observe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these only pair he didn't observe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these only pair he didn't observe a
+single person taking that trip so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single person taking that trip so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single person taking that trip so you
+say well in the seed I have a zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well in the seed I have a zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well in the seed I have a zero but
+that's a non structural zero because or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a non structural zero because or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a non structural zero because or
+um these are structural zero rather so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are structural zero rather so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are structural zero rather so
+this value this some people might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value this some people might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value this some people might be
+taking the ugly pair and if you seed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the ugly pair and if you seed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the ugly pair and if you seed it
+a zero then you can't scale it up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero then you can't scale it up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero then you can't scale it up above
+zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+so that would in case you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would in case you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would in case you would not
+converge necessarily and we certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge necessarily and we certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge necessarily and we certainly
+would not converge to the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not converge to the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not converge to the maximum
+likelihood estimate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with any kind we'll talk about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with any kind we'll talk about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with any kind we'll talk about other
+methods for odx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for odx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for odx
+so for estimating or destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for estimating or destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for estimating or destination
+matrices manual surveys this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices manual surveys this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices manual surveys this is one
+example any knowledge that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example any knowledge that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example any knowledge that you have
+about what OD pairs are busiest should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what OD pairs are busiest should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what OD pairs are busiest should
+help so you could do on/off counts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so you could do on/off counts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so you could do on/off counts with
+the traditional way if you the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional way if you the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional way if you the only
+thing you have is is this and if we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have is is this and if we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have is is this and if we've
+talked about surveys extensively so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about surveys extensively so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about surveys extensively so yeah
+so over some number of trips and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over some number of trips and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over some number of trips and this is
+a two way example clearly over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two way example clearly over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two way example clearly over some
+number of trips you counted forty people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of trips you counted forty people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of trips you counted forty people
+boarding at a and thirty people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding at a and thirty people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding at a and thirty people
+alighting a B and so forth so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alighting a B and so forth so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alighting a B and so forth so you want
+to you want the cells to match that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you want the cells to match that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you want the cells to match that okay
+so you could do this in Excel or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do this in Excel or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do this in Excel or you
+could write your own little function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write your own little function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write your own little function to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+it amplifies errors and the seed matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it amplifies errors and the seed matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it amplifies errors and the seed matrix
+you're scaling up right so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scaling up right so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scaling up right so if you have
+error in your seed matrix so they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your seed matrix so they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your seed matrix so they will
+be scaled up to just be aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scaled up to just be aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scaled up to just be aware of that
+okay so what about if we don't have ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about if we don't have ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about if we don't have ABC
+what if we only have AF C and AVL so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we only have AF C and AVL so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we only have AF C and AVL so now
+we don't have control tools AFC might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have control tools AFC might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have control tools AFC might
+give you boardings with model Lighting's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you boardings with model Lighting's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you boardings with model Lighting's
+right so what are the ways of scaling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what are the ways of scaling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what are the ways of scaling up
+with that you have different systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you have different systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you have different systems and
+they it depends on the system right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it depends on the system right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it depends on the system right so
+if you look at TfL in London we said AFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at TfL in London we said AFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at TfL in London we said AFC
+there is closed so the origin station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is closed so the origin station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is closed so the origin station
+pairs are given by the rail system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are given by the rail system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are given by the rail system
+because people have to tap in and tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have to tap in and tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have to tap in and tap
+out on bus however people only happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on bus however people only happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on bus however people only happen so
+there you would have to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you would have to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you would have to apply this
+inference method here in the MBTA both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference method here in the MBTA both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference method here in the MBTA both
+bus and rail are open you tap in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and rail are open you tap in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and rail are open you tap in you
+don't tap out so we have to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tap out so we have to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tap out so we have to infer
+destinations in rail and then bus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations in rail and then bus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations in rail and then bus and
+then in some sense more than systems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense more than systems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense more than systems a
+lot of information including transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information including transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information including transfer
+information is given so is one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is given so is one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is given so is one example
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this happened between yeah this so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened between yeah this so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened between yeah this so that
+there's a and there's a like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a and there's a like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a and there's a like an
+interchange tab right and some by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange tab right and some by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange tab right and some by the
+ways in some parts of London's network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in some parts of London's network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in some parts of London's network
+that is true you tap it you tap to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true you tap it you tap to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true you tap it you tap to prove
+that you were transferring you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were transferring you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were transferring you might get
+it there might be a fare advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there might be a fare advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there might be a fare advantage to
+doing that okay so control totals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that okay so control totals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that okay so control totals so
+here in the in Boston with the MBTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in Boston with the MBTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in Boston with the MBTA
+buses some portion of buses have a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses some portion of buses have a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses some portion of buses have a PC
+but not all of them so you could use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all of them so you could use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all of them so you could use the
+first method apply to only a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first method apply to only a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first method apply to only a fraction of
+vehicles and then scale up to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and then scale up to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and then scale up to all
+vehicles that's one problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles that's one problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles that's one problem one
+possibility or do you need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility or do you need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility or do you need something
+else in London they don't have a PC at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in London they don't have a PC at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in London they don't have a PC at
+least not widespread and they do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not widespread and they do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not widespread and they do have
+the ticketing machine so in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ticketing machine so in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ticketing machine so in theory
+drivers it was supposed to like push a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers it was supposed to like push a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers it was supposed to like push a
+button or somebody boards and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button or somebody boards and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button or somebody boards and they don't
+tap do they actually do it mmm not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap do they actually do it mmm not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap do they actually do it mmm not clear
+to what extent drivers comply with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent drivers comply with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent drivers comply with that
+instruction and then add gate and rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then add gate and rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then add gate and rail
+gates so tapping in or out of the subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates so tapping in or out of the subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates so tapping in or out of the subway
+system there there's a counter so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there there's a counter so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there there's a counter so it
+counts people passing through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts people passing through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts people passing through so
+somebody if somebody goes in through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody if somebody goes in through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody if somebody goes in through a
+gate and out some other place and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and out some other place and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and out some other place and we
+don't know exactly what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what they did
+the total number of people at each node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of people at each node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of people at each node
+in the system can be counted and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system can be counted and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system can be counted and we can
+use that information to scale up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that information to scale up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that information to scale up so
+we'll talk about that later okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that later okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that later okay so it
+depends on the context let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the context let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the context let's start with
+origin insurance the first letter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin insurance the first letter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin insurance the first letter and
+all the extra insurance so we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extra insurance so we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extra insurance so we're looking
+at a bus which has one stop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bus which has one stop and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bus which has one stop and then
+another stop and if we match the AFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another stop and if we match the AFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another stop and if we match the AFC
+transaction times to the AVL stop base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction times to the AVL stop base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction times to the AVL stop base
+at times we can sort of put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times we can sort of put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times we can sort of put them on the
+same timeline and realize well there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same timeline and realize well there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same timeline and realize well there was
+a tap right after that aviel system said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tap right after that aviel system said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tap right after that aviel system said
+that the bus left to that stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bus left to that stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bus left to that stuff it's
+very close however to not stop so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close however to not stop so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close however to not stop so let's
+assume that the top maybe the bus pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the top maybe the bus pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the top maybe the bus pulled
+out and started moving and the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and started moving and the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and started moving and the person
+was finding the card but you still tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was finding the card but you still tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was finding the card but you still tap
+you if it's close enough let's assign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's close enough let's assign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's close enough let's assign it
+to that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that stuff
+right are there systems or the AFC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are there systems or the AFC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are there systems or the AFC is
+connected serially yes in London they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected serially yes in London they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected serially yes in London they do
+that now they didn't when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now they didn't when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now they didn't when we started
+with this but they do it now well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but they do it now well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but they do it now well
+remember these systems so it's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these systems so it's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these systems so it's starting
+to move that way but this none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move that way but this none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move that way but this none of these
+systems were put in to capture data none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems were put in to capture data none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems were put in to capture data none
+of them all right APC is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them all right APC is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them all right APC is the only one
+actually so APC was put in to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so APC was put in to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so APC was put in to collect
+data and not have to do all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and not have to do all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and not have to do all these
+surveys because that's expensive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys because that's expensive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys because that's expensive right
+but AFC was put in to collect fares and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but AFC was put in to collect fares and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but AFC was put in to collect fares and
+avoid theft of fare revenue and simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid theft of fare revenue and simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid theft of fare revenue and simplify
+the duties of drivers improves safety so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duties of drivers improves safety so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duties of drivers improves safety so
+there are many advantages to you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many advantages to you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many advantages to you you can
+you know smart cards have the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know smart cards have the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know smart cards have the advantage
+of having passes and all these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having passes and all these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having passes and all these things so
+it many of them to just to an AFC system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it many of them to just to an AFC system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it many of them to just to an AFC system
+AVL was for safety if there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL was for safety if there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL was for safety if there was an
+emergency on the bus the driver could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency on the bus the driver could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency on the bus the driver could
+hit a button and the police and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a button and the police and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a button and the police and the
+ambulance could be dispatched to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance could be dispatched to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance could be dispatched to the
+location of the boss well that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the boss well that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the boss well that's why it
+was started later on it will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was started later on it will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was started later on it will start
+started being used for management as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started being used for management as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started being used for management as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+data collection of how many miles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection of how many miles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection of how many miles of
+service you provided which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you provided which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you provided which is a
+requirement for the entity reporting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for the entity reporting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for the entity reporting so
+aggregate level of reporting but none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate level of reporting but none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate level of reporting but none of
+these systems were put in thinking oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems were put in thinking oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems were put in thinking oh
+we're gonna estimate origin destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna estimate origin destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna estimate origin destination
+matrices with them so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices with them so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices with them so that's something
+has come after the fact now that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come after the fact now that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come after the fact now that people
+are thinking about that yes we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about that yes we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about that yes we start
+seeing can we hook up these two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing can we hook up these two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing can we hook up these two systems
+which might be from different vendors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be from different vendors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be from different vendors
+and make them talk to each other and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them talk to each other and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them talk to each other and so
+London does that No yeah so if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London does that No yeah so if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London does that No yeah so if you see
+some tab that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tab that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tab that is
+very far away in time from any of stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away in time from any of stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away in time from any of stop
+you might not be able to infer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be able to infer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be able to infer the
+origin if it's close or between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin if it's close or between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin if it's close or between the
+reporter arrival and departure we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter arrival and departure we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter arrival and departure we say
+that we match that transaction to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we match that transaction to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we match that transaction to that
+origin simple right so in London we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin simple right so in London we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin simple right so in London we did
+that this is Jay Gordon's thesis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Jay Gordon's thesis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Jay Gordon's thesis which
+is referenced in the last slide looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referenced in the last slide looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referenced in the last slide looking
+at ten weekdays oyster is the AFC system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ten weekdays oyster is the AFC system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ten weekdays oyster is the AFC system
+in London and so 96% of boarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and so 96% of boarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and so 96% of boarding
+locations were inferred within plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations were inferred within plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations were inferred within plus
+minus five minutes and that was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus five minutes and that was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus five minutes and that was one of
+the thresholds they looked at 28% were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thresholds they looked at 28% were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thresholds they looked at 28% were
+exactly between the report at arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly between the report at arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly between the report at arrival
+and departure so some tolerance before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and departure so some tolerance before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and departure so some tolerance before
+the arrival and after the Destiny though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrival and after the Destiny though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrival and after the Destiny though
+departure from each stop was needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from each stop was needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from each stop was needed to
+and for a large portion of these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a large portion of these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a large portion of these all
+right simple right destinations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right simple right destinations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right simple right destinations that's
+the next step so we have Ord if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step so we have Ord if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step so we have Ord if it's a
+real system you tap in you it just tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system you tap in you it just tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system you tap in you it just tells
+you I'm gate number blah and that is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm gate number blah and that is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm gate number blah and that is at
+some station if it's a bus you can join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some station if it's a bus you can join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some station if it's a bus you can join
+AVL with AFC and you get it now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL with AFC and you get it now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVL with AFC and you get it now let's
+look at this nation's so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this nation's so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this nation's so there are
+different methods for inferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for inferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for inferring
+destinations Sahni FC and the veal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations Sahni FC and the veal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations Sahni FC and the veal and
+one of the simplest methods or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the simplest methods or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the simplest methods or the
+family of methods is the closest stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of methods is the closest stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of methods is the closest stop
+assumption so what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so what are the key
+assumptions we start by saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we start by saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we start by saying that the
+destination of each trip segment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination of each trip segment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination of each trip segment is
+close to the origin of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the origin of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the origin of the following
+trip segment so in other words that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip segment so in other words that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip segment so in other words that is
+true physically right like you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true physically right like you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true physically right like you have to
+move somehow through space so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move somehow through space so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move somehow through space so so we
+further now assume that that movement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further now assume that that movement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further now assume that that movement is
+happening mostly through the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening mostly through the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening mostly through the public
+transportation network and that no trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation network and that no trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation network and that no trips
+on other modes are being made so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other modes are being made so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other modes are being made so if you
+go if you go from home to work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if you go from home to work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if you go from home to work in the
+morning and you have to then well say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and you have to then well say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and you have to then well say
+that you work and then at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you work and then at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you work and then at the end of the
+workday you go back home we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workday you go back home we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workday you go back home we see that
+your next origin is they'll stop across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next origin is they'll stop across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next origin is they'll stop across
+the street from you got off hopefully so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street from you got off hopefully so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street from you got off hopefully so
+we'll look at which stop was closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at which stop was closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at which stop was closest
+two on the trip you boarded to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the trip you boarded to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the trip you boarded to the next
+origin and will infer that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and will infer that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and will infer that is the
+station if it's a rail system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station if it's a rail system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station if it's a rail system that's
+what we show here in blue right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we show here in blue right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we show here in blue right so we
+have an Origin on this bus line we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Origin on this bus line we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Origin on this bus line we want
+to infer which of the downstream stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer which of the downstream stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer which of the downstream stops
+is a destination and then we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a destination and then we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a destination and then we look at the
+next trip and the next trip started at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next trip and the next trip started at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next trip and the next trip started at T
+the target and we want to get as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target and we want to get as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target and we want to get as close
+as possible to the target so we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to the target so we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to the target so we'll say
+that the destination is D if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the destination is D if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the destination is D if the
+distance between dmt is small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between dmt is small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between dmt is small enough
+because if it's three kilometers we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's three kilometers we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's three kilometers we may
+say we have no clue so this person may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have no clue so this person may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have no clue so this person may
+have moved with a different mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved with a different mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved with a different mode and
+therefore this assumption of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this assumption of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this assumption of course the
+stub may not apply in that case so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stub may not apply in that case so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stub may not apply in that case so in
+those few cases we want and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those few cases we want and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those few cases we want and make a
+inference of destination if it's rail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference of destination if it's rail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference of destination if it's rail so
+two rail lines and you may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rail lines and you may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rail lines and you may be able to
+change between lines behind the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change between lines behind the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change between lines behind the gate
+then closest stop is the same station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then closest stop is the same station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then closest stop is the same station
+that you next enter right all right cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you next enter right all right cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you next enter right all right cuz
+that's that's the closest so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the closest so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the closest so if it's a
+bus so you may have taken from you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus so you may have taken from you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus so you may have taken from you may
+have boarded the red line here and tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have boarded the red line here and tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have boarded the red line here and tried
+somehow got into a blue line we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow got into a blue line we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow got into a blue line we don't
+know that yet but we observed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that yet but we observed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that yet but we observed that the
+next tap is that a bus then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next tap is that a bus then we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next tap is that a bus then we find
+which station on the rail network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which station on the rail network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which station on the rail network is
+closest to that bus stop and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to that bus stop and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to that bus stop and that's the
+inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference
+that's the estimation okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the estimation okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the estimation okay so there's a
+simplest method for for destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest method for for destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest method for for destination
+entrance any questions with the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance any questions with the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance any questions with the closest
+stop rule and here's an example of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop rule and here's an example of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop rule and here's an example of one
+card with four trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with four trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with four trips
+it's a time-space diagram of sorts so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a time-space diagram of sorts so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a time-space diagram of sorts so we
+start the day here in the morning and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the day here in the morning and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the day here in the morning and we
+maybe observe a boarding at this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe observe a boarding at this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe observe a boarding at this line
+this person in reality transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person in reality transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person in reality transferred to
+the second trip so we don't know that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second trip so we don't know that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second trip so we don't know that at
+first but we do see the origin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but we do see the origin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but we do see the origin in the
+second trip so we find which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second trip so we find which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second trip so we find which of these
+stops was closest to the origin and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops was closest to the origin and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops was closest to the origin and we
+say that's the summation and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's the summation and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's the summation and likewise
+from the trip leading to work and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the trip leading to work and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the trip leading to work and from
+the trip returning from work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trip returning from work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trip returning from work
+school whatever it is we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school whatever it is we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school whatever it is we find the
+closest one and that we say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest one and that we say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest one and that we say that's the
+estimation and we just keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and we just keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and we just keep doing that
+what happens at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the end of the day
+there's no there's no next one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no next one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no next one right so
+what do we do right so that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do right so that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do right so that's the key
+assumption the assumption is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the assumption is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the assumption is that the
+person returns to the first place seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person returns to the first place seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person returns to the first place seen
+that day another option is to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day another option is to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day another option is to look at
+the AFC system and see what is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFC system and see what is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFC system and see what is the next
+place of origin the next day if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of origin the next day if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of origin the next day if you have
+that information both things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information both things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information both things are
+possible okay well then you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay well then you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay well then you can't make
+an entrance so right so if they get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrance so right so if they get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrance so right so if they get on
+the question was what happens if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was what happens if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was what happens if they
+get on I'll say a bus that and none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on I'll say a bus that and none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on I'll say a bus that and none of
+the downstream stops of that origin get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstream stops of that origin get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstream stops of that origin get
+close to the first origin of that day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the first origin of that day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the first origin of that day or
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+the first origin of the next day then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first origin of the next day then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first origin of the next day then we
+can't make an entrance so we leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make an entrance so we leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make an entrance so we leave that
+destination uninsured for now all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination uninsured for now all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination uninsured for now all right
+so there are some tests we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some tests we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some tests we talked about
+distance time is another one so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance time is another one so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance time is another one so there's
+different ways of looking at this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of looking at this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of looking at this in
+London when J Gordon did this he got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London when J Gordon did this he got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London when J Gordon did this he got an
+infant's rate of about 75% here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant's rate of about 75% here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant's rate of about 75% here's a
+distribution of speed between station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of speed between station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of speed between station
+exit and inferred bus alighting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit and inferred bus alighting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit and inferred bus alighting that's
+or subsequent station entry so very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subsequent station entry so very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subsequent station entry so very slow
+speeds here this goes up way higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds here this goes up way higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds here this goes up way higher than
+800 what does that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a m/h so if you move with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a m/h so if you move with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a m/h so if you move with zero
+or we'll say one meter per hour what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll say one meter per hour what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll say one meter per hour what
+does that imply who are those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Emily get off get off yeah and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily get off get off yeah and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily get off get off yeah and then go
+to work go to work for eight hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work go to work for eight hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work go to work for eight hours and
+then board next boarding is right across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then board next boarding is right across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then board next boarding is right across
+the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street
+eight hours later so that's that's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours later so that's that's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours later so that's that's those
+are people who are between trips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who are between trips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who are between trips and
+then to the right here we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the right here we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the right here we have something
+sort of bell-shaped now with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bell-shaped now with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bell-shaped now with some
+distribution quite wide showing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution quite wide showing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution quite wide showing some
+walk this these are sort of in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk this these are sort of in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk this these are sort of in the range
+of walking speeds right so it checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking speeds right so it checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking speeds right so it checks
+with what we know and what we infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we know and what we infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we know and what we infer
+here's the distribution of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the distribution of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the distribution of distance
+between subsequent tap and closest stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between subsequent tap and closest stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between subsequent tap and closest stop
+on the current route so how far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the current route so how far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the current route so how far away
+that you walk to the target from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you walk to the target from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you walk to the target from your
+destination in other words and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination in other words and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination in other words and there's a
+cut-off if if this worked too far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off if if this worked too far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off if if this worked too far we
+would not want to make an entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not want to make an entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not want to make an entrance
+but you can see that most people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that most people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that most people have
+quite short distances so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite short distances so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite short distances so that's good
+that means that our inference is likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that our inference is likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that our inference is likely
+to be true more likely to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true more likely to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true more likely to be true
+okay and you have some details here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have some details here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have some details here so
+in the case of London there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of London there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of London there was a
+comparison of the origins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of the origins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of the origins and
+destinations produced by this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations produced by this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations produced by this algorithm
+with the bus OD survey which is a manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bus OD survey which is a manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bus OD survey which is a manual
+survey and it compared favorably one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey and it compared favorably one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey and it compared favorably one
+thing with bots of course it had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with bots of course it had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with bots of course it had the
+biases that a manual survey has so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases that a manual survey has so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases that a manual survey has so it
+seems that but underestimated ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that but underestimated ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that but underestimated ridership
+during the peak periods where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the peak periods where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the peak periods where it was
+make it harder to count the sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it harder to count the sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it harder to count the sometimes
+the bots return rates were low we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bots return rates were low we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bots return rates were low we saw
+some of the reasons for biases in manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the reasons for biases in manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the reasons for biases in manual
+surveys if it's a very full bus people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys if it's a very full bus people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys if it's a very full bus people
+are less likely to return a survey or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less likely to return a survey or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less likely to return a survey or if
+you're if you are a person who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you are a person who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you are a person who is
+getting off at the next stop you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting off at the next stop you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting off at the next stop you are
+less likely to answer the survey so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to answer the survey so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to answer the survey so both
+was of course subject to those biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of course subject to those biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of course subject to those biases
+and essentially the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the people who were
+doing the validation were happy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the validation were happy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the validation were happy with the
+inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference
+method so okay now to a what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so okay now to a what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so okay now to a what happens in
+rail in Boston say it's an open system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail in Boston say it's an open system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail in Boston say it's an open system
+so you can apply the nearest node method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can apply the nearest node method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can apply the nearest node method
+right but you have a complication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have a complication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have a complication in
+Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+you know the Green Line so the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Green Line so the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Green Line so the Green
+Line is uh if you take it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line is uh if you take it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line is uh if you take it in the
+branches seaboard and then you tap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches seaboard and then you tap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches seaboard and then you tap into
+the vehicle so it looks like a bus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle so it looks like a bus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle so it looks like a bus from
+the fare standpoint and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fare standpoint and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fare standpoint and then you could
+you could end up anywhere on the rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could end up anywhere on the rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could end up anywhere on the rail
+network right so it's a little harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network right so it's a little harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network right so it's a little harder to
+make an inference of where you get off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an inference of where you get off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an inference of where you get off
+in that case right especially going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case right especially going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case right especially going back
+so going back to the branch it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the branch it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the branch it's not
+clear besides that there are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear besides that there are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear besides that there are some other
+reasons to try more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to try more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to try more sophisticated
+destination inference methods we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination inference methods we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination inference methods we know
+that it may not always be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may not always be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may not always be the case that
+the nearest station in the rail system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest station in the rail system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest station in the rail system
+is actually a lightning station there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lightning station there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lightning station there
+are some cases where you wouldn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cases where you wouldn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cases where you wouldn't take
+an extra 15 minutes to get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra 15 minutes to get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra 15 minutes to get a little bit
+closer right and you you are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer right and you you are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer right and you you are willing to
+walk and make a compromise between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and make a compromise between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and make a compromise between those
+two so the minimum cost path method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the minimum cost path method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the minimum cost path method is
+an improvement over the closest stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improvement over the closest stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improvement over the closest stop
+method what we do there is we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what we do there is we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what we do there is we look at
+here's the origin tap location the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the origin tap location the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the origin tap location the entry
+to the system and we essentially explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system and we essentially explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system and we essentially explore
+using a minimum cost formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a minimum cost formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a minimum cost formulation of
+dynamic programming approach all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming approach all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming approach all the
+feasible paths that the person could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible paths that the person could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible paths that the person could
+take to their next tap location let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to their next tap location let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to their next tap location let's
+argue and that includes walking links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue and that includes walking links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue and that includes walking links
+from any exit any possible exit station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any exit any possible exit station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any exit any possible exit station
+so we then use a generalized cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we then use a generalized cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we then use a generalized cost
+equation to assign a cost to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to assign a cost to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to assign a cost to each of
+these paths with relative disutility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths with relative disutility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths with relative disutility
+weights on each component so weighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on each component so weighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on each component so weighting
+is more than vehicle time walking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than vehicle time walking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than vehicle time walking is
+more than waiting time we've seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than waiting time we've seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than waiting time we've seen these
+equations before and now we said we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations before and now we said we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations before and now we said we have
+a list of paths and we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of paths and we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of paths and we assume that the
+person took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person took the
+one that minimized their disability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that minimized their disability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that minimized their disability
+right there combines generalized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there combines generalized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there combines generalized as
+utility avoiding walking in vehicle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility avoiding walking in vehicle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility avoiding walking in vehicle time
+transfers all those things so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers all those things so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers all those things so in this
+case perhaps the person prefers to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case perhaps the person prefers to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case perhaps the person prefers to get
+off in the red line and walk to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the red line and walk to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the red line and walk to the next
+location you could think of this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you could think of this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you could think of this as the
+red line from Kendall to Park Street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line from Kendall to Park Street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line from Kendall to Park Street and
+then the next entry is at say closed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next entry is at say closed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next entry is at say closed a
+bus stop close to Boylston Street you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus stop close to Boylston Street you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus stop close to Boylston Street you
+could transfer to the Green Line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could transfer to the Green Line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could transfer to the Green Line and
+take it one step or you might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it one step or you might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it one step or you might decide
+it's a nice walk I'm gonna walk I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice walk I'm gonna walk I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice walk I'm gonna walk I'm not
+gonna wait for the Green Line so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna wait for the Green Line so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna wait for the Green Line so and
+then some possible paths are take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some possible paths are take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some possible paths are take you
+way far from your next location so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way far from your next location so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way far from your next location so they
+are pruned they're not included so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pruned they're not included so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pruned they're not included so what
+happens if we compare the two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we compare the two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we compare the two methods
+what's your intuition or what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your intuition or what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your intuition or what what do
+you think happens if we look compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think happens if we look compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think happens if we look compare the
+results of nearest node with this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of nearest node with this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of nearest node with this more
+sophisticated method how what percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated method how what percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated method how what percentage
+of destinations do you think will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destinations do you think will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destinations do you think will be
+inferred at a different place they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred at a different place they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred at a different place they're
+close to five close to 50 close to 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ten percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent
+five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll be inferred differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah five okay so that's actually close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah five okay so that's actually close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah five okay so that's actually close
+right when we actually you don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we actually you don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we actually you don't think I
+wrote the results which is good so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the results which is good so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the results which is good so let's
+look at two examples some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two examples some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two examples some of the
+differences is close to 5% in fact some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences is close to 5% in fact some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences is close to 5% in fact some
+of the differences here in the busting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differences here in the busting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differences here in the busting
+Network are clear improvements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network are clear improvements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network are clear improvements in the
+accuracy I'll give you one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy I'll give you one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy I'll give you one example of
+that some people go from Forest Hills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people go from Forest Hills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people go from Forest Hills
+and then their next stop is a coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their next stop is a coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their next stop is a coupling
+okay so the walk between Back Bay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the walk between Back Bay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the walk between Back Bay and
+Copley is five minutes and it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copley is five minutes and it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copley is five minutes and it's a nice
+walk if you use nearest node you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk if you use nearest node you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk if you use nearest node you have to
+remain on the rail line and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain on the rail line and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain on the rail line and you have to
+transfer either a Downtown Crossing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer either a Downtown Crossing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer either a Downtown Crossing to
+the red and then at Park Street to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red and then at Park Street to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red and then at Park Street to the
+green or go to Haymarket and transfer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or go to Haymarket and transfer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or go to Haymarket and transfer it
+to the orange line that's a 20 minute 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the orange line that's a 20 minute 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the orange line that's a 20 minute 25
+minute ordeal so sure but then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ordeal so sure but then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ordeal so sure but then you are
+not following the the method yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not following the the method yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not following the the method yeah yeah
+so so this is a case where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a case where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is a case where the the
+minimum cost approach says yeah you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum cost approach says yeah you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum cost approach says yeah you get
+off the back pay and you walk so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the back pay and you walk so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the back pay and you walk so it's
+yes it's an improvement there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's an improvement there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's an improvement there are some
+other cases well we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases well we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases well we don't know the
+destination we're inferring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination we're inferring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination we're inferring the
+destination and what we know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination and what we know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination and what we know is that
+they get on a copy the next time it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get on a copy the next time it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get on a copy the next time it's a
+morning trip they go from Forest Hills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning trip they go from Forest Hills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning trip they go from Forest Hills
+oh I don't know what couple he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know what couple he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know what couple he might
+have been the afternoon tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we're trying to infer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're trying to infer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're trying to infer the
+destination when they board the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination when they board the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination when they board the orange
+line in the morning we are making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the morning we are making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the morning we are making an
+assumption that people are moved too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that people are moved too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that people are moved too far
+right from their destination in a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from their destination in a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from their destination in a non
+public transportation mode so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation mode so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation mode so that's one
+of the assumptions on and in this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assumptions on and in this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assumptions on and in this method
+and in the previous message could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the previous message could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the previous message could have
+been some there are many people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been some there are many people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been some there are many people who do
+this right so so there are many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so so there are many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so so there are many people
+who do this so there are some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do this so there are some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do this so there are some people who
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+close on time and some people who do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close on time and some people who do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close on time and some people who do it
+in the evening after they leave work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the evening after they leave work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the evening after they leave work so
+I'm giving you an example of one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you an example of one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you an example of one a
+origin target pair and the and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin target pair and the and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin target pair and the and I would
+say it's a marked improvement it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a marked improvement it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a marked improvement it's
+certainly not the case of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not the case of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not the case of the person
+goes all the way to Haymarket and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way to Haymarket and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way to Haymarket and turns
+around right so okay the other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right so okay the other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right so okay the other example
+is of a less clear so somebody a nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of a less clear so somebody a nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of a less clear so somebody a nobody
+pair going from maverick starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair going from maverick starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair going from maverick starting at
+maverick and then the next step is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maverick and then the next step is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maverick and then the next step is a
+Downtown Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downtown Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downtown Crossing
+so obviously the nearest the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously the nearest the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously the nearest the closest
+node assumption is that you transfer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node assumption is that you transfer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node assumption is that you transfer at
+State Street and take the orange line on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Street and take the orange line on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Street and take the orange line on
+stuff that's actually not too bad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's actually not too bad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's actually not too bad the
+the algorithm in first for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm in first for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm in first for a lot of
+these people that you get off at State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people that you get off at State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people that you get off at State
+Street and you walk about four minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street and you walk about four minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street and you walk about four minutes
+and if you look at Google directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at Google directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at Google directions
+it'll Google will say that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll Google will say that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll Google will say that's what you
+should do the transfer to the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do the transfer to the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do the transfer to the orange
+line would take six minutes and set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line would take six minutes and set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line would take six minutes and set of
+four so it's very close and it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so it's very close and it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so it's very close and it depends
+on the weather that day and it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the weather that day and it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the weather that day and it depends
+on people's preference it might depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's preference it might depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's preference it might depend
+on real time information about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on real time information about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on real time information about whether
+the trains right here and I can run and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains right here and I can run and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains right here and I can run and
+are arriving in you know one minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arriving in you know one minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arriving in you know one minute or
+if it's ten minutes away so this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's ten minutes away so this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's ten minutes away so this is more
+subtle more nuanced and I wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle more nuanced and I wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle more nuanced and I wouldn't say
+that was an improvement so part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an improvement so part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an improvement so part of the
+five percent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent is
+clear improvement and another part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear improvement and another part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear improvement and another part of it
+is well it might be an improvement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well it might be an improvement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well it might be an improvement or
+not it depends on the people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it depends on the people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it depends on the people's
+preferences so we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so we look at the
+distribution of the results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the results from
+destination in in this case 70% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination in in this case 70% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination in in this case 70% of
+destinations were inferred and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations were inferred and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations were inferred and then we
+have different reasons why we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different reasons why we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different reasons why we can't
+infer it so for 16% there was no target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer it so for 16% there was no target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer it so for 16% there was no target
+location that means a that was a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that means a that was a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that means a that was a there
+was no other tap that day essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no other tap that day essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no other tap that day essentially
+right so that there was no target for 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that there was no target for 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that there was no target for 8%
+of them there was another target but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them there was another target but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them there was another target but it
+was very far so somehow the person went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very far so somehow the person went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very far so somehow the person went
+to another bus stop a bus stop in system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another bus stop a bus stop in system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another bus stop a bus stop in system
+and it was far away from any rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was far away from any rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was far away from any rail
+station so we were not so comfortable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station so we were not so comfortable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station so we were not so comfortable in
+that case saying that the destination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case saying that the destination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case saying that the destination is
+close to the next step so we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the next step so we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the next step so we will not
+make an inference for those people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an inference for those people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an inference for those people some
+paths were non feasible so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths were non feasible so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths were non feasible so that means
+that the the no path the algorithm did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the no path the algorithm did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the no path the algorithm did
+not find any path that made it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find any path that made it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find any path that made it to the
+target on time to make the next so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target on time to make the next so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target on time to make the next so that
+could be bad data it could be a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be bad data it could be a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be bad data it could be a number
+of things right there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things right there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things right there are some
+assumptions about how quickly people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about how quickly people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about how quickly people can
+access trains and help so many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access trains and help so many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access trains and help so many things
+can go into that yeah and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into that yeah and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into that yeah and so forth and
+then unknown origin so errors in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then unknown origin so errors in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then unknown origin so errors in data
+etc okay and inference probabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc okay and inference probabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc okay and inference probabilities the
+total ones are shown here so the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total ones are shown here so the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total ones are shown here so the blue
+line is overall the station entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is overall the station entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is overall the station entrance
+rates so I should said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so I should said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so I should said
+close to 70% that's what you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 70% that's what you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 70% that's what you see on the
+blue line it dips a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line it dips a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line it dips a little bit on
+weekends because there are fewer tops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends because there are fewer tops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends because there are fewer tops
+and maybe more walking between tops or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe more walking between tops or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe more walking between tops or
+between trips for rails a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trips for rails a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trips for rails a little bit
+higher than the general for bus showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the general for bus showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the general for bus showing
+yellow it's a little lower and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow it's a little lower and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow it's a little lower and if you
+take away the part that didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away the part that didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away the part that didn't have
+a second tap or a tap after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second tap or a tap after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second tap or a tap after that
+transection then it goes up to closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transection then it goes up to closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transection then it goes up to closer to
+90 not quite 90 percent so yeah so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 not quite 90 percent so yeah so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 not quite 90 percent so yeah so in
+this these numbers in this slide are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these numbers in this slide are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these numbers in this slide are
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+if the person is cash then they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person is cash then they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person is cash then they are not
+counting in the red line because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting in the red line because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting in the red line because they
+wouldn't have an interval destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have an interval destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have an interval destination
+but certainly the bus the bus line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly the bus the bus line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly the bus the bus line
+doesn't include cash transactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include cash transactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include cash transactions and
+that's one of the reasons why slower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the reasons why slower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the reasons why slower so
+this was only for the rail this sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was only for the rail this sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was only for the rail this sorry
+this is for the whole system but the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the whole system but the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the whole system but the two
+examples that I gave here are I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I gave here are I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I gave here are I was
+looking at I said I quoted 5% difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at I said I quoted 5% difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at I said I quoted 5% difference
+and that's a case study where I compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a case study where I compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a case study where I compared
+rail transactions not bus transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail transactions not bus transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail transactions not bus transactions
+so that's the one thing to have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the one thing to have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the one thing to have in mind
+but yeah this is overall the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah this is overall the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah this is overall the summation
+in difference in the MBTA and this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in difference in the MBTA and this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in difference in the MBTA and this as
+well different ways of looking at it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well different ways of looking at it yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well different ways of looking at it yes
+any that you could infer an origin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that you could infer an origin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that you could infer an origin for
+that person but not a destination so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person but not a destination so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person but not a destination so you
+leave that trip on infer destination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that trip on infer destination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that trip on infer destination for
+now okay okay we've covered oh and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay okay we've covered oh and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay okay we've covered oh and D
+let's move to transfer inference we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to transfer inference we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to transfer inference we
+talked about why transfer inference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about why transfer inference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about why transfer inference is
+so important we also call it interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important we also call it interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important we also call it interchange
+inference interchange is a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference interchange is a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference interchange is a term
+preferred in London and by the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred in London and by the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred in London and by the British
+and the u.s. we say transfer so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s. we say transfer so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s. we say transfer so we had
+seen this diagram before but now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this diagram before but now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this diagram before but now there
+are these blue boxes surrounding both so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these blue boxes surrounding both so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these blue boxes surrounding both so
+each say the morning pair and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each say the morning pair and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each say the morning pair and the
+afternoon pair so the inference we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon pair so the inference we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon pair so the inference we want
+to make now is whether this first trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make now is whether this first trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make now is whether this first trip
+was connected to the second with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connected to the second with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connected to the second with a
+transfer or whether in fact the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer or whether in fact the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer or whether in fact the person
+was doing something else in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing something else in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing something else in between
+those two trips and this was the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two trips and this was the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two trips and this was the actual
+intended destination of that passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended destination of that passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended destination of that passenger
+and as an important question for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an important question for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an important question for the
+reasons we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we talked about earlier
+so these are some definitions for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some definitions for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some definitions for your
+reference a journey in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference a journey in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference a journey in this in this
+subject is everything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is everything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is everything that is
+accomplished from the real origin to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished from the real origin to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished from the real origin to a
+real destination of the person including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real destination of the person including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real destination of the person including
+transfers and possibly multiple fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and possibly multiple fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and possibly multiple fare
+payments a fare stage not included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments a fare stage not included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments a fare stage not included in
+the slide is everything that you do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide is everything that you do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide is everything that you do in a
+single fare payment so it could involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single fare payment so it could involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single fare payment so it could involve
+behind the gate transfers or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the gate transfers or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the gate transfers or it could be
+one bus ride right all right transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bus ride right all right transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bus ride right all right transfers
+are transfers between stages right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transfers between stages right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transfers between stages right so
+they link segments of your journey okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they link segments of your journey okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they link segments of your journey okay
+how do we do this linking well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do this linking well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do this linking well this is
+also from Jay Gordon's thesis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from Jay Gordon's thesis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from Jay Gordon's thesis which is
+referenced in the back we look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced in the back we look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced in the back we look at a
+series of three kinds of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of three kinds of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of three kinds of conditions
+temporal conditions logical conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal conditions logical conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal conditions logical conditions
+and spatial conditions temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spatial conditions temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spatial conditions temporal
+conditions say how much time happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions say how much time happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions say how much time happened
+between the inferred destination and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the inferred destination and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the inferred destination and the
+next stop the inferred origin if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stop the inferred origin if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stop the inferred origin if that
+was a very long time and the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very long time and the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very long time and the distance
+was short then the person might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was short then the person might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was short then the person might have
+been doing something else right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing something else right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing something else right so we
+can't necessarily assume that this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't necessarily assume that this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't necessarily assume that this was a
+transfer we also look at bus wait time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we also look at bus wait time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we also look at bus wait time
+so what if those distance was short a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if those distance was short a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if those distance was short a
+long time happened at ways of next month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time happened at ways of next month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time happened at ways of next month
+or every 20 minutes and the person had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every 20 minutes and the person had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every 20 minutes and the person had
+to wait not long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait not long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait not long
+well that is also considered right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is also considered right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is also considered right so if
+we look at us and see that next bus pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at us and see that next bus pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at us and see that next bus pass
+after a reasonable time allowed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a reasonable time allowed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a reasonable time allowed to get
+to the next stop or how many buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next stop or how many buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next stop or how many buses
+passed maybe you want to allow one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed maybe you want to allow one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed maybe you want to allow one just
+in case that boss is very full and can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case that boss is very full and can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case that boss is very full and can't
+take that person so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that person so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that person so these are the
+considerations in temporal conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in temporal conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in temporal conditions
+spatial conditions you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial conditions you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial conditions you want to look at
+maximum interchange distance assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum interchange distance assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum interchange distance assuming
+that a person actually do a transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person actually do a transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person actually do a transfer and
+that is two kilometers long for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is two kilometers long for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is two kilometers long for example
+you probably would be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably would be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably would be doing something
+else if that's the case and we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else if that's the case and we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else if that's the case and we look at
+circuity so sir query at the journey low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuity so sir query at the journey low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuity so sir query at the journey low
+and between stages a circuitous journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between stages a circuitous journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between stages a circuitous journey
+is one that ends very close to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that ends very close to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that ends very close to where you
+started so if you if you infer transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so if you if you infer transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so if you if you infer transfers
+and you end up back where you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up back where you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up back where you started
+then somewhere in that chain of stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somewhere in that chain of stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somewhere in that chain of stages
+there must have not been a real transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must have not been a real transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must have not been a real transfer
+there must have been an on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must have been an on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must have been an on
+transportation activity so therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation activity so therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation activity so therefore you
+can't really infer that all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really infer that all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really infer that all of that
+chain is linked with transfers and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is linked with transfers and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is linked with transfers and then
+security between stages so if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security between stages so if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security between stages so if you for
+example board the same bus line going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example board the same bus line going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example board the same bus line going
+backwards even if the time it was short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards even if the time it was short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards even if the time it was short
+and the distance was short you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance was short you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance was short you may have
+seen your friend and given your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen your friend and given your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen your friend and given your friend
+something and then hopped on the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then hopped on the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then hopped on the bus
+again so it might have been a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it might have been a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it might have been a quick
+transfer and therefore we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and therefore we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and therefore we want to look
+at circuity to infer if that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at circuity to infer if that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at circuity to infer if that was a
+transfer or not logical conditions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer or not logical conditions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer or not logical conditions I
+actually gave an example of that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave an example of that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave an example of that right
+now so if it's the same if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if it's the same if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if it's the same if you're
+entering the same station you get off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the same station you get off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the same station you get off at
+or you take the same bus line then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take the same bus line then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take the same bus line then that
+shouldn't be a transfer because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be a transfer because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be a transfer because you
+could have stayed on the same bus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have stayed on the same bus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have stayed on the same bus one
+example of that breaking would be a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that breaking would be a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that breaking would be a bus
+being taken out of service or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken out of service or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken out of service or something
+like this so you could consider that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you could consider that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you could consider that to
+make that logical condition more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that logical condition more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that logical condition more more
+accurate in many cases when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in many cases when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in many cases when that happens
+though people are not asked to tap again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though people are not asked to tap again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though people are not asked to tap again
+so yeah take that with a grain of salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah take that with a grain of salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah take that with a grain of salt
+okay questions about these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about these assumptions
+and tests that we impose so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tests that we impose so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tests that we impose so essentially
+if all of these tests pass we say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of these tests pass we say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of these tests pass we say yes
+this is a transfer if one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transfer if one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transfer if one of them
+doesn't pass we say we're not sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pass we say we're not sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pass we say we're not sure it
+could have been or maybe not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been or maybe not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been or maybe not and
+therefore this is will be a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is will be a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is will be a conservative
+assumption about whether these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about whether these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about whether these two
+stages are linked as one journey here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages are linked as one journey here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages are linked as one journey here is
+a in London the results so about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in London the results so about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in London the results so about two
+thirds were one stage about a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds were one stage about a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds were one stage about a quarter
+were two stages and then about 10% were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two stages and then about 10% were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two stages and then about 10% were
+more than two stages and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two stages and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two stages and here's a
+distribution of length of journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of length of journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of length of journey
+duration of journey from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of journey from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of journey from
+from first origin to last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from first origin to last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from first origin to last the
+destination instead of the unlinked trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination instead of the unlinked trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination instead of the unlinked trip
+time this includes transfer time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this includes transfer time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this includes transfer time and
+between okay so very powerful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay so very powerful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay so very powerful for
+service planning there was a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service planning there was a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service planning there was a comparison
+with the London travel diary survey Ltd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the London travel diary survey Ltd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the London travel diary survey Ltd
+yes and it lined up quite well but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and it lined up quite well but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and it lined up quite well but there
+were some differences so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some differences so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some differences so if we look at
+people reporting that they only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reporting that they only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reporting that they only take
+took one journey on the day they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one journey on the day they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one journey on the day they were
+worried about it lined up very well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about it lined up very well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about it lined up very well if
+you then look at more than two two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then look at more than two two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then look at more than two two or
+more it turns out that a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it turns out that a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it turns out that a lot of people
+in Ltd say that they took two but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ltd say that they took two but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ltd say that they took two but they
+may have taken more and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have taken more and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have taken more and they're just
+simplifying the reporting that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the reporting that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the reporting that's one
+possibility of errors and it is a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of errors and it is a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of errors and it is a non
+bias in in surveys that people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in in surveys that people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in in surveys that people try to
+help you out by saying what I usually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out by saying what I usually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out by saying what I usually do
+instead of what I did yesterday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of what I did yesterday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of what I did yesterday or
+things like that okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay great
+so a percent of cardholder shown on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a percent of cardholder shown on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a percent of cardholder shown on the
+second graph and the number of stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second graph and the number of stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second graph and the number of stages
+per journey similar pattern so L in Ltd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per journey similar pattern so L in Ltd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per journey similar pattern so L in Ltd
+s you tend to have fewer people well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you tend to have fewer people well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you tend to have fewer people well
+yeah here we have more people and ferret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we have more people and ferret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we have more people and ferret
+inferred with one stage so no transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred with one stage so no transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred with one stage so no transfer
+but if you look at two or more similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at two or more similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at two or more similar
+pattern emerges where people might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern emerges where people might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern emerges where people might be
+reporting to and in fact yeah it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting to and in fact yeah it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting to and in fact yeah it was it
+might have been more or less right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been more or less right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been more or less right so in
+this case the biases towards fewer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the biases towards fewer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the biases towards fewer so
+more direct strips yeah on the inferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more direct strips yeah on the inferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more direct strips yeah on the inferred
+side versus the questionnaire site okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side versus the questionnaire site okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side versus the questionnaire site okay
+so it didn't validate perfectly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't validate perfectly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't validate perfectly but
+there were some known issues without IDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some known issues without IDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some known issues without IDs
+so London has since decided that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so London has since decided that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so London has since decided that all the
+X is more accurate now they continual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is more accurate now they continual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is more accurate now they continual
+tedious because Ltd s is useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious because Ltd s is useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious because Ltd s is useful for
+other things like asking about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like asking about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like asking about social
+demographic sand other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic sand other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic sand other
+your purpose and things like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your purpose and things like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your purpose and things like that all
+right so that's not doesn't obviate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's not doesn't obviate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's not doesn't obviate the
+need for LTE yes but it might reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for LTE yes but it might reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for LTE yes but it might reduce the
+need to have as many LTV a service okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have as many LTV a service okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have as many LTV a service okay
+scaling so we've done oh and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so we've done oh and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so we've done oh and we've
+inferred a percentage of destinations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred a percentage of destinations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred a percentage of destinations or
+we've inferred destinations for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've inferred destinations for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've inferred destinations for a
+percentage of transactions not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of transactions not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of transactions not all of
+them and we've linked up the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we've linked up the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we've linked up the ones that
+we could now we want the full matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could now we want the full matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could now we want the full matrix
+because for planning we want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for planning we want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for planning we want to know how
+many people want to go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people want to go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people want to go from here to
+there so there are different methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there are different methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there are different methods for
+scaling we have different situations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling we have different situations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling we have different situations so
+a AFC a VL and all the X together given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AFC a VL and all the X together given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AFC a VL and all the X together given
+illegit a cannoli matrix but it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegit a cannoli matrix but it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegit a cannoli matrix but it's only
+for a sample of passenger trips if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sample of passenger trips if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sample of passenger trips if you
+have a PC that gives you the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PC that gives you the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PC that gives you the full
+boarding counter so if you have that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding counter so if you have that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding counter so if you have that for
+all your bus fleet then great you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your bus fleet then great you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your bus fleet then great you can
+use IPF and you could apply your oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use IPF and you could apply your oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use IPF and you could apply your oh the
+X matrix as the seed to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X matrix as the seed to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X matrix as the seed to make it more
+accurate right that's great in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate right that's great in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate right that's great in some
+cases you only have a PC on App fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you only have a PC on App fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you only have a PC on App fraction
+of vehicles or on no vehicles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vehicles or on no vehicles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vehicles or on no vehicles and
+therefore it's a little tougher so IPF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's a little tougher so IPF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's a little tougher so IPF
+can be applied in this context not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied in this context not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied in this context not just
+on the whole matrix but also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole matrix but also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole matrix but also on the
+remain on the part of the matrix that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain on the part of the matrix that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain on the part of the matrix that is
+not inferred so you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inferred so you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inferred so you can essentially
+subtract from your control tools the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from your control tools the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from your control tools the
+portion of the demand that was inferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the demand that was inferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the demand that was inferred
+and apply IPF only on the remainder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply IPF only on the remainder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply IPF only on the remainder and
+that will scale up only that part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will scale up only that part okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will scale up only that part okay
+that's better if you if you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better if you if you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better if you if you don't want
+to distort your seed too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distort your seed too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distort your seed too much
+essentially right if you if you don't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right if you if you don't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right if you if you don't if
+you're not very comfortable assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not very comfortable assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not very comfortable assuming
+that all the people that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the people that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the people that are not
+inferred have the same demand of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred have the same demand of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred have the same demand of the
+structure as the people that you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as the people that you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as the people that you do have
+an entrance for then separating those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrance for then separating those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrance for then separating those
+out and using IP f on the unentered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and using IP f on the unentered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and using IP f on the unentered
+portion will give you a more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion will give you a more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion will give you a more accurate
+result because you're not amplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result because you're not amplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result because you're not amplifying
+whatever you observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you observed
+and we're was able to ensure so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're was able to ensure so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're was able to ensure so one
+example of that is transfers and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is transfers and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is transfers and we'll
+give an example of that in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example of that in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example of that in the next few
+slides actually right here so consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides actually right here so consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides actually right here so consider
+scaling when you have transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling when you have transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling when you have transfer
+information from all the X and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from all the X and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from all the X and you don't
+have a PC on every bus you have it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PC on every bus you have it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PC on every bus you have it on
+some buses but not every bus so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buses but not every bus so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buses but not every bus so the real
+complete OD matrix is what you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete OD matrix is what you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete OD matrix is what you want and
+we could split it or I'm using algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could split it or I'm using algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could split it or I'm using algebraic
+notation here you the real matrix R can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here you the real matrix R can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here you the real matrix R can
+be split into the inferred portion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be split into the inferred portion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be split into the inferred portion and
+the missing portion M right so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missing portion M right so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missing portion M right so and the
+missing portion has there's two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing portion has there's two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing portion has there's two reasons
+for missing data one of them is I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for missing data one of them is I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for missing data one of them is I saw
+the boarding but I couldn't infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boarding but I couldn't infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boarding but I couldn't infer
+destination so that's you the uninsured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination so that's you the uninsured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination so that's you the uninsured
+portion and then there's the end and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion and then there's the end and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion and then there's the end and non
+interaction part those are the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction part those are the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction part those are the people
+are bored without interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bored without interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bored without interacting with the
+fare box so you want to we want all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare box so you want to we want all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare box so you want to we want all of
+our right so we know I or at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our right so we know I or at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our right so we know I or at least we
+made an inference for I and then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an inference for I and then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an inference for I and then we want
+to estimate you and estimate and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate you and estimate and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate you and estimate and and
+then we can add those two estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can add those two estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can add those two estimates
+together to the AI and we'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to the AI and we'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to the AI and we'll have the
+estimate of R and that's what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of R and that's what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of R and that's what we want
+that's what's what's scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's what's scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's what's scaling
+accomplishes now there's one critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishes now there's one critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishes now there's one critical
+observation to make here if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation to make here if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation to make here if you if you
+take a trip on a bus line and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a trip on a bus line and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a trip on a bus line and then you
+transfer it somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer it somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer it somewhere else
+there will be a tap close to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a tap close to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a tap close to your
+destination right shortly after your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination right shortly after your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination right shortly after your
+destination so the likelihood that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination so the likelihood that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination so the likelihood that you
+was that you were able to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you were able to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you were able to make a
+destination difference is very high do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination difference is very high do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination difference is very high do
+you hear me with that yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear me with that yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear me with that yes or no
+so if you have some bus line and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have some bus line and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have some bus line and let's
+say that at stop B there's a rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that at stop B there's a rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that at stop B there's a rail
+station and you are taking the bus line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and you are taking the bus line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and you are taking the bus line
+from DC to B if you are actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DC to B if you are actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DC to B if you are actually going
+to transfer to the to this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer to the to this transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer to the to this transfer
+station then I will you will have a tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station then I will you will have a tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station then I will you will have a tap
+on to X shortly after you get off at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to X shortly after you get off at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to X shortly after you get off at B
+right okay so the probability that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the probability that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the probability that I
+infer given that I inferred your origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer given that I inferred your origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer given that I inferred your origin
+being D the probability that I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being D the probability that I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being D the probability that I actually
+infer that your distinction was B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer that your distinction was B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer that your distinction was B is
+very high because I have the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high because I have the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high because I have the information
+to make that inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that inference
+it's close in time and in distance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close in time and in distance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close in time and in distance it
+will pass the checks right so we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pass the checks right so we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pass the checks right so we make
+the assumption that in every case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that in every case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that in every case where
+we have a transfer we've successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transfer we've successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transfer we've successfully
+infer the destination then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the destination then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the destination then we have to
+then say well then none of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say well then none of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say well then none of the people
+who are uninsured had a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are uninsured had a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are uninsured had a transfer
+afterwards right right okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards right right okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards right right okay and what
+happens with what if this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with what if this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with what if this is a very
+popular rail station and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular rail station and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular rail station and a lot of people
+take it then the unentered portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it then the unentered portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it then the unentered portion of
+the demand are people who don't transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand are people who don't transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand are people who don't transfer
+there and if you applied if you applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you applied if you applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you applied if you applied
+the the or the OD matrix of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the or the OD matrix of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the or the OD matrix of the people
+that you had a destination inference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had a destination inference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had a destination inference for
+it would be weighing B as a destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be weighing B as a destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be weighing B as a destination
+too much those people are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much those people are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much those people are not very
+likely transferring to some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely transferring to some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely transferring to some people might
+be getting of a B but fewer of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting of a B but fewer of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting of a B but fewer of them
+because you're looking at the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking at the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking at the people who
+don't end up transferring so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up transferring so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up transferring so it could be
+people that go somewhere else around me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that go somewhere else around me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that go somewhere else around me
+but the percentage will be lower so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the percentage will be lower so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the percentage will be lower so what
+we want to do is produce a destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is produce a destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is produce a destination
+probability matrix from the portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability matrix from the portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability matrix from the portion of
+AI that we inferred that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI that we inferred that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI that we inferred that was not
+followed by a transfer so we prepare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a transfer so we prepare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a transfer so we prepare a
+different matrix excluding the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matrix excluding the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matrix excluding the people
+that transferred after this trip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transferred after this trip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transferred after this trip and
+then we use that to scale up the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use that to scale up the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use that to scale up the or the
+remaining origins in probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining origins in probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining origins in probability so
+that's what we have here expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here expressed
+mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+you is the vector of boarding locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is the vector of boarding locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is the vector of boarding locations
+with unfair destinations and we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unfair destinations and we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unfair destinations and we multiply
+it times L bar where L bar is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it times L bar where L bar is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it times L bar where L bar is a matrix
+of the summation probabilities of trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summation probabilities of trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summation probabilities of trips
+not followed by transfers so that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not followed by transfers so that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not followed by transfers so that comes
+from all the X but we remove trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the X but we remove trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the X but we remove trips
+followed by transfers all right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by transfers all right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by transfers all right and then
+we have to take care of the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take care of the missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take care of the missing
+trips or sorry though the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips or sorry though the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips or sorry though the non
+interaction trips or not observed trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction trips or not observed trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction trips or not observed trips
+some of them are trips without inferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are trips without inferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are trips without inferred
+origins so it could be that we know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins so it could be that we know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins so it could be that we know of
+this person was at this trip because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person was at this trip because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person was at this trip because the
+origin inference failed or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin inference failed or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin inference failed or it could be
+that the person there's some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person there's some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person there's some information
+that in general some portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general some portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general some portion of
+passengers don't interact so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers don't interact so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers don't interact so you want to
+scale everything up by 5% say there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale everything up by 5% say there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale everything up by 5% say there's an
+example that could come from surveys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that could come from surveys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that could come from surveys so
+or from a PC if you have a PC on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from a PC if you have a PC on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from a PC if you have a PC on a
+portion of the fleet so essentially n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the fleet so essentially n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the fleet so essentially n
+here is a scaling factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a scaling factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a scaling factor
+it could be bump what you have so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be bump what you have so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be bump what you have so far
+which is I plus u by some amount some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I plus u by some amount some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I plus u by some amount some
+percentage that's the simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage that's the simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage that's the simple way of
+doing it and could be a vector so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and could be a vector so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and could be a vector so you
+could have different scaling factors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have different scaling factors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have different scaling factors for
+each boarding stop it could be 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each boarding stop it could be 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each boarding stop it could be 5%
+overall or it could be ah there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall or it could be ah there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall or it could be ah there's a lot
+of non interaction and this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non interaction and this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non interaction and this stuff but
+not this stuff it could be correlated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this stuff it could be correlated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this stuff it could be correlated to
+loads so many things could happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads so many things could happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads so many things could happen you
+can scale up this way and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale up this way and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale up this way and now we have
+everything together so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together so this is just
+combining the terms this is the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the terms this is the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the terms this is the scaling
+factor for non observed so if n is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for non observed so if n is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for non observed so if n is a
+flat five percent this is one point zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat five percent this is one point zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat five percent this is one point zero
+five and then I is what you had from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and then I is what you had from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and then I is what you had from all
+the X and u well is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and u well is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and u well is the the the
+application of destinations improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of destinations improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of destinations improve
+ability to people at higher origins but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to people at higher origins but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to people at higher origins but
+not in four destinations okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in four destinations okay questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in four destinations okay questions
+about the method the scaling method this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the method the scaling method this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the method the scaling method this
+for one trip or for four bus trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one trip or for four bus trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one trip or for four bus trips
+together say it's not journey level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together say it's not journey level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together say it's not journey level
+scaling so let's move on to journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so let's move on to journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so let's move on to journey
+level scaling so now we're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level scaling so now we're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level scaling so now we're getting a
+little more complicated right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated right so we have
+journeys which include full itinerary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys which include full itinerary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys which include full itinerary of
+people boarding at one location or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people boarding at one location or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people boarding at one location or
+entering station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering station
+location doing several trips transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location doing several trips transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location doing several trips transfer
+including transfers possibly and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including transfers possibly and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including transfers possibly and each of
+those considered an init in re and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those considered an init in re and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those considered an init in re and a
+tener could be one stage or could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tener could be one stage or could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tener could be one stage or could be
+multiple stages linked together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stages linked together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stages linked together with
+transfers so again we have inferred it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so again we have inferred it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so again we have inferred it
+in Aries for a portion of the demand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Aries for a portion of the demand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Aries for a portion of the demand but
+you want to scale up the demand knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to scale up the demand knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to scale up the demand knowing
+control totals but at the itinerary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control totals but at the itinerary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control totals but at the itinerary
+level because we have information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because we have information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because we have information about
+itineraries so why not do it that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itineraries so why not do it that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itineraries so why not do it that way it
+could be more accurate so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more accurate so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more accurate so it's
+challenging because there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because there are many
+possibilities and there are some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and there are some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and there are some places
+that people go through don't have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people go through don't have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people go through don't have good
+control tools but essentially we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tools but essentially we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control tools but essentially we can
+follow an approach that is in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow an approach that is in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow an approach that is in essence
+IPF but applied not to boardings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPF but applied not to boardings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPF but applied not to boardings and
+Lighting's but to you'll see but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lighting's but to you'll see but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lighting's but to you'll see but to the
+scaling factors themselves so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors themselves so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors themselves so this is a
+toy example here's a rail line where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy example here's a rail line where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy example here's a rail line where
+there's tapping and tap out here's a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tapping and tap out here's a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tapping and tap out here's a bus
+line where there's only tapping so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line where there's only tapping so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line where there's only tapping so there
+are many possible it's in areas that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many possible it's in areas that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many possible it's in areas that a
+person could have here right going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could have here right going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could have here right going from
+A to B transfer to the light at E that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B transfer to the light at E that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B transfer to the light at E that's
+one it's an airy go from A to C through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's an airy go from A to C through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's an airy go from A to C through
+B that's another itinerary and at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's another itinerary and at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's another itinerary and at each
+of the nodes here ABCDE there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes here ABCDE there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes here ABCDE there might be
+some counts so on DNA we only have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some counts so on DNA we only have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some counts so on DNA we only have on
+counts because people are not tapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts because people are not tapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts because people are not tapping
+off on a B and C we have on and off our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on a B and C we have on and off our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on a B and C we have on and off our
+entry and exit counts that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit counts that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit counts that means that
+there are these nodes these count nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these nodes these count nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these nodes these count nodes
+a in B out as two examples where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in B out as two examples where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in B out as two examples where we
+count how many people go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many people go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many people go through that
+place and we know from we have for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and we know from we have for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and we know from we have for a
+portion of the people this all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the people this all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the people this all the
+example here some number of it in Aries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here some number of it in Aries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here some number of it in Aries
+that go through a so this is a in so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go through a so this is a in so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go through a so this is a in so we
+have some people going a portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some people going a portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some people going a portion of
+those people are inferred to have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are inferred to have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are inferred to have gone
+from A to D a portion to ABC a portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to D a portion to ABC a portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to D a portion to ABC a portion
+on itinerary abd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on itinerary abd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on itinerary abd
+right and then there's some portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there's some portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there's some portion of
+it shown here as Delta a in who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shown here as Delta a in who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shown here as Delta a in who are
+included in the counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the counts
+but you don't have an inference of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have an inference of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have an inference of their
+itinerary okay so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerary okay so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerary okay so what we want to do is
+scale up the mixture of all the X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up the mixture of all the X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up the mixture of all the X here
+to make up the total and three-count but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up the total and three-count but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up the total and three-count but
+there's a catch these itineraries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a catch these itineraries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a catch these itineraries are
+affecting counts elsewhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting counts elsewhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting counts elsewhere on the
+network so we also have be out as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we also have be out as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we also have be out as one
+example and we know that the people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we know that the people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we know that the people on
+ta b also show up on the count on B not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta b also show up on the count on B not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta b also show up on the count on B not
+the people going ABC though those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people going ABC though those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people going ABC though those are
+not included in the count of be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not included in the count of be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not included in the count of be out
+because they don't exited B so and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't exited B so and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't exited B so and there
+are some new ones some new tener is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some new ones some new tener is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some new ones some new tener is
+showing up a B out that are not in a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up a B out that are not in a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up a B out that are not in a n
+so we want to somehow match the counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to somehow match the counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to somehow match the counts
+at all the places that are affected or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the places that are affected or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the places that are affected or
+that that are that are showing up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are that are showing up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are that are showing up or
+associated with each attorney and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each attorney and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each attorney and and
+scale the cement so that the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the cement so that the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the cement so that the control
+totals are satisfied at all locations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals are satisfied at all locations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals are satisfied at all locations so
+the method is similar to IPF we prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method is similar to IPF we prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method is similar to IPF we prepare
+a binary location it's in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary location it's in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary location it's in early
+incidence matrix with zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix with zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix with zeros and ones
+associating each Denari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating each Denari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating each Denari
+with looking the count nodes so a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with looking the count nodes so a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with looking the count nodes so a in
+well a B is 1 in ternary that is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a B is 1 in ternary that is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a B is 1 in ternary that is shown
+there so is ABC abde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so is ABC abde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so is ABC abde
+not see B not C vde not the e as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see B not C vde not the e as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see B not C vde not the e as an
+example so we have this big matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we have this big matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we have this big matrix of
+zeros and ones and we have two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones and we have two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones and we have two equations
+two yeah two equations TI capital t i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah two equations TI capital t i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah two equations TI capital t i
+uppercase TI is the total scaled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase TI is the total scaled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase TI is the total scaled up
+canary demand on its energy i and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary demand on its energy i and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary demand on its energy i and we
+know that that total is gonna be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that total is gonna be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that total is gonna be one
+plus the scaling factor or the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the scaling factor or the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the scaling factor or the scaling
+factor is 1 plus alpha really alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is 1 plus alpha really alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is 1 plus alpha really alpha is
+the portion over one that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the portion over one that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the portion over one that we want to
+scale by times the observed or inferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale by times the observed or inferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale by times the observed or inferred
+flow on that itinerary I which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow on that itinerary I which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow on that itinerary I which is
+lowercase T then we also have this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase T then we also have this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase T then we also have this other
+relationship that the on the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the on the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the on the remaining
+portion of the account on a node which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the account on a node which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the account on a node which
+is the count on node n the control total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the count on node n the control total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the count on node n the control total
+unloadin - the portion that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unloadin - the portion that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unloadin - the portion that was
+seen through that place is the amount it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen through that place is the amount it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen through that place is the amount it
+adds up to the sum of all itineraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to the sum of all itineraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to the sum of all itineraries
+going through that place times they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that place times they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that place times they're
+scaling factors so now we need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors so now we need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors so now we need to figure
+out what scaling factors are for each a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what scaling factors are for each a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what scaling factors are for each a
+ternary satisfying both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ternary satisfying both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ternary satisfying both of these
+equations we have both we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we have both we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we have both we have two
+equations on vectors right on we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations on vectors right on we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations on vectors right on we have it
+on control nodes and we also have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on control nodes and we also have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on control nodes and we also have on
+itineraries so we're back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itineraries so we're back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itineraries so we're back to the same
+situation we can do IPF on its inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we can do IPF on its inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we can do IPF on its inner
+aires and count nodes and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aires and count nodes and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aires and count nodes and that's what we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+we initialize if we have better data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we initialize if we have better data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we initialize if we have better data we
+could initialize with a good seed matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could initialize with a good seed matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could initialize with a good seed matrix
+otherwise you could initialize to one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you could initialize to one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you could initialize to one we
+then update the estimated count nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then update the estimated count nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then update the estimated count nodes
+which is Delta right so again Delta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Delta right so again Delta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Delta right so again Delta here
+is the difference between the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference between the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference between the counter
+flow through that node and the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow through that node and the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow through that node and the observed
+flow so it's a little hard that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so it's a little hard that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so it's a little hard that you have
+to scale up to now you do that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale up to now you do that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale up to now you do that for all
+nodes and then you let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then you let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then you let's look at what
+happens here so when you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here so when you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here so when you apply this
+equation you calculate a delta hat right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you calculate a delta hat right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you calculate a delta hat right
+here that is much higher it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is much higher it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is much higher it looks like
+yeah it's much higher than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's much higher than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's much higher than the actual
+measured Delta so you know of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured Delta so you know of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured Delta so you know of that
+initial scaling is producing demand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial scaling is producing demand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial scaling is producing demand the
+flow that is too high through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that is too high through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that is too high through those
+nodes and that's because we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's because we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's because we said that
+alpha was one for all of those nodes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha was one for all of those nodes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha was one for all of those nodes but
+it isn't so those alphas need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't so those alphas need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't so those alphas need to be
+adjusted now right so we move to alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted now right so we move to alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted now right so we move to alphas
+and we update alphas by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we update alphas by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we update alphas by looking at the
+essentially the average scaling factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the average scaling factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the average scaling factor
+required across these control Delta's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required across these control Delta's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required across these control Delta's
+that apply to each eaten area not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to each eaten area not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to each eaten area not all of
+them apply to each eatin area right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apply to each eatin area right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apply to each eatin area right so
+for a tannery a B you would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a tannery a B you would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a tannery a B you would take the
+average required adjustment factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average required adjustment factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average required adjustment factor
+across all the deltas that apply to a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the deltas that apply to a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the deltas that apply to a B
+which are only the first two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are only the first two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are only the first two you
+wouldn't include the last three because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't include the last three because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't include the last three because
+they don't touch maybe so you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't touch maybe so you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't touch maybe so you calculate
+the average and you adjust the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and you adjust the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and you adjust the alphas
+but now you're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you're not getting
+the man that you expected so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man that you expected so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man that you expected so you have to
+go back and you cycle through again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and you cycle through again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and you cycle through again you
+go back and forth back and forth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth back and forth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth back and forth you
+apply these two equations until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these two equations until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these two equations until you
+converge and convergence in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and convergence in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and convergence in this case
+means that the Delta hats will match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the Delta hats will match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the Delta hats will match the
+Delta Delta's that you measured and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Delta's that you measured and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Delta's that you measured and that
+the Alpha values are not changing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha values are not changing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha values are not changing much
+between iterations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between iterations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between iterations okay
+so we haven't seen the proof that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't seen the proof that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't seen the proof that this
+converges its it relies on an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges its it relies on an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges its it relies on an average
+here so it's a new and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a new and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a new and it's an
+introduction or a new aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction or a new aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction or a new aspect of the
+method but it's in every test that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but it's in every test that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but it's in every test that we've
+run it does converge so on a toy example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it does converge so on a toy example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it does converge so on a toy example
+where we didn't know what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we didn't know what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we didn't know what the actual
+journeys were because we we produced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys were because we we produced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journeys were because we we produced the
+real data and then we hit it and scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data and then we hit it and scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data and then we hit it and scaled
+it up we started with different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up we started with different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up we started with different values
+of alpha or rather different required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha or rather different required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha or rather different required
+scaling factors by 18 ireri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors by 18 ireri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors by 18 ireri
+so in the Blue Line case this blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the Blue Line case this blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the Blue Line case this blue line
+right here the amounts the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the amounts the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the amounts the scaling
+factors required across the ten areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors required across the ten areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors required across the ten areas
+were very similar to each other they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very similar to each other they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very similar to each other they all
+needed to be scaled up by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be scaled up by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be scaled up by the same
+amount and what we show here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and what we show here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and what we show here is that the
+solution converged very quickly and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution converged very quickly and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution converged very quickly and that
+the accuracy was high because the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy was high because the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy was high because the root
+mean squared error was low okay but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error was low okay but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error was low okay but then
+as we start moving to differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start moving to differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start moving to differences in
+scaling factors required the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors required the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors required the algorithm
+did converge and produced a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did converge and produced a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did converge and produced a different
+alphas for a stationary but it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas for a stationary but it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas for a stationary but it took
+longer to converge and the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to converge and the root mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to converge and the root mean
+squared error of the last solution final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error of the last solution final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error of the last solution final
+solution was higher which makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was higher which makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was higher which makes sense
+all these methods IPI the IPF family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these methods IPI the IPF family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these methods IPI the IPF family of
+methods amplify errors they amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods amplify errors they amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods amplify errors they amplify
+whatever you give it at the beginning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you give it at the beginning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you give it at the beginning so
+if you start with something all ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with something all ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with something all ones and
+in fact they are quite different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they are quite different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they are quite different from
+ones or some of them are one and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or some of them are one and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or some of them are one and others
+are not then you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not then you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not then you're going to have a
+bigger error in the last solution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger error in the last solution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger error in the last solution in the
+final solution so this was applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final solution so this was applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final solution so this was applied to
+London once again in practice there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London once again in practice there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London once again in practice there's
+another complication people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complication people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complication people who are
+in count or who are counted at each node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in count or who are counted at each node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in count or who are counted at each node
+they don't all finish their journeys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all finish their journeys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all finish their journeys or
+they don't all start their journeys add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all start their journeys add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't all start their journeys add
+in the time band that you are including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time band that you are including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time band that you are including
+the counting right so so if you do on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting right so so if you do on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting right so so if you do on a
+trip that takes a whole hour you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip that takes a whole hour you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip that takes a whole hour you might
+be seeing tapping in here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing tapping in here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing tapping in here and then you
+might end up tapping out at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up tapping out at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up tapping out at the next
+hour so you need control totals in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour so you need control totals in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour so you need control totals in this
+case by the hour we were looking at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by the hour we were looking at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by the hour we were looking at our
+scaling scaling of the amount every hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling scaling of the amount every hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling scaling of the amount every hour
+but you need to adjust the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to adjust the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to adjust the control
+totals to to get what percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals to to get what percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals to to get what percentage of
+people who are tapping out at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are tapping out at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are tapping out at this
+location actually and so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location actually and so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location actually and so I actually
+started their journey in that hour how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started their journey in that hour how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started their journey in that hour how
+many of them actually started on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them actually started on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them actually started on the
+hour before so there was an offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour before so there was an offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour before so there was an offset
+correction and this is what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and this is what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and this is what is being
+shown here here you have raw entries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here here you have raw entries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here here you have raw entries and
+raw exits in dashed lines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw exits in dashed lines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw exits in dashed lines and the
+correction essentially shifted those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction essentially shifted those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction essentially shifted those
+entries backwards and time a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries backwards and time a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries backwards and time a little bit
+so the control totals matched and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the control totals matched and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the control totals matched and then
+you can run the journey scaling as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run the journey scaling as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run the journey scaling as we
+just showed and the results we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed and the results we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed and the results we don't
+have ground truth data in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ground truth data in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ground truth data in this case you
+could run a survey I guess Ltd yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run a survey I guess Ltd yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run a survey I guess Ltd yes in
+some ways is ground truth but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways is ground truth but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways is ground truth but it's a
+little sample the overall scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sample the overall scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sample the overall scaling
+required was about 50 percent you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required was about 50 percent you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required was about 50 percent you can
+see the three half line here one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the three half line here one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the three half line here one way of
+validating it was to run it only on rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating it was to run it only on rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validating it was to run it only on rail
+because rail has OMD we can run IPF on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rail has OMD we can run IPF on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rail has OMD we can run IPF on
+the rail matrix because you have total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rail matrix because you have total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rail matrix because you have total
+the other control totals for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other control totals for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other control totals for all the
+gates in and out so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates in and out so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates in and out so there's no
+complication of the bus you can run IPF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of the bus you can run IPF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of the bus you can run IPF
+on that and it aligned very well with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and it aligned very well with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and it aligned very well with a
+more sophisticated solution of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated solution of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated solution of running
+this by proportional fitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by proportional fitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by proportional fitting on the
+itinerary scaling factors instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerary scaling factors instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerary scaling factors instead of the
+simpler IPF method presumably the errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler IPF method presumably the errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler IPF method presumably the errors
+that you see here that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here that are sort of
+slightly after diagonal are improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly after diagonal are improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly after diagonal are improvements
+and accuracy because instead of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accuracy because instead of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accuracy because instead of starting
+from say all ones you are using a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say all ones you are using a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say all ones you are using a good
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+about a seed matrix from all the X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a seed matrix from all the X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a seed matrix from all the X so
+the accuracy should have been improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy should have been improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy should have been improving
+we don't we don't have the again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't have the again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't have the again the
+ground truth to to assert that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth to to assert that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth to to assert that to
+measure how close how closer we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how close how closer we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how close how closer we got to
+reality but and one application of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but and one application of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but and one application of this
+here's a chart a chart showing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the origins so it's like a heat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the origins so it's like a heat map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the origins so it's like a heat map
+of London and more red or a darker color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of London and more red or a darker color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of London and more red or a darker color
+of red shading each cell shows a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red shading each cell shows a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red shading each cell shows a higher
+proportion of people originating at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of people originating at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of people originating at that
+location and going to Oxford Circus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and going to Oxford Circus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and going to Oxford Circus
+which is right here in the middle so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right here in the middle so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right here in the middle so for
+a planner looking at this in knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a planner looking at this in knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a planner looking at this in knowing
+water if if I want to know where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if if I want to know where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if if I want to know where people
+are coming from to Oxford Circle here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from to Oxford Circle here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from to Oxford Circle here's
+a map you can do this by time band took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map you can do this by time band took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map you can do this by time band took
+only for the am peak or there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the am peak or there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the am peak or there's many
+applications of this origin destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this origin destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this origin destination
+they don't I'm just showing you one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't I'm just showing you one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't I'm just showing you one here
+and here are some references so Jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are some references so Jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are some references so Jay
+Gordon's thesis a paper he wrote though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gordon's thesis a paper he wrote though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gordon's thesis a paper he wrote though
+the Southwick reference is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Southwick reference is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Southwick reference is for the
+scaling of buses without the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of buses without the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of buses without the transfer
+demand so if you want to read that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so if you want to read that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so if you want to read that and
+read more about that that's the right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more about that that's the right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more about that that's the right up
+and then I real paper on the inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I real paper on the inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I real paper on the inference
+of destinations using dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destinations using dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destinations using dynamic
+programming instead of closest node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming instead of closest node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming instead of closest node
+that's also published you can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also published you can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also published you can get that
+and then finally J's website has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally J's website has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally J's website has the
+visualizations for London and Boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations for London and Boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations for London and Boston and
+yeah so you can have fun looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright do we have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright do we have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright do we have any questions about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can watch the animations again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can watch the animations again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can watch the animations again and
+maybe now we really know we now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe now we really know we now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe now we really know we now we
+really appreciate what went into it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate what went into it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate what went into it so
+some are some new systems are a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are some new systems are a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are some new systems are a proof of
+payment as well right yeah so right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment as well right yeah so right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment as well right yeah so right you
+could have APC APC has some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have APC APC has some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have APC APC has some issues
+especially when the vehicle is crowded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when the vehicle is crowded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when the vehicle is crowded
+some people block APC sensors so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people block APC sensors so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people block APC sensors so you
+could have yeah if it's proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have yeah if it's proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have yeah if it's proof of
+payments Manuel surveys is your tour the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments Manuel surveys is your tour the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments Manuel surveys is your tour the
+other alternative yeah and it yeah proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternative yeah and it yeah proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternative yeah and it yeah proof
+of payment is a something we can debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of payment is a something we can debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of payment is a something we can debate
+and has benefits so data data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has benefits so data data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has benefits so data data
+collections that's a clear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections that's a clear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections that's a clear this
+advantage of proofing yeah yeah which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of proofing yeah yeah which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of proofing yeah yeah which
+which scaling method okay Oh many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scaling method okay Oh many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scaling method okay Oh many many
+many many any possible combination of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many any possible combination of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many any possible combination of I
+don't know if I have that here yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I have that here yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I have that here yeah so
+so we know that there are trillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that there are trillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that there are trillions of
+solutions that satisfy the control total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that satisfy the control total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that satisfy the control total
+I forget how many in scenaries unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget how many in scenaries unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget how many in scenaries unique
+attend Ares there are but many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend Ares there are but many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend Ares there are but many many many
+it's a large number and the city like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large number and the city like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large number and the city like
+London particularly so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London particularly so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London particularly so this is a
+computationally intense activity yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intense activity yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intense activity yeah
+yeah on bus you would want to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah on bus you would want to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah on bus you would want to have that
+that would be one one control total that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one one control total that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one one control total that
+you could use for a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use for a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use for a bus
+this method is flexible though because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method is flexible though because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method is flexible though because
+it doesn't require that you have control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't require that you have control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't require that you have control
+totals everywhere you just use whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals everywhere you just use whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals everywhere you just use whatever
+control total you trust so if you say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control total you trust so if you say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control total you trust so if you say if
+you didn't have a PC on buses then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have a PC on buses then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have a PC on buses then you
+would only use the landfill total on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only use the landfill total on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only use the landfill total on
+rail if you have a PC on some buses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail if you have a PC on some buses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail if you have a PC on some buses you
+could use the control totals on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the control totals on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the control totals on those
+buses to improve the scaling information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses to improve the scaling information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses to improve the scaling information
+but it doesn't require that all okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't require that all okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't require that all okay all
+the places of counts does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places of counts does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places of counts does that make
+sense because you have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because you have a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because you have a list
+essentially a list of count nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a list of count nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a list of count nodes and
+that list is not necessarily a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list is not necessarily a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list is not necessarily a complete
+list of places that people go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of places that people go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of places that people go through
+and then you have all the lists of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have all the lists of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have all the lists of it
+any areas that you see and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any areas that you see and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any areas that you see and you want to
+associate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again no proof of conversions here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again no proof of conversions here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again no proof of conversions here but
+it didn't something yeah and on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't something yeah and on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't something yeah and on the on
+the toy examples we run we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy examples we run we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy examples we run we have we
+observe these properties of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these properties of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these properties of convergence
+rate and error at the end which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and error at the end which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and error at the end which is
+consistent with normal or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with normal or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with normal or more
+traditional applications of IPF so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional applications of IPF so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional applications of IPF so we
+can hypothesize that it behaves very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hypothesize that it behaves very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hypothesize that it behaves very
+similarly question the back it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly question the back it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly question the back it's not a
+list of reasonable Daenerys is a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of reasonable Daenerys is a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of reasonable Daenerys is a list of
+inferred itineraries so any its inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred itineraries so any its inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred itineraries so any its inner
+every that was inferred because I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every that was inferred because I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every that was inferred because I saw
+you tapping in here out there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tapping in here out there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tapping in here out there then
+transferring taking this bus and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring taking this bus and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring taking this bus and maybe
+you took three other buses after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took three other buses after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took three other buses after that
+maybe one person did that that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one person did that that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one person did that that's one of
+ten area it's included here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten area it's included here something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten area it's included here something
+different yes that is you could generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes that is you could generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes that is you could generate
+every combination but that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every combination but that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every combination but that's maybe
+untrackable so what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untrackable so what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untrackable so what we're doing is
+lonely considering it attend areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely considering it attend areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely considering it attend areas that
+were observed and only scaling those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were observed and only scaling those up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were observed and only scaling those up
+so that's a good point there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good point there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good point there might be
+enough there might be some people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there might be some people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there might be some people that
+were counted but didn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were counted but didn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were counted but didn't have an
+inference on their itinerary might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference on their itinerary might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference on their itinerary might be
+completely different and this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different and this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different and this method
+doesn't handle that give me IPF or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't handle that give me IPF or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't handle that give me IPF or the
+traditional IPS no well it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional IPS no well it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional IPS no well it depends on
+the accuracy of your IPF procedure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy of your IPF procedure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy of your IPF procedure and
+the accuracy of your control tools yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy of your control tools yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy of your control tools yeah
+if your seed matrix is very good then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your seed matrix is very good then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your seed matrix is very good then
+the IPF should well any applications PF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IPF should well any applications PF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IPF should well any applications PF
+we just see it 2-1 and run it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just see it 2-1 and run it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just see it 2-1 and run it and you
+have the issue of the transfer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the issue of the transfer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the issue of the transfer which
+would plague that and I would amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would plague that and I would amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would plague that and I would amplify
+the error right because you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error right because you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error right because you would
+presumably your seed matrix yeah a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably your seed matrix yeah a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably your seed matrix yeah a lot
+of people might be getting off here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people might be getting off here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people might be getting off here to
+transfer and you may not be considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and you may not be considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and you may not be considering
+that if you use like we have to scale up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you use like we have to scale up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you use like we have to scale up
+the unentered portion for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unentered portion for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unentered portion for example that
+that would happen so we I think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen so we I think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen so we I think through
+our validation we have seen that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our validation we have seen that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our validation we have seen that there's
+a more reason to trust the inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more reason to trust the inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more reason to trust the inference
+algorithms and scaled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and scaled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and scaled up
+than to just take control totals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to just take control totals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to just take control totals and
+scale those up right from an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale those up right from an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale those up right from an information
+theory perspective you're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory perspective you're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory perspective you're adding
+information so you should even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you should even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you should even if we
+can't provide evidence absolutely it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't provide evidence absolutely it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't provide evidence absolutely it is
+the case from information theory we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case from information theory we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case from information theory we see
+like we're consuming more information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're consuming more information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're consuming more information to
+generate this estimate then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this estimate then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this estimate then that
+estimate should be more accurate so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate should be more accurate so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate should be more accurate so but
+it depends on whether your inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on whether your inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on whether your inferences
+were correct or not that it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were correct or not that it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were correct or not that it depends on
+the assumptions you made about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions you made about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions you made about people
+and right so many assumptions go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so many assumptions go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so many assumptions go into
+this and it's hard to say exactly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's hard to say exactly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's hard to say exactly all
+right so let's do you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do you want to look at
+Boston or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see turn it off all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see turn it off all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see turn it off all right so
+here's Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much smaller city and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller city and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller city and there are some
+this is an earlier video where we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an earlier video where we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an earlier video where we still
+had some issues with all the X then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some issues with all the X then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some issues with all the X then so
+some of them you could you could perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them you could you could perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them you could you could perhaps
+detect by looking at the animation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect by looking at the animation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect by looking at the animation so
+that's another application of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another application of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another application of this
+animation is to sort of find issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation is to sort of find issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation is to sort of find issues with
+the algorithm in this case people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm in this case people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm in this case people are
+being routed through the actual paths so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being routed through the actual paths so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being routed through the actual paths so
+that's another difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another difference between the
+video of London where people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video of London where people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video of London where people were
+bursting in linearly here it looks less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursting in linearly here it looks less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursting in linearly here it looks less
+bursty and part of that is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursty and part of that is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursty and part of that is that the
+notes are moving through paths yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are moving through paths yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are moving through paths yeah yeah
+and you I mean some yeah some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you I mean some yeah some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you I mean some yeah some of the
+issues are very slowly moving dots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are very slowly moving dots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are very slowly moving dots so
+you see some green dots the barely move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some green dots the barely move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some green dots the barely move
+so so those are errors that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those are errors that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those are errors that have been
+fixed already and we should run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed already and we should run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed already and we should run this
+program again to generate a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program again to generate a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program again to generate a new
+animation without those errors but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation without those errors but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation without those errors but yeah
+you see the same pattern that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the same pattern that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the same pattern that this is
+now late at night so you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now late at night so you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now late at night so you can see where
+people are still at work or or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are still at work or or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are still at work or or perhaps
+at restaurants or bars and yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at restaurants or bars and yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at restaurants or bars and yeah and
+Boston Boston system just kind of shuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Boston system just kind of shuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Boston system just kind of shuts
+down so it's as long as a live at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's as long as a live at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's as long as a live at night
+because we're only looking at people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're only looking at people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're only looking at people who
+would take the tea so alright thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the tea so alright thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the tea so alright thank you
+and if you have questions we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have questions we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have questions we'll take
+them otherwise I'll see you see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them otherwise I'll see you see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them otherwise I'll see you see you next
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bKmcRfE3I6E.txt b/bKmcRfE3I6E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a53e258f000a5af1b37f2dc5ac187e4c8eba76cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bKmcRfE3I6E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12592 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu our last class ye is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu our last class ye is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu our last class ye is running
+from his home uh in New Jersey due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his home uh in New Jersey due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his home uh in New Jersey due to
+snow so he he couldn't fly fly in uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow so he he couldn't fly fly in uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow so he he couldn't fly fly in uh but
+actually it's a now now I'm learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a now now I'm learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a now now I'm learning a
+lot it's a good way to uh uh to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it's a good way to uh uh to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it's a good way to uh uh to run the
+classes going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes going
+forward I think we may employ it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I think we may employ it next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I think we may employ it next
+year uh so uh he will uh present uh CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh so uh he will uh present uh CVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh so uh he will uh present uh CVA
+modeling for about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for about an
+hour uh and uh then Jake Peter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour uh and uh then Jake Peter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour uh and uh then Jake Peter and
+myself we will'll do concluding remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself we will'll do concluding remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself we will'll do concluding remarks
+and we we will be happy to answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we will be happy to answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we will be happy to answer any
+questions on the projects or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the projects or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the projects or any
+questions whatsoever all right so ye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions whatsoever all right so ye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions whatsoever all right so ye
+please thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please thank
+you okay yeah thank you um hi everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay yeah thank you um hi everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay yeah thank you um hi everyone
+sorry I couldn't make it in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I couldn't make it in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I couldn't make it in person
+because of snow um but I'm happy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of snow um but I'm happy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of snow um but I'm happy right
+to be to have this opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to have this opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to have this opportunity to
+discuss with you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you guys
+cter party credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cter party credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cter party credit
+risk as a part of Enterprise level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk as a part of Enterprise level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk as a part of Enterprise level
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+modeling I run a cross asset modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling I run a cross asset modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling I run a cross asset modeling
+group and Morgan sley and hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and Morgan sley and hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and Morgan sley and hopefully you
+will see why it is called cross asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model OKAY counterparty credit risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY counterparty credit risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY counterparty credit risk
+exists mainly in OTC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists mainly in OTC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists mainly in OTC
+derivatives when you have an OTC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives when you have an OTC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives when you have an OTC
+derivative trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative trade
+sometimes you owe your counter party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you owe your counter party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you owe your counter party
+money sometimes your counter party owes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money sometimes your counter party owes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money sometimes your counter party owes
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+money right if your counter party owes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right if your counter party owes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right if your counter party owes
+zero money you know on the payment date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero money you know on the payment date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero money you know on the payment date
+your counter party may actually default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counter party may actually default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counter party may actually default
+and therefore it will not pay you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it will not pay you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it will not pay you the
+full amount it owes you okay the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full amount it owes you okay the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full amount it owes you okay the default
+event include bankruptcy failer to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event include bankruptcy failer to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event include bankruptcy failer to pay
+and few other events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and few other events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and few other events
+so obviously we have a default risk if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we have a default risk if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we have a default risk if
+our counter party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our counter party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our counter party
+defaults we would lose part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults we would lose part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults we would lose part of our
+receivable okay however the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable okay however the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable okay however the question is
+before the counterparty defaults do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the counterparty defaults do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the counterparty defaults do we
+have any other risks imagine you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any other risks imagine you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any other risks imagine you have a
+case where your counterparty will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where your counterparty will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where your counterparty will pay
+you in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in 10
+years okay so he doesn't need to pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay so he doesn't need to pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay so he doesn't need to pay you
+anything okay then the question is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay then the question is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay then the question is are
+you concerned about counterparty risk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you concerned about counterparty risk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you concerned about counterparty risk or
+not well the question is yes as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well the question is yes as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well the question is yes as many of
+you probably know it's the marked Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know it's the marked Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know it's the marked Market
+risk due to the likelihood of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk due to the likelihood of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk due to the likelihood of a
+counterparty future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+default okay it is like the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay it is like the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay it is like the counter
+party start widening even though you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party start widening even though you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party start widening even though you do
+not need a payment from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need a payment from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need a payment from your
+counterparty if you were to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty if you were to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty if you were to sell
+you know your to trade to someone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your to trade to someone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your to trade to someone and
+someone may actually worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone may actually worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone may actually worry about that
+okay so therefore the mark Market will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore the mark Market will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore the mark Market will
+become lower if the counterparty spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become lower if the counterparty spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become lower if the counterparty spread
+widen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen
+okay this is similar to a corporate bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is similar to a corporate bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is similar to a corporate bond
+you know in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of
+economics right your own Bond okay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics right your own Bond okay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics right your own Bond okay on
+the Kum payment date or on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kum payment date or on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kum payment date or on you know
+right principal date the comp party can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right principal date the comp party can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right principal date the comp party can
+default of course they can default in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default of course they can default in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default of course they can default in
+between also but in terms of terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between also but in terms of terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between also but in terms of terminology
+you know this is not called counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not called counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not called counterparty
+risk this is called issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk so here comes an important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so here comes an important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so here comes an important concept
+credit valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit valuation
+adjustment as we know the counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment as we know the counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment as we know the counterparty
+credit risk is a risk okay whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk is a risk okay whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk is a risk okay whenever
+there's a risk you know we could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk you know we could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk you know we could put a
+price on that risk credit valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price on that risk credit valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price on that risk credit valuation
+adjustment CVA essentially is the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment CVA essentially is the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment CVA essentially is the price
+of a counterparty credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a counterparty credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a counterparty credit
+risk okay main Mark Market risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay main Mark Market risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay main Mark Market risk of
+course include you know default risk too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course include you know default risk too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course include you know default risk too
+right it is an adjustment to the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is an adjustment to the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is an adjustment to the price
+or Mark Market from a counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mark Market from a counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mark Market from a counterparty
+default free model or broker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default free model or broker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default free model or broker
+quote okay so you know people know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote okay so you know people know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote okay so you know people know right
+there's a broker Pro the broker doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a broker Pro the broker doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a broker Pro the broker doesn't
+know you know the counterparty risk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the counterparty risk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the counterparty risk a
+lot of our trade models does not know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our trade models does not know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our trade models does not know uh
+the counterparty risk either mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty risk either mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty risk either mainly
+because of the uh you know portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh you know portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh you know portfolio
+effect which I will talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which I will talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which I will talk about in a
+minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so
+therefore there is a need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there is a need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there is a need to actually
+have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate
+price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of
+CVA to be added to the price or Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVA to be added to the price or Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVA to be added to the price or Mark
+Market from counterparty default fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market from counterparty default fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market from counterparty default fre
+model to get the true economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to get the true economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to get the true economic
+price okay in contrast you know in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay in contrast you know in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay in contrast you know in terms
+of a bond typically there's no need uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bond typically there's no need uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bond typically there's no need uh
+you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for
+C because it is priced in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because it is priced in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because it is priced in the market
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+okay and uh CVA not only has important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh CVA not only has important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh CVA not only has important
+Mar Market uh implications it is also Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar Market uh implications it is also Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar Market uh implications it is also Al
+a part of ble 3 credit capital okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of ble 3 credit capital okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of ble 3 credit capital okay not
+only you know change your valuation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you know change your valuation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you know change your valuation but
+could impact your return on Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could impact your return on Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could impact your return on Capital
+because of a CVA risk the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a CVA risk the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a CVA risk the capital
+requirement typically is higher okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement typically is higher okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement typically is higher okay so
+you you may have a bigger uh denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may have a bigger uh denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may have a bigger uh denominator
+in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh
+return R return on capital or return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return R return on capital or return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return R return on capital or return on
+Equity right C risk as you may know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity right C risk as you may know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity right C risk as you may know has
+been a very you know important risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very you know important risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very you know important risk
+especially since the crisis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since the crisis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since the crisis of
+2008 okay during the crises a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 okay during the crises a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 okay during the crises a
+significant financial loss actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant financial loss actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant financial loss actually is
+coming from CVA loss meaning marks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from CVA loss meaning marks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from CVA loss meaning marks the
+market loss due to counterparty's Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market loss due to counterparty's Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market loss due to counterparty's Future
+default and this loss turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and this loss turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and this loss turned out to be
+actually higher than the actual default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually higher than the actual default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually higher than the actual default
+loss and the than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and the than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and the than the actual
+counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty
+default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default
+uh again come back to our question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again come back to our question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again come back to our question right
+how do we you know think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we you know think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we you know think in terms of
+pricing ad dtive and price the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing ad dtive and price the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing ad dtive and price the you know
+the CVA you know together with the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CVA you know together with the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CVA you know together with the D
+okay first of all it has some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all it has some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all it has some you know
+portfolio effect right the counter party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio effect right the counter party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio effect right the counter party
+can trade multiple trades and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trade multiple trades and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trade multiple trades and the
+default loss or default risk can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default loss or default risk can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default loss or default risk can be
+different depend on the portfolio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depend on the portfolio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depend on the portfolio and
+when people use a trade level de model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people use a trade level de model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people use a trade level de model
+which is you know by default what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know by default what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know by default what people
+call A D model typically you price each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call A D model typically you price each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call A D model typically you price each
+trade you know price one trade at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade you know price one trade at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade you know price one trade at time
+and then you aggate you know the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you aggate you know the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you aggate you know the market
+market right together to together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right together to together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right together to together
+portfolio you know valuation so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you know valuation so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you know valuation so when you
+price one trade you does not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price one trade you does not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price one trade you does not need to
+know you do not need to know there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you do not need to know there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you do not need to know there may
+be another trade facing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another trade facing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another trade facing the same
+counterparty but for CVA or counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty but for CVA or counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty but for CVA or counterparty
+risk this is not true okay we will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk this is not true okay we will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk this is not true okay we will go
+over some examples soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is you know one application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you know one application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you know one application of
+of what I call Enterprise level deriv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I call Enterprise level deriv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I call Enterprise level deriv
+essentially focusing on modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially focusing on modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially focusing on modeling
+nonlinear effects nonlinear risks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear effects nonlinear risks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear effects nonlinear risks in the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+portfolio here is a concrete example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio here is a concrete example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio here is a concrete example
+hopefully you know can help you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you know can help you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you know can help you guys to
+gain some ination on the account party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain some ination on the account party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain some ination on the account party
+RIS and CV okay suppose you have and OTC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS and CV okay suppose you have and OTC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS and CV okay suppose you have and OTC
+derivative trade for instance like IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative trade for instance like IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative trade for instance like IR
+swamp it could be a portfolio of tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamp it could be a portfolio of tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swamp it could be a portfolio of tra
+okay and let's make it simple you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's make it simple you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's make it simple you know
+let's assume the trade PV uh was zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume the trade PV uh was zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume the trade PV uh was zero on
+day one okay of course we assume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one okay of course we assume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one okay of course we assume you
+know we don't know anything about com CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't know anything about com CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't know anything about com CR
+risk we don't know anything about CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk we don't know anything about CVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk we don't know anything about CVA
+this is just to show how CVA become you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to show how CVA become you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to show how CVA become you
+know recognized you know by people right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know recognized you know by people right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know recognized you know by people right
+so to start with again the trade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with again the trade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with again the trade the
+trade PV uh was zero on day one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade PV uh was zero on day one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade PV uh was zero on day one which is
+true for a lot of swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a lot of swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a lot of swap
+trades and then the trade PV um became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades and then the trade PV um became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades and then the trade PV um became
+100 million dollars later on okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million dollars later on okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million dollars later on okay and
+then your counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your counterparty
+defaults okay with 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults okay with 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaults okay with 50%
+recovery and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery and you get
+paid you know $50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid you know $50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid you know $50 million
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cash okay so 100 million times 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash okay so 100 million times 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash okay so 100 million times 30%
+recovery right if cont doesn't default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery right if cont doesn't default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery right if cont doesn't default
+you eventually would get 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eventually would get 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eventually would get 100 million
+dollar now it defaults you get half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar now it defaults you get half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar now it defaults you get half of
+it 1550
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 1550
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 1550
+million the question is have you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million the question is have you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million the question is have you made
+$50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50
+million or have you lost $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or have you lost $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or have you lost $50
+million over the life of the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone has any ideas can people raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has any ideas can people raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has any ideas can people raise
+your hand if you think you have made $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million can can I see the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million can can I see the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million can can I see the people in the
+class I couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone no
+one no okay no one thing made the $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no okay no one thing made the $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no okay no one thing made the $
+million okay so I guess then do do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so I guess then do do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so I guess then do do you
+all think you have lost $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all think you have lost $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all think you have lost $50
+million can people raise your hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million can people raise your hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million can people raise your hand if
+you think you have lost $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million okay and and I see people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay and and I see people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay and and I see people some
+people did not raise your hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did not raise your hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did not raise your hand that
+means you are thinking you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you are thinking you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you are thinking you are
+flat or or maybe you want to save your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat or or maybe you want to save your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat or or maybe you want to save your
+opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion
+later okay so this is a um a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so this is a um a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so this is a um a common
+question I normally ask in my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I normally ask in my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I normally ask in my uh
+presentation and and I typically get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and and I typically get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and and I typically get two
+answers some people think you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers some people think you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers some people think you've made
+you know some people think they've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some people think they've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some people think they've made
+$50 million some people think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 million some people think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 million some people think they have
+lost 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost 50
+million and uh you know there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and uh you know there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and uh you know there was one
+case someone said okay uh you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case someone said okay uh you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case someone said okay uh you know they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+flat now this look like a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat now this look like a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat now this look like a new
+interesting situation where no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation where no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation where no one
+thinks you made 50 million I mean come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks you made 50 million I mean come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks you made 50 million I mean come
+on you have $50 million of cash you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you have $50 million of cash you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you have $50 million of cash you know
+in the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the door
+and you don't think you have made $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't think you have made $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't think you have made $50
+million you know you have zero from day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you know you have zero from day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you know you have zero from day
+one now you have $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+okay all right anyway so for for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right anyway so for for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right anyway so for for those
+who think you have lost money I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think you have lost money I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think you have lost money I don't
+know if it's a good idea right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's a good idea right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's a good idea right I
+mean can someone tell us why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean can someone tell us why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean can someone tell us why do you
+think you lost $50 million you went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you lost $50 million you went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you lost $50 million you went from
+zero to positive $50 million why why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to positive $50 million why why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to positive $50 million why why do
+you think you lost this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million are we equipped to allow people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million are we equipped to allow people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million are we equipped to allow people
+to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions presses a button in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so people
+choose not to voice your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose not to voice your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose not to voice your
+opinion is it because you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is it because you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is it because you have to pay
+it's a swap and you have to pay $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a swap and you have to pay $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a swap and you have to pay $
+million to someone on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to someone on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to someone on the other side of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+trade okay very good so essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade okay very good so essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade okay very good so essentially you
+are saying Hing is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying Hing is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying Hing is that what you're
+trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get
+to so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you have a
+swap zero and you have offsetting swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap zero and you have offsetting swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap zero and you have offsetting swap
+as a hedge is that what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hedge is that what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hedge is that what you're trying to
+say no I'm I'm saying that if you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I'm I'm saying that if you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I'm I'm saying that if you're the
+intermediary between for a swap then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary between for a swap then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary between for a swap then you
+have to pay $100 million on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay $100 million on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay $100 million on the other
+end so if you're receiving 50 and paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so if you're receiving 50 and paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so if you're receiving 50 and paying
+100 you have a loss that's that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 you have a loss that's that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 you have a loss that's that that's
+good right so intermediate right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right so intermediate right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right so intermediate right I mean
+that's you know similar to a hatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know similar to a hatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know similar to a hatch
+situation you also right so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you also right so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you also right so that that's
+correct that's basically you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that's basically you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that's basically you know the
+reason right for a dealer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason right for a dealer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason right for a dealer right
+essentially we are required to hatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we are required to hatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we are required to hatch
+with very high Delta limit right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high Delta limit right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high Delta limit right we
+actually would lose $50 million mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would lose $50 million mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would lose $50 million mainly
+on the hge side okay when our trade went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hge side okay when our trade went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hge side okay when our trade went
+from zero to positive1 million our hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to positive1 million our hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to positive1 million our hat
+would have gone from zero to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone from zero to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone from zero to negative
+you know $100 million the fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know $100 million the fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know $100 million the fact we
+receive only half you know of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive only half you know of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive only half you know of what we
+are you know what we need to receive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know what we need to receive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know what we need to receive and
+yet we have to pay you know the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we have to pay you know the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we have to pay you know the full
+amount that we need to pay on the Hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that we need to pay on the Hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that we need to pay on the Hedge
+site essentially we lost $50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site essentially we lost $50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site essentially we lost $50 million
+okay but that's where you know the CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's where you know the CVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's where you know the CVA
+you know and the CV trading CV risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the CV trading CV risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the CV trading CV risk
+management would come in again CVA is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management would come in again CVA is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management would come in again CVA is a
+price of a counterparty spr risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a counterparty spr risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a counterparty spr risk
+right and uh you know if you Hench right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh you know if you Hench right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh you know if you Hench right
+the analine trader whoever trades swop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analine trader whoever trades swop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analine trader whoever trades swop
+if you hen this see there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hen this see there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hen this see there right
+theoretically right you will be made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically right you will be made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically right you will be made a
+whole you know upon con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole you know upon con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole you know upon con
+default so you would receive $50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so you would receive $50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so you would receive $50 million
+from counter party and theoretically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from counter party and theoretically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from counter party and theoretically you
+would receive 50 million from the CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would receive 50 million from the CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would receive 50 million from the CV
+desk if you hatch with CV desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk if you hatch with CV desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk if you hatch with CV desk
+okay now second part of the uh CV you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now second part of the uh CV you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now second part of the uh CV you
+know is how do we quantify CV you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how do we quantify CV you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how do we quantify CV you know
+how much is the CV right CV on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is the CV right CV on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is the CV right CV on the
+receivable which we typically charge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable which we typically charge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable which we typically charge uh
+to the counterparty essentially is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the counterparty essentially is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the counterparty essentially is given
+by this formula right uh NP means mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this formula right uh NP means mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this formula right uh NP means mean
+positive exposure meaning only our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive exposure meaning only our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive exposure meaning only our
+receivable side when the counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable side when the counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable side when the counterparty
+owes us money and times the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owes us money and times the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owes us money and times the counter
+Parts part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts part
+spr okay times duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spr okay times duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spr okay times duration
+okay The Wider the threat the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay The Wider the threat the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay The Wider the threat the more
+likely the counter party uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely the counter party uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely the counter party uh you know
+will default the more we need to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will default the more we need to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will default the more we need to charge
+the CDA and the same thing is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDA and the same thing is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDA and the same thing is true for
+the duration the longer the duration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration the longer the duration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration the longer the duration the
+trade is there's more you know time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade is there's more you know time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade is there's more you know time for
+the counterparty to default so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty to default so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty to default so we need
+charge more I mean very importantly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more I mean very importantly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more I mean very importantly you
+know there's a negative sign because CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a negative sign because CVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a negative sign because CVA
+you know on the receivable side is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the receivable side is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the receivable side is our
+liability and is what we need to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability and is what we need to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability and is what we need to charge
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+counter party and uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter party and uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter party and uh there are some
+theoretical Artic they don't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical Artic they don't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical Artic they don't include the
+sign that's okay for theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that's okay for theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that's okay for theoretical
+purposes but practically if you miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes but practically if you miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes but practically if you miss
+this sign is things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confusing okay now here is more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing okay now here is more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing okay now here is more accurate
+formula for CVA you know on the MP side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for CVA you know on the MP side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for CVA you know on the MP side
+on the SS side right so we can see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the SS side right so we can see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the SS side right so we can see right
+to start with there's indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with there's indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with there's indicator function
+where the this capital t is final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the this capital t is final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the this capital t is final
+maturity of the trade or counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity of the trade or counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity of the trade or counterparty
+portfolio and this PA is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and this PA is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and this PA is the
+counterparties uh Default Time first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties uh Default Time first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties uh Default Time first
+default time okay and uh if the uh p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default time okay and uh if the uh p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default time okay and uh if the uh p is
+greater than you know uh this capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than you know uh this capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than you know uh this capital T
+essentially that means defa happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that means defa happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that means defa happens
+after the counterparty portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the counterparty portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the counterparty portfolio
+matur and therefore we do not have C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matur and therefore we do not have C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matur and therefore we do not have C
+so that's what the indicator is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the indicator is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the indicator is about
+and if the cter defaults before uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the cter defaults before uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the cter defaults before uh the
+maturity that's when we will have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity that's when we will have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity that's when we will have um
+counterparty credit risk and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty credit risk and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty credit risk and there's a
+you know future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know future
+valuation of the counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of the counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of the counterparty
+portfolio H right you know right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio H right you know right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio H right you know right before
+the counterparty default and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty default and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty default and this is how
+much clad we hold against this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much clad we hold against this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much clad we hold against this
+portfolio so the net you know receivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so the net you know receivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so the net you know receivable
+you know the net amount where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the net amount where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the net amount where this
+future value is greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future value is greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future value is greater than the
+collateral right is our sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral right is our sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral right is our sort of a
+exposure okay how much the C value would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure okay how much the C value would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure okay how much the C value would
+owe up right and this you know one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe up right and this you know one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe up right and this you know one minus
+r essentially is the recovery so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r essentially is the recovery so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r essentially is the recovery so one
+minus r times you know exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r times you know exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r times you know exposure
+essentially is the fure loss given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is the fure loss given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is the fure loss given
+default and this beta essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and this beta essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and this beta essentially is
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+uh money market account for thisy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money market account for thisy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money market account for thisy and
+this is expectation and the risk NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is expectation and the risk NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is expectation and the risk NE
+measure okay it looks simple but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay it looks simple but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay it looks simple but you
+know if you get to the details actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you get to the details actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you get to the details actually
+is um fairly complex mainly because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um fairly complex mainly because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um fairly complex mainly because the
+portfolio effect and this option like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio effect and this option like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio effect and this option like
+payoff you know if you recognize this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff you know if you recognize this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff you know if you recognize this uh
+positive sign here essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sign here essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sign here essentially you
+recognize this is like op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this is like op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this is like op
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and uh so again you know here is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so again you know here is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so again you know here is about
+some details of nonlinear portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details of nonlinear portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details of nonlinear portfolio
+effects okay first of all we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay first of all we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay first of all we talk about
+you know offsetting trades in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know offsetting trades in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know offsetting trades in the
+previous example right you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example right you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example right you know you have
+one trade right went from zero to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trade right went from zero to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trade right went from zero to 100
+million contary defaults you get paid 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million contary defaults you get paid 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million contary defaults you get paid 50
+million essentially you lost 50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million essentially you lost 50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million essentially you lost 50 million
+right but what if you have another trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what if you have another trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what if you have another trade
+basing the same counterparty but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basing the same counterparty but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basing the same counterparty but that's
+offsetting right when the first trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting right when the first trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting right when the first trade
+went from zero to 100 million uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from zero to 100 million uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from zero to 100 million uh the
+upstanding trade can go from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstanding trade can go from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstanding trade can go from zero to
+negative 100 Mil and therefore if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 100 Mil and therefore if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 100 Mil and therefore if the
+counterparty was default you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty was default you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty was default you're going to
+have a zero default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a zero default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a zero default
+lot that's just one example of portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that's just one example of portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that's just one example of portfolio
+because of offsetting Trades so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of offsetting Trades so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of offsetting Trades so
+therefore in order to price CVA you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in order to price CVA you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in order to price CVA you got
+to know all the trades you have facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know all the trades you have facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know all the trades you have facing
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+counterparty this is very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty this is very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty this is very different from
+a trade level model where you only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade level model where you only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade level model where you only need
+to know one trade at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know one trade at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know one trade at a
+time okay there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay there's also
+asymmetry of handling of a receivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry of handling of a receivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry of handling of a receivable
+meaning assets versus a payable meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning assets versus a payable meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning assets versus a payable meaning
+liabilities okay and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities okay and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities okay and that's where the
+option like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option like
+payoff uh it comes about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff uh it comes about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff uh it comes about okay so
+typically Ro speaking right if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically Ro speaking right if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically Ro speaking right if we have a
+receivable from our counterparty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable from our counterparty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable from our counterparty if
+counterparty were to default we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty were to default we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty were to default we're going
+to receive a fraction of it so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to receive a fraction of it so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to receive a fraction of it so we have a
+we would incur default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would incur default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would incur default
+loss however if we have a payable to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss however if we have a payable to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss however if we have a payable to our
+counterparty and if the counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty and if the counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty and if the counterparty
+were to default we more or less need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to default we more or less need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to default we more or less need to
+pay the full amount so we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the full amount so we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the full amount so we don't have a
+default gain per same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default gain per same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default gain per same
+so this asymmetry is the uh reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this asymmetry is the uh reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this asymmetry is the uh reason for
+this option like pay off we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this option like pay off we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this option like pay off we just saw
+previous right and uh as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous right and uh as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous right and uh as you know
+account right can trade many D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account right can trade many D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account right can trade many D
+instruments across many assets such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments across many assets such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments across many assets such as
+in F credit and a lot of times also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in F credit and a lot of times also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in F credit and a lot of times also
+Commodities and sometimes also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities and sometimes also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities and sometimes also
+mortgage okay and my group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage okay and my group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage okay and my group is
+responsible for the modeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the modeling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the modeling of the
+analine exposure you know for CVA for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analine exposure you know for CVA for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analine exposure you know for CVA for
+Capital as well as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital as well as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital as well as for
+liquidity because of multiple assets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity because of multiple assets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity because of multiple assets are
+involved and we need to model cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and we need to model cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and we need to model cross
+asset so therefore we named our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so therefore we named our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so therefore we named our group
+cross F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross F and
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+furthermore is not only we have option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore is not only we have option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore is not only we have option
+like payoff which is nonlinear we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like payoff which is nonlinear we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like payoff which is nonlinear we have
+an option essentially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option essentially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option essentially on
+of a cross aset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cross aset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cross aset the
+traes and the modeling becomes even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know when
+the Enterprise level you know uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enterprise level you know uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enterprise level you know uh will
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+in and the Enterprise level model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the Enterprise level model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the Enterprise level model which
+will touch upon a little bit more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will touch upon a little bit more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will touch upon a little bit more later
+on we'll need to leverage um three level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we'll need to leverage um three level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we'll need to leverage um three level
+derives models and therefore we'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives models and therefore we'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives models and therefore we'll need
+to do a lot of morning relases Stu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of morning relases Stu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of morning relases Stu
+morning uh testing resembling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning uh testing resembling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning uh testing resembling you know
+interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation
+right so here's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's a little bit more
+information on the uh CVA we have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the uh CVA we have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the uh CVA we have talked
+about asset for nte CV essentially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about asset for nte CV essentially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about asset for nte CV essentially for
+our asset or receivable okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our asset or receivable okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our asset or receivable okay this
+formula we have you know this starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we have you know this starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we have you know this starts
+already the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the first
+one um there is also theoretically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um there is also theoretically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um there is also theoretically a
+liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability
+CVA okay essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVA okay essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVA okay essentially
+is you know the CV on the payable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know the CV on the payable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know the CV on the payable
+F when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F when the
+bank you know or or you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank you know or or you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank you know or or you know when
+us having a likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+default and and this you know is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and and this you know is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and and this you know is a
+benefit for us right so the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for us right so the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for us right so the formula is
+fairly symmetric right as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly symmetric right as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly symmetric right as you can
+recognize except you know the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize except you know the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize except you know the default
+time or default event is not for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or default event is not for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or default event is not for the
+counterparty but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty but for
+us okay and uh and then you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and uh and then you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and uh and then you know the
+positive sign here became a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sign here became a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sign here became a negative
+sign essentially to indicate this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign essentially to indicate this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign essentially to indicate this is a
+payable right negative liability to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable right negative liability to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable right negative liability to us
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean this a interesting discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this a interesting discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this a interesting discussion
+first default okay um you know we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first default okay um you know we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first default okay um you know we talked
+about you know if the counterparty were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know if the counterparty were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know if the counterparty were
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+default why we more or less you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default why we more or less you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default why we more or less you know
+need to pay the C party full amount okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay the C party full amount okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay the C party full amount okay
+so this AR can be used on the receivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this AR can be used on the receivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this AR can be used on the receivable
+SL so if uh you know uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL so if uh you know uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL so if uh you know uh we have a
+receivable and if we were to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable and if we were to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivable and if we were to default
+first roughly speaking you know the coun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first roughly speaking you know the coun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first roughly speaking you know the coun
+party would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party would pay
+us you know close to the full amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know close to the full amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know close to the full amount
+right and there some people start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there some people start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there some people start to
+think about okay when we price CVA we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about okay when we price CVA we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about okay when we price CVA we we
+got to know am you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know am you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know am you
+know which one uh is first default but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one uh is first default but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one uh is first default but
+more argum that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more argum that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more argum that we do
+not uh to to consider that all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh to to consider that all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh to to consider that all right and
+I have some reference for you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some reference for you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some reference for you guys to
+right uh take look if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh take look if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh take look if you're interested
+in this problem but I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem but I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem but I'm not going to
+spend much time because we have a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time because we have a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time because we have a lot to
+go over okay now here here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over okay now here here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over okay now here here is another
+example um you have a trade same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you have a trade same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you have a trade same as the
+previous trade okay the trade PV was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous trade okay the trade PV was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous trade okay the trade PV was
+zero on day one and the TR PV becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on day one and the TR PV becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on day one and the TR PV becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh later on uh this time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh later on uh this time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh later on uh this time of
+course the counterparty risks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the counterparty risks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the counterparty risks are
+properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly
+hatched okay then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched okay then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched okay then the question
+is do you have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risks does anyone want to try to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks does anyone want to try to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks does anyone want to try to tell us
+do you see any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are actually you know uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually you know uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually you know uh several
+categor categories of risk we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categor categories of risk we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categor categories of risk we will have
+I wonder if anyone would like to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if anyone would like to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if anyone would like to try to
+share with us your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with us your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with us your
+opinion sorry I couldn't hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion sorry I couldn't hear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion sorry I couldn't hear you
+yes um some form of interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um some form of interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um some form of interest rate
+risk interest rate risk okay fine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk interest rate risk okay fine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk interest rate risk okay fine this
+is the uh Market R yes you're right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh Market R yes you're right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh Market R yes you're right I
+mean there is in Risk uh but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there is in Risk uh but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there is in Risk uh but I did
+mention here uh the market risk are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention here uh the market risk are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention here uh the market risk are
+properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly
+hatched so that means this interest risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched so that means this interest risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched so that means this interest risk
+of this trade can be P by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this trade can be P by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this trade can be P by the
+head what other risks is there a keyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head what other risks is there a keyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head what other risks is there a keyman
+risk so if the trader that made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so if the trader that made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so if the trader that made the
+trade like leaves and doesn't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade like leaves and doesn't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade like leaves and doesn't know you
+know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's
+portfolio that that's a good point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that that's a good point yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that that's a good point yeah
+yeah there is a risk like that yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is a risk like that yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is a risk like that yeah any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay let's go over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I claim there is a cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I claim there is a cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I claim there is a cash flow
+liquidity fing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity fing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity fing
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+okay our trade is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cized and then I claim we need funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cized and then I claim we need funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cized and then I claim we need funding
+for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+derivative receivables meaning we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative receivables meaning we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative receivables meaning we are
+about to receive $100 million you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to receive $100 million you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to receive $100 million you know
+in the future we don't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future we don't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future we don't have it
+now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I
+claim we actually need to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim we actually need to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim we actually need to come up with
+cash for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash for
+it in many cases in most cases not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in many cases in most cases not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in many cases in most cases not at
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case anyone has any idea one when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case anyone has any idea one when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case anyone has any idea one when you
+about to receive money you actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to receive money you actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to receive money you actually need
+to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money th this come back to the handing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money th this come back to the handing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money th this come back to the handing
+argument similar to CVA right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument similar to CVA right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument similar to CVA right
+essentially if you were to hatch your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you were to hatch your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you were to hatch your
+trade with futures or with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with futures or with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with futures or with another
+dealer which are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer which are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer which are typically
+cized that means when you are about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cized that means when you are about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cized that means when you are about to
+receive $100 million if essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive $100 million if essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive $100 million if essentially you
+are about to pay million on your H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about to pay million on your H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about to pay million on your H the
+fact right if your H with Futures the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact right if your H with Futures the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact right if your H with Futures the St
+Mar Market that means you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar Market that means you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar Market that means you you need to
+actually really come up with100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really come up with100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really come up with100 million
+cash the same is true for cataliz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash the same is true for cataliz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash the same is true for cataliz
+SP and there that's where you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP and there that's where you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP and there that's where you know the
+risk is because when you need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is because when you need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is because when you need to come
+out with this money and you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with this money and you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with this money and you don't have
+it what are you going to do right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what are you going to do right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what are you going to do right you
+may you know end up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lon and there's also uh contingent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lon and there's also uh contingent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lon and there's also uh contingent in
+founding liqued risk meaning how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding liqued risk meaning how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding liqued risk meaning how much
+liquidity risk is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity risk is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity risk is dependent on the
+market condition okay how much interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market condition okay how much interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market condition okay how much interest
+rate change how much other you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate change how much other you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate change how much other you know you
+know Market risk factor changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and depending on the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition and you may not know you hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and you may not know you hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and you may not know you hand
+so that's be uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's be uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's be uh another
+challenge that if you turn the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that if you turn the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that if you turn the argument
+around applying the argument to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around applying the argument to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around applying the argument to the uh
+payable and if you have uncollateralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable and if you have uncollateralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable and if you have uncollateralized
+payable essentially you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable essentially you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable essentially you would have
+funding or liquidity benefit so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding or liquidity benefit so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding or liquidity benefit so one
+interesting thing to manage this lied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to manage this lied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to manage this lied
+risk essentially is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk essentially is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk essentially is to
+use and caliz payable sing benefit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and caliz payable sing benefit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and caliz payable sing benefit right
+to part hat the fing risk in and ciz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to part hat the fing risk in and ciz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to part hat the fing risk in and ciz
+receivables there are a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivables there are a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivables there are a lot of other
+risks for instance you know tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks for instance you know tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks for instance you know tail
+risk uh and uh you know Equity Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh and uh you know Equity Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh and uh you know Equity Capital
+risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now here's one more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's one more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's one more you know
+example I like to go over with you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I like to go over with you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I like to go over with you guys
+um on the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the application of
+CDA okay this is about setting put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDA okay this is about setting put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDA okay this is about setting put
+options or P spreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options or P spreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options or P spreads
+right if you trade you know stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you trade you know stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you trade you know stocks
+yourself you may have thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you may have thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you may have thought about this
+problem right I mean either you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right I mean either you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right I mean either you can buy
+the stock all right or you can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock all right or you can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock all right or you can sell
+put okay possibly with you know strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put okay possibly with you know strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put okay possibly with you know strike
+lower than the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the current
+price right and with that you more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right and with that you more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right and with that you more or
+less have you know like a similar payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less have you know like a similar payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less have you know like a similar payoff
+right some people may argue okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some people may argue okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some people may argue okay if you
+sell put if the stock down you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell put if the stock down you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell put if the stock down you're going
+to lose money right but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose money right but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose money right but you're going to
+lose money if you were to hold the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money if you were to hold the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money if you were to hold the stock
+all right also right one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right also right one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right also right one of the
+disadvantage is that if you sell put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is that if you sell put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is that if you sell put
+right if the stock is not put to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the stock is not put to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the stock is not put to you and
+you you're not participating upside when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're not participating upside when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're not participating upside when
+the stock price increase you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price increase you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price increase you know
+significantly right then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly right then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly right then you're not
+going to capture that side right but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to capture that side right but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to capture that side right but of
+course one thing people can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one thing people can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one thing people can do is you
+continue to sell right so it become like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to sell right so it become like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to sell right so it become like
+income tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tra
+right so it's it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's an interesting
+strategy some people say set input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy some people say set input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy some people say set input is
+like name your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like name your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like name your own
+price and get paid for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and get paid for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and get paid for trying
+it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why that's why you know we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why you know we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why you know we have this
+famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous
+trade one bit vure sold long dated puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade one bit vure sold long dated puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade one bit vure sold long dated puts
+on four leading stock indices in US UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on four leading stock indices in US UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on four leading stock indices in US UK
+Europe and Japan collected about 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Japan collected about 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Japan collected about 4
+billion premium without posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion premium without posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion premium without posting
+collateral okay without posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral okay without posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral okay without posting
+collateral you know that was uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral you know that was uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral you know that was uh very
+important right this is something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right this is something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right this is something I
+actually was fa involved in one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was fa involved in one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was fa involved in one of my
+previous jots this happened about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous jots this happened about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous jots this happened about I
+think 20 around 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 20 around 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 20 around 2005
+2006 okay it's one of the m you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 okay it's one of the m you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 okay it's one of the m you know
+biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest
+trades okay and I was told right in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades okay and I was told right in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades okay and I was told right in when
+I was involved in this this was like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was involved in this this was like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was involved in this this was like one
+of the biggest cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest cash
+outflow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outflow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outflow in the
+dtive trades at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtive trades at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtive trades at that
+time right because uh Warr Buffet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because uh Warr Buffet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because uh Warr Buffet
+collected the premium without posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the premium without posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the premium without posting
+coll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coll
+right if he had agreed to post cator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if he had agreed to post cator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if he had agreed to post cator
+right during the price this 2008 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right during the price this 2008 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right during the price this 2008 you
+know he's going to post many billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's going to post many billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's going to post many billions of
+dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of
+C as one reason he had more cash than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C as one reason he had more cash than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C as one reason he had more cash than
+other people was he's very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people was he's very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people was he's very careful
+right and I a reference if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I a reference if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I a reference if you are
+interested then you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see and uh what's interesting mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and uh what's interesting mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and uh what's interesting mean that
+you know there were you know few dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were you know few dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were you know few dealers
+quite few dealers who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite few dealers who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite few dealers who are interested in
+in this trade big you know size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this trade big you know size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this trade big you know size
+right and you know long you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know long you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know long you know
+actually often not easy to handle but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually often not easy to handle but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually often not easy to handle but I
+think lot of people were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lot of people were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lot of people were able to
+handle to me um some people were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle to me um some people were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle to me um some people were not
+able to trade to enter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to trade to enter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to trade to enter this
+trade not because they could not handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade not because they could not handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade not because they could not handle
+the activis it's they could not handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activis it's they could not handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activis it's they could not handle
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+CV okay first of all we know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV okay first of all we know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV okay first of all we know there's a
+CV right you know essentially we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV right you know essentially we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV right you know essentially we you
+know bought you know option from Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bought you know option from Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bought you know option from Warren
+Buffet right eventually he may need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffet right eventually he may need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffet right eventually he may need to
+pay and then at that time he may default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and then at that time he may default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and then at that time he may default
+right so that's a regular C risk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a regular C risk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a regular C risk but
+there's also a wrongway risk meaning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a wrongway risk meaning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a wrongway risk meaning a
+more sever risk right you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sever risk right you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sever risk right you can imagine
+right um when the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um when the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um when the the
+market you know sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you know sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you know sells
+off right warrant Buffet would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right warrant Buffet would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right warrant Buffet would actually
+owe us more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe us more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe us more
+money right do you think in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right do you think in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right do you think in that
+scenario he will be more likely to Def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario he will be more likely to Def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario he will be more likely to Def
+fall or less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall or less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall or less likely to
+default right he will be more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default right he will be more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default right he will be more likely to
+default that's where the term wrongway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default that's where the term wrongway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default that's where the term wrongway
+risk comes in when your counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk comes in when your counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk comes in when your counterparty
+owes you more and more money that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owes you more and more money that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owes you more and more money that's when
+he is more more likely to default right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is more more likely to default right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is more more likely to default right
+that's even harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even harder to
+model and there's a liquidity funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and there's a liquidity funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and there's a liquidity funding
+risk which can also be wrong way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk which can also be wrong way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk which can also be wrong way right
+because as a dealer you may need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as a dealer you may need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as a dealer you may need to come
+out with a billion or two you know cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a billion or two you know cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a billion or two you know cash
+and to pay for right where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to pay for right where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to pay for right where do you get
+the money from right typically people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from right typically people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from right typically people
+need to issue a Deb right to fund in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to issue a Deb right to fund in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to issue a Deb right to fund in a
+senior and secure way and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior and secure way and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior and secure way and essentially
+you'll pay the credit spread on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pay the credit spread on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pay the credit spread on your
+debt and that is essentially the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and that is essentially the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and that is essentially the cost of
+your liquidity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your liquidity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your liquidity or
+funding so what we did was essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so what we did was essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so what we did was essentially
+uh charged you know War bu CBA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh charged you know War bu CBA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh charged you know War bu CBA and
+wrongway CV charg the fing cost you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongway CV charg the fing cost you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongway CV charg the fing cost you know
+some wrongway fing cost another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wrongway fing cost another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wrongway fing cost another
+challenge of course is that some dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of course is that some dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of course is that some dealers
+I suspect they could price CVA but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect they could price CVA but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect they could price CVA but they
+they do not have a good CV trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not have a good CV trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not have a good CV trading
+that's risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's risk
+management to do the risk management of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management to do the risk management of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management to do the risk management of
+CV and found you right once you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV and found you right once you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV and found you right once you have you
+know this position at hand right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this position at hand right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this position at hand right you
+have you know counterpart RIS right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know counterpart RIS right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know counterpart RIS right how
+do you hatch it right you charge one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you hatch it right you charge one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you hatch it right you charge one bit
+X you know you know million dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you know you know million dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you know you know million dollars for
+the CV if you don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CV if you don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CV if you don't do
+anything when their spread widens you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything when their spread widens you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything when their spread widens you're
+can to have a lot more CV loss right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can to have a lot more CV loss right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can to have a lot more CV loss right so
+you need you know risk manage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you know risk manage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you know risk manage that
+right of course you can do Dynamic hatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course you can do Dynamic hatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course you can do Dynamic hatch
+right but Dynamic hatch you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but Dynamic hatch you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but Dynamic hatch you know if you
+we drill down to details it requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drill down to details it requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drill down to details it requires a
+fair amount of H you suff a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of H you suff a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of H you suff a fair amount
+of gas risk right it's not like a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas risk right it's not like a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas risk right it's not like a bond
+right if you own a bond you can buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you own a bond you can buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you own a bond you can buy you
+know a CDs protction on the same Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a CDs protction on the same Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a CDs protction on the same Bond
+more or less you are hatched for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less you are hatched for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less you are hatched for a while
+you know in a static way but for CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a static way but for CVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a static way but for CVA
+it's not the reason for that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the reason for that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the reason for that is the
+exposure can change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure can change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure can change all
+time one thing you know we tried at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one thing you know we tried at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one thing you know we tried at time
+essentially we um sort of structur like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we um sort of structur like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we um sort of structur like
+credit linked note type of traes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit linked note type of traes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit linked note type of traes right
+essentially you go to people who own or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you go to people who own or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you go to people who own or
+like to buy you know bres Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to buy you know bres Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to buy you know bres Bond
+essentially to tell them okay we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to tell them okay we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to tell them okay we have a
+credit asset similar to you know bur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit asset similar to you know bur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit asset similar to you know bur
+Bond if you feel comfortable with owning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond if you feel comfortable with owning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond if you feel comfortable with owning
+bures Bond you may consider you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bures Bond you may consider you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bures Bond you may consider you know our
+asset which pays you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset which pays you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset which pays you know more
+coupon and the reason we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon and the reason we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon and the reason we were able to
+pay more coupon if we were able to part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more coupon if we were able to part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more coupon if we were able to part
+you help b a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money and uh there's also a troto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and uh there's also a troto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and uh there's also a troto
+prodection thing that involve but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodection thing that involve but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodection thing that involve but I'm
+going to skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that
+for the sakes of for the sake of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sakes of for the sake of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sakes of for the sake of time
+but then the question is right I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the question is right I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the question is right I mean we
+Char a lot of money from work why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char a lot of money from work why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char a lot of money from work why would
+they want to do this trade right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do this trade right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do this trade right what
+what they think right so here's my guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think right so here's my guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think right so here's my guess
+right as you know they have a insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you know they have a insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you know they have a insurance
+business and then they wanted to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and then they wanted to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and then they wanted to explore
+other ways to sell insurance so selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to sell insurance so selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to sell insurance so selling
+puts essentially is setting inluence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts essentially is setting inluence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts essentially is setting inluence on
+the equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equ
+market and in this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and in this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and in this they
+sold they sold like a 10 15 uh year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold they sold like a 10 15 uh year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold they sold like a 10 15 uh year
+maturity puts right and Below then spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity puts right and Below then spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity puts right and Below then spot
+so then people can think okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then people can think okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then people can think okay what's the
+likelihood of uh you know a stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of uh you know a stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of uh you know a stock price
+coming down uh to below the current spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down uh to below the current spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down uh to below the current spot
+in 10 15 years well it happened but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 15 years well it happened but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 15 years well it happened but not
+very likely and they do have you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely and they do have you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely and they do have you know a
+day one cashing inflow so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one cashing inflow so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one cashing inflow so essentially
+One Thing One Way Brer was thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Thing One Way Brer was thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Thing One Way Brer was thinking is
+that they got low funding cost right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got low funding cost right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got low funding cost right if
+you read Warr buet paper essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read Warr buet paper essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read Warr buet paper essentially you
+think it's like 1% interest rate on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like 1% interest rate on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like 1% interest rate on like
+a 10 year you know uh cash something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 year you know uh cash something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 year you know uh cash something
+like that right and it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and it's very important
+they manage their liquidity well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they manage their liquidity well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they manage their liquidity well right
+and they will not have any cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will not have any cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will not have any cash flow
+until the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the trade
+maturity okay so that's how they avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity okay so that's how they avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity okay so that's how they avoid
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you know the cash flow drain during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cash flow drain during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cash flow drain during
+2008 right even though they did suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 right even though they did suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 right even though they did suffer
+um unrealized Mar to Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loss uh but what's interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss uh but what's interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss uh but what's interesting is that
+during 2008 2009 you know Berkshire did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during 2008 2009 you know Berkshire did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during 2008 2009 you know Berkshire did
+explore the feasibility of posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the feasibility of posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the feasibility of posting
+platform okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform okay they
+started with no collateral posting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with no collateral posting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with no collateral posting but
+then they wanted to post collateral they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wanted to post collateral they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wanted to post collateral they
+actually approached some of dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually approached some of dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually approached some of dealers
+saying oh I I I want to post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh I I I want to post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh I I I want to post
+some why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some why is
+that right there's no free lunch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there's no free lunch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there's no free lunch right
+so what happened was he you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened was he you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened was he you know they
+were smart not to oppose collateral but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were smart not to oppose collateral but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were smart not to oppose collateral but
+during crisis right they spread wi every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during crisis right they spread wi every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during crisis right they spread wi every
+everyone spread widen right so Brer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone spread widen right so Brer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone spread widen right so Brer
+spread widen and you know warff owow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread widen and you know warff owow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread widen and you know warff owow
+more money so guess what the CV Hing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money so guess what the CV Hing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money so guess what the CV Hing
+would require the dealer to buy more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require the dealer to buy more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require the dealer to buy more and
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+protection on burshire when you buy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection on burshire when you buy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection on burshire when you buy more
+and more protection on someone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more protection on someone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more protection on someone that
+would actually drive that person's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually drive that person's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually drive that person's at
+that entity credit spread even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wider so B essentially saw their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider so B essentially saw their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider so B essentially saw their credit
+threat widening a lot more than they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat widening a lot more than they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat widening a lot more than they had
+hoped for than they had anticipated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped for than they had anticipated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped for than they had anticipated and
+later later on they found out it was due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later later on they found out it was due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later later on they found out it was due
+to CV heading CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CV heading CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CV heading CV
+management okay so and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management okay so and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management okay so and that actually
+affected their bond issues when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected their bond issues when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected their bond issues when you have
+high qu spread from CDs Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high qu spread from CDs Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high qu spread from CDs Market
+essentially the cash Market may actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the cash Market may actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the cash Market may actually
+um question may actually follow right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um question may actually follow right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um question may actually follow right
+and whoever would like to buy brers Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whoever would like to buy brers Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whoever would like to buy brers Bond
+would think twice okay I if I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think twice okay I if I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think twice okay I if I have to
+buy this Bond if I ever have to buy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this Bond if I ever have to buy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this Bond if I ever have to buy you
+know credit protection is going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know credit protection is going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know credit protection is going to cost
+me a lot more now because of the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a lot more now because of the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a lot more now because of the spread
+widening so therefore I'm going to deand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening so therefore I'm going to deand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening so therefore I'm going to deand
+I'm going to demand higher coupon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to demand higher coupon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to demand higher coupon on
+Burk Bond and that drives their fing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burk Bond and that drives their fing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burk Bond and that drives their fing
+cost F so they ex word in know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost F so they ex word in know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost F so they ex word in know different
+ways post model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways post model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways post model
+right another thing of course is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another thing of course is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another thing of course is very
+interesting thing to ask right berer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to ask right berer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to ask right berer you
+know thinks they are making money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thinks they are making money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thinks they are making money and
+the dealer thinks they are making money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dealer thinks they are making money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dealer thinks they are making money
+which probably true right but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably true right but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably true right but then the
+question is who you know is losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is who you know is losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is who you know is losing
+money or who will lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money anyone has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas I think there's probably lot lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I think there's probably lot lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I think there's probably lot lot
+of answers to this right my my view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answers to this right my my view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answers to this right my my view is
+that essentially whoever need to hatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially whoever need to hatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially whoever need to hatch
+whoever need to you know buy put right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever need to you know buy put right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever need to you know buy put right
+and uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if the
+market you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decline as much as you hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline as much as you hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline as much as you hope for
+essentially you'll pay for po premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you'll pay for po premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you'll pay for po premium
+and did not get you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+benefit okay here is interesting CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay here is interesting CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay here is interesting CV
+canum now hopefully by this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canum now hopefully by this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canum now hopefully by this time you
+guys fully appreciate you know the CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys fully appreciate you know the CVA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys fully appreciate you know the CVA
+risk and the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and the impact of
+CVA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in terms of risk itself in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of risk itself in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of risk itself in terms
+of magnitude right as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude right as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude right as I mentioned
+earlier during the crisis 2008 crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier during the crisis 2008 crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier during the crisis 2008 crisis
+was hug easily billions of dollar loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hug easily billions of dollar loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hug easily billions of dollar loss
+for some of the firms due to CVA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of the firms due to CVA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of the firms due to CVA and
+that's more than actually uh the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more than actually uh the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more than actually uh the actual
+default loss right now given you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default loss right now given you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default loss right now given you know
+the CVA right so if you trade with C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CVA right so if you trade with C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CVA right so if you trade with C
+party a naturally you'll say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party a naturally you'll say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party a naturally you'll say you want to
+think okay you I want to buy protections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay you I want to buy protections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay you I want to buy protections
+right to hedge my C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to hedge my C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to hedge my C
+risk so you buy credit protection on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so you buy credit protection on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so you buy credit protection on a
+from counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from counterparty
+B but again I mean right if you trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but again I mean right if you trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but again I mean right if you trade
+withart you would have um CVA against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withart you would have um CVA against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withart you would have um CVA against
+counterparty B right you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty B right you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty B right you would have a
+credit risk against counterart B so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk against counterart B so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk against counterart B so what
+are you going to do right if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do right if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do right if you just
+you know follow the uh you know a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know follow the uh you know a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know follow the uh you know a simple
+thinking ENT may think oh okay maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ENT may think oh okay maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ENT may think oh okay maybe I
+could buy you know qu production on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy you know qu production on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy you know qu production on
+B from counterparty C right but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B from counterparty C right but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B from counterparty C right but if you
+were to do that then you end up you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do that then you end up you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do that then you end up you have
+to continue on that it becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue on that it becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue on that it becomes an
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+Series right infinite series okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series right infinite series okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series right infinite series okay I will
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+theoretically but in practice I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically but in practice I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically but in practice I feel
+it's going to be very challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very challenging to
+handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what will be a simple strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what will be a simple strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what will be a simple strategy
+to actually terminate this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually terminate this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually terminate this infinite
+series quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah this also has theore implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this also has theore implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this also has theore implication
+for C pricing right you know sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C pricing right you know sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C pricing right you know sometimes
+we say Okay pricing is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Okay pricing is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Okay pricing is really
+replication use H instrument now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication use H instrument now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication use H instrument now you
+have to use infinite number of right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use infinite number of right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use infinite number of right you
+know that's going to impact your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's going to impact your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's going to impact your
+application right uh modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application right uh modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application right uh modeling
+right so the way people do right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the way people do right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the way people do right uh
+practically is to buy prodection on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is to buy prodection on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is to buy prodection on a
+from RDV fully C typically from dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from RDV fully C typically from dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from RDV fully C typically from dealer
+okay so however much money you owe from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so however much money you owe from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so however much money you owe from
+cont Part D right away they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont Part D right away they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont Part D right away they they're
+going to post in a way it's more less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to post in a way it's more less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to post in a way it's more less
+similar to Future cont you know secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Future cont you know secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Future cont you know secondly
+and that minimize uh the counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that minimize uh the counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that minimize uh the counterparty
+risk so you can cut off this infinite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so you can cut off this infinite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so you can cut off this infinite uh
+series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easily um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily um
+so here you know I like to touch upon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know I like to touch upon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know I like to touch upon on
+what I call Enterprise Level D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model uh we mentioned Tre Level D models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh we mentioned Tre Level D models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh we mentioned Tre Level D models
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+essentially is such regular model right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is such regular model right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is such regular model right
+I mean when people talk about D models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when people talk about D models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when people talk about D models
+you can talk about trade level models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk about trade level models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk about trade level models
+essentially your model is trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your model is trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your model is trade
+independently right your model is price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently right your model is price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently right your model is price
+Mark Market or it's gra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Market or it's gra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Market or it's gra
+sensitivity and when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and when you have a
+portfolio these trade essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio these trade essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio these trade essentially you
+can just aggregate their PV their GS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just aggregate their PV their GS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just aggregate their PV their GS
+right through the aggregation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the aggregation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the aggregation and then
+essentially you get the PV of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you get the PV of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you get the PV of the
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay but as we have seen already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay but as we have seen already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay but as we have seen already you
+know that's that doesn't capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that doesn't capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that doesn't capture the
+complete picture there are additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risks that require further nor right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that require further nor right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that require further nor right one
+is nonlinear portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nonlinear portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nonlinear portfolio
+risks right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks right so
+essentially these risks cannot be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these risks cannot be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these risks cannot be like a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+aggregation of the risks of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation of the risks of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation of the risks of each of the
+component trade in the portfolio right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component trade in the portfolio right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component trade in the portfolio right
+example we have gone through is CVA Bing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have gone through is CVA Bing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have gone through is CVA Bing
+is of simil nature uh Cal liquidity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of simil nature uh Cal liquidity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of simil nature uh Cal liquidity are
+also examples right and the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also examples right and the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also examples right and the key to
+handle uh this situation is to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle uh this situation is to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle uh this situation is to be able
+to model all the trades in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model all the trades in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model all the trades in the market
+and the market risk factors portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the market risk factors portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the market risk factors portfolio
+consistently so that you can handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently so that you can handle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently so that you can handle the
+offing trades you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offing trades you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offing trades you know
+properly okay of course the uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay of course the uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay of course the uh you know
+we need to leverage the tree level model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to leverage the tree level model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to leverage the tree level model
+essentially to price you know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to price you know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to price you know each
+individual trade as of today as of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual trade as of today as of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual trade as of today as of a
+future Days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Days
+right what's interesting is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's interesting is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's interesting is that there's
+also feedback you know to the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feedback you know to the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feedback you know to the trade
+level models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level models
+right uh for instance we price a p SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh for instance we price a p SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh for instance we price a p SL
+okay a very popular trade now this Cel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a very popular trade now this Cel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a very popular trade now this Cel
+SW right we trade with counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SW right we trade with counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SW right we trade with counterparty
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+sayum we trade with the counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sayum we trade with the counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sayum we trade with the counterparty
+that's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close to
+default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you know the Tre level model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the Tre level model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the Tre level model
+doesn't know about this counterparty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about this counterparty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about this counterparty you
+know about default the Tre level will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about default the Tre level will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about default the Tre level will
+give you uh independent you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh independent you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh independent you know the
+exercise boundary you know when do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise boundary you know when do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise boundary you know when do you
+need to cancel the form independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cancel the form independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cancel the form independent of
+the counterparty credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterparty credit
+quality right that invites a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right that invites a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right that invites a
+question right when the counter party is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right when the counter party is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right when the counter party is
+close to default even if your model says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to default even if your model says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to default even if your model says
+okay you should not exercise you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should not exercise you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should not exercise you know
+based on the uh Market condition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the uh Market condition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the uh Market condition but
+shouldn't we consider the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't we consider the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't we consider the party
+condition credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition credit
+condition right if the counterparty were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right if the counterparty were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right if the counterparty were
+close to default if you cancel your far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to default if you cancel your far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to default if you cancel your far
+sooner ENT you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner ENT you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner ENT you
+eliminate uh or reduce counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate uh or reduce counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate uh or reduce counterparty
+risk right this is actually interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right this is actually interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right this is actually interesting
+you know application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know application and
+feedback between you know trade level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback between you know trade level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback between you know trade level
+models and the uh you know Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the uh you know Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the uh you know Enterprise
+level models right so what we did was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level models right so what we did was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level models right so what we did was in
+some of my previous job what we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my previous job what we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my previous job what we did was
+we actually figure out okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually figure out okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually figure out okay the
+counterparty risk in the in these trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk in the in these trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk in the in these trades
+major trades right and then essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major trades right and then essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major trades right and then essentially
+we just tell the anline trader okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just tell the anline trader okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just tell the anline trader okay if
+you were to cancel this trade you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to cancel this trade you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to cancel this trade you know
+we have a benefit because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a benefit because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a benefit because we're going to
+reduce the CD right or even you know Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the CD right or even you know Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the CD right or even you know Zer
+CD so the C Traer would be able to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD so the C Traer would be able to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD so the C Traer would be able to pay
+the anine Trad so therefore you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anine Trad so therefore you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anine Trad so therefore you know the
+analine model actually can take this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analine model actually can take this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analine model actually can take this as
+input right rather than you know as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right rather than you know as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right rather than you know as part
+of the uh exercise uh condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh exercise uh condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh exercise uh condition
+modeling right knowing if you cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling right knowing if you cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling right knowing if you cancel
+earlier your potentially can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier your potentially can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier your potentially can get
+additional benefits right this may tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional benefits right this may tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional benefits right this may tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+right to handle the risks more properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to handle the risks more properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to handle the risks more properly
+markting risk rks together with comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markting risk rks together with comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markting risk rks together with comp
+party risks right I mean this is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party risks right I mean this is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party risks right I mean this is roughly
+you know um the scope and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um the scope and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um the scope and and the
+application of the Enterprise level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models this is actually um a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models this is actually um a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models this is actually um a fairly
+significant you know modeling efforts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant you know modeling efforts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant you know modeling efforts as
+well as you know significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you know significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you know significant
+infrastructure and data efforts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and data efforts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and data efforts right
+and essentially it requires amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially it requires amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially it requires amount of
+you know morning testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know morning testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know morning testing
+Maring Mar interation and modeling right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maring Mar interation and modeling right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maring Mar interation and modeling right
+the reason for that is when you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is when you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is when you have you
+know a trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a trade
+model okay and this trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and this trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and this trade
+model can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can
+model particular traes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model particular traes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model particular traes you know
+accurately okay and there certain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately okay and there certain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately okay and there certain you
+know uh Market modeling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh Market modeling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh Market modeling you know
+simulation of the online Market or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of the online Market or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of the online Market or you
+know great PD right when you put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know great PD right when you put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know great PD right when you put you
+know a portfolio of Trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a portfolio of Trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a portfolio of Trades
+together right you know the methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right you know the methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right you know the methodology
+you use for modeling one trade accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for modeling one trade accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for modeling one trade accurate
+may not necessarily be the methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not necessarily be the methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not necessarily be the methodology
+you need to model other trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to model other trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to model other trades
+accurately right some require PD some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately right some require PD some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately right some require PD some
+require simulation but you need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require simulation but you need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require simulation but you need to put
+them together right typically we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together right typically we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together right typically we use
+simulation and and that introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and and that introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and and that introduce
+numerical inaccuracies and Mar testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical inaccuracies and Mar testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical inaccuracies and Mar testing
+will tell up okay are we introduce a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell up okay are we introduce a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell up okay are we introduce a lot
+of Errors Mar recing essentially would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Errors Mar recing essentially would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Errors Mar recing essentially would
+allow us to correct the errors as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to correct the errors as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to correct the errors as you
+know the marale is like a foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the marale is like a foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the marale is like a foundation of
+the arbitr you know pricing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitr you know pricing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitr you know pricing right
+essentially Mar resembling will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Mar resembling will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Mar resembling will actually
+be able to enforce uh the mar conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to enforce uh the mar conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to enforce uh the mar conditions
+in the numerical procedure not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerical procedure not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerical procedure not only
+theoretically right Mar interation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically right Mar interation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically right Mar interation
+modeling are other import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling are other import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling are other import
+interesting aspect if we have time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can there are you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there are you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there are you know different
+approaches but how to do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches but how to do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches but how to do it in a
+systematic way still remain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way still remain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way still remain um
+additional work right so I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work right so I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work right so I like to
+quickly go over some of the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go over some of the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go over some of the example of
+morning morning measure right I may need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning morning measure right I may need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning morning measure right I may need
+to go through this you know quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this you know quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this you know quite
+quickly due to you know the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly due to you know the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly due to you know the time
+limitation but hopefully you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation but hopefully you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation but hopefully you guys have
+learned all these already this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned all these already this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned all these already this is
+hopefully more like review for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully more like review for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully more like review for you guys
+so essentially we are talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially we are talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially we are talking about a
+few examples right what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples right what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples right what's the
+meas for for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas for for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas for for the for the
+CSP I would hope you guys would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP I would hope you guys would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP I would hope you guys would
+know you know the first few already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the first few already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the first few already the
+for CDs paron in my view is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CDs paron in my view is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CDs paron in my view is actually
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+challenging um you know for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um you know for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um you know for Simplicity
+I'm not considering the clal discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not considering the clal discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not considering the clal discounting
+uh explicitly right that you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explicitly right that you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explicitly right that you know as
+additional uh challenges but still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh challenges but still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh challenges but still we
+can address that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can address that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can address that
+right so under the uh risk neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so under the uh risk neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so under the uh risk neutral
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um essentially you know uh uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially you know uh uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially you know uh uh for
+this in know y of P being the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in know y of P being the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in know y of P being the price of a
+traded with no intermediate cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded with no intermediate cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded with no intermediate cash flow
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+essentially uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh you know this
+y you know T over beta p is morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you know T over beta p is morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you know T over beta p is morning
+right I mean this is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is essentially the
+this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning
+no right ENT say right for two traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right ENT say right for two traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right ENT say right for two traded
+asset with no intermediate cash flows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset with no intermediate cash flows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset with no intermediate cash flows uh
+you know satisfying know certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know satisfying know certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know satisfying know certain
+technical conditions the ratio is a mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical conditions the ratio is a mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical conditions the ratio is a mar
+G and the probability measure responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and the probability measure responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and the probability measure responding
+to the numeric ACC okay therefore uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the numeric ACC okay therefore uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the numeric ACC okay therefore uh you
+know naturally we have this Con right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know naturally we have this Con right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know naturally we have this Con right
+the forward Arbitrage free measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward Arbitrage free measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward Arbitrage free measure
+essentially corresponding to a numer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially corresponding to a numer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially corresponding to a numer
+rare of 0 B right naturally uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare of 0 B right naturally uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare of 0 B right naturally uh we can
+find you know this y of p uh and the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you know this y of p uh and the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you know this y of p uh and the p
+PT ratio is morning right again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT ratio is morning right again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT ratio is morning right again it's
+just ratio of two traded assets with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ratio of two traded assets with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ratio of two traded assets with no
+intermediate uh cash flows right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate uh cash flows right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate uh cash flows right and you
+know from the definition of the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the definition of the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the definition of the for
+price right you know essentially the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right you know essentially the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right you know essentially the for
+price is you know AAR and the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is you know AAR and the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is you know AAR and the four
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+right for Li right this is for Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for Li right this is for Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for Li right this is for Li
+essentially is a ratio of two bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is a ratio of two bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is a ratio of two bound so
+natural we know it's a morning under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural we know it's a morning under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural we know it's a morning under the
+numer access right so essentially it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer access right so essentially it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer access right so essentially it's a
+full measure up to the payment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full measure up to the payment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full measure up to the payment of the
+for Reliable okay so this is the mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Reliable okay so this is the mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Reliable okay so this is the mar
+condition right uh similarly we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right uh similarly we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right uh similarly we can do
+this you know argument on the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know argument on the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know argument on the forward
+swap rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap rate
+right essentially a forward swap rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially a forward swap rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially a forward swap rate is
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um we can start with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can start with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can start with like a
+annuity right numer right and since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity right numer right and since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity right numer right and since the
+force SL rate we know is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force SL rate we know is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force SL rate we know is the difference
+of two z b divided by right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two z b divided by right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two z b divided by right and
+therefore we can conclude you know based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can conclude you know based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can conclude you know based
+on Harrison fisa theorem this forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Harrison fisa theorem this forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Harrison fisa theorem this forward
+Sol rate essentially is the marale under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol rate essentially is the marale under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol rate essentially is the marale under
+the annuity measure with this annuity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annuity measure with this annuity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annuity measure with this annuity uh
+as a numer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument
+goes you know for the forward f mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes you know for the forward f mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes you know for the forward f mean the
+idea I mean all the pattern you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I mean all the pattern you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I mean all the pattern you probably
+have seen is for any quantity right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen is for any quantity right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen is for any quantity right you
+see if you can find two asset and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can find two asset and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can find two asset and then
+use these two asset ratio right uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these two asset ratio right uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these two asset ratio right uh to
+represent this in know quantity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this in know quantity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this in know quantity so the
+for FX right essentially you know is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for FX right essentially you know is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for FX right essentially you know is a
+ratio like this right this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio like this right this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio like this right this is nothing
+more than the uh interest rate parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the uh interest rate parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the uh interest rate parity
+right from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the
+spot right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot right you
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+BS right you start with spot you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS right you start with spot you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS right you start with spot you grow
+the domestic currency and then you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic currency and then you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic currency and then you grow
+the foreign currency right you get FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreign currency right you get FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreign currency right you get FX
+for right and the FX forward is a maral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right and the FX forward is a maral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right and the FX forward is a maral
+measure under the domestic forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure under the domestic forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure under the domestic forward
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a a
+simple uh technique to do the uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh technique to do the uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh technique to do the uh change
+of a probability measure I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a probability measure I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a probability measure I mean it's
+roughly how I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how I you know
+remember you know CH of measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you know CH of measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you know CH of measure and
+the right you essentially start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right you essentially start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right you essentially start with the
+again morning you right assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again morning you right assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again morning you right assuming
+you know this is morning Gale right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is morning Gale right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is morning Gale right and
+uh and a particular measure coresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a particular measure coresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a particular measure coresponding
+to the numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the numeric
+asset right and then this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset right and then this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset right and then this quantity is
+also a mar and different measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a mar and different measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a mar and different measure
+corresponding to a different numer numer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a different numer numer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a different numer numer
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+right one key point is when you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one key point is when you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one key point is when you change
+in a prober vure ENT you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a prober vure ENT you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a prober vure ENT you change the
+corresponding to the properity measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the properity measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the properity measure
+right and therefore essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and therefore essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and therefore essentially
+important thing is right you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is right you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is right you know we
+know the PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the PV
+or you know the mark Market of Trad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know the mark Market of Trad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know the mark Market of Trad
+security is measur independent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is measur independent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is measur independent right
+doesn't matter you know what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you know what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you know what what
+mathematics use right if the Trad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics use right if the Trad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics use right if the Trad
+security it you know it's going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security it you know it's going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security it you know it's going to you
+know match the market price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know match the market price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know match the market price and
+therefore you can uh price this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can uh price this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can uh price this
+security and the one measure or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and the one measure or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and the one measure or one
+numerator and then you can price it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and then you can price it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and then you can price it
+again with another measure another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with another measure another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with another measure another
+numerator and they got to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and they got to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and they got to be the same
+right then naturally you see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then naturally you see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then naturally you see you know
+this is a simple equation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple equation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple equation at the
+starting point to do the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point to do the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point to do the change of
+measure right if you just simply change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right if you just simply change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right if you just simply change
+a variable right then essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable right then essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable right then essentially
+you get your change of measure as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your change of measure as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your change of measure as well
+as you know WR nitin d h if you work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know WR nitin d h if you work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know WR nitin d h if you work on
+BG model you probably recognize this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BG model you probably recognize this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BG model you probably recognize this you
+know change of measure right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change of measure right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change of measure right which is
+used for BG model and the for measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for BG model and the for measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for BG model and the for measure
+right now here's you know the S here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's you know the S here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's you know the S here
+right uh quties right naturally people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh quties right naturally people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh quties right naturally people
+would think okay uh since the um four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think okay uh since the um four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think okay uh since the um four
+swap rate um is a morning a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap rate um is a morning a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap rate um is a morning a and
+the right naturally people think okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right naturally people think okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right naturally people think okay
+then the forward uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the forward uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the forward uh you know
+CDs power rate right it's like a forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs power rate right it's like a forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs power rate right it's like a forward
+swap rate got to be a morning Gale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap rate got to be a morning Gale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap rate got to be a morning Gale and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+U uh risky annuity measure okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh risky annuity measure okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh risky annuity measure okay so
+that's quite intuitive except there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite intuitive except there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite intuitive except there's
+one problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem right
+if you know the reference credit entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the reference credit entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the reference credit entity
+has zero recovery upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero recovery upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero recovery upon
+default then this risky annuity could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default then this risky annuity could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default then this risky annuity could
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+zero and now we are talking about we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we are talking about we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now we are talking about we use
+we want to use something that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use something that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use something that can be
+zero as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as our
+numerator right you know how do we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator right you know how do we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator right you know how do we you
+know resolve this technical mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know resolve this technical mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know resolve this technical mathematical
+problem right so that's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting well you know Shanker was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well you know Shanker was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well you know Shanker was
+first person who published the paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person who published the paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person who published the paper on
+on this one okay you know I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one okay you know I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one okay you know I was trying
+to do some work myself uh when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some work myself uh when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some work myself uh when I was
+working on bgm model I thought would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on bgm model I thought would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on bgm model I thought would
+wouldn't be nice to extend the bgm model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be nice to extend the bgm model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be nice to extend the bgm model
+right to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the uh
+credit but then immediately you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit but then immediately you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit but then immediately you know I
+Stumble with this difficulty where when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stumble with this difficulty where when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stumble with this difficulty where when
+the recovery is zero you can have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery is zero you can have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery is zero you can have zero
+in your numer in your risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your numer in your risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your numer in your risky
+annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity
+right so through Bonker right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so through Bonker right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so through Bonker right
+essentially his idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially his idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially his idea
+was you know let's focus on Survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know let's focus on Survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know let's focus on Survival
+measures meaning we have a difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures meaning we have a difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures meaning we have a difficulty
+you know if a default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a default
+happens and uh the recovery zero now his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and uh the recovery zero now his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and uh the recovery zero now his
+idea is let's forget about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state okay let's not worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay let's not worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay let's not worry about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay but you know one immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but you know one immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but you know one immediate
+question people would ask if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question people would ask if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question people would ask if that's the
+case right the probability measure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right the probability measure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right the probability measure okay
+physical property measure or risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical property measure or risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical property measure or risk
+neutral property measure and this surv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral property measure and this surv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral property measure and this surv
+property measure are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property measure are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property measure are not
+equivalent all right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent all right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent all right because the
+survival property measure knows nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival property measure knows nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival property measure knows nothing
+about the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the default
+events okay so they are not equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay so they are not equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay so they are not equivalent
+right so that's you know essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's you know essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's you know essentially you
+will actually you know uh transform one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually you know uh transform one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually you know uh transform one
+mathematical diff difficulty to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical diff difficulty to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical diff difficulty to another
+one luckily the second one it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one luckily the second one it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one luckily the second one it turns out
+to be actually easy to solve right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be actually easy to solve right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be actually easy to solve right so
+the starting point is again you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point is again you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point is again you using
+Harrison you know police class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrison you know police class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrison you know police class uh
+theorem essentially you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem essentially you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem essentially you just need to
+identify like uh you know numer asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify like uh you know numer asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify like uh you know numer asset
+and the uh denominator asset right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh denominator asset right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh denominator asset right you
+know you you you identify two assets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you you identify two assets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you you identify two assets you
+make a Ral and then right okay those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a Ral and then right okay those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a Ral and then right okay those are
+Mar de right so essentially this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar de right so essentially this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar de right so essentially this is a
+forward rate and forward annuity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward rate and forward annuity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward rate and forward annuity you
+know and um right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and um right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and um right and
+um if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have this
+indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator
+uh of of this default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of this default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of this default
+time of J's credit name uh greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of J's credit name uh greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of J's credit name uh greater than
+this T essentially this is like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T essentially this is like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T essentially this is like uh the
+premium lag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium lag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium lag of
+CDs okay and that's a traded you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs okay and that's a traded you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDs okay and that's a traded you know
+asset so therefore we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so therefore we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so therefore we have in the
+morning like this right the S of as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning like this right the S of as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning like this right the S of as you
+probably can Envision is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can Envision is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can Envision is going to come
+in when we do the change of prop meure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so so we have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so so we have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so so we have talked about
+right you know how are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know how are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know how are we going
+to you know find the mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know find the mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know find the mar
+measure of CDs power coupon or for CDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of CDs power coupon or for CDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of CDs power coupon or for CDs
+power rate right this is a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power rate right this is a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power rate right this is a you know a
+starting point of mar your model right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point of mar your model right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point of mar your model right
+essentially for any quantity you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for any quantity you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for any quantity you want to
+model you try to find it Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you try to find it Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you try to find it Mar
+measure right and once you find this Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right and once you find this Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right and once you find this Mar
+measure you can do Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you can do Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you can do Mar
+representation right and then often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right and then often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right and then often
+times you need to do a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you need to do a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you need to do a change of
+property measure so that all the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property measure so that all the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property measure so that all the term
+structure for instance a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for instance a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for instance a consequence of
+you know variables are modeled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know variables are modeled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know variables are modeled in the
+consistent property measure right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent property measure right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent property measure right right
+so finding the mar measure is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finding the mar measure is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finding the mar measure is the first
+point right so you know survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so you know survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so you know survival
+property measure right essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property measure right essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property measure right essentially you
+know he just defined you know this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he just defined you know this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he just defined you know this way
+you can Define this ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define this ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Define this ni
+duties okay and once you define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duties okay and once you define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duties okay and once you define that
+essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you
+know if you remember the previous you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you remember the previous you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you remember the previous you
+know formula I mean essentially uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know formula I mean essentially uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know formula I mean essentially uh um
+you will have a morning condition like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this details right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this details right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this details right it
+is the property measures are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the property measures are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the property measures are not
+um equivalent anymore but yet you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equivalent anymore but yet you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equivalent anymore but yet you can
+still do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do you know
+um change of probity measure and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um change of probity measure and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um change of probity measure and you
+know you need to separate model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need to separate model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need to separate model
+you know what's what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's what's going to happen
+when the default happens if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the default happens if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the default happens if you want to
+use this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this model
+right now I like to move you know to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I like to move you know to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I like to move you know to the
+second part you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part you know
+morning well I mean morning testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning well I mean morning testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning well I mean morning testing
+morning and interation right morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and interation right morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and interation right morning
+testing is actually given the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is actually given the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is actually given the previous
+morning conditions right I mean those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning conditions right I mean those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning conditions right I mean those
+are by the way just example there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are by the way just example there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are by the way just example there are a
+lot more right essentially you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more right essentially you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more right essentially you know that
+what it should be theoretically you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be theoretically you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be theoretically you just
+test in your numerical implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in your numerical implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in your numerical implementation
+and see if those conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if those conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if those conditions are
+satisfied okay that's Mar testing Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay that's Mar testing Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay that's Mar testing Mar
+resembling is is you know we know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembling is is you know we know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembling is is you know we know most
+likely if were to test we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely if were to test we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely if were to test we're going to
+fail okay this is not necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail okay this is not necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail okay this is not necessary for
+Enterprise level models but even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise level models but even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise level models but even for
+trade level dealership models you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade level dealership models you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade level dealership models you know a
+lot of times I seen the morning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times I seen the morning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times I seen the morning a
+conditions are not exactly satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are not exactly satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are not exactly satisfied
+right so one way to do that is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one way to do that is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one way to do that is is to
+correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that
+right correct you know this error and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right correct you know this error and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right correct you know this error and uh
+the rationale is essentially because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationale is essentially because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationale is essentially because of
+a numerical right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical right you know
+approximations whatever quantity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations whatever quantity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations whatever quantity we
+model essentially is not a true quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model essentially is not a true quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model essentially is not a true quantity
+and the true quantity we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the true quantity we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the true quantity we model
+essentially is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is some
+function of we you know have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of we you know have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of we you know have in our
+model so therefore use specif certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so therefore use specif certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so therefore use specif certain
+function sometimes you can have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sometimes you can have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sometimes you can have a linear
+L linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L linear
+function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you
+know this you know X not is what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you know X not is what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you know X not is what we have
+in our model and then this x is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model and then this x is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model and then this x is what we
+need okay to satisfy you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay to satisfy you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay to satisfy you know the
+morning condition right so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning condition right so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning condition right so essentially
+what you know in this particular case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know in this particular case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know in this particular case is
+very simple you first of all you deman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple you first of all you deman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple you first of all you deman
+and then you adust devation so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you adust devation so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you adust devation so therefore
+you know given any quantity X not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given any quantity X not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given any quantity X not you
+can have it you know you can force it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have it you know you can force it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have it you know you can force it to
+be any given me and this mean in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any given me and this mean in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any given me and this mean in our
+case will'll be determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will'll be determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will'll be determined by the
+morning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition okay uh the next you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay uh the next you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay uh the next you know
+interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is
+morning interation oh I had the tiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning interation oh I had the tiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning interation oh I had the tiple
+here right essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right essentially
+um sometimes you have like a in model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes you have like a in model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes you have like a in model
+forance your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forance your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forance your model
+and your library you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your library you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your library you can have a
+different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know
+tenners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenners
+right uh you know when you have a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you know when you have a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you know when you have a u
+curve you know at any given time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you know at any given time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you know at any given time there's
+a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term
+structure so H in the model A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so H in the model A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so H in the model A lot of
+times we can Model A few you know stive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we can Model A few you know stive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we can Model A few you know stive
+points but what if your model requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but what if your model requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but what if your model requires a
+term structure a term that's not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term structure a term that's not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term structure a term that's not in your
+model so what people normally do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so what people normally do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so what people normally do is you
+you do morning Gale you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do morning Gale you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do morning Gale you do
+interpretation okay so you have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation okay so you have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation okay so you have a one
+year liel like a you know five year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year liel like a you know five year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year liel like a you know five year
+Li you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li you
+know and then you need three years what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you need three years what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you need three years what
+you do you interpret for instance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you interpret for instance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you interpret for instance right
+but interation doesn't automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interation doesn't automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interation doesn't automatically
+guarantee Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee Mar
+relationships right so Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships right so Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships right so Mar
+interpetation has a goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpetation has a goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpetation has a goal of
+automatically satisfy the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically satisfy the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically satisfy the morning
+relationships so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so where
+particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter
+St you know condition that I wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St you know condition that I wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St you know condition that I wrote down
+on the uh slides essentially you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh slides essentially you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh slides essentially you know
+this s and t are the you know calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s and t are the you know calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s and t are the you know calendar
+time and this Capal T is really like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this Capal T is really like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this Capal T is really like a
+term like term structure okay you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term like term structure okay you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term like term structure okay you have a
+one year rate you know two year rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year rate you know two year rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year rate you know two year rate
+five year interest rate right those term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five year interest rate right those term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five year interest rate right those term
+structure right and um how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right and um how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right and um how do we
+interpretate such that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretate such that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretate such that after
+interpretation the coring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation the coring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation the coring
+morning are satisfi so here's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning are satisfi so here's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning are satisfi so here's what we do
+okay so we start with um let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we start with um let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we start with um let's say uh
+Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+T1 okay so Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 okay so Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 okay so Capital
+T1 uh that's a point we model and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 uh that's a point we model and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 uh that's a point we model and we
+assume that one is properly Mar resle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that one is properly Mar resle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that one is properly Mar resle
+and satisfy the marale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfy the marale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfy the marale
+condition and uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and uh this is a
+marale right for term P Capital 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marale right for term P Capital 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marale right for term P Capital 2 and
+and that is also satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is also satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is also satisfies the
+corresponding marle condition and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding marle condition and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding marle condition and our
+goal is to figure out okay T3 how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to figure out okay T3 how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to figure out okay T3 how do you
+do do interation so for the term T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do interation so for the term T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do interation so for the term T
+Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+T3 such that this Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 such that this Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 such that this Capital
+T3 will satisfy its own corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 will satisfy its own corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 will satisfy its own corresponding
+morning G right if you do simply linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning G right if you do simply linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning G right if you do simply linear
+interation you know using t as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interation you know using t as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interation you know using t as you know
+capital T as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T as
+a independent variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a independent variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a independent variable right
+essentially you're not going to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're not going to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're not going to achieve
+that right so the key is you we to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so the key is you we to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so the key is you we to
+choose the proper uh independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the proper uh independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the proper uh independent
+variable uh for the interation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh for the interation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh for the interation
+essentially is the previous time or Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is the previous time or Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is the previous time or Time
+Zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero uh
+quantity okay so Time s is Before Time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so Time s is Before Time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so Time s is Before Time T
+we can imagine Time s will be zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine Time s will be zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine Time s will be zero okay
+so using the corresponding quantities at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using the corresponding quantities at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using the corresponding quantities at
+a Time Zero as independent variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time Zero as independent variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time Zero as independent variable then
+essenti you can acheve aieve that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essenti you can acheve aieve that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essenti you can acheve aieve that okay
+so it's still linear interpretation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still linear interpretation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still linear interpretation just
+to use a different independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a different independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a different independent variable
+right essentially you can you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially you can you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially you can you can show
+that very easily this is just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very easily this is just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very easily this is just simple
+algebra right if you take expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right if you take expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right if you take expectation
+right this one being marale this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one being marale this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one being marale this little
+T will become s right and then if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will become s right and then if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will become s right and then if you do
+expect here the little T will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect here the little T will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect here the little T will become
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+s and therefore if you combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and therefore if you combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and therefore if you combine these two
+and a lot of terms would actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of terms would actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of terms would actually you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+cancel and essentially you will be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and essentially you will be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and essentially you will be left
+with this Mar at Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Mar at Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Mar at Time
+s and t Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and t Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and t Capital
+T3 meaning this is the mar Target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 meaning this is the mar Target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 meaning this is the mar Target of
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+term and that turns out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that turns out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that turns out to be the
+expectation of this quantity so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this quantity so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this quantity so it's a
+very simple linear you know simple Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple linear you know simple Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple linear you know simple Al
+right you guys can uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you guys can uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you guys can uh you
+know if you want so this one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you want so this one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you want so this one is actually
+guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees
+um the interpretated quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the interpretated quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the interpretated quantity
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+satisfy uh you know the condition Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy uh you know the condition Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy uh you know the condition Mark
+your target of course you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your target of course you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your target of course you need to know
+the mar right if you don't know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar right if you don't know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar right if you don't know that's a
+different story then you need to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story then you need to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story then you need to do uh
+do something else typically Time Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else typically Time Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else typically Time Zero
+for instance is what you know the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance is what you know the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance is what you know the market
+tell us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us right
+and uh of course sometimes you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh of course sometimes you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh of course sometimes you need to
+make some assumptions but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions but whatever
+assumption on time Zer you make in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on time Zer you make in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption on time Zer you make in your
+Dynamic model right you automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic model right you automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic model right you automatically
+satisfy you know the needed morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition oh this is just you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition oh this is just you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition oh this is just you know a
+brief introduction of how we you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction of how we you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction of how we you know do
+the modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling
+okay so this lior Market model I mean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this lior Market model I mean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this lior Market model I mean as
+you guys probably have learned already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably have learned already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably have learned already
+right there's are different forms bgm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's are different forms bgm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's are different forms bgm as
+initial form and then you know Jan right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial form and then you know Jan right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial form and then you know Jan right
+came with another form right and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with another form right and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with another form right and uh but
+in terms of a general marting model what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a general marting model what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a general marting model what
+will do typically is we start to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do typically is we start to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do typically is we start to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Maron okay and we know uh a for Li is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maron okay and we know uh a for Li is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maron okay and we know uh a for Li is
+mar and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar and its
+own for measure okay and then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own for measure okay and then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own for measure okay and then we know
+okay we can use Mar representation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can use Mar representation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can use Mar representation so
+under you know under certain technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under you know under certain technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under you know under certain technical
+conditions right this diffusion process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right this diffusion process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right this diffusion process
+can be represented by Bron motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented by Bron motion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be represented by Bron motion okay
+and then we can assume lot normal just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can assume lot normal just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can assume lot normal just
+for example you know we don't have to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you know we don't have to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you know we don't have to we
+can use C we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use C we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use C we can use
+stativity right but the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stativity right but the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stativity right but the starting point
+is morning identifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is morning identifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is morning identifying the
+morning measure and then perform morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning measure and then perform morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning measure and then perform morning
+represent so ENT you get this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent so ENT you get this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent so ENT you get this you know
+stochastic differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic differential
+equation then you need to change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then you need to change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then you need to change you
+know uh measure or change numeric right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh measure or change numeric right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh measure or change numeric right
+because this one essentially says for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one essentially says for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one essentially says for a
+particular Li you have a brown motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Li you have a brown motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Li you have a brown motion
+and a different measure right so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different measure right so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different measure right so so that
+has a limited usage right a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limited usage right a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limited usage right a lot of a
+derivative trades you know IR trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative trades you know IR trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative trades you know IR trades
+essentially it's sensitive to the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's sensitive to the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's sensitive to the entire
+you know yield curve so you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yield curve so you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yield curve so you need to make
+sure you model the entire yield curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you model the entire yield curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you model the entire yield curve
+consistently so therefore you have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently so therefore you have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently so therefore you have to uh
+change the probability measure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the probability measure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the probability measure so
+that um everything is specified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um everything is specified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um everything is specified in the
+same common measure right and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same common measure right and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same common measure right and you know
+then of course you can have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you can have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you can have a choice
+which one you want to use as a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you want to use as a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you want to use as a common
+measure right so simple you know change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right so simple you know change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right so simple you know change
+of numer I mean essentially we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numer I mean essentially we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numer I mean essentially we can get
+uh stoas equation like this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stoas equation like this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stoas equation like this and then you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know we um right have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we have a you know brownan mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a you know brownan mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a you know brownan mo
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right we have a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right we have a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right we have a bond
+motion with a correlation you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with a correlation you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with a correlation you know like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is essentially a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is essentially a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is essentially a market
+model in in a general form right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in in a general form right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in in a general form right
+uh with full dimensionality meaning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with full dimensionality meaning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with full dimensionality meaning um
+one BR emotion per term of a liable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one BR emotion per term of a liable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one BR emotion per term of a liable so
+that's a full dimensionality and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a full dimensionality and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a full dimensionality and then
+you need to do yeah hi yeah uh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do yeah hi yeah uh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do yeah hi yeah uh can you
+can you wrap up because we we need a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you wrap up because we we need a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you wrap up because we we need a bit
+of a bit of time for questions oh oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bit of time for questions oh oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bit of time for questions oh oh you
+need sorry I I can actually WR up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sorry I I can actually WR up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sorry I I can actually WR up now
+right if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you want
+to sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sure
+okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any
+conclusions well okay you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions well okay you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions well okay you know the
+conclusion is the following thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is the following thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is the following thing right
+um you know there is a need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there is a need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there is a need for
+Enterprise level uh models to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise level uh models to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise level uh models to handle
+nonlinear portfolio effects and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear portfolio effects and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear portfolio effects and uh we
+need to leverage you know three level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to leverage you know three level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to leverage you know three level
+models and by doing so we need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and by doing so we need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and by doing so we need to you
+know uh employ morning testing Mar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh employ morning testing Mar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh employ morning testing Mar um
+resampling interation and not only we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resampling interation and not only we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resampling interation and not only we
+need we need need that for CVA but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we need need that for CVA but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we need need that for CVA but we
+also need that for funding liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need that for funding liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need that for funding liquidity
+Capital risks which are very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital risks which are very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital risks which are very critical
+risks and people have started paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks and people have started paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks and people have started paying
+more and more attention to uh to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more attention to uh to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more attention to uh to these
+risks especially since after the crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks especially since after the crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks especially since after the crisis
+right uh because of time limitation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh because of time limitation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh because of time limitation I'm
+not going to be able to finish another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to finish another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to finish another
+example but if you like you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but if you like you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but if you like you can take
+look you know page 22 uh you know of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you know page 22 uh you know of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you know page 22 uh you know of the
+slides hopefully you can C you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides hopefully you can C you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides hopefully you can C you all right
+thank you guys yeah thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you guys yeah thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you guys yeah thank you
+so yeah the the slides we'll publish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the the slides we'll publish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the the slides we'll publish the
+slides probably later tonight so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides probably later tonight so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides probably later tonight so uh
+please take a look um okay so to wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a look um okay so to wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a look um okay so to wrap up
+uh uh let me see I wanted to bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let me see I wanted to bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let me see I wanted to bring up
+that's okay probably if it's a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay probably if it's a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay probably if it's a website
+that's fine yeah uh the uh I did add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine yeah uh the uh I did add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine yeah uh the uh I did add a
+few topics which were used last year for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few topics which were used last year for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few topics which were used last year for
+final paper for for your interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final paper for for your interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final paper for for your interest in the
+document which is on the website so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document which is on the website so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document which is on the website so take
+a look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look uh
+basically yeah uh the the the themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah uh the the the themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah uh the the the themes
+there were mostly black shs or or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were mostly black shs or or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were mostly black shs or or more
+advanced models or uh manipulation black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models or uh manipulation black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models or uh manipulation black
+shs equation there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs equation there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs equation there was a very
+interesting work on statistical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on statistical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on statistical analysis
+of commodity uh commodity data so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commodity uh commodity data so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commodity uh commodity data so if
+somebody is up for it that would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is up for it that would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is up for it that would be uh
+very interesting uh and uh there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting uh and uh there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting uh and uh there were
+some a few numerical and mon Cara uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a few numerical and mon Cara uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a few numerical and mon Cara uh
+uh uh projects so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh projects so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh projects so any questions
+or yeah so actually we was planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah so actually we was planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah so actually we was planning to
+give you a bit more time to uh ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a bit more time to uh ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a bit more time to uh ask a
+questions but since we have five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but since we have five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but since we have five minutes
+I think uh maybe I'd like to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh maybe I'd like to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh maybe I'd like to ask you to
+just think about what uh uh we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what uh uh we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what uh uh we learned
+uh this term right so and Peter can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this term right so and Peter can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this term right so and Peter can add
+on uh what do we think uh you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what do we think uh you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what do we think uh you on the
+mathematics and also both applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and also both applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and also both applications
+and in conjunction while you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in conjunction while you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in conjunction while you're doing
+the final paper uh just focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final paper uh just focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final paper uh just focusing on the
+new things you think you learned and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things you think you learned and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things you think you learned and uh
+uh what you like to explore in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you like to explore in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you like to explore in the next
+uh uh you know stage of your uh research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know stage of your uh research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know stage of your uh research
+so I think uh probably we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think uh probably we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think uh probably we don't have a
+lot of time for lots of questions but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time for lots of questions but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time for lots of questions but if
+you have any question this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any question this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any question this will be a
+good opportunity to ask about paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good opportunity to ask about paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good opportunity to ask about paper or
+or the course Peter you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the course Peter you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the course Peter you want to make
+some comments um sure I I just like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments um sure I I just like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments um sure I I just like to
+say that I think this course was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I think this course was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I think this course was a very
+challenging course for most of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging course for most of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging course for most of you and
+that was I guess our intention and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I guess our intention and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I guess our intention and I
+really respect all the hard work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really respect all the hard work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really respect all the hard work and
+effort that everyone put into the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that everyone put into the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that everyone put into the class
+and uh in terms of the final paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in terms of the final paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in terms of the final paper um
+you know we will be looking at uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we will be looking at uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we will be looking at uh your
+background and you know look at look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and you know look at look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and you know look at look for
+you know insights that uh demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know insights that uh demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know insights that uh demonstrate
+what what you've learned in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you've learned in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you've learned in the course
+and I've already reviewed several uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've already reviewed several uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've already reviewed several uh
+papers and you know I'm very pleased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and you know I'm very pleased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and you know I'm very pleased
+with the results so so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the results so so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the results so so I think
+everyone's done a great job um th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's done a great job um th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's done a great job um th this
+course uh you know I think was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you know I think was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you know I think was is
+intended to provide you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to provide you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to provide you with the
+foundations of the math for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of the math for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of the math for the
+financial applications as well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial applications as well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial applications as well as you
+know an excellent introduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an excellent introduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an excellent introduction and
+exposure to those applications and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to those applications and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to those applications and uh I
+I think you'll find this course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll find this course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll find this course uh
+valuable over the course of your careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable over the course of your careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable over the course of your careers
+and uh look forward to I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh look forward to I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh look forward to I don't know
+contributing uh you know insights you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing uh you know insights you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing uh you know insights you
+know with questions you might following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with questions you might following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with questions you might following
+the course I'm sure the other faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm sure the other faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm sure the other faculty
+feel the same way you know we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the same way you know we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the same way you know we want to be
+a good resource for you uh now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good resource for you uh now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good resource for you uh now and
+afterwards very very well put so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards very very well put so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards very very well put so please
+feel free to to to contact us and please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to to to contact us and please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to to to contact us and please
+please stay uh stay in touch uh the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stay uh stay in touch uh the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stay uh stay in touch uh the all
+all the uh contact details are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh contact details are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh contact details are on the
+website uh we plan to have repeat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh we plan to have repeat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh we plan to have repeat of
+this class next year so please tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class next year so please tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class next year so please tell your
+friends or stop by next year which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or stop by next year which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or stop by next year which will
+which will be next fall uh it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be next fall uh it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be next fall uh it will not
+be exactly the same uh we will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same uh we will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same uh we will try to
+make it slightly different but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it slightly different but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it slightly different but it will
+be close well if you have any suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be close well if you have any suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be close well if you have any suggested
+topics you feel you haven't been exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics you feel you haven't been exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics you feel you haven't been exposed
+to or like to know more send us emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or like to know more send us emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or like to know more send us emails
+we can I think one of the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can I think one of the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can I think one of the value of this
+class is we can bring in pretty much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is we can bring in pretty much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is we can bring in pretty much you
+know everyone from the frontier of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone from the frontier of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone from the frontier of this
+industry to give you some insights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry to give you some insights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry to give you some insights of
+what's going on please take a review uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on please take a review uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on please take a review uh
+on the website this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website this is uh this is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+uh and that's that's about okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's that's about okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's that's about okay well
+thank you for your participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for your participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for your participation
+this and thank you4 pleas
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bQI0OmJPby4.txt b/bQI0OmJPby4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56476747294e6634efff94020ccae1da846ef275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bQI0OmJPby4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2158 @@
+PATRICK WINSTON: We might wonder
+a little bit about the
+
+nature of human intelligence,
+and we might reflect a little
+
+bit on the kind of intelligence
+we've been
+
+talking about in the
+past few weeks.
+
+It's been an intelligence
+of sorts.
+
+Those programs, support vector
+machines, boosting, they can
+
+do really smart things.
+
+But the peculiar thing about
+systems that use those methods
+
+is that those systems don't
+have any idea about what
+
+they're doing.
+
+They don't know anything.
+
+So they don't give us very much
+of an insight into the
+
+nature of human intelligence.
+
+And, after all, I'd like to
+have a model of human
+
+intelligence because, let's face
+it, we're the smartest
+
+things around.
+
+So there are lots of ways to
+approach that question.
+
+And we'll approach that
+question first from a
+
+evolutionary point of view.
+
+Some scientists believe, me for
+instance, that we have a
+
+family tree that looks
+about like this.
+
+Too small to see much of that,
+but the main point is that we
+
+haven't been around very long.
+
+We humans have been around maybe
+200,000 years, and the
+
+dinosaurs died out 60
+million years ago.
+
+So in the blink of an eye, we
+seem to have, more or less,
+
+taken over.
+
+When you look at that family
+tree on a scale where you can
+
+see it, one of the
+characteristics is increasing
+
+brain size.
+
+There we are on the left,
+chimpanzee on the right.
+
+Clearly, mostly mouth, not
+to much brain in there.
+
+That one down below is a
+reconstruction of one of those
+
+pithecus type bipedal apes
+from about 4 million
+
+years ago or so.
+
+So we became bipedal a
+long time before we
+
+had much of a brain.
+
+So you might think, well, maybe
+brain size has a lot to
+
+do with it, and I
+suppose it does.
+
+So we can plot brain volume of
+our ancestors versus time.
+
+So the picture I just showed you
+was from about 3 million
+
+years ago, I guess.
+
+And then on the upper right hand
+corner, oh, that's not
+
+just us, that's also
+the Neanderthals.
+
+Their brains might have been
+slightly bigger than ours.
+
+So it isn't just brain size.
+
+Here's what that
+guy looks like.
+
+That's a Neanderthal, of
+course, on the left.
+
+And that's one of
+us on the right.
+
+Some conspicuous differences,
+big heads, the rib cage is
+
+kind of conical in shape,
+a large pelvis.
+
+People like to make a lot of
+speculations about how they
+
+must have moved around.
+
+But one thing is plain, they
+didn't amount to much.
+
+They could make stone tools, but
+those stone tools didn't
+
+change much over tens of
+thousands of years.
+
+And that was pretty much the
+story with us too, until
+
+something happened, probably in
+southern Africa, probably
+
+in a group of individuals,
+maybe less than 1,000.
+
+And what's the evidence
+for that?
+
+The evidence for that
+is mostly--
+
+comes from DNA studies with
+a lot of probabilistic
+
+assumptions, and Monte Carlo
+simulations, but it seems
+
+among the competing hypothesis
+for how we came to populate
+
+the world, it seems that there
+was a group of us, homo
+
+sapiens, in Southern Africa that
+got something that nobody
+
+else had and the highest
+probability scenario is that
+
+we quickly took over.
+
+That population of homo sapiens
+dominated the rest,
+
+went out of Africa, and within
+the blink of an eye did that
+
+sort of stuff.
+
+What's that sort of stuff?
+
+Those two paintings are
+from Lascaux about
+
+25,000 years ago.
+
+Paleoanthropologists, like
+Tattersall, take that as plain
+
+evidence that there was symbolic
+thought on the people
+
+who were around at that
+time, us homo sapiens.
+
+The head is a carving of a
+mastodon tusk of a woman
+
+25,000 years ago.
+
+Also, plainly symbolic, people
+are making a lot of jewelry
+
+and doing self adornment.
+
+The Neanderthals never
+seemed to do that.
+
+That jewelry making seems to
+have gone back to Southern
+
+Africa, maybe 70,000
+years ago.
+
+People were puncturing seashells
+and using them as
+
+necklaces, apparently.
+
+So something happened, and the
+paleoanthropologists, who
+
+write fascinating stuff, don't
+quite know how to talk about
+
+it other than to say
+it looks like we
+
+became somehow symbolic.
+
+And somehow that has something
+to do with language.
+
+So if you talk to Noam
+Chomsky he will say--
+
+let me get this precise,
+this is near his
+
+quotation as I can get.
+
+He thinks it was the ability to
+take two concepts and put
+
+them together to form a third
+concept without disturbing the
+
+original concepts and without
+limit, and each
+
+part of that's important.
+
+The without limit part is what
+separates us from species that
+
+might be able to do that a
+little bit, but we can do it
+
+without any apparent limit.
+
+So that's a linguist speaking.
+
+He talks a lot about the
+merge operation, and
+
+combinators and language--
+
+using terms foreign to us.
+
+Better not use the term
+"combinator," it's kind of a
+
+computer science term.
+
+But whatever it is, it seemed
+to happen about that time.
+
+It didn't happen slowly and
+proportion to brain size, it
+
+seemed to happen all of a sudden
+in consequence of a
+
+brain that had grown big enough
+to be an enablement but
+
+the capability was
+not what pulled
+
+evolution in that direction.
+
+So, I believe, that whatever
+that was, that capability,
+
+enabled humans, us humans, to
+tell and understand stories,
+
+and that's what separates us
+from the other primates.
+
+That ability to--
+
+The symbolic ability, whatever
+it is, enabled storytelling
+
+and understanding.
+
+And that's what all education
+is about and that's why our
+
+species is special.
+
+So what we're going to talk
+about today is something you
+
+might think of as an
+instantiation of that
+
+hypothesis, one way of
+thinking about it.
+
+And it's a way of thinking about
+what the linguists would
+
+call the inner language.
+
+It's not the language with which
+we communicate, it's the
+
+language with which we think,
+which is closely related to
+
+the language with which we
+communicate, but may not be
+
+quite the same thing.
+
+So many of you are bilingual.
+
+Chris is bilingual.
+
+Chris, have you ever had the
+experience of remembering that
+
+someone said something to you,
+but not remembering what
+
+language they used?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: How about
+[? you, Sian, ?] have you had
+
+that experience?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: What?
+
+STUDENT: I always [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: [INAUDIBLE]
+experience of having--
+
+David, have you ever had that
+experience of remembering some
+
+conversation but not remembering
+the language in
+
+which it was cast?
+
+STUDENT: Well, you remember
+something you usually don't
+
+know which language
+it was in anyway.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: You usually
+don't remember.
+
+That's a common view.
+
+You remember something was
+said, that there was a
+
+conversation that had some
+content, but if it's with a
+
+speaker of your own language and
+your embedded in another
+
+place, you often don't remember
+what language the
+
+conversation was in.
+
+Is that right, [? Wana, ?] you
+remember things like that?
+
+Not sure?
+
+STUDENT: People who [INAUDIBLE]
+speak in a certain
+
+language, so--
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Sometimes you
+don't have that confusion, she
+
+says, because you always speak
+to particular people in a
+
+particular language.
+
+But many people report that they
+have that experience of
+
+not remembering which language
+something was said in.
+
+Well, OK, so what are
+we going to do?
+
+We need an inner language, and
+maybe we can start just by
+
+saying, let's have something
+that looks sort
+
+of familiar to us.
+
+We have an object and it's
+supported by some other
+
+objects, so those are
+support relations.
+
+That's one example of what we
+might call a semantic net.
+
+It's a network that's got nodes
+and links, it's got--
+
+it has some meaning.
+
+That's where the word "semantic"
+comes from.
+
+Well, we might have another
+example that looks like this.
+
+There's Macbeth, there's Duncan,
+and Macbeth murders
+
+Duncan, then we also know,
+somehow, there's a kill
+
+involved as a consequence,
+and then ultimately,
+
+Duncan has a property.
+
+And that property is the
+property of being dead.
+
+So there's another semantic net
+recording something that
+
+happens in Shakespeare's
+Macbeth plot.
+
+Now, we can decorate
+that a little bit.
+
+So as to get a couple of
+other concepts in play.
+
+First of all, the thing we've
+got already is we've got
+
+combinators.
+
+Then combinators.
+
+Well, a fancy name for those
+links that connect the nodes.
+
+Another thing we've got is an
+opportunity for connecting the
+
+links themselves.
+
+So the murder sort of implies
+the kill, and the kill leads
+
+us to conclude that the
+victim is dead.
+
+So that is treating the links
+themselves as objects that can
+
+be the subject or object
+of other links.
+
+So we call that process
+"reification."
+
+Now, in artificial intelligence,
+semantic nets
+
+we're all over the early work,
+but if you have a big network
+
+that covers the wall you need
+some way of putting a
+
+spotlight on some
+pieces of it.
+
+So Marvin Minsky put a lot of
+technical content into that
+
+idea and created
+the notion of--
+
+a notion that deserves
+another color here--
+
+he suggested that we need a
+localization process, so we
+
+have frames, so-called
+frames or templates.
+
+And a frame for this murder
+action might be that there's a
+
+murder frame that has an agent
+and has a victim, and the
+
+agent is Macbeth, and the
+victim is Duncan.
+
+So that's a way of putting a
+localization layer on top of
+
+what we've got so far.
+
+Later on, I'll add sequence
+to that list.
+
+So this is where it rested for
+a long time, and in some
+
+sense, still rests there because
+as soon as you've got
+
+combinators, you've
+got something
+
+that's pretty much universal.
+
+You can do anything with it.
+
+The trouble is it's sort of
+down at the bit level.
+
+It's like assembly code.
+
+It doesn't have, as a concept,
+enough organization to help
+
+you go to the next level
+of achievement.
+
+There's also a little problem
+here that deserves also, some
+
+mention, and that is that we
+have, over this whole thing,
+
+the problem of parasitic
+semantics.
+
+Parasitic semantics.
+
+A kind of ugliness that
+surrounds this whole concept
+
+because when we look at a
+diagram like that, and we say,
+
+oh, Macbeth murdered
+Duncan, that means
+
+Duncan's the victim.
+
+We know there must have been a
+motive, maybe Macbeth wanted
+
+to be king.
+
+Well, we know all that stuff,
+and there's a tendency to
+
+project that knowing
+into the machine.
+
+If you're going to play with
+your telephone, please leave.
+
+So if we project meaning into
+that that's our understanding
+
+that's not the machine's
+understanding.
+
+So much of the meaning can
+be said to be parasitic.
+
+We're the parasite, and
+we're projecting
+
+the into that thing.
+
+Putting that diagram into some
+machine form doesn't mean the
+
+machine knows anything.
+
+It might be able to conclude
+some things, but it's
+
+understanding is not grounded
+in any kind of contact with
+
+the physical world.
+
+So we have to worry a lot
+about that and where
+
+philosophers would stop there
+and go off and write a few
+
+books on the subject.
+
+But we're not philosophers so
+we're going to just mention
+
+the problem and go
+barreling ahead.
+
+So we need to use this notion
+of semantic net, and we have
+
+to ask ourselves some questions
+about what elements
+
+of the inner language are most
+useful and yet it might be
+
+very complicated, but here's
+usefulness number one.
+
+The notion of classification.
+
+So we know about stuff,
+and we know about,
+
+for example, pianos.
+
+And we know about tools.
+
+And we know about maps.
+
+But we know about those things
+on different levels.
+
+So say I'm thinking about a
+tool, do you have a very good
+
+image of what I'm
+talking about?
+
+The answer has to be no because
+the notion of a tool
+
+is very vague, so it's hard
+to form a picture of
+
+what that's all about.
+
+On the other hand, if I said
+I'm thinking about a mac.
+
+Well, this is interesting
+because there's lexical
+
+ambiguity there.
+
+You don't know if I'm talking
+about the Apple type Mac or
+
+the apple type Mac, or
+should I say the
+
+fruit or the computer?
+
+So there's lexical ambiguity
+there at two levels or more.
+
+But let's fill this
+in a little bit.
+
+If I know I'm talking about a
+piano, you can form a picture
+
+of that so that seems to be on
+a more detailed level where
+
+you can do hallucination.
+
+At a higher level you have just
+a musical instrument.
+
+And I can give you a tool to
+think about by writing hammer.
+
+And if I'm going to
+have a mac, it's
+
+going to be an apple.
+
+And in this case, I want you
+to think about a fruit.
+
+And down here, I can be
+more specific about
+
+these things too.
+
+I can add a slight refinement
+of detail and say, I'm
+
+thinking about one of these.
+
+Do you know what this is?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: No, it's not
+a mere hammer, it's a
+
+ball-peen hammer.
+
+In some circles, it's called
+a ladies hammer.
+
+I don't know why.
+
+But it's--
+
+What's it for?
+
+Most people buy it mostly
+because it's
+
+small and light weight.
+
+But, in fact, it's for
+metal working.
+
+It's for taking a piece of sheet
+metal and pounding it
+
+out into an ashtray
+or something
+
+or for seating rivets.
+
+It's a metal worker's hammer.
+
+So you might not have known
+about that before but now, at
+
+least, you have a word to
+hang that knowledge on.
+
+It's a ball peen hammer.
+
+So we have various levels here,
+going from very specific
+
+to very general.
+
+And we can even go to a level
+of specificity for pianos by
+
+saying we've got
+a Bosendorfer.
+
+Why is a Bosendorfer special?
+
+I mean, is it like a Baldwin?
+
+Something's [INAUDIBLE],
+Yoka--
+
+Lots of piano types,
+what's special?
+
+You see, you don't know because
+unless you play the
+
+piano, and probably unless
+you're a serious piano player
+
+you don't know that
+a Bosendorfer--
+
+Ariel, you know.
+
+STUDENT: I think its supposed to
+have an extra octave at the
+
+bottom, black keys.
+
+Pretty cool.
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: It's got some
+extra keys at the bottom.
+
+And most people don't know that
+unless they're serious
+
+about the piano.
+
+Some professional piano
+players, when they're
+
+confronted with a Bosendorfer
+have to have someone cover
+
+those keys because it screws
+up their peripheral vision,
+
+and hit the wrong key.
+
+Because they're not used
+to having those
+
+extra keys at the bottom.
+
+So that's a little detail
+but the Bosendorfer.
+
+So you can make a kind of graph,
+and you can say, let's
+
+go from low, very general,
+to a basic level,
+
+to a specific level.
+
+So it is the case in human
+knowledge that that graph has
+
+a tendency to look sort
+of like this.
+
+So here's tool, here's hammer,
+here's ball peen.
+
+So that level, where you have a
+big jump, that's the general
+
+to basic level of transition.
+
+So that basic level is probably
+there because that's
+
+the level on which we hang a
+huge amount of our knowledge.
+
+We know a lot about pianos, and
+it all seems to be hanging
+
+on that word piano,
+which gives us
+
+power with the concept.
+
+So that's example number
+one of an element
+
+of our inner language.
+
+The ability to assemble things
+into hierarchies like that,
+
+and hang knowledge about those
+objects on the elements in
+
+that hierarchy.
+
+Well, given that you have
+elements in the hierarchy, how
+
+do you talk about them?
+
+Well, I like to consider the
+possibility, just for the sake
+
+of illustration, that you're
+thinking about a car crashing
+
+into a wall.
+
+So you've got things to think
+about like the speed of the
+
+car, the distance to the wall,
+and the condition of the car.
+
+And you've got the period before
+the crash, during the
+
+crash, and after the crash.
+
+So you might want to think about
+how to talk about those
+
+objects in those three
+time periods.
+
+So we can do that with a
+vocabulary of change and we do
+
+that because we believe that
+most of human thinking is
+
+thinking about change
+causing change.
+
+And that flies in the face of
+what we learned as engineers.
+
+Because in engineering, we learn
+about state, and once
+
+you know the state of the
+system, you know everything
+
+you need to know in order
+to predict the future.
+
+The trouble is, in our heads,
+thinking about everything
+
+there is in the world, including
+the current phase of
+
+the moon, is too much stuff.
+
+So mostly, our thinking, we
+think, is hinging on the idea
+
+that change leads to change.
+
+So that's why we have a
+vocabulary of change.
+
+So in the period before the
+crash, the speed of the car is
+
+not changing.
+
+There's a little notation for
+not change, no delta.
+
+The distance to the wall,
+that's decreasing.
+
+The condition of the car,
+that's not changing.
+
+Then, the car hits the wall.
+
+So the speed of the car
+disappears, the distance to
+
+the wall disappears, and the
+condition of the car will
+
+change dramatically.
+
+Finally, after the crash is
+over, the speed of the car
+
+does not appear.
+
+The distance to the wall does
+not change, and the condition
+
+of the car also does
+not change.
+
+So that's hinting at a
+vocabulary of change, and its
+
+use, which will be the second
+element in our development of
+
+a vocabulary of ways in which we
+might have constructed are
+
+inner language.
+
+So this a particular idea,
+that's classification.
+
+This is transition, and a
+system that purports to
+
+understand stories with a heavy
+emphasis on this notion
+
+of transition and we believe,
+that is to say, I think, that
+
+that vocabulary has to have
+decrease, increase, change,
+
+appear, and disappear.
+
+So there are 10 things you can
+have in such diagrams.
+
+I've done five.
+
+That's because, for each
+of those, there's a not
+
+variation on that.
+
+So with a vocabulary of 10
+things can go a long way
+
+toward helping to describe
+things that are in process of
+
+change and making transition.
+
+And we have a lot of those
+words in our vocabulary.
+
+We use those words a lot
+in our vocabulary.
+
+They seem heavily connected
+with vision.
+
+Our friend appeared.
+
+The cat disappeared.
+
+The speed increased.
+
+So this is a description
+of a crash.
+
+In terms of those kinds of
+elements, now, I say to you,
+
+how does a camera work?
+
+Well, I could say the camera
+works because a photon crashes
+
+into a photo receptor.
+
+So when I say a photon crashes
+into a photo receptors, why am
+
+I saying that, and
+how does it help?
+
+I'm saying that and it helps
+because it's the same pattern
+
+of change you already know about
+when you talk about a
+
+car crashing into a wall.
+
+How does that work?
+
+The speed of the photon, the
+distance of the photon to the
+
+receptor, and the condition
+of the receptor.
+
+So analogies like that are very
+much of the core of what
+
+we think about all the time.
+
+Really then, there is
+representation number two.
+
+Number one is class, number two
+is transition, and now,
+
+you're ready for number three,
+which is trajectory.
+
+Linguists, who study sentences,
+often talk in terms
+
+of fundamental patterns that
+seemed to be in a lot of what
+
+we say, and a lot of what we
+say is about objects moving
+
+along trajectories.
+
+So we can talk about
+a trajectory frame.
+
+And a trajectory frame will
+have elements like this.
+
+It has an object moving on a
+trajectory that ends up at a
+
+destination.
+
+You might start out
+at a source.
+
+It's probably been arranged by
+some kind of agent, and the
+
+agent may assist himself making
+the motion happen with
+
+some kind of instrument.
+
+There might be somebody
+helping out
+
+over here, a co-agent.
+
+Well, what else can we have?
+
+A beneficiary, someone is helped
+out by the action.
+
+Sometimes, the motion is
+arranged by a conveyance.
+
+So these are a lot of slots,
+finite slots, and descriptions
+
+of actions, many of which
+involve motion on a
+
+trajectory.
+
+We have a tendency in language
+to decorate these things in
+
+one way or another, depending
+on the language.
+
+And so in many languages, the
+decoration is by way of
+
+position in the sentence.
+
+In English, it's often by
+way of a preposition.
+
+It's used to help zero in on a
+particular role of an object
+
+in the trajectory scenario.
+
+So if I say, I baked a cake with
+a friend, there's a with
+
+preposition.
+
+If I baked a cake for a friend,
+the friend is the
+
+beneficiary.
+
+If I baked a cake with an oven,
+that's an instrument.
+
+The object may be moving to a
+destination from a source, and
+
+if I'm going to New York
+by train, I put a
+
+by on top of that.
+
+If the agent isn't in subject
+position, I would say
+
+something like, oh,
+I see all the work
+
+was done by a student.
+
+So those prepositions have a
+tendency to help us zoom in on
+
+the actual role of particular
+objects in this whole package,
+
+the whole frame.
+
+So this is number three.
+
+There's a variation on this
+in which there's no actual
+
+trajectory in which case we'll
+just call that a role frame.
+
+Because if there's no
+trajectory, we can still have
+
+things such as an instrument, a
+co-agent, and a beneficiary.
+
+So now, we've got three
+representations.
+
+You might say, well,
+what good are they?
+
+And you can determine what
+good they are these days
+
+because it's easier to go over
+established corpuses, and say,
+
+what fraction of those, of the
+sentences, in such a corpus
+
+involve classification or a
+transition or a trajectory.
+
+The most well known of these is
+the so-called Wall Street
+
+Journal Corpus.
+
+It has 50,000 sentences in it,
+drawn from some period of
+
+time, all the syntactical
+language types work with that
+
+corpus a great deal.
+
+And we worked with it a little
+bit too, to see what fraction
+
+of the sentences or what the
+density of trajectories and
+
+transitions are in
+those sentences.
+
+So I have to say that a little
+more carefully, because the
+
+finding is that in 100 sentences
+you'll find about 25
+
+transitions or trajectories.
+
+So they're very densely
+represented.
+
+They're often very abstract.
+
+Prices rose, the economy went
+to someplace, but there are
+
+still words that denote
+transition or trajectory.
+
+Of course, once you have all
+this stuff, that you have then
+
+have a desire to put
+it together.
+
+So the next thing we need to
+talk about is story sequences.
+
+So a story sequence can be a
+single sentence, and I want to
+
+illustrate that with one
+of my favorites.
+
+Here's the sentences.
+
+I think I've chosen a gender
+neutral name so as not getting
+
+in any trouble.
+
+So Pat, but I don't call myself
+Pat because I decided
+
+when I was 18 years old
+that pat is a unit
+
+of measure for butter.
+
+In any case, with Pat comforted,
+Mary, do you have
+
+an image of what happened?
+
+Probably not a very
+firm image.
+
+You know that Pat did something,
+but you don't know
+
+exactly what.
+
+Nevertheless, when Pat comforted
+Chris, you can
+
+construct something that looks
+like a role frame.
+
+Because the role frame for that
+would have an agent, and
+
+that would be Pat.
+
+There's an action.
+
+We're going to put a question
+mark in there because we don't
+
+have a very firm image of
+what the action is.
+
+Then again, we're building
+a wall frame, like so.
+
+The object is Chris.
+
+Oh, you know that
+is the object.
+
+Is there anything
+else we can say?
+
+Oh, yes, we can probably
+say something more.
+
+Something else comes to
+mind when you see
+
+Pat comforted Chris.
+
+There's a sort of result,
+and the result is
+
+a transition frame.
+
+And the transition frame
+involves an object, which is
+
+Chris, and Chris has a mood,
+which presumably, is improved.
+
+It goes up.
+
+Did you have something,
+Elliott?
+
+STUDENT: Could you, I guess,
+analogize the Pat comforted
+
+Chris to something like Pat gave
+comfort to Chris as Chris
+
+is the destination?
+
+And couldn't this
+be [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Elliott is
+wandering into a very
+
+interesting area having to do
+with, couldn't you think about
+
+this in another way and think
+of it as something moving
+
+along a trajectory.
+
+Comfort is moving, if not from
+Pat, at least to Chris.
+
+And that's a very important kind
+of observation because
+
+what it would suggest is there
+can be a utility in thinking
+
+of things in multiple ways,
+multiple representations.
+
+Marvin Minsky has a wonderful
+aphoristic phrase, which is,
+
+if you can only think about
+something in one way, you have
+
+no recourse when
+you get stuck.
+
+So multiple representations mean
+you have multiple ways of
+
+gathering regularity from the
+world, and collecting it and
+
+therefore that'll make
+you smarter.
+
+So yes, you could do that, and
+that would be a compliment to
+
+what I'm doing now.
+
+Let me continue what
+I'm doing now.
+
+So what have I done?
+
+I've got a role frame and a
+tradition frame, and the
+
+transition frame is the
+target of the result
+
+slot in the role frame.
+
+Now, we can modify this
+a little bit.
+
+And maybe want to say, instead
+of comforted, terrorized.
+
+And how would that
+change things?
+
+We don't know exactly
+what Pat did so the
+
+action remains unknown.
+
+The agent and the object
+are the same.
+
+But the result here
+is presumably that
+
+the mood went down.
+
+With just what we've got so far,
+we can answer a lot of
+
+questions, by the way.
+
+Once we've got the sentence
+understood in these terms, we
+
+can say who did the thing?
+
+What's this all about?
+
+And the answer is Pat.
+
+What did Pat do?
+
+Comfort, terrorized.
+
+Who do they do it too?
+
+Who was the object?
+
+It's Chris.
+
+What was the result?
+
+Chris felt better.
+
+Chris felt worse.
+
+So these representations already
+give us a question and
+
+answering capability that makes
+for an understanding of
+
+the sentence.
+
+But still, we haven't been very
+specific, so our next
+
+step takes this same sentence in
+a more specific direction.
+
+So here's a way that goes.
+
+Kissed Chris.
+
+Now, you begin to get a sense of
+what's going on, you form a
+
+mental image, so you could
+have a hallucination.
+
+And that hallucinations will
+also be a kind of frame, but,
+
+in this case, it'll be
+a trajectory frame.
+
+And the object would be, I
+don't know, Pat's lips.
+
+And the destination will
+be Chris' lips.
+
+I don't know, is that right?
+
+It depends.
+
+It depends.
+
+Have you all formed a picture
+of what's going on here?
+
+So it will be different
+depending on whether Chris is
+
+Pat's girlfriend or if Chris is
+Pat's daughter or if Chris
+
+is a frog and Pat is a prince
+-ess, I guess, the way the
+
+story usually goes.
+
+So somehow we have, in our
+heads, all kinds of libraries
+
+that help us to form mental
+pictures of things when we see
+
+things like kissed.
+
+So one final one just
+to show the variety.
+
+We could say that Pat
+stabbed Chris.
+
+What changes?
+
+Let's see, in the case of
+kissed, the mood is going up.
+
+In the case of stabbed, the
+mood is going down.
+
+You can also probably say that
+the health is going down.
+
+And the destination
+is Chris' body.
+
+And the object that's moving
+is Pat's knife.
+
+We get the same pattern with
+both of those sentences.
+
+So both of them involve a
+sequence that starts off with
+
+the action, moves to a
+transition and a trajectory
+
+and those are all arranged
+in a line.
+
+And that line is something that
+gives us a lot of power
+
+over the situation relative
+to a semantic net.
+
+So I'm going to decorate that
+one more time, and say that
+
+another element we
+get out of our
+
+internal language is sequence.
+
+An element we need in order to
+have anything that looks like
+
+an account of an inner
+language is sequence.
+
+Because if you think about
+things being arrayed in a vast
+
+spreading network, it's hard
+to deal with them.
+
+But if you thing about things
+being arrayed along a line, in
+
+a sequence of actions or events,
+like so, then that
+
+imposes enough constraint
+to get a handle on
+
+what's going on.
+
+So what we're going to call this
+is the representation,
+
+and I guess I'm up to one,
+two, three, four.
+
+This is a representation
+of story sequence.
+
+so even though that's a kind of
+micro-story, it's still an
+
+example of a story sequence
+because we get the power out
+
+of it by arranging everything
+in a line.
+
+You have a sense, I think,
+especially if you play a
+
+musical instrument, on how
+dependent we are on sequence.
+
+So if you play a musical
+instrument, you probably know
+
+how difficult it is to start
+replaying a piece of music
+
+from the middle of a measure.
+
+You have to go back to at least
+the beginning of the
+
+measure, and probably to the
+beginning of the phrase, if
+
+not the beginning
+of the piece.
+
+So our memory seems to be, at
+least in music, very rooted in
+
+the idea of sequences.
+
+And that's often true
+of storytelling too.
+
+We have to go back to the
+beginning of at least a scene,
+
+because somehow these things are
+arranged in sequences that
+
+form, somehow, usefulness out
+of their sequentialness.
+
+So there's one more thing we can
+talk about and that is the
+
+idea of not just the idea of
+how these sequences are
+
+constructed and what they're
+constructed out of, but we can
+
+also talk a little bit in terms
+of libraries of stories.
+
+And when we talk about libraries
+of stories, we can
+
+think about kind of the sort
+of standard stories that we
+
+have and how they're arranged,
+and how we can know a lot
+
+about something by what
+it's super class is.
+
+So it's a variation on the theme
+of learning stuff from
+
+the super classes.
+
+So here's an event frame.
+
+And then, in addition
+to event frames,
+
+there's disaster frames.
+
+And then there are
+party frames.
+
+And parties and disasters
+are both events.
+
+And when we talk about
+disasters, we know, in turn,
+
+they break up in a variety
+of things.
+
+We have earthquake disasters,
+and maybe we have hurricanes.
+
+And in the party world we have,
+I don't know, birthday
+
+parties, and we have weddings.
+
+And each of these types of
+frames invites us to fill in
+
+particular slots.
+
+So if we're reading a newspaper
+story about a
+
+wedding, we know that we're
+going to be learning the same
+
+sorts of things we will learn
+about any party except there
+
+is the additional information
+that we expect that says
+
+something about the bride
+and the groom.
+
+If we have a raw event and we
+don't know anything more about
+
+it than that, there's
+a time and place.
+
+If it's a disaster frame, it
+gets a grizzly over here, but
+
+if there's a disaster frame, we
+might have the fatalities,
+
+and how much it cost.
+
+If it's an earthquake frame, we
+need to know the magnitude
+
+of the quake, and the
+name of the fault.
+
+If it's a hurricane, we have
+the category and the name.
+
+So each of these things up there
+can be viewed, not just
+
+an example of something, but as
+a new frame all by itself.
+
+As we mature, we have these
+first four things as building
+
+blocks, and then, we educate
+ourselves, and we get all
+
+those kinds of frames
+that help us to
+
+understand the world.
+
+But how to fill those in from
+a newspaper story can be
+
+sometimes, quite a challenge.
+
+Actually the worst thing to
+understand is children's
+
+stories because, and this was
+determined experimentally when
+
+people tried to understand
+children's stories, because it
+
+turns out that children's
+stories are not simpler than
+
+the stories we write
+for adults.
+
+In many cases, they're harder.
+
+If you read about Shakespearean
+plots, it's all
+
+about intrigue, murder,
+jealousy, greed, but when
+
+you're trying to write a
+children's story it can be
+
+about anything.
+
+And worse yet, the children's
+story often raises problems
+
+that you don't see in
+newspaper stories.
+
+Let me illustrate
+that for you.
+
+You want to read that story?
+
+You have no trouble figuring it
+out, of course, but think
+
+about a poor machine.
+
+It's struggling to understand
+anything.
+
+What's going to be
+the problem?
+
+It's going to have trouble
+figuring out those pronoun
+
+antecedents.
+
+Look at them.
+
+They're complicated.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Shut
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Oh, that's the way.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Here are the pronouns.
+
+One of them wanted
+to buy a kite.
+
+He has one, he said.
+
+He will make you take it back.
+
+So that's pretty hard.
+
+Actually, the principal here
+that I'm driving at is, when
+
+you have a new story or any
+story, if you have an old
+
+story but you want to read
+it-- when you want to
+
+understand it quickly, the
+instantiation of it quickly,
+
+you need to be sure that, if
+you're the storyteller, you
+
+don't add to the burden of the
+understanding any syntactic
+
+difficulty.
+
+So that's an example of
+telling a story with
+
+additional syntactic
+difficulty.
+
+No newspaper journalist
+would ever write
+
+the story like that.
+
+Here's how they would
+write it.
+
+They would even give you a
+clue that there's certain
+
+information you're never
+going to get, like
+
+who told the story.
+
+It's that reliable
+sources business.
+
+So this brings us to the final
+bit that I want to deal with
+
+today, and what I'm going to do
+is, if you came into this
+
+class today as a 97 pound
+writing weakling, you're about
+
+to emerge as a 250 pound
+mountain of a writer.
+
+Because I want to tell you a few
+tricks that will make you
+
+usually better as a writer,
+especially if
+
+you're Russian or German.
+
+And here's how it works.
+
+Rule one.
+
+Because they place additional
+syntactic burden on the
+
+understanding of the story
+by the reader.
+
+So if you're telling somebody
+about some difficult new
+
+technical idea, the last thing
+you want them to do is to
+
+burden their syntactic processor
+with figuring out
+
+pronoun antecedents.
+
+So don't use pronouns in you're
+writing, technical
+
+writing, at least, will
+be much clearer.
+
+By the way, why does this
+especially apply to Germans
+
+and Russians?
+
+Is it because--
+
+is this an ethnic origin
+slur or is this a
+
+fact about their language?
+
+It's a fact about
+their language.
+
+Where is the fact?
+
+Why can they get away with
+pronoun usages that we cannot
+
+get away with in English?
+
+Yes, Andrew?
+
+STUDENT: Gender and also--
+
+PATRICK WINSTON: Gender, because
+if you have all of
+
+your nouns decorated with
+gender, that reduces by three,
+
+the potential for ambiguity
+in the pronoun antecedent.
+
+So you'll frequently find that
+German and Russian writers
+
+will have pronouns all over the
+place that are perfectly
+
+clear to them because
+of gender.
+
+They are interpretable by
+English speakers when
+
+translated because we don't
+have the gender to
+
+help us zero in.
+
+So these things all have to
+do with minimizing extra,
+
+superfluous, gratuitous,
+unnecessary
+
+burden on the reader.
+
+Number two is don't use
+former or latter.
+
+You see those words used
+frequently in technical
+
+writing, and guess what?
+
+No human being ever encounters
+those words without having to
+
+stop and go back to figure out
+what they refer to it.
+
+So that's another example of
+not placing any unnecessary
+
+syntactic burden
+on the reader.
+
+And finally, don't call
+a shovel a spade.
+
+There's a habit, probably
+instilled by well-meaning but
+
+misadvised high school teachers,
+that you shouldn't
+
+repeat words, and so people go
+to great lengths to use some
+
+different word.
+
+The problem is that the reader
+doesn't know if the shift in
+
+the word is deliberate and
+attached to some subtle
+
+meaning shift, or if it's just
+adhering to some high school
+
+teacher's admonition against
+using the same word again.
+
+So you don't want to say, oh,
+the right way to dig this
+
+particular hole is with a spade
+and then switch to a
+
+shovel because the reader can't
+tell if it's deliberate,
+
+accidental, or a consequence of
+just the desire not to use
+
+the same word.
+
+So this is how you, with some
+very simple mechanisms
+
+grounded in AI, you can actually
+make yourself into a
+
+better writer by avoiding those
+kinds of things that put
+
+an unnecessary syntactic burden
+on the people who are
+
+reading your stuff.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bV87UzKMRtE.txt b/bV87UzKMRtE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b145d76d796de020ba1107cb9ccb62b4bf375e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bV87UzKMRtE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well Hal just told us how you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Hal just told us how you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Hal just told us how you build
+robust systems the key idea was I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust systems the key idea was I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust systems the key idea was I'm sure
+that many of you don't really assimilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of you don't really assimilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of you don't really assimilate
+that yet but the key idea is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but the key idea is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but the key idea is that in
+order to make a system that's robust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a system that's robust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a system that's robust it
+has to be insensitive to small changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be insensitive to small changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be insensitive to small changes
+that is a small change in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a small change in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a small change in the problem
+should lead to only a small change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lead to only a small change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lead to only a small change in
+the solution there ought to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution there ought to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution there ought to be a
+continuity the space of solutions ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity the space of solutions ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity the space of solutions ought
+to be continuous in the state of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous in the state of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous in the state of space
+of problems the way he was explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems the way he was explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems the way he was explaining
+how to do that was instead of solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that was instead of solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that was instead of solving a
+particular problem at every level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem at every level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem at every level of
+decomposition of the problem that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the problem that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the problem that the
+subproblems where you solve the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems where you solve the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems where you solve the class of
+problems which are a neighborhood of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which are a neighborhood of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which are a neighborhood of the
+particular problem that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that you're trying to
+solve the way you do that is by reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the way you do that is by reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the way you do that is by reducing
+a language at that level of detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language at that level of detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language at that level of detail in
+which solutions to those but that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solutions to those but that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solutions to those but that class
+of problems is representable in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems is representable in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems is representable in that
+language therefore when you change make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language therefore when you change make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language therefore when you change make
+small changes to the problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes to the problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes to the problem you're
+trying to solve you generally have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve you generally have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve you generally have to
+make only small local changes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make only small local changes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make only small local changes to the
+solution you've constructed because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you've constructed because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you've constructed because at
+the level of detail you're working there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of detail you're working there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of detail you're working there
+is a language where you can express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a language where you can express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a language where you can express the
+various solutions to alternate problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various solutions to alternate problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various solutions to alternate problems
+of the same type well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same type well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same type well that's the
+beginning of a very important idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a very important idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a very important idea the
+most important perhaps idea that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important perhaps idea that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important perhaps idea that makes
+computer science more powerful than most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science more powerful than most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science more powerful than most
+of the other kinds of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other kinds of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other kinds of engineering
+disciplines we've we know about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines we've we know about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines we've we know about what
+we've seen so far is sort of how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far is sort of how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen so far is sort of how to use
+embedding of languages and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding of languages and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding of languages and of course the
+power of embedding languages partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of embedding languages partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of embedding languages partly
+comes from procedures like this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from procedures like this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from procedures like this one that
+I showed you yesterday what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you yesterday what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you yesterday what you see here
+is the derivative program that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative program that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative program that we
+described yesterday is a procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described yesterday is a procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described yesterday is a procedure that
+takes a procedure as an argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a procedure as an argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a procedure as an argument and
+returns a procedure as a value and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a procedure as a value and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a procedure as a value and using
+such things it's very nice you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things it's very nice you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things it's very nice you can make
+things like push combinators and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like push combinators and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like push combinators and all
+that sort of wonderful thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of wonderful thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of wonderful thing that you
+saw last time however now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time however now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time however now I'm going to
+really muddy the waters you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really muddy the waters you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really muddy the waters you see this
+confuses the issue of what's a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses the issue of what's a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses the issue of what's a procedure
+and what is data but not very badly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is data but not very badly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is data but not very badly what
+we really want to do is confuse it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to do is confuse it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to do is confuse it very
+badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly
+and the best way to do that is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to do that is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to do that is to get
+involved with the manipulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the manipulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the manipulation of the
+algebraic expressions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic expressions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic expressions that the
+procedures of themselves have expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures of themselves have expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures of themselves have expressed
+in E so at this point I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E so at this point I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E so at this point I want to talk
+about instead of things like on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead of things like on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead of things like on this
+slide the derivative procedure being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the derivative procedure being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the derivative procedure being a
+thing that manipulates a procedure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that manipulates a procedure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that manipulates a procedure this
+is a numerical method you see here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a numerical method you see here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a numerical method you see here and
+what you're seeing is a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing is a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing is a representation
+of the numerical approximation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerical approximation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerical approximation to the
+derivative that's what here in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's what here in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's what here in fact what
+I'd like to talk about is instead things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk about is instead things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk about is instead things
+that look like this and what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like this and what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like this and what we have
+here okay are rules from a calculus book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay are rules from a calculus book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay are rules from a calculus book
+these are rules for finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are rules for finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are rules for finding the
+derivatives of the expressions that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the expressions that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the expressions that one
+might write in some in some algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write in some in some algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write in some in some algebraic
+language it says things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it says things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it says things like the
+derivative of a constant is 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a constant is 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a constant is 0 the
+derivative of the variable with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the variable with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the variable with respect
+to which you are taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which you are taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which you are taking the derivative
+is 1 derivative of a constant times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 derivative of a constant times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 derivative of a constant times a
+function is the constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the constant times the
+derivative of the function and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function and things
+like that these are exact expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that these are exact expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that these are exact expressions
+these are not numerical approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not numerical approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not numerical approximations
+can we make programs and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make programs and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make programs and in fact it's
+very easy to make programs that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to make programs that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to make programs that that
+manipulate these expressions well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate these expressions well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate these expressions well let's
+see let's look at these rules in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's look at these rules in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's look at these rules in some
+detail okay you all seen these rules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay you all seen these rules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay you all seen these rules in
+your elementary calculus class at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elementary calculus class at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elementary calculus class at one
+time or another and you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or another and you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or another and you know from
+calculus that it's easy to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus that it's easy to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus that it's easy to produce
+derivatives of arbitrary expressions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of arbitrary expressions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of arbitrary expressions you
+also know from your elementary calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know from your elementary calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know from your elementary calculus
+that's hard to produce integrals yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard to produce integrals yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard to produce integrals yet
+integrals and derivatives of opposites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and derivatives of opposites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and derivatives of opposites
+of each other the inverse operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other the inverse operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other the inverse operations and
+they have the same rules what is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same rules what is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same rules what is special
+about these rules that makes it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these rules that makes it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these rules that makes it possible
+for one to produce derivatives easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one to produce derivatives easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one to produce derivatives easily
+and integrals why it's so hard let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrals why it's so hard let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrals why it's so hard let's
+think about that a very very simply look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that a very very simply look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that a very very simply look
+at these rules every one of these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these rules every one of these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these rules every one of these rules
+when used in the direction for taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when used in the direction for taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when used in the direction for taking
+derivatives which is in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which is in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which is in the direction of
+this arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrow
+okay the left side is matched against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the left side is matched against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the left side is matched against
+your expression and the right side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expression and the right side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expression and the right side is
+the thing which is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which is the derivative of
+that expression the arrow is going that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression the arrow is going that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression the arrow is going that
+way okay in each of these in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay in each of these in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay in each of these in each of
+these rules the expressions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules the expressions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules the expressions on the
+right-hand side of the rule that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the rule that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the rule that are
+contained within derivatives are sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within derivatives are sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within derivatives are sub
+expressions are proper sub expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are proper sub expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are proper sub expressions
+of the expression on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression on the left hand side
+so here we say the derivative of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we say the derivative of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we say the derivative of the sum
+which is the expression on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expression on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expression on the left hand
+side is the sum of the derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the sum of the derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the sum of the derivatives of
+the pieces so the rules moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces so the rules moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces so the rules moving to the
+right are reduction rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are reduction rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are reduction rules
+the problem becomes easier I make I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem becomes easier I make I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem becomes easier I make I turn
+a big complicated problem into lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big complicated problem into lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big complicated problem into lots of
+smaller problems and then combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller problems and then combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller problems and then combine the
+results a perfect place for a recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results a perfect place for a recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results a perfect place for a recursion
+to work if I'm going in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work if I'm going in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work if I'm going in the other
+direction like this if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction like this if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction like this if I'm trying to
+produce integrals well there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce integrals well there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce integrals well there are several
+problems you see here first of all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you see here first of all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you see here first of all if
+I'm trying to integrate an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to integrate an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to integrate an expression
+like a some more than one rule matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a some more than one rule matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a some more than one rule matches
+here's one that matches here's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one that matches here's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one that matches here's one that
+matches I don't know which one to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches I don't know which one to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches I don't know which one to take
+and they may be different I may get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may be different I may get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may be different I may get two
+different explore different things also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different explore different things also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different explore different things also
+the expressions become larger in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressions become larger in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressions become larger in that
+direction and when the expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and when the expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and when the expressions
+become larger then there's no guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become larger then there's no guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become larger then there's no guarantee
+that any particular path I choose will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any particular path I choose will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any particular path I choose will
+terminate because it will only terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate because it will only terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate because it will only terminate
+by accidental cancellation and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accidental cancellation and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accidental cancellation and so that's
+why integrals are complicated searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why integrals are complicated searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why integrals are complicated searches
+and hard to do right now I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard to do right now I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard to do right now I don't want to
+do anything as hard as that let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything as hard as that let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything as hard as that let's work
+on derivatives for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on derivatives for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on derivatives for a while
+well these rules are ones you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these rules are ones you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these rules are ones you know for
+the most part hopefully so let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part hopefully so let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part hopefully so let's see if
+we can write a program which is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write a program which is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write a program which is these
+rules and that should be very easy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and that should be very easy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and that should be very easy just
+write the program see because what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the program see because what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the program see because what I
+showed you is that it's a reduction rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you is that it's a reduction rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you is that it's a reduction rule
+it's something appropriate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something appropriate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something appropriate for a
+recursion and of course what we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and of course what we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and of course what we have for
+each of these rules is you have a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these rules is you have a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these rules is you have a case
+in some case analysis so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some case analysis so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some case analysis so I'm just going
+to write this program down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now of course I'm going to be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course I'm going to be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course I'm going to be saying
+something that you have to believe right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to believe right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to believe right
+well you have to believe is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have to believe is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have to believe is I can
+represent these algebraic expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent these algebraic expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent these algebraic expressions
+that I can grab their parts then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can grab their parts then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can grab their parts then I can
+put them together we've invented list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together we've invented list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together we've invented list
+structure so that you can do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that you can do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that you can do that but
+you don't want to worry about that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to worry about that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to worry about that now
+right now I'm going to write the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm going to write the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm going to write the program
+that capsule eights these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capsule eights these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capsule eights these rules
+independent of the representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the representation of the
+algebraic expressions we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic expressions we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic expressions we have a
+derivative of an expression with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an expression with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an expression with respect
+to a variable this is a different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a variable this is a different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a variable this is a different thing
+than the derivative of a function until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the derivative of a function until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the derivative of a function until
+we saw last time that numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time that numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time that numerical
+approximation it's something you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's something you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's something you can't
+open up a function it's just the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up a function it's just the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up a function it's just the answers
+right derivative of an expression is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right derivative of an expression is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right derivative of an expression is the
+way it's written and therefore it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's written and therefore it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's written and therefore it's a
+syntactic phenomenon and so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic phenomenon and so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic phenomenon and so a lot of
+what we're going to be doing today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing today is
+worrying about syntax syntax of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about syntax syntax of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about syntax syntax of
+expressions and things like that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and things like that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and things like that well
+there's a case analysis anytime we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a case analysis anytime we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a case analysis anytime we do
+anything complicated there by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything complicated there by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything complicated there by a
+recursion we presumably need a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion we presumably need a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion we presumably need a case
+analysis it's the essential way to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's the essential way to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's the essential way to begin
+and that's usually a conditional some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually a conditional some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually a conditional some
+large kind well what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large kind well what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large kind well what are their
+possibilities the first rule that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the first rule that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the first rule that you
+saw is is something a constant and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is is something a constant and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is is something a constant and what
+I'm asking is is the expression a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking is is the expression a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking is is the expression a
+constant with respect to the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with respect to the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with respect to the variable
+given if so the result is 0 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given if so the result is 0 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given if so the result is 0 because the
+derivative represents the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative represents the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative represents the rate of change
+of something if however the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something if however the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something if however the expression
+dimed the expression that I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimed the expression that I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimed the expression that I'm taking the
+derivative of is the variable I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of is the variable I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of is the variable I'm
+varying then this is the same variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expression bar then the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression bar then the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression bar then the rate of
+change of the expression with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the expression with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the expression with respect to
+the variable is 1 it's the same one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable is 1 it's the same one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable is 1 it's the same one well
+now there are a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are a couple of other
+possibilities and it could for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and it could for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and it could for example
+be a sum well I don't know how I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sum well I don't know how I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sum well I don't know how I'm going
+to express sums yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express sums yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express sums yet
+actually I do but I haven't told you yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I do but I haven't told you yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I do but I haven't told you yet
+but is it a some I'm imagining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it a some I'm imagining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it a some I'm imagining that
+there's some way of telling I'm doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way of telling I'm doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way of telling I'm doing a
+dispatch on the type of the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch on the type of the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch on the type of the expression
+here absolutely essential in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here absolutely essential in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here absolutely essential in building
+languages because languages that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages because languages that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages because languages that may
+have different expressions and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different expressions and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different expressions and so we're
+gonna see that you know I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that you know I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that you know I'm more
+powerful methods of building languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful methods of building languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful methods of building languages
+on languages is an expression of some if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on languages is an expression of some if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on languages is an expression of some if
+it's a sum what we know the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sum what we know the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sum what we know the rule for
+derivative of the sum is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the sum is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the sum is the sum of the
+derivatives of the parts one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the parts one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the parts one of them is
+called the added and the others the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the added and the others the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the added and the others the or
+gained but I don't have enough space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained but I don't have enough space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained but I don't have enough space on
+the blackboard to use such long names so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackboard to use such long names so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackboard to use such long names so
+I'll call it a1 and a2 I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it a1 and a2 I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it a1 and a2 I want to make a
+song do you remember which is the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song do you remember which is the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song do you remember which is the sub
+for head of the minuend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for head of the minuend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for head of the minuend
+or the was it the dividend and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the was it the dividend and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the was it the dividend and the
+divisor or something like that make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor or something like that make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor or something like that make some
+of the derivative of the a1 alcohol it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivative of the a1 alcohol it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivative of the a1 alcohol it's
+the end of the expression with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the expression with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the expression with respect
+to the variable and the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the a2 of the expression that's the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a2 of the expression that's the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a2 of the expression that's the two
+arguments of the the addition respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments of the the addition respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments of the the addition respect to
+the variable and another rule that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable and another rule that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable and another rule that we
+know is product rule which is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is product rule which is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is product rule which is if the
+expression is a product it's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a product it's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a product it's a good idea
+when you're defining things when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're defining things when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're defining things when you're
+defining predicates to give them a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining predicates to give them a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining predicates to give them a name
+that ends in a question mark this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends in a question mark this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends in a question mark this
+question mark doesn't mean anything it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark doesn't mean anything it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark doesn't mean anything it's
+for us as an agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as an agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as an agreement
+it's a conventional interface between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conventional interface between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conventional interface between
+humans so you can read my programs more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so you can read my programs more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so you can read my programs more
+easily so I want you to when you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so I want you to when you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so I want you to when you write
+programs if you define a predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs if you define a predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs if you define a predicate
+procedure that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that's something that's
+returns true or false it should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns true or false it should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns true or false it should have a
+name which ends in a question mark this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name which ends in a question mark this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name which ends in a question mark this
+doesn't care it's I care then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care it's I care then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care it's I care then I want to
+make a sum because of the product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sum because of the product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sum because of the product the
+derivative of a product is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a product is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a product is the sum of
+the first times derivative the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first times derivative the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first times derivative the second
+plus the second times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second times
+first make a sum of two things a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first make a sum of two things a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first make a sum of two things a product
+of well I'm going to say the M one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well I'm going to say the M one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well I'm going to say the M one of
+the expression and the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression and the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression and the derivative of the
+M two of the expression respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M two of the expression respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M two of the expression respect to the
+variable and the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the product of the
+derivative of M one the multiplier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M one the multiplier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M one the multiplier of
+the expression with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression with respect to the
+variable that's a product of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's a product of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's a product of that and
+the multiple casts M 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple casts M 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple casts M 2
+how's the expression we make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's the expression we make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's the expression we make that
+product make the some close that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product make the some close that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product make the some close that case
+and of course I can add as many cases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can add as many cases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can add as many cases as
+I like here for its complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like here for its complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like here for its complete set of
+rules you might find in a calculus book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this is what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what it takes to
+encapsulate those rules and you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate those rules and you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate those rules and you see you
+have to realize there's a lot of wishful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize there's a lot of wishful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize there's a lot of wishful
+thinking here I haven't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here I haven't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here I haven't told you
+anything about how I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about how I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about how I'm going to make
+these representations now once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations now once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations now once I've
+decided that this is my set of rules I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this is my set of rules I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this is my set of rules I
+think it's time to play with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's time to play with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's time to play with the
+representation let's attack that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation let's attack that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation let's attack that well
+first of all I'm gonna play a pun it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I'm gonna play a pun it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I'm gonna play a pun it's
+an important pun it's key to it's key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important pun it's key to it's key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important pun it's key to it's key to
+sort of a powerful idea if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a powerful idea if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a powerful idea if I want to
+represent sums and products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent sums and products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent sums and products and
+differences in quotients and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in quotients and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in quotients and things like
+that why not use the same language as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why not use the same language as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why not use the same language as
+I'm writing my program in I write my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing my program in I write my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing my program in I write my
+program in algebraic expressions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in algebraic expressions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in algebraic expressions that
+look like the sum of the product of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the sum of the product of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the sum of the product of a
+and the product of X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product of X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product of X and X
+okay and things like that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and things like that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and things like that and the
+product of B and X and C or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of B and X and C or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of B and X and C or whatever
+make that assumption on numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that assumption on numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that assumption on numbers of
+arguments a product of B and X and safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is list structure and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is list structure and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is list structure and the reason
+why this is nice is because any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is nice is because any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is nice is because any one of
+these objects has the property that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects has the property that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects has the property that I
+know where I know where the car is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where I know where the car is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where I know where the car is the
+car is the operator and the operands are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is the operator and the operands are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is the operator and the operands are
+the successive kut'rs except sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successive kut'rs except sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successive kut'rs except sets of
+cars of the kut'rs of the list that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars of the kut'rs of the list that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars of the kut'rs of the list that this
+is this makes it very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this makes it very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this makes it very convenient
+I have I don't have to parse it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I don't have to parse it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I don't have to parse it it's
+been done for me I'm using the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done for me I'm using the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done for me I'm using the embedding
+and Lisp to advantage so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lisp to advantage so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lisp to advantage so for example
+let's write down let's start using list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down let's start using list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down let's start using list
+structure to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to write down the
+representation that me puts it in Summa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that me puts it in Summa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that me puts it in Summa
+here well I should define various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I should define various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I should define various things
+that are implied in this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are implied in this representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are implied in this representation
+like I have to find out how to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have to find out how to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have to find out how to do a
+constant how do you same variable let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant how do you same variable let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant how do you same variable let's
+do those first that's very easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those first that's very easy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those first that's very easy enough
+now I'm going to be introducing lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to be introducing lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to be introducing lots of
+primitives here because these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives here because these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives here because these the
+primitives that come with list structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives that come with list structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives that come with list structure
+gonna define a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I mean by a constant an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I mean by a constant an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I mean by a constant an
+expression is constant with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is constant with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is constant with respect to a
+variable is that the expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is that the expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is that the expression is
+something simple I can't take it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple I can't take it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple I can't take it into
+pieces and yet it isn't that variable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and yet it isn't that variable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and yet it isn't that variable I
+can't break it up and yet it isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't break it up and yet it isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't break it up and yet it isn't that
+variable now that does not mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now that does not mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now that does not mean that
+there are more maybe other expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more maybe other expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more maybe other expressions
+that are more complicated that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more complicated that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more complicated that are
+constants it's just that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants it's just that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants it's just that I'm going to
+look at the primitive constants in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the primitive constants in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the primitive constants in this
+way so for example what this is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so for example what this is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so for example what this is is it
+says that it's the and I can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it's the and I can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it's the and I can combine
+predicate expressions which return true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate expressions which return true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate expressions which return true
+or false with and something atomic an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false with and something atomic an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false with and something atomic an
+expression is atomic meaning it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is atomic meaning it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is atomic meaning it cannot
+be broken into parts it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken into parts it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken into parts it doesn't have a
+car in a coder it's not a list as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car in a coder it's not a list as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car in a coder it's not a list as a
+special test built into this system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special test built into this system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special test built into this system and
+it's not identically equal to EQ to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not identically equal to EQ to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not identically equal to EQ to that
+variable I'm representing my variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I'm representing my variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I'm representing my variables
+by things that are symbols which cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by things that are symbols which cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by things that are symbols which cannot
+be broken into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken into pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken into pieces
+things like x and y things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like x and y things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like x and y things like this
+whereas of course something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas of course something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas of course something like this
+can be broken up into pieces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be broken up into pieces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be broken up into pieces and the
+same variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an expression with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an expression with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an expression with respect to a
+variable that is in fact an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is in fact an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is in fact an atomic
+expression I want to have an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I want to have an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I want to have an atomic
+expression which is identical I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is identical I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is identical I don't
+want to look inside this this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look inside this this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look inside this this stuff
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+these are these are primitive maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are primitive maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are primitive maybe but
+it doesn't matter if I'm using using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if I'm using using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if I'm using using
+things are given with me but to me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are given with me but to me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are given with me but to me with
+a language I'm not terribly interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language I'm not terribly interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language I'm not terribly interested
+in them now how do we deal with sums ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them now how do we deal with sums ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them now how do we deal with sums ah
+something very interesting will happen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting will happen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting will happen a
+sum is something which is not atomic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is something which is not atomic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is something which is not atomic and
+begins with the plus symbol that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with the plus symbol that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with the plus symbol that's what
+it means so here I will define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means so here I will define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means so here I will define an
+expression is a sum if if and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a sum if if and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a sum if if and it's not
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's its head its beginning it's car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's its head its beginning it's car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's its head its beginning it's car
+of the expression is the symbol plus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression is the symbol plus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression is the symbol plus now
+you're about to see something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to see something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to see something you
+haven't seen before this quotation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen before this quotation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen before this quotation okay
+why do I have that quotation there say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I have that quotation there say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I have that quotation there say
+your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+Susannah louder Susannah say your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susannah louder Susannah say your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susannah louder Susannah say your name
+your name louder your name okay what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name louder your name okay what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name louder your name okay what I
+what I'm showing you here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you here is that the
+words of English are ambiguous I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of English are ambiguous I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of English are ambiguous I was
+saying say your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying say your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying say your name
+I was also possibly saying say your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that cannot be distinguished in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that cannot be distinguished in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that cannot be distinguished in
+speech however we do have a notation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech however we do have a notation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech however we do have a notation in
+writing which is quotation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing which is quotation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing which is quotation for
+distinguishing these two these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these two these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these two these two
+possible meanings in particular over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible meanings in particular over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible meanings in particular over
+here and list we have a notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and list we have a notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and list we have a notation for
+distinguishing these meanings if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these meanings if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these meanings if I were
+to just write a plus here a plus symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write a plus here a plus symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write a plus here a plus symbol
+I would be asking is the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be asking is the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be asking is the first element
+of the expression is the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression is the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression is the operator
+position of the expression the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the expression the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the expression the addition
+operator I don't know I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I don't know I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I don't know I would have to
+have written the addition operator there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written the addition operator there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written the addition operator there
+which I can't write however this way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can't write however this way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can't write however this way I'm
+asking is this the symbolic object plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is this the symbolic object plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is this the symbolic object plus
+which normally stands for the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which normally stands for the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which normally stands for the addition
+operator that's what I want that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's what I want that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's what I want that's the
+question I wanted to ask now before I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I wanted to ask now before I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I wanted to ask now before I go
+any further I want to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further I want to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further I want to point out that
+quotation is a very complex concept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation is a very complex concept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation is a very complex concept and
+adding it to a language causes a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it to a language causes a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it to a language causes a great
+deal of troubles consider the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of troubles consider the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of troubles consider the next slide
+here's a deduction which we should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a deduction which we should all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a deduction which we should all
+agree with we have alisa is smart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with we have alisa is smart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with we have alisa is smart and
+Alisa is George's mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alisa is George's mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alisa is George's mother
+this is an equality is okay but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equality is okay but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equality is okay but from
+those two we can deduce that George's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two we can deduce that George's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two we can deduce that George's
+mother is smart because we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother is smart because we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother is smart because we can always
+substitute equals 4 equals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute equals 4 equals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute equals 4 equals in
+expressions or can we here's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions or can we here's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions or can we here's a case
+where we have Chicago has seven letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have Chicago has seven letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have Chicago has seven letters
+the quotation means that I'm discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotation means that I'm discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotation means that I'm discussing
+the word Chicago not what the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word Chicago not what the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word Chicago not what the word
+represents hmm here I have that Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents hmm here I have that Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents hmm here I have that Chicago
+is the biggest city in Illinois as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the biggest city in Illinois as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the biggest city in Illinois as a
+consequence of this I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this I would like to
+deduce that the biggest city in Illinois
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the biggest city in Illinois
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the biggest city in Illinois
+has seven letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seven letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seven letters
+but that's manifestly false Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's manifestly false Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's manifestly false Wow
+it works okay so once we have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works okay so once we have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works okay so once we have things
+like that our language we have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that our language we have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that our language we have much more
+complicated because it's no longer true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's no longer true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's no longer true
+that things we tend to like to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things we tend to like to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things we tend to like to do with
+languages like substituting equals four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like substituting equals four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like substituting equals four
+equals and getting right answers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals and getting right answers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals and getting right answers I'm
+going to work without being very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work without being very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work without being very careful
+we can't substitute into ruts called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't substitute into ruts called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't substitute into ruts called
+referentially I'll pay contexts which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referentially I'll pay contexts which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referentially I'll pay contexts which a
+quotation is the prototypical type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation is the prototypical type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation is the prototypical type of
+referentially I'll pay context if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referentially I'll pay context if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referentially I'll pay context if you
+know what that means you can consult the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means you can consult the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means you can consult the
+philosopher presumably there is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher presumably there is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher presumably there is one in
+the room okay in any case let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room okay in any case let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room okay in any case let's continue
+now now that we at least have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that we at least have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that we at least have
+operational understanding of a 2000 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational understanding of a 2000 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational understanding of a 2000 year
+old issue it has to do with name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old issue it has to do with name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old issue it has to do with name and
+mention and all sort of things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention and all sort of things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention and all sort of things like that
+I have to define what I mean how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to define what I mean how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to define what I mean how to make
+it some of two things in a1 and a2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some of two things in a1 and a2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some of two things in a1 and a2 and
+I'm going to do this very simply it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this very simply it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this very simply it's a
+list of the symbol plus and a1 and a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the symbol plus and a1 and a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the symbol plus and a1 and a2
+and I can determine the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can determine the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can determine the the first
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define a one to be quatre oops I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a one to be quatre oops I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a one to be quatre oops I've just
+you deduce another primitive this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deduce another primitive this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deduce another primitive this is the
+car of the cutter of something you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of the cutter of something you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car of the cutter of something you might
+want to know why car and could are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know why car and could are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know why car and could are the
+names of these primitives and why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of these primitives and why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of these primitives and why they
+have survived even though they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have survived even though they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have survived even though they're much
+better ideas like left and right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ideas like left and right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ideas like left and right we
+could have called them things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have called them things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have called them things like that
+well first of all the names come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the names come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the names come from
+the fact that in great past when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in great past when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in great past when the
+list was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list was invented
+I suppose in 58 or something it was on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose in 58 or something it was on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose in 58 or something it was on a
+704 or something like that which had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+704 or something like that which had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+704 or something like that which had a
+machine was a machine that had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was a machine that had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was a machine that had an
+address register and a decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address register and a decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address register and a decrement
+register and these are the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and these are the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and these are the contents of
+the address register in the decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address register in the decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address register in the decrement
+register so it's a historical accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register so it's a historical accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register so it's a historical accident
+now why have these names survived it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why have these names survived it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why have these names survived it's
+because list programmers like to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because list programmers like to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because list programmers like to talk to
+each other over the phone if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other over the phone if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other over the phone if you want to
+have a long sequence of cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long sequence of cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long sequence of cars and
+critters you might say Kedah deter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critters you might say Kedah deter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critters you might say Kedah deter which
+can be understood but left or right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be understood but left or right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be understood but left or right of
+right of left is not so clear if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of left is not so clear if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of left is not so clear if you're
+if you get good at it so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get good at it so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get good at it so that's why
+that's why we have these words all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have these words all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have these words all of
+them both before deep are defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both before deep are defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both before deep are defined and
+yet typically in a lisp system a to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet typically in a lisp system a to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet typically in a lisp system a to to
+be and of course you can see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and of course you can see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and of course you can see that if I
+looked at one of these expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at one of these expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at one of these expressions like
+the sum of 3 and 5 what that is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of 3 and 5 what that is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of 3 and 5 what that is is a
+list containing the symbol plus and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list containing the symbol plus and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list containing the symbol plus and a
+number 3 and a number 5 then the car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 3 and a number 5 then the car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 3 and a number 5 then the car is
+the symbol plus the car of the cutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol plus the car of the cutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol plus the car of the cutter
+well I take the cutter and then I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I take the cutter and then I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I take the cutter and then I take
+the car and let's take it to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car and let's take it to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car and let's take it to the 3
+that's the first argument and the car of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first argument and the car of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first argument and the car of
+the cutter of the cutter gets me to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutter of the cutter gets me to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutter of the cutter gets me to this
+one the 5 and similarly of course I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the 5 and similarly of course I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the 5 and similarly of course I can
+define what's going on with products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what's going on with products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what's going on with products
+let's do that very quickly is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that very quickly is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that very quickly is the
+expression of product yes if and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of product yes if and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of product yes if and if it's
+true that's not a topic and it's EQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quote the asterisk symbol which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the asterisk symbol which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the asterisk symbol which is the
+operator for multiplication make a prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for multiplication make a prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for multiplication make a prep
+neck product of an m1 and an m2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck product of an m1 and an m2 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck product of an m1 and an m2 to be
+list quote the asterisk operation and m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list quote the asterisk operation and m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list quote the asterisk operation and m1
+and m2 and I define m1 to be quatre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m2 and I define m1 to be quatre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m2 and I define m1 to be quatre and
+m2 to be Canada you get to be good list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 to be Canada you get to be good list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 to be Canada you get to be good list
+program as you start talking that way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program as you start talking that way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program as you start talking that way I
+could heard thing down lists and console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could heard thing down lists and console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could heard thing down lists and console
+them up and so on now now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and so on now now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and so on now now that we have
+essentially a complete program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a complete program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a complete program for
+finding derivatives you can add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding derivatives you can add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding derivatives you can add more
+rules if you like what kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if you like what kind of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if you like what kind of behavior
+do we get out of it I'll have to clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get out of it I'll have to clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get out of it I'll have to clear
+that X well supposing I define foo here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X well supposing I define foo here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X well supposing I define foo here
+to be to be the sum of the product of AX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to be the sum of the product of AX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to be the sum of the product of AX
+square + BX + C that's the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square + BX + C that's the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square + BX + C that's the same thing we
+see here as the algebraic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here as the algebraic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here as the algebraic expression
+written in the more conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the more conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the more conventional
+notation over there well the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation over there well the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation over there well the derivative
+of foo with respect to X which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foo with respect to X which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foo with respect to X which we can
+see over here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over here okay
+is this horrible horrendous mess I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this horrible horrendous mess I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this horrible horrendous mess I would
+like it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to be
+- ax plus B but it's not it's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- ax plus B but it's not it's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- ax plus B but it's not it's equivalent
+to it what is it I have here what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it what is it I have here what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it what is it I have here what do I
+have I have the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have the derivative of the
+product of X and x over here is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of X and x over here is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of X and x over here is of
+course the sum of X times 1 + 1 times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the sum of X times 1 + 1 times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the sum of X times 1 + 1 times X
+yeah well yes the first time River the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well yes the first time River the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well yes the first time River the
+second plus the second time through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus the second time through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus the second time through the
+first it's right okay so that's that's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's right okay so that's that's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's right okay so that's that's 2
+X of course 8 times 2 X is 2 ax plus 0 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of course 8 times 2 X is 2 ax plus 0 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of course 8 times 2 X is 2 ax plus 0 X
+square doesn't count plus B over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square doesn't count plus B over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square doesn't count plus B over here
+plus a bunch of zeros well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of zeros well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of zeros well the answer is
+right but I give people take off points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I give people take off points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I give people take off points
+on an exam for that sadly enough let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam for that sadly enough let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam for that sadly enough let's
+worry about that in the next segment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that in the next segment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that in the next segment are
+there any questions yes if you had left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions yes if you had left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions yes if you had left
+the quote off when you put the plus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote off when you put the plus then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote off when you put the plus then
+would that be referring to the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be referring to the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be referring to the procedure
++ and could you do a comparison between
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ and could you do a comparison between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ and could you do a comparison between
+that procedure and some other procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure and some other procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure and some other procedures
+yes wanted - good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes wanted - good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes wanted - good question
+if I had left if I had left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had left if I had left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had left if I had left this
+quotation off at this point okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation off at this point okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation off at this point okay if I
+asked left that quotation off that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked left that quotation off that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked left that quotation off that point
+then I would be referring here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would be referring here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would be referring here to the
+procedure which is the the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is the the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is the the thing that
+Plus is defined to be okay and indeed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus is defined to be okay and indeed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus is defined to be okay and indeed I
+could compare I could compare some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could compare I could compare some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could compare I could compare some
+procedures with each other for identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures with each other for identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures with each other for identity
+now what that means is not clear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that means is not clear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that means is not clear right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+I don't want you to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to think about it
+because I don't know exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know exactly what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know exactly what it
+would mean to compare procedures there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean to compare procedures there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean to compare procedures there
+are reasons why that may make no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reasons why that may make no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reasons why that may make no sense
+at all however the symbols we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all however the symbols we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all however the symbols we understand
+okay and so that's why I put that quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's why I put that quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's why I put that quote
+in I want to talk about the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I want to talk about the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I want to talk about the symbol
+that's apparent on the page and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's apparent on the page and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's apparent on the page and the
+other questions okay thank you let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay thank you let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay thank you let's
+take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well let's see we've just developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see we've just developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see we've just developed a
+fairly plausible program for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly plausible program for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly plausible program for computing
+the derivatives of algebraic expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of algebraic expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of algebraic expressions
+it's an incomplete program you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an incomplete program you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an incomplete program you would
+like to add more rules and perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add more rules and perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add more rules and perhaps you
+might extend it to deal with uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might extend it to deal with uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might extend it to deal with uses of
+addition with any number of arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition with any number of arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition with any number of arguments
+and multiplication with any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplication with any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplication with any of the
+number of arguments and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arguments and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arguments and that's all
+rather easy however there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather easy however there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather easy however there was a little
+fly in that aemond we go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in that aemond we go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in that aemond we go back to this
+this slide we see that the expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide we see that the expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide we see that the expressions
+that we get are rather bad this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get are rather bad this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get are rather bad this is a
+rather bad expression how do we get such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather bad expression how do we get such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather bad expression how do we get such
+an expression why do we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression why do we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression why do we have that
+expression well let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression well let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression well let's look at this
+expression in some detail let's find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in some detail let's find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in some detail let's find out
+where all the pieces come from as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the pieces come from as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the pieces come from as we see
+here we have a sum just what I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a sum just what I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a sum just what I showed
+you at the end of the last time x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the end of the last time x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the end of the last time x times
+1 plus 1 times X that is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1 times X that is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1 times X that is the derivative
+of this product the product of a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product the product of a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product the product of a times
+that where a does not depend upon X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where a does not depend upon X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where a does not depend upon X and
+therefore is constant with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is constant with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is constant with respect to X
+is this sum which goes from here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this sum which goes from here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this sum which goes from here all the
+way through here and through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through here and through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through here and through here
+because it is the first thing times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the first thing times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the first thing times the
+derivative of the second plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second plus the
+derivative of the first times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first times the second
+as the program we wrote on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the program we wrote on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the program we wrote on the
+blackboard indicated we should do and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard indicated we should do and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard indicated we should do and of
+course the derivative the product of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the derivative the product of VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the derivative the product of VX
+over here manifests itself as V times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here manifests itself as V times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here manifests itself as V times 1
+plus 0 times X because we see that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 times X because we see that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 times X because we see that B
+depends upon B does not depend upon X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon B does not depend upon X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon B does not depend upon X
+and so the derivative of B is this 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the derivative of B is this 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the derivative of B is this 0 and
+the derivative of X with respect itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of X with respect itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of X with respect itself
+is the 1 and of course the sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 1 and of course the sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 1 and of course the sums
+derivative the sums over here turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the sums over here turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the sums over here turn into
+these two sums of the derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sums of the derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sums of the derivatives of the
+parts so what we're seeing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so what we're seeing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so what we're seeing here is
+exactly the thing I was trying to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the thing I was trying to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the thing I was trying to tell
+you about with Fibonacci numbers a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about with Fibonacci numbers a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about with Fibonacci numbers a while
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the form of the process is expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the form of the process is expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the form of the process is expanded
+as long as from the local rules that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as from the local rules that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as from the local rules that you
+see in the procedure that the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the procedure that the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the procedure that the procedure
+represents a set of local rules for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a set of local rules for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a set of local rules for the
+expansion of this process and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this process and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this process and here the
+process left behind some stuff which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process left behind some stuff which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process left behind some stuff which was
+the which is the answer and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which is the answer and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which is the answer and it was
+constructed by the walk it takes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed by the walk it takes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed by the walk it takes of the
+tree structure which is the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree structure which is the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree structure which is the expression
+so every part in the answer we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every part in the answer we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every part in the answer we see here
+derives from some part of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives from some part of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives from some part of the problem
+now we could look at for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could look at for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could look at for example the
+derivative of foo which is ax square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of foo which is ax square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of foo which is ax square
+plus BX plus C with respect to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus BX plus C with respect to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus BX plus C with respect to other
+things I here for example we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I here for example we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I here for example we can see
+that the derivative of foo with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of foo with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of foo with respect
+to a and it's a very similar it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and it's a very similar it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and it's a very similar it's in
+fact the identical algebraic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the identical algebraic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the identical algebraic expression
+except for the fact that these zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that these zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that these zeros and
+ones are in different places because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are in different places because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are in different places because the
+only degree of freedom we have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only degree of freedom we have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only degree of freedom we have in this
+tree walk is what's constant with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree walk is what's constant with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree walk is what's constant with
+respect to the variable we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the variable we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the variable we're taking the
+derivative with respect to and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to and what's
+the same variable in other words if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variable in other words if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variable in other words if we
+go back to this blackboard and we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this blackboard and we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this blackboard and we look
+okay we have no choice what to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have no choice what to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have no choice what to do when
+we tell you way to take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell you way to take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell you way to take the derivative
+of the sum or a product the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum or a product the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum or a product the only
+interesting place here is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place here is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place here is is the
+expression is the expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is the expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is the expression the
+variable or is the expression a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or is the expression a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or is the expression a constant
+with respect to that variable for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that variable for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that variable for very
+very small expressions in which case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small expressions in which case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small expressions in which case we
+get various ones and zeros which we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get various ones and zeros which we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get various ones and zeros which we go
+back to this slide we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this slide we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this slide we can see that the
+zeros that appear here for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that appear here for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that appear here for example this
+one over here in the derivative of foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here in the derivative of foo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here in the derivative of foo
+with respect to a which gets us an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a which gets us an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a which gets us an X
+square because that one gets us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square because that one gets us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square because that one gets us the
+multiply of X and X into the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply of X and X into the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply of X and X into the answer that
+one is is 0 over here when I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is 0 over here when I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is 0 over here when I'm taking
+the derivative with respect to C but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to C but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to C but the
+shapes of these expressions are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these expressions are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these expressions are the same
+see all those shakes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well is there anything wrong with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is there anything wrong with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is there anything wrong with our
+rules no they're the right rules we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules no they're the right rules we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules no they're the right rules we've
+been through this one before one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through this one before one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through this one before one of the
+things you're going to begin to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're going to begin to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're going to begin to discover
+is that there aren't too many good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there aren't too many good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there aren't too many good ideas
+okay when we were looking at rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we were looking at rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we were looking at rational
+numbers yesterday the problem was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers yesterday the problem was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers yesterday the problem was that
+we got 6/8 rather than 3/4 the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got 6/8 rather than 3/4 the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got 6/8 rather than 3/4 the answer
+was unsimplified the problem of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unsimplified the problem of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unsimplified the problem of course
+is very similar there are things I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar there are things I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar there are things I'd
+like to be identical by simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be identical by simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be identical by simplification
+that don't become identical and yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't become identical and yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't become identical and yet the
+rules for doing addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for doing addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for doing addition and
+multiplication of rational numbers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of rational numbers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of rational numbers were
+correct so the way we might solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so the way we might solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so the way we might solve this
+problem is do the same we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is do the same we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is do the same we did last time
+which always works if something worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which always works if something worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which always works if something worked
+last time it oughta work again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time it oughta work again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time it oughta work again it's
+changed the representation perhaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the representation perhaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the representation perhaps in
+the representation we could put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation we could put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation we could put in a
+simplification step that produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification step that produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification step that produces a
+simplified representation this may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified representation this may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified representation this may not
+always work of course I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work of course I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work of course I'm not trying to
+say that it always works but it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it always works but it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it always works but it's one of
+the things one of the pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things one of the pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things one of the pieces of
+artillery we have you know our war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artillery we have you know our war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artillery we have you know our war
+against complexity you see because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against complexity you see because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against complexity you see because we've
+solved our problem very carefully what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved our problem very carefully what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved our problem very carefully what
+we've done is we've divided the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is we've divided the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is we've divided the world in
+several parts there are derivative rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parts there are derivative rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parts there are derivative rules
+and general rules for algebra of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and general rules for algebra of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and general rules for algebra of some
+sort and at this level of detail and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and at this level of detail and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and at this level of detail and I
+have an abstraction barrier an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an abstraction barrier an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an abstraction barrier an
+abstraction barrier and I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction barrier and I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction barrier and I have the
+representation of the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the algebra
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this structure add in this barrier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure add in this barrier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure add in this barrier I
+have the I have the interface procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the I have the interface procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the I have the interface procedures
+I have constant and things like same bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have constant and things like same bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have constant and things like same bar
+I have things like some make some I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have things like some make some I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have things like some make some I have
+a 1 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 a 2
+I have products and things like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have products and things like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have products and things like that all
+the other things I might need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things I might need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things I might need for
+various kinds of algebraic expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of algebraic expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of algebraic expressions
+making this barrier allowed me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this barrier allowed me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this barrier allowed me to
+arbitrarily change the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily change the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily change the representation
+without changing the rules that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the rules that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the rules that I've
+written in terms of that representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of that representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of that representation
+so if I can make the problem go away by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can make the problem go away by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can make the problem go away by
+changing the representation I this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the representation I this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the representation I this the
+decomposition of the problem into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the problem into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the problem into these
+two parts has helped me a great deal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts has helped me a great deal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts has helped me a great deal so
+let's take a very simple case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a very simple case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a very simple case of this
+what was one of the problems let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was one of the problems let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was one of the problems let's go
+back to this this transparency again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this this transparency again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this this transparency again and
+we see here oh yes there's horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here oh yes there's horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here oh yes there's horrible
+things like here is the sum of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here is the sum of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here is the sum of an
+expression and zero well that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and zero well that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and zero well that's no
+reason to think of anything other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think of anything other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think of anything other than
+the expression itself why should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression itself why should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression itself why should the
+summation operation have made up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation operation have made up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation operation have made up this
+addition it can be smarter than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition it can be smarter than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition it can be smarter than that
+we're here for example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here for example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here for example is a
+multiplication of something by one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of something by one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of something by one it's
+another thing like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing like that
+or here's a product of something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's a product of something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here's a product of something with
+zero which is certainly zero so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is certainly zero so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is certainly zero so we don't
+have to make this construction so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make this construction so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make this construction so why
+don't we just do that we need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just do that we need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just do that we need to change
+the way the representation works almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the representation works almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the representation works almost
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make something to be well now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something to be well now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something to be well now it's not
+something so simple I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so simple I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so simple I'm not going to
+make a list containing the symbol plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a list containing the symbol plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a list containing the symbol plus
+and things unless I need to what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things unless I need to what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things unless I need to what are the
+possibilities yeah I have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities yeah I have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities yeah I have some sort of
+cases here if I have a numbers if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here if I have a numbers if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here if I have a numbers if anyone
+is a number and here's another primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and here's another primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and here's another primitive
+I've just introduced it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just introduced it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just introduced it's possible to
+tell whether something is a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether something is a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether something is a number and
+if number a - meaning they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if number a - meaning they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if number a - meaning they're not
+symbolic expressions then why not do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic expressions then why not do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic expressions then why not do the
+addition now the result is just the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition now the result is just the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition now the result is just the plus
+of a1 and a2 I'm not asking if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a1 and a2 I'm not asking if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a1 and a2 I'm not asking if these
+represent numbers of course all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers of course all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers of course all of these
+symbols represent numbers okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols represent numbers okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols represent numbers okay I'm
+talking about whether on the one I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about whether on the one I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about whether on the one I've
+got is the number three right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is the number three right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is the number three right now and
+for example supposing a one is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if any one is number and it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any one is number and it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any one is number and it's equal to
+zero well then the answer is just a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well then the answer is just a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well then the answer is just a two
+there's no reason to make anything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to make anything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to make anything up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if 82 is a number and equal a to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the result is a one and only if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result is a one and only if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result is a one and only if I
+can't figure out something better to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out something better to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out something better to do
+with the situation where I construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the situation where I construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the situation where I construct a
+list otherwise I want the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list otherwise I want the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list otherwise I want the representation
+to be the list containing the quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the list containing the quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the list containing the quoted
+symbol plus okay and a one and a two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course a very similar thing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a very similar thing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a very similar thing can be
+done for products and I think I'll avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for products and I think I'll avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for products and I think I'll avoid
+boring you with them I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring you with them I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring you with them I was going to
+write it on the blackboard I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it on the blackboard I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it on the blackboard I don't think
+it's necessary you know what to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's necessary you know what to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's necessary you know what to do it's
+very simple but now let's just see let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple but now let's just see let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple but now let's just see let's
+just see the kind of results we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the kind of results we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the kind of results we get out
+of changing our program in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing our program in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing our program in this way
+well here's derivatives after having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's derivatives after having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's derivatives after having
+just changed the Constructors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changed the Constructors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changed the Constructors for
+expressions the same foo x squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions the same foo x squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions the same foo x squared plus
+BX plus C and what I get is nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX plus C and what I get is nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX plus C and what I get is nothing more
+than the derivative of that is 2 ax plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the derivative of that is 2 ax plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the derivative of that is 2 ax plus
+B well it's not completely simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well it's not completely simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well it's not completely simplified
+I would like to collect common terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to collect common terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to collect common terms and
+sums oh that's more work and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums oh that's more work and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums oh that's more work and of course
+programs to do this sort of thing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs to do this sort of thing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs to do this sort of thing are
+huge and complicated algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge and complicated algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge and complicated algebraic
+simplification it's a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification it's a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification it's a very complicated
+mess there's a very famous program you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess there's a very famous program you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess there's a very famous program you
+may have heard of called Maxima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of called Maxima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of called Maxima
+developed at MIT in the past which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at MIT in the past which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at MIT in the past which is
+five thousand pages of Lisp code mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand pages of Lisp code mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand pages of Lisp code mostly
+the algebraic simplification operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic simplification operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic simplification operations
+but that's the there we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the there we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the there we see the
+derivative food like taxes at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative food like taxes at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative food like taxes at least
+something I wouldn't get to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I wouldn't get to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I wouldn't get to take off
+more than one point four on an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one point four on an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one point four on an L
+elementary calculus class and derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary calculus class and derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary calculus class and derivative
+food with respect to a well it's gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food with respect to a well it's gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food with respect to a well it's gotten
+down to x times X which isn't so bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to x times X which isn't so bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to x times X which isn't so bad and
+the derivative of food with respect to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of food with respect to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of food with respect to B
+is just X itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just X itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just X itself
+with respect to see comes out one so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to see comes out one so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to see comes out one so I'm
+pretty pleased with this what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pleased with this what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pleased with this what you've
+seen is of course a little bit contrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is of course a little bit contrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is of course a little bit contrived
+carefully organized example to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully organized example to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully organized example to show you
+how we can manipulate algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can manipulate algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can manipulate algebraic
+expressions how we do that abstractly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions how we do that abstractly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions how we do that abstractly in
+terms of abstract syntax rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of abstract syntax rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of abstract syntax rather than
+concrete syntax and how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete syntax and how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete syntax and how we're going to
+how we can use the abstraction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use the abstraction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use the abstraction to
+control what goes on in building these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what goes on in building these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what goes on in building these
+expressions but the real story isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions but the real story isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions but the real story isn't
+just such a simple thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a simple thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a simple thing is that the
+real story is in fact that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real story is in fact that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real story is in fact that I'm
+manipulating these expressions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating these expressions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating these expressions and the
+expressions are the same expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are the same expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are the same expressions
+going back to the slide as the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the slide as the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the slide as the ones that
+are Lisp expressions there's a pun here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Lisp expressions there's a pun here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Lisp expressions there's a pun here
+I've chosen my representation to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen my representation to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen my representation to be the
+same as the representation in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the representation in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the representation in my
+language of similar things by doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of similar things by doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of similar things by doing so
+I've invoked the necessity I created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've invoked the necessity I created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've invoked the necessity I created the
+necessity to have things like quotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity to have things like quotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity to have things like quotation
+because of the fact that my language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that my language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that my language is
+capable of writing expressions that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of writing expressions that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of writing expressions that talk
+about expressions of the language I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expressions of the language I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expressions of the language I need
+to have something that says this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something that says this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something that says this is an
+expression I'm talking about rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I'm talking about rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I'm talking about rather than
+this expression is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is talking about
+something and I want to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so quotation stops and says I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quotation stops and says I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quotation stops and says I'm talking
+about this expression itself now given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this expression itself now given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this expression itself now given
+that power if I can manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power if I can manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power if I can manipulate
+expressions of the language I can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions of the language I can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions of the language I can begin
+to build even much more powerful layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build even much more powerful layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build even much more powerful layers
+upon layers of languages because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon layers of languages because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon layers of languages because I can
+write languages that not only are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write languages that not only are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write languages that not only are
+embedded in Lisp or whatever language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in Lisp or whatever language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in Lisp or whatever language
+you start with but languages languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with but languages languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with but languages languages
+that are completely different that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are completely different that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are completely different that are
+just as we say interpreted in Lisp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we say interpreted in Lisp or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we say interpreted in Lisp or
+something like that we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we'll get to
+understand those words more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those words more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those words more in the
+future but right now I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but right now I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but right now I just want to
+leave you with the fact that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you with the fact that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you with the fact that we've
+gotten over a we've hit a line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten over a we've hit a line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten over a we've hit a line which
+makes it gives us a tremendous power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it gives us a tremendous power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it gives us a tremendous power and
+this point we've built what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we've built what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we've built what I'll
+sledgehammer we have to be careful on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer we have to be careful on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer we have to be careful on
+what flies we apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what flies we apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what flies we apply it
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bhGIdWQqUYw.txt b/bhGIdWQqUYw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6452205703af11e18aa022c54979bb12bdc204c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bhGIdWQqUYw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're excited I can tell he looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited I can tell he looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited I can tell he looks like
+I'll bouncy when he came in so I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bouncy when he came in so I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bouncy when he came in so I'll go
+first for me it was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for me it was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for me it was a lot of
+psychological barriers first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological barriers first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological barriers first of all
+being on camera and I think you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on camera and I think you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on camera and I think you you have
+shared that as well and then just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that as well and then just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that as well and then just sort
+of channeling the rusty disused artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of channeling the rusty disused artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of channeling the rusty disused artistic
+part of my brain which really only comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my brain which really only comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my brain which really only comes
+to the fore when I'm under extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fore when I'm under extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fore when I'm under extreme
+pressure and I know I have like twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and I know I have like twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and I know I have like twenty
+four hours to get something done so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hours to get something done so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hours to get something done so but
+that's when I felt like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when I felt like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when I felt like the most
+creative so had to be a lot of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative so had to be a lot of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative so had to be a lot of pressure
+though uh the second cut I thought I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh the second cut I thought I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh the second cut I thought I had
+a better chance to like fix the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better chance to like fix the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better chance to like fix the little
+things and work on like just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and work on like just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and work on like just like
+putting the finishing touches I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably the same other thing you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same other thing you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same other thing you got
+any worse at the very least like have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worse at the very least like have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worse at the very least like have my
+nervous leg shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and everyone's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess it would be to try not to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it would be to try not to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it would be to try not to worry
+too much about the actual part where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the actual part where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the actual part where you
+are on camera because it's painful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on camera because it's painful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on camera because it's painful but
+if you keep doing it enough times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep doing it enough times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep doing it enough times
+eventually you'll get a cut where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll get a cut where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll get a cut where you
+say thank something all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I would love it as a semester-long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I would love it as a semester-long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I would love it as a semester-long
+class in particular because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in particular because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in particular because you know
+learning editing tech more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning editing tech more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning editing tech more advanced
+editing techniques learning more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing techniques learning more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing techniques learning more about
+animation which I think for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation which I think for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation which I think for an
+educational video is really critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational video is really critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational video is really critical to
+convey the ideas that you want to and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey the ideas that you want to and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey the ideas that you want to and I
+know that's one thing I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one thing I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one thing I didn't really
+have time to do and that made me sad oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um more less the same feeling if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more less the same feeling if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more less the same feeling if you
+like this things that could be expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this things that could be expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this things that could be expanded
+on but I also do like the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I also do like the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I also do like the idea that you
+just have like three weeks and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like three weeks and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like three weeks and at the
+end you've got something out of it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you've got something out of it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you've got something out of it which
+is also cool
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bqurk7IEypQ.txt b/bqurk7IEypQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdb55c1c05b9415bcf1d679fb4668aaf5141618a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bqurk7IEypQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+team 11 is back on the uh mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team 11 is back on the uh mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team 11 is back on the uh mat
+here two guys two girls in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two guys two girls in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two guys two girls in an
+airplane Alex what team number are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane Alex what team number are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane Alex what team number are you
+fine a little fast fine a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine a little fast fine a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine a little fast fine a little
+high but maybe in a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trim a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim a little better
+control all right we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+115 we have 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+115 we have 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+115 we have 10 minutes
+we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be
+yeah 105 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 105 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 105 two
+left all right two laps second lap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right two laps second lap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right two laps second lap is
+complet second lap a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complet second lap a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complet second lap a little bit of a
+rough Landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough Landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough Landing
+here just me and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay two guys two girls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two guys two girls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two guys two girls and
+airplane we'll see what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane we'll see what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane we'll see what kind of
+performance we got on the second trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here how's it feel huh how's it feel how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how's it feel huh how's it feel how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how's it feel huh how's it feel how
+does it feel yep you completed two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it feel yep you completed two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it feel yep you completed two two
+flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successfully careful the middle looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully careful the middle looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully careful the middle looks
+like the um egg are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the um egg are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the um egg are
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+get out that one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out that one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out that one good
+sign checking out the put this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign checking out the put this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign checking out the put this uh
+elastic band here that would have broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic band here that would have broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic band here that would have broken
+every time well I know but the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time well I know but the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time well I know but the thing is
+like now we can just throw a bandit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now we can just throw a bandit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now we can just throw a bandit back
+on eggs are good all right return them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on eggs are good all right return them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on eggs are good all right return them
+to the uh return them to would you guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh return them to would you guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh return them to would you guess
+I'll take one all right all right turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take one all right all right turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take one all right all right turn
+that off and we're looking for a score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off and we're looking for a score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off and we're looking for a score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 on the second FR of two guys two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 on the second FR of two guys two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 on the second FR of two guys two
+girls is it two guys first or two girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls is it two guys first or two girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls is it two guys first or two girls
+two guys two girls in a girls two girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys two girls in a girls two girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys two girls in a girls two girls
+two guys and an airplane nicely done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys and an airplane nicely done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys and an airplane nicely done
+thank you all right I'll correct
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cBxDQR2AEJY.txt b/cBxDQR2AEJY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adb4e2a68db31e263f7902e5ac5aa471ffe1779c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cBxDQR2AEJY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started the
+weekend is over time to get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend is over time to get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend is over time to get back to
+work back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work back to
+learning uh a few announcements tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh a few announcements tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh a few announcements tomorrow
+Quiz 2 based on homework 2 Thursday will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quiz 2 based on homework 2 Thursday will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quiz 2 based on homework 2 Thursday will
+be the periodic table quiz all remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the periodic table quiz all remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the periodic table quiz all remember
+all you have to do is fill in the uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is fill in the uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is fill in the uh one
+or two letter abbreviation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two letter abbreviation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two letter abbreviation for the
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+symbol um and Friday is the last day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol um and Friday is the last day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol um and Friday is the last day of
+the contest 5:00 pm send it to me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contest 5:00 pm send it to me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contest 5:00 pm send it to me by
+email you can enter more than once if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email you can enter more than once if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email you can enter more than once if
+you want you can have multiple entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can have multiple entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can have multiple entries
+you can do the lines or the aconites or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the lines or the aconites or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the lines or the aconites or
+both uh test one will be a week from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh test one will be a week from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh test one will be a week from
+Wednesday and I will say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and I will say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and I will say something about
+that um later in the week and I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um later in the week and I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um later in the week and I will be
+available 3:30 to 4:30 today for office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available 3:30 to 4:30 today for office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available 3:30 to 4:30 today for office
+hours if someone wishes to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if someone wishes to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours if someone wishes to drop
+in uh last day we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh last day we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh last day we talked about the
+validation of the bore model we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation of the bore model we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation of the bore model we saw that
+the bore model was able to uh correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore model was able to uh correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore model was able to uh correlate
+the observations of anstrom uh which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations of anstrom uh which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations of anstrom uh which had
+been formulated by Balmer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been formulated by Balmer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been formulated by Balmer and
+furthermore the concept of uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore the concept of uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore the concept of uh energy
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+quantization uh was observed in mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization uh was observed in mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization uh was observed in mercury
+in during the course of the Fran Herz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in during the course of the Fran Herz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in during the course of the Fran Herz
+experiment giving credence to the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment giving credence to the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment giving credence to the notion
+that quantization of energy levels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantization of energy levels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantization of energy levels is
+not the property of one electron atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the property of one electron atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the property of one electron atoms
+alone but it's something that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone but it's something that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone but it's something that's more
+broadly applicable so bore was validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly applicable so bore was validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly applicable so bore was validated
+in very very strong measure but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very strong measure but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very strong measure but there
+were also some contrary data and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also some contrary data and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also some contrary data and we saw
+those first there was the observation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first there was the observation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first there was the observation by
+Michaelson who back in the late 1880s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson who back in the late 1880s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson who back in the late 1880s
+had done very precise interferometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done very precise interferometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done very precise interferometric
+measurements of the hydrogen lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of the hydrogen lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of the hydrogen lines and
+had observed that the 656 nanometer line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had observed that the 656 nanometer line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had observed that the 656 nanometer line
+associated with the transition from nals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the transition from nals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the transition from nals
+3 to nals 2 was in fact a dublet if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to nals 2 was in fact a dublet if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to nals 2 was in fact a dublet if you
+looked really carefully you could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked really carefully you could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked really carefully you could find
+it was not a single line but two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not a single line but two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not a single line but two lines
+and bore is silent on such matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bore is silent on such matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bore is silent on such matters and
+then we had Zeman who conducted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had Zeman who conducted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had Zeman who conducted the
+experim experiment of hydrogen emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experim experiment of hydrogen emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experim experiment of hydrogen emission
+spectrum in a magnetic field and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum in a magnetic field and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum in a magnetic field and he
+found line splitting in the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found line splitting in the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found line splitting in the magnetic
+field and furthermore that the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and furthermore that the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and furthermore that the intensity
+of the splitting was proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the splitting was proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the splitting was proportional to the
+intensity of the applied magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the applied magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the applied magnetic
+field again the bore model silent about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field again the bore model silent about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field again the bore model silent about
+these uh splitting into um multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh splitting into um multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh splitting into um multiple
+levels and subsequently Stark did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and subsequently Stark did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and subsequently Stark did the
+analogous experiment but with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous experiment but with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous experiment but with an
+electric field and again in an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and again in an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and again in an electric
+field line splitting observed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field line splitting observed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field line splitting observed the
+intensity of the line splitting varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the line splitting varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the line splitting varying
+with the intensity of the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the intensity of the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the intensity of the applied
+electric field so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so there are some
+problems here sommerfeld came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here sommerfeld came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here sommerfeld came to the
+rescue in 1916 he preserved the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue in 1916 he preserved the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue in 1916 he preserved the the
+broad concept of energy levels but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad concept of energy levels but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad concept of energy levels but he
+put in some fine structure the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some fine structure the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some fine structure the fine
+structure involved taking those levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure involved taking those levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure involved taking those levels
+that bore Quantified with the number n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bore Quantified with the number n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bore Quantified with the number n
+and assigning to those n levels uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assigning to those n levels uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assigning to those n levels uh a
+little bit of um energy width so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of um energy width so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of um energy width so that
+there is a plurality of orbits some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plurality of orbits some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plurality of orbits some
+circular as in the Bor Cas some a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular as in the Bor Cas some a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular as in the Bor Cas some a little
+bit off circular and that bandwidth he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit off circular and that bandwidth he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit off circular and that bandwidth he
+called the shell so this is the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the shell so this is the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the shell so this is the shell
+model and in order to label the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and in order to label the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and in order to label the various
+orbitals as he called them he introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals as he called them he introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals as he called them he introduced
+two more quantum numbers l and m and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more quantum numbers l and m and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more quantum numbers l and m and we
+saw L&M last day and then at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw L&M last day and then at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw L&M last day and then at the very
+end of the lecture we saw the uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture we saw the uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture we saw the uh last
+quantum number introduced sort of Back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number introduced sort of Back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number introduced sort of Back
+to the Future where we uh brought in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Future where we uh brought in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Future where we uh brought in the
+experiment by Stern and gerac where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by Stern and gerac where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by Stern and gerac where they
+sent the beam of silver atoms through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the beam of silver atoms through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the beam of silver atoms through an
+asymmetrical um magnetic field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrical um magnetic field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrical um magnetic field and
+observed uh deflection but deflection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed uh deflection but deflection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed uh deflection but deflection in
+two directions deflection up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions deflection up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions deflection up and
+deflection down indicating that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection down indicating that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection down indicating that there
+was something strange that had yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something strange that had yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something strange that had yet to be
+accounted for and several years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for and several years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for and several years later
+these two graduate students at Liden by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two graduate students at Liden by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two graduate students at Liden by
+the name of H uh good Smith and Ulen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of H uh good Smith and Ulen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of H uh good Smith and Ulen
+Beck proposed that the electron in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beck proposed that the electron in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beck proposed that the electron in fact
+spins it doesn't simply orbit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins it doesn't simply orbit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins it doesn't simply orbit the
+nucleus but as it orbits it spins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but as it orbits it spins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but as it orbits it spins and
+since we don't know the absolute up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't know the absolute up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't know the absolute up or
+down in the universe it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the universe it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the universe it's possible that
+the electrons some of them may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons some of them may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons some of them may be
+spinning up and according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning up and according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning up and according to the
+right-hand rule they would be spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand rule they would be spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand rule they would be spinning
+by our convention anticlockwise and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our convention anticlockwise and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our convention anticlockwise and some
+of them might be spinning clockwise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them might be spinning clockwise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them might be spinning clockwise in
+which case according to the right-and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case according to the right-and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case according to the right-and
+rule we would consider them spin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we would consider them spin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we would consider them spin down
+and in any arbitrary uh Crucible full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any arbitrary uh Crucible full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any arbitrary uh Crucible full of
+and silver half of them are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silver half of them are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silver half of them are going to be
+spent up and half of them are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent up and half of them are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent up and half of them are going to
+be spin down and sure enough we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spin down and sure enough we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spin down and sure enough we see the
+the splitting and so that's where we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting and so that's where we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting and so that's where we we
+left it on uh Friday so I I thought well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it on uh Friday so I I thought well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it on uh Friday so I I thought well
+maybe we can now go to the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can now go to the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can now go to the periodic
+table and figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and figure out what's going on
+there so if we look at uh the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if we look at uh the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if we look at uh the kinds of
+electron configurations we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configurations we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configurations we would expect
+when we're at n equals 1 which is Kell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're at n equals 1 which is Kell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're at n equals 1 which is Kell
+we know that the selection rules allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the selection rules allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the selection rules allow
+for only one value of L and that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for only one value of L and that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for only one value of L and that must be
+l equals z which the spectroscopist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals z which the spectroscopist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals z which the spectroscopist
+would call S lowercase s and under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call S lowercase s and under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call S lowercase s and under these
+circumstances M must be uniquely zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances M must be uniquely zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances M must be uniquely zero
+and S can take on values of plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S can take on values of plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S can take on values of plus or
+minus 1/2 so there's really two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so there's really two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so there's really two choices
+here two choices so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two choices so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two choices so there's two
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+configurations in the Nal 1 shell if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations in the Nal 1 shell if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations in the Nal 1 shell if we
+follow according to the selection rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow according to the selection rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow according to the selection rule
+rules that we spelled out last day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we spelled out last day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we spelled out last day and
+if we go to n equal 2 this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to n equal 2 this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to n equal 2 this would be the
+L shell and when n equals 2 well L could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L shell and when n equals 2 well L could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L shell and when n equals 2 well L could
+take on value of zero or one and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on value of zero or one and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on value of zero or one and when it
+takes on value of zero then M must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on value of zero then M must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on value of zero then M must be
+zero uniquely s can equal plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uniquely s can equal plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uniquely s can equal plus or minus
+a half so we've got two electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half so we've got two electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half so we've got two electron
+configurations when L equals z when L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations when L equals z when L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations when L equals z when L
+equals 1 M can vary over 1 0 and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 M can vary over 1 0 and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 M can vary over 1 0 and minus
+one s will always be allowed to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s will always be allowed to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s will always be allowed to take
+plus or minus a half so I've got 3 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus a half so I've got 3 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus a half so I've got 3 * 2
+is 6 so all in all in the L shell I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 6 so all in all in the L shell I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 6 so all in all in the L shell I have
+the possibility of eight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of eight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of eight different
+configurations and we'll just do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and we'll just do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and we'll just do one
+more and so when we get to n = 3 Nal 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so when we get to n = 3 Nal 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so when we get to n = 3 Nal 3
+that would be mshell by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be mshell by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be mshell by the
+spectroscopist notation oh by the way L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist notation oh by the way L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist notation oh by the way L
+equals 1 would be the p p orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 would be the p p orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 would be the p p orbitals and
+so in this case L could equal Zer L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case L could equal Zer L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case L could equal Zer L
+could equal 1 or L could equal 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equal 1 or L could equal 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equal 1 or L could equal 2 and
+want L equals Z again m is zero s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want L equals Z again m is zero s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want L equals Z again m is zero s is
+plus or minus a half so I can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus a half so I can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus a half so I can pick up
+two electrons here in other words I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons here in other words I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons here in other words I have
+occupancy States for two electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy States for two electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy States for two electrons the
+orbitals you consider as um bins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals you consider as um bins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals you consider as um bins in
+which you can throw electrons one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can throw electrons one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can throw electrons one per
+bin so here I've got m is 1 0 -1 s again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin so here I've got m is 1 0 -1 s again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin so here I've got m is 1 0 -1 s again
+is Plus plus or minus a half so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Plus plus or minus a half so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Plus plus or minus a half so there's
+six here and when l equals 2 m can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six here and when l equals 2 m can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six here and when l equals 2 m can vary
+pardon me m can vary from two down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me m can vary from two down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me m can vary from two down
+to minus 2 s again is plus or minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 2 s again is plus or minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 2 s again is plus or minus a
+half so this is 5 * 2 is 10 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so this is 5 * 2 is 10 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so this is 5 * 2 is 10 so this
+gives me in total 18 so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me in total 18 so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me in total 18 so you know this
+seems to be making sense and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be making sense and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be making sense and we talked
+about periodicity and properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about periodicity and properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about periodicity and properties so
+let's go and take a look at what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go and take a look at what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go and take a look at what we have
+and see if we can reconcile this so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can reconcile this so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can reconcile this so if
+we look at Nal 1 here's Nal 1 hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at Nal 1 here's Nal 1 hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at Nal 1 here's Nal 1 hydrogen
+and helium and indeed we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helium and indeed we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helium and indeed we have two
+electron configurations then we're over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configurations then we're over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configurations then we're over
+to lithium well lithium is then equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lithium well lithium is then equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lithium well lithium is then equals 2
+so here's 2 S1 2 S2 and then here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's 2 S1 2 S2 and then here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's 2 S1 2 S2 and then here are
+the six associated with the the 2p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six associated with the the 2p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six associated with the the 2p and
+then here's 3s 3s2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's 3s 3s2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's 3s 3s2 and
+then something's going wrong something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then something's going wrong something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then something's going wrong something's
+going wrong what I have here is I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong what I have here is I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong what I have here is I've got
+there's the 3s excuse me the 3p there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the 3s excuse me the 3p there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the 3s excuse me the 3p there's
+six of them and now it's telling me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of them and now it's telling me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of them and now it's telling me I
+should be able to put in 10 more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to put in 10 more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to put in 10 more but
+before I can put in those 10 more I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I can put in those 10 more I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I can put in those 10 more I'm
+already over to 4S pottassium is 4S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already over to 4S pottassium is 4S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already over to 4S pottassium is 4S and
+I've only finished with 3p so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've only finished with 3p so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've only finished with 3p so clearly
+there's something else at work here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else at work here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else at work here in
+other words these energy states are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words these energy states are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words these energy states are not
+filling just in ascending n number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling just in ascending n number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling just in ascending n number so
+there's we need to we need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we need to we need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we need to we need to add
+something else in order to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in order to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in order to explain
+what's going on in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the periodic table
+and that something else is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that something else is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that something else is essentially
+the The Filling sequence what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Filling sequence what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Filling sequence what is the
+filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence filling sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence filling sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence filling sequence
+of electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in
+orbitals okay just um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nlms is inadequate inadequate there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlms is inadequate inadequate there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlms is inadequate inadequate there's
+something else at work here it's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else at work here it's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else at work here it's close
+but not complete and the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not complete and the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not complete and the answer to this
+question is given by the albal principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is given by the albal principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is given by the albal principal
+the albal principle comes from a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the albal principle comes from a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the albal principle comes from a German
+word which means essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word which means essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word which means essentially
+construction or or building buildup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction or or building buildup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction or or building buildup
+principle and there's three components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and there's three components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and there's three components
+to the albow principle the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the albow principle the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the albow principle the first one is
+the poly Exclusion Principle the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly Exclusion Principle the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly Exclusion Principle the poly
+Exclusion Principle which was enunciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle which was enunciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle which was enunciated
+by Wolf Gang power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poie was a an Austrian who did his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poie was a an Austrian who did his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poie was a an Austrian who did his PhD
+under sommerfeld in uh Munich and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under sommerfeld in uh Munich and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under sommerfeld in uh Munich and then
+he posted with Max Bourne and goodhan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he posted with Max Bourne and goodhan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he posted with Max Bourne and goodhan
+and also with Neils bore in Copenhagen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also with Neils bore in Copenhagen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also with Neils bore in Copenhagen
+so you can see these people went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these people went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these people went to
+comparable schools they worked with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable schools they worked with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable schools they worked with the
+same people in this group and kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people in this group and kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people in this group and kept the
+vigorous discussion going he eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous discussion going he eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous discussion going he eventually
+got a position at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a position at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a position at the University of
+Hamburg where he was a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamburg where he was a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamburg where he was a professor of
+physics and what he said first of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and what he said first of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and what he said first of all is
+that that in any in any system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in any in any system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in any in any system of
+electrons that the set of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that the set of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that the set of quantum
+numbers NL M and S the set of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers NL M and S the set of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers NL M and S the set of quantum
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+unique unique to each electron unique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique unique to each electron unique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique unique to each electron unique to
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+electron in a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is to say in a given atom okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say in a given atom okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say in a given atom okay so
+each electron has a distinct set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron has a distinct set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron has a distinct set of
+quantum numbers first important idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers first important idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers first important idea so
+you can think of each electron as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of each electron as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of each electron as having
+its own social security number or IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own social security number or IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own social security number or IP
+address or something like this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or something like this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or something like this okay so
+that's important so we once we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important so we once we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important so we once we've chosen
+a certain mix of nlm ands it's used once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain mix of nlm ands it's used once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain mix of nlm ands it's used once
+for that particular atom so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particular atom so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particular atom so that's the
+first point the second point of the AL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first point the second point of the AL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first point the second point of the AL
+Bal principle is just energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bal principle is just energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bal principle is just energetic
+electrons will occupy orbitals in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will occupy orbitals in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will occupy orbitals in order
+of ascending energy occupying the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ascending energy occupying the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ascending energy occupying the lowest
+energy first and up clearly this nlms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first and up clearly this nlms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first and up clearly this nlms
+sequence is different from the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is different from the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is different from the energy
+sequence once we get Beyond uh two uh 3p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence once we get Beyond uh two uh 3p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence once we get Beyond uh two uh 3p
+so there's something else going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something else going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something else going on so
+let's talk about electrons electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about electrons electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about electrons electrons
+fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill
+orbitals electron electrons fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals electron electrons fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals electron electrons fill
+orbitals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals uh
+from low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from low
+lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to highest
+energy but there's a there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but there's a there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but there's a there's some
+there's a wrinkle here and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wrinkle here and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wrinkle here and that is that
+the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels
+themselves change with electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves change with electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves change with electron
+occupancy and as you go to higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and as you go to higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and as you go to higher and
+higher levels those energy levels as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels those energy levels as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels those energy levels as you
+saw in the case of hydrogen the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the case of hydrogen the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the case of hydrogen the energy
+levels are more closely spaced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are more closely spaced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are more closely spaced the
+differences between those energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between those energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between those energy levels
+are becoming smaller and smaller as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming smaller and smaller as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming smaller and smaller as the
+N number Rises and what the second point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N number Rises and what the second point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N number Rises and what the second point
+of alfb says is that as the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alfb says is that as the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alfb says is that as the electrons
+begin to fill those levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to fill those levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to fill those levels the
+differences in energy May shift so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in energy May shift so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in energy May shift so that
+in in an unoccupied State certain levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an unoccupied State certain levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an unoccupied State certain levels
+may be in the inverse order from how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be in the inverse order from how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be in the inverse order from how
+they are in the occupied state so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the occupied state so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the occupied state so we
+have to recognize this lowest energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recognize this lowest energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recognize this lowest energy to
+highest energy and it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest energy and it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest energy and it's a function of
+occupancy and we'll see a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and we'll see a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy and we'll see a few examples
+of that okay so that's the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that okay so that's the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that okay so that's the second part
+of the um albow principle and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um albow principle and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um albow principle and the third
+one talks about the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one talks about the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one talks about the question of
+degeneracy and it's called the Huns rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy and it's called the Huns rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy and it's called the Huns rule
+Huns Rule and it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huns Rule and it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huns Rule and it talks
+about degeneracy what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about degeneracy what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about degeneracy what do I mean by
+degeneracy degeneracy is where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy degeneracy is where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy degeneracy is where you have
+or orbitals of equivalent energy how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or orbitals of equivalent energy how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or orbitals of equivalent energy how do
+we put electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put electrons
+into such a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into such a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into such a system
+orbitals of equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we
+strive we strive for unpaired electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strive we strive for unpaired electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strive we strive for unpaired electrons
+strive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strive for
+unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired
+electrons what do I mean by that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons what do I mean by that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons what do I mean by that let's
+give a simple example simple example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a simple example simple example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a simple example simple example is
+say let's look at uh carbon if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's look at uh carbon if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's look at uh carbon if we look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+carbon carbon if you look on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon carbon if you look on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon carbon if you look on your
+periodic table you'll see this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you'll see this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you'll see this notation
+next to carbon 1 S2 2 S2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to carbon 1 S2 2 S2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to carbon 1 S2 2 S2 2
+P2 okay so what are we learning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 okay so what are we learning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 okay so what are we learning here
+this first number here gives the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first number here gives the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first number here gives the value
+of n so this tells me that this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so this tells me that this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so this tells me that this is n
+equal 1 and s s is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and s s is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and s s is this
+lowercase uh notation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase uh notation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase uh notation that the
+spectroscopists uh use in place of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists uh use in place of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists uh use in place of uh uh
+the L number so this is s so s according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L number so this is s so s according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L number so this is s so s according
+to spectroscopy means that L equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spectroscopy means that L equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spectroscopy means that L equals 0
+Nal 1 L equals 0 and the superscript two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 1 L equals 0 and the superscript two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 1 L equals 0 and the superscript two
+is an indication of electron occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indication of electron occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indication of electron occupancy
+so in plain English this says that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in plain English this says that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in plain English this says that there
+are two electrons in the 1s orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two electrons in the 1s orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two electrons in the 1s orbital and
+then we can continue this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can continue this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can continue this is two
+electrons in the 2s orbital and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 2s orbital and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 2s orbital and there
+are two electrons in the 2p orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two electrons in the 2p orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two electrons in the 2p orbital
+another way of displaying this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of displaying this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of displaying this is in a
+box notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box notation
+so here's 1 s if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's 1 s if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's 1 s if you like
+kshell here's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell here's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell here's 2
+s l shell and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s l shell and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s l shell and then there's
+2p and we know from over here that 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p and we know from over here that 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p and we know from over here that 2p
+has the possibility of three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the possibility of three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the possibility of three different
+uh M numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M numbers
+so and I showed you last day that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I showed you last day that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I showed you last day that this
+is one case we're trying to go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one case we're trying to go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one case we're trying to go in a
+cartisian space makes sense m equal 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian space makes sense m equal 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian space makes sense m equal 1 0
+and minus one indicates the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one indicates the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one indicates the three
+principal coordinate directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinate directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinate directions and
+indeed people refer to these as the 2px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed people refer to these as the 2px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed people refer to these as the 2px
+orbital the 2py orbital and the 2pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital the 2py orbital and the 2pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital the 2py orbital and the 2pz
+orbital so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so now let's
+fill the orbitals let's occupy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the orbitals let's occupy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the orbitals let's occupy the
+orbitals and we're going to use the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and we're going to use the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and we're going to use the poly
+Exclusion Principle and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle and we're going to
+use the fact that we fill from lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that we fill from lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that we fill from lower
+energy to higher energy so we go in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to higher energy so we go in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to higher energy so we go in one
+goes spin up and the other goes spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes spin up and the other goes spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes spin up and the other goes spin
+down why spin up and spin down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down why spin up and spin down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down why spin up and spin down because
+the fourth quantum number is s and ply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth quantum number is s and ply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth quantum number is s and ply
+says no two electrons in a given system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no two electrons in a given system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no two electrons in a given system
+can have the entire set of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the entire set of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the entire set of quantum
+numbers identical so this one is spin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers identical so this one is spin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers identical so this one is spin up
+plus half this is spin down minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus half this is spin down minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus half this is spin down minus a half
+so it's compact notation likewise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's compact notation likewise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's compact notation likewise with
+2s spin up spin down I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s spin up spin down I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s spin up spin down I've got two
+electrons now to occupy the P orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now to occupy the P orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now to occupy the P orbitals
+but these three p orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these three p orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these three p orbitals are
+degenerate that is to say there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate that is to say there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate that is to say there are
+equivalent energy so the hund rule tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent energy so the hund rule tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent energy so the hund rule tells
+me how to put them in and the hund rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how to put them in and the hund rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how to put them in and the hund rule
+says try to go for unpaired electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says try to go for unpaired electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says try to go for unpaired electrons so
+I'll put one up here and I can't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put one up here and I can't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put one up here and I can't have an
+unpaired electron in the same orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron in the same orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron in the same orbital
+that would violate poly so the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate poly so the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate poly so the other the
+only way I can get an unpaired is to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way I can get an unpaired is to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way I can get an unpaired is to put
+it alone in another orbital okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it alone in another orbital okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it alone in another orbital okay and I
+don't care if you want to put it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if you want to put it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if you want to put it over
+here I'm not going to fight you over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not going to fight you over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not going to fight you over it
+so the hund rule is telling us to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hund rule is telling us to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hund rule is telling us to put
+the two electrons in separate orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two electrons in separate orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two electrons in separate orbitals
+unpaired as opposed to we should not put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired as opposed to we should not put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired as opposed to we should not put
+them in like this like some librarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in like this like some librarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in like this like some librarian
+might want to fill nicely from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to fill nicely from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to fill nicely from left to
+right up and down no no librarian rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up and down no no librarian rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up and down no no librarian rule
+bad very bad okay somebody might be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad very bad okay somebody might be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad very bad okay somebody might be sort
+of a disorganized library and might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a disorganized library and might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a disorganized library and might want
+to put this one upside down but over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this one upside down but over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this one upside down but over
+here very bad you violate the hund rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very bad you violate the hund rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very bad you violate the hund rule
+if you violate the hund rule um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you violate the hund rule um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you violate the hund rule um we'll
+have to talk about the uh appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about the uh appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about the uh appropriate
+physics punishment so this is the hund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics punishment so this is the hund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics punishment so this is the hund
+rule and it explains electron occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and it explains electron occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and it explains electron occupancy
+so now now what we can do is look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now what we can do is look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now what we can do is look at an
+energy level diagram and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram and this is the
+energy level diag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diag
+for multi-electron atoms and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multi-electron atoms and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multi-electron atoms and this was
+posted at the at the website so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted at the at the website so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted at the at the website so here's
+just to get you oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get you oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get you oriented
+energy decreasing from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy decreasing from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy decreasing from zero to
+progressively negative numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively negative numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively negative numbers so
+stability is at the bottom so n equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is at the bottom so n equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is at the bottom so n equals 1
+L equals s uh can only take the um be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equals s uh can only take the um be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equals s uh can only take the um be a
+s orbital ALK can only equals Zer so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s orbital ALK can only equals Zer so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s orbital ALK can only equals Zer so we
+have two electrons here here's 2 + 6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons here here's 2 + 6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons here here's 2 + 6 is
+8 and now here Here's 2 + 6 and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and now here Here's 2 + 6 and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and now here Here's 2 + 6 and what we
+see is that 4S lies below 3D 4S lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that 4S lies below 3D 4S lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that 4S lies below 3D 4S lies
+below 3D according to this set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 3D according to this set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 3D according to this set of rules
+and you don't have to know this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to know this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to know this by
+memory I would never ask you to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I would never ask you to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I would never ask you to tell me
+what the various energies are from heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the various energies are from heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the various energies are from heart
+instead I would ask you given that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I would ask you given that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I would ask you given that this
+is the electron occupancy what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron occupancy what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron occupancy what is the
+explanation for it so then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for it so then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for it so then you could
+explain in terms of these levels so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in terms of these levels so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in terms of these levels so you
+can see 4S then 3D then 4 p and then 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see 4S then 3D then 4 p and then 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see 4S then 3D then 4 p and then 5S
+so let's see if that happens so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if that happens so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if that happens so sure
+enough there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there's the
+3s and then 3p and now 4S jumps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s and then 3p and now 4S jumps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s and then 3p and now 4S jumps in
+before the 3D now these are the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the 3D now these are the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the 3D now these are the 3D
+elements and now 4 p and now this is 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and now 4 p and now this is 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and now 4 p and now this is 5S
+5S lies below 4D and likewise we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5S lies below 4D and likewise we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5S lies below 4D and likewise we get
+over to here and finally look here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here and finally look here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here and finally look here's
+here's uh 5D and 5f is almost at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh 5D and 5f is almost at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh 5D and 5f is almost at the
+same level and this is an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level and this is an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level and this is an example where
+unoccupied 5D lies below 4f as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoccupied 5D lies below 4f as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoccupied 5D lies below 4f as soon as
+lanthanum takes that electron this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanum takes that electron this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanum takes that electron this level
+rises ever so slightly and then we jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises ever so slightly and then we jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises ever so slightly and then we jump
+down here and we fill in the lanthanides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and we fill in the lanthanides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and we fill in the lanthanides
+so but you notice up here how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you notice up here how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you notice up here how close
+these levels are so we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels are so we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels are so we're looking at
+very very fine distinctions and here D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fine distinctions and here D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fine distinctions and here D
+of course can take uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course can take uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course can take uh the
+values pardon me d take the values from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values pardon me d take the values from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values pardon me d take the values from
++ three down to minus 3 that's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ three down to minus 3 that's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ three down to minus 3 that's seven
+different M values 7 * 2 is 14 hence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different M values 7 * 2 is 14 hence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different M values 7 * 2 is 14 hence you
+you have the 14 lanthanide 14 actinide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 14 lanthanide 14 actinide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 14 lanthanide 14 actinide
+elements in other words everything makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in other words everything makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in other words everything makes
+sense here and now we can rationalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here and now we can rationalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here and now we can rationalize
+what's going on in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the periodic table
+not on the basis of simple filling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the basis of simple filling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the basis of simple filling in
+ascending order but a modified uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending order but a modified uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending order but a modified uh rate
+of filling as according to the albal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filling as according to the albal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filling as according to the albal
+principle so um things are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so um things are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so um things are looking
+pretty good things are looking pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good things are looking pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good things are looking pretty
+good so now what I want to do is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now what I want to do is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now what I want to do is I want
+to take you exactly to this place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you exactly to this place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you exactly to this place where
+we are right now where we see energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are right now where we see energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are right now where we see energy
+levels and electron filling but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and electron filling but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and electron filling but I want
+to start all over again and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start all over again and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start all over again and I want to
+use a totally different approach I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a totally different approach I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a totally different approach I want
+to use a totally different approach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a totally different approach I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a totally different approach I
+want to get to the same place now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the same place now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the same place now by
+wave mechanics I want to get there by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave mechanics I want to get there by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave mechanics I want to get there by
+wave mechanics wave mechanics to arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave mechanics wave mechanics to arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave mechanics wave mechanics to arrive
+at the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same place
+and what's the same place the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the same place the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the same place the same place
+is that energy is a function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that energy is a function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that energy is a function of these
+four quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quantum
+numbers and for that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and for that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and for that I need
+to invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invoke
+three the names of three Giants we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the names of three Giants we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the names of three Giants we're
+going to look at each of them and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at each of them and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at each of them and their
+contributions in turn de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions in turn de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions in turn de
+Bry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heisenberg and shringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go one by one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go one by one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go one by one we're going to
+start with de Bry de Bry was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with de Bry de Bry was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with de Bry de Bry was
+uh child of French aristocracy he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh child of French aristocracy he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh child of French aristocracy he was
+thinking about doing a PhD in political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing a PhD in political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing a PhD in political
+science and pursuing a diplomatic career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and pursuing a diplomatic career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and pursuing a diplomatic career
+but he he was also drawn a science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he was also drawn a science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he was also drawn a science and
+finally he decided to pursue a PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally he decided to pursue a PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally he decided to pursue a PhD in
+physics this was in Paris in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics this was in Paris in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics this was in Paris in the early
+20s and he was very literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s and he was very literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s and he was very literary
+and the thing about his thesis is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing about his thesis is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing about his thesis is it's
+very short it's very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short it's very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short it's very short
+thesis and what makes it great is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and what makes it great is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and what makes it great is that
+he began with an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he began with an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he began with an interesting question
+you know the old adage if you ask a dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the old adage if you ask a dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the old adage if you ask a dumb
+question there's only a dumb answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there's only a dumb answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there's only a dumb answer and
+the thesis is your statement it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thesis is your statement it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thesis is your statement it's it's
+it's what you profess well the thesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you profess well the thesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you profess well the thesis is
+is also another way to think of it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also another way to think of it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also another way to think of it it's
+an answer to a question so de bry's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to a question so de bry's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to a question so de bry's
+genius was an asking a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius was an asking a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius was an asking a really really
+good question and then he answered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and then he answered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and then he answered it
+elegantly in a very small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly in a very small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly in a very small number of
+pages so I want to read sort of uh my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages so I want to read sort of uh my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages so I want to read sort of uh my um
+encapsulation of his question if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulation of his question if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulation of his question if a
+photon which has no Mass can behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon which has no Mass can behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon which has no Mass can behave as a
+particle and we know this we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and we know this we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and we know this we sometimes
+we model light as beams of light as rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model light as beams of light as rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model light as beams of light as rays
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+light and sometimes we model light as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and sometimes we model light as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and sometimes we model light as a
+wave and that doesn't bother us at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and that doesn't bother us at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and that doesn't bother us at all
+light can behave as a particle in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light can behave as a particle in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light can behave as a particle in some
+cases it helps us to think of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it helps us to think of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it helps us to think of it that
+way and other times it behaves as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and other times it behaves as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and other times it behaves as a wave
+and that's the way it helps us to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the way it helps us to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the way it helps us to think
+of and rationalize what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and rationalize what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and rationalize what we
+observe so if a photon which has no Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so if a photon which has no Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so if a photon which has no Mass
+can behave as a particle does it follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can behave as a particle does it follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can behave as a particle does it follow
+that an electron which has mass can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an electron which has mass can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an electron which has mass can
+behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as a
+wave it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave it's
+1920 right 1920 Bor is starting to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 right 1920 Bor is starting to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 right 1920 Bor is starting to talk
+about quantization now de BR is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantization now de BR is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantization now de BR is saying
+I'm going to go further I'm not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go further I'm not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go further I'm not only
+going to say that we've got quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that we've got quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that we've got quantization
+in the motion we're going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the motion we're going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the motion we're going to say that
+the electron behaves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron behaves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron behaves as a
+wave one more time it's beautiful this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave one more time it's beautiful this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave one more time it's beautiful this
+is toy you know ask not what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toy you know ask not what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toy you know ask not what you can do
+for your country your you know if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your country your you know if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your country your you know if a
+proton which has no Mass can behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton which has no Mass can behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton which has no Mass can behave as a
+particle does it follow that an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle does it follow that an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle does it follow that an electron
+which has mass can behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has mass can behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has mass can behave as a
+wave and if so he says this is what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and if so he says this is what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and if so he says this is what that
+electron wave wavelength would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave wavelength would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave wavelength would
+be so let's first of all associate him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's first of all associate him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's first of all associate him
+with this so de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so de
+broy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broy
+1924 and his thesis his PhD thesis says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 and his thesis his PhD thesis says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 and his thesis his PhD thesis says
+if an electron has wavelike properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an electron has wavelike properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an electron has wavelike properties
+this would be its wavelength there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be its wavelength there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be its wavelength there's no
+HC over Lambda right the electron isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC over Lambda right the electron isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC over Lambda right the electron isn't
+moving at the speed of light he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at the speed of light he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at the speed of light he has to
+have some other expression for it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some other expression for it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some other expression for it it's
+the ratio of the plant constant to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the plant constant to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the plant constant to its
+momentum and this is just the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and this is just the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and this is just the Newtonian
+expression of momentum the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of momentum the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of momentum the product of
+the mass of the electron times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron times its
+instant velocity that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant velocity that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant velocity that's what he
+said so what are the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so what are the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so what are the consequences of
+that how can we go somewhere with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how can we go somewhere with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how can we go somewhere with that
+now you recall in the in bore in bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you recall in the in bore in bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you recall in the in bore in bore
+the quantum condition bore expressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum condition bore expressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum condition bore expressed the
+quantum condition by the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum condition by the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum condition by the angular
+momentum Quantum condition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Quantum condition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Quantum condition in the
+following manner Bor said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following manner Bor said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following manner Bor said that the
+angular momentum MVR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum MVR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum MVR is
+quantized where n is this integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized where n is this integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized where n is this integer
+counter H over 2 pi this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter H over 2 pi this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter H over 2 pi this is the uh
+proportionality that's multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality that's multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality that's multiplied by the
+quantum so if if the bro is correct we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum so if if the bro is correct we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum so if if the bro is correct we
+could then model the electron in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then model the electron in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then model the electron in its
+orbit not moving as a particle but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit not moving as a particle but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit not moving as a particle but let's
+model it as a wave so what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it as a wave so what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it as a wave so what kind of a
+wave is it there's only two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is it there's only two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is it there's only two kinds of
+waves there's traveling waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves there's traveling waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves there's traveling waves and
+there's standing waves well this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's standing waves well this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's standing waves well this is in a
+stationary orbit so we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary orbit so we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary orbit so we need to have a
+standing wave so not to scale let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave so not to scale let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave so not to scale let's
+imagine this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is the
+electron in its orbit it's an a standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in its orbit it's an a standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in its orbit it's an a standing
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+configuration okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration okay so there's a
+geometric constraint all right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric constraint all right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric constraint all right so in
+order to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have uh
+electron in a stationary orbit electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a stationary orbit electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a stationary orbit electron
+in stationary orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stationary orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stationary orbit
+this implies standing wave and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies standing wave and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies standing wave and a
+standing wave means there's a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave means there's a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave means there's a geometric
+constraint which is what I have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is what I have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is what I have to have
+a whole number of wavelengths to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole number of wavelengths to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole number of wavelengths to get
+around the circumference so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the circumference so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the circumference so the
+circumference is 2 pi r and uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference is 2 pi r and uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference is 2 pi r and uh if it's
+going to be a standing wave then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a standing wave then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a standing wave then this
+must be an integral number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be an integral number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be an integral number of
+wavelengths but Bor has told us excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths but Bor has told us excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths but Bor has told us excuse
+me de Bry has told us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me de Bry has told us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me de Bry has told us that the
+wavelength is related to the instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is related to the instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is related to the instant
+veloc vity through this formula so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veloc vity through this formula so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veloc vity through this formula so let's
+let's substitute in that will give us 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's substitute in that will give us 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's substitute in that will give us 2i
+R goes as NH H over MV and I can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R goes as NH H over MV and I can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R goes as NH H over MV and I can cross
+multiply here that will give me MVR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply here that will give me MVR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply here that will give me MVR
+equal NH H over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi the quantum condition of bore falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the quantum condition of bore falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the quantum condition of bore falls
+out of the three line derivation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the three line derivation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the three line derivation if you
+accept de bry's hypothesis that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept de bry's hypothesis that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept de bry's hypothesis that the
+electron in this set of circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this set of circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this set of circumstances
+can be modeled as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave so he got his PhD thesis and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so he got his PhD thesis and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so he got his PhD thesis and in
+1929 he gets the Nobel Prize so he's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 he gets the Nobel Prize so he's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 he gets the Nobel Prize so he's off
+to a flying start Einstein read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a flying start Einstein read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a flying start Einstein read the
+thesis and loved it he loved it but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and loved it he loved it but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and loved it he loved it but what
+do we care what Einstein says Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care what Einstein says Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care what Einstein says Einstein's
+only a theoretician and de Bry is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a theoretician and de Bry is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a theoretician and de Bry is a
+theoretician so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician so one
+theoretician propping up another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician propping up another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician propping up another
+theoretician this is Mutual admiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician this is Mutual admiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician this is Mutual admiration
+Society we need what we need evidence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society we need what we need evidence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society we need what we need evidence we
+need experimental evidence so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need experimental evidence so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need experimental evidence so let's go
+back to high school for a moment just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to high school for a moment just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to high school for a moment just by
+way of background do you remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of background do you remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of background do you remember these
+water tanks where you could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water tanks where you could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water tanks where you could put a
+vibrator in a water tank and this is top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrator in a water tank and this is top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrator in a water tank and this is top
+view of a water tank and if you had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a water tank and if you had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a water tank and if you had a a
+motor here that was causing a paddle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor here that was causing a paddle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor here that was causing a paddle to
+move up and down you could cause waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and down you could cause waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and down you could cause waves
+to form at one end of the tank and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form at one end of the tank and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form at one end of the tank and move
+from left to right and furthermore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right and furthermore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right and furthermore you
+could do little experiments so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do little experiments so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do little experiments so for
+example you could put a a dam in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could put a a dam in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could put a a dam in the
+middle of the tank and if the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the tank and if the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the tank and if the distance
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+wall and the dam was large in comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and the dam was large in comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and the dam was large in comparison
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+wavelength then what happens if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength then what happens if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength then what happens if this
+distance is large in comparison to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is large in comparison to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is large in comparison to the
+wavelength this Dam simply casts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength this Dam simply casts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength this Dam simply casts a
+shadow it's like light casting a shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow it's like light casting a shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow it's like light casting a shadow
+isn't it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is simple when D is large in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is simple when D is large in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is simple when D is large in
+comparison to Lambda the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to Lambda the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to Lambda the uh
+obstacles obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles obstacles
+cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shadows and this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows and this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows and this is equivalent to
+modeling the wave fronts as particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the wave fronts as particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the wave fronts as particles
+this is Ray Optics this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Ray Optics this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Ray Optics this is the
+equivalent to Ray Optics isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Ray Optics isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Ray Optics isn't
+it you don't have to know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't have to know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't have to know anything about
+wav like Behavior Behavior you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav like Behavior Behavior you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav like Behavior Behavior you've got a
+front coming here you've got an obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front coming here you've got an obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front coming here you've got an obstacle
+where it can get by it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can get by it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can get by it moves
+through but in the other case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but in the other case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but in the other case where the
+Gap this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spacing when the D spacing was small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing when the D spacing was small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing when the D spacing was small in
+comparison to the wavelength the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to the wavelength the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to the wavelength the
+obstacles did not cast a shadow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles did not cast a shadow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles did not cast a shadow the
+obstacles did not cast a shadow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles did not cast a shadow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles did not cast a shadow you
+didn't see a tiny tiny little stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see a tiny tiny little stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see a tiny tiny little stream
+coming out of each of these orifices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of each of these orifices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of each of these orifices
+instead you saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you saw this
+recall you weren't sick that day right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall you weren't sick that day right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall you weren't sick that day right
+you were there you remember this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were there you remember this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were there you remember this right
+now this is defraction this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defraction and there is no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and there is no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and there is no way to
+explain this phenomenon if you model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this phenomenon if you model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this phenomenon if you model the
+water as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as
+having particle like properties you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having particle like properties you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having particle like properties you have
+to invoke wavelike properties only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invoke wavelike properties only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invoke wavelike properties only by
+using wavelike properties as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using wavelike properties as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using wavelike properties as an
+explanation can you describe defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation can you describe defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation can you describe defraction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+invoke wavelike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to
+explain so de Bry has said electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so de Bry has said electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so de Bry has said electrons
+under certain circumstances can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain circumstances can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain circumstances can be
+modeled as behaving as though they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as behaving as though they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled as behaving as though they are
+waves what's going to be the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves what's going to be the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves what's going to be the experiment
+we need to come up with an experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to come up with an experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to come up with an experiment in
+which the electron is going to be forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the electron is going to be forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the electron is going to be forced
+to behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave as a
+wave so we're going to go to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so we're going to go to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so we're going to go to the United
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+1927 Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 Bell
+labs this is fast look de bry's 1924 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs this is fast look de bry's 1924 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs this is fast look de bry's 1924 you
+know the thesis is written in French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thesis is written in French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thesis is written in French
+over in Paris somebody's reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Paris somebody's reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Paris somebody's reading the
+literature they're on top of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature they're on top of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature they're on top of this and
+they do a beautiful experiment what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a beautiful experiment what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a beautiful experiment what do
+they do is their experiment people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is their experiment people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is their experiment people had
+been working with x-rays for about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with x-rays for about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with x-rays for about 30
+years by this time and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years by this time and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years by this time and there was a
+technique known as x-ray defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique known as x-ray defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique known as x-ray defraction
+x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray
+defraction and x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and x-ray
+defraction allows us to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction allows us to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction allows us to characterize
+solid matter it's so important in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid matter it's so important in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid matter it's so important in fact
+we're going to study it in 3091 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study it in 3091 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study it in 3091 in
+detail next month but for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail next month but for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail next month but for now let's
+simply say that we have a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say that we have a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say that we have a defraction
+which we know occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know occurs
+only by wav likee Behavior behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by wav likee Behavior behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by wav likee Behavior behavior and
+it involves the use of x-rays why x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves the use of x-rays why x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves the use of x-rays why x-rays
+well x-rays the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well x-rays the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well x-rays the wavelength of
+x-rays is on the order of about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays is on the order of about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays is on the order of about an
+angstrom on the order of about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom on the order of about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom on the order of about an
+angstrom so if there's defraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so if there's defraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so if there's defraction and
+the wavelength is about an angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is about an angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is about an angstrom
+clearly the feature that the x-rays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the feature that the x-rays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the feature that the x-rays are
+defraculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Atomic spacing Atomic spacing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Atomic spacing Atomic spacing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Atomic spacing Atomic spacing so
+interatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic
+spacing is also on the order of about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is also on the order of about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is also on the order of about an
+angstrom so what Davidson and germer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did Davidson and germer they constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Davidson and germer they constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Davidson and germer they constructed
+An Elegant experiment they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An Elegant experiment they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An Elegant experiment they took a
+crystal this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal this is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal this is a single
+Crystal a single Crystal of nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal a single Crystal of nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal a single Crystal of nickel
+single Crystal of nickel that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Crystal of nickel that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Crystal of nickel that has
+regular planes of atoms and those planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular planes of atoms and those planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular planes of atoms and those planes
+are spaced on the order of an angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spaced on the order of an angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spaced on the order of an angstrom
+or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+apart and they irradiated this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and they irradiated this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and they irradiated this with
+x-rays so this is H new x-rays coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays so this is H new x-rays coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays so this is H new x-rays coming in
+and they looked at the result and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they looked at the result and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they looked at the result and the
+result is a defraction pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a defraction pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a defraction pattern that
+produces a series of rings you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a series of rings you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a series of rings you have a
+single beam coming in and you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single beam coming in and you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single beam coming in and you end up
+with rings and these rings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rings and these rings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rings and these rings are
+indicative of the crystal structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative of the crystal structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative of the crystal structure of
+nickel and can be explained only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and can be explained only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and can be explained only by
+invoking wav likee properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light so here's the critical experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so here's the critical experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so here's the critical experiment
+let's irradiate if if de Bry is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's irradiate if if de Bry is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's irradiate if if de Bry is correct
+let's irradiate the nickel Crystal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's irradiate the nickel Crystal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's irradiate the nickel Crystal with
+a beam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam of
+electrons where the wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons where the wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons where the wavelength of the
+beam of electrons is identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of electrons is identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of electrons is identical to the
+wavelength of the x-rays that were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the x-rays that were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the x-rays that were used
+and see what we get so we use the de Bry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we get so we use the de Bry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we get so we use the de Bry
+formula and now we repeat the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and now we repeat the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and now we repeat the experiment
+only this time we come with an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this time we come with an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this time we come with an electron
+beam and the wavelength wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and the wavelength wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and the wavelength wavelength of
+the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e
+beam is equal to the wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is equal to the wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is equal to the wavelength of the
+x-rays that were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays that were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays that were used
+previously the Moment of Truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the Moment of Truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the Moment of Truth
+photographic plate what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plate what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plate what do they
+see circles circles electron defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see circles circles electron defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see circles circles electron defraction
+was born electron this is the e beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born electron this is the e beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born electron this is the e beam
+there is no way that you could irradiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way that you could irradiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way that you could irradiate
+a crystal of nickel with a single beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal of nickel with a single beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal of nickel with a single beam
+of X-rays and get that circular ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X-rays and get that circular ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X-rays and get that circular ring
+pattern if the Electron Beam were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if the Electron Beam were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if the Electron Beam were
+behaving as a particle beam only so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving as a particle beam only so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving as a particle beam only so this
+validates um de broy and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates um de broy and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates um de broy and it also
+validates the whole concept of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates the whole concept of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates the whole concept of wave
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+Duality wave particle duality had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality wave particle duality had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality wave particle duality had been
+applied to photons people are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to photons people are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to photons people are they're
+very comfortable talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortable talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortable talking about
+individual photons but now we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual photons but now we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual photons but now we can talk
+about waves of matter and so de Bry has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about waves of matter and so de Bry has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about waves of matter and so de Bry has
+often been if you say de bry's name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often been if you say de bry's name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often been if you say de bry's name to
+many physicists the tagline they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many physicists the tagline they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many physicists the tagline they
+associate with de Bry is matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with de Bry is matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with de Bry is matter
+waves matter waves as distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves matter waves as distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves matter waves as distinct from
+light waves waves of light we have waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves waves of light we have waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves waves of light we have waves
+of matter so that's important so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter so that's important so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter so that's important so that's
+number one I got to get you over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one I got to get you over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one I got to get you over to
+where we were earlier this morning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were earlier this morning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were earlier this morning all
+right number two we're going to verer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number two we're going to verer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number two we're going to verer
+Heisenberg verer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg verer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg verer
+Heisenberg Heisenberg what did he do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg Heisenberg what did he do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg Heisenberg what did he do
+well he studied with Pauly he and Paulie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he studied with Pauly he and Paulie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he studied with Pauly he and Paulie
+were buddies in graduate school they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buddies in graduate school they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buddies in graduate school they
+worked for sommerfeld you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for sommerfeld you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for sommerfeld you know
+sommerfeld never won a Nobel Prize but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld never won a Nobel Prize but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld never won a Nobel Prize but
+we should count how many Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should count how many Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should count how many Nobel Prize
+winners he educated in his group there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners he educated in his group there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners he educated in his group there
+was something very very important going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something very very important going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something very very important going
+on in the mentoring process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the mentoring process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the mentoring process
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so Heisenberg gets his PhD with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Heisenberg gets his PhD with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Heisenberg gets his PhD with
+sommerfeld in Munich and then he goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld in Munich and then he goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sommerfeld in Munich and then he goes to
+Copenhagen to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copenhagen to work with
+bore and he was uh he was getting burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore and he was uh he was getting burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore and he was uh he was getting burned
+out so he decided to take a vacation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so he decided to take a vacation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so he decided to take a vacation he
+went up uh North from Denmark and went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up uh North from Denmark and went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up uh North from Denmark and went
+off to a a deserted island off the coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a a deserted island off the coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a a deserted island off the coast
+of Norway and stayed there for about 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Norway and stayed there for about 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Norway and stayed there for about 3
+weeks and he came back and with him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and he came back and with him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and he came back and with him he
+brought the uncertainty principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the uncertainty principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the uncertainty principle the
+uncertainty principle and what he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and what he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and what he said
+was that when you get down to Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that when you get down to Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that when you get down to Atomic
+length scales there are limits there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales there are limits there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales there are limits there are
+constraints on our ability to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on our ability to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on our ability to observe
+constraints on our ability to observe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on our ability to observe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on our ability to observe at
+Atomic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales Atomic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales Atomic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales Atomic length
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+limits on our ability to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is important because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is important because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is important because it means
+that since we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since we can't
+observe we can't talk about individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we can't talk about individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we can't talk about individual
+electrons we're going to have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we're going to have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we're going to have to stop
+doing that because we can't find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that because we can't find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that because we can't find an
+individual electron every observation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual electron every observation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual electron every observation we
+make involves the exchange of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make involves the exchange of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make involves the exchange of energy
+right when I'm looking at that wall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I'm looking at that wall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I'm looking at that wall it's
+photons are hitting the wall coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons are hitting the wall coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons are hitting the wall coming back
+to me and so the photons hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and so the photons hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and so the photons hitting the
+wall actually put pressure on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall actually put pressure on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall actually put pressure on the wall
+but the pressure is so low who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the pressure is so low who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the pressure is so low who
+cares but you might say well why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares but you might say well why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares but you might say well why why
+does that make any difference well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make any difference well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make any difference well um
+suppose I want to look at something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to look at something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to look at something like
+an electron in orbit here we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in orbit here we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in orbit here we know that
+this Dimension is roughly one angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dimension is roughly one angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dimension is roughly one angstrom
+unit right the bore radius for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit right the bore radius for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit right the bore radius for hydrogen
+is 0529 angstrom so round numbers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0529 angstrom so round numbers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0529 angstrom so round numbers this
+is one angstrom well if I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one angstrom well if I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one angstrom well if I want to look
+at this I want to have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this I want to have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this I want to have very
+accurate capabilities in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate capabilities in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate capabilities in terms of the
+energy that I use the that I use so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that I use the that I use so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that I use the that I use so I
+would choose something that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose something that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose something that has a
+wavelength of roughly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of roughly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of roughly an
+angstrom right you wouldn't you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom right you wouldn't you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom right you wouldn't you wouldn't
+measure the dimension of a human hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the dimension of a human hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the dimension of a human hair
+with a yard stick so I need something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a yard stick so I need something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a yard stick so I need something on
+this order so if I take Lambda equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order so if I take Lambda equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order so if I take Lambda equals 1
+angstrom go through HC over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom go through HC over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom go through HC over Lambda
+you'll discover that the energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover that the energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll discover that the energy of a
+photon with one angstrom as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon with one angstrom as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon with one angstrom as its
+wavelength is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is on the order of
+12,400 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,400 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,400 electron
+volts well I'm looking for this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts well I'm looking for this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts well I'm looking for this electron
+what's the binding energy of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the binding energy of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the binding energy of the ground
+state electron and hydrogen it's 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state electron and hydrogen it's 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state electron and hydrogen it's 13.6
+electron volts so I'm going to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts so I'm going to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts so I'm going to go and
+I'm going to look for something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for something that's
+got an energy of 13.6 electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an energy of 13.6 electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an energy of 13.6 electron volts
+holding it in place and I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it in place and I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it in place and I'm going to use
+a flashlight with 12,400 electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flashlight with 12,400 electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flashlight with 12,400 electron volts
+so I think I'm liable to disturb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I'm liable to disturb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I'm liable to disturb the
+very thing I'm going to measure so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thing I'm going to measure so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thing I'm going to measure so you
+say well why are you doing something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why are you doing something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why are you doing something so
+foolish why don't you use something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish why don't you use something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish why don't you use something that
+has much lower energy okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has much lower energy okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has much lower energy okay so let's
+choose something that has say uh 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something that has say uh 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something that has say uh 100
+times less than that so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times less than that so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times less than that so this will be
+13.6 over 100 electron volts well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.6 over 100 electron volts well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.6 over 100 electron volts well if I
+go through that the wavelength of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that the wavelength of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that the wavelength of such a
+photon is going to be so big that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is going to be so big that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is going to be so big that I'm
+back to measuring the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to measuring the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to measuring the dimension of the
+human hair with the yard stick so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hair with the yard stick so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hair with the yard stick so now
+you see the Dilemma if I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the Dilemma if I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the Dilemma if I want to get
+down to very very fine Dimensions I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to very very fine Dimensions I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to very very fine Dimensions I have
+to bring huge energy and disturb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring huge energy and disturb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring huge energy and disturb the
+very thing I'm going to measure so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thing I'm going to measure so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thing I'm going to measure so this
+is the UN certainty principle it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the UN certainty principle it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the UN certainty principle it leads
+to uncertainty in the measure suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uncertainty in the measure suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uncertainty in the measure suppose I
+asked you to tame to time a 100 m Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to tame to time a 100 m Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to tame to time a 100 m Sprint
+in the Olympics but I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Olympics but I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Olympics but I give you a
+stopwatch that's measured in units of 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch that's measured in units of 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch that's measured in units of 15
+seconds well these people are blasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds well these people are blasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds well these people are blasting
+through at n seconds and change so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through at n seconds and change so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through at n seconds and change so you
+have a whole bunch of Runners and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of Runners and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of Runners and five
+of them have all run it in under 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have all run it in under 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have all run it in under 15
+second I guess the whole batch has run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I guess the whole batch has run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I guess the whole batch has run
+it under 15 seconds and all you got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under 15 seconds and all you got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under 15 seconds and all you got is
+either zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or
+15 because that's your res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 because that's your res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 because that's your res
+resolution so what does that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so what does that tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so what does that tell you
+tells you you can't resolve what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you can't resolve what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you can't resolve what's going
+on at that level in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at that level in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at that level in fact there's
+something else you can't resolve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you can't resolve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you can't resolve you
+can't resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't resolve
+causality when the uncertainty gets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality when the uncertainty gets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality when the uncertainty gets that
+big you don't know which came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you don't know which came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you don't know which came
+first cause and effect below a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cause and effect below a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cause and effect below a certain
+level of definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blurred cause and effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred cause and effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred cause and effect
+cause and effect that becomes uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect that becomes uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and effect that becomes uncertain
+too this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is
+philosophical as a lot of this physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical as a lot of this physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical as a lot of this physics
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be so what does it mean it means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so what does it mean it means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so what does it mean it means that we
+better get away from these deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get away from these deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get away from these deterministic
+models where we've got a little electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where we've got a little electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where we've got a little electron
+here with its potential energy and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with its potential energy and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with its potential energy and its
+kinetic energy and it's moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and it's moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and it's moving around
+and we're sitting on that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're sitting on that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're sitting on that electron
+watching it go about its daily Affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it go about its daily Affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it go about its daily Affairs
+those models aren't going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models aren't going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models aren't going to work
+anymore so what we see as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so what we see as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so what we see as a result of
+high Berg is the shift from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Berg is the shift from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Berg is the shift from
+deterministic models deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic models deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic models deterministic
+models in other words we can't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in other words we can't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in other words we can't talk
+about individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles deterministic models are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles deterministic models are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles deterministic models are now
+giving way to probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving way to probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving way to probabilistic
+models probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models so now instead of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so now instead of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so now instead of talking about
+individual particles we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual particles we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual particles we talk about
+ensembles of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensembles of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensembles of particles
+so I don't know where any one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know where any one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know where any one of them
+is but I can tell you on average where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I can tell you on average where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I can tell you on average where
+any one of them is likely to be but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them is likely to be but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them is likely to be but I
+don't know where any one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where any one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where any one of them
+is so this means there's no more chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this means there's no more chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this means there's no more chicken
+and egg there's no chicken and egg it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg there's no chicken and egg it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg there's no chicken and egg it's
+chicken ality and egginess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken ality and egginess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken ality and egginess you
+understand everything's blurred it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything's blurred it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything's blurred it's
+blurred and just just give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred and just just give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred and just just give you a sense
+of what this is the the expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this is the the expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this is the the expression the
+anal itical expression that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal itical expression that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal itical expression that that
+Heisenberg uh gave in one of its forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg uh gave in one of its forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg uh gave in one of its forms
+is that the uncertainty in the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the uncertainty in the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the uncertainty in the momentum
+of a particle times the uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle times the uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle times the uncertainty in
+its position this is the uncertainty not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its position this is the uncertainty not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its position this is the uncertainty not
+the value of the position it's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the position it's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the position it's the value
+plus or minus something this is the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus something this is the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus something this is the plus
+or minus so the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus so the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus so the product of the
+uncertainty in the momentum and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the momentum and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the momentum and since
+we're not expecting the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not expecting the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not expecting the mass of the
+particle to change what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to change what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to change what we're really
+saying is the uncertainty in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is the uncertainty in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is the uncertainty in its
+velocity the uncertainty in its velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the uncertainty in its velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the uncertainty in its velocity
+times the uncertainty in its position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uncertainty in its position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uncertainty in its position is
+greater than the ratio of the plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the ratio of the plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the ratio of the plank
+constant divided by 2 pi he put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by 2 pi he put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by 2 pi he put a
+quantitative limit on that and so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative limit on that and so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative limit on that and so I I
+went through the math on this and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the math on this and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the math on this and I said
+suppose suppose I wanted to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I wanted to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I wanted to be really
+sloppy and I wanted to say if the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy and I wanted to say if the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy and I wanted to say if the Delta
+X the uncertainty in position is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the uncertainty in position is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the uncertainty in position is on the
+order of one angstrom in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one angstrom in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one angstrom in other words I
+just want to know where the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know where the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know where the electron is
+with somewhere within the shell radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somewhere within the shell radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somewhere within the shell radius
+of the ground state of atomic hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ground state of atomic hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ground state of atomic hydrogen
+anywhere anywhere I don't even care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere anywhere I don't even care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere anywhere I don't even care if
+you try to put it at the heart of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to put it at the heart of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to put it at the heart of the
+nucleus anywhere from plus5 to minus5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus anywhere from plus5 to minus5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus anywhere from plus5 to minus5
+anstrom all around if you plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom all around if you plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anstrom all around if you plug in the
+numbers you'll end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you'll end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you'll end up with an
+uncertainty in the momentum as being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the momentum as being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the momentum as being on
+the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+15% so a 100% uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% so a 100% uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% so a 100% uncertainty in the
+position gives rise to a 15% uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position gives rise to a 15% uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position gives rise to a 15% uncertainty
+in velocity what's that tell you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in velocity what's that tell you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in velocity what's that tell you it
+tells that any attempt to try to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells that any attempt to try to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells that any attempt to try to specify
+to localize the position of an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to localize the position of an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to localize the position of an electron
+in such a system is feudal you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a system is feudal you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a system is feudal you're not
+going to be able to do it not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do it not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do it not going to
+be able to do it and that's even without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do it and that's even without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do it and that's even without
+relativity it gets even worse so it's un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it gets even worse so it's un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it gets even worse so it's un
+it's impossible to specify accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to specify accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to specify accurately
+the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the
+electron and the second thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the second thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the second thing is that
+the Observer is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Observer is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Observer is part of the
+observation The Observer is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation The Observer is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation The Observer is part of the
+observation through that interaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation through that interaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation through that interaction the
+way the way he described it is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way he described it is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the way he described it is when you
+try to get down at Quantum dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get down at Quantum dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get down at Quantum dimensions
+and you're standing there with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing there with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing there with your
+camera just remember the sun's at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera just remember the sun's at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera just remember the sun's at your
+back and your Shadow is always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and your Shadow is always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and your Shadow is always in the
+picture you disturb the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you disturb the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you disturb the thing that you
+try to measure okay so that's number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to measure okay so that's number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to measure okay so that's number two
+now number three let's go to shringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now number three let's go to shringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now number three let's go to shringer
+Irwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shredding Irwin shredding also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding Irwin shredding also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding Irwin shredding also an
+Austrian he was at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austrian he was at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austrian he was at the University of
+Zurich and he was getting burned out too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zurich and he was getting burned out too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zurich and he was getting burned out too
+it was Christmas time 1925 he said I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Christmas time 1925 he said I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Christmas time 1925 he said I had
+it I had it so he headed off to a villa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I had it so he headed off to a villa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I had it so he headed off to a villa
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+mountains Christmas time 1925 came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains Christmas time 1925 came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains Christmas time 1925 came back
+in just after new year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just after new year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just after new year
+1926 and uh gave us wave mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 and uh gave us wave mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 and uh gave us wave mechanics
+that's what he did over his Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did over his Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did over his Christmas
+Vacation wave mechanics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vacation wave mechanics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vacation wave mechanics okay
+so Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Christmas
+1925 Christmas 1925 to New Year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1926 what did you do for your Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 what did you do for your Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 what did you do for your Christmas
+vacation oh I got wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation oh I got wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation oh I got wave
+mechanics that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's what I
+did wave mechanics all right so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did wave mechanics all right so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did wave mechanics all right so let
+let's what he did is he took he took de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's what he did is he took he took de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's what he did is he took he took de
+bry's notion of the electron as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bry's notion of the electron as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bry's notion of the electron as a
+wave and developed a wave equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and developed a wave equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and developed a wave equation for
+such matter waves and the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such matter waves and the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such matter waves and the thing about
+what shredding did is all he imposed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shredding did is all he imposed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shredding did is all he imposed on
+the system was the electron behaves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was the electron behaves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was the electron behaves as a
+wave and it's it's bound that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and it's it's bound that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and it's it's bound that is to say
+it's confined to the atom he did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confined to the atom he did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confined to the atom he did not
+invoke the quantum condition but he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the quantum condition but he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the quantum condition but he gets
+to the quantum condition that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quantum condition that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quantum condition that's the
+Brilliance of shringer okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance of shringer okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance of shringer okay so let's
+let's I want to give you an analogy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I want to give you an analogy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I want to give you an analogy I'm
+going to show the equation but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show the equation but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show the equation but I don't
+expect you to to solve it you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to to solve it you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to to solve it you you'll
+have to have a little more math a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a little more math a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a little more math a little
+more physics to do that but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more physics to do that but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more physics to do that but I'm going to
+talk about something that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about something that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about something that you are
+familiar with and that's a violin string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and that's a violin string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and that's a violin string
+let's take the situation where we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the situation where we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the situation where we take a
+violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin
+string and we pluck it we pluck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and we pluck it we pluck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and we pluck it we pluck the
+violin string so I'm going to graph this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin string so I'm going to graph this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin string so I'm going to graph this
+this is the y-coordinate and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the y-coordinate and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the y-coordinate and this is the
+x coordinate so the violin string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x coordinate so the violin string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x coordinate so the violin string
+extends from xal 0 to xal L and we pluck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends from xal 0 to xal L and we pluck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends from xal 0 to xal L and we pluck
+the violin string so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violin string so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violin string so what do we have
+here this is a bound system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a bound system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a bound system it's
+bound okay and so there's only two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay and so there's only two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay and so there's only two kinds
+of waves that can exist on this violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves that can exist on this violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves that can exist on this violin
+string standing or traveling well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string standing or traveling well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string standing or traveling well if
+this thing's going to vibrate for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's going to vibrate for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's going to vibrate for any
+length of time it better be a standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave and what do we have here well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and what do we have here well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and what do we have here well we
+know one solution to this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one solution to this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one solution to this is the
+following I'm going to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to solve it
+graphically I'm going to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically I'm going to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically I'm going to solve it
+analytically you know there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically you know there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically you know there's another
+solution could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution could do
+this the ends are fixed that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the ends are fixed that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the ends are fixed that's all I'm
+doing there's another solution I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there's another solution I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there's another solution I could
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+this so I could call this Nal 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I could call this Nal 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I could call this Nal 1 the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+frequency and I could call these others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I could call these others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I could call these others
+Nal 2 Nal 3 these are harmonics you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 2 Nal 3 these are harmonics you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 2 Nal 3 these are harmonics you know
+them as harmonics they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as harmonics they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as harmonics they're
+overtones and the mathematics of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones and the mathematics of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones and the mathematics of that
+equation involve the double derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation involve the double derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation involve the double derivative
+in time of X plus some constant time x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time of X plus some constant time x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time of X plus some constant time x =
+Zer with some constraints on it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer with some constraints on it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer with some constraints on it and the
+solution to this equation is y = a cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation is y = a cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation is y = a cine
+KX plus b sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX plus b sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX plus b sin
+KX all I've done as I've said I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX all I've done as I've said I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX all I've done as I've said I've got a
+fixed system here what comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed system here what comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed system here what comes out of the
+math is that the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K multiple values there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K multiple values there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K multiple values there are multiple
+values there are multiple solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there are multiple solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there are multiple solutions to
+that I just showed you you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you you can have a
+single wave a double triple and so on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single wave a double triple and so on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single wave a double triple and so on it
+turns out it's n pi over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the modes of vibration in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modes of vibration in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modes of vibration in that
+string are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string are
+quantized there is a plurality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized there is a plurality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized there is a plurality of
+solutions that conform to the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that conform to the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that conform to the boundary
+conditions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which is
+that the system must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system must
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+so what did what did shreder do shringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did what did shreder do shringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did what did shreder do shringer
+said well I'm going to take that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I'm going to take that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I'm going to take that same
+idea and I'm going to apply it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and I'm going to apply it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and I'm going to apply it to a
+larger scale system and what he does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale system and what he does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale system and what he does is
+he writes this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes this equation
+here so this is the shredding equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the shredding equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the shredding equation
+it's a wave equation it's it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave equation it's it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave equation it's it's in
+complex notation and so on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex notation and so on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex notation and so on and the
+solution to this equation looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation looks like
+this where it's written in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's written in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's written in terms of a
+quantity called a wave function this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called a wave function this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called a wave function this C
+is the wave function and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function and the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function and the wave
+function is clearly non-physical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is clearly non-physical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is clearly non-physical but
+what we do know is that that we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do know is that that we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do know is that that we can take
+the product of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the wave
+function wave function times its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wave function times its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wave function times its complex
+conjugate and this is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and this is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and this is proportional to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the probability of finding
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+electron the probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the probability of finding an
+electron in and this is a function of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in and this is a function of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in and this is a function of of
+space finding an electron in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space finding an electron in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space finding an electron in a a
+region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space
+so this actually gives rise to a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually gives rise to a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually gives rise to a set of
+orbitals the second thing is just as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the second thing is just as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the second thing is just as in
+the case of the violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the violin
+string the wave equation as posed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string the wave equation as posed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string the wave equation as posed by
+shredding has a plurality of solutions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding has a plurality of solutions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding has a plurality of solutions a
+plurality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurality of
+solutions and the plurality of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and the plurality of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and the plurality of solutions
+have discrete values associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discrete values associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discrete values associated with
+them but when you solve the shredding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but when you solve the shredding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but when you solve the shredding
+equation you don't get just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you don't get just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you don't get just a set of
+solutions that are depend upon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are depend upon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are depend upon one
+number you get a set of solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you get a set of solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you get a set of solutions that
+are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upon these Quantum States fall out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon these Quantum States fall out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon these Quantum States fall out of
+the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to this
+equation no condition imposed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no condition imposed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no condition imposed from the
+beginning that there must be quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that there must be quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that there must be quantized
+States instead we have a certain energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States instead we have a certain energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States instead we have a certain energy
+we have certain geometric constraints we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have certain geometric constraints we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have certain geometric constraints we
+have a certain certain energy constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain certain energy constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain certain energy constraint
+and these fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so we have multiple Solutions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we have multiple Solutions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we have multiple Solutions these
+are termed the igen values in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are termed the igen values in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are termed the igen values in math
+you're you see multiple value Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you see multiple value Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you see multiple value Solutions
+these are igon values and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are igon values and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are igon values and these
+probability uh these wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh these wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh these wave functions are
+the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+functions so now we're back to where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now we're back to where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now we're back to where we
+started we're back over to e is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we're back over to e is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we're back over to e is a
+function of NL M and S only we got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of NL M and S only we got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of NL M and S only we got there
+through this other tortuous route and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this other tortuous route and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this other tortuous route and
+here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are
+the samples of the wave functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples of the wave functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples of the wave functions and
+you can see we'll take this up next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we'll take this up next day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we'll take this up next day
+and we'll have a look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a look at what the
+orbital shapes look like as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital shapes look like as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital shapes look like as a result of
+plotting this see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday function are
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cUYTlKA8jaw.txt b/cUYTlKA8jaw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51c793787404a7a22874c8dcf12f8226f5b5a879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cUYTlKA8jaw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the example of scheduling courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of scheduling courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of scheduling courses in
+terms is really a special case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is really a special case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is really a special case of a
+general problem that you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problem that you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problem that you can probably
+see of scheduling a bunch of tasks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of scheduling a bunch of tasks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of scheduling a bunch of tasks or
+jobs under constraints of which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs under constraints of which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs under constraints of which ones
+have to be done before other ones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be done before other ones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be done before other ones uh
+which is a topic that comes up actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a topic that comes up actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a topic that comes up actually
+in lots of applications but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of applications but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of applications but you can see
+applications in computer science where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in computer science where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in computer science where
+you might have uh a complex calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have uh a complex calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have uh a complex calculation
+uh pieces of which could be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pieces of which could be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pieces of which could be done in
+parallel and other parts had to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and other parts had to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and other parts had to be done
+in order because later results depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order because later results depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order because later results depended
+on the uh results of an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh results of an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh results of an earlier
+computation it leads us to the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation it leads us to the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation it leads us to the general
+discussion of parallel scheduling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of parallel scheduling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of parallel scheduling and
+we've already worked out some theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already worked out some theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already worked out some theory of
+that really just from the example namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really just from the example namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really just from the example namely
+if we look at the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the minimum number of
+terms to graduate this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to graduate this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to graduate this corresponds to
+the minimum uh amount of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum uh amount of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum uh amount of number of
+stages or the minimum amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages or the minimum amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages or the minimum amount of time
+that it takes to process a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to process a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to process a bunch of
+tasks assuming that you can do tasks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks assuming that you can do tasks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks assuming that you can do tasks in
+parallel and as many in par parallel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and as many in par parallel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and as many in par parallel as
+uh you need to that there's no limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to that there's no limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to that there's no limit on
+the amount of parallelism allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of parallelism allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of parallelism allowed in
+that case what we can say is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case what we can say is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case what we can say is that the
+minimum parallel time for a bunch of con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum parallel time for a bunch of con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum parallel time for a bunch of con
+constrained tasks is simply the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained tasks is simply the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained tasks is simply the maximum
+chain size in the constraint graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain size in the constraint graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain size in the constraint graph we
+saw that example with uh the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that example with uh the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that example with uh the course
+prerequisites where we had five and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites where we had five and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites where we had five and in
+general this is the theorem minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is the theorem minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is the theorem minimum
+parallel time is exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel time is exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel time is exactly equal to
+maximum change size of for chains in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum change size of for chains in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum change size of for chains in the
+graph that constrains the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that constrains the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that constrains the order in which
+tasks can be completed now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks can be completed now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks can be completed now what about
+the maximum ter term load well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum ter term load well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum ter term load well that
+corresponds to the number of processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the number of processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the number of processors
+you need um to be uh uh to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need um to be uh uh to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need um to be uh uh to be doing
+tasks in parallel so for uh the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks in parallel so for uh the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks in parallel so for uh the core
+scheduling example it means how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling example it means how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling example it means how many
+subjects can you take in one term but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects can you take in one term but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects can you take in one term but if
+you were say doing computations how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were say doing computations how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were say doing computations how many
+separate CPUs would you need uh in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate CPUs would you need uh in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate CPUs would you need uh in order
+to be able to fully utilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to fully utilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to fully utilize the
+parallelism do as much in parallel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism do as much in parallel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism do as much in parallel as
+you possibly could and abound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly could and abound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly could and abound on the
+number of processors that are needed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors that are needed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors that are needed for
+minimum time is simply the the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time is simply the the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time is simply the the maximum
+anti-chain size which in the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain size which in the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain size which in the example
+from the previous segment on course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous segment on course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous segment on course
+scheduling it turns out there was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling it turns out there was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling it turns out there was there
+were five courses you could take in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were five courses you could take in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were five courses you could take in one
+term the second term and that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the second term and that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the second term and that was in
+fact the maximum anti-chain size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the maximum anti-chain size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the maximum anti-chain size so
+that's an upper bound on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an upper bound on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an upper bound on the number of
+processes that you need the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you need the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you need the number of
+processors that you need to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that you need to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that you need to achieve
+minimum time but in fact it's a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time but in fact it's a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time but in fact it's a course
+upper bound because although the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound because although the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound because although the number
+of processors uh needed to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors uh needed to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors uh needed to achieve
+minimum parallel time is at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum parallel time is at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum parallel time is at most the
+maximum anti-chain size in fact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum anti-chain size in fact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum anti-chain size in fact in the
+previous example it turns out you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example it turns out you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example it turns out you could
+get away with three processes it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with three processes it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with three processes it was
+possible to schedule the subjects so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to schedule the subjects so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to schedule the subjects so you
+only took three courses a term and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only took three courses a term and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only took three courses a term and still
+finished in minimum time so can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished in minimum time so can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished in minimum time so can you do
+better than three subjects well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than three subjects well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than three subjects well there's
+a trivial argument that says no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial argument that says no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial argument that says no you
+can't because in that previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't because in that previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't because in that previous example
+we had 13 subjects to schedule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 13 subjects to schedule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 13 subjects to schedule the
+maximum chain size was five so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum chain size was five so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum chain size was five so it was
+going to take at least five terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take at least five terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take at least five terms so
+that means you have to distribute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to distribute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to distribute these
+13 subjects among five terms there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 subjects among five terms there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 subjects among five terms there has
+to be some term that has at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some term that has at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some term that has at least the
+average number of subjects namely 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of subjects namely 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of subjects namely 13
+divided 5 so that means there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided 5 so that means there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided 5 so that means there has to be
+a term a term in which you're taking 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term a term in which you're taking 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term a term in which you're taking 13
+divided by five subjects of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by five subjects of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by five subjects of course you
+round up because it has to be an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round up because it has to be an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round up because it has to be an integer
+so the maximum the so the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the maximum the so the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the maximum the so the minimum number
+of terms to uh finish and graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms to uh finish and graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms to uh finish and graduate
+finishing these 13 subjects in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing these 13 subjects in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing these 13 subjects in five
+terms is three because 13 divided five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is three because 13 divided five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is three because 13 divided five
+rounded up is three this is a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded up is three this is a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded up is three this is a a a
+general phenomenon uh that applies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon uh that applies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon uh that applies what
+we can say is that if you have a dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say is that if you have a dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say is that if you have a dag
+with n vertices um and the maximum chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n vertices um and the maximum chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n vertices um and the maximum chain
+size is c um so that's how deep it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is c um so that's how deep it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is c um so that's how deep it can
+be at most and the maximum anti chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at most and the maximum anti chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at most and the maximum anti chain
+size is a that's the the largest number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a that's the the largest number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a that's the the largest number
+of things that you could ever possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you could ever possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you could ever possibly
+do in parallel then clearly the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in parallel then clearly the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in parallel then clearly the total
+number of vertices is C * a at most so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices is C * a at most so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices is C * a at most so
+the total number of tasks that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of tasks that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of tasks that you can
+do where you uh are going to finish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do where you uh are going to finish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do where you uh are going to finish in
+ceps using at most a processors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceps using at most a processors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceps using at most a processors is
+bounded by c x a so what that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by c x a so what that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by c x a so what that tells you
+is that you can't both have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can't both have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can't both have the
+anti-chain size and the change size be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain size and the change size be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain size and the change size be
+too small because their product has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small because their product has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small because their product has to
+be at least n that can be rephrased as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least n that can be rephrased as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least n that can be rephrased as a
+little Lemma that is credited to a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Lemma that is credited to a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Lemma that is credited to a guy
+named Dilworth Dorth is actually famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Dilworth Dorth is actually famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Dilworth Dorth is actually famous
+for dilworth's theorem of which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dilworth's theorem of which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dilworth's theorem of which this
+dilworth's Lemma is a special case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilworth's Lemma is a special case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilworth's Lemma is a special case but
+we don't need the general theorem dor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need the general theorem dor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need the general theorem dor
+Lemma says that if you have an N vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma says that if you have an N vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma says that if you have an N vertex
+dag then for any number T um it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag then for any number T um it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag then for any number T um it either
+has a chain of size bigger than t or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a chain of size bigger than t or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a chain of size bigger than t or it
+has an anti-chain of size greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an anti-chain of size greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an anti-chain of size greater than
+or equal to n/t and we Pro this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to n/t and we Pro this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to n/t and we Pro this on the
+previous Slide the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Slide the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Slide the product of these two
+things has to be at least n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things has to be at least n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things has to be at least n and the
+general case is T * n /t is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case is T * n /t is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case is T * n /t is greater than
+or equal to n um and this holds for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to n um and this holds for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to n um and this holds for all
+T between one and N well let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T between one and N well let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T between one and N well let's think of
+a simple application of that if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple application of that if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple application of that if I choose
+the T that balances anti-chain size from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T that balances anti-chain size from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T that balances anti-chain size from
+uh chain size then I choose T to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chain size then I choose T to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chain size then I choose T to be the
+square root of n so I'm over here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n so I'm over here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n so I'm over here I have
+square Ro of N and here I have n ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Ro of N and here I have n ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Ro of N and here I have n ided by
+theun of n which is also square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of n which is also square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of n which is also square root of
+N and what we can can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and what we can can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and what we can can conclude
+is that um every n vertex tag has either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um every n vertex tag has either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um every n vertex tag has either
+a chain of size at least a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain of size at least a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain of size at least a square root
+of n or an anti-chain of size at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n or an anti-chain of size at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n or an anti-chain of size at least
+square root of n u this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n u this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n u this turns out to
+actually have a few uh applications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a few uh applications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a few uh applications but
+we're just going to look at a a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to look at a a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to look at a a fun
+application of this remark that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this remark that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this remark that you have
+to have a chain or an anti-chain of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a chain or an anti-chain of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a chain or an anti-chain of size
+at least square root of n you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least square root of n you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least square root of n you might have
+only one of these you might have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of these you might have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of these you might have both
+but one or the other has to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one or the other has to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one or the other has to be at least
+as big as square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as square root of n
+um let's think of a a new dag that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think of a a new dag that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think of a a new dag that I'm
+going to construct as follows I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct as follows I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct as follows I'm going
+to uh draw an edge between students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh draw an edge between students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh draw an edge between students in
+the class and I'm going to think of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and I'm going to think of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and I'm going to think of one
+student as having a direct Edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student as having a direct Edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student as having a direct Edge to
+another student um if the first student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student um if the first student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student um if the first student
+is both shorter and younger actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both shorter and younger actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both shorter and younger actually
+meaning no taller than and no older than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning no taller than and no older than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning no taller than and no older than
+the other let's just say shorter meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other let's just say shorter meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other let's just say shorter meaning
+shorter or possibly the same height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter or possibly the same height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter or possibly the same height
+younger or possibly the same age and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger or possibly the same age and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger or possibly the same age and so
+the rule is that if I think of a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is that if I think of a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is that if I think of a student
+as being represented by their shortness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being represented by their shortness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being represented by their shortness
+s and their age a then a student with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and their age a then a student with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and their age a then a student with uh
+a height S1 and age A1 has a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height S1 and age A1 has a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a height S1 and age A1 has a direct
+Arrow to another student with uh height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow to another student with uh height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow to another student with uh height
+S2 and age A2 providing that both that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and age A2 providing that both that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and age A2 providing that both that
+that the uh the pair the first pair is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the pair the first pair is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the pair the first pair is
+less than or equal to the second pair in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the second pair in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the second pair in
+both coordinates S1 is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both coordinates S1 is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both coordinates S1 is less than or
+equal to S2 and A1 is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to S2 and A1 is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to S2 and A1 is less than or equal
+to A2 now we don't want ties here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A2 now we don't want ties here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A2 now we don't want ties here
+because that would break the de property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would break the de property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would break the de property
+if I have two students with exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have two students with exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have two students with exactly the
+same age and height so let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same age and height so let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same age and height so let's assume that
+we're measuring age in micros seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring age in micros seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring age in micros seconds
+and height in in micrometers and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height in in micrometers and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height in in micrometers and with
+that kind of uh finess the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of uh finess the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of uh finess the likelihood of
+a tie is pretty low so then it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tie is pretty low so then it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tie is pretty low so then it becomes a
+dag again um so this is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag again um so this is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag again um so this is the definition
+of uh uh taking a dag built out of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh taking a dag built out of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh taking a dag built out of pairs
+of uh there's a pure dag for height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh there's a pure dag for height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh there's a pure dag for height and
+there's a pure dag for age and I combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pure dag for age and I combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pure dag for age and I combine
+them into Pairs and get a new dag by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into Pairs and get a new dag by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into Pairs and get a new dag by
+looking at how the coordinates behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how the coordinates behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how the coordinates behave
+together this is called the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is called the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is called the product
+graph it's a general construction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's a general construction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's a general construction uh
+that comes up and we will talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up and we will talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up and we will talk a little
+bit more about when we reexamine uh DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about when we reexamine uh DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about when we reexamine uh DS
+in the context of of the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of of the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of of the language of
+relations and partial orders anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and partial orders anyway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and partial orders anyway this
+is the product graph um according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product graph um according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product graph um according to
+dare's LMA in a class like ours of 141
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare's LMA in a class like ours of 141
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare's LMA in a class like ours of 141
+students uh it means that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh it means that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh it means that we're going to
+have a chain or an anti-chain in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chain or an anti-chain in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chain or an anti-chain in this
+product tag of size s OT of 141 rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product tag of size s OT of 141 rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product tag of size s OT of 141 rounded
+up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or
+12 um so what would in according to DW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 um so what would in according to DW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 um so what would in according to DW
+LMA in this particular uh age height uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA in this particular uh age height uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA in this particular uh age height uh
+graph what does it mean for um uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what does it mean for um uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what does it mean for um uh this
+to be an anti-chain suppose I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an anti-chain suppose I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an anti-chain suppose I take a
+bunch of students and I line them up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of students and I line them up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of students and I line them up in
+order of size with the big the tallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of size with the big the tallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of size with the big the tallest
+on the left and the shortest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and the shortest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and the shortest on the
+right if this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is going to be an
+anti-chain it means that they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain it means that they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain it means that they have to be
+getting um older as they get shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting um older as they get shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting um older as they get shorter
+because if I ever had a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I ever had a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I ever had a case where
+somebody to the right was both shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to the right was both shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to the right was both shorter
+and uh younger than somebody to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh younger than somebody to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh younger than somebody to the left
+it wouldn't be an anti-chain because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be an anti-chain because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be an anti-chain because
+they'd be comparable so this is an so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be comparable so this is an so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be comparable so this is an so an
+anti-chain according to dilworth's Lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain according to dilworth's Lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain according to dilworth's Lemma
+if you'd sort the students by height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd sort the students by height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd sort the students by height
+they have to be getting older as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be getting older as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be getting older as they
+get uh shorter if it was a chain they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh shorter if it was a chain they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh shorter if it was a chain they
+would be getting younger as they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be getting younger as they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be getting younger as they got
+shorter um but the more interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um but the more interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um but the more interesting one
+is when they get is the anti-chain uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when they get is the anti-chain uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when they get is the anti-chain uh in
+this height birthday example so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this height birthday example so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this height birthday example so we
+should be looking at we'll we'll either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking at we'll we'll either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking at we'll we'll either
+have a chain or an anti-chain in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chain or an anti-chain in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chain or an anti-chain in this
+class uh according to this uh product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh according to this uh product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh according to this uh product
+dag as a matter of fact we really had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag as a matter of fact we really had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag as a matter of fact we really had an
+anti-chain uh that here's a quick list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain uh that here's a quick list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain uh that here's a quick list
+of a dozen students uh and indeed um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dozen students uh and indeed um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dozen students uh and indeed um if
+you look at the birthdays there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the birthdays there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the birthdays there's
+somebody who 61 was born in uh August 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who 61 was born in uh August 94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who 61 was born in uh August 94
+and then somebody who was born in April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somebody who was born in April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somebody who was born in April
+94 and is 60 all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94 and is 60 all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94 and is 60 all the way down to
+somebody who was born in 1991 and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was born in 1991 and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was born in 1991 and who's
+5T tall so uh we looked out we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5T tall so uh we looked out we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5T tall so uh we looked out we could
+have only had the chain but we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only had the chain but we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only had the chain but we actually
+had the anti-chain in this case
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/caLQIEeYpEk.txt b/caLQIEeYpEk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..581f9b74b233e98d95d90458bb86b44e006d60fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/caLQIEeYpEk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+early on in this class I think I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in this class I think I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in this class I think I gave
+you examples might have exactly been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you examples might have exactly been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you examples might have exactly been
+these examples I meant to look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples I meant to look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples I meant to look back at
+the old slides to see but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old slides to see but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old slides to see but it was
+something with this character anyway I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with this character anyway I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with this character anyway I
+invited you to tell me if I ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited you to tell me if I ask you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited you to tell me if I ask you a
+question like who did Biden ask to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like who did Biden ask to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like who did Biden ask to see
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+um I asked you who's him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I asked you who's him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I asked you who's him
+and I think at the time who knows we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think at the time who knows we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think at the time who knows we
+could do this exercise again and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this exercise again and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this exercise again and find
+out whether your minds have been warped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether your minds have been warped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether your minds have been warped
+by a semester of 24 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a semester of 24 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a semester of 24 900
+I think at the time what you said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at the time what you said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at the time what you said was
+that him could refer to Biden it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that him could refer to Biden it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that him could refer to Biden it was
+possible for this to mean who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for this to mean who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for this to mean who's the
+person such that Biden asked that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person such that Biden asked that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person such that Biden asked that person
+to come to his that is Biden's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to his that is Biden's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to his that is Biden's office
+and see him right it could mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see him right it could mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see him right it could mean that
+and then right so uh could also refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right so uh could also refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right so uh could also refer to
+someone else of course but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else of course but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else of course but it could
+refer to Biden we weren't doing this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to Biden we weren't doing this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to Biden we weren't doing this at
+the time at the beginning of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at the beginning of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at the beginning of the class
+but we can represent that with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can represent that with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can represent that with these
+subscripts since we've we've since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts since we've we've since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts since we've we've since
+talked about binding Theory this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about binding Theory this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about binding Theory this is the
+kind of fact we're in a position to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fact we're in a position to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fact we're in a position to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um and then what we also did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then what we also did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then what we also did at the
+beginning class was to think also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning class was to think also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning class was to think also about
+questions like why did Biden ask to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like why did Biden ask to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like why did Biden ask to see
+him and what you all agreed at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and what you all agreed at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and what you all agreed at the time
+and feel free to jump in and stop me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feel free to jump in and stop me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feel free to jump in and stop me if
+you oh Faith's about to stop me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh Faith's about to stop me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh Faith's about to stop me
+feel like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like now
+when we've learned about this moment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've learned about this moment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've learned about this moment it
+feels wrong because like you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels wrong because like you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels wrong because like you're moving
+something out of an island I think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keeping it omit him because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it omit him because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it omit him because you're
+moving the food oh oh the first one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the food oh oh the first one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the food oh oh the first one who
+did Biden ask to see him oh so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Biden ask to see him oh so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Biden ask to see him oh so the first
+one who did Biden ask to see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who did Biden ask to see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who did Biden ask to see him
+um is supposed the the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is supposed the the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is supposed the the answer is
+supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um the uh whatever the the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh whatever the the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh whatever the the head of the
+Joint Chiefs of Staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint Chiefs of Staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint Chiefs of Staff
+um he asked the head of the Joint Chiefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he asked the head of the Joint Chiefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he asked the head of the Joint Chiefs
+of Staff to come and see him Biden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Staff to come and see him Biden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Staff to come and see him Biden you
+know so Biden's worried about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so Biden's worried about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so Biden's worried about something
+that he wants that guy's advice on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants that guy's advice on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants that guy's advice on and
+so he asked him to come see him I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked him to come see him I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked him to come see him I think
+that's an okay question that you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an okay question that you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an okay question that you can you
+can ask that way yes so you have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask that way yes so you have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask that way yes so you have been
+warped you specifically by by a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warped you specifically by by a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warped you specifically by by a semester
+24 900 you're you're starting to fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 900 you're you're starting to fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 900 you're you're starting to fear
+Islands everywhere which is good this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands everywhere which is good this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands everywhere which is good this is
+it's an important part of your training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important part of your training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important part of your training
+as a syntactician yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a syntactician yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a syntactician yeah
+um cool so the first one then him can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool so the first one then him can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool so the first one then him can
+refer to Biden but it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to Biden but it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to Biden but it doesn't have to
+for the second one I think what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second one I think what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second one I think what people
+said at the time was that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the time was that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the time was that it wasn't
+possible for him to refer to Biden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for him to refer to Biden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for him to refer to Biden
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so why did Biden ask to see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did Biden ask to see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did Biden ask to see him
+that has to be why did Biden ask to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be why did Biden ask to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be why did Biden ask to see
+some person some particular person but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person some particular person but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some person some particular person but
+not Biden do people still have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Biden do people still have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Biden do people still have that
+feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+it's been a whole semester of suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a whole semester of suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a whole semester of suffering
+through this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this stuff
+no yes many of you do some of you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes many of you do some of you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes many of you do some of you it's
+too early in the morning to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too early in the morning to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too early in the morning to have
+feelings about binding Fury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about binding Fury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about binding Fury
+you don't have to have feelings exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have feelings exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have feelings exactly
+I'll settle for opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll settle for opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll settle for opinions
+um so I think I think there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think I think there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think I think there's this
+contrast between these sentences and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast between these sentences and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast between these sentences and you
+know what I said at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I said at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I said at the beginning of
+class was look these sentences they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was look these sentences they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was look these sentences they look
+pretty darn similar they only vary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn similar they only vary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn similar they only vary in
+like one vowel rapist it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one vowel rapist it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one vowel rapist it's the
+difference between who and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between who and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between who and why
+and yet they're you know you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they're you know you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they're you know you make that
+small change to the first word in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to the first word in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to the first word in the
+sentence and the last word in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and the last word in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and the last word in the
+sentence changes who it can refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence changes who it can refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence changes who it can refer to
+pretty complicated array of facts and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated array of facts and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated array of facts and I
+think what I also promised in cautiously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what I also promised in cautiously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what I also promised in cautiously
+was that by the end of class you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that by the end of class you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that by the end of class you would
+understand why it worked this way and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it worked this way and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it worked this way and so
+I just wanted to stop and talk about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to stop and talk about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to stop and talk about why
+it worked this way partly as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked this way partly as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked this way partly as a way of
+segueing into what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segueing into what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segueing into what we're going to talk
+about today which is language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today which is language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today which is language
+acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+uh so why does it work this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so why does it work this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so why does it work this way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you so first as Faith just said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you so first as Faith just said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you so first as Faith just said one
+of the things we know about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we know about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we know about the first
+example is that uh who is moving it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that uh who is moving it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that uh who is moving it's
+starting off as the object of ask so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off as the object of ask so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off as the object of ask so uh
+Biden asked the chairman to see him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden asked the chairman to see him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden asked the chairman to see him the
+chairman is the object of ask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman is the object of ask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman is the object of ask and
+instead of the chairman you've got who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the chairman you've got who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the chairman you've got who
+and who is undergoing wh movement why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who is undergoing wh movement why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who is undergoing wh movement why is
+presumably also undergoing wh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably also undergoing wh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably also undergoing wh movement
+let's not worry about where it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about where it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about where it's coming
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the other thing that maybe you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing that maybe you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing that maybe you're in
+a position to believe by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position to believe by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position to believe by now
+um we talked about this when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about this when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about this when we were
+doing binding Theory uh was that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing binding Theory uh was that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing binding Theory uh was that these
+infinitival Clauses although they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitival Clauses although they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitival Clauses although they don't
+appear to have subjects but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to have subjects but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to have subjects but they
+actually do have subjects their subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do have subjects their subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do have subjects their subjects
+are just null we were calling it pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just null we were calling it pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just null we were calling it pro
+it's this null pronoun that refers back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this null pronoun that refers back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this null pronoun that refers back
+in both cases to Something in the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases to Something in the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases to Something in the higher
+Clause so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause so
+um in the first example who did Biden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the first example who did Biden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the first example who did Biden
+asked to see him we consider the non-wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to see him we consider the non-wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to see him we consider the non-wh
+moved version of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved version of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved version of this I
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+Harris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pro to see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here Pro refers to Harris right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Pro refers to Harris right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Pro refers to Harris right this
+means Biden asked Harris to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Biden asked Harris to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Biden asked Harris to do the
+following thing he wanted Harris to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing he wanted Harris to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing he wanted Harris to come
+see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him
+does that sound right that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound right that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound right that's what that
+means so that Pro is this is an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so that Pro is this is an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so that Pro is this is an instance
+of what we called object Control Pro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we called object Control Pro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we called object Control Pro is
+referring back to an object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring back to an object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring back to an object in the
+higher Clause yeah Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Clause yeah Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Clause yeah Joseph
+sorry it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we yeah that's right that's what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah that's right that's what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah that's right that's what it was
+for it satisfies the Epp uh C needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it satisfies the Epp uh C needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it satisfies the Epp uh C needs a
+subject and it doesn't appear to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it doesn't appear to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it doesn't appear to have
+one in the claim back then was it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the claim back then was it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the claim back then was it really
+does have one we went through this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have one we went through this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have one we went through this idea
+very quickly one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly one of the things we
+discovered about it was that it made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered about it was that it made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered about it was that it made the
+statement of binding Theory uh simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of binding Theory uh simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of binding Theory uh simpler
+made it easier to understand why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it easier to understand why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it easier to understand why uh
+pronouns metaphors inside infinitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns metaphors inside infinitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns metaphors inside infinitives
+act the way they do and this is in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the way they do and this is in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the way they do and this is in a way
+an instance of that so this pro has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of that so this pro has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of that so this pro has to
+is referring back to the same subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referring back to the same subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referring back to the same subscript
+that it's got there if we change Harris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got there if we change Harris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got there if we change Harris
+to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who
+and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we did by mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did by mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did by mask
+to see him this Pro is is uh controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see him this Pro is is uh controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see him this Pro is is uh controlled
+we say it refers back to the object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say it refers back to the object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say it refers back to the object of
+the higher clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher clause
+in the second example the higher verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second example the higher verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second example the higher verb
+asks doesn't have an object doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks doesn't have an object doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks doesn't have an object doesn't have
+to have an object so you can say Biden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an object so you can say Biden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an object so you can say Biden
+asks Harris to see him you can also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks Harris to see him you can also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks Harris to see him you can also say
+Biden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden
+asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with no object to see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the pro uh gets controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the pro uh gets controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the pro uh gets controlled by
+the subject and so ask when it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject and so ask when it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject and so ask when it has an
+object it's what's called an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it's what's called an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it's what's called an object
+control verb the object of ask controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control verb the object of ask controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control verb the object of ask controls
+Pro when it doesn't have an object it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro when it doesn't have an object it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro when it doesn't have an object it's
+the subject I think I said when we very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject I think I said when we very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject I think I said when we very
+briefly talked about this sure would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talked about this sure would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talked about this sure would be
+nice to understand why uh a verb you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to understand why uh a verb you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to understand why uh a verb you
+know what it is the conditions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is the conditions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is the conditions which
+thing controls Pro uh that's a a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing controls Pro uh that's a a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing controls Pro uh that's a a topic
+of serious research people try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serious research people try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serious research people try to figure
+out what the rules for that are and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the rules for that are and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the rules for that are and it's
+not simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah this is a way of representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this is a way of representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this is a way of representing
+what's going on in these sentences those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in these sentences those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in these sentences those
+embedded Clauses uh have a subject a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clauses uh have a subject a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clauses uh have a subject a
+subject you can't see that refers back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject you can't see that refers back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject you can't see that refers back
+either to the object of ask and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the object of ask and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the object of ask and first
+example or to the subject of ask Biden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or to the subject of ask Biden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or to the subject of ask Biden
+in the second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has been review sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been review sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been review sort of
+does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense
+people sort of remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this finally allows us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this finally allows us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this finally allows us to understand
+why the pronoun at the end is behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pronoun at the end is behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pronoun at the end is behaving
+the way it is so uh there's this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is so uh there's this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is so uh there's this General
+principle principle B that says pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle principle B that says pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle principle B that says pronouns
+have to be free in a certain domain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be free in a certain domain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be free in a certain domain that
+is they have to not have a binder not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they have to not have a binder not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they have to not have a binder not
+have something that seek commands them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that seek commands them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that seek commands them
+and co-refers with them that's too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-refers with them that's too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-refers with them that's too close
+and we have to figure out what Too Close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to figure out what Too Close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to figure out what Too Close
+means we can account for these data if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can account for these data if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can account for these data if
+we decide that the domain in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decide that the domain in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decide that the domain in which the
+pronoun has to be free is the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun has to be free is the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun has to be free is the domain
+that I've got brackets around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got brackets around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got brackets around the
+embedded clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause
+um so it has to be free in that clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it has to be free in that clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it has to be free in that clause
+care go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has to be free in that clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be free in that clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be free in that clause
+what does that mean well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well in the
+first example it just means that him has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example it just means that him has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example it just means that him has
+to not refer to Harris well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not refer to Harris well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not refer to Harris well there are
+lots of good reasons for it not to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of good reasons for it not to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of good reasons for it not to refer
+to Harris I should have used a male name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Harris I should have used a male name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Harris I should have used a male name
+um uh can't refer to the object of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh can't refer to the object of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh can't refer to the object of the
+higher Clause because that object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Clause because that object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Clause because that object is
+controlling this Pro uh so uh yeah if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling this Pro uh so uh yeah if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling this Pro uh so uh yeah if we
+kept terrorists if we said Biden asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept terrorists if we said Biden asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept terrorists if we said Biden asked
+Harris to see him and him of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harris to see him and him of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harris to see him and him of course
+couldn't refer to Harris but if you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't refer to Harris but if you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't refer to Harris but if you said
+Biden asked Harris to see her then her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden asked Harris to see her then her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden asked Harris to see her then her
+still couldn't refer to Harris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still couldn't refer to Harris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still couldn't refer to Harris
+background knowledge for anybody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background knowledge for anybody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background knowledge for anybody who has
+forgotten this Harris is female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten this Harris is female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten this Harris is female
+um uh her still couldn't refer to Harris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh her still couldn't refer to Harris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh her still couldn't refer to Harris
+because her is too close to Pro would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because her is too close to Pro would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because her is too close to Pro would be
+so that him is capable of referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that him is capable of referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that him is capable of referring to
+Biden because Biden is outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden because Biden is outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biden because Biden is outside the
+bracketed domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed domain
+what about the hymn In the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the hymn In the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the hymn In the second
+example well Biden is outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well Biden is outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well Biden is outside the
+bracketed domain in that example too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed domain in that example too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed domain in that example too but
+there is a pro in the bracketed domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a pro in the bracketed domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a pro in the bracketed domain
+the embedded Clause that is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedded Clause that is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedded Clause that is controlled
+by Biden and refers to Biden so him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Biden and refers to Biden so him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Biden and refers to Biden so him
+cannot refer to Biden because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot refer to Biden because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot refer to Biden because there's
+not because Biden is too close but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because Biden is too close but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because Biden is too close but
+because Provo is too close Pro is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Provo is too close Pro is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Provo is too close Pro is uh
+inside the bracketed domain and it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the bracketed domain and it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the bracketed domain and it uh it
+binds him it's too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds him it's too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds him it's too close
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+people remember principal B principle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember principal B principle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember principal B principle B
+was meant to account for the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to account for the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to account for the fact that
+you if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I say
+by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being
+thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks
+um uh Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Paris
+likes him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes him
+that him uh can refer to Biden Biden is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that him uh can refer to Biden Biden is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that him uh can refer to Biden Biden is
+far enough away uh whereas if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough away uh whereas if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough away uh whereas if I say
+Harris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harris
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likes him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes him
+now him cannot refer to Biden Biden is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now him cannot refer to Biden Biden is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now him cannot refer to Biden Biden is
+too close right so we have a principle B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close right so we have a principle B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close right so we have a principle B
+that says him our pronouns generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says him our pronouns generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says him our pronouns generally
+can't refer to a c commanding noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't refer to a c commanding noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't refer to a c commanding noun
+phrase that's too close we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that's too close we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that's too close we have to
+Define too close but it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define too close but it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define too close but it's something like
+inside the same Clause yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the same Clause yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the same Clause yeah
+so here Biden is far enough a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here Biden is far enough a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here Biden is far enough a way for
+him to refer to Biden doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to refer to Biden doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to refer to Biden doesn't have to
+could be somebody else uh here Biden is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be somebody else uh here Biden is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be somebody else uh here Biden is
+too close him can't refer to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close him can't refer to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close him can't refer to it and
+something similar is going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is going on in the
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+so this is me making good on my promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is me making good on my promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is me making good on my promise
+to the beginning of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of the semester
+beginning in the semester I said by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the semester I said by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in the semester I said by the
+end of the semester you'll understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester you'll understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester you'll understand
+why this is so now you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is so now you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is so now you do
+right are there questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are there questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are there questions about this
+does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so
+now we understand this yeah yeah I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand this yeah yeah I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand this yeah yeah I did
+all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+now we understand all this but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand all this but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand all this but uh you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+all of you are exceptionally smart right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you are exceptionally smart right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you are exceptionally smart right
+uh and here you are getting an expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here you are getting an expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here you are getting an expensive
+University education where someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University education where someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University education where someone is
+explaining this to you in great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this to you in great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this to you in great detail
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah and so that's why you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's why you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's why you understand
+what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+but there's another sense in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another sense in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another sense in which you
+understood something about what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood something about what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood something about what was
+going on here you had these intuitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here you had these intuitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here you had these intuitions
+you knew what those pronouns could refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew what those pronouns could refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew what those pronouns could refer
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+before you ever set foot in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you ever set foot in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you ever set foot in this class
+and people who don't have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who don't have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who don't have your
+advantages people who are not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages people who are not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages people who are not getting
+expensive University educations people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive University educations people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive University educations people
+who are not as smart as you they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not as smart as you they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not as smart as you they also
+have those judgments right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those judgments right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those judgments right you can
+wander around Boston ask any native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around Boston ask any native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around Boston ask any native
+speaker of English they'll agree about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker of English they'll agree about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker of English they'll agree about
+these sentences about who him refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sentences about who him refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sentences about who him refers to
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um so question how did that happen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so question how did that happen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so question how did that happen right
+how do you end up with these this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you end up with these this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you end up with these this in the
+sense exceptionally complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense exceptionally complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense exceptionally complicated
+knowledge right how are you doing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge right how are you doing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge right how are you doing all of
+this this is a subpart of what Chomsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a subpart of what Chomsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a subpart of what Chomsky
+likes to call Plato's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to call Plato's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to call Plato's problem
+um Plato I guess in his writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Plato I guess in his writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Plato I guess in his writing
+somewhere asked this question how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere asked this question how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere asked this question how is it
+that he wasn't talking about language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't talking about language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't talking about language
+specifically or how is it that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically or how is it that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically or how is it that we know
+so much about the world despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about the world despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about the world despite the fact
+that our evidence is uh kind of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our evidence is uh kind of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our evidence is uh kind of random
+and spotty it's not as if your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spotty it's not as if your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spotty it's not as if your parents
+ever sat you down and explained you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever sat you down and explained you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever sat you down and explained you know
+oh by the way if I say Biden asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way if I say Biden asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way if I say Biden asked to
+see him then him can't refer to Biden uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him then him can't refer to Biden uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him then him can't refer to Biden uh
+you know nobody ever explained that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nobody ever explained that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nobody ever explained that to
+you you just kind of figured it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just kind of figured it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just kind of figured it out
+despite the lack of any relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the lack of any relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the lack of any relevant
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+uh not just this fact but a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not just this fact but a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not just this fact but a whole bunch
+of complicated facts all the complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated facts all the complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated facts all the complicated
+stuff we've been talking about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we've been talking about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we've been talking about in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um your parents never explained that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your parents never explained that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your parents never explained that to
+you I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I assume
+um who knows maybe there's somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who knows maybe there's somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who knows maybe there's somebody in
+this class whose parents were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class whose parents were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class whose parents were
+exceptionally helpful about this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally helpful about this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally helpful about this stuff
+but uh presumably not all of you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh presumably not all of you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh presumably not all of you had
+your parents explain this to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents explain this to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents explain this to you and
+um if you the people who have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you the people who have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you the people who have studied
+the interactions of parents with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions of parents with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions of parents with
+children it's pretty clear that parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children it's pretty clear that parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children it's pretty clear that parents
+um you know very occasionally give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know very occasionally give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know very occasionally give
+children direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children direct
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh instruction about how to speak but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instruction about how to speak but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instruction about how to speak but
+they usually have other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually have other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually have other kinds of
+priorities so this is an actual dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities so this is an actual dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities so this is an actual dialogue
+between a child and the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a child and the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a child and the mother
+um the child says Mama isn't a boy he a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the child says Mama isn't a boy he a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the child says Mama isn't a boy he a
+girl the mother says that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl the mother says that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl the mother says that's right
+um child says and Walt Disney comes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um child says and Walt Disney comes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um child says and Walt Disney comes on
+Tuesday the mother says no he does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday the mother says no he does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday the mother says no he does not
+so this is an actual dialogue between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an actual dialogue between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an actual dialogue between a
+small child and a mother and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small child and a mother and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small child and a mother and something
+that you notice about it is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you notice about it is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you notice about it is that if the
+child is relying on the parents to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is relying on the parents to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is relying on the parents to get
+explicit instruction about grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit instruction about grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit instruction about grammar
+then the child is out of luck right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the child is out of luck right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the child is out of luck right so
+uh the child's first sentence has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the child's first sentence has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the child's first sentence has some
+grammatical problems uh the child is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical problems uh the child is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical problems uh the child is
+using he to refer to uh refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using he to refer to uh refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using he to refer to uh refer to the
+mother the response that the mother gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother the response that the mother gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother the response that the mother gets
+a child gets from the mother for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child gets from the mother for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child gets from the mother for that is
+that's right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right right
+um because you know the mother doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know the mother doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know the mother doesn't
+is not thinking too much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not thinking too much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not thinking too much about the
+grammar the mom his point is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar the mom his point is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar the mom his point is you know
+the child has made an accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child has made an accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child has made an accurate
+observation about the world right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation about the world right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation about the world right I can
+worry later about pronouns right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry later about pronouns right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry later about pronouns right the
+point is child is figuring something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is child is figuring something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is child is figuring something out
+about the gender of their mother uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gender of their mother uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gender of their mother uh and
+then the child says this perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the child says this perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the child says this perfectly
+grammatical sentence at the end and Walt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical sentence at the end and Walt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical sentence at the end and Walt
+Disney comes on Tuesday and the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney comes on Tuesday and the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney comes on Tuesday and the mother
+says no you're wrong right well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no you're wrong right well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says no you're wrong right well okay so
+you know uh apparently the mother is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh apparently the mother is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh apparently the mother is not
+paying too much attention to stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying too much attention to stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying too much attention to stuff like
+grammar the mother is paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar the mother is paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar the mother is paying attention
+to like accuracy about the world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like accuracy about the world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like accuracy about the world right
+and um this child is therefore going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this child is therefore going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this child is therefore going to
+grow up to be a normal and well-adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up to be a normal and well-adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up to be a normal and well-adjusted
+human being right because that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being right because that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being right because that's uh
+that's what you want from your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want from your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want from your parents
+it would be odd for the mother to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be odd for the mother to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be odd for the mother to say no
+no you know you're using the masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you know you're using the masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you know you're using the masculine
+pronoun for me and that's not correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun for me and that's not correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun for me and that's not correct
+um there actually are dialogues if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there actually are dialogues if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there actually are dialogues if
+you've ever been around a small child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever been around a small child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever been around a small child
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+when parents do attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when parents do attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when parents do attempt to
+instruct their children uh in how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruct their children uh in how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruct their children uh in how to
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+um uh it often it's not clear that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it often it's not clear that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it often it's not clear that the
+children are paying any attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are paying any attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are paying any attention
+um so here's the again I swear I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the again I swear I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the again I swear I am not
+making this up somebody recorded this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this up somebody recorded this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this up somebody recorded this uh
+child said nobody don't like me and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child said nobody don't like me and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child said nobody don't like me and the
+father who who should really have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father who who should really have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father who who should really have had
+his fatherhood license taken away said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fatherhood license taken away said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fatherhood license taken away said
+no say nobody likes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no say nobody likes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no say nobody likes me
+this dialogue repeats six times on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dialogue repeats six times on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dialogue repeats six times on the
+tape and then finally the child says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and then finally the child says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape and then finally the child says oh
+nobody don't likes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody don't likes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody don't likes me
+um and curtain you know as I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and curtain you know as I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and curtain you know as I I don't
+know what happened after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened after that
+um this I mean this particular dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this I mean this particular dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this I mean this particular dialogue
+is hopefully not one you'll often hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hopefully not one you'll often hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hopefully not one you'll often hear
+but uh um you do there's another classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um you do there's another classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um you do there's another classic
+that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody
+um uh recorded or child said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh recorded or child said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh recorded or child said
+um uh give me other one spoon I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh give me other one spoon I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh give me other one spoon I want
+other one spoon right and and the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one spoon right and and the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one spoon right and and the parent
+like tries many times to get them to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tries many times to get them to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tries many times to get them to say
+the other spoon you know no say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other spoon you know no say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other spoon you know no say the
+other spoon other one spoon say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spoon other one spoon say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spoon other one spoon say the
+other spoon other one spoon say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spoon other one spoon say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spoon other one spoon say the
+other no other ones they go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other no other ones they go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other no other ones they go back and
+forth like this and then the parent says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth like this and then the parent says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth like this and then the parent says
+one word at a time next to say the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one word at a time next to say the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one word at a time next to say the the
+other other spoon spoon yeah the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other spoon spoon yeah the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other spoon spoon yeah the other
+spoon says the child now give me other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoon says the child now give me other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoon says the child now give me other
+one spoons this is the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spoons this is the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spoons this is the child
+um so you know parents do I have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know parents do I have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know parents do I have been a
+parent if you've ever been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent if you've ever been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent if you've ever been around
+children so I can attest that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so I can attest that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so I can attest that this is
+how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works
+um even if you are trying to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you are trying to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you are trying to tell
+children how to speak they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children how to speak they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children how to speak they're not
+listening to you and um and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to you and um and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to you and um and you know
+most of the time in the first dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time in the first dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time in the first dialogue
+sort of illustrates this parents quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of illustrates this parents quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of illustrates this parents quite
+rightly are not really paying too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly are not really paying too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly are not really paying too much
+attention to the grammar of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the grammar of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the grammar of their
+children's utterances they're just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's utterances they're just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's utterances they're just kind
+of excited by the fact that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excited by the fact that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excited by the fact that their
+children are are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so how are we learning all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we learning all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we learning all this
+complicated stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff
+uh it's not because your parents teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not because your parents teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not because your parents teach
+it to you even when they try you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you even when they try you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you even when they try you don't
+pay attention apparently at the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention apparently at the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention apparently at the relevant
+stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+um and uh there's an answer that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh there's an answer that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh there's an answer that I've
+been pushing in this class this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pushing in this class this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pushing in this class this idea of
+universal grammar which is that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal grammar which is that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal grammar which is that human
+beings kind of can't help building our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings kind of can't help building our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings kind of can't help building our
+languages in certain ways and uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in certain ways and uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in certain ways and uh so you
+of course need some data in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course need some data in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course need some data in order to
+build your language because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your language because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your language because there are
+six thousand some languages out there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six thousand some languages out there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six thousand some languages out there so
+you need to learn which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to learn which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to learn which of those
+languages it is that you're learning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages it is that you're learning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages it is that you're learning but
+language has come with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has come with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has come with certain
+properties sort of factory preset you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties sort of factory preset you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties sort of factory preset you
+don't actually have to learn all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have to learn all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have to learn all this
+stuff about Control Pro and condition B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about Control Pro and condition B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about Control Pro and condition B
+and so on that's Universal languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that's Universal languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that's Universal languages
+just work that way it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just work that way it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just work that way it's just a matter of
+learning you know which of the words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you know which of the words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you know which of the words in
+your language means ask and which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your language means ask and which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your language means ask and which one
+means see and which one means him and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means see and which one means him and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means see and which one means him and so
+on and once you know those things then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and once you know those things then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and once you know those things then
+you know that your language will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that your language will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that your language will work
+this way because you can't help it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because you can't help it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because you can't help it
+that's the way languages work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we've spent the whole semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we've spent the whole semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we've spent the whole semester
+trying to figure out exactly what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out exactly what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out exactly what it is
+that you know when you know your native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when you know your native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when you know your native
+language and I hope I've convinced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and I hope I've convinced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and I hope I've convinced you
+that it's uh more complicated than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's uh more complicated than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's uh more complicated than you
+might have thought you know quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have thought you know quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have thought you know quite a lot
+uh lots of complicated stuff going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of complicated stuff going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of complicated stuff going on in
+your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you know question arises uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know question arises uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know question arises uh
+what's in AIDS what is this stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in AIDS what is this stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in AIDS what is this stuff that's
+preset and what is learned and as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset and what is learned and as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset and what is learned and as I just
+said it's obvious that not everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's obvious that not everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's obvious that not everything is
+innate because you know there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate because you know there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate because you know there's more
+than one language out there you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one language out there you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one language out there you gotta
+learn which string of sounds means ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn which string of sounds means ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn which string of sounds means ask
+which string of sounds means cat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which string of sounds means cat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which string of sounds means cat you
+know which string of sounds means spoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which string of sounds means spoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which string of sounds means spoon
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+um there's some evidence also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's some evidence also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's some evidence also that
+evidence matters which comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence matters which comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence matters which comes from the
+idea of what's called a critical period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what's called a critical period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what's called a critical period
+um it looks as though it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it looks as though it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it looks as though it's very hard to
+get direct evidence about this but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get direct evidence about this but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get direct evidence about this but it
+looks as though there may be a period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as though there may be a period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as though there may be a period in
+the life of the child when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the child when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the child when they're
+especially well designed to acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially well designed to acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially well designed to acquire
+language and that after that period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and that after that period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and that after that period is
+over uh they they get worse at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh they they get worse at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh they they get worse at it
+there's a lot of anecdotal evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of anecdotal evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of anecdotal evidence for
+this you know all of us fluently learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know all of us fluently learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know all of us fluently learn
+one or more languages as as a child you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more languages as as a child you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more languages as as a child you
+know when you're a small child you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're a small child you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're a small child you learn
+the languages that are around you for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages that are around you for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages that are around you for me
+it was one language there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one language there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one language there are lots of
+people who learn more than one language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who learn more than one language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who learn more than one language
+growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up
+um but uh you know anecdotally uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh you know anecdotally uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh you know anecdotally uh for
+most of us once you're an adult it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us once you're an adult it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us once you're an adult it's
+much harder to fluently pick up another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to fluently pick up another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to fluently pick up another
+language just by being exposed to it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language just by being exposed to it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language just by being exposed to it uh
+if you even if you imagine being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you even if you imagine being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you even if you imagine being
+surrounded by people who are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by people who are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by people who are willing to
+just talk to you all the time in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk to you all the time in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk to you all the time in another
+language uh it's not clear that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh it's not clear that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh it's not clear that you
+would learn it in a matter of six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn it in a matter of six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn it in a matter of six years
+uh seven years which is what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven years which is what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven years which is what you did
+with your first language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first language
+there are some cases that bear directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some cases that bear directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some cases that bear directly
+on this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this hypothesis
+um uh they're sort of awful cases but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they're sort of awful cases but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they're sort of awful cases but I
+feel the need to tell you about them one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the need to tell you about them one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the need to tell you about them one
+of them is the story of a child who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is the story of a child who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is the story of a child who was
+given the pseudonym Genie Genie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the pseudonym Genie Genie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the pseudonym Genie Genie was
+discovered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh
+um I think in LA in 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think in LA in 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think in LA in 1970
+um she was the child of a mother who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was the child of a mother who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was the child of a mother who was
+almost blind her mother had had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost blind her mother had had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost blind her mother had had a
+degenerative disease of her eyes she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerative disease of her eyes she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerative disease of her eyes she was
+gradually going blind and by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually going blind and by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually going blind and by the time
+Jeannie was discovered she was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeannie was discovered she was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeannie was discovered she was almost
+completely blind uh and her father was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blind uh and her father was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blind uh and her father was
+um crazy so uh probably paranoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um crazy so uh probably paranoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um crazy so uh probably paranoid
+schizophrenic he uh he was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic he uh he was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic he uh he was uh
+pathologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologically
+um hated noise I couldn't stand noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hated noise I couldn't stand noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hated noise I couldn't stand noise
+and so if you've ever been around small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you've ever been around small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you've ever been around small
+children you know that they sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children you know that they sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children you know that they sometimes
+make noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make noise
+um so he was uh I mean talk about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he was uh I mean talk about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he was uh I mean talk about people
+who should have had their license to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who should have had their license to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who should have had their license to be
+a father taken away uh Genie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a father taken away uh Genie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a father taken away uh Genie
+um had one older sibling who died of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had one older sibling who died of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had one older sibling who died of
+exposure because they were kept in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure because they were kept in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure because they were kept in the
+garage of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage of the house
+and because you know they were noisy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because you know they were noisy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because you know they were noisy and
+the father couldn't take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father couldn't take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father couldn't take it
+um he hadn't she had another an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he hadn't she had another an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he hadn't she had another an older
+brother who did survive I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother who did survive I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother who did survive I don't know how
+maybe her father uh wasn't quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe her father uh wasn't quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe her father uh wasn't quite as
+crazy when her older brother was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy when her older brother was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy when her older brother was born
+but when Jeannie was born they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when Jeannie was born they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when Jeannie was born they had
+learned not to keep the babies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned not to keep the babies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned not to keep the babies in the
+garage anymore what they did was to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage anymore what they did was to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage anymore what they did was to keep
+her in a dark room uh strapped to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a dark room uh strapped to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a dark room uh strapped to a
+chair uh and to punish her for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair uh and to punish her for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair uh and to punish her for making
+sounds uh so no one ever spoke to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh so no one ever spoke to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh so no one ever spoke to her
+um she apparently could sometimes hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she apparently could sometimes hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she apparently could sometimes hear
+piano music from a nearby house when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano music from a nearby house when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano music from a nearby house when she
+grew up she always you know loved piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up she always you know loved piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up she always you know loved piano
+music her father and her older brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music her father and her older brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music her father and her older brother
+would sometimes bark at her like dogs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sometimes bark at her like dogs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sometimes bark at her like dogs so
+she was always afraid of dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was always afraid of dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was always afraid of dogs
+that went on for the first uh 13 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went on for the first uh 13 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went on for the first uh 13 years
+of her life after which she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her life after which she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her life after which she was
+discovered and taken away from her from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and taken away from her from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and taken away from her from
+her parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her parents
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+she was discovered because her mother uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was discovered because her mother uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was discovered because her mother uh
+somehow who as I said was almost blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow who as I said was almost blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow who as I said was almost blind
+uh had gotten out of the house with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had gotten out of the house with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had gotten out of the house with
+Jeannie and was trying to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeannie and was trying to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeannie and was trying to find a
+government office where somebody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government office where somebody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government office where somebody could
+help her not with Genie but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her not with Genie but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her not with Genie but with
+something having to do with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something having to do with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something having to do with her
+blindness like she was looking for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness like she was looking for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness like she was looking for an
+office that would help her with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that would help her with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that would help her with that and
+uh sort of wandered by accident into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of wandered by accident into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of wandered by accident into an
+office that was about child welfare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that was about child welfare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that was about child welfare and
+they they immediately spotted that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they immediately spotted that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they immediately spotted that there
+was something off about Genie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something off about Genie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something off about Genie
+um so Jeannie was taken away from her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Jeannie was taken away from her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Jeannie was taken away from her
+from her parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her parents
+sorry and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and um
+put in a series of Institutions uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a series of Institutions uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a series of Institutions uh where
+uh lots of people did their best to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of people did their best to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of people did their best to help
+her recover from the first 13 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her recover from the first 13 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her recover from the first 13 years of
+her life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her life
+um and she did in a sense recover in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she did in a sense recover in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she did in a sense recover in the
+sense that she uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that she uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that she uh
+um you know acquired the ability to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know acquired the ability to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know acquired the ability to stop
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+attacking people when she saw them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking people when she saw them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking people when she saw them and
+and you know she was she was wild when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know she was she was wild when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know she was she was wild when
+she was first out of the house and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was first out of the house and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was first out of the house and she
+learned to say some words but she never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to say some words but she never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to say some words but she never
+learned to speak in the sense of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to speak in the sense of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to speak in the sense of putting
+words together in anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words together in anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words together in anything that
+resembled grammar so uh she was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembled grammar so uh she was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembled grammar so uh she was just
+saying words so she knew words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying words so she knew words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying words so she knew words for
+things that she wanted and insofar as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that she wanted and insofar as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that she wanted and insofar as it
+was possible to do you know intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possible to do you know intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possible to do you know intelligence
+tests on somebody who was as profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests on somebody who was as profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests on somebody who was as profoundly
+uh traumatized as she was uh she scored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traumatized as she was uh she scored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traumatized as she was uh she scored
+its perfectly intelligent person she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its perfectly intelligent person she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its perfectly intelligent person she was
+had normal a normal mind in all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had normal a normal mind in all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had normal a normal mind in all kinds of
+ways but she never learned to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but she never learned to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but she never learned to speak
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so that's one case that people say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's one case that people say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's one case that people say ah
+so you know if you deprive a child of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you deprive a child of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you deprive a child of uh
+linguistic information for the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic information for the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic information for the beginning
+of their life then this has profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their life then this has profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their life then this has profound
+consequences for their ability to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for their ability to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for their ability to learn
+to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak
+um and it could be that that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it could be that that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it could be that that's what this
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+it could also be that if you uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be that if you uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be that if you uh uh
+terribly traumatize someone for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly traumatize someone for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly traumatize someone for the
+first 13 years of your life that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 13 years of your life that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 13 years of your life that you
+damage their ability to learn to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage their ability to learn to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage their ability to learn to speak
+as a as a an example of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a an example of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a an example of the critical
+period it uh it lacks a certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it uh it lacks a certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it uh it lacks a certain uh
+scientific rigor it seems to me uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific rigor it seems to me uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific rigor it seems to me uh so I
+apologize for telling you this story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for telling you this story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for telling you this story I
+feel as though anyone who takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel as though anyone who takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel as though anyone who takes
+intra-linguistics should learn uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra-linguistics should learn uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra-linguistics should learn uh about
+Genie uh though as I say Genie is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genie uh though as I say Genie is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genie uh though as I say Genie is a
+pseudonym I have no idea what her name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudonym I have no idea what her name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudonym I have no idea what her name
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there are better stories than that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are better stories than that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are better stories than that uh
+Chelsea also a pseudonym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chelsea also a pseudonym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chelsea also a pseudonym
+and actually the Chelsea's case uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the Chelsea's case uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the Chelsea's case uh is a
+case that used to be common uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that used to be common uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that used to be common uh not
+common used to be more common than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common used to be more common than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common used to be more common than it is
+now uh their their safeguards in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh their their safeguards in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh their their safeguards in place
+now to stop this from happening as often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to stop this from happening as often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to stop this from happening as often
+Chelsea is another girl who grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chelsea is another girl who grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chelsea is another girl who grew up in
+Northern California I don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern California I don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern California I don't know what it
+is about Northern California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about Northern California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about Northern California
+um uh whose parents believed that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh whose parents believed that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh whose parents believed that she
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+um uh profoundly developmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh profoundly developmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh profoundly developmentally
+disabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled
+um this is not a story like the genie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not a story like the genie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not a story like the genie
+story so her parents were perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so her parents were perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so her parents were perfectly
+loving caring people they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving caring people they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving caring people they they were
+doing their best to to raise her they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their best to to raise her they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their best to to raise her they um
+treated her very well you know she had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated her very well you know she had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated her very well you know she had a
+she had a happy life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had a happy life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had a happy life
+um uh but you know she wasn't she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but you know she wasn't she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but you know she wasn't she was
+developmentally behind on all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmentally behind on all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmentally behind on all kinds of
+milestones in particular she wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones in particular she wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones in particular she wasn't
+learning to speak and so her uh her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to speak and so her uh her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to speak and so her uh her
+parents just you know did their best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents just you know did their best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents just you know did their best to
+to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that
+um at some point I want to say when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at some point I want to say when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at some point I want to say when she
+was 12 or 13 it was discovered that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 12 or 13 it was discovered that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 12 or 13 it was discovered that she
+wasn't developmentally disabled at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't developmentally disabled at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't developmentally disabled at all
+she was deaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was deaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was deaf
+um that that uh you know she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that uh you know she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that uh you know she was
+profoundly deaf and uh her parents I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly deaf and uh her parents I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly deaf and uh her parents I
+mean again perfectly kind loving sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again perfectly kind loving sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again perfectly kind loving sort of
+unobservant people uh had never noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservant people uh had never noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservant people uh had never noticed
+this I guess uh so the fact that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I guess uh so the fact that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I guess uh so the fact that she
+wasn't speaking it wasn't because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't speaking it wasn't because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't speaking it wasn't because she
+was developmentally disabled it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developmentally disabled it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developmentally disabled it was
+because she hadn't heard any speech uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she hadn't heard any speech uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she hadn't heard any speech uh
+because uh and nobody had been signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh and nobody had been signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh and nobody had been signing
+to her because they didn't realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her because they didn't realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her because they didn't realize that
+she was deaf so she hadn't been exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was deaf so she hadn't been exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was deaf so she hadn't been exposed
+to language in any form either and uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to language in any form either and uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to language in any form either and uh as
+I say it's a happier story than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say it's a happier story than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say it's a happier story than the
+genie story because there was no actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genie story because there was no actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genie story because there was no actual
+abuse involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse involved
+and as I also said this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I also said this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I also said this is something
+that happens much less common these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens much less common these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens much less common these days
+so uh all of you hopefully were screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh all of you hopefully were screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh all of you hopefully were screened
+for deafness in schools and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deafness in schools and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deafness in schools and this is one
+of the reasons that this happens to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that this happens to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that this happens to stop
+this kind of thing from happening stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing from happening stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing from happening stop
+people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from
+slipping through the cracks in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping through the cracks in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping through the cracks in this way
+um Chelsea like Genie uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Chelsea like Genie uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Chelsea like Genie uh
+uh wasn't exposed to language for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wasn't exposed to language for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wasn't exposed to language for the
+first you know 12 years or so of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know 12 years or so of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know 12 years or so of her
+life and Chelsea like Jeannie never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and Chelsea like Jeannie never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and Chelsea like Jeannie never
+really learned to speak so once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learned to speak so once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learned to speak so once they
+gave her a Cochlear implants and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave her a Cochlear implants and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave her a Cochlear implants and she was
+able to hear people uh she again she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hear people uh she again she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hear people uh she again she
+learned some words but she didn't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned some words but she didn't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned some words but she didn't learn
+how to put words together into sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to put words together into sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to put words together into sentences
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+words like banana and cookie and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like banana and cookie and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like banana and cookie and so on
+she knew how to say those words when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knew how to say those words when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knew how to say those words when
+those were the things that she wanted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were the things that she wanted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were the things that she wanted or
+she wanted to comment on the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to comment on the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to comment on the world but
+she never got past that stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she never got past that stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she never got past that stage
+so those are two cases one of them may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are two cases one of them may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are two cases one of them may
+be more more convincing than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more more convincing than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more more convincing than the other
+uh that lead people to think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that lead people to think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that lead people to think that there
+might be something like a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something like a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something like a critical
+period it might really be true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it might really be true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it might really be true that
+you're especially good at learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're especially good at learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're especially good at learning
+language in your first you know seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in your first you know seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in your first you know seven or
+eight years of your of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years of your of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years of your of your life
+um uh there are sort of uh cases of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are sort of uh cases of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are sort of uh cases of the
+in the opposite kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite kind
+um if you're in the Linguistics business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're in the Linguistics business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're in the Linguistics business
+you always hear about these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always hear about these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always hear about these sort of
+hyper polyglots there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper polyglots there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper polyglots there are people who
+somehow never seem to exit their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow never seem to exit their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow never seem to exit their
+critical period uh I had a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical period uh I had a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical period uh I had a professor
+like this can Hill uh who was here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this can Hill uh who was here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this can Hill uh who was here when
+I was a grad student here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a grad student here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a grad student here
+um somebody who who seemed to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody who who seemed to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody who who seemed to just be
+able to learn languages by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn languages by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn languages by you know
+being in the same room with a speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the same room with a speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the same room with a speaker
+for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while
+this amazing ability to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing ability to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amazing ability to pick up
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+there's there are lots of lots of Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are lots of lots of Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are lots of lots of Ken
+Hale's stories including a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hale's stories including a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hale's stories including a story about
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so he spent a big chunk of the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he spent a big chunk of the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he spent a big chunk of the 60s
+wandering around Australia going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering around Australia going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering around Australia going from
+Aboriginal Community to Aboriginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginal Community to Aboriginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginal Community to Aboriginal
+Community Learning the local languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Learning the local languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Learning the local languages
+and studying them and writing grammars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studying them and writing grammars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studying them and writing grammars
+and so on there's at least one community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on there's at least one community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on there's at least one community
+that no one has been able to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one has been able to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one has been able to work with
+since because he was the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since because he was the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since because he was the first person
+who went there and so you know he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went there and so you know he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went there and so you know he went
+and he was there for like a week and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was there for like a week and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was there for like a week and he
+learned to speak the language fluently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to speak the language fluently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to speak the language fluently
+and then he left and uh then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he left and uh then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he left and uh then the next
+group of linguists came to try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of linguists came to try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of linguists came to try to work
+with these people and and the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these people and and the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these people and and the people
+were like you people are all so slow why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like you people are all so slow why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like you people are all so slow why
+does it take you so long you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take you so long you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take you so long you know to
+learn we've been telling you over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn we've been telling you over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn we've been telling you over and
+over again these these words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again these these words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again these these words and
+linguists were like well it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists were like well it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists were like well it takes a
+while to learn the language and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to learn the language and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to learn the language and they're
+like no no the last guy who came through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no no the last guy who came through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no no the last guy who came through
+here you know it was very easy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know it was very easy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know it was very easy you know
+I don't know don't know what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know don't know what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know don't know what your
+problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is
+did you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for Genie I don't know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Genie I don't know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Genie I don't know whether the
+relevant scans have been done I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant scans have been done I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant scans have been done I don't
+know um for people like Chelsea uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um for people like Chelsea uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um for people like Chelsea uh I
+also don't know but it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't know but it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't know but it would be
+interesting to find out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to find out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to find out yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um Genie I mean there are all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Genie I mean there are all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Genie I mean there are all kinds of
+sad things about the story of Genie she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad things about the story of Genie she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad things about the story of Genie she
+uh after she was taken from her parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after she was taken from her parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after she was taken from her parents
+she lived in a series of Institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she lived in a series of Institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she lived in a series of Institutions
+and then her mother her father committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then her mother her father committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then her mother her father committed
+suicide um pretty soon after she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide um pretty soon after she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide um pretty soon after she was
+taken away and um her mother eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away and um her mother eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away and um her mother eventually
+I think her mother got custody of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think her mother got custody of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think her mother got custody of her
+again for a while and then she was back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for a while and then she was back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for a while and then she was back
+in institutions for a while so she lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in institutions for a while so she lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in institutions for a while so she lived
+for a while with some linguists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while with some linguists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while with some linguists who
+wrote books about her studied her tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote books about her studied her tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote books about her studied her tried
+to help her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help her
+um and uh and then her mother sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and then her mother sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and then her mother sort of
+successfully uh convinced the court that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully uh convinced the court that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully uh convinced the court that
+you know she would be better off living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she would be better off living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she would be better off living
+with her mother so so if he did that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her mother so so if he did that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her mother so so if he did that for
+a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+so there was a period there where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a period there where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a period there where she
+was sort of hidden from the eyes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of hidden from the eyes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of hidden from the eyes of of
+linguists after this initial period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists after this initial period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists after this initial period
+where she was being intensely studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she was being intensely studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she was being intensely studied
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh all right so it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh all right so it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh all right so it's possible
+anyway that that there's a stage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that that there's a stage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that that there's a stage that
+children go through where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children go through where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children go through where they're
+especially good at acquiring language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially good at acquiring language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially good at acquiring language
+stage that most people then exit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that most people then exit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that most people then exit around
+six or seven years of age though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven years of age though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven years of age though there
+might be uh people like my old Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh people like my old Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh people like my old Professor
+Ken Hale uh for whom it just never ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken Hale uh for whom it just never ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken Hale uh for whom it just never ends
+uh and then you know lots of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know lots of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know lots of questions
+about how this knowledge Works uh how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this knowledge Works uh how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this knowledge Works uh how do
+you acquire it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you acquire it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you acquire it
+um uh and we've been spending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and we've been spending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and we've been spending the
+semester talking about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester talking about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester talking about the nature of
+this knowledge there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knowledge there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knowledge there are people who
+specialize in what's called language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize in what's called language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize in what's called language
+acquisition this is the study of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition this is the study of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition this is the study of you
+know what kids know and when they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what kids know and when they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what kids know and when they know
+it and so I wanted to tell you a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so I wanted to tell you a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so I wanted to tell you a few of
+the results from that subdomain there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results from that subdomain there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results from that subdomain there is
+um an undergraduate class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an undergraduate class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an undergraduate class that
+specializes in language acquisition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializes in language acquisition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializes in language acquisition I
+forget what its number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what its number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what its number is
+um but uh if this is a series of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh if this is a series of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh if this is a series of topics
+that interest you we have people who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interest you we have people who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interest you we have people who can
+teach you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you about this
+there's a frequent discovery that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a frequent discovery that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a frequent discovery that the
+people who do language acquisition make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do language acquisition make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do language acquisition make
+which is that children are smarter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that children are smarter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that children are smarter than
+you might think so they know stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think so they know stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think so they know stuff that
+uh it's not obvious that they know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not obvious that they know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not obvious that they know just
+by watching them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching them
+um uh lots of cases where children are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh lots of cases where children are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh lots of cases where children are
+making what we may as well call an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making what we may as well call an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making what we may as well call an error
+that is they're doing something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they're doing something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they're doing something that
+adults don't do but if you look harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults don't do but if you look harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults don't do but if you look harder
+you can show that they actually do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that they actually do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that they actually do have
+a representation some some knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation some some knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation some some knowledge
+that resembles what adults do I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resembles what adults do I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resembles what adults do I'll show
+you a phonological example first here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a phonological example first here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a phonological example first here
+are some uh data from a Japanese child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some uh data from a Japanese child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some uh data from a Japanese child
+standard representation of children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard representation of children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard representation of children's
+ages so this Japanese child was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages so this Japanese child was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages so this Japanese child was at the
+time that these observations were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that these observations were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that these observations were made
+was three years and two months old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three years and two months old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three years and two months old
+that's what that three semicolon 2 thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that three semicolon 2 thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that three semicolon 2 thing
+means so observation about this Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so observation about this Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so observation about this Japanese
+child this Japanese child didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child this Japanese child didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child this Japanese child didn't have
+the the Velar stop that Japanese has so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Velar stop that Japanese has so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Velar stop that Japanese has so
+they were changing the dealer stops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were changing the dealer stops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were changing the dealer stops to
+alveolar stops to tease right so mikang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar stops to tease right so mikang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar stops to tease right so mikang
+which is an orange it's not exactly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an orange it's not exactly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an orange it's not exactly an
+orange it's another kind of citrus root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange it's another kind of citrus root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange it's another kind of citrus root
+is for this child or pocket though which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for this child or pocket though which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for this child or pocket though which
+is a borrowing from English pocket is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a borrowing from English pocket is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a borrowing from English pocket is
+potato or nickel which is catch becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato or nickel which is catch becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato or nickel which is catch becomes
+nettle yeah so this child is changing K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nettle yeah so this child is changing K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nettle yeah so this child is changing K
+to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T
+they also have tea so you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have tea so you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have tea so you know uh
+Japanese words like that have tea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese words like that have tea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese words like that have tea in
+them like Tama which is ball or terebi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like Tama which is ball or terebi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like Tama which is ball or terebi
+which is television it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is television it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is television it's another
+borrowing uh it's a clipped borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing uh it's a clipped borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing uh it's a clipped borrowing
+they do that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that a lot
+um uh they they have tea in those too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they they have tea in those too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they they have tea in those too so
+this is a child who has changed K to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a child who has changed K to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a child who has changed K to T
+and also has t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also has t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also has t
+now here's the thing about tea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing about tea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing about tea in
+Japanese tea in Japanese undergoes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese tea in Japanese undergoes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese tea in Japanese undergoes some
+phonological changes depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological changes depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological changes depending on the
+following vowel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following vowel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following vowel so
+if T is followed for example by the Vel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is followed for example by the Vel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is followed for example by the Vel
+ah it's just a t so it doesn't wait is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah it's just a t so it doesn't wait is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah it's just a t so it doesn't wait is
+matanai but if you put that verb in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matanai but if you put that verb in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matanai but if you put that verb in the
+positive form then the vowel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive form then the vowel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive form then the vowel that
+follows the T won't be an ah it'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the T won't be an ah it'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the T won't be an ah it'll be an
+ooh the high back unrounded vowel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ooh the high back unrounded vowel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ooh the high back unrounded vowel and
+before T changes to TSU that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before T changes to TSU that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before T changes to TSU that's just a
+general rule if you ever learn Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule if you ever learn Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule if you ever learn Japanese
+you'll see it's sort of encoded in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's sort of encoded in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's sort of encoded in their
+uh in their writing system in the Kana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in their writing system in the Kana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in their writing system in the Kana
+that a tea before is it so weights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a tea before is it so weights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a tea before is it so weights the
+positive version of matanai is Matsu T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive version of matanai is Matsu T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive version of matanai is Matsu T
+changes to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it
+um and if T is before uh the vowel e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if T is before uh the vowel e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if T is before uh the vowel e the
+high front vowel it palsalizes to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high front vowel it palsalizes to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high front vowel it palsalizes to it so
+the word for City for example is Machi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for City for example is Machi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for City for example is Machi
+yeah or the the formal version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or the the formal version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or the the formal version of
+Weights is Machias so you add imas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights is Machias so you add imas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights is Machias so you add imas to
+mat that stem mat which means wait uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat that stem mat which means wait uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat that stem mat which means wait uh
+you get the tea changing to a chip okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the tea changing to a chip okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the tea changing to a chip okay
+so basic Japanese phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic Japanese phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic Japanese phonology
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now here's the thing this child had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing this child had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing this child had all
+of that basic Japanese phenology so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that basic Japanese phenology so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that basic Japanese phenology so that
+child was saying at three years and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child was saying at three years and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child was saying at three years and two
+months and Machi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and Machi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and Machi
+um but this child was also saying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this child was also saying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this child was also saying for
+Autumn ATI that is the child was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Autumn ATI that is the child was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Autumn ATI that is the child was
+changing K to T and the child you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing K to T and the child you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing K to T and the child you know
+changing K to T so the the adult word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing K to T so the the adult word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing K to T so the the adult word
+for Autumn is Aki and the adult word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Autumn is Aki and the adult word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Autumn is Aki and the adult word for
+bear is Kuma and this child knows that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear is Kuma and this child knows that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear is Kuma and this child knows that t
+becomes sure before E right but Autumn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes sure before E right but Autumn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes sure before E right but Autumn
+for this child is not Achi it's ATI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this child is not Achi it's ATI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this child is not Achi it's ATI
+right and there for this child is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there for this child is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there for this child is not
+Zuma right where T normally becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zuma right where T normally becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zuma right where T normally becomes
+like it does in weights uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it does in weights uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it does in weights uh for this
+child the word for bear is not Summa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child the word for bear is not Summa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child the word for bear is not Summa
+it's Tuma yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Tuma yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Tuma yeah
+if we were doing this in terms of rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were doing this in terms of rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were doing this in terms of rule
+ordering I guess we could say yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering I guess we could say yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering I guess we could say yeah this
+is a child for whom uh there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a child for whom uh there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a child for whom uh there is a
+distinction between T and K and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between T and K and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between T and K and then
+there's a set of rules there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of rules there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of rules there are the
+rules that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that change
+before certain vowels right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before certain vowels right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before certain vowels right and then
+after that there's another rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that there's another rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that there's another rule that
+changes K to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes K to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes K to T
+your first thought you know looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first thought you know looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first thought you know looking at
+the first set of data you know orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of data you know orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of data you know orange
+and pocket and Cat would be oh how cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pocket and Cat would be oh how cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pocket and Cat would be oh how cute
+this child can't say K and they say t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this child can't say K and they say t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this child can't say K and they say t
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+and that's right in the sense right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's right in the sense right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's right in the sense right you
+might have thought then this is a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have thought then this is a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have thought then this is a child
+who sort of their Japanese doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sort of their Japanese doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sort of their Japanese doesn't have
+as many sounds in it as adult Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many sounds in it as adult Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many sounds in it as adult Japanese
+and that's also sort of right in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also sort of right in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also sort of right in a sense
+but there's another sense in which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another sense in which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another sense in which it's
+not right the child does distinguish T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right the child does distinguish T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right the child does distinguish T
+and K right it's just that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K right it's just that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K right it's just that they
+pronounce them both T yeah so uh the tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce them both T yeah so uh the tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce them both T yeah so uh the tea
+that's really a t is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a t is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a t is the one that
+undergoes these sound changes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes these sound changes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes these sound changes before
+vowels and the T that comes from K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels and the T that comes from K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels and the T that comes from K is
+just always a t doesn't matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always a t doesn't matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always a t doesn't matter what the
+following vowel is yeah so they there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following vowel is yeah so they there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following vowel is yeah so they there's
+some sense in which this child has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense in which this child has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense in which this child has a
+full adult representation you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full adult representation you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full adult representation you have to
+imagine them you know having Aki in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine them you know having Aki in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine them you know having Aki in
+their head right and it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head right and it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head right and it's just that
+there is some rule in that goes between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some rule in that goes between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some rule in that goes between
+their head and their lips that changes K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head and their lips that changes K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head and their lips that changes K
+to T all the time right no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T all the time right no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T all the time right no matter what
+the following vowel is or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following vowel is or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following vowel is or something like
+that going on this is a small instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going on this is a small instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going on this is a small instance
+of a general sort of pattern what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a general sort of pattern what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a general sort of pattern what you
+find is uh kids are doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is uh kids are doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is uh kids are doing something
+wrong you know they're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you know they're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you know they're doing something
+that's not what adults do but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what adults do but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what adults do but if you
+look very closely you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very closely you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very closely you can convince
+yourself that they they know more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that they they know more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that they they know more than
+they seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so uh just to remind you of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh just to remind you of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh just to remind you of stuff
+that we talked about earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about earlier on
+um so what I just showed you and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I just showed you and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I just showed you and I'll
+show you some more examples sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some more examples sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some more examples sort of like
+this in a second involve uh just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second involve uh just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second involve uh just making
+lots of recordings of children speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of recordings of children speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of recordings of children speaking
+naturally and then studying them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally and then studying them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally and then studying them and
+that is one kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one kind of thing that
+acquisitionists do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisitionists do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisitionists do
+there is other kind there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is other kind there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is other kind there are other
+kinds of work uh in which you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of work uh in which you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of work uh in which you sort of
+run experiments on children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run experiments on children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run experiments on children
+we talked about some of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about some of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about some of this kind of
+work uh uh early on in the class so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh uh early on in the class so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh uh early on in the class so uh
+we were talking about selective looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about selective looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about selective looking
+tasks and sucking great tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and sucking great tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and sucking great tasks
+um so sucking rate tasks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sucking rate tasks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sucking rate tasks uh
+um make use of the fact that if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make use of the fact that if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make use of the fact that if you give
+a very small infant something to suck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small infant something to suck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small infant something to suck on
+first of all they will sucking on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all they will sucking on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all they will sucking on things
+is one of their favorite things to do at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of their favorite things to do at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of their favorite things to do at
+that age and uh it turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that age and uh it turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that age and uh it turns out that if you
+give them something to suck on they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them something to suck on they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them something to suck on they will
+suck on it at first fairly rapidly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck on it at first fairly rapidly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck on it at first fairly rapidly and
+then they will start to slow down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will start to slow down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will start to slow down and
+that how quickly they say you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how quickly they say you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how quickly they say you can sort
+of give them something to suck on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give them something to suck on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give them something to suck on to
+which you have attached a clever device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have attached a clever device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have attached a clever device
+that will record the raid at which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will record the raid at which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will record the raid at which they
+suck pay attention to how often they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck pay attention to how often they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck pay attention to how often they're
+going they're making sucking motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going they're making sucking motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going they're making sucking motions
+um and the observation is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the observation is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the observation is that if you
+give a child something interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a child something interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a child something interesting to
+look at if they've started to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at if they've started to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at if they've started to slow down
+and then you show them an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you show them an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you show them an interesting
+picture they'll speed back up again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture they'll speed back up again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture they'll speed back up again you
+know they kind of perk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they kind of perk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they kind of perk up
+and uh language acquisition is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh language acquisition is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh language acquisition is to make
+use of this so if you want to know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of this so if you want to know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of this so if you want to know right
+so here's the kind of experiment people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the kind of experiment people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the kind of experiment people
+have done they've shown that Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done they've shown that Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done they've shown that Japanese
+infants so very small Japanese children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants so very small Japanese children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants so very small Japanese children
+can distinguish an R sound from an l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish an R sound from an l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish an R sound from an l
+sound that is if you play raw or law at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that is if you play raw or law at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that is if you play raw or law at
+them but they can distinguish these from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they can distinguish these from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they can distinguish these from
+each other this is interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other this is interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other this is interesting because
+adult Japanese speakers can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult Japanese speakers can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult Japanese speakers can't do that
+Japanese doesn't have a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese doesn't have a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese doesn't have a distinction
+between R and L they only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and L they only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and L they only have one
+liquid and so if it's you know famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so if it's you know famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so if it's you know famous
+fact about Japanese speakers it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about Japanese speakers it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about Japanese speakers it's hard
+for them to distinguish R from L but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to distinguish R from L but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to distinguish R from L but
+very small Japanese children so children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small Japanese children so children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small Japanese children so children
+who are acquiring Japanese can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are acquiring Japanese can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are acquiring Japanese can
+distinguish R from L they know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish R from L they know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish R from L they know the
+difference between ra and law and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between ra and law and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between ra and law and the
+way you show that is with this sucking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you show that is with this sucking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you show that is with this sucking
+rate task so you give a child something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate task so you give a child something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate task so you give a child something
+to suck on and when they start to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suck on and when they start to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suck on and when they start to slow
+down you start playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they speed up at first because hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they speed up at first because hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they speed up at first because hey
+here's a new a new thing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a new a new thing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a new a new thing it's a
+recording and then eventually they slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and then eventually they slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and then eventually they slow
+down they're like raw yes I get it thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they're like raw yes I get it thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they're like raw yes I get it thank
+you very much and then you switch to La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much and then you switch to La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much and then you switch to La
+so you go ra ra ra they start to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go ra ra ra they start to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go ra ra ra they start to slow
+down then you go la la la and they perk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you go la la la and they perk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you go la la la and they perk
+back up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up again
+showing that they can distinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that they can distinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that they can distinguish the
+raw from the law that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw from the law that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw from the law that these are
+different things as far as their as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things as far as their as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things as far as their as far
+as they're concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're concerned
+they've done similar kinds of tests with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done similar kinds of tests with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done similar kinds of tests with
+uh English acquiring children uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh English acquiring children uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh English acquiring children uh showing
+that they can distinguish aspirated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can distinguish aspirated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can distinguish aspirated from
+unaspirated stops so cast your minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stops so cast your minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stops so cast your minds
+back to the beginning of the semester we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning of the semester we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning of the semester we
+were talking about the fact that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the fact that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the fact that in a
+language like Hindi for example there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Hindi for example there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Hindi for example there's
+a difference between PA and Pa right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference between PA and Pa right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference between PA and Pa right so
+English has voiced stops and voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has voiced stops and voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has voiced stops and voiceless
+stops we have a distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops we have a distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops we have a distinction between
+uh paw and bar yeah so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paw and bar yeah so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paw and bar yeah so there's an
+aspirated voiceless stop and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirated voiceless stop and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirated voiceless stop and there's a
+voiced stop and that Hindi has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced stop and that Hindi has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced stop and that Hindi has a
+three-way distinction between paw and Pa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way distinction between paw and Pa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way distinction between paw and Pa
+and Ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ma
+um and so you know pal and pal are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know pal and pal are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know pal and pal are two
+different words in Hindi I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words in Hindi I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words in Hindi I think one of
+them means knife and the other means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them means knife and the other means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them means knife and the other means
+flower and I can't remember which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower and I can't remember which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower and I can't remember which is
+which anybody here speak Hindi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which anybody here speak Hindi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which anybody here speak Hindi
+okay those are two different words so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are two different words so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are two different words so uh
+Hindi has these uh these two distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hindi has these uh these two distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hindi has these uh these two distinct
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+um uh uh that are that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that are that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that are that are that are
+different and um so observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and um so observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and um so observation that
+people have made with very small infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made with very small infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made with very small infants
+who are acquiring English is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are acquiring English is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are acquiring English is that if you
+do the sucking rate task with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the sucking rate task with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the sucking rate task with them and
+you play you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play you know
+at them that they eventually start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them that they eventually start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them that they eventually start to
+slow down and if you then switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down and if you then switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down and if you then switch to the
+unaspirated stop they're like oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stop they're like oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stop they're like oh yeah
+that's a different thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different thing you know
+um so they they recognize that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they they recognize that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they they recognize that as a
+different sound one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sound one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sound one of the things we
+that they can show actually because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can show actually because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can show actually because uh
+the beauty of aspiration is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of aspiration is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of aspiration is it's the
+kind of thing that comes in degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that comes in degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that comes in degrees
+um that uh with uh that you you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh with uh that you you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh with uh that you you have the
+the release of the closure and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the release of the closure and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the release of the closure and then you
+have the beginning of the vowel and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the beginning of the vowel and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the beginning of the vowel and you
+can you know electronically manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know electronically manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know electronically manipulate
+exactly how many milliseconds it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many milliseconds it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many milliseconds it takes
+for the vowel to start and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the vowel to start and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the vowel to start and there is a
+particular cut off so uh if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cut off so uh if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cut off so uh if you give
+children uh an aspirated stop and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children uh an aspirated stop and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children uh an aspirated stop and an
+unaspirated stop they can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stop they can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stop they can distinguish
+those if you give them you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those if you give them you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those if you give them you know two
+stops that differ in aspiration by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops that differ in aspiration by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops that differ in aspiration by just
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+then whether they can distinguish those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whether they can distinguish those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whether they can distinguish those
+two stops from each other depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stops from each other depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stops from each other depends on
+whether one of them is on one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one of them is on one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one of them is on one side and
+the other on the other side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other on the other side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other on the other side of a
+particular dividing line I forget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular dividing line I forget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular dividing line I forget what
+it is like 50 milliseconds or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like 50 milliseconds or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like 50 milliseconds or something
+like that there's some particular amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there's some particular amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there's some particular amount
+of time that is the cut off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that is the cut off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that is the cut off or
+distinguishing sounds from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing sounds from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing sounds from each other
+um for uh being a able to speak adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for uh being a able to speak adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for uh being a able to speak adult
+English this knowledge is useless but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English this knowledge is useless but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English this knowledge is useless but
+the theory is that all babies you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is that all babies you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is that all babies you know
+the Japanese babies are all ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese babies are all ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese babies are all ready to
+distinguish L and R and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish L and R and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish L and R and the
+English-speaking babies are all ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English-speaking babies are all ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English-speaking babies are all ready to
+distinguish you know aspirated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish you know aspirated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish you know aspirated and
+unaspirated stops that babies are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stops that babies are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaspirated stops that babies are just
+more unable to distinguish all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unable to distinguish all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unable to distinguish all of the
+kinds of sounds that they might need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sounds that they might need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sounds that they might need and
+then as they grow up and start learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as they grow up and start learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as they grow up and start learning
+the actual language that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual language that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual language that they're
+learning they forget uh stuff you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning they forget uh stuff you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning they forget uh stuff you know
+anything that isn't useful they get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that isn't useful they get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that isn't useful they get rid
+of so Japanese babies stop carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so Japanese babies stop carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so Japanese babies stop carefully
+distinguishing ra from law because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing ra from law because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing ra from law because their
+parents don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents don't you know
+um that's one of the the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's one of the the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's one of the the observations
+people have made about this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made about this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made about this stuff
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to get on to the next thing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get on to the next thing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get on to the next thing so I
+don't want to spend too much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to spend too much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to spend too much time on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um there so we've spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there so we've spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there so we've spent some time
+talking about stuff that suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stuff that suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stuff that suggests that
+babies have just a spooky amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies have just a spooky amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies have just a spooky amount of
+knowledge in advance before they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in advance before they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in advance before they learn
+anything at all and in fact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all and in fact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all and in fact in the
+particular case of acquiring phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of acquiring phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of acquiring phonology
+some of what they're doing is forgetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what they're doing is forgetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what they're doing is forgetting
+stuff so that they come into the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that they come into the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that they come into the world
+knowing that seems to be the way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that seems to be the way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that seems to be the way they're
+set up there is stuff that children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up there is stuff that children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up there is stuff that children
+um clearly have to have to compute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly have to have to compute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly have to have to compute and
+there's some beautiful work on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some beautiful work on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some beautiful work on how
+exactly children segment the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly children segment the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly children segment the speech
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+um so you know when we write things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know when we write things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know when we write things in
+English we write with spaces in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English we write with spaces in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English we write with spaces in between
+words but those spaces don't correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but those spaces don't correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but those spaces don't correspond
+to anything in the phonological signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything in the phonological signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything in the phonological signal
+right if you if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you if you look at a
+spectrogram of somebody speaking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram of somebody speaking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram of somebody speaking it's
+just a long string of sound there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a long string of sound there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a long string of sound there that
+you don't put spaces in between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't put spaces in between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't put spaces in between your
+words unless you're speaking extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words unless you're speaking extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words unless you're speaking extremely
+cautiously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautiously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautiously
+um uh and in fact children make mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and in fact children make mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and in fact children make mistakes
+in speech segmentation so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in speech segmentation so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in speech segmentation so you know
+uh um classic example is of a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um classic example is of a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um classic example is of a child
+who's just been told to behave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just been told to behave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just been told to behave and
+respond I am being have right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond I am being have right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond I am being have right so this is
+a child who thinks that be behave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child who thinks that be behave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child who thinks that be behave is
+like B plus some some adjective right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like B plus some some adjective right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like B plus some some adjective right
+have be as have as you can right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be as have as you can right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be as have as you can right uh
+child is doing their best right or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is doing their best right or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is doing their best right or uh
+the other classic like this is a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other classic like this is a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other classic like this is a child
+who's just been told uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just been told uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just been told uh we're going to
+go to Miami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Miami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Miami
+and responds I don't want to go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and responds I don't want to go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and responds I don't want to go to your
+Amy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy
+um which is a similar kind of mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a similar kind of mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a similar kind of mistake
+right I was thinking that Miami is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was thinking that Miami is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was thinking that Miami is two
+words perfectly plausible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words perfectly plausible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words perfectly plausible thing
+um there's all kinds of uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's all kinds of uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's all kinds of uh really
+interesting work on how exactly children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on how exactly children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on how exactly children
+uh segment the speech stream and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh segment the speech stream and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh segment the speech stream and um
+there's lots of evidence that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of evidence that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of evidence that they they
+they use sort of statistics about phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use sort of statistics about phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use sort of statistics about phone
+and tactics that is they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tactics that is they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tactics that is they make
+observations like uh you know if I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations like uh you know if I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations like uh you know if I see
+this pair of sounds next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of sounds next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of sounds next to each other
+it's because uh uh you know so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because uh uh you know so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because uh uh you know so in
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh you know if I if I have an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if I if I have an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if I if I have an expression
+if I say a pair of words like lies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say a pair of words like lies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say a pair of words like lies uh
+beneath the water let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the water let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the water let's say
+um so here I've got a word ending in a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here I've got a word ending in a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here I've got a word ending in a z
+and another word beginning with a B yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another word beginning with a B yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another word beginning with a B yeah
+so if you're an English-speaking child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're an English-speaking child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're an English-speaking child
+even before you know any words the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before you know any words the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before you know any words the the
+observation is it's as though they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is it's as though they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is it's as though they they
+look at pairs like that and they go oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at pairs like that and they go oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at pairs like that and they go oh I
+don't ever seem to hear speech streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever seem to hear speech streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever seem to hear speech streams
+beginning with ZB in English right so ZB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with ZB in English right so ZB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with ZB in English right so ZB
+isn't something that an English word can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't something that an English word can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't something that an English word can
+begin with uh and so maybe this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with uh and so maybe this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with uh and so maybe this is a
+word boundary right and there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word boundary right and there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word boundary right and there there's
+this uh experiment that um saffron it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh experiment that um saffron it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh experiment that um saffron it
+all did in 96 uh showing that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all did in 96 uh showing that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all did in 96 uh showing that you know
+very young children are very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young children are very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young children are very good at
+this was again using the sucking task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was again using the sucking task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was again using the sucking task
+um I think maybe was the selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think maybe was the selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think maybe was the selective
+looking task a similar kind of task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking task a similar kind of task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking task a similar kind of task
+um uh showing the children are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh showing the children are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh showing the children are very good
+at making observations about which pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at making observations about which pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at making observations about which pairs
+of sounds uh occur next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sounds uh occur next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sounds uh occur next to each other
+frequently in a speech stream so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in a speech stream so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in a speech stream so uh in
+their particular case what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their particular case what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their particular case what they were
+doing was exposing small children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was exposing small children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was exposing small children to
+streams of syllables you know so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams of syllables you know so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams of syllables you know so they
+they made up words I'm going to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made up words I'm going to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made up words I'm going to make up
+words too so this is not the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words too so this is not the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words too so this is not the actual
+words they had but they had this shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they had but they had this shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they had but they had this shape
+they were CV cvcv words so it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were CV cvcv words so it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were CV cvcv words so it was like
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key whatever
+um and you would and they they made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you would and they they made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you would and they they made up
+strings of uh words here I'll make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of uh words here I'll make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of uh words here I'll make up
+one more uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more uh uh we
+the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there
+um and and the observation was uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the observation was uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the observation was uh so you
+know they would they they made up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they would they they made up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they would they they made up uh
+Speech streams for the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speech streams for the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speech streams for the children
+um that involved these words so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that involved these words so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that involved these words so they
+would uh Speech streams would sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh Speech streams would sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh Speech streams would sound like
+uh tolapi mugabiri nabiri Navi Mugabe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tolapi mugabiri nabiri Navi Mugabe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tolapi mugabiri nabiri Navi Mugabe
+rinavir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinavir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinavir
+so without intonation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without intonation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without intonation
+um just these uh syllables one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just these uh syllables one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just these uh syllables one after
+another and the children basically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and the children basically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and the children basically very
+quickly got to where you know they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly got to where you know they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly got to where you know they knew
+that if you hear a toll you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you hear a toll you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you hear a toll you're going to
+hear a law next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a law next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a law next
+or if you hear a guy you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you hear a guy you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you hear a guy you're going to
+hear a pee next so they got to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a pee next so they got to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a pee next so they got to where
+they they could make those predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they could make those predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they could make those predictions
+um and what that meant was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what that meant was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what that meant was that they
+knew that if you heard a p you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that if you heard a p you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that if you heard a p you didn't
+know what you were going to hear next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you were going to hear next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you were going to hear next
+there were a variety of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a variety of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a variety of things that you
+could hear next right uh so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear next right uh so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear next right uh so they they
+learned these transitional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned these transitional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned these transitional probabilities
+very quickly as sort of remarkable again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly as sort of remarkable again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly as sort of remarkable again
+babies are smarter than they look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies are smarter than they look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies are smarter than they look this
+is one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the big
+one of the big results of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big results of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big results of language
+acquisition research so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition research so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition research so you know
+children are good at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are good at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are good at this
+um there's a lot of work since 96 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of work since 96 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of work since 96 on
+exactly what it is they're good at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it is they're good at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it is they're good at so
+for one thing it was the original work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing it was the original work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing it was the original work
+involved words you know made up words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved words you know made up words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved words you know made up words
+that were all three syllables long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all three syllables long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all three syllables long it
+was shown that if you'd vary the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown that if you'd vary the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown that if you'd vary the number
+of syllables that the babies get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of syllables that the babies get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of syllables that the babies get less
+good at it it was also shown that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at it it was also shown that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at it it was also shown that they
+get better at it if you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better at it if you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better at it if you give them
+prozotic cues like the words are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prozotic cues like the words are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prozotic cues like the words are all
+stressed on the first syllable that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed on the first syllable that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed on the first syllable that that
+helps you know figure out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you know figure out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you know figure out where the
+where the word boundaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the word boundaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the word boundaries are
+um so however they're doing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so however they're doing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so however they're doing is the
+upshot of it all is that children you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of it all is that children you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of it all is that children you
+know they speak their first words around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they speak their first words around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they speak their first words around
+the end of their first year of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of their first year of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of their first year of life and
+then by the time they're about six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the time they're about six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the time they're about six years
+old if you know for English-speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old if you know for English-speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old if you know for English-speaking
+kids the estimate is that they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids the estimate is that they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids the estimate is that they know
+about 13 000 words so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 13 000 words so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 13 000 words so there's this
+period where they're learning about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where they're learning about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where they're learning about six
+or seven words every day which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven words every day which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven words every day which is
+astonishing I mean if you imagine trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing I mean if you imagine trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing I mean if you imagine trying
+to learn six or seven words every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn six or seven words every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn six or seven words every day
+you know go study some foreign language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go study some foreign language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go study some foreign language
+and try to learn six or seven words a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to learn six or seven words a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to learn six or seven words a
+day that's a that's a really fast clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that's a that's a really fast clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that's a that's a really fast clip
+um but if you can do it for uh six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you can do it for uh six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you can do it for uh six years
+then you will speak that language really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will speak that language really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will speak that language really
+well whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever it is
+this has all been about phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has all been about phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has all been about phonology
+um there's a lot of work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of work on the
+acquisition of syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition of syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition of syntax
+and again this is sort of like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is sort of like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is sort of like the the
+Japanese uh child phonology that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese uh child phonology that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese uh child phonology that I was
+showing you at the very beginning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you at the very beginning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you at the very beginning here
+uh there's a similar kind of case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a similar kind of case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a similar kind of case there
+are lots of cases of children doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of cases of children doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of cases of children doing
+things that adults don't do and yet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that adults don't do and yet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that adults don't do and yet in
+the course of doing that demonstrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of doing that demonstrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of doing that demonstrating
+that they know more than you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know more than you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know more than you might have
+expected them to so children in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected them to so children in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected them to so children in many
+languages go through what's called a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages go through what's called a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages go through what's called a a
+rude infinitive stage that is they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude infinitive stage that is they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude infinitive stage that is they use
+uh verb forms that are infinitives uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh verb forms that are infinitives uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh verb forms that are infinitives uh
+the the kind of verb that you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of verb that you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of verb that you would use
+in an infantible Clause here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an infantible Clause here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an infantible Clause here are some
+examples from Danish and from Dutch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from Danish and from Dutch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from Danish and from Dutch and
+from French this is not Universal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from French this is not Universal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from French this is not Universal there
+are languages that don't use optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages that don't use optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages that don't use optional
+root infinitives but many languages do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root infinitives but many languages do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root infinitives but many languages do
+English arguably has it of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English arguably has it of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English arguably has it of course
+English verb morphology is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English verb morphology is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English verb morphology is so
+impoverished that it's hard to see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished that it's hard to see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished that it's hard to see but
+the the idea is that when children say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea is that when children say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea is that when children say
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh What uh doll sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh What uh doll sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh What uh doll sleep
+which is the kind of thing that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the kind of thing that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the kind of thing that a
+two-year-old might say that that's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old might say that that's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old might say that that's a way
+for the child to say the doll sleeps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the child to say the doll sleeps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the child to say the doll sleeps and
+they're using an infinitive they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using an infinitive they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using an infinitive they're
+using an optional infinitive so a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an optional infinitive so a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an optional infinitive so a verb
+that's missing the morphology that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's missing the morphology that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's missing the morphology that you
+would expect it to to have if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect it to to have if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect it to to have if they were
+an adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult
+but the observation is that although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the observation is that although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the observation is that although
+they're confused about whether it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're confused about whether it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're confused about whether it's okay
+to have a main Clause be an infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a main Clause be an infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a main Clause be an infinitive
+what's interesting is that they know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is that they know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is that they know all
+kinds of sophisticated stuff about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sophisticated stuff about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sophisticated stuff about what
+it would mean for it to be an infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would mean for it to be an infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would mean for it to be an infinitive
+so for example when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example when we were talking
+about German I think I told you Germans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about German I think I told you Germans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about German I think I told you Germans
+of E2 language so in ordinary main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E2 language so in ordinary main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E2 language so in ordinary main
+Clauses the verb is in second position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses the verb is in second position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses the verb is in second position
+in infinitives well infinitives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinitives well infinitives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinitives well infinitives are
+usually not main Clauses in German so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not main Clauses in German so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not main Clauses in German so
+the the verb is typically not in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the verb is typically not in second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the verb is typically not in second
+position it's at the end of the Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's at the end of the Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's at the end of the Clause
+it goes at the end of the clause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes at the end of the clause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes at the end of the clause and
+german-speaking children go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german-speaking children go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german-speaking children go through this
+root infinitive stage uh stage when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root infinitive stage uh stage when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root infinitive stage uh stage when
+they're around two or three years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're around two or three years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're around two or three years old
+where they use infinitival verbs a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they use infinitival verbs a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they use infinitival verbs a lot
+and they put those verbs where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put those verbs where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put those verbs where they
+should so they are confused about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should so they are confused about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should so they are confused about
+something they're confused about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're confused about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're confused about whether
+it's okay for a main Clause to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay for a main Clause to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay for a main Clause to be
+infinitive but they're not confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive but they're not confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive but they're not confused
+about the rules for where the verb goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rules for where the verb goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rules for where the verb goes
+in German so when they're using when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in German so when they're using when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in German so when they're using when
+they do use tensed verbs and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do use tensed verbs and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do use tensed verbs and they do
+they put them in second position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them in second position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them in second position and
+when they use the infantival verbs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they use the infantival verbs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they use the infantival verbs they
+put them at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them at the end
+and that kind kind of fact has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind kind of fact has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind kind of fact has been
+replicated in a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in a bunch of different
+languages so here's a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so here's a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so here's a German
+two-year-old saying uh you know a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old saying uh you know a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old saying uh you know a child
+wants to say toston has Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to say toston has Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to say toston has Caesar
+I think thorsten was a was a teddy bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think thorsten was a was a teddy bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think thorsten was a was a teddy bear
+and have is in the infinitive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have is in the infinitive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have is in the infinitive and so
+it's at the end but in that exact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the end but in that exact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the end but in that exact that
+second example the child was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example the child was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example the child was trying to
+say I have a big ball and that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a big ball and that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a big ball and that's pretty
+good German apart from mispronouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good German apart from mispronouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good German apart from mispronouncing
+the word for big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for big
+the word for have is in second position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for have is in second position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for have is in second position
+it's it's inflected it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's inflected it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's inflected it's not an
+infinitiable and it goes in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitiable and it goes in second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitiable and it goes in second
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so yeah this child is acting like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah this child is acting like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah this child is acting like an
+adult German except for the fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult German except for the fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult German except for the fact about
+uh having an infinitive in a main Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having an infinitive in a main Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having an infinitive in a main Clause
+so there's a mistake but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a mistake but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a mistake but it's a it's a
+constrained kind of mistake and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained kind of mistake and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained kind of mistake and this is
+pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh
+um again this is we're back now to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is we're back now to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is we're back now to to
+studying this stuff by just studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this stuff by just studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this stuff by just studying
+what children actually say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what children actually say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what children actually say this is a
+recording study of this German child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording study of this German child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording study of this German child
+Andreas who you know was two at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andreas who you know was two at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andreas who you know was two at the time
+uh 281 utterances and uh uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 281 utterances and uh uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 281 utterances and uh uh you know
+healthy proportion of them were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy proportion of them were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy proportion of them were these
+rude infinitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude infinitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude infinitives
+and uh if you look at them it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at them it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at them it turns out
+that the finite groups are in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the finite groups are in second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the finite groups are in second
+position mostly and the infinitives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position mostly and the infinitives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position mostly and the infinitives are
+in final position mostly so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in final position mostly so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in final position mostly so he's
+confused about where he can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about where he can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about where he can use
+infinitives but he knows what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives but he knows what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives but he knows what to do with
+them once he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah we have time for this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have time for this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have time for this I think
+okay uh so all of this has been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so all of this has been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so all of this has been about
+studying uh children's naturalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying uh children's naturalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying uh children's naturalistic
+output that is it's been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that is it's been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that is it's been about
+um studying what children actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um studying what children actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um studying what children actually say
+so making careful recordings so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making careful recordings so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making careful recordings so a lot of
+this involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves
+um putting uh tape recorders in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um putting uh tape recorders in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um putting uh tape recorders in the
+homes of parents of young children uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes of parents of young children uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes of parents of young children uh
+you know the parents volunteer for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the parents volunteer for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the parents volunteer for this
+uh uh hopefully they're paid I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh hopefully they're paid I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh hopefully they're paid I don't
+know if they're paid or not anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're paid or not anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're paid or not anyway the
+recording devices are put in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording devices are put in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording devices are put in their
+houses and you end up with many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and you end up with many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and you end up with many many
+recordings of uh children speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings of uh children speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings of uh children speaking
+parents speaking to Children you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents speaking to Children you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents speaking to Children you
+transcribe these recordings there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe these recordings there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe these recordings there's an
+online database of a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online database of a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online database of a lot of these
+classic recordings uh it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic recordings uh it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic recordings uh it's called the
+childish database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childish database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childish database
+um uh which I think is uh publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which I think is uh publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which I think is uh publicly
+accessible actually if you Google it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible actually if you Google it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible actually if you Google it you
+can um you can probably find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um you can probably find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um you can probably find it
+um but there's another kind of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's another kind of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's another kind of work that
+people do uh and we have a lab uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do uh and we have a lab uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do uh and we have a lab uh here
+at MIT where this kind of work is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT where this kind of work is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT where this kind of work is being
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+um where you do what you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you do what you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you do what you could think of
+as consultant work kind of like the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consultant work kind of like the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consultant work kind of like the work
+you're doing with your um uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing with your um uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing with your um uh with the
+languages that you've been doing field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that you've been doing field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that you've been doing field
+work on except uh you know the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on except uh you know the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on except uh you know the the the
+children are probably more likely to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are probably more likely to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are probably more likely to to
+cry you know and uh to demand cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry you know and uh to demand cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry you know and uh to demand cookies
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+um uh so some of this consultant work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so some of this consultant work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so some of this consultant work
+involves uh showing a child a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves uh showing a child a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves uh showing a child a story
+either telling them a story or showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either telling them a story or showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either telling them a story or showing
+them a series of pictures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a series of pictures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a series of pictures that
+demonstrate the story and then asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the story and then asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the story and then asking
+them whether something is true or not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them whether something is true or not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them whether something is true or not uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um one kind of one classic way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one kind of one classic way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one kind of one classic way to do
+this kind of experiment you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of experiment you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of experiment you have
+somebody who's telling the story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's telling the story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's telling the story and
+then another experimenter who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another experimenter who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another experimenter who has a
+puppet and the child's job is to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppet and the child's job is to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppet and the child's job is to tell
+the puppet whether the puppet is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puppet whether the puppet is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puppet whether the puppet is right
+or wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong
+people who do this kind of work have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do this kind of work have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do this kind of work have
+discovered it's easier to get a child to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it's easier to get a child to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it's easier to get a child to
+tell a puppet that the puppet is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a puppet that the puppet is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a puppet that the puppet is wrong
+and to tell an adult that the adult is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to tell an adult that the adult is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to tell an adult that the adult is
+wrong so so you have the puppet say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so you have the puppet say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so you have the puppet say I
+know what happened and then the puppet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened and then the puppet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened and then the puppet
+describes what happened and uh that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what happened and uh that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what happened and uh that way
+you learn whether the child thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn whether the child thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn whether the child thinks that
+uh the sentence that the puppet utters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sentence that the puppet utters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sentence that the puppet utters
+is a true description of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a true description of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a true description of what is
+happened or not so there's a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened or not so there's a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened or not so there's a lot of work
+for example on something that children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example on something that children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example on something that children
+do which is kind of interesting but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is kind of interesting but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is kind of interesting but if
+you if you show children a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you show children a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you show children a picture
+done this work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this work with
+five-year-olds this goes on uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-olds this goes on uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-olds this goes on uh fairly
+late if you show children a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late if you show children a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late if you show children a picture of
+let's say four elephants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say four elephants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say four elephants
+um and now you will have to apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now you will have to apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now you will have to apologize
+you'll have to forgive my inability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to forgive my inability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to forgive my inability to
+draw an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an elephant
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+please pretend that these are elephants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please pretend that these are elephants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please pretend that these are elephants
+uh here let's make it a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here let's make it a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here let's make it a story about
+three elephants okay so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elephants okay so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elephants okay so there are three
+elephants you tell the child and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants you tell the child and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants you tell the child and uh you
+tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them
+um there are and there are rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are and there are rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are and there are rabbits
+sitting here are some rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here are some rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here are some rabbits
+why am I telling the story this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling the story this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling the story this way
+why did I not put these pictures on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I not put these pictures on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I not put these pictures on the
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+okay uh and there are rabbits on two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and there are rabbits on two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and there are rabbits on two of
+the elephants yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephants yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephants yes
+oh thank you very much thank you after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh thank you very much thank you after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh thank you very much thank you after
+all that self-deprecation that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that self-deprecation that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that self-deprecation that's exactly
+what I was hoping somebody would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was hoping somebody would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was hoping somebody would say
+please write that on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please write that on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please write that on the course
+evaluation you know surprisingly good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation you know surprisingly good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation you know surprisingly good at
+drawing elephants and rabbits so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing elephants and rabbits so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing elephants and rabbits so here
+are three elephants and two rabbits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three elephants and two rabbits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three elephants and two rabbits and
+you show a child a picture like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show a child a picture like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show a child a picture like this
+that has elephants and rabbits in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has elephants and rabbits in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has elephants and rabbits in it and
+you ask uh you know the the puppet says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask uh you know the the puppet says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask uh you know the the puppet says
+I know what's happening every rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what's happening every rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what's happening every rabbit
+is riding an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and an adult you also do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and an adult you also do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and an adult you also do this
+experiment with adults just to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with adults just to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with adults just to have a
+control so you know you don't you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so you know you don't you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so you know you don't you tell
+us this is going to be for children but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is going to be for children but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is going to be for children but
+you know please humorous here's a puppet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know please humorous here's a puppet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know please humorous here's a puppet
+you have to tell the puppet whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tell the puppet whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tell the puppet whether it's
+right or wrong the puppet looks at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong the puppet looks at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong the puppet looks at this
+picture says I know what happened every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture says I know what happened every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture says I know what happened every
+rabbit is riding in elephant and adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit is riding in elephant and adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit is riding in elephant and adults
+will say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say yes
+but children at a certain age will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but children at a certain age will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but children at a certain age will say
+no and then when you ask them why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then when you ask them why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then when you ask them why not
+they'll point at this elephant and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll point at this elephant and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll point at this elephant and say
+this elephant doesn't have a rabbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elephant doesn't have a rabbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elephant doesn't have a rabbit and
+so people are trying to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are trying to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are trying to figure out what
+is going on in the heads of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on in the heads of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on in the heads of these
+children you know why are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children you know why are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children you know why are they doing
+this you know so this is an active area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know so this is an active area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know so this is an active area
+of research trying to figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research trying to figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research trying to figure out what's
+going on yeah not complicated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on yeah not complicated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on yeah not complicated by
+students by taxes and because like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students by taxes and because like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students by taxes and because like when
+I first heard that sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first heard that sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first heard that sentence
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you were you were traumatized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were you were traumatized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were you were traumatized by the
+guard standing in front of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard standing in front of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard standing in front of the building
+so I'm so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm so sorry
+um every rabbit is riding an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every rabbit is riding an elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every rabbit is riding an elephant
+yeah so the thing is the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the thing is the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the thing is the children
+uh how shall I say this I mean so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how shall I say this I mean so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how shall I say this I mean so first
+of all if you if you have the puppet say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all if you if you have the puppet say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all if you if you have the puppet say
+this the children so the children will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the children so the children will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the children so the children will
+say no that's not right and when you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no that's not right and when you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no that's not right and when you ask
+them why not they point at the elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why not they point at the elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why not they point at the elephant
+it's not they don't like Panic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not they don't like Panic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not they don't like Panic they
+don't like start to cry I mean some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like start to cry I mean some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like start to cry I mean some of
+them do you exclude those but the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do you exclude those but the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do you exclude those but the ones
+who can handle this experiment that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can handle this experiment that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can handle this experiment that they
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um you know they have a theory about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they have a theory about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they have a theory about
+what this sentence means apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this sentence means apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this sentence means apparently
+um and then you know if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know if you give
+children another picture in which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children another picture in which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children another picture in which which
+is just like this one but there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like this one but there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like this one but there's an
+extra rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra rabbit
+you know yep then the adults there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yep then the adults there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yep then the adults there's the
+third rabbit then the adult is about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third rabbit then the adult is about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third rabbit then the adult is about as
+large as an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as an elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as an elephant
+um then the adults and the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the adults and the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the adults and the children
+agree they all say oh no now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree they all say oh no now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree they all say oh no now it's not
+true you know it's not true that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you know it's not true that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you know it's not true that every
+rabbit is writing an elephant so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit is writing an elephant so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit is writing an elephant so uh
+children apparently have some at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children apparently have some at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children apparently have some at a
+certain age have something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain age have something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain age have something interesting
+that they're doing with quantifiers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're doing with quantifiers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're doing with quantifiers that
+is not what adults are doing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or to the point to the elephant oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the point to the elephant oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the point to the elephant oh I'm
+sorry yeah I should also have said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah I should also have said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah I should also have said you
+can also point you should give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also point you should give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also point you should give them a
+picture like this where they're every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like this where they're every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like this where they're every
+every elephant has where there isn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every elephant has where there isn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every elephant has where there isn't an
+extra elephant and but there is an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra elephant and but there is an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra elephant and but there is an extra
+rabbit and then again they will say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit and then again they will say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit and then again they will say no
+that's not true and they'll point at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true and they'll point at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true and they'll point at the
+rabbit I actually don't know if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit I actually don't know if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit I actually don't know if you give
+them an extra of both of them whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an extra of both of them whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an extra of both of them whether
+they always point at the elephant or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always point at the elephant or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always point at the elephant or the
+rabbit that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit that's a good question
+interesting to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to find out
+so this is the kind of thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of thing that people
+study yeah they do all this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study yeah they do all this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study yeah they do all this sort of
+interesting work with children try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work with children try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work with children try to
+figure out what exactly is going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what exactly is going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what exactly is going on in
+their little heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little heads
+um and one of the big uh takeaways from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the big uh takeaways from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the big uh takeaways from
+this research is that they first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research is that they first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research is that they first of all
+they're not like adults which any parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like adults which any parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like adults which any parent
+could have told them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have told them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have told them
+um but also although they are not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also although they are not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also although they are not like
+adults they have mistakes of certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults they have mistakes of certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults they have mistakes of certain uh
+kinds and other kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds and other kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds and other kinds of things that
+they don't make mistakes about so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't make mistakes about so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't make mistakes about so they
+may they use optional infinitives if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may they use optional infinitives if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may they use optional infinitives if
+they're learning a language that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're learning a language that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're learning a language that has
+optional infinitives but they put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional infinitives but they put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional infinitives but they put the
+infinitives where the infinitives ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives where the infinitives ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitives where the infinitives ought
+to go in the sentence they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in the sentence they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in the sentence they've got a
+particular thing that they're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing that they're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing that they're wrong
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um and then you know and and it's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know and and it's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know and and it's for a
+particular stage of their life they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage of their life they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage of their life they
+eventually age out of it or similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually age out of it or similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually age out of it or similarly
+here it's this is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's this is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's this is a very common
+phenomenon that children uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that children uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that children uh
+if you show them this kind of picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you show them this kind of picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you show them this kind of picture uh
+we'll say no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say no no
+um uh because of the extra elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh because of the extra elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh because of the extra elephant
+right and uh still trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh still trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh still trying to figure out
+what exactly it is that uh children are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly it is that uh children are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly it is that uh children are
+confused about there so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about there so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about there so there's lots of
+lots of work to do uh if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of work to do uh if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of work to do uh if you are
+interested in linguistics and interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in linguistics and interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in linguistics and interested
+in children as I say there's a lab that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children as I say there's a lab that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children as I say there's a lab that
+works on this kind of thing and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on this kind of thing and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on this kind of thing and they're
+always looking for for volunteers people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looking for for volunteers people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looking for for volunteers people
+who want to want to help out and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to want to help out and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to want to help out and there
+is a class specifically about language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a class specifically about language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a class specifically about language
+acquisition undergrad level class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition undergrad level class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition undergrad level class for
+language acquisition where people study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language acquisition where people study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language acquisition where people study
+how to do this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this kind of thing
+questions about any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this
+when I put up the slides I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put up the slides I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put up the slides I'll try to
+find the actual pictures with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the actual pictures with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the actual pictures with the
+elephants and the rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants and the rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants and the rabbits
+okay all right well then let's end a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well then let's end a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well then let's end a
+little bit early today uh next week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit early today uh next week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit early today uh next week we
+will start up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start up
+um on Tuesday it'll be our last day I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on Tuesday it'll be our last day I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on Tuesday it'll be our last day I'm
+debating oh actually maybe I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating oh actually maybe I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating oh actually maybe I can get
+feedback from you guys about this on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from you guys about this on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from you guys about this on our
+last day there are two things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day there are two things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last day there are two things that I
+could do I could try to do a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do I could try to do a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do I could try to do a summary of
+everything that we have done uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we have done uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we have done uh and uh
+well probably a brief summary in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well probably a brief summary in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well probably a brief summary in which
+we wouldn't talk for very long uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't talk for very long uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't talk for very long uh and
+encourage you again to do the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you again to do the evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you again to do the evaluation
+forms and then send you on your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and then send you on your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and then send you on your way
+or I could do a class on uh signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could do a class on uh signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could do a class on uh signed
+language which is a topic that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which is a topic that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which is a topic that I haven't
+gotten to during the semester but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to during the semester but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to during the semester but we
+could spend to spend a class doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could spend to spend a class doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could spend to spend a class doing that
+um think about that and send me email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about that and send me email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about that and send me email
+some of you are using your facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are using your facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are using your facial
+expressions to give me ideas about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to give me ideas about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions to give me ideas about which
+of those things you'd prefer but uh send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things you'd prefer but uh send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things you'd prefer but uh send
+me email if you have a preference one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me email if you have a preference one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me email if you have a preference one
+way or another about which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or another about which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or another about which of those
+things I should do and I will take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I should do and I will take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I should do and I will take your
+preferences into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences into account
+all right have a good rest of your day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cm_0rtDReZU.txt b/cm_0rtDReZU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a68c14018710fc598a172c0c2f209c1ebb32eccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cm_0rtDReZU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to thermodynamics
+happy Friday we are going to study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy Friday we are going to study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy Friday we are going to study a
+regular solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular solution model
+and spontaneous mixing and spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneous mixing and spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneous mixing and spontaneous
+unmixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the simple regular model just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the simple regular model just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the simple regular model just a
+refresher from before the lecture before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresher from before the lecture before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresher from before the lecture before
+sorry before the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a simple regular model and uh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple regular model and uh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple regular model and uh by the way
+my handwritten lecture notes are up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my handwritten lecture notes are up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my handwritten lecture notes are up on
+canvas those will be replaced soon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas those will be replaced soon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas those will be replaced soon with
+the digitized notes sorry we're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digitized notes sorry we're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digitized notes sorry we're a little
+bit behind on that but anyway this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit behind on that but anyway this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit behind on that but anyway this is a
+simple regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regular
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh
+this is generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is generic
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+any regular model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we assume ideal mixing and just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume ideal mixing and just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume ideal mixing and just some
+non-zero ideal entropy of mixing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero ideal entropy of mixing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero ideal entropy of mixing and
+non-zero enthalpy of mixing and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero enthalpy of mixing and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero enthalpy of mixing and for the
+simple regular model we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regular model we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regular model we have this
+form for the entropy of mixing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the entropy of mixing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the entropy of mixing and so
+sorry enthalpy of mixing and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry enthalpy of mixing and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry enthalpy of mixing and this can
+take us a long way just this relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us a long way just this relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us a long way just this relatively
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+where a naught parameterizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a naught greater than zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naught greater than zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naught greater than zero is
+endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic
+so we have to put heat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a naught less than zero is exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naught less than zero is exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naught less than zero is exothermic
+so we have to pull heat out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to pull heat out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to pull heat out
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+for mixing at a fixed temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mixing at a fixed temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mixing at a fixed temperature and
+what does that actually mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually mean this is
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+bonds being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds being
+made and broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and broken
+now that's what uh when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's what uh when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's what uh when you hear
+endothermic and exothermic that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic and exothermic that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic and exothermic that's what
+you have to remember this is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember this is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember this is energy
+going into and getting pulled out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into and getting pulled out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into and getting pulled out of
+chemical bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonds
+all right so that was a refresher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was a refresher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was a refresher
+so a week ago when we introduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a week ago when we introduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a week ago when we introduced this
+there was a question of um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question of um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question of um you know
+where does this come from can we justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this come from can we justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this come from can we justify
+this and I previewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I previewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I previewed
+this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I want to go into in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I want to go into in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I want to go into in more detail
+today because it's motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because it's motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because it's motivating
+it's called the quasi-chemical model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the quasi-chemical model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the quasi-chemical model I
+don't quite know why it's called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite know why it's called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite know why it's called that
+but that's why that's what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why that's what it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why that's what it's called
+and it motivates the simple regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it motivates the simple regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it motivates the simple regular
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model
+makes it seem less random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it seem less random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it seem less random
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if you like atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a lattice so it's a lattice model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lattice so it's a lattice model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lattice so it's a lattice model
+it's the lattice model and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the lattice model and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the lattice model and so we're
+going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have uh
+species a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species B
+we're gonna have a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't really matter how I draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter how I draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter how I draw this
+I just want to draw something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to draw something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to draw something that looks
+sort of Random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you hear the birds right out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hear the birds right out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hear the birds right out my
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+they've been going crazy all morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been going crazy all morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been going crazy all morning
+it's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really nice
+anyway so so here we have the atoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so here we have the atoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so here we have the atoms on
+the lattice and the bonds are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice and the bonds are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice and the bonds are the the
+lines connecting them so this is an a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines connecting them so this is an a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines connecting them so this is an a a
+bond it's a bond between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond it's a bond between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond it's a bond between
+two A's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two A's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two A's right
+this here is an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is an a
+B Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Bond
+and here over here is a BB Bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here over here is a BB Bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here over here is a BB Bond so
+that's the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model
+and we're going to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to add up
+we're going to add up the bond energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add up the bond energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add up the bond energy so
+we have bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have bonds
+and the internal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of those bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Bond internal energy and so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Bond internal energy and so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Bond internal energy and so we have a
+a bond we're just going to assign an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond we're just going to assign an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond we're just going to assign an
+energy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e
+a a that's the energy per Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BB Bond we're going to go e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BB Bond we're going to go e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BB Bond we're going to go e
+b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b
+a b is going to have energy e a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b is going to have energy e a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b is going to have energy e a b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beyond nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no energy so we're saying that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no energy so we're saying that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no energy so we're saying that only
+nearest neighbor bonds matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor bonds matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor bonds matter
+that's the model so it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so next what we do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so next what we do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so next what we do is uh
+where's the pen that I need we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the pen that I need we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the pen that I need we
+we're going to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total internal energy so you the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal energy so you the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal energy so you the total
+internal energy equals the number of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy equals the number of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy equals the number of a a
+bonds times the energy of a a bonds plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds times the energy of a a bonds plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds times the energy of a a bonds plus
+the number of a b bonds times the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of a b bonds times the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of a b bonds times the energy
+of a b bonds plus the number of B bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b bonds plus the number of B bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b bonds plus the number of B bonds
+times the energy of B bonds that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the energy of B bonds that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the energy of B bonds that's it
+right n i j equals number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right n i j equals number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right n i j equals number
+of i j bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we know that the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know that the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know that the total number
+of bonds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonds is
+the total number of sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of sites
+times the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the coordination
+times one-half so that we don't double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one-half so that we don't double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one-half so that we don't double
+count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count
+m equals total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals total
+site number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site number
+and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z
+is the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry you can convince yourself of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you can convince yourself of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you can convince yourself of
+that all right we have conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right we have conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right we have conservation of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the total number of a species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total number of a species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total number of a species
+that equals two times the number of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals two times the number of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals two times the number of a a
+bonds plus the number of a b bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds plus the number of a b bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds plus the number of a b bonds and
+similarly z m x b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly z m x b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly z m x b
+equals two times the number of B bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two times the number of B bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two times the number of B bonds
+plus the number of a b bonds so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the number of a b bonds so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the number of a b bonds so we're
+just counting atoms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counting atoms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counting atoms here
+counting atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or I should say molecules to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say molecules to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say molecules to be more
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+causing molecules or atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve for U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Delta e of mixing we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e of mixing we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e of mixing we can get this
+already watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already watch
+Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta U
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+equals U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals U
+minus the pure contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the pure contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the pure contribution
+let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure a m z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure a m z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure a m z
+EAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EAA
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and similarly for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're imagining lattice is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're imagining lattice is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're imagining lattice is here
+of pure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and pure B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pure B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pure B
+and if you plug in the numbers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plug in the numbers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plug in the numbers from
+above you find a pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above you find a pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above you find a pretty simple
+expression it's n a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's n a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's n a b
+times quantity e a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times quantity e a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times quantity e a b
+minus one half e a A plus e b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one half e a A plus e b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one half e a A plus e b b
+we'll come back to that all right so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that all right so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that all right so but
+the math works pretty easily all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math works pretty easily all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math works pretty easily all right
+so we have the energy here mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the energy here mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the energy here mixing
+depends on the number of unlike bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the number of unlike bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the number of unlike bonds
+and this thing which is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing which is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing which is the difference
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the energy of an unlike Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of an unlike Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of an unlike Bond
+and the average energy of the like bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average energy of the like bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average energy of the like bonds
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's a little funny so next what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little funny so next what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little funny so next what we're
+going to do is we're going to count up n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to count up n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to count up n
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n a b depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a b depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a b depends
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the structure of the lattice will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the structure of the lattice will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the structure of the lattice will
+determine how many of each type of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how many of each type of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how many of each type of bond
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but if the alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the alloy
+Is Random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know what a random alloy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what a random alloy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what a random alloy means
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody want to volunteer of guests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no General consistency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no General consistency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no General consistency for
+the arrangement of A's and B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrangement of A's and B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrangement of A's and B's
+right so a random alloy is you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a random alloy is you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a random alloy is you have some
+crystal lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice
+that's the correct answer you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the correct answer you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the correct answer you have some
+crystal lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice
+and you have a an alloy so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a an alloy so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a an alloy so it's a
+mixture of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of components
+and you distribute the components on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you distribute the components on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you distribute the components on the
+lattice at random no order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice at random no order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice at random no order
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+that's supposed to ordered alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to ordered alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to ordered alloys
+which there are many of so Random Alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are many of so Random Alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are many of so Random Alloys
+ordered allies so if the alloy is random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered allies so if the alloy is random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered allies so if the alloy is random
+as it should be if we're using the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it should be if we're using the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it should be if we're using the ideal
+entropy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of mixing
+which has that Assumption of Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has that Assumption of Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has that Assumption of Randomness
+in there going all the way back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there going all the way back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there going all the way back to the
+baby book in lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby book in lecture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby book in lecture one
+then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+of an A B Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an A B Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an A B Bond
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+what's the likelihood here what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the likelihood here what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the likelihood here what's the
+likelihood that a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that a given
+bond is a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first atom being a and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first atom being a and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first atom being a and the second
+atom being B that's a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom being B that's a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom being B that's a conditional
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+right not sorry they're dis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not sorry they're dis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not sorry they're dis they're
+uncorrelated probabilities but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated probabilities but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated probabilities but this is a
+joint probability because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+an A B Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A B Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A B Bond
+and we can also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also have the
+an a that's also an A B Bond so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a that's also an A B Bond so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a that's also an A B Bond so we also
+have the probability that the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability that the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability that the first one
+is B and the second one is a so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B and the second one is a so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B and the second one is a so this is
+combinatorics the sort of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics the sort of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics the sort of stuff that
+drove me crazy in high school because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove me crazy in high school because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove me crazy in high school because
+they didn't teach it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't teach it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't teach it well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have two x a x b so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two x a x b so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two x a x b so that's the
+probability in a random alloy that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in a random alloy that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in a random alloy that a
+given Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Bond
+is an A B Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an A B Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an A B Bond
+So based on that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on that you can get
+n a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a b
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+m z total number of fonts right times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability
+of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the
+x a x b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're going to gather terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gathering terms we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta U
+of mixing equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing equals
+Alpha naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha naught
+x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a
+x b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry a naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a naught
+where a naught depends on some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a naught depends on some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a naught depends on some things
+the total number of sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of sites
+the coordination number per site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordination number per site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordination number per site
+and this difference between the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this difference between the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this difference between the energy
+of an unlike Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unlike Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unlike Bond
+and the average energy of like bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's a bit where uh we make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a bit where uh we make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a bit where uh we make an
+approximation which you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which you don't have to
+worry about too much right now but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about too much right now but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about too much right now but we
+could talk about if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about if you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about if you're curious
+this by definition equals P minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by definition equals P minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by definition equals P minus Delta
+H minus P Delta V mixing just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus P Delta V mixing just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus P Delta V mixing just by
+definition of enthalpy and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of enthalpy and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of enthalpy and energy
+and for solid Solutions this can be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for solid Solutions this can be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for solid Solutions this can be well
+approximated by Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by Delta h
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+and this is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this approximation is related to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation is related to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation is related to what
+you did on a couple presets ago which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did on a couple presets ago which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did on a couple presets ago which is
+you estimated that the energy changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you estimated that the energy changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you estimated that the energy changes
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+changing temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and changing pressure of solids and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing pressure of solids and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing pressure of solids and you
+found that temperature is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that temperature is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that temperature is a much more
+important knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important knob
+in terrestrial conditions so anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terrestrial conditions so anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terrestrial conditions so anyway you
+don't have to worry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about this
+approximation so much right now but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so much right now but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so much right now but I
+want to focus on is the form of this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on is the form of this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on is the form of this we
+got this form we got a naught x a XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this form we got a naught x a XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this form we got a naught x a XP
+so this pretty simple model of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pretty simple model of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pretty simple model of molecules
+on the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lattice
+gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us
+an energy of mixing or if you like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy of mixing or if you like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy of mixing or if you like an
+enthalpy of mixing that has this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of mixing that has this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of mixing that has this simple
+regular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular form
+and there's some physical interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some physical interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some physical interpretation
+here if the a b Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the a b Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the a b Bond
+is a really low energy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really low energy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really low energy thing
+relative to the A and BB bonds then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the A and BB bonds then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the A and BB bonds then this
+will be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be negative
+and you'll have an exothermic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have an exothermic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have an exothermic process
+right if the a b bond is a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the a b bond is a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the a b bond is a really high
+energy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thing
+relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+the cases of the pure materials then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases of the pure materials then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases of the pure materials then
+this overall will be positive and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall will be positive and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall will be positive and you'll
+have an endothermic mixing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's true that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's true that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's true that's um
+plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plotting okay so that was the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting okay so that was the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting okay so that was the end of the
+quasi-chemical business and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-chemical business and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-chemical business and I think it's
+useful plotting the simple regular model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful plotting the simple regular model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful plotting the simple regular model
+now we're going to step away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to step away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to step away from this
+quasi-chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-chemical
+business and just again analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and just again analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and just again analyze the
+simple regular model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regular model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regular model
+plotting the simple regular model so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the simple regular model so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the simple regular model so for
+the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+a naught Less Than Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naught Less Than Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a naught Less Than Zero
+exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exothermic mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic mixing
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta H mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H mix
+Delta H mix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a parabola that's only negative all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parabola that's only negative all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parabola that's only negative all
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+and we have t Delta s mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have t Delta s mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have t Delta s mix
+and we know what this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know what this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know what this is this is the
+ideal solution model with those X log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal solution model with those X log X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal solution model with those X log X
+things and it's all it's all negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's all it's all negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's all it's all negative so
+so this thing looks like the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is for increasing temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for increasing temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for increasing temperature
+we have Delta HMS minus t now x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Delta HMS minus t now x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Delta HMS minus t now x equals
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+g mix so we can see here the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g mix so we can see here the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g mix so we can see here the enthalpy
+favors mixing the entropy favor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors mixing the entropy favor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors mixing the entropy favor is
+mixing and so the Gibbs free energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and so the Gibbs free energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and so the Gibbs free energy is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing as well favorite mixing all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing as well favorite mixing all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing as well favorite mixing all right
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+so if it gives free energy is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it gives free energy is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it gives free energy is very
+favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for mixing and I have here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Series in temperature so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series in temperature so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series in temperature so this is
+qualitative I'm just sort of drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative I'm just sort of drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative I'm just sort of drawing
+lines on paper but but hopefully you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on paper but but hopefully you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on paper but but hopefully you now
+see where this is coming from right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's exothermic what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's exothermic what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's exothermic what about
+the endothermic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endothermic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endothermic case
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in this case we have something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case we have something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case we have something a
+little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different
+Delta h of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h of mixing
+is now positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now positive
+we have to put heat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to put heat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to put heat in
+the system absorbs heat from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system absorbs heat from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system absorbs heat from the
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+when it mixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it mixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it mixes
+at fixed temperature so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature so now we have a
+zero here and this thing is an upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and this thing is an upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and this thing is an upwards
+moving parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+the ideal entropy of mixing is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal entropy of mixing is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal entropy of mixing is still the
+same so this thing is strictly negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this thing is strictly negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this thing is strictly negative
+with the X log X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we still have this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Delta g mix and now our function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta g mix and now our function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta g mix and now our function
+is a little more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what does this look like at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this look like at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this look like at low
+temperature somebody please what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature somebody please what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature somebody please what does
+this look like at very low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at very low temperature imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low temperature imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low temperature imagine
+temperature is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is zero
+what does it look like okay positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like okay positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like okay positive
+yeah you got the parabola part that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you got the parabola part that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you got the parabola part that was
+right but if you look here at the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you look here at the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you look here at the sign
+if T is negative I'm sorry that if T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is negative I'm sorry that if T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is negative I'm sorry that if T is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+then you don't worry about this at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't worry about this at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't worry about this at all
+right it does it's not here so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it does it's not here so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it does it's not here so then you
+just have the upwards facing so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the upwards facing so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the upwards facing so so it's
+an upwards facing parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upwards facing parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upwards facing parabola
+at low temperature you have the upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature you have the upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature you have the upwards
+facing parabola it's ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing parabola it's ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing parabola it's ugly
+okay what about a very high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about a very high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about a very high temperature
+what about a really really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about a really really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about a really really high
+temperature what does this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what does this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what does this look like
+you would have the negative parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have the negative parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have the negative parabola
+another Parabola but you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Parabola but you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Parabola but you've got this
+thing that comes from the X log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes from the X log X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes from the X log X
+the parabola is parabolic right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parabola is parabolic right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parabola is parabolic right so
+that's x squared but here we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x squared but here we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x squared but here we've got this
+this this downwards facing thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this downwards facing thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this downwards facing thing that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+at high temperature the entropy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature the entropy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature the entropy term
+dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+at low temperature the enthalpy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature the enthalpy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature the enthalpy term
+dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+right remember that at high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember that at high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember that at high temperature
+the entropy dominates and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy dominates and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy dominates and low
+temperature the enthalpy dominates what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the enthalpy dominates what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the enthalpy dominates what
+happens in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between
+in between is more interesting so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is more interesting so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is more interesting so in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a series of Curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that interpolate between that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interpolate between that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interpolate between that low
+temperature case and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature case and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature case and the high
+temperature case sometimes I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature case sometimes I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature case sometimes I call this
+the duck face plot it kind of looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duck face plot it kind of looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duck face plot it kind of looks like
+Daffy Duck to me but anyway this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daffy Duck to me but anyway this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daffy Duck to me but anyway this is you
+know so now this is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so now this is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so now this is a little more
+interesting let me uh let me share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let me uh let me share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let me uh let me share
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think this is useful to see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plotted by uh it looks slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted by uh it looks slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted by uh it looks slightly more
+accurately than I'm able to do by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately than I'm able to do by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately than I'm able to do by hand
+so right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right here is
+the first case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case this is
+exothermic mixing I chose a physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic mixing I chose a physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic mixing I chose a physically
+reasonable number minus 20 000 joules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable number minus 20 000 joules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable number minus 20 000 joules
+per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole
+and you see the enthalpy term here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the enthalpy term here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the enthalpy term here is
+strictly negative the downwards facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly negative the downwards facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly negative the downwards facing
+parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola
+the entropy term is strictly negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy term is strictly negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy term is strictly negative
+this x log X business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x log X business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x log X business
+with um increasingly negative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um increasingly negative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um increasingly negative with
+temperature and when you add them up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and when you add them up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and when you add them up you
+get this you know strictly negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this you know strictly negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this you know strictly negative
+thing which favors mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which favors mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which favors mixing
+on the other hand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand here
+and the endothermic mixing case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the endothermic mixing case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the endothermic mixing case we have
+and you said it's unfavorable enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you said it's unfavorable enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you said it's unfavorable enthalpy
+of mixing takes energy to make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing takes energy to make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing takes energy to make it happen
+favorable entropy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable entropy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable entropy of mixing
+and when you combine them you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you combine them you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you combine them you get this
+family of Curves and here I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of Curves and here I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of Curves and here I've chosen
+physically reasonable numbers plus 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically reasonable numbers plus 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically reasonable numbers plus 30
+000 joules per mole and you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 joules per mole and you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 joules per mole and you see what
+happens as they go from 300 Kelvin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as they go from 300 Kelvin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as they go from 300 Kelvin to
+2100 Kelvin I Traverse this series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2100 Kelvin I Traverse this series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2100 Kelvin I Traverse this series so
+um you're going to get a sense for units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to get a sense for units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to get a sense for units
+and temperature scales if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature scales if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature scales if you're going
+to be professional material scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be professional material scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be professional material scientists
+and engineers and and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineers and and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineers and and so you see
+um this is a reasonable number I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a reasonable number I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a reasonable number I'll just
+tell you that now this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that now this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that now this is a reasonable
+number for molecular or Atomic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for molecular or Atomic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for molecular or Atomic systems
+that don't favor mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't favor mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't favor mixing
+and now you see a temperature scale at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see a temperature scale at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see a temperature scale at
+which we often run materials processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we often run materials processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we often run materials processes
+so this is typical furnace temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is typical furnace temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is typical furnace temperature
+it's like 1800 degrees it's an aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 1800 degrees it's an aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 1800 degrees it's an aluminum
+furnace or maybe a graphite furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace or maybe a graphite furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace or maybe a graphite furnace
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe a blast furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I want to talk about
+these curves a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I move on questions please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on questions please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on questions please
+questions on how that looks and why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on how that looks and why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on how that looks and why it
+looks the way it looks we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the way it looks we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the way it looks we're going to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+what the implications are in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the implications are in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the implications are in a minute
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which sign of a favors mixing again yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sign of a favors mixing again yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sign of a favors mixing again yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is positive
+is an endothermic takes Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in general this means the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general this means the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general this means the enthalpy
+will disfavor mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it means the mixing is a higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the mixing is a higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the mixing is a higher energy
+process mixing is a higher energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process mixing is a higher energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process mixing is a higher energy state
+than on next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exothermic where mixing is a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic where mixing is a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic where mixing is a lower
+energy statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy statement
+so it's favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and if you remember way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you remember way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you remember way back to
+you know lecture one there are processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lecture one there are processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lecture one there are processes
+that are spontaneous that are driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are spontaneous that are driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are spontaneous that are driven by
+lowering the system energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the system energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the system energy
+sometimes at the expense of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at the expense of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at the expense of entropy
+there are other processes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other processes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other processes that are
+spontaneous that raise the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous that raise the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous that raise the energy
+brother spontaneous because the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother spontaneous because the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother spontaneous because the entropy
+also is significantly enhanced right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is significantly enhanced right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is significantly enhanced right
+that was the hot and cold pack example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the hot and cold pack example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the hot and cold pack example
+and then as you very composition and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you very composition and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you very composition and as
+you vary temperature you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vary temperature you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vary temperature you have
+transitions between those cases you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between those cases you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between those cases you have
+spontaneous processes that are driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous processes that are driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous processes that are driven by
+entropy and spontaneous processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and spontaneous processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and spontaneous processes that
+are driven by enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driven by enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driven by enthalpy
+this is a case of a spontaneous process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a case of a spontaneous process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a case of a spontaneous process
+that's driven by both for ideal mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driven by both for ideal mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driven by both for ideal mixing
+for either no enthalpy or exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either no enthalpy or exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either no enthalpy or exothermic
+enthalpy mixing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy mixing is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy mixing is going to be
+spontaneous because it lowers the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous because it lowers the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous because it lowers the energy
+while also increasing the entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also increasing the entropy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also increasing the entropy so
+this is sort of a win-win but in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a win-win but in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a win-win but in many
+interesting cases you have instead uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases you have instead uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases you have instead uh a
+balance you have instead of a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance you have instead of a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance you have instead of a balance
+then you have a situation where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a situation where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a situation where you have
+to put energy in but you get an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put energy in but you get an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put energy in but you get an entropy
+benefit and so you know what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and so you know what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and so you know what happens is
+in the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this goes right right back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this goes right right back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this goes right right back to
+hot and cold pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let me move on I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me move on I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me move on I want to talk
+about the curvature we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the curvature we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the curvature we haven't talked
+about curvature much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the curvature of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and solution stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature
+and stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stability
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's again use a simple regular model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's again use a simple regular model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's again use a simple regular model
+for a simple regular model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Delta g mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta g mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta g mix
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the case of endothermic mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of endothermic mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of endothermic mixing
+so I'm just going to repeat what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to repeat what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to repeat what we just
+drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew
+at low temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temp
+medium temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and high temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at low temp we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta G I'll use some colors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta G of mixing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing is
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the curvature D Squared DG mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the curvature D Squared DG mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the curvature D Squared DG mix
+d x 2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x 2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x 2 squared
+that curvature is everywhere negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curvature is everywhere negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curvature is everywhere negative
+right this is everywhere negative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is everywhere negative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is everywhere negative this
+is negative curvature everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way of putting that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of putting that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of putting that is that
+there are no inflection points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+at intermediate temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at intermediate temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at intermediate temp
+medium temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might have
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has two inflection points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two inflection points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two inflection points
+and make that a little bit darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that a little bit darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that a little bit darker
+that individual has two inflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual has two inflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual has two inflection
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it does it twice there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does it twice there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does it twice there are two
+inflection points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the sign twice and at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign twice and at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign twice and at high
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we go back through a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with no inflection points except here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no inflection points except here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no inflection points except here
+the sign is flipped the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is now positive everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+why am I telling you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling you this
+so I want to draw a little picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to draw a little picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to draw a little picture here
+I want you to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+let's consider a system of squares and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a system of squares and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a system of squares and
+triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at 50 50 composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's go with the green and orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go with the green and orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go with the green and orange
+again they have nice contrast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they have nice contrast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they have nice contrast so
+um but let's imagine at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time
+maybe barely ever say time in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe barely ever say time in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe barely ever say time in this class
+but I just said it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just said it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just said it all right so
+sometimes I'm just going to draw this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'm just going to draw this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'm just going to draw this is
+very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um
+conceptual I'm not actually drawing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual I'm not actually drawing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual I'm not actually drawing what
+a real system looks like you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real system looks like you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real system looks like you know that
+let's see how did I want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how did I want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how did I want this to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I have a particular way that I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a particular way that I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a particular way that I want this
+to look although the lesson could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look although the lesson could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look although the lesson could be
+taught through lots of different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught through lots of different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught through lots of different ways of
+drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one two three four five six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one two three four five six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one two three four five six seven
+one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six
+uh I was gonna put another one somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was gonna put another one somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was gonna put another one somewhere
+all right do I have seven one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do I have seven one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do I have seven one two three
+one two three four five six seven one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six seven one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six seven one
+two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five six
+um let's put another one here it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's put another one here it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's put another one here it doesn't
+quite matter okay so this just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite matter okay so this just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite matter okay so this just imagine
+right we have some mixed system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have some mixed system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have some mixed system this
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+um on a lattice this could be on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a lattice this could be on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a lattice this could be on a
+fluctuating lattice this could be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating lattice this could be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating lattice this could be in a
+gas this could be in a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now what I want to do is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what I want to do is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what I want to do is I'm going
+to imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a
+a thermal fluctuation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now we're looking at the system a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're looking at the system a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're looking at the system a moment
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it look like
+it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see if I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can do this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to have this down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to have this down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to have this down here and
+this here and this here and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and this here and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and this here and then I have
+I had a triangle up here now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a triangle up here now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a triangle up here now I have a
+triangle and a triangle and a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and a triangle and a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and a triangle and a triangle
+and I have another triangle I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have another triangle I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have another triangle I have a
+triangle and I have a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and I have a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and I have a triangle
+all right what on Earth right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what on Earth right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what on Earth right so you
+just had this sort of randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had this sort of randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had this sort of randomly
+fluctuating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the fluctuation in such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fluctuation in such that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fluctuation in such that it
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it created
+a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have to imagine that this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to imagine that this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to imagine that this kind
+of thing happens all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing happens all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing happens all the time
+right 10 to the 15 times per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the 15 times per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the 15 times per second
+in any thermal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any thermal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any thermal system
+all right any sort of liquid at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any sort of liquid at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any sort of liquid at room
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not that many times per second in solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many times per second in solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many times per second in solids
+but still many billions of times per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still many billions of times per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still many billions of times per
+seconds in solids you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds in solids you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds in solids you have these
+fluctuations they're happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations they're happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations they're happening and
+here's the question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the question question
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Delta rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta rich
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a question we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to Analyze This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we follow we follow the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we follow
+it's like follow the money but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like follow the money but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like follow the money but for
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the gifts free energy follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the gifts free energy follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the gifts free energy follow the
+Gibbs free energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives free energy
+is like Thermo cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Thermo cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Thermo cash
+that's it so we follow the Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we follow the Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we follow the Gibbs free
+energy so that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's what we're going to do
+we're going to analyze the Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to analyze the Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to analyze the Gibbs free
+energy of this little fluctuation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this little fluctuation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this little fluctuation and
+that will tell us whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell us whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell us whether that
+fluctuation will spontaneously grow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation will spontaneously grow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation will spontaneously grow or
+spontaneously dissipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously dissipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously dissipate
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the way I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the way I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the way I want you to think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Delta G
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+and we have this this x-axis here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this this x-axis here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this this x-axis here is um
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some segment of a curve resuming way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some segment of a curve resuming way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some segment of a curve resuming way in
+right now we're not looking at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're not looking at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're not looking at the whole
+solution model we're just zooming way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model we're just zooming way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model we're just zooming way
+way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in
+and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at
+a segment of this curve and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a segment of this curve and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a segment of this curve and so let's
+imagine that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we start
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at overall composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at overall composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at overall composition
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+at composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at composition
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+okay and then what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we're going to do is
+we're going to spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spontaneously
+fluctuate into regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate into regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate into regions
+we're going to spontaneously have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spontaneously have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spontaneously have a
+little bit of region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of region that's
+X too rich and a little region that's X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X too rich and a little region that's X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X too rich and a little region that's X2
+core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to call this x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R for right you could call it whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for right you could call it whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for right you could call it whatever
+you want X2 left just for today's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want X2 left just for today's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want X2 left just for today's sort
+of lecture and drawing it's left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture and drawing it's left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture and drawing it's left and
+right kind of makes some sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of makes some sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of makes some sense so
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interregions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 left
+and X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X to
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how much of each material is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much of each material is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much of each material is there
+how much of this composition is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this composition is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this composition is there
+and how much of this composition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much of this composition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much of this composition is
+there that's the term by the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the term by the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the term by the phase
+fractions I'll come back to this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions I'll come back to this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions I'll come back to this in a
+minute let me just get this down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let me just get this down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let me just get this down on
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the phase fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is what fraction of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what fraction of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what fraction of the system is
+at the left composition and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the left composition and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the left composition and what
+fraction is of the right composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is of the right composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is of the right composition
+they're determined by the lever rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're determined by the lever rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're determined by the lever rule
+so we're previewing a little bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're previewing a little bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're previewing a little bit here
+what you're going to be reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to be reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to be reading and
+working on the p-check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if these compositions are equally spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these compositions are equally spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these compositions are equally spaced
+around the central composition that is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the central composition that is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the central composition that is x
+2 R minus X2 is the same as X2 minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 R minus X2 is the same as X2 minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 R minus X2 is the same as X2 minus X
+to left equals let's just say sum DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left equals let's just say sum DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left equals let's just say sum DX
+some little differential change right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little differential change right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little differential change right so
+this is DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DX
+and this is the X those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the X those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the X those are the same
+spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have
+simply F left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply F left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply F left
+equals F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F right
+equals one-half so half the system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one-half so half the system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one-half so half the system is a
+little rich in component two and half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rich in component two and half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rich in component two and half of
+the system it's a little pouring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it's a little pouring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it's a little pouring
+component too and what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component too and what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component too and what you want to do is
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the differential change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change
+and the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall
+free energy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of mixing
+and so what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+something like following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like following
+phrase fraction of the left stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase fraction of the left stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase fraction of the left stuff
+times the free energy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the free energy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the free energy of mixing
+evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the composition of the left stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the composition of the left stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the composition of the left stuff
+plus phase fraction of the right stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phase fraction of the right stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phase fraction of the right stuff
+times the free energy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the free energy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the free energy of mixing
+evaluated at the composition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the composition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the composition of the
+right stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stuff
+minus oh the right stuff that's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh the right stuff that's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh the right stuff that's funny
+minus what you had before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what you had before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what you had before the
+spontaneous fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+B4 fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now word before I go on I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now word before I go on I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now word before I go on I'm actually
+helping you on the P set so finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you on the P set so finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you on the P set so finishing
+this calculation is one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation is one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation is one of the problems
+on the psap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the psap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the psap
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+reading about and then proving the lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about and then proving the lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about and then proving the lever
+rule is also on the PSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is also on the PSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is also on the PSAT
+so this is all stuff for next week so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all stuff for next week so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all stuff for next week so if
+some of these concepts are need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these concepts are need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these concepts are need you
+that's okay it's coming up and um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay it's coming up and um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay it's coming up and um these
+concepts are not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are not particularly
+complicated you just want to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you just want to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you just want to become
+exposed to them and the reading for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to them and the reading for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to them and the reading for the
+next week also includes a section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week also includes a section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week also includes a section of
+Callister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callister
+which I've discussed is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've discussed is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've discussed is um
+it's more there's more pictures it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more there's more pictures it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more there's more pictures it's a
+little more entertaining than the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more entertaining than the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more entertaining than the half
+and so you can get this content from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can get this content from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can get this content from
+calstr and I'll make one final note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calstr and I'll make one final note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calstr and I'll make one final note
+which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um
+that I have a mini lecture one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a mini lecture one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a mini lecture one of these
+what are these called these lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these called these lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these called these lectures
+where I was standing in front of a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was standing in front of a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was standing in front of a piece
+of glass light board a light board video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass light board a light board video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass light board a light board video
+on the lever rule so all of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lever rule so all of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lever rule so all of that's
+available for you anyway so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for you anyway so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for you anyway so this is what
+you do you calculate this this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you calculate this this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you calculate this this change
+and you can show or you will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+negative curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unmixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's going to be the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be the condition for
+those little unmixed clusters those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little unmixed clusters those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little unmixed clusters those
+little fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fluctuations
+to grow in size and for the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow in size and for the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow in size and for the system to
+spontaneously over a macroscopic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously over a macroscopic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously over a macroscopic length
+scale unmixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale unmixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale unmixed
+and we have a special name for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a special name for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a special name for this
+process it's called spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's called spinodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's called spinodal
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my experience and as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience and as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience and as far as I know
+it's been all of the composition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been all of the composition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been all of the composition is
+synonymous with spontaneous unmixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous with spontaneous unmixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous with spontaneous unmixing
+they exactly mean the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can similarly show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can similarly show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can similarly show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for positive curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is neat because we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is neat because we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is neat because we get to
+analyze our solution Model A Little More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze our solution Model A Little More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze our solution Model A Little More
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+also get to start learning about binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get to start learning about binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get to start learning about binary
+phase diagrams which is coming up so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams which is coming up so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams which is coming up so we
+learn some Concepts like the level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some Concepts like the level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some Concepts like the level and
+phase fractions and we learned something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase fractions and we learned something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase fractions and we learned something
+about stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability
+before pausing and stopping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before pausing and stopping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before pausing and stopping for
+questions I want to share some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want to share some pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want to share some pictures
+um about spinal decomposition so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about spinal decomposition so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about spinal decomposition so this is
+this is a really important General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really important General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really important General
+phenomenon here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon here's
+you know in general spinetal phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in general spinetal phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in general spinetal phase
+diagram this is from the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is from the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is from the book
+um this is from chapter 10 of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is from chapter 10 of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is from chapter 10 of the book
+so we're not there yet but here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not there yet but here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not there yet but here's a
+Delta G of mixing for a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing for a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing for a system that
+undergoes spontaneous uh it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes spontaneous uh it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes spontaneous uh it's been
+elderly composition let me grab a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly composition let me grab a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly composition let me grab a laser
+pointer here so right this has this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer here so right this has this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer here so right this has this this
+Delta G of mixing has this feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing has this feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing has this feature that
+its curvature changes sign it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its curvature changes sign it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its curvature changes sign it's got
+inflection points right rather like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection points right rather like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection points right rather like what
+we were showing half an hour ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were showing half an hour ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were showing half an hour ago
+and the resulting phase diagram has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resulting phase diagram has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resulting phase diagram has this
+two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region
+and and we're not quite there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we're not quite there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we're not quite there yet
+analyzing phase diagrams like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing phase diagrams like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing phase diagrams like this but
+we're going to get there within a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get there within a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get there within a couple
+elections so a free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections so a free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections so a free energy composition
+diagram like this leads to a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like this leads to a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like this leads to a phase
+diagram like this and here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is uh dodecane and ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh dodecane and ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh dodecane and ethanol
+yeah any any sort of system that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any any sort of system that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any any sort of system that high
+temperature mixes and at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature mixes and at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature mixes and at low temperature
+it separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it separates
+and that was that was the I think Aviva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that was the I think Aviva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that was the I think Aviva
+was asking earlier which one was which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking earlier which one was which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking earlier which one was which
+high temperature low temperature right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature low temperature right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature low temperature right
+this is a system which is an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a system which is an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a system which is an endothermic
+mixing system right it takes energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing system right it takes energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing system right it takes energy to
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+so low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low temperature
+where enthalpy terms tend to dominate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where enthalpy terms tend to dominate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where enthalpy terms tend to dominate it
+prefers to unmix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to unmix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to unmix
+at high temperature for entropy terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature for entropy terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temperature for entropy terms
+dominate it prefers to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when it unmixes it unmixes within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it unmixes it unmixes within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it unmixes it unmixes within
+this region of composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region of composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region of composition
+called The missability Gap you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The missability Gap you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The missability Gap you get this
+phase diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a very general phenomena I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very general phenomena I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very general phenomena I I
+pulled four examples here of of spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled four examples here of of spinodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled four examples here of of spinodal
+systems and and this spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and and this spinodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and and this spinodal
+decomposition analysis shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition analysis shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition analysis shows up
+um you can't get away from it now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can't get away from it now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can't get away from it now that
+you've heard of it you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of it you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of it you're not going to
+be able to get away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get away from it
+it is very general and it's good to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very general and it's good to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very general and it's good to be
+introduced now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced now
+of course it happens in liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it happens in liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it happens in liquid phase
+nucleation and growth we just showed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleation and growth we just showed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleation and growth we just showed an
+example of dodeculine and ethanol those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of dodeculine and ethanol those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of dodeculine and ethanol those
+are two liquids and here's you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two liquids and here's you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two liquids and here's you know this
+is uh just randomly picked pictures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just randomly picked pictures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just randomly picked pictures from
+the literature so I don't really cite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature so I don't really cite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature so I don't really cite
+these properly but you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properly but you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properly but you know with
+pictures here of nuclei forming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here of nuclei forming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here of nuclei forming and
+growing secondary phase nuclei within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing secondary phase nuclei within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing secondary phase nuclei within a
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+before we move on how can you tell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on how can you tell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on how can you tell this
+is a liquid anybody how can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a liquid anybody how can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a liquid anybody how can you tell
+this was a liquid system and not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a liquid system and not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a liquid system and not not a
+microscopy of a solid system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy of a solid system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy of a solid system
+this goes beyond o2o by the way just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes beyond o2o by the way just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes beyond o2o by the way just
+sort of if someone has intuition either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if someone has intuition either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if someone has intuition either
+maybe because there's less order than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because there's less order than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because there's less order than
+there would be in a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be in a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be in a solid
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's not it and so that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not it and so that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not it and so that's a really
+good point this length scale here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point this length scale here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point this length scale here is not
+the length scale of that as a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length scale of that as a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length scale of that as a molecule
+molecule you can't see the atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you can't see the atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you can't see the atoms and
+molecules on this length scale although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules on this length scale although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules on this length scale although
+that's a good point this is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point this is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point this is the length
+scale a macroscopic length scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale a macroscopic length scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale a macroscopic length scale that
+you might see under a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see under a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see under a microscope
+so they don't see atoms and molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't see atoms and molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't see atoms and molecules
+what I'm looking for here is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for here is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for here is the fact
+that they're round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're round
+liquids tend to have isotropic surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids tend to have isotropic surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids tend to have isotropic surface
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+liquid particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid particles
+um tend to be rounded right and droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tend to be rounded right and droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tend to be rounded right and droplets
+of one liquid in another like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one liquid in another like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one liquid in another like your
+droplets of oil in in in in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of oil in in in in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of oil in in in in in your
+salad dressing tend to be round so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad dressing tend to be round so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad dressing tend to be round so
+that's a surface effect we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a surface effect we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a surface effect we don't have
+time for surface effects in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for surface effects in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for surface effects in this class
+but it's a good clue all right here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a good clue all right here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a good clue all right here's
+another example uh spontaneous unmixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example uh spontaneous unmixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example uh spontaneous unmixing
+and high entropy Alloys so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high entropy Alloys so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high entropy Alloys so this is a
+micrograph now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph now
+um still not on the atomic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still not on the atomic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still not on the atomic scale
+although I guess the total uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I guess the total uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I guess the total uh
+um X and Y uh Direction here is is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X and Y uh Direction here is is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X and Y uh Direction here is is no
+more than a couple uh tens of microns if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a couple uh tens of microns if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a couple uh tens of microns if
+I had to guess but we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to guess but we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to guess but we're still
+macroscopic right we're not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic right we're not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic right we're not on the
+atomic level here but here you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic level here but here you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic level here but here you see that
+there's been spontaneous unmixing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been spontaneous unmixing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been spontaneous unmixing of
+this iron copper nickel manganese copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iron copper nickel manganese copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iron copper nickel manganese copper
+alloy into iron copper Rich regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy into iron copper Rich regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy into iron copper Rich regions and
+copper Rich regions and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper Rich regions and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper Rich regions and here the
+boundaries between the regions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between the regions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between the regions they
+follow some geometrical order right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow some geometrical order right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow some geometrical order right now
+the boundaries seem to line up along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries seem to line up along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries seem to line up along
+some some some grid right and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some some grid right and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some some grid right and and they
+don't just curve randomly and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just curve randomly and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just curve randomly and so that's
+reflecting the fact that that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the fact that that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the fact that that these are
+crystalline materials with anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline materials with anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline materials with anisotropic
+surface energy so this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface energy so this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface energy so this is sort of a
+Counterpoint to the liquid case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint to the liquid case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint to the liquid case
+and as you can imagine this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can imagine this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can imagine this pattern
+formation that's what it's called often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation that's what it's called often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation that's what it's called often
+is pattern formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pattern formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pattern formation
+is very important to controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to controlling the
+material properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties
+here's another case slightly surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another case slightly surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another case slightly surprising
+maybe where we see spinal decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe where we see spinal decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe where we see spinal decomposition
+and it's in neural activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in neural activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in neural activity in the
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+we have decomposition into regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have decomposition into regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have decomposition into regions of
+high activity and low activity based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high activity and low activity based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high activity and low activity based on
+the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input
+so the math that we developed or started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the math that we developed or started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the math that we developed or started
+to develop just a couple minutes ago has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop just a couple minutes ago has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop just a couple minutes ago has
+been generalized and generalized again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been generalized and generalized again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been generalized and generalized again
+and found to apply to many many systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found to apply to many many systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found to apply to many many systems
+not just materials so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just materials so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just materials so here is
+neuroscience and it applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and it applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and it applies to the
+structural formation of the unit or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural formation of the unit or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural formation of the unit or the
+universe who knows what this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that cosmic background radiation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that cosmic background radiation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that cosmic background radiation the
+cosmic microwave background across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic microwave background across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic microwave background across the
+entire visible universe and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire visible universe and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire visible universe and you know the
+physicists are very concerned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists are very concerned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists are very concerned about the
+fact that the Big Bang started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the Big Bang started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the Big Bang started off with
+spherical symmetry we ended up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical symmetry we ended up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical symmetry we ended up with the
+universe with you know you and me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe with you know you and me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe with you know you and me and
+MIT being a regions of high density in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT being a regions of high density in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT being a regions of high density in
+most of space being regions of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of space being regions of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of space being regions of like
+Harvard being a region of low density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard being a region of low density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard being a region of low density
+for instance and so we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and so we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and so we have this this
+how did this happen and the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this happen and the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this happen and the mathematics
+of that the physics of that is analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the physics of that is analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the physics of that is analyzed
+in terms of spinos decomposition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of spinos decomposition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of spinos decomposition it's
+called Quantum spinology composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quantum spinology composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quantum spinology composition
+right uh fully beyond my understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh fully beyond my understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh fully beyond my understanding
+but I do know that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do know that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do know that if you look at
+current papers in the cosmology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current papers in the cosmology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current papers in the cosmology
+literature you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you will see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+free energy composition diagrams very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagrams very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagrams very
+much like this one so this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like this one so this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like this one so this is a general
+phenomena okay it's 10 55.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena okay it's 10 55.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena okay it's 10 55.
+I want to let's see remind folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to let's see remind folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to let's see remind folks that
+we're shifting towards phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're shifting towards phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're shifting towards phase diagrams
+here remember Callister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so slightly different textbook just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so slightly different textbook just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so slightly different textbook just for
+a short time it's an easy read there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short time it's an easy read there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short time it's an easy read there's
+also a um a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in uh that is uh focused on teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh that is uh focused on teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh that is uh focused on teaching
+spin out of the composition that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin out of the composition that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin out of the composition that I'm
+going to post on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to post on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to post on
+and on um on the website and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on um on the website and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on um on the website and that will
+help a little bit with understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a little bit with understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a little bit with understanding and
+also with the pset so um and there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with the pset so um and there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with the pset so um and there's uh
+there's a whiteboard sorry a light board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+on the lever rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're almost done with the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're almost done with the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're almost done with the exam
+grading and there's a new piece set out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading and there's a new piece set out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading and there's a new piece set out
+within minutes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d9TA4nITTp8.txt b/d9TA4nITTp8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fe45daeb68e9aec9c1b287f2da317271fbfeee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d9TA4nITTp8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today is the end of week one day 5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the end of week one day 5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the end of week one day 5 is
+down this class is very front loaded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this class is very front loaded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this class is very front loaded so
+I think students feel it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think students feel it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think students feel it and I
+definitely felt it yesterday yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely felt it yesterday yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely felt it yesterday yesterday
+was probably the peak of just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the peak of just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the peak of just the
+exhaustion of the class and getting used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustion of the class and getting used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustion of the class and getting used
+to doing that in addition to my day job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that in addition to my day job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that in addition to my day job
+I was frustrated because I wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was frustrated because I wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was frustrated because I wanted the
+students to see what I was seeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to see what I was seeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to see what I was seeing and
+they weren't and I felt like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't and I felt like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't and I felt like it was
+because of an inability to clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an inability to clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an inability to clearly
+articulate what I was trying to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate what I was trying to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate what I was trying to get them
+to see today was so different we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see today was so different we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see today was so different we started
+class with having them pitch the idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with having them pitch the idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with having them pitch the idea or
+the point of their videos and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of their videos and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of their videos and there's
+this nuance between an idea of a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nuance between an idea of a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nuance between an idea of a video
+the point of the video and what a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the video and what a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the video and what a video
+does and it wasn't until this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and it wasn't until this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and it wasn't until this morning
+that I was I finally was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was I finally was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was I finally was able to
+articulate in my head what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate in my head what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate in my head what was going on
+with the students which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students which was the
+inability to distinguish a point from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to distinguish a point from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to distinguish a point from an
+action so a lot of them were describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so a lot of them were describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so a lot of them were describing
+what their videos did and using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their videos did and using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their videos did and using that
+description as the point of the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description as the point of the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description as the point of the video
+and I feel like we finally all made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like we finally all made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like we finally all made a
+breakthrough today was when it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough today was when it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough today was when it sort of
+became real to everyone because they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became real to everyone because they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became real to everyone because they got
+to take their cameras and actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take their cameras and actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take their cameras and actually go
+shoot stuff and it was just incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot stuff and it was just incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot stuff and it was just incredibly
+gratifying to overhear them shoot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying to overhear them shoot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying to overhear them shoot and
+hear them offer each other the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them offer each other the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them offer each other the same
+pieces of advice I would and see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of advice I would and see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of advice I would and see them
+take creative risks and experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take creative risks and experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take creative risks and experiment with
+the equipment and to also see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment and to also see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment and to also see that they
+really are a good class group like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are a good class group like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are a good class group like
+they're just a really good group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a really good group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a really good group of
+students i front loaded the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students i front loaded the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students i front loaded the class and
+I'm realizing that it really was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm realizing that it really was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm realizing that it really was a lot
+of work for them I wanted to equip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work for them I wanted to equip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work for them I wanted to equip the
+students as best I could with the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students as best I could with the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students as best I could with the skills
+that they needed to have so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they needed to have so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they needed to have so that the
+rest of the month could be more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the month could be more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the month could be more about
+them trying stuff on there on and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them trying stuff on there on and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them trying stuff on there on and I
+don't know how I would restructure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how I would restructure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how I would restructure that
+it's something that I have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that I have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that I have to think
+about a lot and I thought about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot and I thought about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot and I thought about that a
+lot coming into the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot coming into the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot coming into the class
+but it was still a lot of work for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was still a lot of work for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was still a lot of work for them
+this week in short today was excellent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week in short today was excellent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week in short today was excellent I
+saw smiles on people's faces and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw smiles on people's faces and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw smiles on people's faces and I
+witnessed them integrating things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessed them integrating things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessed them integrating things that
+we had taught them this week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/drFOEAuLspU.txt b/drFOEAuLspU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66bf8a478caaf5761f6762cc0e237a1b37be2e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drFOEAuLspU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5425 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well, Mark
+Jarzombek is a professor of
+
+architecture here and has
+written this really
+
+interesting book.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: So if you have
+any questions about something
+
+you don't understand, or you
+need to clarify or elaborate,
+
+just raise your hand
+and say so.
+
+I just sort of picked
+some images out.
+
+First, I'm sure you've seen
+the Rogers Building, which
+
+doesn't exist anymore,
+as you know.
+
+I mean, this building
+still exists.
+
+I'm not sure what happened
+to the store.
+
+Did they go bankrupt?
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+But this was torn down.
+
+But what I point out in my book
+is that if we look at
+
+this and we go, well, it's
+1860s, and you want to make a
+
+building for an institute that
+does sciences, what do you do?
+
+I mean, what should
+it look like?
+
+And so we may look at this and
+say, well, it's sort of a
+
+building like any
+other building.
+
+But it's sort of a bit of a
+problem because that type of a
+
+building didn't really exist.
+
+So the architect did something
+that was pretty clever, but
+
+also says something about
+the world view.
+
+Basically the building is
+modeled a little bit on the
+
+Apsley House.
+
+And basically is a gentleman's
+residence.
+
+So you want to make
+a building.
+
+You want to make scientist and
+technology guys, miners
+
+walking around in their big
+boots, you want to tell them
+
+that they're basically not just
+doing technology, but
+
+basically they're gentlemen.
+
+So the students that are coming
+in here are meant to be
+
+raised at a level of gentlemen
+in the 19th
+
+century sense of that.
+
+They're sort of cultural
+holders of a
+
+type of cultural thing.
+
+They're not just wandering
+around, shuffling around with
+
+slide rulers in their hand
+thinking about science.
+
+They have a certain
+status in society.
+
+So basically this is a
+gentleman's residence that is,
+
+then, sort of designed on the
+inside to be a school.
+
+So this says something about the
+transition of science into
+
+legitimacy.
+
+And the type of premodern notion
+signs, where science
+
+was still associated with sort
+of a gentlemanly class and
+
+gentlemanly behavior.
+
+So that is MIT's first
+source of claim,
+
+which was very expected.
+
+Perhaps you think of the
+mid-19th century worldview.
+
+Of course, what happens is that
+MIT grows gangbusters and
+
+starts to spread out
+in every direction.
+
+So there you see the
+Rogers Building.
+
+And then there's their Walker
+building, which is a chemistry
+
+building, a beautiful
+building.
+
+One of the first buildings
+specifically designed for
+
+chemical fumes and so forth.
+
+And then here and there and
+right and left, the campus
+
+expands around Copley Square
+into warehouses and into sheds
+
+and other things.
+
+The Lowell Laboratory
+gets built here.
+
+But as you can see, after
+a while, it's
+
+something like 20 buildings.
+
+The face was that not only is
+the buildings all over around
+
+Copley Square--
+
+which is difficult if you want
+to go from class to class in
+
+the middle of a snowstorm--
+
+but also, science was
+changing, too.
+
+So the professors were
+complaining they needed dust
+
+free environments to
+do certain things.
+
+They needed laboratories that
+won't shake every time the
+
+beer truck rumbles by.
+
+So if you're in the middle of
+a city, 19th century cities
+
+where unbelievably stinky, fumy
+places filled with black
+
+soot from chimneys.
+
+I mean, today clean air law has
+done a lot to our cities.
+
+But you've got to imagine, into
+the winter the heavy odor
+
+and cloud of soot making
+everything sort of black.
+
+And so if you do any experiments
+that require
+
+special atmospheres,
+and this and that.
+
+So the professors were
+complaining about
+
+being in the city.
+
+They wanted to be away from the
+city, away from the noise,
+
+and the pollution, and
+the sounds, and all
+
+that type of stuff.
+
+So this was sort of one
+of the problems
+
+that the faculty faced.
+
+And one of the reasons
+that spread along
+
+the desire to move.
+
+So then the question was,
+well, what you do?
+
+So you need a bigger building.
+
+So the model for this was
+actually in Europe, mainly in
+
+Germany, and then Switzerland.
+
+So the ETH was created, you see,
+almost at the same time,
+
+but designed a little
+bit earlier.
+
+Gigantic building.
+
+So here, I mean, this makes MIT
+look, I mean, literally,
+
+like a joke compared to what
+the Swiss investment in
+
+technology was at that time.
+
+Huge building, massive amount of
+laboratories, huge library.
+
+I mean, this was an institution
+of gigantic scale.
+
+So here we have the United
+States trying to create some
+
+enthusiasm for the independence
+of science and
+
+learning and technology as
+a material, and basically
+
+adopting, initially at least,
+not the German model, which
+
+was that this is a massive
+institution supported by the
+
+state government.
+
+And it still is.
+
+The ETH is financed and
+supported by the state
+
+government.
+
+If you're a professor there,
+the prime minister has to,
+
+ultimately, accept your
+tenure proposal, not
+
+the university president.
+
+Whereas MIT adopted sort of the
+English gentleman model.
+
+Which is very low key,
+different worldview.
+
+Ultimately, of course,
+this wins out.
+
+But the transition
+is what's sort of
+
+interesting about this.
+
+So Robert Ware, who's founded
+the School of
+
+Architecture here.
+
+"The first principle of
+architecture is truthfulness,
+
+good sense, perspicuity.
+
+Considerations of method,
+order, form, clearness,
+
+precision, sobriety, are what
+make a good working style,
+
+both in writing and in
+building." So in other words,
+
+he's describing a building.
+
+But in reality, he's also
+describing what it means to be
+
+a gentleman.
+
+A gentleman is truthful,
+and good, and has great
+
+perspicuity.
+
+Order, form, clearness,
+precision, sobriety--
+
+this is what you tell
+a young man to be.
+
+So in some sense, we can sort
+of read through some of the
+
+architectural mandate a type of
+relationship to, in fact,
+
+MIT's mandate, which was
+what kind of men--
+
+because it was all men in those
+days-- what kind of man
+
+are we trying to shape here?
+
+But then, of course,
+the world changed.
+
+So in 1863, we have the four
+categories, of which basically
+
+fine arts and architecture
+is the only one
+
+that survives as such.
+
+Course four is the only one that
+sort of keeps us going.
+
+But you see in 1873 all
+of a sudden we have
+
+different type of world.
+
+It's astonishing how in
+basically 10 years, MIT's
+
+mindset has changed.
+
+So before, we had agriculture.
+
+Farmer Joe wanted to figure
+out how to lay
+
+out a field, right?
+
+Well, agriculture, we don't
+do agriculture anymore.
+
+I mean, go out in
+Kansas for that.
+
+At the top of the heap is
+civil engineering now.
+
+So you can sort of see, you go
+from an institution that is
+
+really sort of about
+agriculture, geology,
+
+chemistry, very sort
+of oddly primitive.
+
+I don't know, you know?
+
+It's sort of an institution
+where we could sort of see
+
+modernity being formed.
+
+So civil engineering, mechanical
+engineering,
+
+geology, architecture
+stays, chemistry.
+
+So here, history, geology, and
+chemistry were all one
+
+department.
+
+Maybe it's sort of a little
+bit hard to imagine that.
+
+You know, natural history,
+geology, and chemistry all
+
+being sort of one thing.
+
+But we sort of imagine that
+during this time, there was
+
+still debate about, let's
+say, for example,
+
+what do you call these?
+
+Dinosaur bones in the sand.
+
+What do you call them?
+
+Fossils.
+
+AUDIENCE: Fossils.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Right, right.
+
+You don't know, OK.
+
+So up until 1820, 1830, they
+all said that God put the
+
+fossils there because they were
+the mistakes that when he
+
+made heaven and earth, he
+made a few mistakes.
+
+So he put them in the ground
+so no one would see them.
+
+And this was a current theory.
+
+And people thought this
+was sort of it.
+
+So geology was sort of having to
+do with divinity, in a way.
+
+Because when you started
+digging, you encounter fossil.
+
+It's like, there's
+God's mistake.
+
+And it's like, what
+do you do with it?
+
+I mean, he should cover it up.
+
+So geology, chemistry,
+everything, these ideas were
+
+still floating around.
+
+I mean, not so much here.
+
+But you can sort of see geology
+wasn't what this is.
+
+And you can see where
+geology is going.
+
+It goes from just looking
+at stones to mining.
+
+Which we can sort of see by the
+time we get to 1900 a much
+
+more sort of precise focus of
+how the sciences sort of
+
+operate in the real world now.
+
+Here this is sort of
+all very abstract.
+
+Here we see the emergence of
+whole new genres of reality.
+
+We have a philosophy
+department.
+
+Philosophy disappears and then,
+in a funny way, sort of
+
+comes back in the
+20th century.
+
+So philosophy is still the
+holdover of the idea that you
+
+should know something
+about the world in a
+
+philosophical way.
+
+So by 1873, we see the
+emergence of the
+
+professionalization of the
+sciences, which means
+
+professional journals,
+publications.
+
+And think, all the things we
+assume completely normal today
+
+just really didn't exist,
+actually, until really into
+
+the 1880s and 1890s, sort of
+journal publications and peer
+
+reviewed publications, and
+so forth like that.
+
+So then by 1900, we see we
+have now 13 departments.
+
+So it's sort of growing
+exponentially.
+
+And it has continued to grow.
+
+We got, I don't know,
+23 AB now.
+
+I mean, we're at least
+in the mid '20s.
+
+And we see new things.
+
+America's just had the
+Spanish American War.
+
+Naval ships for the Defense
+Department are important.
+
+So we have a Naval architecture
+thing.
+
+The cities in the turn of the
+century were really terrible,
+
+complicated, messy places.
+
+The streets were not paved.
+
+There were sewage problems,
+and so forth, and so on.
+
+So sanitary engineering comes
+into play along with sort of
+
+the conventional type thing.
+
+So we have new departments and
+new programs being developed.
+
+But the point is, in some sense,
+what we get here is
+
+really the modern notion of
+science that we just assume is
+
+completely normal.
+
+We see it literally happening,
+if you will, decade by decade,
+
+rapidly changing into the
+professional world that we
+
+have today.
+
+So the model of a gentleman's
+villa, it is
+
+just clearly not working.
+
+But of course, the building
+remained to be functional for
+
+a long time.
+
+So the first attempt to, in some
+sense, modernize MIT's
+
+look was the Walker building.
+
+Here's the Rogers Building
+next to it.
+
+And at first you go, well,
+it doesn't look
+
+all that much different.
+
+But it was designed with
+these chimneys.
+
+You see the air vent chimneys on
+the exterior facade so that
+
+the chemistry laboratories would
+have these vents going
+
+up to vent the fumes.
+
+So instead of hiding the
+chimneys, the chimneys become,
+
+in fact, part of the
+whole architecture.
+
+And basically it's sort of the
+first real attempt to make a
+
+laboratory building at
+a monumental scale.
+
+This is in Copley Square,
+right across
+
+from Trinity Church.
+
+This is one of the best real
+state areas in the city.
+
+And to put a chemistry lab
+there, I mean, it's like, oh,
+
+you got to be kidding
+me, right?
+
+So it shows the capacity to sort
+of start to think of what
+
+a science building is
+at an urban scale.
+
+But still, it's a relatively
+small building.
+
+They were living in these
+type of warehouses.
+
+This was the architecture
+building
+
+and engineering building.
+
+Which were useful, because you
+could much around in there.
+
+And there was no damage
+done, really, if you
+
+banged in to something.
+
+They made some of these
+experiments.
+
+They made the lower laboratory
+down here, which at the time
+
+would have been the most
+advanced laboratory for
+
+electrical engineering.
+
+They only used it
+for a few years.
+
+The building contractor was
+a guy called Gilbreth.
+
+Everybody seen Cheaper
+By The Dozen?
+
+Well, anyway, he's the one who
+built the building using new
+
+techniques.
+
+Because he was famous.
+
+You know what he
+was famous for?
+
+The guy, Gilbreth?
+
+Well, he was interested in
+making labor less expensive.
+
+So the ways you do that is you
+study, let's say, you take a
+
+bricklayer.
+
+And the bricklayer's got
+to go get a brick.
+
+And then he's got to bring
+the brick down.
+
+And then he's got to
+put a brick in.
+
+Then he's hungry.
+
+They he puts the chewing
+gum in his mouth.
+
+And he slathers something
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Well, he figured out that
+takes a lot of time.
+
+So you have the dolly.
+
+And the dolly will
+bring the brick.
+
+One guy gives the brick.
+
+The other guy puts it down.
+
+The other guy slathers it.
+
+So your job is just to take
+the brick and put it down.
+
+Take the brick, put it down.
+
+Take the brick, put it down.
+
+Take the brick.
+
+And the next guy's job is to
+go-- kuh-chunk, kuh-chunk,
+
+kuh-chunk, kuh-chunk, kuh-chunk,
+kuh-chunk.
+
+And you can build buildings a
+lot faster if you do this
+
+time-saving thing.
+
+He was the inventor--
+
+or not the inventor but one
+of the great champions of
+
+time-saving labor.
+
+Ford Motor works would put it
+into mass production window to
+
+make a Model T Ford.
+
+So this was sort of advanced
+technology at the
+
+time, if you will.
+
+And of course, has debatable
+effects.
+
+But anyway.
+
+So anyway, there he is, Mr.
+Gilbreth, with his cheaper by
+
+the dozen family.
+
+And so they hired him.
+
+In other words, they brought in
+a new type of engineer to
+
+experiment with a new
+type of building.
+
+And so it shows MIT's
+search for the
+
+avant-garde of the time.
+
+So then you compare,
+of course, that
+
+there's MIT's building.
+
+And this is another building
+from 1861.
+
+The Opera by Charles
+Garnier in Paris.
+
+I don't know if you've
+ever seen it.
+
+But if you go to Paris,
+you should see it.
+
+It's certainly one of the great
+
+buildings of the 19th century.
+
+I mean, [? vastly, ?] hugely
+
+beautiful, extravagant building.
+
+So once again, in Europe,
+they were making
+
+these gigantic things.
+
+Whereas at MIT and Boston, there
+were still small little
+
+building after small
+little building.
+
+But they this world, which
+is sort of the Beaux-Arts
+
+architecture here is sort of a
+European development of how to
+
+make these buildings work within
+the city, and so forth.
+
+Wasn't really in the
+United States yet.
+
+And I'd say its building styles
+were still English
+
+driven, still relatively small
+scale, still relatively modest
+
+in their desire in terms
+of spacial expression.
+
+So around the world, you were
+having these huge buildings
+
+being built.
+
+And so here we are in Japan.
+
+Here's Cairo.
+
+I have to show you this because
+this is the old
+
+building from the
+medieval period.
+
+And then they built this
+gigantic mosque here in 1910.
+
+And the Cairo National Museum of
+1900, which is in the news
+
+a little bit today.
+
+So Boston around 1900 would
+have looked like a real
+
+gritty, brick, working
+class place.
+
+Very few prestigious buildings,
+nothing really
+
+grand about the place at all.
+
+You had the Back Bay that
+had been laid out.
+
+And you had some fine
+residential quarters.
+
+But you really didn't have
+high architecture, any
+
+examples of high architecture
+at all compared to almost
+
+everywhere else around
+the world.
+
+Well, in 1893, they brought in
+this French architect, a guy
+
+called Despradelle, to teach in
+the school of architecture.
+
+And he sort of changed
+everything because he brought
+
+this much grander, much more
+imposing sort of tradition of
+
+sort of architectural
+world that was in
+
+Europe at the time.
+
+And it was sort of a risk.
+
+And so they bought this guy.
+
+As you can see, he's sort
+of a strange character.
+
+The students sort
+of loved him.
+
+He was very quirky much beloved
+by the students.
+
+We taught them how to make these
+absolutely drop dead
+
+gorgeous drawings, some of
+which are in the museum.
+
+Hopefully we can, one
+day, exhibit them.
+
+This drawing, which was
+gigantic, some 12 feet high or
+
+something, was for a building,
+of course,
+
+that was never built.
+
+I mean, it was impossible
+to build at the time.
+
+Some huge, huge, huge, huge
+monument sort of celebrating
+
+the Americas called the
+"Beacon of Progress."
+
+So actually it looks a little
+old fashioned, because it was,
+
+like, not a modern building.
+
+But it would have been
+a really very
+
+early use of concrete.
+
+It was actually a very
+interesting type of edifice.
+
+And so we have to see it as much
+more progressive than we
+
+today might see things.
+
+And then he went around and
+bought drawings for the
+
+students to learn.
+
+So this is another one of the
+leading architects of the
+
+time, a guy called
+Viollet-le-Duc.
+
+And he and Ware basically
+brought all these drawings
+
+from Europe for the architects
+to look at to teach them.
+
+So we have, of course, in the
+process, then, drawing
+
+capitals and things like that
+for presentation drawing.
+
+So all of a sudden, the
+principle of architecture,
+
+prestige, quality buildings
+sort of comes into play.
+
+And these are just drawings
+from the archives made by
+
+students here at the turn
+of the century.
+
+So the point is that basically
+he changes the architectural
+
+culture that's taught here
+from just basically more
+
+pragmatic architectural
+buildings to be a type of
+
+culture that really speaks
+to high-end architectural
+
+production.
+
+And MIT is really the
+first place in the
+
+country which does that.
+
+Now that means you and I will
+look at this, and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+all sort of old fashioned.
+
+We look at this and go, oh,
+this is the stuff that
+
+modernism sort of got rid of.
+
+But this would be a
+bit of a mistake--
+
+this is a synagogue
+that was planned--
+
+largely because 1900 and that
+era was an interesting moment
+
+in history.
+
+There was the Spanish
+American War.
+
+And the two sort of, I
+guess, events was the
+
+market crash of 1893.
+
+1893 was the first stock market
+crash in the United
+
+States, the first great one.
+
+It's like we never learn.
+
+It was another big bank
+financial scandal of too many
+
+people buying too much land.
+
+And then all of a sudden,
+it went belly up.
+
+It was like, duh.
+
+So anyway, and basically
+everybody was out of a job.
+
+I mean, probably about 10 times
+worse than what we have
+
+today, what we just recently
+experienced.
+
+And probably not quite as
+bad as the crash of '29.
+
+But a significant shock
+to the system.
+
+And after that, the United
+States' warehouses were filled
+
+with stuff that no
+one could buy.
+
+So what they did was they
+made it very cheap.
+
+And they shipped it
+around the world.
+
+And basically the United States,
+afterward from 1893,
+
+basically became an
+international supplier of
+
+things, in particular steel.
+
+So it discovered international
+markets after 1893.
+
+Then came the Spanish American
+War, where America now was a
+
+quasi-colonial imperial power.
+
+So by 1900, the United States
+had established itself as a
+
+network, global, expanding
+trade world.
+
+And it wanted to market itself
+in particular ways.
+
+Well, what you could market,
+of course, is architecture.
+
+So MIT knows by teaching its
+students how to make these big
+
+and huge and grand buildings,
+whilst preparing them for big
+
+time commissions around
+the world.
+
+And it's not just these
+commissions.
+
+But it was the steel that came
+from the steel factories.
+
+It was the parts that
+came from the
+
+American parts factories.
+
+It was the labor and the
+contractors that came from the
+
+labor contractor.
+
+So this was all originally
+controlled by the French,
+
+largely, who built their
+buildings as export
+
+commodities.
+
+Now MIT's Department of
+Architecture really was sort
+
+of at the cusp of basically
+producing architecture as an
+
+export commodity.
+
+So it's not just that this
+Beaux-Arts architecture, as we
+
+call it today, is sort
+of frilly and cute.
+
+It basically was the first
+world export commodity.
+
+Because to make a building,
+you need steel, you need
+
+foundations, you need
+
+technology, you need engineers.
+
+At the end, it might look
+sort of interesting.
+
+But it's the whole package.
+
+So this is why MIT
+developed this.
+
+And meanwhile, Harvard
+was looking at this.
+
+And they said, well, if MIT is
+gambling for the Beaux-Arts
+
+and the principle of world
+domination, we think that this
+
+is sort of not correct.
+
+And we want architecture to be
+humble and appropriate to the
+
+human scale.
+
+And so they went into
+sort of the
+
+anti-internationalist phase.
+
+They went into what's called
+the arts and crafts.
+
+So whereas MIT went into sort
+of internationalism,
+
+Beaux-Arts, huge buildings,
+Harvard brought in faculty
+
+that made little
+Gothic things.
+
+Very beautiful, very sweet,
+very elegant.
+
+William Brigham was one of
+the professors there.
+
+And these are the things
+that he made.
+
+And you compare that with Allen
+Ross, who is a graduate
+
+from here, who went
+out and built huge
+
+buildings like this.
+
+Or Hood, a graduate from MIT
+who went off and did the
+
+Chicago Tribune.
+
+He did other buildings, the
+Rockefeller Center, designed
+
+part of the Rockefeller Center,
+which were gigantic
+
+buildings, all about
+the progressive
+
+spirit and so forth.
+
+So this was the two approaches
+that MIT and Harvard had at
+
+the time in architecture.
+
+MIT went for big-scale,
+urban, huge projects.
+
+Harvard went for the little
+scale, for the domestic, for
+
+the house, and so forth.
+
+Eventually MIT would
+win that argument.
+
+I mean, it is a short term or
+long term perspective on that.
+
+And Harvard would eventually
+bring in a French architect in
+
+the first decades of
+the 20th century.
+
+And that was sort of the end
+of the arts and crafts.
+
+And so one of the characters
+that sort of comes in is, of
+
+course, Bosworth, who
+is a product of MIT.
+
+So he, in some sense, is a
+student of Despradelle.
+
+He knows and understands
+Despradelle's principle of
+
+buildings that represent the
+big international scale.
+
+Not buildings that are going to
+be humble, and sweet, and
+
+Gothic, and nostalgic.
+
+So the project that he designs
+for MIT is at that large,
+
+international scale.
+
+It's meant to be
+big and grand.
+
+Now he worked for
+various people.
+
+But including a man called
+Fish-- who was an AT&T CEO--
+
+and Ware, and some other people,
+and Rockefellers.
+
+He was sort of like a
+gentleman's architect.
+
+He didn't have a big practice.
+
+He had a small practice.
+
+But basically these super rich
+people would bring him in to
+
+design buildings.
+
+So this is one of the
+buildings are
+
+designed in New York.
+
+It's literally right next to,
+no longer the World Trade
+
+Center, the towers which you
+don't see anymore, which would
+
+be right there.
+
+So if any of you know New York,
+the Wall Street area,
+
+you would hopefully know
+this building.
+
+Really a gorgeous building,
+strictly neoclassical.
+
+It has a Doric on the inside,
+ionic on the outside.
+
+But it's a steel building.
+
+Basically it's a modern steel
+building wrapped in
+
+this sort of casing.
+
+And the casing is meant to show
+the stability of AT&T,
+
+the magnificence
+of it as well.
+
+So these buildings, which we
+may look at as sort of a
+
+little bit old fashioned were,
+at that time, all about the
+
+bravura of these new
+
+corporations that were emerging.
+
+So in particular,
+sort of AT&T--
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the West
+Street building?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's where
+Bell Labs is
+
+founded, in that building.
+
+Bell Labs is founded
+in that building.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah,
+that's right.
+
+Bell Labs is founded here.
+
+That's right.
+
+So when MIT, then, was making
+the move, they didn't talk to
+
+Bosworth initially.
+
+It came a little bit later.
+
+There's this huge institution.
+
+They're having these problems.
+
+And they were going, well, we
+need to find somebody to make
+
+the design.
+
+So they hire this guy
+called Childs.
+
+Childs was an expert in
+sanitation engineering.
+
+He made the sewer lines
+for Brookline.
+
+I mean, OK, he's an
+OK architect.
+
+But I mean, the guy
+makes sewer lines,
+
+for crying out loud.
+
+So he made a project.
+
+And at first, it looks OK.
+
+He's got a thing.
+
+It's got an esplanade.
+
+It's got its funny towers,
+and so forth like that.
+
+But fortunately, they realized
+it's really bad.
+
+I mean, it's really, really,
+really, really bad.
+
+So his idea was that
+X marks the spot.
+
+I mean, literally.
+
+And that this line, if you
+look at it, points to the
+
+State House.
+
+Because the State House was
+where the money comes from.
+
+So you want an avenue that when
+I can look down, I can
+
+see the State House
+and say, thank you
+
+very much, State House.
+
+Even though State House was
+giving it practically nothing.
+
+They were practically
+bankrupt.
+
+So I don't know where these
+lines would be pointing to.
+
+But they're just off into
+distance somewhere.
+
+And then, as you see, it's
+not really symmetrical.
+
+One has got longer.
+
+And then you see there's
+a track.
+
+And you see here one building
+bumps on the track.
+
+It's really sort of weird,
+a weird building, right?
+
+So not a good architect.
+
+And obviously somebody
+complained about it.
+
+Well, the guy who complained
+about it was this man called
+
+Freeman who was a civil engineer
+who would later go
+
+off and design the canals
+for Panama Canal.
+
+So this was a really
+top civil engineer.
+
+And compared to, if you will,
+some local hokey-bonky
+
+architect that they
+found in some sort
+
+of neighboring village.
+
+So Freeman comes on the plane
+and says, we've got to get rid
+
+of all these architects.
+
+They don't know what they're
+talking about.
+
+And convinces the president,
+Maclaurin, to fund him to do
+
+some research on what
+MIT needs to do.
+
+So he travels around
+the world.
+
+He goes to Mexico.
+
+He goes to the United States.
+
+He goes to Canada.
+
+He goes to Germany, and
+France, and Italy.
+
+And he collects this portfolio
+of plans and photographs.
+
+And then produces his report
+that I publish at
+
+the end in my book.
+
+And he falls in love with the
+German model of buildings,
+
+like the ones that
+I had showed you.
+
+And he said that the Germans
+and the Swiss had come up
+
+already 50 years earlier
+with this
+
+notion of a giant building.
+
+Not one building in sort
+of the landscape in the
+
+gentlemanly fashion.
+
+But huge, mega structures that
+if you go to Berlin, and you
+
+go to the Technical University
+in Berlin, or these
+
+universities in Zurich.
+
+And so he puts the map
+of them together.
+
+And he says, this is
+what MIT should do.
+
+I mean, this is what we need.
+
+We need a mega structure,
+not just a little
+
+old building somewhere.
+
+And then to make his point, he
+makes a design which he says,
+
+OK, this is what a bad
+architect would do.
+
+We'll have the architecture
+department.
+
+We have a chemistry
+department.
+
+We have a physics department.
+
+We've got an electrical
+department.
+
+We got some labs.
+
+We'll just scatter them around,
+whatever, willy-nilly,
+
+and call that a campus.
+
+And so he makes this sort of
+fake plan, if you will, to
+
+show this is how we would do it
+if we wanted to be a little
+
+bit like Harvard.
+
+And we might have a quad
+in there, and so forth.
+
+He hated architects.
+
+He thought architects were
+pompous arrowheads.
+
+He calls them beauty makers.
+
+And basically the
+world should be
+
+designed by civil engineers.
+
+And this was sort of an
+interesting moment where MIT
+
+Civil Engineering Department is
+sort of asserting itself in
+
+the architectural world against
+the Beaux-Arts.
+
+So he doesn't like the
+Beaux-Arts at all.
+
+He doesn't understand, really.
+
+Because basically by the 1910s,
+and so forth, what is
+
+being exported is precisely
+dams, and bridges, and canals,
+
+and so forth, not buildings.
+
+So this is where huge
+investments of exportation of
+
+MIT's position in the world
+has to do with civil
+
+engineering.
+
+And architecture's now a
+little bit sort of on a
+
+smaller scale.
+
+So his plan for MIT looks
+actually quite like what MIT
+
+looks like.
+
+Basically it's a concrete
+building.
+
+Concrete, because
+it won't burn.
+
+And today we go, concrete?
+
+The hell with concrete.
+
+But you've got to remember,
+the Romans had concrete.
+
+And then sometime in the Middle
+Ages because they
+
+didn't believe in science, they
+
+forgot how to make concrete.
+
+And then no one knew
+what concrete was.
+
+I mean, it had been completely
+forgotten,
+
+basically, until the 1880s.
+
+And people were going, God, we
+could make concrete now.
+
+So they started making
+concrete.
+
+And people were very
+uncertain about it.
+
+Because they needed to test it,
+and stretch it, and all
+
+these things.
+
+And then in the early 20th
+century, they finally figured
+
+out that by putting steel mesh
+into the concrete, you can
+
+sort of give it a substance.
+
+And it can both be compressed
+and, in
+
+some sense, also intention.
+
+So that made concrete into
+a basically usable thing.
+
+But it was still seen as
+sort of a low material.
+
+If you do a public building,
+it had to be brick.
+
+Brick was seen as
+prestigious--
+
+stone, marble.
+
+The last thing you want
+to do is concrete.
+
+The advantage of concrete, of
+course, is that it's really
+
+good against fires.
+
+And the building doesn't
+shake when the
+
+trucks go rumbling by.
+
+So he designed for this building
+to be in concrete.
+
+And it would have been, and in
+fact, when it was built, the
+
+largest concrete building in the
+world, some million square
+
+feet, sort of giant structure.
+
+And that in itself is, in some
+senses, another aspect of MIT
+
+reaching out to a type of really
+being the most modern
+
+thing available.
+
+So this is another building
+designed as a shoe olfactory.
+
+And you can sort of see it has
+the same sort of principle, a
+
+concrete structure with these
+columns going down the middle
+
+that become the corridor.
+
+And then all you have to do is
+makes slabs, and then the
+
+circulation system for people
+to go up and down.
+
+So basically the concrete
+columns,
+
+circulations in the corners.
+
+Here is an auditorium.
+
+And then behind here was various
+laboratories for the
+
+electrical engineers
+and whatnot.
+
+So he did that.
+
+And MIT thought that was
+all pretty good.
+
+But they got a little nervous
+because they still wanted the
+
+architects to come and give a
+blessing to the building.
+
+They had this being built.
+
+Unfortunately, the skin of it
+would have still had some
+
+classical furnishings.
+
+Oh, he wanted the skin.
+
+The skin was going to be out of
+ceramic, white ceramic, so
+
+that you could wash it down.
+
+You got to remember, in the
+winter all the soot makes all
+
+the buildings black.
+
+So he didn't like that.
+
+So he invented this sort of
+ceramic that you could just
+
+hose down and the building would
+be very gleaming in the
+
+spring again.
+
+So all very clever, very
+practical, very useful.
+
+But MIT was a little nervous.
+
+So they went to, as
+many institutions
+
+do, the power elite.
+
+So at some moment, President
+Maclaurin called up
+
+Rockefeller and said, hey,
+Rocky, we're building a
+
+building here.
+
+And can you recommend
+something?
+
+So Rockefeller, and this
+is Theodore Vail.
+
+Theodore Vail's the President of
+AT&T. And you see, he's on
+
+the telephone.
+
+And he's in his little
+bungalow in
+
+Jekyll Point in Carolinas.
+
+They had a little
+villa out there.
+
+And this is the first
+transatlantic telephone call
+
+from his little bungalow in
+Jekyll Island-- and that's
+
+where all the rich
+people lived--
+
+to California.
+
+So this is the moment where
+he's calling this guy and
+
+talking to him in California.
+
+And so he's sitting next
+to his buddy, another
+
+millionaire, Rockefeller.
+
+And who are the people
+behind him?
+
+Well, they're his architects.
+
+So here he is at this
+unbelievably amazing moment.
+
+And it could be his daughter.
+
+It could be his wife.
+
+It could be some engineers.
+
+But he wants to sort of
+memorialize this moment by the
+
+two guys being on
+the telephone.
+
+And the architects are behind
+them who are going to get the
+
+commissions to build the
+buildings that will represent
+
+them in the world.
+
+So we saw the one that Bosworth
+has just done.
+
+You see him beautifully
+attired.
+
+He knows how to dress
+in those days.
+
+He's an MIT gentleman.
+
+And so basically we don't
+know exactly all
+
+of the ins and outs.
+
+But more or less, Maclaurin
+basically calls up
+
+both of these men.
+
+And they both say Bosworth
+is the man to do it.
+
+So there was no competition.
+
+There was no announcement
+in the paper
+
+looking for an architect.
+
+There was no first they just
+went down the street and found
+
+the first shingle where the guy
+said, I'm an architect.
+
+Here they called up the top CEOs
+and said, we need a guy
+
+who can do this building
+that you trust.
+
+Because we don't need simply
+someone who can make the
+
+building in a pragmatic way.
+
+We need someone who can give
+us the representational
+
+capacity that architects
+can bring.
+
+So they pointed to Bosworth.
+
+Now Bosworth used
+Freeman's plans.
+
+Basically built Freeman's
+building.
+
+Here it is, you can see.
+
+And had this been built more or
+less like it was, and glass
+
+put in, it would have been the
+first, the largest, and the
+
+most important modern building
+in the history of ever.
+
+So 1913, it was just when
+modernism was starting to be
+
+discussed in Europe as well.
+
+But the Europeans would
+eventually figure out they're
+
+just putting glass.
+
+Let's get rid of all the skin.
+
+Americans were a little bit
+more reluctant to do that.
+
+And so that's why the modernism
+began in Europe.
+
+But this is basically a modern
+building and would have been
+
+in every history book had
+they just stopped there.
+
+But they didn't.
+
+And they put the skin on it.
+
+But you can get a sense of
+basically the sort of radical,
+
+modern, clean, functional
+aesthetic that comes from
+
+Freeman in some of the buildings
+and some of the
+
+rooms that are on the corner.
+
+This is an old room now.
+
+It's got a sunk ceiling.
+
+I mean, we do all this
+stuff to it.
+
+And you get a very cushy,
+different world today.
+
+But you get a little bit of a
+sense of Vail, who wanted to
+
+donate his library to MIT.
+
+And he wanted, of course,
+Bosworth to design the dome to
+
+house this library.
+
+So this is the Vail Library.
+
+And we see it as it was
+originally was.
+
+Now today, it'd look like a
+parking garage with these
+
+stupid lamps.
+
+And of course, I mean, I just
+go in there, I just really
+
+want to vomit.
+
+It's just really, really,
+really bad.
+
+And then in 1941, they
+painted the dome.
+
+So they thought the German
+airplane bombers were going to
+
+come and bomb MIT.
+
+So they painted the dome so that
+you could turn the lights
+
+off and there wouldn't
+be any lights.
+
+Of course, the German bombers
+never made it to MIT.
+
+And everyone forgot to
+take off the paint.
+
+So you go in there and
+it's sort of dark.
+
+And you don't have the oculus,
+you know, with this warmth of
+
+the light coming down.
+
+And of course, these wonderful
+chairs and people
+
+just reading there.
+
+Instead you've got these sort of
+bean bags and kids sleeping
+
+and snoring right and left.
+
+So hopefully that can be done
+something about that.
+
+So Bosworth took the modern
+building, basically, and
+
+wrapped, as you can sort
+of see, in a restrained
+
+classical, not the glorious,
+usually excessive classicism
+
+that you might find
+other places.
+
+But a relatively restrained
+classicism.
+
+Very simple sandstone facade.
+
+And of course, the
+front of it.
+
+Of course, the whole thing was
+paved, because this was, in
+
+some sense, the urban center
+of the building.
+
+In the '20s and '30s, paving
+is hard to do.
+
+You've got to maintain it.
+
+And if you don't maintain it,
+things and weeds grow.
+
+And then the paving does
+this and this.
+
+And finally, you just rip the
+whole crap out and put in a
+
+few plants.
+
+So that's what they did.
+
+And made it into a park so
+that you can't see the
+
+building at all.
+
+But the building was meant to
+be sort of really, really
+
+visible, this white, beautiful
+structure, visible
+
+from across the river.
+
+Clearly a statement of
+
+constitutionality in the landscape.
+
+And then it was opened in a
+big celebration where Vail
+
+gave all the MIT alumni in the
+various clubs around the
+
+country headsets.
+
+I think this is in Kansas.
+
+And so they're all listening to
+the speech that was taking
+
+place during the opening
+ceremony, you
+
+know, all at the same.
+
+So it was the first sort
+of simulcast--
+
+I don't know, that wouldn't
+be the right phrase--
+
+simultaneous transmission
+of sound in the
+
+history of the world.
+
+And to make sure that people
+understood, there was a
+
+relationship between AT&T and
+his donor, Vail, and MIT.
+
+So this is the front of
+the AT&T headquarters.
+
+And here you can see
+the doors of them.
+
+And here you see the doors of
+MIT, which are basically the
+
+same doors.
+
+So when you walk into the
+doors, you're basically
+
+walking into the doors that
+say, thank you, Mr.
+
+Vail for your gift.
+
+I mean, it's a bad photograph.
+
+Just take my word for it.
+
+It's the same doors.
+
+It says so even on the
+construction drawings, copied
+
+the drawings from the
+AT&T headquarters.
+
+So MIT's relationship with
+AT&T, with electrical
+
+engineering, with this
+progressive corporate world is
+
+sort of cemented in
+the building.
+
+So the building we could say
+looks like classical.
+
+But in reality, what it's doing
+is giving MIT what it
+
+really wanted, which was a type
+of relationship to the
+
+corporate America.
+
+Corporate America we
+assume has been
+
+around for 8,000 years.
+
+It really hasn't.
+
+It really starts to emerge,
+these giant corporations,
+
+exactly at this moment.
+
+So at that level, this building
+does what was
+
+happening in corporate
+America, too.
+
+These large, impressive,
+institutional buildings in the
+
+landscape that are referring to
+the classical past as a way
+
+to sort of stabilize the idea
+that we're here forever.
+
+Even though we're only a few
+years old, don't worry, like
+
+the Doric columns, we'll be
+around for a long time.
+
+Good luck.
+
+So of course, this building
+refers partially to the dome
+
+of the Pantheon in Rome.
+
+I hope some of you
+have seen that.
+
+So we have the dome.
+
+And then we have these sort
+of columns in front.
+
+There are eight columns in front
+of the real Pantheon.
+
+Whereas there are 10 columns
+sort of here.
+
+And of course, the dome
+is much, much,
+
+much, much, much, higher.
+
+Because the dome in the
+Pantheon is very low.
+
+And actually, you don't
+see it all.
+
+You can sort of see it if you're
+way up high and you can
+
+sort of photograph it.
+
+But from the street level, you
+don't see the dome at all.
+
+So it's not an imitation.
+
+But clearly, obviously he's
+saying the dome of the
+
+Pantheon is one of the
+great buildings.
+
+Clearly the pantheon translated
+
+into the idea of learning.
+
+And so the Enlightenment project
+of the unification of
+
+the sciences.
+
+So that's sort of part of it.
+
+The other part, of course, is
+that if you look at the dome
+
+of the Pentagon, you'll notice
+these capitals are what you
+
+call Corinthian, which is sort
+of a typical type of capital
+
+that was developed in Rome that
+does not match up with
+
+here, which is capitals that
+are called ionic, which are
+
+actually Greek.
+
+And they're a lot older.
+
+So he's sort of playing with
+these languages to craft a
+
+type of MIT message.
+
+So the model that he's
+taken is the Temple
+
+of Athena in Priene.
+
+Priene was a Greek town
+in Western Turkey.
+
+And so he's using the capitals,
+which I show here,
+
+from that temple.
+
+So he wants Athena to be in
+there, because Athena's
+
+[? learning. ?]
+
+Among classicists, this temple
+is supposed to be seen as the
+
+most perfect temple that
+had ever been built.
+
+And if you do architectural
+history, you would know that.
+
+So he takes the capital
+of Priene here and
+
+basically copies it.
+
+So when you walk in building
+seven up on the third floor,
+
+you see these gigantic
+capitals.
+
+Well, why spend $2,500 and go
+to Turkey and look at it?
+
+Well, you can look at
+it right there.
+
+I mean, they're sort
+of the same thing.
+
+But as you can see, the
+bottoms are different.
+
+Now I know you guys
+are like, ugh.
+
+They all had bottoms.
+
+But bottoms--
+
+it's a whole story.
+
+So he's taking the top
+but not the bottom.
+
+So where do the bottoms
+come from?
+
+Well, the bottoms come from
+another temple in Athens
+
+called the Erechtheion.
+
+So here you see MIT's bases.
+
+And compared to the Erechtheion,
+they're pretty
+
+much a perfect match.
+
+The Erechtheion, anybody seen
+that in Acropolis, Athens?
+
+You guys travel?
+
+You got to travel.
+
+It's a bit of a ruin now.
+
+You don't really get
+what it seems.
+
+But it's seen as one of the
+most sophisticated of
+
+buildings that the Greeks
+had ever produced.
+
+Very complicated building.
+
+Not a classic temple with
+a front and a side.
+
+But actually a very, very sort
+of complicated temple, showing
+
+that the Greeks could actually
+produce temples with porches,
+
+and fronts, and backs,
+and this and that.
+
+And such a different
+type of complexity.
+
+So it's a building that
+shows complexity.
+
+And you can sort of see
+these MIT bases.
+
+So he takes the bases from one
+temporal to show sort of a
+
+type of architectural mastery
+of complexity.
+
+He takes the capitals from
+another temple to show Athena,
+
+and knowledge, and sort
+of purity of design.
+
+Then he takes the Roman idea of
+the great vault which holds
+
+knowledge and the sciences
+together and basically makes
+
+that into the message, the
+corporate message of MIT that
+
+gets sort of put
+into its front.
+
+So today, of course, we look at
+buildings and we don't see
+
+them as messages.
+
+We just see them as, wow,
+I like that, or
+
+I don't like that.
+
+But this is the great advantage
+of what the
+
+classical world brought while
+it was still being used, was
+
+that you take the pieces and
+you can construct arguments
+
+out of them, depending on how
+and what you're referring to.
+
+So this was, in some
+sense, a message.
+
+And this was why they brought in
+Bosworth to, in some sense,
+
+do Freeman's project.
+
+But basically give it the
+proper message that
+
+it needed to have.
+
+And so what you get is really
+the best of both worlds, I
+
+think, is this positioning of
+MIT in the corporate world, as
+
+the corporate progress of world
+was understood at that
+
+time-- right-- in the
+emerging world.
+
+But also have in its core--
+of the inside--
+
+this sort of fantastic concrete
+slab building.
+
+Which was also progressive in
+its own right, but it's not
+
+celebrated in any
+particular way.
+
+It's just there--
+
+right?
+
+And of course, that interior of
+the building got repeatedly
+
+nibbled on and transformed,
+and [? resealings ?]
+
+and new windows and doors.
+
+So it's very hard to see that.
+
+The best places are
+the staircase.
+
+Which if you just think, 1913,
+these really amazingly clear,
+
+functional concrete staircases
+that are so simple, you hardly
+
+think that that's anything
+to be proud of-- right?
+
+But if you're thinking of what
+could have happened-- right?
+
+Which would have been
+a building--
+
+free standing buildings
+in a quad, like
+
+in the Harvard model.
+
+It would've been a very
+different story.
+
+Yeah, that's the end of my
+little spiel here about the
+
+old building, at least up
+until it was built.
+
+So, questions?
+
+Thoughts?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: This is a litle
+off-topic, but do you think
+
+the reason why we call Athena
+"Athena" has anything to do
+
+with the architecture?
+
+Like, the computer system?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah,
+I don't know.
+
+Could be just coincidence, it
+could be just coincidence.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Interesting.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: At one moment,
+Boston was seen--
+
+was trying to define itself as
+the Athens on the Charles.
+
+So the ionic columns that
+are on our building--
+
+and if you go to the museum,
+the Fine Arts
+
+Museum has ionic columns.
+
+Many of the buildings designed
+first by MIT, and then during
+
+the '20s and '30s will
+have ionic on them.
+
+Because Boston was sort of
+trying to nickname itself as
+
+the Athens of learning and
+civilization on the Charles.
+
+So that maybe leaked out.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Was the Infinite
+Corridor planned today, like
+
+the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Absolutely.
+
+That's right, yeah.
+
+The corridor was--
+
+corridors were complicated
+spaces.
+
+We see them today as
+pretty generic.
+
+But in those days, corridors
+were actually very special
+
+places used--
+
+like a novel types of spaces.
+
+Partly, they were rejected
+because they didn't have a
+
+good ventilation.
+
+So you needed to have
+very, very tall--
+
+because there's no
+air conditioning,
+
+and there's no heating.
+
+So they would be very cold, and
+then in summer if you put
+
+bathrooms there, the fumes would
+collect and they'd be
+
+sort of stinky, maybe-- right?
+
+So during the 19th century,
+you're going to find few
+
+buildings actually designing
+with corridors.
+
+But they start emerging in the
+late 19th century in state
+
+houses, parliament buildings,
+as representational places.
+
+You know when we say someone
+is lobbying--
+
+right-- because the corridor was
+next to these lobbies in
+
+the parliament building.
+
+So the idea that you could
+have these corridors--
+
+places where people
+would hang out--
+
+was seen as a positive thing.
+
+But that's one of the reasons
+these spaces and the building
+
+was so huge, is because the idea
+was the ventilation, you
+
+don't have artificial
+ventilation.
+
+So the whole building had to
+be circulated through these
+
+windows and through
+the corridors.
+
+But yeah, it was designed with
+these corridors in mind.
+
+Initially, the idea was that the
+offices would have walls
+
+out of very thin wood, and he
+called them curtain walls,
+
+which is different from the
+technical term today in
+
+architecture.
+
+But they were literally like
+curtains, so that if the
+
+physics professor wanted more
+space, he could expand or
+
+something like that.
+
+Of course, that turned out to
+be completely dysfunctional,
+
+because you give a professor
+space, he's never going to
+
+give it up.
+
+I mean, now we have the space
+wars at MIT, and it's just
+
+like to death.
+
+We've been trying to move a one
+wall between two offices,
+
+now, for 10 years in Department
+of Architecture,
+
+and it's just not
+gonna happen.
+
+So this idea that this was like
+a free plan, where the
+
+corridors are the spine and the
+stable part of it, and the
+
+walls are sort of moving and
+expanding and contracting as
+
+disciplines.
+
+Because he knew that disciplines
+were moving and
+
+contracting.
+
+So he wanted a building that
+was very flexible.
+
+That's why there are no walls.
+
+Right?
+
+Just slab and columns.
+
+Right?
+
+Then the walls are
+all in-filled.
+
+Unfortunately, the walls
+became permanent,
+
+as all walls do.
+
+So even that would've been--
+
+the idea of a building with
+no walls was just
+
+unbelievably modern.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering
+about the "V's in
+
+"Massachusetts" on
+the building.
+
+Why "V's" and not "U's?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: That's because
+the Romans didn't have "U's"--
+
+right?
+
+So they were copying the Roman
+script, and so Romans didn't
+
+have "U", so everything
+was "V".
+
+So they didn't have--
+
+it stuck.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you know anything
+about the design or the
+
+rationale behind the huge tunnel
+system that we have
+
+between all the buildings.
+
+It seems to be a unique
+feature of the campus.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah.
+
+That, I don't know.
+
+Maybe you guys might have
+a little bit more
+
+of a clue on that.
+
+I think it would have came out
+just almost accidentally, is
+
+what I understand, but--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I think so, and
+then I think that more
+
+recently it's been explicit that
+there's been connections
+
+between the new buildings.
+
+But that's a good paper
+topic for somewhere.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Yeah,
+that is a good topic.
+
+AUDIENCE: There really aren't
+that many more basement
+
+systems rather than just the
+regular systems, anyways.
+
+I mean, there's a couple extra
+hallways in the basement.
+
+But in general, the buildings
+are connected above ground
+
+just as much as they
+are underneath.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm thinking that
+especially the connection
+
+between Philips 66 and all the
+way across the Kendall Square,
+
+it seemed to be pretty
+deliberate to want to do that.
+
+In any case, I heard it was like
+the second longest tunnel
+
+system compared to
+the Pentagon or
+
+something like that.
+
+I might have been [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But it's pretty big.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Interesting.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: The whole
+building is designed on field
+
+because, as you know from your
+reading, this was all swamp.
+
+And field is not a good place
+to design a building on--
+
+right?
+
+Because it basically wants
+to be a swamp again.
+
+So the engineering of the
+building-- basically you have
+
+design of gigantic, basically,
+bathtub slab--
+
+right?
+
+And the building sort of sits
+in this huge footprint--
+
+right?
+
+Sort of sits down and you're--
+and so in other words, you
+
+just put a point in and a point
+in it'll start leaning
+
+and tilting-- right?
+
+So you put a big platform,
+and then you can put
+
+your building on it.
+
+So the engineering of this,
+actually was hugely
+
+complicated.
+
+Done by a guy called Stone--
+
+engineering firm Stone, which
+was one of the largest
+
+engineering firms in the
+world at the time.
+
+He was also a [? graduate. ?]
+
+Freeman was so upset when they
+hired Bosworth to take his
+
+plan and basically botch it,
+that he took his entire
+
+research and burned it.
+
+And so all that we have left
+in the archives are these
+
+really bad photographs, some
+snapshot that someone took of
+
+some of these sheets
+that are left.
+
+And they haven't given a cent
+to MIT, ever-- right?
+
+I mean, still today, if you
+talk to the Freeman
+
+[INAUDIBLE] guys, they go, we're
+not coming, we're not
+
+coming, we hate you guys.
+
+Because he felt that he had
+really studied this thing
+
+exhaustively, and was going to
+give MIT the best building
+
+that they could possibly
+imagine, and was upset that
+
+MIT then basically went
+for Bosworth.
+
+And it's a conflict, as I
+write about in my book,
+
+between two different types
+of identities--
+
+right?
+
+I mean, Freeman was a type of
+modern person where he wanted
+
+concrete, he wanted engineering,
+he wants building
+
+to be proud of itself as a civil
+engineering expression.
+
+And he understood that this
+was the moment of history
+
+where an institution
+could do that.
+
+And so he's sort of right.
+
+But there was another type
+of modern movement being
+
+developed, which was the
+modern corporation.
+
+And MIT was sort of like trying
+to figure out which one
+
+do we want-- right?
+
+And ultimately, they opted for
+going with the idea that the
+
+modern corporation is what an
+institution like this is, as
+
+opposed to a public
+institution-- right?
+
+So it was shifting from a public
+institution, which had
+
+to be humble and small to
+a private institution--
+
+right-- like it is
+now-- right?
+
+With one fell swoop when
+Eastman gave the
+
+$10 million, right?
+
+Boom, it's a private
+institution.
+
+So private institutions operate
+on very different
+
+representational models.
+
+So being in the world--
+
+having an argument about
+your position in the
+
+world was key to that.
+
+And for that--
+
+only architects at the time
+knew how to do that--
+
+right?
+
+I don't know if they still know
+how to do it, but that
+
+was the point.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Was there
+a time prior to the
+
+Freeman-Bosworth divide that
+architects and engineers
+
+considered themselves
+one in the same?
+
+Or did that never exist?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yes, probably
+in the 1880s, I think
+
+architecture and engineering
+were a lot closer.
+
+Then, engineering
+professionalized itself much
+
+earlier than architecture.
+
+Engineering was already
+professionalized practically
+
+in the 1880s, whereas
+architecture started to
+
+professionalize itself
+around 1900.
+
+And even then, many architects
+were going, we don't want to
+
+be professional,
+we are artists.
+
+So really, it was only in
+the 1940s, really, that
+
+architecture as a professional
+practice really takes root,
+
+really with the second
+World War.
+
+So being a professional practice
+gave engineers a
+
+powerful leg to stand on.
+
+Because they understood
+deliverables, they understood
+
+how buildings operate and
+function in the real world,
+
+whereas architects could give
+you the appearance--
+
+right-- but not know anything
+about how to build it.
+
+And that split begins to emerge
+around 1900, between
+
+architecture as a design
+project, and engineering.
+
+So in other words, when civil
+engineering and architecture
+
+start two different
+fields-- right--
+
+that's when they have
+this antagonism.
+
+But because engineers were so
+incredibly competent, they
+
+could build buildings
+in their sleep.
+
+I mean, sort of dumb
+buildings-- right?
+
+So they thought, that's how
+you should be building.
+
+So the engineers had something
+to argue for themselves.
+
+They make buildings, they knew
+how to make them safe, they
+
+don't burn, they don't do this,
+so that's all you need
+
+to do-- right?
+
+So that antagonism basically
+heats up around 1900, and this
+
+is an example of that.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Where does
+William Ware stand in this?
+
+Was he an engineer
+slash architect?
+
+Or was he--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah, he was
+sort of the gentlemen
+
+architect tradition idea.
+
+So he's the one who founds the
+Department of Architecture
+
+along the gentleman model--
+
+right?
+
+And, yes, the engineering is
+important, but engineering
+
+still was something that wasn't
+too much of a problem
+
+because if you make these types
+of buildings, you make
+
+your walls, you put
+in some big beams.
+
+There's not a big question--
+right?
+
+But if you make MIT out of
+concrete, in a million square
+
+feet-- and how do you pour it?
+
+How do you--
+
+on the swampy soil?
+
+This is an engineering problem
+of mega proportions--
+
+right?
+
+And this is not for
+an architect .
+
+So architecture in the mid-20th
+century was at a
+
+scale that engineering wasn't
+a real problem, because most
+
+of it was just pretty
+easy to do.
+
+But as soon as you make big
+buildings like this--
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH:
+Different story.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: --engineer has
+to be really front and center.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Interesting.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't the divide
+between architecture and
+
+engineering still a big
+problem at MIT?
+
+Because you look at buildings
+like the Stata Center, in a
+
+sense they both have--
+
+they're both very artistic,
+but have a lot
+
+of structural problems.
+
+So isn't that still a pretty
+modern problem?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Well my uncle,
+who is an architect lawyer,
+
+architects come to him to get
+them out of lawsuits.
+
+So he always says, there's no
+such thing as a building that
+
+doesn't leak--
+
+rule one-- and there's no such
+thing as a good building that
+
+doesn't have a lawsuit.
+
+And so someone's always suing
+something because--
+
+no one knows.
+
+I mean, my windows in
+my Building 10,
+
+they leak, I mean.
+
+And they're rusted shut--
+
+the upper one--
+
+I just like-- you can't
+even move it.
+
+Just-- you know.
+
+So that's maybe a question of
+
+maintenance, rather than design.
+
+But I'm a little bit more
+sympathetic to Gary.
+
+I think some of the lawsuit
+anxiety is misplaced a bit.
+
+Because most buildings of that
+scale are going to have
+
+mistakes and problems.
+
+And anyway, almost every
+Gary project gets sued.
+
+You get sued.
+
+For every building, he's
+got a lawsuit.
+
+So when MIT hired him, they
+should have known that.
+
+It's sort of like, don't they
+read the newspapers?
+
+So it's just a little bit
+his fault, a little bit
+
+everybody's fault.
+
+The client should
+of known better.
+
+If they're going to get a
+building that is designed at
+
+the cutting edge of a certain
+type of technological
+
+revolution, there might be
+problems, and so forth.
+
+If they wanted a simpler
+building, they shouldn't have
+
+done it with Gary.
+
+That's the point.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: So in the
+Bosworth-Freeman story, would
+
+you describe the main group that
+we ended up with as kind
+
+of a solution that reflects
+some anxiety on the
+
+institute's part?
+
+Because they voted for--
+
+and as the corporations had some
+anxiety, too, trying to
+
+communicate their permanence and
+their established nature,
+
+which clearly indicates it's in
+question, as we read with
+
+all the mergers, and all
+this sort of stuff?
+
+As opposed to whether Freeman,
+or somebody else, pushing
+
+forward light spaces,
+international style, very new,
+
+very cutting edge, but leaving
+open the question of whether
+
+it was really the establishment
+or not.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah, one of the
+points about the book is
+
+that MIT had to learn how to
+find it's patronage voice--
+
+right?
+
+So when they first say, we want
+a building, the guy just
+
+walked down to the store
+somewhere to Central Square
+
+and saw someone that said
+"architect" and said , oh, can
+
+you design this for us?
+
+Right?
+
+They didn't imagine this to be
+anything more complicated than
+
+just going out and getting
+box of cereal.
+
+Then they had to learn that this
+was a historical moment.
+
+So they really didn't see
+that at the beginning.
+
+They just thought, we just want
+a campus and get some
+
+buildings up.
+
+And what Freeman forced him
+to do was to slow down and
+
+understand the historical
+moment.
+
+Once they understood historical
+moment, in a way
+
+thanks to Freeman--
+
+right--
+
+they put everything aside and
+waited a year or two for him
+
+to make his research.
+
+They actually thought more about
+the historical moment
+
+than Freeman wanted them to.
+
+Because they said, the moment
+isn't just to do a great
+
+factory-style campus.
+
+The really historical moment
+is our new relationship and
+
+identity as a private
+institution, dependent on the
+
+corporate institution.
+
+And so that's the actual
+thing we need--
+
+right?
+
+So they had to learn how to find
+that, thanks to Freeman.
+
+But actually, thanks
+to Freeman, then
+
+they went past Freeman--
+
+right--
+
+and articulated a different
+project.
+
+It was a huge spectacle.
+
+It was a age where a vast public
+spectacle-- this one,
+
+the early 20th century--
+
+where something happened that
+you could do these things.
+
+So yeah, there was a searchlight
+on top of the
+
+Rogers building, and there's
+a searchlight on top of MIT
+
+building-- the Dome.
+
+And they got these from some
+Navy frigate that was out in
+
+the dock harbor-- they borrowed
+the searchlights.
+
+And then everybody left the
+procession down from the
+
+Rogers building to the dock.
+
+And then there was a special
+boat, and they all
+
+piled on to the boat.
+
+And the boat almost sank
+because no one had ever
+
+bothered to figure out what
+800 people weigh.
+
+And that would have
+been interesting--
+
+right?
+
+It would have been a very
+different story today about
+
+the death of the faculty--
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: The charter
+sinks into the Charles.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Students dying
+and swimming and--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I've heard that
+that building's actually in
+
+the Charles.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Yeah, that's
+what I've heard, too.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Does anybody know
+where you walk by that
+
+boat everyday?
+
+Where you see it everyday?
+
+There's a huge picture of it
+right at the end of the
+
+Infinite Corridor, right
+here on this wall.
+
+I just walked by it
+this morning.
+
+And it was also the last one in
+this whole little collage
+
+about that set of events.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: And then they
+got on the boat and they went
+
+off to the dock.
+
+MIT was supposed to have
+a dock, which was
+
+never actually built.
+
+And then they all got out.
+
+And then every student was
+participating, in one way or
+
+other, in an opera that was
+custom designed called--
+
+what was the name of this?
+
+I can't remember--
+
+The Grey World, or something
+like that, which featured the
+
+history of the world
+with MIT at the
+
+culminating piece of that.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Of course.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: And it featured
+this woman called
+
+Tanner, who was this great
+swirly, dirly--
+
+not wearing many clothes and
+illuminated with red and
+
+purple and orange lights
+down below.
+
+It was one of the great first
+light show events--
+
+right?
+
+They would take with lights
+going off and on [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But this was one of the
+first experiments in
+
+colored light shows.
+
+And Tanner did her
+swirly dance.
+
+And then the big opera came.
+
+And the music came.
+
+And Rockefeller gave a speech.
+
+And everybody gave speeches.
+
+And da, da, da, da.
+
+And Cram, who was the head of
+the department, was the master
+
+of ceremonies.
+
+And then he opened the door.
+
+And then the two searchlights
+were touching, like this.
+
+And then when you open
+the door, the
+
+searchlights went like that.
+
+And the MIT-Roger Williams
+searchlight cut off, and you
+
+only had MIT searchlight on.
+
+And so that was the great,
+heroic moment.
+
+I mean, you could imagine
+it was spectacular.
+
+But it was all at night, so
+there's only one photograph
+
+that someone drew in to show a
+little bit what it was like.
+
+But you couldn't photograph
+any of that stuff.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: The Rogers
+building was used until--
+
+it was only torn down the '20s,
+or even later-- right?
+
+In the 30--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: The main group
+was built in one big swoop
+
+that was that time.
+
+But then there were various
+other pieces filled in until
+
+the end of the '20s-- right?
+
+It wasn't really complete
+until around 1930--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: That's right.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: --when the last
+of all what we now know as
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So if you look at them, they
+look a little different
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: That's
+right, yeah.
+
+That's right.
+
+I mean, I. M. Pei, who
+studied here--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: [INAUDIBLE]
+stayed over [INAUDIBLE].
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah, see
+architecture is over there, so
+
+I. M. Pei, who studied here when
+he was here in the '40s--
+
+he was in the Rogers
+building, still.
+
+He was like the last student
+to use that building .
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the
+MIT building for--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah, it was
+still-- they rented it, the
+
+various floors at that time.
+
+Then, sadly, it was torn down.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: That's
+interesting.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Well, there's
+sort of a playfulness about
+
+it, which I think
+one has love.
+
+MIT had this incredible--
+
+you read, also, the skits that
+were being performed.
+
+MIT had this tradition of
+skits and theater skits.
+
+And in the yearbook you see
+these guys will be dressed up
+
+as god knows what.
+
+And they make some skit
+imitating some professors or
+
+doing [INAUDIBLE].
+
+We lost all that.
+
+I mean, somewhere MIT became
+very serious, and all that
+
+playful skits and irony
+just went somewhere.
+
+I don't know where.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: It went
+to the students.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Isn't
+that what you were
+
+saying in your paper?
+
+AUDIENCE: I feel like it's still
+around, maybe on the
+
+undergraduate level.
+
+But I feel like MIT is a more
+unique place than the other
+
+college campus, just because
+of some of the
+
+weird stuff we do here.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Yeah,
+good point.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: But I think
+your point is right.
+
+The spectacle of that
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+was a moment in time when--
+
+who knows what?
+
+There was enough technology
+to bring a lot of people
+
+together, but people weren't
+yet jaded by radio and
+
+television.
+
+Where they wouldn't put all of
+their effort in to that thing.
+
+The allegories and all of the
+performances was something we
+
+studied a lot with the 150th.
+
+And try to figure out what parts
+of it are repeatable and
+
+what parts--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: --are goofy.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: --are not.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: So I take
+it, that's not going to be
+
+repeated this spring.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Well, Professor
+Smith is going to dress up as
+
+Merlin for [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Well, if you
+do-- if you dare do something
+
+like that, David,
+I'll be Merlin.
+
+I don't think you dare do it.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+MIT charter in it.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Oh yeah.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Across the river,
+almost like Raiders of
+
+the Lost Ark.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: Wasn't the--
+
+it was like a Venetian
+galley, wasn't it?
+
+That was built to carry the
+stuff across the river?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: That's right,
+the Venetian was a theme.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: And it was
+built up in Gloucester or
+
+somewhere, and they had to bring
+it down along the coast.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK:That's right.
+
+MERRIT ROE SMITH: And I think
+it's in your book, that you
+
+talk about how it got damaged
+on the way, or something.
+
+And they were worried
+about it sinking.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Well, they were
+worried about it sinking
+
+because they'd never really
+thought about people in it.
+
+And they'd never tested it.
+
+I mean, it's just a barge,
+dressed up with all
+
+that stuff on it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: When we go to the MIT
+Museum, Debbie Douglas has
+
+a piece of that, a piece
+of the plaster.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Oh, really?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Really?
+
+Oh, interesting.
+
+AUDIENCE: And she tells
+me that it's still out
+
+there on the river.
+
+And maybe we'll drag sonar
+around and see
+
+if we can find it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, get that
+side-scan sonar.
+
+He's an expert on this stuff.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah,
+let's go find it.
+
+Yeah, it was a great
+moment for MIT.
+
+There's no doubt.
+
+[? Elliot ?] was at
+the ceremony.
+
+AUDIENCE: Was he really?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah.
+
+But, I mean, you could--
+
+they were just clearly
+probably chafing
+
+at the bit on this.
+
+It was a huge [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And it was a great
+moment for MIT.
+
+The reality was they were
+practically bankrupt again.
+
+Because they had this
+great building.
+
+But the building was vastly
+over-expensive, by more
+
+expensive than the
+10 millions.
+
+And so Eastman kept on
+dishing out millions
+
+and millions millions.
+
+And you got to remember, 10
+million back then, I mean,
+
+it's not 10 million even
+[INAUDIBLE] today.
+
+But you probably have
+to add a zero.
+
+So it's something like 100
+million, which is a huge
+
+amount as a single gift to
+create a building like this.
+
+I mean, it's like an
+unbelievable event in the
+
+history of philanthropy.
+
+American philanthropy is just
+one of these great, marvelous
+
+inventions.
+
+I mean, one can think
+about capitalism in
+
+all sorts of ways.
+
+But you go around the world
+and capitalism does not
+
+produce philanthropy like it
+ever did in the America sense.
+
+And this is one of the great
+moments of that.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's interesting.
+
+AUDIENCE: It said that he's
+been donating money as
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: He was known
+as Mr. Smith.
+
+And he didn't want
+to be known.
+
+So when did he--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: When
+did he come out?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, when did he
+tell everybody that he was
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: It came out, I
+think, when Maclaurin died.
+
+I think he leaked it out.
+
+I mean, the whole thing
+killed Maclaurin.
+
+I mean, it made him
+age overnight.
+
+And within a few years,
+he was dead.
+
+I mean it's just astonishing,
+they type of effort it takes,
+
+the human and human cost,
+to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: It's in the Prescott
+book, but not on the part that
+
+was assigned, I think, where
+they revealed the identity of
+
+Eastman, with Eastman's
+permission, once the whole
+
+thing was done at a
+reception for the
+
+corporation at Gray House.
+
+And Maclaurin basically went
+upstairs and keeled over and
+
+died at the reception at
+the president's house.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE: Up in their
+apartment's where [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] killed
+a lot of presidents.
+
+AUDIENCE: Somebody had a
+question in their reflection
+
+about why did Eastman give
+the money to MIT.
+
+He was not an MIT graduate.
+
+Who asked that question?
+
+Somebody did.
+
+No?
+
+Am I think--
+
+boy, I'm having a
+bad day here.
+
+Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: --was why he
+gave it anonymously.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+Why?
+
+Does anyone know?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because I think in
+Prescott's book, when MIT was
+
+Boston Tech, isn't he the one
+that says the reason why
+
+Eastman gave the money was that
+it had to do with the
+
+fact that he employed a lot
+of MIT graduates and was
+
+impressed by them.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah.
+
+But why he remained anonymous,
+I have no idea.
+
+AUDIENCE: Eastman was
+a strange guy too.
+
+AUDIENCE: Was he?
+
+AUDIENCE: He was dead by suicide
+within a few years
+
+after all this happened
+anyway, I've heard.
+
+I've never seen any
+evidence for this.
+
+It's also interesting to look at
+was that one of the sources
+
+of MIT's big impact in 20th
+century industry was that they
+
+were so broke after they built
+the buildings that they
+
+basically laid off the faculty
+one day a week and encouraged
+
+them to make up their incomes
+by consulting.
+
+And it's still true today that
+the faculty are allowed to
+
+consult one day a week.
+
+And that, born as a
+budget-cutting measure,
+
+actually ended up doing a lot
+to diffuse MIT's technology
+
+into [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Wow.
+
+Cool.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I've only
+heard that as a story.
+
+I've never actually seen any
+documents about that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I know that in
+the School of Engineering, not
+
+in the School of Humanities
+and Social Sciences, as
+
+recently as 1980, assistant
+professors were required to
+
+raise I think it was
+50% of their salary
+
+through outside grants.
+
+And associate professors had to
+raise a certain percentage.
+
+And even full professors,
+although it was a small
+
+percentage at that point.
+
+And that ended basically when
+they started to go--
+
+well, convert over
+to a more endowed
+
+professorships, things like that.
+
+It was during a fund-raising
+venture in the 1990s perhaps.
+
+So that's lasted.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think MIT's
+relationship to it's
+
+architecture has stayed
+the same?
+
+Or how has it changed
+since 1960?
+
+A lot has been said in
+the last ten years.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: As you point
+out, MIT, so much went into
+
+the main building that basically
+the rest of the
+
+campus, apart from the
+president's house, the
+
+dormitory [INAUDIBLE]
+
+just didn't really get built.
+
+So that, I mean, for better or
+for worse, I don't know.
+
+But the dormitory section was
+going to be behind Walker,
+
+that whole area.
+
+And eventually they built those
+two dorms back there.
+
+But they're absolutely
+nothing like what
+
+Bosworth had really planned.
+
+He planned a whole little sort
+of community back there.
+
+So that opened up sort
+of this territorial
+
+problem about expansion.
+
+So the idea of a mega building
+expanding but always be one
+
+building then also went against
+the modernist ethos of
+
+free-standing great buildings
+and so forth.
+
+So you had the library
+building,
+
+which is a lovely building.
+
+It's '51 or something
+like that.
+
+But that was supposed
+to be the library.
+
+Then where the music hall was
+is a little student center.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which building
+is this?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: The
+Hayden Library.
+
+That's right.
+
+So there's a courtyard.
+
+And the courtyard belonged to
+the little student center.
+
+So where the music library is
+would be the student center.
+
+The doors would open up.
+
+And at night you could have
+social life and then
+
+professors.
+
+So it was professors,
+books, and students.
+
+It was a whole little island.
+
+Well, that lasted for all
+of five or six years.
+
+And then the library
+wanted more space.
+
+And the professors wanted
+more space.
+
+And to hell with the
+student life.
+
+So they got rid of those.
+
+So the courtyard died.
+
+And now no one goes into
+the courtyard.
+
+And it's sort of sad.
+
+You know, they put some
+statues in there.
+
+But that was [INAUDIBLE]
+
+experiment.
+
+But it was exactly an
+anti-Bosworth world.
+
+Let's build a building like a
+little enclave as opposed to
+
+this sort of connected tissue.
+
+So that was the beginning of
+sort of the mistakes, I think,
+
+that the campus eventually
+made.
+
+Then they built these buildings
+which sort of
+
+continue it but don't
+really continue.
+
+Whereas these buildings were
+designed, obviously, in
+
+continuation of the courtyard
+to some degree.
+
+And I do like these
+buildings better.
+
+But basically this part of the
+campus just got fizzled up and
+
+chewed up with discontinuous
+buildings.
+
+The worst building of them all
+is building nine on Mass Ave,
+
+designed by Skidmore,
+Owings, and Merrill.
+
+So you know which one.
+
+You have the steps going
+up to your left.
+
+It's sort of a modern thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's also,
+like, connected--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: And it
+completely disconnected.
+
+AUDIENCE: No--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: It's connected,
+but not on the
+
+third floor.
+
+And the fourth floor, you've
+got to go down some steps.
+
+Because they wanted to put five
+floors in the space of
+
+three floors.
+
+AUDIENCE: It didn't used
+to be that way.
+
+That happened with
+the library.
+
+It used to be connected.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: That's right.
+
+So the idea of these giant
+floors and ceilings was a big
+
+problem for these modern
+buildings because by this time
+
+we had ventilation.
+
+And we don't need to have
+12-foot, 20-foot floors.
+
+You want 8-foot, 9-foot, and
+then you're done with it.
+
+So you can pack much more floor
+space that you could in
+
+these older buildings.
+
+But it means, of course, that
+you're going to ruin any kind
+
+of continuity of that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Interesting.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: And then they
+refurbished these buildings.
+
+They weren't too bad.
+
+The skins of these buildings
+used to be orange and yellow,
+
+which I thought was
+really lovely.
+
+And then they painted it this
+sort of blah, MIT blah--
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: I don't
+know, white.
+
+Not white, it's sort
+of beige, beige-y.
+
+They painted everything, just
+sort of toned everything down
+
+when they did the big
+restoration of these
+
+buildings, which I think
+is really sad.
+
+But yeah, I mean, it
+was a problem.
+
+I mean, campus design in the
+beginning of the '40s through
+
+the war, after the war, into
+'70s, was basically big,
+
+chunky buildings.
+
+And this went against-- and it
+was great for everywhere else.
+
+It was great for
+other campuses,
+
+which had big spaces.
+
+You could put a big
+chunky building.
+
+So we got our student center,
+which is the big, ugly chunky
+
+building designed by the
+former dean of MIT.
+
+So that's how you design
+buildings.
+
+And this idea of these sort of
+continual flow buildings,
+
+open-ended spaces just wasn't
+going to happen.
+
+And the Gehry building
+tries to return a
+
+little bit to that.
+
+I mean, that's the great
+thing about it.
+
+It tries to actually re-envision
+a world where you
+
+can go into space and there's
+some flexibility of ownership
+
+to some degree.
+
+AUDIENCE: The student center
+and the Dewey Library,
+
+Political Science Building
+remind me of--
+
+I don't know if they were
+designed by the same person.
+
+But were they built during
+the Vietnam War period?
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah.
+
+Well, '68.
+
+AUDIENCE: They remind me
+of being-- they're
+
+like frontier garrisons.
+
+They're like stockades, and
+walled-off, and very
+
+defensible looking.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: You
+can date these
+
+buildings 1968 to '72 usually.
+
+The University's basically
+decided students are bad.
+
+We're going to make buildings
+that look like fortresses--
+
+they're made out of concrete--
+that they can't ruin, destroy,
+
+beat up, or do anything with.
+
+The student center
+has a certain
+
+elegance to it's design.
+
+And look at it at night, it's
+actually quite spectacular.
+
+But basically it is a fortress,
+I mean, literally.
+
+It's got the shooting
+arrows up there.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: I mean,
+[MAKES SHOOTING NOISES].
+
+Like, what kind of a message
+does that send?
+
+I mean, that is like not good.
+
+But every university
+in America has one.
+
+This is very popular among-- you
+know, the administrators
+
+want mean-looking buildings.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do the interesting
+buildings like
+
+Kresge, which is kind of not
+normal, and the chapel, and
+
+the Stata Center [INAUDIBLE].
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: In the '50s.
+
+And after the '50s, MIT
+had this process--
+
+you might know more about it--
+
+the new man type thing.
+
+Which they were afraid that MIT
+students were going to be
+
+too engineering oriented.
+
+And they wanted MIT students
+to have culture, so be
+
+cultural representatives.
+
+So the idea of the Kresge
+Auditorium was where
+
+symphonies could be held.
+
+And people could
+learn something
+
+about symphonies, music.
+
+And the nondenominational chapel
+was a place where we
+
+sort of think.
+
+You know, after the war, and
+after the atom bomb, MIT felt
+
+a little guilty about
+all that stuff.
+
+So this was where we're
+going to try to heal.
+
+And so we need scientists who
+are healing agents and who are
+
+sophisticated people, not just
+going to go out and make bombs
+
+and whatever.
+
+So this was part
+of that thing.
+
+Yeah, so that was a very
+sliver of a moment.
+
+And that's when the [INAUDIBLE]
+gets formed.
+
+So it's part of the emergence
+of humanities departments.
+
+AUDIENCE: I loved what you said
+in your lecture when you
+
+were describing the emergence
+of different
+
+schools, 1873, 1900.
+
+You said--
+
+I don't know if you purposely
+said it, but you said it.
+
+And you said here we see
+modernity being formed.
+
+I thought that is a very
+interesting comment.
+
+To see these departments
+changing and shifting, that's
+
+a very interesting comment.
+
+AUDIENCE: Another good student
+project would be to make a
+
+family tree of the MIT
+department's over time.
+
+People have done these trees
+with other kinds
+
+of knowledge systems.
+
+And sort of show how each
+department either morphed or
+
+got substituted over
+time coming down.
+
+Because we talked a lot about
+or a little bit about that
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: This was actually
+something I found online.
+
+The San Diego Club of MIT
+has a list of all of the
+
+departments course numbers
+corresponding
+
+with things in history.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you find it?
+
+Do you just Google it?
+
+AUDIENCE: I can send
+it to you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, great.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Yeah, the point
+is to understand that
+
+all these shifts reflect things
+that are happening in
+
+the outside world.
+
+So in what way does this map,
+which is what this is, give us
+
+the topography of the world?
+
+We don't see what's happening
+in the outside world.
+
+I can't remember when it was,
+but in 1943 there's a
+
+psychology department.
+
+And it lasts about 10 years.
+
+And then it disappears.
+
+And you sort of scratch
+your head.
+
+You know, what was that about?
+
+Well, a lot to do with
+military psychology.
+
+And things like that.
+
+So all of the shifting
+signifiers of these
+
+departments are really sort of
+traces of energies that are
+
+taking place.
+
+And MIT, in an odd way, is
+really-- you know, something
+
+could happen and you
+can sort of see it.
+
+I mean, it doesn't take 20 years
+or 30 years for these
+
+departments.
+
+What's beautiful about [? MIT ?]
+is the really rapid
+
+elasticity of these departments
+
+in coming and going.
+
+So in the 1880s, when it was
+the great evolution, if you
+
+will, of the idea of a
+professional class--
+
+it happened very rapidly in the
+1880s, the emergence of a
+
+professional class, politically,
+in so many ways--
+
+you just sort of see
+that in the MIT
+
+departmental structure.
+
+From a gentlemanly class to a
+professional class, and it
+
+just happens right there.
+
+And all of these changes are
+mapping these forces.
+
+And it's a great way, it would
+be certainly a great thesis to
+
+use that as indicators.
+
+AUDIENCE: It would
+be, definitely.
+
+AUDIENCE: When did people start
+referring to the courses
+
+by their number?
+
+So, like, was it confusing for
+a while when they were making
+
+all these changes?
+
+Or did no one say, like,
+oh, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+use that terminology?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: Good question.
+
+Debbie Douglas, when she comes,
+we should ask her.
+
+Because I know she has a
+particular way of thinking
+
+about that.
+
+There are lots of suppositions,
+I guess.
+
+And I don't know that anyone
+has the answer.
+
+But she has some pretty
+interesting things to say
+
+about how the numbering
+system came about.
+
+AUDIENCE: Anybody hear of the
+Engineering Systems Division?
+
+It's a big thing on
+campus today.
+
+And I've been very involved
+with them.
+
+And 10 years ago when it was
+just forming, we used to have
+
+these off-campus retreats a
+couple times a year to talk
+
+about what this department or
+division was going to be.
+
+And it was sort of a lot
+of hand-wringing.
+
+But there were people in the
+room from six or eight
+
+different schools of engineering
+and the management
+
+school and humanities and all
+kinds of different places, and
+
+they were all talking
+together.
+
+And at the time, MIT had a big
+relationship with Cambridge
+
+University in the UK.
+
+Still have a little
+bit of that, the
+
+Cambridge MIT Institute.
+
+And there were a couple
+of guests there
+
+one year from Cambridge.
+
+And we spent a whole day sort
+of with this kind of
+
+conversation, and a little
+bit anxious about
+
+what's it going to be?
+
+How's it going to
+define itself?
+
+Where are all these people?
+
+And at the end of the day, the
+people from Cambridge raised
+
+their hand and they said, I
+just have to tell you, as
+
+worried as you all are about how
+you're going to make this
+
+thing work, from where
+we come from it looks
+
+just totally amazing.
+
+Because at Cambridge, a
+department gets formed.
+
+And then for 600 years nobody
+talks to anybody else in any
+
+of the other departments.
+
+And you can't even get people
+in the same room together to
+
+talk about this issue.
+
+And here there are people from
+ten different departments
+
+talking about this.
+
+And that was just one of those
+moments that sort of puts into
+
+relief what's so fluid
+about this place.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: I mean,
+civil engineering is
+
+now subsumed, right?
+
+What happened to civil
+engineering?
+
+It's one.
+
+It's still one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I think it is.
+
+I was going to--
+
+I wanted to say something
+about I call it boundary
+
+crossing that takes
+place here at MIT.
+
+It has surely picked up here
+in the last 10 years.
+
+I mean, you see it when
+students that major in
+
+mechanical engineering end up
+doing what I would identify as
+
+electrical engineering.
+
+You know, there's just
+lots of crossing
+
+over in research groups.
+
+And had that existed
+since when?
+
+Were there more--
+
+there must have been stricter
+disciplinary divides between
+
+these departments as you
+go back in time.
+
+But I don't know exactly when
+do you identify the end of
+
+that and the beginning of more
+of these interdisciplinary
+
+collaborations?
+
+Is it World War II,
+[? NORAD ?] lab or
+
+something like that?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, I saw, like,
+in the MIT Museum, that little
+
+place where they
+had like the--
+
+something about, like,
+electrical engineering and
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+basically or Psychology.
+
+So that was in the 1940s.
+
+And they show up as one of the
+first interdisciplinary
+
+projects at MIT where they
+combined electrical
+
+engineering and, like,
+proto-computers.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's World
+War II-ish anyway.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it also
+relates to, like you saw from
+
+Mark's chart, if you're talking
+about English, and
+
+history, and law, and theology,
+you really do have
+
+these 600-year traditions.
+
+But beginning with the sciences
+and certainly in
+
+engineering, there's no field
+of engineering that's older
+
+than 200 years.
+
+And most of them are less
+than 100 years old.
+
+So any time you're in that
+game-- and the same is true,
+
+to some degree, of
+the sciences--
+
+and things are professionalizing
+over the
+
+course of--
+
+the boundaries are not
+particularly hard.
+
+I mean, electrical engineering
+is this funny combination of
+
+physics and other kinds
+of engineering that
+
+comes out in the 1880s.
+
+And computer science, that's
+also a strange hybrid of
+
+psychology, and mathematics,
+and electrical engineering.
+
+So at any given point, the
+disciplines that we have in a
+
+technical school are only ever
+going to be 40 or 50 years old
+
+in a certain way.
+
+AUDIENCE: But it seems to have
+really increased in the last
+
+15 years or so around
+here anyway.
+
+There's a lot going on.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I think when Roz
+Williams comes in, she'll
+
+talk about the sort of anxieties
+about are the
+
+engineering disciplines worth
+anything at all anymore.
+
+I actually think they are.
+
+But that's another
+conversation.
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: Well,
+engineering strikes me, from
+
+the architect, as going downhill
+in the United States,
+
+going uphill in Europe.
+
+I don't know why there's
+a bit difference.
+
+But the crossover issue, I
+think, at MIT is, I mean, when
+
+I leave my office, I pass
+a colleague's office.
+
+I pass the skin lab.
+
+I don't know what the hell
+goes on in there.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: That's where,
+someone told me, they invented
+
+artificial skin.
+
+And then I pass a lab that built
+a room with a lot of
+
+nitrogen tanks sticking
+out in the hall.
+
+I don't know what the
+hell is in there.
+
+Then I pass a part
+of a library.
+
+Then I pass a student center.
+
+I mean, if I go from my office
+to the dean's office, down the
+
+hall, I'm walking past three
+or four departments who own
+
+bits and pieces of
+this landscape.
+
+And it's very irritating.
+
+Because to us, in the dean's
+office, we're going God.
+
+I mean why do we have to walk
+all the way around.
+
+But on the other hand,
+it's very MIT.
+
+This sort of odd, gerrymandering
+of space that
+
+we have, as frustrating as it
+is, is actually interesting.
+
+It's sort of unique.
+
+You can go to Harvard to the
+architecture school.
+
+And there are only a whole
+building filled with
+
+architects.
+
+I'm not going to see people
+making skin lab or see big
+
+hydrogen tanks sitting out in
+the hallway with smoke coming
+
+out of them.
+
+And I think that this is part
+of MIT culture and should be
+
+maintained.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I agree.
+
+It makes it interesting.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, on that note,
+I think we can--
+
+MARK JARZOMBEK: All
+right, guys.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, thank
+you very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dv8Dbyfcrd4.txt b/dv8Dbyfcrd4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea16065756016cab0a0708ad607240503610bc9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dv8Dbyfcrd4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven miscellaneous topics and you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven miscellaneous topics and you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven miscellaneous topics and you may
+be wondering well what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wondering well what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wondering well what are those
+so I'd like to start with a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to start with a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to start with a general
+status update and then we'll go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status update and then we'll go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status update and then we'll go over the
+master solution for the online quiz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master solution for the online quiz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master solution for the online quiz that
+you took this week and then I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took this week and then I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took this week and then I think in
+about ten minutes we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ten minutes we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ten minutes we're going to have a
+interactive discussion with the inkosi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive discussion with the inkosi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive discussion with the inkosi
+Board of Directors and so we'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board of Directors and so we'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board of Directors and so we'll probably
+not get through all the master solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get through all the master solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get through all the master solution
+discussion by the time they dial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion by the time they dial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion by the time they dial in
+that's okay you know we'll just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay you know we'll just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay you know we'll just have a
+15 20 minute chat with them the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 20 minute chat with them the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 20 minute chat with them the reason
+we're doing this is because they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this is because they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this is because they're at
+MIT right now for a three-day meeting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT right now for a three-day meeting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT right now for a three-day meeting so
+in cozy's the internet international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cozy's the internet international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cozy's the internet international
+council of system engineering and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council of system engineering and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council of system engineering and so we
+thought it would be a nice thing since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be a nice thing since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be a nice thing since
+you know we're this is a systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're this is a systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're this is a systems
+engineering class to tie in with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering class to tie in with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering class to tie in with them
+and hear a little bit their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hear a little bit their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hear a little bit their their
+perspective on what's happening in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on what's happening in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on what's happening in in
+industry and it's sort of in the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and it's sort of in the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and it's sort of in the bigger
+it in the bigger picture and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the bigger picture and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the bigger picture and hopefully
+some of you've got a couple questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you've got a couple questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you've got a couple questions
+prepared so we can have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared so we can have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared so we can have sort of a
+dialogue with them that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue with them that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue with them that's the general
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+and then we have a presentation prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a presentation prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a presentation prepared
+the okk Tannis one project will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okk Tannis one project will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okk Tannis one project will be
+presented from epfl to us and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented from epfl to us and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented from epfl to us and I think
+you'll find it very exciting and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it very exciting and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it very exciting and so as
+we listen to that presentation you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we listen to that presentation you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we listen to that presentation you know
+put on your your system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on your your system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on your your system engineering
+thinking hat and and then hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking hat and and then hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking hat and and then hopefully
+we'll have time for discussion as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have time for discussion as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have time for discussion as well
+let me just remind you briefly where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just remind you briefly where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just remind you briefly where we
+stand in terms of the class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in terms of the class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in terms of the class and the
+v-model in particular we you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-model in particular we you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-model in particular we you know we
+made great progress and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made great progress and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made great progress and we've
+essentially covered the whole left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially covered the whole left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially covered the whole left side
+the bottom and what we'll do starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and what we'll do starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and what we'll do starting
+next week is really climb up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is really climb up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is really climb up on the
+right side so next week's topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side so next week's topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side so next week's topic is
+system integration and interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system integration and interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system integration and interface
+management then we'll cover verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management then we'll cover verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management then we'll cover verification
+validation commissioning and operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation commissioning and operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation commissioning and operations
+and then our final lecture official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our final lecture official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our final lecture official
+lecture is lifecycle management we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is lifecycle management we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is lifecycle management we do
+have a a twelfth lecture on prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a twelfth lecture on prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a twelfth lecture on prototyping
+and manufacturing that window is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manufacturing that window is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manufacturing that window is
+optional because this is after the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional because this is after the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional because this is after the you
+know official end of classes at MIT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know official end of classes at MIT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know official end of classes at MIT so
+you don't you're not expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you're not expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you're not expected to
+participate but you're invited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate but you're invited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate but you're invited to
+so we'll basically the focus in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll basically the focus in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll basically the focus in the next
+month or so is covering the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or so is covering the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or so is covering the right side
+of the V so let me start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the V so let me start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the V so let me start talking about
+the the midterm exam and we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the midterm exam and we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the midterm exam and we'll sort of
+go question by question and please stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go question by question and please stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go question by question and please stop
+me if you have any comments or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you have any comments or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you have any comments or questions
+let's make this interactive so question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this interactive so question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this interactive so question
+one if a complex electromechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if a complex electromechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if a complex electromechanical
+system has 1850 individual part numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has 1850 individual part numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has 1850 individual part numbers
+this is at the lowest level how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at the lowest level how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at the lowest level how many
+levels do you expect the drawing tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels do you expect the drawing tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels do you expect the drawing tree to
+have everybody provided the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everybody provided the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everybody provided the same answer
+for right this is basically a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right this is basically a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right this is basically a straight
+application of the magic number seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the magic number seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the magic number seven
+rule and you know in practice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and you know in practice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and you know in practice you know
+you'll see you know if you you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you know if you you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you know if you you not
+everybody will go exactly for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will go exactly for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will go exactly for four
+levels but that's that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but that's that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but that's that's the basic idea
+if you stay if you decompose the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stay if you decompose the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stay if you decompose the system
+with this human cognitive bandwidth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this human cognitive bandwidth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this human cognitive bandwidth in
+mind for a system of that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind for a system of that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind for a system of that level of
+complexity you should expect roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you should expect roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you should expect roughly a
+four layer decomposition so I'm I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four layer decomposition so I'm I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four layer decomposition so I'm I'm very
+pleased that you know everybody sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased that you know everybody sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased that you know everybody sort of
+got this answer but with the caveat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this answer but with the caveat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this answer but with the caveat that
+you know it's it's not a it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's not a it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's not a it's you know
+there may be deviations from this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be deviations from this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be deviations from this rule
+and you can go for a flatter tree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go for a flatter tree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go for a flatter tree with
+fewer levels but you have to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer levels but you have to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer levels but you have to be aware of
+you know the implications that that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the implications that that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the implications that that may
+have okay so that's that's great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so that's that's great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so that's that's great the
+next question was the next question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question was the next question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question was the next question was
+okay so you're attending a cocktail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're attending a cocktail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're attending a cocktail
+party and cocktail parties I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and cocktail parties I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and cocktail parties I don't think
+that's maybe that's very 20th century I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe that's very 20th century I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe that's very 20th century I
+don't think we we have cocktail parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we we have cocktail parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we we have cocktail parties
+anymore so maybe more like a Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so maybe more like a Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so maybe more like a Google
+hangout or you know the 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangout or you know the 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangout or you know the 21st century
+equivalent but the basic idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but the basic idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but the basic idea here is
+how would you explain what system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you explain what system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you explain what system
+engineering is to somebody who's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is to somebody who's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is to somebody who's not a
+technical person not an you know not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical person not an you know not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical person not an you know not an
+engineer and I think most of you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and I think most of you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and I think most of you I
+looked through all the answers and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked through all the answers and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked through all the answers and most
+of you basically provided you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you basically provided you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you basically provided you know a
+definition of system engineering that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of system engineering that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of system engineering that we
+would use in this class right so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use in this class right so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use in this class right so it was
+it was like okay well not quite what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like okay well not quite what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like okay well not quite what I
+was looking for but not incorrect so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for but not incorrect so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for but not incorrect so I
+pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out
+two examples that I kind of liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples that I kind of liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples that I kind of liked
+because they brought in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they brought in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they brought in sort of
+analogies from other fields as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies from other fields as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies from other fields as to what
+system engineering is so the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering is so the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering is so the first one
+here is okay so system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is okay so system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is okay so system engineering
+represents a method but also a mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a method but also a mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a method but also a mindset
+that enables the design and so forth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables the design and so forth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables the design and so forth of
+successful systems but systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful systems but systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful systems but systems
+engineering is like cooking a delicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is like cooking a delicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is like cooking a delicious
+cake okay so it's it's it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake okay so it's it's it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake okay so it's it's it's like you
+know cooking a delicious recipe you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cooking a delicious recipe you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cooking a delicious recipe you've
+got your ingredients which is your part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your ingredients which is your part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your ingredients which is your part
+numbers your parts right it's it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers your parts right it's it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers your parts right it's it's you
+have a process that you're following and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a process that you're following and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a process that you're following and
+and at the end of it you know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of it you know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of it you know you should
+have something special something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something special something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something special something
+delicious something wholesome something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious something wholesome something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious something wholesome something
+that is greater than the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is greater than the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is greater than the sum of the
+parts you know and what's I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts you know and what's I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts you know and what's I don't know
+if any of you watch the Food Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you watch the Food Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you watch the Food Channel
+anybody watching the Food Network here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody watching the Food Network here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody watching the Food Network here
+yeah okay we we actually like to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay we we actually like to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay we we actually like to watch
+it it's kind of fun and what's fun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's kind of fun and what's fun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's kind of fun and what's fun is
+when you give the same ingredients right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give the same ingredients right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give the same ingredients right
+to like half a dozen different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like half a dozen different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like half a dozen different people
+and same ingredients same amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same ingredients same amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same ingredients same amount of time
+and the result that comes out of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result that comes out of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result that comes out of it is
+vastly different right now why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly different right now why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly different right now why is that
+of course you can say skills and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can say skills and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can say skills and so
+forth but it is fundamentally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but it is fundamentally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but it is fundamentally because
+those ingredients the details matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ingredients the details matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ingredients the details matter
+right the way in which the ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way in which the ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way in which the ingredients
+get combined and and you know did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get combined and and you know did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get combined and and you know did you
+use the right heat that you did you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right heat that you did you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right heat that you did you take
+it off the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off the heat
+30 seconds too soon or too late those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds too soon or too late those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds too soon or too late those
+little details make a huge difference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details make a huge difference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details make a huge difference to
+the final product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final product
+okay and and that's what I think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's what I think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's what I think what's
+cool about you know the the Food Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about you know the the Food Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about you know the the Food Network
+and cooking in general cuisine is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooking in general cuisine is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooking in general cuisine is it's
+an art it's not just you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art it's not just you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art it's not just you know sort of
+follow the recipe and so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the recipe and so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the recipe and so I think that's
+a great analogy I like that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great analogy I like that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great analogy I like that and then the
+other one is so the you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is so the you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is so the you're you're
+talking to share the singer and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to share the singer and explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to share the singer and explain
+to her that system engineering is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her that system engineering is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her that system engineering is like
+concert okay so in a concert you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert okay so in a concert you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert okay so in a concert you have
+all your specialists right that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your specialists right that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your specialists right that you have
+your choir maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choir maybe you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choir maybe you have
+your string section you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your string section you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your string section you have your
+trumpets and I think it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trumpets and I think it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trumpets and I think it's kind of
+similar you could have great individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you could have great individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you could have great individual
+musicians but if the conductor is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians but if the conductor is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians but if the conductor is not
+bringing everybody in the harmony then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing everybody in the harmony then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing everybody in the harmony then
+you know you get a cacophony right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get a cacophony right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get a cacophony right it's
+not a great result so a great orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great result so a great orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great result so a great orchestra
+is not just a bunch of great individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a bunch of great individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a bunch of great individual
+musicians but it's it's the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians but it's it's the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians but it's it's the idea that
+you you're orchestrating there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're orchestrating there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're orchestrating there's
+something special that emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special that emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special that emerges
+if you synchronize everybody in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you synchronize everybody in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you synchronize everybody in a way
+and you motivate them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you motivate them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you motivate them and you
+synchronize them and something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize them and something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize them and something really
+special happens so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special happens so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special happens so I think that's
+another great sort of example of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another great sort of example of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another great sort of example of what we
+mean by system engineering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by system engineering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by system engineering in the
+technical world this idea of a conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical world this idea of a conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical world this idea of a conductor
+you know bringing everybody in harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bringing everybody in harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bringing everybody in harmony
+and in the end result is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end result is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end result is something
+really special okay so those are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really special okay so those are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really special okay so those are kind of
+that's a little bit what I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit what I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit what I was looking
+for in this answer and I like both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in this answer and I like both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in this answer and I like both of
+these examples the third the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples the third the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples the third the third
+question was about the v-model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was about the v-model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was about the v-model
+and I think based on what I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think based on what I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think based on what I looked
+through the answers I think most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the answers I think most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the answers I think most people
+really understood that and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understood that and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understood that and just to
+summarize again in a very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize again in a very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize again in a very very simple
+way what the v-model is all about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what the v-model is all about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what the v-model is all about so
+here's the V if you wanted to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the V if you wanted to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the V if you wanted to really
+simplify it we start at the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it we start at the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it we start at the upper left
+with a vision you know what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vision you know what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vision you know what is it that
+we're trying to accomplish and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to accomplish and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to accomplish and that's
+where you need to understand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to understand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to understand you know
+this it was the stakeholder who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it was the stakeholder who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it was the stakeholder who are the
+customers the thing that you're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers the thing that you're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers the thing that you're about to
+create doesn't exist yet and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create doesn't exist yet and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create doesn't exist yet and some
+projects you actually start with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you actually start with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you actually start with you
+know an initial system and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an initial system and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an initial system and you need to
+improve it right so you starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it right so you starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it right so you starting with
+generation n of a prod product and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation n of a prod product and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation n of a prod product and the
+goal is to create generation n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to create generation n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to create generation n plus one
+which is better in several dimensions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is better in several dimensions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is better in several dimensions so
+that's possible but let's just say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible but let's just say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible but let's just say we
+have a clean sheet situation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clean sheet situation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clean sheet situation and you
+have a vision that you're developing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vision that you're developing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vision that you're developing and
+then you okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you okay all right
+you are now connected on speaker with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now connected on speaker with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now connected on speaker with
+the encoding furniture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encoding furniture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encoding furniture
+director fantastic can you hear me yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director fantastic can you hear me yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director fantastic can you hear me yes
+we can all right this is great so I am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all right this is great so I am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all right this is great so I am I
+was just going over the midterm exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just going over the midterm exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just going over the midterm exam
+that we just had and so I will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just had and so I will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just had and so I will stop
+doing that because we're very glad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that because we're very glad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that because we're very glad that
+you're that that we can spend time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're that that we can spend time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're that that we can spend time with
+you so let's let's make this bigger on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so let's let's make this bigger on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so let's let's make this bigger on
+our end and do you have a camera on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our end and do you have a camera on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our end and do you have a camera on your
+end Tina what say no because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Tina what say no because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Tina what say no because the
+demographics here will have to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics here will have to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics here will have to go on
+toys Holly okay Tina can we see you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys Holly okay Tina can we see you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys Holly okay Tina can we see you can
+we se you see one of you at least we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we se you see one of you at least we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we se you see one of you at least we're
+working on it multipad it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it multipad it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it multipad it would be
+helpful to see at least who's speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got a problem here all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a problem here all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a problem here all right well
+shall we go ahead and kick off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we go ahead and kick off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we go ahead and kick off here
+Ollie I know your time is valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ollie I know your time is valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ollie I know your time is valuable
+okay Ryan can we make the cosy board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Ryan can we make the cosy board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Ryan can we make the cosy board
+board of directors the the main screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of directors the the main screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of directors the the main screen
+here just give me one second on our end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's 15 minutes with Janice that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 15 minutes with Janice that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 15 minutes with Janice that's
+right Holly can I suggest we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Holly can I suggest we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Holly can I suggest we just
+pressed ahead despite the desire to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed ahead despite the desire to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed ahead despite the desire to see
+David shiny tape okay all right so David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David shiny tape okay all right so David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David shiny tape okay all right so David
+it's great to talk to you so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great to talk to you so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great to talk to you so let me just
+give you a little bit of background here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of background here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of background here
+so we have about 20 students here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have about 20 students here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have about 20 students here at MIT
+currently we're taking the fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently we're taking the fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently we're taking the fundamentals
+of systems engineering class we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems engineering class we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems engineering class we're we're
+roughly mid term a little bit past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly mid term a little bit past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly mid term a little bit past the
+mid term and then we have about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid term and then we have about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid term and then we have about 20
+students maybe 15 students and staff at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students maybe 15 students and staff at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students maybe 15 students and staff at
+EPFL and Switzerland and we're teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL and Switzerland and we're teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPFL and Switzerland and we're teaching
+this class in the form of a SPOC small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class in the form of a SPOC small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class in the form of a SPOC small
+private online course and so welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private online course and so welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private online course and so welcome to
+MIT to then cause II Board of Directors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to then cause II Board of Directors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to then cause II Board of Directors
+I know you've already had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've already had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've already had very
+productive times and we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive times and we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive times and we're really
+excited to hear from you as to not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to hear from you as to not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to hear from you as to not just
+what is in cozy but where do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in cozy but where do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in cozy but where do you see
+systems engineering as a field of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering as a field of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering as a field of study
+and practice stand you know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice stand you know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice stand you know what are the
+what are the exciting things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the exciting things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the exciting things happening
+what are the challenges and whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the challenges and whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the challenges and whatever you
+would choose to share with us so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose to share with us so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose to share with us so so
+David very good thanks - thanks ollie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David very good thanks - thanks ollie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David very good thanks - thanks ollie
+and thank you for making the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you for making the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you for making the time
+available it is always great to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it is always great to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it is always great to talk
+with the next generation I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next generation I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next generation I'll give you
+just a few comments upfront and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few comments upfront and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few comments upfront and then
+really open it up for those who aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really open it up for those who aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really open it up for those who aren't
+familiar with encode C it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with encode C it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with encode C it's the
+International Council on systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Council on systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Council on systems
+engineering it's about 25 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it's about 25 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it's about 25 years old
+about 10,000 members worldwide and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 members worldwide and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 members worldwide and the
+value of an cosy fundamentally is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an cosy fundamentally is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an cosy fundamentally is to
+serve as a connector across the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a connector across the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a connector across the systems
+community across organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community across organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community across organizational
+boundaries across geographic boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries across geographic boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries across geographic boundaries
+so that we can connect the practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can connect the practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can connect the practice in
+the u.s. to Europe to Asia and beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. to Europe to Asia and beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. to Europe to Asia and beyond
+they are applied differently and across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are applied differently and across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are applied differently and across
+domain boundaries from military and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain boundaries from military and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain boundaries from military and
+aerospace where we have our foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace where we have our foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace where we have our foundation
+to automotive to medical devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automotive to medical devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automotive to medical devices and
+beyond if you look at it as systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond if you look at it as systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond if you look at it as systems
+engineers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers that
+perhaps the most exciting thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most exciting thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most exciting thing of
+what's going on if you look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on if you look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on if you look at how
+complexity continues to emerge and grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity continues to emerge and grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity continues to emerge and grow
+the problems that we are being asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that we are being asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that we are being asked to
+tackle the technologies at our disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the technologies at our disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the technologies at our disposal
+the opportunities for wonderful outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities for wonderful outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities for wonderful outcomes
+the dangers and risks of unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dangers and risks of unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dangers and risks of unintended
+consequences the challenges that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences the challenges that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences the challenges that the
+world faces are absolutely systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world faces are absolutely systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world faces are absolutely systems
+challenges and they are far beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and they are far beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and they are far beyond the
+traditional aerospace and defense domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional aerospace and defense domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional aerospace and defense domain
+they are everywhere I was with GM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are everywhere I was with GM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are everywhere I was with GM
+earlier this week looking at automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this week looking at automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this week looking at automated
+driving and Auto assist I was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and Auto assist I was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and Auto assist I was with
+medical devices and iRobot yesterday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices and iRobot yesterday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical devices and iRobot yesterday and
+wherever you look whatever domain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you look whatever domain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you look whatever domain you
+work in we see complexity we see systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in we see complexity we see systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in we see complexity we see systems
+challenges and we see tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and we see tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and we see tremendous
+opportunities for us as professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for us as professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for us as professionals
+but more than that for systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than that for systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than that for systems
+professionals to have a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals to have a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals to have a profound
+positive impact on the world so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive impact on the world so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive impact on the world so it's
+going to be a very challenging journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a very challenging journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a very challenging journey
+we are still working to solidify our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are still working to solidify our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are still working to solidify our
+foundation to advance our theories to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation to advance our theories to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation to advance our theories to
+advance our practice but it is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance our practice but it is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance our practice but it is a very
+fruitful time I think as well so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful time I think as well so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful time I think as well so those
+are the comments that I will offer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the comments that I will offer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the comments that I will offer at
+the start and then open it up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start and then open it up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start and then open it up to the
+class to ask the questions of this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to ask the questions of this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to ask the questions of this board
+of directors ok David that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directors ok David that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directors ok David that was that was
+great and so who wants to be first don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and so who wants to be first don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and so who wants to be first don't
+be shy either here at MIT or at EPFL Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shy either here at MIT or at EPFL Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shy either here at MIT or at EPFL Sam
+go for it I was wondering when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it I was wondering when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it I was wondering when you're
+creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+I guess Stan and cozy standards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess Stan and cozy standards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess Stan and cozy standards for
+systems engineering processes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering processes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering processes what
+considerations do you take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations do you take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations do you take into account
+in order to make them applicable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make them applicable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make them applicable for
+such a wide range of disciplines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a wide range of disciplines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a wide range of disciplines or
+domains introduce yourself man over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains introduce yourself man over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains introduce yourself man over
+speakers this is Paul trying to make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers this is Paul trying to make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers this is Paul trying to make us
+I'm the technical director thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the technical director thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the technical director thank you for
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+well actually inkosi is not a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually inkosi is not a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually inkosi is not a standard
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+standard-setting body but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard-setting body but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard-setting body but we are
+supporting a lot of standards like iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting a lot of standards like iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting a lot of standards like iso
+fifty to eighty eight and what we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty to eighty eight and what we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty to eighty eight and what we add
+lead try to achieve is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead try to achieve is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead try to achieve is that the
+standards are being applied in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards are being applied in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards are being applied in multiple
+domains as much as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains as much as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains as much as possible
+does that answer your question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question yeah
+thanks okay and and just so you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay and and just so you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay and and just so you know we
+we do have 15 to 88 as one of the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have 15 to 88 as one of the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have 15 to 88 as one of the that's
+kind of we have three in the class here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of we have three in the class here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of we have three in the class here
+we covered sort of three standards one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered sort of three standards one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered sort of three standards one
+is the system engineering handbook the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the system engineering handbook the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the system engineering handbook the
+nasa of course the in cozy handbook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa of course the in cozy handbook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa of course the in cozy handbook and
+then 15 to 88 so I think the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 15 to 88 so I think the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 15 to 88 so I think the students
+should be familiar with 15 to 88 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be familiar with 15 to 88 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be familiar with 15 to 88 so that
+that that was good okay can we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was good okay can we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was good okay can we have a
+question from epfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you still with us guys no do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you still with us guys no do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you still with us guys no do you
+hear me yes good okay les McKeown Rivera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear me yes good okay les McKeown Rivera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear me yes good okay les McKeown Rivera
+I just have a question about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have a question about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have a question about the the
+complexity of systems with those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of systems with those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of systems with those systems
+being more and more complex over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more and more complex over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more and more complex over time
+would system engineers or engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would system engineers or engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would system engineers or engineering
+itself have to reinvent itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself have to reinvent itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself have to reinvent itself in the
+future and what would be the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and what would be the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and what would be the direction
+thank you I'm president-elect Irvin cozy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I'm president-elect Irvin cozy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I'm president-elect Irvin cozy
+but but more importantly I co-chair our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but more importantly I co-chair our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but more importantly I co-chair our
+system of systems working group I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of systems working group I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of systems working group I think
+the answer is is no to reinvention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is is no to reinvention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is is no to reinvention
+because I'm I'm confident all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm I'm confident all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm I'm confident all the
+principled stand but what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principled stand but what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principled stand but what we've been
+doing is a working group is identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is a working group is identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is a working group is identifying
+where engineering and system assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where engineering and system assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where engineering and system assistance
+is different and we constructed a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different and we constructed a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different and we constructed a paper
+which has been published on the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been published on the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been published on the pain
+point to the system of systems looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the system of systems looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the system of systems looking
+at the managerial and the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the managerial and the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the managerial and the technical
+differences and therefore helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and therefore helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and therefore helping people
+when planning their work see in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when planning their work see in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when planning their work see in which
+cases they can pick up their traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they can pick up their traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they can pick up their traditional
+ways of working and where if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of working and where if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of working and where if you like
+experienced practitioners see problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced practitioners see problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced practitioners see problems
+or challenges in other areas so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or challenges in other areas so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or challenges in other areas so that
+working group is it helping develop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working group is it helping develop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working group is it helping develop so
+understand and develop the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and develop the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and develop the state of
+practice for for complex system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for for complex system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for for complex system of
+systems and that's proved quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that's proved quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that's proved quite
+influential and in fact if you are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential and in fact if you are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential and in fact if you are using
+the latest edition of the FE handbook in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest edition of the FE handbook in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest edition of the FE handbook in
+a section on system of systems it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section on system of systems it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section on system of systems it does
+highlight those pain points so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight those pain points so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight those pain points so they are
+they're helping shape what people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're helping shape what people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're helping shape what people do
+hopefully hopefully that's the views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully hopefully that's the views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully hopefully that's the views
+Thank You Alan very good we I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You Alan very good we I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You Alan very good we I think
+we've only touched mentioned system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only touched mentioned system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only touched mentioned system of
+systems in the class so far we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the class so far we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the class so far we haven't
+really deep dive into that topic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep dive into that topic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep dive into that topic but
+it's it's a great point okay and back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a great point okay and back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a great point okay and back to
+MIT all right my question is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT all right my question is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT all right my question is about the
+systems engineering vision you have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering vision you have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering vision you have on
+the website about 2025 what are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website about 2025 what are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website about 2025 what are what
+have you been done about the protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you been done about the protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you been done about the protocols
+or languages that could be developed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or languages that could be developed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or languages that could be developed to
+facilitate the communication between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the communication between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the communication between the
+systems engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering
+nose and different stakeholders that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and different stakeholders that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and different stakeholders that's a
+really good question you know this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question you know this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question you know this idea
+of having the same language so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having the same language so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having the same language so by the
+way I'm Mike Celentano deputy technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm Mike Celentano deputy technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm Mike Celentano deputy technical
+director of operations the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of operations the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of operations the idea of
+having a common language is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a common language is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a common language is really
+important you know one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know one of the things
+that I've started with in healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've started with in healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've started with in healthcare
+that's my industry is trying to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my industry is trying to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my industry is trying to convince
+people to speak the same language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to speak the same language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to speak the same language and
+I've since given that up what I when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've since given that up what I when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've since given that up what I when I'm
+teaching people now is to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people now is to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people now is to understand the
+other people's language so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's language so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's language so they could
+communicate better and so when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate better and so when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate better and so when you go
+from domain to domain it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from domain to domain it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from domain to domain it's important
+that you spend some time learning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you spend some time learning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you spend some time learning the
+language a lot like it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a lot like it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a lot like it's important to
+learn how to say hello and goodbye in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to say hello and goodbye in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to say hello and goodbye in
+the language of the country that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the country that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the country that you're
+visiting it's it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting it's it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting it's it's important to
+understand the domain that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the domain that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the domain that you're
+exploring so that you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring so that you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring so that you can make the
+interpretation and help those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and help those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and help those people
+with systems-engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with systems-engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with systems-engineering
+does that answer your question all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question all right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes thank you and and Olli if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you and and Olli if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you and and Olli if you don't
+mind I'm gonna follow up and then art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I'm gonna follow up and then art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I'm gonna follow up and then art
+will as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as well
+what that question calls out and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that question calls out and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that question calls out and what I
+think Mike's answer calls out is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Mike's answer calls out is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Mike's answer calls out is they're
+very there are two very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very there are two very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very there are two very important
+dimensions in my opinion of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in my opinion of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in my opinion of systems
+engineering we are the glue to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we are the glue to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we are the glue to the
+project team but we are the glue in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project team but we are the glue in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project team but we are the glue in two
+different dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions
+there's the engineering aspect of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the engineering aspect of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the engineering aspect of what
+we do and there is very real engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do and there is very real engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do and there is very real engineering
+analysis that needs to occur at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that needs to occur at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that needs to occur at the
+system's level we unify the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's level we unify the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's level we unify the subject
+matter experts and we bring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter experts and we bring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter experts and we bring those
+understandings together whether it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings together whether it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings together whether it's in
+medical whether it's an aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical whether it's an aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical whether it's an aerospace
+regardless but the other aspect that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless but the other aspect that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless but the other aspect that we
+cannot avoid as systems engineers is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot avoid as systems engineers is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot avoid as systems engineers is the
+communication role because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication role because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication role because we are
+working with people who do not speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with people who do not speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with people who do not speak the
+same common language whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same common language whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same common language whether that's
+speaking between aerospace and medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking between aerospace and medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking between aerospace and medical
+or whether that's on an aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether that's on an aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether that's on an aerospace
+project speaking between computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project speaking between computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project speaking between computer
+science reliability mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science reliability mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science reliability mechanical
+electrical as systems engineers we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical as systems engineers we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical as systems engineers we must
+embrace the communication aspect and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace the communication aspect and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace the communication aspect and the
+translator aspect that might call it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translator aspect that might call it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translator aspect that might call it out
+because each of us speak a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of us speak a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of us speak a different
+language for a particular reason art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for a particular reason art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language for a particular reason art and
+to help in that regard one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help in that regard one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help in that regard one of the
+products that in Cosi has helped create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that in Cosi has helped create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that in Cosi has helped create
+is the systems engineering body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the systems engineering body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the systems engineering body of
+knowledge which is available a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is available a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is available a website
+which Ali is quite familiar with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Ali is quite familiar with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Ali is quite familiar with which
+has several hundred articles about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has several hundred articles about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has several hundred articles about
+systems engineering but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering but one of the
+projects that we are going to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we are going to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we are going to be and
+it's its domain neutral so it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its domain neutral so it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its domain neutral so it's it's not
+tied to a specific business sector one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to a specific business sector one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to a specific business sector one
+of the projects that we are expecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects that we are expecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects that we are expecting to
+begin in 2016 is to create a variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin in 2016 is to create a variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin in 2016 is to create a variant of
+that in some fashion for the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some fashion for the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some fashion for the healthcare
+community tying it to the unique way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community tying it to the unique way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community tying it to the unique way
+they talk about things their approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about things their approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about things their approaches
+but tie effect to the common underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tie effect to the common underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tie effect to the common underlying
+principles and if we are successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and if we are successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and if we are successful in
+that as we expect I can imagine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we expect I can imagine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we expect I can imagine is
+spinning up ones for transportation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning up ones for transportation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning up ones for transportation for
+telecommunications etc so that that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications etc so that that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications etc so that that can
+become a glue in essence for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a glue in essence for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a glue in essence for people
+across many different business sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many different business sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many different business sectors
+very good so I will I will make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so I will I will make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so I will I will make sure
+that we we provide the link to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we provide the link to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we provide the link to the body
+of knowledge which I know was a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge which I know was a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge which I know was a very big
+effort to put together will will provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to put together will will provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to put together will will provide
+that information for the students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information for the students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information for the students as
+well great that's excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well great that's excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well great that's excellent
+unfortunately for time I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for time I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for time I'm gonna have to
+ask art to to give us a wrap-up but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask art to to give us a wrap-up but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask art to to give us a wrap-up but but
+let me just say one thing because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say one thing because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say one thing because I'm
+not sure how well you can see the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how well you can see the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how well you can see the video
+over here but you guys are talking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but you guys are talking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but you guys are talking to a
+group of about 20 people from around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of about 20 people from around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of about 20 people from around the
+world we have people here from France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we have people here from France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we have people here from France
+Sweden Australia and the people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden Australia and the people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden Australia and the people that you
+just talked to are also engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked to are also engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked to are also engineering
+senior engineering leaders at Airbus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior engineering leaders at Airbus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior engineering leaders at Airbus and
+BAE and so they kind of range a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAE and so they kind of range a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAE and so they kind of range a broad
+spectrum here and also Roche from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum here and also Roche from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum here and also Roche from
+different industries so I'll hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different industries so I'll hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different industries so I'll hand it
+over to art to give you a good summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to art to give you a good summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to art to give you a good summary
+but I hope that you continue to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope that you continue to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I hope that you continue to keep in
+touch with with this group well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with with this group well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with with this group well this is
+where I'm gonna make my small pitch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm gonna make my small pitch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm gonna make my small pitch for
+membership so as students you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership so as students you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership so as students you have an
+opportunity for only 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for only 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for only 38
+dollars u.s. annually to be members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars u.s. annually to be members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars u.s. annually to be members of
+inkosi which gives you access to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkosi which gives you access to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkosi which gives you access to all of
+our products which are includes videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our products which are includes videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our products which are includes videos
+that are reported every month handbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reported every month handbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reported every month handbooks
+doc sorts of documents and I'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc sorts of documents and I'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc sorts of documents and I'd really
+like to encourage you to consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to encourage you to consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to encourage you to consider that
+as an option it's it's a great it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an option it's it's a great it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an option it's it's a great it's
+something like a quarter of what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a quarter of what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a quarter of what you'd
+have to pay as a full professional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay as a full professional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay as a full professional and
+so I'm gonna let it go with that no art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna let it go with that no art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna let it go with that no art
+I think that was great and I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that was great and I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that was great and I'll just say
+from from my perspective no I first got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from my perspective no I first got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from my perspective no I first got
+involved inin cozy a little more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved inin cozy a little more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved inin cozy a little more than a
+decade ago and I think both you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago and I think both you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago and I think both you know the
+the industry academic mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry academic mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry academic mix the
+conferences you know this is real this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences you know this is real this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences you know this is real this
+is not you know a community that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know a community that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know a community that's
+living in a bubble and so I I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a bubble and so I I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a bubble and so I I would I
+would fully endorse that art alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fully endorse that art alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fully endorse that art alright so
+well I think I think we're at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think I think we're at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think I think we're at the end of
+this inter you know this is cool I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inter you know this is cool I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inter you know this is cool I mean
+that you know the technology is gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the technology is gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the technology is gotten
+to the point where certainly the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where certainly the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where certainly the audio
+part of this was very clear and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this was very clear and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this was very clear and you know
+and that's and that's terrific so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's and that's terrific so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's and that's terrific so we
+want to thank you for your time I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to thank you for your time I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to thank you for your time I have a
+great continuation of your board meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great continuation of your board meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great continuation of your board meeting
+and we're gonna keep learning over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna keep learning over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna keep learning over here
+we're good thank you so much Holly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright well I hope you found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright well I hope you found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright well I hope you found that
+useful and I'll provide you a link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and I'll provide you a link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and I'll provide you a link to
+the body of knowledge I think that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of knowledge I think that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of knowledge I think that's one
+thing that we haven't sort of pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we haven't sort of pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we haven't sort of pointed
+out so let me just let's go back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let me just let's go back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let me just let's go back to a
+EPFL are you still with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you
+let me let me just sort of finish on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just sort of finish on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just sort of finish on the
+midterm yes Veronica okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you when I was looking over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you when I was looking over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you when I was looking over their
+website I seen a lot about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I seen a lot about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I seen a lot about kind of
+communicating for the sake of engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating for the sake of engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating for the sake of engineers
+and everything else but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else but I think that
+systems engineering in particular has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering in particular has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering in particular has an
+ability to shape the way that we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to shape the way that we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to shape the way that we kind of
+regulate policy developments I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate policy developments I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate policy developments I feel like
+a lot of times scientific advancement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times scientific advancement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times scientific advancement is
+working against international regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working against international regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working against international regulatory
+standards or I feel like an entity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards or I feel like an entity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards or I feel like an entity like
+and cosey has an ability to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosey has an ability to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosey has an ability to kind of
+shape international collaboration in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape international collaboration in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape international collaboration in a
+way that can help scientists achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that can help scientists achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that can help scientists achieve
+more together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more together
+and so I was kind of wondering what with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I was kind of wondering what with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I was kind of wondering what with
+the role they they might have seen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role they they might have seen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role they they might have seen or
+what you might see as kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might see as kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might see as kind of an
+international collaboration like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international collaboration like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international collaboration like that
+taking in terms of shaping the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in terms of shaping the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in terms of shaping the ways in
+which we engineer together not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we engineer together not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we engineer together not just the
+ways in which we we kind of create and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we we kind of create and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we we kind of create and
+systems engineering naturally but kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering naturally but kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering naturally but kind
+of more collaborative I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more collaborative I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more collaborative I think it's a
+it's a great question and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question and I think the
+system engineering is sort of evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering is sort of evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering is sort of evolving
+and broadening you know the classic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broadening you know the classic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broadening you know the classic view
+of system engineering is you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system engineering is you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system engineering is you know that's
+what a company or a big project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a company or a big project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a company or a big project that
+that's producing a physical deliverable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's producing a physical deliverable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's producing a physical deliverable
+you know a new airplane a new computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a new airplane a new computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a new airplane a new computer
+healthcare device you know a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare device you know a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare device you know a new
+software system that's the out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software system that's the out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software system that's the out you know
+and then that's a capability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's a capability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's a capability that you
+put out into the market into the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out into the market into the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out into the market into the field
+and regulations and policies are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulations and policies are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulations and policies are given
+to you you know their constraints their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you know their constraints their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you know their constraints their
+requirements I think what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I think what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I think what you're saying
+is well the policies themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well the policies themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well the policies themselves are
+something to be designed I think oh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be designed I think oh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be designed I think oh she
+ate it and you know that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate it and you know that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate it and you know that's a that's a
+broadening of the system boundary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening of the system boundary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening of the system boundary and
+the mandate for system engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mandate for system engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mandate for system engineering and
+so here at MIT you know over the last 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here at MIT you know over the last 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here at MIT you know over the last 15
+years or so the word we've used for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so the word we've used for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so the word we've used for that
+is engineering systems so we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engineering systems so we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engineering systems so we kind of
+flipped the to words and say that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped the to words and say that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped the to words and say that system
+engineering in a more traditional sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in a more traditional sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in a more traditional sense
+is scope scope smaller and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scope scope smaller and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scope scope smaller and then when you
+internalize the externalities like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize the externalities like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize the externalities like you
+know economics policy and you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know economics policy and you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know economics policy and you consider
+that part of the design space as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the design space as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the design space as well
+then you're in the world of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in the world of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in the world of engineering
+systems or complex socio technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or complex socio technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or complex socio technical
+systems and so absolutely there's a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so absolutely there's a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so absolutely there's a and
+you heard the answer that Alan Harding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard the answer that Alan Harding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard the answer that Alan Harding
+was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+present the president-elect of a cosy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the president-elect of a cosy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the president-elect of a cosy he
+will take over from Dave long next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take over from Dave long next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take over from Dave long next year
+when he started talking about system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he started talking about system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he started talking about system of
+systems mm-hmm well you know what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems mm-hmm well you know what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems mm-hmm well you know what our
+system of systems for example Air Tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of systems for example Air Tran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of systems for example Air Tran
+air traffic management right air train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic management right air train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic management right air train
+let's take an example air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example air traffic
+management air transportation in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management air transportation in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management air transportation in in
+North America there's this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America there's this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America there's this project
+called next-gen right next generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called next-gen right next generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called next-gen right next generation
+that's a very complex system of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very complex system of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very complex system of systems
+and in Europe the equivalent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Europe the equivalent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Europe the equivalent is the
+project called Cesare it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project called Cesare it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project called Cesare it's essentially
+the unified European airspace well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unified European airspace well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unified European airspace well
+you've got it's not just about flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it's not just about flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it's not just about flight
+controllers and radar stations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and radar stations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and radar stations you know
+and GPS available navigation a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GPS available navigation a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GPS available navigation a lot of it
+has to do with policy and you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with policy and you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with policy and you know how
+do you do the handoffs who's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do the handoffs who's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do the handoffs who's responsible
+- you know report any anomalies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you know report any anomalies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you know report any anomalies
+how do you do backup operations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do backup operations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do backup operations and so
+forth so a good example when that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so a good example when that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so a good example when that came
+to the fore is I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fore is I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fore is I don't know if you
+remember the Icelandic volcano a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Icelandic volcano a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Icelandic volcano a few
+years ago the volcano erupted and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the volcano erupted and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the volcano erupted and then
+there was this big ash cloud right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this big ash cloud right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this big ash cloud right and
+then the question was well is it safe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question was well is it safe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question was well is it safe to
+fly through the sash cloud and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly through the sash cloud and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly through the sash cloud and who
+actually has the authority to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has the authority to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has the authority to decide
+which part of the airspace is closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the airspace is closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the airspace is closed and
+is open and then you've got the airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open and then you've got the airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open and then you've got the airlines
+saying you know open up the airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know open up the airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know open up the airspace
+because you know we're losing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we're losing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we're losing a lot of
+business every day and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business every day and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business every day and you know the
+regulators are saying wait you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators are saying wait you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators are saying wait you know we
+need to be cautious here so I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be cautious here so I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be cautious here so I think what
+you're saying is that's a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is that's a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is that's a system
+engineering problem that we could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problem that we could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problem that we could sort
+of address and so things are moving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of address and so things are moving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of address and so things are moving that
+way but I think our our methodologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I think our our methodologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I think our our methodologies
+for doing that work in a rigorous way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that work in a rigorous way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that work in a rigorous way
+are not quite there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite there yet
+is that a type of advocacy that a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a type of advocacy that a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a type of advocacy that a group
+like in Cosi could move toward I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Cosi could move toward I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Cosi could move toward I I can
+see from their from their mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from their from their mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from their from their mission
+statement everything that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement everything that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement everything that's not
+something they're doing now but is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're doing now but is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're doing now but is that
+a place that you see that they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place that you see that they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place that you see that they couldn't
+fill it could be and I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill it could be and I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill it could be and I think I think
+they're moving that way okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving that way okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving that way okay thank you
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay any other other points anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other other points anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other other points anybody
+wants to add from the discussion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to add from the discussion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to add from the discussion okay
+you know one questions on my side go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one questions on my side go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one questions on my side go
+ahead if I can so I think that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead if I can so I think that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead if I can so I think that's a very
+good point Veronica in terms of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point Veronica in terms of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point Veronica in terms of how do
+you chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chance
+to policy or business management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to policy or business management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to policy or business management and
+some time ago I was trying to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago I was trying to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago I was trying to see if
+there are actually jobs or careers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually jobs or careers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually jobs or careers that
+are called systems engineer but besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called systems engineer but besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called systems engineer but besides
+ITU there's really not a profession you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITU there's really not a profession you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITU there's really not a profession you
+know for example you're doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example you're doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example you're doing this in
+the policy domain could you just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy domain could you just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy domain could you just be the
+systems engineer of say for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineer of say for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineer of say for example the
+first energy mode I'm working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first energy mode I'm working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first energy mode I'm working on
+currently kind of the source energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently kind of the source energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently kind of the source energy
+transition know the systems engineer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition know the systems engineer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition know the systems engineer and
+that would be your role or their careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be your role or their careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be your role or their careers
+and clear names that are especially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear names that are especially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear names that are especially like
+designing the systems and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the systems and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the systems and engineering
+them that's a question right Katja I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's a question right Katja I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's a question right Katja I
+think the mic the mic is off go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah are there jobs that do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah are there jobs that do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah are there jobs that do this
+like are there systems engineering jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are there systems engineering jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are there systems engineering jobs
+there's that project management that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that project management that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that project management that's a
+good question so you know the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question so you know the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question so you know the job
+profiles of system engineers have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles of system engineers have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles of system engineers have been
+broadening there is also system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening there is also system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening there is also system
+architects right and we have a we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects right and we have a we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects right and we have a we you
+know we when we talk about concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we when we talk about concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we when we talk about concept
+generation here concept selection that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation here concept selection that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation here concept selection that's
+in a sense a specialty within system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense a specialty within system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense a specialty within system
+engineering known as system architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering known as system architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering known as system architecture
+so you'll have more and more people hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have more and more people hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have more and more people hand
+you a business card that says on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a business card that says on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a business card that says on the
+system architect and what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system architect and what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system architect and what that means is
+they're in charge of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in charge of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in charge of you know the
+high-level decisions the left the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level decisions the left the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level decisions the left the upper
+left side of the V that's shown here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the V that's shown here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the V that's shown here so
+system architect system engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system architect system engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system architect system engineers and
+there's also a very this didn't come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a very this didn't come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a very this didn't come up
+in the discussion with and cozy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discussion with and cozy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discussion with and cozy but
+there's a very active discussion going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very active discussion going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very active discussion going
+on right now between ecozy that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right now between ecozy that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right now between ecozy that has
+about 10,000 members and as 2025 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 members and as 2025 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 members and as 2025 years
+old and an organization called PMI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and an organization called PMI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and an organization called PMI
+project management institute which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management institute which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management institute which is
+older and has about 400,000 members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older and has about 400,000 members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older and has about 400,000 members
+globally and that's the people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and that's the people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and that's the people you know
+running big projects so you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running big projects so you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running big projects so you know those
+job descriptions are still coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job descriptions are still coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job descriptions are still coming from
+different angles but we do see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles but we do see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles but we do see this
+bigger discussion emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger discussion emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger discussion emerging
+and I think the the organizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the the organizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the the organizations that
+are enlightened that really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are enlightened that really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are enlightened that really understand
+that these big system decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these big system decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these big system decisions are
+critical and that you you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and that you you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and that you you can't just
+make those arbitrarily you need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those arbitrarily you need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those arbitrarily you need people
+who actually think about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually think about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually think about the whole
+system who model and simulate the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who model and simulate the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who model and simulate the whole
+system who look at different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who look at different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who look at different scenarios
+you need dedicated people for that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need dedicated people for that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need dedicated people for that who
+would not just have the education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not just have the education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not just have the education and
+the experience to do it but have the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience to do it but have the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience to do it but have the job
+title to do it as well and the authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title to do it as well and the authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title to do it as well and the authority
+and so I think we're we're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think we're we're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think we're we're seeing a
+transition to those new kinds of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to those new kinds of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to those new kinds of jobs
+especially in the enlightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the enlightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the enlightened
+organizations okay yes one one more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations okay yes one one more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations okay yes one one more more
+and then we'll yeah um so when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll yeah um so when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll yeah um so when you say
+that someone needs to have a designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone needs to have a designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone needs to have a designated
+title of a systems engineer to really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of a systems engineer to really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of a systems engineer to really do
+it well is there an advantage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well is there an advantage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well is there an advantage or
+disadvantage to having everyone be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage to having everyone be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage to having everyone be a
+systems engineer with a specialty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineer with a specialty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineer with a specialty so
+that you're training an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're training an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're training an entire
+organization to think about the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to think about the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to think about the big
+picture because I can see pros and cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because I can see pros and cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because I can see pros and cons
+but I'm wondering is there a hard answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm wondering is there a hard answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm wondering is there a hard answer
+my position on this is you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my position on this is you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my position on this is you remember we
+talked a little bit about the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about the value of
+system engineering like how much should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering like how much should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering like how much should
+you invest in system engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invest in system engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invest in system engineering and
+we'll come back to this at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this at the end of
+term but generally you can see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but generally you can see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but generally you can see that that
+there's empirical data that says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's empirical data that says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's empirical data that says you
+should spend roughly 10 to 20 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should spend roughly 10 to 20 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should spend roughly 10 to 20 percent of
+your budget yeah on maybe 15% is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget yeah on maybe 15% is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget yeah on maybe 15% is sort of
+the sweet spot on systems engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweet spot on systems engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweet spot on systems engineering
+system architecture type activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system architecture type activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system architecture type activities
+which happens to be one in 7 1 over 7 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be one in 7 1 over 7 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be one in 7 1 over 7 as
+15% roughly right so if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% roughly right so if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% roughly right so if you're going to
+on you know on average decompose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know on average decompose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know on average decompose your
+systems into seven chunks right at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems into seven chunks right at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems into seven chunks right at each
+level of decomposition then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of decomposition then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of decomposition then you need
+about one one out of seven people or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one one out of seven people or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one one out of seven people or one
+out of eight or one out of seven people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of eight or one out of seven people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of eight or one out of seven people
+their primary focus should be on how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their primary focus should be on how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their primary focus should be on how the
+chunks fit together not designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks fit together not designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks fit together not designing the
+individual chunks and so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual chunks and so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual chunks and so there's a lot
+of empirical evidence that suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empirical evidence that suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empirical evidence that suggests that
+if you spend a lot less effort on system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you spend a lot less effort on system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you spend a lot less effort on system
+integration than about 15 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration than about 15 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration than about 15 percent of
+your total budget you're gonna have real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total budget you're gonna have real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total budget you're gonna have real
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+you will miss requirements you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will miss requirements you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will miss requirements you'll have
+poorly managed interfaces you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly managed interfaces you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly managed interfaces you'll have
+surprises during tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises during tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises during tests
+thing if you spend a lot more than 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you spend a lot more than 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you spend a lot more than 15%
+on system engineering activities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on system engineering activities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on system engineering activities the
+project they will be very heavy too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they will be very heavy too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they will be very heavy too much
+bureaucracy too many processes it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy too many processes it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy too many processes it gets
+slower so we'll come back to that but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so we'll come back to that but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so we'll come back to that but so
+the the everybody should have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the everybody should have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the everybody should have some
+understanding of what system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what system engineering
+is even if you're a subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even if you're a subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even if you're a subject matter
+expert specialty person if you do cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert specialty person if you do cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert specialty person if you do cost
+modeling or if you do you know control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling or if you do you know control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling or if you do you know control
+systems propulsion medical you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems propulsion medical you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems propulsion medical you know in
+the medical field biocompatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical field biocompatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical field biocompatible
+materials whatever it is you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials whatever it is you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials whatever it is you do
+everybody should know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should know something about
+system engineering but then you do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering but then you do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering but then you do need
+that's my opinion the dedicated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my opinion the dedicated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my opinion the dedicated people
+who really focus on the integration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really focus on the integration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really focus on the integration the
+interface is how the chunks fit together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is how the chunks fit together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is how the chunks fit together
+and if you don't have that for projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't have that for projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't have that for projects
+that are of a certain level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of a certain level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of a certain level of
+complexity you're gonna have big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you're gonna have big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you're gonna have big
+problems okay Katya was that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay Katya was that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay Katya was that was that
+reasonable all right so let's let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable all right so let's let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable all right so let's let's move
+on here with the exam because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here with the exam because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here with the exam because we have a
+very I think exciting interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very I think exciting interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very I think exciting interesting
+presentation to get to so the V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to get to so the V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to get to so the V is
+essentially you have this vision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have this vision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have this vision you
+then decompose requirements subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decompose requirements subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decompose requirements subsystems
+and then the bottom of the V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bottom of the V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bottom of the V is the
+details every little detail needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details every little detail needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details every little detail needs to be
+defined and then the right side is we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and then the right side is we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and then the right side is we go
+and then integrate everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate everything together
+and we go to operations so I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to operations so I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to operations so I think most
+most of you really explain that quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you really explain that quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you really explain that quite
+well question 4 what is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well question 4 what is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well question 4 what is the most
+important aspect of the V model that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect of the V model that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect of the V model that is
+not shown explicitly in the V and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shown explicitly in the V and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shown explicitly in the V and I
+think the two answers here and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the two answers here and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the two answers here and I think
+both are correct so the iterative nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are correct so the iterative nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are correct so the iterative nature
+of design we'll hear about this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design we'll hear about this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design we'll hear about this in the
+octane 'iz project so the V model does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane 'iz project so the V model does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane 'iz project so the V model does
+not imply that you're automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not imply that you're automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not imply that you're automatically
+doing a waterfall stage-gate process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a waterfall stage-gate process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a waterfall stage-gate process
+you're only doing trade studies once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only doing trade studies once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only doing trade studies once you
+know you're only you're only testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're only you're only testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're only you're only testing
+once that's not what it means it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that's not what it means it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that's not what it means it just
+means that there's there's a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's there's a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's there's a logical
+sequence to the activities but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to the activities but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to the activities but you could
+actually spiral through the V multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spiral through the V multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spiral through the V multiple
+times so the iterative nature of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so the iterative nature of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so the iterative nature of design
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the possibility of schedule and cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of schedule and cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of schedule and cost
+overruns this is the the programmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overruns this is the the programmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overruns this is the the programmatic
+side is not shown in the venal but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is not shown in the venal but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is not shown in the venal but it's
+implied so both of these are correct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied so both of these are correct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied so both of these are correct so
+this is very good question five at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very good question five at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very good question five at which
+of the following milestones should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following milestones should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following milestones should the
+main concept or architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main concept or architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main concept or architecture of the
+system selected so here we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system selected so here we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system selected so here we have a little
+bit of a spread of answers the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a spread of answers the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a spread of answers the correct
+answer here should be PDR Palamon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here should be PDR Palamon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here should be PDR Palamon a
+design review that's when that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design review that's when that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design review that's when that's when
+the concept the architecture the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept the architecture the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept the architecture the high
+level decomposition of the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level decomposition of the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level decomposition of the system the
+assignment of functions to those chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of functions to those chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of functions to those chunks
+at level one or level two should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at level one or level two should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at level one or level two should be
+defined SRR it's too early at the SRR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined SRR it's too early at the SRR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined SRR it's too early at the SRR
+all you're trying to do at the SRR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're trying to do at the SRR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're trying to do at the SRR
+system requirements review is agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system requirements review is agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system requirements review is agree on
+what the requirements are what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the requirements are what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the requirements are what the
+system should achieve but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system should achieve but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system should achieve but not
+necessarily at how the how that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily at how the how that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily at how the how that will be
+achieved and then at CDR I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and then at CDR I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and then at CDR I would say
+it's too late right the CDR is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late right the CDR is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late right the CDR is where you
+lay out all the details of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out all the details of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out all the details of how the
+system will be built operated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will be built operated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will be built operated the
+software so the the high level design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so the the high level design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so the the high level design
+the concept the architecture should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept the architecture should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept the architecture should have
+been decided and agreed upon way before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been decided and agreed upon way before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been decided and agreed upon way before
+the CDR and it's the PDR where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDR and it's the PDR where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDR and it's the PDR where that's
+happening so I think you know about 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so I think you know about 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so I think you know about 3/4
+of you got it right here the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you got it right here the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you got it right here the next one
+was a little subtle question what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little subtle question what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little subtle question what are
+the following attributes should a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following attributes should a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following attributes should a set of
+requirements meet and I put checkmarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements meet and I put checkmarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements meet and I put checkmarks
+here but what were the so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what were the so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what were the so there were
+multiple correct answers so the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple correct answers so the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple correct answers so the set of
+requirements means multiple and ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements means multiple and ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements means multiple and ensemble
+of requirements as opposed to just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements as opposed to just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements as opposed to just a
+single requirement in isolation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single requirement in isolation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single requirement in isolation so you
+know feasible verifiable and unambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know feasible verifiable and unambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know feasible verifiable and unambiguous
+those three answers are correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three answers are correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three answers are correct for
+individual requirements each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual requirements each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual requirements each individual
+requirement should be feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement should be feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement should be feasible
+verifiable and an unambiguous but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable and an unambiguous but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable and an unambiguous but when
+you look at a set of requirements that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a set of requirements that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a set of requirements that's
+when these other three come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these other three come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these other three come into play
+absence or redundancy so what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence or redundancy so what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence or redundancy so what this means
+is that you shouldn't replicate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you shouldn't replicate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you shouldn't replicate the same
+requirement essentially across multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement essentially across multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement essentially across multiple
+requirements in your requirements set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in your requirements set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in your requirements set
+and and one of the reasons for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and one of the reasons for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and one of the reasons for that is
+if you change a requirement then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change a requirement then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change a requirement then you
+might miss it somewhere else right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might miss it somewhere else right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might miss it somewhere else right this
+redundancy is keep keep it keep it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy is keep keep it keep it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy is keep keep it keep it as
+simple as straight forward as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as straight forward as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as straight forward as you can
+completeness that basically means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness that basically means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness that basically means that
+the requirements set that you develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements set that you develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements set that you develop
+should cover all the requirements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cover all the requirements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cover all the requirements you
+shouldn't have big holes and missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have big holes and missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have big holes and missing
+ornaments and then the last point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornaments and then the last point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornaments and then the last point is
+absence of conflicts if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of conflicts if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of conflicts if you have
+requirements conflicts essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements conflicts essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements conflicts essentially what
+this means is you have no feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is you have no feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is you have no feasible
+there's no feasible solution so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no feasible solution so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no feasible solution so if you
+think about optimization you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about optimization you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about optimization you have an
+over constrained problem basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over constrained problem basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over constrained problem basically
+that's what that means okay any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means okay any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means okay any any
+questions about these two yeah okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about these two yeah okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about these two yeah okay I
+have a question for the size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question for the size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question for the size the
+question files I think the question is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question files I think the question is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question files I think the question is a
+little bit ambiguous because if the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit ambiguous because if the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit ambiguous because if the main
+concept is selected on the PDR on a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is selected on the PDR on a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is selected on the PDR on a time
+scale on the CDR you have the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on the CDR you have the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on the CDR you have the main
+concept sorry you can say that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept sorry you can say that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept sorry you can say that on the
+CDR it's also the main concept selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR it's also the main concept selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR it's also the main concept selective
+already ah I see what you're saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ah I see what you're saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ah I see what you're saying so
+yeah so maybe I should have said what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so maybe I should have said what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so maybe I should have said what is
+the what is the earliest milestone at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the earliest milestone at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the earliest milestone at
+which the concept that's really what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the concept that's really what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the concept that's really what I
+meant is you know what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant is you know what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant is you know what's the what's the
+milestone where the the concept has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone where the the concept has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone where the the concept has to
+be agreed upon and then of course at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be agreed upon and then of course at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be agreed upon and then of course at the
+CDR unless you had to overturn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR unless you had to overturn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR unless you had to overturn your
+concept selection which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept selection which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept selection which happens
+sometimes you should stick with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you should stick with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you should stick with the same
+but but the intent here was to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the intent here was to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the intent here was to say this
+is PDR okay go ahead what are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PDR okay go ahead what are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PDR okay go ahead what are this
+question number five I've got I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question number five I've got I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question number five I've got I think I
+got confused with the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got confused with the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got confused with the concept
+architecture so just to be clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so just to be clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so just to be clear about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the concept operations is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept operations is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept operations is what the
+system does and the architecture is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does and the architecture is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does and the architecture is just
+what are just a list of the subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are just a list of the subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are just a list of the subsystems
+and what are the mass energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the mass energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the mass energy and
+information flow that's right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow that's right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow that's right that's
+right the concept of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the concept of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the concept of operations
+that's actually an SRR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually an SRR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually an SRR
+the concept of our prejudice book how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of our prejudice book how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of our prejudice book how
+will the system be used right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the system be used right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the system be used right and then
+the concept the architecture is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept the architecture is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept the architecture is given
+this concept of operations what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of operations what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of operations what are the
+functions that have to happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have to happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have to happen and then
+which chunks in your system support or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chunks in your system support or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chunks in your system support or
+enable what functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable what functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable what functions
+that's essentially what it is yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what it is yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what it is yeah okay
+any anything else all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything else all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything else all right
+question seven I think most of you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question seven I think most of you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question seven I think most of you got
+this right and we we're gonna get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and we we're gonna get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and we we're gonna get to
+verification and validation in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation in a lot
+more detail but there is a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but there is a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but there is a distinction
+some people use verification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people use verification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people use verification and
+validation interchangeably they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation interchangeably they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation interchangeably they think
+it's the same it's different words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same it's different words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same it's different words for
+the same thing that's not quite the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that's not quite the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that's not quite the case
+okay so here we've got your verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we've got your verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we've got your verification
+loop and your validation loop to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and your validation loop to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and your validation loop to put it
+very succinctly oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very succinctly oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very succinctly oops
+to put it very succinctly verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it very succinctly verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it very succinctly verification
+is in verification you're answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in verification you're answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in verification you're answering the
+question did you satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question did you satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question did you satisfy the
+requirements as they were written right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as they were written right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as they were written right
+that's the inner loop you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the inner loop you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the inner loop you've got your
+requirements set and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements set and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements set and then you do
+verification or inspection or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification or inspection or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification or inspection or there's
+different ways of checking that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of checking that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of checking that but you
+check do we meet the requirements as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check do we meet the requirements as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check do we meet the requirements as
+they were written that's the inner loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were written that's the inner loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were written that's the inner loop
+and then validation is the outer loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then validation is the outer loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then validation is the outer loop
+where you say go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say go back to the
+stakeholders and then you say the CONOPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and then you say the CONOPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and then you say the CONOPS
+right can we actually execute the CONOPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can we actually execute the CONOPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can we actually execute the CONOPS
+and does the system meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does the system meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does the system meet the
+expectations of the stakeholders does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the stakeholders does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the stakeholders does it
+deliver value to them and so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver value to them and so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver value to them and so it's it's
+quite possible and they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite possible and they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite possible and they're there
+examples of systems that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of systems that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of systems that actually
+successfully pass verification you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully pass verification you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully pass verification you can
+check every requirement say yep yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check every requirement say yep yep yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check every requirement say yep yep yep
+yep we can do that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep we can do that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep we can do that and then you
+demonstrate the the product or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the the product or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the the product or the
+system to the stakeholders and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the stakeholders and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the stakeholders and they say
+oh no that's that's not at all what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no that's that's not at all what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no that's that's not at all what we
+were looking for and then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for and then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for and then the question
+is well did you change your mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well did you change your mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well did you change your mind you
+know customer benefit did you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know customer benefit did you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know customer benefit did you change the
+mind from today to when we started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind from today to when we started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind from today to when we started this
+this project right or was there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project right or was there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project right or was there some
+error and translation going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and translation going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and translation going from the
+steak or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steak or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steak or the
+stakeholders didn't change their mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders didn't change their mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders didn't change their mind
+you know their their their use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their their their use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their their their use cases
+they're cops they're they're the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cops they're they're the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cops they're they're the value
+they want to get from the system hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to get from the system hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to get from the system hasn't
+changed since you started the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed since you started the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed since you started the project
+but there was some error in translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was some error in translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was some error in translation
+between those high level stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those high level stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those high level stakeholder
+expectations and then the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and then the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and then the requirements
+no maybe you missed the requirement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe you missed the requirement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe you missed the requirement so
+that that's the that's the key idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the that's the key idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the that's the key idea here
+between V and B and we'll we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between V and B and we'll we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between V and B and we'll we'll talk a
+lot more about this in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about this in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about this in the next few
+weeks all right now comes the one you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks all right now comes the one you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks all right now comes the one you've
+all been waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been waiting for
+I know question eight so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know question eight so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know question eight so here's the
+rocket equation Delta V the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket equation Delta V the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket equation Delta V the change in
+velocity of a rocket that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of a rocket that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of a rocket that you can
+achieve is equal to gravity times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve is equal to gravity times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve is equal to gravity times the
+specific impulse times the log of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific impulse times the log of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific impulse times the log of your
+initial mass so this is your rocket on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial mass so this is your rocket on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial mass so this is your rocket on
+the launch pad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch pad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch pad okay
+and over mi which is the final mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over mi which is the final mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over mi which is the final mass
+after the burn has happened okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the burn has happened okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the burn has happened okay and so
+one thing that's important is to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's important is to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's important is to define
+those masses and there were I got we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those masses and there were I got we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those masses and there were I got we got
+we got a lot of emails write this Jana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a lot of emails write this Jana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a lot of emails write this Jana
+would you say this was probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say this was probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say this was probably the most
+emails we've gotten all semester is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails we've gotten all semester is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails we've gotten all semester is
+about this question so so the a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question so so the a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question so so the a bunch of
+questions were just about the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were just about the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were just about the definition
+of mass fraction what is the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass fraction what is the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass fraction what is the mass
+fraction and they're really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and they're really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and they're really two
+different interpretations of it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interpretations of it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interpretations of it and it
+turned out it didn't matter which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it didn't matter which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it didn't matter which one
+you used because the answer was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used because the answer was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used because the answer was the same
+so the one that I'm showing you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one that I'm showing you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one that I'm showing you here is
+that the initial mass here is 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial mass here is 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial mass here is 1 plus
+alpha times M F your mass of fuel plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times M F your mass of fuel plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times M F your mass of fuel plus
+your payload so in this case alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your payload so in this case alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your payload so in this case alpha is
+the percentage of the mass that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of the mass that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of the mass that's that
+you're launching the fuel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're launching the fuel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're launching the fuel and the
+payload that's made up of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload that's made up of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload that's made up of structure
+which includes tankage support structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes tankage support structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes tankage support structure
+the engines themselves etc the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines themselves etc the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines themselves etc the other
+definition you could use which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you could use which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you could use which is
+equally valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valid
+you just have to define it is that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to define it is that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to define it is that alpha
+is only applied to the fuel mass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only applied to the fuel mass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only applied to the fuel mass right
+that you've got the fuel which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got the fuel which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got the fuel which in this
+case is liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen
+and then you have your tanks and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have your tanks and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have your tanks and your
+engine right that's your mass fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine right that's your mass fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine right that's your mass fraction
+and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+payload sits on top and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload sits on top and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload sits on top and there's no
+overhead for the pie carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead for the pie carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead for the pie carrying the
+payload and either way it didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload and either way it didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload and either way it didn't matter
+in this question because the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this question because the answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this question because the answer was
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+so here the your initial mass is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the your initial mass is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the your initial mass is one
+plus alpha times the mass of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha times the mass of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha times the mass of the fuel
+which is unknown and the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unknown and the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unknown and the mass of the
+payload which is given 20 metric tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload which is given 20 metric tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload which is given 20 metric tons
+and then m1 is simply alpha times mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then m1 is simply alpha times mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then m1 is simply alpha times mass
+of the fuel and mass of the payload so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel and mass of the payload so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel and mass of the payload so
+you can slightly rearrange there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can slightly rearrange there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can slightly rearrange there are
+different ways you know of solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you know of solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you know of solving this
+problem a simple way is this you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a simple way is this you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a simple way is this you just
+basically bring the constants over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bring the constants over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bring the constants over to
+the left side so Delta B over G is P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side so Delta B over G is P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side so Delta B over G is P and
+then basically the right side has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically the right side has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically the right side has to be
+larger than that so this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that so this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that so this is essentially
+your 1 plus alpha divided by alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 1 plus alpha divided by alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 1 plus alpha divided by alpha
+because the MF plus MP term falls out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the MF plus MP term falls out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the MF plus MP term falls out if
+you formulate it that way so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formulate it that way so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formulate it that way so you can
+just plug in the numbers that were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the numbers that were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the numbers that were given
+in the problem and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem and you can see that the
+left-hand side does not match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side does not match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side does not match the
+right-hand side right and the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side right and the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side right and the conclusion
+from this and if you could some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and if you could some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and if you could some of you
+tried to solve for the fuel mass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to solve for the fuel mass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to solve for the fuel mass you
+know there's all kinds of ways and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's all kinds of ways and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's all kinds of ways and and
+you just it's super frustrating and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it's super frustrating and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it's super frustrating and I
+know a lot of you spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of you spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of you spent a lot of time
+trying to solve this problem and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve this problem and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve this problem and no
+matter what way you get you get negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what way you get you get negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what way you get you get negative
+right you get negative fuel mass you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get negative fuel mass you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get negative fuel mass you get
+all kinds of weird things trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of weird things trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of weird things trying to make
+this work the bottom line is infeasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work the bottom line is infeasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work the bottom line is infeasible
+requirement it's not possible with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement it's not possible with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement it's not possible with the
+required though this is a an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required though this is a an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required though this is a an example of
+an infeasible requirement okay and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infeasible requirement okay and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infeasible requirement okay and I did
+this on purpose to show you that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on purpose to show you that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on purpose to show you that just
+because somebody writes a requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody writes a requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody writes a requirement
+down you know that it doesn't mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know that it doesn't mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know that it doesn't mean it's
+feasible right so so most I think many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible right so so most I think many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible right so so most I think many
+of you got this and we're frustrated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you got this and we're frustrated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you got this and we're frustrated by
+it but I want to show you a real project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I want to show you a real project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I want to show you a real project
+where this this happened so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this this happened so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this this happened so you could
+then ask well what would what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask well what would what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask well what would what would we
+have to do to make it feasible so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to make it feasible so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to make it feasible so some
+of you said well maybe we can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you said well maybe we can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you said well maybe we can achieve
+less Delta V or we need even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Delta V or we need even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Delta V or we need even better
+propulsion higher ISP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion higher ISP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion higher ISP
+or which is which is maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which is which is maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which is which is maybe a little bit
+more straightforward what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more straightforward what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more straightforward what would be the
+mass fraction the Alpha that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction the Alpha that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction the Alpha that you would
+have to achieve to make this work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to achieve to make this work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to achieve to make this work and
+the answer is somewhere around 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is somewhere around 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is somewhere around 8%
+depending on which definition of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which definition of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which definition of mass
+fraction you used it's you know 7 to 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction you used it's you know 7 to 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction you used it's you know 7 to 8%
+so it means that if you want to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means that if you want to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means that if you want to achieve
+single-stage-to-orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stage-to-orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stage-to-orbit
+flight with no staging which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight with no staging which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight with no staging which is the
+current way we do it you have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current way we do it you have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current way we do it you have to get the
+mass fraction below 8% and that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction below 8% and that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction below 8% and that includes
+everything the tanks the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the tanks the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the tanks the support
+structure the engines and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the engines and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the engines and that's really
+really really tough so I know you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really tough so I know you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really tough so I know you were
+frustrated by this problem many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated by this problem many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated by this problem many of you
+but let me tell you this story those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you this story those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you this story those
+folks were really frustrated so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were really frustrated so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were really frustrated so there
+was actually a program here in the US in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a program here in the US in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a program here in the US in
+the late 90s that tried to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 90s that tried to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 90s that tried to as a
+technologies small scale technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies small scale technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies small scale technology
+demonstrator demonstrate the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrator demonstrate the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrator demonstrate the technology
+is required to get to orbit with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to get to orbit with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to get to orbit with a
+single stage vehicle and that program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stage vehicle and that program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stage vehicle and that program
+was called the x-33 run by Lockheed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the x-33 run by Lockheed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the x-33 run by Lockheed
+Martin so single-stage-to-orbit reusable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin so single-stage-to-orbit reusable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin so single-stage-to-orbit reusable
+launch vehicle demonstrator the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle demonstrator the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle demonstrator the target
+mass this is your M 0 total mass 130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass this is your M 0 total mass 130
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass this is your M 0 total mass 130
+metric tons the target mass fraction was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons the target mass fraction was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons the target mass fraction was
+point 1 and fuel was just the same as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 and fuel was just the same as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 and fuel was just the same as in
+this problem Lux Lux hydrogen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem Lux Lux hydrogen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem Lux Lux hydrogen and the
+project basically was cancelled in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project basically was cancelled in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project basically was cancelled in 2001
+after about one point three billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after about one point three billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after about one point three billion
+dollars had been spent on it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars had been spent on it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars had been spent on it and the
+main the thing that eventually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main the thing that eventually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main the thing that eventually really
+led to the cancellation was the the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the cancellation was the the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the cancellation was the the fuel
+tank there was a composite material fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank there was a composite material fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank there was a composite material fuel
+tank that was embedded inside the wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank that was embedded inside the wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank that was embedded inside the wing
+here inside this body as very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here inside this body as very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here inside this body as very complex
+shape and those of you that know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and those of you that know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and those of you that know about
+hydrogen atoms are very very small it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms are very very small it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms are very very small it's
+very tough to to contain hydrogen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tough to to contain hydrogen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tough to to contain hydrogen it
+wants to leak that's it's its natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to leak that's it's its natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to leak that's it's its natural
+tendency is to leak out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency is to leak out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency is to leak out so
+the this this composite fuel tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this composite fuel tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this composite fuel tank
+basically couldn't be built and tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically couldn't be built and tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically couldn't be built and tested
+under pressure to be leak proof and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under pressure to be leak proof and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under pressure to be leak proof and they
+really tried they spent a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tried they spent a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tried they spent a lot of money
+on it a lot of effort couldn't be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it a lot of effort couldn't be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it a lot of effort couldn't be done
+and so NASA concluded you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so NASA concluded you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so NASA concluded you know and you
+know the goal was here to achieve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the goal was here to achieve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the goal was here to achieve to
+achieve essentially this this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve essentially this this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve essentially this this mass
+fraction of you know ten percent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of you know ten percent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of you know ten percent or
+below and at that time in the late 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and at that time in the late 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and at that time in the late 90s
+early 2000s this was just not feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s this was just not feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s this was just not feasible
+with the state of Technology and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the state of Technology and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the state of Technology and so this
+is you know think about how frustrated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know think about how frustrated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know think about how frustrated I
+know you spent an hour so trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you spent an hour so trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you spent an hour so trying to
+solve this and and we're not happy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and and we're not happy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and and we're not happy about
+it but think about how they felt so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but think about how they felt so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but think about how they felt so the
+purpose of this I think most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this I think most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this I think most of this
+midterm exam was kind of a gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm exam was kind of a gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm exam was kind of a gift
+up until this question I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until this question I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until this question I was wondering
+about the mass fraction so I read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mass fraction so I read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mass fraction so I read the
+text over there and it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text over there and it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text over there and it says it's
+suborbital this was a plan to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suborbital this was a plan to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suborbital this was a plan to even
+reduce that mass fraction even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that mass fraction even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that mass fraction even further
+if this was a success right so it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a success right so it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a success right so it was so
+this would not have achieved orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would not have achieved orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would not have achieved orbital
+velocity and it's so it's not a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it's so it's not a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it's so it's not a complete
+one-to-one map because I gave you also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one map because I gave you also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one map because I gave you also a
+higher Delta V right I give you 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Delta V right I give you 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Delta V right I give you 11
+kilometers per second and you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second and you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second and you need this
+which is escape velocity and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is escape velocity and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is escape velocity and you really
+need about you need to achieve about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need about you need to achieve about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need about you need to achieve about
+seven point five but with losses and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point five but with losses and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point five but with losses and you
+know dragon gravity losses you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dragon gravity losses you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dragon gravity losses you really
+need to achieve about 99.5 so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to achieve about 99.5 so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to achieve about 99.5 so it's not a
+one-to-one map but but you sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one map but but you sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one map but but you sort of get
+the you sort of get the idea okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you sort of get the idea okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you sort of get the idea okay any
+any question about this at EPFL did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question about this at EPFL did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question about this at EPFL did you
+hear this was it was it fairly clear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this was it was it fairly clear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this was it was it fairly clear you
+know yeah I think you all know aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah I think you all know aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah I think you all know aside
+okay all right so if you want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if you want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if you want to read
+more about the x-33 this this article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the x-33 this this article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the x-33 this this article
+the Wikipedia article is pretty good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wikipedia article is pretty good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wikipedia article is pretty good and
+there's a lot so just to say you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot so just to say you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot so just to say you know I
+don't I think we're gonna try this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think we're gonna try this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think we're gonna try this again
+I think there's gonna be new efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's gonna be new efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's gonna be new efforts
+composite materials have come a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite materials have come a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite materials have come a long way
+composite manufacturing you know 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite manufacturing you know 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite manufacturing you know 15
+years later we might try this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later we might try this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later we might try this again
+pretty soon okay question 9 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon okay question 9 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon okay question 9 this is
+actually so this was a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so this was a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so this was a little bit of
+you know computation here so this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know computation here so this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know computation here so this yeah
+the intent of this question was to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intent of this question was to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intent of this question was to for
+you to think about competing objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about competing objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about competing objectives
+right the purrito frontiers we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the purrito frontiers we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the purrito frontiers we talked
+about this in the concept selection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the concept selection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the concept selection so
+this is the idea of you're designing a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea of you're designing a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea of you're designing a a
+can or container for containing liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can or container for containing liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can or container for containing liquids
+the shape is cylindrical as shown in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape is cylindrical as shown in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape is cylindrical as shown in red
+and so the two things you care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two things you care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two things you care about is
+volume how much how much liquid can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume how much how much liquid can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume how much how much liquid can you
+carry inside the can that's simply PI R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry inside the can that's simply PI R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry inside the can that's simply PI R
+squared H and then your surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared H and then your surface area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared H and then your surface area
+which you could say that's the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could say that's the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could say that's the cost of
+the container right that's the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container right that's the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container right that's the amount of
+material you need to use is two PI R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you need to use is two PI R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you need to use is two PI R
+those are the top and bottom right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the top and bottom right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the top and bottom right and
+then 2 R PI H which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 2 R PI H which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 2 R PI H which is your
+circumference and if you then plot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference and if you then plot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference and if you then plot for
+different combinations of radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations of radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations of radius and
+height what is the volume and surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height what is the volume and surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height what is the volume and surface
+area which is shown in this plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is shown in this plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is shown in this plot here
+surface area as the y-axis and volume on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area as the y-axis and volume on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area as the y-axis and volume on
+the x-axis and you want to so you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis and you want to so you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis and you want to so you the
+ideas you want to maximize volume while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you want to maximize volume while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you want to maximize volume while
+minimizing surface area by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing surface area by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing surface area by changing the
+radius and the height subject to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and the height subject to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and the height subject to these
+constraints shown here you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints shown here you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints shown here you should have
+gotten something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten something that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten something that looks like this
+blue curve right this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve right this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve right this is this is the
+purrito frontier and the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purrito frontier and the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purrito frontier and the question was
+well where's the utopia point the utopia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where's the utopia point the utopia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where's the utopia point the utopia
+point is down to the lower right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is down to the lower right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is down to the lower right maybe
+you plotted it differently that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plotted it differently that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plotted it differently that's fine
+so you want as high a volume as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want as high a volume as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want as high a volume as you can
+with minimum surface area but the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimum surface area but the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimum surface area but the best
+you can achieve there's there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve there's there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve there's there's nothing
+in this white space here the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this white space here the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this white space here the best you
+can achieve is this blue curve and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve is this blue curve and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve is this blue curve and above
+it and so then I'm plotting to a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so then I'm plotting to a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so then I'm plotting to a small
+and a big one so this the coca-cola can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big one so this the coca-cola can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big one so this the coca-cola can
+is as shown the soda can is in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as shown the soda can is in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as shown the soda can is in the lower
+left corner and you can see it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left corner and you can see it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left corner and you can see it's pretty
+much on the perio front and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on the perio front and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on the perio front and then this is
+the standard 55 US gallon oil barrels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard 55 US gallon oil barrels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard 55 US gallon oil barrels
+you know if you go to like a junkyard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go to like a junkyard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go to like a junkyard or
+you know that you know a refinery you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you know a refinery you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you know a refinery you'll
+see these barrels of oil actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these barrels of oil actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these barrels of oil actually it's
+it's not exactly on the Pareto front but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exactly on the Pareto front but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exactly on the Pareto front but
+it's very very close okay so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very close okay so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very close okay so that was
+that was the the intent here any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the intent here any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the intent here any any
+questions about this yes sump shion's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this yes sump shion's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this yes sump shion's
+not really the the key one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really the the key one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really the the key one of the key
+assumptions but that was given was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but that was given was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but that was given was that
+you should assume zero thickness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should assume zero thickness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should assume zero thickness right
+so it's it's just a volume versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's just a volume versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's just a volume versus
+surface there's no actual you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there's no actual you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there's no actual you know
+thickness and I need to double check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and I need to double check so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and I need to double check so
+when I when I looked at the the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I looked at the the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I looked at the the height
+of the different cans yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different cans yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different cans yeah
+were we supposed to leave the problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we supposed to leave the problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we supposed to leave the problem as
+defined in terms of the original units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the original units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the original units
+if you updated the units as the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you updated the units as the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you updated the units as the maximum
+height to be within a reasonable range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height to be within a reasonable range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height to be within a reasonable range
+right not two meters versus 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not two meters versus 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not two meters versus 900
+millimeters it neither point was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters it neither point was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters it neither point was on the
+on the Pareto front it just depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pareto front it just depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pareto front it just depended on
+how what you defined your upper limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what you defined your upper limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what you defined your upper limit to
+be oh and I was wondering if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh and I was wondering if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh and I was wondering if we were
+expected to maintain the original upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to maintain the original upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to maintain the original upper
+limit or if we were allowed to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit or if we were allowed to change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit or if we were allowed to change it
+oh if you change it that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if you change it that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if you change it that's fine
+this is you know this the the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know this the the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know this the the basic idea
+of this question was to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question was to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question was to understand what
+is a purrito frontier okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a purrito frontier okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a purrito frontier okay you know
+whatever and you know to actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you know to actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you know to actually think
+about you know something we we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know something we we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know something we we you know
+we use it almost every day you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it almost every day you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it almost every day you know we
+we drink a soda or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drink a soda or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drink a soda or something like that
+and and that's not that shape is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's not that shape is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's not that shape is not a
+randomly selected shape it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected shape it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected shape it's actually
+based on a trade-off between volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a trade-off between volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a trade-off between volume and
+efficiency right volume and surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right volume and surface area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right volume and surface area
+and and here you go here's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here you go here's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here you go here's where it
+falls on the on the pre de partir that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls on the on the pre de partir that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls on the on the pre de partir that's
+sort of the the general idea but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the general idea but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the general idea but we we
+haven't graded the exams yet but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't graded the exams yet but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't graded the exams yet but well
+well I think will be fairly generous on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think will be fairly generous on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think will be fairly generous on
+this question okay so then the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question okay so then the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question okay so then the last one
+was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really the
+that's this so more about very recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this so more about very recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this so more about very recent
+happenings but when you read if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happenings but when you read if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happenings but when you read if you read
+the article you realized while there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article you realized while there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article you realized while there's
+kind of a prehistory here this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a prehistory here this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a prehistory here this is not
+just something that happened a month ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that happened a month ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that happened a month ago
+there's a long history leading up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long history leading up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long history leading up to
+this emissions scandal and the key the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emissions scandal and the key the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emissions scandal and the key the
+key table in the article is this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key table in the article is this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key table in the article is this table
+shown here it's essentially these n o X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here it's essentially these n o X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here it's essentially these n o X
+numbers for emissions where you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for emissions where you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for emissions where you had the
+different so these are requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so these are requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so these are requirements
+right these are regulatory requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are regulatory requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are regulatory requirements
+and a big part of the story is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big part of the story is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big part of the story is that the
+requirements this is just for diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements this is just for diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements this is just for diesel
+engines right this applies for diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines right this applies for diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines right this applies for diesel
+engines in the US and in Europe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines in the US and in Europe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines in the US and in Europe are
+different and so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so you can see that the
+limit is essentially the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is essentially the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is essentially the regulatory
+requirement the dyno the in shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the dyno the in shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the dyno the in shown in
+green here is demonstrate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green here is demonstrate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green here is demonstrate this is
+verification right did you meet did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification right did you meet did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification right did you meet did you
+satisfy the requirement as written and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirement as written and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirement as written and
+you can argue that because this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue that because this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue that because this these
+vehicles had software in them that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles had software in them that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles had software in them that the
+purpose of the software was to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the software was to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the software was to detect
+whether or not the vehicle is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the vehicle is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the vehicle is being
+tested for emissions and the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested for emissions and the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested for emissions and the reason you
+can do it is because the drive cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is because the drive cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is because the drive cycles
+are very tightly prescribed so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very tightly prescribed so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very tightly prescribed so if the
+vehicle is operating exactly you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is operating exactly you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is operating exactly you know at
+the speeds and velocities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds and velocities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds and velocities that
+correspond one-to-one to those test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond one-to-one to those test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond one-to-one to those test
+drive cycles the software knew ah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cycles the software knew ah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cycles the software knew ah I'm
+being tested for emissions you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being tested for emissions you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being tested for emissions you know and
+and you know it's it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's it's like you know
+knowing that you're being watched as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you're being watched as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you're being watched as a
+kid and you're behaving because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and you're behaving because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and you're behaving because you know
+you behaving because you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you behaving because you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you behaving because you know you're
+being watched you and then whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being watched you and then whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being watched you and then whenever you
+think you're not being watched you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not being watched you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not being watched you do
+something very different right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different right that's
+that's the general idea so the Green was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general idea so the Green was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general idea so the Green was
+basically the dyno results with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the dyno results with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the dyno results with the the
+cheating essentially with the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating essentially with the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating essentially with the software
+embedded and then the West Virginia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded and then the West Virginia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded and then the West Virginia
+University results which were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University results which were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University results which were you know
+this independent testing showed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this independent testing showed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this independent testing showed that the
+actual emissions during operat regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual emissions during operat regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual emissions during operat regular
+operations were about 30 times worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations were about 30 times worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations were about 30 times worse
+right then then this and the trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then this and the trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then this and the trade-off
+here is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is of
+with fuel efficiency right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fuel efficiency right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fuel efficiency right that's the
+that's the big trade-off and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big trade-off and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big trade-off and so you know
+well we haven't read your answers yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we haven't read your answers yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we haven't read your answers yet to
+this question but it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question but it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question but it's extremely
+relevant to system engineering and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to system engineering and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to system engineering and and
+in particular to the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular to the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular to the distinction between
+verification and validation right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation right so you
+can argue that verification was passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue that verification was passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue that verification was passed
+here because it passes the the dyno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it passes the the dyno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it passes the the dyno
+tests these are the the regulatory tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests these are the the regulatory tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests these are the the regulatory tests
+that are prescribed but it fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are prescribed but it fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are prescribed but it fails
+essentially in the field to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the field to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the field to satisfy the
+requirements one thing I'll be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements one thing I'll be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements one thing I'll be very
+interested you know and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you know and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you know and of course
+Volkswagen has admitted you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volkswagen has admitted you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volkswagen has admitted you know that
+they have this that they cheated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this that they cheated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this that they cheated in a
+set in essence but I'll be I'll be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in essence but I'll be I'll be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in essence but I'll be I'll be very
+interested to see how the legal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to see how the legal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to see how the legal the
+legal side of this works out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal side of this works out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal side of this works out because
+because in in in if you if you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in in in if you if you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in in in if you if you interpret
+this very narrowly and you you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very narrowly and you you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very narrowly and you you cannot
+say that those vehicles failed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that those vehicles failed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that those vehicles failed their
+emission standard tests because they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission standard tests because they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission standard tests because they've
+performed properly on the dyno so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed properly on the dyno so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed properly on the dyno so to
+what extent are these requirements these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent are these requirements these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent are these requirements these
+environmental requirements which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental requirements which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental requirements which are
+very in a sense narrowly defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in a sense narrowly defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in a sense narrowly defined in
+terms of how these requirements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how these requirements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how these requirements are
+verified legally binding in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified legally binding in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified legally binding in terms of
+being able to perform at those levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to perform at those levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to perform at those levels
+outside of the DRI the drive cycle test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the DRI the drive cycle test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the DRI the drive cycle test
+cases that are prescribed by law did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that are prescribed by law did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that are prescribed by law did you
+see what I'm saying so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I'm saying so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I'm saying so even though
+morally I think we've we've you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally I think we've we've you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally I think we've we've you know
+people generally say this Volkswagen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally say this Volkswagen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally say this Volkswagen has
+cheated because they're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated because they're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated because they're essentially
+reconfiguring the vehicle depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfiguring the vehicle depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfiguring the vehicle depending on
+whether it's being tested officially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's being tested officially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's being tested officially or
+not but from a from a legal perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but from a from a legal perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but from a from a legal perspective
+I'm not sure this is this is fully done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure this is this is fully done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure this is this is fully done
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+so we'll have to see how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have to see how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have to see how the the
+lawsuits and all these things play out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits and all these things play out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits and all these things play out
+go ahead and Eric would you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and Eric would you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and Eric would you would you
+say that looking at it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that looking at it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that looking at it from the
+regulator's perspective that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator's perspective that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator's perspective that they had
+set up an expectation that didn't flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up an expectation that didn't flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up an expectation that didn't flow
+into a requirement and if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a requirement and if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a requirement and if it was a
+requirement it was unverifiable until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement it was unverifiable until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement it was unverifiable until
+WVU it was an unverifiable requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WVU it was an unverifiable requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WVU it was an unverifiable requirement
+in a sense i that's one way to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense i that's one way to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense i that's one way to say it
+and you know maybe what is the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe what is the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe what is the response
+to this well one response could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this well one response could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this well one response could be
+a whole bunch of more test cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of more test cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of more test cases you
+know the the the actual drive cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the actual drive cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the actual drive cycles
+that are going to have to be tested are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to have to be tested are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to have to be tested are
+going to be much more I don't know we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much more I don't know we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much more I don't know we'll
+see this this is a big deal not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this is a big deal not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this is a big deal not just for
+folks wagon but I think it's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks wagon but I think it's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks wagon but I think it's a very big
+deal in the bigger picture of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in the bigger picture of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in the bigger picture of how do
+regulatory requirements and standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory requirements and standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory requirements and standards
+apply to all kinds of products right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to all kinds of products right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to all kinds of products right and
+and how do you check them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you check them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you check them
+let's see real quick if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see real quick if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see real quick if there's a
+question at EPFL any comments questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulation actually in Europe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation actually in Europe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation actually in Europe it was
+forbidden and explicitly forbidden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden and explicitly forbidden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden and explicitly forbidden to
+introduce addressed to guys in the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce addressed to guys in the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce addressed to guys in the car
+yeah yeah and there's penalties for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and there's penalties for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and there's penalties for that
+right okay I just wonder if you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I just wonder if you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I just wonder if you've seen
+any analysis on like WVU doing tests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any analysis on like WVU doing tests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any analysis on like WVU doing tests on
+other vehicles to compare what they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vehicles to compare what they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vehicles to compare what they show
+in their dynamos versus what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their dynamos versus what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their dynamos versus what they're
+emitting in real life even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting in real life even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting in real life even though it
+might not be this extreme I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be this extreme I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be this extreme I don't I
+don't know what tests they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what tests they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what tests they've done
+internally we call the test two being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally we call the test two being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally we call the test two being so
+different from the actual real-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the actual real-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the actual real-life
+driving nobody accelerates from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving nobody accelerates from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving nobody accelerates from zero to
+30 in 30 seconds that's what the test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 in 30 seconds that's what the test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 in 30 seconds that's what the test is
+so yeah but so there's a real real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah but so there's a real real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah but so there's a real real
+strong connection here with system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong connection here with system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong connection here with system
+engineering and you know that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and you know that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and you know that was the
+purpose of this question is to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this question is to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this question is to sort of
+push this question was not a gift you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this question was not a gift you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push this question was not a gift you
+know this was really sort of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was really sort of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was really sort of really
+required you to dig in and it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required you to dig in and it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required you to dig in and it was very
+timely I think ok so that's so cheap to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely I think ok so that's so cheap to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely I think ok so that's so cheap to
+meet requirements failed validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet requirements failed validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet requirements failed validation
+that's what I would say is this quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I would say is this quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I would say is this quick
+summary any any final questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary any any final questions comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary any any final questions comments
+about the the online the quiz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the online the quiz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the online the quiz the
+midterm quiz okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm quiz okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm quiz okay
+so we've had we've had our interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had we've had our interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had we've had our interactive
+discussion with the encodes a Board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with the encodes a Board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with the encodes a Board of
+Directors so hopefully you enjoyed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Directors so hopefully you enjoyed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Directors so hopefully you enjoyed that
+and we are now right on time to hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are now right on time to hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are now right on time to hand it
+over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to
+octane as' and rafael will present this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane as' and rafael will present this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane as' and rafael will present this
+rafael Fabien Chu so this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafael Fabien Chu so this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafael Fabien Chu so this is essentially
+you'll hear it's about the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear it's about the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear it's about the design
+manufacturing and deployment of a rover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and deployment of a rover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and deployment of a rover
+for extreme environment Antarctica in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for extreme environment Antarctica in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for extreme environment Antarctica in
+particular and so we look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and so we look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and so we look forward to
+Raphael's presentation and as you listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael's presentation and as you listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael's presentation and as you listen
+to Raphael think about what you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Raphael think about what you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Raphael think about what you learned
+in this class so far how does it connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class so far how does it connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class so far how does it connect
+and I think Raphael also tried to gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think Raphael also tried to gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think Raphael also tried to gear
+the presentation a bit to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation a bit to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation a bit to the system
+engineering concepts so I'm I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering concepts so I'm I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering concepts so I'm I'm gonna
+sell I'm just going to present myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell I'm just going to present myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell I'm just going to present myself
+quickly I'm studying here my master's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I'm studying here my master's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I'm studying here my master's in
+Nano and micro electronics and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano and micro electronics and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano and micro electronics and I'm
+speaking in behalf of Dennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking in behalf of Dennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking in behalf of Dennis
+so just in case the image quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just in case the image quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just in case the image quality
+wouldn't be perfect you can find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be perfect you can find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be perfect you can find this
+presentation at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation at MIT
+and here on tiny dog pc /bo katanas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here on tiny dog pc /bo katanas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here on tiny dog pc /bo katanas and
+so to see the picture and well Tanis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to see the picture and well Tanis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to see the picture and well Tanis is
+a association that which is recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a association that which is recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a association that which is recently
+founded and we have certain certain key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded and we have certain certain key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded and we have certain certain key
+values that are so fascination is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are so fascination is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are so fascination is one of
+them we said moonshot goals and then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we said moonshot goals and then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we said moonshot goals and then get
+very passionate about this we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very passionate about this we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very passionate about this we want to
+build affordable products so we use open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build affordable products so we use open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build affordable products so we use open
+source software we 3d print parts and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source software we 3d print parts and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source software we 3d print parts and so
+on we use off-the-shelf components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we use off-the-shelf components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we use off-the-shelf components and
+we want to do open the design so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do open the design so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do open the design so we
+share our code on github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share our code on github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share our code on github
+we share our mechanical designs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share our mechanical designs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share our mechanical designs to the
+community and one point is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and one point is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and one point is also
+education so we ourselves what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so we ourselves what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so we ourselves what I want to
+learn from from what were you doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from from what were you doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from from what were you doing and
+wanna make others benefit from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna make others benefit from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna make others benefit from our
+learning and try to help them as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and try to help them as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and try to help them as well
+with their project and well how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their project and well how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their project and well how we
+tackle things is kind of summarized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle things is kind of summarized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle things is kind of summarized in
+this in this statement from Tom Chi from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this statement from Tom Chi from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this statement from Tom Chi from
+Google X so we minimize the track at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google X so we minimize the track at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google X so we minimize the track at the
+time to try things and maximize the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to try things and maximize the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to try things and maximize the the
+time of learning that means we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of learning that means we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of learning that means we we
+iterate very fast we do a prototype very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate very fast we do a prototype very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate very fast we do a prototype very
+fast we go on with the idea with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast we go on with the idea with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast we go on with the idea with a
+prototype with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype with
+a sketch design and so on and we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sketch design and so on and we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sketch design and so on and we tried
+if you fail just move on try the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you fail just move on try the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you fail just move on try the next
+thing and you know that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you know that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you know that's that's
+basically how we did and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how we did and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how we did and the first
+project that just emerge out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that just emerge out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that just emerge out of this
+procedure is a Kleenex one so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is a Kleenex one so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is a Kleenex one so that's
+that's what I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm going to talk about
+today so maybe quickly about the team so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so maybe quickly about the team so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so maybe quickly about the team so
+the rule seven plus minus 1 plus minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule seven plus minus 1 plus minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule seven plus minus 1 plus minus 2
+applies here as well so we eight members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here as well so we eight members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here as well so we eight members
+right now working on that River from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now working on that River from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now working on that River from
+different fields from engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields from engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields from engineering
+physics life signs as well and the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics life signs as well and the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics life signs as well and the story
+began actually when when Sam who is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began actually when when Sam who is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began actually when when Sam who is here
+as well for the Q&A just in case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for the Q&A just in case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for the Q&A just in case and
+Anna found about this competition or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna found about this competition or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna found about this competition or or
+that that call from Ecuador that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that call from Ecuador that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that call from Ecuador that was
+about building a or sending a project a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building a or sending a project a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building a or sending a project a
+student project or whatever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student project or whatever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student project or whatever to
+Antarctica and they thought well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica and they thought well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica and they thought well let's
+soon as we take this challenge and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as we take this challenge and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as we take this challenge and we
+were gonna put a rover on that honor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gonna put a rover on that honor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gonna put a rover on that honor and
+weather balloon send it from South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather balloon send it from South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather balloon send it from South
+America to to Antarctica and deploy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America to to Antarctica and deploy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America to to Antarctica and deploy it
+there let it drive around for one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let it drive around for one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let it drive around for one for
+one summer and let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one summer and let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one summer and let's see what happens
+and well they started immediately with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well they started immediately with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well they started immediately with
+doing simulations there's that online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing simulations there's that online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing simulations there's that online
+tool that allows to kind of predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that allows to kind of predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that allows to kind of predict the
+optimal time for a trajectory in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal time for a trajectory in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal time for a trajectory in the air
+so a particle or an object in year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a particle or an object in year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a particle or an object in year that
+will have have a desired trajectory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have have a desired trajectory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have have a desired trajectory and
+you can kind of find out the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of find out the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of find out the the best
+moment in the year to notice and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the year to notice and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the year to notice and there
+was actually demonstrated kind of two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually demonstrated kind of two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually demonstrated kind of two to
+show that this was possible to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this was possible to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this was possible to to to
+have this trajectory and well I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this trajectory and well I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this trajectory and well I heard
+about this later and they asked me if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this later and they asked me if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this later and they asked me if I
+could do the electronics design of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the electronics design of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the electronics design of this
+as with the main Gordon song and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with the main Gordon song and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with the main Gordon song and I was
+fascinated by the project so I joined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by the project so I joined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by the project so I joined in
+anything but at the same time I saw all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but at the same time I saw all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but at the same time I saw all
+the challenges that we have to solve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges that we have to solve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges that we have to solve so
+I thought about all the problems we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about all the problems we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about all the problems we had
+for instance what happens if we lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance what happens if we lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance what happens if we lose the
+balloon in the ocean what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon in the ocean what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon in the ocean what happens if we
+run out of power and the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of power and the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of power and the temperature
+drops rather it was an arm breaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops rather it was an arm breaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops rather it was an arm breaks and
+you know we cannot get up anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we cannot get up anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we cannot get up anymore and
+but at some point I just realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point I just realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point I just realized that
+well all we do is we just send a balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all we do is we just send a balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all we do is we just send a balloon
+with a rover to and petaca and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rover to and petaca and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rover to and petaca and we're
+going to deploy it there and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deploy it there and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deploy it there and it will
+drive around and I think that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive around and I think that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive around and I think that's that's
+something we star in this in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we star in this in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we star in this in this class
+because I'm following this class very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm following this class very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm following this class very
+passively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively
+on WebEx and with the videos so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on WebEx and with the videos so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on WebEx and with the videos so yeah
+yeah the thing that you have to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the thing that you have to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the thing that you have to see is
+that big picture as a system engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big picture as a system engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big picture as a system engineer
+right you see the whole mission and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see the whole mission and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see the whole mission and you
+don't care about the details at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the details at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the details at this
+level but you're going to decompose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but you're going to decompose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but you're going to decompose the
+problem into specific subproblems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into specific subproblems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into specific subproblems and
+have groups or people working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have groups or people working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have groups or people working on this
+and that's it so it just looked in it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it so it just looked in it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it so it just looked in it to
+me in the end it's going to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the end it's going to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the end it's going to do it and
+and we started with the first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started with the first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started with the first problem
+and just to give you an idea that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to give you an idea that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to give you an idea that that's
+one of our last prototypes so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our last prototypes so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our last prototypes so that
+that's either the rover is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either the rover is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either the rover is going to look
+like you see two two struts with wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see two two struts with wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see two two struts with wheels
+on each side solar panels and twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side solar panels and twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side solar panels and twenty
+printer pipes for 3d printed wheels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer pipes for 3d printed wheels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer pipes for 3d printed wheels and
+struts and you see our the balloon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struts and you see our the balloon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struts and you see our the balloon in
+our logo and we're not going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our logo and we're not going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our logo and we're not going to do the
+balloon right now but the first mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon right now but the first mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon right now but the first mission
+will just be the rover itself and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be the rover itself and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be the rover itself and that
+that's life basically summarizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's life basically summarizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's life basically summarizes the
+goal so the mission of cannas one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so the mission of cannas one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so the mission of cannas one is to
+build a usable autonomous solar-powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a usable autonomous solar-powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a usable autonomous solar-powered
+and open-source Rover for outdoors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open-source Rover for outdoors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open-source Rover for outdoors and
+in this case for for an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case for for an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case for for an extreme
+environment like Antarctica so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like Antarctica so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like Antarctica so let's go
+down the v-model right first there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the v-model right first there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the v-model right first there is
+the stakeholder analysis in Erica is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholder analysis in Erica is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholder analysis in Erica is
+pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+it's the Institute Antarctic Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Institute Antarctic Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Institute Antarctic Institute
+from Ecuador which we contacted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Ecuador which we contacted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Ecuador which we contacted and
+showed our product project and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed our product project and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed our product project and they were
+pretty happy about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happy about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happy about this and
+I want to learn more so we presented our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to learn more so we presented our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to learn more so we presented our
+project we send in a proposal and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we send in a proposal and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we send in a proposal and there
+are now writing the final documents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now writing the final documents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now writing the final documents for
+them and what we basically have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what we basically have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what we basically have to
+provide is just you know the the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide is just you know the the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide is just you know the the goals
+of the mission and the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mission and the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mission and the scientific
+findings we're gonna and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings we're gonna and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings we're gonna and we're gonna
+have so we will produce a paper at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we will produce a paper at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we will produce a paper at the
+end of this and write about what we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this and write about what we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this and write about what we what
+we found and further down the V models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found and further down the V models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found and further down the V models
+will be the requirements so we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the requirements so we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the requirements so we can we
+can look at some requirements so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at some requirements so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at some requirements so the
+power system of the river shall provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system of the river shall provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system of the river shall provide
+10 watts on average so we figured that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 watts on average so we figured that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 watts on average so we figured that
+out after putting like writing down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after putting like writing down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after putting like writing down a
+power budget we want to drive around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power budget we want to drive around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power budget we want to drive around
+that will cost that much power and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cost that much power and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cost that much power and that
+will be that that much time during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that that much time during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that that much time during the
+day like and and so on so that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day like and and so on so that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day like and and so on so that that was
+the number we came up with of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number we came up with of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number we came up with of the
+interior temperature shall not drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior temperature shall not drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior temperature shall not drop
+below 20 degrees minus 20 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 20 degrees minus 20 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 20 degrees minus 20 degrees
+Celsius or about one where zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius or about one where zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius or about one where zero
+Fahrenheit that's that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit that's that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit that's that's basically the
+point where you cannot discharge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where you cannot discharge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where you cannot discharge the
+battery and charge the battery anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and charge the battery anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and charge the battery anymore
+because well because of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well because of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well because of the chemical
+composition so standard batteries you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so standard batteries you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so standard batteries you
+shouldn't go below minus-10 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't go below minus-10 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't go below minus-10 degrees
+that's really a hard requirement we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a hard requirement we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a hard requirement we have
+to provide the total rate shall not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide the total rate shall not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide the total rate shall not
+exceed two point five kilograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed two point five kilograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed two point five kilograms
+basically we look already at the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we look already at the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we look already at the further
+mission for the balloon so it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission for the balloon so it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission for the balloon so it shouldn't
+be too too expensive to to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too too expensive to to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too too expensive to to put the
+helium like to buy the helium and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium like to buy the helium and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium like to buy the helium and so on
+and the rover Shah would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rover Shah would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rover Shah would be able to
+communicate to to us from any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to to us from any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to to us from any point
+you're for that we basically use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're for that we basically use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're for that we basically use the
+uranium Network which which is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium Network which which is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium Network which which is you can
+pay like four four text message can pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay like four four text message can pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay like four four text message can pay
+something and you can send your message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you can send your message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you can send your message
+from any point of the world there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any point of the world there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any point of the world there's a
+bunch of satellites covering the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of satellites covering the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of satellites covering the whole
+planet basically and all those rubbish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet basically and all those rubbish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet basically and all those rubbish
+all managed to climb the slope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all managed to climb the slope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all managed to climb the slope the
+certain slope that just to assure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain slope that just to assure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain slope that just to assure
+that we can not just drive on flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can not just drive on flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can not just drive on flat
+terrain there's also some sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain there's also some sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain there's also some sugar
+requirements where 14 degrees come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements where 14 degrees come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements where 14 degrees come from
+is that did you do like a terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that did you do like a terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that did you do like a terrain
+analysis on Antarctica or how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on Antarctica or how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on Antarctica or how did you
+come up with 14 degrees as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with 14 degrees as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with 14 degrees as the
+requirement for the for this hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for the for this hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for the for this hill
+climbing we we basically looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing we we basically looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing we we basically looked at the
+motors we would to have in mind to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors we would to have in mind to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors we would to have in mind to take
+and and figured out that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and figured out that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and figured out that that's that's
+basically what they can do and we tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they can do and we tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they can do and we tested
+it so I'm going to talk about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm going to talk about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm going to talk about this later
+we didn't do this top-down only but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do this top-down only but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do this top-down only but we
+looked at what we have and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what we have and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what we have and what you can
+do and that's what we figured that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that's what we figured that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that's what we figured that would
+be a reasonable kind of choice but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable kind of choice but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable kind of choice but yeah
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the sugar requirements covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sugar requirements covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sugar requirements covered the
+reproducible reproducibility so any non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible reproducibility so any non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible reproducibility so any non
+expert should also be able to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert should also be able to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert should also be able to build this
+your over and just without being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your over and just without being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your over and just without being an
+engineer use it as well the cost should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer use it as well the cost should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer use it as well the cost should
+stay below 1,000 bucks so the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay below 1,000 bucks so the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay below 1,000 bucks so the material
+cost only of course not the IND the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost only of course not the IND the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost only of course not the IND the
+range should be on one kilometer today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range should be on one kilometer today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range should be on one kilometer today
+that's kind of in the order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of in the order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of in the order of magnitude
+of the Curiosity rover so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Curiosity rover so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Curiosity rover so we're not
+dressed we not we don't have to go fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed we not we don't have to go fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed we not we don't have to go fast
+we have weeks or months to be there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have weeks or months to be there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have weeks or months to be there so
+one kilometer per day is just fine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kilometer per day is just fine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kilometer per day is just fine there
+should also be room for a scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be room for a scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be room for a scientific
+payload room means physical space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload room means physical space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload room means physical space and
+also certain conditions like temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also certain conditions like temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also certain conditions like temperature
+humidity inside depending on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity inside depending on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity inside depending on the on the
+experiment and well it should survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and well it should survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and well it should survive
+one Antarctic summer so that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Antarctic summer so that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Antarctic summer so that implies
+also the conditions that we have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the conditions that we have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the conditions that we have there
+like the weather and the the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the weather and the the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the weather and the the Sun
+radiation and so on so with all style we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and so on so with all style we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and so on so with all style we
+had our first diagram so pardon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our first diagram so pardon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our first diagram so pardon the
+knife a representation this is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife a representation this is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife a representation this is not what
+we learned in this class but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned in this class but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned in this class but that's what
+we had right so it's this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had right so it's this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had right so it's this class is
+mostly on the on the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on the on the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on the on the electronic
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+there's a main board in the middle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a main board in the middle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a main board in the middle I'm
+not sure if you see that clearly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if you see that clearly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if you see that clearly but
+main board with a bunch of centers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main board with a bunch of centers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main board with a bunch of centers up
+here and over camera and RF modules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and over camera and RF modules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and over camera and RF modules for
+communication and some axillary board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and some axillary board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and some axillary board
+for for the scientific payload for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the scientific payload for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the scientific payload for
+instance we we kept going with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we we kept going with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we we kept going with this and
+we basically designed the PCB with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically designed the PCB with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically designed the PCB with all
+these components and most of it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components and most of it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components and most of it worked
+as well we also thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well we also thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well we also thought about the
+mechanics of course so this this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of course so this this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of course so this this design
+is inspired from from a NASA project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inspired from from a NASA project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inspired from from a NASA project
+that was in the end abandoned because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the end abandoned because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the end abandoned because
+was too high in cost but still this nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too high in cost but still this nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too high in cost but still this nano
+rover for asteroids was kind of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rover for asteroids was kind of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rover for asteroids was kind of having
+the same structure so two struts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same structure so two struts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same structure so two struts that
+would allow to flip the rover entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow to flip the rover entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow to flip the rover entirely
+around if it gets clipped by the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if it gets clipped by the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if it gets clipped by the wind
+and also put it more flat or align it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also put it more flat or align it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also put it more flat or align it to
+the to the Sun so that it gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the Sun so that it gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the Sun so that it gets the
+maximum of the energy and yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the energy and yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the energy and yeah that's
+what we had and we went out with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had and we went out with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had and we went out with our
+first prototype it's pretty cute right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype it's pretty cute right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype it's pretty cute right
+we went to Sweden with that it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to Sweden with that it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to Sweden with that it has a
+bunch of cheap Chinese solar cells from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cheap Chinese solar cells from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cheap Chinese solar cells from
+eBay and but the rules and actions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay and but the rules and actions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay and but the rules and actions are
+already 3d printed tile our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already 3d printed tile our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already 3d printed tile our first
+mainboard and it was just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainboard and it was just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainboard and it was just you know
+capable of driving around somewhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of driving around somewhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of driving around somewhere on
+the snow and we were in testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snow and we were in testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snow and we were in testing the
+parachute until only came back and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute until only came back and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute until only came back and it
+worked a few times but in the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a few times but in the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a few times but in the end of the
+Heather kind of thing an incident so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather kind of thing an incident so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather kind of thing an incident so we
+we could really test it and analyze what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could really test it and analyze what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could really test it and analyze what
+happened and so really what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and so really what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and so really what we can
+improve in the Ferger for the rare in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve in the Ferger for the rare in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve in the Ferger for the rare in
+iterations and I start before at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and I start before at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and I start before at the
+Remo I want to go down a bit deeper day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remo I want to go down a bit deeper day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remo I want to go down a bit deeper day
+and show there was a few examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show there was a few examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show there was a few examples so
+that that's the electrical power system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the electrical power system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the electrical power system
+and I want to summarize again to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to summarize again to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to summarize again to deliver
+relevant requirements that are the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant requirements that are the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant requirements that are the 10
+watts on average that should be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts on average that should be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts on average that should be produced
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the temperature that should be held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature that should be held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature that should be held
+inside the rover so we had this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the rover so we had this choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the rover so we had this choice
+of having the the small one chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having the the small one chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having the the small one chip
+solution on the last that was cheap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on the last that was cheap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on the last that was cheap it
+was easy it was reliable all we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy it was reliable all we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy it was reliable all we could
+have that more complex system where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that more complex system where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that more complex system where we
+have more flexibility we have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more flexibility we have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more flexibility we have actually
+more power output under so then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power output under so then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power output under so then let's
+mulch it and it's basically adaptable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulch it and it's basically adaptable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulch it and it's basically adaptable to
+to what we need exactly and we Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we need exactly and we Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we need exactly and we Indian
+went for the second second the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for the second second the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for the second second the right
+option because mainly because the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option because mainly because the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option because mainly because the power
+output because the ten watts imply a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output because the ten watts imply a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output because the ten watts imply a few
+and actually of output and solar solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually of output and solar solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually of output and solar solar
+power input that has to be managed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power input that has to be managed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power input that has to be managed and
+that's just not possible for the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not possible for the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not possible for the small
+chip we had in our first prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip we had in our first prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip we had in our first prototype
+actually so we have a concept that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so we have a concept that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so we have a concept that was
+inspired from the Swiss cube satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired from the Swiss cube satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired from the Swiss cube satellite
+because I remember Quentin Reuter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I remember Quentin Reuter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I remember Quentin Reuter for
+his master thesis and she got inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his master thesis and she got inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his master thesis and she got inspired
+from this concept of having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this concept of having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this concept of having this
+particular architecture that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular architecture that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular architecture that implies
+having a shared mrs. Huber so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a shared mrs. Huber so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a shared mrs. Huber so we have
+used three words that that was treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used three words that that was treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used three words that that was treated
+back to your system and directly to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your system and directly to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your system and directly to that
+connected to solar panels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to solar panels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to solar panels and the
+battery and if the the power bus would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and if the the power bus would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and if the the power bus would
+drop below the shriek or three was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop below the shriek or three was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop below the shriek or three was it
+will get regulated or stabilized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get regulated or stabilized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get regulated or stabilized by
+discharging the battery or by my solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the battery or by my solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the battery or by my solar
+power but you cannot do this and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but you cannot do this and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but you cannot do this and if it
+would be to higher than 3.3 volts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to higher than 3.3 volts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to higher than 3.3 volts it
+will be regulated again with charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be regulated again with charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be regulated again with charging
+the battery and that was basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery and that was basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery and that was basically the
+main concept and that that he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main concept and that that he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main concept and that that he he
+implemented them and the next steps if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented them and the next steps if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented them and the next steps if
+you go further would be the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go further would be the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go further would be the component
+selection the PCB design right those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection the PCB design right those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection the PCB design right those
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+right now we're programming the swimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're programming the swimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're programming the swimmer
+and testing that that was ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing that that was ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing that that was ongoing
+and at the same time optimize for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time optimize for having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time optimize for having
+cheaper components components with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper components components with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper components components with a
+smaller footprint so you save space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller footprint so you save space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller footprint so you save space on
+the PCB and that's on that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCB and that's on that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCB and that's on that would be
+really at the bottom most as we model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at the bottom most as we model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at the bottom most as we model it
+right now or maybe a good example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or maybe a good example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or maybe a good example that
+that shows this trade space exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows this trade space exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows this trade space exploration
+who saw will be the mechanical design so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who saw will be the mechanical design so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who saw will be the mechanical design so
+the driving mechanism that could be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving mechanism that could be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving mechanism that could be what
+wheels like we have it but it could all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels like we have it but it could all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels like we have it but it could all
+be like caterpillar or any any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like caterpillar or any any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like caterpillar or any any any other
+kind of mechanism the motors could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mechanism the motors could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mechanism the motors could be
+cheap ones from either for three bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap ones from either for three bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap ones from either for three bucks
+apiece or like high-end Maxim motors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apiece or like high-end Maxim motors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apiece or like high-end Maxim motors we
+all love here intuitively and well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all love here intuitively and well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all love here intuitively and well you
+can print that with the 3d printer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can print that with the 3d printer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can print that with the 3d printer the
+structure even the gears you can print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure even the gears you can print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure even the gears you can print
+them out actually yourselves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out actually yourselves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out actually yourselves with
+plastic we works actually or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic we works actually or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic we works actually or you could
+select metallic pipes we have also a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select metallic pipes we have also a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select metallic pipes we have also a few
+like the one guy for instance we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one guy for instance we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one guy for instance we needed
+to take a metallic one so the in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a metallic one so the in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a metallic one so the in the end
+we had a combination of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a combination of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a combination of all of these
+things so we had the struts we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we had the struts we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we had the struts we also have
+the maximum motors that were sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum motors that were sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum motors that were sponsored
+luckily so the prices of you high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily so the prices of you high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily so the prices of you high and
+metallic one guys as I said 3d printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic one guys as I said 3d printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic one guys as I said 3d printed
+struts we dip in the rules and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struts we dip in the rules and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struts we dip in the rules and in the
+end it was a trade-off between casts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it was a trade-off between casts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it was a trade-off between casts
+reproducibility reliability the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility reliability the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility reliability the range of
+the robot as well and the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot as well and the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot as well and the maximum
+obstacle could give you as well so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle could give you as well so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle could give you as well so what
+we could have done was this this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done was this this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done was this this piece
+map proof matrix or the further points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map proof matrix or the further points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map proof matrix or the further points
+to optimize this design but we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize this design but we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize this design but we figured
+out that kind of without this we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that kind of without this we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that kind of without this we just
+decided kind of to take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided kind of to take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided kind of to take one of these
+options I think so so that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I think so so that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I think so so that there was
+what we learned from the prototype one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned from the prototype one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned from the prototype one
+and then the second one we had a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second one we had a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second one we had a few
+adaption so we changed our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaption so we changed our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaption so we changed our main
+microcontroller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcontroller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcontroller
+they changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed
+our model to a standard that is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model to a standard that is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model to a standard that is now
+emerging called Laura and we also added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging called Laura and we also added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging called Laura and we also added
+that power system I talked about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power system I talked about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power system I talked about but
+mainly it remains the same on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly it remains the same on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly it remains the same on that
+diagram and just just to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and just just to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and just just to show you how
+how we actually are looking at that goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually are looking at that goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually are looking at that goal
+that we are having a rover but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are having a rover but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are having a rover but it's
+reproducible by someone this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible by someone this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible by someone this looks
+pretty much like a kid right it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like a kid right it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like a kid right it's it's
+all the three from the Pirates you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three from the Pirates you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three from the Pirates you can
+just assemble them the solar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assemble them the solar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assemble them the solar cells and
+you know the structure to build the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the structure to build the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the structure to build the body
+and looking at this you might you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at this you might you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at this you might you might
+see that it's not many parts right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's not many parts right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's not many parts right it's
+it almost as we discussed within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost as we discussed within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost as we discussed within the
+range of a non complex system that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of a non complex system that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of a non complex system that could
+be managed by one person but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be managed by one person but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be managed by one person but in the end
+for instance the solar panels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the solar panels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the solar panels that are
+again decomposable in separate parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again decomposable in separate parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again decomposable in separate parts so
+we manufacture them ourselves taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we manufacture them ourselves taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we manufacture them ourselves taking
+blemish cells from ebay putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blemish cells from ebay putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blemish cells from ebay putting them
+into raising and solving the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into raising and solving the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into raising and solving the connection
+so in the end there you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end there you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end there you have a lot of
+individual parts of all the parts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual parts of all the parts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual parts of all the parts on the
+PCB and so on so quickly explodes in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCB and so on so quickly explodes in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCB and so on so quickly explodes in in
+size so the second clones have that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so the second clones have that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so the second clones have that more
+power because of the solar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because of the solar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because of the solar cells and
+also improve mechanical design so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also improve mechanical design so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also improve mechanical design so that
+the wheels will lighter and more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels will lighter and more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels will lighter and more stable
+I also destruct switch on and testify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also destruct switch on and testify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also destruct switch on and testify
+again this summer on a glacier here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this summer on a glacier here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this summer on a glacier here in
+Switzerland and to wrap it all up just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and to wrap it all up just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and to wrap it all up just a
+few points we we didn't maybe do like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few points we we didn't maybe do like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few points we we didn't maybe do like an
+industry or like well like inside in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry or like well like inside in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry or like well like inside in
+this class so as I talked already about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so as I talked already about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so as I talked already about
+this before we we mainly had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we we mainly had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we we mainly had this
+bottom-up approach we also had a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach we also had a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach we also had a global
+vision at first to define the subsystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision at first to define the subsystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision at first to define the subsystem
+later on but we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but we didn't
+strictly iterate from from top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly iterate from from top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly iterate from from top of the
+model to down down part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to down down part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to down down part because
+sometimes which is saw that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes which is saw that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes which is saw that great
+component for instance the earth module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component for instance the earth module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component for instance the earth module
+that will provide us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will provide us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will provide us with
+power consumption a higher range and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption a higher range and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption a higher range and was
+just perfectly adapted for for for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just perfectly adapted for for for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just perfectly adapted for for for our
+mission so we started this this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission so we started this this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission so we started this this one and
+integrated in the design and build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated in the design and build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated in the design and build the
+rest of the components around it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the components around it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the components around it the
+there's also of course we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also of course we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also of course we didn't have
+like formal PDI or CDI because we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like formal PDI or CDI because we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like formal PDI or CDI because we're a
+small team and also because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small team and also because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small team and also because we're not
+doing this let's say as a main well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let's say as a main well yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let's say as a main well yes
+it is kind of remain occupation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is kind of remain occupation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is kind of remain occupation but
+we're still studying next to it and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still studying next to it and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still studying next to it and also
+we may change our design decision on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may change our design decision on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may change our design decision on the
+road not not like the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road not not like the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road not not like the complete
+design.that minor - things of it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design.that minor - things of it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design.that minor - things of it and we
+mainly focus on this approach to rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly focus on this approach to rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly focus on this approach to rapid
+prototyping and do a lot of iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping and do a lot of iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping and do a lot of iterations
+on one thing instead of making first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one thing instead of making first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one thing instead of making first
+concept studies and then select the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept studies and then select the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept studies and then select the best
+one and only then when you go to like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and only then when you go to like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and only then when you go to like to
+build it and cut metal less has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it and cut metal less has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it and cut metal less has always
+said it now that we can do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it now that we can do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it now that we can do because
+because we we basically have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we basically have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we basically have all this
+low cost components so it doesn't cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost components so it doesn't cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost components so it doesn't cost
+us a lot to build one prototype because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot to build one prototype because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot to build one prototype because
+everything's true you printed everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's true you printed everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's true you printed everything
+is electronic start out is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electronic start out is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electronic start out is pretty
+cheaply you aduba right now and yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply you aduba right now and yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply you aduba right now and yeah we
+reach scandalous like and to motivate us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach scandalous like and to motivate us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach scandalous like and to motivate us
+or to give us some pressure we set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to give us some pressure we set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to give us some pressure we set these
+artificial deadlines so we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial deadlines so we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial deadlines so we put the
+design freezes in our calendar so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design freezes in our calendar so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design freezes in our calendar so from
+this point on we will not change these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point on we will not change these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point on we will not change these
+parts of the systems anymore that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the systems anymore that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the systems anymore that allows
+us to have to kind of move on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to have to kind of move on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to have to kind of move on and on
+this and get get some things often for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and get get some things often for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and get get some things often for
+granted so we don't have to adapt other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted so we don't have to adapt other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted so we don't have to adapt other
+things because something else changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because something else changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because something else changed
+again and we have to feel that like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we have to feel that like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we have to feel that like I
+talked about in Sweden and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in Sweden and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in Sweden and on the
+glacier so that gives us kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glacier so that gives us kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glacier so that gives us kind of
+pressure as well because I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as well because I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as well because I remember
+before before the making Sweden we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before the making Sweden we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before the making Sweden we
+in the lab and we spent the night there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab and we spent the night there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab and we spent the night there
+to keep the 3d printer running and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the 3d printer running and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the 3d printer running and as
+soon as there's the progress done put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as there's the progress done put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as there's the progress done put
+the next one on and you know changing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one on and you know changing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one on and you know changing us
+yeah being doing shifts to to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah being doing shifts to to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah being doing shifts to to keep it
+running and that other great experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and that other great experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and that other great experience
+because you really have that that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really have that that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really have that that thing
+to be balanced because it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be balanced because it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be balanced because it cannot be
+depending on train actually so how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on train actually so how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on train actually so how I
+structure on the wiki so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on the wiki so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on the wiki so that's that
+that allows you to go deeper into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to go deeper into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to go deeper into the
+know the different parts and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the different parts and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the different parts and we have
+trailer for defining humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer for defining humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer for defining humans
+welcome to the online to Commission free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the online to Commission free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the online to Commission free
+and the major systems engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the major systems engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the major systems engineering
+challenges I saw here was especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I saw here was especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I saw here was especially the
+time management and human factor as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time management and human factor as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time management and human factor as well
+because you kind of need to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you kind of need to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you kind of need to have this
+boundary between someone who's been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between someone who's been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between someone who's been the
+mechanical design come on who's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical design come on who's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical design come on who's doing
+the electronics is them don't cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronics is them don't cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronics is them don't cross that
+boundary because that person is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary because that person is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary because that person is an
+expert in this field and if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in this field and if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in this field and if you if you
+just come up with something a why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come up with something a why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come up with something a why don't
+you do this with this first of all will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this with this first of all will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this with this first of all will
+annoy the person and second of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoy the person and second of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoy the person and second of all it's
+like that that person has made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that person has made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that person has made a lot of
+thoughts in this and you shouldn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts in this and you shouldn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts in this and you shouldn't come
+come with your thing we have done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with your thing we have done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with your thing we have done in
+five minutes ask the right questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes ask the right questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes ask the right questions and
+start this difficulties just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this difficulties just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this difficulties just put the
+design on paper four components you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on paper four components you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on paper four components you have
+yes before so it's just a few minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes before so it's just a few minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes before so it's just a few minute I
+like just seconds left for this we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just seconds left for this we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just seconds left for this we go
+after MIMO as well so we're gonna test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after MIMO as well so we're gonna test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after MIMO as well so we're gonna test
+miss this Rover Antarctica so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss this Rover Antarctica so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss this Rover Antarctica so we can
+only send one person to there so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only send one person to there so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only send one person to there so we have
+this agreement with the entire database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agreement with the entire database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agreement with the entire database
+and they allow us to send one person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they allow us to send one person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they allow us to send one person in
+February 2016 to Antarctica and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February 2016 to Antarctica and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February 2016 to Antarctica and it's
+none of us who's going to go but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us who's going to go but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us who's going to go but it
+might be someone of you or someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be someone of you or someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be someone of you or someone else
+and you have that chance to go there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that chance to go there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that chance to go there all
+expenses covered and you will be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses covered and you will be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses covered and you will be there
+as a sign of fuel scientists collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sign of fuel scientists collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sign of fuel scientists collaborate
+with the bases and basically produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bases and basically produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bases and basically produce a
+paper at the end of this if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper at the end of this if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper at the end of this if you're
+interested botanical org slash apply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested botanical org slash apply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested botanical org slash apply you
+find all the informations there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the informations there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the informations there and the
+deadline is tomorrow actually thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline is tomorrow actually thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline is tomorrow actually thank you
+let's give a hand okay so we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give a hand okay so we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give a hand okay so we have we
+have like three or four minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like three or four minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like three or four minutes for
+questions so let's start with questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's start with questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's start with questions
+at EPFL and then one question will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at EPFL and then one question will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at EPFL and then one question will go
+back and forth and just maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and just maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and just maybe a
+technical question why did you choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical question why did you choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical question why did you choose to
+switch from at your first communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from at your first communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from at your first communication
+tool along after working we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool along after working we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool along after working we had before
+or and why before we had a kind of a DIY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and why before we had a kind of a DIY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and why before we had a kind of a DIY
+component that was called hx1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that was called hx1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that was called hx1
+that there you basically had to modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there you basically had to modulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there you basically had to modulate
+your own signal the signals that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own signal the signals that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own signal the signals that you're
+going to transmit yourself and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transmit yourself and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transmit yourself and it was
+just way too complex there's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just way too complex there's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just way too complex there's a new
+component you can just send serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can just send serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can just send serial
+command right by you it and it will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command right by you it and it will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command right by you it and it will just
+do its job and it's higher range as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do its job and it's higher range as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do its job and it's higher range as well
+and lower power consumption and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower power consumption and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower power consumption and and how
+you should have coverage in antoshka oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have coverage in antoshka oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have coverage in antoshka oh
+sorry yeah that components only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah that components only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah that components only to
+communicate from the rover to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate from the rover to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate from the rover to the base
+so that will be like 20 kilometers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be like 20 kilometers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be like 20 kilometers for
+for the coverage to to the lamb where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coverage to to the lamb where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coverage to to the lamb where is
+the iridium and network question this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iridium and network question this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iridium and network question this is
+really interesting things so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting things so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting things so I was
+wondering with your focus on openness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering with your focus on openness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering with your focus on openness
+and affordability I guess do you foresee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and affordability I guess do you foresee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and affordability I guess do you foresee
+any participation by the public in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any participation by the public in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any participation by the public in terms
+of like prototyping and testing or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like prototyping and testing or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like prototyping and testing or even
+improving the design and/or data enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the design and/or data enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the design and/or data enough
+yeah well we're completely open so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well we're completely open so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well we're completely open so we
+are based here in Mugen no no in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based here in Mugen no no in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based here in Mugen no no in a place
+called echo and then kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called echo and then kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called echo and then kind of a
+hackerspace makerspace with everyone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackerspace makerspace with everyone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackerspace makerspace with everyone I
+call it we've open nights every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it we've open nights every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it we've open nights every
+Wednesday so anyone can come and all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so anyone can come and all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so anyone can come and all I
+was designing I just had so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designing I just had so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designing I just had so if if
+there's going to be remote collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be remote collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be remote collaboration
+we would really appreciate that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would really appreciate that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would really appreciate that so
+anyone who's interested in a project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who's interested in a project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who's interested in a project you
+can go now let's add a sense of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go now let's add a sense of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go now let's add a sense of works
+lest join and we will still be allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lest join and we will still be allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lest join and we will still be allowed
+to to collaborate of course no question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to collaborate of course no question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to collaborate of course no question
+yeah yes thank you I'd like to ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes thank you I'd like to ask you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes thank you I'd like to ask you a
+question so you know I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so you know I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so you know I think one of the
+things that was quite first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was quite first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was quite first of all the
+enthusiasm that you guys have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm that you guys have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm that you guys have is
+infectious it's very clear you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious it's very clear you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious it's very clear you guys are
+very passionate about this mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very passionate about this mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very passionate about this mission and
+it's very exciting the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very exciting the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very exciting the fact that you
+didn't do these milestones you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do these milestones you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do these milestones you didn't do
+a formal PDR CDR but you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formal PDR CDR but you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formal PDR CDR but you're doing
+essentially kind of spiral development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially kind of spiral development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially kind of spiral development
+so two questions one is how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two questions one is how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two questions one is how many more
+spirals do you think you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirals do you think you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirals do you think you'll be able to
+do before you actually deploy the rover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before you actually deploy the rover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before you actually deploy the rover
+because you said you did two spirals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you said you did two spirals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you said you did two spirals
+sounds like so far so how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like so far so how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like so far so how many more
+spirals and how will you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirals and how will you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirals and how will you know whether
+your mission was successful or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mission was successful or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mission was successful or not so
+what are the success criteria in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the success criteria in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the success criteria in the end
+when you when you look back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you look back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you look back at the
+actual operation how will you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual operation how will you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual operation how will you decide
+whether you were successful or not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you were successful or not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you were successful or not we
+had our design phase for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our design phase for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our design phase for the last
+iteration already the truth is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration already the truth is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration already the truth is we're
+still adapting some point of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still adapting some point of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still adapting some point of it but
+they're technically we decided on on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're technically we decided on on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're technically we decided on on all
+the parts and they just implemented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts and they just implemented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts and they just implemented it
+right now and which finding it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and which finding it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and which finding it and
+correcting a but so that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting a but so that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting a but so that was actually
+done and we're now building the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we're now building the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we're now building the last
+prototype or the last actually robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype or the last actually robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype or the last actually robot
+that is going to go there on the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to go there on the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to go there on the thing
+about achieving our goal so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about achieving our goal so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about achieving our goal so what would
+what are the the mission criterias that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the the mission criterias that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the the mission criterias that
+that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done
+banning the project proposal for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banning the project proposal for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banning the project proposal for the the
+paper that we're gonna give to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that we're gonna give to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that we're gonna give to our
+stakeholders so the 30 days or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so the 30 days or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so the 30 days or their
+incident of a second or and so one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident of a second or and so one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident of a second or and so one one
+part will will be the power and autonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will will be the power and autonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will will be the power and autonomy
+and also the communication I have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the communication I have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the communication I have a real
+a reliable communication and one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable communication and one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable communication and one part
+will be also the scientific payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be also the scientific payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be also the scientific payload
+there will be inside so conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be inside so conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be inside so conducting
+experiments on the field I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on the field I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on the field I think that's
+something Sam look very concrete goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Sam look very concrete goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Sam look very concrete goals
+can we drive a hundred meters per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we drive a hundred meters per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we drive a hundred meters per day
+yes or no can we log every minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no can we log every minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no can we log every minute
+everything that every data point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that every data point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that every data point that we
+collect temperature pressure etc can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect temperature pressure etc can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect temperature pressure etc can we
+log that and can we send that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log that and can we send that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log that and can we send that to the
+base like does the 15 kilometer range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base like does the 15 kilometer range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base like does the 15 kilometer range of
+the Laura is that a lie or not does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Laura is that a lie or not does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Laura is that a lie or not does that
+work and of course does the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course does the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course does the satellite
+communications work so once a day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications work so once a day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications work so once a day we
+will send back a summary of the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send back a summary of the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send back a summary of the data and
+we want to see that that works if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see that that works if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see that that works if we can
+calculate all the stuff that we want on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate all the stuff that we want on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate all the stuff that we want on
+the rover and if we get that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rover and if we get that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rover and if we get that stuff
+macking anybody at EPFL I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macking anybody at EPFL I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macking anybody at EPFL I just have a
+question about because it's gonna be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about because it's gonna be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about because it's gonna be I
+guess situated near base was is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess situated near base was is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess situated near base was is there
+any thought about sort of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thought about sort of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thought about sort of like how
+maintenance would work when it's it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance would work when it's it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance would work when it's it when
+it's in operation or if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in operation or if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in operation or if something
+happens the person is going to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the person is going to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the person is going to be there
+will be in charge of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in charge of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in charge of something
+maintenance so if something happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so if something happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so if something happens if
+it gets back somewhere you will arrest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets back somewhere you will arrest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets back somewhere you will arrest
+you and this if some parts they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and this if some parts they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and this if some parts they will
+provide their replacement parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide their replacement parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide their replacement parts of
+course so you'll not just sent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so you'll not just sent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so you'll not just sent that
+finger and like hope it works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger and like hope it works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger and like hope it works better
+yeah we have some backup plans as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have another question so I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another question so I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another question so I was just
+wondering if you believe if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you believe if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you believe if you had
+follow all what we have seen here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow all what we have seen here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow all what we have seen here in
+this class about the perceiver is PRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about the perceiver is PRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about the perceiver is PRS
+here and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so on
+would you have would that have hindered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have would that have hindered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you have would that have hindered
+you and being so reactive or did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and being so reactive or did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and being so reactive or did you
+feel that you can be reactive while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you can be reactive while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you can be reactive while
+still following all those cause useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your question thank you certain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question thank you certain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question thank you certain points
+after of that concept that we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after of that concept that we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after of that concept that we have seen
+not have improved especially the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have improved especially the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have improved especially the the
+efficiency in the design procedure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the design procedure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the design procedure so
+going that that down step by step would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that that down step by step would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that that down step by step would
+would help us to exactly create what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help us to exactly create what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help us to exactly create what we
+what we defined before and not go too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we defined before and not go too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we defined before and not go too
+much into different directions but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into different directions but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into different directions but on
+the other hand the fact that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the fact that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the fact that we we
+explore our trade space right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore our trade space right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore our trade space right in the
+beginning makes that we might have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning makes that we might have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning makes that we might have an
+even better solution because we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better solution because we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better solution because we wouldn't
+have thought about this before when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about this before when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about this before when we
+were in the upper part of the beam also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the upper part of the beam also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the upper part of the beam also
+it's kind of a mix I think it makes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a mix I think it makes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a mix I think it makes up
+this is really the perfect approach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the perfect approach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the perfect approach for
+our project
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eOYHJLqP2Ps.txt b/eOYHJLqP2Ps.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6758b7cdd11a2efb4b15e408f02cdb37e909135a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eOYHJLqP2Ps.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+we're still on story board 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still on story board 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still on story board 7
+we're on panels see candle see is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on panels see candle see is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on panels see candle see is where
+I introduced the TCA cycle as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced the TCA cycle as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced the TCA cycle as I
+mentioned earlier respiration consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier respiration consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier respiration consists
+of three stages the first is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three stages the first is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three stages the first is the
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction which we
+just covered taking pyruvate to acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered taking pyruvate to acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered taking pyruvate to acetyl
+co a the second is the TCA cycle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a the second is the TCA cycle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a the second is the TCA cycle or
+tricarboxylic acid cycle taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricarboxylic acid cycle taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricarboxylic acid cycle taking that
+acetyl co a and basically oxidizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a and basically oxidizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a and basically oxidizing it
+in order to generate co2 but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to generate co2 but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to generate co2 but also to
+produce more reducing equivalents in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more reducing equivalents in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more reducing equivalents in the
+form of mobile electron carriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of mobile electron carriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of mobile electron carriers and
+then the third step of respiration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third step of respiration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third step of respiration is
+taking those reducing equivalents to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking those reducing equivalents to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking those reducing equivalents to the
+mitochondrial inner membrane with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial inner membrane with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial inner membrane with the
+molecules containing those reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules containing those reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules containing those reducing
+equivalents are oxidized and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents are oxidized and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents are oxidized and then the
+electrons from that oxidation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from that oxidation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from that oxidation reaction
+are used to power proton pumps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to power proton pumps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to power proton pumps that
+ultimately will generate the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately will generate the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately will generate the proton
+gradient that can be used for generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that can be used for generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that can be used for generation
+of ATP or for generation of movement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP or for generation of movement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP or for generation of movement or
+for other things the tricarboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other things the tricarboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other things the tricarboxylic acid
+cycle which is sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle which is sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle which is sometimes called the
+krebs cycle takes acetyl co way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs cycle takes acetyl co way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs cycle takes acetyl co way from
+several different sources one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different sources one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different sources one of those
+sources is glycolysis to pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources is glycolysis to pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources is glycolysis to pyruvate and
+pyruvate to acetyl co way as we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to acetyl co way as we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to acetyl co way as we've just
+seen and the second source of acetyl co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and the second source of acetyl co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and the second source of acetyl co
+a is from fatty acid oxidation will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is from fatty acid oxidation will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is from fatty acid oxidation will come
+to that pathway somewhat later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that pathway somewhat later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that pathway somewhat later
+again looking at panels see the TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looking at panels see the TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looking at panels see the TCA
+cycle starts with the reaction of acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle starts with the reaction of acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle starts with the reaction of acetyl
+coenzyme a a two carbon compound with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a a two carbon compound with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a a two carbon compound with
+oxaloacetate a four carbon compound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate a four carbon compound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate a four carbon compound to
+form the six carbon product citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the six carbon product citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the six carbon product citrate
+citrate will lose two carbons as carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate will lose two carbons as carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate will lose two carbons as carbon
+dioxide and in the process there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and in the process there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and in the process there'll be a
+series of oxidation steps that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of oxidation steps that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of oxidation steps that generate
+three NADH --is one fadh2 and one either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three NADH --is one fadh2 and one either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three NADH --is one fadh2 and one either
+GTP or ATP by substrate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTP or ATP by substrate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTP or ATP by substrate level
+phosphorylation in terms of the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation in terms of the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation in terms of the banking
+system of the cell the NADH s that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the cell the NADH s that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the cell the NADH s that are
+generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in
+mitochondria are exchangeable for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria are exchangeable for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria are exchangeable for about
+three atps fadh2 is exchangeable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three atps fadh2 is exchangeable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three atps fadh2 is exchangeable for
+about two ATP's so if you look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two ATP's so if you look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two ATP's so if you look up the
+total number of nucleotide triphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of nucleotide triphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of nucleotide triphosphate
+or NTP equivalents that can be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or NTP equivalents that can be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or NTP equivalents that can be produced
+in the TCA cycle you'll get about twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the TCA cycle you'll get about twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the TCA cycle you'll get about twelve
+atps for each to carbon unit of acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps for each to carbon unit of acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps for each to carbon unit of acetic
+away that's oxidized as a detail point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that's oxidized as a detail point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that's oxidized as a detail point I
+want to mention that the two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention that the two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention that the two carbons
+that entered the TCA cycle as acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entered the TCA cycle as acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entered the TCA cycle as acetic
+away are not exactly the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away are not exactly the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away are not exactly the same two
+carbons that come out as co2 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons that come out as co2 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons that come out as co2 in that
+cycle the carbon dioxides from the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the carbon dioxides from the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the carbon dioxides from the input
+acetyl co a will emerge in later terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a will emerge in later terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a will emerge in later terms
+of the TCA cycle now we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the TCA cycle now we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the TCA cycle now we're going to look
+at panel D in penalty we start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel D in penalty we start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel D in penalty we start looking
+at the details of the TCA cycle Joanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the details of the TCA cycle Joanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the details of the TCA cycle Joanne
+explained why nature uses thio esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained why nature uses thio esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained why nature uses thio esters
+the sulfur allows enol ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sulfur allows enol ization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sulfur allows enol ization
+stabilization of our carbon ion a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of our carbon ion a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of our carbon ion a carbon
+to the carbon that's distal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon that's distal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon that's distal to the
+coenzyme a functionality the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a functionality the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a functionality the carbon
+anion is then able to attack the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion is then able to attack the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion is then able to attack the number
+two carbon carbonyl of oxaloacetate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon carbonyl of oxaloacetate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon carbonyl of oxaloacetate in
+the reaction catalyzed by citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction catalyzed by citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction catalyzed by citrate
+synthase an intermediate is formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase an intermediate is formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase an intermediate is formed
+suture wheel coenzyme a which loses its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suture wheel coenzyme a which loses its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suture wheel coenzyme a which loses its
+coenzyme a moiety by hydrolysis in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a moiety by hydrolysis in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a moiety by hydrolysis in a
+very thermodynamically irreversible step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thermodynamically irreversible step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thermodynamically irreversible step
+resulting in the product citrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in the product citrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in the product citrate this
+step is at the top of the pathway and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is at the top of the pathway and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is at the top of the pathway and as
+is usually the case this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually the case this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually the case this highly
+exothermic step makes the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic step makes the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic step makes the pathway
+overall irreversible chemically citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall irreversible chemically citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall irreversible chemically citrate
+synthase does a mixed aldol clays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase does a mixed aldol clays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase does a mixed aldol clays and
+ester consultation the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester consultation the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester consultation the product of the
+citrate synthase reactions citrate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate synthase reactions citrate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate synthase reactions citrate is a
+tertiary alcohol and tertiary alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary alcohol and tertiary alcohols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary alcohol and tertiary alcohols
+are relatively difficult to oxidize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively difficult to oxidize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively difficult to oxidize the
+next enzyme in the pathway econo tazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next enzyme in the pathway econo tazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next enzyme in the pathway econo tazed
+which is shown in storyboard eight panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown in storyboard eight panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown in storyboard eight panel
+a removes the water molecule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a removes the water molecule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a removes the water molecule and then
+adds a different water molecule back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a different water molecule back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a different water molecule back to
+rearrange the hydroxyl group making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the hydroxyl group making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the hydroxyl group making a
+secondary alcohol which is much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary alcohol which is much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary alcohol which is much easier
+to oxidize looking again at panel a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize looking again at panel a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize looking again at panel a the
+hydroxyl group of height isocitrate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group of height isocitrate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group of height isocitrate is
+oxidized to a ketone with the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to a ketone with the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to a ketone with the transfer
+of hydride to nad plus to make NADH this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydride to nad plus to make NADH this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydride to nad plus to make NADH this
+reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
+isocitrate dehydrogenase ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate dehydrogenase ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate dehydrogenase ice
+th-the intermediate in this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th-the intermediate in this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th-the intermediate in this reaction is
+ox a low suction aid which is a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox a low suction aid which is a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox a low suction aid which is a beta
+keto acid as we know from what Joanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid as we know from what Joanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid as we know from what Joanne
+taught us beta keto acids are prone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us beta keto acids are prone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us beta keto acids are prone to
+spontaneous decarboxylation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous decarboxylation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous decarboxylation so the
+second half of the isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the isocitrate
+dehydrogenase reaction involves the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction involves the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction involves the loss
+of carbon dioxide in what's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide in what's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide in what's usually
+considered to be an irreversible step I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be an irreversible step I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be an irreversible step I
+do want to point out however that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to point out however that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to point out however that under
+certain circumstances you can re-add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain circumstances you can re-add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain circumstances you can re-add the
+carbon dioxide in order to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide in order to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide in order to make the
+reaction go in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction go in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction go in the other direction
+after the ice EDH reactions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the ice EDH reactions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the ice EDH reactions which
+generated nadh resulted in loss of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated nadh resulted in loss of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated nadh resulted in loss of co2
+the product is alpha ketoglutarate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is alpha ketoglutarate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is alpha ketoglutarate a
+five carbon keto acid take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon keto acid take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon keto acid take a look at the
+structure of alpha ketoglutarate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of alpha ketoglutarate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of alpha ketoglutarate in the
+upper right-hand portion of storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right-hand portion of storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right-hand portion of storyboard
+eight panel a if you hold your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight panel a if you hold your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight panel a if you hold your finger
+over the top two carbons of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top two carbons of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top two carbons of alpha
+ketoglutarate you notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate you notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate you notice that the
+residue is pyruvate so pyruvate plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue is pyruvate so pyruvate plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue is pyruvate so pyruvate plus an
+acetyl functionality equals effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl functionality equals effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl functionality equals effectively
+alpha ketoglutarate now take a look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate now take a look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate now take a look back
+at the mechanism by which pyruvate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mechanism by which pyruvate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mechanism by which pyruvate is
+oxidized by pyruvate pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized by pyruvate pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized by pyruvate pyruvate
+dehydrogenase it's going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase it's going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase it's going to be a very
+similar mechanism for the oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar mechanism for the oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar mechanism for the oxidation of
+alpha ketoglutarate the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate the product of the
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+reaction is succinylcholine if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is succinylcholine if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is succinylcholine if you look
+at the structure of this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of this molecule
+succinylcholine an acid TOA with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine an acid TOA with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine an acid TOA with an
+acetyl group put onto one end now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl group put onto one end now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl group put onto one end now let's
+go back and look at the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look at the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look at the alpha
+ketoglutarate from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate from a different
+perspective i want to make a point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective i want to make a point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective i want to make a point here
+in that alpha ketoglutarate is an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that alpha ketoglutarate is an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that alpha ketoglutarate is an alpha
+keto acid and if we were to replace its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid and if we were to replace its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid and if we were to replace its
+keto group with an amino group you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto group with an amino group you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto group with an amino group you'd
+convert this keto acid into the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this keto acid into the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this keto acid into the amino
+acid glutamic acid as with most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid glutamic acid as with most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid glutamic acid as with most
+enzymatic reactions involving such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reactions involving such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reactions involving such
+nitrogen functionalities a paradoxical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen functionalities a paradoxical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen functionalities a paradoxical
+pyridoxamine phosphate cofactor will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxamine phosphate cofactor will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxamine phosphate cofactor will be
+needed to inter convert the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to inter convert the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to inter convert the alpha
+ketoglutarate and glutamic acid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate and glutamic acid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate and glutamic acid so
+glutamic acid can serve as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamic acid can serve as a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamic acid can serve as a source of
+alpha ketoglutarate if the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate if the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate if the cell is
+starved for TCA cycle intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starved for TCA cycle intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starved for TCA cycle intermediates
+alternatively alpha ketoglutarate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively alpha ketoglutarate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively alpha ketoglutarate can be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+course for glutamic acid when a cell may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for glutamic acid when a cell may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for glutamic acid when a cell may
+need amino acids for protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need amino acids for protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need amino acids for protein
+biosynthesis now let's turn to panel B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis now let's turn to panel B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis now let's turn to panel B
+where we'll start with succinylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll start with succinylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll start with succinylcholine
+zma looking at the molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zma looking at the molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zma looking at the molecule of
+succinylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine
+note that I've labeled each of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that I've labeled each of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that I've labeled each of the atoms
+with a symbol the triangle n square were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a symbol the triangle n square were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a symbol the triangle n square were
+from the original asset Eelco a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original asset Eelco a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original asset Eelco a molecule
+that came in at the top of the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came in at the top of the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came in at the top of the pathway
+the enzyme the processes section Yoko is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme the processes section Yoko is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme the processes section Yoko is
+sectional coenzyme a synthetase as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional coenzyme a synthetase as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional coenzyme a synthetase as
+joanne taught us synthetases are enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joanne taught us synthetases are enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joanne taught us synthetases are enzymes
+that typically need a nucleotide in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically need a nucleotide in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically need a nucleotide in this
+case the nucleotide involved is GDP in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the nucleotide involved is GDP in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the nucleotide involved is GDP in
+mammalian systems or adp in bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian systems or adp in bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian systems or adp in bacterial
+systems in the traditional clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the traditional clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the traditional clockwise
+direction of the TCA cycle they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the TCA cycle they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the TCA cycle they're
+phosphorylated to form GTP or ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated to form GTP or ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated to form GTP or ATP
+respectively the molecule that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively the molecule that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively the molecule that you get
+after the phosphorylation reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the phosphorylation reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the phosphorylation reaction and
+the hydrolysis of the coenzyme a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrolysis of the coenzyme a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrolysis of the coenzyme a is
+succinate a four carbon compound which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate a four carbon compound which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate a four carbon compound which
+is also a dicarboxylic acid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a dicarboxylic acid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a dicarboxylic acid this
+molecule is perfectly symmetrical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is perfectly symmetrical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is perfectly symmetrical and
+can tumble in three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tumble in three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tumble in three-dimensional space
+the next enzyme in the pathway succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next enzyme in the pathway succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next enzyme in the pathway succinate
+dehydrogenase cannot distinguish one arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase cannot distinguish one arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase cannot distinguish one arm
+of its substrate succinate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its substrate succinate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its substrate succinate from the
+other so if there were a radio label in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if there were a radio label in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if there were a radio label in
+the acetyl co a at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetyl co a at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acetyl co a at the beginning of the
+pathway that radio label would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that radio label would become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that radio label would become
+scrambled at this point uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled at this point uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled at this point uniformly
+distributed among the two carbons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed among the two carbons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed among the two carbons of the
+two arms from this point onward in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arms from this point onward in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arms from this point onward in the
+TCA cycle you will note that the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle you will note that the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle you will note that the label
+denoted as the triangle and box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as the triangle and box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as the triangle and box is
+scrambled as indicated by triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled as indicated by triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled as indicated by triangle
+divided by 2 or box divided by 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 or box divided by 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 or box divided by 2 the
+next enzyme in the pathway is succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next enzyme in the pathway is succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next enzyme in the pathway is succinate
+dehydrogenase this is the only membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase this is the only membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase this is the only membrane
+bound enzyme in the TCA cycle it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound enzyme in the TCA cycle it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound enzyme in the TCA cycle it is a
+dehydrogenase and it uses flavin as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase and it uses flavin as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase and it uses flavin as a
+cofactor to help remove electrons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor to help remove electrons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor to help remove electrons from
+the succinate substrate flavin picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succinate substrate flavin picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succinate substrate flavin picks up
+electrons from succinate converting fa d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from succinate converting fa d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from succinate converting fa d
+to fadh2 in the mitochondrial membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fadh2 in the mitochondrial membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fadh2 in the mitochondrial membrane
+the product of the reaction is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the reaction is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the reaction is the
+alkane fumarate the enzyme fumarate adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkane fumarate the enzyme fumarate adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkane fumarate the enzyme fumarate adds
+water to fumarate to form the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to fumarate to form the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to fumarate to form the alcohol
+product malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product malate
+the hydroxyl group of the alcohol malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxyl group of the alcohol malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxyl group of the alcohol malate
+is primed for oxidation by the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primed for oxidation by the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primed for oxidation by the next
+enzyme in the pathway malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway malate
+dehydrogenase or mdh mdh oxidizes malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase or mdh mdh oxidizes malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase or mdh mdh oxidizes malate
+which is an alcohol to a ketone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an alcohol to a ketone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an alcohol to a ketone the
+ketone product is oxaloacetate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone product is oxaloacetate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone product is oxaloacetate the
+hydride removed from malate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride removed from malate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride removed from malate is
+transferred to nad plus to form NADH as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to nad plus to form NADH as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to nad plus to form NADH as
+I mentioned the product of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the product of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the product of the overall
+reaction is oxaloacetate and it's ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is oxaloacetate and it's ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is oxaloacetate and it's ketone
+functionality is now primed for attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality is now primed for attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality is now primed for attacked
+by the next molecule of acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the next molecule of acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the next molecule of acetyl co a
+entering the TCA cycle as a final point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the TCA cycle as a final point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the TCA cycle as a final point
+I've mentioned several times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned several times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned several times that
+oxaloacetate is present at a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is present at a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is present at a very low
+concentration only in the micromolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration only in the micromolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration only in the micromolar
+range inside the mitochondria of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range inside the mitochondria of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range inside the mitochondria of a
+mammalian cell so it's always at rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian cell so it's always at rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian cell so it's always at rather
+limiting concentration the cell has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting concentration the cell has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting concentration the cell has to
+work very hard to preserve enough of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very hard to preserve enough of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very hard to preserve enough of the
+oxaloacetate to enable the next cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to enable the next cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to enable the next cycle of
+the TCA cycle that is the acquisition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle that is the acquisition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle that is the acquisition of
+the next acetyl coenzyme a group one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next acetyl coenzyme a group one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next acetyl coenzyme a group one of
+the ways that the cell can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that the cell can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that the cell can generate
+oxaloacetate is by deamination or trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is by deamination or trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is by deamination or trans
+emanation of aspartic acid to the keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanation of aspartic acid to the keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanation of aspartic acid to the keto
+acid oxaloacetate we typically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid oxaloacetate we typically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid oxaloacetate we typically have
+plenty of aspartic acid in this PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of aspartic acid in this PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of aspartic acid in this PLP
+mediated reaction helps to maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated reaction helps to maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated reaction helps to maintain a
+critical level of oxaloacetate I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical level of oxaloacetate I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical level of oxaloacetate I want to
+return to storyboard 7 to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to storyboard 7 to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to storyboard 7 to make some
+comments about the importance of pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about the importance of pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about the importance of pro
+chirality in some enzymatic reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality in some enzymatic reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality in some enzymatic reactions
+this short interlude will help explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short interlude will help explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short interlude will help explain
+how to track a radial label in a TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to track a radial label in a TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to track a radial label in a TCA
+cycle intermediate as that intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle intermediate as that intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle intermediate as that intermediate
+progresses through the TCA cycle as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses through the TCA cycle as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses through the TCA cycle as you
+will note at first glance the label does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will note at first glance the label does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will note at first glance the label does
+some unexpected things but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unexpected things but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unexpected things but at the end of
+the day the fact that the label does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day the fact that the label does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day the fact that the label does
+surprising things helped early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising things helped early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising things helped early
+biochemists figure out mechanistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemists figure out mechanistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemists figure out mechanistically
+how several enzymes work in concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how several enzymes work in concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how several enzymes work in concert
+during the linear steps of a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the linear steps of a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the linear steps of a pathway
+we're going to look at storyboard seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at storyboard seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at storyboard seven
+eight and nine starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and nine starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and nine starting with the
+chemical reaction at the bottom right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction at the bottom right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction at the bottom right of
+storyboard seven panel D this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard seven panel D this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard seven panel D this is the
+chemical reaction that's catalyzed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction that's catalyzed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction that's catalyzed by
+citrate synthase you'll notice that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate synthase you'll notice that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate synthase you'll notice that I've
+highlighted the two carbons with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted the two carbons with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted the two carbons with either
+a triangle or a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle or a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle or a box
+as we have seen the nucleophile on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have seen the nucleophile on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have seen the nucleophile on
+acetyl co a attacks the electro positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a attacks the electro positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a attacks the electro positive
+carbon of the carbonyl functionality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the carbonyl functionality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the carbonyl functionality of
+oxaloacetate the carbonyl functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate the carbonyl functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate the carbonyl functionality
+is a flat sp2 hybridized center so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flat sp2 hybridized center so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flat sp2 hybridized center so if
+this were a typical organic chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a typical organic chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a typical organic chemical
+reaction the electrophile could come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the electrophile could come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the electrophile could come in
+from either the top or the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either the top or the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either the top or the bottom and
+you get two different stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two different stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two different stereochemistry
+Xin the product that is the citrate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xin the product that is the citrate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xin the product that is the citrate at
+the very bottom would have equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very bottom would have equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very bottom would have equally
+labeled SOT alarms at the top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled SOT alarms at the top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled SOT alarms at the top and bottom
+of the molecule as I've drawn it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule as I've drawn it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule as I've drawn it you
+would have a delta divided by 2 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a delta divided by 2 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a delta divided by 2 for the
+blue methylene group in a box R square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue methylene group in a box R square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue methylene group in a box R square
+divided by 2 for the red carboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 for the red carboxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 for the red carboxylate
+group in each of the 2 SOT alarms again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in each of the 2 SOT alarms again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in each of the 2 SOT alarms again
+these arms are at the bottom and top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arms are at the bottom and top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arms are at the bottom and top of
+the molecule as drawn in the lower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule as drawn in the lower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule as drawn in the lower right
+of panel D you'll note however that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of panel D you'll note however that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of panel D you'll note however that only
+the top s2 teal group was citrate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top s2 teal group was citrate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top s2 teal group was citrate has
+the labels initially the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels initially the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels initially the observation
+that only the top arm acquired label was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only the top arm acquired label was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only the top arm acquired label was
+a puzzle to early biochemist one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzle to early biochemist one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzle to early biochemist one way to
+think about the citrate synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the citrate synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the citrate synthase
+reaction is to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is to think about the
+oxaloacetate laying on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate laying on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate laying on the surface of
+the citrate synthase enzyme now imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citrate synthase enzyme now imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citrate synthase enzyme now imagine
+that the enzyme precludes or blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the enzyme precludes or blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the enzyme precludes or blocks
+access to the carbonyl from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the carbonyl from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the carbonyl from the bottom
+and allows access only to the top giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows access only to the top giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows access only to the top giving
+rise to only one stereochemical outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to only one stereochemical outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to only one stereochemical outcome
+the one that I've shown in the citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I've shown in the citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I've shown in the citrate
+to the right now move ahead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right now move ahead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right now move ahead to the
+storyboard number nine panel B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard number nine panel B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard number nine panel B this
+panel shows a more cartoon like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel shows a more cartoon like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel shows a more cartoon like
+representation of the molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the molecule of
+citrate you can see the SOT alarm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate you can see the SOT alarm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate you can see the SOT alarm on the
+top the pro s armed as having the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the pro s armed as having the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the pro s armed as having the labels
+and the pro are armed the one that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pro are armed the one that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pro are armed the one that came
+from oxaloacetate at the bottom is label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oxaloacetate at the bottom is label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oxaloacetate at the bottom is label
+free so while the pro R and pro s arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so while the pro R and pro s arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so while the pro R and pro s arms
+are chemically identical they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chemically identical they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chemically identical they're going
+to be handled by the next enzyme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be handled by the next enzyme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be handled by the next enzyme in the
+series a connotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a connotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a connotates
+as being chemically different from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being chemically different from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being chemically different from one
+another all biochemistry is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another all biochemistry is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another all biochemistry is going to be
+occurring on the pro our arm that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring on the pro our arm that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring on the pro our arm that is the
+arm that came in from oxaloacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm that came in from oxaloacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm that came in from oxaloacetate and
+not the arm that came in brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the arm that came in brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the arm that came in brass
+- with acetyl coenzyme a in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- with acetyl coenzyme a in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- with acetyl coenzyme a in the bottom
+right of panel being have sketched out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of panel being have sketched out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of panel being have sketched out
+an imaginary active site for the Econo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary active site for the Econo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary active site for the Econo
+taze enzyme I show a base picking up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taze enzyme I show a base picking up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taze enzyme I show a base picking up a
+proton from the pro R arm of the citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton from the pro R arm of the citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton from the pro R arm of the citrate
+molecule and you can see the elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and you can see the elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and you can see the elimination
+of the water molecule from the 3 carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water molecule from the 3 carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water molecule from the 3 carbon
+so despite the fact that the citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so despite the fact that the citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so despite the fact that the citrate
+molecule is chemically symmetrical a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is chemically symmetrical a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is chemically symmetrical a
+connotates the next enzyme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotates the next enzyme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotates the next enzyme in the
+reaction series is able to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction series is able to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction series is able to distinguish
+between the pro R and the pro s arms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the pro R and the pro s arms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the pro R and the pro s arms at
+this point I want you to look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I want you to look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I want you to look back at
+storybird 8 panel a look once again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storybird 8 panel a look once again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storybird 8 panel a look once again at
+the citrate that is at the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citrate that is at the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citrate that is at the upper
+left-hand corner of storyboard number 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner of storyboard number 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner of storyboard number 8
+let's imagine that the Econo taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that the Econo taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that the Econo taste
+chemistry has happened on the pro s arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has happened on the pro s arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has happened on the pro s arm
+that is the one in the box keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one in the box keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one in the box keep in mind
+that is experiments have shown that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is experiments have shown that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is experiments have shown that this
+does not happen this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not happen this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not happen this is just a
+hypothetical scenario in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical scenario in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical scenario in this
+hypothetical case the hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical case the hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical case the hydroxyl group
+would end up on the number two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up on the number two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up on the number two carbon
+the one with the blue triangle you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the blue triangle you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the blue triangle you have
+to draw it out but if you trace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it out but if you trace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it out but if you trace this
+molecule in which the chemistry happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in which the chemistry happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in which the chemistry happened
+on the pro s arm all the way around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pro s arm all the way around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pro s arm all the way around to
+alpha ketoglutarate you would find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate you would find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate you would find out
+that the alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha ketoglutarate
+dehydrogenase would liberate co2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase would liberate co2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase would liberate co2 from
+the carboxylate that has the red box on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylate that has the red box on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylate that has the red box on
+it this is in contrast to the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is in contrast to the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is in contrast to the molecule
+succinate that appears on storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate that appears on storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate that appears on storyboard
+eight panel b succinate is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight panel b succinate is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight panel b succinate is another
+symmetrical molecule but for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical molecule but for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical molecule but for some reason
+succinate dehydrogenase cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate dehydrogenase cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate dehydrogenase cannot
+distinguish between the two SOT alarms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between the two SOT alarms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between the two SOT alarms
+because the enzyme is unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the enzyme is unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the enzyme is unable to
+distinguish the two arms in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the two arms in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the two arms in this case
+unlike that of ikana tazed the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike that of ikana tazed the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike that of ikana tazed the radio
+label would become scrambled the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label would become scrambled the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label would become scrambled the reason
+that I'm belaboring this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm belaboring this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm belaboring this point is
+because one of the ways that biochemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the ways that biochemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the ways that biochemists
+work out the chemical reactions involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the chemical reactions involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the chemical reactions involved
+in a biochemical pathways by putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a biochemical pathways by putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a biochemical pathways by putting in
+some kind of labelled molecule it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of labelled molecule it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of labelled molecule it could
+be a radio label or heavy isotope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a radio label or heavy isotope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a radio label or heavy isotope and
+then they trace the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they trace the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they trace the position of the
+label in the molecule as you move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label in the molecule as you move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label in the molecule as you move from
+molecule to molecule along the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to molecule along the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to molecule along the pathway
+so label tracer studies are ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so label tracer studies are ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so label tracer studies are ones that
+are absolutely central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely central to
+all of Biochemistry and as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Biochemistry and as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Biochemistry and as I mentioned
+earlier you'll get lots of experience on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you'll get lots of experience on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you'll get lots of experience on
+the problem sets in using labels to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets in using labels to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets in using labels to work
+out the details of a pathway before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the details of a pathway before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the details of a pathway before
+leaving the TCA cycle there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the TCA cycle there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the TCA cycle there are a couple
+of big picture points that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big picture points that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big picture points that I want to
+make you put in two carbons as asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you put in two carbons as asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you put in two carbons as asset
+Eelco a deposit them into oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eelco a deposit them into oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eelco a deposit them into oxaloacetate
+to form citrate a six carbon compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form citrate a six carbon compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form citrate a six carbon compound
+and then in the cycle you lose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the cycle you lose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the cycle you lose two
+carbons as carbon dioxide that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons as carbon dioxide that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons as carbon dioxide that means
+that there's no loss or gain of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no loss or gain of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no loss or gain of carbon
+in the cycle if you had just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cycle if you had just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cycle if you had just one
+molecule of oxaloacetate you'd be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of oxaloacetate you'd be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of oxaloacetate you'd be able
+to complete the TCA cycle what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the TCA cycle what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the TCA cycle what happens
+however when the cell in isn't is in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when the cell in isn't is in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when the cell in isn't is in and
+let's say quote-unquote energy needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say quote-unquote energy needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say quote-unquote energy needed
+situation where it needs to buff up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it needs to buff up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it needs to buff up this
+cycle that is increased the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that is increased the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that is increased the number of
+molecules cycling to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules cycling to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules cycling to be able to
+accommodate the processing of more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the processing of more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the processing of more and
+more molecules of acetyl co a those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more molecules of acetyl co a those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more molecules of acetyl co a those
+molecules of acetic OE might flood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of acetic OE might flood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of acetic OE might flood in
+from carbohydrate metabolism or as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from carbohydrate metabolism or as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from carbohydrate metabolism or as we'll
+see later from catabolism of lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later from catabolism of lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later from catabolism of lipids
+let's look at panel a of storyboard 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel a of storyboard 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel a of storyboard 11
+as shown in this figure one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown in this figure one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown in this figure one way to
+accomplish increasing the carbon content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish increasing the carbon content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish increasing the carbon content
+of the TCA cycle is to take an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the TCA cycle is to take an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the TCA cycle is to take an amino
+acid such as glutamate and remove its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid such as glutamate and remove its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid such as glutamate and remove its
+amino group to form alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group to form alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group to form alpha ketoglutarate
+note that if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if you increase the
+concentration of any one molecule in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of any one molecule in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of any one molecule in the
+TCA cycle for example alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle for example alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCA cycle for example alpha
+ketoglutarate you're effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate you're effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate you're effectively
+increasing the concentrations of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the concentrations of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the concentrations of all
+molecules in the cycle because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the cycle because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the cycle because it's a
+cycle many of the molecules are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle many of the molecules are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle many of the molecules are in
+equilibrium with one another going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with one another going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with one another going
+clockwise around the TCA cycle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise around the TCA cycle from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise around the TCA cycle from
+alpha ketoglutarate we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate we come to
+succinylcholine Eelco a is an entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine Eelco a is an entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinylcholine Eelco a is an entry
+point into the TCA cycle from odd chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point into the TCA cycle from odd chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point into the TCA cycle from odd chain
+fatty acids and certain amino acids such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and certain amino acids such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids and certain amino acids such
+as methionine so these molecules can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as methionine so these molecules can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as methionine so these molecules can
+give rise to succinylcholine self will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to succinylcholine self will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to succinylcholine self will
+then increase the concentration of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then increase the concentration of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then increase the concentration of all
+molecules in the TCA cycle our third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the TCA cycle our third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the TCA cycle our third
+primary input point is at oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary input point is at oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary input point is at oxaloacetate
+it involves aspartic acid being emanated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves aspartic acid being emanated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves aspartic acid being emanated
+into oxaloacetate this is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxaloacetate this is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxaloacetate this is a very common
+way to increase the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to increase the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to increase the amount of
+oxaloacetate available for the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate available for the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate available for the TCA cycle
+this reaction can dramatically increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction can dramatically increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction can dramatically increase
+the rate of processing of molecules by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of processing of molecules by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of processing of molecules by
+the TCA cycle finally there's an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle finally there's an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle finally there's an enzyme
+we'll look at later called pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at later called pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at later called pyruvate
+carboxylase or PC which can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase or PC which can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase or PC which can take
+pyruvate in the mitochondrion add co2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate in the mitochondrion add co2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate in the mitochondrion add co2 to
+it in form oxaloacetate we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in form oxaloacetate we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in form oxaloacetate we're going to
+come to this enzyme later when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this enzyme later when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this enzyme later when we talk
+about carboxylase enzymes as a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carboxylase enzymes as a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carboxylase enzymes as a class
+this is an important enzyme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important enzyme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important enzyme in the
+pathway of gluconeogenesis so overall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of gluconeogenesis so overall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of gluconeogenesis so overall I
+think you can see that there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can see that there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can see that there are several
+ways that a cell can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that a cell can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that a cell can increase the
+overall concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall concentration of the
+intermediates of the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates of the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates of the TCA cycle
+increasing any one intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing any one intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing any one intermediate
+increases all of them and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases all of them and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases all of them and that will
+increase the rate by which asset alkaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the rate by which asset alkaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the rate by which asset alkaway
+molecules can be processed ultimately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can be processed ultimately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can be processed ultimately to
+generate energy the general word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate energy the general word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate energy the general word
+describing this puffing up of the TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this puffing up of the TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this puffing up of the TCA
+cycle is an applause Asst which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is an applause Asst which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is an applause Asst which comes
+from the Greek word filling up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/egK3Cih11J4.txt b/egK3Cih11J4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..275fcefbb1fba79956cb2be6f8676236a6e920ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/egK3Cih11J4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome everyone um lecture eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everyone um lecture eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everyone um lecture eight
+um hopefully this will be a somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully this will be a somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully this will be a somehow
+simpler class to follow than last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler class to follow than last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler class to follow than last class
+that was sort of heavily theoretical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of heavily theoretical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of heavily theoretical um
+what we are going to do today is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do today is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do today is really
+after two or three slides of recap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two or three slides of recap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two or three slides of recap of
+what we have seen in the past lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have seen in the past lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have seen in the past lecture
+will go into really sort of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into really sort of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into really sort of practical
+application of density functional theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of density functional theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of density functional theory
+we'll first discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll first discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll first discuss
+how you set up a calculations that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you set up a calculations that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you set up a calculations that is
+what are the parameters and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the parameters and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the parameters and what are the
+objects that you manipulate when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that you manipulate when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that you manipulate when you do
+an electron in such a calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in such a calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in such a calculation and
+then we start seeing a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we start seeing a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we start seeing a number of
+examples to give you the feeling for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to give you the feeling for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to give you the feeling for the
+properties that we can calculate using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we can calculate using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we can calculate using
+density functional theory for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory for the
+accuracy and for the pitfalls you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and for the pitfalls you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and for the pitfalls you need
+to be careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful with
+and in the next class on thursday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next class on thursday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next class on thursday we'll
+finish up with more occasion with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up with more occasion with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up with more occasion with more
+case studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case studies
+so let me actually spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me actually spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me actually spend
+three slides to recap what we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slides to recap what we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slides to recap what we have seen
+in the last lecture starting somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture starting somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture starting somehow
+from this that i would say is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this that i would say is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this that i would say is the most
+fundamental one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental one
+and it's really rewriting a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really rewriting a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really rewriting a quantum
+mechanics so this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so this is really the
+schrodinger equation from the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation from the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation from the 60s
+density functional theory and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory and this is
+what it says that we don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says that we don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says that we don't really need
+to solve a many body differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a many body differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a many body differential
+equation to find the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to find the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to find the ground state
+charge density and the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and the ground state
+energy and the ground state properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the ground state properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the ground state properties
+for a system but we can actually solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system but we can actually solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system but we can actually solve
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+using a variational principle on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a variational principle on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a variational principle on the
+charge density and the functional that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and the functional that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and the functional that
+has to be minimized is written here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be minimized is written here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be minimized is written here that
+is for any given charge density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for any given charge density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for any given charge density and
+prime we have at least in principle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime we have at least in principle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime we have at least in principle a
+well-defined functional and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined functional and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined functional and we need to
+change to vary the charge density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to vary the charge density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to vary the charge density and
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+and the minimum value that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum value that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum value that this
+functional will take is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional will take is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional will take is actually the
+ground state energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy
+somehow sort of the the weakness of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow sort of the the weakness of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow sort of the the weakness of all
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+is that everything is well defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that everything is well defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that everything is well defined in
+principle but it doesn't work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but it doesn't work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but it doesn't work in
+practice to remind you sort of what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to remind you sort of what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to remind you sort of what were
+the sort of conceptual step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of conceptual step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of conceptual step
+um what you know howenberg and cohn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you know howenberg and cohn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you know howenberg and cohn
+proved from their first theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved from their first theorem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved from their first theorem is that
+given any charge density n prime more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any charge density n prime more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any charge density n prime more or
+less any charge density and prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less any charge density and prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less any charge density and prime
+an external potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external potential
+v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime
+is well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well defined
+for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which
+that charge density is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charge density is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charge density is going to be the
+ground state charge density this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state charge density this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state charge density this was
+sort of you know the inverse part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know the inverse part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know the inverse part of the
+first hoenberg and cone theorem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hoenberg and cone theorem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hoenberg and cone theorem and then
+at least in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in principle
+the solution to the schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the schrodinger equation
+corresponding to v prime is well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to v prime is well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to v prime is well defined
+and we call that a c prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that a c prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that a c prime
+and so one can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one can construct
+a functional f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional f
+that is just the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just the expectation value
+of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p
+psi prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi prime
+over the many body kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the many body kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the many body kinetic energy
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+plus the many body electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the many body electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the many body electron electron
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+and so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here
+is the well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the well defined
+at least in practice in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in practice in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in practice in theory
+density functional term that is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional term that is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional term that is here and
+the other term is just the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other term is just the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other term is just the integral of
+the external potential times the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external potential times the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external potential times the charge
+density so everything is well defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so everything is well defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so everything is well defined in
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+and so in this it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this it's a perfect
+reformulation of the schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulation of the schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulation of the schrodinger
+equation the real problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the real problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the real problem is that
+we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have
+an exact representation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exact representation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exact representation of this
+universal density functional and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal density functional and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal density functional and so what
+uh walter cohn and lou sham dida was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh walter cohn and lou sham dida was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh walter cohn and lou sham dida was
+they tried to figure out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried to figure out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried to figure out an
+approximation to data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to data um
+universal functional and so in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal functional and so in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal functional and so in you know
+the total energy functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy functional
+these were this was their choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were this was their choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were this was their choice
+for the approximation that is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the approximation that is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the approximation that is what they
+said is well let's try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is well let's try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is well let's try to figure out
+what are the most relevant physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the most relevant physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the most relevant physical
+terms in this functional and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this functional and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this functional and then we'll
+sort of you know live sweep under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know live sweep under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know live sweep under the
+naga all the many body complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naga all the many body complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naga all the many body complexity of
+this problem and we'll call that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and we'll call that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and we'll call that an
+exchange correlation function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation function that is
+really you know where the fine detail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know where the fine detail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know where the fine detail of
+your solutions are and so what they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solutions are and so what they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solutions are and so what they said
+in this uni universal functional we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uni universal functional we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uni universal functional we can
+extract terms like the archery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract terms like the archery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract terms like the archery
+electrostatic energy written here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic energy written here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic energy written here that
+is in a very simple and well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a very simple and well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a very simple and well defined
+functional of the charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional of the charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional of the charge density
+the sort of second term was the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of second term was the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of second term was the tricky
+one because they wanted to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because they wanted to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because they wanted to figure out
+what was you know a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was you know a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was you know a significant
+contribution to the overall quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the overall quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the overall quantum
+kinetic energy and as we have seen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and as we have seen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and as we have seen there
+isn't really a good way to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really a good way to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really a good way to extract
+kinetic energy that's basically a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy that's basically a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy that's basically a second
+derivative of the wave function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the wave function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the wave function a
+curvature of the wave function from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the wave function from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the wave function from a
+charge density the sort of you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density the sort of you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density the sort of you know most
+remarkable case is that of a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable case is that of a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable case is that of a plane wave
+a plane wave of any wavelength gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave of any wavelength gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave of any wavelength gives you
+a constant charge density but gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant charge density but gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant charge density but gives you
+very different second derivative very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different second derivative very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different second derivative very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+kinetic energy and so what conan sham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and so what conan sham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and so what conan sham
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+they introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced
+a related system of non-interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a related system of non-interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a related system of non-interacting
+electrons that for a given charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that for a given charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that for a given charge
+density n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density n
+they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have
+the same sorry that for that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sorry that for that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sorry that for that they would
+have the same ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same ground state
+energy of our original problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of our original problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of our original problem but
+because these are non-interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are non-interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are non-interacting
+electrons so one can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so one can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so one can define
+exactly what is the quantum kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what is the quantum kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what is the quantum kinetic
+energy of this set of non-interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this set of non-interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this set of non-interacting
+electrons so if you want this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if you want this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if you want this is just a
+definition but it turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but it turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but it turns out to be a
+definition of the second piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the second piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the second piece that
+makes our third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our third
+piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here
+very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small
+so by extracting selecting the green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by extracting selecting the green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by extracting selecting the green and
+the red term we were left with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red term we were left with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red term we were left with an
+exchange correlation term that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation term that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation term that if you
+want to still contain all the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to still contain all the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to still contain all the complexity
+of this problem that you know it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem that you know it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem that you know it's well
+defining principle but we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining principle but we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining principle but we don't know how
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+but for this then they applied the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this then they applied the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this then they applied the same
+idea of thomas and fermi that is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of thomas and fermi that is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of thomas and fermi that is they
+said well maybe we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well maybe we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well maybe we could try to
+approximate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate this
+exchange correlation term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation term
+uh with a local density approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a local density approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a local density approximation
+that is we try to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we try to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we try to construct
+this energy term by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy term by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy term by integrating
+infinitesimal volume by infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal volume by infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal volume by infinitesimal
+volume and each infinitesimal volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and each infinitesimal volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and each infinitesimal volume
+will contribute to this many body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute to this many body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute to this many body
+problem and exchange correlation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and exchange correlation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and exchange correlation energy
+density that is the exchange correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that is the exchange correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that is the exchange correlation
+energy density of the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density of the interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density of the interacting
+homogeneous electron gas at that density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous electron gas at that density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous electron gas at that density
+so when in 1980 separate and alder first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when in 1980 separate and alder first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when in 1980 separate and alder first
+did very complex calculation quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did very complex calculation quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did very complex calculation quantum
+monte carlo calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte carlo calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte carlo calculation of the
+interacting but homogeneous electron gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting but homogeneous electron gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting but homogeneous electron gas
+as a function of the density this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the density this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the density this
+functional at least sort of in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional at least sort of in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional at least sort of in principle
+was for the first time parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for the first time parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for the first time parameterized
+over a whole set of density often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a whole set of density often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a whole set of density often we
+call that the produce under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the produce under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the produce under
+parametrization and so we add finally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization and so we add finally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization and so we add finally a
+working expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working expression
+once we have a working expression then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have a working expression then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have a working expression then
+the problem of finding the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of finding the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of finding the ground state
+becomes our electronic such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes our electronic such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes our electronic such a
+computational problem that is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem that is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem that is how to
+find the minimum of this functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum of this functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum of this functional
+note the very significant difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the very significant difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the very significant difference
+with respect to hearts and focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to hearts and focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to hearts and focus in
+harsher focus we had a variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsher focus we had a variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsher focus we had a variational
+principle and that led us to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and that led us to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and that led us to a
+expression for the energy or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy or for the
+artry folk equation in which there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artry folk equation in which there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artry folk equation in which there was a
+well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined
+exchange term was written sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange term was written sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange term was written sort of
+somehow complex complex but well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow complex complex but well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow complex complex but well defined
+but because it was basically coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it was basically coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it was basically coming from
+a variational principle we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variational principle we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variational principle we had the
+possibility of making hearts refocus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of making hearts refocus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of making hearts refocus
+better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better
+by extending our class of search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by extending our class of search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by extending our class of search
+function from slater determinant to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from slater determinant to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from slater determinant to more
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+classes we could just take say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we could just take say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we could just take say
+combination of later determinant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of later determinant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of later determinant so
+archery focus in principle can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery focus in principle can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery focus in principle can be made
+better and better in a systematic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better in a systematic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better in a systematic way
+and the computational cost that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computational cost that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computational cost that you will
+pay is horrendous but it gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay is horrendous but it gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay is horrendous but it gives you an
+avenue density functional theory doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue density functional theory doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue density functional theory doesn't
+give you an avenue it's sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an avenue it's sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an avenue it's sort of you know
+monolithically states that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithically states that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithically states that there is
+going to be in principle a well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in principle a well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in principle a well-defined
+universal functional and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal functional and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal functional and in the
+connection sort of the composition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection sort of the composition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection sort of the composition that
+is going to be in particular one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in particular one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in particular one single
+given exchange correlation functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given exchange correlation functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given exchange correlation functional
+but it doesn't give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't give us
+any sort of systematic route to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of systematic route to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of systematic route to find
+better and better functional and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better functional and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better functional and that's
+why for many years there wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for many years there wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for many years there wasn't really
+much applied work using density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much applied work using density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much applied work using density
+functional theory sort of in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory sort of in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory sort of in the early
+70s people started studying very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s people started studying very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s people started studying very simple
+system like the surface of a metal just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like the surface of a metal just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like the surface of a metal just
+sort of represented as a step in a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of represented as a step in a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of represented as a step in a free
+electron gas solution and then it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gas solution and then it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gas solution and then it's only
+sort of at the beginning of the 80s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the beginning of the 80s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the beginning of the 80s uh
+when we had sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had sort of you know the
+parameterization of lda from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization of lda from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization of lda from the
+calculation of separate and dollar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of separate and dollar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of separate and dollar that
+people could sort of put together an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could sort of put together an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could sort of put together an
+overall working algorithm and i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall working algorithm and i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall working algorithm and i've shown
+you in last in the last class a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in last in the last class a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in last in the last class a set of
+the phase diagram of silicon you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram of silicon you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram of silicon you know
+the first time that we see somehow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that we see somehow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that we see somehow that
+you know this theory is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this theory is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this theory is going to give us
+a very accurate practical result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very accurate practical result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very accurate practical result and
+will be able to give us the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to give us the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to give us the lattice
+parameter the bulk modulus of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter the bulk modulus of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter the bulk modulus of silicon
+just by plotting the energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by plotting the energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by plotting the energy as a
+function of the lattice parameter or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the lattice parameter or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the lattice parameter or it
+will give us even the phase transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us even the phase transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us even the phase transition
+to high pressure phases of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what i had written in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i had written in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i had written in the previous slide
+was the total energy in this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the total energy in this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the total energy in this density
+functional paradigm and we had as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional paradigm and we had as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional paradigm and we had as a
+computational goal now and you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational goal now and you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational goal now and you see how
+we address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we address this
+the task of minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task of minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task of minimizing
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+total energy and there are sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy and there are sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy and there are sort of two
+main routes that we can take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main routes that we can take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main routes that we can take you know
+once the exchange correlation potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the exchange correlation potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the exchange correlation potential
+is written in an explicit form this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written in an explicit form this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written in an explicit form this is a
+well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined
+even if nonlinear functional of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if nonlinear functional of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if nonlinear functional of this
+independent a single particle orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent a single particle orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent a single particle orbitals
+the konacham orbitals of which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the konacham orbitals of which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the konacham orbitals of which the
+charge density is just the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is just the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is just the sum of the
+square moduli and so we can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square moduli and so we can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square moduli and so we can look at this
+as a non-linear minimization problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a non-linear minimization problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a non-linear minimization problem we
+need to find the orbitals that minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the orbitals that minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the orbitals that minimize
+this expression or as it often happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression or as it often happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression or as it often happens
+we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+the associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated
+euler lagrange equation we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler lagrange equation we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler lagrange equation we have a
+variational principle so we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle so we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle so we can take the
+functional the functional differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional the functional differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional the functional differential
+of that and that gives us a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and that gives us a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and that gives us a state of
+differential equation that is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that is what we
+call the konesham equation and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the konesham equation and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the konesham equation and again
+they are written here sort of not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are written here sort of not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are written here sort of not very
+different if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you look at it
+from the heart to folk equations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the heart to folk equations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the heart to folk equations they
+are really the same terms so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the same terms so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the same terms so there is a
+quantum kinetic energy and now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum kinetic energy and now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum kinetic energy and now these are
+single particle orbitals there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle orbitals there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle orbitals there is a
+heart return there is an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart return there is an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart return there is an external
+potential term and the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term and the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term and the only difference
+is sort of in the way the exchange or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of in the way the exchange or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of in the way the exchange or
+exchange correlation term is calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation term is calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation term is calculated
+in hachifoka it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hachifoka it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hachifoka it was an
+explicit integral of the orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit integral of the orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit integral of the orbitals
+industry functional theory is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry functional theory is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry functional theory is going to
+be some kind of complex function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some kind of complex function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some kind of complex function of the
+charge density and we are going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and we are going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and we are going to try
+and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out
+what are the eigen states of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigen states of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigen states of this
+hamiltonian of which the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian of which the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian of which the most important
+part that you need to remember is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you need to remember is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you need to remember is that
+this hamiltonian is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hamiltonian is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hamiltonian is what we call
+self-consistent that is it's an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent that is it's an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent that is it's an operator
+that actually depends on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually depends on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually depends on its own
+solution because you see what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because you see what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because you see what we have is
+that the charge density is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charge density is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charge density is given by the
+sum of the square moduli and the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the square moduli and the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the square moduli and the charge
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+goes into the expression of the heart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the expression of the heart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the expression of the heart's
+operator and goes into the expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and goes into the expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and goes into the expression of
+the exchange correlation operator so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange correlation operator so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange correlation operator so the
+hamiltonian acting on these single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian acting on these single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian acting on these single
+particle orbitals depend on the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle orbitals depend on the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle orbitals depend on the charge
+density and the charge density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the charge density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the charge density is a
+function of the orbital themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the orbital themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the orbital themselves and
+so the problem has become slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem has become slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem has become slightly
+different from your usual problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from your usual problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from your usual problem the
+schrodinger equation gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation gives you an
+operator for which you need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for which you need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for which you need to find the
+eigenvectors here you have an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors here you have an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors here you have an operator
+for which you find eigenvectors but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you find eigenvectors but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you find eigenvectors but then
+these eigenvectors give you a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvectors give you a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvectors give you a charge
+density that put back in here gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that put back in here gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that put back in here gives you
+a different operator and so exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different operator and so exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different operator and so exactly like
+in archery focus you have found your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in archery focus you have found your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in archery focus you have found your
+ground state solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state solution
+only once you have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once you have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once you have become
+self-consistent you have a hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent you have a hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent you have a hamiltonian
+whose eigen states give you a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose eigen states give you a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose eigen states give you a charge
+density that gives you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that gives you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that gives you the same
+hamiltonian you had calculated the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian you had calculated the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian you had calculated the eigen
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+and so all the computational approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the computational approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the computational approaches
+to solve the density functional problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the density functional problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the density functional problem
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+those that solve the heart reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that solve the heart reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that solve the heart reflect
+problem are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are
+iterative approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative approaches
+we can't just find the solution to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't just find the solution to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't just find the solution to an
+hamiltonian but we really need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but we really need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but we really need to make
+that problem self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem self-consistent
+okay so this is where we concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is where we concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is where we concluded
+uh in last class and so now sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in last class and so now sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in last class and so now sort of you
+know we'll actually go into practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll actually go into practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll actually go into practical
+feature of density function theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of density function theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of density function theory so
+starting from reminding you that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from reminding you that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from reminding you that sort of
+all the quality of your calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the quality of your calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the quality of your calculation
+depends ultimately on the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends ultimately on the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends ultimately on the quality of
+your functional and for many years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functional and for many years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functional and for many years the
+only functional that was used was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only functional that was used was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only functional that was used was really
+the local density approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local density approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local density approximation
+functional uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional uh in the
+late 80s and early 90s people started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 80s and early 90s people started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 80s and early 90s people started to
+develop what are called generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what are called generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what are called generalized
+gradient approximation that is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient approximation that is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient approximation that is they
+constructed functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed functionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed functionals
+of the charge density that didn't only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge density that didn't only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge density that didn't only
+depend on the charge density itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the charge density itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the charge density itself but
+also on its gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on its gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on its gradient
+not in the sense of a tail or expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the sense of a tail or expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the sense of a tail or expansion
+because a taylor expansion wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a taylor expansion wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a taylor expansion wouldn't
+actually satisfy a number of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually satisfy a number of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually satisfy a number of symmetry
+properties that we know that the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we know that the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we know that the exact
+exchange correlation function would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation function would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation function would do
+and so in this sense all these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this sense all these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this sense all these new
+approximation are called generalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation are called generalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation are called generalize the
+gradient approximation and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient approximation and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient approximation and there is a
+little menagerie of acronyms and symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little menagerie of acronyms and symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little menagerie of acronyms and symbols
+that's really a sort of build up upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a sort of build up upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a sort of build up upon
+the names of the few people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names of the few people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names of the few people that have
+really done a lot of work in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done a lot of work in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done a lot of work in this field
+and so you see a lot of john perdue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see a lot of john perdue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see a lot of john perdue in
+this represented by a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represented by a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represented by a p
+or an axel back in canada by a b or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an axel back in canada by a b or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an axel back in canada by a b or
+kiron burke in rutgers by another b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiron burke in rutgers by another b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiron burke in rutgers by another b so
+these are some of the most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the most popular
+functionals i would say that by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals i would say that by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals i would say that by now
+sort of almost everyone is standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost everyone is standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost everyone is standardized
+on pbe as being you know the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pbe as being you know the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pbe as being you know the most
+reasonable and the most accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and the most accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and the most accurate
+advanced approximation beyond local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced approximation beyond local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced approximation beyond local
+density and so this is what we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and so this is what we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and so this is what we'll use
+there are sort of classes of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of classes of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of classes of more
+complex functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functionals
+the quantum chemistry has done community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum chemistry has done community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum chemistry has done community
+has done a lot of work in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done a lot of work in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done a lot of work in looking at
+hybrid functionals functional in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid functionals functional in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid functionals functional in which
+a certain percentage of the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain percentage of the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain percentage of the exchange
+correlation functional comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functional comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functional comes from the
+density function approximation it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function approximation it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function approximation it could
+be lda or in most cases it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lda or in most cases it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lda or in most cases it could be
+something like pbe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like pbe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like pbe
+and some amount of archery fork exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some amount of archery fork exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some amount of archery fork exchange
+is mixed in so they really take a cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mixed in so they really take a cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mixed in so they really take a cone
+sham equation in which they exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sham equation in which they exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sham equation in which they exchange
+correlation term as both a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation term as both a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation term as both a component
+that is density functional theory like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is density functional theory like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is density functional theory like
+and a component that is a hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a component that is a hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a component that is a hard to
+like and some of them are like these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and some of them are like these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and some of them are like these two
+mentioned here can work very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here can work very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here can work very well
+especially for molecules somehow again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for molecules somehow again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for molecules somehow again
+archery focus comes from atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery focus comes from atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery focus comes from atoms and
+molecules and it tends to work better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and it tends to work better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and it tends to work better in
+that limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit
+density functional theory is built on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory is built on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory is built on an
+approximation like the lda that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation like the lda that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation like the lda that
+ultimately comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately comes from the
+homogeneous electron gases so tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous electron gases so tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous electron gases so tends to
+work better for solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better for solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better for solids
+and as usual the most difficult cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual the most difficult cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual the most difficult cases in
+which you have a combination of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a combination of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a combination of the two
+if you want to study a molecule on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to study a molecule on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to study a molecule on a
+solid surface then you know none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid surface then you know none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid surface then you know none of
+these two approaches work really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two approaches work really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two approaches work really
+exceedingly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly well
+there is a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of work
+in uh sort of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh sort of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh sort of developing
+more complex functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex functionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex functionals
+that tend to work better than any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to work better than any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to work better than any of
+these that i've mentioned here they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that i've mentioned here they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that i've mentioned here they tend
+to be exceedingly complex and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exceedingly complex and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exceedingly complex and so again
+there are sort of meta ga functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of meta ga functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of meta ga functional
+there is a ladder of sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a ladder of sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a ladder of sort of more
+complex functional that starts to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functional that starts to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functional that starts to depend
+not only on the density and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only on the density and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only on the density and on the
+gradients but then maybe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients but then maybe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients but then maybe on the
+laplacian they might depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian they might depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian they might depend on the
+orbital themselves so you find terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital themselves so you find terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital themselves so you find terms
+like exact exchange functional and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exact exchange functional and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exact exchange functional and so on
+uh there is a lot of current work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a lot of current work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a lot of current work and
+there isn't a unique solution and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a unique solution and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a unique solution and also
+they tend to be so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be so much more
+computationally expensive that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally expensive that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally expensive that at this
+stage i would say they are still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage i would say they are still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage i would say they are still sort of
+limited to a development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to a development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to a development
+effort more than an application effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort more than an application effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort more than an application effort
+but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see
+once we have a functional and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have a functional and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have a functional and this is
+even done sort of you know with standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even done sort of you know with standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even done sort of you know with standard
+lda or gga we can actually describe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lda or gga we can actually describe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lda or gga we can actually describe with
+remarkable accuracy a number of property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable accuracy a number of property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable accuracy a number of property
+for very different materials this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very different materials this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very different materials this is a
+table that sort of crispy card in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that sort of crispy card in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that sort of crispy card in
+cambridge had given me and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge had given me and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge had given me and sort of you
+see we have a sort of combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have a sort of combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have a sort of combination of
+metals semiconductors oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals semiconductors oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals semiconductors oxides
+uh alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alloys
+and what we have here say is a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here say is a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here say is a list of
+what is the experimental lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the experimental lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the experimental lattice
+parameter and what is the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and what is the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and what is the theoretical
+prediction and you see we are sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and you see we are sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and you see we are sort of in
+the range in which the errors are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range in which the errors are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range in which the errors are around
+one percent and i would say for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent and i would say for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent and i would say for most
+materials we are really in sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we are really in sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we are really in sort of in
+this ballpark the error on a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ballpark the error on a lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ballpark the error on a lattice
+parameter of a material that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of a material that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of a material that doesn't
+have exotic electronic properties is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exotic electronic properties is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exotic electronic properties is not
+a high tc superconductor is not a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high tc superconductor is not a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high tc superconductor is not a sort
+of strongly correlated electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strongly correlated electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strongly correlated electronic
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+can be expected to be in the range of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expected to be in the range of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expected to be in the range of an
+error that is between one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that is between one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that is between one and two
+percent okay so very very good you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent okay so very very good you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent okay so very very good you see
+predictive power when we calculate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power when we calculate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power when we calculate with
+density functional theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional theory
+the lattice parameter of this we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice parameter of this we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice parameter of this we are
+really not trying to fit any potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not trying to fit any potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not trying to fit any potential
+at all when we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all when we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all when we calculate
+the lattice parameter of silver we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice parameter of silver we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice parameter of silver we are
+just saying there is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying there is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying there is going to be an
+array of coulombic potentials attracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of coulombic potentials attracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of coulombic potentials attracting
+the electrons with the atomic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons with the atomic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons with the atomic number of
+silver and we are looking at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and we are looking at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and we are looking at how the
+total energy of this system varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of this system varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of this system varies with
+lattice parameter and that's why if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice parameter and that's why if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice parameter and that's why if you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+electronic natural approaches tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic natural approaches tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic natural approaches tend to be
+extremely powerful because they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful because they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful because they are not
+fitted we are just trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted we are just trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted we are just trying to find
+the electronic structure solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic structure solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic structure solution
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does
+it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work
+in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice
+and what i'm going to sort of describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to sort of describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to sort of describe
+here is what's become known by now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's become known by now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's become known by now as
+the total energy pseudopotential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy pseudopotential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy pseudopotential
+approach this is really the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this is really the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this is really the approach
+that has been developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been developed
+to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study
+solid systems sort of again you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid systems sort of again you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid systems sort of again you have to
+keep in mind these two communities one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind these two communities one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind these two communities one
+of sort of solid state extended studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of solid state extended studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of solid state extended studies
+of matter and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter and one of
+atoms and molecules and really density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules and really density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules and really density
+functional theory comes from the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory comes from the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory comes from the sort of
+solid-state approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state approaches
+and for reasons that we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for reasons that we'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for reasons that we'll see in a
+moment that are really related to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that are really related to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that are really related to what
+we use as a basis set to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use as a basis set to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use as a basis set to describe
+electrons in a solid what become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in a solid what become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in a solid what become
+apparently very early on is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently very early on is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently very early on is that
+describing accurately the core electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing accurately the core electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing accurately the core electron
+in an atom or in a solid would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an atom or in a solid would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an atom or in a solid would have been
+exceedingly complex if you think at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly complex if you think at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly complex if you think at it
+whenever you have an atom that forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an atom that forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an atom that forms a
+molecule or a solid you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or a solid you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or a solid you have a lot of
+electrons that are going to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are going to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are going to be basically
+unaffected by the chemical environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected by the chemical environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected by the chemical environment
+if you take an iron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an iron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an iron atom
+and you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it
+in an iron as a metal you put it as iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an iron as a metal you put it as iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an iron as a metal you put it as iron
+in a transition metal oxide or you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a transition metal oxide or you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a transition metal oxide or you put
+as iron as a cytosay in a heme group in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as iron as a cytosay in a heme group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as iron as a cytosay in a heme group in
+hemoglobin or myoglobin what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin or myoglobin what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin or myoglobin what happens is
+that the valence electrons of ions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the valence electrons of ions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the valence electrons of ions will
+redistribute themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute themselves
+but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really
+the core electron of ions are so tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core electron of ions are so tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core electron of ions are so tightly
+bound to the nucleus by order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the nucleus by order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the nucleus by order of
+magnitude in energy with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in energy with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in energy with respect to the
+sort of typical energy of balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of typical energy of balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of typical energy of balanced
+electrons that they are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that they are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that they are basically
+unaffected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected
+and so in some ways we really don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in some ways we really don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in some ways we really don't want
+to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry
+all the computational expense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the computational expense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the computational expense of
+describing core electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing core electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing core electrons
+when we know that their contribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know that their contribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know that their contribution is
+going to be a rigid contribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a rigid contribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a rigid contribution that
+doesn't change depending on the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change depending on the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change depending on the chemical
+environment the core electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the core electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the core electrons are
+certainly important they are there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly important they are there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly important they are there they
+are bound to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound to the nucleus
+and they screen the nucleus charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they screen the nucleus charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they screen the nucleus charge in
+iron the 1s electrons the 2 1s electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron the 1s electrons the 2 1s electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron the 1s electrons the 2 1s electrons
+will be so tightly bound to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so tightly bound to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so tightly bound to the nucleus
+that the nucleus doesn't look to the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nucleus doesn't look to the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nucleus doesn't look to the 2s
+or 2p or 3s3p electrons as having 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2p or 3s3p electrons as having 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2p or 3s3p electrons as having 26
+protons but it really looks like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons but it really looks like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons but it really looks like having
+24 protons because those two 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 protons because those two 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 protons because those two 1s
+electrons screen completely and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons screen completely and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons screen completely and so the
+2s and the 2p really will also steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and the 2p really will also steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and the 2p really will also steam
+almost completely the nucleus from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost completely the nucleus from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost completely the nucleus from the
+point of view of the 3s and the 3p so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the 3s and the 3p so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the 3s and the 3p so we
+want to find out a way of somehow taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out a way of somehow taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out a way of somehow taking
+into account the presence of that core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the presence of that core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the presence of that core
+electrons but don't we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but don't we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but don't we don't want to
+carry that on in our calculation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry that on in our calculation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry that on in our calculation because
+it's very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very expensive
+not to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to mention that
+the spatial variation of core electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial variation of core electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial variation of core electrons
+is going to be extremely sharp i'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be extremely sharp i'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be extremely sharp i'll show
+you an example in a moment and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example in a moment and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example in a moment and so we
+need a lot of computational information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot of computational information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot of computational information
+to describe all the sharp wiggles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe all the sharp wiggles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe all the sharp wiggles that
+core electrons will do around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electrons will do around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electrons will do around the
+nucleus and this problem has been solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and this problem has been solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and this problem has been solved
+against the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the top
+from the late 70s to the early 80s by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the late 70s to the early 80s by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the late 70s to the early 80s by
+what are called pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called pseudo-potential
+approaches in particular something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches in particular something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches in particular something that
+is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called
+and you'll see this term often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see this term often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see this term often
+non-conserving pseudopotentials that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conserving pseudopotentials that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conserving pseudopotentials that in
+many ways are some of the most complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways are some of the most complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways are some of the most complex
+part of all these electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of all these electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of all these electronic structure
+approaches and that'll just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and that'll just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and that'll just give you a
+sort of generic flavor of you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generic flavor of you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generic flavor of you know how
+they approach this this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once we have sort of removed the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have sort of removed the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have sort of removed the core
+electrons from our problems we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from our problems we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from our problems we still
+need to find out what are the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find out what are the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find out what are the connection
+orbitals that minimize our density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that minimize our density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that minimize our density
+functional problem and as always and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional problem and as always and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional problem and as always and
+again we'll see this in the next slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll see this in the next slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll see this in the next slides
+we need to find an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find an appropriate
+computational representation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational representation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational representation of this
+orbitals and that is in particular will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and that is in particular will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and that is in particular will
+expand those orbitals on a basis that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand those orbitals on a basis that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand those orbitals on a basis that is
+will represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent
+any possible orbital in our problem as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any possible orbital in our problem as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any possible orbital in our problem as a
+linear combination of simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of simple function
+this is what is called the basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is called the basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is called the basis set
+so you know like in a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know like in a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know like in a one-dimensional
+analysis problem when you have got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem when you have got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem when you have got an
+arbitrary function you can expand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary function you can expand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary function you can expand you
+can do say fourier analysis you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do say fourier analysis you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do say fourier analysis you can
+expand it in a series of signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it in a series of signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it in a series of signs and
+cosines so this same general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines so this same general problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines so this same general problem
+applies here we have arbitrary functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here we have arbitrary functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here we have arbitrary functions
+in three dimensions that are orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions that are orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions that are orbitals
+and we want to find an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find an appropriate
+basis set that describe them so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set that describe them so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set that describe them so this
+basis set needs to be accurate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set needs to be accurate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set needs to be accurate that is
+needs to be flexible enough to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be flexible enough to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be flexible enough to describe
+all the possible wiggles of our orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible wiggles of our orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible wiggles of our orbitals
+but also need to be computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also need to be computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also need to be computationally
+convenient and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and we'll go
+of in that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in that in a moment
+so once we have sort of you know put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have sort of you know put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have sort of you know put
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+these elements we have sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements we have sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements we have sort of our
+external potential being represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external potential being represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external potential being represented
+by this sort of you know nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this sort of you know nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this sort of you know nuclei and
+somehow via the pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow via the pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow via the pseudo-potential
+approach also the core electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach also the core electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach also the core electrons and
+once we have decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have decided
+what is our basis sector we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our basis sector we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our basis sector we really need
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+and solve self consistently either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve self consistently either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve self consistently either the
+konesham equation that we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+konesham equation that we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+konesham equation that we have seen
+before or we want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or we want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or we want to minimize the
+nonlinear energy functional and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear energy functional and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear energy functional and so there
+are sort of you know several steps will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of you know several steps will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of you know several steps will
+usually what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what we'll do is
+we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start
+from a trial solution remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trial solution remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trial solution remember that
+since that the hamiltonian depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that the hamiltonian depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that the hamiltonian depends on
+the charge density we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density we need to have a
+guess to our initial charge density to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess to our initial charge density to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess to our initial charge density to
+even construct our operator because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even construct our operator because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even construct our operator because our
+operator depends on the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator depends on the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator depends on the ground state
+charge density so since that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density so since that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density so since that we don't
+have the ground state charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ground state charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ground state charge density
+when we start our problem we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start our problem we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start our problem we need to
+start with a trial solution it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a trial solution it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a trial solution it could be
+a trial charge density it could be trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial charge density it could be trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial charge density it could be trial
+orbitals but once we have data all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals but once we have data all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals but once we have data all our
+sort of operator is well defined so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of operator is well defined so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of operator is well defined so we
+can sort of you know calculate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of you know calculate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of you know calculate all the
+different terms the quantum kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms the quantum kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms the quantum kinetic
+energy the heart free energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the heart free energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the heart free energy the
+exchange correlation terms and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation terms and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange correlation terms and we can
+try to solve that hamiltonian from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve that hamiltonian from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve that hamiltonian from that
+hamiltonian we'll find new orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we'll find new orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we'll find new orbitals
+and with those new orbitals we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with those new orbitals we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with those new orbitals we'll
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+the ground state charge density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state charge density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state charge density and
+we'll obtain a new hamiltonian that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll obtain a new hamiltonian that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll obtain a new hamiltonian that then
+will sort of you know keep iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of you know keep iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of you know keep iterating
+finding new orbitals neutrals density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new orbitals neutrals density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new orbitals neutrals density
+new hamiltonian until it reaches a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hamiltonian until it reaches a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hamiltonian until it reaches a fixed
+point until it reaches self-consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point until it reaches self-consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point until it reaches self-consistency
+or we can just take the approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can just take the approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can just take the approach of
+minimizing the total energy functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the total energy functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the total energy functional
+to self-consistency i certainly written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to self-consistency i certainly written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to self-consistency i certainly written
+in a more sort of compact way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more sort of compact way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more sort of compact way the
+problem here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here or
+well it'll come sorry it'll come it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'll come sorry it'll come it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'll come sorry it'll come it'll
+come in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in a moment
+okay so let's describe first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's describe first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's describe first
+uh sort of you know our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of you know our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of you know our first
+computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+approximation in this problem that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in this problem that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in this problem that is
+the introduction of pseudopotentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction of pseudopotentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction of pseudopotentials
+and as i said you know sort of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said you know sort of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said you know sort of what we
+want to do is we want to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to get rid of the
+electrons in the inner shells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the inner shells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the inner shells in the
+core of the atoms because they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of the atoms because they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of the atoms because they really
+don't have any contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any contribution to the
+balanced chemical bonds they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced chemical bonds they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced chemical bonds they are just
+there they are important that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are important that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are important that they
+stream the nucleus in a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the nucleus in a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the nucleus in a very specific
+quantum mechanical term but they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical term but they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical term but they really
+don't sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of you know
+change much when the valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much when the valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much when the valence
+uh coordination changes we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordination changes we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordination changes we call that
+actually a frozen core approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a frozen core approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a frozen core approximation
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+we take an atom again we take an iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take an atom again we take an iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take an atom again we take an iron
+atom we solve the density functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom we solve the density functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom we solve the density functional
+problem for the iron atom that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the iron atom that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the iron atom that is we
+find density functional orbital for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find density functional orbital for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find density functional orbital for the
+1s 2s to p3 s3p and so on orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s 2s to p3 s3p and so on orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s 2s to p3 s3p and so on orbitals
+for an atom it's reasonable to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an atom it's reasonable to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an atom it's reasonable to do
+that accurate solution even for the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accurate solution even for the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accurate solution even for the core
+electrons because you have spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because you have spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because you have spherical
+symmetry and the problem is still sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and the problem is still sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and the problem is still sort
+of fairly simple and at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairly simple and at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairly simple and at this point we
+say well from now on we are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well from now on we are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well from now on we are not going to
+describe the full iron atom but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the full iron atom but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the full iron atom but we are
+going always to deal with a pseudo iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going always to deal with a pseudo iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going always to deal with a pseudo iron
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+in which the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the nucleus
+and the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 1s
+2s and 2p electrons have been frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 2p electrons have been frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 2p electrons have been frozen
+and so what really the valence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what really the valence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what really the valence electron
+need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+pseudonucleus that is not given just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudonucleus that is not given just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudonucleus that is not given just by
+the bare coulombic potential but by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare coulombic potential but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare coulombic potential but by the
+bare colombic potential screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare colombic potential screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare colombic potential screened
+by this 1s and 2s and 2p electron frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this 1s and 2s and 2p electron frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this 1s and 2s and 2p electron frozen
+in their atomic configuration and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their atomic configuration and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their atomic configuration and there
+is a theorem that we won't dwell into by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a theorem that we won't dwell into by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a theorem that we won't dwell into by
+fombard and gelat from the 80s that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fombard and gelat from the 80s that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fombard and gelat from the 80s that says
+that you know this freezing of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this freezing of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this freezing of the core
+electrons is actually a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is actually a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is actually a very good
+approximation it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it doesn't really matter
+you know it's been verified over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's been verified over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's been verified over and
+over again is the last thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again is the last thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again is the last thing we have to
+worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+to be precise the only thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be precise the only thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be precise the only thing that we
+have to worry about in density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about in density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about in density
+functional theory apart from making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory apart from making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory apart from making sure
+that our technical approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our technical approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our technical approximations
+computational approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational approximation
+are all accurate is the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all accurate is the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all accurate is the exchange
+correlation functional that is truly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functional that is truly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functional that is truly the
+only source of error and so here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only source of error and so here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only source of error and so here if you
+want i've represented the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want i've represented the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want i've represented the idea of a
+pseudo-potential okay this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential okay this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential okay this would have
+been the standard solution for an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the standard solution for an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the standard solution for an atom
+actually here i've chosen something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here i've chosen something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here i've chosen something
+simpler than iron i've chosen aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than iron i've chosen aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than iron i've chosen aluminum
+and so you know we would have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know we would have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know we would have had a
+connection set of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection set of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection set of equation
+for aluminum in which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum in which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for aluminum in which again
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term here contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here contains the
+artery potential the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery potential the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery potential the exchange
+correlation potential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation potential and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation potential and the
+external potential that would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external potential that would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external potential that would be just
+the bare nuclear potential we solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare nuclear potential we solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare nuclear potential we solve this
+problem what we find well we find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what we find well we find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what we find well we find this
+hierarchy of states you see we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of states you see we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of states you see we find
+two electrons in the 1s state we find 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons in the 1s state we find 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons in the 1s state we find 2
+electrons in the 2s 2 electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 2s 2 electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 2s 2 electrons in the
+2p but really the electrons that do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p but really the electrons that do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p but really the electrons that do all
+the chemistry are the 3s and 3p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry are the 3s and 3p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry are the 3s and 3p
+electrons and you see the enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you see the enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you see the enormous
+difference in energy scales so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy scales so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy scales so the
+binding energy of the 1s electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of the 1s electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of the 1s electrons to
+the nucleus is a 1500 electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is a 1500 electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is a 1500 electron volts
+there is no way unless you are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way unless you are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way unless you are sort of
+throwing x-rays of very high energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing x-rays of very high energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing x-rays of very high energy to
+those electrons that you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons that you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons that you are going to
+affect or perturb in any significant way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect or perturb in any significant way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect or perturb in any significant way
+this one has electrons remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has electrons remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has electrons remember the
+energy of a hydrogen bond is 0.29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a hydrogen bond is 0.29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a hydrogen bond is 0.29
+electrons is a fraction of an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is a fraction of an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is a fraction of an electron
+volt so this is four orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt so this is four orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt so this is four orders of magnitude
+larger so what we want is we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so what we want is we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so what we want is we want to say
+this set of electrons are so tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of electrons are so tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of electrons are so tightly
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+that we don't need to consider how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't need to consider how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't need to consider how they
+change during the formation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change during the formation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change during the formation of a
+chemical bond and so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond and so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond and so what we want to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new
+potential that we call a pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that we call a pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that we call a pseudo
+potential such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential such that
+the eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen states
+in the presence of this pseudo potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of this pseudo potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of this pseudo potential
+give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+that really reproduce exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really reproduce exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really reproduce exactly the
+valence electron solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron solution of the
+original atom so you see what we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original atom so you see what we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original atom so you see what we want is
+we want to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go from
+13 over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 over r
+the coulombic potential that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coulombic potential that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coulombic potential that is
+contained in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in here
+for the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bare
+aluminum nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum nucleus
+to a new potential that somehow contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new potential that somehow contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new potential that somehow contains
+both the bare potential of the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the bare potential of the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the bare potential of the nucleus
+the screening from the core electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screening from the core electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screening from the core electrons
+and it is constructed according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is constructed according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is constructed according to a
+well-defined prescription so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined prescription so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined prescription so that the
+eigenstates of this new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of this new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of this new set of
+connection equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection equation
+are in order the sort of you know lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in order the sort of you know lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in order the sort of you know lowest
+energy eigenstates are actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates are actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates are actually the
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+eigenstates of our original problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of our original problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of our original problem we
+get the same eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same eigenvalues
+and we get in a way that i specify in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get in a way that i specify in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get in a way that i specify in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+eigen functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen functions so
+and so here it's how we would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here it's how we would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here it's how we would actually
+look at this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this problem
+and this is figure courtesy of chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is figure courtesy of chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is figure courtesy of chris
+garner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garner
+so you see what we usually have in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what we usually have in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what we usually have in an
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+is a coulombic potential is this thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coulombic potential is this thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coulombic potential is this thin
+red line here this is the potential as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line here this is the potential as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line here this is the potential as a
+function of the radial distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the radial distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the radial distance
+so it diverges it goes to minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it diverges it goes to minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it diverges it goes to minus infinity
+coulombically for aluminum it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulombically for aluminum it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulombically for aluminum it would go
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+13 over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the solutions say for the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the solutions say for the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the solutions say for the 1s
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh
+sorry what would be the solution for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what would be the solution for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what would be the solution for a
+balanced electron in this potential well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced electron in this potential well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced electron in this potential well
+there are going to be all the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be all the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be all the sort of
+core electrons but then a balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electrons but then a balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electrons but then a balanced
+electron would look something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would look something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would look something like this
+it has you see this enormous number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has you see this enormous number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has you see this enormous number of
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+the reason why those oscillations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why those oscillations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why those oscillations are
+there is that eigen function of the cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that eigen function of the cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that eigen function of the cone
+sham equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sham equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sham equation
+need to be orthogonal to each other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be orthogonal to each other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be orthogonal to each other this
+is another one of the sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another one of the sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another one of the sort of you know
+fundamental quantum mechanical rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantum mechanical rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantum mechanical rules
+it's basically the pauli principles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the pauli principles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the pauli principles you
+can't have two electrons in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have two electrons in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have two electrons in the same
+quantum states and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum states and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum states and in particular
+electrons corresponding to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons corresponding to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons corresponding to different
+quantum states need to be orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum states need to be orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum states need to be orthogonal to
+each other so the integral of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so the integral of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so the integral of you know
+the size star of say the 3s electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size star of say the 3s electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size star of say the 3s electron in
+aluminum times the psi of the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum times the psi of the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum times the psi of the 1s
+electron in aluminum needs to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in aluminum needs to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in aluminum needs to be zero
+and so what it means is that the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it means is that the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it means is that the higher
+you go the more wiggles you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go the more wiggles you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go the more wiggles you have and
+this wiggles that is these changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wiggles that is these changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wiggles that is these changes of
+signs is what allows you orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs is what allows you orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs is what allows you orthogonality
+okay so if you have you know a 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have you know a 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have you know a 1s
+electron that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this a 1s electron will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this a 1s electron will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this a 1s electron will have
+actually a sort of exponential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a sort of exponential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a sort of exponential to the
+minus r decaying wave function the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r decaying wave function the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r decaying wave function the wave
+function say already the 2s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function say already the 2s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function say already the 2s wave
+function needs to be orthogonal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function needs to be orthogonal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function needs to be orthogonal to this
+electron and so it needs to change sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so it needs to change sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so it needs to change sine
+to allow orthogonality when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow orthogonality when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow orthogonality when you take the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+of this of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of these two
+of these of these two orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these of these two orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these of these two orbitals
+so orthogonality creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so orthogonality creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so orthogonality creates
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+wiggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggles
+and these wiggles also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these wiggles also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these wiggles also
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of
+charge density coming from a valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density coming from a valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density coming from a valence
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+more spread towards the outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spread towards the outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spread towards the outside of the
+nucleus there is if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus there is if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus there is if you want
+another quantum mechanical sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another quantum mechanical sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another quantum mechanical sort of
+derived effect in which valence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived effect in which valence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived effect in which valence electron
+are moved outwards because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moved outwards because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moved outwards because of this
+orthogonality constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality constraint
+and so you see this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see this would be
+in light blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light blue
+the exact wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact wave function
+for a valence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a valence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a valence electron
+and what we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to find
+is a pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pseudo-potential
+that substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitutes
+for the original bare coulombic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original bare coulombic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original bare coulombic
+potential and it's written here in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and it's written here in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and it's written here in sort
+of with a thick red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with a thick red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with a thick red line
+that is constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is constructed
+so that it's ground stateway function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's ground stateway function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's ground stateway function
+that is here in a thick blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is here in a thick blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is here in a thick blue
+as the same energy eigenvalue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same energy eigenvalue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same energy eigenvalue of the
+valence electron and in many ways it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron and in many ways it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron and in many ways it's
+identical to the original wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the original wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the original wave function
+and the way we make it identical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we make it identical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we make it identical is
+actually we only require it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we only require it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we only require it
+to be identical to our original solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be identical to our original solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be identical to our original solution
+outside the core because outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the core because outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the core because outside the
+core of the atom is where chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of the atom is where chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of the atom is where chemistry
+takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place
+chemistry will be here when atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry will be here when atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry will be here when atoms
+bind with other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind with other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind with other atoms
+inside here this is the region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here this is the region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here this is the region where
+core electron sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electron sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electron sits
+and that's a region that will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a region that will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a region that will never
+overlap with other atoms again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with other atoms again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with other atoms again because
+there are sort of already these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of already these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of already these very
+strongly bound electrons and to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electrons and to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electrons and to bring
+the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two atoms
+to have their core regions to overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have their core regions to overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have their core regions to overlap
+requires enormous pressure sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires enormous pressure sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires enormous pressure sort of
+hundreds of gigapascal so we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of gigapascal so we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of gigapascal so we never
+really have to worry so what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to worry so what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to worry so what we are
+trying to do here is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here is we want to
+construct a pseudo potential in thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a pseudo potential in thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a pseudo potential in thick
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+such that its ground state wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that its ground state wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that its ground state wave
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+in thick blue have the same eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thick blue have the same eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thick blue have the same eigenvalues
+of my original eigenva functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my original eigenva functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my original eigenva functions
+and thinner blue lines and in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinner blue lines and in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinner blue lines and in many ways
+they represent the same physics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent the same physics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent the same physics and the
+same chemistry because they are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemistry because they are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemistry because they are sort of
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+outside the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the core
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the thick red line is how we describe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thick red line is how we describe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thick red line is how we describe an
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+the back coulombic potential but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back coulombic potential but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back coulombic potential but with
+also built in all the screening action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also built in all the screening action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also built in all the screening action
+from the core electrons and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the core electrons and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the core electrons and you see the
+central feature of the pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central feature of the pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central feature of the pseudo-potential
+is that if you want it's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you want it's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you want it's become
+repulsive around the center of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive around the center of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive around the center of the atom
+because we really need to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really need to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really need to keep the
+valence electron to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron to be
+mostly the localized in the balance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the localized in the balance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the localized in the balance in
+the valence region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valence region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valence region
+how to build this pseudo-potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build this pseudo-potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build this pseudo-potential is
+actually a complex and somehow dark art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a complex and somehow dark art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a complex and somehow dark art
+by now uh it's been perfected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now uh it's been perfected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now uh it's been perfected
+and that there are basically tables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there are basically tables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there are basically tables of
+pseudo-potential so it's a problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential so it's a problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential so it's a problem you
+almost never have to worry anymore so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never have to worry anymore so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never have to worry anymore so an
+electronic such a code will have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic such a code will have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic such a code will have a set
+of pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pseudo-potential
+and sort of in the course of the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of in the course of the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of in the course of the years
+there have been two flavors that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been two flavors that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been two flavors that have
+been developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed
+the first one that sort of you know was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that sort of you know was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that sort of you know was
+actually sort of i would say invented at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of i would say invented at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of i would say invented at
+bell labs at the end of the seventies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell labs at the end of the seventies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell labs at the end of the seventies
+by ham and schluter and chang is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ham and schluter and chang is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ham and schluter and chang is what
+are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called
+norm conserving so the potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm conserving so the potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm conserving so the potential of
+which i'll describe this plot in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll describe this plot in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll describe this plot in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+there was a sort of improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a sort of improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a sort of improvement
+of this non-conserving pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this non-conserving pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this non-conserving pseudo-potential
+that are called ultrasounds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called ultrasounds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called ultrasounds to the
+potential developed by david vanderbilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential developed by david vanderbilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential developed by david vanderbilt
+at rutgers university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rutgers university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rutgers university
+that tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to be
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+less expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive
+to be to use in practical calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to use in practical calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to use in practical calculation
+basically because they are smoother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because they are smoother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because they are smoother and
+smoother and so they can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother and so they can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother and so they can be described
+with sort of you know a smaller basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of you know a smaller basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of you know a smaller basic
+set and they tend to be more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and they tend to be more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and they tend to be more accurate
+over a broader range of coordination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a broader range of coordination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a broader range of coordination and
+energies but so the general idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but so the general idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but so the general idea of the
+pseudo-potential sort of you know from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential sort of you know from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential sort of you know from a
+different way sort of in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way sort of in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way sort of in the previous
+slide i sort of shown you how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide i sort of shown you how it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide i sort of shown you how it looks
+like but the genetic idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but the genetic idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but the genetic idea of a
+pseudopotential is that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudopotential is that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudopotential is that we want to
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+something that contains both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that contains both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that contains both these
+nucleus and this core electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and this core electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and this core electrons
+and that basically will act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that basically will act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that basically will act on the
+valence electron in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron in the same way
+as the true problem of core electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the true problem of core electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the true problem of core electron
+explicitly and nucleus and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and nucleus and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and nucleus and so what we
+say is that we want a pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that we want a pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that we want a pseudo-potential
+to scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scatter
+an incoming wave an incoming electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incoming wave an incoming electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incoming wave an incoming electron in
+the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+as a sort of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sort of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sort of real
+set of core electrons and an atom would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of core electrons and an atom would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of core electrons and an atom would
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+and in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that
+very accurately for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately for this
+pseudo-potential what we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential what we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-potential what we need to do is
+actually to have the pseudo-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to have the pseudo-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to have the pseudo-potential
+not just be a single local form as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just be a single local form as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just be a single local form as in
+the previous slide i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide i had
+shown you the sort of right thick line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you the sort of right thick line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you the sort of right thick line
+that was just you know a unique form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just you know a unique form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just you know a unique form of
+the potential as a function of r but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential as a function of r but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential as a function of r but we
+actually want our pseudo potential to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want our pseudo potential to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want our pseudo potential to be
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+depending on the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the angular momentum
+component of the electron omega so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the electron omega so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the electron omega so if
+you have a valence electron and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a valence electron and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a valence electron and you have
+a valence wave function you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valence wave function you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valence wave function you can actually
+say that that valence wave function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that valence wave function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that valence wave function will
+have a you know 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know 20 percent
+angular symmetry of the s-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular symmetry of the s-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular symmetry of the s-type
+30 percent of the p-type 30 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent of the p-type 30 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent of the p-type 30 of the
+d-type and so on and so forth and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d-type and so on and so forth and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d-type and so on and so forth and what
+you do is you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you act
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+on the s-component of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the s-component of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the s-component of the wave function
+on the p-component of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the p-component of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the p-component of the wave function
+on the d component and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the d component and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the d component and so on and so
+forth and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so this
+would be the sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the sort of you know the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+radial parts of the pseudo potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial parts of the pseudo potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial parts of the pseudo potential
+depending on which components they act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which components they act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which components they act
+they all have this overall 1 over r or z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have this overall 1 over r or z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have this overall 1 over r or z
+over our asymptotic trend but as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our asymptotic trend but as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our asymptotic trend but as we get
+more close to the nucleus they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more close to the nucleus they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more close to the nucleus they start
+differing you see from the core region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing you see from the core region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing you see from the core region
+inwards they are all different and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inwards they are all different and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inwards they are all different and in
+particular they are sort of all or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they are sort of all or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they are sort of all or at
+least in part repulsive to again sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in part repulsive to again sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in part repulsive to again sort of
+represent this frozen set of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this frozen set of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this frozen set of electrons
+and you know this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this is how the
+corresponding wave functions would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding wave functions would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding wave functions would look
+like and i've made again this is for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and i've made again this is for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and i've made again this is for an
+indium atom a comparison between say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium atom a comparison between say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium atom a comparison between say the
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+all electron wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all electron wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all electron wave function
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+no and the pseudo wave function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and the pseudo wave function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and the pseudo wave function and you
+see they are identical in the valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they are identical in the valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they are identical in the valence
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+but in the core region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the core region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the core region
+the true all electron valence wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true all electron valence wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true all electron valence wave
+function is a lot of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a lot of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a lot of oscillation
+while the pseudo wave function is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the pseudo wave function is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the pseudo wave function is much
+smoother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother and
+this smoothness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smoothness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smoothness
+means that we can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we can describe
+this pseudo-wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pseudo-wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pseudo-wave function
+in signs and cosines with a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in signs and cosines with a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in signs and cosines with a much smaller
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+waves at different wavelengths then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves at different wavelengths then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves at different wavelengths then we
+would have to do if we were to disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to do if we were to disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to do if we were to disc
+if we had the need to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had the need to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had the need to describe
+all this high frequency oscillation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high frequency oscillation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high frequency oscillation so
+at the end pseudo potential are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end pseudo potential are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end pseudo potential are just
+there to sort of give us a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to sort of give us a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to sort of give us a chance to
+avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid
+describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+all this high frequency oscillation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high frequency oscillation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high frequency oscillation of
+the true valence wave function and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true valence wave function and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true valence wave function and also
+to give us the possibility of avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the possibility of avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the possibility of avoiding
+the explicit description of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit description of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit description of the core
+electrons that really don't change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that really don't change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that really don't change their
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+in going from the atom to the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now with this
+we have an exchange correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an exchange correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an exchange correlation
+functional we have this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional we have this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional we have this new
+approximation to the external potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the external potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the external potential
+given by a sort of array of pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a sort of array of pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a sort of array of pseudo
+potential centered on each nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential centered on each nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential centered on each nucleus and
+so we are back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are back to this
+sort of self-consistent problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-consistent problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-consistent problem of
+having to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to solve
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+koneshama differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koneshama differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koneshama differential equations
+and again the way we want to attack this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the way we want to attack this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the way we want to attack this
+problem on a computer is by making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on a computer is by making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on a computer is by making this
+problem into a numerical matrix algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into a numerical matrix algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into a numerical matrix algebra
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and the way we go about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we go about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we go about this
+is by choosing a basis sata and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by choosing a basis sata and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by choosing a basis sata and
+expanding our orbitals in a basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding our orbitals in a basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding our orbitals in a basis that
+is we say by saying that any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we say by saying that any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we say by saying that any sort of
+genetic wave function can be thought as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic wave function can be thought as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic wave function can be thought as
+a linear combination of a set of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of a set of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of a set of simple
+functions simple function for which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions simple function for which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions simple function for which we
+can do analytical operation that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do analytical operation that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do analytical operation that is we
+are able to say to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to say to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to say to calculate
+the matrix element say of the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element say of the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element say of the kinetic
+energy between this simple function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between this simple function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between this simple function or
+we are able to calculate analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to calculate analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to calculate analytically
+the second derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of this
+basis function well by making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function well by making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function well by making this
+answer by saying that you know a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer by saying that you know a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer by saying that you know a genetic
+wave function is a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is a linear combination of
+this our problem transforms from a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our problem transforms from a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our problem transforms from a you
+know differential analysis problem to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know differential analysis problem to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know differential analysis problem to a
+problem of finding these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of finding these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of finding these coefficients
+and you know again sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know again sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know again sort of
+the basis set that we'll choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis set that we'll choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis set that we'll choose
+in all sorts of our practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all sorts of our practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all sorts of our practical
+computational lab will really be a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational lab will really be a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational lab will really be a basis
+sets of sine and cosines or what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of sine and cosines or what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of sine and cosines or what we call
+plane waves that is especially adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves that is especially adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves that is especially adapted
+and especially useful for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially useful for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially useful for the case of
+solids and you know i've given you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids and you know i've given you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids and you know i've given you an
+example here suppose that what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here suppose that what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here suppose that what we want
+to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+charge density okay sort of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density okay sort of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density okay sort of something
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+a little bit similar to the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit similar to the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit similar to the charge
+density in an atom well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in an atom well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in an atom well this
+localized the charge density can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized the charge density can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized the charge density can be
+actually expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expressed
+fairly accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly accurately
+as a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination
+of very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very few
+signs or cosines with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or cosines with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or cosines with different
+wavelengths you see i go from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths you see i go from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths you see i go from you know
+sort of this wavelength to smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this wavelength to smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this wavelength to smaller and
+smaller wavelength and if i choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller wavelength and if i choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller wavelength and if i choose my
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+so such that i have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such that i have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such that i have constructive
+interference here in the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference here in the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference here in the center and
+destructive interference outside i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference outside i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference outside i
+actually get just by summing nine terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get just by summing nine terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get just by summing nine terms
+here something that basically describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something that basically describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something that basically describe
+perfectly my charge density so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly my charge density so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly my charge density so this will
+be our general sort of approach to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our general sort of approach to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our general sort of approach to the
+problem we choose a busy set that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we choose a busy set that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we choose a busy set that is we
+choose a set of elementary functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a set of elementary functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a set of elementary functions
+that are particularly suited to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly suited to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly suited to describe
+our problem and for which we can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem and for which we can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem and for which we can do all
+the analysis that we want that is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis that we want that is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis that we want that is we are
+able to calculate second derivatives we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate second derivatives we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate second derivatives we
+are able to calculate matrix elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to calculate matrix elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to calculate matrix elements uh
+analytically and then our computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and then our computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and then our computational
+problem becomes really just a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem becomes really just a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem becomes really just a problem of
+finding the coefficients okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the coefficients okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the coefficients okay and you
+know this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is one of those
+approximations for which you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations for which you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations for which you need to
+test the accuracy that is if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the accuracy that is if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the accuracy that is if you use
+a very small basis set if you use only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small basis set if you use only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small basis set if you use only
+10 plane waves with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plane waves with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plane waves with different
+wavelengths your calculation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths your calculation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths your calculation will be
+very inexpensive because you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inexpensive because you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inexpensive because you have only
+10 coefficients to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 coefficients to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 coefficients to work with
+but it probably won't be very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it probably won't be very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it probably won't be very accurate
+if you use 1 million plain waves your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use 1 million plain waves your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use 1 million plain waves your
+calculation will be extremely accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will be extremely accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will be extremely accurate
+but it will be also very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will be also very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will be also very expensive
+so this is an approximation but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an approximation but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an approximation but an
+approximation and this is fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and this is fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and this is fundamental
+for which you can control the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you can control the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you can control the accuracy
+that is you just need to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you just need to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you just need to make sure that
+your business set is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business set is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business set is good enough
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+is something that you can always check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can always check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can always check
+and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test
+you can't test apart from comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't test apart from comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't test apart from comparison
+with experiment if your exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experiment if your exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experiment if your exchange
+correlation function is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function is good enough
+that's why we put so much importance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we put so much importance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we put so much importance and
+you should never forget that really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never forget that really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never forget that really all
+the accuracy or all the errors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy or all the errors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy or all the errors that
+ultimately come in your calculation come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come in your calculation come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately come in your calculation come
+from the exchange correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exchange correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exchange correlation function
+all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other
+computational numerical approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational numerical approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational numerical approximation
+using pseudopotentials using a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pseudopotentials using a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pseudopotentials using a finite
+basis sets are all approximations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis sets are all approximations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis sets are all approximations that
+can be tested and we always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tested and we always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tested and we always assume that
+you know uh well done electron in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh well done electron in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh well done electron in such a
+calculation we left those under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we left those under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we left those under control
+you are using enough basic sets you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are using enough basic sets you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are using enough basic sets you're
+using accurate pseudo potential and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using accurate pseudo potential and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using accurate pseudo potential and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as i said in solids and for reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said in solids and for reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said in solids and for reason that
+you'll see in a moment really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in a moment really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in a moment really the
+universal basis of choice is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal basis of choice is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal basis of choice is that of
+plane waves basically the e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves basically the e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves basically the e to the i
+complex exponential and you see why but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and you see why but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and you see why but
+in a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a set of
+atoms and molecules uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules uh sort of the
+almost universal basis choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universal basis choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universal basis choice
+is that of combination of gaussians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of combination of gaussians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of combination of gaussians
+and the reason why gaussians have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why gaussians have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why gaussians have been
+chosen and actually why the set of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and actually why the set of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and actually why the set of most
+famous quantum chemistry code is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous quantum chemistry code is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous quantum chemistry code is called
+gaussian is that it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian is that it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian is that it's very easy
+to do the analytical integrals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the analytical integrals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the analytical integrals that are
+present in the exchange term for hartree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the exchange term for hartree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the exchange term for hartree
+folk so if you wanted the exchange term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk so if you wanted the exchange term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk so if you wanted the exchange term
+for health refocus determines the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for health refocus determines the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for health refocus determines the choice
+of gaussian as a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gaussian as a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gaussian as a particularly
+convenient basis with the sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient basis with the sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient basis with the sector and
+again you know the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know the product of two
+gaussians is a gaussians and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians is a gaussians and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians is a gaussians and that's why
+this is this is ultimately a good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is ultimately a good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is ultimately a good choice
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is you know sort of what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know sort of what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know sort of what has
+developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed
+at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+you can still use gaussians to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use gaussians to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use gaussians to study
+solids or you can use plane waves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids or you can use plane waves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids or you can use plane waves to
+study molecule and there is even a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study molecule and there is even a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study molecule and there is even a sort
+of richer phenomenology and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of richer phenomenology and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of richer phenomenology and sort of you
+know but generally speaking this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but generally speaking this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but generally speaking this sort of
+two approaches that of localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two approaches that of localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two approaches that of localized
+functions in chemistry and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in chemistry and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in chemistry and of the
+localized function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized function
+in sort of extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of extended
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+the basic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic um
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll start from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start from the point of view
+of solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids
+and then you'll see why we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see why we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see why we actually
+describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+we use plain waves to describe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use plain waves to describe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use plain waves to describe these
+orbitals and when you deal with solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and when you deal with solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and when you deal with solid
+you need to sort of be aware of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sort of be aware of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sort of be aware of one of
+the fundamental symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental symmetries
+that the eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the eigen states
+of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solution
+in a periodic potential as what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a periodic potential as what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a periodic potential as what happens
+in solids satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids satisfy
+that is in particular the hamiltonian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in particular the hamiltonian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in particular the hamiltonian of
+a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid
+is a periodically invariant okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a periodically invariant okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a periodically invariant okay that's
+the characteristic of a solid it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic of a solid it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic of a solid it's a
+regular periodic array of uh external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular periodic array of uh external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular periodic array of uh external
+pseudopotential that are your nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudopotential that are your nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudopotential that are your nuclei
+so in the language of quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the language of quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the language of quantum mechanics
+we say that the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the hamiltonian
+commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes
+with the translational operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the translational operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the translational operator
+translation operator by a vector that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator by a vector that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator by a vector that is
+a direct lattice vector so if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct lattice vector so if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct lattice vector so if you take a
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and you displace you translate your set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you displace you translate your set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you displace you translate your set
+of potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potentials
+by one cubic lattice vector you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one cubic lattice vector you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one cubic lattice vector you have the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+operator that is trivially to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is trivially to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is trivially to say that
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+a regular array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular array
+of blue dots that is infinite in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blue dots that is infinite in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blue dots that is infinite in space
+and you displace them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you displace them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you displace them
+and the displaced one are crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the displaced one are crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the displaced one are crosses
+and they have been displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have been displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have been displaced
+by this lattice vector r here and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this lattice vector r here and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this lattice vector r here and both
+the red dots and the blue dots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red dots and the blue dots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red dots and the blue dots are
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+while by displacing the blue dot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while by displacing the blue dot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while by displacing the blue dot into
+the red dots you have the same identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red dots you have the same identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red dots you have the same identical
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay when two operator commuting quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when two operator commuting quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when two operator commuting quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+what we know is that we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is that we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is that we can find
+eigenstates that are common eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates that are common eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates that are common eigen states
+so that is they are eigen states both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is they are eigen states both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is they are eigen states both of
+the first operator and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first operator and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first operator and then on the
+second operator i won't dwell on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second operator i won't dwell on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second operator i won't dwell on this
+in case you are sort of not familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you are sort of not familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you are sort of not familiar
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+parts of this quantum mechanical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this quantum mechanical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this quantum mechanical problem
+but what i want to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to highlight
+is that the net result the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the net result the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the net result the fact that we
+can choose eigenvectors that are common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose eigenvectors that are common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose eigenvectors that are common
+eigenvectors of the hamiltonian of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of the hamiltonian of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of the hamiltonian of the
+translation operator tells us that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator tells us that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator tells us that a
+generic eigenvector for a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic eigenvector for a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic eigenvector for a periodic
+potential needs to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential needs to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential needs to have a
+very well defined symmetry and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well defined symmetry and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well defined symmetry and a very
+well defined symmetric form and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined symmetric form and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined symmetric form and that's
+sort of summarized in the block theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarized in the block theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarized in the block theorem
+and that tells us that a eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that a eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that a eigenvector
+will be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be given
+by a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a term
+a function that has the same periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that has the same periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that has the same periodicity
+of the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystal
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave
+again a complex exponential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a complex exponential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a complex exponential that
+modulates this periodic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates this periodic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates this periodic part
+and that can have any wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can have any wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can have any wavelength
+so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words
+what the block theorem here is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the block theorem here is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the block theorem here is telling
+us is that the solutions the eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that the solutions the eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that the solutions the eigenstates
+of a periodic hamiltonian can have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a periodic hamiltonian can have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a periodic hamiltonian can have any
+possible periodicity you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible periodicity you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible periodicity you don't have to
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+at the electronic eigenstates of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the electronic eigenstates of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the electronic eigenstates of a
+periodic hamiltonian as having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic hamiltonian as having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic hamiltonian as having the same
+periodicity of your lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of your lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of your lattice
+but the shape that they have is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the shape that they have is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the shape that they have is actually
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+that is the product of two function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the product of two function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the product of two function
+one that has any arbitrary wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has any arbitrary wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has any arbitrary wavelength
+and another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another term
+the so-called periodic part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called periodic part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called periodic part of our
+orbitals that does have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that does have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that does have the same
+periodicity of the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of the lattice
+this can be proven in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be proven in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be proven in a variety of ways
+and somehow you know i summarized here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow you know i summarized here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow you know i summarized here
+why ultimately this is the shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why ultimately this is the shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why ultimately this is the shape that
+the eigen function of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen function of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen function of the hamiltonian
+need to have basically because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have basically because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have basically because if we
+have a translation and the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a translation and the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a translation and the hamiltonian
+is invariant the charge density of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant the charge density of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant the charge density of your
+solid must also be invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid must also be invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid must also be invariant
+and this solution satisfied data because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this solution satisfied data because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this solution satisfied data because
+if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+at the wave function not at r but at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wave function not at r but at r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wave function not at r but at r
+plus a direct lattice vector this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a direct lattice vector this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a direct lattice vector this term
+will be unchanged by definition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unchanged by definition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unchanged by definition because
+this term has the periodicity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term has the periodicity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term has the periodicity this
+thermal will become e to the i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal will become e to the i k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal will become e to the i k
+times scalar product r plus a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times scalar product r plus a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times scalar product r plus a direct
+lattice vector but when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vector but when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vector but when you look at the
+charge density that is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density that is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density that is the square
+modulus this term disappears so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus this term disappears so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus this term disappears so only
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+remains in the charge density and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the charge density and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the charge density and you
+also want a two translation being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want a two translation being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want a two translation being
+equivalent to the sum of the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the sum of the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the sum of the other two
+and again if you translate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you translate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you translate by
+cons two consecutive lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons two consecutive lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons two consecutive lattice vectors
+this term doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term doesn't change
+and you know the exponential of a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the exponential of a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the exponential of a sum of
+two lattice vectors is going to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lattice vectors is going to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lattice vectors is going to be just
+the product of two exponential for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two exponential for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two exponential for each
+lattice vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vector
+but the fundamental concept here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fundamental concept here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fundamental concept here is this
+that the wave function are modulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function are modulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function are modulated by
+this wavelength and we actually classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength and we actually classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength and we actually classify
+them with those these two quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with those these two quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with those these two quantum
+numbers you know as we classify orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you know as we classify orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you know as we classify orbitals
+in the periodic table we give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periodic table we give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periodic table we give them
+quantum numbers we say this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers we say this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers we say this is going to
+be a 3s electron with spin up we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 3s electron with spin up we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 3s electron with spin up we are
+saying what the quantum number n l m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what the quantum number n l m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what the quantum number n l m and
+spin are for that electron in a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin are for that electron in a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin are for that electron in a solid
+these are our quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our quantum numbers
+we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+band index that is you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band index that is you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band index that is you know if you
+wanted the solid equivalent of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the solid equivalent of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the solid equivalent of your
+energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels
+and it's actually a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a discrete
+integer index that somehow classifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer index that somehow classifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer index that somehow classifies
+the different eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different eigenvectors
+but those eigenvectors can have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those eigenvectors can have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those eigenvectors can have also
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+and so the wavelength of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the wavelength of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the wavelength of the block
+orbital is another quantum number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is another quantum number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is another quantum number that
+characterize our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize our system
+so when you actually look at a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you actually look at a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you actually look at a molecule
+you think that in terms of energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that in terms of energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that in terms of energy levels
+and you draw an energy diagram in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you draw an energy diagram in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you draw an energy diagram in which
+you will have a 1s 2s3s energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a 1s 2s3s energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a 1s 2s3s energy level
+when you think at the possible energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think at the possible energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think at the possible energy
+levels from for electrons in a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels from for electrons in a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels from for electrons in a solid
+you'll draw a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll draw a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll draw a more complex
+band diagram in which you will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band diagram in which you will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band diagram in which you will sort of
+classify levels not only in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify levels not only in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify levels not only in terms of
+discrete integers but also in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete integers but also in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete integers but also in terms of
+the wavelength and so this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and so this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and so this is what is
+usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a
+band energy diagram of which i have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band energy diagram of which i have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band energy diagram of which i have an
+example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is would be
+the solid equivalent of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid equivalent of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid equivalent of the energy
+levels so for a molecule you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so for a molecule you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so for a molecule you would have
+you know a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a discrete
+set of energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of energy level
+for a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solid
+you don't have only a sort of set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have only a sort of set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have only a sort of set of
+discrete quantum numbers n but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantum numbers n but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantum numbers n but you have
+also a continuous set of wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a continuous set of wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a continuous set of wavelengths
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+that show you how your energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show you how your energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show you how your energy of that
+eigenvector changes depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector changes depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector changes depending on the
+wavelength of that eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of that eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of that eigenvector
+and what i've plotted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i've plotted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i've plotted here
+is actually the band energy diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the band energy diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the band energy diagram
+for a free electron in an fcc lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a free electron in an fcc lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a free electron in an fcc lattice
+what i'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying is that
+suppose that i'm considering an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that i'm considering an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that i'm considering an electron
+that doesn't feel any potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel any potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel any potential
+what would be its a band energy well its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be its a band energy well its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be its a band energy well its
+band energy is actually going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band energy is actually going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band energy is actually going to be a
+parabola so it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we would represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would represent
+as this so the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this so the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this so the energy
+as being really proportional to its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being really proportional to its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being really proportional to its uh
+wavelength that is again because a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that is again because a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that is again because a free
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave
+e to the i k r and so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i k r and so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i k r and so the second
+derivative of a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a plane wave
+that is the quantum kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the quantum kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the quantum kinetic energy is
+just the k square term and if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the k square term and if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the k square term and if an
+electron is free there is no potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is free there is no potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is free there is no potential
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think
+at the energy as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the energy as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the energy as a function of
+wavelength for a free electron to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for a free electron to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for a free electron to be
+perfectly parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly parabolic
+but now what we can think for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what we can think for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what we can think for a moment
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+how to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to represent
+this parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parabola
+in principle this parabola is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle this parabola is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle this parabola is a single
+parabola infinite as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola infinite as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola infinite as a function of
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+but we can also for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also for a moment
+represent the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the data
+in an fcc or in any arbitrary periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an fcc or in any arbitrary periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an fcc or in any arbitrary periodic
+lattice so what we could be saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so what we could be saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so what we could be saying is
+that suppose that now there is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose that now there is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose that now there is a an
+imaginary geometric structure that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary geometric structure that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary geometric structure that is uh
+say in real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in real space
+a brave lattice with fcc periodicity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brave lattice with fcc periodicity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brave lattice with fcc periodicity and
+that in reciprocal space will correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in reciprocal space will correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in reciprocal space will correspond
+to a bcc reciprocal lattice and what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bcc reciprocal lattice and what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bcc reciprocal lattice and what i
+want to do is i want to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is i want to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is i want to take this
+parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola
+and fold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fold it
+okay so instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so instead of having
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+parabolic branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic branch
+that extends to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extends to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extends to infinity
+every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time
+i hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hit
+in the brienne zone in the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brienne zone in the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brienne zone in the reciprocal
+space a boundary i fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a boundary i fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a boundary i fold
+this parabola back so what i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parabola back so what i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parabola back so what i've shown
+here is really the band energy diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really the band energy diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really the band energy diagram
+that is a parabola supposing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a parabola supposing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a parabola supposing for a
+moment that my electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that my electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that my electron
+leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+in the geometry of an fcc lattice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the geometry of an fcc lattice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the geometry of an fcc lattice and
+this is just to give you the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to give you the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to give you the feeling
+that sometimes something that looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes something that looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes something that looks very
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+is just a representation of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a representation of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a representation of something
+very simple in a specific geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple in a specific geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple in a specific geometry and
+now you see in a moment what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see in a moment what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see in a moment what happens if
+we study the electron in a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study the electron in a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study the electron in a system that
+truly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly has
+the fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fcc
+brave lattice in real space and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave lattice in real space and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave lattice in real space and so it
+has a bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bcc
+brave lattice in reciprocal space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave lattice in reciprocal space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave lattice in reciprocal space and
+that is silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is silicon
+and you see that you know the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that you know the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that you know the band
+energy dispersions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dispersions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dispersions
+for electrons in silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons in silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons in silicon
+looked actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked actually
+very very similar to free electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar to free electrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar to free electrons you
+see now for a moment something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now for a moment something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now for a moment something that you
+thought it was always extremely complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was always extremely complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was always extremely complex
+like the band diagram for silicon turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the band diagram for silicon turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the band diagram for silicon turns
+out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+just a parabola just a free electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a parabola just a free electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a parabola just a free electron
+slightly modified and you can clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly modified and you can clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly modified and you can clearly
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+all the same pieces but obviously now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same pieces but obviously now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same pieces but obviously now
+these electrons these valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons these valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons these valence electrons
+in silicon fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silicon fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silicon fill
+the periodic potential and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic potential and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic potential and so the
+overall solution is modified and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall solution is modified and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall solution is modified and you
+know for you for those of you familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for you for those of you familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for you for those of you familiar
+with solids there is a band gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solids there is a band gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solids there is a band gap between
+valence electrons and conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons and conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons and conduction
+electrons and here we would be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and here we would be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and here we would be at the
+gamma point this would be the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma point this would be the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma point this would be the lowest
+valence band and here we would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence band and here we would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence band and here we would have the
+heavy and the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy and the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy and the light
+hole bands for the top balance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole bands for the top balance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole bands for the top balance for the
+top balance bands but you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top balance bands but you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top balance bands but you know what this
+is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us
+is that electrons in a solid really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that electrons in a solid really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that electrons in a solid really look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+free electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons
+with a little bit of a perturbation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of a perturbation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of a perturbation that
+is enough to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to transform
+this parabola into something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parabola into something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parabola into something different
+okay and again because they are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again because they are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again because they are almost
+free electrons and because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons and because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons and because they have
+the periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity
+the periodic part of the black orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic part of the black orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic part of the black orbitals
+need to have the periodicity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have the periodicity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have the periodicity of the
+crystal lattice that we are studying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice that we are studying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal lattice that we are studying it
+will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be
+extremely appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely appropriate
+to use as a basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use as a basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use as a basis set
+to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe
+at each k point in the brilliant zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each k point in the brilliant zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each k point in the brilliant zone
+the periodic part of the block orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic part of the block orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic part of the block orbitals
+will be extremely convenient to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be extremely convenient to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be extremely convenient to use
+plane waves and this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and this is the reason
+ultimately why i written i written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately why i written i written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately why i written i written it
+here that of again reminding some basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that of again reminding some basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that of again reminding some basics
+of crystallography i've taken say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crystallography i've taken say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crystallography i've taken say
+the zinc blender structure so again an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zinc blender structure so again an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zinc blender structure so again an
+fcc lattice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc lattice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc lattice here
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+these three here in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three here in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three here in green
+would be the primitive lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the primitive lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the primitive lattice vectors
+of the fcc lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fcc lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fcc lattice
+so what i'm calling here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm calling here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm calling here
+a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1
+a2 and a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 and a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 and a3
+and these three lattices three vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these three lattices three vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these three lattices three vector
+lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices
+uh in one half one half zero zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one half one half zero zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one half one half zero zero one
+half one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half one half
+and one half zero one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one half zero one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one half zero one-half
+really represent my brave lattes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent my brave lattes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent my brave lattes
+by repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating
+blue atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue atoms
+at any linear combination of three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any linear combination of three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any linear combination of three of
+these three vectors i span all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vectors i span all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vectors i span all the
+infinite blue sub sub lattice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite blue sub sub lattice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite blue sub sub lattice of the
+catalyst in a zinc blender and the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst in a zinc blender and the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst in a zinc blender and the zinc
+blender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blender
+is just you know apparent compound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know apparent compound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know apparent compound of
+silicon it's just that the second atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's just that the second atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's just that the second atom
+in the unit cell is different and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unit cell is different and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unit cell is different and again
+by applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying
+translations that are linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations that are linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations that are linear combination
+of these green vectors i span all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these green vectors i span all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these green vectors i span all the
+blue lattice and silicon would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue lattice and silicon would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue lattice and silicon would be
+identical to this just the red and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this just the red and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this just the red and the
+blue would be identical so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue would be identical so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue would be identical so having
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+direct vector lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct vector lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct vector lattices
+the a1 a2 and a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a1 a2 and a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a1 a2 and a3
+what i can defined is a set of dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can defined is a set of dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can defined is a set of dual
+vectors that we call reciprocal lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we call reciprocal lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we call reciprocal lattice
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+g1 g2 and g3 that are such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 g2 and g3 that are such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 g2 and g3 that are such that the
+scalar product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product
+between g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between g1
+and g2 is either one or zero and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g2 is either one or zero and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g2 is either one or zero and this is
+the chronicles delta times two pi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chronicles delta times two pi okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chronicles delta times two pi okay
+this is a definition this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition this is what we
+know is the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reciprocal lattice vector but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal lattice vector but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal lattice vector but what
+is very important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important for us
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+primitive reciprocal lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive reciprocal lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive reciprocal lattice vectors
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+the fundamental descriptor of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental descriptor of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental descriptor of all the
+plane waves that i want to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves that i want to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves that i want to use in
+describing a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a solid
+and the reason for data is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for data is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for data is that
+a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave
+written like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written like this
+exponential of i gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of i gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of i gr
+where the g here where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the g here where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the g here where this
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+is just a linear combination with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a linear combination with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a linear combination with
+integer number of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number of my
+primitive lattice vector so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive lattice vector so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive lattice vector so it's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+l with l integer g1 times m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l with l integer g1 times m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l with l integer g1 times m
+g2 times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2 times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2 times n
+g3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g3
+so well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well defined
+by the triplet of numbers l m n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triplet of numbers l m n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triplet of numbers l m n
+well these plane waves e to the igr for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these plane waves e to the igr for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these plane waves e to the igr for
+any linear combination of g1 g2 and g3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination of g1 g2 and g3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination of g1 g2 and g3
+is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+defined in real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in real space
+that has a periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a periodicity
+compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible
+with the periodicity of my direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the periodicity of my direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the periodicity of my direct
+lattice so suppose that we were in a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so suppose that we were in a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so suppose that we were in a one
+dimension for a moment and i would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for a moment and i would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for a moment and i would have
+a system that has this periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that has this periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that has this periodicity
+and remember the periodic part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the periodic part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the periodic part of the
+block orbitals will have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block orbitals will have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block orbitals will have the same
+periodicity in real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in real space
+so maybe that you know the periodic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that you know the periodic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that you know the periodic part
+of data will look something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data will look something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data will look something like this
+with the same periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+what i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do
+is really expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really expand
+this periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic function
+as a linear combination with appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination with appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination with appropriate
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+of plane waves with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves with different
+wavelengths but i need to choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths but i need to choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths but i need to choose these
+plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves
+to all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all have
+the same periodicity of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same periodicity of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same periodicity of the green
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+so my plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my plane waves
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+look like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like you know
+this and this will be the sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this will be the sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this will be the sort of you
+know fundamental harmonic if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fundamental harmonic if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fundamental harmonic if you want
+and then another plane wave could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another plane wave could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another plane wave could have
+this periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on and so forth going to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth going to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth going to higher
+and higher wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher wavelength
+but sort of you know the compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of you know the compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of you know the compact
+mathematical representation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation of this
+is in here that is given a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in here that is given a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in here that is given a direct
+lattice defined by the three vectors a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice defined by the three vectors a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice defined by the three vectors a1
+a2 and a3 i can define the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 and a3 i can define the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 and a3 i can define the reciprocal
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+that is represented by the three vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is represented by the three vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is represented by the three vector
+g1 g2 and g3 and any linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 g2 and g3 and any linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 g2 and g3 and any linear combination
+with integer numbers of this g1 g2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integer numbers of this g1 g2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integer numbers of this g1 g2 and
+g3 will give me a vector g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g3 will give me a vector g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g3 will give me a vector g
+such that the complex exponential e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the complex exponential e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the complex exponential e to
+the i g r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i g r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i g r
+is actually a periodicity that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a periodicity that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a periodicity that is
+compatible with my direct lattice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with my direct lattice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with my direct lattice that
+is the moment i create a direct lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the moment i create a direct lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the moment i create a direct lattice
+there are an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of
+wavelengths that are not compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that are not compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that are not compatible with
+the periodicity that i've thrown into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity that i've thrown into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodicity that i've thrown into my
+system those disappear i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those disappear i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those disappear i don't want to
+have anything to deal with what i'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything to deal with what i'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything to deal with what i'm left
+is with a numerable infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a numerable infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a numerable infinity
+of plane waves that are all compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves that are all compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves that are all compatible
+with the direct lattice that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the direct lattice that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the direct lattice that i'm
+choosing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing from
+and you see now there is a natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see now there is a natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see now there is a natural way
+of both choosing plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both choosing plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both choosing plane waves
+they will be here and also a natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be here and also a natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be here and also a natural way
+to choose the most important one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the most important one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the most important one because
+when we choose our basis set for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we choose our basis set for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we choose our basis set for our
+calculation we'll start from the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we'll start from the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we'll start from the plane
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+of longer wavelength that is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of longer wavelength that is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of longer wavelength that is that you
+know the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the blue
+wavelength that i've plotted here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that i've plotted here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that i've plotted here and
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+decrease the wavelength i will include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the wavelength i will include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the wavelength i will include
+more and more plane waves that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more plane waves that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more plane waves that sort of
+have finer and finer wavelength finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finer and finer wavelength finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finer and finer wavelength finer
+and finer resolution and that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer resolution and that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer resolution and that can be
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+naturally done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally done
+by including plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by including plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by including plane waves
+with g vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with g vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with g vectors
+that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+a larger square modulus okay that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger square modulus okay that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger square modulus okay that is the
+larger this g vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger this g vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger this g vector here
+the finer the resolution the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finer the resolution the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finer the resolution the higher the
+wavelength of this plane wave so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of this plane wave so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of this plane wave so there
+is truly a natural way to choose basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is truly a natural way to choose basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is truly a natural way to choose basis
+set now because again what we have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set now because again what we have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set now because again what we have is a
+reciprocal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space
+and so we like a brion zone in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we like a brion zone in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we like a brion zone in red
+we live if i'm in two dimensional the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live if i'm in two dimensional the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live if i'm in two dimensional the
+two g1 and g2 vectors and so the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two g1 and g2 vectors and so the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two g1 and g2 vectors and so the linear
+combination g is the type described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination g is the type described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination g is the type described
+will be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be given
+by the infinite but discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the infinite but discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the infinite but discrete
+set of g vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of g vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of g vectors
+represented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here
+and so only the g vectors denoted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so only the g vectors denoted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so only the g vectors denoted here
+with a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cross
+give rise to a plane wave that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to a plane wave that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to a plane wave that has the
+compatible periodicity with my periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible periodicity with my periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible periodicity with my periodic
+boundary conditions and so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and so in order to
+choose a basic setup what i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a basic setup what i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a basic setup what i do
+i just draw a circle or in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just draw a circle or in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just draw a circle or in three
+dimension a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension a sphere
+and i decide to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i decide to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i decide to include
+all the g vector that sit inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the g vector that sit inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the g vector that sit inside that
+sphere and by making that sphere larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and by making that sphere larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and by making that sphere larger
+and larger i'm going to include g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger i'm going to include g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger i'm going to include g
+vectors that have larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that have larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that have larger and larger
+modulus that is finer and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus that is finer and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus that is finer and final
+wavelength and that is what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and that is what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and that is what is called
+your cutoff in your basis set okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cutoff in your basis set okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cutoff in your basis set okay so
+one of sort of you know the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of sort of you know the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of sort of you know the fundamental
+parameters of your calculation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of your calculation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of your calculation will be
+choosing your cutoff for your plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing your cutoff for your plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing your cutoff for your plane wave
+basis set that is choosing the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set that is choosing the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set that is choosing the radius of
+that sphere that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sphere that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sphere that includes
+plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves
+with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of
+wavelength compatible to the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength compatible to the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength compatible to the periodic
+boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions
+up to a certain resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a certain resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a certain resolution
+you make this cutoff sphere larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make this cutoff sphere larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make this cutoff sphere larger and
+larger you systematically include finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger you systematically include finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger you systematically include finer
+and finer resolutions so you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer resolutions so you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer resolutions so you become
+better and better at describing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better at describing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better at describing your
+problem and you'll always need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you'll always need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you'll always need to check
+in your first calculation that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your first calculation that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your first calculation that your
+basic site is good enough that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic site is good enough that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic site is good enough that is by
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+your cutoff radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cutoff radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cutoff radius
+you will not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not see
+any significant physical change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any significant physical change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any significant physical change in the
+quantities that you are calculating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that you are calculating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that you are calculating you
+don't see a physical change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a physical change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a physical change
+in the energy as a function of volume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy as a function of volume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy as a function of volume we
+don't see a change in the forces acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a change in the forces acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a change in the forces acting
+on atoms and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this will take forever again this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will take forever again this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will take forever again this is not
+the only choice of business set but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only choice of business set but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only choice of business set but as
+you can see it's really the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's really the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's really the appropriate
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+for periodic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for periodic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for periodic systems
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it has sort of a set of nice advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has sort of a set of nice advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has sort of a set of nice advantages
+of which i would say you know the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which i would say you know the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which i would say you know the most
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+is the fact that you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that you know it's
+systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+in the sense that you can continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you can continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you can continuously
+improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+the resolution your problem by including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution your problem by including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution your problem by including
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a negative side to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative side to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative side to this
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+since that you know it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that you know it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that you know it doesn't have any
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+on how valence electron should look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how valence electron should look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how valence electron should look like
+a close to a nucleus or close to a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close to a nucleus or close to a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close to a nucleus or close to a core
+it requires a very large number of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a very large number of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a very large number of basis
+elements so plane wave calculation tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so plane wave calculation tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so plane wave calculation tend
+to have a lot of elements in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of elements in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of elements in that
+there are a number of sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of sort of other
+important practical uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important practical uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important practical uh sort of
+consequences in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences in particular
+as much as gaussians they allow for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as gaussians they allow for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as gaussians they allow for very
+easy evaluation of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy evaluation of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy evaluation of some of the
+analytical terms that we need so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical terms that we need so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical terms that we need so it's
+very easy to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to take
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+of a plane wave or the laplacian of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plane wave or the laplacian of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plane wave or the laplacian of a
+plane wave because basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave because basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave because basically you know
+the derivative of a complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a complex exponential
+if you have e to the i g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have e to the i g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have e to the i g
+r the derivative with respect to r of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the derivative with respect to r of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the derivative with respect to r of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is just the function itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the function itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the function itself
+times the vector g this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vector g this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vector g this would be the
+gradient and the laplacian that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the laplacian that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the laplacian that is the
+second derivative is just g square times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is just g square times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is just g square times
+the wave function and so all these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and so all these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and so all these terms
+are easy to calculate and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to calculate and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to calculate and there is a
+sort of more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more subtle
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh conclusion of this that if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conclusion of this that if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conclusion of this that if you start
+to have a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a calculation
+in which atoms move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which atoms move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which atoms move
+like a molecular dynamic calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a molecular dynamic calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a molecular dynamic calculation
+in which you need to calculate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you need to calculate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you need to calculate things
+like forces you need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like forces you need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like forces you need to calculate the
+derivative of the energy with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the energy with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the energy with respect to
+the position of an atom but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of an atom but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of an atom but now the
+energy in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in itself
+is an expression that involves linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an expression that involves linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an expression that involves linear
+combination of your basis set well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of your basis set well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of your basis set well this
+basic set does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic set does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic set does not depend on the
+position of the atom so there is no term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the atom so there is no term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the atom so there is no term
+in the force in the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the force in the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the force in the derivative of the
+energy with respect to the position that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to the position that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to the position that
+comes from this if on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this if on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this if on the other hand you
+were using say a gaussian that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using say a gaussian that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using say a gaussian that was
+centered on an atom a gaussian centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on an atom a gaussian centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on an atom a gaussian centered
+on an atom would have in there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an atom would have in there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an atom would have in there the
+position of the atom and so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the atom and so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the atom and so in order to
+take the derivative of the force you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the force you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the force you
+would also need to take a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also need to take a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also need to take a derivative of
+your basis set and these are what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basis set and these are what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basis set and these are what's
+called pulley terms and that just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pulley terms and that just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pulley terms and that just add
+another layer of complexity to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer of complexity to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer of complexity to your
+calculation and again this is i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and again this is i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and again this is i think
+ultimately is one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is one of the reasons
+why in the solid state community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the solid state community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the solid state community
+problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like
+molecular dynamics and forces relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics and forces relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics and forces relaxation
+were developed earlier basically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed earlier basically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed earlier basically because
+it's much simpler to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much simpler to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much simpler to calculate the
+forces and you know i want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and you know i want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and you know i want to give you
+here an example on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an example on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an example on how
+certain parts of your problem become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parts of your problem become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parts of your problem become
+very easy in your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy in your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy in your solution
+in particular remember sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular remember sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular remember sort of in the
+construction of the self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the self-consistent
+operator from the charge density we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator from the charge density we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator from the charge density we
+needed to construct the hartree operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to construct the hartree operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to construct the hartree operator
+from the charge that's the integral of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the charge that's the integral of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the charge that's the integral of n
+over r minus r prime well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r minus r prime well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r minus r prime well that's
+basically a solution of what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a solution of what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a solution of what is called
+the poisson equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poisson equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poisson equation
+that is given a charge density the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given a charge density the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given a charge density the
+hartree potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hartree potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hartree potential
+is really coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really coming
+from the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solution
+of this differential equation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this differential equation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this differential equation that is
+the laplacian the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laplacian the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laplacian the second derivative of
+the hartree potential is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hartree potential is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hartree potential is equal to minus
+in atomic units for pi the n electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atomic units for pi the n electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atomic units for pi the n electronic
+charge density taken as positive here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density taken as positive here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density taken as positive here in
+particular just to get the signs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just to get the signs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just to get the signs right
+okay this is a differential equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a differential equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a differential equation we
+need to solve it in the course of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve it in the course of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve it in the course of a
+self-consistent problem because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent problem because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent problem because remember
+we have sort of diagonalized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have sort of diagonalized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have sort of diagonalized the
+hamiltonian we have gotten some orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have gotten some orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have gotten some orbitals
+from those orbitals we have calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those orbitals we have calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those orbitals we have calculated
+the charge density but now from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density but now from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density but now from the
+charge density we need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density we need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density we need to calculate the
+electrostatic potential and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential and that's how
+it works well this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works well this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works well this differential equation
+is actually trivial to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually trivial to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually trivial to solve
+if for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for a moment
+you think at a plane wave solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think at a plane wave solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think at a plane wave solution that
+is you think that your potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you think that your potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you think that your potential
+that is a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a function of r
+is now being written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now being written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now being written
+as a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination
+where the coefficients are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the coefficients are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the coefficients are called
+v of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v of g
+of plane waves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm taking my potential it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking my potential it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking my potential it's going to
+have the same periodicity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same periodicity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same periodicity of the
+reciprocal lattice and i'm writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice and i'm writing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice and i'm writing it
+out as a linear combination of waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a linear combination of waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as a linear combination of waves and
+i'm doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing the same
+for the charge density here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charge density here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charge density here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the charge density in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density in itself
+is going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with coefficient g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coefficient g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coefficient g
+of plane waves okay so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves okay so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane waves okay so this is my
+expansion in plain waves of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in plain waves of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in plain waves of this
+real space functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space functions
+and then the algebra is trivial because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the algebra is trivial because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the algebra is trivial because
+to take the derivative of this red term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of this red term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of this red term
+here what i obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what i obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what i obtain
+is nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else
+than the sum over g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sum over g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sum over g
+second derivative will give me a minus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative will give me a minus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative will give me a minus g
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+v r 3 of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v r 3 of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v r 3 of g
+e to the i g r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i g r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i g r
+and that is needs to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is needs to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is needs to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+well minus 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well minus 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well minus 4 pi
+sum over g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over g
+n of g e to the igr so i've done nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of g e to the igr so i've done nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of g e to the igr so i've done nothing
+else than inserting the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than inserting the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than inserting the explicit
+expansion in plain waves of my potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in plain waves of my potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in plain waves of my potential
+of my charge density in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my charge density in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my charge density in the differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+well sort of mathematically i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sort of mathematically i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sort of mathematically i can
+actually sort of multiply the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of multiply the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of multiply the left and
+the right hand term for something like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand term for something like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand term for something like e
+to the minus i g prime times r and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i g prime times r and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i g prime times r and then
+i can integrate in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can integrate in the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can integrate in the r
+and this is just you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just you know the
+mathematical operation that on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operation that on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operation that on an
+orthonormal basis set as this is tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis set as this is tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis set as this is tells
+me that in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that in order for this
+sort of equality to be satisfied what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of equality to be satisfied what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of equality to be satisfied what i
+really need to have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to have is that
+each coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient
+corresponding to the same g vector on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the same g vector on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the same g vector on
+the left hand side and on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and on the right hand
+side is separately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is separately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is separately equal
+so the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+poisson boltzmann equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson boltzmann equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson boltzmann equation
+is trivial because what i need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivial because what i need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivial because what i need to have
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+g square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g square
+vg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vg
+is equal to 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 4 pi
+n g that is each coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n g that is each coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n g that is each coefficient
+needs to be identical g by g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be identical g by g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be identical g by g
+so if i have a charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have a charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have a charge density
+in real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space
+i can expand it in plane waves and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can expand it in plane waves and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can expand it in plane waves and these
+coefficients are nothing else than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are nothing else than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are nothing else than a
+fourier transform so a computer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform so a computer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform so a computer is very
+good given a periodic function in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good given a periodic function in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good given a periodic function in real
+space to give me these coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to give me these coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to give me these coefficients and
+once i have this coefficient n of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i have this coefficient n of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i have this coefficient n of g
+i will know instantly what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will know instantly what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will know instantly what are the
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+of the potential that is the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential that is the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential that is the solution of
+this poisson equation because those vg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poisson equation because those vg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poisson equation because those vg
+coefficients are really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are really just
+my charge density coefficient multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my charge density coefficient multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my charge density coefficient multiplied
+by 4 pi and divided by g squared so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4 pi and divided by g squared so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4 pi and divided by g squared so you
+see with plane waves a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with plane waves a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with plane waves a lot of the
+analytical work in our electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical work in our electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical work in our electronic
+structure problem becomes trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure problem becomes trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure problem becomes trivial
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+it's contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's contained
+one of the trickiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the trickiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the trickiest
+part of electronic such a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of electronic such a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of electronic such a calculation
+and the reason why electron is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why electron is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why electron is such a
+calculation of large system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of large system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of large system
+becomes more and more computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more and more computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more and more computationally
+ill-defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-defined and
+more and more difficult to do as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more difficult to do as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more difficult to do as the
+size of the system becomes larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the system becomes larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the system becomes larger
+because as the size of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the size of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the size of the system
+becomes larger your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes larger your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes larger your
+cell in real space will become larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in real space will become larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in real space will become larger
+and your blue enzyme in reciprocal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your blue enzyme in reciprocal space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your blue enzyme in reciprocal space
+will become smaller and smaller as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become smaller and smaller as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become smaller and smaller as the
+three a1a2a3 vectors becomes larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a1a2a3 vectors becomes larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a1a2a3 vectors becomes larger the
+three dual reciprocal space vector g1 g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dual reciprocal space vector g1 g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dual reciprocal space vector g1 g2
+and g3 becomes smaller so the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g3 becomes smaller so the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g3 becomes smaller so the smallest
+of the g vector will become smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the g vector will become smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the g vector will become smaller and
+smaller as the supercell grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as the supercell grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as the supercell grows
+and so then you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you see that
+there is an instability because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an instability because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an instability because this
+component of the r3 potential is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the r3 potential is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the r3 potential is given
+by this n coefficient divided by g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this n coefficient divided by g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this n coefficient divided by g
+square as your system becomes larger g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square as your system becomes larger g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square as your system becomes larger g
+square becomes smaller and so a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square becomes smaller and so a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square becomes smaller and so a smaller
+numerical instability in your charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical instability in your charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical instability in your charge
+density gives you a larger instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gives you a larger instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gives you a larger instability
+in your potential and so you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your potential and so you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your potential and so you need to be
+more and more careful you need to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more careful you need to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more careful you need to become
+more and more careful in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more careful in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more careful in your
+electrostatic solution as the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic solution as the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic solution as the problem
+becomes larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will take forever to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will take forever to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will take forever to save
+i think that i'll need to stop here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that i'll need to stop here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that i'll need to stop here for
+today and what we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what we'll see
+in the next class on thursday will sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next class on thursday will sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next class on thursday will sort
+of wrap up the last few technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrap up the last few technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrap up the last few technical
+details that you need to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that you need to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that you need to go into the
+computational lab on tuesday and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational lab on tuesday and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational lab on tuesday and we'll
+start discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start discussing
+case studies for our density functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case studies for our density functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case studies for our density functional
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+as a reminder and i've emailed and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder and i've emailed and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder and i've emailed and hope
+all of you have received my email in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have received my email in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have received my email in
+order to do the computational lab on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do the computational lab on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do the computational lab on
+tuesday it is essential that each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday it is essential that each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday it is essential that each and
+every one of you as an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of you as an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of you as an independent
+personal computer account on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computer account on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computer account on the
+computer cluster because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer cluster because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer cluster because this
+calculation will become expensive and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will become expensive and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will become expensive and we
+need to run them not on the main central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run them not on the main central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run them not on the main central
+node that will collapse if you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that will collapse if you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that will collapse if you know more
+than two or three of you run on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two or three of you run on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two or three of you run on it but
+we'll need to spool it by a queuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to spool it by a queuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to spool it by a queuing
+system on the sort of nodes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the sort of nodes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the sort of nodes of the
+cluster that lie beneath the master node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that lie beneath the master node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that lie beneath the master node
+okay this is all for today enjoy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is all for today enjoy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is all for today enjoy the
+snow and see you on thursday morning
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fIFB6SBw2lU.txt b/fIFB6SBw2lU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c409a2c5410bd84286a4aa380f1f6cfb765a9b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fIFB6SBw2lU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who is going to quickly introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to quickly introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to quickly introduce
+himself in a minute this is a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in a minute this is a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in a minute this is a part of
+two cross sequence on what we think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cross sequence on what we think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cross sequence on what we think are
+sort of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the core
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+things to know in development economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to know in development economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to know in development economics
+the I'll describe a little bit the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'll describe a little bit the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'll describe a little bit the full
+syllabus in the course of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus in the course of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus in the course of this lecture
+so I'm not going to say more just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to say more just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to say more just now
+but it's uh basically a sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh basically a sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh basically a sequence that
+we've worked on developed over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked on developed over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked on developed over the years
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+Abhijit Banerjee Rob Thomas and David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abhijit Banerjee Rob Thomas and David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abhijit Banerjee Rob Thomas and David
+Atkin Ben and and myself so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atkin Ben and and myself so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atkin Ben and and myself so we are
+excited to teach it happy to have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to teach it happy to have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to teach it happy to have all of
+you here and Ben will say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here and Ben will say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here and Ben will say a few words
+before here before he has to head out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here before he has to head out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here before he has to head out
+great I think I have to stand next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I think I have to stand next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I think I have to stand next to
+you to see if the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see if the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see if the microphone
+um so um it's great to see all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um it's great to see all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um it's great to see all of you
+and it's terrific to be back uh here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's terrific to be back uh here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's terrific to be back uh here in
+person so uh for those of you who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so uh for those of you who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so uh for those of you who don't
+know me I'm Ben olken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know me I'm Ben olken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know me I'm Ben olken
+um I'm a development Economist here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm a development Economist here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm a development Economist here at
+MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+my own areas of research are primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own areas of research are primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own areas of research are primarily
+in the last 10 years or so on the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 10 years or so on the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 10 years or so on the public
+sector and so the roles of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and so the roles of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and so the roles of the public
+sector and development and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and development and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and development and sort of
+understanding the different ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the different ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the different ways in
+which we think about public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we think about public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we think about public sector
+issues in developing contexts so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in developing contexts so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in developing contexts so I'm
+going to be teaching a variety of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be teaching a variety of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be teaching a variety of topics
+this semester I'm sure Esther will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester I'm sure Esther will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester I'm sure Esther will go
+over them today uh but that that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them today uh but that that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them today uh but that that'll be
+sort of what I'm covering at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what I'm covering at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what I'm covering at the end
+um so I think that's that's enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think that's that's enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think that's that's enough for
+now and I'm really looking forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I'm really looking forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I'm really looking forward to
+seeing all of you this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing all of you this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing all of you this semester
+so maybe little practicality get just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe little practicality get just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe little practicality get just
+getting the practicality out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the practicality out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the practicality out of the way
+so this is a class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a class that
+how does it work it works in a fairly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work it works in a fairly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work it works in a fairly a
+classical way we are going to uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical way we are going to uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical way we are going to uh you
+you've seen uh you have received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen uh you have received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen uh you have received the
+syllabus uh on the canvas website if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus uh on the canvas website if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus uh on the canvas website if you
+the canvas I think should be open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas I think should be open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas I think should be open to the
+entire community so for the time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire community so for the time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire community so for the time being
+anybody who is here registered or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is here registered or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is here registered or not
+you can have access to the canvas as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have access to the canvas as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have access to the canvas as the
+enrollment stabilize people know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment stabilize people know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment stabilize people know what
+they are we are again to uh lock it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are we are again to uh lock it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are we are again to uh lock it to
+uh to the membership only but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the membership only but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the membership only but for now
+anybody who is here should have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is here should have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is here should have access
+or even who is not should have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even who is not should have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even who is not should have access to
+the to the syllabus and then describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the syllabus and then describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the syllabus and then describe a
+bit the the syllabus but otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the the syllabus but otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the the syllabus but otherwise it
+will have uh lectures on Monday Mondays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have uh lectures on Monday Mondays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have uh lectures on Monday Mondays
+and Wednesdays and recitation once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wednesdays and recitation once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wednesdays and recitation once a
+week in the lecture it's going to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in the lecture it's going to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in the lecture it's going to be so
+about once a week we'll ask you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once a week we'll ask you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once a week we'll ask you to read
+a paper before the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper before the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper before the lecture
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+about 24 to 48 hours before the before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 24 to 48 hours before the before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 24 to 48 hours before the before
+the lecture to write down uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture to write down uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture to write down uh on the
+Piazza website a comment or a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piazza website a comment or a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piazza website a comment or a question
+that you have about the paper this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have about the paper this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have about the paper this is
+something we have found useful first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we have found useful first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we have found useful first of
+all first of all as a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all first of all as a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all first of all as a commitment device
+to make sure that you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you're actually
+reading the papers it's like you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the papers it's like you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the papers it's like you have to
+write the comment second offer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the comment second offer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the comment second offer because
+you you're doing that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're doing that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're doing that a little bit
+before the class I will have read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the class I will have read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the class I will have read the
+comments and it's then I can incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and it's then I can incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and it's then I can incorporate
+the comments and the question when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments and the question when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments and the question when I
+teach which is a first way to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach which is a first way to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach which is a first way to to get
+your input in uh in addition of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input in uh in addition of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input in uh in addition of course
+to anything that you would want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything that you would want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anything that you would want to see
+uh to want to say in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to want to say in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to want to say in class
+um other than that we'll have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than that we'll have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than that we'll have a problem
+set that are going over in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that are going over in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that are going over in particular
+the the empirical method so it's a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the empirical method so it's a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the empirical method so it's a class
+that focuses a lot on on obviously on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses a lot on on obviously on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses a lot on on obviously on
+content and why you know how poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and why you know how poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and why you know how poor people
+live their lives and how to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live their lives and how to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live their lives and how to understand
+them but also as we go along on methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but also as we go along on methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but also as we go along on methods
+a little bit like the labor class which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like the labor class which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like the labor class which
+is both about liberal markets and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both about liberal markets and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both about liberal markets and about
+methods in Liberal economics this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in Liberal economics this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in Liberal economics this is in
+particular this first sequence is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this first sequence is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this first sequence is at the
+same time I'm going to introduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I'm going to introduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I'm going to introduce you
+especially in the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the first half of the
+class that I'll be teaching I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I'll be teaching I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I'll be teaching I'm going to
+introduce you as I go along to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you as I go along to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you as I go along to sort of
+the Workhorse methods in empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Workhorse methods in empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Workhorse methods in empirical
+economics that that will use so for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that that will use so for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that that will use so for some
+of you if you're second year or third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you if you're second year or third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you if you're second year or third
+year that's going to be review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that's going to be review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that's going to be review
+for some of you it's going to be brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you it's going to be brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you it's going to be brand
+new but it stood at a level that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but it stood at a level that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but it stood at a level that in
+principle everybody should find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle everybody should find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle everybody should find
+something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh
+stimulating or interesting and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating or interesting and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating or interesting and it
+shouldn't be a you shouldn't get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be a you shouldn't get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be a you shouldn't get lost
+too much and if you are then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and if you are then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and if you are then you should
+make sure to talk to Ed or talk to us Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to talk to Ed or talk to us Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to talk to Ed or talk to us Ed
+is going to in the recitation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to in the recitation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to in the recitation to
+emphasize some of the point go over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize some of the point go over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize some of the point go over some
+papers in more details in particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in more details in particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in more details in particular one
+thing we we really would like to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we we really would like to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we we really would like to get out
+of the the first Instagram years is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the first Instagram years is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the first Instagram years is not
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+that you have read content and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have read content and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have read content and you know
+papers but that you have a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but that you have a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but that you have a sense of how
+one builds the paper one builds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one builds the paper one builds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one builds the paper one builds a
+resultant Agenda One construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resultant Agenda One construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resultant Agenda One construct an
+empirical specification what sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical specification what sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical specification what sense it
+makes and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and so on and so forth
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in terms of requirement besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of requirement besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of requirement besides
+coming to class participating Etc I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to class participating Etc I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to class participating Etc I will
+have a few problems set that helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few problems set that helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few problems set that helps you
+look where you'll get your hands dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look where you'll get your hands dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look where you'll get your hands dirty
+on data and some such hopefully they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data and some such hopefully they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data and some such hopefully they are
+interesting and not make work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and not make work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and not make work
+then we'll have a replication on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have a replication on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have a replication on
+empirical exercise and a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical exercise and a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical exercise and a research
+proposal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that
+you know you can start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can start thinking about
+ideas that you can take forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you can take forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you can take forward
+assuming you want to continue in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you want to continue in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you want to continue in this
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+um this class is really for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this class is really for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this class is really for uh
+anybody who is interested in getting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is interested in getting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is interested in getting so
+first of all it's of course anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's of course anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's of course anybody who
+wants to do development as a field but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do development as a field but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do development as a field but I
+also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think
+um that it's a good class for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's a good class for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's a good class for any
+Economist to take because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist to take because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist to take because the
+development issues are cross-cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development issues are cross-cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development issues are cross-cutting
+across all fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all fields
+so of all the field of Economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of all the field of Economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of all the field of Economics
+development is the one that is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is the one that is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is the one that is the most
+wide tent where people you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide tent where people you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide tent where people you might think
+that oh at MIT we associate development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh at MIT we associate development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh at MIT we associate development
+with RCT but that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RCT but that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RCT but that's not true
+development economics research use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics research use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics research use a
+whole range of application of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of application of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of application of methods
+and all range of insights from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all range of insights from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all range of insights from
+behavioral from Public Finance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral from Public Finance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral from Public Finance from
+labor from from macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor from from macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor from from macro
+econometrics obviously there is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics obviously there is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics obviously there is really
+not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a cultural tradition of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cultural tradition of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cultural tradition of development
+economics it's super open which you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's super open which you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's super open which you will
+also find if you continue in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also find if you continue in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also find if you continue in the field
+as you go to conference that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go to conference that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go to conference that there are
+papers going all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers going all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers going all over the place
+which means that as a young Economist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that as a young Economist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that as a young Economist as
+a budding economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budding economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budding economist
+what you will find in the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will find in the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will find in the class is
+application of everything else that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of everything else that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of everything else that you
+are learning in other classes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning in other classes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning in other classes to the
+topic of how the poorest people live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of how the poorest people live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of how the poorest people live
+their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives
+and you might wonder why it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might wonder why it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might wonder why it's an
+interesting topic why it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic why it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic why it's an important
+topic where we should think about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic where we should think about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic where we should think about it but
+maybe you don't wonder because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't wonder because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't wonder because you're
+already here but it's always worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already here but it's always worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already here but it's always worth
+thinking a kind of I like to start every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a kind of I like to start every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a kind of I like to start every
+year regardless of whether I teach or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year regardless of whether I teach or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year regardless of whether I teach or
+not to remind me of the of the enormity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to remind me of the of the enormity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to remind me of the of the enormity
+of the facts so uh in the the note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facts so uh in the the note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facts so uh in the the note that
+Ed distributed you will find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed distributed you will find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed distributed you will find uh
+ghost national income tables produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost national income tables produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost national income tables produced by
+the world bank before the covid-19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world bank before the covid-19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world bank before the covid-19
+crisis I will start talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis I will start talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis I will start talking about the
+covid-19 crisis in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid-19 crisis in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid-19 crisis in a minute
+um they use gross national income as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they use gross national income as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they use gross national income as
+opposed to GDP do you happen to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to GDP do you happen to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to GDP do you happen to know the
+difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two
+you go ahead cross national income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead cross national income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead cross national income is
+that produced by residents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced by residents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced by residents of the
+country regardless of where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country regardless of where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country regardless of where they are
+exactly it's the income that residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's the income that residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's the income that residents
+receive no matter where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive no matter where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive no matter where they
+no matter where the they've received it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where the they've received it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where the they've received it
+so that's a slightly different pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a slightly different pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a slightly different pleasure
+but it's relatively similar uh and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's relatively similar uh and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's relatively similar uh and maybe
+it's a border it's a better view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a border it's a better view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a border it's a better view of
+standard of living then it's given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living then it's given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living then it's given in
+PPP so just a reminder of what's the PVP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPP so just a reminder of what's the PVP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPP so just a reminder of what's the PVP
+adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment
+what what does PPP stands for and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does PPP stands for and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does PPP stands for and and
+how do we purchasing our Theory yep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we purchasing our Theory yep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we purchasing our Theory yep and
+it's an adjustment for like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an adjustment for like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an adjustment for like how
+expensive a particular type of goods is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive a particular type of goods is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive a particular type of goods is
+exactly so uh it's more expensive to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so uh it's more expensive to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so uh it's more expensive to get
+a haircut in New York than in Delhi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a haircut in New York than in Delhi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a haircut in New York than in Delhi uh
+that's the extreme version because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the extreme version because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the extreme version because it's
+only labor but it's more expensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only labor but it's more expensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only labor but it's more expensive in
+general to live your life in in Norway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general to live your life in in Norway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general to live your life in in Norway
+than it is in France and in France than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in France and in France than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in France and in France than
+it is in uh in Burundi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in uh in Burundi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in uh in Burundi
+um so that's the effort so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the effort so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the effort so I should
+emphasize that so how do you think we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that so how do you think we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that so how do you think we do
+that or they do that or the PPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or they do that or the PPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or they do that or the PPP
+adjustment because once we've said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment because once we've said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment because once we've said well
+it's PPP adjusted I think it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's PPP adjusted I think it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's PPP adjusted I think it's useful to
+think for a minute about how one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a minute about how one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a minute about how one would
+do such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such a thing
+do they like send people out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they like send people out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they like send people out to
+basically try to assess if there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically try to assess if there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically try to assess if there's like
+a set of goods that are could be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of goods that are could be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of goods that are could be made
+the same quality uh across like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quality uh across like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quality uh across like many
+different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries
+yes so let's unpack that so she's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so let's unpack that so she's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so let's unpack that so she's saying
+that guy is saying you send people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy is saying you send people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy is saying you send people to
+find Goods that have the same quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Goods that have the same quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Goods that have the same quality
+first of all you need to reach good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you need to reach good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you need to reach good
+uh would you one one might pick which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would you one one might pick which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would you one one might pick which
+good might one pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+food often so what you want yeah food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food often so what you want yeah food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food often so what you want yeah food
+but what you want is basically a basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you want is basically a basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you want is basically a basket
+and you want a basket that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want a basket that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want a basket that people
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+and now you immediately have the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you immediately have the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you immediately have the problem
+that people do not consume the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people do not consume the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people do not consume the same
+Basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basket
+in Burundi and in Norway in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Burundi and in Norway in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Burundi and in Norway in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+so the entire exercise it sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the entire exercise it sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the entire exercise it sounds very
+easy to say we are just for standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to say we are just for standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to say we are just for standard of
+living but in fact it's very tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living but in fact it's very tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living but in fact it's very tricky
+because uh this is the patch versus last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this is the patch versus last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this is the patch versus last
+person indices of inflation if it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person indices of inflation if it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person indices of inflation if it's from
+you know bring some Bell from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring some Bell from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring some Bell from uh from
+undergraduate economics but uh very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate economics but uh very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate economics but uh very very
+uh on on steroid in a sense that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on on steroid in a sense that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on on steroid in a sense that problem
+is which is uh in fact it's very nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is uh in fact it's very nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is uh in fact it's very nice to
+think that one could do PPP adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that one could do PPP adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that one could do PPP adjustment
+but one cannot very easily because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one cannot very easily because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one cannot very easily because the
+the baskets are not even the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baskets are not even the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baskets are not even the same and
+then there is the question of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is the question of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is the question of the the
+quality which I can emphasized and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality which I can emphasized and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality which I can emphasized and then
+there is a question of actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a question of actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a question of actually getting
+hold of the prices in rich countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold of the prices in rich countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold of the prices in rich countries
+there are scanners and people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are scanners and people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are scanners and people use
+scanners in poor countries you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners in poor countries you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners in poor countries you have
+indeed to send people out to markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed to send people out to markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed to send people out to markets
+where you send the people to the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you send the people to the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you send the people to the market
+is making a huge difference so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making a huge difference so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making a huge difference so if you're
+only sending them to the cities you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sending them to the cities you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sending them to the cities you get
+the prices in the cities and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices in the cities and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices in the cities and you get the
+goods in the city but you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the city but you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the city but you go to the
+countryside you go far from the city uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside you go far from the city uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside you go far from the city uh
+the the the the best goods are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the best goods are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the best goods are not the
+same some goods are going to be entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some goods are going to be entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some goods are going to be entirely
+missing and the price are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and the price are not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and the price are not the same
+you're very far from the place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very far from the place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very far from the place where the
+things are being produced or shipped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being produced or shipped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being produced or shipped and
+so the price have gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price have gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price have gone up
+uh or maybe the demand is very loose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or maybe the demand is very loose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or maybe the demand is very loose so
+the price have gone down who knows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price have gone down who knows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price have gone down who knows but
+all that said it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that said it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that said it's not the same
+and so there is a project at the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is a project at the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is a project at the bank
+called the international price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the international price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the international price
+comparison project uh which is a victim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison project uh which is a victim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison project uh which is a victim
+of people which are doing that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people which are doing that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people which are doing that they are
+doing that all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that all the time
+and they are from time to time they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are from time to time they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are from time to time they they
+give you a rabbis uh TPP adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a rabbis uh TPP adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a rabbis uh TPP adjustments
+and then they immediately get under Fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they immediately get under Fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they immediately get under Fire
+for not having done it right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not having done it right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not having done it right uh
+and it's not completely anecdotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not completely anecdotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not completely anecdotal
+because it becomes very very political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it becomes very very political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it becomes very very political
+how many poor people they are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many poor people they are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many poor people they are in a
+particular country at some moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular country at some moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular country at some moments
+countries want to have a lot of poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries want to have a lot of poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries want to have a lot of poor
+people because that help them in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because that help them in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because that help them in getting
+assistance at some people they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance at some people they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance at some people they want to
+show that they have eliminated poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they have eliminated poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they have eliminated poverty
+so they want to get rid of the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they want to get rid of the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they want to get rid of the so the
+moment this price lists come up uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this price lists come up uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this price lists come up uh um
+there is a big you know political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a big you know political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a big you know political
+hullabaloo so all that to say that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hullabaloo so all that to say that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hullabaloo so all that to say that when
+we look at the piece of paper just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the piece of paper just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the piece of paper just in
+this piece of paper of the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper of the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper of the gross
+national income there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national income there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national income there is a lot of
+assumption behind there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption behind there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption behind there is a lot of
+politics behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics behind
+and you can make sure for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make sure for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make sure for example that
+Angus ditan will go after you for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angus ditan will go after you for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angus ditan will go after you for not
+having done it right but they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done it right but they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done it right but they are doing
+the best they can and they produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best they can and they produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best they can and they produced
+these synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these synthesis
+and this and we are using them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and we are using them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and we are using them so
+conceptually we are trying to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we are trying to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we are trying to say that
+it adjusts for the for the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adjusts for the for the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adjusts for the for the price of
+living with all of that said what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living with all of that said what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living with all of that said what's the
+richest country in the world according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest country in the world according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest country in the world according
+to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh
+to the to those tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well which is few countries in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Singapore maybe I think there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore maybe I think there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore maybe I think there is one
+that's even richer sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even richer sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even richer sorry
+uh yeah that's definitely in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should have the piece of paper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have the piece of paper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have the piece of paper to
+verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it might be Macau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh who is a Dean gross national income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is a Dean gross national income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is a Dean gross national income
+per capita of uh 123
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita of uh 123
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita of uh 123
+000 and then Singapore Qatar Bermuda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 and then Singapore Qatar Bermuda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 and then Singapore Qatar Bermuda
+luxembourne Switzerland Come Close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxembourne Switzerland Come Close by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxembourne Switzerland Come Close by
+below now of course what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below now of course what's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below now of course what's wrong with
+these countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries
+all of these countries already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these countries already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these countries already
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+thinking of the standard of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep they're all consist of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep they're all consist of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep they're all consist of essentially
+one large one or two large cities yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one large one or two large cities yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one large one or two large cities yeah
+yeah and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and
+the physical products like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical products like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical products like
+that's not me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so next if we remove them who comes next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next if we remove them who comes next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next if we remove them who comes next
+sort of through a real country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quite close there's one more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite close there's one more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite close there's one more that
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way
+yep we have Norway and then the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep we have Norway and then the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep we have Norway and then the US
+and then what's the poorest country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's the poorest country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's the poorest country and
+of course life is super expensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course life is super expensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course life is super expensive in
+Norway but remember it's PPP adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway but remember it's PPP adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway but remember it's PPP adjusted
+the poorest country in the world I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest country in the world I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest country in the world I I
+already put the slide up so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already put the slide up so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already put the slide up so I'm going to
+not let the suspense hold its bondy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let the suspense hold its bondy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let the suspense hold its bondy
+according to this list at 790 dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this list at 790 dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this list at 790 dollars
+so if we do the the ratio of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do the the ratio of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do the the ratio of the two
+uh that's a lot that's the large you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a lot that's the large you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a lot that's the large you
+know take care know where to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take care know where to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take care know where to uh
+to go indeed the ratio of almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go indeed the ratio of almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go indeed the ratio of almost a
+hundred one in 200. and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred one in 200. and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred one in 200. and remember
+remember that we've tried the PPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we've tried the PPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we've tried the PPP
+adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment
+so it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to
+it's hard to think it's hard to fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to think it's hard to fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to think it's hard to fully
+visualize them even though we've know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize them even though we've know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize them even though we've know
+with those you're thinking and still of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those you're thinking and still of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those you're thinking and still of
+thinking of worldly and living in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of worldly and living in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of worldly and living in but
+with within principle done the ppv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with within principle done the ppv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with within principle done the ppv
+adjustment so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment so this is uh
+as close as we have from this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as we have from this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as we have from this very
+simple measure that's an imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple measure that's an imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple measure that's an imperfect
+measure that is income of what standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that is income of what standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that is income of what standard
+of living are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of living are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of living are present
+now that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a lot
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+understanding where this comes from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where this comes from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where this comes from an
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+how people who is so little money live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people who is so little money live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people who is so little money live
+their life and manage and all of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life and manage and all of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life and manage and all of that is
+you know of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of time
+important it's hard to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's hard to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's hard to think of
+something that's that's more that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's more that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's more that's
+that's more key compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more key compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more key compared to
+I love Public Finance but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Public Finance but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Public Finance but we are
+thinking about you know improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know improving the
+reducing the the some inefficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the the some inefficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the the some inefficiency and
+something reducing the triangle by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reducing the triangle by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reducing the triangle by two
+percent of talking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of talking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of talking about like
+differences in income of one in 200 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income of one in 200 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income of one in 200 so
+that has to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking a lot of space in our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a lot of space in our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a lot of space in our brain
+and of course you could say well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you could say well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you could say well it's
+just money money is not everything there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just money money is not everything there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just money money is not everything there
+is to Poverty but this is income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Poverty but this is income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Poverty but this is income
+difference is of course matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is of course matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is of course matter for
+well-being outcomes more generally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being outcomes more generally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being outcomes more generally as
+well it's a fantastic we're making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a fantastic we're making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a fantastic we're making of
+equating GDP with well-being we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equating GDP with well-being we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equating GDP with well-being we're
+certainly not going to do that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not going to do that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not going to do that mistake
+in this class but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can see that it is related so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that it is related so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that it is related so for
+example if you look at the under five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at the under five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at the under five
+mortality in Norway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality in Norway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality in Norway
+it's two deaths per thousand live births
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two deaths per thousand live births
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two deaths per thousand live births
+if you look at the infant mortality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the infant mortality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the infant mortality in
+in Bondi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bondi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bondi
+a similar number it's 57 deaths per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar number it's 57 deaths per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar number it's 57 deaths per
+thousand live bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand live bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand live bars
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this factor of one in two hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this factor of one in two hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this factor of one in two hundred and
+standard of living is also a factorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living is also a factorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living is also a factorized
+1 into 25 in the chance to to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 into 25 in the chance to to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 into 25 in the chance to to make it
+past your first or first day or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past your first or first day or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past your first or first day or your
+fifth or your fifth birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth or your fifth birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth or your fifth birthday
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and although income is neither necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although income is neither necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although income is neither necessary
+nor sufficient so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor sufficient so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor sufficient so for example if you
+compare what is the under five mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what is the under five mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what is the under five mortality
+in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's seven thirty thousand seven per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seven thirty thousand seven per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seven thirty thousand seven per
+thousand so it's like three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand so it's like three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand so it's like three and a half
+time Norway with a very similar GDP per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Norway with a very similar GDP per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Norway with a very similar GDP per
+capita and now if we compare Sri Lanka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita and now if we compare Sri Lanka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita and now if we compare Sri Lanka
+and Guatemala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the US
+and Guatemala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Guatemala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Guatemala
+25 and Guatemala is if I'm not wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 and Guatemala is if I'm not wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 and Guatemala is if I'm not wrong
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+in these tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these tables
+so income is not uh sufficient it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so income is not uh sufficient it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so income is not uh sufficient it's not
+necessary Sri Lanka is just as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary Sri Lanka is just as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary Sri Lanka is just as good as
+U.S in this table I should say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S in this table I should say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S in this table I should say this is a
+pre-covid numbers the Sri Lanka is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-covid numbers the Sri Lanka is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-covid numbers the Sri Lanka is
+falling apart right now but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling apart right now but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling apart right now but this is
+pretty good number and and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good number and and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good number and and on the other
+hand you have countries that are a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you have countries that are a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you have countries that are a very
+similar level who are doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar level who are doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar level who are doing very
+differently showing the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently showing the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently showing the importance of
+probably policy but also you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably policy but also you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably policy but also you know maybe
+culture maybe the way people organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture maybe the way people organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture maybe the way people organize
+their lives Etc so showing that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives Etc so showing that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives Etc so showing that there is
+certainly a lot to understand about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a lot to understand about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a lot to understand about what
+can be done even with very little money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done even with very little money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done even with very little money
+with very little income in a country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very little income in a country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very little income in a country and
+what can be wasted even with a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be wasted even with a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be wasted even with a fair
+amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money
+uh of course one with covid-19 crisis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of course one with covid-19 crisis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of course one with covid-19 crisis as
+uh you know maybe makes you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe makes you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe makes you think that
+you you should listen you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should listen you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should listen you should do
+Health economics but for me it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health economics but for me it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health economics but for me it's one
+more reason to uh why we need to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reason to uh why we need to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reason to uh why we need to to do
+development genomics the the you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development genomics the the you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development genomics the the you all
+know that the rate of vaccination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the rate of vaccination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the rate of vaccination is
+extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+Again by by income by income level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by by income by income level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by by income by income level so
+your thing this is the colors here is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing this is the colors here is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing this is the colors here is by
+uh is according to the the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is according to the the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is according to the the number of uh
+doses received this is relatively recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses received this is relatively recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses received this is relatively recent
+data I think I I retrieved the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I think I I retrieved the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I think I I retrieved the data
+towards the the end of July and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the end of July and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the end of July and you're
+seeing uh the U.S Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dark blue as a lot of people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue as a lot of people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue as a lot of people get
+vaccinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinated
+Africa are almost you know almost white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa are almost you know almost white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa are almost you know almost white
+so as we are thinking about booster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we are thinking about booster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we are thinking about booster
+shots and and immunizing your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots and and immunizing your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots and and immunizing your children
+and things like that the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that the the number of
+people who are vaccinated against kovid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are vaccinated against kovid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are vaccinated against kovid
+in Africa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+less than a few percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing that was very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that was very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that was very different
+during the covet crisis and sets apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the covet crisis and sets apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the covet crisis and sets apart
+what it is to be poor and really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be poor and really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be poor and really just
+makes uh uh is probably a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh uh is probably a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh uh is probably a direct
+consequences of poverty is the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of poverty is the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of poverty is the uh um
+vegetarian fiscal support to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetarian fiscal support to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetarian fiscal support to uh to
+people and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and from
+so across the rich countries uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so across the rich countries uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so across the rich countries uh do you
+know this is so small that you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is so small that you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is so small that you probably
+can't train and therefore I can ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't train and therefore I can ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't train and therefore I can ask you
+the question do you know more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question do you know more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question do you know more or less
+what fraction of gdp-rich countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of gdp-rich countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of gdp-rich countries
+spent on fiscal stimulus measure during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on fiscal stimulus measure during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on fiscal stimulus measure during
+the covet crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covet crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covet crisis
+uh on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than five or less than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than five
+more than 50 or less than 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than 50. so somewhere between 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 50. so somewhere between 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 50. so somewhere between 5 and
+50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.
+about 20 about 20 percent so the the EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 about 20 percent so the the EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 about 20 percent so the the EU
+the US the rich countries Korea spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US the rich countries Korea spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US the rich countries Korea spend
+about 20 percent of their GDP in fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 percent of their GDP in fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 percent of their GDP in fiscal
+stimulus measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus measure
+now how when how much money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how when how much money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how when how much money in the
+poorest country spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest country spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest country spent
+Bull Pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as fraction of their GDP which are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fraction of their GDP which are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fraction of their GDP which are of
+course much smaller as we because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course much smaller as we because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course much smaller as we because they
+are the poorest country by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two percent
+so the poorest country spent about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the poorest country spent about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the poorest country spent about two
+percent of their much smaller GDP in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their much smaller GDP in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their much smaller GDP in uh
+to probably prop up their economy during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably prop up their economy during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably prop up their economy during
+the government crisis and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government crisis and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government crisis and then the
+Emerging Markets we spent about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerging Markets we spent about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emerging Markets we spent about six
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+so that's that's how different it was of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's how different it was of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's how different it was of
+course that's a direct consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a direct consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a direct consequence of
+money the rich countries could borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the rich countries could borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the rich countries could borrow
+essentially at zero interest rate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at zero interest rate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at zero interest rate with
+no impact on their uh on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no impact on their uh on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no impact on their uh on their
+credit rating or early anything it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit rating or early anything it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit rating or early anything it was
+basically magic money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically magic money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically magic money
+and understood as such which allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understood as such which allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understood as such which allowed
+them to do the whatever it takes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do the whatever it takes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do the whatever it takes that
+popped us up but the rich country didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped us up but the rich country didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped us up but the rich country didn't
+have that option if you are the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that option if you are the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that option if you are the country
+of uh you know even India it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know even India it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know even India it's not that
+you can go out on the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go out on the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go out on the international
+market and borrow in order to uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and borrow in order to uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and borrow in order to uh to to
+spend on your citizen it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on your citizen it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on your citizen it's just not
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so the only way for the poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way for the poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way for the poor countries
+to have spent more on kovitz 19 stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have spent more on kovitz 19 stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have spent more on kovitz 19 stimulus
+measure would have to receive either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure would have to receive either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure would have to receive either a
+direct ad in the form of a budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct ad in the form of a budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct ad in the form of a budget
+support or something that the IMF has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support or something that the IMF has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support or something that the IMF has
+really worked on but it's not even fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked on but it's not even fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked on but it's not even fully
+finalized now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized now
+to uh in a sense get the authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh in a sense get the authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh in a sense get the authorization
+to create money via a special growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create money via a special growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create money via a special growing
+rights which would be the equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which would be the equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which would be the equivalent to
+the whole world can decide to emit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole world can decide to emit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole world can decide to emit more
+money because the IMF calls the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because the IMF calls the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because the IMF calls the special
+drawing rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing rights
+but to uh when the when we do that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to uh when the when we do that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to uh when the when we do that first
+of all it everyone has to agree to emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all it everyone has to agree to emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all it everyone has to agree to emit
+more special drawing rights second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more special drawing rights second of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more special drawing rights second of
+all wants the special growing rights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wants the special growing rights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wants the special growing rights are
+emitted they are uh allocated according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted they are uh allocated according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted they are uh allocated according
+to contribution to the IMF which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribution to the IMF which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribution to the IMF which is
+roughly according to the GDP which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly according to the GDP which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly according to the GDP which is
+that those this money was created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those this money was created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those this money was created
+finally sometimes in May or June but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sometimes in May or June but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sometimes in May or June but
+then it was allocated to country as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was allocated to country as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was allocated to country as a
+fraction of their money so it went again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of their money so it went again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of their money so it went again
+in priority to the rich country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in priority to the rich country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in priority to the rich country
+and then they needed to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they needed to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they needed to do some
+complicated manipulation to get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated manipulation to get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated manipulation to get it to
+the to kind of give up their allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to kind of give up their allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to kind of give up their allocation
+to give it to the poor countries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it to the poor countries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it to the poor countries but
+they didn't the U.S refused to it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't the U.S refused to it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't the U.S refused to it didn't
+really happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen
+so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that
+this is something that we don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that we don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that we don't fully
+know of course the ramification of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of course the ramification of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of course the ramification of of
+the fact that two countries weren't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that two countries weren't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that two countries weren't able
+to spend as much to prop their economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend as much to prop their economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend as much to prop their economy
+but it means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it means that uh
+um any it ended up being a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any it ended up being a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any it ended up being a much bigger
+shock on the lives of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock on the lives of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock on the lives of people who are
+much more fragile to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more fragile to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more fragile to start with
+even though at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though at the beginning of the
+crisis in particular the health shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in particular the health shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in particular the health shock
+per se wasn't uh wasn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se wasn't uh wasn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se wasn't uh wasn't uh
+that land in the poor country compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that land in the poor country compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that land in the poor country compared
+to the Richer countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Richer countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Richer countries
+but that shows you you know the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that shows you you know the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that shows you you know the huge
+difference it means to be uh the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it means to be uh the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it means to be uh the huge
+difference in life because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in life because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in life because of course
+then it has implications because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has implications because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has implications because
+countries that could not support their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that could not support their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that could not support their
+citizen during lockdown couldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen during lockdown couldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen during lockdown couldn't really
+do lockdown beyond the point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lockdown beyond the point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lockdown beyond the point you
+remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the
+terrible third wave in India or for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible third wave in India or for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible third wave in India or for them
+it was more like a second wave in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more like a second wave in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more like a second wave in India
+and then in Indonesia and in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in Indonesia and in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in Indonesia and in both cases
+we have now one in Sri Lanka in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now one in Sri Lanka in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now one in Sri Lanka in all
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+it is known it's not that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known it's not that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known it's not that this
+government don't know that they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government don't know that they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government don't know that they should
+lock down but they cannot because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock down but they cannot because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock down but they cannot because they
+cannot uh they cannot afford it they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot uh they cannot afford it they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot uh they cannot afford it they are
+citizens cannot afford it so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens cannot afford it so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens cannot afford it so the two
+things are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are connected
+so this difference in GDP are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this difference in GDP are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this difference in GDP are coming
+also from uh so I have ramifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from uh so I have ramifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from uh so I have ramifications
+that are important that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important that are really
+matters of life and death uh in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters of life and death uh in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters of life and death uh in normal
+time and in in the not normal time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in in the not normal time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in in the not normal time we
+are living today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are living today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are living today
+there are also massive differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also massive differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also massive differences in
+ghost rates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost rates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost rates uh
+so if you take a for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a for example the
+difference between China grew at 6.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between China grew at 6.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between China grew at 6.5
+percent the Bondi grew in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the Bondi grew in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the Bondi grew in the same
+period at about 0.15 percent Pakistan at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period at about 0.15 percent Pakistan at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period at about 0.15 percent Pakistan at
+about three percent in the middle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three percent in the middle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three percent in the middle uh
+like in Indonesia and Kenya at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Indonesia and Kenya at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Indonesia and Kenya at one point
+eighteen percent and you can see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen percent and you can see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen percent and you can see that uh
+this difference in growth rates are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference in growth rates are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference in growth rates are for
+countries that start at relatively uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that start at relatively uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that start at relatively uh
+similar level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar level
+so this is something that that has of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that that has of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that that has of
+course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh
+puzzled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concerned Economist across Fields there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned Economist across Fields there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned Economist across Fields there
+is a whole study of of economic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole study of of economic growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole study of of economic growth
+and in a minute I'll go to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a minute I'll go to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a minute I'll go to sort of
+various ways to to that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a martial to try to understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martial to try to understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martial to try to understand these
+different rating growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rating growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rating growth rate
+one thing I want to also point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want to also point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want to also point out
+especially as I mentioned the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as I mentioned the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as I mentioned the the the
+difference in uh in in the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in uh in in the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in uh in in the quality of
+life between people in poor and richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life between people in poor and richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life between people in poor and richer
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+is the fact that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that um
+we shouldn't either be too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depressed about the situation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed about the situation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed about the situation of the
+poor countries or maybe we can now post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries or maybe we can now post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries or maybe we can now post
+kovid but pre-covered in some sense what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovid but pre-covered in some sense what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovid but pre-covered in some sense what
+what happened in emerging economy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in emerging economy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in emerging economy over
+the last few decades is perhaps the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few decades is perhaps the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few decades is perhaps the best
+geopolitical news that there was in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical news that there was in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical news that there was in an
+environment where there was there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where there was there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where there was there is a
+lot of discontent in Rich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discontent in Rich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discontent in Rich and
+middle-income countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-income countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-income countries
+uh going inequality Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going inequality Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going inequality Etc
+one thing that happened to the poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that happened to the poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that happened to the poorest
+of the world is that they became less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world is that they became less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world is that they became less
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is what people called sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what people called sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what people called sometimes the
+elephant curve because it has kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant curve because it has kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant curve because it has kind of a
+big bag and then or maybe that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bag and then or maybe that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bag and then or maybe that's the
+head and that's the trunk or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and that's the trunk or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and that's the trunk or something
+like that and it's looking at uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and it's looking at uh per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and it's looking at uh per
+adult really income growth rate uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult really income growth rate uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult really income growth rate uh over
+the last uh since 1950 per adult income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last uh since 1950 per adult income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last uh since 1950 per adult income
+growth rate of um by income group in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of um by income group in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of um by income group in the
+world in the world and if you notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in the world and if you notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in the world and if you notice the
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+the axis is not it's it's logarithmic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis is not it's it's logarithmic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis is not it's it's logarithmic so
+we are looking at the very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at the very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at the very very very
+rich here and then we are comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich here and then we are comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich here and then we are comparing
+towards the beginning of the graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the beginning of the graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the beginning of the graph we
+are comparing 10 points not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comparing 10 points not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comparing 10 points not even
+logarithmic but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic but it's sort of
+stresses out towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses out towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses out towards the end of the
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+so this is the part that you surely ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the part that you surely ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the part that you surely ever
+have heard about uh in many setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about uh in many setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about uh in many setting
+which is over that time period uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is over that time period uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is over that time period uh the
+top one percent of capture 27 of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one percent of capture 27 of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one percent of capture 27 of global
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+income growth rate of the richest was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income growth rate of the richest was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income growth rate of the richest was uh
+200 200 percent for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 200 percent for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 200 percent for the
+0.0001 percent of the world uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0001 percent of the world uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0001 percent of the world uh and
+really it's the story of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's the story of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's the story of the top
+point in the top percent and even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the top percent and even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the top percent and even more
+perhaps the top uh one tenth of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the top uh one tenth of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the top uh one tenth of one
+percent of the world population uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the world population uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the world population uh
+becoming richer and richer and richer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming richer and richer and richer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming richer and richer and richer so
+we've we know that just from living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we know that just from living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we know that just from living in
+great countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great countries
+but the other part of this graph is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other part of this graph is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other part of this graph is also
+interesting which is the income of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is the income of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is the income of the
+poor actually in proportion also went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor actually in proportion also went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor actually in proportion also went up
+more than that of the squeezed up bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that of the squeezed up bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that of the squeezed up bottom
+90 percent in the U.S and Western Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 percent in the U.S and Western Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 percent in the U.S and Western Europe
+so the poorest people in the world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the poorest people in the world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the poorest people in the world the
+people are the 20th percentile 30th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are the 20th percentile 30th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are the 20th percentile 30th
+percent their income actually increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent their income actually increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent their income actually increased
+by hundred percent over this period on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hundred percent over this period on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hundred percent over this period on
+average which is about as much as the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average which is about as much as the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average which is about as much as the in
+as the growth of income of the top zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the growth of income of the top zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the growth of income of the top zero
+zero one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one percent
+so this was actually of course uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was actually of course uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was actually of course uh you
+know the the uh China becoming much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the uh China becoming much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the uh China becoming much
+richer India going very fast Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer India going very fast Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer India going very fast Brazil
+because going uh somewhat fast that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because going uh somewhat fast that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because going uh somewhat fast that has
+uh caused that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh caused that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh caused that
+even pre-covered this was flattening out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even pre-covered this was flattening out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even pre-covered this was flattening out
+because uh of China and India being Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh of China and India being Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh of China and India being Now
+sufficiently Rich yet we don't see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently Rich yet we don't see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently Rich yet we don't see so
+many of their citizen in the bottom 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of their citizen in the bottom 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of their citizen in the bottom 10
+percent so that that elephant is slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent so that that elephant is slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent so that that elephant is slowly
+slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly
+flattening flattening its head out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening flattening its head out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening flattening its head out
+but it's uh it's a very important very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh it's a very important very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's uh it's a very important very
+important story yeah do you know if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important story yeah do you know if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important story yeah do you know if this
+graph is based on what their income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is based on what their income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is based on what their income
+representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+decades ago or their income percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago or their income percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago or their income percentile
+as it is now oh so from the beginning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is now oh so from the beginning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is now oh so from the beginning so
+it's the income of over this time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the income of over this time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the income of over this time period
+the income of the people who were at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income of the people who were at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income of the people who were at the
+beginning from the from the uh at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh so that's something to to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so that's something to to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so that's something to to remember
+and so you could say well this is China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could say well this is China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could say well this is China
+and India this is a story mainly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India this is a story mainly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India this is a story mainly of
+China and India but the story of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and India but the story of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and India but the story of the
+world getting better post a pre-covid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world getting better post a pre-covid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world getting better post a pre-covid is
+a story that was not only China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story that was not only China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story that was not only China and
+India first of all there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India first of all there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India first of all there were a lot of
+extremely poor people in China and India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely poor people in China and India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely poor people in China and India
+so that's a good thing even if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good thing even if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good thing even if it was
+just that but the story of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that but the story of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that but the story of things
+getting better in the world is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better in the world is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better in the world is actually
+a little bit everywhere not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit everywhere not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit everywhere not necessarily
+in terms of income so in African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of income so in African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of income so in African
+countries I've had very diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries I've had very diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries I've had very diverse
+experiences from country to Country some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences from country to Country some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences from country to Country some
+have grown very fast and some not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown very fast and some not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown very fast and some not much
+but in terms of welfare for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of welfare for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of welfare for example if
+you look at the average years of cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the average years of cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the average years of cooling
+between 1950 and 2010 you can see a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1950 and 2010 you can see a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1950 and 2010 you can see a huge
+increase in years of schooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in years of schooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in years of schooling
+and this is you know this is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you know this is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is you know this is the average
+years of schooling so of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling so of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling so of course this is
+this this takes into account all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this takes into account all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this takes into account all the
+adults so this moves slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults so this moves slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults so this moves slowly
+but you can see as the map is more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see as the map is more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see as the map is more on
+markets getting into school today again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets getting into school today again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets getting into school today again
+pre-covered uh the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-covered uh the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-covered uh the vast majority of
+children were on hold in Primary School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were on hold in Primary School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were on hold in Primary School
+vast majority of primary school children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of primary school children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of primary school children
+in the world were enrolled in Primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world were enrolled in Primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world were enrolled in Primary
+School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School
+literacy rate as a as a consequence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy rate as a as a consequence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy rate as a as a consequence by
+as also a change so this is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as also a change so this is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as also a change so this is looking at
+recent data but by comparing the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent data but by comparing the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent data but by comparing the older
+to the youngest we're among the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the youngest we're among the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the youngest we're among the old
+people it's very red not very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it's very red not very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it's very red not very many
+people are are literate but among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are are literate but among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are are literate but among the
+young people it's much Bluer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people it's much Bluer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people it's much Bluer
+still like along the getting better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like along the getting better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like along the getting better the
+global Malaria deaths by World region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global Malaria deaths by World region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global Malaria deaths by World region
+is on this picture you can see that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this picture you can see that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this picture you can see that most
+of them are in Africa but it's falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are in Africa but it's falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are in Africa but it's falling
+down at a incredible speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at a incredible speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at a incredible speed
+and those gains uh they are against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those gains uh they are against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those gains uh they are against that
+happened even in places they were GDP uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened even in places they were GDP uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened even in places they were GDP uh
+per capita almost didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita almost didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita almost didn't change
+um so these are so they have been gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are so they have been gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are so they have been gained
+in the welfare of people coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the welfare of people coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the welfare of people coming from
+better police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better police
+coming and so that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and so that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and so that's something that's
+super interesting to to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super interesting to to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super interesting to to understand why
+it did come about from a geopolitical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did come about from a geopolitical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did come about from a geopolitical
+perspective that there was more focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that there was more focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that there was more focus on
+this issues and more ability to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issues and more ability to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issues and more ability to deliver
+as we move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move along
+as a result you have you know a decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result you have you know a decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result you have you know a decline
+in children mortality particularly fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children mortality particularly fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children mortality particularly fast
+in low-income country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in low-income country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in low-income country
+but unfortunately the question now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately the question now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately the question now is
+what's going to happen and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen and that's what
+we don't know that's also why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that's also why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that's also why it's a
+particularly maybe fascinating time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly maybe fascinating time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly maybe fascinating time to
+study development because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study development because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study development because
+the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next
+I think we have a better sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have a better sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have a better sense of what
+the next few years will be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few years will be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few years will be in this
+country I don't think we have any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I don't think we have any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I don't think we have any sense
+of what the next few years will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the next few years will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the next few years will be in
+poor countries I don't have any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries I don't have any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries I don't have any sense
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+understanding what is happening now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what is happening now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what is happening now and
+what has happened in the past and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has happened in the past and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has happened in the past and how
+people how people react to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how people react to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how people react to different
+situations is something that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations is something that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations is something that is going to
+help us say something about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us say something about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us say something about this and
+also maybe make it better so pre-covid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also maybe make it better so pre-covid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also maybe make it better so pre-covid
+the projection was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection was that
+the poverty rate was going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty rate was going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty rate was going to continue
+to to diminish uh of course at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to diminish uh of course at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to diminish uh of course at a lower
+rate simply because the South Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate simply because the South Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate simply because the South Asian
+country are becoming too too rich so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country are becoming too too rich so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country are becoming too too rich so
+they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot
+they cannot contribute much to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot contribute much to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot contribute much to the
+poverty rate they don't have very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rate they don't have very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rate they don't have very many
+poor people to contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people to contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people to contribute
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh but and they were already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but and they were already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but and they were already a
+little bit pessimistic about sub-Saharan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit pessimistic about sub-Saharan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit pessimistic about sub-Saharan
+Africa managing to further go down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa managing to further go down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa managing to further go down in
+terms of number of poor people and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of number of poor people and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of number of poor people and this
+is where we were before coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we were before coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we were before coming
+after kovid of course the the this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after kovid of course the the this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after kovid of course the the this has
+changed these are also projection for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed these are also projection for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed these are also projection for
+the World Bank of what they call the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Bank of what they call the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Bank of what they call the uh
+now casting which is of course uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now casting which is of course uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now casting which is of course uh the
+way we normally count the number of poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we normally count the number of poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we normally count the number of poor
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh actually do you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually do you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually do you know how
+we count the how they count the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count the how they count the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count the how they count the number
+of poor people so if we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor people so if we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor people so if we calculate the
+poverty rate how do we how do they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rate how do we how do they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rate how do we how do they go
+about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+um you define a poverty line which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you define a poverty line which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you define a poverty line which is
+based on a basket of woods that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a basket of woods that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a basket of woods that people
+can afford and the price of that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford and the price of that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford and the price of that if the
+household earns less than that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household earns less than that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household earns less than that money
+that depends on the number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the number of people
+that live in the household and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live in the household and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live in the household and then that
+household is qualified exactly so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household is qualified exactly so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household is qualified exactly so at the
+international level right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international level right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international level right now the
+poverty line is 1.90 in PvP dollar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line is 1.90 in PvP dollar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line is 1.90 in PvP dollar it
+keeps moving up by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving up by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving up by the way
+um it used to be one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it used to be one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it used to be one and then
+um so but again that's the same team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but again that's the same team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but again that's the same team
+that those PPP calculations who does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those PPP calculations who does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those PPP calculations who does it
+and there and then you need to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and then you need to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and then you need to send
+people out to survey people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out to survey people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out to survey people
+and what happened during the covid-19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened during the covid-19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened during the covid-19
+crisis is also being stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis is also being stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis is also being stopped
+so we don't really know how many poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't really know how many poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't really know how many poor
+people there are the truth is we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are the truth is we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are the truth is we have no
+idea how many poor people there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how many poor people there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how many poor people there because
+it hasn't been possible to go survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't been possible to go survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't been possible to go survey
+people in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in person
+most statistical for example in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most statistical for example in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most statistical for example in India
+the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national
+survey organization National example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey organization National example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey organization National example
+survey organization that is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey organization that is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey organization that is normally
+conducting large-scale survey every five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting large-scale survey every five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting large-scale survey every five
+years and a slightly smaller dipstick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and a slightly smaller dipstick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and a slightly smaller dipstick
+surveys every year I stopped doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys every year I stopped doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys every year I stopped doing it
+and even if they're doing it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if they're doing it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if they're doing it the
+government is not reporting what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is not reporting what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is not reporting what they
+are doing anyway so it's been replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing anyway so it's been replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing anyway so it's been replaced
+by private companies that will you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by private companies that will you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by private companies that will you know
+provide you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you with
+household survey data that who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household survey data that who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household survey data that who knows
+how they are sampled Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they are sampled Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they are sampled Etc
+uh so that's not really a replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's not really a replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's not really a replacement
+but we have completely lost the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have completely lost the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have completely lost the ability
+to even measure how many poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even measure how many poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even measure how many poor people
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+so because we hate to not be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because we hate to not be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because we hate to not be able to say
+things even if we don't have the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things even if we don't have the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things even if we don't have the data
+what the what bank does is that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what bank does is that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what bank does is that the uh
+they use they do what they call now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use they do what they call now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use they do what they call now
+casting which is they predict how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting which is they predict how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting which is they predict how many
+people they should be based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they should be based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they should be based on the
+country's GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's GDP
+so in a sense these numbers are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense these numbers are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense these numbers are just a
+translation of the fact that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of the fact that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of the fact that we could
+have looked directly which is the GDP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked directly which is the GDP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked directly which is the GDP of
+this country is collapsed but with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country is collapsed but with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country is collapsed but with that
+in mind so you don't one shouldn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so you don't one shouldn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so you don't one shouldn't take
+these numbers two two seriously but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers two two seriously but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers two two seriously but in
+that in mind of course there there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind of course there there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind of course there there has
+been a huge increase in number of poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a huge increase in number of poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a huge increase in number of poor
+people in 2020 which hasn't let down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in 2020 which hasn't let down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in 2020 which hasn't let down in
+2021 of course we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 of course we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 of course we don't know what's
+happening next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening next
+uh and why we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and why we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and why we don't know what's
+happening next is that at least at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening next is that at least at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening next is that at least at this
+point and that's one thing that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's one thing that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's one thing that I'm
+hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that
+some of the thinking in this class will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the thinking in this class will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the thinking in this class will
+help us think too is we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think too is we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think too is we don't know
+whether this change in GDP and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this change in GDP and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this change in GDP and the
+change in individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in individual
+standard of living will be transitory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living will be transitory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living will be transitory or
+permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent
+in many cases for example in rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases for example in rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases for example in rich
+countries you can be fairly confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can be fairly confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can be fairly confident
+that even if people are poor to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if people are poor to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if people are poor to that
+they can you know they'll bounce up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can you know they'll bounce up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can you know they'll bounce up and
+be and and go back in the swing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and and go back in the swing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and and go back in the swing of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+but one of the things we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things we are going to
+talk about a lot here is poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a lot here is poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a lot here is poverty trap
+and the question or the idea that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question or the idea that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question or the idea that that
+that possibly uh being poor keeps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibly uh being poor keeps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibly uh being poor keeps you
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+and therefore that if and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that if and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that if and but
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+so we have no idea whether at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have no idea whether at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have no idea whether at the
+individual level their poverty type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level their poverty type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level their poverty type so
+some of the people who were kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the people who were kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the people who were kind of just
+edged out of the poverty trap will kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged out of the poverty trap will kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged out of the poverty trap will kind
+of fall back up and at the country level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fall back up and at the country level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fall back up and at the country level
+things like education system health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like education system health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like education system health
+system will be able to catch up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will be able to catch up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will be able to catch up the
+generation that they have missed so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that they have missed so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that they have missed so far
+or not yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not yep
+um in terms of the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the historical
+Improvement like how much do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement like how much do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement like how much do you think
+came from like internal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from like internal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from like internal policy
+improvements and how much came from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and how much came from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and how much came from like
+accidentally or like external pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally or like external pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally or like external pressure
+on the countries to improve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the countries to improve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the countries to improve those
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+so I think a fair uh summary is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think a fair uh summary is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think a fair uh summary is that
+nothing can come just from external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can come just from external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can come just from external
+pressure If you're looking at uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure If you're looking at uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure If you're looking at uh from
+for most country in the world the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most country in the world the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most country in the world the the
+fraction of Aid given as a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Aid given as a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Aid given as a fraction of
+GDP is is minuscule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is is minuscule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is is minuscule
+so uh there are some very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are some very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are some very small
+countries that are also very poor where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are also very poor where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are also very poor where
+it's a lot more important but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more important but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more important but in the
+world as a whole even in Africa the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as a whole even in Africa the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as a whole even in Africa the
+fraction of Aid as a fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Aid as a fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Aid as a fraction of the
+budget what do you think it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget what do you think it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget what do you think it is actually
+if we take Africa minor South Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take Africa minor South Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take Africa minor South Africa
+which is a rich rich economy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a rich rich economy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a rich rich economy that
+doesn't depend on Aid uh how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on Aid uh how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on Aid uh how much do you
+think is is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is it is
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+so it's more like 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more like 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more like 12.
+uh so it's it's and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's it's and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's it's and that you know
+without South Africa so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without South Africa so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without South Africa so it's actually
+not that important uh quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that important uh quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that important uh quantitatively
+even for for Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for for Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for for Africa
+so that's the first so so the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first so so the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first so so the first part
+of the answer is it has to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer is it has to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer is it has to come from
+Individual policy and individual money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Individual policy and individual money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Individual policy and individual money
+fundamentally this is this is where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally this is this is where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally this is this is where it
+has to have come from that said uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have come from that said uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have come from that said uh it is
+true that there has been a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that there has been a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that there has been a sort of
+global effort starting with a millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global effort starting with a millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global effort starting with a millennium
+development goals followed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development goals followed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development goals followed by the
+sustainable development goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development goals
+to kind of focus policy attention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of focus policy attention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of focus policy attention on
+some core welfare issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some core welfare issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some core welfare issues
+like basic health measure basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basic health measure basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basic health measure basic
+education measure Etc and I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education measure Etc and I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education measure Etc and I do think
+that this has helped countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this has helped countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this has helped countries
+governments in in many countries to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments in in many countries to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments in in many countries to kind
+of become a bit pragmatic in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of become a bit pragmatic in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of become a bit pragmatic in terms of
+their policy goals and for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their policy goals and for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their policy goals and for example in
+particular as far as health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as far as health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as far as health and
+education are concerned so I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education are concerned so I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education are concerned so I wouldn't
+call it pressure in the sense of the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it pressure in the sense of the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it pressure in the sense of the UK
+coming to uh to Ghana and say you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to uh to Ghana and say you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to uh to Ghana and say you do
+this or else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or else
+uh but more of a sort of a soft social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but more of a sort of a soft social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but more of a sort of a soft social
+Norm at the level of the world uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm at the level of the world uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm at the level of the world uh which
+is that these are important issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are important issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are important issues and
+bit more pragmatism uh I would also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more pragmatism uh I would also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more pragmatism uh I would also say
+and it's something we uh we we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something we uh we we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something we uh we we will
+discover as we move along that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover as we move along that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover as we move along that the the
+quality of policy making has improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of policy making has improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of policy making has improved
+where people understand governments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people understand governments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people understand governments and
+understand a little bit better what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit better what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit better what
+needs to be done what is what works what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done what is what works what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done what is what works what
+doesn't work and what they can do within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and what they can do within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and what they can do within
+their budget and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the point of this class is to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point of this class is to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point of this class is to uh to
+try and understand this massive income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and understand this massive income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and understand this massive income
+differences uh in true respects why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh in true respects why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh in true respects why are
+some countries so poor in some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries so poor in some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries so poor in some countries
+or Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Rich
+what are the particular economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the particular economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the particular economic
+problems that are specific to uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are specific to uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are specific to uh to the
+four countries and how we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four countries and how we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four countries and how we understand
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and from a policy perspective what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from a policy perspective what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from a policy perspective what could
+be done to solve a particular these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to solve a particular these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to solve a particular these
+issues that we just discussed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we just discussed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we just discussed this
+particular market failure that arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular market failure that arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular market failure that arise
+because countries are poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because countries are poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because countries are poor
+so of course some of the problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course some of the problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course some of the problem of the
+poor countries need to be solved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries need to be solved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries need to be solved in the
+right countries like kovid vaccination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right countries like kovid vaccination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right countries like kovid vaccination
+doses is something that it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses is something that it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses is something that it's not really
+in their power but a lot of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their power but a lot of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their power but a lot of those things
+that that that countries do is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that countries do is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that countries do is in this
+discussion we were just having is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we were just having is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we were just having is about
+what countries should do for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what countries should do for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what countries should do for themselves
+and what went right what went wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what went right what went wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what went right what went wrong and
+how how we can do that and of course one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how we can do that and of course one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how we can do that and of course one
+question that we I think we should kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we I think we should kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we I think we should kind
+of keep thinking in the back of our mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep thinking in the back of our mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep thinking in the back of our mind
+um not necessarily because we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not necessarily because we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not necessarily because we have an
+answer but because it will help us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but because it will help us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but because it will help us think
+about the problems is is whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problems is is whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problems is is whether the
+covet crisis reversal is here to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet crisis reversal is here to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet crisis reversal is here to stay
+and how what to do to so that it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how what to do to so that it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how what to do to so that it's what
+can countries do what is within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can countries do what is within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can countries do what is within their
+power to make sure it's not here to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I said this is the this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said this is the this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said this is the this is a
+question that has been with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that has been with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that has been with us
+understanding these differences has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these differences has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding these differences has been
+with us for a long time and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us for a long time and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us for a long time and the the
+for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time
+it was more of a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more of a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was more of a macro
+field development economics was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field development economics was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field development economics was more
+about macroeconomics and the idea was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macroeconomics and the idea was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macroeconomics and the idea was to
+focus on the aggregate income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the aggregate income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the aggregate income
+differences themselves and to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences themselves and to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences themselves and to try to
+understand where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where they come from
+so if you start with an aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start with an aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start with an aggregate
+production function you have some income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function you have some income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function you have some income
+is produced by some technology that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced by some technology that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced by some technology that we
+don't really understand that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really understand that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really understand that's like the
+measure of our ignorance according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of our ignorance according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of our ignorance according to
+Bob Zulu another function of capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Zulu another function of capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Zulu another function of capital and
+human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital
+expressed here in little letters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed here in little letters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed here in little letters because
+it's a human capital per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a human capital per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a human capital per capita
+uh so the the idea of the of a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the idea of the of a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the idea of the of a physical
+development accounting was to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development accounting was to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development accounting was to see how
+much we can explain uh from this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can explain uh from this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can explain uh from this simple
+macro production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if we can explain a lot then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we can explain a lot then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we can explain a lot then that's
+great for example if we find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for example if we find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for example if we find that the
+differences are mostly k then it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are mostly k then it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are mostly k then it makes
+us one view is that the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one view is that the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one view is that the answer to
+Poverty is simple just you know give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poverty is simple just you know give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poverty is simple just you know give
+more K and if it's age then give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more K and if it's age then give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more K and if it's age then give them
+more each and will be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more each and will be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more each and will be good
+if it's a of course we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a of course we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a of course we don't know
+because a is what we don't know so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is what we don't know so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is what we don't know so it's
+much harder what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder what to do
+so that's related to the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's related to the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's related to the philosophy of
+the World Bank in the 1960s where on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Bank in the 1960s where on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Bank in the 1960s where on The
+View was the problem that two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View was the problem that two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View was the problem that two countries
+don't have enough case so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough case so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough case so we need to
+build roads and we need to build Bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build roads and we need to build Bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build roads and we need to build Bridges
+and we need to build dams and uh big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to build dams and uh big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to build dams and uh big
+because the poor the poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the poor the poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the poor the poor countries
+can't borrow their credit constrained so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't borrow their credit constrained so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't borrow their credit constrained so
+we should that will help them catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should that will help them catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should that will help them catch up
+uh and then maybe a little bit later it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then maybe a little bit later it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then maybe a little bit later it
+moved the idea that it's more aged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the idea that it's more aged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the idea that it's more aged and
+so we can build more schools and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can build more schools and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can build more schools and then
+that's going to serve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to serve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to serve the problem
+uh there's a famous paper from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a famous paper from the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a famous paper from the early
+1990s that that showed that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s that that showed that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s that that showed that that was
+very optimistic about about this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimistic about about this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimistic about about this model
+uh they looked they use the data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they looked they use the data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they looked they use the data from
+cross-country data for with capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country data for with capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country data for with capital and
+um an enrollment rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an enrollment rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an enrollment rate
+and um they found that they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they found that they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they found that they found that
+they could explain 80 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could explain 80 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could explain 80 percent of the
+difference in income per capita across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in income per capita across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in income per capita across
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+so if that's the case then that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the case then that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the case then that's great
+you know everything there's so much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything there's so much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything there's so much you
+can do with the things you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with the things you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with the things you can measure
+and act upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act upon
+unfortunately that has been revised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately that has been revised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately that has been revised and
+subsequent work suggests that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent work suggests that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent work suggests that this was
+this was way too optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was way too optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was way too optimistic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+brought it down to 50 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it down to 50 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it down to 50 percent
+uh or by 50 and then by 90 for growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or by 50 and then by 90 for growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or by 50 and then by 90 for growth
+Caselli also went down to uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caselli also went down to uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caselli also went down to uh using
+probably as the best people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably as the best people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably as the best people on
+development accounting said that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development accounting said that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development accounting said that at
+least two-third is explained by a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two-third is explained by a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two-third is explained by a which
+is what precisely what we cannot explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what precisely what we cannot explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what precisely what we cannot explain
+so that's just in time of accounting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just in time of accounting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just in time of accounting so
+this is just in terms of what's quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just in terms of what's quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just in terms of what's quality
+with what without trying to give any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what without trying to give any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what without trying to give any
+causal interpretation just as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal interpretation just as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal interpretation just as a matter
+of is it the case that when country have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is it the case that when country have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is it the case that when country have
+more care they are culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more care they are culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more care they are culture
+but of course this is also getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course this is also getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course this is also getting
+complicated by the fact that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by the fact that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by the fact that all of
+these things are quality then I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are quality then I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are quality then I are
+jointly determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly determined
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in steady state and this is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady state and this is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady state and this is the point
+that solo made in a sense that in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solo made in a sense that in steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solo made in a sense that in steady
+state it has to be that the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has to be that the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has to be that the return to
+Capital is equal to the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital is equal to the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital is equal to the discount rate
+because otherwise the people would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise the people would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise the people would would
+buy more capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy more capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy more capital
+and so people would save more otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people would save more otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people would save more otherwise
+so it has to be that they return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be that they return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be that they return to
+Capital equalize so if you give a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital equalize so if you give a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital equalize so if you give a lot of
+of care to a country then they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care to a country then they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care to a country then they are just
+going to save that's going to draw down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save that's going to draw down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save that's going to draw down
+the return to to saving people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to to saving people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to to saving people are going
+to stop saving and indigently adjust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop saving and indigently adjust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop saving and indigently adjust to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so that would suggest that only a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would suggest that only a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would suggest that only a can
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+can really durably affect growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really durably affect growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really durably affect growth
+so if that's the case then you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the case then you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the case then you can't
+just 2K if you go if you increase KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2K if you go if you increase KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2K if you go if you increase KB
+below the steady state level the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the steady state level the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the steady state level the return
+will be low people will stop improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be low people will stop improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be low people will stop improving
+and likewise for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise for each
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+instead you need to increase the E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you need to increase the E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you need to increase the E and
+that's all you need to do and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you need to do and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you need to do and you will
+see that even though that's the macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that even though that's the macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that even though that's the macro
+View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View
+that idea is actually quite pervasive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea is actually quite pervasive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea is actually quite pervasive in
+uh in in sort of the mental model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in sort of the mental model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in sort of the mental model of
+development of that people have uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of that people have uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of that people have uh even
+in micro development so we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro development so we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro development so we'll discuss
+education where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education where
+many people of a certain generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people of a certain generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people of a certain generation
+think that the best education policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the best education policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the best education policy is
+no education policy because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no education policy because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no education policy because if you
+invest more in education people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more in education people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more in education people are
+going to reduce the return are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce the return are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce the return are going to
+full enough that people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full enough that people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full enough that people are going to
+reduce their own investment and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their own investment and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their own investment and it's
+self-defeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-defeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-defeating
+so instead you need to increase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead you need to increase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead you need to increase a
+because a will increase the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a will increase the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a will increase the return to
+education you will increase the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you will increase the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you will increase the return
+to investing in capital and people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investing in capital and people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investing in capital and people will
+respond accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are those
+a come from so one answer is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a come from so one answer is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a come from so one answer is that it's
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+so that's what you're getting saved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you're getting saved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you're getting saved from
+Darren's work and famously in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darren's work and famously in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darren's work and famously in particular
+are the Asimo glutens and Robinson paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Asimo glutens and Robinson paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Asimo glutens and Robinson paper
+looking at the quality of Institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the quality of Institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the quality of Institution
+it depends but also The Strife of Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends but also The Strife of Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends but also The Strife of Disney
+agenda it depends on who colonized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda it depends on who colonized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda it depends on who colonized you
+what they decided to do whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they decided to do whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they decided to do whether they
+were Desi without a set of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Desi without a set of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Desi without a set of good
+institutions or bad institution Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or bad institution Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or bad institution Etc
+whether you have the right kind of flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have the right kind of flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have the right kind of flu
+or their own kind of flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their own kind of flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their own kind of flu
+another is that it's it's geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is that it's it's geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is that it's it's geography
+so that's a Jeff sax view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a Jeff sax view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a Jeff sax view of the world
+so that's basically uh bad luck if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically uh bad luck if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically uh bad luck if
+you're in the middle of Africa the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of Africa the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of Africa the the
+climate is very conducive to mosquitoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate is very conducive to mosquitoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate is very conducive to mosquitoes
+and all the disease they bring you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the disease they bring you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the disease they bring you're
+very far from the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from the sea
+um it's too hot so it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's too hot so it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's too hot so it's going to be very
+difficult to go that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to go that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to go that's it
+so that's why in the view of Dev sacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why in the view of Dev sacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why in the view of Dev sacks
+all you can do is to really help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can do is to really help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can do is to really help you
+have to kind of compensate people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of compensate people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of compensate people for
+the bad luck of being born where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad luck of being born where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad luck of being born where they
+are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+either of this just from uh from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of this just from uh from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of this just from uh from a
+descriptive perspective there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive perspective there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive perspective there is one
+problem with all of these views is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with all of these views is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with all of these views is that
+fine but then those factors are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but then those factors are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but then those factors are fixed
+uh geography of course doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geography of course doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geography of course doesn't change
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+uh and then who colonized you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then who colonized you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then who colonized you as
+unchanged in in a long time so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged in in a long time so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged in in a long time so how do we
+explain the fact that Bangladesh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the fact that Bangladesh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the fact that Bangladesh is
+sometimes doing great in terms of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes doing great in terms of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes doing great in terms of growth
+and sometimes doing badly in time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes doing badly in time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes doing badly in time of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and this is something which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something which which is
+really true like for example so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true like for example so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true like for example so the
+um there are huge fluctuation in country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are huge fluctuation in country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are huge fluctuation in country
+groceries from time to time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groceries from time to time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groceries from time to time which is
+going to be related to these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be related to these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be related to these factors
+because they are fixed over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe it's about variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's about variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's about variation in
+macroeconomic policies uh if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic policies uh if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic policies uh if it's not
+just longer in factors then maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just longer in factors then maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just longer in factors then maybe we can
+look at macro policies and see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at macro policies and see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at macro policies and see whether
+they that varies growth rate of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that varies growth rate of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that varies growth rate of a so
+what are those macro policies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those macro policies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those macro policies that we
+could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't be shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be shy
+I usually when I ask a question I wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually when I ask a question I wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually when I ask a question I wait
+trade policies trade absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poverty rate is more I would say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rate is more I would say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty rate is more I would say an
+outcome than uh but uh so things to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome than uh but uh so things to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome than uh but uh so things to you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+quality of pots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of pots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of pots
+quotes yeah quality of courts that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes yeah quality of courts that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes yeah quality of courts that could
+change yeah from our government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah from our government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah from our government
+expenditures government expenditure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures government expenditure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures government expenditure or
+budget macro potential policy that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget macro potential policy that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget macro potential policy that kind
+of things how many schools people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things how many schools people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things how many schools people are
+building you know you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you know you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you know you can have a
+principle how budget in educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle how budget in educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle how budget in educational
+budget in health you can have a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget in health you can have a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget in health you can have a you can
+have a long list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long list
+uh and of course property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course property rights
+corruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption
+so in the 1990s there was a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the 1990s there was a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the 1990s there was a huge
+industry of running ghost regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry of running ghost regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry of running ghost regression
+and uh there are a few issues with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are a few issues with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are a few issues with the
+support uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support uh
+what is the what are the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of yep if you're trying to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yep if you're trying to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yep if you're trying to determine
+whether or not the policy needs to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the policy needs to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the policy needs to grow
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sustainable yes there is issues of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable yes there is issues of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable yes there is issues of of of
+causalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causalities
+there are issues of uh because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are issues of uh because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are issues of uh because for
+example a country that is certainly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a country that is certainly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a country that is certainly has
+much better governance can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better governance can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better governance can start
+building schools they can also start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building schools they can also start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building schools they can also start
+controlling malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling malaria
+so you don't know whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't know whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't know whether this is
+malaria the school or the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria the school or the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria the school or the better
+governance that itself led to Better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance that itself led to Better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance that itself led to Better
+Business climate that you that is harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business climate that you that is harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business climate that you that is harder
+to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure
+so all of these things typically go move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these things typically go move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these things typically go move
+together in ways that makes it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in ways that makes it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in ways that makes it very
+difficult to to interpret that even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to to interpret that even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to to interpret that even at
+the before you head to this problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the before you head to this problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the before you head to this problem the
+only 180 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 180 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 180 countries
+and many many variables more than 180 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many many variables more than 180 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many many variables more than 180 so
+you quickly run out of power you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quickly run out of power you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quickly run out of power you get
+into this so maybe you know machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this so maybe you know machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this so maybe you know machine
+learning can help you pick something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can help you pick something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can help you pick something or
+some but that one can see that logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some but that one can see that logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some but that one can see that logically
+it doesn't make much sense to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make much sense to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make much sense to try to
+estimate the effect of so many policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the effect of so many policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the effect of so many policies
+with so few countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so few countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so few countries
+um in fact uh so salai Martin who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact uh so salai Martin who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact uh so salai Martin who was a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+the the king or the pope of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the king or the pope of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the king or the pope of that
+literature brought it in a sense to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature brought it in a sense to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature brought it in a sense to its
+uh conclusion and its end with the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conclusion and its end with the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conclusion and its end with the paper
+that's cool I just want four million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool I just want four million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool I just want four million
+regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions
+and so you run four million regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you run four million regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you run four million regulations
+in concrete I think that only savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concrete I think that only savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concrete I think that only savings
+rates really matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates really matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates really matters
+and as everyone said these policies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as everyone said these policies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as everyone said these policies are
+all endogenously determined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all endogenously determined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all endogenously determined and
+therefore it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's very difficult to
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and even if beyond that just at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if beyond that just at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if beyond that just at a
+descriptive level if you look uh ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive level if you look uh ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive level if you look uh ticket
+by ticket go back to my example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ticket go back to my example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ticket go back to my example of
+Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh
+the policies themselves are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policies themselves are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policies themselves are very similar
+from year to year but the policy but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from year to year but the policy but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from year to year but the policy but the
+growth rate changes fluctuate a lot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate changes fluctuate a lot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate changes fluctuate a lot from
+the kid to decade so just as a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid to decade so just as a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid to decade so just as a purely
+descriptive level in growth rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive level in growth rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive level in growth rate it's
+very it is there is very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it is there is very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it is there is very little
+explanatory power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory power
+so the bottom line is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is that
+the growth the the it's not just us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth the the it's not just us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth the the it's not just us
+developer economies who look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer economies who look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer economies who look at the
+macro literature and say you failed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro literature and say you failed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro literature and say you failed in
+that issue I think it's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue I think it's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue I think it's also the
+conclusion of the macro Community itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of the macro Community itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of the macro Community itself
+to say that they can they just cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that they can they just cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that they can they just cannot
+explain economic growth based only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain economic growth based only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain economic growth based only on
+aggregate facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate facts
+therefore we have we have to get within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have we have to get within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have we have to get within
+the hood which is why we are starting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood which is why we are starting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood which is why we are starting uh
+the whole sequence in development by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole sequence in development by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole sequence in development by
+looking at micro and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at micro and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at micro and then we'll
+reaggregate it from the ground up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaggregate it from the ground up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaggregate it from the ground up in the
+second half of the semester to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the semester to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the semester to think
+about the macro from sound micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the macro from sound micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the macro from sound micro
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+um so what Justified the so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what Justified the so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what Justified the so what's the
+what's our issue well one of the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our issue well one of the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our issue well one of the issue
+is that what justify the aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what justify the aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what justify the aggregate
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+uh it's not the idea that there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not the idea that there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not the idea that there is one
+giant machine in the economy and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant machine in the economy and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant machine in the economy and one
+very smart worker with all of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smart worker with all of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smart worker with all of the human
+capital that's not the image right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that's not the image right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that's not the image right
+we realized that there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized that there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized that there are a lot of
+people who are rich going at their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are rich going at their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are rich going at their own
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+so why can you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why can you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why can you even
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I can get them why can you even write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get them why can you even write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get them why can you even write
+why is it even okay to write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it even okay to write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it even okay to write an
+aggregate production function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate production function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate production function to
+describe the economy what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the economy what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the economy what's the
+Assumption that's under it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption that's under it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption that's under it
+so that it's not just an image but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's not just an image but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's not just an image but it's
+it makes it it's something that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it it's something that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it it's something that actually
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why can I go from you know MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can I go from you know MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can I go from you know MIT and
+Harvard and a Twinkle Twinkle store shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and a Twinkle Twinkle store shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and a Twinkle Twinkle store shop
+and all of that and and I can get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that and and I can get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that and and I can get them
+into one U.S economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep it's like that everyone is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's like that everyone is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's like that everyone is perfectly
+optimizing that like the markets are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing that like the markets are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing that like the markets are an
+efficiency because that way if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because that way if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because that way if you're
+that gets your insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets your insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets your insurance
+exactly is that each factor gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is that each factor gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is that each factor gets
+allocated to its most productive use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to its most productive use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to its most productive use
+so the marginal return of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal return of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal return of this
+investment is equalized so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is equalized so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is equalized so even though
+there is not one big machine we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not one big machine we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not one big machine we can
+think of it as one big machine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as one big machine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as one big machine because
+the economy is allocating the capital so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy is allocating the capital so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy is allocating the capital so
+there is some such a thing as the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some such a thing as the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some such a thing as the return
+to human capital and there is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to human capital and there is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to human capital and there is such a
+thing as the return to physical capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the return to physical capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the return to physical capital
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if for some reason that's not true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for some reason that's not true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for some reason that's not true then
+we'll see uh some sector of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see uh some sector of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see uh some sector of the economy
+with a much higher return to Capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a much higher return to Capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a much higher return to Capital and
+some sector of the economy with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sector of the economy with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sector of the economy with higher
+return to human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to human capital
+and this is actually entirely testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually entirely testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually entirely testable
+because what I just said well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I just said well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I just said well we can
+look we can look at whether it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we can look at whether it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we can look at whether it is in
+fact the case that within an economy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the case that within an economy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the case that within an economy the
+return to Investments are the same from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Investments are the same from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Investments are the same from
+place to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the point is that it's not true at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that it's not true at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that it's not true at
+all uh the return to Capital and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh the return to Capital and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh the return to Capital and human
+capital very enormously within countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital very enormously within countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital very enormously within countries
+and if you remember the famous Lucas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember the famous Lucas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember the famous Lucas
+paper he was marveling at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he was marveling at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he was marveling at the difference
+in in return to Capital in the U.S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in return to Capital in the U.S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in return to Capital in the U.S and
+and India and say why isn't all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India and say why isn't all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India and say why isn't all the
+capital going to the U.S to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital going to the U.S to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital going to the U.S to
+uh sorry it was marveling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry it was marveling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry it was marveling at the
+difference in return to Capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in return to Capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in return to Capital and
+thinking it's smaller than it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's smaller than it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's smaller than it should be
+because there is less capital in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is less capital in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is less capital in India
+but the point is that the it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that the it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that the it shouldn't
+have been so surprised because within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so surprised because within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so surprised because within
+India there are huge difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India there are huge difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India there are huge difference in
+return to Capital and yet the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Capital and yet the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Capital and yet the country
+the the capital doesn't move from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the capital doesn't move from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the capital doesn't move from one
+place to another let alone not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another let alone not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another let alone not even
+within India Within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within India Within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within India Within
+one town in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one town in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one town in India
+do you have huge difference in return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have huge difference in return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have huge difference in return to
+Capital within one industry of one town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital within one industry of one town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital within one industry of one town
+in India you have huge difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India you have huge difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India you have huge difference in
+return to Capital uh Abhijit has a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Capital uh Abhijit has a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Capital uh Abhijit has a paper
+with Kevin Muncie on Tree on the town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kevin Muncie on Tree on the town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kevin Muncie on Tree on the town of
+tirupur which is the government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tirupur which is the government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tirupur which is the government of
+manufacturing needed garment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing needed garment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing needed garment
+manufacturer and they showed that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and they showed that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and they showed that there
+are two groups of of there are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two groups of of there are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two groups of of there are sort of
+the local boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local boys
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+who are the the descendants of a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the the descendants of a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the the descendants of a rich
+agricultural community and got into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural community and got into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural community and got into this
+business and there are a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and there are a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and there are a lot of people
+from other Town who came to tirupur when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other Town who came to tirupur when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other Town who came to tirupur when
+it became a huge capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a huge capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a huge capital
+and when you look at the return to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at the return to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at the return to to
+Capital it is much lower for the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital it is much lower for the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital it is much lower for the local
+boys than for the for the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys than for the for the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys than for the for the people who
+have come to the city so you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come to the city so you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come to the city so you might think
+of course it's obvious the local boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's obvious the local boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's obvious the local boys
+are not particularly good at the Garment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not particularly good at the Garment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not particularly good at the Garment
+they just happen to be there and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just happen to be there and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just happen to be there and they do
+it like everyone whereas the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like everyone whereas the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like everyone whereas the other
+people have been drawn to this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been drawn to this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been drawn to this place
+but once you've said that well you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you've said that well you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you've said that well you say
+well if you live in tiruporn you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you live in tiruporn you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you live in tiruporn you have
+money to invest why don't you give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to invest why don't you give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to invest why don't you give it to
+The Strangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Strangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Strangers
+somehow something stops you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow something stops you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow something stops you right
+here what what would stop what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what would stop what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what would stop what would
+stop them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop them
+why are the sort of well-established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the sort of well-established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the sort of well-established
+Europe orian with some amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe orian with some amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe orian with some amount of money
+you would prefer to set up your son uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would prefer to set up your son uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would prefer to set up your son uh
+with a little company versus to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little company versus to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little company versus to give it
+to someone who just came and who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone who just came and who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone who just came and who is
+evidently super good at this job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sir just because of trust yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir just because of trust yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir just because of trust yes you
+might not trust that you're gonna get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not trust that you're gonna get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not trust that you're gonna get it
+back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh
+so that's the return the the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the return the the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the return the the market for
+capital is very imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is very imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is very imperfect
+and that means that there are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that there are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that there are huge
+difference in return to Capital that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in return to Capital that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in return to Capital that's
+that that that that that stays uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that that stays uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that that stays uh this
+is of course something that I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course something that I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course something that I'm giving
+one example from one town in India but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example from one town in India but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example from one town in India but
+this is something that has been that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that has been that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that has been that has
+been documented much more broadly and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been documented much more broadly and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been documented much more broadly and in
+particular bioclassic paper by Shane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bioclassic paper by Shane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bioclassic paper by Shane
+cleaner which shows that um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner which shows that um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner which shows that um there is
+huge heterogeneity in return and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge heterogeneity in return and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge heterogeneity in return and that it
+originates so this is the total Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates so this is the total Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates so this is the total Factor
+this is TF tfpq total Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is TF tfpq total Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is TF tfpq total Factor
+productivity so an idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity so an idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity so an idea of how
+productive a form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive a form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive a form is
+and you see that there is dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that there is dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that there is dispersion
+it's not one that's the first point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one that's the first point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one that's the first point and
+second that dispersion is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that dispersion is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that dispersion is actually
+greater uh in India than it is in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater uh in India than it is in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater uh in India than it is in China
+and the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US
+so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is also something that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also something that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also something that we need to
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+that's why you know that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you know that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you know that we can think
+about why are the markets not working as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why are the markets not working as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why are the markets not working as
+well to allocate the capital to its best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to allocate the capital to its best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to allocate the capital to its best
+use so that only the from the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so that only the from the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so that only the from the you know
+that we only the most productive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we only the most productive from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we only the most productive from
+stay and the other one disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay and the other one disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay and the other one disappear
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where are we now so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we now so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we now so uh the
+fundamental Source in the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Source in the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Source in the difference in
+productivity across country is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity across country is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity across country is the fact
+that both H and K are misallocated due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both H and K are misallocated due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both H and K are misallocated due
+to a number of factors and a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a number of factors and a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a number of factors and a number of
+factors is basically what we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is basically what we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is basically what we are going
+to concern ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concern ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concern ourselves
+uh with uh in in this entire sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh in in this entire sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh in in this entire sequence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+first we are going to look at whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we are going to look at whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we are going to look at whether
+there is some whether to some extent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some whether to some extent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some whether to some extent it
+comes from poverty itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from poverty itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from poverty itself
+whether there is something fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is something fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is something fundamentally
+different about poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about poverty
+which means that you can't accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can't accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can't accumulate
+your way out of poverty so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way out of poverty so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way out of poverty so that's the
+idea of poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of poverty trap
+then we look at where uh age comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look at where uh age comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look at where uh age comes from
+and why this heterogeneity might persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why this heterogeneity might persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why this heterogeneity might persist
+why people are not investing optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people are not investing optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people are not investing optimally
+so we look at Education Health Nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we look at Education Health Nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we look at Education Health Nutrition
+so that's the role of what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the role of what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the role of what I'm going to
+be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing
+then we look at heterogeneity in K so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look at heterogeneity in K so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look at heterogeneity in K so we
+look at credit and savings and Inland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at credit and savings and Inland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at credit and savings and Inland
+and then a location of the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a location of the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a location of the labor market
+that's another form we only put each but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another form we only put each but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another form we only put each but
+age is really L times times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is really L times times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is really L times times the
+education and health of each person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and health of each person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and health of each person so
+the labor markets itself which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor markets itself which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor markets itself which is a
+Super Active area in development these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Active area in development these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Active area in development these
+days and uh super fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and uh super fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and uh super fun
+and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally
+we look at a uh in the second semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a uh in the second semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a uh in the second semester
+specifically looking at technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically looking at technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically looking at technology
+organizational firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational firm
+we look at policies along the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at policies along the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at policies along the way of
+course when I talk about education I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I talk about education I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I talk about education I'm
+going to be talking about education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about education
+policy when I talk about health I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy when I talk about health I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy when I talk about health I'm
+going to be talking about health policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about health policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about health policy
+but as as Ben mentioned there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as as Ben mentioned there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as as Ben mentioned there'll be a
+special sequence at the end which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sequence at the end which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sequence at the end which will
+be specifically about uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specifically about uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specifically about uh about
+the public sector so that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector so that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector so that gives you a
+sense of very broad uh roadmap for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of very broad uh roadmap for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of very broad uh roadmap for the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+uh before so uh before I go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before so uh before I go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before so uh before I go in
+in more detail we have about a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail we have about a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail we have about a five
+minutes left I was going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left I was going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left I was going to give you
+some teasers uh but before that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some teasers uh but before that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some teasers uh but before that let me
+see if there is any question comments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if there is any question comments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if there is any question comments uh
+point of debate because what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of debate because what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of debate because what's coming
+now is not particular I mean we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is not particular I mean we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is not particular I mean we can go
+to it or not go through it so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it or not go through it so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it or not go through it so I would
+rather make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather make sure
+you have a chance to each Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a chance to each Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a chance to each Express
+Yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I will speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will speak
+so another view of the Cross and few fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another view of the Cross and few fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another view of the Cross and few fun
+facts I'm not going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts I'm not going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts I'm not going to give you the
+entire overview but I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire overview but I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire overview but I'm going to start
+so we're stuck with the idea of poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're stuck with the idea of poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're stuck with the idea of poverty
+two trap and the other question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trap and the other question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trap and the other question is
+simple is the fact that you're poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is the fact that you're poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is the fact that you're poor
+keeping you poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping you poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping you poor
+so why would it be the case uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would it be the case uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would it be the case uh well
+because of what will come will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what will come will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what will come will come to
+know and love as the s-shaped Curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love as the s-shaped Curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love as the s-shaped Curve
+this is from a paper by Claire Balboni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a paper by Claire Balboni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from a paper by Claire Balboni
+who is teaching here and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is teaching here and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is teaching here and many other
+cultures are looking at people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures are looking at people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures are looking at people who are
+extremely poor because they were part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely poor because they were part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely poor because they were part of
+a program to help the extreme people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program to help the extreme people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program to help the extreme people
+and some of them received a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them received a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them received a transfer
+that made make them less poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made make them less poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made make them less poor
+and they are looking at they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are looking at they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are looking at they are they
+are looking at so this is not the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at so this is not the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at so this is not the impact
+of the transfer at all this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transfer at all this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transfer at all this is something
+that is purely descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is purely descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is purely descriptive
+uh where uh on the x-axis you have how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where uh on the x-axis you have how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where uh on the x-axis you have how
+much money the the how much money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money the the how much money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money the the how much money in
+total they had in assets including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total they had in assets including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total they had in assets including the
+transfer in 2007.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer in 2007.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer in 2007.
+and then a productive Assets in 2011.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a productive Assets in 2011.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a productive Assets in 2011.
+so it's how much they they grew between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how much they they grew between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how much they they grew between
+the two periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two periods
+and you will notice so that that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will notice so that that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will notice so that that they
+have a uh that there is an interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh that there is an interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh that there is an interest in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+curve here which is s-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here which is s-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here which is s-shaped
+so what does this mean suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean suppose that you
+continue to um uh you know you do a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to um uh you know you do a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to um uh you know you do a next
+curve uh you that goes from 2011 to 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh you that goes from 2011 to 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh you that goes from 2011 to 2015
+suppose the curve is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the curve is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the curve is the same
+and you're trying to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find out
+someone who started in 2007 by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who started in 2007 by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who started in 2007 by five
+years later 10 year later 15 year later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later 10 year later 15 year later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later 10 year later 15 year later
+how where will it end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how where will it end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how where will it end up
+and suppose that's the that's the law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that's the that's the law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that's the that's the law is
+that if you start with this much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you start with this much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you start with this much money
+you'll end up with this much money okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with this much money okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with this much money okay
+you understand the aggressive exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the aggressive exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the aggressive exercise
+so uh take someone who starts with 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh take someone who starts with 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh take someone who starts with 2.6
+whatever it is means some 2.6 Monies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is means some 2.6 Monies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is means some 2.6 Monies
+uh in 2011 they have uh 2. maybe seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2011 they have uh 2. maybe seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2011 they have uh 2. maybe seven
+Monies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monies
+uh how do I know how much they are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do I know how much they are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do I know how much they are how
+do I continue this to know what they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I continue this to know what they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I continue this to know what they'll
+have in 2015.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going back to the x-axis and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the x-axis and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the x-axis and from the
+x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+backup so we can even we can even skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup so we can even we can even skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup so we can even we can even skip
+the going down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the going down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the going down but
+we'll have so in 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have so in 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have so in 2000
+um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in
+2007 they started 2.6 they end up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 they started 2.6 they end up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 they started 2.6 they end up here
+and then to know so this is the level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to know so this is the level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to know so this is the level so
+to know how they have in 2015 I go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how they have in 2015 I go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how they have in 2015 I go here
+and then back up and then 2000 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back up and then 2000 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back up and then 2000 uh
+what was it even five years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it even five years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it even five years later
+I continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue so where does this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so where does this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so where does this end
+here where they cross right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where they cross right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where they cross right
+uh and then someone who who started here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 2007 they go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then they go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go here
+and they go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go here
+then they go here then there is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go here then there is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go here then there is a little
+thingy here but they end up roughly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingy here but they end up roughly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingy here but they end up roughly here
+that's just the East Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the East Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the East Street
+so that's the poverty trap it's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the poverty trap it's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the poverty trap it's the idea
+that there might be multiple steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be multiple steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be multiple steady
+state that where you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that where you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that where you start from
+uh has an impact of where you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has an impact of where you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has an impact of where you end up
+okay we're gonna go back to this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna go back to this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna go back to this we're
+going to spend a lot of time to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time to this
+graph but that's the that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but that's the that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but that's the that's something
+which is so why we don't have poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so why we don't have poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so why we don't have poverty
+traps in in most of the models that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps in in most of the models that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps in in most of the models that you
+you know we work with that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we work with that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we work with that are
+appropriate for rich countries is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for rich countries is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for rich countries is that
+we have we assume concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we assume concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we assume concavity
+so we this part of the curve goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we this part of the curve goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we this part of the curve goes away
+so as people when people are poorer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as people when people are poorer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as people when people are poorer the
+the capital is very productive for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital is very productive for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital is very productive for them
+so they are making more money out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are making more money out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are making more money out of the
+little money they have proportionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little money they have proportionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little money they have proportionally
+then therefore they can progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then therefore they can progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then therefore they can progressively
+little by little build their nest their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little by little build their nest their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little by little build their nest their
+nest eggs to end up all in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest eggs to end up all in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest eggs to end up all in the same
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+with the poverty trap some people are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the poverty trap some people are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the poverty trap some people are so
+poor that they end up there and they end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor that they end up there and they end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor that they end up there and they end
+up staying pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up staying pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up staying pool
+and so the game oh the not the game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the game oh the not the game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the game oh the not the game the
+exact size is to think where does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact size is to think where does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact size is to think where does it
+come from and why uh this is in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and why uh this is in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and why uh this is in a sense
+a very reduced from picture but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very reduced from picture but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very reduced from picture but from
+real data telling you in Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data telling you in Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data telling you in Bangladesh
+there appear to be a poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appear to be a poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appear to be a poverty trap
+which by the way is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way is the
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+for this program in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this program in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this program in the first place
+which is a program that was started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a program that was started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a program that was started by
+an NGO called BRAC and was expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NGO called BRAC and was expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an NGO called BRAC and was expanded
+since then in many countries with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then in many countries with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then in many countries with the
+idea that you you kind of Go Big push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you you kind of Go Big push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you you kind of Go Big push
+you give a lot of you give an asset to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give a lot of you give an asset to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give a lot of you give an asset to
+people and you help them for a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you help them for a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you help them for a while to
+kind of help them push if a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of help them push if a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of help them push if a lot of
+people had been on this part of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had been on this part of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had been on this part of the of
+the of the curve you try and push them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the curve you try and push them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the curve you try and push them
+and what's underlying this picture in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's underlying this picture in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's underlying this picture in a
+sense is that maybe the transfer was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is that maybe the transfer was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is that maybe the transfer was not
+large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough
+to push the poorest of the poor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the poorest of the poor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the poorest of the poor that
+were in these Villages even away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in these Villages even away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in these Villages even away from
+the poverty trap so they fell back while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty trap so they fell back while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty trap so they fell back while
+some of the people were that pushed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the people were that pushed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the people were that pushed them
+up and uh that that produced long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and uh that that produced long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and uh that that produced long-term
+impact of this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of this program
+so we'll start with that uh we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start with that uh we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start with that uh we'll spend
+two lectures on poverty trap one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures on poverty trap one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures on poverty trap one on
+thinking about Theory one-on thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Theory one-on thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Theory one-on thing going
+back to to this to this program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to this to this program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to this to this program and
+similar program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar program
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we are done with that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we are done with that we'll so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are done with that we'll so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are done with that we'll so
+first we'll try to spend some time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll try to spend some time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll try to spend some time uh
+so I've already showed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already showed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already showed my
+spoiled and some spoiler alert they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled and some spoiler alert they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiled and some spoiler alert they are
+poverty traps on the other hand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty traps on the other hand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty traps on the other hand why
+are they coming from that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they coming from that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they coming from that is something
+where there is still we still have no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is still we still have no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is still we still have no so
+it's like a super interesting exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a super interesting exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a super interesting exciting
+array of resources what causes poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of resources what causes poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of resources what causes poverty
+trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap
+um there are many possible reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many possible reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many possible reasons
+then we'll talk about human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about human capital
+we'll talk about the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the quality of
+Education the supply side of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education the supply side of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education the supply side of Education
+in particular the fact that the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the fact that the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the fact that the quality
+of education is terrible in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education is terrible in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education is terrible in developing
+countries so I said at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so I said at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so I said at the beginning
+that a lot of people go to school so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people go to school so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people go to school so
+that's great but they go to school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great but they go to school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great but they go to school and
+they learn nothing so this is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn nothing so this is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn nothing so this is a graph
+that some of you might have seen is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you might have seen is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you might have seen is from
+the annual status of Education report in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual status of Education report in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual status of Education report in
+India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+that looks at the fraction of kids who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at the fraction of kids who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at the fraction of kids who
+can in standard five so for end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in standard five so for end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in standard five so for end of
+primary school we can read at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary school we can read at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary school we can read at the level
+of standard 2 the beginning of primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard 2 the beginning of primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard 2 the beginning of primary
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+and you can see that not only it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that not only it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that not only it's not
+improving of our time it's if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving of our time it's if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving of our time it's if anything
+worsening over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worsening over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worsening over time
+of course we have a lot of key you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have a lot of key you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have a lot of key you can
+say it's and it's not just a composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's and it's not just a composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's and it's not just a composition
+effect uh in the sense that is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh in the sense that is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh in the sense that is it's not
+just because there are more kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because there are more kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because there are more kids in
+school and therefore the results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and therefore the results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and therefore the results are
+ours so we'll talk about education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours so we'll talk about education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours so we'll talk about education
+we'll talk about health obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boost the supply and the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the supply and the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the supply and the demand
+then Ben will talk about Labor markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Ben will talk about Labor markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Ben will talk about Labor markets
+land markets credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land markets credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land markets credit
+technology will actually be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will actually be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will actually be in the
+second part of the course I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the course I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the course I'll talk
+about savings on the other end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about savings on the other end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about savings on the other end and
+finally Ben will finish with the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally Ben will finish with the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally Ben will finish with the uh the
+public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector
+what are the problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the problems with
+redistribution what's the optimal shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution what's the optimal shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution what's the optimal shape
+of transfer are there problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transfer are there problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transfer are there problems in
+providing public goods are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing public goods are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing public goods are there
+problems labor market problems specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems labor market problems specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems labor market problems specific
+to the public sectors with incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public sectors with incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public sectors with incentives
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+so that's going to be the the the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be the the the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be the the the game
+plan for this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for this semester
+so I hope that uh it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope that uh it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope that uh it'll
+continue to be here uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be here uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be here uh I'm
+I wish you an excellent semester uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish you an excellent semester uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish you an excellent semester uh back
+here in person and uh we'll have fun in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in person and uh we'll have fun in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in person and uh we'll have fun in
+this class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flwYlUfw4WU.txt b/flwYlUfw4WU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77cc9bed3d9b65505eb1fb53d0ec8e3244b8258c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flwYlUfw4WU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're gonna analyze a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna analyze a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna analyze a more
+complicated example of drag forces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example of drag forces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example of drag forces where
+we have an object falling free in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an object falling free in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an object falling free in a
+gravitational field with gravity we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field with gravity we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field with gravity we have
+a resistive force and this is an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistive force and this is an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistive force and this is an object
+in air and so our model will be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air and so our model will be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air and so our model will be for the
+resistive force that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive force that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive force that it's going to be
+proportional to the velocity squared now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the velocity squared now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the velocity squared now
+to get its direction right opposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get its direction right opposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get its direction right opposing the
+motion J hat so this will turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion J hat so this will turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion J hat so this will turn out to be
+a more complicated analysis but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more complicated analysis but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more complicated analysis but first
+again let's think about the units of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's think about the units of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's think about the units of our
+coefficient data it has the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient data it has the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient data it has the units of
+force divided by velocity squared so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by velocity squared so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by velocity squared so we
+write the units of force kilogram meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the units of force kilogram meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the units of force kilogram meters
+per second squared and the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second squared and the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second squared and the units of
+velocity squared meter squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared meter squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared meter squared per
+second squared and so we see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second squared and so we see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second squared and so we see that we
+have units of kilogram per meter for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units of kilogram per meter for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units of kilogram per meter for our
+coefficient beta now we'll apply as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient beta now we'll apply as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient beta now we'll apply as
+usual Newton's second law F equals MA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual Newton's second law F equals MA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual Newton's second law F equals MA to
+get our equation of motion we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our equation of motion we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our equation of motion we're looking
+at the J direction and our forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the J direction and our forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the J direction and our forces are
+gravity minus the velocity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity minus the velocity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity minus the velocity squared
+resistive drag force and that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive drag force and that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive drag force and that's equal to
+the derivative of the velocity DV DT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the velocity DV DT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the velocity DV DT in
+this example it's a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example it's a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example it's a one-dimensional
+motion so I'm dropping any mention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so I'm dropping any mention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so I'm dropping any mention of
+our y-direction for simplicity now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our y-direction for simplicity now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our y-direction for simplicity now we
+can rewrite this equation as DV DT let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this equation as DV DT let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this equation as DV DT let's
+divide through by M is G minus beta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide through by M is G minus beta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide through by M is G minus beta over
+m V squared and this is a linear it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m V squared and this is a linear it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m V squared and this is a linear it's a
+first order differential equation DV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation DV DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation DV DT
+it's a nonlinear equation because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nonlinear equation because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nonlinear equation because the
+velocity term appears here is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity term appears here is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity term appears here is a square
+and there's a constant term but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a constant term but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a constant term but we can
+still apply our technique of separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply our technique of separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply our technique of separation
+of variables and so will we write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables and so will we write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables and so will we write this
+equation as DV DT will separate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as DV DT will separate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as DV DT will separate out the
+DVS and the T's so we have DV times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVS and the T's so we have DV times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVS and the T's so we have DV times G
+minus beta over MV squared is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta over MV squared is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta over MV squared is equal to
+DT now I'm going to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now I'm going to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now I'm going to do two
+just to clean this up for algebra a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to clean this up for algebra a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to clean this up for algebra a
+little bit later I'm gonna multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later I'm gonna multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later I'm gonna multiply both
+sides by a minus sign and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by a minus sign and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by a minus sign and I'm going to
+pull the G out so I have one minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the G out so I have one minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the G out so I have one minus beta
+over mg b squared and on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mg b squared and on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mg b squared and on the other side
+I have minus DT and now I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have minus DT and now I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have minus DT and now I can get this
+equation in the form that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the form that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the form that I'd like to
+integrate which is minus DV times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate which is minus DV times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate which is minus DV times 1
+minus beta over mg B squared equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta over mg B squared equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta over mg B squared equals
+minus G DT now the trouble here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G DT now the trouble here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G DT now the trouble here is this
+integral is a little bit complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is a little bit complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is a little bit complicated so
+I'd like to make a change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to make a change of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to make a change of variables
+and my change of variables will be U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my change of variables will be U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my change of variables will be U
+equals the square root of beta mg times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the square root of beta mg times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the square root of beta mg times
+V and that implies that D U is data mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and that implies that D U is data mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and that implies that D U is data mg
+DV and the limits if we start our object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and the limits if we start our object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and the limits if we start our object
+at rest so if u not equal 0 then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest so if u not equal 0 then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest so if u not equal 0 then because
+V naught equals 0 that's our first limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V naught equals 0 that's our first limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V naught equals 0 that's our first limit
+now we have to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to be a little bit careful
+because if we drop this object at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we drop this object at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we drop this object at rest
+initially it will be moving very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it will be moving very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it will be moving very slowly
+and so our resistive model it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our resistive model it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our resistive model it doesn't
+actually apply however we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apply however we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apply however we're going to
+neglect that effect even though if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect that effect even though if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect that effect even though if we
+were to do a more complicated analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do a more complicated analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do a more complicated analysis
+we would have to change our model as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to change our model as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to change our model as the
+object is falling so it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is falling so it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is falling so it will be a
+multi-stage motion first at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-stage motion first at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-stage motion first at the
+beginning with our only velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with our only velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with our only velocity
+dependent resistant and then as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent resistant and then as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent resistant and then as it gets
+some initial speed and it's going faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial speed and it's going faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial speed and it's going faster
+we change our model that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change our model that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change our model that's why the
+actual problem can be quite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual problem can be quite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual problem can be quite complicated
+but we're just trying to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just trying to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just trying to keep things
+simple here and then U at T is square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple here and then U at T is square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple here and then U at T is square
+root of beta mg V of T and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of beta mg V of T and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of beta mg V of T and then with
+this change of variables my integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change of variables my integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change of variables my integration
+remember I have a DV so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I have a DV so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I have a DV so I have to
+multiply the left side by mg over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the left side by mg over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the left side by mg over beta
+and I'm integrating with the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm integrating with the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm integrating with the minus sign
+do you times 1 minus u squared from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you times 1 minus u squared from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you times 1 minus u squared from 0 to
+this final value U of T and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final value U of T and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final value U of T and over here
+I'm just integrating minus G DT now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just integrating minus G DT now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just integrating minus G DT now
+again for simplicity I'm going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for simplicity I'm going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for simplicity I'm going to bring
+this term the beta over mg over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the beta over mg over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the beta over mg over to the
+other side so I'll use the magic of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so I'll use the magic of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so I'll use the magic of our
+light board by just erasing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light board by just erasing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light board by just erasing that and
+bringing it to the other side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it to the other side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it to the other side which
+makes my life a little easier and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes my life a little easier and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes my life a little easier and now
+you this integral can be done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this integral can be done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this integral can be done by the
+method of integration by parts it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of integration by parts it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of integration by parts it's a
+nice problem in calculus and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice problem in calculus and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice problem in calculus and you can
+verify for yourself that the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify for yourself that the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify for yourself that the result is
+1/2 natural log of 1 plus u over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 natural log of 1 plus u over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 natural log of 1 plus u over 1 minus
+u evaluated at our limits and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u evaluated at our limits and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u evaluated at our limits and over here
+I have minus G square root of beta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have minus G square root of beta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have minus G square root of beta over
+mg now once again for a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg now once again for a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg now once again for a little bit of
+simplicity I'm going to bring the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity I'm going to bring the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity I'm going to bring the two
+over to the other side and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the other side and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the other side and now I
+evaluate my limits now recall that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate my limits now recall that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate my limits now recall that when
+you have a minus log we're flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a minus log we're flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a minus log we're flipping
+because log of B over a equals minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log of B over a equals minus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log of B over a equals minus log
+over a B so when I put out my limits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a B so when I put out my limits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a B so when I put out my limits in
+I have natural log of now remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have natural log of now remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have natural log of now remember what
+are our limits we have 1 I'm flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our limits we have 1 I'm flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our limits we have 1 I'm flipping
+minus U is beta mg times V of T and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U is beta mg times V of T and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U is beta mg times V of T and I
+have the 1 plus beta mg B of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 1 plus beta mg B of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 1 plus beta mg B of T
+and that's equal to minus 2g square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to minus 2g square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to minus 2g square root
+of beta mg now again we'll use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta mg now again we'll use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta mg now again we'll use the fact
+that not that e to the log of X is X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not that e to the log of X is X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not that e to the log of X is X and
+so if i exponentiate both sides I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i exponentiate both sides I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i exponentiate both sides I end up
+with 1 minus square root of beta mg V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 minus square root of beta mg V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 minus square root of beta mg V of
+T over 1 plus square root of beta mg V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over 1 plus square root of beta mg V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over 1 plus square root of beta mg V
+of T is equal to exponential minus 2 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is equal to exponential minus 2 G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is equal to exponential minus 2 G
+beta M G times T okay now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta M G times T okay now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta M G times T okay now this is a
+little bit of algebra I want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of algebra I want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of algebra I want to solve
+for V of T if I bring this side over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V of T if I bring this side over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V of T if I bring this side over to
+there I'll just do that to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll just do that to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll just do that to make the
+first step a little simpler to see so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step a little simpler to see so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step a little simpler to see so we
+have 1 minus square root of beta mg V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 minus square root of beta mg V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 minus square root of beta mg V of
+T equals 1 plus square root of beta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals 1 plus square root of beta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals 1 plus square root of beta over
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+V of T times e to the minus this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T times e to the minus this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T times e to the minus this factor
+2 G square root of beta mg T no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 G square root of beta mg T no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 G square root of beta mg T no this is
+a lot of stuff to carry around I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff to carry around I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff to carry around I'd like
+to introduce a constant here tau which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a constant here tau which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a constant here tau which
+I'm going to define to be square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define to be square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define to be square root of
+Mg beta 1 over 2g and so this whole term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mg beta 1 over 2g and so this whole term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mg beta 1 over 2g and so this whole term
+is going to just be e to the minus tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to just be e to the minus tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to just be e to the minus tau
+it's a nice example for you to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice example for you to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice example for you to work out
+that the units of tau are the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the units of tau are the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the units of tau are the units of
+seconds and that's a little exercise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and that's a little exercise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and that's a little exercise to
+work out now I just have to collect my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out now I just have to collect my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out now I just have to collect my
+terms and what I'll do is I'll collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and what I'll do is I'll collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and what I'll do is I'll collect
+the T terms on the right and the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T terms on the right and the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T terms on the right and the terms
+that don't have bt on the left so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have bt on the left so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have bt on the left so I have
+1 minus e to the minus T over tau on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus e to the minus T over tau on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus e to the minus T over tau on the
+left is equal to 1 plus e to the minus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is equal to 1 plus e to the minus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is equal to 1 plus e to the minus T
+over tau on the right times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tau on the right times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tau on the right times
+betta mg B of T and so I get my solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betta mg B of T and so I get my solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betta mg B of T and so I get my solution
+V of T equals the square root of mg over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T equals the square root of mg over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T equals the square root of mg over
+beta times 1 minus e to the minus T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times 1 minus e to the minus T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times 1 minus e to the minus T over
+tau over 1 plus e to the minus T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau over 1 plus e to the minus T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau over 1 plus e to the minus T over
+tau well it's not a simple solution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau well it's not a simple solution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau well it's not a simple solution at
+all but let's examine when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but let's examine when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but let's examine when you have a
+case like this again it would be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like this again it would be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like this again it would be nice
+exercise to graph this out but right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to graph this out but right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to graph this out but right now
+we're going to consider the limit as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the limit as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the limit as T
+goes to infinity and remember that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity and remember that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity and remember that e
+minus T over T goes to 0 when T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T over T goes to 0 when T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T over T goes to 0 when T goes to
+infinity so we just have 1 over 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so we just have 1 over 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so we just have 1 over 1 and
+what we get as T goes to infinity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get as T goes to infinity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get as T goes to infinity is the
+quantity mg over beta and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity mg over beta and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity mg over beta and this is what
+we call the terminal velocity now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the terminal velocity now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the terminal velocity now what
+does terminal velocity mean well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does terminal velocity mean well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does terminal velocity mean well when
+object is falling and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is falling and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is falling and there's a
+resistive force as the object falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive force as the object falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive force as the object falls
+faster and faster the resistive force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster the resistive force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster the resistive force
+gets greater and greater until if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets greater and greater until if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets greater and greater until if we go
+back to Newton's second law and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Newton's second law and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Newton's second law and look at
+it as the V gets faster and faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the V gets faster and faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the V gets faster and faster
+eventually these two terms are equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually these two terms are equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually these two terms are equal and
+when these two terms are equal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these two terms are equal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these two terms are equal that's
+the statement that the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that the right-hand side
+has to be 0 so what we mean by terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 0 so what we mean by terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 0 so what we mean by terminal
+velocity is it's the velocity is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is it's the velocity is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is it's the velocity is no
+longer changing in time and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer changing in time and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer changing in time and then we can
+immediately check our work by going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately check our work by going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately check our work by going to
+Newton's second law and see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law and see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law and see what that
+case is if we set this quantity equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is if we set this quantity equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is if we set this quantity equal to
+0 in other words when we set mg minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in other words when we set mg minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in other words when we set mg minus
+beta V squared terminal equal to 0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta V squared terminal equal to 0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta V squared terminal equal to 0 we
+can solve for V terminal and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for V terminal and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for V terminal and we get
+square root of Mg divided by beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Mg divided by beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Mg divided by beta and
+that agrees with our lengthy calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agrees with our lengthy calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agrees with our lengthy calculation
+so we think we're on the right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think we're on the right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think we're on the right track
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fxrwTj2i_S4.txt b/fxrwTj2i_S4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..773a5862b7f4bb34327e66eb2f05b259e514add0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fxrwTj2i_S4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9208 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's uh let's start um so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's start um so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's start um so what you
+have there in that picture is U is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there in that picture is U is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there in that picture is U is the
+result of a survey to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a survey to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a survey to a bunch of
+Economist on which are asked to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist on which are asked to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist on which are asked to assess
+the probability that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that there is a
+recession within the next 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession within the next 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession within the next 12
+months recession means essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months recession means essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months recession means essentially a
+decline in aggregate output um and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in aggregate output um and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in aggregate output um and well
+the first thing to notice here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to notice here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to notice here is that
+you know it's not very good news there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not very good news there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not very good news there
+is a very high chances at at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very high chances at at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very high chances at at least
+according to this expert that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this expert that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this expert that that the
+US enters a recession within the next 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US enters a recession within the next 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US enters a recession within the next 12
+month or so pretty high probability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or so pretty high probability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or so pretty high probability you
+can see that that number typically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that that number typically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that that number typically is
+very very low and it goes very high sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low and it goes very high sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low and it goes very high sort
+of real next to recessions and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real next to recessions and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real next to recessions and now we're
+not in a recession but but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a recession but but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a recession but but there's a
+sort of very high perceived probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very high perceived probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very high perceived probability
+that we may go into recession in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we may go into recession in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we may go into recession in the
+near future so how is that these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future so how is that these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future so how is that these people
+come up with this forecast well at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this forecast well at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this forecast well at some
+level either explicitly or implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level either explicitly or implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level either explicitly or implicitly
+they must have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have some
+Model H of the determination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model H of the determination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model H of the determination of
+equilibrium output you know they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output you know they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output you know they need to
+understand they need to see certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they need to see certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they need to see certain
+things that suggest once you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that suggest once you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that suggest once you go through
+a model that output will decline um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that output will decline um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that output will decline um so
+that's what we're going to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to start doing
+today and uh and uh in fact that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and uh and uh in fact that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and uh and uh in fact that's what
+we're going to do throughout this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do throughout this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do throughout this course
+is we're going to try to find ever more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to try to find ever more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to try to find ever more
+complex perhaps or or richer modes of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex perhaps or or richer modes of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex perhaps or or richer modes of H
+output determination aggregate output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output determination aggregate output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output determination aggregate output
+determination so that's essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination so that's essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination so that's essentially what
+this course is about H and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is about H and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is about H and so in
+understanding sort of want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding sort of want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding sort of want to try to
+understand what is it that drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is it that drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is it that drives
+equilibrium output and how is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output and how is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output and how is that we
+get to one specific level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one specific level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one specific level of output
+that's what it means to find equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means to find equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means to find equilibrium
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+output um and we're going to do it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output um and we're going to do it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output um and we're going to do it sort
+of in three stages in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in three stages in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in three stages in the first part of
+the course that is up to quiz one H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course that is up to quiz one H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course that is up to quiz one H
+we're going to focus on on on the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on on on the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on on on the very
+short run how output is determined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run how output is determined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run how output is determined in
+the very short run say within a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very short run say within a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very short run say within a year or
+so well a little more even but but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well a little more even but but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well a little more even but but that
+type of frame time frame then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of frame time frame then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of frame time frame then we're
+going to focus on the medium run that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on the medium run that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on the medium run that's
+sort of at the beginning of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the beginning of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the beginning of of of the
+second part of the course ER and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the course ER and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the course ER and by the
+meum Run simply we're going to mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meum Run simply we're going to mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meum Run simply we're going to mean by
+the time in which prices begin to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which prices begin to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which prices begin to adjust
+sufficiently okay before that is most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently okay before that is most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently okay before that is most of
+the action happens in in quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action happens in in quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action happens in in quantities
+there is little movement in Goods prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is little movement in Goods prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is little movement in Goods prices
+there's lots of movement in asset prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of movement in asset prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of movement in asset prices
+but little movement in Goods prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but little movement in Goods prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but little movement in Goods prices and
+in the last part of the course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last part of the course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last part of the course we're
+going to look at how output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how output is
+determined over the long run which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined over the long run which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined over the long run which is
+quite different from how output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from how output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from how output is
+determined in the short run the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in the short run the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in the short run the the
+determination of output in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of output in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of output in the short run
+is what we mostly mean by business cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we mostly mean by business cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we mostly mean by business cycle
+analysis okay and short and medium run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay and short and medium run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay and short and medium run
+the way we're going to find it here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to find it here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to find it here is
+what we mean by business cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by business cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by business cycle the
+countries in a recession is in a boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in a recession is in a boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in a recession is in a boom
+it's an expansion those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an expansion those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an expansion those are all
+terminologies of the short run or short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies of the short run or short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies of the short run or short
+to medium run the termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medium run the termination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medium run the termination
+equilibrium in the long run is when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the long run is when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the long run is when we
+think about growth when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about growth when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about growth when we talk about
+why is a China grows faster than the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a China grows faster than the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a China grows faster than the us
+today well that's that's a question not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today well that's that's a question not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today well that's that's a question not
+about the business cycle it's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the business cycle it's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the business cycle it's a question
+about the longterm determinance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the longterm determinance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the longterm determinance of
+output growth okay and and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output growth okay and and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output growth okay and and there are
+even different class of models in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even different class of models in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even different class of models in more
+advanced models if you were doing a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models if you were doing a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models if you were doing a PhD
+those things are a lot closer to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are a lot closer to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are a lot closer to each
+other and and and but but in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and and and but but in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and and and but but in this course
+they're going to be very different type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be very different type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be very different type
+of models it's easier to analyze these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models it's easier to analyze these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models it's easier to analyze these
+things with different type of moles than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with different type of moles than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with different type of moles than
+trying to integrate all in one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to integrate all in one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to integrate all in one big
+machine okay but let's start for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay but let's start for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay but let's start for the the
+simple part in the short run the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple part in the short run the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple part in the short run the key
+mechanism something that we will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism something that we will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism something that we will keep
+showing up in all the models and sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in all the models and sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in all the models and sub
+models we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we
+analyze in the first eight lectures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze in the first eight lectures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze in the first eight lectures or
+so or seven lectures the next seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or seven lectures the next seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or seven lectures the next seven
+lectures or so is this mechanism in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures or so is this mechanism in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures or so is this mechanism in the
+very short run output that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short run output that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short run output that is
+equilibrium output the thing that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output the thing that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output the thing that these
+economies are forecasting that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies are forecasting that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies are forecasting that will
+decline in the next 12 within the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in the next 12 within the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in the next 12 within the next
+12 month is determined primarily by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 month is determined primarily by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 month is determined primarily by what
+we call demand okay so demand will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call demand okay so demand will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call demand okay so demand will
+determine output that's so there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine output that's so there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine output that's so there a
+change in demand that will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in demand that will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in demand that will change
+production but when production changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but when production changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but when production changes
+that will also change income that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will also change income that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will also change income that you
+know from national accounts remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from national accounts remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from national accounts remember we
+said that we could measure output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we could measure output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we could measure output from
+the production side but we also measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production side but we also measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production side but we also measure
+the income sign and they're exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income sign and they're exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income sign and they're exactly the
+same more production somebody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same more production somebody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same more production somebody has to
+receive the proceeds of that workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the proceeds of that workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the proceeds of that workers and
+owners Capital owners the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners Capital owners the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners Capital owners the government
+whatever but so changes in in in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but so changes in in in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but so changes in in in so the
+Second Step those changes in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step those changes in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step those changes in production
+that were brought about by the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were brought about by the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were brought about by the changes
+in demand will lead to a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in demand will lead to a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in demand will lead to a change in
+income but when income changes that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but when income changes that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but when income changes that will
+change theand again and so on so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change theand again and so on so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change theand again and so on so forth
+okay so that's essentially that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's essentially that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's essentially that's
+quential short run macro is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quential short run macro is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quential short run macro is to try to
+understand this aggregate demand because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this aggregate demand because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this aggregate demand because
+that's the main driver and then how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main driver and then how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main driver and then how it
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+multiplied in the short run okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied in the short run okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied in the short run okay and
+we're in this lecture we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this lecture we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this lecture we're going to
+talk just about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk just about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk just about that
+primarily about that okay but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about that okay but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about that okay but that's
+that's when so when I mean short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when so when I mean short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when so when I mean short run
+macro that's a structure I have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro that's a structure I have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro that's a structure I have in mind
+and that's the structure most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the structure most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the structure most people
+have in mind something where aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind something where aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind something where aggregate
+demand will determine that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand will determine that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand will determine that that's the
+reason why in the short run you worry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why in the short run you worry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why in the short run you worry a
+lot about whether consumer confidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about whether consumer confidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about whether consumer confidence is
+high or low that's demand if consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low that's demand if consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low that's demand if consumers
+are very depressed that tend to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very depressed that tend to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very depressed that tend to reduce
+demand if consumers are very bullish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand if consumers are very bullish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand if consumers are very bullish
+that will tend to increase demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tend to increase demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tend to increase demand and
+since in the short run output is ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since in the short run output is ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since in the short run output is ter
+demand the business cycle whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the business cycle whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the business cycle whether we
+have have recession or not the depends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have recession or not the depends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have recession or not the depends a
+lot on how the man feels so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on how the man feels so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on how the man feels so if
+somebody's forecasting a recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's forecasting a recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's forecasting a recession
+within the next 12 month is forecasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next 12 month is forecasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next 12 month is forecasting
+really that demand will decline within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that demand will decline within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that demand will decline within
+the next 12 month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 12 month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 12 month
+okay why they're forecasting that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why they're forecasting that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why they're forecasting that that's
+something we're going to learn in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to learn in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to learn in a
+steps H as we go through the course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps H as we go through the course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps H as we go through the course what
+what are the kind of things they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kind of things they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kind of things they may be
+thinking about what are the drugs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what are the drugs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what are the drugs on
+aggregate demand that are likely to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand that are likely to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand that are likely to the
+Press demand H and so on so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press demand H and so on so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press demand H and so on so forth but
+that we'll we'll get there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll we'll get there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll we'll get there okay
+anyways first let me tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways first let me tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways first let me tell you about the
+components of aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of aggregate
+demand uh the first and one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand uh the first and one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand uh the first and one of the the
+largest component of aggregate demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest component of aggregate demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest component of aggregate demand is
+consumption okay and when I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption okay and when I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption okay and when I mean
+aggregate demand okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand okay I'll
+be I'll pause for a for a slide let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'll pause for a for a slide let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'll pause for a for a slide let me
+let me go over the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go over the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go over the definition
+consumption we're going to note by C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption we're going to note by C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption we're going to note by C is
+the goods and service purchased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods and service purchased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods and service purchased by
+consumers okay households and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay households and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay households and so on
+investment which we're going to note by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment which we're going to note by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment which we're going to note by
+high is the sum of non-residential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is the sum of non-residential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is the sum of non-residential and
+residential Investments so equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential Investments so equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential Investments so equipment and
+and establish and and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and establish and and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and establish and and and you know
+factories on one side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories on one side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories on one side and then
+residential investment is houses stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential investment is houses stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential investment is houses stuff
+like that apartment buildings and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that apartment buildings and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that apartment buildings and so on
+which is also these are goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also these are goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also these are goods and
+services as well there just capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services as well there just capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services as well there just capital
+goods and so on but they're also goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and so on but they're also goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and so on but they're also goods
+and services government expending that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services government expending that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services government expending that's
+we going to denote by G are purchase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to denote by G are purchase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to denote by G are purchase of
+goods and services by the federal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and services by the federal state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and services by the federal state
+and local government government okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and local government government okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and local government government okay
+excluding and that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding and that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding and that's important
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+transfers what is a government transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers what is a government transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers what is a government transfer
+many of you may have received that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may have received that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may have received that
+during covid you know the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during covid you know the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during covid you know the government
+sent you a check for example okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you a check for example okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you a check for example okay well
+that check is not part of government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that check is not part of government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that check is not part of government
+expenditure that check is like a m it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure that check is like a m it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure that check is like a m it's
+a negative tax and it's going to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative tax and it's going to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative tax and it's going to enter
+somewhere else when we mean government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else when we mean government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else when we mean government
+expenditure is is things the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure is is things the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure is is things the government
+purchases Services the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases Services the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases Services the government
+acquires and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquires and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquires and so on okay
+um then exports X which will play no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then exports X which will play no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then exports X which will play no
+role until seven lecture eight lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role until seven lecture eight lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role until seven lecture eight lectures
+from now or actually 10 lectures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now or actually 10 lectures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now or actually 10 lectures from
+now probably is purchase of us goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now probably is purchase of us goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now probably is purchase of us goods and
+services that is Goods produced by us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that is Goods produced by us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that is Goods produced by us
+factories er er by foreigners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay IM is the other side of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay IM is the other side of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay IM is the other side of the story
+Imports is the purchase of foreign Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports is the purchase of foreign Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports is the purchase of foreign Goods
+and services by us consumers us firms US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services by us consumers us firms US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services by us consumers us firms US
+Government okay so when you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government okay so when you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government okay so when you buy
+something that is produced in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is produced in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is produced in Germany
+well that's an import when the Germans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's an import when the Germans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's an import when the Germans
+buy something that is produced in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something that is produced in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something that is produced in the US
+that's an export okay and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an export okay and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an export okay and then the last
+component is something we we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is something we we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is something we we're not
+going to play any attention whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play any attention whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play any attention whatsoever
+in this course which is inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course which is inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course which is inventory
+investment inventory investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment inventory investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment inventory investment is
+certainly is almost accidental there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is almost accidental there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is almost accidental there is
+some planning on it but but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some planning on it but but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some planning on it but but there is a
+lot of it's just when there difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it's just when there difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it's just when there difference
+between sales and production and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sales and production and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sales and production and over
+the very short run there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very short run there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very short run there's lots of
+differences I mean you're not producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean you're not producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean you're not producing
+unless you're in a bakery you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're in a bakery you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're in a bakery you know
+you're not producing and selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not producing and selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not producing and selling
+immediately there's there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately there's there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately there's there's certain
+certain lags that's a small thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lags that's a small thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lags that's a small thing it
+it's volatile but it's a small thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's volatile but it's a small thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's volatile but it's a small thing so
+we're going to ignore it for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ignore it for this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ignore it for this this
+course we're want to assume actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're want to assume actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're want to assume actually
+unless we explicitly say the contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we explicitly say the contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we explicitly say the contrary
+and that could show up in a pet it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could show up in a pet it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could show up in a pet it would
+never show in a quiz because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never show in a quiz because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never show in a quiz because it's not
+that important we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important we're going to assume
+that this inventory investment is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this inventory investment is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this inventory investment is equal
+to zero also for this part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero also for this part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero also for this part of the course
+until further notice we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until further notice we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until further notice we're going to
+assume that exports and imports are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that exports and imports are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that exports and imports are
+equal to zero as well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero as well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero as well that's not
+realistic but it's easier to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but it's easier to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but it's easier to analyze
+what we call a close economy okay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a close economy okay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a close economy okay an
+economy that is not interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that is not interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that is not interacting with the
+rest of the world in the in again 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world in the in again 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world in the in again 10
+lecture from now we're going to open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from now we're going to open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from now we're going to open the
+economy to the rest of the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to the rest of the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to the rest of the world and
+then we're going to have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have to talk about
+things like import exports exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like import exports exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like import exports exchange
+rates things of that kind but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates things of that kind but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates things of that kind but for now
+let's keep it simple okay so now you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep it simple okay so now you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep it simple okay so now you so
+you get a sense this is for 2018 but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sense this is for 2018 but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sense this is for 2018 but I
+mean the totals change but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the totals change but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the totals change but the
+composition doesn't change very much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition doesn't change very much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition doesn't change very much of
+GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay of of GDP output aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of of GDP output aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of of GDP output aggregate demand
+they're all the same in equilibrium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same in equilibrium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same in equilibrium but
+we'll get there ER in GDP you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get there ER in GDP you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get there ER in GDP you see that
+consumption accounts for a big chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption accounts for a big chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption accounts for a big chunk
+close to 70% of our great demand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 70% of our great demand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 70% of our great demand that's
+the reason people worry so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason people worry so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason people worry so much about
+consumer sentiment and so on University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer sentiment and so on University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer sentiment and so on University
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Michigan has many claims to fame but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan has many claims to fame but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan has many claims to fame but one
+of them is they produce this index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is they produce this index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is they produce this index of
+consumer sentiment and everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer sentiment and everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer sentiment and everyone is
+watching that thing anybody that worries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching that thing anybody that worries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching that thing anybody that worries
+about macro or Finance is watching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macro or Finance is watching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macro or Finance is watching that
+thing because it tells you a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it tells you a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it tells you a lot about
+one of the main drivers of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main drivers of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main drivers of output
+equilibrium output then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output then you see
+investment is substantially smaller but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is substantially smaller but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is substantially smaller but
+it's large in particular non-residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's large in particular non-residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's large in particular non-residential
+investment government expenditure is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment government expenditure is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment government expenditure is a
+big component of aggregate demand h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big component of aggregate demand h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big component of aggregate demand h
+and then I'm not going to worry tooo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm not going to worry tooo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm not going to worry tooo
+much about for a country like the US the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about for a country like the US the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about for a country like the US the
+open openness part is is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open openness part is is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open openness part is is relatively
+small if you go to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if you go to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if you go to you
+know small a small economy typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know small a small economy typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know small a small economy typically
+we'll have sort of very large exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have sort of very large exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have sort of very large exports
+relative to GDP and so on but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to GDP and so on but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to GDP and so on but that's not
+the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the
+US um and there you see why we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US um and there you see why we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US um and there you see why we're going
+to set inventory investment to zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set inventory investment to zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set inventory investment to zero it's
+a small thing it moves a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small thing it moves a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small thing it moves a lot more than
+than its size so it kind of account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than its size so it kind of account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than its size so it kind of account for
+for fluctuations in in at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fluctuations in in at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fluctuations in in at sort of the
+monthly level of GDP but it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly level of GDP but it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly level of GDP but it's not that
+important in a slightly longer period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a slightly longer period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a slightly longer period of
+time okay so that's more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's more or less the
+story so now this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so now this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so now this is the this is the
+mod please stop me say if you is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod please stop me say if you is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod please stop me say if you is there
+anything here you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here you don't understand
+because any everything that we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any everything that we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any everything that we build
+from here to quiz one will build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to quiz one will build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to quiz one will build on
+understanding this what I'm about to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this what I'm about to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this what I'm about to say
+very simple but if you miss a step here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple but if you miss a step here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple but if you miss a step here
+everything is going to be confusing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be confusing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be confusing in
+the next few lectures so and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures so and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures so and you're not
+supposed to understand it in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to understand it in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to understand it in the first
+run so so it's okay that you ask me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so so it's okay that you ask me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so so it's okay that you ask me but
+let's make sure that you understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure that you understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure that you understand what
+is going on here okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on here okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on here okay so that's
+aggregate demand first definition we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand first definition we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand first definition we're
+going to denote aggregate demand by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to denote aggregate demand by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to denote aggregate demand by this
+Z okay letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay letter
+Z and aggregate demand is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and aggregate demand is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and aggregate demand is going to be
+when we say aggregate demand remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say aggregate demand remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say aggregate demand remember
+what what what is the exercise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is the exercise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is the exercise we're
+trying to do ultimately what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do ultimately what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do ultimately what we want to
+determine is the output the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine is the output the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine is the output the production
+of the US economy say so when we me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US economy say so when we me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US economy say so when we me when
+we talk about aggregating demand we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about aggregating demand we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about aggregating demand we're
+trying to determine the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to determine the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to determine the demand for
+domestically produced goods for goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced goods for goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced goods for goods
+produced in the US that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the US that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the US that's what we're
+trying to pin down and so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pin down and so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pin down and so that's a
+reason aggregate demand looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason aggregate demand looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason aggregate demand looks like that
+is well consumers consumers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well consumers consumers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well consumers consumers are going to
+demand Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Goods
+investment G Plus exports if Foreigner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment G Plus exports if Foreigner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment G Plus exports if Foreigner
+demands us Goods that also increases us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands us Goods that also increases us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands us Goods that also increases us
+production minus Imports because Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production minus Imports because Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production minus Imports because Imports
+is goods and services that consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goods and services that consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goods and services that consumers
+firms and governments sort of buy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and governments sort of buy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and governments sort of buy from
+foreigners but they're not produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners but they're not produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners but they're not produced by
+by us companies so they are not affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by us companies so they are not affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by us companies so they are not affect
+the determination of equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determination of equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determination of equilibrium output
+in the US okay that's the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US okay that's the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US okay that's the reason you
+subtracting now that distinction is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting now that distinction is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting now that distinction is not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+matter until 10 lectures from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter until 10 lectures from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter until 10 lectures from now
+because we're going to set X and IM am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to set X and IM am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to set X and IM am
+equal to zero from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero from the point of view of
+modeling so all demand is demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so all demand is demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so all demand is demand for
+domestically produced Goods in the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods in the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically produced Goods in the this
+part of the course okay so aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course okay so aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course okay so aggregate
+demand for us will be this C plus I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for us will be this C plus I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for us will be this C plus I plus
+G so we need to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so we need to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so we need to understand what the
+termes C plus I plus G and at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termes C plus I plus G and at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termes C plus I plus G and at least
+initially we're going to keep it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're going to keep it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're going to keep it very
+very simple we're not going to think too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple we're not going to think too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple we're not going to think too
+much about what determines investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about what determines investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about what determines investment in
+fact we're going to assume there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're going to assume there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're going to assume there a
+constant is given so it's determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is given so it's determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is given so it's determined
+somewhere else not in the model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else not in the model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else not in the model I'm
+about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to
+solve government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve government
+expenditure the same I going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure the same I going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure the same I going to assume
+you know it'ser by some other priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it'ser by some other priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it'ser by some other priorities
+you know know Green agendas and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know Green agendas and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know Green agendas and stuff
+like that has very little to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that has very little to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that has very little to do with
+with with what we're doing here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what we're doing here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what we're doing here and then
+taxes is something that doesn't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes is something that doesn't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes is something that doesn't show up
+there but it will show up very shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it will show up very shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it will show up very shortly
+we're also going to assume that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to assume that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to assume that they
+been determined somewhere else in pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been determined somewhere else in pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been determined somewhere else in pieces
+and later on in the course we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on in the course we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on in the course we're going
+to endogenize all that but not now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endogenize all that but not now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endogenize all that but not now let's
+assume I'm trying to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I'm trying to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I'm trying to come up with the
+simplest possible model of aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible model of aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible model of aggregate
+demand and I'm making two of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and I'm making two of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and I'm making two of these terms
+trivial just constants okay and I'm want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial just constants okay and I'm want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial just constants okay and I'm want
+to focus all my effort here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus all my effort here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus all my effort here in this
+component here which I already told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here which I already told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here which I already told you
+is the most important component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important component of
+aggregate demand which is consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand which is consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand which is consumption
+okay so we're going to assume here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to assume here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to assume here we're
+going to have a function something has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a function something has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a function something has
+to move so for them all to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move so for them all to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move so for them all to be
+interesting so this this this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this this this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this this this we're
+going to assume that consumption is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that consumption is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that consumption is an
+increasing function of disposable income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of disposable income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of disposable income
+I'm about to Define what disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to Define what disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to Define what disposable
+income is but you can imagine what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is but you can imagine what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is but you can imagine what it is
+it's something you can use to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something you can use to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something you can use to consume
+and so on so very naturally if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so very naturally if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so very naturally if you have
+a higher disposable in income you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher disposable in income you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher disposable in income you're
+going to consume more that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume more that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume more that's what this
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+okay in reality that consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in reality that consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in reality that consumption
+function is a lot more complex a lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a lot more complex a lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a lot more complex a lots of
+things that enter there that that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that enter there that that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that enter there that that we're
+not modeling for now but let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not modeling for now but let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not modeling for now but let's start
+from the basics okay so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the basics okay so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the basics okay so that's going to
+be the only behavioral assumption we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the only behavioral assumption we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the only behavioral assumption we're
+going to make for a while that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make for a while that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make for a while that that the
+consumers consume more when they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers consume more when they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers consume more when they have
+more disposible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disposible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disposible
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+okay and I'm going to make it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to make it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to make it even
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+I'm going to assume that consumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that consumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that consumption is
+a linear function of this disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear function of this disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear function of this disposable
+income okay so there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay so there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay so there's going to be some
+constancy zero which captures lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constancy zero which captures lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constancy zero which captures lots of
+things that we're not modeling here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're not modeling here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're not modeling here for
+example the fact that for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the fact that for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the fact that for any given
+level of disposable income if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of disposable income if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of disposable income if you know
+if you if you if you're richer suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you're richer suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you're richer suppose
+you have some shares and now the shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some shares and now the shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some shares and now the shares
+double in value you probably are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double in value you probably are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double in value you probably are going
+to consume more as well okay there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume more as well okay there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume more as well okay there are
+lots of other things that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other things that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other things that affect
+consumption which are different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption which are different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption which are different from
+aside from your disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from your disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from your disposable
+income but we're not going to mold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but we're not going to mold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but we're not going to mold that
+so that's we're going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we're going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we're going to call it
+autonomous autonomous in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous autonomous in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous autonomous in the sense that
+we're not going to determine it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to determine it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to determine it here
+we're going to take it as a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take it as a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take it as a parameter
+that comes from somewhere else we may do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from somewhere else we may do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from somewhere else we may do
+some experiments moving that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments moving that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments moving that variable
+around but it's not going to be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but it's not going to be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but it's not going to be part of
+what we model C1 is a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we model C1 is a more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we model C1 is a more interesting
+parameter for this part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for this part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for this part of the course
+and it's what we call the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's what we call the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's what we call the marginal
+propensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to
+consume out of disposable income in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume out of disposable income in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume out of disposable income in this
+case that is C1 tells you the Share if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that is C1 tells you the Share if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that is C1 tells you the Share if
+you get an extra dollar of disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an extra dollar of disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an extra dollar of disposable
+income how much of that do you spend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income how much of that do you spend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income how much of that do you spend in
+consumption okay so say you get an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption okay so say you get an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption okay so say you get an extra
+dollar of of income if you spend 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of of income if you spend 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of of income if you spend 60
+cents in in the things you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents in in the things you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents in in the things you normally
+consume of that extra dollar well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume of that extra dollar well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume of that extra dollar well then
+your C1 is6 okay that's a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your C1 is6 okay that's a marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your C1 is6 okay that's a marginal
+perent to consume and that's what gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perent to consume and that's what gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perent to consume and that's what gives
+us our increasing function if you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us our increasing function if you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us our increasing function if you get an
+extra dollar you're going to do you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dollar you're going to do you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dollar you're going to do you're
+going to save part but some of it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save part but some of it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save part but some of it you're
+going to spend that part you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend that part you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend that part you're going to
+spend is one that we have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend is one that we have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend is one that we have there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H now let me tell you what how we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H now let me tell you what how we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H now let me tell you what how we define
+disposable income disposable income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income disposable income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income disposable income is
+just equal to income which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to income which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to income which is equal to
+production minus taxes that's disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production minus taxes that's disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production minus taxes that's disposable
+income okay it's whatever you earn as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay it's whatever you earn as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay it's whatever you earn as a
+either as a worker or as a capital owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as a worker or as a capital owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as a worker or as a capital owner
+H well then the government takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H well then the government takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H well then the government takes
+something out of it that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of it that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of it that's your
+disposable income and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income and that's what you
+have to decide how much to save and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide how much to save and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide how much to save and how
+much to consume okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to consume okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to consume okay
+that's so so that means that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so so that means that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so so that means that our
+consumption function is can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption function is can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption function is can be written
+that way after all these assumptions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way after all these assumptions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way after all these assumptions I
+made you know equal to this autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you know equal to this autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you know equal to this autonomous
+component plus C1 the marginal PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component plus C1 the marginal PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component plus C1 the marginal PR
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+times income output minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taxes is it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes is it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes is it clear
+yes so all these are assumptions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so all these are assumptions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so all these are assumptions now
+they're not crazy assumptions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not crazy assumptions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not crazy assumptions in the
+sense that you know that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you know that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you know that we know that
+that there is a relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a relationship between the
+two things again the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things again the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things again the consumption
+function in practice is much richer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in practice is much richer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in practice is much richer than
+that and there's lot of Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's lot of Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's lot of Randomness
+random terms around and so on but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random terms around and so on but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random terms around and so on but that's
+not what we wor about here but that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we wor about here but that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we wor about here but that's if
+you're going to start with a consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start with a consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start with a consumption
+function this is a pretty reasonable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a pretty reasonable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a pretty reasonable one
+to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with
+okay okay so that's going to look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's going to look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's going to look in the
+space of disposable income or income I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of disposable income or income I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of disposable income or income I
+could put income there not disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put income there not disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put income there not disposable
+income it's going to look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income it's going to look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income it's going to look like that
+okay so c0 is that autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so c0 is that autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so c0 is that autonomous
+consumption is some something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is some something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is some something you're
+going to consume regardless of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume regardless of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume regardless of your
+level of disposable income and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of disposable income and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of disposable income and there is
+a minimum consumption you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum consumption you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum consumption you have to have
+you know say and then and then H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say and then and then H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say and then and then H the
+slope of that is is the marginal per to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that is is the marginal per to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that is is the marginal per to
+consume which is C1 which is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume which is C1 which is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume which is C1 which is a number
+between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so let's let's determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so let's let's determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so let's let's determine
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+output so we have aggregate demand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so we have aggregate demand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so we have aggregate demand which
+is C plus I plus G okay there we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C plus I plus G okay there we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C plus I plus G okay there we are
+that's that was our definition of agre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was our definition of agre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was our definition of agre
+demand ER I'm going to stick in now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand ER I'm going to stick in now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand ER I'm going to stick in now the
+functional forms well these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms well these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms well these guys are
+very boring they're constants and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring they're constants and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring they're constants and I'm
+plugging in here the the consum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in here the the consum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in here the the consum the
+consumption function okay so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption function okay so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption function okay so what we
+have here is that aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is that aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is that aggregate
+demand is an increasing function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is an increasing function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is an increasing function of
+output or income okay it's also function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or income okay it's also function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or income okay it's also function
+of taxes investment and so on but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taxes investment and so on but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taxes investment and so on but but
+it's an increasing function of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an increasing function of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an increasing function of output
+and and this is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is important because
+remember the the goal of this is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the goal of this is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the goal of this is to find
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+output so here I have on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so here I have on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so here I have on the right hand
+side of my aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my aggregate
+demand output that's good I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand output that's good I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand output that's good I have one
+equation in which output shows up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which output shows up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which output shows up okay
+now I cannot find equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I cannot find equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I cannot find equilibrium output
+just from this equation why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this equation why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this equation why is that
+so remember and we're trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember and we're trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember and we're trying to build a
+model to find equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to find equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to find equilibrium
+output that's our goal that's what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's our goal that's what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's our goal that's what will
+tell us whether we want recession or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us whether we want recession or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us whether we want recession or not
+output is low recession output is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is low recession output is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is low recession output is high
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+book obviously I cannot solve it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book obviously I cannot solve it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book obviously I cannot solve it from
+this I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have two
+unknowns what are my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns what are my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns what are my two
+unknowns two unknown one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns two unknown one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns two unknown one
+equation what is my second unknown there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aggregate demand of course we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand of course we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand of course we have to
+determine z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine z and
+y okay so how we going to do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so how we going to do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so how we going to do that well
+using a second equation which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a second equation which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a second equation which is the
+equilibrium Condition it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Condition it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Condition it's not a
+function this is a function this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a function this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a function this is not
+a function this is an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function this is an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function this is an equilibrium
+condition it says in equilibrium not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it says in equilibrium not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it says in equilibrium not
+outside equilibrium in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside equilibrium in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside equilibrium in equilibrium
+output is equal to aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is equal to aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is equal to aggregate
+demand okay that's what this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay that's what this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay that's what this equilibrium
+condition tells us of equilibrium this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition tells us of equilibrium this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition tells us of equilibrium this
+doesn't hold that's the reason this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hold that's the reason this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hold that's the reason this is
+not a function this holds everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a function this holds everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a function this holds everywhere
+it's a function this is an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function this is an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function this is an equilibrium
+condition it says at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it says at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition it says at equilibrium
+aggregate demand is equal to Output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is equal to Output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is equal to Output so
+now we're done because we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're done because we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're done because we have two
+equations of two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good and the reason I POS on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and the reason I POS on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and the reason I POS on this
+is that I see that mistake made often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I see that mistake made often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I see that mistake made often
+okay this is interpreted as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is interpreted as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is interpreted as a function
+it's not it's an equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's an equilibrium condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's an equilibrium condition
+at equilibrium it holds and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium it holds and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium it holds and that you can
+see actually I'm going to illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually I'm going to illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually I'm going to illustrate the
+same point in in the diagram so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point in in the diagram so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point in in the diagram so this is
+the let me let me keep going so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me let me keep going so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me let me keep going so this is
+clear no so this this is just a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear no so this this is just a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear no so this this is just a summary
+of what we had in the previous slides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we had in the previous slides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we had in the previous slides is
+and this is the new thing here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the new thing here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the new thing here which is
+in equilibrium output is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium output is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium output is equal to
+Aggregate theand and and and the and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregate theand and and and the and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregate theand and and and the and uh
+and again that's what makes this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's what makes this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's what makes this a
+really a short shortterm model you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a short shortterm model you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a short shortterm model you see
+I'm saying output in the shortterm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying output in the shortterm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying output in the shortterm is
+whatever demand wants it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever demand wants it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever demand wants it to
+be which is different from from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be which is different from from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be which is different from from from the
+long run you says no no hold on a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run you says no no hold on a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run you says no no hold on a second
+I mean but you how much output you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean but you how much output you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean but you how much output you can
+produce is a function of the capital you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce is a function of the capital you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce is a function of the capital you
+have of the workers you have yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of the workers you have yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of the workers you have yeah yeah
+that's true in the long run but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true in the long run but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true in the long run but in the
+short run you have lots of flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you have lots of flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you have lots of flexibility
+because you have lots of unused capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have lots of unused capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have lots of unused capacity
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+okay so this is pretty it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is pretty it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is pretty it's a big
+assumption and there are schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and there are schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and there are schools of
+thoughts within microeconomic that split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts within microeconomic that split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts within microeconomic that split
+by this assumption whether you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this assumption whether you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this assumption whether you believe
+that that that in the short run output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that in the short run output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that in the short run output
+is aggre demand determined or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aggre demand determined or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aggre demand determined or
+not at MIT we tend to believe that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at MIT we tend to believe that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at MIT we tend to believe that in
+the short run the long run no but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run the long run no but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run the long run no but in the
+short run that's what it does now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run that's what it does now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run that's what it does now
+sometimes the long run get gets to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the long run get gets to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the long run get gets to you
+very quickly and at this point we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and at this point we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and at this point we're in
+a situation like that that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation like that that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation like that that's the reason
+we're seeing inflation and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing inflation and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing inflation and so on but
+that's something you'll understand later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you'll understand later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you'll understand later
+on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay
+but but but for now so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but for now so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but for now so this is this is
+important we're going to we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we're going to we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we're going to we're saying
+here output I don't need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here output I don't need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here output I don't need another
+equation I could have done aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I could have done aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I could have done aggregate
+demand like this and then output a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand like this and then output a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand like this and then output a
+function of capital label lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital label lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital label lots of things
+I'm not going to even do that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to even do that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to even do that I'm going
+to say no no output will be whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no no output will be whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no no output will be whatever the
+man wants it to be okay and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man wants it to be okay and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man wants it to be okay and that means
+in equilibrium they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium they have to be
+equal good you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question no they are the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no they are the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no they are the same for
+us that's our definition GDP for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's our definition GDP for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's our definition GDP for us is
+output so when they say agregate output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so when they say agregate output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so when they say agregate output
+I mean GDP remember real GDP we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean GDP remember real GDP we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean GDP remember real GDP we're
+talking all about real GDP okay uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking all about real GDP okay uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking all about real GDP okay uh and
+it's also equal to income not dispos but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also equal to income not dispos but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also equal to income not dispos but
+it's equal to income remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to income remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to income remember when we
+did those little tables where we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did those little tables where we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did those little tables where we look
+all the three different ways of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three different ways of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three different ways of doing it
+well the first two were output and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first two were output and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first two were output and the
+last one was income and they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one was income and they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one was income and they had to be
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+okay so why is real GDP for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is real GDP for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is real GDP for
+us that's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's real
+GDP what happens in the table I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP what happens in the table I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP what happens in the table I show
+you I already used the fact that real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I already used the fact that real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I already used the fact that real
+GDP is equal to aggregate demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is equal to aggregate demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is equal to aggregate demand and
+that's the reason I show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I show you the
+different components of Z I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of Z I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of Z I show you
+that that and that okay but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that and that okay but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that and that okay but in
+equilibrium they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's really a figure that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a figure that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really a figure that that will
+clarify I think a lot of that but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify I think a lot of that but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify I think a lot of that but let's
+let me keep solving this so we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep solving this so we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep solving this so we have that
+and so when I'm going to do next is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I'm going to do next is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I'm going to do next is just
+solve it so we have this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so we have this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so we have this equilibrium
+condition I'm going to plug in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I'm going to plug in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I'm going to plug in my
+aggregate demand function here and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand function here and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand function here and so I
+can solve out for equilibrium output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve out for equilibrium output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve out for equilibrium output and
+here we have the first for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the first for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the first for the first
+time in this course an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this course an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this course an equation for
+equilibrium output there you are that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output there you are that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output there you are that's
+your equilibrium output in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+economy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy okay
+now this guy here is very famous and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this guy here is very famous and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this guy here is very famous and is
+very macro doesn't happen in micro it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very macro doesn't happen in micro it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very macro doesn't happen in micro it
+happens in macro only okay this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in macro only okay this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in macro only okay this guy
+here another guy there is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+okay and it's a very important macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's a very important macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's a very important macro
+concept it's a huge concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept it's a huge concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept it's a huge concept
+macro now why do you think it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro now why do you think it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro now why do you think it's called a
+multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+well obviously multiply something but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously multiply something but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously multiply something but a
+multiplier sounds like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier sounds like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier sounds like you
+know that multiplies that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that multiplies that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that multiplies that makes
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+bigger so what happen if C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so what happen if C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so what happen if C1
+is H greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero if what happens if C1 is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if what happens if C1 is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if what happens if C1 is greater
+than zero remember it's between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero remember it's between Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero remember it's between Z and
+one but what happens if it's greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what happens if it's greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what happens if it's greater
+than zero what happened with that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero what happened with that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero what happened with that number
+there one over 1 minus C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's greater than one this multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than one this multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than one this multiplies
+okay so a reason we call it a multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a reason we call it a multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a reason we call it a multiply
+it's not nothing deep there okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not nothing deep there okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not nothing deep there okay so this
+thing here is sort of autonomous stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is sort of autonomous stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is sort of autonomous stuff
+you know is what the government spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is what the government spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is what the government spends
+what firms are spending Capital this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what firms are spending Capital this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what firms are spending Capital this is
+autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous
+consumption and this actually this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and this actually this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and this actually this a
+typo there there should be a C1 in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo there there should be a C1 in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo there there should be a C1 in front
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that type it comes from there see1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type it comes from there see1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type it comes from there see1 *
+so fix that type of place I'm want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fix that type of place I'm want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fix that type of place I'm want to
+upload the slides again with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload the slides again with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload the slides again with with the
+type of fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of fix
+okay I'm just it comes from here see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just it comes from here see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just it comes from here see one
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+t Okay so that's what this does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so that's what this does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so that's what this does it
+multiplies so whatever it is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies so whatever it is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies so whatever it is that that
+is happening here whatever is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening here whatever is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening here whatever is that the
+government is spending or whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is spending or whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is spending or whatever this
+terms multiply it and that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms multiply it and that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms multiply it and that's a huge
+thing there was a big debate H almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there was a big debate H almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there was a big debate H almost
+always when you're trying to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when you're trying to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when you're trying to get out of
+a recession and the government start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recession and the government start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recession and the government start
+spending a big question is well how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a big question is well how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a big question is well how big
+is the multiplier if the multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the multiplier if the multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the multiplier if the multiplier is
+small you're going to have to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you're going to have to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you're going to have to spend a
+lot to get the economy out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to get the economy out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to get the economy out of the
+recession if the multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession if the multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession if the multiplier is
+large then then H you you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then then H you you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then then H you you're going to
+have to spend very little and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend very little and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend very little and then the
+multiplier will take you away from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier will take you away from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier will take you away from from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+recession so what is it that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession so what is it that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession so what is it that makes the
+multiplier large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small well mechanically when is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small well mechanically when is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small well mechanically when is that
+multiplyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplyer
+large um C1 is closer to one so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um C1 is closer to one so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um C1 is closer to one so when
+people spend more of their income on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people spend more of their income on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people spend more of their income on
+exactly when C1 is large and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when C1 is large and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when C1 is large and that that
+gives you the logic and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the logic and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the logic and that's very
+important in micro is why is that a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in micro is why is that a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in micro is why is that a big
+multiplier well because think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier well because think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier well because think what
+happens in micro the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in micro the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in micro the government
+spends now that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends now that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends now that increases
+output but now output increases income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but now output increases income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but now output increases income
+and if consumers spend a big share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if consumers spend a big share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if consumers spend a big share of
+their extra income and output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their extra income and output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their extra income and output and
+consumption again then that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption again then that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption again then that increases
+output again which increases income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output again which increases income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output again which increases income
+again and you keep going okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you keep going okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you keep going okay so that's
+a seet on the contrary if consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seet on the contrary if consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seet on the contrary if consumers are
+very scared they don't want to spend any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scared they don't want to spend any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scared they don't want to spend any
+extra dollar they receive anything of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dollar they receive anything of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dollar they receive anything of
+the extra dollar they receive then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra dollar they receive then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra dollar they receive then you
+don't get any multiplier because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any multiplier because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any multiplier because this
+initial increase in output that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial increase in output that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial increase in output that comes
+from the government expansion that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government expansion that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government expansion that does
+lead to increasing income but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to increasing income but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to increasing income but if
+consumers don't spend it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers don't spend it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers don't spend it it doesn't
+recirculate into the economy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculate into the economy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculate into the economy and then
+you don't get a multiply okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a multiply okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a multiply okay so that's
+that's the reason we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason we call it the
+multiplier so that diagram is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so that diagram is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so that diagram is is an
+important diagram I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important diagram I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important diagram I'm
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ER doing this actually in that diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER doing this actually in that diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER doing this actually in that diagram
+I'm plotting the aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the aggregate demand
+function and then this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then this equilibrium
+condition output equal to aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition output equal to aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition output equal to aggregate
+demand in the space of er aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in the space of er aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in the space of er aggregate
+demand and output production and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and output production and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and output production and income
+here but remember income is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but remember income is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but remember income is equal to
+production okay so there's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production okay so there's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production okay so there's your
+aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand
+and that's your 45 degree line because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's your 45 degree line because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's your 45 degree line because
+this output equal to so whatever is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output equal to so whatever is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output equal to so whatever is in
+this axis equal to that axis that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis equal to that axis that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis equal to that axis that's the
+45 de line okay that's your equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 de line okay that's your equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 de line okay that's your equilibrium
+condition is at equilibrium this guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is at equilibrium this guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is at equilibrium this guys
+here a great demand Z will have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a great demand Z will have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a great demand Z will have to be
+equal to Y those are that's Trace there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y those are that's Trace there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y those are that's Trace there
+this is aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is aggregate
+demand why is this line flatter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that why is AG demand flatter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because people don't spend their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people don't spend their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people don't spend their
+entire dollar exactly because C1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire dollar exactly because C1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire dollar exactly because C1 is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one so the slope of the aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the slope of the aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the slope of the aggregate demand
+in this space is C1 it's a marginal prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space is C1 it's a marginal prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space is C1 it's a marginal prop
+to consume how much more they demand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume how much more they demand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume how much more they demand if
+they get an extra dollar well they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get an extra dollar well they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get an extra dollar well they don't
+get they don't demand one one extra unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get they don't demand one one extra unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get they don't demand one one extra unit
+they demand C1 unit and C1 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they demand C1 unit and C1 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they demand C1 unit and C1 is less than
+one okay that's the reason this so if C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that's the reason this so if C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that's the reason this so if C1
+is very small this line is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small this line is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small this line is going to be
+very flat you see one is very large very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flat you see one is very large very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flat you see one is very large very
+high PR consume this is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high PR consume this is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high PR consume this is going to be very
+steep the red line the other one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep the red line the other one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep the red line the other one doesn't
+change the 45 degree line okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the 45 degree line okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the 45 degree line okay and what
+I said is that at equili so you see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said is that at equili so you see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said is that at equili so you see if I
+take an off equilibrium level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an off equilibrium level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an off equilibrium level of output
+say this aggregate demand is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this aggregate demand is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this aggregate demand is different
+from output it's only at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from output it's only at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from output it's only at equilibrium
+that these two things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold okay this function I can plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold okay this function I can plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold okay this function I can plot it
+everywhere but this one will hold only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but this one will hold only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but this one will hold only
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+equilibrium okay that's when these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay that's when these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay that's when these two
+things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal so what I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so what I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so what I solve
+here here I just found this point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I just found this point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I just found this point okay
+so parameters here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parameters here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parameters here are
+c0 H C1 * T and G the old shifters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 H C1 * T and G the old shifters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 H C1 * T and G the old shifters of
+this aggregate demand up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aggregate demand up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aggregate demand up and down
+okay and and that point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that point here
+is exactly that and those all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly that and those all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly that and those all those
+things are parameters in my aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand I really want you to internalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand I really want you to internalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand I really want you to internalize
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+diagram any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram any questions about
+it just stare at it little it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just stare at it little it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just stare at it little it's going to
+show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up
+repeatedly and and later on it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly and and later on it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly and and later on it's not
+going to show up but whenever you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up but whenever you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up but whenever you get
+confused the way to get yourself out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused the way to get yourself out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused the way to get yourself out of
+that confusion is going to be to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusion is going to be to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusion is going to be to go back
+to the diagram you'll see I'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the diagram you'll see I'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the diagram you'll see I'll remind
+you when when when that's likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when when when that's likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when when when that's likely to
+happen Okay so so you better understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so so you better understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so so you better understand
+this diagram play with it move here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram play with it move here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram play with it move here the
+only thing you can move around is the ZZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you can move around is the ZZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you can move around is the ZZ
+the the the aggregate demand curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the aggregate demand curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the aggregate demand curve okay
+the other thing is a equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is a equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is a equilibrium
+condition you can move that 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you can move that 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you can move that 45 degree
+line but the Z you can move it around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but the Z you can move it around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but the Z you can move it around so
+let's do a a few exercises well one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a a few exercises well one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a a few exercises well one the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+obvious suppose that c0 increases by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious suppose that c0 increases by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious suppose that c0 increases by 1
+billion okay so autonomous consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion okay so autonomous consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion okay so autonomous consumption
+that is that level of consumption which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that level of consumption which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that level of consumption which
+is independent of income goes up by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of income goes up by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of income goes up by 1
+billion and that could be you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and that could be you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and that could be you know we're
+only in a better mood we know disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in a better mood we know disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in a better mood we know disposable
+income is whatever it is today but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is whatever it is today but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is whatever it is today but you
+know there is great expectation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is great expectation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is great expectation that
+that in the that the economy will enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the that the economy will enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the that the economy will enter
+a boom next year and so then you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boom next year and so then you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boom next year and so then you feel
+richer and so on and you may decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer and so on and you may decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer and so on and you may decide to
+consume not wait until next year you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume not wait until next year you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume not wait until next year you may
+decide to consume more today that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to consume more today that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to consume more today that kind
+of thought experiment can be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought experiment can be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought experiment can be captured by
+a czo type shift go up and that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a czo type shift go up and that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a czo type shift go up and that's when
+you I talk about consumer sentiment well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I talk about consumer sentiment well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I talk about consumer sentiment well
+consumer sentiment is about a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer sentiment is about a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer sentiment is about a lot about
+czo for any given level of income well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czo for any given level of income well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czo for any given level of income well
+consumers are likely to to to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are likely to to to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are likely to to to consume
+more than they would otherwise or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they would otherwise or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they would otherwise or or
+less and that's what Theo captures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and that's what Theo captures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and that's what Theo captures so
+let's go everything in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go everything in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go everything in this model
+there's no Dynamics in this simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Dynamics in this simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Dynamics in this simple model
+so we immediately what we know is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we immediately what we know is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we immediately what we know is if you
+just were to solve the equation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just were to solve the equation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just were to solve the equation and I
+tell you what happens to C if output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what happens to C if output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what happens to C if output
+what happens to Output if c z goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Output if c z goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Output if c z goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion you know that output Will Rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion you know that output Will Rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion you know that output Will Rise
+by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much let's keep it simple I just staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's keep it simple I just staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's keep it simple I just staring
+at that equation if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that equation if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that equation if I tell you
+autonomous consumption goes up by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous consumption goes up by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous consumption goes up by 1
+billion what happens to equum Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion what happens to equum Output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion what happens to equum Output
+goes up by more or less than 1 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by more or less than 1 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by more or less than 1 billion
+or or exactly 1 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly and the multipli is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and the multipli is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and the multipli is greater than
+one so we know that the output will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we know that the output will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we know that the output will
+increase by more than 1 billion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by more than 1 billion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by more than 1 billion will
+increase by 1 billion times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by 1 billion times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by 1 billion times the
+multiplier if C1 is .5 then it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier if C1 is .5 then it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier if C1 is .5 then it will
+increase by two billion dollar equili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by two billion dollar equili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by two billion dollar equili
+output now I'm going to get you to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output now I'm going to get you to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output now I'm going to get you to from
+the 1 billion to the two billion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 billion to the two billion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 billion to the two billion in
+steps using the diagram that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps using the diagram that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps using the diagram that's what I
+intend to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend to do next
+okay so this shift here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this shift here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this shift here so we're
+starting from this equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this equilibrium output
+here this shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this shift
+here boom is increasing c z that's a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here boom is increasing c z that's a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here boom is increasing c z that's a 1
+billion so distance A to B is 1 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so distance A to B is 1 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so distance A to B is 1 billion
+that's because what I did is for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because what I did is for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because what I did is for any
+given level of output I shift this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given level of output I shift this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given level of output I shift this
+aggregate demand up by 1 billion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand up by 1 billion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand up by 1 billion that's
+autonomous consumption up okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous consumption up okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous consumption up okay well
+because output is whatever the man wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because output is whatever the man wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because output is whatever the man wants
+that immediately increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that immediately increases
+output by 1 billion so B the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output by 1 billion so B the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output by 1 billion so B the distance
+between B and C is also 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between B and C is also 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between B and C is also 1
+billion okay demand increase by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion okay demand increase by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion okay demand increase by 1
+billion boom output IM catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion boom output IM catches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion boom output IM catches
+up so output increases by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so output increases by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so output increases by 1
+billion but if output increases by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but if output increases by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but if output increases by 1
+billion what has happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+income it also increased by 1 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income it also increased by 1 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income it also increased by 1 billion
+income is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is the same as
+output so income has increased by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so income has increased by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so income has increased by 1
+billion well if income has increased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion well if income has increased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion well if income has increased by
+1 billion and C1 is different from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 billion and C1 is different from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 billion and C1 is different from zero
+that means part of the extra billion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means part of the extra billion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means part of the extra billion is
+going to be spent in consumption second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spent in consumption second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spent in consumption second
+round so say see one.5 then now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so say see one.5 then now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so say see one.5 then now you get
+$500 million more of expenditure but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 million more of expenditure but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 million more of expenditure but if
+it's of consumption and if there $500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of consumption and if there $500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of consumption and if there $500
+that's that's the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the C
+CD that's 500 million obviously this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD that's 500 million obviously this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD that's 500 million obviously this the
+one here is is less than 0.5 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is is less than 0.5 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is is less than 0.5 because
+otherwise you know this would be half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know this would be half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know this would be half of
+that but but it's not anyway you get 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but it's not anyway you get 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but it's not anyway you get 500
+million more but if you if now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million more but if you if now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million more but if you if now there's
+500 million more of demand since output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million more of demand since output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million more of demand since output
+does whatever production does whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does whatever production does whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does whatever production does whatever
+demand wants then you get 500 more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand wants then you get 500 more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand wants then you get 500 more of
+production and if you have 500 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and if you have 500 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and if you have 500 more
+million dollar more of production then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollar more of production then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollar more of production then
+you have 500 million more of income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 500 million more of income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 500 million more of income and
+if you have 500 more of income and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 500 more of income and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 500 more of income and your
+C1 is greater than zero .5 you're want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is greater than zero .5 you're want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is greater than zero .5 you're want
+to spend 250 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend 250 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend 250 million
+more but 250 million more will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but 250 million more will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but 250 million more will generate
+250 million of production which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 million of production which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 million of production which also
+will generate $250 million more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate $250 million more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate $250 million more of
+income which will generate 125 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income which will generate 125 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income which will generate 125 million
+more of consumption and blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of consumption and blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of consumption and blah blah blah
+blah blah can okay so that's and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah can okay so that's and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah can okay so that's and that's
+what have is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from C to D okay so this is initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C to D okay so this is initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C to D okay so this is initial
+shift in aggregate demand up 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in aggregate demand up 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in aggregate demand up 1
+billion that lead to leads to a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion that lead to leads to a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion that lead to leads to a 1
+billion more of production as well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion more of production as well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion more of production as well which
+means 1 billion more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 1 billion more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 1 billion more of
+income okay but now these consumers not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay but now these consumers not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay but now these consumers not
+only have this c 1 billion higher in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have this c 1 billion higher in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have this c 1 billion higher in C
+but they also have one billion more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also have one billion more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also have one billion more of
+income and since they have 1 B million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and since they have 1 B million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and since they have 1 B million
+in and they're going to spend part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're going to spend part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're going to spend part of it
+C1 times that and I assume C1 was5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 times that and I assume C1 was5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 times that and I assume C1 was5
+that's what giv me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what giv me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what giv me
+CD that's the the extra five 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD that's the the extra five 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD that's the the extra five 500
+million and then this that thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and then this that thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and then this that thing there
+is also $500 million and then then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also $500 million and then then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also $500 million and then then when
+it's 250 million 250 million 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 250 million 250 million 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 250 million 250 million 125
+125 62 and a half that's that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 62 and a half that's that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 62 and a half that's that's the way
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+get there's an alternative way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there's an alternative way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there's an alternative way of
+finding equilibrium output which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding equilibrium output which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding equilibrium output which is
+entirely equivalent and it's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely equivalent and it's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely equivalent and it's the way it
+was initially done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was initially done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was initially done by the
+way and and and you'll see later on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and and you'll see later on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and and you'll see later on a
+very important curve in this course will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important curve in this course will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important curve in this course will
+be the is curve which is a curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the is curve which is a curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the is curve which is a curve that
+describes all the equilibrium in Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all the equilibrium in Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all the equilibrium in Goods
+markets we'll get there but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we'll get there but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we'll get there but but the
+reason it's called is is because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's called is is because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's called is is because of this
+alternative way of deriving the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of deriving the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of deriving the same I
+have derived which is through you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derived which is through you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derived which is through you you
+you can arrive to the same equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can arrive to the same equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can arrive to the same equilibrium
+by saying look equilibrium output is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying look equilibrium output is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying look equilibrium output is an
+output at which investment is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at which investment is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at which investment is equal to
+savings that's the reason that curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings that's the reason that curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings that's the reason that curve is
+going to be called is investment equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be called is investment equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be called is investment equal
+to saving s so let me very quickly do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saving s so let me very quickly do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saving s so let me very quickly do it
+for you and then make a point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and then make a point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and then make a point and
+connect the two things so save Private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the two things so save Private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the two things so save Private
+saving is you know what consumers do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving is you know what consumers do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving is you know what consumers do and
+so on and firms is just disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and firms is just disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and firms is just disposable
+income minus consumption that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income minus consumption that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income minus consumption that's your
+saving okay so it's equal to Y minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving okay so it's equal to Y minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving okay so it's equal to Y minus t
+that's disposible income minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's disposible income minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's disposible income minus C
+government saving is taxes minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government saving is taxes minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government saving is taxes minus
+government expenditure so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government expenditure so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government expenditure so if the
+government has a deficit that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has a deficit that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has a deficit that thing is
+negative governments often have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative governments often have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative governments often have negative
+saving okay if he has a surplus then ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving okay if he has a surplus then ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving okay if he has a surplus then ta
+taxes are greater than G then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes are greater than G then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes are greater than G then you have a
+fiscal Surplus again rarely happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal Surplus again rarely happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal Surplus again rarely happens in
+the US or in the Americas in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US or in the Americas in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US or in the Americas in general
+okay it happens a lot in Asia but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it happens a lot in Asia but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it happens a lot in Asia but not
+doesn't happen very much in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen very much in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen very much in this part of
+the world but there we are so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but there we are so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but there we are so in
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+investment I has to be equal to saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I has to be equal to saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I has to be equal to saving
+so that's what you are going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you are going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you are going to use the
+saving for to invest okay so investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving for to invest okay so investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving for to invest okay so investment
+is equal to the sum of savings I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum of savings I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum of savings I can
+replace all that in here and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace all that in here and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace all that in here and you see
+that I get exactly the same equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get exactly the same equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get exactly the same equilibrium
+condition I had before output equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I had before output equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I had before output equal to
+agregate demand okay so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agregate demand okay so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agregate demand okay so this is an
+entirely equivalent way of deriving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely equivalent way of deriving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely equivalent way of deriving this
+and I just want to show you this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to show you this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to show you this because
+is the way it was originally done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way it was originally done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way it was originally done and
+and and and and you'll understand better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and you'll understand better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and you'll understand better
+the terminology we use later on if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology we use later on if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology we use later on if you
+see that this is an equivalent way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is an equivalent way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is an equivalent way this
+is also a nice way of illustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a nice way of illustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a nice way of illustrating
+something why macro can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something why macro can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something why macro can be
+counterintuitive sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive sometimes
+microeconomics is very intuitive I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics is very intuitive I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics is very intuitive I mean
+things make sense it's like physics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things make sense it's like physics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things make sense it's like physics it
+make sense macro can be confusing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense macro can be confusing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense macro can be confusing for
+example there the well-known Paradox of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there the well-known Paradox of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there the well-known Paradox of
+saving in the short run not in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving in the short run not in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving in the short run not in the long
+run in the short run you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in the short run you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in the short run you have the
+Paradox of saving so you know we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox of saving so you know we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox of saving so you know we all
+think that you save more is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you save more is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you save more is a good thing
+our parents teach us that it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parents teach us that it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parents teach us that it's a good
+thing to save more and so on and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to save more and so on and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to save more and so on and in
+general that is true you'll do better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that is true you'll do better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that is true you'll do better in
+life if you save a little more and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life if you save a little more and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life if you save a little more and so on
+but it's not true for the macro in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not true for the macro in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not true for the macro in the
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run you know it's not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run you know it's not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run you know it's not good for
+macroeconomics in the short run unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics in the short run unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics in the short run unless
+you are in an overheated economy now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in an overheated economy now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in an overheated economy now it
+could help but otherwise it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help but otherwise it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help but otherwise it's not very
+good for equ equilibrium output and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for equ equilibrium output and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for equ equilibrium output and let
+me show you that very quickly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you that very quickly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you that very quickly with the
+expression I just show you remember they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I just show you remember they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I just show you remember they
+said equilibrium output is pinned down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said equilibrium output is pinned down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said equilibrium output is pinned down
+by investment equal to saving and saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by investment equal to saving and saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by investment equal to saving and saving
+of the private saving here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the private saving here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the private saving here is an
+increasing is an increasing function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing is an increasing function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing is an increasing function of
+output okay is equal to actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay is equal to actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay is equal to actually one
+minus C the function has a slope of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C the function has a slope of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C the function has a slope of one
+minus C1 C1 is a share of income that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 C1 is a share of income that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 C1 is a share of income that
+you spend in consumption therefore 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend in consumption therefore 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend in consumption therefore 1
+minus C1 is the share of your income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 is the share of your income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 is the share of your income
+that you spend in Saving Okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you spend in Saving Okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you spend in Saving Okay so this
+function is increasing with a slope of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is increasing with a slope of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is increasing with a slope of 1
+minus C1 so suppose I tell you now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 so suppose I tell you now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 so suppose I tell you now that
+all we decided to to we learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we decided to to we learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we decided to to we learn the
+lessons of our parents and say okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons of our parents and say okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons of our parents and say okay we
+should all save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all save
+more so that means for any for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so that means for any for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so that means for any for any given
+level of income now we all decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of income now we all decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of income now we all decide to
+save more that means the S function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save more that means the S function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save more that means the S function
+shift up for any given level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift up for any given level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift up for any given level of
+income we save more but we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we save more but we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we save more but we have a
+problem there because now we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there because now we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there because now we have more
+saving than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving than
+investment so how how do we restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so how how do we restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so how how do we restore
+equilibrium that's not an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's not an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's not an equilibrium
+how do we restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so now we all decide to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so now we all decide to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so now we all decide to be
+more prudent and save a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prudent and save a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prudent and save a little
+more at the level of the economy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the level of the economy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the level of the economy as a
+whole now we have more saving than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole now we have more saving than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole now we have more saving than
+investment that can happen can it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that can happen can it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that can happen can it's not
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+equilibrium what restores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what restores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what restores
+equilibrium well in this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well in this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well in this very simple
+mode how investment is fixed so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode how investment is fixed so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode how investment is fixed so I
+nothing can adjust on the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can adjust on the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can adjust on the investment
+side because it's fixed later on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because it's fixed later on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because it's fixed later on it's
+going to move but now it's fixed nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move but now it's fixed nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move but now it's fixed nothing
+can adjust in the public saving part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust in the public saving part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust in the public saving part
+because you know it can't move we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it can't move we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it can't move we assume
+that exogenous so something has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exogenous so something has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exogenous so something has to
+happen endogenously here that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen endogenously here that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen endogenously here that that
+reverses the increase in savings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the increase in savings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the increase in savings the
+only thing that can happen and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that can happen and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that can happen and the only
+thing can happen endogenously here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can happen endogenously here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can happen endogenously here is a
+decline in output output the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in output output the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in output output the client
+saving the client so here you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving the client so here you end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving the client so here you end up in
+a situation in which we all decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which we all decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which we all decided to
+be sort of you know better people save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of you know better people save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of you know better people save a
+little more and we end up sinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more and we end up sinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more and we end up sinking the
+economy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in a
+recession output decline okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession output decline okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession output decline okay that's the
+reason it's called the Paradox of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's called the Paradox of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's called the Paradox of
+saving that's not going to happen to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving that's not going to happen to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving that's not going to happen to you
+individually but to an economy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually but to an economy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually but to an economy as a
+whole that's the reason I say it's count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole that's the reason I say it's count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole that's the reason I say it's count
+intuitive it it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen I so look if you don't like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I so look if you don't like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I so look if you don't like this
+way of ER and it's not the main way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of ER and it's not the main way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of ER and it's not the main way
+we're going to use this if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this if you don't
+like this way of finding equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this way of finding equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this way of finding equilibrium
+output just ignore it I I just want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output just ignore it I I just want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output just ignore it I I just want you
+to know it go back to the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it go back to the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it go back to the thing you
+really need to understand is not this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to understand is not this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to understand is not this is
+is this that that that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this that that that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this that that that you need to
+understand so let me illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so let me illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so let me illustrate the
+Paradox of saving in in the model we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox of saving in in the model we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox of saving in in the model we're
+using in the one I want you to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in the one I want you to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in the one I want you to really
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+well the par of saving I can capture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the par of saving I can capture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the par of saving I can capture by
+a decline in c0o okay for any given low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decline in c0o okay for any given low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decline in c0o okay for any given low
+of income now we decide to consume less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income now we decide to consume less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income now we decide to consume less
+if we consume less for any given level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consume less for any given level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consume less for any given level
+of income that means we're saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income that means we're saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income that means we're saving
+more okay so I can capture in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay so I can capture in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay so I can capture in this
+diagram uh the fact that we all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh the fact that we all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh the fact that we all become
+sort of more prudent by a decline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more prudent by a decline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more prudent by a decline and
+aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate
+demand but if aggregate demand decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand but if aggregate demand decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand but if aggregate demand decline
+so suppose we start at this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we start at this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we start at this equilibrium
+level of output and then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output and then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output and then all of a sudden
+say okay enough is enough we we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay enough is enough we we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay enough is enough we we need to
+start saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start saving
+more then what Happ happens well agre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then what Happ happens well agre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then what Happ happens well agre
+demand declines I mean for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand declines I mean for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand declines I mean for any given
+level of income if you're going to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of income if you're going to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of income if you're going to save
+more that means you're going to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that means you're going to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that means you're going to consume
+less so agre demand de clients but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so agre demand de clients but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so agre demand de clients but what
+happens when aggregate demand de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when aggregate demand de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when aggregate demand de
+clients output de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients output de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients output de
+clients what happens when when output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+declines income declines what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines income declines what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines income declines what happens
+when income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+declines well part of the income you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines well part of the income you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines well part of the income you
+consume so you're going to consume less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume so you're going to consume less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume so you're going to consume less
+see one times that so then and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one times that so then and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one times that so then and then you
+get the multiply working against you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the multiply working against you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the multiply working against you so
+not only if now we all decide to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only if now we all decide to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only if now we all decide to save
+more not only output Falls by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more not only output Falls by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more not only output Falls by the same
+amount that that we increase savings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that that we increase savings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that that we increase savings but
+actually declines by more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually declines by more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually declines by more than that
+because you get the multiplier working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get the multiplier working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get the multiplier working
+against against you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against against you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against against you
+okay that's the reason a big role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the reason a big role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the reason a big role of
+policy makers really in recession is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers really in recession is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers really in recession is to
+try to maintain the Cal the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to maintain the Cal the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to maintain the Cal the you know
+because you can get into these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get into these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get into these kind of
+things is everybody gets a scared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is everybody gets a scared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is everybody gets a scared and
+and you know we all get a scared so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we all get a scared so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we all get a scared so the
+economy can implode just out of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy can implode just out of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy can implode just out of bad
+sentiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're on the opposite side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're on the opposite side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're on the opposite side of the
+cycle we would want output to decline a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we would want output to decline a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle we would want output to decline a
+little because we are having other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little because we are having other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little because we are having other
+problems inflation and so on again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems inflation and so on again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems inflation and so on again
+something we'll discuss later so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll discuss later so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll discuss later so now you
+may want to scare consumers a little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to scare consumers a little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to scare consumers a little and
+in fact er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+er the the governance of the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er the the governance of the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er the the governance of the Federal
+Reserve and the same is happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve and the same is happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve and the same is happening in
+other places in the world are doing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places in the world are doing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places in the world are doing just
+that I mean when they go out there says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean when they go out there says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean when they go out there says
+the economy is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy is too
+hot we're going to have to mess up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot we're going to have to mess up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot we're going to have to mess up this
+economy a little they're telling us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy a little they're telling us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy a little they're telling us that
+and and and the first ones that listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the first ones that listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the first ones that listen
+to these things is the financial market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these things is the financial market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these things is the financial market
+so every time this come out and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time this come out and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time this come out and make a
+speech of that kind Equity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech of that kind Equity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech of that kind Equity markets
+decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline
+Equity markets captured before the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity markets captured before the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity markets captured before the mood
+that consumers will have in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers will have in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers will have in the future
+they captures early but that's a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they captures early but that's a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they captures early but that's a message
+okay so they're trying to at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're trying to at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're trying to at this moment
+really policy makers at least the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really policy makers at least the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really policy makers at least the the
+central banks are trying to do just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are trying to do just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are trying to do just that
+the press a little bit consumers so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press a little bit consumers so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press a little bit consumers so so
+so we can cool off the economy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit any questions again very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit any questions again very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit any questions again very important
+lecture because we're going to build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because we're going to build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because we're going to build on
+on this and and later on this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and and later on this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and and later on this is going
+to be always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be always in the
+background and uh of this until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and uh of this until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and uh of this until we
+actually go to the third part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the third part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the third part of the
+course the key model will be this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the key model will be this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the key model will be this this
+will be in the background more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the background more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the background more things
+will be happening on top but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be happening on top but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be happening on top but but
+whenever I ask you a question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I ask you a question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I ask you a question for
+example later on ah one example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example later on ah one example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example later on ah one example what
+else would produce a a a a this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else would produce a a a a this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else would produce a a a a this a
+situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like
+this what else would what what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what else would what what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what else would what what could
+happen what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what kind of
+policy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy would
+generate that that movement well at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that that movement well at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that that movement well at this
+point we haven't introduced monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we haven't introduced monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we haven't introduced monetary
+policy so you cannot talk about monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so you cannot talk about monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so you cannot talk about monetary
+policy but we do we do have other kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but we do we do have other kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but we do we do have other kind
+of policy we could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fiscal
+policy okay fiscal policy G and T those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay fiscal policy G and T those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay fiscal policy G and T those
+are fiscal parameters when when G goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fiscal parameters when when G goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fiscal parameters when when G goes
+down or t goes up we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or t goes up we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or t goes up we call that
+contractionary fiscal policy why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy why
+contractionary because it contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary because it contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary because it contract
+aggregate demand if if G goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand if if G goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand if if G goes down
+clearly a demand goes down immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a demand goes down immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a demand goes down immediately
+if T goes up well disposable income for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T goes up well disposable income for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T goes up well disposable income for
+any given low of income goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given low of income goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given low of income goes down and
+therefore consumption goes down so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore consumption goes down so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore consumption goes down so so we
+call an increase a decline in G or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an increase a decline in G or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an increase a decline in G or an
+increase in t a contractionary fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in t a contractionary fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in t a contractionary fiscal
+policy the opposite if G goes up and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the opposite if G goes up and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the opposite if G goes up and T
+goes down we call that an expansionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down we call that an expansionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down we call that an expansionary
+fiscal policy so I take you back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy so I take you back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy so I take you back to this
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+here and I asked you the question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I asked you the question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I asked you the question again
+what kind of fiscal policy will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of fiscal policy will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of fiscal policy will generate
+this type of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of this
+picture contractionary or expansionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contraction contractionary I mean good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction contractionary I mean good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction contractionary I mean good
+nemonic the output decline you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nemonic the output decline you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nemonic the output decline you know so
+contraction so that is a decline a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction so that is a decline a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction so that is a decline a
+reduction in G and go on expenditure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in G and go on expenditure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in G and go on expenditure or
+an increase in taxes will shift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase in taxes will shift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase in taxes will shift that
+curve down and then the multiplier will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve down and then the multiplier will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve down and then the multiplier will
+make it even more contractionary than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it even more contractionary than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it even more contractionary than
+the initial fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impulse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse okay
+very good take see you on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g1ka1MXpo3s.txt b/g1ka1MXpo3s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e731a6b6127cd3acad39d12ce8e57cd90993291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g1ka1MXpo3s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3775 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is our
+first introductory meeting
+
+of the course, which is 9.04.
+
+And we are going to cover vision
+and audition in this course,
+
+and there are going to
+be two of us lecturing.
+
+My name is Peter Schiller,
+and this is Chris Brown.
+
+And I will be talking
+about the vision portion,
+
+and Chris will be lecturing
+about the auditory portion.
+
+Now, what I'm going
+to do is I'm going
+
+to hand out the syllabi
+that we have, in this case,
+
+for the first half
+of the course.
+
+And that we are going to
+discuss in some detail
+
+today for the first
+half of the lecture,
+
+and Chris is going to discuss
+it for the second half.
+
+So that is the basic
+plan for today.
+
+And I will go through some of
+the basic procedures and issues
+
+that we may want to deal with at
+this very introductory portion.
+
+So first of all, let me talk
+about the reading assignments.
+
+If you have the handout,
+they are ready for you.
+
+If you look at the
+second page, that's
+
+where we have the assigned
+readings for the vision
+
+half of the course.
+
+Now, for that half
+of the course,
+
+the top eight assignments
+are all articles
+
+in various journals.
+
+We don't have a textbook for
+this portion of the course.
+
+And then in addition to
+the assigned readings,
+
+we have recommended readings
+that are listed there.
+
+And then another
+important factor
+
+that is listed
+there-- let me first
+
+say that the lectures will be
+put on Stellar, in most cases,
+
+after each lecture.
+
+And in addition, the videos
+that we are now recording
+
+will also become available,
+but they will not
+
+be available until well
+after each lecture.
+
+So I would advise each of
+you to come to the lectures
+
+rather than hoping to read
+the assigned material only
+
+or to eventually
+look at the videos.
+
+The reason I'm
+telling you this is
+
+that our analysis has shown
+that those students who
+
+attend the lectures
+regularly get
+
+much better grades on the exams
+than the students who do not.
+
+So I strongly will
+urge all of you
+
+to come to as many lectures
+as you possibly can.
+
+Now, the additional
+requirement that you're
+
+going to have for this course is
+to write two research reports,
+
+one for vision and
+one for audition.
+
+And the assigned written report
+that you need to put together
+
+is in a paper at the
+bottom of the second page.
+
+In this case, it's
+going to be a paper that
+
+was written quite
+some years ago,
+
+a very important and remarkable
+paper that has been published
+
+by Oster and Barlow,
+as you can see.
+
+And the task for you will
+be to not just report
+
+what they had reported,
+because that's repetitious,
+
+but to do a bit of
+research and write
+
+about what has been discovered
+since the remarkable findings
+
+that these two people
+had made at the time.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's the research report.
+
+And then I want to
+specify the exams.
+
+We are going to
+have a midterm exam,
+
+and the exact date for this has
+already been set on October 23.
+
+All right?
+
+But as I say, you
+can find this, and I
+
+will specify that in more
+detail in just a minute.
+
+And then we are going
+to have a final exam
+
+at the end of the term.
+
+The exact date for
+this, as always at MIT,
+
+will not have been set until
+probably sometime in November.
+
+So now let me also specify
+the grade breakdown.
+
+I think that's
+important for all of us.
+
+The written report for
+each half of the course--
+
+there's going to be one
+report, as I've already said,
+
+for vision and
+one for audition--
+
+and that will constitute
+10% of the grade for each.
+
+And the midterm exam,
+this constitutes 25%.
+
+The final exam constitutes
+55% of the overall grade.
+
+And in that, 15% will be on
+vision and 40% on audition.
+
+So if you add that up, you can
+see that vision and audition
+
+are set up to be exactly
+equally weighed for the exams.
+
+MICHELLE: Hi.
+
+I'm Michelle.
+
+I'll be helping the professors,
+especially with [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm Chris Brown,
+and I'm one of the instructors.
+
+I'll be teaching
+the second half.
+
+And my research is on two areas,
+brain stem auditory reflexes,
+
+like the startle reflex and
+the middle ear muscle reflex.
+
+And I also work on animal models
+of the auditory brain stem
+
+implant, which is a
+neural prosthesis that's
+
+used in deaf individuals.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+And I'm Peter Schiller, and
+I work on the visual system.
+
+And I'm a professor
+here in our department.
+
+So that's very nice.
+
+Thank you for the introductions.
+
+And I hope, you guys, we
+all get to know each other.
+
+I'm very impressed that
+there's so many seniors here.
+
+That's actually unusual.
+
+I don't remember having
+this high a percentage
+
+of seniors in the class.
+
+That's really very
+nice, very nice.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we are going to
+talk, for the first part
+
+of today's lecture, about what
+aspects of visual processing
+
+we are trying to
+understand and, therefore,
+
+what we are going
+to try to cover
+
+in this course in
+terms of topics.
+
+OK?
+
+So first of all,
+what we are going
+
+to do for several lectures
+is to talk about the layout
+
+and organization of the
+visual system itself.
+
+Most of it we will discuss as
+it applies to higher mammals,
+
+in particular monkeys
+and primates and humans.
+
+Then we are going to talk
+about specific aspects
+
+of visual processing.
+
+We're going to try to understand
+how we adapt in vision,
+
+and, very interestingly,
+how we are
+
+able to perceive colors and
+process them accurately.
+
+Another fascinating
+topic is how we
+
+are capable of analyzing motion.
+
+That's a complex, very
+interesting topic,
+
+as is depth perception.
+
+And the reason depth
+perception is particularly
+
+interesting is
+because, as you know,
+
+the retinal surface
+is essentially
+
+a two-dimensional arrangement.
+
+And yet from whatever falls
+on these two dimensions
+
+in the left and right
+eyes, somehow the brain
+
+needs to convert to be able
+to see the third dimension.
+
+And as a result,
+several mechanisms
+
+have evolved to
+accomplish that, and we
+
+are going to discuss them.
+
+Then, again, another
+very complex topic
+
+is how we can recognize objects.
+
+Perhaps the most
+complex of those
+
+is our incredible ability
+to recognize faces.
+
+And that is
+highlighted, of course,
+
+by the fact that if you look
+at more simple organisms,
+
+like, I don't know, monkeys,
+they all look the same to you.
+
+But human beings,
+who are actually
+
+more similar to each other
+than perhaps monkeys are,
+
+we are really capable
+of telling them
+
+apart and readily recognize
+them over long periods of time.
+
+So it's a very
+interesting topic.
+
+And yet another topic
+that we will discuss
+
+is how we make eye movements.
+
+As you probably know,
+or you're aware of,
+
+that we are constantly
+moving your eye.
+
+You make saccadic eye movements
+about three times a second,
+
+thousands of times a day,
+hundreds of thousands of times,
+
+to be able to see things
+clearly in the world.
+
+So we are going to
+try to understand
+
+how that incredible
+ability has evolved
+
+and how it is
+realized by the brain.
+
+OK.
+
+So now to look at exactly how
+we are going to cover this,
+
+let me go through this.
+
+During the next lecture,
+which is September 9,
+
+we are going to look at the
+basic layout of the retina
+
+and the lateral
+geniculate system,
+
+as well as how the visual
+system in general is wired.
+
+Then on September
+11, we're going
+
+to look at the
+visual cortex, then
+
+at the ON and OFF
+channels, so-called,
+
+that you'll realize what they
+are once we talk about it.
+
+And then there's
+another set of channels
+
+that originates in
+the retina, which
+
+are the midget and
+parasol channels.
+
+We'll discuss those, try to
+figure out why did they evolve
+
+and what is their role
+in being able to see
+
+the world in realistic fashion.
+
+Then we're going to talk about
+adaption and color, depth
+
+perception, form perception.
+
+And then we're going to have
+a lot of fun on October 2,
+
+and we're going to look
+at illusions and also
+
+visual prosthesis,
+because one of you,
+
+in particular, is
+interested in that topic.
+
+Then we are going to talk about
+the neural control of visually
+
+guided eye movements.
+
+That's going to consist
+of two sessions.
+
+And then we're going to
+talk about motion perception
+
+and another aspect
+of eye movements
+
+when we pursue something
+with smooth eye movements.
+
+And then we're going
+to have an overview.
+
+And then, lastly,
+on October 23rd,
+
+we are going to have
+the midterm exam.
+
+That's going to cover questions
+from all of these lectures.
+
+I should tell you right now
+that the midterm exam is going
+
+to consist of
+multiple-choice questions.
+
+So you're not going to, maybe,
+asked to write anything.
+
+You're going to
+have to just pick
+
+from each of the questions
+the correct answer.
+
+All right.
+
+So now what I would like to talk
+about next in a summary fashion
+
+are what we call the
+tools of the trade.
+
+What has happened
+over the many years
+
+that scientists
+tried to understand
+
+how the visual system and, for
+that matter the brain, works,
+
+what kinds of methods
+have been employed.
+
+And so I'm going to talk about
+each of these just very briefly
+
+this time, and then they
+will come up repeatedly
+
+during all of the lectures.
+
+Now, the first method
+I'm going to talk about
+
+is called psychophysics.
+
+I'm sure most of you
+know what that is.
+
+It's a scientific way to study
+behavior of humans and animals
+
+to determine how
+well they can see.
+
+Now, there are several
+procedures with this.
+
+I'm going to describe
+one that's used
+
+both in humans and monkeys.
+
+And what you can do nowadays,
+you can use a color monitor,
+
+and I will describe
+that in just a second.
+
+After that, I will
+talk about anatomy.
+
+I will talk about
+electrophysiology,
+
+pharmacology, brain lesions,
+imaging, and optogenetics.
+
+So now let's start with
+psychophysics in more detail.
+
+So here is a color monitor,
+and either monkeys or humans
+
+can be trained to first
+look at a fixation spot.
+
+And that's important
+because we want to always
+
+be able to present
+stimuli in selected
+
+locations of the visual
+field or selected
+
+locations along the retina.
+
+This is particularly
+important, because when
+
+you study the brain, different
+regions of the visual field
+
+representation are located
+in different areas,
+
+for example, in
+the visual cortex.
+
+So what you do then is you
+can present a single stimulus
+
+like this, and the task
+of the human or the monkey
+
+is to either make a
+saccadic eye movement to it,
+
+say that's where
+it is, or to press
+
+a lever that's in front of them.
+
+And then on each trial,
+it appears someplace else.
+
+You can present it in
+many different locations,
+
+and maybe one of
+those locations will
+
+be relevant to what part of
+the brain you are studying.
+
+And then what you do,
+you can systematically
+
+vary all kinds of
+aspects of the stimulus.
+
+You can vary the color.
+
+You can vary the contrast.
+
+You can vary the size.
+
+You can vary the shape.
+
+And by systematically
+varying this,
+
+you can create curves to
+describe exactly how well you
+
+can see any
+particular thing like,
+
+for example, just
+how much contrast you
+
+need to perceive something.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's called
+the detection task.
+
+Now, a related task, which has
+also been used extensively,
+
+is called the
+discrimination task.
+
+In this case, you present
+a fixation spot again.
+
+The person or the
+monkey fixates,
+
+and then you present a whole
+bunch of stimuli, one of which
+
+is different from the others.
+
+And you have to select
+where that one had appeared,
+
+the one that's different,
+by making an eye movement
+
+or pressing the
+appropriate lever.
+
+Now, when you do this,
+you systematically
+
+can vary the difference between
+the so-called distractor
+
+stimuli, which
+are all identical,
+
+and the target
+until the person is
+
+no longer able to
+tell the difference.
+
+And that way you can,
+again, generate a curve.
+
+And you can specify just what
+is the amount of difference
+
+that you need to
+put in this, say,
+
+how good are you at perceiving
+slightly different colors.
+
+All right?
+
+And by doing that
+systematically,
+
+you can generate
+these functions using
+
+these psychophysical
+procedures to determine
+
+pretty well how
+you're able to see.
+
+And now this particular
+approach is also very useful
+
+when it comes to studying
+individuals, humans
+
+in this case, who have
+some problems with vision.
+
+So if they have a
+problem in seeing colors,
+
+you can readily
+determine, well, what's
+
+the magnitude of that problem?
+
+And thereby it can tell
+you what procedures
+
+might be used to try to
+ameliorate their shortcoming.
+
+Now, another method that
+has been used extensively
+
+in not only vision, but in
+many, many different areas
+
+of studying the brain, including
+audition of course, is anatomy.
+
+Numerous methods have evolved
+in the course of anatomists
+
+working on these problems, and
+the first is a very simple one.
+
+You just look at
+the whole brain.
+
+And I'm showing this because
+this is a monkey brain,
+
+and you will encounter the
+monkey brain repeatedly.
+
+And it so happens
+that after people
+
+have studied this
+extensively, they
+
+were able to give
+names to just about
+
+every gyrus or every brain
+area and also relate it
+
+to what the function
+is of those areas.
+
+And so, for example, just
+to name a few of these,
+
+this is called the
+central sulcus.
+
+I need to do one
+more thing here.
+
+OK.
+
+So this here is
+the central sulcus.
+
+All right?
+
+Just for you to
+remember, humans also
+
+have a central
+sulcus, of course.
+
+And this is the lunate sulcus.
+
+And this region back here--
+let's see, did I label this?
+
+Oh, here's a couple more, the
+arcuate and the principalis.
+
+You will encounter
+these repeatedly.
+
+And this region
+back here is the one
+
+which is the primary visual
+cortex in monkeys that
+
+has been extensively
+studied and has
+
+yielded remarkable discoveries
+about the way it works.
+
+So that is called area V1,
+or primary visual cortex.
+
+All right.
+
+So now just another
+example, if I
+
+can show you just a few
+examples of anatomy.
+
+Here's another example showing
+what the eye looks like.
+
+And the remarkable thing
+about the human eye,
+
+and the eye of monkeys
+as well and primates,
+
+is it has become
+highly specialized.
+
+There's a region here
+which is called the fovea.
+
+And in that region, you have a
+very, very dense distribution
+
+of photoreceptors and
+other cells in the retina.
+
+And because of that, you
+have very high acuity there.
+
+Now, because of that,
+the eye movements
+
+have to become effective for you
+to be able to see fine detail.
+
+So even, for example,
+when you read,
+
+what do you do when you read?
+
+You make saccadic eye
+movements across a line.
+
+Then you go down the next line
+three or four saccadic eye
+
+movements, and so
+on down the page.
+
+And you do that because you
+cannot make out the details
+
+of letters in the
+periphery because, there,
+
+the distribution of the
+photoreceptors and the cells
+
+in the retina in general
+become less and less dense.
+
+So that is a high
+degree of specialization
+
+that we will discuss in
+much more detail next time.
+
+Now then, all the fibers
+from the retinal ganglion
+
+cells course across the
+inner surface of the retina
+
+and go to the so-called
+optic nerve through which
+
+over a million fibers
+from the retina project
+
+into the nervous system.
+
+And how they project
+exactly, what that's
+
+like I will discuss
+in considerable detail
+
+the next time.
+
+Now, this area here
+is often also called
+
+the blind spot,
+and that you don't
+
+see even if you close one eye.
+
+But if you do a
+careful experiment--
+
+I'll explain that the next
+time-- you can actually map out
+
+this little region where
+you don't see anything.
+
+They're in different
+locations in the two eyes,
+
+so the two blind
+spots do not overlap.
+
+And so, consequently, when
+you look with both eyes,
+
+you don't have a,
+quote, blind spot.
+
+So that's an example of what
+the human retina looks like,
+
+and this has been
+studied extensively
+
+using a whole array of
+anatomical procedures.
+
+Now, the third anatomical
+procedure I want to tell you
+
+is labeling individual cells.
+
+Now, the way this was done,
+or still is being done,
+
+is that you slice the brain
+into very, very thin sections.
+
+And you put them on
+a glass, and then you
+
+can look at them
+under a microscope.
+
+Now, here's an example of
+a cross-coronal section
+
+of the monkey lateral
+geniculate nucleus.
+
+That's one region in the brain
+to which the retinal ganglion
+
+cells project.
+
+And it's a beautifully
+layered structure,
+
+which I'll describe in
+detail the next time.
+
+And these little spots
+that you see here
+
+are actual cells, which are
+labeled using a so-called Nissl
+
+stain.
+
+Now, another method
+used in staining cells
+
+is the famous Golgi stain,
+which was discovered, invented,
+
+perhaps, you could say, by
+Golgi, for which he received
+
+the Nobel Prize in 1906.
+
+The remarkable quality
+of those productions
+
+is that this label-- it's a
+silver label-- stains not only
+
+the cell bodies, as the Nissl
+stain you have just seen,
+
+but also all the processes, the
+dendrites as well as the axons.
+
+So you see a whole
+cell as a result
+
+of that staining procedure.
+
+Yet another way
+to do this, which
+
+is more sophisticated
+nowadays, is
+
+to record intracellularly from
+a cell and then inject a label.
+
+This happens to be the so-called
+Procion Yellow labeling
+
+substance.
+
+You inject in the eye, and then
+you process the tissue again
+
+in thin layers.
+
+And this is an example
+of what that looks like.
+
+So this also stains all
+the processes of the cell.
+
+And the advantage
+here is that you
+
+can study this cell
+electrophysiologically
+
+and determine what
+it is like, and then
+
+stain it so you can establish
+the relationship what
+
+the cell does and what
+the cell looks like.
+
+All right.
+
+So now let's turn to the
+electrophysiological method,
+
+which is a consequence of this,
+logical consequence of it.
+
+Once again, here we
+have a monkey brain.
+
+And what you do here, we put
+microelectrodes into the brain.
+
+Now, this was a
+discovery that was
+
+made around the turn of the
+century, little bit after.
+
+Initially,
+microelectrodes were made
+
+from very thin tubes of
+glass, which were heated
+
+and then pulled so that the tip
+became smaller than a micron.
+
+So it was very, very small.
+
+Subsequently, other
+methods were developed.
+
+They etched fine pieces a wire
+until the tip was very, very
+
+small, and then they corded it.
+
+And they then we were able
+to put these electrodes
+
+into the brain and record single
+cells just like with glass
+
+pipettes.
+
+So the example here then is
+that you take a microelectrode,
+
+put it into the brain,
+and then that is connected
+
+to an amplifier
+system and a computer.
+
+And when you do that, you can
+record from a single cell.
+
+Now, as you well
+know, single cells
+
+generate action potentials.
+
+And that is shown here
+on an oscilloscope
+
+in a schematic fashion.
+
+And what some
+clever people did is
+
+that they decided that an easy
+way to process information
+
+about the manner
+single cells generated
+
+action potentials is to put
+this signal onto a loudspeaker
+
+system.
+
+And so every time a cell fired,
+what you would literally hear
+
+is beep, beep, like that.
+
+OK?
+
+And so if you shown a
+light on it several times,
+
+it will go like
+brrrp, like that.
+
+And the big
+advantage of this was
+
+that many cells see only a
+tiny portion of the world.
+
+And if you don't
+know where it is,
+
+you have to take some
+projector or something
+
+and move it around.
+
+And if the receptive
+field is here,
+
+you go, brrrp, brrrp,
+brrrp, brrrp, like that.
+
+OK?
+
+And so then you can map
+it out very accurately.
+
+Instead of having to like with
+the oscilloscope, you hear it,
+
+and that enables you to do all
+kinds of things, experiments,
+
+and you don't have to
+look at the oscilloscope.
+
+But you can perform all
+sorts of experiments,
+
+and you can hear the
+responses of the cell.
+
+Now, another method
+that is used extensively
+
+in electrophysiology is
+called electrical stimulation.
+
+It's a similar process.
+
+You take a microelectrode,
+for example, you
+
+put it in the brain, and then
+you pass electric current.
+
+Typically, that electric current
+is passed in such a way as
+
+to mimic action potentials.
+
+So if you are to listen to when
+it's activated, again, brrrp,
+
+you hear that.
+
+But this time, instead
+of the cell firing,
+
+you are firing the area
+there, and that then
+
+can elicit a response, all
+right, all kinds of responses.
+
+If you stimulate here, for
+example-- remember now,
+
+this is the visual
+system in the monkey-- as
+
+has been shown in humans,
+electrical stimulation elicits
+
+a percept, a small
+spot, a star-like image.
+
+In the auditory system
+when you stimulate,
+
+you can hear something.
+
+And if you stimulate
+in the areas that
+
+are related to moving your
+eyes, then the simulation
+
+causes a saccadic eye movement.
+
+So all those methods
+are very, very good
+
+in trying to understand better
+the organization of the brain
+
+for, in this case for vision,
+and for eye movements.
+
+Now, yet another
+method that is used--
+
+several methods I should
+say-- is pharmacology.
+
+And when you do
+pharmacological experiments,
+
+one procedure is-- and
+many different procedures,
+
+I'll just describe
+one here-- once again,
+
+you can stick a glass
+pipette into the brain,
+
+and then you can inject it.
+
+You can inject it either
+with actually a syringe
+
+or using several
+other methods, and you
+
+can inject all kinds of agents.
+
+For example, you can inject
+a neurotransmitter analog
+
+or a neurotransmitter antagonist
+to determine what effects it
+
+has in various parts of
+the brain and, in our case,
+
+in the visual system or
+the ocular motor system.
+
+Now, yet another method
+that has been used
+
+is brain inactivation.
+
+Several procedures are available
+to inactivate the brain.
+
+Once again, here's
+a monkey brain.
+
+And this region
+here that I already
+
+told you a little
+bit about because
+
+of naming the gyri there, OK, is
+called the frontal eye fields.
+
+This region has something
+to do with moving your eyes.
+
+So what you can do if you
+want to study and find out
+
+just what does this
+area do, one procedure
+
+is to-- again, here is
+V1-- is to make a lesion.
+
+Now, sometimes you actually
+do that in a monkey.
+
+But sometimes in
+some experiments,
+
+humans may have an
+accident, some event when
+
+you served in
+Vietnam or something,
+
+and a region of
+the brain has been
+
+removed by virtue of
+a bullet or something.
+
+And that way you
+can find out what
+
+is the consequence of
+having a lesion like that.
+
+You can study, use a
+psychophysical procedure,
+
+as I described to
+you, to determine just
+
+what is the consequence
+of having lost this area.
+
+This is a huge
+region of research.
+
+A great many types of
+experiments have been done.
+
+One of the famous individuals
+who had done this kind of work
+
+is Hans-Lukas Teuber,
+who used to be
+
+the chairman of our department
+starting way, way, way
+
+back in 1962.
+
+And his specialty was to study
+Second World War veterans who
+
+had sustained various
+kinds of brain injuries.
+
+And the basis of
+that, studying them
+
+using psychophysical
+procedures, to assess what
+
+various areas in the brain, what
+kind of functions they have,
+
+what kinds of tasks
+do they perform.
+
+Now, yet another method, which
+has some major advantages,
+
+is to make reversible
+inactivations rather than
+
+permanent ones.
+
+And this you can
+do by, for example,
+
+using a method of cooling.
+
+There's a device, the
+so-called Peltier device,
+
+that you can put on
+top of the brain.
+
+And then electronically, you
+can cool the surface that
+
+is in touch with
+the brain, and then
+
+you can see what happens
+when you cool it.
+
+And then when you
+warm it up again,
+
+you can see what happens to
+recovery, which, in this case,
+
+in almost all cases
+like this, leads
+
+to full recovery and
+the same performance
+
+as prior to starting
+the cooling.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you only use this
+method for surface structures
+
+or?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+They have now developed
+methods where you can actually
+
+lower them into the brain.
+
+And they're usually much
+finer, and very often they're
+
+sort of a loop type device.
+
+And you can lower that into
+the gyri or wherever you like,
+
+and, again, do the
+reversible cooling.
+
+Yes.
+
+That's a fairly recently
+developed device,
+
+and it works extremely well.
+
+Now, yet another approach
+is to inject substances
+
+into the brain that
+anesthetize, if you will,
+
+a particular region
+after the injection,
+
+but only for a limited time.
+
+And then you can see how
+the behavior is affected.
+
+Now, a variant of
+that that I referred
+
+to before, of course, is
+that you can use agents that
+
+are selective, that don't
+inactivate the whole area,
+
+but for example, only affect
+excitatory neurotransmitters
+
+or only affect inhibitory ones.
+
+So you can do kinds
+of selective things.
+
+And so you can
+establish the role
+
+of various neurotransmitters
+in the role
+
+they play in
+various brain areas.
+
+Now, yet another method
+very recently developed,
+
+which has been incredibly
+successful, is imaging.
+
+As you probably
+all know, you all
+
+know we do have an
+MRI facility here
+
+in our department on the
+ground floor, and some of you
+
+may even have been
+subjects in it.
+
+What that does is
+when you put a subject
+
+into this-- the variant
+of that is called
+
+fMRI, functional Magnetic
+Resonance Imaging.
+
+And so if you put a person
+in the magnet and you present
+
+a certain set of
+stimuli repeatedly, OK,
+
+or differential ones,
+whatever, the brain areas
+
+that are active
+performing the analysis
+
+that you ask them
+to do light up.
+
+So that method-- here's a
+complex picture of that.
+
+This is one that is
+in Freiberg, Germany.
+
+This is done with monkeys again.
+
+You have this device and
+you put the monkey in there.
+
+You lower the device
+on it, and then you
+
+can have the subject
+perform trained tasks.
+
+And then you can
+analyze the brain
+
+and look at the
+nature of activation.
+
+And here's an example
+of that, whatever
+
+this task is, doesn't matter.
+
+You can see that
+a particular brain
+
+region has been very
+heavily activated
+
+as a result of whatever
+manipulation they did.
+
+Now, there are lots and
+lots and lots of experiments
+
+of this sort, and we will
+talk about several of those
+
+as we look at various
+aspects of the visual system.
+
+Now, the last method I want to
+just mention very, very briefly
+
+is optogenetics.
+
+That's a new method, and we
+have actually several people
+
+in our department here
+who are using this method.
+
+Now, this particular
+method-- let
+
+me explain just very quickly
+what this is all about.
+
+Does everybody know
+what an opsin is?
+
+OK.
+
+How about if I say rhodopsin?
+
+OK.
+
+Most of you will know that.
+
+A rhodopsin is a
+set of molecules
+
+that are in the rods
+in the photoreceptors,
+
+and they are sensitive to light.
+
+Now, there are all
+kinds of variants.
+
+That's why I mentioned opsins
+rather than rhodopsins.
+
+And what can be done is
+that you can selectivity
+
+place these various substances
+into selected types of cells
+
+in the brain.
+
+And then, because these cells
+become light sensitive just
+
+like the photoreceptors are,
+then when you shine light
+
+onto the area where you had
+placed these opsins in cells,
+
+you can drive them.
+
+You can make them respond
+by turning the light on.
+
+Now, the amazing
+thing about that
+
+is that makes it a
+more powerful technique
+
+than electrical stimulation,
+that you can set this up
+
+in such a way that, for
+example, if you use a rhodopsin
+
+substance that is
+sensitive to red light,
+
+it will be excited
+by the red light.
+
+But if you have a slightly
+different substance that
+
+would be inhibited
+by blue light,
+
+then you can see what happens
+if you excite those cells,
+
+and then you
+inhibit those cells.
+
+So this gives you two
+sides to the coin,
+
+whereas electrical stimulation
+provides only one side.
+
+So that's a wonderful technique.
+
+And here's sort of a
+good example of that.
+
+Here we have
+injected-- I shouldn't
+
+say injected-- but
+genetically labeled
+
+cells with
+channelrhodopsin, so-called.
+
+And when that's done, when
+you shine in a blue light,
+
+OK, you excite the cell.
+
+And then instead, if you put
+in so-called halorhodopsin, OK,
+
+halorhodopsin, then if
+you use yellow light
+
+you inhibit the cells.
+
+So that's a
+remarkable technique.
+
+It's just at the very
+beginning of things,
+
+so we won't talk too
+much about this technique
+
+in studying the
+visual system yet.
+
+But I bet you that
+in another 10 years
+
+this is going to
+be a central topic.
+
+All right.
+
+So to summarize
+these techniques,
+
+other than the psychophysics,
+just remind you again,
+
+number one, we have
+electrical recording
+
+using microelectrodes.
+
+OK?
+
+Then secondly, we have
+electrical stimulation.
+
+Thirdly, we have injection
+of pharmacological agent.
+
+Then we have methods
+to inactivate regions,
+
+either permanently by lesions
+or reversibly by cooling
+
+or by injecting
+various substances.
+
+And lastly, we have
+optogenetics that
+
+enables you to activate
+cells or inhibit cells
+
+by shining light onto the brain.
+
+So these are quite a
+remarkable set of techniques.
+
+And individuals who want
+to become neuroscientists,
+
+they're going to have to
+learn to master not maybe
+
+all of these techniques,
+but certainly some of them
+
+so that they can carry out
+new and original experiments
+
+in determining how
+the brain works
+
+and, in our case, of course,
+how the visual system works.
+
+So that is, in essence then,
+what I wanted to cover.
+
+And now we are going to move
+on and have Chris tell you
+
+about his portion
+of the course, which
+
+will be taught during the
+second half of this semester.
+
+So as I said, next
+time we are going
+
+to start talking
+about, first of all,
+
+about the wiring of the visual
+system, the basic wiring.
+
+And then we're going to talk
+about the retina in detail
+
+and a little bit about the
+lateral geniculate nucleus.
+
+That's the next lecture.
+
+Please.
+
+AUDIENCE: So for the eigtht
+readings, the eight assigned
+
+readings that you
+have on here, how
+
+will we know when to read what?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+that's a good question.
+
+The sections that have
+to do with eye movements
+
+that you can see, that you
+don't have to read until we
+
+get to the eye movements,
+the latter part.
+
+Initially, when we talk about
+the retina, for example,
+
+you definitely want to
+read the [INAUDIBLE] paper
+
+and the Schiller paper on
+parallel information processing
+
+channels.
+
+Then the ones that have to
+do with the Hermann grid
+
+illusion and visual
+prosthesis, that you
+
+don't have to cover
+until you come
+
+to the section on illusions
+and visual prosthesis.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Welcome, everybody.
+
+I'm Chris Brown.
+
+And I just, in the
+remaining time,
+
+wanted to give you
+a synopsis of what's
+
+going to happen during the
+second half of the term.
+
+So I'll be giving the lectures
+during the second half
+
+on the topic of
+audition, or hearing.
+
+And there's my email,
+chris_brown@meei.harvard.edu.
+
+So as you can see
+by my email, I'm
+
+associated with Harvard, in
+fact, Harvard Medical School.
+
+And I'm in the so-called ENT
+department at Harvard Med
+
+School, and that stands
+for Ear, Nose, and Throat.
+
+So some of you who are going
+to be going to medical school
+
+will certainly do
+an ENT rotation,
+
+where you learn about the
+various aspects of ENT.
+
+And much of it, of
+course, is the subject
+
+of otology, what happens
+when people have disorders
+
+of hearing, problems
+with their hearing.
+
+And in addition,
+many ENT doctors
+
+also operate on people who
+have head and neck cancers.
+
+So surgeries of
+those two types go
+
+on at my hospital, which is
+Massachusetts Eye and Ear
+
+Infirmary.
+
+And that's across
+the river in Boston,
+
+and it is, of course, one of the
+main teaching hospitals for ENT
+
+as well as ophthalmology.
+
+There's a big
+Ophthalmology department
+
+where the ophthalmologists
+deal with disorders
+
+of sight and vision.
+
+So I have an
+introductory reading,
+
+which is a book chapter
+that I wrote, and also
+
+with Joe Santos-Sacchi,
+which is actually
+
+now in the fourth
+edition of a textbook
+
+called Fundamental Neuroscience.
+
+And I believe this book chapter
+is on the course website now.
+
+And it summarizes
+pretty much what
+
+I'll cover during the
+semester in a reading
+
+that you could probably
+do in an hour or less,
+
+and it has many of the
+figures that I'll use.
+
+So if you're shopping
+around for a course
+
+and want to know what's going to
+happen in the second half here,
+
+you can look at
+that book chapter.
+
+There's a nice
+textbook that I'll also
+
+be assigning a
+number of readings
+
+from throughout
+the term, and it's
+
+called Auditory Neuroscience,
+Making Sense of Sound
+
+by Schnupp, Nelken, and King.
+
+And these fellows are, in the
+case of the first and the last,
+
+at Oxford University, and they
+work on psychophysics, that is,
+
+how we perceive hearing.
+
+And they test
+humans, and they also
+
+do a fair amount of
+animals psychophysics.
+
+And in the case
+of Israel Nelken,
+
+he's at Hebrew
+University in Israel.
+
+And he does a lot of
+electrophysiological
+
+recordings-- you heard
+about electrophysiology
+
+from Peter's talk just
+now-- and recordings
+
+especially from the
+auditory cortex.
+
+But this is a very nice
+book for coverage especially
+
+of the central auditory
+pathway in psychophysics.
+
+And it's pretty cheap.
+
+I think it's $30.
+
+And I believe I was told
+earlier that you can get it,
+
+as an MIT student, online free.
+
+And what's good about
+the online edition
+
+is there are lots
+of demonstrations,
+
+each indicated by the little
+icon in the margin of the text.
+
+And when you click on
+that demonstration,
+
+if you have your
+earbuds in you can
+
+hear what the sound
+demonstration is.
+
+And I'll be doing quite a
+lot of sound demonstrations
+
+through the course of the
+semester because I think
+
+it livens up the
+class a little bit,
+
+and this book is especially
+good for sound demos.
+
+So I encourage you
+at least to get
+
+the online edition
+of that textbook.
+
+So also on the course
+website is the syllabus
+
+for what the audition
+lectures will cover,
+
+and I just put a couple
+here to give you a flavor.
+
+In the first lecture
+on October 28th,
+
+we'll talk about the physical
+characteristics of sound
+
+and what happens
+to that sound when
+
+it strikes your
+external, and then
+
+your middle, and inner ears.
+
+And associated with each lecture
+is an original research article
+
+that, in this case,
+is Hofman, et al.,
+
+and the title is "Relearning
+Sound Localization
+
+with New Ears."
+
+And so, in a nutshell, what
+they did in that research report
+
+was they took little
+pieces of clay,
+
+and they inserted them into
+their external ears or pinna,
+
+and therefore distorted
+quite a lot your pinnae.
+
+They couldn't do
+what van Gogh did,
+
+which was cut off the
+pinna, but they certainly
+
+distorted their pinnaes
+quite a lot on both sides.
+
+And then they tested,
+using themselves
+
+as subjects and
+other volunteers,
+
+how good their ability
+to localize sound was.
+
+And especially in terms of when
+the sound varied in elevation,
+
+they found that there
+were huge differences,
+
+that they couldn't localize
+sounds that were straight ahead
+
+versus sounds that were
+coming from above themselves
+
+with these distortions.
+
+But what was funny
+and what harks back
+
+to the title of the
+article is that when
+
+they had the volunteers go out
+and live their normal lives
+
+with these pinna distortions
+in for a few weeks,
+
+then they came back into the
+lab and tested them again,
+
+they found that they could now
+localize sounds in elevation
+
+with these new ears.
+
+They relearned how
+to localize sound.
+
+So this is a nice demonstration
+of learning or plasticity,
+
+at least in
+psychophysical responses.
+
+And it also emphasizes
+the function
+
+of your external ear, which
+helps you localize sounds
+
+in space.
+
+In the second lecture, we'll
+be talking about the receptor
+
+cells for hearing, which are
+called hair cells because they
+
+have these little
+appendages at their top
+
+that looked to the early
+neuroanatomists like hairs.
+
+And of course, sound
+is a mechanical energy
+
+that moves the fluid in which
+these hair cells are immersed
+
+and moves these little
+hairs or appendages
+
+at the top of the
+cell, and that's
+
+how the cell can
+respond then to sound.
+
+And so hair cells are the
+very important receptor cells
+
+for hearing, which are, of
+course, the analogs of the rods
+
+and cones in the visual system.
+
+And the research
+report associated
+
+with our talk about
+hair cells will
+
+be how a special protein
+called prestin is required
+
+for electromotility, which
+is a function of outer hair
+
+cells, one of the two
+types of hair cells,
+
+which allows them to actually
+move and flux and change
+
+their membrane links
+when they sense
+
+these mechanical disturbances
+by their stereocilia.
+
+So it's a pretty
+interesting paper
+
+in what we call a
+knockout animal.
+
+So the prestin is
+genetically knocked out
+
+in this particular animal,
+and the sense of hearing
+
+is then tested again in
+these knockout animals.
+
+So we have a whole
+bunch of lectures.
+
+I haven't indicated all them.
+
+They're on the course website.
+
+Toward the end of the semester,
+we'll have, as Peter indicated,
+
+a written assignment
+for audition.
+
+So I haven't actually
+thought it up yet,
+
+but let me just
+give you an example.
+
+Last year and this year,
+we'll be talking a lot
+
+about neural prostheses
+for audition.
+
+And the most famous neural
+prosthesis for audition,
+
+of course, is the
+cochlear implant,
+
+which I'll talk a
+little bit about later,
+
+and it works quite well.
+
+There's also a neural
+prosthesis that
+
+goes into the
+auditory brainstem.
+
+It's called the auditory
+brainstem implant,
+
+and it's used in
+some other types
+
+of individuals who are deaf.
+
+And it doesn't work anywhere
+near as well as the cochlear
+
+implant.
+
+It's sometimes called a
+lip reading assist device
+
+because people who have
+the brainstem implant
+
+usually can't understand
+speech over the telephone.
+
+They need to be facing you
+and looking at your lips
+
+as you're speaking.
+
+They need additional cues.
+
+And so there'll be
+a lot of discussion
+
+this term about the
+differences between these two
+
+types of the implant,
+where they're
+
+put in the auditory
+pathway, and why
+
+one works much better
+than the other.
+
+And that was the
+written assignment
+
+for last year, which was a
+discussion of why the cochlear
+
+implant works a lot better than
+the auditory brainstem implant.
+
+So I'll have something
+along those lines that
+
+uses the material
+from our course
+
+that you can take to
+answer a question.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me just go through in
+a half a dozen slides or so
+
+what I consider to
+be the high points
+
+of the auditory
+part of the course.
+
+About the first third of the
+auditory part of the course
+
+will be a discussion of
+the auditory periphery.
+
+And the periphery
+is usually divided
+
+into these three basic
+divisions, the external ear,
+
+which most of us think about as
+the ear, the pinna and the ear
+
+canal, which leads to
+the tympanic membrane
+
+here in yellow, or eardrum.
+
+And at that point
+begins the middle ear.
+
+The middle ear is
+an air-filled space.
+
+If you've been on a
+recent plane flight
+
+and your ears are a
+little bit stuffed up,
+
+it can be very uncomfortable,
+especially when
+
+the plane is coming
+down in altitude.
+
+And your eardrum bulges
+because the eardrum is just
+
+a very thin layer of skin,
+and it can bulge very easily.
+
+But it's painful
+when the eardrum
+
+bulges when the
+change in pressure
+
+happens as you're
+descending in a plane.
+
+In the air-filled
+space of the middle ear
+
+are three small bones,
+the malleus, the incus,
+
+and the stapes.
+
+If you remember from high school
+biology, the hammer, the anvil,
+
+and the stirrup.
+
+The stirrup looks like what
+a cowboy has on his saddle
+
+that he puts the
+cowboy boots through.
+
+It's a very, very small bone.
+
+In fact, it's the
+smallest bone in the body.
+
+These bones are very
+small because they
+
+have to vibrate in
+response to sound,
+
+and so they can't
+be big and massive.
+
+Massive things don't
+vibrate very well.
+
+And so the stapes is sometimes
+encompassed by bony growths
+
+around it and prevented
+from vibration
+
+in a disease called
+otosclerosis.
+
+And so at my hospital,
+the Massachusetts Eye
+
+and Ear Infirmary,
+they do an operation
+
+to cure that type of deafness
+called the stapedectomy.
+
+So what's an -ectomy?
+
+You medical types,
+what does that mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: Removal.
+
+PROFESSOR: It means
+removal, right.
+
+So they take the stapes out.
+
+And that's because if
+they just loosen it up,
+
+the bone regrows and re-adheres
+the stapes from vibration.
+
+So they replace the
+stapes, the natural stapes,
+
+with a stapes prosthesis, either
+a little piston or a tube,
+
+that they hook on with
+a wire to the incus,
+
+and they put into the so-called
+foot plate area or oval
+
+window of the cochlea, which
+is the next structure I'll
+
+talk about.
+
+And that very nicely restores
+the sense of hearing.
+
+In fact, when I was a postdoc
+fellow at Mass Eye and Ear,
+
+I could go watch the surgeries,
+and I watched a stapedectomy.
+
+And the patient was
+anesthetized, but not
+
+so much that she was really out.
+
+She was more sedated.
+
+And at the end of the
+operation, the surgeon
+
+was adjusting the
+artificial prosthesis,
+
+and the surgeon said,
+well, can you hear me?
+
+And the patient didn't respond.
+
+So he moved it around a little
+bit or adjusted the wire,
+
+I don't know which.
+
+He says, can you hear me now?
+
+And there was no response
+from the patient.
+
+And he did a little more
+manipulation and adjustment.
+
+And he finally said,
+can you hear me?
+
+And the patient said, why
+are you yelling at me?
+
+I can hear you just fine.
+
+So usually at the
+end of the operation,
+
+the patient has
+become more light.
+
+The anesthesiologist
+turns off the anesthesia.
+
+And they adjust the stapes
+prosthesis so it works well.
+
+So that type of operation
+is fairly common
+
+and very successful to
+restore the so-called types
+
+of conductive hearing loss.
+
+These bones conduct the acoustic
+sensation into the cochlea.
+
+Now, in the cochlea-- this
+is the structure here.
+
+The "cochlea" is the
+word for the inner ear.
+
+It comes from the Greek word
+"kokhlias," which means snail,
+
+and it is certainly a
+snail shell-shaped capsule.
+
+The cochlea looks like
+a coiled snail shell.
+
+And inside it are
+the receptor cells
+
+for hearing, the hair
+cells and the dendrites
+
+of the auditory nerve fibers.
+
+OK?
+
+And the cochlea is a
+bony-filled capsule
+
+filled with fluid and
+membranes and cells inside.
+
+And this anatomy is
+a little bit complex,
+
+so I brought in a model here
+of the auditory periphery.
+
+So we have the external
+ear, the long ear canal
+
+here, the eardrum.
+
+It's kind of slanted here.
+
+And this part here
+that I'll lift out here
+
+is the cochlea or the inner ear,
+the snail shell-shaped area.
+
+And leading from it is the
+yellow-colored, in this case,
+
+auditory nerve, which sends
+messages from the cochlea
+
+into the brain.
+
+And these funny, loop-shaped
+structures that I'm grasping
+
+are the semicircular
+canals, which
+
+mediate the sense of balance
+or angular acceleration.
+
+When you rotate your head,
+those hair cells in there
+
+are sensitive to
+those rotations.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'll pass this model around.
+
+You can take a
+closer look at it.
+
+And in our hospital,
+the surgeons practice
+
+on real, live specimens like
+that from postmortem material
+
+because in otologic
+surgery there's
+
+a lot of drilling to access,
+for example, the middle ear
+
+or the inner ear.
+
+And there's a lot of
+important structures
+
+that you don't want to run
+into with your drill bit,
+
+like the jugular bulb
+is that red thing there.
+
+The facial nerve goes right
+through the middle ear.
+
+And so the surgeons need to know
+their way around the middle ear
+
+so that they can avoid
+important structures
+
+and go to the right structure
+that they intend to operate on.
+
+OK.
+
+So you heard Dr. Schiller
+talk about electrophysiology
+
+and recordings from
+individual neurons.
+
+And a lot of what we know
+about how the inner ear works
+
+comes from such
+types of experiments.
+
+And this is an experiment
+at the top here
+
+that gives the responses in
+the form of action potentials.
+
+Each one of these blips is
+a little action potential,
+
+or impulse, or response from
+one single auditory nerve
+
+fiber recorded in the
+auditory nerve of a cat, which
+
+is the very common model
+for auditory neuroscience,
+
+or at least it
+was in years past.
+
+So this response area is a
+mapping of sound frequency.
+
+So this axis is tone frequency.
+
+And the frequency
+of a sound wave form
+
+is simply how many times
+it repeats back and forth
+
+per second.
+
+Frequencies that are
+common in human hearing
+
+are, for example, 1,000 hertz.
+
+This is a graph of kilohertz,
+tone frequency in kilohertz.
+
+And the upper limit
+of human hearing
+
+is approximately 20 kilohertz.
+
+The lower limit of human hearing
+is down around 50 or 100 hertz.
+
+In terms of smaller
+animals like the cat,
+
+they're shifted up in frequency
+of perhaps an octave, maybe
+
+a doubling of the frequencies
+that they're most sensitive to.
+
+This auditory nerve
+fiber responded
+
+to a variety of frequencies,
+except at the very lowest
+
+sound level.
+
+The y-axis is a
+graph of sound level.
+
+This is very low
+level or soft sound,
+
+this would be a
+medium sound, and this
+
+would be a very
+high level sound.
+
+At the lowest levels of sound,
+the auditory nerve fiber
+
+only gave a response
+to frequencies
+
+around 10 kilohertz, or
+10,000 cycles per second.
+
+There are some spontaneous
+firings from the nerve fiber,
+
+and those can happen even if
+there's no sound presentation.
+
+These neurons can be
+spontaneously active.
+
+If you outline
+this response area,
+
+you can see that it's
+very sharply tuned
+
+to sound frequency.
+
+It only responds
+around 10 kilohertz.
+
+And this exquisitely sharp
+tuning of the auditory nerve
+
+is the way, perhaps, that the
+auditory nerve sends messages
+
+to the brain that there is only
+10 kilohertz that the ears are
+
+hearing and not 9 kilohertz
+and not 11 kilohertz.
+
+OK?
+
+If you increase the sound
+level to higher levels,
+
+this auditory nerve
+fiber, like others,
+
+responds to a wide variety
+of sound frequencies,
+
+but it has a very sharp cut
+off at the high frequency edge.
+
+Maybe at 11 kilohertz,
+it responds,
+
+but 11.1 kilohertz
+there's no response.
+
+So the tuning becomes
+broader, but there's still
+
+a really nice, sharp,
+high-frequency cut off.
+
+So what good is this for?
+
+Well, the ear is very good at
+resolving frequency, saying
+
+there's 10 kilohertz
+but not 9 kilohertz.
+
+And that's very important
+for identification of sounds.
+
+For example, how do we know, if
+we're talking on the telephone
+
+or not seeing the subject
+who's talking to us,
+
+that it's a female
+speaker or a male speaker
+
+or an infant speaker?
+
+Well, male speakers
+have lower frequencies
+
+in their speech sounds.
+
+And so right away, if we
+hear a lot of low frequencies
+
+in the speech sounds,
+we assume we're
+
+talking to a male speaker.
+
+And that's, of course, a very
+important identification.
+
+How do we know we're
+hearing the vowel A and not
+
+the vowel E, ah or eh?
+
+Because of the different
+frequencies in the speech
+
+sounds for those two vowels.
+
+So frequency coding is
+a very important subject
+
+in the auditory pathway
+for identification
+
+and distinguishing
+different types of sounds.
+
+And one way we know what
+frequencies we're listening to
+
+is if the auditory
+nerve fiber's tuned
+
+to a particular
+frequency [INAUDIBLE]
+
+responding and not the others.
+
+Now, some very
+elegant studies have
+
+been done to look at
+the mapping of frequency
+
+along the spiral of the cochlea.
+
+And what those show
+is that way down
+
+at the base of the cochlea,
+the very highest frequencies
+
+are sensed by the hair cells
+and the auditory nerve fibers
+
+there.
+
+And as you go more
+and more apically,
+
+you arrive at first middle,
+and then lower frequencies.
+
+So there's a very
+nice, orderly mapping
+
+of frequency along the
+receptor epithelium,
+
+or along the cochlea in
+the sense of hearing.
+
+And so, obviously,
+the hearing organ
+
+is set up to distinguish
+frequencies and identify
+
+sounds.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's not the only code for
+sound frequency that we have.
+
+We'll talk extensively
+about another code
+
+that uses a time-coding sense.
+
+And this comes from the way
+that auditory nerve fibers
+
+so-called phase lock to
+the sound's waveform.
+
+Here's a sound stimulus, and
+here's auditory firing, first
+
+with no stimulus.
+
+It's a fairly random pattern.
+
+And here is with a
+stimulus turned on,
+
+and you can see that the spikes
+line up during a certain phase
+
+or part of the
+stimulus waveform.
+
+And that's not that
+impressive until you
+
+look at the time scale here.
+
+As I said before, sounds that
+are important in human hearing
+
+are as high in frequency
+as 1 kilohertz.
+
+So if this is going back and
+forth 1,000 times per second,
+
+then the scale bar here for one
+period would be 1 millisecond.
+
+And so the auditory nerve is
+keeping track and firing only
+
+on a certain or preferential
+phase of the stimulus waveform
+
+with the capability
+of milliseconds.
+
+OK?
+
+And this is a much better
+phase-locking pattern
+
+than you get in other senses.
+
+For example, in
+the visual system,
+
+when you flash the light on
+and off just even 100 flashes
+
+per second, everything
+sort of blears out,
+
+and you sort of don't
+have any phase locking
+
+the way you do in the
+auditory nerves firing.
+
+So this is a very nice coding
+for sound frequency that
+
+is sort of a
+secondary way to code.
+
+This is a very important
+coding for musical sounds.
+
+Musical sounds, for
+example, like an octave,
+
+1 kilohertz and 2 kilohertz,
+a doubling of sound frequency,
+
+have very similar patterns
+in their temporal responses
+
+to those two frequencies
+that probably
+
+makes an octave a very beautiful
+musical interval to listen to.
+
+And it appears in music of many
+different types of cultures.
+
+So one of the
+demonstrations that I'll
+
+play for you is
+an A for 40 hertz
+
+and an octave above that,
+880 hertz, and you'll
+
+hear how beautiful the
+two sound together.
+
+And then I'll mistune
+them, which is easy for me
+
+to do because I'm an
+amateur violinist,
+
+and I'll be doing
+this on a violin.
+
+And it's pretty easy to
+have a mistuned octave,
+
+and it sounds so awful
+and very dissonant
+
+when you listen to it.
+
+And one of the reasons for
+that, the reason for that,
+
+is the difference
+in phase locking
+
+for the two dissonant sounds
+versus the two consonant
+
+sounds.
+
+OK.
+
+So we will talk
+about what happens
+
+when you have problems
+with your hearing.
+
+One of the main
+problems with hearing
+
+that causes loss,
+complete loss of hearing,
+
+is when the receptor
+cells are attacked
+
+by various types of
+insults, diseases, drugs,
+
+the aging process,
+stimulation, or listening
+
+to very high-level sounds.
+
+These can all kill
+the hair cells.
+
+And in the mammalian cochlea,
+once the hair cells are lost
+
+they never grow back.
+
+And there's very active
+interest in trying
+
+to get hair cells to
+regenerate by using
+
+stem cells or various
+growth factors,
+
+but so far that
+can't be achieved.
+
+Luckily, in the
+auditory periphery,
+
+even if you lose the
+hair cells, which
+
+is the major cause
+of deafness, you
+
+retain your auditory
+nerve fibers.
+
+So these blue structures here
+are the auditory nerve fibers
+
+coming from the hair cells.
+
+And even if the hair
+cells are killed
+
+by these various insults,
+the auditory nerve fibers,
+
+or at least many
+of them, remain.
+
+So you heard Dr. Schiller talk
+about electrical stimulation.
+
+You can put an electrical
+stimulating electrode
+
+in the inner ear and stimulate
+those remaining auditory nerve
+
+fibers to fire impulses
+that are sent to the brain.
+
+And if you hook that
+system up right,
+
+you have a so-called
+cochlear implant.
+
+The cochlear implant has a
+microphone that detects sound.
+
+It has a processor that converts
+that sound into various pulses
+
+of electrical stimulating
+current, which
+
+can be applied to a
+system of electrodes
+
+that is inserted
+into the cochlea.
+
+The cochlea is a
+beautiful bony capsule.
+
+You can snake this electrode in.
+
+It doesn't move away.
+
+You can glue it in place.
+
+You can lead the electrode
+out to the processor that
+
+activates it when the
+subject hears a sound that's
+
+detected by the microphone.
+
+And this cochlear implant
+is the most successful
+
+neural prosthesis
+that's been developed.
+
+It's implanted all the time
+at Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary.
+
+It's paid for by insurance.
+
+These days, insurance pays
+for a cochlear implant
+
+in your left cochlea
+if you're deaf,
+
+and it will also pay for
+another cochlear implant
+
+in your right cochlea
+if you're deaf.
+
+So the metric for how
+successful this is,
+
+is whether the subject who's
+using the cochlear implant
+
+can understand speech.
+
+And so you can have
+various tests of speech.
+
+A speaker can give a sentence,
+and the person can respond.
+
+The speaker can give
+various simple words,
+
+and the cochlear implant
+user can respond.
+
+You can test these individuals
+in a very straightforward
+
+manner.
+
+And we will have a demonstration
+by a cochlear implant user.
+
+I have an undergraduate
+demonstrator who's here at MIT.
+
+And she'll come in and
+she'll describe and show you
+
+her cochlear implant, and
+you can ask her questions.
+
+And there, I guarantee you with
+this particular demonstration
+
+that I have in mind,
+that she won't always
+
+understand your questions.
+
+I have had really great
+cochlear implant users
+
+who are superstars, that
+understand every word.
+
+But the more norm is they
+understand much of what you say
+
+but not everything.
+
+And this particular room is
+a little bit challenging.
+
+There's some noise
+in the background.
+
+It's not one-on-one,
+so the implant user
+
+won't know exactly
+who's speaking at once.
+
+And in this case, the person
+just has one ear implanted,
+
+so her ability to localize
+sounds is compromised.
+
+And she won't know who's asking
+the question until she sort
+
+of zeroes in a little bit on it.
+
+So you'll see the cochlear
+implant is not perfect,
+
+but it's pretty
+good in its metric
+
+for speech comprehension.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, I said this particular
+cochlear implant user only
+
+has one implant in one ear.
+
+To really be good
+at localizing sound,
+
+we need to have
+two ears, and there
+
+are the so-called binaural
+cues for sound localization.
+
+Here's a subject listening
+to a sound source.
+
+The sound source is
+emitting sound here,
+
+and it gets to the
+subject's left ear first.
+
+And a short time later, it gets
+to the subject's right ear.
+
+And that's one of the cues for
+binaural localization of sound,
+
+which is interaural
+time difference.
+
+The velocity of sound in air
+is 342 meters per second.
+
+And depending on how
+big your head is,
+
+you can calculate the
+Interaural Time Difference.
+
+And of course,
+that ITD is maximal
+
+if the sound source is
+located off to one side,
+
+and it's exactly zero
+if the sound source
+
+is located straight ahead.
+
+OK?
+
+So that is a cue for
+localization of sounds.
+
+We'll listen to sounds that
+differ in interaural time
+
+difference.
+
+We can play these through
+headphones for you.
+
+And we'll have some
+demonstrations of that.
+
+The other binaural cue
+for sound localization
+
+is the interaural
+level difference.
+
+Here is the same sound
+source, same subject.
+
+This ear will experience a
+slightly higher sound level
+
+than the other ear because
+sound can't perfectly
+
+bend around the head.
+
+The head creates a sound shadow.
+
+And this is especially important
+for high frequencies of sound,
+
+like above 3 kilohertz.
+
+So that is a second binaural
+cue for sound localization.
+
+We'll listen to those cues.
+
+And we'll talk a lot about
+the brainstem processing
+
+of those binaural cues
+for sound localization.
+
+If you compare the visual
+and the auditory pathways--
+
+this is a block diagram
+of the auditory pathway,
+
+and there are a lot
+of brainstem nuclei.
+
+We have the cochlear nucleus,
+the superior olivary complex,
+
+and the inferior colliculus.
+
+And these latter two get input
+from the two ears on the two
+
+sides, and they
+probably do the bulk
+
+of the neural processing
+for sound localization.
+
+You don't have to do that
+so much in the visual system
+
+because the visual
+system, in a sense,
+
+has a mapping of external
+space already on the retina.
+
+But remember, the inner
+ears map sound frequency.
+
+And so the inner ears
+themselves don't know
+
+or don't have a
+good cue for where
+
+the sound is localized in space.
+
+Instead, you need input
+from the two sides,
+
+and you need a lot
+of neural processing
+
+to help you determine
+where that sound source is
+
+coming from in space.
+
+OK.
+
+So we'll talk about
+the neural processing
+
+of those binaural cues.
+
+We'll talk toward
+the end of the course
+
+about the various
+auditory cortical fields.
+
+These are the cortical fields
+in the side of the cat's brain.
+
+So this is the
+front of the brain.
+
+This is looking at the
+left side of the brain.
+
+This is the rear of the brain
+where the occipital lobes are,
+
+where V1 is.
+
+And on the side or
+temporal cortex,
+
+you have the auditory
+fields, including
+
+A1 or primary auditory cortex.
+
+And we'll talk, at least
+touch upon a little bit,
+
+toward the end of the course
+the human auditory-- primary
+
+auditory cortical field is right
+here on the superior surface
+
+of the superior temporal gyrus.
+
+And just near it, it could be
+called an auditory association
+
+area, is an area
+called Wernicke's area
+
+that's very important in
+processing of language.
+
+And of course,
+connected with that
+
+is the Broca's area, which
+is another important language
+
+center, in the dominant
+hemisphere at least, of humans.
+
+So we'll touch upon that at
+the very end of the course.
+
+And we'll also have a special
+topic called bat echolocation,
+
+how bats use their auditory
+sense to navigate around
+
+the world at night even
+without their vision.
+
+And finally, at the very last
+class period before the review
+
+sessions, we'll all go over
+for a tour of the research lab
+
+where I work at the
+Massachusetts Eye and Ear
+
+Infirmary.
+
+So it's across the Longfellow
+Bridge right at the end
+
+there where the arrow is.
+
+And we'll have some
+demonstrations there.
+
+I think last year we
+had a demonstration
+
+on single-unit recording
+from an awake animal that's
+
+listening to sound.
+
+We had measurements from humans
+of the so-called otoacoustic
+
+emissions.
+
+These are sounds
+that can be detected
+
+in the ear canal with a
+very sensitive microphone.
+
+They're used in
+tests of hearing.
+
+And I also think
+we had a discussion
+
+of imaging of the
+auditory system.
+
+And of course, if you've ever
+listened to an MRI machine,
+
+it's sort of described
+sometimes as being
+
+as loud as being inside
+a washing machine.
+
+And it's very
+challenging for people
+
+that image subjects
+who are listening
+
+to especially very
+low-level sounds
+
+when there's all this background
+noise coming from the imaging
+
+machine.
+
+So there's some
+special things that
+
+are done to minimize
+the noise coming
+
+from the imager in
+auditory studies.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gBD44yITfrw.txt b/gBD44yITfrw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08d1c995c4401b769ee2f5fb41dd69b94e086fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gBD44yITfrw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right cool so projects presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool so projects presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool so projects presentations
+are gonna happen and we're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna happen and we're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna happen and we're gonna start
+with the video games and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the video games and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the video games and then we're
+going to take a cool break in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a cool break in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a cool break in the middle
+to play with a collaborative cloud sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with a collaborative cloud sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with a collaborative cloud sort
+crowd-sourced cloud based robot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd-sourced cloud based robot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd-sourced cloud based robot that's
+going to try to follow all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to follow all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to follow all of our
+collective input in order to grab a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective input in order to grab a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective input in order to grab a
+piece of paper that Abin off the TA for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper that Abin off the TA for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper that Abin off the TA for
+their Duino class has been building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Duino class has been building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Duino class has been building in
+his free time that's a good embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his free time that's a good embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his free time that's a good embarrassed
+face that's so that's a way to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that's so that's a way to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that's so that's a way to model
+embarrassment I appreciate that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassment I appreciate that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassment I appreciate that because
+we're all gonna feel embarrassed when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all gonna feel embarrassed when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all gonna feel embarrassed when we
+present and that's okay I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and that's okay I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and that's okay I feel
+embarrassed right now trying to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed right now trying to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed right now trying to get your
+attention and pull you away from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and pull you away from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and pull you away from your
+projects because I know that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects because I know that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects because I know that that's what
+you want to be doing right now so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be doing right now so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be doing right now so that's
+okay we're all going to feel embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're all going to feel embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're all going to feel embarrassed
+but we're going to share and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to share and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to share and not in
+order to impress everyone with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to impress everyone with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to impress everyone with how
+amazing our project was but to open up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing our project was but to open up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing our project was but to open up a
+dialogue about what we learned and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue about what we learned and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue about what we learned and what
+other people can learn from us so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people can learn from us so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people can learn from us so the
+point of coming up and sharing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of coming up and sharing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of coming up and sharing your
+presentation is not to get accolades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is not to get accolades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is not to get accolades
+from your friends about how amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your friends about how amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your friends about how amazingly
+brilliant you are it's to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant you are it's to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant you are it's to share
+something so that if someone's interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that if someone's interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that if someone's interest
+gets peaked they can go oh cool how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets peaked they can go oh cool how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets peaked they can go oh cool how did
+you do that thing and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that thing and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that thing and then you have a
+chance to teach them about that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to teach them about that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to teach them about that really
+specific thing that you did if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific thing that you did if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific thing that you did if you were
+able to make a really cute thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make a really cute thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make a really cute thing on the
+screen move or if you're able to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen move or if you're able to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen move or if you're able to make a
+really cool video game work or if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool video game work or if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool video game work or if you're
+able to make fun Arduino electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make fun Arduino electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make fun Arduino electronics
+projects this is your chance to teach by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects this is your chance to teach by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects this is your chance to teach by
+sharing what you do and inviting other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing what you do and inviting other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing what you do and inviting other
+people to ask questions about it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to ask questions about it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to ask questions about it so this
+is not about impressing each other most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not about impressing each other most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not about impressing each other most
+of you will never which way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will never which way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will never which way you're
+trying to shift me oh yeah you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to shift me oh yeah you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to shift me oh yeah you guys
+thank them most of you won't talk after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank them most of you won't talk after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank them most of you won't talk after
+this class so don't worry if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so don't worry if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so don't worry if you do
+something embarrassing you won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something embarrassing you won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something embarrassing you won't see
+most of these people the ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these people the ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these people the ones that you
+do exchange emails with them and talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exchange emails with them and talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exchange emails with them and talk to
+them after and they're not going to care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them after and they're not going to care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them after and they're not going to care
+if you do something silly up here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do something silly up here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do something silly up here so I
+just want to set the expectation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to set the expectation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to set the expectation that
+this is not a competitive presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a competitive presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a competitive presentation
+environment we're not getting venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment we're not getting venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment we're not getting venture
+capital there's nothing other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital there's nothing other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital there's nothing other than
+learning opportunity here as Kyle said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning opportunity here as Kyle said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning opportunity here as Kyle said
+we're not competing hopefully you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not competing hopefully you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not competing hopefully you had
+fun and learned something over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and learned something over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and learned something over the last
+two weeks that's that's teachers only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks that's that's teachers only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks that's that's teachers only
+goal to let you have fun and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal to let you have fun and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal to let you have fun and learn
+something so yeah I think the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so yeah I think the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so yeah I think the point of
+this two weeks is to like get your feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two weeks is to like get your feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two weeks is to like get your feet
+wet with Arduino and see what it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet with Arduino and see what it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet with Arduino and see what it's like
+to plan a project and try to build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan a project and try to build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan a project and try to build it
+and then figure out how to do it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out how to do it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out how to do it better
+next time so that's that's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so that's that's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so that's that's what we do
+but that said you all your groups did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that said you all your groups did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that said you all your groups did
+amazing you did so much work which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing you did so much work which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing you did so much work which is
+awesome and we're all excited to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome and we're all excited to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome and we're all excited to see
+what you have to present thank you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to present thank you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to present thank you all
+right yes I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes I'm done
+come on in all right so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on in all right so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on in all right so the first
+presents it's going to let them come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it's going to let them come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it's going to let them come up
+and introduce and so the video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce and so the video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce and so the video game
+groups when you come up take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups when you come up take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups when you come up take the
+microphone introduce your game demo your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone introduce your game demo your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone introduce your game demo your
+game or introduce your game talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game or introduce your game talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game or introduce your game talk about
+anything that you feel inspired to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you feel inspired to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you feel inspired to talk
+about if there is a fun interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if there is a fun interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if there is a fun interesting
+learning experience or if something got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience or if something got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience or if something got
+you really excited talk about that demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really excited talk about that demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really excited talk about that demo
+your game and then we're gonna open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game and then we're gonna open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game and then we're gonna open it
+up to questions as an audience member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to questions as an audience member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to questions as an audience member
+the best thing that you can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing that you can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing that you can do to
+support someone who's presenting is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support someone who's presenting is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support someone who's presenting is to
+make occasional eye contacts and pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make occasional eye contacts and pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make occasional eye contacts and pay
+some attention and then at the end be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attention and then at the end be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attention and then at the end be
+able to ask a question that reflects I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to ask a question that reflects I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to ask a question that reflects I
+know I'm very explicit but it you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm very explicit but it you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm very explicit but it you've
+been amazed at how many people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been amazed at how many people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been amazed at how many people don't
+make eye contact with presenters oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make eye contact with presenters oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make eye contact with presenters oh and
+then ask questions at the end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask questions at the end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask questions at the end which
+reflects something like that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects something like that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects something like that looked
+really cool how did you do that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool how did you do that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool how did you do that and what
+you're doing is you're setting them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're setting them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're setting them up
+to look smart and share something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look smart and share something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look smart and share something that
+they're passionate about and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're passionate about and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're passionate about and feel
+supported and you two will have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported and you two will have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported and you two will have your
+chance to be up here and I guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to be up here and I guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to be up here and I guarantee
+that you will want to have an audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will want to have an audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will want to have an audience
+that makes eye contact and then asks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes eye contact and then asks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes eye contact and then asks you
+questions about things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about things that were
+interesting in your project so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in your project so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in your project so that you
+too can feel supported and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too can feel supported and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too can feel supported and interesting
+and like people care about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like people care about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like people care about what you're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+because a lot of this class was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of this class was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of this class was two
+weeks of passion projects we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of passion projects we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of passion projects we don't have
+a lot of structure because I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of structure because I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of structure because I think that
+you know you're here for two weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're here for two weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're here for two weeks and
+you should opt into the project that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should opt into the project that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should opt into the project that you
+want to do and you should find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and you should find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and you should find people
+that you want to work with so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to work with so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to work with so a lot of
+this that work that you've done over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that work that you've done over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that work that you've done over the
+last two weeks represents a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two weeks represents a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two weeks represents a personal
+investment and so respect that in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and so respect that in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and so respect that in each
+other like everyone who's up there up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like everyone who's up there up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like everyone who's up there up
+here presenting put a lot of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here presenting put a lot of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here presenting put a lot of their own
+interests and passion into this so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and passion into this so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and passion into this so yeah
+support support support alright so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support support support alright so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support support support alright so first
+group are you ready to present all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group are you ready to present all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group are you ready to present all right
+here you go
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gGNbt1xxP4A.txt b/gGNbt1xxP4A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..323e97f52042ffbd2951c3ee8f2e394506aea8ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gGNbt1xxP4A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the steady state magnetic levitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state magnetic levitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state magnetic levitation of
+current carrying conductors over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carrying conductors over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carrying conductors over a
+ground plane demonstrates magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane demonstrates magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane demonstrates magnetic
+forces due to conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currents here is the actual experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents here is the actual experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents here is the actual experiment
+with the pancake coil excited by 60 HZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pancake coil excited by 60 HZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pancake coil excited by 60 HZ
+current from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from this
+variac the current is measured with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the current is measured with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the current is measured with this
+clipon ammeter and indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope the ground plane is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope the ground plane is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope the ground plane is this
+aluminum sheet its thickness is 1.27 CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum sheet its thickness is 1.27 CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum sheet its thickness is 1.27 CM
+the coil has a thickness of about 1 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CM a typical current in the coil is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM a typical current in the coil is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM a typical current in the coil is 20
+to 30 amp so it's made of large diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 amp so it's made of large diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 amp so it's made of large diameter
+wire to reduce its resistance the 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire to reduce its resistance the 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire to reduce its resistance the 250
+turns are of number 10 aluminum wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns are of number 10 aluminum wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns are of number 10 aluminum wire
+aluminum is chosen for its lightweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is chosen for its lightweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is chosen for its lightweight
+its density is 2.7 G per cubic cm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its density is 2.7 G per cubic cm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its density is 2.7 G per cubic cm so
+that for a given current and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a given current and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a given current and thus
+magnetic force the coil will will rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force the coil will will rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force the coil will will rise
+higher than if made of copper although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than if made of copper although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than if made of copper although
+copper is a better conductor by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is a better conductor by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is a better conductor by a factor
+of about 1.6 its density is about 3.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 1.6 its density is about 3.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 1.6 its density is about 3.3
+times greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times greater than
+aluminum the scope Trace indicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum the scope Trace indicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum the scope Trace indicates the
+coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+current here again is what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here again is what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here again is what happens as
+the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raised the force on the conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the force on the conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the force on the conductor
+results in vibrations which we hear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in vibrations which we hear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in vibrations which we hear as
+Telltale evidence that the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telltale evidence that the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telltale evidence that the current is
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+increased the force is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the force is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the force is proportional to
+the square of the 60 HZ current these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the 60 HZ current these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the 60 HZ current these
+vibrations result from the 120 HZ second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations result from the 120 HZ second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations result from the 120 HZ second
+harmonic component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic component of the
+force when the RMS current is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when the RMS current is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when the RMS current is large
+enough that the Lorent force can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the Lorent force can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the Lorent force can
+overcome the coil weight the coil lifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the coil weight the coil lifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the coil weight the coil lifts
+off the ground plane increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground plane increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground plane increasing the
+current further results in an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current further results in an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current further results in an increase
+in the levitation Force at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the levitation Force at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the levitation Force at a given
+altitude so the coil Rises to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude so the coil Rises to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude so the coil Rises to make the
+upwards magnetic force equal to that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards magnetic force equal to that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards magnetic force equal to that of
+the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+weight let's see if we can estimate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight let's see if we can estimate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight let's see if we can estimate how
+high the pancake coil will rise for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the pancake coil will rise for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the pancake coil will rise for a
+given coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current we are limited in height by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we are limited in height by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we are limited in height by the
+maximum current before we blow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuse focusing attention on a single turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse focusing attention on a single turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse focusing attention on a single turn
+of the circular coil with radius a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circular coil with radius a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circular coil with radius a with
+a much larger than the wire diameter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much larger than the wire diameter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much larger than the wire diameter we
+can approximately use our inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximately use our inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximately use our inductance
+formula for a straight wire of length L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a straight wire of length L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a straight wire of length L
+if we take L to just be the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take L to just be the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take L to just be the coil
+circumference 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a we reconnect the pancake coil to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we reconnect the pancake coil to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we reconnect the pancake coil to the
+variac the clipon ammeter measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the clipon ammeter measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the clipon ammeter measures the
+current which is displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is displayed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is displayed on the
+oscilloscope we raise the current slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope we raise the current slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope we raise the current slowly
+and find the coil lifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off at about 15.5 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at about 15.5 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at about 15.5 amp
+RMS what we predict was 14.3 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS what we predict was 14.3 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS what we predict was 14.3 amp
+RMS as we raise the current further the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS as we raise the current further the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS as we raise the current further the
+coil height above the ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases here the coil Center Rises by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases here the coil Center Rises by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases here the coil Center Rises by
+2.25 CM at 20 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 CM at 20 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 CM at 20 amp
+RMS we take other data points by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS we take other data points by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS we take other data points by
+increasing the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the skin depth in aluminum at 60 Herz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin depth in aluminum at 60 Herz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin depth in aluminum at 60 Herz is
+1.1 CM at first one may think that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 CM at first one may think that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 CM at first one may think that for
+the Assumption of a perfectly conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Assumption of a perfectly conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Assumption of a perfectly conducting
+ground plane to be accurate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane to be accurate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane to be accurate the
+frequency must be high enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency must be high enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency must be high enough that the
+ground plane thickness is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane thickness is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane thickness is greater than
+the skin depth for our experiment thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin depth for our experiment thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin depth for our experiment thus
+far the aluminum ground plane thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the aluminum ground plane thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the aluminum ground plane thickness
+has been 1.27 CM this thickness is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been 1.27 CM this thickness is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been 1.27 CM this thickness is about
+a skin depth to demonstrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skin depth to demonstrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skin depth to demonstrate the
+dependence on ground plane thickness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on ground plane thickness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on ground plane thickness we
+can try a ground plane with half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try a ground plane with half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try a ground plane with half the
+thickness this plate has a thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness this plate has a thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness this plate has a thickness of
+6.35 mm this is about half the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.35 mm this is about half the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.35 mm this is about half the skin
+depth remember that with 1.27 CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth remember that with 1.27 CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth remember that with 1.27 CM
+thickness liftoff occurred at 15.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness liftoff occurred at 15.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness liftoff occurred at 15.5
+amp with this half skin depth thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp with this half skin depth thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp with this half skin depth thick
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+plane liftoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane liftoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane liftoff
+occurs at 16.3 rather than 15.5 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at 16.3 rather than 15.5 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at 16.3 rather than 15.5 amp
+RMS this current is only slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS this current is only slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS this current is only slightly higher
+than with the 1.27 CM thick ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the 1.27 CM thick ground plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the 1.27 CM thick ground plane
+even though the ground plane thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the ground plane thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the ground plane thickness
+is now about half the skin depth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now about half the skin depth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now about half the skin depth it
+still acts essentially as a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a 1 mm thick plane the coil does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 mm thick plane the coil does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 mm thick plane the coil does
+not lift up even at 30 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RMS the ground plane is now so thin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS the ground plane is now so thin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS the ground plane is now so thin that
+most of the magnetic field penetrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the magnetic field penetrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the magnetic field penetrates
+through the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ground
+plane we just blew a fuse again but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we just blew a fuse again but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we just blew a fuse again but this
+time because of an arc the enamel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because of an arc the enamel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because of an arc the enamel
+insulation on the wires may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation on the wires may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation on the wires may not be
+enough to prevent arcing to the sheet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prevent arcing to the sheet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prevent arcing to the sheet we
+have just seen an example of this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just seen an example of this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just seen an example of this let's
+try it again now with some Gaff tape for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it again now with some Gaff tape for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it again now with some Gaff tape for
+better insulation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom here it is again with a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here it is again with a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here it is again with a current
+of 30 to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the coil doesn't lift off but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil doesn't lift off but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil doesn't lift off but the
+induced current does make the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced current does make the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced current does make the ground
+plane very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hot our coil has the making of a burner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot our coil has the making of a burner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot our coil has the making of a burner
+for a stove our thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a stove our thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a stove our thin
+sheet could be the bottom of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet could be the bottom of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet could be the bottom of a
+pan our experiment has been turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan our experiment has been turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan our experiment has been turned
+upside down the protective border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down the protective border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down the protective border
+prevents spillage let's turn the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents spillage let's turn the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents spillage let's turn the current
+up and let it heat for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it takes a while but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cook the experiment demonstrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook the experiment demonstrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook the experiment demonstrates the
+magnetic induction of current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic induction of current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic induction of current in
+inductors and both the resulting Lorent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors and both the resulting Lorent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductors and both the resulting Lorent
+magnetic force of repulsion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heating
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gLYwLyeE8oU.txt b/gLYwLyeE8oU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d218cbabbfa48f1d520c750fed578184514ec10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gLYwLyeE8oU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2774 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw@mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let us start.
+
+So maybe start by
+reminding you what
+
+we did in the last lecture.
+
+So you take the
+black hole metric
+
+so we explain that
+you can actually
+
+extend-- so this is the other
+black hole horizon-- so you can
+
+actually extend the
+region outside the horizon
+
+to actually four total regions
+for the four black hole
+
+spacetime.
+
+And then this [? tag, ?]
+this is a singularity.
+
+And of course, this
+is only the rt plane,
+
+and then you also have
+[? s2. ?] So now [INAUDIBLE],
+
+let me show that in
+order for the metric
+
+to be regular at the horizon
+into this when you go
+
+to Euclidean signature then
+you want to identify Tau to be
+
+periodic with this period.
+
+So in essence, when you
+go to Euclidean signature,
+
+then this rt plane becomes,
+essentially, a disc.
+
+And this Tau is in the angular
+direction, and then the rho,
+
+this r is in the
+radial direction.
+
+And then the region of
+this disc is the horizon.
+
+The region of the
+disc is the horizon.
+
+So when you say, yeah, so
+this Tau has to be periodic.
+
+So that means if you fit any
+theories in this spacetime,
+
+then that theory must be
+at a finite temperature
+
+with inverse of this, which
+gives you this [? H ?]
+
+kappa divided by beta.
+
+And the kappa is
+the surface gravity.
+
+So you can do a similar
+thing with the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And the [INAUDIBLE] is just
+1/4 of a Minkowski, which
+
+[? forniated ?] in this way.
+
+This is a constant
+of the rho surface,
+
+and this is a constant
+of the eta surface.
+
+And, again, [INAUDIBLE]
+in eta to Euclidean.
+
+And in order for the Euclidean
+need [? congestion ?]
+
+to be regular, the
+region, then the theta
+
+have to be periodical in 2pi.
+
+And then this theta
+essentially, again,
+
+becomes an angular direction.
+
+And then this implies
+that the local observer
+
+in the window of spacetime must
+observe a temperature given
+
+by this formula, OK?
+
+Any questions regarding that?
+
+Good, so today we
+will talk about
+
+the physical interpretation
+of this temperature.
+
+OK?
+
+So let me just write down
+what this temperature
+
+means in words, so I will
+use black hole as an example.
+
+We can stay exactly
+parallel [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It says if you consider
+a quantum fields
+
+theory in the black
+hole spacetime, then
+
+the vacuum state-- so when
+you put the quantum fields
+
+theory, say, in the spacetime,
+always ask, what is the vacuum?
+
+Then the vacuum state
+for this curve t
+
+obtained via the analytic
+continuation procedure
+
+where the analytic continuation
+procedure from Euclidean
+
+signature is a
+thermal equilibrium
+
+state with the stated
+temperature, OK?
+
+So emphasize when you want
+to talk about temperature,
+
+you first have to specify
+what is the time you use.
+
+So this temperature refers to
+this particular choice of time,
+
+and so this is the temperature
+corresponding to an observer
+
+while using this time.
+
+And then this is the time, as we
+said, corresponding to observer
+
+leaving at infinity.
+
+And so this would
+be the temperature
+
+observed by the infinity.
+
+So similarly, this
+temperature is the temperature
+
+for given [? with ?]
+the observer
+
+at some location of rho.
+
+So this is for local observer.
+
+If you just talk about the
+eta, then the temperature
+
+is just h divided by 2pi because
+theta is periodical in 2pi.
+
+And if you ask what is
+the temperature associated
+
+with eta, it's just
+h pi divided by 2pi.
+
+So any questions
+regarding this statement?
+
+So now let me
+[INAUDIBLE] is going
+
+to be abstract, so let me
+elaborate a little bit,
+
+and let me make some remarks.
+
+So the first is that
+the choice of vacuum
+
+for QFT in the curved
+spacetime is not unique.
+
+So this is a standard feature.
+
+This is a standard
+feature, so if you
+
+want to define a quantum fields
+theory in the curved space time
+
+because, in general, in
+the curved space time,
+
+there's no prefer
+the choice of time.
+
+So in order to quantize here,
+you have to choose a time.
+
+So depending on
+your choice of time,
+
+then you can quantize your
+theory in a different way.
+
+And then you have a
+different possibility
+
+of what is your vacuum.
+
+So in other words, in
+the curved spacetime,
+
+in general, the vacuum
+is observer dependent.
+
+So of course, the black hole
+is the curved spacetime, so
+
+the particular
+continuation procedure
+
+we described corresponds
+to a particular choice,
+
+to a special choice,
+of the vacuum.
+
+In the case of a
+black hole, this
+
+has been called to be
+the Hartle-Hawking vacuum
+
+because the Hartle-Hawking
+first defined it
+
+from this Euclidean procedure.
+
+And for the Rindler
+spacetime, time
+
+so we see a little bit
+later in today's class
+
+that this is actually--
+the choice of vacuum
+
+actually just goes one into the
+standard of the Minkowski way
+
+vacuum.
+
+reduced to the Rindler patch.
+
+So of course, you
+can actually choose
+
+the vacuum in some other way.
+
+For example, say if
+for a black hole,
+
+instead of periodically
+identify Tau with this period,
+
+we can choose not to
+identify Tau at all.
+
+Suppose for a black hole,
+in Euclidean signature
+
+we take Tau to be uncompact.
+
+So we don't identify.
+
+So this, of course, runs into
+a different Euclidean manifold.
+
+Then that corresponds to a
+different Euclidean manifold.
+
+And, again, you can really
+continue the Euclidean theory
+
+on this manifold
+back to [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to define our vacuum.
+
+And that gives you
+a different vacuum
+
+from the one in which
+you identified Tau.
+
+So this gives you a so-called
+Schwarzschild vacuum.
+
+Or sometimes people
+call it Boulware vacuum
+
+because Boulware had worked
+on it in the early days
+
+before other people.
+
+And, in fact, this
+Schwarzschild vacuum
+
+is the most natural vacuum.
+
+In fact, this is
+the vacuum that one
+
+would get by doing
+canonical connotation
+
+in the black hole in terms
+of this Schwarzschild time t.
+
+So let me just emphasize, so
+this is a curbed spacetime.
+
+You can just put
+a quantum fields
+
+theory in this spacetime,
+and then there's
+
+a time here which, actually,
+the spacetime is time dependent.
+
+So you have a time-independent
+Hamiltonian [? so ?] respect
+
+to this time.
+
+And so, in principal,
+you can just
+
+do a straightforward
+canonical connotation.
+
+And then that connotation
+will give you a vacuum.
+
+And that vacuum would
+corresponding to the same
+
+as you do analytic
+continuation to the Euclidean.
+
+And don't compact Phi
+Tau because there's
+
+nothing special.
+
+Just like when you do
+a 0 temperature fields
+
+theory in the standard
+Minkowski spacetime.
+
+But when you compactify
+Tau, then you
+
+get a different vacuum.
+
+It is what would be now called
+a Hartle-Hawking vacuum,
+
+and it's what you get
+a finite temperature.
+
+Is this clear?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in what sense
+are these different vacuums
+
+physical or not?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I will answer
+this question in a little bit.
+
+Right now, I want
+you to be clear.
+
+Right now we have two
+different vacuum here
+
+corresponding to
+two different ways
+
+of doing analytic continuation.
+
+And one way you compactify
+Tau, and one way
+
+you don't compactify Tau.
+
+And the way you
+don't compactify Tau
+
+is actually the most
+straightforward way.
+
+So if you just do a
+straightforward canonical
+
+connotation using
+this time, then that
+
+will be the vacuum you get.
+
+So that's why this is called
+a Schwarzschild vacuum, OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: So do you not have
+a similarity in writing?
+
+PROFESSOR: I will
+talk about that.
+
+So similarly for
+the Rindler, again,
+
+if you do straightforward
+canonical connotation,
+
+in this spacetime with
+eta has your time,
+
+then when you go to
+Euclidean signature,
+
+you want compactify the
+Euclidean version of eta.
+
+Then you won't compactify theta.
+
+So if you take the
+theta to be uncompact,
+
+then you get what is
+so-called Rindler vacuum.
+
+So it just, again,
+can be obtained.
+
+So then you ask them, why do we
+bother to define those vacuums?
+
+Why do we bother to make this
+identification given that this
+
+is the most
+straightforward thing
+
+to do, say, when we
+consider this quantum fields
+
+theory inside curved spacetimes.
+
+So here is the
+key, and so that's
+
+where the geometric
+consideration becomes
+
+important.
+
+So, again, let me just
+first use the black hole
+
+as an example case.
+
+So in the Schwarzschild vacuum,
+the corresponding Euclidean
+
+manifold is singular
+add to the horizon.
+
+So we explained last time,
+when we do this [INAUDIBLE],
+
+the spacetime is
+regular only for
+
+this periodic identification.
+
+For any other
+possibilities, then you
+
+will have a conical
+singularity add to the horizon.
+
+So this implies the Euclidean
+manifold singular horizon.
+
+Say, if you cut computer
+correlation function
+
+[INAUDIBLE], then you can have
+single behavior at the horizon.
+
+In particular, when
+you analytically
+
+continue to
+[INAUDIBLE] signature,
+
+then that means that
+physical observables often
+
+are singular after the horizon.
+
+So we need to continue
+to [INAUDIBLE] signature.
+
+For example-- which actually
+I should have maybe the
+
+[INAUDIBLE] problem but
+then forgot earlier.
+
+For example, you
+can check yourself
+
+that just take a free
+scalar fields theory.
+
+You compute the stress tensor
+from this free scalar fields
+
+theory, and you find
+the stress tensor
+
+of this theory blows up after
+the horizon in the Minkowski
+
+vacuum.
+
+And if this is not the
+case, for the vacuum
+
+we obtained by doing analytic
+continuation this way--
+
+so this is not the case for
+a Hartle-Hawking vacuum.
+
+So Hartle-Hawking vacuum
+just is [? lame ?]
+
+for the vacuum we obtained
+by this analytic continuation
+
+procedure for which all
+observer was regular just,
+
+essentially, by definition,
+by construction.
+
+So essentially by construction
+because Euclidean manifold
+
+is completely smooth, and if you
+want to compute any correlation
+
+function-- for example, you can
+compute the Euclidean signature
+
+and then I need you to continue
+back to [INAUDIBLE] signature
+
+because it's the smooth side
+of the horizon of the Euclidean
+
+signature.
+
+I need the continuation back.
+
+We also give you a regular
+function at the horizon there.
+
+So similar remarks apply
+to the Rindler space,
+
+and this Rindler vacuum will
+be singular at this Rindler
+
+horizon.
+
+It will be singular
+at Rindler horizon.
+
+So since from the
+general relativity,
+
+the horizon is a smooth place.
+
+The curvature there
+can be very small
+
+if you have a big
+black hole [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So physically, we believe that
+these Hartle-Hawking vacuums
+
+are more physical then, for
+example, the Schwarzschild
+
+vacuum.
+
+But Schwarzschild is still
+often used for certain purposes.
+
+But if you want to consider
+these physical observables,
+
+then the Hartle-Hawking
+vacuum should be the right one
+
+to use if you don't want
+to encounter singularities
+
+at the horizon.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Yeah, because, for example,
+Euclidean Tau is uncompact.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the singularity
+of the physical variables
+
+[INAUDIBLE] to become
+singular to Hartle-Hawking?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I would say this
+is the physical reason.
+
+If I think about it, I might
+other not-so-essential reasons.
+
+Yeah, but at the moment, I
+could not think of any others.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So if I
+understand correctly,
+
+when you quantize a theory
+in curved spacetime,
+
+you have to choose a space-like
+foliation of your spacetime,
+
+then you quantize it on
+that foliation basically.
+
+So the problem is that I
+still don't understand.
+
+So the different
+ground suits that you
+
+get for different possible
+quantizations based
+
+on different foliations.
+
+Like, to what degree are
+they compatible versus
+
+incompatible with each other?
+
+Are they at odds
+with each other?
+
+Like is one more real
+than another one,
+
+or is it just sort of an
+artifact of your coordinates,
+
+and there are things
+that we can do
+
+which are independent of
+which one we end up with.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so
+first, in general, they
+
+are physically
+inequivalent to each other.
+
+For example, in this case,
+the Schwarzschild vacuum
+
+is physically inequivalent
+to the Hartle-Hawking vacuum.
+
+And actually, with a
+little bit of work,
+
+one can write down the
+explicit relation between them.
+
+And so from the perspective
+of the Schwarzschild vacuum,
+
+the Hartle-Hawking vacuum
+is a highly excited
+
+state and vice versa.
+
+So vice versa.
+
+And so, yeah, for local
+observable, say in the local,
+
+it depends.
+
+I think the vacuum is
+more like-- sometimes
+
+certain vacuums are more
+convenient for a certain
+
+observer and a
+certain vacuum is more
+
+convenient for that observer.
+
+Sometimes it depends on
+your physical [INAUDIBLE],
+
+et cetera.
+
+And other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: So we cannot treat
+these two vacuums as like some
+
+transformation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, there is some
+transformation between them.
+
+AUDIENCE: So they
+stay just the same?
+
+Like do [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, they
+are different states.
+
+They are completely
+different states.
+
+You can relate to
+them in a certain way,
+
+but they're different states.
+
+Yeah, they're different states.
+
+AUDIENCE: If they are
+different, than why can
+
+we only say one is wrong?
+
+Because, for example, if it's
+singular, it's not physical,
+
+why don't we just discard it?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why we--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, physically
+we do discard it.
+
+Physically we don't think
+the Schwarzschild vacuum is--
+
+so here there's assumption.
+
+So the assumption is that we
+believe that the physics is now
+
+single at the horizon.
+
+So this is a basic assumption.
+
+And if that's the
+basic assumption,
+
+then you should abandon
+Schwarzschild vacuum
+
+as the physical
+choice of the vacuum.
+
+Then you say, then if we really
+do experiment in the black hole
+
+geometry, then what
+you will discover
+
+is the property of the
+Hartle-Hawking vacuum.
+
+But if our physical
+assumption is wrong
+
+that actually a black
+hole horizon is singular,
+
+then maybe Schwarzschild horizon
+will turn out to be right.
+
+But in this case, we
+actually don't know.
+
+We cannot really do
+experiments in the black hole,
+
+so we cannot really check it.
+
+AUDIENCE: But we can measure
+black hole temperature
+
+from infinitely far away,
+and the Schwarzschild
+
+vacuum it would be 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, but
+you cannot measure it.
+
+We have not been
+able to measure it.
+
+AUDIENCE: And what
+about the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, first
+produce the black hole first.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Yeah, we will worry
+about it after we
+
+have produced the black hole.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if
+they didn't radiate,
+
+they would not decay at all.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, then
+you may also not see it.
+
+Anyway, so this can considered
+as a physical interpretation
+
+of the temperature inside
+the regularity at the horizon
+
+force us to be in this
+Hartle-Hawking vacuum.
+
+And then the
+Hartle-Hawking vacuum
+
+is like [? a similar ?] state.
+
+OK, so now they may
+explain why [? they ?] say,
+
+they will behavior like
+[? a similar ?] state, OK?
+
+So let me go to the second
+thing I will explain today.
+
+It's the physical origin
+of the temperature.
+
+So, again, I can use either
+black hole or the Rindler
+
+example.
+
+The mathematics are
+almost identical.
+
+But I will use the
+Rindler example
+
+because the mathematics
+are slightly simpler.
+
+So I will use the
+window of spacetime.
+
+So I will explain using
+the Rindler example.
+
+So I will explain at A
+that this choice of theta
+
+to periodically identify theta
+plus theta plus 2pi [INAUDIBLE]
+
+into the choice of
+a Minkowski vacuum.
+
+Then the second
+thing I will do is
+
+I will derive this temperature--
+derive the temperature using
+
+a different method.
+
+So that's I will do today.
+
+So here, when me say,
+this temperature,
+
+we just directly
+read the temperature
+
+from the period of the
+Tau, OK but I will really
+
+derive with the
+thermal density matrix.
+
+And then you will see that
+this temperature is indeed
+
+the temperature with appears
+in the density matrix.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So these two
+together also amounts
+
+to the following statement.
+
+So this is an
+important statement,
+
+so let me just write it
+down, so this A and B also
+
+amounts to be the
+following-- also
+
+is equivalent to the
+following statement.
+
+It says, the vacuum
+inside the Minkowski--
+
+the standard of the
+Minkowski vacuum where
+
+you do your quantum
+fields theory,
+
+the Minkowski vacuum appears
+to be in a similar state.
+
+This temperature which
+is pi divided by 2pi or T
+
+equal to hbar divided
+by 2pi in terms of eta.
+
+OK, it depends on which time
+you use to a Rindler observer
+
+of constant acceleration rate.
+
+So a says, actually, this choice
+[INAUDIBLE] a periodic of 2pi,
+
+actually we are choosing
+the Minkowski vacuum.
+
+And then the second
+statement you said,
+
+but the stand of the
+Minkowski vacuum, which
+
+appears to be 0 temperature
+to ordinary Minkowski observer
+
+than appears to be a similar
+state to a Rindler observer.
+
+OK, so that's the
+physical content
+
+of this things
+which we will show.
+
+Any questions on this?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's actually
+a tricky question.
+
+In some sense, they don't really
+belong to the same Hilbert
+
+space.
+
+Yeah just when you talk
+about quantum fields theory,
+
+it's a little bit
+tricky when you have
+
+an infinite number [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yeah, but one can write down
+the relation between them.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, one can write
+down a relation between them,
+
+and then if you take the
+[? modulus ?] of that vacuum.
+
+Then you'll find that
+it's actually infinite
+
+because you have an infinite
+number that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's not possible to
+normalize that state.
+
+OK, so that's what
+we are going to show.
+
+Hopefully, we will reach
+it by the end of this hour.
+
+But before that, we need a
+little bit of preparation
+
+to remind you of a few things.
+
+So once we go through
+these preparation,
+
+then final derivation only
+takes less than 10 minutes.
+
+So first, he said, they are
+actually two descriptions
+
+of a similar state.
+
+So let me remind you.
+
+They are two descriptions
+of a similar state.
+
+So we will use harmonic
+oscillator as an example.
+
+So now let's consider a
+single harmonic oscillator
+
+a finite temperature.
+
+So the standard
+way of doing it is
+
+that if you want to
+compute the expectation
+
+value of some operator,
+of some observable
+
+at finite temperature,
+you just do
+
+the standard canonical average.
+
+So the H would be,
+say, the Hamiltonian
+
+of this single
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+and the z is the
+partition function.
+
+So can also be written as trace
+x and as a thermal density
+
+matrix.
+
+So the thermal density
+matrix is 1/z minus beta h,
+
+and the z is just the sum
+of all possible states.
+
+So this is a standard
+way you would do, say,
+
+the finite temperature physics.
+
+So this, of course, applies
+to any quantum systems
+
+causal quantum fields
+theories, et cetera.
+
+But actually, this
+alternative way
+
+to do thermal physics-- so
+this was realized by Umezawa
+
+in the 1960s.
+
+So he said, instead
+of considering
+
+this thermal density
+matrix, let me just consider
+
+two copies of the same.
+
+Let's consider two copies
+of harmonic oscillator.
+
+Let's double the copy,
+and then now we have H1.
+
+Then the foreseeable
+space for these two copies
+
+will be the H1 of one
+system tensor product of H2
+
+and the Hilbert
+space of the other.
+
+And then you will have H1
+H2, the Hamiltonian H1 H2
+
+associated with each of them.
+
+But, of course, these
+two H's are the same.
+
+Then the [INAUDIBLE]
+system in a typical state
+
+would be, say, of the form
+sum mn, amn, m1 [? canceled ?]
+
+with n and 2.
+
+So the general state, say,
+of this doubled system
+
+will be like this.
+
+So this is two copies of the
+same system with no interaction
+
+with each other.
+
+So now he says, in order to
+consider thermal physics,
+
+let's consider
+special state defined
+
+by the following, 1 over
+square root of z sum over n.
+
+And he said, now let's
+consider the following states.
+
+So this is an entangled state
+between the two systems.
+
+So this is an entangled state.
+
+So the key observation
+is that if you
+
+want to consider
+the thermal physics,
+
+it says, for any observable,
+say this x-- so [INAUDIBLE]
+
+1, which only acts in
+one of the systems.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] act on
+the first system.
+
+So let's consider
+any such observable.
+
+So now, if you to
+take the expectation
+
+value between the sides,
+the x between the sides,
+
+so you essentially
+have a side squared.
+
+Then you have 1/z.
+
+Then also Tau will
+become better En,
+
+and then this just becomes 1/z
+sum over n [INAUDIBLE] and x n.
+
+So this is the thermal average.
+
+This is sum average.
+
+So if you understand
+the why, you can also
+
+consider because if we are
+interested only in system 1,
+
+then you can just
+integrate our system 2.
+
+We can trace our system 2.
+
+Say, suppose we
+trace our system 2
+
+of this state, then, of
+course, what do you find?
+
+Which is the thermal density
+matrix of the system 1.
+
+So in other words, the thermal
+density matrix in one system
+
+can be considered as
+[? entangled ?] pure states
+
+of a doubled system.
+
+And because we know nothing
+about the other system,
+
+once we trace the l to
+the other system, then
+
+you get a density matrix.
+
+And this density matrix comes
+from our insufficient knowledge
+
+of the other system.
+
+So this is another way to think
+about this thermal behavior.
+
+Do you have any
+questions on this?
+
+So the temperature arises due
+to an ignorance of system 2.
+
+So because if you now have full
+knowledge of one of the two,
+
+then this would be just the
+[? size ?] of a pure state.
+
+It's just a very
+special pure state.
+
+But if you don't know
+anything about system 2
+
+and if you consent of
+only about system 1,
+
+then when you trace
+out system 2 then you
+
+get the thermal
+density matrix for 1.
+
+So let me make some
+additional remarks on this.
+
+I'll make some further remarks.
+
+First, this, of course,
+applies to any--
+
+even though I'm saying I'm using
+the harmonic oscillator, this,
+
+of course, applies to any
+quantum systems including
+
+the QFT's.
+
+So the second remark is
+that this side is actually
+
+a very special state.
+
+This size is invariant under
+H1 minus H2, H1 minus H2.
+
+So you can see it very
+clearly from here.
+
+It says, if you add H1 and
+H2 on this state, H1 minus H2
+
+because both n's have the same
+energy, so they just cancel.
+
+So this is invariant
+under this-- yeah,
+
+I should say, more precisely,
+it's [? annihilated ?]
+
+by H1 minus H2.
+
+And it's invariant
+under any translation
+
+created by H1 minus H2.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, just
+double the system.
+
+It's two copies of
+the same system.
+
+So the third remark now relies
+on the harmonic oscillator.
+
+For the harmonic
+oscillator, we can write
+
+this psi in the following form.
+
+So this you can check yourself.
+
+I only write down the answer.
+
+You can easily convince
+yourself this is true.
+
+Some of you might be able
+to see it immediately just
+
+on the blackboard.
+
+As you actually
+write this in the--
+
+if you can write this as some
+explanation of some-- so a1 a2
+
+are creation operators
+respectfully for two systems.
+
+And then the 0 1 and 0 2
+are the vacuum of the two
+
+harmonic oscillator systems.
+
+And you can easily
+see yourself, when
+
+you expand this exponential,
+then you essentially
+
+just take the power of n.
+
+And then that will give you n.
+
+Yeah, when you act on 0 0,
+then that will n a times n, OK?
+
+So this is normally
+called a squeezed state.
+
+So this tells you
+that this psi is
+
+related to the
+vacuum of the system
+
+by some kind of squeezed--
+so this is a squeezed state
+
+in terms of the vacuum.
+
+So this form is useful
+for the following reason.
+
+It's that now, based
+on these three,
+
+one can show it's
+possible to construct
+
+two oscillators, which are
+b1 and b2, which [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the psi.
+
+So the b1 and b2 are
+constructed by the following.
+
+So, again, this you
+should check yourself.
+
+It's easy to do a
+little bit of algebra.
+
+So cos theta is
+equal to 1 over 1
+
+minus the exponential
+minus beta omega.
+
+So the omega is the frequency
+for this harmonic oscillator
+
+system and the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this b1 b2 are
+related to a1 a2
+
+by some linear transformation.
+
+So what this shows is that
+[? while ?] 0 1 and the 0 2
+
+is a vacuum for a1
+and a2, and this side
+
+is a vacuum for b1 b2.
+
+So then maybe you
+can see that this
+
+goes [? into ?] a
+different choice of vacuum.
+
+So as we'll see
+later, the relation
+
+between the so-called
+Hartle-Hawking
+
+vacuum and the Schwarzschild
+vacuum is precisely like this.
+
+They just, of course, run
+into a different choice
+
+of alternators.
+
+And, in particular,
+their relation
+
+is precise over this
+form because, say,
+
+if you consider some
+[? three ?] series
+
+because the [? three ?] series
+essentially just reduces
+
+to harmonic oscillators.
+
+OK, so this is the
+first preparation.
+
+And those things are
+very easy check yourself
+
+because this is just a
+single harmonic oscillator.
+
+Any questions on this?
+
+Oh, by the way, this
+kind of transformation
+
+is often called
+Bogoliubov transformation.
+
+So the [INAUDIBLE] you
+assume by this transformation
+
+is that in the
+expression for b1 b2,
+
+a [? dagger ?] appears here.
+
+If there is only a that appears
+here, then b1 b2, a1, a2,
+
+they will have the same
+vacuum because they will
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the same states.
+
+So the [? nontrivial ?] thing
+is because of the [? dagger ?]
+
+appearing here, so now the state
+which they are [INAUDIBLE] are
+
+completely different and
+[? graded ?] by this kind
+
+of squeezed-state relation.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's related
+to the H2 minus H2?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+operators like b1 b2
+
+are somewhat similar
+to the H1 minus H2?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not really.
+
+You can write down H1 H2
+in terms of b1 and b2.
+
+You can certainly do that.
+
+Yeah, but H1 H2 is
+also very simply.
+
+You write in terms of a1 and a2.
+
+AUDIENCE: If a letter
+transformation [INAUDIBLE]
+
+we get-- never mind.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you can
+find the b1 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Just take the conjugate.
+
+Good, so this is the
+first preparation,
+
+which is just something about
+the harmonic oscillator, which
+
+actually can be generalized
+also to general quantum systems.
+
+So the second is I need
+to remind you a little bit
+
+the Schrodinger
+representation of QFT's.
+
+So normally when we talk
+about quantum field theory,
+
+you always use the
+Heisenberg picture.
+
+We don't talk about
+wave function.
+
+But this equivalent formulation
+of, of course, quantum
+
+fields theory, which you can
+just talk about wave functional
+
+and talk about it in terms
+of the Schrodinger picture.
+
+So for example, let me just
+consider a scalar field's
+
+theory.
+
+Then the Hilbert space,
+the configuration space,
+
+of this theory of this
+system is just phi x.
+
+You validate it at
+some given time.
+
+Say, you validate it at t
+equals to 0, for example.
+
+So let me just write it as 5x.
+
+The configuration space
+is just all possibles
+
+of phi defining
+the spatial slice.
+
+OK, so this your configuration
+space for the quantum
+
+fields theory.
+
+And the Hilbert
+space of the system
+
+just given by all
+possible y functionals
+
+of this configuration
+space variables.
+
+So if you feel this is a
+little bit too abstract to you,
+
+then just think of
+space is discrete,
+
+and then you can just write
+this as some discrete set
+
+of variables that
+them become identical
+
+to the ordinary quantum system.
+
+So two things to remind
+you, two more things.
+
+First, just as in
+quantum mechanics,
+
+if you ask the value
+of, say, a time t2,
+
+you are in the [INAUDIBLE]
+state of this phi,
+
+this [INAUDIBLE]
+value phi 2 and the
+
+overlap we said t1 in the
+[INAUDIBLE] state of phi,
+
+this [INAUDIBLE] value phi 1.
+
+This is given by a path
+integral [? d ?] phi.
+
+You integrate with the
+following boundary condition.
+
+And actually, just
+[INAUDIBLE] for this theory.
+
+In particular, by taking
+a linear of this formula,
+
+one can write down a path
+integral representation
+
+of the vacuum wave function.
+
+So the vacuum wave
+function, in this case,
+
+will be very functional.
+
+[INAUDIBLE], so if you
+have a vacuum state,
+
+then you just
+consider the overlap
+
+with the vacuum to your
+configuration space variable.
+
+So I will denote
+it by phi 0 phi x.
+
+This is the vacuum.
+
+And this has a path
+integral [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is that you
+compactify your time.
+
+OK, so it's where this
+is your real time,
+
+and this is your imaginary
+time, which I call t e.
+
+You compactify your time.
+
+And then integrate the
+path integral or back
+
+to imaginary time.
+
+So this can be written from the
+path integral as t phi t e x.
+
+So you go to Euclidean, the but
+integrate all t's more than 0
+
+with the boundary
+condition te equal to 0x.
+
+You can do phi x, and
+your Euclidean action.
+
+OK, I hope you're
+familiar with this.
+
+This is where we obtain the
+vacuum [INAUDIBLE] function.
+
+So if this is not for me
+to [INAUDIBLE] say, well,
+
+how do you get to
+the wave function
+
+of a harmonic oscillator in
+the vacuum from path integral?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You will
+see it in a few minutes
+
+because I'm going to
+use those formulas.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So one
+question is that
+
+what is the analog of the
+wave equation for the wave
+
+functional?
+
+Like what is the
+[INAUDIBLE] equation
+
+for the wave functional?
+
+PROFESSOR: The same thing.
+
+i [? partial ?] t
+phi equal to H phi.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it just has
+more [INAUDIBLE] freedom.
+
+The quantum mechanics
+works the same.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So is
+this familiar to you?
+
+If not familiar
+to you, I urge you
+
+to think about the case
+of a harmonic oscillator.
+
+For the harmonic oscillator,
+that will be the way
+
+you obtain the ground state wave
+function from the path integral
+
+is that you first
+need to continue
+
+the system to the Euclidean.
+
+And they integrate the path
+integral all the way from minus
+
+Euclidean time equal to infinity
+to Euclidean time equal to 0.
+
+Let me just write down the--
+so the standard of quantum
+
+mechanics if you want to right
+down to the ground state wave
+
+function, so that's what you do.
+
+Again, you go to
+the path integral.
+
+You go to go to
+Euclidean, and you really
+
+integrate of all
+tE smaller than 0.
+
+And with the boundary condition
+that x [? evaluated ?]
+
+at tE equal to tE
+equal to 0 equal to x.
+
+So that gives you
+the wave function,
+
+gives you the wave function.
+
+OK, now with this
+preparation, that's
+
+just some ordinary
+quantum mechanics.
+
+And this is a
+generalization of that
+
+to quantum fields theory
+just replace that x by 5.
+
+Good, so now let's
+go back to prove
+
+the statement we claim you're
+going to prove, this one, OK?
+
+So now let's come back.
+
+So we finished our preparation.
+
+Now come back to Rindler space.
+
+So it is considered scalar
+field theory, for example.
+
+So let me just remind you,
+again, this Rindler-- so
+
+write down some
+key formulas here--
+
+so Rindler is the right quadrant
+of the Minkowski time, which is
+
+separated by this right column.
+
+Suppose this is X. This is
+T. Then Minkowski [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is minus dT squared
+plus dX squared.
+
+And then the Rindler path
+is minus rho squared to eta
+
+squared plus the rho squared.
+
+And so this is the
+rho equal to constant.
+
+And this is the eta
+equal to constant.
+
+And here is eta equal
+to minus infinity.
+
+So here is eta equal
+to plus infinity.
+
+So spacetime foliates
+like this, OK?
+
+And when we go to Euclidean
+signature for the Minkowski,
+
+of course, it's just
+T goes to minus iTE.
+
+So I call this Euclidean time.
+
+For the Rindler, I
+will do minus i theta.
+
+This is my notation before.
+
+So in the Euclidean signature,
+the standard Minkowski
+
+just becomes TE squared
+plus the dX squared.
+
+And then this Rindler
+is just rho squared
+
+[? to ?] theta squared
+plus the rho squared.
+
+In particular, this
+theta identified
+
+to be plus period 2pi.
+
+The Euclidean, under
+the continuation
+
+of Minkowski and Rindler,
+are actually identical.
+
+Both of them are the full
+two-dimensional Euclidean
+
+space.
+
+So if you do the standard
+of the Minkowski,
+
+just replace X by TE.
+
+But for the Rindler, you
+just replace it by rho theta.
+
+So they just go one into
+a different foliation,
+
+and this goes one
+into the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And this one is bound for
+the Cartesian coordinate.
+
+So the remarkable
+thing is that even
+
+in the Lorentzian signature,
+the Rindler is only part
+
+of the Minkowski spacetime.
+
+But once you go to Euclidean,
+if you do this identification
+
+theta cos theta plus 2pi, they
+have exactly the same Euclidean
+
+manifold, just identical.
+
+So this immediately
+means one thing.
+
+It's that all the
+Euclidean observables just
+
+with the trivial
+coordinate transformation
+
+from the Cartesian to
+the polar coordinates,
+
+all the Euclidean observables
+are identical in two theories.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is that down
+there, "are identical?"
+
+What's R sub E squared?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, this just means
+the Euclidean two-dimensional
+
+spacetime.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I see.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, let
+me just right it.
+
+This is R subscript E squared 2.
+
+So this is just a
+two-dimensional Euclidean
+
+space.
+
+So from here, we
+can immediately lead
+
+to the conclusion we said
+earlier because for Minkowski--
+
+say, if you compute the
+Euclidean correlation
+
+functions, and then [INAUDIBLE]
+to the Lorentzian signature,
+
+what you get is that
+you get the correlation
+
+function in the standard
+Minkowski vacuum.
+
+So for Minkowski and
+then back to Lorentzian,
+
+so the typical observables--
+so Euclidean, say,
+
+correlation functions just
+goes to correlation functions
+
+in the standard
+Minkowski vacuum, OK?
+
+Yeah, this is just trivial
+QFT in your high school.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+But with this top statement,
+we reach a very [INAUDIBLE]
+
+conclusion is that for Rindler,
+when you go back to Lorentzian
+
+signature, then that
+tells you for the Rindler
+
+when you do that
+[INAUDIBLE] continuation
+
+and back to the Lorentzian
+signature, what do you get?
+
+It's that you get a
+correlation function
+
+in the standard
+Minkowski vacuum.
+
+But for observables,
+restricted to Rindler
+
+because it's the same thing.
+
+It's just the same function
+when we do a [? continuation, ?]
+
+just you do it differently.
+
+It's just on the
+continuation procedure,
+
+it's a little bit different.
+
+And a way to go into
+Rindler, you just
+
+get observable restriction
+to the Rindler path.
+
+So the Euclidean things
+are exactly the same.
+
+So that tells you that the
+corresponding Lorentzian
+
+Rindler correlation function
+is the same as the correlation
+
+function in the standard
+Minkowski vacuum,
+
+but you just restrict
+to the Rindler patch.
+
+OK, now is our final step.
+
+So now let's talk a bit
+more about the structure
+
+of the Hilbert space.
+
+So now I have to
+derive the temperature,
+
+but somehow in the Minkowski,
+there's no temperature.
+
+Here there's no temperature.
+
+It's T equal to 0
+from your high school.
+
+And here, we must
+see a temperature.
+
+So where does this
+temperature come from?
+
+So now let's look a little bit
+at the structure of the Hilbert
+
+space.
+
+So using that picture-- so let
+me write here-- so the Hilbert
+
+space of the Rindler-- so this
+is all not in the Lorentzian
+
+picture.
+
+So the Hilbert
+space in the Rindler
+
+is essentially all possible
+square integrable wave
+
+functional of the phi, which
+defines in the right patch.
+
+So when we define
+this wave functional,
+
+we verify at the
+single time slice.
+
+So that's evaluated at
+a slice which is eta
+
+equal to 0, which is just here.
+
+So with phi R is essentially
+just phi for x greater than 0
+
+and the T equal to 0.
+
+This is the right
+half of the real axis.
+
+So this is a Hilbert
+space of the Rindler.
+
+And, of course, we can also
+write down the Hamiltonian
+
+for the Rindler respect to eta.
+
+So this is called the
+Rindler Hamiltonian.
+
+And as I said before, you
+can quantize this here unit,
+
+this Hamiltonian, then
+you will get-- say,
+
+you can quantize
+this Hamiltonian
+
+to construct all the excited
+states, so to me just label
+
+them by n.
+
+So I say, this complete
+set of eigenstate for HR,
+
+so the second
+value will say, En.
+
+OK, you can just
+quantize it, then
+
+you can find your full state.
+
+In particular, the ground
+state, when you do that,
+
+is what we call
+the Rindler vacuum.
+
+We said before that if you
+just to straightforward
+
+canonical connotation, you
+get the Rindler vacuum, which
+
+is different from the vacuum
+which we identify theta by 2pi.
+
+And this we just straightforward
+quantize respect to eta.
+
+So now let's go back.
+
+So this is a structure
+of the Hilbert space
+
+in some sense for this Rindler.
+
+So now let's look at the
+Hilbert space for the Minkowski.
+
+So Minkowski is defined--
+by Minkowski, I mean,
+
+the theory defined for
+the whole Minkowski
+
+spacetime is this T. Quantize
+with respect to this T.
+
+So this would be just
+standard psi phi x.
+
+Now this x can be
+anything, and then
+
+we also have a Minkowski
+Hamiltonian defined
+
+with respect to T,
+to capital T. OK,
+
+so this is the standard of
+the Minkowski Hamiltonian.
+
+And then the vacuum, which
+I denote to be the Minkowski
+
+vacuum is M. And then vacuum
+functional phi x is just phi
+
+x 0 M.
+
+So now the key
+observation here is
+
+at phi x, which this phi x
+is for the full real axis,
+
+for the full horizontal axis.
+
+So this is in some
+[? contained ?]
+
+phi Lx and the phi Rx.
+
+This goes one into
+the variable of phi.
+
+You [? variate ?] it
+to the right patch,
+
+and the value you've
+added to the left patch.
+
+So the space of phi x,
+it's the combination
+
+of space of phi L x for the
+left part and space for the phi
+
+right part.
+
+In particular, this tells us
+the Minkowski Hilbert space,
+
+which is defined as a
+functional of this full phi x,
+
+should be the tensor
+product of the Rindler
+
+to the right tensor product
+of the Rindler to the left.
+
+Notice that we talk
+about this right Rindler,
+
+but there's a similar
+Rindler to the left,
+
+but the structure of the
+Minkowski space or Hilbert
+
+space, it's the tensor
+product of the two.
+
+In particular, this ground
+state wave functional,
+
+you can write it as
+phi Lx and phi Rx.
+
+So this ground
+state way functional
+
+should also be understood
+as the functional for phi L.
+
+OK, so now here is my last key.
+
+And here is last key.
+
+So remember, the ground
+state wave function
+
+will be obtained by doing path
+integral on the Euclidean half
+
+plane.
+
+So T is smaller than 0, OK?
+
+So let me just draw the
+Euclidean space again, X, TE.
+
+So the wave function
+can be written
+
+as define [? tE ?] x [INAUDIBLE]
+minus SE Euclidean action.
+
+And the lower half plane
+of the Euclidean space
+
+with the boundary
+condition-- OK,
+
+remember from path
+integral, that's
+
+how you obtain the-- so that
+means you integrate over
+
+all this region, path integral
+over all of this region.
+
+Then with boundary
+condition fixed at here,
+
+we do this path integral, you
+get the Minkowski vacuum wave
+
+function.
+
+Now here is the key.
+
+So this half space, when
+I write in this form,
+
+you treat this T as
+the time, but now let's
+
+consider a different foliation.
+
+I don't have colored chalk here.
+
+I can consider a
+different foliaton.
+
+It's that foliation
+in terms of the theta.
+
+Then you just have
+this foliation,
+
+so for each value of
+theta, you have a rho.
+
+So integration for
+minus theta to theta.
+
+So if you think about
+from this foliaion-- so
+
+think about from this foliation,
+then this path integral
+
+can be written as a
+following, D phi theta
+
+rho, which you fix phi
+theta equal to minus pi rho.
+
+Rho here when theta equal
+to minus pi becomes x,
+
+you could do phi Lx.
+
+And the phi theta
+equal to pi-- theta
+
+equal to 0rho equal to phi
+Rx and exponential minus S,
+
+so these two should be the same.
+
+I just chose the
+different foliation
+
+to do my path integral.
+
+But now if you think
+from this point of view,
+
+this a precisely like that
+because theta 0 and theta
+
+minus pi are just two
+different times in terms
+
+of this Euclidean Rindler time.
+
+So this you can write it as phi,
+so let me write one more step.
+
+So this can written
+as phi2 [INAUDIBLE]
+
+minus iH t2 minus t1 phi1.
+
+So this last step
+can be now written
+
+as I can think in
+terms of the time
+
+within the Rindler
+of time, this can
+
+be written as phi R
+exponential minus i minus i
+
+pi because we have a Euclidean
+time H Rindler Hamiltonian phi
+
+L, OK?
+
+So this tells me that
+Minkowski wave functional
+
+can be written as
+the following-- can
+
+be written as phi R
+exponential pi HR phi L.
+
+So now let me expand this in the
+complete set of states of HR.
+
+Then this is sum of
+n, so if you expand
+
+in terms of a complete
+[INAUDIBLE] to HR,
+
+then this is, [? say, ?]
+wave function.
+
+So with this chi n equal
+to chi n phi equal to phi.
+
+So remember, this n is defined
+from this Rindler Hamiltonian.
+
+Now let me erase this.
+
+So I can slightly rewrite
+this because I don't
+
+like this complex conjugate.
+
+I can slightly rewrite this.
+
+It's thi0 phi x is equal to sum
+over n [? and then ?] minus pi
+
+En chi n phi R and
+the chi and tilde
+
+phi L. So chi and tilde define
+to be phi and star phi L.
+
+So this chi and tilde
+can be considered--
+
+just like in ordinary
+quantum mechanics,
+
+this can be considered to belong
+to a slightly different Rindler
+
+Hilbert space whose time
+duration is opposite.
+
+So when you switch
+the direction of time,
+
+you put a complex conjugate.
+
+So this complex
+conjugate can also
+
+be thought of just as a wave
+function in the Hilbert space
+
+with the opposite
+time direction,
+
+with opposite to the
+Rindler we started with,
+
+to the right patch Rindler.
+
+So now this form is exactly
+the form we have seen before.
+
+In this [INAUDIBLE] way to
+think about thermal state.
+
+So this is exactly that
+because this tells you
+
+that the Cartesian in
+the Minkowski vacuum
+
+is the sum of
+expression minus pi
+
+En with n Rindler of 1 patch
+[? tensor ?] and Rindler
+
+of the other one.
+
+So this or the
+other Rindler should
+
+be considered
+Rindler of the left
+
+except we should quantize the
+theory with the opposite time
+
+direction, which gives you this
+Rindler tilde Rindler left.
+
+So this is just precisely
+the structure we saw before.
+
+In particular, if
+you are ignorant
+
+about the left
+Rindler, you can just
+
+trace it out, trace out the left
+part of this ground state wave
+
+function.
+
+Then, of course, you
+just get rho Rindler,
+
+the thermal density
+matrix in the Rindler.
+
+And this is equal to, of course,
+1 over Rindler exponential
+
+minus 2pi HR.
+
+And we see that the
+beta is equal to 2pi,
+
+but this is the beta
+associated with eta.
+
+As we said, when you change
+to a different observer,
+
+a different rho, then you have
+to go to the local proper time.
+
+But this is precisely
+what we found before.
+
+So now we understand that the
+thermal nature of this Rindler
+
+observer is just precisely that
+because this observer cannot
+
+access the physics
+to the left patch.
+
+But the vacuum state of
+the Minkowski spacetime
+
+is an entangled state between
+the left and the right.
+
+And when you trace
+out the left part,
+
+then you get a similar
+state on the right part,
+
+so that's how the
+temperature rises.
+
+And the same thing can be
+said about black hole, which
+
+we'll say a little
+bit more next lecture.
+
+And let's stop here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gb80yhA2o4A.txt b/gb80yhA2o4A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a6c1f5e2b6b75ad866c146fe9c66ca66717551c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gb80yhA2o4A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm doing very well very excited nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing very well very excited nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing very well very excited nervous
+yeah I'm very excited it's uh my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm very excited it's uh my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm very excited it's uh my first
+red carpet Premiere which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red carpet Premiere which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red carpet Premiere which is what I
+think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it
+is um what was the hardest thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um what was the hardest thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um what was the hardest thing about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+class um the beginning was difficult uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um the beginning was difficult uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um the beginning was difficult uh
+because there was a lot of work you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was a lot of work you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was a lot of work you had
+to do and for me it kind of made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and for me it kind of made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and for me it kind of made me
+realize what I know and don't know um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what I know and don't know um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what I know and don't know um so
+just kind of getting rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of getting rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of getting rid of all the
+misconceptions I had about film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions I had about film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions I had about film making
+script writing and all else was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script writing and all else was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script writing and all else was
+difficult um do you feel like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um do you feel like you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um do you feel like you want
+to keep doing this or are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep doing this or are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep doing this or are you going to
+try to take the things in the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take the things in the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take the things in the class and
+apply it to non video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to non video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to non video
+stu um I'm definitely interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu um I'm definitely interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu um I'm definitely interested in
+educational resources so video I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources so video I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources so video I think
+is um one of the best mediums to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um one of the best mediums to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um one of the best mediums to convey
+excitement about Science and Mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement about Science and Mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement about Science and Mathematics
+so this is definitely something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is definitely something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is definitely something that
+will be important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life um how would you describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um how would you describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um how would you describe this
+class to someone who's never taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to someone who's never taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to someone who's never taken
+before you have a month to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have a month to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have a month to learn how to
+make an educational video and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an educational video and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an educational video and then you
+get to write produce direct and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to write produce direct and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to write produce direct and create
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+all any any words of advice how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all any any words of advice how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all any any words of advice how people
+have never done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never done it
+before don't think it's going to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before don't think it's going to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before don't think it's going to be easy
+just always think that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always think that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just always think that it's going to be
+harder than you expected and put work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than you expected and put work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than you expected and put work
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+it thank you very much thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gtQ046Tu2S4.txt b/gtQ046Tu2S4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d72d22385032d4cdb0d18b193b09c907edcc70e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gtQ046Tu2S4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 in this section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 in this section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 in this section and
+the following ones we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following ones we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following ones we talk about
+paradoxes in special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxes in special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxes in special relativity
+a paradox is something which is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paradox is something which is absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paradox is something which is absorbed
+absurd or self-contradictory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd or self-contradictory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd or self-contradictory
+so we have statements which don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have statements which don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have statements which don't really
+make any sense when brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense when brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense when brought
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+um the poll in the barn paradox is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the poll in the barn paradox is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the poll in the barn paradox is
+rather interesting and we will analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather interesting and we will analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather interesting and we will analyze
+this and at the end of the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and at the end of the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and at the end of the discussion
+we'll hopefully agree that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hopefully agree that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hopefully agree that there is no
+paradox here the pseudo paradox okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox here the pseudo paradox okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox here the pseudo paradox okay so
+the situation is as follows we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is as follows we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is as follows we have
+alice she has a pole the pole is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice she has a pole the pole is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice she has a pole the pole is 10
+meters long in her reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long in her reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long in her reference frame
+and bob is very proud of his new england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bob is very proud of his new england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bob is very proud of his new england
+barn which is in his reference frame 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn which is in his reference frame 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn which is in his reference frame 8
+meters long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long
+alice however is moving with a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice however is moving with a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice however is moving with a velocity
+of 0.6 times the speed of light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.6 times the speed of light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.6 times the speed of light which
+gives us a gamma factor of 1.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a gamma factor of 1.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a gamma factor of 1.25
+does the pole fit into the barn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the pole fit into the barn is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the pole fit into the barn is a
+question or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or not
+so stop here and think about this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stop here and think about this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stop here and think about this for a
+second and we will continue with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and we will continue with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and we will continue with another
+analysis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+is the analysis for analysis frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the analysis for analysis frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the analysis for analysis frame and
+the analysis for bob's frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis for bob's frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis for bob's frame
+for alice the barn in her reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alice the barn in her reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alice the barn in her reference
+frame is lawrence contracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is lawrence contracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is lawrence contracted
+it's 6.4 meters long but her pole is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 6.4 meters long but her pole is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 6.4 meters long but her pole is 10
+meters long so will she clearly answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long so will she clearly answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long so will she clearly answer
+this question by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question by saying
+it doesn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fit
+in bob's frame the barn is eight meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bob's frame the barn is eight meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bob's frame the barn is eight meters
+long and the pole is low and contracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and the pole is low and contracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and the pole is low and contracted
+also eight meters long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also eight meters long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also eight meters long
+so bob will say yeah it fits it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bob will say yeah it fits it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bob will say yeah it fits it just
+barely fits they're exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely fits they're exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely fits they're exactly the same
+size so yes the pole fits into the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so yes the pole fits into the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so yes the pole fits into the barn
+and here is where you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is where you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is where you might think
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+an absolute statement they cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute statement they cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute statement they cannot be
+both right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both right
+we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see
+they can they can both be right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can both be right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can both be right they
+just disagree on the fact that events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disagree on the fact that events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disagree on the fact that events
+happen simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen simultaneously
+what are the crucial events here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the crucial events here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the crucial events here when
+does the barn hits the end as if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the barn hits the end as if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the barn hits the end as if the
+pole hits the end of the barn and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole hits the end of the barn and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole hits the end of the barn and when
+does the back of the pole hit the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the back of the pole hit the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the back of the pole hit the front
+of the barn those are the two things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barn those are the two things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barn those are the two things we
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+study in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in detail
+but let's get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's get to it
+how can they or why can't they disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they or why can't they disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they or why can't they disagree
+so the idea is that you draw space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that you draw space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that you draw space-time
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+for the pole in the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pole in the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pole in the barn
+and show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that
+there's no paradox by using the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no paradox by using the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no paradox by using the word
+lines of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of the pole
+before we do this we want to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do this we want to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do this we want to analyze
+this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+the front of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the pole
+enters the barn at time equal zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters the barn at time equal zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters the barn at time equal zero for
+both bob and alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bob and alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bob and alice
+then bob observes the pole entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bob observes the pole entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bob observes the pole entering the
+spawn and it takes 44.4 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn and it takes 44.4 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn and it takes 44.4 nanoseconds
+eight meters divided by 0.6 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight meters divided by 0.6 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight meters divided by 0.6 times the
+speed of light for the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the pole to reach the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pole to reach the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pole to reach the back of the
+bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and
+the back of the pole to reach the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the pole to reach the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the pole to reach the front
+of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bond
+so after 44 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 44 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 44 nanoseconds
+in bob's reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bob's reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bob's reference frame
+the pole is in the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole is in the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole is in the bomb
+alice however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice however
+sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the
+barn loans contracted it's 6.4 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn loans contracted it's 6.4 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn loans contracted it's 6.4 meters
+long she moves with 0.6 times the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long she moves with 0.6 times the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long she moves with 0.6 times the speed
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+so for her she reaches the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for her she reaches the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for her she reaches the back
+after 35.6 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 35.6 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 35.6 nanoseconds
+in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case
+bob's clock only shows 28.4 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob's clock only shows 28.4 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob's clock only shows 28.4 nanoseconds
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+alice's clock time is launch control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice's clock time is launch control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice's clock time is launch control
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we can clearly conclude here that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can clearly conclude here that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can clearly conclude here that that's
+not enough time for bob such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough time for bob such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough time for bob such that the
+the pole actually entered the barn full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole actually entered the barn full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole actually entered the barn full
+his full length so the back of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his full length so the back of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his full length so the back of the pole
+is still outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still outside
+so we want to consider three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to consider three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to consider three different
+events the first event is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the first event is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the first event is
+after 44 nanoseconds and at a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 44 nanoseconds and at a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 44 nanoseconds and at a space of
+eight meters in bob's reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight meters in bob's reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight meters in bob's reference frame
+for alice this situation we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alice this situation we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alice this situation we just
+analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed
+36.6 35.6 nanoseconds passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36.6 35.6 nanoseconds passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36.6 35.6 nanoseconds passed
+um and in her reference frame the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in her reference frame the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in her reference frame the front
+of the pole is at zero meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pole is at zero meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pole is at zero meters
+the second event is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second event is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second event is then
+the other side of the barn in bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the barn in bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the barn in bob's
+reference frame after 44.4 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame after 44.4 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame after 44.4 nanoseconds
+zero meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero meters
+he sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sees
+or she sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she sees
+that 55 nanoseconds have passed we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 55 nanoseconds have passed we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 55 nanoseconds have passed we use
+lawrence transformation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence transformation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence transformation here
+um but the position is minus 10 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the position is minus 10 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the position is minus 10 meters
+okay and the last point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the last point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the last point is
+28.4 nanoseconds in zero meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28.4 nanoseconds in zero meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28.4 nanoseconds in zero meters
+that is the observation when ali sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the observation when ali sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the observation when ali sees
+the end of the front of the barn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the front of the barn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the front of the barn the
+front of the pole at the end of the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the pole at the end of the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the pole at the end of the barn
+um that translates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that translates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that translates into
+analysis frame of 35.6 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis frame of 35.6 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis frame of 35.6 nanoseconds
+and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus
+6.4 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.4 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.4 meters
+so the minus 6.4 meters tell you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the minus 6.4 meters tell you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the minus 6.4 meters tell you very
+clearly what we just already said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly what we just already said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly what we just already said the
+back of the pole is still outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the pole is still outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the pole is still outside
+okay well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's the
+quantitative or numerical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or numerical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or numerical kind of
+evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation
+um and we can also show the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can also show the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can also show the very same
+thing in the space-time diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the space-time diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the space-time diagram
+so we show the space-time diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we show the space-time diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we show the space-time diagram here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is bob's reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bob's reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bob's reference frame
+the poll just touched the front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poll just touched the front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poll just touched the front of this
+barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn
+on the barn is located at eight meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barn is located at eight meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barn is located at eight meters
+the end of the barn is located at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the barn is located at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the barn is located at x
+meters the front of the barn is located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters the front of the barn is located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters the front of the barn is located
+at zero meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero meters
+after 44 nanoseconds there's event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 44 nanoseconds there's event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 44 nanoseconds there's event
+number one and event number two the port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and event number two the port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and event number two the port
+is fully in the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we can also show the pole on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also show the pole on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also show the pole on this
+event number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event number three
+so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one
+where is the end of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the end of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the end of the pole
+we look at this diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this diagram here
+where's the end of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the end of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the end of the pole
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+the front of the pole hits the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the pole hits the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the pole hits the end of
+the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barn
+you see clearly there's a piece sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see clearly there's a piece sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see clearly there's a piece sticking
+out we saw that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we saw that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we saw that there's
+in this event here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this event here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this event here
+6.6 meters in ls frame still sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.6 meters in ls frame still sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.6 meters in ls frame still sticking
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we see that event number three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that event number three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that event number three is
+located here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not all the all of the poll is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the all of the poll is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the all of the poll is actually
+contained within the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the bar
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+bob and alice disagree on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob and alice disagree on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob and alice disagree on whether the
+front and the back of the pole are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and the back of the pole are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and the back of the pole are in
+the in the bond simultaneously that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the bond simultaneously that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the bond simultaneously that's
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the situation becomes uh contradictory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation becomes uh contradictory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation becomes uh contradictory
+they don't agree that two events which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't agree that two events which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't agree that two events which
+happened at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the same time
+in their reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their reference frame
+and bob's reference then occur at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bob's reference then occur at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bob's reference then occur at the
+same time in alice's reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gyboshu425k.txt b/gyboshu425k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..969bf8acde1403422e859a89dbb0440ecb0f7efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gyboshu425k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7680 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Today, teaching equations and
+how to teach equations in a
+
+way that promotes long lasting
+learning and understanding.
+
+OK.
+
+So the first example--
+
+I'm going to give you
+two choices for
+
+starting the example.
+
+So this is example one for
+teaching equations.
+
+This is Hardy-Weinberg
+equilibrium.
+
+So here's one way
+you could start.
+
+So if a locust has n alleles
+and the organism is
+
+polyploid--
+
+so that means it has, let's say,
+C copies of chromosomes.
+
+OK.
+
+So there's n alleles.
+
+So the allele frequencies
+are P1 through Pn.
+
+Then we're going to deduce
+the genotype frequencies.
+
+So this is the multinomial
+middle coefficient C. Choose
+
+K1, K2, K3, all the way to Kn.
+
+And K1 through Kn are the
+number of copies of each
+
+allele with K1 plus blah, blah,
+blah, to Kn, all equal
+
+to C.
+
+So you could actually state
+that and then prove it.
+
+That's option A. So now I'll
+give you option B for starting
+
+the same topic.
+
+So option B is from Hardy.
+
+So in Hardy's Mathematician's
+Apology, he writes, I have
+
+never done anything useful.
+
+No discovery of mine has made or
+is likely to make, directly
+
+or indirectly, for good or ill,
+the least difference to
+
+the amenity of the world.
+
+That's a very interesting,
+very bold statement.
+
+And amazingly, for
+such a brilliant
+
+mathematician, it's wrong.
+
+And today, what we're going to
+do is we're going to look at
+
+an example of the discovery
+by Hardy--
+
+the Hardy-Weinberg
+equilibrium--
+
+that does make a difference to
+the amenity of the world and
+
+helps you actually understand
+genetics.
+
+OK.
+
+So the option B is to quote
+Hardy and then point out the
+
+contradiction between what
+he said and what
+
+we're going to do.
+
+Now, also, in option B, you
+can go a bit farther.
+
+You can say, well, why
+would Hardy have said
+
+something like that?
+
+And indeed, why would he have
+said something like that in
+
+his Apology?
+
+Well, it's actually probably
+hard to appreciate on this
+
+side of the Atlantic, because
+since the Civil War, we've
+
+never had a war that just
+basically devastated entire
+
+countries on our own soil.
+
+Whereas in Europe, the memories
+of World War I are
+
+very strong.
+
+So if anyone's from Europe,
+you know that.
+
+In every English chapel, there's
+names on the wall of
+
+all the people who died in
+the, quote, Great War.
+
+So World War I had
+a very strong
+
+effect on European society.
+
+And one of the effects was on
+European science and people's
+
+attitude towards science.
+
+So poison gas was invented
+partly by German chemists.
+
+Hopper was one of them.
+
+And in the end, he committed
+suicide, partly maybe because
+
+of what he had done.
+
+No, sorry.
+
+His wife committed suicide.
+
+I forget if--
+
+I should check that.
+
+But basically, people in the
+family were so unhappy about
+
+what had happened just there
+that there was a suicide.
+
+And furthermore, science after
+that was considered--
+
+World War I was considered
+the chemists' war.
+
+So there was a wish to distance
+oneself from those
+
+kinds of horrible effects.
+
+And the quote from Hardy is
+actually a reflection of that.
+
+He himself was very
+strongly anti-war.
+
+He left Cambridge because
+Cambridge fired Bertrand
+
+Russell for protesting World War
+I. So Hardy left Cambridge
+
+for a professorship in Oxford
+and only came back basically
+
+12 or 13 years later
+to Cambridge.
+
+So that statement of his partly
+a wish that he's hoping
+
+nothing he's done has any effect
+on the world because in
+
+his mind, maybe most
+effects are bad.
+
+Well, but actually, he
+did have an effect.
+
+The effect is Hardy-Weinberg.
+
+Even if you discount everything
+you did in number
+
+theory, there's Hardy-Weinberg,
+and it has an
+
+effect and we're going
+to look at it.
+
+So let me ask you rhetorical
+question.
+
+If you're a student, which would
+you find more engaging,
+
+more inviting?
+
+This one or this one?
+
+Who votes for that one?
+
+OK.
+
+Who votes for that one?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Now, why?
+
+So now think of-- so the
+question I'm going to ask you
+
+to think about just for a minute
+with one or two of your
+
+neighbors is why.
+
+So yeah, this is definitely
+more engaging.
+
+In terms of the principles we
+talked about last time, what
+
+makes this way of introducing it
+more engaging, more likely
+
+to bring students in, more
+likely to make them want to
+
+learn about Hardy-Weinberg.
+
+OK.
+
+So find a neighbor or two we
+think about the principles
+
+behind
+
+option B. OK.
+
+So I'll rudely interrupt you.
+
+And good thing I did the voice
+exercise so I can project all
+
+the way into the back.
+
+So what reasons for option B or
+against option A, which is
+
+the same thing?
+
+Yes.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Brian.
+
+PROFESSOR: Brian.
+
+I'm going to try to learn
+people's names.
+
+So go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: The reason
+against option A--
+
+when you start out that way, you
+are activating the ability
+
+that students have to transfer
+material from the blackboard
+
+to their notes and then pass
+it to their brains.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right--
+through the wave.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I'm activating the ability
+of the students to
+
+basically take dictation.
+
+Or as someone said, teaching
+is an excellent way to
+
+transfer material from the notes
+of the teacher to the
+
+notes of the student without
+it passing through
+
+the minds of either.
+
+So I'll call that not A. So
+that's the not symbol.
+
+Not A is--
+
+so I'm basically asking to do
+dedication which doesn't
+
+necessarily lead to any
+kind of learning.
+
+They could, for example, copy
+all of that down but not
+
+really understand of it.
+
+OK.
+
+Other--
+
+yes, can you tell
+me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Susannah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Susannah.
+
+AUDIENCE: This is right brain?
+
+So it's easier to remember
+and ingest it.
+
+And maybe even identify
+the theorems.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Right.
+
+And so B is the story.
+
+I'll give you an example of
+how stories can be so
+
+powerful, and just
+even the word.
+
+So a big commercial
+publisher--
+
+this was several years ago--
+
+they wanted me to write a
+freshman physics textbook.
+
+I had actually just put up a
+proposal on the web saying, we
+
+should write a freshman physics
+textbook that is based
+
+on the history of science.
+
+And they saw it and they
+thought, oh, that's great.
+
+So they flew me from England to
+California to talk to them.
+
+And they liked it mostly.
+
+But they said, history--
+
+so there was the word.
+
+They liked the idea as I talked
+about it, but the word
+
+history really frightened
+them.
+
+And then, I'm still amazed--
+
+I had this amazing insight
+of just two letters.
+
+I thought, oh, wait.
+
+I can actually explain
+to them what I mean.
+
+I said, well, actually, if you
+just take away that part, what
+
+I'm really talking
+about is that.
+
+And it was interesting.
+
+As soon as they saw the word
+story and they saw that
+
+history doesn't have to be
+names, dates, facts--
+
+I think that's what they
+were seeing it as--
+
+they saw it as story, which
+is actually its origin
+
+in French or Latin--
+
+[FRENCH].
+
+They all of a sudden were
+totally convinced.
+
+They said, oh, yeah.
+
+That's exactly how we should
+do the textbook.
+
+For various reasons, basically
+because I wanted to be a
+
+freely licensed book, we didn't
+
+actually sign a contract.
+
+But it's an example of how
+powerful story is and how
+
+people who actually spend their
+lives thinking about
+
+teaching and reaching students--
+in other words,
+
+this educational publisher knew
+the importance of story.
+
+But if you present it as just
+dry history, it's not so
+
+interesting.
+
+So story--
+
+yeah.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Who haven't I heard from?
+
+I haven't heard from Adrian.
+
+Yeah, and then you're next.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the fact that it's
+a contradiction creates
+
+some sort of tension from
+linear thought.
+
+And it's more of
+a exploratory.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So there's a contradiction.
+
+And the contradiction creates
+some kind of tension.
+
+So the tension creates
+interest.
+
+So every good story needs
+some kind of tension.
+
+So the tension here, the
+contradiction, is that Hardy
+
+wanted to do nothing that could
+harm people, basically.
+
+And so he was like, OK, well,
+anything could be used, even
+
+if it's for good, for ill.
+
+So let me just back off from
+all of that and say I'm not
+
+going to do anything that has
+an effect, an application.
+
+I'm a pure mathematician.
+
+His most famous book is A Course
+of Pure Mathematics.
+
+Well, maybe his most famous
+book is that book that I
+
+quoted from, A Mathematician's
+Apology.
+
+His most famous math book is
+probably A Course of Pure
+
+Mathematics.
+
+And that's what he wanted
+to be known for.
+
+And that's in contradiction
+with the fact and no, even
+
+Hardy couldn't help
+an application--
+
+an actually very,
+very common one.
+
+It's taught in every
+single introductory
+
+biology course, probably.
+
+OK.
+
+So you need tension.
+
+Now, that's a general principle
+of learning there--
+
+the idea of story and
+tension and paradox.
+
+So the one way that, as a
+undergraduate in physics, I
+
+learned a ton of physics, me
+and my friends were doing
+
+problem sets together.
+
+And a lot of problems were just
+grinding through math.
+
+So we didn't learn a hell
+of a lot from that.
+
+But we were in the library late
+at night, the physics
+
+library, ordering pizza, and
+trying to do a problem set,
+
+and we just got to making
+up physics paradoxes--
+
+perpetual motion machines.
+
+We'd invent perpetual motion
+machines and try to get the
+
+other person to figure out
+what was wrong with it.
+
+Sometimes, we didn't even know
+what was wrong with it and
+
+we'd both try to
+figure it out.
+
+So from that kind of tension--
+
+tension is almost, in a way,
+self teaching, because as long
+
+as the tension's there,
+you know you're not at
+
+the end of the story.
+
+You know there's more to do.
+
+So the same thing-- as long as
+there was perpetual motion
+
+going on and we hadn't found the
+reason, we knew we weren't
+
+done with the problem.
+
+We didn't have to ask a teacher
+to say, well, is this
+
+right, because it was basically
+self teaching.
+
+As long as the tension
+was there, we knew
+
+that we weren't finished.
+
+So yeah--
+
+another general principle,
+stories and tension.
+
+Let's see.
+
+There was a comment over--
+
+yes.
+
+Tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wing Ho.
+
+PROFESSOR: Wing Ho?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So this along the line that
+the teacher should make
+
+themselves more human, because
+Hardy-Weinberg sounds like
+
+such a big name you
+would tattoo.
+
+That student may be driven to
+believe in the equation just
+
+by the matter of the fact
+that it's authority.
+
+But then making a
+story makes--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the teacher makes himself
+more human and makes one of
+
+the people who invented the
+Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
+
+more human.
+
+So it's actually something
+much more easy for the
+
+students to connect to.
+
+Yes, can you tell
+me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Gregor.
+
+PROFESSOR: Gregor.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So my problem is that two
+different options are very,
+
+very different.
+
+And the amount of legwork it is,
+it's maybe more tense to
+
+me, because you can discuss it
+without legwork, but I think
+
+also that option A is pretty
+interesting, because you can
+
+approach this biological
+problem from more of a
+
+qualitative approach.
+
+So depending on what kind of
+learner you have and what kind
+
+of question you choose,
+A would be also very
+
+interesting.
+
+But at that point, with the
+background I have right now,
+
+it's very difficult
+to pursue that.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So Gregor's point, which is a
+good one, is that B doesn't
+
+have the same quantitative depth
+as A. And actually, what
+
+I'm going to show you is a way
+to get to this starting from
+
+here and using the principles
+that we're talking about so
+
+that by the time you get here,
+or to something like this, it
+
+actually makes sense
+to the students--
+
+so that you can have both.
+
+So that's a promise.
+
+And hopefully, I'll deliver
+on it for you.
+
+But does that address what
+you're talking about?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: --that B doesn't have
+the quantitative depth--
+
+and that's true.
+
+AUDIENCE: Actually, I mean, you
+can talk about one hour on
+
+B. But if you really want to
+deliver an idea or a concept,
+
+that is as quantitative as
+option A, then you have to get
+
+to A at some point.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the point made
+is that if you want to get
+
+here, you do have to say
+this at some point.
+
+You can't just say the
+story for now.
+
+Well, it depends on the
+purpose of the class.
+
+If the purpose is the history
+of biology, maybe you'd
+
+continue with the story or the
+history of science and war.
+
+But if you want students to be
+able to solve problems in
+
+genetics, maybe you
+need to go here.
+
+Or what we'll find is I'll
+continue with option B moving
+
+towards A. And I'm going to show
+how you can get there and
+
+still have the opening
+of B preserved.
+
+OK so let's see.
+
+There was--
+
+yes.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Roger.
+
+I think one of the reasons
+we like B is because we
+
+see A all the time.
+
+So I don't know to what extent
+that's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So B is new.
+
+Right.
+
+So against A, A is very
+familiar and common.
+
+So in fact, yeah,
+I chose this--
+
+I didn't really make
+a straw man here.
+
+This is how a lot of things
+are introduced.
+
+For example, in mathematics
+class, theorem proof--
+
+so the theorem will be
+introduced without any of the
+
+struggle, the wondering that
+led to the theorem.
+
+Why would anyone even care
+about such a thing?
+
+Or if they cared about it, why
+would they come up with
+
+something like that?
+
+How can you see that?
+
+So yeah, A is seems very
+familiar and therefore, maybe
+
+not as interesting.
+
+Although, it may also be
+intrinsically less interesting
+
+for the other reasons.
+
+But I take your point, too,
+that it could be just
+
+familiarity.
+
+Yes.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'm Meg.
+
+PROFESSOR: Meg.
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems that you
+could really incorporate the
+
+quantitative side into B if you
+wanted to by having the
+
+way the proof occurred
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+And then you wind up reversing
+the traditional order, where
+
+you have a proof and then a
+theorem, because the way it
+
+happened in reality and the
+way it happens when you're
+
+going to do research, and the
+way it happens to students
+
+when they're trying to work
+it out themselves.
+
+And so I feel like that's much
+more of a natural flow
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So your point, which is an
+excellent one as well, is that
+
+B doesn't preclude
+the quantitative.
+
+What you could do is you could
+talk about the history, start
+
+with the history of Hardy saying
+that, which is not
+
+chronological, because
+he said that in 1940.
+
+But that's OK.
+
+It doesn't have to chronological
+just because
+
+it's history.
+
+Go to 1940 and then backtrack to
+well, how did this problem
+
+actually come to Hardy's
+attention, which actually
+
+turns out to be quite an
+interesting story.
+
+And then talk about how they
+solved it and what was the
+
+publication history.
+
+And all the quantitative ideas
+would come out in that way.
+
+And it would be almost backwards
+from the usual way.
+
+The usual way here is
+completely general.
+
+And that's probably not the way
+it was first figured out.
+
+And the advantage of telling
+about it that way is that
+
+you're preparing students
+themselves for a research
+
+career, because nobody comes
+up with theorems full blown
+
+like Athena out of
+the head of Zeus.
+
+You come to them from struggle
+and wondering.
+
+Hm, I wonder.
+
+Everything has some historical
+background to it.
+
+So it's called the, you could
+say, the genetic approach.
+
+So in biology, there's a slight,
+not misconception, but
+
+a saying that ontology
+recapitulates phylogeny--
+
+in other words, that the
+organism, as it develops, say,
+
+in the womb, goes through all
+the evolutionary stages that
+
+it went through over the last
+200 million years or whatever
+
+to become, say, a person.
+
+You're at first a fish and then
+maybe you're a monkey and
+
+then you're a person.
+
+So roughly speaking-- it's
+not exactly true.
+
+But there's a lot of truth to
+that for learning ideas--
+
+that you have to recapitulate
+the history of ideas to really
+
+understand where we are
+now, the ideas today.
+
+So a great example of that is
+Newton's Second Law of Motion,
+
+the idea that force and
+acceleration are connected.
+
+So for thousands of years,
+millions of years, people
+
+thought force and velocity
+were connected.
+
+And it's actually force
+and acceleration.
+
+So actually, you can guide
+people to the understanding of
+
+force and acceleration being
+connected by showing them the
+
+history of how people thought
+it was force and velocity,
+
+because for those same reasons,
+those are the reasons
+
+that students will
+think it, too.
+
+So you're actually helping
+them overcome their
+
+misconceptions.
+
+So the history actually,
+generally speaking, helps
+
+overcome misconceptions.
+
+So I'll put that here.
+
+And the history is actually
+quite interesting.
+
+I think it was Punnett
+from Punnett squares.
+
+He played cricket with Hardy
+and Hardy loved cricket.
+
+And he just asked him
+about this problem.
+
+And Hardy said, oh.
+
+Yeah, no, it's just this,
+and sent off a paper
+
+to Science or Nature.
+
+So basically, it's because
+they were cricket playing
+
+colleagues in Cambridge, that's
+how a mathematician
+
+ended up interested in
+a biology problem.
+
+Punnett was a biologist.
+
+OK.
+
+So any other reasons?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm going to
+play devil's advocate
+
+for a second here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Paul.
+
+PROFESSOR: Paul.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when I had
+biochemistry the first time,
+
+the first month of the class,
+the teacher would tell the
+
+history about the people
+developing quantum mechanics.
+
+And that was the lectures.
+
+We didn't touch the
+material one bit.
+
+And because his philosophy was
+the material was in the book,
+
+you don't need to teach it.
+
+You just go home and read it.
+
+But I remember being in that
+class-- and maybe that's
+
+because I normally don't see
+things taught like that-- but
+
+everyone was outraged,
+because we didn't
+
+feel we learned anything.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+OK.
+
+So the comment is that you were
+in an actual class that
+
+was purely taught about
+the history.
+
+People were outraged.
+
+They felt they weren't learning
+actual content.
+
+And there's two answers
+to that.
+
+One is that actually, I don't
+recommend if, say, you're
+
+teaching a physics class,
+that you teach it purely
+
+historically.
+
+But to the extent that you do
+teach the history, you can
+
+actually teach the content
+through the history.
+
+So it's not that the history and
+the equations or the ideas
+
+are separate.
+
+It's that you can use the
+history as a means of making
+
+the equations come alive with
+a deeper understanding.
+
+So it's possible that the
+teacher you're talking about
+
+actually didn't do that and just
+talked about the people
+
+who did this and did that.
+
+But he didn't really know
+what they did or why.
+
+So you're not forced
+to do that.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'll give you an example.
+
+I'll continue with this in just
+a moment after I take any
+
+other questions, showing you
+how you can start with the
+
+history, and then you can
+show the content.
+
+You can actually show
+people exactly why
+
+that would be true.
+
+And I'll show you that
+in one second.
+
+OK.
+
+There was a question there.
+
+Yes.
+
+Sharon.
+
+Oh, sorry.
+
+Not Sharon.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Me?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, in front.
+
+AUDIENCE: Cecilia.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cecilia.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering that
+Option B-- it's like targeting
+
+another audience.
+
+I come to a class and I'm not
+very interested in the class.
+
+I need to be motivated here,
+Genetics or something.
+
+If I already signed
+up for genetics--
+
+because if I were being in a
+class interested in that, I
+
+actually want to learn things.
+
+I want to know the rules.
+
+So I don't know if I want
+to be distracted by
+
+some story that is--
+
+when you first said that, I was
+like, oh my god, if this
+
+is going to be some other big
+story, he's going to have the
+
+equation at the end.
+
+I'm not going to be
+understanding what's going on
+
+or whatever you say.
+
+And I think that could be a
+little bit of a turn off more,
+
+because-- try to make
+it look easy.
+
+You have avoided writing the
+equation on the board.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I'm going
+to do that next.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+And also, I guess there
+are two kinds of
+
+stories you can tell.
+
+I don't know what story you're
+going to tell exactly, but
+
+this seems to be removed from
+the actual equation.
+
+This is more Hardy's
+philosophy.
+
+It's not really--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not directly
+about that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Something you did a
+second ago was more about the
+
+equation and more about
+the concepts
+
+involved with the equation.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+So one question is how related
+should the stories be?
+
+And there's a lot of
+freedom in that.
+
+I would say the answer
+is that you want it--
+
+if it does this, if it creates
+interest, then it's already
+
+done something.
+
+Now, your other point was that
+it depends on the audience.
+
+Suppose the audience is all
+graduate students in genetics
+
+or people who want a crash
+course in genetics.
+
+Maybe actually, they want to
+just know the formula.
+
+And they would actually be
+offended if you started
+
+telling them stuff that wasn't
+the formula, because they feel
+
+like they're time's
+being wasted--
+
+a little bit like what
+you were saying.
+
+So now, did you have a
+comment about that?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Then I'll come to
+you one second.
+
+So one comment about that is
+that actually, most of the
+
+students, at least in a big
+class in genetics, are going
+
+to be students who are--
+
+for example, at MIT--
+
+are there not because they love
+genetics and are going to
+
+continue in genetics.
+
+They're doing it because they're
+required to take
+
+introductory biology.
+
+And your job as a teacher is
+to actually show them that
+
+this is a really fascinating
+subject.
+
+It's the same in physics.
+
+It's often taught as if the
+only students in a physics
+
+class were the physics majors.
+
+Now, when I was an undergraduate
+in Standford,
+
+there were 1,600 undergraduates
+and 12 physics
+
+majors every year.
+
+So 1% of the student body
+was physics majors.
+
+So they were actually teaching
+in a way, generally speaking,
+
+for 1% of the student body.
+
+What about the other 99%?
+
+It was really important for them
+to reach them as well--
+
+important, also, for the health
+and growth of the
+
+field, because the field needed
+people who, even if
+
+they weren't professional
+physicists, saw the value in
+
+the field and the value
+in physics.
+
+So generally speaking, it is
+actually a wise way to reach
+
+all of them.
+
+Now, suppose you have people
+who just want this.
+
+The next thing I'm going to
+do will show you a way of
+
+teaching to them that they'll
+actually learn this better,
+
+because I guarantee you, almost
+everyone, if you just
+
+tell them this and they take
+dictation, now they go away,
+
+and you say, OK, everybody,
+what did I write down?
+
+Most people can't
+reconstruct it.
+
+They'll say, well, was
+this a C or an N?
+
+In fact, if you look in
+Wikipedia, the Wikipedia entry
+
+is incorrect.
+
+Actually, I think it
+has an N over here.
+
+It seems plausible, but if you
+actually understand the
+
+equation, you think, that
+can't possibly be right.
+
+And I think it has
+an N over here.
+
+So they actually do
+not really have a
+
+command of the equation.
+
+So even for them, you
+want to not--
+
+the story isn't the proof
+of it for them, but the
+
+continuation will be
+valuable for them.
+
+So again, I'll promise that.
+
+Now, there was a question
+over there.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The story, you can
+basically use to-- and if you
+
+see you lose your students
+when you go on this
+
+quantitative approach, then it's
+maybe helpful to loosen
+
+up a little bit and basically
+bought you interest to see
+
+what's a big context.
+
+And the other point was--
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're first point
+was that you can add
+
+stories as needed.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So depending on what
+it's like.
+
+And the other thing is when I
+make my comments related to
+
+the problem, I see it
+more from a various
+
+student point of view.
+
+So you point out that, depending
+on what the audience
+
+is, you teach differently.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's true.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when you
+give your examples--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I should tell
+you who the audience is.
+
+AUDIENCE: --interesting to know
+at a certain point what
+
+kind of audience it was.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+Good point.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I'm undergrad.
+
+So I don't know how it is to
+teach first year university.
+
+I've never had students.
+
+So how much basics or how much
+story you have to put in
+
+compared to how much math.
+
+So it would be very helpful
+to see what our target is.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Your comment is that it would be
+helpful when I'll give you
+
+an example like this to say,
+OK, for the particular
+
+audience, what would you do?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And I'll try to do that.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+Now, there was another
+question--
+
+behind Cecilia.
+
+Did you still have a comment?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I just wanted to
+mention that in choice A,
+
+there's a lot of jargon.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So there's a lot of jargon in
+choice A, which makes it much
+
+harder to understand.
+
+You have almost--
+
+for example, the multinomial
+coefficient--
+
+you have to keep that in your
+head, as well as all these
+
+subscripts, keep it all in
+your hand and try to
+
+manipulate that object--
+
+very difficult.
+
+One of the points about that
+related is the chunking.
+
+So the chunking paper--
+
+the idea is that these, for a
+student, each of these things
+
+is going to fill up one of the
+chunk slots, almost, because
+
+it's all new to them.
+
+You've flooded the
+chunking system.
+
+You've overflowed it.
+
+And they can't actually
+manipulate this as one object
+
+anymore, because it's
+far too many chunks.
+
+Now, you, as a professional
+in the field, are
+
+like, well, of course.
+
+It's a multinomial
+coefficient.
+
+What else could it be?
+
+For you, that's one chunk.
+
+For the student, that's
+is it C or N?
+
+K1?
+
+K?
+
+Why K?
+
+What the hell is K here?
+
+Is it commas or spaces?
+
+Parentheses?
+
+What about brackets?
+
+I've never seen something
+like that.
+
+Shouldn't there be as many
+things up here as here?
+
+So the way they look at it
+is completely different.
+
+Every symbol is almost
+a chunk.
+
+So this is just massively
+overflowing with chunking.
+
+So this is sort of related
+to the jargon.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Scott.
+
+PROFESSOR: Scott.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have
+a meta comment.
+
+In this example, if you don't
+know how you're actually going
+
+to complete these, it's created
+a lot of tension.
+
+I'm dying to know how you're
+going to do it.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Fair enough.
+
+Would you be very offended if I
+gave everyone a break for a
+
+few minutes and then
+finished it?
+
+AUDIENCE: OK--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So finish your comment.
+
+AUDIENCE: My question is in a
+situation like this where you
+
+have people who are making so
+many comments, and the other
+
+half's just dying to know, how
+do you know when to stop?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+So how do I know when to stop?
+
+Because I don't want to exhaust
+people's patience, but
+
+I do want to take questions.
+
+And in this case, there's the
+American teaching phrase saved
+
+by the bell, which is that
+I don't have to make the
+
+decision too hard, because
+it's probably
+
+time for a break anyway.
+
+But how do I make
+the decision?
+
+Partly, I listen to
+people's comments.
+
+For example, suppose I got yet
+another comment saying, well,
+
+we still don't know
+the equation.
+
+And I'm saying for the
+third time, oh, wait.
+
+I'll show you a way to
+get to the equation.
+
+I think, you know, it's probably
+time for me to do the
+
+equation and then I'll take
+more questions later.
+
+So listen for the tension in
+people's voice, which is also
+
+a good reason to have everyone
+do the voice exercise first
+
+and free the tension so that if
+the tension creeps back in,
+
+you know it's something
+you've done.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'll take more questions
+after the break.
+
+But it's 10:02 by that clock.
+
+10:05, we'll start again.
+
+You can jump up and down, do
+jumping jacks or whatever it
+
+takes to get the
+blood flowing.
+
+I'll take a couple more
+questions and then I'll show
+
+you how to continue it to
+get towards that in
+
+a perceptive way.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me, as promised, continue
+along the lines--
+
+not continuing the story, but
+continuing that approach, the
+
+alternative mirror image
+approach of A, which is to
+
+say, well, what would I do
+after telling the story?
+
+So first of all, I would try to
+fix some of the problems in
+
+just basically blasting
+people with that.
+
+So I try to make it as clear and
+unjargony as possible-- so
+
+as you notice, jargon
+up there.
+
+So imagine a gene with
+two flavors--
+
+sickle cell or not.
+
+And two chromosomes--
+
+so just like people have two
+copies of each chromosome.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, before I continue,
+what have I done
+
+just by doing that?
+
+Well, first of all, I've made
+something concrete.
+
+It's sickle cell or not.
+
+So right away, you
+can imagine it.
+
+So that's continuing the
+idea of a story.
+
+It's much easier to imagine
+a concrete situation.
+
+Either you have sickle cell
+anemia or you don't.
+
+Or you have a gene for it or a
+gene that doesn't cause it.
+
+And the two chromosomes--
+
+so rather than having C
+chromosomes, I'm just
+
+restricting it to two.
+
+Now, you might think, well,
+that's a terrible restriction.
+
+That's a specialization.
+
+Therefore, it's bad.
+
+No.
+
+Actually, it's good for that
+reason, because it makes it
+
+possible to understand, in the
+next step, the idea behind
+
+that equation.
+
+And once you understand the
+idea, then that equation is
+
+not so mysterious.
+
+And furthermore, what's nice
+about two chromosomes?
+
+Yeah, it's a specialization,
+but--
+
+AUDIENCE: Same two.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, we
+all have two.
+
+There's some plants that have
+more and some plants have
+
+less, I think.
+
+But people have two.
+
+So it's already interesting to
+us just for that reason.
+
+OK.
+
+So then the question is how
+frequent are the combinations?
+
+So we want to answer how
+frequent are the three
+
+combinations sickle--
+
+lowercase S is not sickle.
+
+So this is S. This
+is lowercase S.
+
+What happened to the
+fourth combination?
+
+Why are there only three?
+
+Yeah.
+
+It's the same.
+
+S, S--
+
+this and this are the same.
+
+OK So I would actually
+ask that, too.
+
+Any time there's something
+interesting--
+
+it should have been four.
+
+Plausibly, it could have been
+four, but it's actually three.
+
+Why three?
+
+OK, it's because we're actually
+
+lumping these two together.
+
+OK.
+
+So how frequent are those
+three combinations?
+
+Well, that's provided
+by this formula.
+
+P squared, q squared, 2pq--
+
+so p and q are the frequencies
+of S and little S.
+
+So this is the--
+
+OK.
+
+So now, because you've asked
+them about the three versus
+
+four, this two makes sense,
+already somehow.
+
+But how could make
+sense of the p
+
+squared, pq, and q squared?
+
+And so that's where I would
+continue with the following,
+
+which is this.
+
+So here is 0 to 1.
+
+And this is p.
+
+And that's q.
+
+So this is the frequency
+of sickle cell.
+
+This is the frequency
+of not sickle cell.
+
+So right away, you have
+p plus q equals 1.
+
+I'll draw this up here too.
+
+So I make a square.
+
+And I have four regions.
+
+So it's not magic.
+
+Why am I making a square?
+
+What about the problem
+tells me square?
+
+So I would ask the class that.
+
+I'm looking for area.
+
+And why an area?
+
+Why two dimensions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because there
+are two chromosomes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because there
+are two chromosomes.
+
+So this is your C. The number
+of dimensions is eventually
+
+going to become this thing, so
+you can see how we're going to
+
+get there eventually.
+
+So I'm looking for an area,
+because I have two
+
+chromosomes.
+
+So now, let's just look at
+these various areas.
+
+Here's a p squared.
+
+What's this area?
+
+There's q by p.
+
+So that's a pq.
+
+That's also pq.
+
+And that's q squared.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's look at all our pieces.
+
+Oh, we have a p squared there.
+
+We have a q squared there.
+
+Oh, and pq, pq--
+
+2pq.
+
+So in fact, this picture
+explains the entire set of
+
+frequencies here.
+
+And if you see this picture,
+there's nothing really new to
+
+understand here.
+
+In fact, all this picture
+is showing is that--
+
+it's a picture of p plus
+q squared equals 1.
+
+So if p plus q is 1, its square
+is also equal to 1.
+
+And you break this up into the
+four terms, group two of them
+
+together, and you get
+three terms, three
+
+different kinds of terms.
+
+You get three different
+frequencies.
+
+So now, this square is actually
+very easy to use.
+
+Suppose someone tells you that
+sickle cell anemia, people who
+
+have both genes, are 1%
+in the population.
+
+Well, what fraction of the
+population has no sickle cell
+
+gene that all?
+
+OK.
+
+Well, we can just look
+at the square.
+
+The information was
+that this is 1%.
+
+So that means this 0.1.
+
+And that's 0.9.
+
+That's 0.9.
+
+So this here is people with
+no sickle cell at all.
+
+It is 0.81.
+
+And so the square actually makes
+everything really easy
+
+to understand.
+
+So now, the question is how
+do you generalize it?
+
+Well, what are some of the-- the
+first generalization I'll
+
+do is I'll say, suppose
+that there are--
+
+well, I'll ask you.
+
+Should I generalize it to more
+dimensions or more different
+
+copies of the gene?
+
+What's easier to draw?
+
+More copies, because
+more dimensions--
+
+I don't know how to draw
+in three dimensions.
+
+But I can draw three copies.
+
+That's pretty easy.
+
+So now, take a piece of paper
+and just on your own, draw
+
+this same figure for three
+copies of the gene with
+
+frequencies p, q, and r.
+
+So people have a picture?
+
+Does anyone want to describe
+their picture to me?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I did a three by three
+square with p squared
+
+and q squared and r squared
+diagonal [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So I do the same.
+
+I make a p, a q, and an r.
+
+And then I do the same here--
+
+qr.
+
+OK.
+
+So there's a p squared,
+q squared, r squared.
+
+Now, how many guys-- so we have
+nine square, sub squares.
+
+Three of them are this.
+
+There's six more.
+
+Now, which of them
+look similar?
+
+So this is a pq.
+
+Are there any other pq's?
+
+Yeah, one other, right?
+pq over here. .
+
+And here is a pr.
+
+Is there a pr?
+
+Yea, another pr over here.
+
+And here's a qr and a qr.
+
+So we have p squared.
+
+And that's that guy.
+
+We have q squared, r squared,
+and then 2pr, 2qr, and 2pq.
+
+So that's the generalization to
+three copies of the gene.
+
+So it turns out that all
+these coefficients--
+
+1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2--
+
+those are binomial, multinomial
+coefficients.
+
+So now, let's generalize
+one more.
+
+So what have we done?
+
+There, before, we've
+written out this.
+
+And those are the nine terms
+grouped into six.
+
+So this was our C. So now, we
+know how to generalize.
+
+p plus q plus r to
+the C equals 1.
+
+If this is two chromosomes--
+
+this is C chromosomes.
+
+So this is C chromosomes
+with three copies.
+
+Well, what happens if
+we have n copies?
+
+p1 plus p2 plus one of those
+plus pn to the C equals 1.
+
+And all you have to do
+is expand that out.
+
+You can use a square in
+higher dimensions.
+
+Or you can actually use
+formulas for math.
+
+And that's where these
+come from--
+
+p1 to the 1 power, p2 to the
+next power, all the way to pn
+
+to the next power.
+
+And these guys are the
+coefficients that count the
+
+multiplicity.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do you have
+to add up to 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+They have to add up to 1 because
+p plus q plus r, if
+
+you only have three flavors of
+the gene-- either you have
+
+sickle cell A, B, or
+C, let's say--
+
+then these are probabilities,
+probability p.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, so parentheses
+says how often it's done?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Frequency and probability--
+
+so p plus q plus r equals 1.
+
+So if you square it,
+you still get 1.
+
+So you start from the idea that
+p plus q equals 1, which
+
+is what we did over here.
+
+So p plus q is equal to 1.
+
+Then you square it.
+
+It's still equal to 1.
+
+So now, you just another
+way of writing 1.
+
+So it turns out that
+Hardy-Weinberg is all just
+
+fancy ways of writing 1.
+
+Starting from this
+picture, we've
+
+successively complicated it.
+
+This is C equals
+2, n equals 2.
+
+There's C equals
+2, n equals 3.
+
+Here is the same thing again.
+
+Here is n equals 3, general C.
+Here's general n, general C.
+
+OK so what we've done is we've
+basically got here--
+
+by stages of successive
+approach, one step at a time.
+
+So at every stage, it's clear
+what is going on.
+
+And what's the core idea?
+
+The core idea is the one you
+just asked a question about,
+
+which is that the frequencies
+add up to 1--
+
+p plus q equals 1-- so if you
+square the frequencies, you
+
+still get 1.
+
+And there's nothing more to
+Hardy-Weinberg than that.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Julie.
+
+PROFESSOR: Julie.
+
+AUDIENCE: My question has to do
+with the original way you
+
+presented the problem--
+using the word
+
+flavors instead of alleles.
+
+And I've always been fond of
+teaching that you should
+
+always use the probable
+vocabulary of your students.
+
+PROFESSOR: To switch.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you got the
+same thing as the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+good question.
+
+So I used flavors instead
+of alleles--
+
+so right here, imagine a
+gene with two flavors.
+
+So actually, probably the
+best way to do it is
+
+to combine the two.
+
+So you say flavors, because--
+
+so this is a question of
+transmitting information to
+
+the student without noise
+on the channel.
+
+So if you say the
+word allele--
+
+so this is again related
+to chunking.
+
+If you say the word allele,
+the problem is that now,
+
+you're expecting them to try to
+understand this new idea as
+
+well as this new item for taking
+up one of their chunks
+
+that they have available.
+
+So when I initially presented
+it, I would use flavors.
+
+And then I'd say, OK, now we
+understand the whole idea.
+
+The thing has kind of seeped--
+it's not really part of short
+
+term memory anymore.
+
+It's connected to something
+else that they know-- for
+
+example, this. p plus q
+equals 1, so p plus q
+
+squared equals 1.
+
+Now, it's not taking up so
+many chunks anymore.
+
+Now, they're ready to hear
+the word allele.
+
+So I'll say, OK.
+
+Colloquially, we could say
+flavors, but actually, the
+
+word in the literature
+is alleles.
+
+So at no point, you're
+overloading the system.
+
+So again, it's philosophy
+based on,
+
+say, history and chunking.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you presented
+this whole second way, you
+
+made, actually, use of
+the equation that you
+
+wrote down in the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, over there?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, no.
+
+I was just saying that
+for your benefit.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I thought,
+actually, for me, it was very
+
+useful to see what the
+kind of equation was.
+
+And then as you were going
+through the argument, I could
+
+reason out myself--
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question,
+good point.
+
+AUDIENCE: --where everything
+was coming from.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah OK.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+So it actually was helpful to
+actually see the final goal to
+
+know where you're going.
+
+Actually, that's a
+good suggestion.
+
+It's actually not bad to say,
+OK, this is what we're going
+
+to try to understand.
+
+I don't expect to understand
+it now.
+
+It's full of all kinds
+of squigglies.
+
+So for example, maybe a really
+good way to do the whole thing
+
+would be to start with the Hardy
+story and say, we're
+
+going to talk about
+Hardy-Weinberg.
+
+Say, what does Hardy-Weinberg
+say?
+
+Well, in its full generality,
+it says, blah.
+
+I don't expect you to make any
+sense of that right now.
+
+Let's talk about what the
+core ideas of it are.
+
+With this, you approach it,
+creep up on it bit by bit,
+
+successive generalization,
+and then you get there.
+
+So actually, it's a good idea.
+
+Leave that on the board the
+whole time so you have a
+
+context and a goal, like
+a mountain peak
+
+you're trying to scale.
+
+Thanks for the suggestion.
+
+Yes.
+
+Tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Scott.
+
+PROFESSOR: Scott.
+
+AUDIENCE: Last week, you did
+present an example where you
+
+wrote down this complicated
+physics--
+
+PROFESSOR: The Navier-Stokes
+equation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, you wrote down
+the Navier-Stokes equation,
+
+and then you said, yeah, I
+sometimes do that just to
+
+create this tension in the
+students [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So given that when you complete
+this method-- you
+
+actually didn't use
+the story at all.
+
+It seems to me that if you had
+presented that and then you
+
+stood back and made a joke about
+[INAUDIBLE], it would
+
+have been perfectly
+satisfactory.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+that's true, too.
+
+So a lot of teaching is
+preference of the instructor.
+
+I, for example, happen to really
+like that story because
+
+I taught in Cambridge for a long
+time and I can imagine
+
+Hardy running into Punnett
+at the cricket ground.
+
+So it's interesting to me, so I
+can tell it with enthusiasm.
+
+And I think it says something
+about the relation of science
+
+on society, which I
+think is important
+
+for students to learn.
+
+So I might use that story.
+
+But an instructor with different
+purpose might do it,
+
+as you say, which is make a joke
+about how impenetrable
+
+this is and say, it seems really
+cryptic, but we'll
+
+actually understand
+this by the end.
+
+Don't worry.
+
+And that's a good way
+of-- actually, I
+
+think you're right.
+
+It's a good way of creating
+and releasing tension.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Eric.
+
+PROFESSOR: Eric.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what level of
+background do we assume the
+
+audience has?
+
+Because you use sickle cell as
+an example, and it's obviously
+
+not critical to the example
+that they know
+
+what sickle cell is.
+
+Do you assume that
+they know that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So what level of background?
+
+So if they don't know what
+sickle cell is, or maybe I'd
+
+use cystic fibrosis, which
+they're maybe even
+
+less likely to know.
+
+AUDIENCE: --presentation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I could be adding noise.
+
+So it's a flip side.
+
+It's a two edged sword.
+
+So are you adding noise by
+saying sickle cell to someone
+
+who doesn't know what it is?
+
+Yeah.
+
+It would add noise.
+
+So maybe it's actually worth
+saying just one sentence.
+
+What is sickle cell anemia?
+
+It's a mutation of the red blood
+cells that makes them
+
+take a different shape and makes
+you unable to transfer
+
+oxygen as effectively
+and makes you more
+
+resistant to malaria.
+
+So actually, that part, I
+wouldn't say at the beginning.
+
+I'd say, well, if
+it's so bad--
+
+can't transport oxygen
+so well--
+
+how come it's still around?
+
+Just let people think about that
+for the day and come back
+
+the next time and tell
+them the answer.
+
+But yeah.
+
+So I'd probably say one sentence
+if the people haven't
+
+heard of sickle cell.
+
+When I was saying it, I was
+assuming mentally that they
+
+know what it is.
+
+But I think you're right.
+
+Many people wouldn't know what
+sickle cell anemia is, and
+
+it's worth saying just
+one sentence.
+
+So let me just see if there's
+anyone who hasn't made a
+
+comment or question.
+
+Yes.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you point to the
+last little bit, because
+
+I'm curious to see
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, how do
+you get this piece?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how do you get this
+whole thing?
+
+OK.
+
+So let me do that by analogy.
+
+So for example, suppose--
+
+let me do C equals 3.
+
+I'm running out of board.
+
+Let me erase this one.
+
+And in fact, let me just use n
+equals 2, because it doesn't
+
+illustrate any new ideas
+to crank n up.
+
+But the cranking the c up, the
+number of copies, actually
+
+makes it important to see why
+you need to add them all up.
+
+So let's do p plus q cubed.
+
+So this is an organism with
+three chromosomes.
+
+But it's either sickle cell
+or not at each spot.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, let's actually just
+write this whole thing.
+
+You could do it by looking at
+a cube and seeing all the
+
+chunks, because you could
+actually just do it with
+
+algebra, too.
+
+So there's a p cubed.
+
+There's a ppq.
+
+So there's a ppq,
+pqp, and qpp.
+
+So those are all contributing
+to p squared q, and there's
+
+three of them.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, the three isn't what
+we're talking about.
+
+We're talking about this
+exponent here.
+
+Why is K1 all the way
+up to Kn equal to C?
+
+Well, let me just put
+that 1 in there.
+
+What does this equal?
+
+The sum of those guys is 3.
+
+That's p to the cubed
+q to the 0.
+
+That's also 3.
+
+What's the next term?
+
+Well, there's a 3
+p cubed squared,
+
+and there's a q cubed.
+
+Well, that's q cubed
+p to the 0.
+
+That's 0 plus 3.
+
+This is 1 plus 2.
+
+It's always three.
+
+And it's always the
+C. Why is that?
+
+Well, you only have
+three products--
+
+p plus q.
+
+So you have three factors.
+
+And you get to choose, when
+you're writing out all the
+
+terms-- there are eight of them
+and we've combined them
+
+into four groups.
+
+There's three here, three here,
+one here, and one there.
+
+You get one from each
+of the factors.
+
+So you get one exponent
+from each factor.
+
+So the total of all the
+exponents has to be 3.
+
+So once you understand it
+for 3, then this is
+
+just for C in general.
+
+Does that help?
+
+So that's a good example,
+actually.
+
+Someone probably would ask that
+question or should ask
+
+that question.
+
+And that's how I would
+answer it.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, Cecilia, you had
+another question.
+
+Yes.
+
+Did you have another question?
+
+AUDIENCE: What are we proving?
+
+For example--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You'd think, on one hand,
+what are we proving?
+
+Well, we just proved p plus
+q plus r squared equals 1.
+
+So it looks like there's
+no content.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: How has that
+done anything?
+
+AUDIENCE: The key fact is how
+you prove that the 1, the 3,
+
+the 3, and the 1 in
+each [INAUDIBLE].
+
+For example, are we supposed
+to prove that
+
+today or break even?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I would say
+there's no less information--
+
+well, what we've learned is
+that, for example, we've
+
+learned this.
+
+Why are there various
+products here?
+
+And then what this thing is--
+we've learned intuitively what
+
+this thing does.
+
+This thing counts for the
+number of copies.
+
+So in the original--
+
+n equals 2, C equals 2--
+
+it was either there's two copies
+or one copy of each of
+
+these guys.
+
+So it adjusted for the
+number of copies.
+
+When you have p plus q plus
+r, there's one copy,
+
+one copy, one copy.
+
+There's two copies of that
+one, two of that
+
+one, two of that one.
+
+So it's that factor.
+
+It's the number of
+copies factor.
+
+And then in probability course,
+you learn how to count
+
+those factors in terms
+of factorials.
+
+And that has a definition
+in terms of factorials.
+
+But I wouldn't focus, for
+example, in a biology course
+
+on why it's factorials,
+necessarily.
+
+I'd want them to understand that
+this thing counts for the
+
+number of factors.
+
+But actually calculating the
+number of factors for general
+
+C and n wouldn't be my first
+goal in the course.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if I didn't have
+that in mind, why would I--
+
+so the general purpose is
+teaching the terms in the
+
+multinomial expression.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So it's terms in a multinomial
+expansion--
+
+so basically, it's from writing
+out 1 equals 1.
+
+So it seems like, oh my god,
+we've done nothing.
+
+What have we learned?
+
+We've just learned 1 equals
+1, which we already knew.
+
+But actually, by splitting up
+1 on the other side, you've
+
+actually given meaning
+to each of the terms
+
+on the other side.
+
+So this is the frequency of
+probability of having three
+
+copies of gene type A and
+none of the other type.
+
+This is the probability of
+having two copies of gene A
+
+and one of gene B. And this is
+the probability of having one
+
+of gene A and two of gene B.
+
+So there are three, because
+there's different
+
+ways of doing it.
+
+AUDIENCE: So do you have these
+chromosomes with different
+
+flavors [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+Because these organisms we're
+talking about come with
+
+multiple copies of
+chromosomes.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What is that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+So what's the phenotype
+in the end?
+
+And you're right.
+
+So with the sickle cell-- so
+
+actually, that is an advantage.
+
+So the point is you
+need to link this
+
+phenotype and the genotype.
+
+And that's true, actually.
+
+I've erased the sickle cell, but
+actually, the sickle cell
+
+is a good example
+for doing that.
+
+If you have no copies of the
+sickle cell gene, then you're
+
+perfectly healthy.
+
+If you have two copies of the
+sickle cell gene, you have
+
+sickle cell anemia.
+
+What happens if you have one
+copy of the sickle cell gene?
+
+Well, you do have some
+symptoms of it.
+
+So the question is why does
+that gene survive?
+
+Well, it's because
+you're actually
+
+more malaria resistant.
+
+At least, that's one
+of the theories.
+
+So somehow, I guess the malaria
+parasites can't eat
+
+those red blood cells as well
+because they have a different
+
+shape or can't invade it.
+
+So it actually gives you
+some advantage and some
+
+disadvantage, but they're
+sort of balanced.
+
+And yeah, if you have full blown
+sickle cell with two
+
+sickle cell genes, then
+you're in trouble.
+
+But that's much rarer than
+the 2pq, as long
+
+as q is small enough.
+
+So then you can actually
+continue that example.
+
+You can look at the frequency
+of sickle cell gene in
+
+different populations and say,
+OK, well, is it higher in
+
+areas where there's malaria?
+
+And test that theory.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I noticed that the
+first one that you did was to
+
+stay mathematical with
+the number line.
+
+When I've, in the past, taught
+[INAUDIBLE], I always stick
+
+with conceptual--
+
+p is this allele, and
+then you've got a
+
+phenotype in the end.
+
+I'm just wondering if you chose
+this because you know
+
+that you're teaching mostly to
+people with math rather than
+
+scientists.
+
+And if you were teaching to,
+say, English majors--
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+Yeah, so I think you're right.
+
+I did this kind of
+mathematically, compared to
+
+maybe how you've taught it
+to biology students.
+
+And yeah, I guess I'm implicitly
+assuming-- but I
+
+didn't say, and I should say--
+
+that this is MIT students.
+
+I'm just, in the back of mind,
+thinking MIT students.
+
+But I didn't make that
+assumption explicit.
+
+So MIT students are perfectly
+happy with squaring binomials
+
+and trinomials--
+
+trinomials, usually.
+
+And to the C power--
+
+sort of stretching
+it, but it's OK.
+
+But generally, that way of doing
+things for them is good.
+
+If it's people, English majors,
+yeah, you're right.
+
+I would try to actually do
+even more conceptually.
+
+But one thing that's good for
+all of them is the picture,
+
+because once you see the
+picture, then you actually
+
+understand the idea
+in one grasp.
+
+It's really just
+one chunk now.
+
+Oh.
+
+It's just a square
+in four pieces.
+
+Oh, OK.
+
+It's just a different
+way of writing 1.
+
+This is one area 1 and
+there's four pieces.
+
+So that I would keep, no matter
+who I would talk to.
+
+And the question is how much
+would lead up to it?
+
+Yes
+
+AUDIENCE: So I think I just had
+an idea here that I think
+
+highlights why you can't just
+go in with this, because
+
+there's a disconnect
+between what these
+
+terms mean at the end.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why you can't
+go in with A.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So I think you have to draw a
+connection between, say, the
+
+areas of the boxes in
+the diagram and
+
+the phenotype frequency.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're right.
+
+So what you're saying is that
+you can't just launch in with
+
+this, because even though
+you could give--
+
+say you gave really exact
+definitions of what all these
+
+things are.
+
+It's not clear that exact
+definitions are
+
+computationally productive
+for a student.
+
+Yeah, they may have the exact
+definitions, but they can't
+
+actually use it.
+
+For example, let's do an exact
+definition of chess.
+
+I'll tell you all the
+rules of chess.
+
+And that's enough of an exact
+definition to be able to
+
+decide what the best first
+move in chess it.
+
+But it's computationally
+useless.
+
+I still don't know what the best
+first move is, even if I
+
+know the rules of chess.
+
+So just telling the student
+all the rules that, say,
+
+define what a genotype is and
+what's polyploidy, doesn't
+
+mean they can actually use
+it in any problem.
+
+So if you want to transfer, all
+these things have to have
+
+meaning for them.
+
+And that's what the goal
+of this approach is.
+
+Now, I think the approach has
+been improved from your
+
+suggestions.
+
+I just wanted to show you
+a direction to go.
+
+But I think you've actually
+taken it farther and extended
+
+it and improved upon it.
+
+And the general principles
+among all of them are
+
+that you want to--
+
+I would say one of the
+key ones is chunking.
+
+You want to not overload
+the chunk system.
+
+You want to somehow bring people
+in so they'll even
+
+listen to you.
+
+If they don't listen to you,
+if they don't care, the
+
+learning is going to
+be so much less.
+
+So all those are for that.
+
+So the dictation and jargon
+oppose chunking.
+
+And these all go together.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, what I want to do is
+give you a short answer to one
+
+of the questions that
+was raised earlier.
+
+How you become a good teacher?
+
+The reason I want to
+do that is that is
+
+exactly the same thing--
+
+if you understand how you become
+a good teacher, you
+
+understand how you become
+good at anything--
+
+how you become good at chess,
+how you become good at
+
+biology, how you become good at
+solving physics problems,
+
+how you become good at playing
+concert piano.
+
+So if that's what you want to
+teach your students-- to be
+
+good at those things-- well, you
+want to understand that in
+
+a context, say, that
+you're working on--
+
+say, being a good teacher.
+
+And to do that, there is the
+following set of experiments.
+
+So projectors--
+
+OK.
+
+So the way I'm going to
+illustrate this is I'm going
+
+to show you a chess position.
+
+And the goal is to try to
+remember the chess position.
+
+I'm going to give you
+two more seconds.
+
+OK.
+
+So everyone got the position?
+
+Now, I'm going to ask you
+instead of to remember
+
+exactly, to reconstruct it.
+
+How many pawns were there?
+
+That would be E.
+
+So who votes for A?
+
+OK.
+
+Who votes for B, nine pawns?
+
+Who votes for C, 11 pawns?
+
+Who votes for D, 13 pawns?
+
+Who votes for E, none
+of the above?
+
+OK.
+
+So let me show you.
+
+Then I'll explain why I asked
+you this particular question.
+
+So there are actually 11.
+
+Now, it's a very hard task.
+
+So this actually, this
+very tasks--
+
+not counting the number
+of pawns--
+
+I made that slight variation.
+
+But the so-called reconstruction
+task was given
+
+to chess players of
+various abilities.
+
+Grandmaster slash master
+is one group.
+
+What are called experts--
+
+experts are people who are not
+quite chess masters, but
+
+close, in chess lingo.
+
+And then class A players,
+which is pretty strong
+
+tournament players.
+
+So they were given the task of
+looking at a position for four
+
+to five seconds.
+
+The position was knocked down,
+and they were asked to
+
+reconstruct it as accurately
+as they could.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's even harder than
+the task of counting
+
+the number of pawns.
+
+So the results are
+very striking.
+
+So by level of chess player--
+
+so class A is the strong
+tournament players, experts or
+
+grand master or master.
+
+So the percent correct--
+
+51% of the pieces correct,
+72% or 93%.
+
+So the grand masters and the
+masters were amazing.
+
+And in fact, for the number of
+pawns, I don't think they ever
+
+make mistakes on that, because
+pawns are one of things that
+
+you just know as a really
+strong chess player.
+
+So 93% percent correct--
+
+and that's amazing.
+
+So there's an related story,
+which is about the memory of
+
+chess players, which is the
+Bobby Fischer-- yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I'm thinking the
+positions, the positions
+
+wouldn't work.
+
+It wasn't possible.
+
+They wouldn't do it as well.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'll come to
+that in one second.
+
+So Bobby Fischer was in a
+tournament and some strong
+
+master was playing in it.
+
+And Bobby Fischer went
+to the bathroom.
+
+And as he went to the bathroom,
+he happened to see
+
+that master playing a game and
+just continued walking.
+
+And then about six months later,
+he ran into him at
+
+another tournament.
+
+Fischer said to him, oh, in
+that position in that
+
+tournament, did you play blah?
+
+And the guy said, well,
+actually, I had no idea what
+
+the position was, even.
+
+Fischer said, oh, and he set up
+the board and said, well,
+
+see, this was the thing that
+you really needed to do.
+
+And by then, he sort
+of remembered.
+
+But Bobby Fischer remembered
+at one
+
+glance six months later.
+
+So what's a natural conclusion
+from this data?
+
+You'd say, well, naturally,
+grand masters and masters--
+
+they were born with better
+visual memory.
+
+But in fact, the crucial
+experiment was
+
+then done in 1973.
+
+So this experiment was done
+in 1948 by de Groot.
+
+What Chase and Simon did in
+1973 was that they showed
+
+positions that were random.
+
+So they redid the experiment--
+
+they confirmed these results.
+
+And then, as you suggested,
+they showed just positions
+
+where the pieces were scattered
+
+arbitrarily over the board.
+
+And then everyone was basically
+at 12%, give or take
+
+1% or 2%, just random
+variations.
+
+So what does that show?
+
+It's not that the--
+
+maybe Bobby Fischer
+was an exception.
+
+But for almost everybody else,
+even the very strongest
+
+players, it's not that
+they're born with a
+
+better visual memory.
+
+It's that they've learned
+somehow a way of looking at
+
+chess positions that there's
+less to remember for them.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's compare.
+
+Here, when the student sees
+this, there's a ton for the
+
+student to remember, just like
+when we look at a chess
+
+position, every piece
+is separate.
+
+But what does a chess
+player see?
+
+When a chess master looks
+at a chess position--
+
+so I'll put the position back
+and I'll show you what the
+
+chess master sees.
+
+The chess masters see something
+very different.
+
+They see groups of related
+pieces together.
+
+So for example, here, the
+chess master sees--
+
+this king here is not a
+surprising thing for this
+
+chess master.
+
+That's when you castle
+your king.
+
+That's where it goes.
+
+Then the rook goes next to it,
+and then you usually move your
+
+rook into the middle.
+
+So that's not surprising.
+
+This rook is also not
+surprising, the second one,
+
+because it usually comes from
+this corner into the middle.
+
+So all of this almost contains
+no information
+
+for the chess master.
+
+Here, these three pawns are very
+common, with the castled
+
+king on that side.
+
+But then it looks
+kind of strange.
+
+There's some new information
+there, because maybe this king
+
+castled, but then the
+rook went all
+
+the way to the corner.
+
+So actually, maybe black
+never castled.
+
+And his kind just sort of
+wandered into this area.
+
+What does that suggest?
+
+This suggests that the black
+king is really vulnerable.
+
+Maybe it's time for an attack.
+
+And in fact, I'm pretty sure
+this is a position from one of
+
+Garry Kasparov's games.
+
+And in fact, that is the
+right conclusion.
+
+The right conclusion is that
+it's now time to sacrifice
+
+your knight and take this pawn
+and draw the king out.
+
+And he actually won
+using that--
+
+by sacrificing his knight.
+
+So the chess master looks at it
+completely differently than
+
+the novice.
+
+I'm a novice when
+I play chess.
+
+To me, every piece is a new
+bit of information.
+
+I'm way overloaded past
+my chunk threshold.
+
+I can't hardly remember
+the board at all.
+
+So your students are in exactly
+the same position when
+
+they're learning material that,
+for you, you're the
+
+chess master.
+
+So you're teaching
+Hardy-Weinberg.
+
+Well, clearly, you've been
+appointed to teach
+
+Hardy-Weinberg because you
+have a Ph.D. In biology.
+
+You know a lot of biology.
+
+You're the biology master.
+
+So this doesn't surprise
+you that much.
+
+But for the student, every
+single almost letter in there
+
+is news to them.
+
+So what you want to do is you
+want to find ways of thinking
+
+about it that you can group
+the ideas into chunks.
+
+So here is almost one chunk--
+
+for example, the idea
+that really, it's
+
+just p plus q squared.
+
+And there's a picture for it.
+
+And once you understand that,
+there's another chunk.
+
+There's another idea which is
+well, you could actually have
+
+three kinds of flavors
+instead of two.
+
+OK. p plus q plus 4--
+
+oh, I can transfer it there.
+
+Oh, and then once you understand
+that, you can
+
+transfer it to n flavors.
+
+Now, you can increase the
+number of copies of the
+
+chromosome--
+
+so into two dimensions,
+three dimensions,
+
+four dimensional picture.
+
+So then, you can actually
+make sense of all this.
+
+You can have a way of
+understanding the position.
+
+And not too long ago, there's,
+I think, a not well enough
+
+known paper--
+
+I'll put the reference
+on the website--
+
+which shows the relative
+importance of symbolic
+
+calculation versus perception.
+
+So this is a perceptual mode.
+
+So much of our teaching is,
+let's say, left brain-- very,
+
+very symbolic.
+
+Well, there was this really
+interesting study done of
+
+chess grandmasters--
+
+in fact, of the strongest
+chess grandmaster
+
+today, Garry Kasparov.
+
+What's the relative importance
+of perception versus analysis
+
+in his really strong
+chess playing?
+
+So the way they tested that--
+there was a really good
+
+experiment--
+
+is he would play simultaneous
+exhibitions all the time.
+
+So the way you do a simultaneous
+exhibition is
+
+there's, for example, let's
+say, 10 opponents.
+
+And you would just go around one
+component after another.
+
+They have the full time, say,
+three minutes, to think until
+
+you come back.
+
+But as soon as you get to a
+board, you just think for
+
+about five or six seconds, maybe
+10, and make a move, and
+
+go to the next board, so that
+by the time you come around
+
+back to that same opponent,
+they've had their couple
+
+minutes to think.
+
+So now, he played simultaneous
+exhibitions against very
+
+strong grandmasters.
+
+And you can then measure
+his performance there.
+
+So why is that a good
+experiment?
+
+Well, he's now not able to do
+all of his calculation that he
+
+does normally.
+
+He's normally able to think for
+three minutes, maybe five
+
+minutes, and do a whole bunch
+of analysis, symbolic
+
+computation.
+
+But when he has five seconds,
+10 seconds to think, mostly
+
+it's perception.
+
+Well, his chess rating
+effectively dropped by maybe
+
+50 or 60 points.
+
+So 50 or 60 points, to
+give you an idea--
+
+his chest rating is the
+highest in the world.
+
+It dropped to a level which only
+five people in the world
+
+are higher.
+
+So it's a very small drop.
+
+So he still plays incredibly
+strong chess, better than
+
+almost every other grandmaster
+on the planet.
+
+So almost purely with
+perception--
+
+so what that shows is that the
+way Kasparov has become so
+
+good and in general, experts
+have become so good is it they
+
+look at the world different.
+
+Their perception is different.
+
+So how do you do that
+as a teacher?
+
+That's one question.
+
+How do you promote that
+in your students?
+
+Well, you want to give the ways
+of looking at the world
+
+that change their perception.
+
+That's why I'm so focused on
+the story, the tension, the
+
+human, the right brain, the
+pictures, the chunking,
+
+because it's those that are
+actually producing long term
+
+expertise, whereas this is
+producing what would be the
+
+equivalent of programming
+a chess computer.
+
+But that doesn't work.
+
+That may work for chess
+computers to play good chess.
+
+But it doesn't actually work for
+people to be able to use
+
+the knowledge later.
+
+So now, what produces that?
+
+So there's one short answer
+which is that for teaching,
+
+you want to change your
+perception of
+
+how students think.
+
+If you have a correct, new,
+good perception of how
+
+students are thinking, then
+you're actually able to make
+
+teaching judgments on the fly.
+
+You can plan chess move, your
+lecture, like a chess game.
+
+Your intuition is right.
+
+So you want to tune
+your intuition.
+
+Well, that is why I do this.
+
+I've found the single most
+important thing that has
+
+improved my teaching, and I
+highly recommend, is the
+
+feedback sheet, because for
+example, I learned what was
+
+confusing in question one.
+
+And in question two, I learned
+what works and
+
+what doesn't work.
+
+So as I see what works and
+doesn't work, I start to build
+
+up a more and more accurate
+model of you.
+
+And I start to be able to plan
+and reason about how to teach
+
+you and, in general, how
+to teach students.
+
+So I'll talk about that more.
+
+That's the idea of deliberate
+practice and expertise.
+
+I'm going to talk about that
+more in the subsequent
+
+sections in more detail and show
+you some of the studies
+
+around that.
+
+But the general rules is you
+want reflective, quick
+
+feedback on what you're doing in
+order to become an expert.
+
+And that's true whether you're
+in teaching, concert piano,
+
+physics problems, whatever
+it may be.
+
+So with that said, if you can
+fill out the sheets so that I
+
+can become a better teacher,
+that will be very helpful.
+
+And one announcement, which is
+that next week is a Tuesday.
+
+MIT is open on Tuesday,
+except it's
+
+Monday's schedule of classes.
+
+So we don't have a
+class next week.
+
+The week after that,
+I'm a witness in an
+
+administrative law trial.
+
+So I'm not here.
+
+So there's no class for
+the next two weeks.
+
+So we'll meet again
+in three weeks.
+
+And I'll post some readings and
+a short problem set for
+
+you to work on--
+
+some readings growing out of
+what we've done today.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you could bring up your
+sheet and your index card to
+
+separate piles, that would
+be very helpful.
+
+And there's going to be another
+class coming in--
+
+a big class, I think.
+
+So I'll just go outside and
+answer any questions that
+
+people I have right outside
+so that the new
+
+class can come in.
+
+SPEAKER: Answers from Lecture
+3 to questions
+
+generated in Lecture 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm going to first
+answer questions from before,
+
+since there are lots of
+questions, and all
+
+interesting.
+
+And I'm also going to do another
+equation example.
+
+There was lots of requests for
+another equation example to
+
+see how it plays out in a
+different field and a
+
+different way of approaching
+equations, not just from the
+
+entry point of a story.
+
+So I'll show you that.
+
+And then we're going to look at
+misconceptions in various
+
+fields and the fundamental
+importance of understanding
+
+that so that you can understand
+how to change your
+
+teaching and how to reach
+the students.
+
+Basically, if you can't
+understand where they are, you
+
+can't come to them.
+
+So questions from before--
+
+one comment was that I don't
+often enough summarize the end
+
+result with the transferable
+lessons for later.
+
+So thanks for that suggestion.
+
+I'll make sure to do that.
+
+Another question was graduate
+versus undergraduate classes.
+
+We talked a fair amount about
+audience a bit last time in
+
+response to questions.
+
+So how do you change your
+teaching in response to
+
+questions, in response to
+the change in audience?
+
+So the particular question
+here is graduate verses
+
+undergraduate classes.
+
+And the sense I got from some
+of the questions was that
+
+somehow, it's harder to do what
+we were talking about
+
+last time, which is teaching
+equations in an intuitive way,
+
+in a graduate class than
+a undergraduate class.
+
+Actually, in some ways,
+it's the opposite.
+
+It's true that generally, in
+graduate classes, people just
+
+put up a ton of equations.
+
+For example, in quantum field
+theory, you just get a
+
+gazillion integrals with
+epsilons floating all over the
+
+place and then path integrals.
+
+You integrate this.
+
+And there are some 2 pis and
+you take a bunch of limits.
+
+And it seems like a whole bunch
+of methods gymnastics.
+
+But A, it doesn't have
+to be that way.
+
+And also there's another
+characteristic of graduate
+
+students which you don't have
+so much with undergraduates,
+
+which is that graduate students
+know how to read.
+
+Now, this may seem like a
+bizarre statement, because
+
+surely, everyone knows how to
+read by, say, age three or
+
+four or five or whenever
+they teach reading in
+
+school these days.
+
+But what I mean is that
+undergraduates--
+
+generally, they have no
+experience on how to read a
+
+textbook because they've had
+so much experience with us
+
+telling them stuff everything
+on the board.
+
+So they have no incentive to
+actually read the textbook.
+
+And they don't learn
+how to do that.
+
+They think textbooks are
+read the way you
+
+read Jane Austen novels.
+
+You just read for plot.
+
+Something happened to some
+equation, then something else
+
+happened to some equation.
+
+And you just carry on, paragraph
+by paragraph, as you
+
+would a novel.
+
+That way of reading is
+completely hopeless for
+
+technical material.
+
+But graduate students--
+
+not always, but generally--
+have much more
+
+maturity about this.
+
+So graduate students actually
+can or often are closer to
+
+being able to read technical
+material with skill.
+
+For example, graduate students
+often read papers
+
+in their own field.
+
+And you know you have to read
+a paper differently than you
+
+would a Jane Austen novel.
+
+So because of that, you can
+actually teach equations very
+
+differently.
+
+What you do is you give all the
+long, messy, yucky parts--
+
+you leave that for the notes,
+for the book, somewhere where
+
+everything is printed in a
+very easy to read format,
+
+rather than copying long, long,
+long, long strings of
+
+symbols off the board.
+
+So that connects back so what
+we talked about last time,
+
+which is chunks.
+
+So if you put long equations
+up on the board, generally,
+
+you overflow the chunk system.
+
+And once that happens, people
+start making mistakes.
+
+So you want to avoid doing
+that as much as possible.
+
+And with graduate students,
+it's even easier to do,
+
+because you leave all that for
+a type set, professionally
+
+published book or type set by
+yourself, but somehow printed
+
+in a clean way with
+no mistakes.
+
+And you can then, in
+class, discuss the
+
+meaning of the terms.
+
+What are the terms?
+
+Where do they come from?
+
+Why would you expect
+that kind of term?
+
+So I'll give you an example
+of doing that
+
+with an equation today.
+
+But generally speaking, all of
+what I was talking about last
+
+time applies perfectly well to
+graduate classes, even if
+
+people at first think
+that it doesn't.
+
+So I should say if any questions
+occur to you as I'm
+
+answering questions--
+
+basically, questioning beginning
+questioning--
+
+please raise your hand and
+ask them right now.
+
+OK.
+
+I found that the square
+diagram muddied the
+
+development of the
+Hardy-Weinberg equation.
+
+So the square diagram
+was this one.
+
+So the conclusion from that was
+the question-- which is
+
+shouldn't college students be
+comfortable with expanding p
+
+plus q squared?
+
+Why do they need a diagram?
+
+And the answer isn't that people
+aren't comfortable with
+
+expanding p plus q squared,
+although you will find people
+
+for whom this and this is just a
+symbol replacement strategy.
+
+In other words, it's something
+like you program in a computer
+
+whenever you see this
+pattern do this.
+
+But the terms don't actually
+have meaning for people.
+
+They don't know why those
+terms are that way.
+
+And if they'd mismemorize and
+put cubes here, they would
+
+write that down too.
+
+So the picture actually makes
+it clear what the meaning of
+
+the term is.
+
+So it gives, actually, meaning
+to what people might be
+
+otherwise comfortable
+with or having done
+
+from lots of practice.
+
+So I should say there's a
+difference between just rote
+
+matching between here and
+here versus this kind of
+
+understanding.
+
+And that's illustrated by the
+following research, which is
+
+about people's ability to
+multiply and add when people
+
+have brain damage.
+
+So the technical term
+is brain lesions.
+
+The people with brain
+lesions in the--
+
+let's see if I can
+say this right.
+
+Some people with brain lesions
+in the arithmetic areas lose
+
+their ability to add, but
+they can multiply fine.
+
+And people with brain lesions in
+the verbal areas, they lose
+
+their ability to multiply,
+but they can add fine.
+
+Now, this seems kind
+of strange, right?
+
+So why would multiplication
+and addition to not go
+
+together when you get brain
+damage in the arithmetic area?
+
+So if the damage is either an
+arithmetic or verbal, here's
+
+what you lose.
+
+So arithmetic area damage,
+you lose addition.
+
+Here, you lose multiplication.
+
+And that is very bizarre,
+because you'd think you should
+
+lose multiplication here, too.
+
+And the reason that it doesn't
+work that way is because of
+
+the way multiplication is
+generally learned and taught.
+
+So for example, in England
+the way it's taught is--
+
+this is research from Brian
+Butterworth in England.
+
+The way multiplication is taught
+in England is in the
+
+multiplication table,
+same is here.
+
+And people memorize it
+as six 9's is 54.
+
+So six 9's is 54.
+
+Here, I think I learned
+multiplication both places.
+
+So 6 times 9 is 54.
+
+Either way, that's a purely
+linguistic string.
+
+It's no surprise that when you
+lose verbal ability, you lose
+
+the ability to memorize
+linguistic strings.
+
+So the multiplication
+table went.
+
+So what that tells you is that
+most people-- and I don't know
+
+if this is true for everyone,
+but my guess is it depends on
+
+how you learned the
+multiplication table.
+
+For most people, they learned
+the multiplication table in a
+
+way that is not meaningful.
+
+They've learned the
+multiplication table purely
+
+linguistically.
+
+And that is the problem with
+just going down this path
+
+only, which is that--
+
+again, this is where it's
+important to know where the
+
+students come from.
+
+If you know students basically
+have just linguistically
+
+memorized this transformation
+to that transformation, like
+
+the rock bands in
+other countries
+
+that sing in English.
+
+They know when they
+see English words.
+
+They know what to say.
+
+But they don't necessarily
+understand any of the words.
+
+That is actually very common.
+
+And this is another linguistic
+transformation.
+
+There's no meaning
+underneath it.
+
+So here to give it some meaning
+underneath it, some
+
+picture, it actually
+incorporates another brain
+
+area into the understanding,
+which is where addition
+
+actually has some meaning
+to people.
+
+So that brings up a related
+question, which is if people
+
+have learned multiplication in
+this linguistic way, how could
+
+you teach it in a non linguistic
+way so that people
+
+actually understand it?
+
+There are several ways.
+
+I don't know of any studies that
+show that after doing it
+
+this way and then brain damage,
+it doesn't get lost.
+
+But my speculation is that if
+you learn it, actually, pretty
+
+much the way I learned it, you
+wouldn't actually lose it.
+
+And the way is, for example,
+suppose you have to
+
+multiply 6 times 9.
+
+Rather than memorizing that
+as 54, you think about
+
+what it should be.
+
+And you reason your way to it.
+
+And we think, oh, well,
+that's slower.
+
+Yeah, it's slower in
+the beginning.
+
+But in the end, you get
+to the same place.
+
+But you've put it in a different
+part of the brain.
+
+So the way you could do
+this one, for example,
+
+you say 6 times 9.
+
+That's 6 times 10, which is
+really easy, minus 6.
+
+So 6 times 10 you know not
+by memorizing but from
+
+understanding the
+number system.
+
+So you know that that's 60
+because of the way the number
+
+system works.
+
+You don't have to
+memorize that.
+
+That's the kind of example
+where I think calculators
+
+should be programmed to self
+destruct or at least not work
+
+for about a week if you type
+in a problem like that.
+
+They should just freeze as an
+incentive to actually think
+
+about these things before you
+put them into the calculator.
+
+So minus 6, and you get 54.
+
+So now, that's a bit longer
+the first time you do it.
+
+It's longer than
+memorizing it.
+
+But after you do multiplication
+a bunch of
+
+times like this, you actually
+reinforce the meaning of the
+
+number system, and you come
+up with the same answer.
+
+And eventually, you will
+memorize it, but you've
+
+memorized it in a
+different way.
+
+Here's another example.
+
+From the 12 times tables--
+
+8 times 12.
+
+Now, should you memorize
+that as 96?
+
+No.
+
+You should write that as 10
+minus 2 times 10 plus 2.
+
+So that's equal to 10 squared
+minus 2 squared equals 96.
+
+And you can even draw a picture
+for this and show what
+
+happens to squares and areas.
+
+So again, you've come up with
+the same answer, but you've
+
+done it in a meaningful way.
+
+So that's one answer to why it's
+worth showing pictures,
+
+even if people can
+do the algebra.
+
+It reinforces the algebra.
+
+Is determining what constitutes
+a chunk simply a
+
+matter of my intuition about
+students' level?
+
+Well, to some extent, it is.
+
+But in the chess playing
+research I talked about, they
+
+actually had more objective
+ways of determining
+
+what a chunk was.
+
+And what they did is they put
+eye trackers on people.
+
+And they had the chess masters
+and the non chess masters and
+
+the experts look at the board,
+and they tracked their eyes to
+
+see what they did.
+
+So the non chess masters, their
+eyes wandered all over.
+
+But the chess masters looked
+at pieces in groups.
+
+They would go here, here, here,
+here, and then here,
+
+here, here, here.
+
+And the assumption was that
+that's a chunk and
+
+then that's a chunk.
+
+Or if they went here then to
+there, that somehow, these two
+
+chunks were related.
+
+So there was ways in the
+chess playing problem
+
+of measuring chunks.
+
+And then how do you apply that
+to, say, teaching physics?
+
+Well, that's a matter,
+partly, of intuition.
+
+And the idea is to help the
+students build up the chunks.
+
+So you have to be on the watch
+for what chunks you use.
+
+So you have to introspect.
+
+OK.
+
+How do you keep things
+interesting and reveal
+
+material in a time
+appropriate way?
+
+So the comment was that it
+took a while to do the
+
+Hardy-Weinberg with the story
+and then building up to it.
+
+So this is a question of how
+do you plan lecture time.
+
+What's worth doing in lecture?
+
+Is it worth spending
+a bunch of time on
+
+understanding the concepts?
+
+And there's two extremes
+to this.
+
+I'm basically towards one
+extreme, which is that if you
+
+don't understand the concepts,
+it's not even worth learning
+
+the thing, because as a
+student, if you don't
+
+understand the concept, you
+might as well just forget the
+
+material right now, because
+you're going to
+
+forget it soon anyway.
+
+So the only benefit from taking
+the course if you don't
+
+understand the material, is
+you just get a great on a
+
+final exam and you pass
+a requirement.
+
+But in terms of actually
+changing how you see the
+
+world, it ha no value.
+
+So there was a study done, I
+think, at Carnegie Mellon.
+
+Yeah, this was at
+Carnegie Mellon.
+
+They studied freshman
+physics students.
+
+So they had students who took
+freshman physics and students
+
+who didn't take freshman
+physics.
+
+And then a year later, they gave
+them the freshman physics
+
+final exam--
+
+I think it was the same one,
+pretty much, as the students
+
+who took freshman physics took,
+except with numbers
+
+changed, but otherwise,
+it was same problems--
+
+to see whether taking freshman
+physics had any effect on
+
+whether you did well on
+a freshman physics
+
+final a year later.
+
+And the conclusion was that it
+had no effect a year later.
+
+So yeah, sure, if you're give
+them the final the next day
+
+after the final exam that they
+took, they would have done
+
+pretty well, maybe 50%.
+
+Who knows what the
+time constant is.
+
+But certainly, by a
+year, it was gone.
+
+So what that tells me is that
+that regular way of teaching
+
+material actually did no good
+to the students except for
+
+passing a requirement, but no
+intrinsic good for their way
+
+of analyzing the world.
+
+So what that says is then
+you really need to
+
+find something different.
+
+And yeah, if it means it takes
+extra time in lecture, a bunch
+
+of time in lecture, so be it.
+
+At least people will understand
+something and they
+
+will change how they
+see the world.
+
+And that's the motive for today,
+which is to really
+
+understand misconceptions,
+because if you don't
+
+understand the misconceptions,
+you're not going to be able to
+
+teach in a way that produces
+long lasting learning.
+
+OK.
+
+So another one was how
+do I apply this to
+
+something really abstract?
+
+The way of approaching
+equations, like the proof of--
+
+oh, this is actually one of my
+favorite infinite series.
+
+So the question is how do you
+apply it to something really
+
+abstract like this?
+
+So this is a famous
+infinite series.
+
+What's the sum of that?
+
+And it turns out to be
+pi squared over 6.
+
+Well, even that, you think,
+well, how can
+
+I apply it to that?
+
+And it turns out there's great
+stories about that one, too.
+
+I think this is a story about
+this problem, which is that no
+
+one knew how to do this sum
+from 1 to infinity.
+
+It's quite a hard sum.
+
+And so it was set as a problem,
+basically, for the
+
+mathematicians and physicists
+of Europe.
+
+And then someone produced
+a solution.
+
+I think someone produced
+a solution anonymously.
+
+And everyone basically figured
+out who had done it, because
+
+it had their handy mark.
+
+So the solution was by Euler.
+
+And it involved a whole bunch
+of trickery with polynomials
+
+and infinite degree
+polynomials.
+
+And it was a really
+sly method.
+
+So if I was going to teach
+this equation, I would
+
+actually teach the history of
+it-- how was really hard, how
+
+you could actually guess this.
+
+What are ways you could
+guess this?
+
+Well, you could actually
+approximate the sum, get a
+
+number that's one or two or
+three digits accurate.
+
+And then you feed it into--
+
+does everyone know this guy?
+
+If you Google for that, you
+should probably find it.
+
+It's called the inverse
+symbolic calculator.
+
+It's a fantastic thing.
+
+I do not know how it works.
+
+And I would love to
+know how it works.
+
+But what it is is you feed in a
+number, and it will tell you
+
+all the ways of producing
+something
+
+really close to that.
+
+So for example, if you put in
+3.141, it'll say a bunch of
+
+numbers that get near here.
+
+And one of them is pi.
+
+If you put in this to one or
+two or three digits, it'll
+
+probably guess for you
+pi squared over 6.
+
+So that's one way of getting
+at an answer.
+
+So part of the way of teaching
+it is to say, well, let's
+
+somehow get an answer
+with ways we can do
+
+that aren't too abstract.
+
+And then let's see if we can
+justify that answer.
+
+So even there, you're
+not lost.
+
+There's always stuff
+you can do.
+
+Oh, another question, which
+was readings-- how do you
+
+incorporate readings into a
+course so that students do it?
+
+So that was asked twice,
+actually, because I didn't
+
+answer it the first time.
+
+So one way to do readings
+is something
+
+called reading memos.
+
+And it's an MIT invention by
+Edwin Taylor, who's recently
+
+retired from the physics
+department.
+
+And what a reading memo is--
+
+I'll put up the handouts.
+
+So I have often done
+this in my classes.
+
+I'll put up the handout for you
+to use that I give out and
+
+you can just copy it or
+do whatever with it.
+
+So a reading memo is a request
+to the students to write you a
+
+short memo about something
+that you've
+
+asked them to read.
+
+It could be the draft notes for
+your textbook that you're
+
+working on, which is what
+I often do it with.
+
+Or it could be the textbook
+someone else wrote and you ask
+
+the students to read chapter.
+
+And what it's not is it's not a
+summary of the text, because
+
+you already know what
+the text says.
+
+There's no point in
+getting a summary.
+
+What it is is students'
+reactions to it.
+
+So anything that questions,
+things that puzzle them--
+
+oh, I didn't understand
+why you did this or
+
+the author did this.
+
+And then maybe three pages
+later, oh, now, I see--
+
+which, if you're the author of
+those notes, you know that you
+
+explain the two things
+out of order and you
+
+should connect them.
+
+But what that does is it teaches
+students how to read
+
+actively, because again, I like
+I talked about, people
+
+just do Jane Austen's approach
+to reading technical material.
+
+And by getting students to read
+actively and formulate
+
+questions, by doing that,
+students learn a different way
+
+of reading, a way necessary for
+
+reading technical material.
+
+And also by writing their
+questions down and you seeing
+
+the questions, you actually
+get a view into how the
+
+students are thinking.
+
+So it's actually a way of
+understanding what their
+
+misconceptions are, their
+conceptions of the field are,
+
+and tuning your teaching.
+
+Just automatically, you'll
+find your teaching will
+
+impedance match to where the
+students are just by reading
+
+the reading memos.
+
+It has a further benefit, which
+is that it inverts the
+
+normal power relationship
+between teacher and student.
+
+So for example, most
+assignments, problem sets,
+
+there's the correct answer,
+which you know.
+
+And you're seeing whether they
+know the correct answer.
+
+So they're now writing an
+answer, worried whether
+
+they're correct or not.
+
+And then you're judging them.
+
+So normally, p set, the power
+hierarchy is you and then the
+
+student down here.
+
+And the student is looking
+up to you for validation.
+
+So now, this is not a
+good thing to teach.
+
+And maybe it's hard to avoid
+with problem sets.
+
+You have to do problems sets
+somehow when you teach people
+
+to do problems.
+
+But you want to minimize this
+as much as possible, because
+
+it's not a transferable way
+of dealing with the world.
+
+They can't use that when
+they go elsewhere.
+
+And it teaches bad habits of
+deference to authority.
+
+So that's normal.
+
+How does a reading memo work?
+
+Well, it's the other
+way around.
+
+If the student says, this is
+confusing, by definition, they
+
+are correct.
+
+It's confusing.
+
+They are the expert on what's
+confusing or not.
+
+So it inverts the hierarchy
+to this.
+
+And you become very interested
+in what the
+
+students are saying.
+
+They are the experts now.
+
+And I've had very good results
+with doing reading memos.
+
+And my explanation is that it's
+because of this inversion
+
+of power hierarchy.
+
+Now, what I mean also
+by good results--
+
+two things.
+
+One is that I get fantastic
+feedback on
+
+the things I'm writing.
+
+The other is that I find
+students actually want to do
+
+reading memos after the
+class finishes.
+
+They say, oh, if you have more
+notes, can we just do some
+
+more reading memos?
+
+Great.
+
+Let's do that.
+
+And it's because
+it's actually--
+
+if you write the problem sets,
+they'll often say, can we do
+
+more problem sets?
+
+But that requires a fair
+amount of work to
+
+minimize the hierarchy.
+
+But it's automatically here
+in the correct hierarchy.
+
+So students actually
+enjoy doing
+
+that and want to continue.
+
+So that's one excellent
+way of incorporating
+
+reading into class.
+
+So now, the problem is, what you
+do when you have 50 people
+
+in a class and you
+get 50 memos?
+
+So I've had this problem.
+
+And one thing I do is I just
+feel overwhelmed and I just
+
+flip through them but I
+don't know what to do.
+
+But another is I revise
+my notes based on it.
+
+But the I think correct solution
+is an online system.
+
+So what you want is an online
+system where you can post a
+
+PDF file, and then people make
+comments on the PDF file.
+
+So everyone gets to see an image
+of the page, and they
+
+can just click and
+make a comment.
+
+And everyone gets to see their
+own comments, and then when
+
+they submit them, they get to
+see everyone else's comments.
+
+So I actually wrote half
+of that system.
+
+And there's a graduate student
+in EECS who I think has now
+
+written a whole system
+independently of me.
+
+So I'm going to try it out and
+see how it works and try it in
+
+some of my classes
+this semester.
+
+So the benefit of that is that
+you can then see all the
+
+comments at once, rather than
+flipping through 50 sets of
+
+reading memos with page
+numbers on them.
+
+OK.
+
+How do I come up with
+intuition examples?
+
+How do I know if what builds
+intuition for me will also
+
+build intuition for
+the students?
+
+It's a very good question.
+
+Is it just my personal opinion
+or is it just the teacher's
+
+personal opinion?
+
+One of the whole themes about
+this class is yes, teaching
+
+does have a fair amount of art
+and there is a fair amount of
+
+personal opinion in it.
+
+But there's also a fair amount
+of science and things you can
+
+do to make it more objective.
+
+And one of them is actually
+to do reading memos.
+
+Any way you can to learn how
+students think will make it so
+
+that your intuition about the
+students actually matches how
+
+the students really think.
+
+That's the whole purpose of
+today about talking about
+
+misconceptions.
+
+Reading memos are way
+of understanding
+
+what students think.
+
+Oh, there they are--
+the reading memos.
+
+So once you understand what
+students think, it's much
+
+easier to realize, just
+intuitively choose things that
+
+you know are going
+to work for them.
+
+The other way is the
+feedback sheet.
+
+So every time the students
+tell you, oh, this really
+
+helps me or this really didn't
+help me at all, you now have
+
+one more piece of feedback about
+what works for them and
+
+what doesn't work for them.
+
+So then, you can actually choose
+intuition examples.
+
+How do you invent them
+from scratch?
+
+Well, there are some
+general principles.
+
+One is use pictures
+whenever you can.
+
+Generally, that speaks to
+people's intuition, just
+
+because people have much more
+hardware for pictures than
+
+they have for equations.
+
+So I try to put myself in the
+position of the student, and I
+
+say, well, for example, here.
+
+I say, yeah, all these equations
+may well be true,
+
+but I want a way that makes
+me see it instantly.
+
+And that just forces me to start
+looking for pictures.
+
+And that tunes me, actually,
+towards what students need.
+
+So you can do the same.
+
+I think that was most
+of the questions.
+
+The other questions were
+similar to that.
+
+And I'll answer any that were
+new that I haven't answered--
+
+but I think most of them
+I have answered--
+
+at the beginning of
+the next lecture.
+
+So any questions that were
+generated by the questions?
+
+Yes, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: So your story about
+the physics retension issue
+
+made me question the idea of the
+survey courses or topics
+
+in class, where it's like,
+I don't really
+
+need to learn this.
+
+I just want you to-- been
+exposed to it so that they
+
+remember enough to know
+to go back to it
+
+if you need it someday.
+
+That research, that that has
+any prayer of working.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the comment was what I'd
+said about even a year of
+
+intense freshman physics--
+
+maybe it was a semester.
+
+I forget if it was
+just mechanics.
+
+But it was either one semester
+or a whole year freshman
+
+physics did no good towards long
+term understanding and
+
+change of understanding
+of freshman physics.
+
+Well, what does that say about
+these big survey classes,
+
+where you're not expected
+to understand?
+
+So in freshman physics,
+at least they have the
+
+expectation that you're
+supposed to understand
+
+everything.
+
+Now, what about the courses
+where they start with the
+
+expectation that you're
+not going to
+
+understand most of it?
+
+That one is going to be
+totally hopeless.
+
+Then I think that is
+basically true.
+
+And maybe you could justify
+back in the day--
+
+let's say, 400 years ago, even
+when books were around but
+
+there was no web.
+
+People need to know what
+books are out there.
+
+So this is a traditional thing
+in Cambridge, for example.
+
+They just give people big
+huge reading lists.
+
+So then you go back.
+
+Later, you're like OK, these are
+the key books in the area.
+
+So you know one place to
+go for a reading list.
+
+That's kind of obsolete
+now with the web.
+
+If you want to find
+out something--
+
+for example, suppose there
+was an equation
+
+I didn't know about.
+
+Let's say the Black-Scholes
+equation.
+
+Would I say I wonder if I
+took any classes about
+
+Black-Sholes--
+
+maybe, let me go flip through
+all my course notes?
+
+No.
+
+You just type it into some web
+search and see what shows up.
+
+And that is much more likely to
+be more relevant than some
+
+notes that you might have
+had or not had.
+
+So yeah, I think the
+survey courses
+
+are completely pointless.
+
+Now, that doesn't mean
+that introduction
+
+to a field is pointless.
+
+But it means that the way to do
+the introduction has to be
+
+very different.
+
+You can't just scatter a bunch
+of topics at people.
+
+What you have to do is figure
+out-- and we're going to talk
+
+about this when we talk
+about course design.
+
+You have to figure out what are
+the core reasoning ideas
+
+special that that field has
+to offer to the world?
+
+For example, history--
+
+what's special about history?
+
+Well, historians have a sense
+of how to evaluate the
+
+validity and reliability
+of evidence and
+
+contradictory evidence.
+
+That's something you don't
+get in many other fields.
+
+For example, it's in between
+a science and a
+
+pure literature field.
+
+In just straight literature,
+reading novels, there's
+
+historical evidence and things,
+but generally, you're
+
+reading in a different way.
+
+In math, it's hard to know where
+contradictory evidence
+
+comes in, although there are
+ways of teaching math which I
+
+like which do that.
+
+But generally, history has
+something new to offer, which
+
+is it's a messy world.
+
+You have noisy evidence.
+
+What do you do?
+
+Well, that's something that an
+intro survey course could
+
+actually teach.
+
+And that, somebody could
+transfer, even if they don't
+
+remember when did the Magyars
+invade Europe and all the
+
+random stuff that would
+be in a survey course.
+
+So those would be grist for the
+mill hung off big ideas.
+
+So I'm going to talk about
+that when we talk
+
+about course design.
+
+But yeah, you're right.
+
+That course design is completely
+hopeless the
+
+general big survey.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+Could you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Meg.
+
+PROFESSOR: Meg.
+
+And what was your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Amy.
+
+PROFESSOR: Amy.
+
+Thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I was just thinking about how
+for me, even if I understand
+
+something really well at the
+time, and I know that I'll use
+
+it again, it takes me--
+
+having a test in front of me
+will not actually reflect
+
+whether or not I'm going to
+understand it, given the short
+
+period of time to
+remind myself.
+
+And so I'm wondering, if testing
+people out of the blue
+
+a year later is actually
+capturing whether the people
+
+who take this and perform
+faster [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+So maybe it was a slightly
+unfair test, because they were
+
+just tested out of the blue.
+
+AUDIENCE: If they had been using
+it all along-- if, in
+
+that period of time, they had
+taken courses that built on
+
+that material--
+
+then, they would be reinforcing
+it all the
+
+time if they can.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So if they had taken courses
+that used freshman physics
+
+throughout, maybe they would
+have remembered the freshman
+
+physics better.
+
+And I'm sure that that's true.
+
+So I can tell you one story
+from my graduate time.
+
+So I did a Ph.D. In physics.
+
+And I had to do the
+qualifying exam.
+
+And to do the qualifying exam,
+you have to study a whole
+
+bunch of undergraduate physics
+and then take the exams on it.
+
+And then you take a bunch of
+courses in various fields.
+
+Now, the only thing, basically,
+I remember from all
+
+the electromagnetism is one
+thing, which is I understand
+
+pretty well the index
+of refraction.
+
+And why is that?
+
+That's because I was
+really pissed off--
+
+sorry for the camera.
+
+I was really annoyed about
+the following thing.
+
+So this actually goes back to
+what I was talking about about
+
+contradictions, which is that
+you're always told in
+
+relativity that speed of light
+equals C. And that's the great
+
+postulate of relativity--
+
+that the speed of light does
+not change, dammit.
+
+And that's what Einstein said.
+
+And there's all these thought
+experiments with trains and
+
+lightning bolts and people
+throwing rocks from the train
+
+at different speeds.
+
+And it's C. It's C. It's C.
+
+And then, somewhere later in
+an electromagnetism course,
+
+they say, the speed of light in
+a medium with an index of
+
+refraction N is C over N, where
+N is typically around 1,
+
+maybe a little bigger
+like 1.001 for air
+
+maybe, 1.33 for class.
+
+And how do those fit together?
+
+So that really annoyed me.
+
+And I wanted to get to the root
+of it and say, well, how
+
+could it be that you could have
+a speed of light that's
+
+always C, yet it looks like
+the speed is some
+
+lower number, V?
+
+So I worked out a whole bunch
+of stuff about how electrons
+
+scatter radiation and all the
+scattered radiation adds up
+
+and makes it seem like it's
+slowing down the light.
+
+And because of that, I actually
+understand this.
+
+And also because of that, which
+may be not so good,
+
+every time there's an
+electromagnetism problem I
+
+have to do, I always try to fit
+into a scattering problem.
+
+And if I can't do that, then
+I just can't do it at all.
+
+And that's despite taking two
+years of electromagnetism--
+
+two years as an undergrad and
+one year as reviewing as a
+
+grad student.
+
+So the point I'm trying to
+make by that is that most
+
+stuff disappears.
+
+And the way to really make stuff
+stay is you really have
+
+to struggle with something.
+
+And that's the most efficient
+way to make something stay.
+
+And that's not what happens in
+your traditional class, and
+
+even less in a survey class.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm just
+also asking--
+
+it's almost impossible sometimes
+when you see
+
+material for the first time--
+you might have to see it three
+
+or four times before anything
+comes, you're really going to
+
+understand it.
+
+And if the class is set up so
+that you will only see it one
+
+time because that's all the time
+you have, then you have
+
+to take more classes on it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So maybe you need to see
+something a few times to
+
+really understand it.
+
+So if a class doesn't give you
+that chance and then you have
+
+to take Thermo Two and
+then Thermo Three.
+
+AUDIENCE: Hopefully the class
+gives you a chance.
+
+Say that it's building
+on this.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you should try to build
+that into the class.
+
+So there's a name for that,
+which is called the spiral
+
+curriculum.
+
+And there's a lot of
+sense to that.
+
+So I'll just put a quick--
+
+so you show the idea
+in its crude form.
+
+And then you spiral back to it
+in a more sophisticated way.
+
+But you'd like to do that soon,
+before the connection is
+
+gone, before this is actually
+wafted away.
+
+You want to spiral back to it.
+
+And so you'd like your
+class to do that.
+
+So what that shows is that you
+should start with the big
+
+ideas and then you should refine
+them, because if you
+
+start with all the little
+details here, you'll just
+
+flood the chunking system.
+
+And actually, there will be no
+memory of it here and then you
+
+have to start over from
+scratch here.
+
+You had a question.
+
+Could you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Roderigo.
+
+PROFESSOR: Rodrigo, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Regarding the reading
+memos, do you think
+
+good to also ask the students
+questions about the readings?
+
+The reason why I am asking is
+because I know of a class
+
+that's actually implemented that
+PDF annotation system.
+
+And a lot of the comments
+that they get are too
+
+trivial, so to speak.
+
+They don't ask those
+type of questions.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the comment is
+that a class that actually
+
+implemented the online
+annotation system, they found
+
+that the comments are too micro
+level and not broad
+
+enough about what's really
+confusing or interesting.
+
+And so I haven't tried the
+online system myself yet.
+
+What I do know is that on the
+paper, if you do it on paper,
+
+you get really insightful,
+detailed comments.
+
+Now, I don't know what variables
+are different.
+
+One might be that the online
+system just encourages--
+
+because everyone does things
+quick online-- it encourages
+
+quick clicking.
+
+So it may be that it encourages
+less depth of
+
+thinking, whereas writing it
+on paper, I actually find I
+
+get a mix of a whole bunch of
+not trivial comments, but
+
+small comments like, some typos,
+that equation isn't
+
+quite right.
+
+But then I get things like, I
+don't see the picture here or
+
+I don't understand why
+you did this now.
+
+And that, to my mind, is it
+useful comment-- or a question
+
+like that can't be right because
+of the following
+
+counter argument.
+
+So on paper, I get a lot
+of interesting things.
+
+So it may be that online
+isn't as good.
+
+And that's one reason I want
+to try it and see.
+
+So it may be that they need to
+go back to paper despite it
+
+being harder.
+
+Another is also what
+is the material?
+
+If the material is really
+boring, you're going to get
+
+really micro comments.
+
+So it helps to actually have
+written interesting material
+
+or give people interesting stuff
+to read that people are
+
+likely to think about
+and make comments.
+
+Question.
+
+Can you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Brian.
+
+PROFESSOR: Brian.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I notice when you talk
+about equations, you like
+
+to give them the name that
+they're most commonly
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Do you find that students get
+more understanding of concepts
+
+like this when they're given a
+name based on discovery versus
+
+terminology based on use
+of the equation?
+
+I think, from my mind, if
+you want to describe the
+
+relationship between stress and
+strain in material, do you
+
+want to call it Hooke's law?
+
+Or do you just want to call it
+the constitutive equation for
+
+solid material?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+OK.
+
+So the question is what about
+naming equations?
+
+Should you name them by who made
+them or by how they're
+
+used or what they are?
+
+So another example of that is,
+for example, the fluid
+
+mechanics equation.
+
+Should you call them
+Navier-Stokes or should you
+
+call them fundamental
+fluid equations?
+
+And there's a tension there.
+
+First of all, I'll say that you
+do want to give a name.
+
+The big win is giving the thing
+a name, because that
+
+makes a unit of thought
+for the students.
+
+So that's the first order bit,
+the first order term.
+
+The second order term is
+how should you name it?
+
+And there, there's something
+which is that you want a name
+
+that's common.
+
+So if, for example, people look
+it up elsewhere, they're
+
+likely to find more
+stuff about it.
+
+On the other hand, you want
+a name that's intuitively
+
+meaningful.
+
+So there's a tension.
+
+There's not often a right
+answer to that.
+
+And you can go either way.
+
+So for example, I wouldn't
+probably use constitutive
+
+equation for the solid, because
+I have to think, what
+
+the hell does constitutive
+mean?
+
+So myself, it doesn't
+mean anything to me.
+
+There's another word.
+
+I'm trying to remember
+what it is.
+
+Epistemology--
+
+people just use it like it's
+just a plain, obvious word.
+
+But every time I hear it,
+I have think, what the
+
+hell does that mean?
+
+And then I put the translation
+into the
+
+sentence they're saying.
+
+And then I can sort of parse
+what they're saying.
+
+So constitutive equation, to my
+mind, that's a word that is
+
+meaningful to the experts and
+not so much to the students.
+
+So I would maybe call it the
+ideal spring equation, because
+
+it is the ideal spring
+equation.
+
+It's just the proportionality
+is slightly general because
+
+you have tensors.
+
+But otherwise, it is the
+ideal spring equation.
+
+So it connects to something.
+
+And you can say, OK,
+who discovered?
+
+Hooke.
+
+So we often called
+it Hooke's Law.
+
+So then they have both And
+there's no harm in doing that.
+
+Question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you mentioned
+a little bit before
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+If you're trying to teach
+something many times, then
+
+maybe it's better to tell
+the end, and then--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, the spiral.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+And I was just thinking because
+of the whole work--
+
+so there are these really topics
+like the ideal gas law.
+
+And is it OK if I were to lie
+or say to students just for
+
+the sake of simplicity, for
+example, do you want to say
+
+whether you can actually use
+that equation in some cases or
+
+is it not logical always,
+and then you go--
+
+PROFESSOR: Could you
+tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cecilia.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cecilia.
+
+Yeah, thank you.
+
+That's an excellent
+question as well.
+
+So the question is, how much
+should you lie, if at all?
+
+For example, if I'm recommending
+teaching the big
+
+ideas in the overall approach
+first, that's almost
+
+necessarily going to involve
+some amount of lying, because
+
+the truth is complex and
+messy, the full truth.
+
+And basically, you
+do want to lie.
+
+Some people hate it.
+
+But there's actually a
+really good book that
+
+follows this principle.
+
+And even if you're not
+interested in the typesetting
+
+system, you can see how it's
+played out in this book.
+
+It's called The Tech Book.
+
+So that's the manual for the
+tech typesetting system, which
+
+I use and many people in
+math and physics use.
+
+Now, the reason it's interesting
+is that Knuth
+
+actually tells you in
+the preface, I'm
+
+going to lie to you.
+
+So what he does is he has three
+levels of statements.
+
+There's statements that
+aren't marked with a--
+
+so there's that sign.
+
+On the road, it means slippery,
+icy, something like
+
+your car might fish tail
+basically, danger.
+
+So there are statements without
+one of these, which
+
+may have some lies in it, not
+the full truth so that you
+
+just get the idea--
+
+what are the fundamental
+concepts that tech uses.
+
+When he starts to get into some
+gory details, but not
+
+super gory.
+
+He puts one of those bends.
+
+And when he has a super
+gory details, there's
+
+two of those bends.
+
+And then he says, look, don't
+read any of these things
+
+unless you've been working with
+tech for a year and are
+
+pretty competent with it.
+
+Don't worry about that.
+
+You'll be able to do what you
+need to do just by reading
+
+this and maybe the single
+bend sections.
+
+So that's an example where
+the lying was put
+
+to really good use.
+
+And yeah, you should lie.
+
+In fact, you have to lie.
+
+There's no way to avoid it.
+
+And in fact, everything
+is a lie.
+
+It has to be, because to
+understand the universe, our
+
+brains are a constituent
+of the universe.
+
+So there's no way to understand
+the full universe,
+
+because that would involved
+packing more than our brain
+
+capacity into our brain.
+
+So just there is a pigeon hole
+principle proof that you have
+
+to lie to understand
+the universe.
+
+So you have to say some stuff
+that isn't quite true.
+
+And where the art is is in
+choosing what is a useful lie.
+
+So what you want to
+do is develop the
+
+art of skillful lying.
+
+And that's a mark of a really,
+really good teacher--
+
+skillful lying.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do we know that
+you're not lying to us now?
+
+PROFESSOR: I probably am.
+
+The question is how do
+you know that I'm not
+
+lying to you now?
+
+And I probably am, the reason
+being that I've now practiced
+
+lying so much, I don't even
+know when I'm lying
+
+and when I'm not.
+
+So no, I'll give
+you an example.
+
+I am definitely lying
+to some extent.
+
+For example, there probably are
+situations where you don't
+
+want to any lies at all-- for
+example, teaching people how
+
+to manipulate the machines in
+the intensive care unit.
+
+Maybe the first thing you need--
+if you have a half an
+
+hour to teach them, you'd better
+teach them, memorize
+
+these damn things and
+don't mess it up
+
+or you'll kill somebody.
+
+Maybe there are situations where
+lying is less important
+
+and lying is more important.
+
+And I haven't talked
+about those.
+
+So right away, I have lied to
+you, just because that.
+
+And I've skipped details because
+I wanted to get the
+
+big idea across.
+
+So lying actually comes very
+naturally to me because I
+
+think the most important thing
+is the big details.
+
+So just by saying big details
+first, you're
+
+automatically lying.
+
+And I'm recommending it
+highly to you, too.
+
+Rodrigo.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a comment
+on the lying.
+
+As a student, I have students,
+a lot of friends, who told me
+
+that they don't like it
+when teachers lie.
+
+But what I think the
+differentiating factor is
+
+whether they tell you that
+they're actually lying.
+
+And if they do, then
+it's totally fine.
+
+And if they don't, and a couple
+months from there, they
+
+just told you that everything
+was not really true, the
+
+students might get upset.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the comment is that students
+often don't like when
+
+they find out that they've
+been lied to.
+
+But it's OK if you tell them
+that you're lying to them.
+
+And there's a general principle
+there which you can
+
+use in all your teaching, which
+is that whenever you do
+
+anything slightly
+nontraditional--
+
+whenever you do anything like
+that-- it's really important
+
+to tell the students what you're
+doing and why, because
+
+they will go with you.
+
+They'll go along with you
+if you explain to them
+
+the motive for it.
+
+So you tell them, look, this is
+a really complex subject.
+
+There is no way to understand
+the whole subject
+
+at its first glance.
+
+You need to develop high
+level structures first.
+
+And then you can put in the
+details underneath that.
+
+So I'm going to tell
+you just the high
+
+level structures first.
+
+And there will be some untruths
+in that, but I'm not
+
+going to tell you things that
+are completely false that you
+
+have unlearn.
+
+I'm going to tell you things
+that you have to refine your
+
+understanding of or that
+aren't the whole truth.
+
+So together with the idea of
+lying, you want to minimize
+
+stuff that you tell them that
+they have to unlearn and make
+
+it so that you're telling
+them stuff that
+
+they can keep using.
+
+It's just not the full story.
+
+OK.
+
+So what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to give you just a quick
+
+example of another equation and
+how you could teach it.
+
+Then we'll take a short break
+and then we'll do
+
+misconceptions.
+
+OK.
+
+So the other equation that I
+want to explain is this one.
+
+So I did a biology example
+before, so I chose a physics
+
+equation this time, which
+is the wave equation.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, also to vary it, with the
+biology example, I introduced
+
+it with a bit of history.
+
+With the wave equation, I'm
+going to actually introduce it
+
+with a different approach, which
+is not to talk about the
+
+history but actually to get
+the students to try to
+
+construct the equation.
+
+OK.
+
+So the question is what the
+hell is the wave equation?
+
+Well, the wave equation
+describes--
+
+so here's some string.
+
+And here's your coordinate x.
+
+And you want to know how does
+the height of this piece here,
+
+the height being f of x as a
+function of time as well,
+
+change with position
+and with time?
+
+So you want to figure out an
+equation for that behavior of
+
+that string, that stretch
+between two points.
+
+For example, this might be a
+guitar string, and these are
+
+the two ends of the
+guitar string.
+
+And it' under tension.
+
+And you want to know,
+how does it move?
+
+OK.
+
+So we're going to construct
+the equation.
+
+So let's say this is a
+differential equations class
+
+for people in physics who are
+learning mathematical methods.
+
+And they want to learn
+how to construct
+
+differential equations.
+
+So maybe they're engineers,
+physicists.
+
+And they're, say, juniors.
+
+So they have some mathematical
+sophistication and some
+
+knowledge of forces in physics
+and some knowledge of
+
+differential equations.
+
+So I'm going to write down the
+rough form of the equation,
+
+and we're going to try to figure
+out all the pieces and
+
+fill in the missing pieces.
+
+So I'm going to give the general
+form of the thing.
+
+So there's some derivative of
+f with respect to time--
+
+one or two derivatives,
+we're not sure--
+
+is equal to something here.
+
+And then there's some constant
+here or maybe here.
+
+So there's a whole bunch of
+question marks to fill in.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+reason about what they are.
+
+OK.
+
+So the first question is
+to figure out this guy.
+
+How many time derivatives
+do we need?
+
+So what this equation describes
+is the motion of
+
+this point.
+
+Now, why does the point move?
+
+Well, you could ask the class,
+and eventually, they'll come
+
+up with, well, there's some
+forces on it, because the
+
+string's under tension, so
+there's forces on the point.
+
+So here's our point.
+
+And here's, say, the string
+going through it.
+
+This is a blow up now
+of this region.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, what are the
+forces on this guy?
+
+Well, there's a force from that
+piece of the string and a
+
+force from that piece
+of the string.
+
+OK.
+
+Because there's force, what's
+going to happen to the thing?
+
+Is it going to have a velocity
+or an acceleration?
+
+Anyone?
+
+AUDIENCE: Acceleration.
+
+PROFESSOR: Acceleration.
+
+OK.
+
+How many derivatives does
+acceleration have?
+
+Two.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're going to put two
+derivatives here.
+
+So you need two derivatives.
+
+So this, and now, we're going
+to say this is some kind of
+
+acceleration.
+
+And maybe there's masses in
+there and stuff, which would
+
+all be slurped into
+these constants.
+
+So we have an acceleration.
+
+And now, we have to decide what
+generates acceleration.
+
+This side is generating
+acceleration or the force.
+
+So we want to decide, for
+example, one or two
+
+derivatives.
+
+Generally, most equations
+either have one
+
+derivative or two.
+
+Some really nasty
+ones have four.
+
+But generally, it's
+one or two.
+
+So we'll just choose.
+
+Is this one or two?
+
+OK.
+
+And then the last thing we're
+going to do is to figure out
+
+the constant.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, one or two derivatives--
+one way to
+
+decide that is to make something
+that has just one
+
+derivative in it.
+
+So if here is my string and
+here is the point--
+
+so f has a non-zero--
+
+so it has a non-zero df/dx.
+
+But the second derivative
+is 0, because
+
+it's a straight line.
+
+OK.
+
+So we know the second
+derivative is 0.
+
+Let's see what we can figure
+out what the force or the
+
+acceleration should be.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, here is a point.
+
+There's going to be a force on
+it from that end and that end.
+
+And what's the net result
+of these two forces?
+
+0.
+
+So when the second derivative
+is 0, in this case at least,
+
+we would like the force to be 0,
+which means that force has
+
+to be connected to the second
+derivative of position.
+
+So we got that.
+
+Now, the next problem is to
+work out what goes here.
+
+The first thing is
+what's the sine.
+
+Should it be plus or minus?
+
+OK.
+
+So I'm going to ask you that.
+
+So find a reason whether it
+should be plus or minus here
+
+and a reason.
+
+So find a neighbor or two,
+and we'll take a vote--
+
+plus or minus, intuitive
+reason for it.
+
+I can't use this example
+to decide.
+
+Let's vote.
+
+Everyone have their
+votes ready?
+
+Who votes for plus?
+
+So about--
+
+who votes for minus?
+
+OK.
+
+That's great.
+
+So we have a diversity
+of opinion.
+
+So right away, what that shows
+you is that it's worth
+
+actually discussing that point
+in class, because if you just
+
+tell people, they'll write down
+something you tell them,
+
+but they won't have actually
+internalized it.
+
+It'll just be something that
+maybe contradicted what they
+
+said, thought, or not.
+
+And then they have to remember,
+was it what I
+
+thought or was what
+I not thought?
+
+Or was it what I not thought
+or what I thought?
+
+So they don't actually
+understand why.
+
+So it's actually worth going
+through the discussion.
+
+So what example could
+you use to decide?
+
+Who haven't I heard from?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Could you tell me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mike.
+
+PROFESSOR: Mike.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, if you're at
+the top of the arc, and you
+
+don't it's going to want
+to be pulled down.
+
+It's coming down.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's use an arc like this.
+
+We can't use this one,
+because it's 0, and 0
+
+doesn't have a sign.
+
+So it doesn't help us.
+
+So the next most complicated
+thing is this--
+
+so an arc like that.
+
+Here's my point.
+
+So the force is downwards, or
+the acceleration is downwards.
+
+So we should have negative
+acceleration.
+
+And what's the second derivative
+with respect to
+
+position here?
+
+That's also downwards, because
+the arc is like that.
+
+So the derivative has
+the same direction--
+
+the space derivative and
+the acceleration.
+
+So it should be plus.
+
+So we got the sign right.
+
+And to emphasize the importance
+of getting the
+
+signs, there's an interesting
+comment from Feynman back in
+
+the '60s at some conference
+about quantum electrodynamics.
+
+He was commenting about how
+crazy the whole process that
+
+he invented for solving quantum
+electrodynamics is.
+
+And his reason that
+is so crazy--
+
+he said, well, we do the first
+order term, and then we
+
+calculate the second order term
+and add it to the first
+
+order term.
+
+But it's very worrying that when
+we calculate the second
+
+order term after the first
+order term, we don't know
+
+whether the second order term
+is positive or negative.
+
+We just have to calculate it and
+see what it's going to be.
+
+But we can't predict ahead
+of time whether
+
+it's positive or negative.
+
+And what that speaks to is the
+importance that physicists
+
+attach to knowing the
+sign of an effect.
+
+Is a plus or is it a minus?
+
+And so that's fundamentally
+important.
+
+You want to make sure
+you get that right.
+
+Now, why did I do the sign of
+the effect after this, after
+
+the order of the derivatives?
+
+Because the most important
+thing is what
+
+do the terms mean.
+
+So this is a curvature.
+
+This is an acceleration.
+
+So here, let me write that--
+
+curvature.
+
+Until you know what the terms
+mean, there's no hope of
+
+figuring out what the sign
+that connects them is.
+
+But the sign is the very
+next thing you do.
+
+And it's really important.
+
+It's a plus.
+
+And now, we need to put in one
+more thing, because the
+
+dimensions are totally bogus.
+
+This is a position divided
+by a times squared.
+
+This is a position divided
+by a length squared.
+
+So we need to actually multiply
+by something to make
+
+the units come out correct.
+
+So we need something that puts
+a time squared here and a
+
+position squared over here.
+
+So then the units will work
+out-- or a position squared
+
+over time squared, which
+is C squared, which
+
+is some speed squared.
+
+So speed squared is position
+squared over time squared.
+
+And that makes all the
+units work out.
+
+So there you go.
+
+There you have the
+wave equation.
+
+So now, if you're going to
+actually formally derive it,
+
+that's all fine.
+
+But I would do this first so
+that people know where every
+
+single term in the equation
+comes from.
+
+And now, I've been
+a bit sloppy.
+
+These are really partial
+derivatives.
+
+But that's, again, an
+example of lying.
+
+I wouldn't worry about whether
+it's a partial or total
+
+derivative at the beginning,
+because that's not the
+
+fundamental idea.
+
+The fundamental idea is that
+it's curvature on this side
+
+connecting to acceleration
+on this side, and they're
+
+connected by a positive sign
+and by something that has
+
+dimensions of speed squared,
+which turns out to be the
+
+speed at which the wave moves.
+
+So that's a way to introduce
+yet another equation, not
+
+related to the history, but
+actually connecting to the
+
+intuitive approach.
+
+Any questions about that?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h9wxtqoa1jY.txt b/h9wxtqoa1jY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dba5a975012bf1b4bd398c4148e437f97aee75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h9wxtqoa1jY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3743 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK let's get started.
+
+I once taught with
+a professor who
+
+was lamenting the fact that as
+the term progresses attendance
+
+in lecture tends to drop off.
+
+And gets pretty dramatic
+by the end of the term
+
+when you're lecturing,
+and nobody's there.
+
+And I asked him what
+he did about it.
+
+And he thought about
+it and he said,
+
+there's only two things that
+can get students to come
+
+to lecture, candy and sex.
+
+Now we've already tried
+candy, so today we're
+
+going to talk about sex.
+
+In fact we're going
+to use graph theory
+
+to address a decades
+old debate concerning
+
+the relative promiscuity
+of men versus women.
+
+Now graphs are incredibly useful
+structures in computer science,
+
+and we're going to be studying
+them for the next five or six
+
+lectures.
+
+They come up in all sorts
+of applications, scheduling,
+
+optimization,
+communications, the design
+
+and analysis of algorithms.
+
+In fact next week, you're
+going to see how to Stanford
+
+graduate students
+became gazillionaires
+
+because they use graph
+theoretic in a clever way.
+
+But let's talk about sex.
+
+The issue that we're
+going to address today
+
+is one of the most talked
+about, and most well studied,
+
+questions in all
+of human sociology.
+
+On average, who has more
+opposite gender partners,
+
+men or women?
+
+Now opposite gender is
+going to be important.
+
+And by this I mean,
+one boy, and one girl.
+
+All right, I'm not making
+a political statement.
+
+It's just that the math is a lot
+easier that way, as you'll see.
+
+Now I'd like to start
+by taking a pole here
+
+to see what you
+think about that.
+
+So raise your and if you
+think men, on average,
+
+have more opposite gender
+partners than women do.
+
+Only a few.
+
+AUDIENCE: In life or [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Um, you can--
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: One on one.
+
+OK, so let's say over the course
+of their lives, let's say,
+
+or over the course of
+2010, that men in America
+
+have more opposite-gender
+partners than women in America,
+
+say in 2010.
+
+Raise your hand if you think
+men have more going on.
+
+All right a bunch of you.
+
+Raise your hand if
+you think women have
+
+more opposite-gender partners?
+
+This is unusual.
+
+Maybe even more voted for
+women, but it's close.
+
+Raise your hand if
+you think it's equal.
+
+All right, about the same.
+
+Raise your hand if you think
+there's no way to know,
+
+that it's hopeless to
+really figure it out.
+
+All right, nobody goes for that.
+
+All right, good.
+
+All right well now in
+the popular literature,
+
+I think the feelings are
+different than expressed here.
+
+Pretty much universally,
+in the literature,
+
+it's believed that men have
+more opposite-gender partners
+
+than women.
+
+And in fact, you
+could even think
+
+about that, if you
+think about literature,
+
+the leader of the
+harem is always a man.
+
+And he's got lots of women.
+
+In polygamist
+cultures, it's always
+
+the man that has multiple
+wives, not the reverse.
+
+Now not surprisingly,
+this issue has
+
+been studied
+"scientifically," I'll
+
+put in quotes, extensively, in
+one of the largest studies ever
+
+done.
+
+Researchers from
+University of Chicago
+
+interviewed 2,500 people, at
+random, over several years.
+
+They brought them in,
+on many occasions,
+
+to try to get the answer for
+the question once and for all.
+
+And they wrote
+this 700 page book,
+
+called The soul of Social
+Organization of Sexuality:
+
+Sexual Practices in the US.
+
+Actually walking
+around with this book
+
+has proved to be a
+little embarrassing.
+
+Last week my 11-year-old
+daughter saw it,
+
+and she goes dad, why do
+you have this sex book.
+
+And I grabbed it back and said,
+well that's for the course.
+
+I'm teaching.
+
+And I thought I'd
+gotten away with it,
+
+and everything was fine.
+
+And then later that day she
+texted all of our friends
+
+about the new news
+that what do you know,
+
+her dad teaches sex ed at MIT.
+
+Anyway this study concludes
+that on average men
+
+have 74% more opposite-gender
+partners than women.
+
+There's one other
+central claims.
+
+And this is in the US.
+
+OK now, when you think about it
+that sounds maybe reasonable,
+
+might be OK.
+
+But not according to ABC News.
+
+They did a poll of 1,500
+people in the country, in 2004,
+
+and concluded that the average
+disparity is much greater.
+
+In particular, in
+this study, they
+
+said that the average
+man has 20 partners--
+
+I'm assuming over
+their lifetime--
+
+and the average woman has six.
+
+And this gives a disparity 233%.
+
+So ABC News did a smaller
+survey says that it's 233% here,
+
+much more than 74%.
+
+Now ABC News claimed
+this is one of the most
+
+scientific studies ever done.
+
+And there was a 2.5%
+margin of error.
+
+Now we'll actually talk about
+what that means mathematically
+
+later in the term when
+we do probability, and do
+
+study polling.
+
+Now of course I
+should also mention
+
+that ABC News is
+the one that said
+
+Al Gore won the presidential
+election in 2000.
+
+Now the study is called
+American Sex Survey,
+
+a Peak Between the Sheets.
+
+That doesn't sound
+so scientific.
+
+And it was on TV, on
+Primetime Live in 2004.
+
+The promo for this
+is really good.
+
+It says, a groundbreaking ABC
+News Primetime Live survey
+
+finds a range of eye popping
+sexual activities, fantasies,
+
+and attitudes in this
+country, confirming
+
+some conventional wisdom,
+exploding some myths,
+
+and venturing where few
+scientific surveys have
+
+gone before.
+
+By the end of today,
+we're going to agree
+
+with that last statement.
+
+OK now who do you think's right?
+
+University of Chicago.
+
+Who votes for 74% as
+being pretty close?
+
+A few of you.
+
+I've already slammed these guys.
+
+Who votes for ABC News
+as being more accurate?
+
+Yeah, nobody.
+
+Who votes for no way to tell?
+
+I got some votes
+there, all right.
+
+So how do you
+tackle this problem?
+
+In theory we could do
+our own 6.042 survey.
+
+I don't know how much
+we'd really learn,
+
+and for sure I'd get fired.
+
+So I don't think we're
+going to do that.
+
+But fortunately, this
+is the kind of question
+
+that could be
+handled, and actually
+
+answered, by graph theory,
+even though it might
+
+be more interesting to
+interview thousands of people,
+
+and find out what's going on.
+
+That's not as efficient
+as using graphs.
+
+So let me start by
+defining what a graph is.
+
+Informally graph is just
+a bunch of dots and lines
+
+connecting the dots, it's
+actually very simple.
+
+So here's to graph.
+
+These are the nodes,
+and they're connected
+
+with these lines, called edges.
+
+And often the nodes,
+and sometimes the edges,
+
+are labeled.
+
+For example, we might call this
+x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, and x7.
+
+So that's an example of a graph.
+
+Now this being a
+math class, we got
+
+to give a formal
+definition of a graph.
+
+And we'll usually use
+the formal definition.
+
+A graph G is a pair of
+sets often called V and E.
+
+Where V is a set of elements
+called vertices or nodes.
+
+And it has to be non-empty
+here in this class.
+
+And we'll go back and forth
+between vertices and nodes.
+
+Even the text we use both
+words interchangeably.
+
+And E is a set of
+2-item subsets and V,
+
+and they're called edges.
+
+So for example, over
+here in this picture,
+
+V is the set of nodes is x1, x2,
+x3, up to x7, that's the nodes.
+
+And E, the set of
+edges, is pairs,
+
+unordered pairs of vertices.
+
+So for example
+x1, x2 is an edge.
+
+And it's the same
+as the set x2, x1,
+
+doesn't matter the order here.
+
+Later in a week or so, we'll
+talk about directed graphs
+
+where the order matters.
+
+x1, x3 is also an
+edge here, and so one.
+
+Think we've got, let's
+see, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
+
+7 edges in this graph.
+
+And the last one
+would be x5, x7.
+
+Edges are also sometimes written
+with this notation, x1 line x2,
+
+is another notation.
+
+And then later when you
+talk about directed edges,
+
+we'll put a little arrowhead
+on one end of this.
+
+Now the definition of a graph
+is really pretty simple.
+
+Just think of it as dots
+and lines, if you want.
+
+But there's often differences
+in how people define graphs.
+
+For example, in this class we
+don't allow the empty graph,
+
+i.e. the graph with no nodes.
+
+So we're going to insist
+that every graph has to have
+
+at least one node in it.
+
+And that's just to
+make the theorems
+
+we're going prove be true.
+
+Otherwise there's
+some theorems that
+
+are false for the special
+case of the empty graph.
+
+But we don't require the
+graph to have any edges.
+
+In fact, it's possible you
+have a graph with nodes,
+
+but no edges.
+
+For example, this graph.
+
+Three-node graph.
+
+So here G equals VE,
+V equals x1, x2, x3.
+
+And E is just the empty set.
+
+Now for a general graph,
+when you do have edges,
+
+we say that two nodes,
+call them xi and xj,
+
+are adjacent if they're
+connected by an edge, namely
+
+if xi xj is an edge.
+
+All right so for example,
+x5 is adjacent to x7,
+
+but it's not adjacent to
+x4, there's no edge there.
+
+Closely related is the
+definition of the incidence.
+
+An edge E, which
+is xixj, is said
+
+to be incident to its
+end points, xi and xj.
+
+OK so, for example, if I
+labeled that edge as E, E
+
+is the edge x1, x2, and this
+incident to x1, and incident
+
+x2.
+
+Then we can talk about
+the degree of a node.
+
+The number of edges
+incident to a node
+
+is called the
+degree of the node.
+
+So for example, what's the
+degree of x5 over here?
+
+3, so in this case, the
+degree of x5 equals 3.
+
+The degree of x7 is 1.
+
+These guys all have
+degree 0, there's
+
+no edges incident to them.
+
+Now in this class, we're going
+to look at only simple graphs,
+
+at lease for a while.
+
+A graph is simple if it has
+no loops, or multiple edges.
+
+Now a loop is an edge that only
+connects up one node, that's
+
+a loop and we don't allow it.
+
+A multiple edge is we've got two
+edges that are really the same,
+
+they connect the same endpoints.
+
+Also called a multi-edge.
+
+And those we're not going
+to have in simple graphs.
+
+We don't allow this.
+
+We don't allow that.
+
+Any questions so far
+about what a graph is?
+
+So how are we going
+to use a graph
+
+to model the problem of
+opposite-gender partners?
+
+That's the question we're after.
+
+So any thoughts about what
+the nodes of the graph
+
+are going to represent?
+
+What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Males and females?
+
+PROFESSOR: People.
+
+Yeah, so we're going
+to have people.
+
+In fact, there's two
+kinds of people here.
+
+There's men, and women.
+
+All right we got nodes
+here for the men.
+
+And in fact in America,
+there's a lot of nodes here.
+
+All right, and so this
+might be oh I don't know,
+
+say that's Tom Cruise
+and Nicole Kidman.
+
+Now what's the edge
+going to represent?
+
+AUDIENCE: Partners.
+
+PROFESSOR: Partners.
+
+They were
+opposite-gender partners.
+
+And there's actually
+more edges probably here.
+
+We could have Penelope
+here, and Katie here.
+
+And well probably lots more, I
+probably don't know them all.
+
+And Ben's over here with Nicole.
+
+And Nicole got Jude and Keith.
+
+There's actually
+a website you can
+
+go to get a lot of
+these things here.
+
+And Katie went with Josh.
+
+It's called whosedatedwho.com,
+and you get big graph,
+
+you could start
+filling in the edges.
+
+I don't know how reliable it is.
+
+Now it's really critical
+that we're only looking edges
+
+from here to here.
+
+All right, so if there's an
+edge between Tom and Ben,
+
+I don't want to know about it.
+
+Just opposite-gender partners.
+
+OK now in the USA,
+the number of nodes
+
+here is about 300 million.
+
+About three million people.
+
+And the number of men nodes,
+male nodes, call these VM,
+
+and this is VW, by the way,
+I'm using cardinality notation.
+
+When I put bars
+around a set, that
+
+is the denoting how
+many are in the set.
+
+In the US there's about
+147.6 men out of the 300.
+
+And the number of women--
+oh we got a w here--
+
+is about 152.4 million.
+
+So there's a little
+bit more nodes
+
+on this side of the graph,
+than that side in the US.
+
+What about the edges?
+
+Any idea of how many
+edges there are here?
+
+We don't know.
+
+I sure as heck don't know
+how many edges there are.
+
+So that we don't know.
+
+The cardinality of the
+edge set we don't know,
+
+and we're not likely
+to figure out.
+
+I don't even think
+these surveys, really,
+
+can estimate that.
+
+But what we're
+trying to figure out
+
+is the ratio of the
+average degree of the men,
+
+to the average
+degree of the women.
+
+Because the number of
+opposite-gender partners
+
+you have is your
+degree here, and you're
+
+looking for the
+average guy degree,
+
+compared to the average
+female degree here.
+
+That's what we're after.
+
+All right so let's
+find that quantity.
+
+Let's let A sub m equal
+the average number
+
+of opposite-gender
+partners for men.
+
+And we can let A W be
+the same thing for women.
+
+All right.
+
+Now we're trying to figure out
+the answer to this question.
+
+What is A m, the
+average guy degree,
+
+over the average woman degree.
+
+And in particular, the
+University of Chicago
+
+says, they say it's 1.74.
+
+That the average guy as 74%
+more opposite-gender partners
+
+than the average woman.
+
+ABC News says it's 3.33, that
+is 233% more for the men,
+
+than the women.
+
+Now we're going to figure
+this out what this ratio is.
+
+Just use a little
+bit of math here,
+
+and a little bit
+of graph theory.
+
+So let's write a
+formula for A m.
+
+Well we're trying to figure out
+the average degree over here.
+
+Well, that's pretty simple.
+
+We just add up all the
+degrees, and divide
+
+by the number of nodes.
+
+And that'll give us
+the average degree.
+
+So the average degree is
+the sum of the degrees,
+
+over all men, x
+in the set of men,
+
+of the degree of x, divided
+by the number of men.
+
+Can somebody give me a
+simpler expression for this?
+
+It doesn't have that
+nasty sum in it?
+
+AUDIENCE: E.
+
+PROFESSOR: E. The
+cardinality of E.
+
+I'm adding all the degrees here.
+
+Well that's just another way
+of counting all the edges,
+
+because every edge shows
+up once, and only once,
+
+in a degree count here.
+
+And this is where,
+we use the fact we
+
+have opposite-gender partners.
+
+Because if I had
+some edges over here
+
+they wouldn't get counted
+in sum of the degrees here.
+
+All right so this is
+just the cardinality
+
+of the number of edges,
+divided by the number of men.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Because this is an
+important statement about
+
+graphs in general.
+
+When I have a graph
+like this-- which
+
+is called a bipartite
+graph, we'll
+
+talk about more in a little bit.
+
+But where the edges go
+from the left to the right
+
+if I sum the
+degrees on the left,
+
+I'm just counting
+the number of edges.
+
+All right, let's figure out a
+formula for the average number
+
+of partners for the women.
+
+That simple that's just
+sum x over the women.
+
+The degree of x, divided
+by the number of women.
+
+Let me rewrite that
+so it's clearer.
+
+What's a simpler
+expression for this?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+this sum, adding
+
+the degrees of the women,
+is just the number of edges,
+
+right.
+
+So that is cardinality of edges,
+divided by the number of women.
+
+All right, well now we can
+write, solve for our formula,
+
+average over men over
+average of the women.
+
+That's E over VM,
+divided by E over VW.
+
+Wow, this is nice.
+
+I don't know the number of edges
+is, but it just canceled out.
+
+And this is just
+the number of women,
+
+divided by the number of men.
+
+And in fact we know that.
+
+That's this number,
+divided by that number,
+
+which is about 1.0325.
+
+So we just proved,
+that on average, a man
+
+has 3%, or 3 and 1/4% more
+opposite-gender partners
+
+than women.
+
+No need to do the interviews,
+or spend years doing.
+
+That is the answer.
+
+And it has nothing to do
+with the promiscuity of men,
+
+or women, nothing at all.
+
+So the Chicago study is way
+off, and the ABC New study
+
+is completely nuts.
+
+It just can't be
+right, this is a proof.
+
+Now what happened here?
+
+Well what's going on, what's
+the reason for why this is true?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: A male has
+a female partner then
+
+the female has a male partner.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're not looking
+at like how many males
+
+are going to one female.
+
+The promiscuity isn't even
+a part of the question.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+It takes two to tango.
+
+Every time you got a
+guy, you got a women.
+
+And you have the number
+of relationships going.
+
+The average for the men is that
+number, divided by the men.
+
+Average for the women
+is that same number,
+
+divided by the women.
+
+And so if there's
+more women, they're
+
+going to have less
+partners on average.
+
+Has to be.
+
+So it really was
+a stupid question.
+
+It's very, very
+simple to answer.
+
+Now as it turns out there are
+endless studies like this,
+
+in the literature.
+
+In fact, a few years
+ago the Boston Globe
+
+ran an explosive story about
+the study habits of students
+
+on Boston-area campuses.
+
+And their surveys show that,
+on average, minority students
+
+tended to study with
+non-minority students
+
+more than the other way around.
+
+And they want on great
+length consulting the experts
+
+as to why this might be true.
+
+Why is it the minority
+students study
+
+with non-minority students
+more than the other way around.
+
+Now can anyone tell
+me why it is certainly
+
+true, and not surprising,
+why that's the case?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+they're the minority.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because
+they're a minority.
+
+There's fewer minorities
+than non-minorities.
+
+End of story, we don't
+need this sociology PhD
+
+from down the street
+to explain it to us.
+
+We're going to see a lot of
+other bogus studies later.
+
+This is not unusual, especially
+when we get the probability.
+
+Just every day there's a
+new one in probability.
+
+Any questions about
+this before we leave?
+
+Unfortunately that's most all
+we'll say about sex today.
+
+OK.
+
+But now, in this example,
+we used an edge in the graph
+
+to denote some kind of
+affinity between two nodes.
+
+The two nodes liked
+each other in some sense
+
+if they were
+connected by an edge,
+
+or they had a
+relationship of some kind.
+
+There's lots of examples
+in computer science
+
+where you use an edge to
+denote just the opposite.
+
+That the two nodes can't
+be near each other,
+
+or don't like each other.
+
+For example,
+consider the problem
+
+of scheduling
+final exams at MIT.
+
+And they do this after they
+find out all of your schedules,
+
+and they try to schedule
+the exams so that you don't
+
+have to take two at once,
+or there's as little
+
+of that as possible.
+
+For example, let's
+do an example here.
+
+Say we look at
+these five classes.
+
+Take 6041.
+
+And this may not be totally
+accurate, but roughly.
+
+So I've got five
+MIT classes, and I'm
+
+going to put an edge between
+pairs of classes that have
+
+overlapping student enrollment.
+
+So in this case,
+for example, we've
+
+assumed in the
+drawing of his graph,
+
+that you can't have our
+exam the same time is 6002,
+
+on the assumption there's
+students in both classes.
+
+But you could have our
+exam the same time as 6034.
+
+Because there's not
+an overlapping student
+
+in both classes,
+so the exams could
+
+be scheduled at the same time.
+
+So we've used a
+graph to represent
+
+which courses can't have
+their exam at the same time.
+
+Now let's also suppose we have
+a set of slots for the exam.
+
+And say they're
+all on a Wednesday.
+
+And the first slot is
+Wednesday from 5:00 to 7:00.
+
+And the next one
+is 7:00 to 9:00.
+
+And then, the next
+one is 9:00 to 11:00.
+
+And then 11:00 to 1:00 in the
+morning, and then 1:00 to 3:00,
+
+getting pretty late.
+
+And your job is to figure
+out how not to have
+
+to use these later exam slots.
+
+You'd like to use
+as few as possible
+
+so you're not going
+too late night,
+
+or come before the
+holidays, so you're not
+
+having exams on Christmas
+and New Year's, for example.
+
+So the goal is to assign
+slots to the nodes.
+
+Put every node in
+a slot so you don't
+
+have nodes hooked by an
+edge getting the same slot.
+
+Now this is an example
+of what's called
+
+a graph coloring problem.
+
+So let's define that.
+
+Given a graph G, and K colors,
+assign a color to each node,
+
+so that adjacent nodes
+get different colors.
+
+All right, and then the minimum
+number of colors you need
+
+is called the chromatic
+number of the graph.
+
+So the minimum value of K, for
+which such a coloring exist,
+
+is the chromatic
+number OF the graph.
+
+And it's denoted by
+this symbol chi of G.
+
+Because usually you want to
+use a small number of colors.
+
+Now what does a color
+represent when we're
+
+dealing with this problem?
+
+What's the meaning of a color?
+
+AUDIENCE: Time slot.
+
+PROFESSOR: A time slot, OK.
+
+So let's call this time slot
+C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, so there's
+
+five possible colors.
+
+Now of course, we could color
+this graph with five colors,
+
+every node could just
+get its own color.
+
+But then somebody's taking
+their exam from 1:00 to 3:00 AM,
+
+and that's a bit of a pain.
+
+Let's see if we can
+do less than five.
+
+Let's say I give this color
+one, let's give this one color
+
+one, that's OK, because
+they're not connected.
+
+I can't give this one color one,
+so I give it color two, say.
+
+Now this one I can't give color
+one, because this guy got it,
+
+he can't get color two,
+because that guy got it.
+
+So it give it color three.
+
+And well, I can't do
+one, two, or three here,
+
+so I gotta go to color four.
+
+All right so 6042 will get
+the 11:00 PM to 1:00 AM slot,
+
+not so good.
+
+Can we do any better?
+
+Can we get away
+with three colors.
+
+Some say yes, some say no.
+
+How many people think you can
+do three colors on this graph?
+
+A bunch.
+
+How many think you
+can't do any better?
+
+All right, the vote
+is mostly for three.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Any ideas?
+
+Anybody see how to do three?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Assign C4 to 6034 .
+
+PROFESSOR: Assign C4 to 6043.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or C1 to 6042.
+
+PROFESSOR: C-- I can't
+do see C1 to 6042.
+
+It crashes, but can I do-- yeah?
+
+Put
+
+AUDIENCE: C1 in 6003.
+
+PROFESSOR: C1 in 6003.
+
+AUDIENCE: And get
+rid of C1 in 6034.
+
+PROFESSOR: Get rid of--
+
+AUDIENCE: Make it C2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Make this a C2.
+
+Oh, yeah.
+
+All right, these got C1,
+they're not adjacent.
+
+These got C2,
+they're not adjacent.
+
+This can now get C3.
+
+So we can have our exam from
+9:00 to 11:00, which is better.
+
+All right, can anybody
+do it in two colors?
+
+Can anybody offer a reason why
+two colors may not be possible?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because let's say you
+could do it with two colors.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: 6041 and 6002
+have to be different colors.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: 6042 can't be
+C1, and it can't be C2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, good.
+
+So you can't in two colors,
+because these three guys
+
+would violate that.
+
+You've got a triangle here.
+
+Each one of these guys has to
+be different than the other two.
+
+So two colors can't work.
+
+You've got to have at
+least three in this case.
+
+So three is optimal.
+
+We have just shown
+for this graph,
+
+the chromatic number is three.
+
+All right, now in general doing
+what we just did is very hard.
+
+No one knows a fast
+algorithm for determining
+
+the chromatic number.
+
+In fact, it's a weird
+kind of problem,
+
+because it's easy enough to
+check that a coloring is OK.
+
+If somebody put a coloring
+on the board, you can check,
+
+oh that works really simply.
+
+Just check every edge, and make
+sure the colors are different.
+
+But figuring it out,
+as best we know,
+
+you've got to try an exponential
+number of possibilities.
+
+So if I had 100 nodes
+here, my running time
+
+of the algorithm to check
+all the possibilities
+
+would be exponential
+and a hundred.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can that number
+just like the highest
+
+degree of each node, or nodes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh no.
+
+But it's no worse than
+something like that,
+
+as we'll see a few minutes.
+
+That's a great observation.
+
+And we're going to come back
+to that in a few minutes.
+
+But it's not just that.
+
+OK now in fact even figuring
+out for an arbitrary graph
+
+if three colors
+can be done, called
+
+the three-coloring problem,
+that's really hard.
+
+No one knows how to solve that
+in less than exponential time.
+
+In fact, one of these
+NP-complete problems
+
+is what it's called.
+
+How many people here don't
+know about NP-completeness?
+
+Is everybody-- all
+right so all of you
+
+haven't seen NP-completeness.
+
+OK so there is a class of
+thousands of problems--
+
+in fact there's books list these
+1,000 problems-- that are all
+
+NP-complete, somebody's proved
+they belong in the class.
+
+And what that means is
+that if somebody gave you
+
+a solution, like
+a coloring here,
+
+it's easy to check really
+quickly if it's valid.
+
+But figuring it
+out is really hard.
+
+And if you figured
+out how to solve
+
+one of those
+thousands of problems,
+
+like suddenly you figured out
+how to tell if any graph could
+
+work with three colors, you
+would solve automatically
+
+all other thousands in the book.
+
+So it's this book of
+problems you will constantly
+
+run into in your career
+in computer science.
+
+And it's bad when
+you run into one,
+
+because there's no good
+algorithm to solve it known.
+
+But if you just
+solved one of them,
+
+the other thousands would
+suddenly be solvable quickly.
+
+Even better, you win a
+million dollar prize.
+
+One of these
+Millennium Prizes we
+
+talked about the first lecture.
+
+Even if you show you can't
+find a fast algorithm for one
+
+of them, that means that known
+of them have fast algorithms,
+
+and you also get
+a million dollars.
+
+So this is the central problem
+in computer science, and theory
+
+computing, is whether
+or not you could solve
+
+these NP-complete problems.
+
+Now actually lots of
+people have claim to do it.
+
+And in fact, there was a
+lot of buzz in the community
+
+about a month ago when
+actually a reputable researcher
+
+at HP Labs said he'd done it.
+
+He proved that you can't
+solve NP-complete problems.
+
+And he got people going for
+probably at least a week,
+
+until they discovered
+a fatal flaw.
+
+And the proof was
+actually bogus.
+
+So no one still knows
+if you can solve
+
+these NP-complete
+problems quickly.
+
+Now the problem is, in practice,
+you run into these things
+
+all the time, like
+MIT really does
+
+have to schedule the exams.
+
+So you've got to do something.
+
+You can't just go say, hey
+it's NP-complete, so no exams
+
+this year, or whatever.
+
+That's not going to fly,
+so you got to do something.
+
+So now this is a
+problem-- many of you
+
+when you go into careers, you're
+going to be faced with this.
+
+You got to do something.
+
+Any thoughts about an algorithm
+for coloring graphs that might
+
+use a small number of colors?
+
+It doesn't have to
+always work, or you're
+
+going to win a lot
+of money if it does.
+
+But a simple
+algorithm, you can't
+
+take either the 100 steps.
+
+You got to be linear,
+probably, or quadratic time.
+
+That could get you a
+small number of colors.
+
+Any thoughts about
+what you'd do?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: The number
+of degrees and nodes?
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+number-- what about it?
+
+AUDIENCE: The highest
+degree and that node,
+
+the 6042 is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you could use that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good, all right.
+
+So what do I do with
+that-- so I found
+
+a node with a high
+degree, there's
+
+three of them have
+degree three here.
+
+What do I do with them?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pick a
+different color to.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pick a
+different color,
+
+that means I've colored
+some of the others.
+
+If I pick a different
+color, do I start with them,
+
+or do I finish with
+a high degree nodes?
+
+Because you've got to
+assign the colors to them.
+
+And high degree is important
+to be thinking about.
+
+We're going to prove a theorem
+in just a minute about related
+
+to degree and coloring.
+
+AUDIENCE: Start with them.
+
+PROFESSOR: Start with
+them, and do what with it?
+
+Color?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, and then assign
+the ones that aren't connected
+
+[INAUDIBLE] to the same slots.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so I could--
+here's a degree of theory
+
+now I can start with
+color one for that.
+
+And then what do I do next?
+
+I pick-- its neighbors have to
+get different colors, I guess.
+
+You'd start coloring
+the neighbors.
+
+AUDIENCE: My first
+instinct would be
+
+to color all the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And what color
+would use for them?
+
+AUDIENCE: Different ones.
+
+PROFESSOR: Different ones
+if they're connected,
+
+or if they're not connected
+you'd still use different ones?
+
+AUDIENCE: Only if
+they're connected.
+
+PROFESSOR: Only they're
+connected use different ones.
+
+And so if they're not connected,
+you'd use the same colors?
+
+Yeah?
+
+You're going close, and it
+actually works pretty well.
+
+The underlying principle you're
+sort of thinking about here
+
+is you've got some notion
+of the order in which you're
+
+going to process your graph.
+
+And you're going to start
+with a high degree nodes,
+
+in your case.
+
+And as you go
+along, you're going
+
+to start coloring the nodes.
+
+And you're going to make
+sure you color them legally.
+
+And it sounds like you're going
+to color them with a low color
+
+as you go along.
+
+And that is probably the most
+basic graph coloring approach.
+
+And almost you could almost
+say is a generic approach.
+
+So let's define that, and then
+see prove some facts about it.
+
+Most of the graph coloring
+algorithms in practice
+
+are based on this approach.
+
+And we're going to call it the
+basic graph coloring algorithm.
+
+And for our graph G, with
+vertices V, and edges E.
+
+So the first step is going to be
+to order the nodes from 1 to n.
+
+Now in your case,
+you were suggesting
+
+an ordering where I have
+the high degree nodes first.
+
+All right.
+
+But for now we're not
+going to specify that.
+
+We're going to make it
+any ordering you want.
+
+And then we're going to
+have a notion of an order
+
+on the colors, as well.
+
+And I don't know
+how many colors,
+
+but they're going to be
+numbered 1, 2, and so forth.
+
+And then we're going to process
+the nodes one at a time,
+
+to N. We color the
+nodes, what is step I,
+
+we color the Ith node V sub i
+with the lowest legal color.
+
+And by the legal I mean you
+don't color at the same node
+
+as another node that's already
+been colored the same that it's
+
+adjacent to.
+
+All right so let's try this.
+
+In fact, this is sort of the
+algorithm I used initially
+
+to color exam graph over there.
+
+All right, so
+let's look at that.
+
+So let's say we-- let me
+erase the colors here, and put
+
+an ordering on the nodes.
+
+So let's say I ordered
+them with 6034 first,
+
+so this would be V1.
+
+Then 6041 is V2.
+
+Then V3, V4, V5.
+
+If that's my ordering, what
+color would I assign to 6034?
+
+AUDIENCE: One.
+
+PROFESSOR: One, C1, I'd
+color it first to get C1.
+
+What color does 6041 get?
+
+C1, as well, it's the
+lowest possible color
+
+that's legal, and is not hooked
+to this guy, so C1 is legal.
+
+What color do I give here?
+
+C2.
+
+Then I color this one next
+C-- can't do C2, can't do C1,
+
+so I pick C3.
+
+And then I get to
+6042 last, and I
+
+can't do one, two, or
+three, so I do four.
+
+All right so algorithm,
+with that ordering,
+
+gave four colors.
+
+However we know there's a way
+to do a different ordering that
+
+gives us three colors.
+
+In particular,
+let's see if we do
+
+this what happens if we
+use this other ordering.
+
+Let me erase these.
+
+Say that's V1, V2, V3, V4, V5.
+
+Now I get C1, this
+will be C2, C1.
+
+What's this one get?
+
+C2.
+
+Ah, much better.
+
+C3.
+
+So different orderings result
+in different numbers of colors
+
+here.
+
+So the whole art now becomes
+finding a clever ordering.
+
+And so many people have
+already had good ideas,
+
+pick the largest
+degree nodes first.
+
+And in fact, if you simulate
+the algorithm on lots of graphs,
+
+you do better on average when
+you color the larger degree
+
+nodes first.
+
+And then if you start to
+use more exotic orderings,
+
+you can do even better.
+
+If you take a lot of
+graphs that are out there,
+
+and run your algorithm,
+and see how well you do,
+
+you do better with more
+sophisticated orderings.
+
+In fact, this was my
+senior thesis back
+
+when I was
+undergraduate student.
+
+I was trying to figure out
+better and better orderings
+
+that worked for graphs.
+
+And at the time it caused
+a bit of a problem.
+
+I was a undergraduate
+at Princeton.
+
+And Princeton, to
+this day I think,
+
+still has exams after the
+holidays, the Christmas
+
+holidays, New Year's holidays.
+
+And the students wanted to have
+the exams before Christmas,
+
+because they hated going
+home for the holiday,
+
+and then you've got to
+worry about your exams
+
+when you come back.
+
+And the faculty said
+no, there's no way
+
+to get them all compressed
+into a small number of days.
+
+Now I wasn't aware of
+all that of the time.
+
+But my thesis was go
+figure out good ordering.
+
+So I tried lots of
+different orderings.
+
+And I tried the
+largest degree first,
+
+and recursive versions of that
+actually worked very well.
+
+And then tried it on the
+Princeton exam graph.
+
+And lo and behold, you could
+actually squish it down,
+
+so you could give all
+the exams, I think was,
+
+4 and 1/2 days, plenty of time
+to give them before Christmas.
+
+Which caused a fair of
+scandal at the time,
+
+because then the faculty
+had to come clean
+
+that they just didn't
+want to bother having
+
+the exams before Christmas.
+
+Now this algorithm is
+an example of what's
+
+known as a greedy algorithm.
+
+Now in a greedy algorithm
+it's always simple.
+
+You just go one
+step after the next,
+
+taking the best you
+can do at each stop.
+
+You never go back and try
+to make things better.
+
+You never do hill climbing, if
+you're familiar with that term.
+
+You just always keep it simple,
+one thing after the next,
+
+very fast.
+
+Sometimes it works
+great in practice.
+
+Sometimes it doesn't.
+
+But it's always where you start,
+some simple approach like this.
+
+Now this algorithm
+actually, even
+
+if you don't try to
+monkey with the ordering,
+
+even for a worst case
+ordering of the nodes,
+
+that actually does pretty
+good for a lot of graphs.
+
+And in fact, it
+does really well--
+
+as somebody already
+asked about--
+
+if all the nodes
+have low degree.
+
+So let's state
+that as a theorem.
+
+And then we're
+going to prove that.
+
+So if every node in a graph
+G has degree, at most,
+
+d-- so that's the biggest
+degree in the graph, D-- then
+
+this basic algorithm uses, at
+most, d plus 1 colors for G.
+
+No matter what the
+ordering is, you'll
+
+never do worse than
+d plus 1 colors.
+
+So what's the value of d for
+our exam graph over here?
+
+d is 3.
+
+Every node has degree,
+at most, three.
+
+And so it says, that no matter
+what ordering you picked here,
+
+you'd get at most four colors.
+
+Now you might do better.
+
+In fact, we found an
+ordering that got three.
+
+So it's possible to do better.
+
+So let's prove this fact
+because this makes a difference.
+
+Say you have a graph
+with hundreds of nodes.
+
+But every node has
+degree, at most, three.
+
+Well that says you only
+need four colors even,
+
+if the graph has 1,000 nodes,
+and that's very useful.
+
+So in that kind of
+situation it does very well.
+
+So let's prove that.
+
+Any ideas as to what proof
+technique we're going to use?
+
+AUDIENCE: Invariant.
+
+PROFESSOR: Invariant, close.
+
+Not quite an
+invariant, but close.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well
+ordering principle.
+
+PROFESSOR: You know well
+ordering principle, yeah,
+
+we're going to use the
+equivalent version of that.
+
+We're going to use induction.
+
+If you like well-- it's
+equivalent to well ordering.
+
+If you like well ordering
+you could do it that way.
+
+I think it's easier
+using induction here.
+
+So the proof is by induction.
+
+All right so the
+first thing we need
+
+is an induction hypothesis.
+
+Any thoughts about what the
+induction hypothesis should be?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you have a
+graph with n nodes then
+
+where the degree of any nodes
+is less than [INAUDIBLE]
+
+then you can do it.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's great.
+
+You're going to do really
+well on the midterm,
+
+because you put an
+n into this thing,
+
+but there's not an
+n here to start.
+
+What are most
+people going to do--
+
+we used to ask this actually.
+
+We asked this once on
+a test many years ago,
+
+and it was an utter disaster,
+because did everybody do?
+
+May be one student, or
+two, put an n into there.
+
+But what's the naturally thing
+to do to induct on here when
+
+you look at this statement?
+
+You're going to induct on d,
+because the first thing you do
+
+is you make this be your
+induction hypothesis.
+
+There's only one thing
+to use, so you're
+
+going to have your
+predicate be p of d,
+
+and it's going to be that.
+
+Now It didn't occur to us that's
+what everybody was going to do,
+
+but it should have.
+
+They all did that and
+it was a disaster.
+
+Because if you do
+this, well you've
+
+got to take a graph with
+maximum degree d, or d plus 1
+
+in the inductive step,
+pull out all the nodes
+
+with degree d plus 1 to get
+a graph with now degree d.
+
+And that's a mess.
+
+You just pulled out a lot
+of nodes, potentially.
+
+Color that in d plus 1 colors,
+now put all that junk back in.
+
+And say only used
+one more color.
+
+Nightmare.
+
+And these were MIT
+students under pressure.
+
+It was a nightmare.
+
+So that does not work.
+
+And in fact, we will ask
+an induction question
+
+on graphs on every test
+you take in this course.
+
+It will happen.
+
+And so usually,
+with induction, you
+
+take this as your
+induction hypothesis.
+
+With graphs, you
+have to be careful.
+
+And worst part about
+this is we tell people
+
+when this doesn't work, use a
+stronger induction hypothesis.
+
+So students tried
+to make a stronger,
+
+but they're still stuck on d,
+and it was still a disaster.
+
+With graphs, you do
+something different.
+
+And the first thing you
+do with a graph, usually,
+
+is put n in here.
+
+And if it doesn't work with
+n, the number of nodes,
+
+you put in e the
+number of edges.
+
+And induct on that.
+
+And so what you said is
+exactly the right thing to do.
+
+Don't do this, or least don't
+spend too much time on it.
+
+Pretty quickly try this.
+
+If every end node graph--
+if every node in an n
+
+node graph G has
+degree at most degree,
+
+then the basic algorithm uses
+at most d, plus one colors.
+
+And now you induct on n.
+
+And almost always on graphs,
+that's the first thing to try.
+
+Even if it's not in
+your theorem statement.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Well let's start
+with this, and see
+
+if we can make this one work.
+
+So what's the next
+step in our proof?
+
+What do we got to do?
+
+Base case.
+
+And the base case will
+be, not n equals 0,
+
+because we can't have a zero
+node graph, but n equals 1.
+
+And how many edges do we have?
+
+Zero.
+
+If there's one node,
+we don't allow loops,
+
+so it's zero edges, which means
+that the degree of our graph
+
+has to be zero.
+
+There's no edges.
+
+And of course there's
+only one node,
+
+so one color is going
+to work, and that
+
+happens to equal d plus 1.
+
+All right, so the
+base case is true.
+
+For one node graphs,
+you can always
+
+use d plus 1 colors,
+where d is the max degree.
+
+All right, next we have
+the inductive step.
+
+So here we assume P n is
+true for the induction.
+
+And now we look at an
+n plus 1 node graph
+
+to show P n plus 1 is true.
+
+So we let G be any
+N plus 1 node graph.
+
+We got to show you can
+color it in d plus 1 colors.
+
+And let's let d be the
+max degree, the largest
+
+degree in G.
+
+We've got to show we can
+color it in d plus 1 colors.
+
+Well the basic
+algorithm, let's say.
+
+First thing we do is
+we order the nodes
+
+in an arbitrary order.
+
+And we're going to show
+whatever order you pick is OK.
+
+All right so what are the nodes?
+
+Anyway at all.
+
+Now how am I going to use
+the induction hypothesis?
+
+I know, I can assume,
+the for any N node graph
+
+I can color it in the
+max degree plus 1 colors.
+
+How am I going to use that
+to help me color G here,
+
+the n plus 1 node graph?
+
+Any thoughts?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, let's
+create an n node graph
+
+by looking at these
+nodes, and taking
+
+this one out of the time being.
+
+Remove the last V n plus
+1 node in the order.
+
+That leaves an n node graph.
+
+So let's write that down.
+
+We remove the n plus 1 from G.
+And that creates a new graph,
+
+call it G prime with vertices,
+V prime and edges, E prime.
+
+So we create a new graph
+by removing that node.
+
+And we remove all the
+edges tied to that node.
+
+So for example over
+here, the last node
+
+was 6042, so we take out
+6042, and all these edges.
+
+And this is a graph
+that we're left with.
+
+That graph has n nodes.
+
+What's the maximum
+degree in G prime?
+
+When I pull out a node, can
+the degree of any node go up?
+
+No, I'm just taking stuff out.
+
+So I know that G prime has
+maximum degree, at most, d.
+
+The degree didn't
+go up of any node.
+
+Might have gone down,
+but it didn't go up.
+
+So G prime has max degree, at
+most, d, and it has n nodes.
+
+So we can use the
+induction hypothesis P n.
+
+It says that the basic
+algorithm uses d plus 1,
+
+at most, d plus 1 colors
+for nodes V1 to V n.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+So if this were the n plus first
+node, last node in the ordering
+
+take it out.
+
+The basic algorithm now,
+take the same order here,
+
+V1, V2, V3, V4, basic, we'll
+color that in d plus 1 colors.
+
+And all I have left is
+to give this guy color,
+
+and I'll have color G. Question?
+
+No.
+
+All right.
+
+So by induction I've colored
+these guys, V1 to V2,
+
+and d plus 1 colors, all
+that I have left to do
+
+is color V n plus 1.
+
+And hopefully we're not
+going to use color d plus 2,
+
+because then we sort
+of-- it wouldn't work.
+
+We got to use one of
+the first d plus 1.
+
+All right, so let's
+look at V n plus 1.
+
+And let's call its
+neighbors in G, U1, U2, Ud.
+
+It has, at most d neighbors,
+because every node in G has,
+
+at most, degree d.
+
+A neighbor's a node
+you're adjacent to.
+
+All right so, V n plus 1 has at
+most d neighbors, is adjacent
+
+to, at most, d other nodes.
+
+Now what does that
+mean about the color I
+
+can use on V n plus 1?
+
+What do I know about what
+color I can use for that?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It can't be any of
+the colors of U1, U2, and so on.
+
+PROFESSOR: It can't be any
+one of these colors that
+
+were assigned here.
+
+That's true.
+
+So how many colors
+got ruled out?
+
+At most d, and how
+many am I working with?
+
+d Plus 1.
+
+So I got one left
+that I can use safely.
+
+OK.
+
+So this means there
+exists at least one color
+
+in my set of d plus 1 colors.
+
+It's not used by any neighbor.
+
+And we're going to give
+V n plus 1 that color.
+
+All right.
+
+So now I've colored every node
+in G, the n plus 1 node graph,
+
+safely using a total
+of d plus 1 colors.
+
+So that means the
+basic algorithm uses,
+
+at most, d plus 1 colors,
+on G. That means P n plus 1
+
+is true-- whoops-- and
+the induction is complete.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you also
+start from the other way,
+
+and start 1, go to 2 nodes,
+3 nodes at each step keeping
+
+all nodes at all other nodes.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What do you mean by
+keeping all nodes connected?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] each
+node has an edge connecting
+
+to each other one.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so, then
+I get a specific graph.
+
+I start with this, I add a
+node and make it adjacent.
+
+I add a node and
+make it adjacent.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So you've constructed
+a particular graph.
+
+This is actually called, for
+the n nodes, it's called Kn,
+
+is the n node complete
+graph, also called a clique,
+
+like a clique of friends, where
+everybody likes everybody,
+
+in a clique.
+
+And in fact for n here,
+for those n nodes,
+
+what's the max degree?
+
+Max degree is n minus 1.
+
+What's the chromatic
+number of this graph?
+
+What's the minimum
+number of colors?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: And they all
+have to be different,
+
+which is d plus 1.
+
+So you have built
+a special graph
+
+for which the optimum of
+number colors is d plus 1.
+
+But that is not a proof that
+this is true for all graphs.
+
+Because you've looked at
+a particular graph here.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] It means
+that you can still use your
+
+less than or equal to sign.
+
+PROFESSOR: I see,
+so you'd add a node,
+
+and it's only connected
+to a few of them.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, it's
+connected to all of them,
+
+but it still implies
+that you need less than
+
+or equal to the colors.
+
+It turns out it
+happens to be equal to.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, in
+this case that's right.
+
+So you've made an
+argument for this case
+
+where it actually
+is equal, but that
+
+only worked for this graph.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+worse case.
+
+PROFESSOR: It is the worst
+case, so it meets the bound.
+
+It shows you cannot
+improve this bound.
+
+Yeah, is there a
+question up there?
+
+AUDIENCE: All I was going
+to say is that you've
+
+proved it's the worst case.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so
+what you've done here
+
+is you've shown that I could not
+make that theorem any stronger.
+
+I could not replace
+it with d here.
+
+All right.
+
+Because you've given
+an example where
+
+I can't get d colors, where
+the maximum degree is d.
+
+But that doesn't-- To get
+a proof for a theorem,
+
+I got to go through all this.
+
+That wouldn't give me
+a proof of the theorem.
+
+They're not equivalent.
+
+One's an upper bound, one's
+an existence of a lower bound.
+
+This shows that for any graph,
+you need at most d plus 1.
+
+So any graph, at most.
+
+That shows there is a graph
+that you need at least.
+
+And they are not equivalent.
+
+All right.
+
+One is for all, and upper bound.
+
+The other is there
+exists a lower bound.
+
+So different in two
+ways that are important.
+
+This kind of proof is very
+typical for what you'll
+
+see with induction in graphs.
+
+And you'll get a lot
+of practice with it.
+
+Are there any other
+questions on this proof?
+
+OK.
+
+All right, see we've seen
+now, by that example,
+
+we can't improve the theorem.
+
+In some cases,
+though, the theorem
+
+is way off, for some graphs.
+
+Can anybody think
+of a graph where
+
+the bound we get from the
+theorem, of d plus 1 colors,
+
+is way off from the actual
+chromatic number you need,
+
+the number of colors you need?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: A graph [INAUDIBLE]
+two sets of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Good, OK.
+
+Yes, so what if
+we did this graph.
+
+Let me draw it out.
+
+So you've got a bunch of nodes
+here, bunch of nodes here.
+
+And every node here is
+connected to every node
+
+over the other side.
+
+And if this is an n no
+graph, and I've got n over 2
+
+on each side, what's
+my degree here?
+
+What's my max degree
+of this graph?
+
+AUDIENCE: N over 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: N over 2.
+
+So d is n over 2.
+
+What's the chromatic number?
+
+How many colors do
+I need for this?
+
+Two.
+
+All right, so d plus
+1 is way off of two.
+
+There is a even worse example.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: That graph where you
+have one node center that's
+
+connected to a bunch of nodes
+regularly distributed about.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, the star graph.
+
+All right, so I got one of
+the center, I got n minus 1
+
+outside.
+
+So here the maximum
+degree is n minus 1,
+
+just like a complete graph.
+
+But how many colors do I need?
+
+Two.
+
+So it's even worse here.
+
+All right now what about
+the basic algorithm?
+
+How well does the basic
+algorithm do on this graph?
+
+Or to the vertices some way?
+
+Color on one [INAUDIBLE]
+lowest color.
+
+How many colors is
+it going to use?
+
+AUDIENCE: Two.
+
+PROFESSOR: Two.
+
+It doesn't matter the vertices.
+
+V1, V2, V3, V4, because
+I'll color this one 1.
+
+What am I going
+to call that one?
+
+1.
+
+Then I get to the center,
+what am I going to color it?
+
+2.
+
+And now all the arms,
+what do they get colored?
+
+They all get 1.
+
+Whatever order you pick,
+you get two colors.
+
+All right so now
+there's a difference
+
+between the theorem just gives
+you an upper bound, it says,
+
+at most, d plus 1 colors.
+
+But in fact the algorithm
+can do a lot better
+
+than that, as on this example.
+
+So the algorithm
+might be a lot better.
+
+Everybody see that
+what we're doing here?
+
+How the algorithm is
+better than the bound
+
+we proved by the theorem,
+even though the bound was
+
+pretty good for some graphs.
+
+Now it turns out--
+I mean we're not
+
+going to win a million
+dollars for this algorithm.
+
+And in fact, this algorithm
+is sometimes very bad.
+
+And a really bad example
+it's very close to this.
+
+In fact actually this one, let's
+look at how well does basic
+
+do one this one here.
+
+Make some ordering.
+
+V1, V2, V3.
+
+What's the basic algorithm
+going to do on this complete--
+
+it's called a complete bipartite
+graph, is what's this called.
+
+I'll define bipartite
+in a minute--
+
+but what's the basic
+algorithm do here?
+
+Any idea-- does it take n over
+2 colors, or does it take 2?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+2.
+
+So take a vertex, and the first
+one, say V1s here, get C1.
+
+As long as I keep picking
+vertices over on this side,
+
+they're going to get C1.
+
+As soon as I get to
+a vertex over here,
+
+what color does it have to get?
+
+AUDIENCE: C2.
+
+PROFESSOR: C2
+because it's touching
+
+the very first one we had here.
+
+So when I get
+vertices over here,
+
+they're all going to be C2.
+
+When I go back over here,
+they're going to be back to C1.
+
+So actually basic does good
+here too, gives you two colors.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah, those
+two aren't connected.
+
+But this case, if I've
+got a vertex over here
+
+it is, by definition, connected
+to the vertex over here.
+
+Because every
+possible edge is here.
+
+But that's a great idea.
+
+What if they weren't
+all connected,
+
+that's actually a great idea.
+
+In fact, the nasty example
+for the basic algorithm
+
+is very much like that.
+
+Let's draw it.
+
+Because so far,
+the basic algorithm
+
+is pretty much done
+perfectly on all the graphs
+
+we looked at even when
+the theorem wasn't tight.
+
+So here is a nasty graph.
+
+And it is very close to the
+graph we just look like,
+
+where all the edges are there.
+
+In this case, all
+the edges are there,
+
+except for the one
+straight across.
+
+So if this is-- the
+edge denotes likes,
+
+this is a world where you like
+everybody but your spouse.
+
+All right, so you have
+an edge to every one,
+
+except the one directly
+across from you.
+
+No edge there, and so forth.
+
+So it has almost every edge,
+but it's missing these edges.
+
+Now the basic algorithm
+might do well here.
+
+What would be a good
+ordering for this graph
+
+to label these V1 through Vn?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Go through
+everything on the left side,
+
+and then the right side.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's right.
+
+Because then color 1, color
+1, color 1, all the way down.
+
+One color for the left,
+what does this one get?
+
+Color 2, because it's
+hooked up against.
+
+And these all get color 2,
+so I've used two colors.
+
+Really good.
+
+Basic algorithm's looking great.
+
+Now here's a harder question.
+
+Can you figure
+out a bad ordering
+
+for this graph, where I use
+a lot more than two colors.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: It starts at the
+top of the cross, and then
+
+the next level then across.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+V1, V2.
+
+Just as natural, really,
+if think about it,
+
+to order it this way.
+
+All right.
+
+What color does V1 get?
+
+C1.
+
+What color does V2 get?
+
+AUDIENCE: C1.
+
+PROFESSOR: C1 because
+it's not hooked up here.
+
+What color does V3 get?
+
+AUDIENCE: C2.
+
+PROFESSOR: C2.
+
+What about V4?
+
+AUDIENCE: C2.
+
+PROFESSOR: C2.
+
+It's not hooked up.
+
+It can't get one,
+because that's up here.
+
+And it's not the two, so it
+gets two What color does V5 get?
+
+AUDIENCE: C3.
+
+PROFESSOR: C3.
+
+Because it's hooked
+up to one to two.
+
+V6 ?
+
+AUDIENCE: C3.
+
+PROFESSOR: C3, it's hooked up
+to one and two, but not three.
+
+And you can see
+what's happening here.
+
+All the way down
+here he's hooked up
+
+to all the n over
+2 minus 1 colors.
+
+So he also takes C n over 2.
+
+So if you pick that
+ordering, not so good.
+
+You use n over two colors.
+
+So it really matters
+the ordering.
+
+Now I should say graphs
+like-- actually any questions
+
+about what we did here?
+
+About this?
+
+All right, now I should
+say that graphs like this
+
+have a special name, they're
+called bipartite graphs.
+
+And that's important
+to remember.
+
+All right, so a graph G
+is said to be bipartite
+
+if the vertices can be split
+into two sets, or partitioned,
+
+and we'll call them a
+left set, and a right set,
+
+so that all the edges connect
+a node in the left set,
+
+to a node in the right set.
+
+So in fact, a lot
+of today we've been
+
+looking at bipartite graphs,
+because the nodes are here.
+
+Like the men, and the women, and
+the edges only go from the left
+
+to the right.
+
+And that is called bipartite.
+
+And it's called
+bipartite because you
+
+can do it with two
+colors, or in two pieces.
+
+So you don't win
+a million dollars
+
+for deciding whether
+or not a graph can
+
+be colored in two colors.
+
+That's easy.
+
+You'll even do it for
+homework one of these times.
+
+You do win the million dollars
+for deciding if a graph can
+
+be colored in three colors.
+
+That's really hard to do.
+
+Now coloring problems come up
+in all sorts of applications.
+
+You know with this company,
+Akamai, that came out of MIT,
+
+we've talked about.
+
+We run a network
+of 75,000 servers.
+
+And they're used to distribute
+content on the internet,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And we have to
+deploy a new version
+
+of our software
+on those servers,
+
+pretty much every week.
+
+We're pushing new software out.
+
+And you can't deploy on every
+server at the same time,
+
+because you've got
+to take down a server
+
+to deploy new software on it.
+
+Got to take it
+out of commission.
+
+And so we can't just take
+down all 75,000 servers,
+
+because then all the
+Facebook, and Netflix,
+
+and all those sites would stop.
+
+That would be bad.
+
+And we can't do them one at a
+time, because there's 75,000.
+
+And it takes a few
+hours for each one
+
+to get the traffic off,
+stop it, load new software,
+
+and turn it back on.
+
+And it would take us years
+to do one software install,
+
+which we got to do every week.
+
+So we've got to figure out a
+schedule for how many servers
+
+you take down at a given
+time, and which ones.
+
+And it turns out
+pairs of servers
+
+have certain critical functions.
+
+So there's certain pairs of
+servers you can't take down
+
+at the same time.
+
+So we have a gigantic 75,000
+node coloring problem,
+
+where there's edges
+between servers.
+
+Nodes are servers,
+and there's an edge
+
+between if you can't install
+new software at the same time.
+
+And so when it
+turns out, when you
+
+run one of these graph
+coloring algorithms on it,
+
+you could do it
+with eight colors.
+
+It just turns out that way.
+
+So that means there's
+eight waves of install
+
+that go on to the network.
+
+And now eight times
+a few hours each
+
+means that we can do it in a
+day, and you can manage it.
+
+You know on a much
+smaller scale,
+
+the same problem exists
+for register allocation,
+
+for variables.
+
+Here you've got to assign
+every variable to register.
+
+But you can't have
+variables that
+
+are active at the
+same time associated
+
+with the same register.
+
+And you want to minimize the
+number of registers you need.
+
+So again, you have the
+graph coloring problem.
+
+The number of colors is the
+number of registers you need.
+
+And two variables can't get
+the same color if their active
+
+at the same time, so you
+put an edge between them.
+
+The most famous example
+of graph coloring
+
+is the map coloring problem,
+with the four coloring theorem.
+
+And so here, every
+country is a node.
+
+Adjacent countries have
+an edge between them,
+
+because you don't want to
+color adjacent countries
+
+the same color,
+or you can't tell
+
+they're different countries.
+
+Now the last example
+we can talk about
+
+is an important problem
+in communication theory,
+
+communication networks, where
+again coloring comes up.
+
+Now here you need to assign
+frequencies to radio stations,
+
+or the cell towers.
+
+It comes up in mobile networks,
+or just in with radio stations.
+
+And if two towers have
+an overlapping area,
+
+they can't be given
+the same frequency,
+
+so you get collisions
+between the towers.
+
+And frequencies
+are very expensive.
+
+Companies pay the
+government a lot of money
+
+to get certain spectrum.
+
+So suppose you had this problem.
+
+Here's tower A, this is A's
+range, where it reaches.
+
+Here's tower B, so
+it overlaps some
+
+with A. Here's tower C. Here's
+tower E. And here's tower D.
+
+All right now the
+question would be,
+
+how many radio
+frequencies do you need?
+
+What's the minimum number
+of frequencies you need
+
+to enable all the towers here?
+
+We could make that be a graph.
+
+There's a node for each tower.
+
+And an edge between
+towers, if they overlap.
+
+C doesn't overlap
+with B, E does.
+
+E overlaps here.
+
+And then D overlaps here.
+
+So how many frequencies do
+you need for this graph?
+
+AUDIENCE: Four.
+
+PROFESSOR: Four would
+work, three is better.
+
+Can you do two?
+
+No you can't do two,
+because you got here.
+
+But you could do three.
+
+You could do one,
+two, three, two, one.
+
+This problem comes up--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Did I screw up?
+
+Ooh, no I can't do that.
+
+One, two, yeah much better.
+
+All right, this problem
+comes up all over the place.
+
+I'm certain you'll see it
+sometime in your career,
+
+you'll have some problem, or
+you're scheduling something,
+
+and it's really a graph
+problem in disguise.
+
+OK that's it for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hmtXhZTfAes.txt b/hmtXhZTfAes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa7403a8c48b0d7f72bf7f8e7d5cfd04cea24ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hmtXhZTfAes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1902 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so we're
+going to test it.
+
+Here's testOne.
+
+It just says for name and range
+10, I'm going to build
+
+some nodes, put in a few edges,
+and then I'm going to
+
+print the graph.
+
+And all I really want to show
+you here, is that if we run it
+
+for digraph or we run
+it for graph, we'll
+
+get something different.
+
+Yes, I'm happy to
+save the source.
+
+Oh, and now the syntax.
+
+It was valid last time I looked,
+what have we done
+
+wrong here?
+
+I edit something badly?
+
+Sort of looks valid
+to me, doesn't it?
+
+We'll retype it.
+
+Yes, we'll save.
+
+Nope.
+
+Well, it's one of those
+days, isn't it?
+
+All right this is a good
+debugging exercise for us.
+
+Let's think about how
+we go and find this.
+
+I'm sure you've all had
+this sort of problem.
+
+Well the first thing to do is I
+think I'll just comment out
+
+all of this.
+
+Let's see if I still
+get an error.
+
+I do.
+
+All right, well that suggests
+that, that wasn't the problem,
+
+so I can put it back.
+
+Now it shows a problem all
+the way down there.
+
+So let's see what's
+going on here.
+
+Or maybe, I'll just skip this,
+but doubtless I'll get in
+
+trouble if I do.
+
+So let's see.
+
+I must have just made a sloppy
+editing error somewhere this
+
+morning in commenting things
+out for the lecture.
+
+Well, I think what we're going
+to do, for the moment, is move
+
+on and hope it goes away.
+
+Now that seems silly.
+
+Sorry about this everybody.
+
+People should look with me, and
+someone may see it more
+
+quickly than I can.
+
+In fact, I'm hoping someone
+sees it more
+
+quickly than I can.
+
+We've now got a microphone,
+and the embarrassment of a
+
+code with syntax error,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+MALE SPEAKER: You've
+got a sign.
+
+For some reason it wasn't
+on the schedule, so--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well just
+because we've been
+
+teaching at 10 o'clock.
+
+MALE SPEAKER: Yeah, I know.
+
+Yeah.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: February.
+
+There's no reason to suspect
+that we would teach at 10
+
+o'clock today.
+
+MALE SPEAKER: I actually
+looked.
+
+I double checked.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well this is
+embarrassing, folks.
+
+And I wish one of you would
+bail me out by telling me
+
+where my syntax error is.
+
+Well random looks OK, right?
+
+Node looks OK.
+
+And it gets more complicated.
+
+MALE SPEAKER: Hey professor,
+can you turn on the
+
+transmitter?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I'll turn
+on the transmitter.
+
+But I'm really focused on a
+different problem right now.
+
+Guys help!
+
+Where are my TAs?
+
+Why does it keep doing
+that to me?
+
+Maybe there's something just
+funny going on here.
+
+Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Restart IDLE.
+
+PROFESSOR: Restarting IDLE?
+
+You think maybe that's
+the issue?
+
+We could try that.
+
+Ha!
+
+So it looks like IDLE was
+just in some ugly state.
+
+Let's hope.
+
+Yes, all right, so I
+didn't have a bug.
+
+It was just IDLE had a bug.
+
+All right, phew.
+
+But we did squander
+ten minutes.
+
+Oh well.
+
+So we have the graph, and you
+can see when we look at a
+
+graph, we have a node from 1
+to 2, an edge from 1 to 2,
+
+from 1 to 1, et cetera.
+
+And that's the digraph.
+
+When we look at the graph, we'll
+see that in fact we have
+
+a lot more nodes, because
+everything goes in both
+
+directions.
+
+But that's what we expected--
+
+nothing very interesting.
+
+All I want you to do is notice
+the difference here between
+
+graphs and digraphs.
+
+Now getting to the whole point,
+once we have this
+
+mechanism set up to think about
+graphs, we can now think
+
+about interesting problems
+and formulate
+
+them as graph problems.
+
+And I want to list a few of the
+interesting problems, and
+
+then we'll look at how to
+solve some of them.
+
+So probably the most common
+graph problem that people
+
+solve, is called the shortest
+path problem.
+
+We talked about this
+briefly last time.
+
+The notion here is for some pair
+of nodes, n1 and n2, we
+
+want to find the shortest
+sequence of edges that
+
+connects those two nodes.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's very straightforward.
+
+Then there is the shortest
+weighted path, where instead
+
+of trying to find the shortest
+sequence of edges, we want to
+
+find the smallest
+total weight.
+
+So it may be that we traverse
+a few extra edges, but since
+
+they have a shorter
+weights, we end up
+
+getting a shorter path.
+
+So we might indirect to
+do the shortest path.
+
+This is probably the more
+common problem.
+
+So for example, that's the
+problem that Google Maps
+
+solves, when you ask it to give
+you driving directions.
+
+And you'll notice when you use
+something like Google Maps or
+
+MapQuest, you can tell it to
+minimize the time, in which
+
+case maybe it will route you
+on a freeway, where you can
+
+drive at 80 miles an hour, even
+though you drive a few
+
+extra miles.
+
+Or you can tell it to minimize
+the distance in which case it
+
+may take you on these crummy
+little surface roads where you
+
+have to drive slowly, but you'll
+cover fewer miles and
+
+use less gas.
+
+So you get to tell it which set
+of weights you care about,
+
+and then it finds
+you the shortest
+
+path, given those weights.
+
+We'll come back to this since
+we're going to look at some
+
+code to implement it.
+
+Another slightly more
+complicated problem to
+
+understand is finding cliques.
+
+So to find a clique, we're
+looking to find a set of
+
+nodes, such that there exists
+a path connecting
+
+each node in the set.
+
+So you can think of this
+as similar to,
+
+say a social clique--
+
+who your friends are.
+
+It's a group of nodes or group
+of people that somehow can get
+
+to each other.
+
+It's not saying you can't
+get outside the clique.
+
+But it is guaranteeing that from
+any member of the clique,
+
+you can reach any other
+member of the clique.
+
+And so well, we'll look at some
+examples of where finding
+
+a clique is useful.
+
+And the final kind of problem
+I want to mention is the
+
+minimum cut problem--
+
+often abbreviated mincut.
+
+So the problem here, is given a
+graph, and given two sets of
+
+nodes, you want to find the
+minimum number of edges such
+
+that if those edges are removed,
+the two sets are
+
+disconnected.
+
+i.e.
+
+you can't get from a member
+of one set to a member
+
+of the other set.
+
+This is often a question
+that gets asked.
+
+For example, imagine that you
+were the government of Syria
+
+and you want to ensure
+that nobody can
+
+post a video on YouTube.
+
+You would take the set of nodes
+in Syria, and you would
+
+take the set of nodes probably
+outside Syria, and ask what's
+
+the minimum number of
+communication links you'd have
+
+to cut to ensure that you can't
+get from a node in Syria
+
+to a node outside Syria.
+
+People who do things like plan
+power lines worry about that.
+
+They want to say what's the
+minimum number of links such
+
+that if they're cut, you can't
+get any electricity from this
+
+power plant to say, this city.
+
+And they'll typically design
+their network with redundancy
+
+in it, so that the mincut
+is not too small.
+
+And so people frequently are
+worried about mincut problems,
+
+and trying to see
+what that is.
+
+All right, now let's look at
+a couple of examples, in
+
+slightly more detail.
+
+So what we see here is a
+pictorial representation of a
+
+weighted graph generated by
+the Centers for Disease
+
+Control, CDC, in Atlanta in 2003
+when they were studying
+
+an outbreak of tuberculosis
+in the United States--
+
+a virulent and bad infectious
+disease.
+
+Each node, and you can see
+these little dots are the
+
+nodes, represents a person.
+
+And each node is labeled by a
+color, indicating whether the
+
+person has active tuberculosis,
+has tested
+
+positive for exposure, but
+doesn't have the disease, or
+
+tested negative for exposure,
+or not been tested.
+
+So you'll remember when we
+looked last time at class
+
+node, and asked why did I bother
+creating a class for
+
+something so simple, it was
+because I said well maybe we
+
+would add extra properties
+to a node.
+
+So now in some sense these
+colors would be easy to add.
+
+So I could add to class node--
+
+well I could attribute
+color, and call it
+
+red or blue or green--
+
+or more likely an attribute
+saying TB state, which would
+
+indicate active not
+active, et cetera.
+
+The edges, which you can see
+here, represent connections
+
+among pairs of people.
+
+What I didn't bother, you can't
+see on these pictures,
+
+is the edges are actually
+weighted.
+
+And the weights there
+are about how
+
+closely people are connected.
+
+And there are really only two
+weights I think they used:
+
+close, someone who say lives in
+your house or works in the
+
+same office, or casual, a
+neighbor you might have
+
+encountered, but you wouldn't
+expect to necessarily
+
+see them every day.
+
+So I've taken a fairly
+complicated set of information
+
+and represented it as a graph.
+
+Now what are some of the
+interesting graph theoretic
+
+questions we might proceed
+to ask about this?
+
+So an important question they
+typically ask when diseases
+
+break out unexpectedly is, is
+there an index patient?
+
+The index patient is the
+patient who brought the
+
+disease into the community--
+
+so somebody who visited some
+country, picked up
+
+tuberculosis, flew back to their
+neighborhood in the US
+
+and started spreading it.
+
+How would we formulate that
+as a graph question?
+
+Again, quite simply.
+
+We would say does there exist a
+node such that node has TB,
+
+or maybe not even that,
+no, let's simplify it.
+
+You might say, "or tested
+positive" because maybe you
+
+can communicate it without
+having it--
+
+has TB and is connected
+to every node with TB.
+
+Now this doesn't guarantee
+that the
+
+patient is an index patient.
+
+But if there is no such patient,
+no such node, then
+
+you know that there's not a
+single source of this disease
+
+in the community.
+
+How would we change the graph to
+model it in a more detailed
+
+way, and remember this is all
+about modeling, so that we
+
+could ask a question
+or more precisely?
+
+Well we'd have to change to a
+more complex coloring scheme,
+
+if you will, in which we'd
+include the date of when
+
+somebody acquired the disease,
+or tested positive.
+
+And then we could ask those
+kinds of questions in a little
+
+bit more detail.
+
+But again once we've built the
+model, we can then go and ask
+
+a lot of interesting
+questions.
+
+By the way the answer to
+this question, for
+
+this graph, is almost.
+
+There is an index patient that's
+connected to every node
+
+in the graph, except for the
+nodes in this black circle.
+
+They are not connected
+to any index patient.
+
+So the CDC actually did that
+analysis, and they reached
+
+that conclusion that there
+didn't seem to be.
+
+And then later, it came to
+light, in fact, that this
+
+particular graph is
+missing an edge.
+
+Somebody had moved from
+neighborhood A to neighborhood
+
+B, and they had not kept
+track of that.
+
+And if they had, they would have
+discovered there was a
+
+link that's missing--
+an edge that's
+
+missing from this graph--
+
+which in fact would've connected
+everybody to the
+
+index patient.
+
+It was an interesting
+question.
+
+They only found that, because
+they were puzzled about this
+
+tiny little black circle
+out here, and started
+
+investigating all the people
+in the black circle, and
+
+discovered that one of
+them had moved from
+
+one place to another.
+
+What's another question you
+might ask once you've built
+
+this model?
+
+Well suppose this is the current
+state of the world,
+
+and I want to reduce the spread
+of the disease, by
+
+vaccinating uninfected people
+so that they don't contract
+
+tuberculosis.
+
+But I have a minimum, it's
+expensive to do this, I only
+
+have so much vaccine.
+
+Who should get it?
+
+What's the graph theory problem
+that I would solve to
+
+address the question of what's
+the best way to allocate my
+
+limited supply a vaccine?
+
+Exactly.
+
+I, by the way, have much
+better candy now.
+
+So I think that's where the
+minimum cut came from.
+
+Well, all right.
+
+It's better for eating.
+
+It's just worse for throwing.
+
+That's easier to throw.
+
+All right.
+
+It's the minimum cut problem.
+
+I take the people who are
+already infected, view them as
+
+one set of nodes.
+
+I take the people who are not
+infected, and view them as
+
+another set of nodes, find the
+edges that I need to cut to
+
+separate them, and then
+vaccinated somebody on one
+
+side of the edge, so that they
+don't contract the disease.
+
+So again a nice, easily
+formalized, problem.
+
+All right, so that's
+an example.
+
+Let's look at another example.
+
+Let's think about the shortest
+path problem here.
+
+And we'll do that by thinking
+about social networks.
+
+So I suspect that at least a few
+of you have used Facebook,
+
+and you have friends--
+
+some of you more, than others.
+
+I see people laughing.
+
+This is someone who probably has
+two friends, and is said.
+
+I don't know, or 1,000
+friends and is happy.
+
+Who knows--
+
+I don't want to know please.
+
+And I'm not going to
+tell you how many
+
+friends I have either.
+
+But you might ask the question,
+suppose you wanted
+
+to reach Donald Trump --
+
+erstwhile Republican, vice
+presidential candidate, or
+
+presidential candidate.
+
+Say is there a connection from
+you to Donald Trump?
+
+Do you have a friend, who has
+a friend, who has a friend,
+
+who is a friend with
+Donald Trump?
+
+Or for Barack Obama, or
+anyone else you'd ask.
+
+Well what's the shortest path?
+
+How many friends do you
+have to go through?
+
+This is what's called the six
+degrees of separation problem.
+
+In the 1990s, the playwright
+John Guare published a play
+
+called Six Degrees of
+Separation, under the slightly
+
+dubious premise, that everybody
+in the world was
+
+connected to everybody
+else in the world
+
+with at most six hops.
+
+If you took all the people you
+knew, all the people they
+
+knew, et cetera, you could reach
+any person in the world
+
+in six phone calls--
+
+say any person who
+has a phone.
+
+I don't know whether that's
+true, but this is the whole
+
+notion of a social network.
+
+So if we wanted to look at that
+in Facebook, we could
+
+either assume that the friend
+relation is symmetric--
+
+if I'm your friend, you're
+my friend, which it is.
+
+Or you could imagine a different
+model, in which it's
+
+asymmetric.
+
+If it's symmetric you
+have a graph.
+
+If it's asymmetric you have
+a directed graph.
+
+And then you just ask
+the question.
+
+What's the shortest
+path from you to
+
+whomever you care about?
+
+And you get that.
+
+You could imagine that Facebook
+already knows the
+
+answer to that question, but
+just won't tell you.
+
+But they'll sell it to somebody
+who has enough money.
+
+All right, So how does Facebook
+solve this problem?
+
+They have a very simple piece of
+code, which we'll now look
+
+at which solves the
+shortest path.
+
+So let's go back.
+
+So here's a recursive
+
+implementation of shortest path.
+
+Comment this out while I'm
+in the neighborhood.
+
+It takes the graph, a start node
+and end node to print,
+
+and this extra argument
+call visited.
+
+We'll see why that's
+gets used.
+
+And we'll think about
+the algorithm.
+
+This particular algorithm is
+what's called a depth first
+
+search algorithm.
+
+It's a recursive depth
+first search.
+
+We've seen these before,
+often abbreviated DFS.
+
+So if you think about having
+a graph of a bunch of nodes
+
+connected to one another, just
+for fun we'll say it does
+
+something like this.
+
+What depth first search does
+is it starts at the source
+
+node for the shortest path,
+let's called it this one, it
+
+first visits one child, then
+visits all the children of
+
+those children.
+
+This one has no children.
+
+Visits this child, picks one of
+its children, visits all of
+
+its children-- let's say it
+had another one here--
+
+and goes on until it's done.
+
+And then it back tracks, comes
+back and takes the next child.
+
+Then we have to be a little bit
+careful about the circle.
+
+So to summarize it, first thing
+we have to say is the
+
+recursion ends, when
+start equals end.
+
+That is to say I've called it
+and I've asked is there a path
+
+from A to A, and the answer
+is yes, there is.
+
+I'm already there.
+
+Now you could argue, and in some
+formulations the answer
+
+is not necessarily, you'd say
+there's only a path if there's
+
+an edge from A to A. But I've
+chosen to make the simpler
+
+assertion that if you want to
+get to A, and you're already
+
+there, you're done.
+
+Kind of seems reasonable.
+
+So then the recursive part,
+starts by choosing one child
+
+of the node you're
+currently at.
+
+And it keeps doing that until
+either it reaches a node with
+
+no children, or it reaches the
+node you're trying to get to,
+
+or, and here's an important
+part, it reaches a node it's
+
+already seen.
+
+And that's what visited
+is about.
+
+Because I want to make sure
+that when I explore this
+
+graph, I don't go from here to
+here to here to here to here
+
+to here ad nauseum, because
+I'm stuck in
+
+what's called a cycle.
+
+You have to avoid the cycles.
+
+Once it's got to a node that has
+no children, if that's not
+
+the node it's trying to get to,
+it back tracks and takes
+
+the next child of the
+node it was at.
+
+And in that way, it
+systematically explores all
+
+possible paths, and along the
+way, it chooses the best one.
+
+So we can look at
+the code here.
+
+I've just commented out
+something we'll look at later
+
+just as we try and instrument
+it to see
+
+how fast it's working.
+
+I've got a debugging statement
+just to say whether I'm going
+
+to print what I've been
+asked to do, in
+
+case it's not working.
+
+And then the real work starts.
+
+I get the original path is just
+the node we're starting
+
+at, if start is end, I stop.
+
+If I get to here, or say
+shortest equals none, I
+
+haven't found any paths yet.
+
+So there is no shortest path.
+
+And then for node in the
+children of start, if I
+
+haven't already visited
+the node--
+
+this is to avoid cycles--
+
+I create a visited list that
+contains whatever used to
+
+contain plus the node.
+
+Notice that I'm creating a new
+list here, rather than
+
+mutating the old list.
+
+And that's because when I
+unravel my recursion, and back
+
+track to where I was, I don't
+want to have think I visited
+
+something I haven't
+visited, right?
+
+If I had only one list, and I
+mutated each time, then as I
+
+go down the recursion and back
+up the recursion, I'm always
+
+dealing with the same list.
+
+By getting a new list, I'm
+ensuring that I don't have
+
+that problem.
+
+Then I say the new path is
+whatever the shortest path is,
+
+from the node I'm currently at
+to the desired end node.
+
+And I use the current set of
+visited nodes to indicate
+
+where I've already been at this
+part of the recursion.
+
+If the new path is none, well
+didn't find one, I continue.
+
+Otherwise, I found a path, and
+now I just want to check is it
+
+better, or worse, or the same,
+as the previous shortest path.
+
+And then I'm done.
+
+Very straightforward.
+
+The only really tricky part was
+making sure that I kept
+
+track of visited properly, and
+didn't get stuck in cycles.
+
+OK let's run it.
+
+So here's testTwo --
+
+builds the same kind of graph
+we've built before.
+
+And then it tries to find
+the shortest path.
+
+And I'm going to do it for the
+same input, essentially, the
+
+same at edge operations, but
+once when it's a graph and
+
+once when it's a digraph.
+
+So you'll notice that it found
+two different answers.
+
+When it was a graph, it could
+get from 0 to 4 in
+
+essentially one hop.
+
+But when it was a digraph,
+it took longer.
+
+It had to go from 0
+to two to 3 to 4.
+
+And that's not surprising,
+because the
+
+graph has more edges.
+
+And in fact, what we saw is that
+in the graph there was an
+
+edge from 4 to 0, but there
+was no such edge in the
+
+directed graph.
+
+So again you'll get,
+
+unsurprisingly, different answers--
+
+but very straightforwardly.
+
+Now let's try it on
+a bigger problem.
+
+So I've called this big test.
+
+And what this does, is rather
+than my sitting there and
+
+typing a bunch of at edge
+commands, it just generates
+
+edges at random.
+
+So I tell it whether I want it
+to be a graph or digraph, and
+
+then I give it the number
+of nodes I want, and
+
+the number of edges.
+
+And it just generates, at
+random, a graph in this case
+
+with 25 nodes and 200 edges.
+
+So let's see what
+happens here.
+
+So it's printed out the
+graph, and now we're
+
+waiting a little bit.
+
+It will eventually
+finish, there.
+
+I can get from 0 to 4.
+
+It turns out there's a short
+path for this random graph
+
+from 0 to 14 to 4.
+
+It's not so surprising that
+there's a short path.
+
+Why is it not surprising that
+there's a pretty short path?
+
+It had a lot of edges, right?
+
+I had 200 edges in my graph.
+
+So things are pretty
+densely connected.
+
+Why did it take so long?
+
+Well remember what it's doing is
+exploring all the possible
+
+paths from 0 to 4,
+in this case.
+
+This is very much like what we
+saw when we looked at the
+
+knapsack problem, right?
+
+Where, there when we looked at
+the recursive implementation,
+
+we saw that well all right,
+generating all possibilities,
+
+there were an exponential number
+of possibilities there
+
+in the number of items.
+
+Here, depending upon the number
+of nodes and the number
+
+of edges, it's also large,
+and in fact, exponential.
+
+We could explore a lot of
+different paths, but let's see
+
+what's going on when
+we explore those.
+
+So what I'm going to
+do now, is go back
+
+to our small example.
+
+We'll run testTwo That was the
+small one we looked at.
+
+But I'm going to set to print
+onto true, and if you remember
+
+what that code did is they told
+us what each recursive
+
+call was, what the start node
+was and what the end node was.
+
+So it found the same
+shortest path.
+
+That's a good thing, 0 to 4.
+
+But how did it do that?
+
+Well it first got called with
+the question of starting at 0
+
+find me a path to 4.
+
+It visited the first child
+of 0, which was 1.
+
+It said, all right see if you
+can find a path from 1 to 4.
+
+It then backtracked and sort
+of asked the same question,
+
+can I get from 2 to 4?
+
+From 0 to 4?
+
+And then it said well I can get
+from 0 to 2, let me try 2
+
+to 4, 3 to 4, 4 to
+4, that's good.
+
+Get to 5 to 4, and then it tried
+to find 4 to 4 again.
+
+Here it tried to find
+2 to 4 again.
+
+So what you can see, is as I
+do that backtracking, I'm
+
+solving the same problem
+multiple times.
+
+Why am I doing that?
+
+Because there may be multiple
+ways to get to the same node.
+
+So if, for example, I looked at
+this graph, what we would
+
+see is I would try and let's
+say I want to get to here,
+
+just for the sake of argument,
+I'd first say can I get to
+
+here from here.
+
+I'd try this, then I'd
+solve here to here.
+
+And I'd do that.
+
+I'd also go from here to here
+to here, and then for the
+
+second time, I'd try and solve
+the problem here to here.
+
+Now here since it's only
+one connection,
+
+it's a short thing.
+
+But you can see if I have
+multiple ways to get to the
+
+same intermediate node, each
+time I get there I'm going to
+
+solve a problem I have
+already solved--
+
+how to get from that
+intermediate node to the final
+
+destination.
+
+So I'm doing work I've
+already done before.
+
+This is obviously troublesome.
+
+Nobody likes to solve
+a problem they've
+
+already solved before.
+
+So what do you think
+the solution is?
+
+How would you solve this
+sort of thing yourself?
+
+What would you do?
+
+Well what you'd--
+yeah, thank you.
+
+This guy is hungry.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Some way of storing
+information that you've
+
+already looked at.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+What you try and do, is remember
+what you did before,
+
+and just look it up.
+
+This is a very common
+technique.
+
+It's called memoization.
+
+We use this to solve a lot of
+problems where you remember
+
+what the answer was, and rather
+than recalculating it,
+
+you just look it up.
+
+And that can, of course,
+be much faster.
+
+So it's a fancy way
+to say we're going
+
+to use a table look-up.
+
+This concept of memoization
+is at the heart of a very
+
+important programming technique
+called dynamic
+
+programming.
+
+In the algorithms class that's
+taught in this room
+
+immediately following this
+class, they have spent at
+
+least four lectures on the topic
+of dynamic programming.
+
+But since you guys are much
+smarter than those guys taking
+
+that class, we're going to do
+it in about 20 minutes, in
+
+today and a little bit
+in the next lecture.
+
+All right, so let's look
+at an example.
+
+We'll look at a solution.
+
+So I've taken the recursive
+implementation we had before,
+
+and rewritten it just a little
+bit, to call dp, dynamic
+
+programming shortest path.
+
+And the most important thing
+to notice is I've given yet
+
+another argument to the
+function, and that's the memo,
+
+which is initially an
+empty dictionary.
+
+The rest of the algorithm
+proceeds as before, except
+
+what happens here is when I want
+to get from a path, the
+
+first question I ask is I say
+new path is equal to the memo
+
+of node to end.
+
+So when I get to one of these
+interior nodes, and I want to
+
+say what's the shortest path
+from here to here, the first
+
+question I ask is do I already
+know the answer?
+
+Is it already in my memo?
+
+If so, I just look it
+up, and I'm done.
+
+I found it, and I proceed
+as before.
+
+If it's not in the memo, well
+this look up will fail, and
+
+I'll enter the except clause,
+and I'll make a call again.
+
+So this is a very conventional
+way of using try, except as a
+
+control structure.
+
+Failing to find in the memo is
+not an error, it just means I
+
+haven't yet stored it away.
+
+And as I go, I'll build up the
+memo, and then I'm done.
+
+So it's very simple.
+
+So I should ask the question.
+
+Does anyone need me to explain
+this again, or does it makes
+
+sense what we're doing
+here with a memo?
+
+OK, I'm assuming
+it makes sense.
+
+Let's test it.
+
+And we'll first do a
+very simple test.
+
+We're just going to use
+the same little
+
+graph we used before.
+
+And I'm going to run shortest
+path, and dp_shortest path,
+
+and at least confirm that
+for one search I
+
+get the same answer.
+
+It's just fire testing it to
+make sure that it's not a
+
+complete disaster.
+
+And we do.
+
+We get 0234, 0234.
+
+So at least for one thing,
+it's the same thing.
+
+Let's see about performance,
+because that's really what we
+
+got interested in.
+
+So we'll go back to
+our big test.
+
+And let's go back and for both
+of these, I'm going to
+
+uncomment, tracking this global
+variable, just keeping
+
+track of the number of calls,
+and we'll see whether we get a
+
+substantially different amount
+of recursion, in
+
+one versus the other.
+
+So it's built some random
+graph again.
+
+This is the non-dynamic
+programming one, which as we
+
+recall, takes a bit longer.
+
+I probably should have said--
+all right, so it's pretty big
+
+difference.
+
+They found the same
+path, 0, 2,3, 4.
+
+But you'll notice the
+straightforward depth first
+
+search took over 800,000
+recursive calls, whereas the
+
+dynamic programming one took
+only an order of 2000--
+
+a huge difference.
+
+If I ran it again, I might see a
+slightly smaller difference.
+
+I might even see a considerably
+larger
+
+difference.
+
+I've run this on some examples
+where the recursive search
+
+depth first took a million, and
+got through the dynamic
+
+programming in 50, 60.
+
+But what you can see is there's
+a huge improvement in
+
+going from one to the other.
+
+Dynamic programming was invented
+in the 1950s by
+
+someone named Richard Bellman.
+
+Many a student has wasted
+a lot of time trying to
+
+understand why it's called
+dynamic programming.
+
+And you or I could invent
+lots of theories.
+
+Relatively recently, I found out
+why it was called dynamic
+
+programming, and this is
+a quote from Bellman.
+
+"It was an attempt to hide
+what I was doing from
+
+government sponsors.
+
+The fact that I was really
+doing mathematics was
+
+something not even a congressman
+could object to."
+
+So he was doing this thing that
+was pretty evil, which
+
+was mathematics, which is what
+he thought this was-- the math
+
+of dynamic programming.
+
+And he just didn't
+want to admit it.
+
+So he made up a name out of
+nothing, and it fooled the
+
+government, and he
+got to do it.
+
+Now why do I teach you
+dynamic programming?
+
+And we're going to talk a little
+bit more about it, the
+
+next lecture.
+
+It's because it is one of the
+most important algorithms that
+
+we know today.
+
+It's used over and over again
+to provide practical,
+
+efficient solutions to
+optimization problems that on
+
+their surface appear
+intractable.
+
+They appear exponential.
+
+It says there is no good
+way to solve it.
+
+In fact, if it has certain kinds
+of properties, it will
+
+always be amenable to
+solutions by dynamic
+
+programming, which will most
+of the time-- and I'll come
+
+back to the most of the time--
+
+end up taking an exponential
+problem, and solving it really
+
+quickly, as we did here.
+
+I could have made this graph
+enormous, and dynamic
+
+programming would have given us
+a very fast solution to it.
+
+So when can we use dynamic
+programming?
+
+Not all the time.
+
+We can use it on problems that
+exhibit two properties.
+
+The problem must have optimal
+substructure.
+
+What this means is that you can
+find a globally optimal
+
+solution by combining locally
+optimal solutions.
+
+So we can again see that with
+our graph problem, that we can
+
+combine the solutions from nodes
+at a distance from the
+
+root node to get the solution
+of getting there
+
+from the root node.
+
+If I know I can get from A to B,
+and I can find the optimal
+
+solution from B to C, then I
+can use that to find the
+
+optimal solution from A to
+C. So it has optimal
+
+substructure.
+
+The other thing it has to have
+is overlapping sub-problems.
+
+And that's the thing I
+emphasized earlier--
+
+that finding the optimal
+solution involves finding
+
+optimal solution to the same
+sub-problem multiple times.
+
+Otherwise, we could build this
+memo, but we'd never
+
+successfully look up
+anything in it.
+
+And so the algorithm would give
+us the right answer, but
+
+we'd get no speedup,.
+
+So it's this property that we
+need to know that we'll get
+
+the correct answer--
+
+that when we combine the local
+solutions, we'll get the right
+
+global solution.
+
+It's this property that gives
+us an indication of how much
+
+of a speedup we can
+expect to achieve.
+
+How many problems will we not
+have to solve, because we can
+
+look up the solution?
+
+We'll come back to this.
+
+And we'll see how it applies to
+another problem that you've
+
+already looked at say the
+knapsack problem, to give us a
+
+fast solution to that, so that
+if you want a answer, go back
+
+to a previous problem set, and
+take the full database of
+
+classes, you'll be able to solve
+it quickly using dynamic
+
+programming.
+
+OK, see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hwUTfNdgUaA.txt b/hwUTfNdgUaA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..063d4ff2b6f98ad200f761a696017670f5d9f9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hwUTfNdgUaA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3724 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I know I'm meeting
+with two of the teams today,
+
+one on Wednesday and
+one on Friday.
+
+So each of those meetings
+will take about an hour.
+
+And we'll be covering both some
+individual feedback on
+
+the presentations themselves,
+as well as talking in more
+
+depth about how to narrow
+down your focus.
+
+So right now it feels like you
+guys have gotten a pretty good
+
+understanding of what
+everybody else says.
+
+And now the trick is, the real
+trick of X Prize, is to figure
+
+out within all those things that
+are clearly important to
+
+somebody, what's the most
+important thing that you can
+
+change to change the
+conversation.
+
+So if you can only change
+one parameter--
+
+start yourself there, constrain
+yourself as far as
+
+you can-- if you can only
+change one parameter and
+
+really demonstrate that in
+an interesting way, which
+
+parameter would it be?
+
+Which one is most important
+to you?
+
+And also we're going to start
+thinking about not what is it
+
+that the field tells
+you is important.
+
+There are self-perpetuating
+myths within any field.
+
+So not necessarily what is all
+the standard literature tells
+
+you is important, but what are
+you starting to gather from
+
+your conversations with your
+advisers, from your readings,
+
+from your creative thoughts
+within your own group?
+
+What is it that is really
+a game changer?
+
+Is it all about cost?
+
+Is it all about power?
+
+Is it all about energy?
+
+What is really an interesting
+conversation in your group?
+
+For those of you who are
+extremely left brained, the
+
+next part of the semester is
+going to be very, very hard.
+
+We're going to go from being
+very logical and data-driven
+
+to asking you to stand on your
+heads for a while and think
+
+about this problem in a
+totally different way.
+
+And I know that that's
+going to be
+
+challenging for some folks.
+
+So what I'm going to ask you to
+do today is we're going to
+
+start to step of the logical
+box just a little bit and
+
+start to play a little
+bit more.
+
+Because what we'd like to do
+is start to figure out what
+
+are the creative solutions,
+what are the interesting
+
+solutions to these problems.
+
+So today we're talking about
+engagement strategies.
+
+And by engagement strategies,
+I mean how do we involve
+
+everyone who needs to be
+involved in this X Prize.
+
+And that's a pretty broad
+set of people.
+
+If we started and talk about
+our prize economics 101--
+
+we've talked about the Ortega
+Prize and the Ansari Prize a
+
+number of times.
+
+And we know that if you look
+at the amount of money that
+
+the prize purse offered and
+the amount that the winner
+
+spent, the amount that the
+total field spent, those
+
+numbers don't necessarily
+line up in an equal one.
+
+We have a nice leverage that
+we get from prizes.
+
+People are spending more than
+the prize purse, certainly in
+
+aggregate, and often even just
+the winner is spending more
+
+than the prize purse is worth.
+
+And why does that happen?
+
+Why do you spend more than
+the prize purse is worth?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you think that
+you get some benefit over
+
+and beyond what the
+prize is worth.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So what do you get besides
+the purse?
+
+AUDIENCE: Their sort of internal
+utility saying, sort
+
+of I really just want
+to do this.
+
+PROFESSOR: It feels
+good to win.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So what else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Free marketing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Free marketing.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Credibility?
+
+PROFESSOR: Credibility.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: The establishment
+of an industry?
+
+PROFESSOR: The establishment of
+an industry, and hopefully
+
+follow on market benefits
+if the prize is
+
+designed in that way.
+
+AUDIENCE: You keep you
+intellectual properties.
+
+PROFESSOR: You often keep your
+intellectual property.
+
+Certainly in the X
+Prizes you do.
+
+One of the big things that teams
+value is the PR, free
+
+PR, massive amounts.
+
+And this is Ansari, we're
+talking 5.5 billion media
+
+impressions.
+
+If you value that on the free
+market, they call it $120
+
+million worth of free
+press for your team.
+
+That's pretty good.
+
+Name an ad campaign.
+
+Let me be a little
+more specific.
+
+Name an ad campaign
+that sticks.
+
+Anyone, Paul?
+
+AUDIENCE: Apple.
+
+PROFESSOR: Apple.
+
+Which one?
+
+AUDIENCE: The skinny guy
+and the fat guy.
+
+PROFESSOR: The Apple/PC.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Got milk?
+
+PROFESSOR: Got milk?
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just do it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Just do
+it, big one.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Terry Tate,
+Office Linebacker.
+
+PROFESSOR: What do these
+have in common?
+
+What do these catchy ad
+campaigns have in common?
+
+AUDIENCE: Taglines.
+
+PROFESSOR: Taglines.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Short and fun.
+
+PROFESSOR: What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Same over time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Say that again.
+
+AUDIENCE: It stays
+over the time.
+
+It's the same message
+over time.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the same
+message over time.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so
+the little jingle.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+Simple and smart.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, simple
+and smart.
+
+Is there and ad campaign that
+you can tell me that you
+
+really remember that doesn't
+fit these things?
+
+Is there an ad campaign
+that shocked you.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'd definitely
+call some of the beer
+
+advertisements certainly not
+simple, maybe not smart.
+
+You remember them anyway.
+
+PROFESSOR: Short,
+fun, and stupid.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, that'll
+work too.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Billy Mays,
+I don't know.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So what is it about
+Billy Mays?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well he's just sort
+of yelling at you for one to
+
+five minutes and saying,
+this is awesome.
+
+You have to buy it
+now, now, now.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so there's
+repetitiveness there.
+
+There's also emotional
+content.
+
+Billy Mays is very excitable,
+very excited.
+
+my mom used to cry every
+season when political
+
+commercials came on.
+
+It didn't matter what candidate
+it was for.
+
+They always made her cry.
+
+And she remembers those.
+
+They've got an emotional
+heart string component.
+
+There are commercials
+that are shocking.
+
+There are commercials
+that make you laugh.
+
+But they all have some sort
+of emotional connection.
+
+Name an ad campaign that got
+you to do or buy something.
+
+Because you saw that ad you
+actually did something.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well there was the..I
+remember an ad for
+
+World Lights Out Day.
+
+Granted I'm sort of an
+environmentalist myself.
+
+But I know that I had a bunch
+of psets due that week.
+
+The last thing I wanted to do is
+turn off my laptop and just
+
+sit around in the dark
+for an hour.
+
+But amazingly enough, I pulled
+myself to do it anyway.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, what else?
+
+Who else actually did something
+because of an ad?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you see
+something on sale.
+
+You click on it to check
+the sale prices.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah totally.
+
+What else?
+
+Online banner ads, anyone
+ever clicked on one?
+
+Google ads?
+
+I click on Google ads a lot if
+I'm shopping for something.
+
+I find that the ads that
+come up are relevant.
+
+So it has some relevance
+to it.
+
+It has some relevance
+to the demographic
+
+that it's aiming at.
+
+AUDIENCE: They tend to
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Paul?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was just going to
+say one is that those with a
+
+social cause and especially
+ones right after 9/11.
+
+I throw up so many checks that
+I have to slap myself not to.
+
+PROFESSOR: The breast cancer
+awareness month is October, we
+
+just got through.
+
+And the number of a pink ribbons
+I saw was incredible.
+
+And the amount of money that
+that ad campaign has raised
+
+for that organization is huge.
+
+So some of them make
+you do things.
+
+But figuring out what sticks
+and translates to what
+
+actually makes you take action
+is not a simple thing.
+
+Is there any ad that you've
+ever seen that gets you to
+
+successfully change
+your behavior?
+
+AUDIENCE: At MIT there was
+a group called SAVE.
+
+They're an environment group.
+
+But they have a really
+clever ad campaign.
+
+They call it Do It
+in the Dark.
+
+They have these glow in the dark
+stickers that you put on
+
+the light switch.
+
+But at the same time they're
+also distributing glow in the
+
+dark condoms and really stupid
+stuff like that.
+
+But it was funny.
+
+It was lighthearted.
+
+The use the circular
+doors instead of--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I find those little stickers
+to be really effective.
+
+Those little nudges, right?
+
+anyone actually read Nudge?
+
+Great book came out, top
+book for The Economist
+
+Magazine this year.
+
+It talks about how the messages
+in the right place at
+
+the right time can really
+change behavior.
+
+The way that you arrange the
+food in a middle school
+
+cafeteria can really determine
+what kids choose to eat,
+
+little nudges.
+
+Have you ever had and ad that
+you loved and you couldn't
+
+tell me what the product
+was for?
+
+For instance, there's a number
+of ad campaigns out right now
+
+for car insurance.
+
+There's the one with
+the anime girl.
+
+Can anyone tell me which
+company that's for?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, that's--
+
+Progressive.
+
+PROFESSOR: Not Progressive.
+
+AUDIENCE: No it's online.
+
+It's like Esurance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Esurance.
+
+What about the white room
+with all the white?
+
+AUDIENCE: Progressive.
+
+PROFESSOR: That one
+is Progressive.
+
+I'm sure there's others.
+
+What about the gecko?
+
+AUDIENCE: Geico.
+
+PROFESSOR: Geico.
+
+Would you remember it if it
+didn't say Geico and gecko
+
+sounded like the same thing.
+
+I don't know if I would.
+
+I'm spending so much
+time paying
+
+attention to get the gecko.
+
+So I think that there's a lot
+of things that we can think
+
+about in terms of advertising.
+
+We sort of know intuitively what
+gets us, what misses us,
+
+and what it is catchy and fun
+but ultimately never left a
+
+mark on our behavior.
+
+This was a nice slide that
+Dr. [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+put up a couple weeks
+ago, last week.
+
+So we're talking about the
+stages of prizes, right?
+
+So we have an idea.
+
+We do the prize design.
+
+We do validation.
+
+We talk about the prize.
+
+We kick it off.
+
+We do some monitoring.
+
+We have our proof of concept
+or our actual competition.
+
+And then there's a new
+market that comes.
+
+So which of these require
+advertising?
+
+AUDIENCE: The stuff under
+prize communication.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so who are
+you communicating to?
+
+AUDIENCE: The people who going
+to compete for the prize.
+
+PROFESSOR: So prize
+communication, you're going to
+
+communicate to potential
+competitors.
+
+If we consider this to be the
+whole period of time before
+
+the prize is launched,
+who else do we have
+
+to communicate to?
+
+Who else do we have
+to sell to?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sponsors.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sponsors.
+
+Who's going to put up that $10
+million prize first and all
+
+the operating expenses?
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Media.
+
+PROFESSOR: I would say media is
+a little one in this phase.
+
+We're sort of cultivating
+relationships.
+
+But we're not trying to tell a
+story to the public just yet,
+
+not until we have
+a person-hand.
+
+But who else are we
+really looking to
+
+talk to at this point?
+
+AUDIENCE: Judges?
+
+No, I guess that's too simple.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me broaden that
+out and say the industry.
+
+So in this phase, When you're
+doing your prize design, your
+
+validating it, that's where
+expert opinions, community
+
+opinions really matter.
+
+This is where it mattered how
+we measured 100 miles per
+
+gallon equivalent.
+
+It mattered where the race
+was going to be.
+
+It mattered what kinds of
+vehicles were going to be loud
+
+in the competition no
+matter what the
+
+safety standards were.
+
+And these kind of inputs
+all came from the
+
+community at large.
+
+Not necessarily the people who
+were going to compete, though
+
+some of them were involved.
+
+Burt Rutan was involved in the
+formation of the rules for the
+
+Ansari X Prize.
+
+So he was someone that they
+went out and asked.
+
+So were a lot of his
+competitors.
+
+But this is the stage where
+we're thinking about how we
+
+formulate the prize in the
+right way, who's going to
+
+compete, who's going
+to sponsor.
+
+Where else does communication
+come into play?
+
+AUDIENCE: Prize kickoff.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So the kickoff is big.
+
+So the kickoff Progressive
+Automotive, they were on stage
+
+at the New York Auto Show
+with Michael Bloomberg.
+
+Jay Leno had them on
+TV that night, so
+
+pretty big media events.
+
+So who are you communicating
+to?
+
+AUDIENCE: The media is
+communicating to
+
+the public at large.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, the public.
+
+Who else do we care about
+at the kickoff?
+
+AUDIENCE: Media.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah media is big,
+and in some respects because
+
+they are an angle to the public
+and everybody else.
+
+But in some respects because
+you're starting to cultivate a
+
+relationship with the media
+that's going to last
+
+throughout your competition.
+
+And this is where you really
+start to engage them.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Competitors.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, competitors.
+
+If the day of competition is
+launched no one knows about
+
+it, you fail.
+
+So your competitors,
+anybody else?
+
+So those are your primary
+audiences.
+
+What about during the
+prize competition?
+
+So your teams have registered,
+things are going along.
+
+No one has won yet.
+
+Are you doing any message
+managing, any media work?
+
+AUDIENCE: Still media and public
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+interested in what the
+competitors are doing and
+
+making sure that it's
+still interesting.
+
+PROFESSOR: Another thing that's
+in the space for X
+
+Prize is education, we'll say
+educators and students, as
+
+part of their public campaign,
+but also as an explicit
+
+additional item.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it important doing
+the prize formations
+
+where you create these
+checkgates so that you can get
+
+the attention of the media
+and continue to say...
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: Now you have only 500
+companies, now you're down
+
+to 100 companies.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so stage-gates
+are really nice
+
+for drawing the attention
+of the media.
+
+You can only send out so many
+press releases the say, we're
+
+having a competition, before
+people start to ignore them.
+
+If you send out one that says,
+now we have 20 competitors,
+
+now those 20 competitors are
+going to be putting their cars
+
+on dynamos.
+
+Now we have ten competitors
+including this really
+
+interesting story from West
+Philly High School.
+
+You can start to build your
+messaging in that way.
+
+AUDIENCE: And also the different
+trials or stages
+
+make what is happening
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly.
+
+So if we have, let's call it the
+prize competition itself,
+
+so now you're launching your
+rockets, or you're racing your
+
+cars, or whatever's going on.
+
+Anyone different this time?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably work with
+the investors involved now,
+
+not so much the sponsors,
+but the people who
+
+might taket his idea.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So the future investors.
+
+And some of that's happening
+up here as well.
+
+During the prize most of the
+teams are still raising
+
+capital throughout the
+course of the prize.
+
+And there's 21 teams in the
+Google Lunar X Prize.
+
+And I don't believe any of
+them have enough money to
+
+launch a rocket right now.
+
+So they're still
+raising money.
+
+So here you've got future
+investors in the technology.
+
+You definitely want the big
+automakers to be at the race
+
+the day of Progressive Auto.
+
+Who else?
+
+Anyone disagree with me copying
+this list up here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just to refresh my
+memory, what is the educator's
+
+role in sort of being reached
+out during the prize?
+
+PROFESSOR: So from the
+perspective of the X Prize
+
+Foundation, a prize is not just
+about the new technology.
+
+It's also about inspiring the
+next generation, and insofar
+
+as educators play a formal
+role in that.
+
+The other thing that happens
+the day of your prize
+
+competition is that
+you're starting to
+
+look for future sponsors.
+
+This is where all
+the excitement
+
+is happening, right?
+
+If you have the Progressive
+Auto X Prize Race, and you
+
+don't have the next set of
+sponsors lined up and watching
+
+that race and getting excited
+you've done something wrong,
+
+so future donors, future
+sponsors of prizes.
+
+What about afterwards?
+
+Is there anything to be done
+after a prize is won?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Continue trumpeting
+the winner as look at this
+
+spectacular thing we've done.
+
+And also from this, we've
+created these new products.
+
+And the point
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+to have one prize go out
+and then never hear
+
+about it ever again.
+
+PROFESSOR: So post-prize, you're
+building the team,
+
+building up the team,
+and not even
+
+necessarily just the winner.
+
+There may be reasons to be
+telling stories of those who
+
+competed and failed or competed
+and got close.
+
+You're trying to build
+your brand.
+
+And insofar as your brand is
+tied up with these teams,
+
+that's a part of the reason
+for supporting the teams.
+
+But you're also trying to
+support the industry.
+
+Because ultimately, the success
+of Burt Rutan in
+
+selling SpaceShipOne, the
+success of Virgin Galactic in
+
+launching people into
+space, comes back in
+
+benefits to the X Prize.
+
+All right, so you can tell that
+there's a lot of PR work
+
+that goes on throughout
+the course of a prize.
+
+In fact, if I were going to
+name the X Prize's core
+
+competency, I would say it
+was PR and marketing.
+
+That's fundamentally what
+the organization is
+
+organized to do.
+
+We're going to talk about four
+pieces of an engagement
+
+strategy today, namely audience,
+which we've started
+
+to talk about a bit
+here, the message,
+
+strategy, and the delivery.
+
+Who's this?
+
+AUDIENCE: iPod and Bono.
+
+PROFESSOR: iPod and Bono.
+
+So there's two things going
+on there, right?
+
+You can all tell me who it is.
+
+Why is that important?
+
+AUDIENCE: It could be you.
+
+It could be me.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But why else is it important?
+
+Some of the iPod videos are
+very generic people.
+
+But this one we all
+know is Bono.
+
+Why does that matter?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's the same reason
+why everyone puts stars
+
+in their ads, because everyone
+wants to be like Mike.
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's a
+demographic that you're
+
+shooting to capture here.
+
+You're affiliating the
+Apple name with U2.
+
+And you're saying that that
+affiliation is somehow
+
+meaningful.
+
+So we're going to come
+back to that.
+
+Some of what we were talking
+about over on that list that's
+
+happening here, these are
+really simple ads.
+
+They're not graphically
+intensive.
+
+They're not heavy on
+the messaging.
+
+It's typically a song or
+an image like this.
+
+And we still know
+that it's iPod.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because they print out
+so many of these and it's
+
+the same style each time.
+
+PROFESSOR: So that stylistic
+branding and building a
+
+message, not even necessarily
+a tagline, but a visual
+
+tagline over time is
+really impactful.
+
+So let's talk about audiences.
+
+We said over here that we wanted
+to talk to the public.
+
+Right?
+
+So let's talk about
+a prize in energy?
+
+Who is the public?
+
+Because you can't talk
+to everyone.
+
+You can't to six billion
+people on the
+
+planet all at once.
+
+So if you're going to be talking
+about energy, are any
+
+of these people particularly
+relevant?
+
+Are there other audiences?
+
+AUDIENCE: Environmentalists.
+
+PROFESSOR: Environmentalists
+clearly are.
+
+AUDIENCE: Techies can be.
+
+PROFESSOR: Techies can be.
+
+AUDIENCE: Entrepreneurs.
+
+PROFESSOR: Entrepreneurs.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: I remember a
+demographic that they used in
+
+better places that they
+called Scuppies--
+
+socially conscious young
+urban professionals.
+
+PROFESSOR: Socially conscious
+yuppies, all right.
+
+Scuppies, I like it.
+
+Who else?
+
+Who else is relevant
+in an energy prize?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, in some cases,
+it would also be the
+
+developmental people in
+a third world prize.
+
+PROFESSOR: What if you're trying
+to reach out to the
+
+people that are going to be
+taking advantage of your
+
+global prize?
+
+What's your demographic there?
+
+AUDIENCE: The government.
+
+NGOs.
+
+PROFESSOR: Governments, NGOs.
+
+Is there any reason
+that don't want to
+
+reach out to the users?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can't because
+it's very hard to
+
+reach out to them.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's doable though.
+
+It's harder, but it's doable.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a
+good question.
+
+AUDIENCE: But also it has
+a risk of promise.
+
+PROFESSOR: It does have
+the risk of a promise.
+
+So reaching out and engaging
+the end users for a product
+
+that doesn't yet exist is
+building a market, which can
+
+be valuable.
+
+And it can be dangerous
+as well.
+
+Who else?
+
+Are there are other segments
+of let's say, the sort of
+
+Western media savvy market
+that are relevant
+
+to an energy prize?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well it's going to
+be whoever is going to be
+
+using it at the end.
+
+So Green Aviation, the aviation
+hobbyist market will
+
+be interested in this.
+
+Home-scale storage, the people
+who are in the markets that
+
+have time-of-day pricing
+will be interested.
+
+Grid-scale storage, it's going
+to be more utilities rather
+
+than so much like the
+public as we tend to
+
+think of the public.
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's clearly
+the user communities.
+
+What I want to push a little bit
+today is to remember that
+
+the broader community
+is actually really
+
+important for X Prize.
+
+We talk about 5.5 billion
+media impressions.
+
+Those don't go to only the
+competitors and the users.
+
+Particular in the case of
+commercial space we have a
+
+total user market estimated
+at around 13,000.
+
+You've far oversampled if you're
+trying to push out six
+
+billion media impressions.
+
+But that's important, right?
+
+You're building a name
+for the prize.
+
+You're building an audience.
+
+Competition is worth far less
+without people watching the
+
+competition.
+
+Imagine a scrimmage football
+game versus an NFL game on
+
+game day, really big difference
+in terms of the
+
+amount of dollars you can bring
+in for ads, in terms of
+
+the sponsors that
+you can engage.
+
+So if we're going to think about
+energy, is there another
+
+demographic that we need
+to make sure we engage?
+
+AUDIENCE: People who think
+technology is cool or neat.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Just neato.
+
+How would you find them?
+
+What's the salient feature
+of those people?
+
+AUDIENCE: Disposable income.
+
+PROFESSOR: So they have some
+level of disposable income.
+
+AUDIENCE: What they read.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, like what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Popular Science,
+Popular Mechanics.
+
+Wired.
+
+PROFESSOR: Wired.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, Wired.
+
+PROFESSOR: So popular print
+magazines that are
+
+technology-related.
+
+TV shows?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, like the fix
+up your home shows would
+
+probably be a reasonable
+place to look.
+
+Discovery Channel kinds of
+things, [Big Bang Theory]
+
+MythBusters.
+
+PROFESSOR: MythBusters yeah.
+
+So is there another way that
+you find this people?
+
+Are there things that they own,
+places that they shop?
+
+AUDIENCE: Tools, like any sort
+of do-it-yourself stuff.
+
+Probably newer media displays,
+like Pandora for instance, or
+
+Grooveshark or something
+like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: So insofar as you're
+reaching out to the
+
+people that tend to be the early
+adopters, I think that
+
+that's very true.
+
+And you can sort of start to
+think about how early in the
+
+marketplace you want to
+be reaching out to.
+
+We have that nice bell
+chart, right?
+
+So you know that your early
+adopters are the most
+
+passionate.
+
+And they're really useful
+to tap into.
+
+But they're also a very small
+chunk of your market.
+
+So if you're talking about going
+viral, they may or may
+
+not be the right people.
+
+So what about teams?
+
+We're going to talk to teams.
+
+AUDIENCE: Given with the current
+technology though,
+
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: For example,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+with those guys it's
+a long tail.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's huge.
+
+PROFESSOR: With the right
+Twitter users, right?
+
+Twitter like Wikipedia, there's
+a very small fraction
+
+that control a very
+large audience.
+
+If you can get to the gate
+keepers, then you have a
+
+pretty broad distribution.
+
+The average Twitter user and the
+average Facebook user is a
+
+fairly small distribution.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it behooves
+us to find out who is that
+
+person to try to get
+a prize across.
+
+PROFESSOR: If you're
+engaged teams--
+
+Yeah, Rob?
+
+AUDIENCE: I just have
+another question.
+
+So can you tap into
+nationalistic things?
+
+PROFESSOR: Totally.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what kind
+of people would
+
+you target for that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, what
+do you think?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'm
+not really sure.
+
+Like for our prize, I'm
+not quite sure who
+
+you would tap into.
+
+PROFESSOR: So people get engaged
+in energy for reasons
+
+of pure environmentalism, the
+sort of tree huggers.
+
+You also get a couple of
+different nationalistic angles
+
+on it in the US.
+
+You get the dependence
+on foreign oil.
+
+So there's a definite
+market there.
+
+And that's somewhat segmented
+by politics, but not
+
+exclusively.
+
+You can also tap into that group
+by thinking about the
+
+made in America pride, which was
+a much stronger movement
+
+in the late 80s, early
+90s than it is now.
+
+There's still some things
+going on there.
+
+And we also realize that we're
+not only reaching out to
+
+American audiences and
+American competitors.
+
+It may behoove us to really
+tap into and call in the
+
+nationalistic tendencies in
+Japan, or Israel, or Romania,
+
+or wherever the markets
+are evolving.
+
+Yeah, Francois?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think we can also
+try to advocate to people who
+
+are in power from
+the community.
+
+Like Bob was here last week
+talking about Antarctica.
+
+If you can get
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+Because people will try to
+get news from those very
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+in markets.
+
+And they get involved
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, definitely,
+definitely.
+
+So let's talk about teams
+in particular.
+
+So we've talked about segmenting
+the public.
+
+How do we find the people who
+are going to compete?
+
+So there's obviously the people
+that are already in
+
+your industry.
+
+They're pretty easy to reach
+out to through trade
+
+publications, and industry
+conferences, and you sort of
+
+know who's in that space.
+
+If you want to bring someone
+into a space,
+
+how do you do that?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's one, the
+shotgun approach, where you
+
+just try and reach the largest
+number of people.
+
+Like you go on Leno
+and you advertise
+
+your automotive prize.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+But how do you find
+it relevant?
+
+AUDIENCE: General technology,
+publications
+
+like Technology Review...
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so you can
+reach out into the general
+
+technology community.
+
+What do you think of as adjacent
+markets to energy,
+
+energy storage in particular.
+
+What are things that people may
+be working on that's not
+
+storage but could be storage
+if they thought about it
+
+differently.
+
+AUDIENCE: Chemicals.
+
+PROFESSOR: What was that?
+
+AUDIENCE: It might being
+involving chemicals.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, chemical.
+
+Right.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Electrical engineering
+sorts of things.
+
+PROFESSOR: Electrical
+engineer.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're familiar
+with laptops you're probably
+
+familiar with energy storage.
+
+Small-scale electronics.
+
+PROFESSOR: Small-scale
+electronics.
+
+Bob Metcalfe was talking about
+the role of inconnectivity and
+
+the internet in bringing
+together smart grids.
+
+And so if we think that IT
+has a role to play in our
+
+technology, that might
+be an interesting
+
+community to bring in.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Architects.
+
+PROFESSOR: Architects, if
+you're going home-scale.
+
+If you're going larger-scale,
+maybe civil engineers.
+
+AUDIENCE: The teams should be
+the ones who should make
+
+dream, kind of.
+
+The question is who can we
+make...[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+It might be a different
+angle than only the
+
+technological side.
+
+There might be some mavericks
+that I say, I want
+
+to change the world.
+
+I want to...
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't care what my
+prize is, I want Dean Kamen
+
+competing for it.
+
+Or I don't care what my
+prize is, I want--
+
+who's another name out there
+that you would want to just
+
+get in on your action?
+
+AUDIENCE: Branson.
+
+PROFESSOR: Richard Branson.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: A college
+team from MIT.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, a college
+team from MIT.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Amory Lovins.
+
+Amory Lovins.
+
+So already, without even going
+to Google, you can come up
+
+with six names off the
+top of your head.
+
+Add those to the ones you're
+already expecting from the
+
+industry, broaden your thought
+about a few more university
+
+labs, a few more hobbyist teams,
+and you've actually got
+
+a pretty wide field.
+
+OK, so these are audiences.
+
+Next thing is the message.
+
+We were talking over there
+about taglines.
+
+A short, concise message
+is really, really
+
+important for our prize.
+
+And we're going to talk about
+this from a few different
+
+perspectives.
+
+But when I talk about messages,
+Ansari is the first
+
+private space flight.
+
+The genome has sequenced 100
+human genomes in ten days.
+
+Progressive, I'm talking about
+a race of cars that are
+
+getting 100 miles to the
+gallon or better.
+
+You're able to capture it in
+a really succinct phrase.
+
+And most people you say, cars
+getting 100 miles per gallon
+
+in a race, that's enough to
+sort grab their attention.
+
+And then you can tell them
+a more in-depth story.
+
+It helps to have a sticky image
+or tagline, to have this
+
+image of a race or to have
+something that's
+
+technologically interesting.
+
+Energy is tougher.
+
+Saying I want a battery with x
+power density doesn't stick.
+
+And it doesn't capture what
+people already intuitively
+
+understand.
+
+So thinking about how you tell
+that story, not only what you
+
+want them to know, but what
+you want them to do.
+
+Is your tagline about them
+becoming involved?
+
+This is an all teams can play?
+
+Excuse me.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Or is it that you want
+them to donate money?
+
+Is it that you want them
+to tell their kids?
+
+Is it that you want them to
+tell their neighbors, so
+
+thinking about how you
+build that message.
+
+For prizes we can think of this
+in a few different parts.
+
+One is we can talk about
+the rationale.
+
+Why was the Ansari
+X Prize there?
+
+Well, sort of at the peak, it
+was because Peter wants to see
+
+the day when humidity is
+left to earth as its
+
+only place of existence.
+
+It's hard to tell that story.
+
+That's a big story to tell.
+
+And there's a personal reason
+he had, which is to get
+
+himself and his friends closer
+to traveling to space.
+
+And that was meaningful.
+
+And he told that story
+personally a lot.
+
+And then this was a quote from
+a newspaper article that came
+
+out at the time.
+
+"To open a new era where space
+is no longer the exclusive
+
+domain of massive governments,
+space programs and ordinary
+
+people can now realistically
+dream of one day reaching for
+
+the stars."
+
+It feels good.
+
+It's not a concise message.
+
+But it feels good.
+
+So figuring out, are
+you telling the
+
+story of the rationale?
+
+Or are you telling the story
+of the challenge?
+
+So we've talked a lot about
+where on the scale of
+
+difficulty you place
+your challenge.
+
+Are we talking about affordable
+and available
+
+access to space, wide-scale
+commercialization
+
+of the space frontier?
+
+We weren't giving a
+prize for that.
+
+We're weren't giving a prize
+for orbital spaceflight.
+
+We were giving a prize for
+suborbital spaceflight because
+
+we thought it opened up
+these other markets.
+
+So you can start to
+talk about the
+
+challenge that you're offering.
+
+And you can start to talk
+about the prize.
+
+And this is the messaging you
+guys are going to be building
+
+over the next few weeks.
+
+Ansari, you can say X Prize for
+commercial spaceflight.
+
+People talk about it as
+the space X Prize.
+
+You can say it was for the first
+private spaceflight.
+
+You can tell someone that it was
+for the first private team
+
+to go to space twice
+in two weeks.
+
+You can say it was for the first
+team and site all the
+
+variables and numbers
+that were relevant.
+
+You can hand them the master
+team agreement, which was the
+
+60-page contract the
+team signed when
+
+they came into play.
+
+So depending on who you're
+talking to will depend on how
+
+much they want to know about
+what your prize really is.
+
+So as you're starting to craft
+your prize, you're going to
+
+want to think about what's the
+name of it, first all of.
+
+That's actually going to go a
+long way in your marketing.
+
+If you can capture
+in three to five
+
+words, what's the challenge?
+
+It's the first private
+spaceflight.
+
+It's a race for green cars.
+
+It's sequencing my genome.
+
+How do you put that in a really
+tight phrase that's
+
+meaningful.
+
+And then how do you build that
+out to tell more about what
+
+the competition actually
+entails.
+
+Is the relevant thing that it's
+a private team in space
+
+twice in two weeks?
+
+Is it that it carries
+three passengers?
+
+It's some subset of the full
+rule set that starts to
+
+deliver your message in
+a meaningful way.
+
+So we talked about the
+strategies here, the different
+
+elements of the prize that we're
+going to try to build a
+
+media communication
+strategy around.
+
+For X Prize, launch is sort
+of the big first thing.
+
+So we talked about the launch
+for the Progressive Auto X
+
+Prize at the New
+York Auto Show.
+
+For the Ansari X Prize it was
+standing under the arch at St.
+
+Louis with the head of the
+FAA, the head of NASA, 12
+
+astronauts on stage, launching
+with the new Spirit of St.
+
+Louis, which is mimicking the
+Spirit of St. Louis that
+
+Charles Lindbergh was
+sponsored by.
+
+Sustaining interest, building
+that media story, the only
+
+thing when X Prize signs
+contracts with the team, the
+
+only thing that they maintain
+rights, none of the IP.
+
+You have your own technology.
+
+But X Prize gets the rights to
+all the media attention.
+
+They get the right to
+tell the story.
+
+They get the right to tell you
+how big the X Prize logo is
+
+going to be on your jacket when
+you're racing your car.
+
+They get to manage all the PR.
+
+So they're going to be thinking
+about how they're
+
+going to use that and build the
+interest up to the day of
+
+the competition.
+
+Obviously the competitions
+themselves can be massive
+
+media events, particularly if
+you have a date-certain prize,
+
+a little bit harder when
+you have a first
+
+pass at the post prize.
+
+And then building on success,
+here we have SpaceShipOne
+
+hanging in the National
+Air and Space Museum.
+
+This is the most frequented
+museum in the world.
+
+And SpaceShipOne is hanging
+in the main lobby.
+
+So that was a piece of the PR
+strategies that were built up
+
+for Ansari.
+
+Delivery: how you deliver your
+message is just as important
+
+as what you're saying.
+
+We can think of ad campaigns
+that are very guerrilla.
+
+So I don't know if any of you
+in Boston when the little
+
+Cartoon Network guys
+went up around.
+
+It closed down the city.
+
+For those that weren't around,
+they were little Lite-Brites,
+
+little children's toys that
+had the outline of a new
+
+Cartoon Network character
+on them.
+
+And they were placed all
+around the city.
+
+People thought they
+were bombs.
+
+There was a major bomb scare.
+
+The police came in.
+
+It had a news coverage
+for hours and hours.
+
+Roads were closed.
+
+It ended up being extremely
+effective
+
+market, but at a cost.
+
+So the guerrilla campaigns
+can be really great.
+
+And viral campaigns can
+be really great.
+
+The question is, do you want
+to do it that way?
+
+Or do you want to have the mayor
+of Boston at your side
+
+saying, we're having
+a race in our city?
+
+Which one is more
+useful to you?
+
+So you'll have to think about
+what's the strategy.
+
+Who do you want to involve?
+
+Who do you want to engage?
+
+Who do you want to alienate?
+
+Because you may want
+to alienate people.
+
+That may actually be
+of use to you.
+
+You may say all those existing
+utilities, forget about them.
+
+They're dinosaurs.
+
+We have nothing useful
+for them.
+
+Or you may want them in
+your back pocket.
+
+And those are two really
+different ways of crafting
+
+your communication strategies.
+
+The medium that you're using:
+are you out there
+
+communicating on blogs, and
+Twitter, and Facebook?
+
+Or are you on the
+evening news?
+
+The average age of broadcast
+evening news watchers in the
+
+US is like 64 years old.
+
+AUDIENCE: A quick question
+about guerrilla versus
+
+mainstream, is it possibly
+to do both?
+
+PROFESSOR: It is possible
+to do both.
+
+But it's harder.
+
+It depends on what your
+message is that you're
+
+delivering in your guerrilla
+tactics.
+
+We're fighting the proliferation
+of AIDS by
+
+dumping body bags on the stairs
+of the UN was actually
+
+intended to engage the UN, but
+by engaging the public's ire
+
+in doing that.
+
+So there are ways to do that.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, for instance,
+they can't be mutually
+
+exclusive such that like the
+guerrilla message could be,
+
+screw the utilities and take
+your home off grid.
+
+Whereas mainstream message would
+be like, benefit the
+
+utilities and help
+them reduce.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think you'd find
+that that was difficult to
+
+engage both audiences
+like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe if you run
+it through the CIA
+
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So which medium you
+choose will be based on who
+
+your audience is, who are you
+trying to reach, how are you
+
+trying to reach them, how do
+you want to come across.
+
+Do want to come across
+as young and fresh?
+
+Do you want to come across as
+established and credible?
+
+Not that you can't do some of
+both, but again, the medium
+
+that you use will drive
+some of that.
+
+The location, are you delivering
+this at the largest
+
+energy trade show, at the IEEE
+Conference, at Menlo Park
+
+where Edison had his
+first light bulb?
+
+There's very different images
+and emotions that are evoked
+
+by using different locations.
+
+What are other locations that
+are relative to energy?
+
+AUDIENCE: Power plants.
+
+Hoover Dam.
+
+PROFESSOR: Power plants,
+Hoover Dam, what else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Niagara Falls.
+
+PROFESSOR: Niagara Falls.
+
+AUDIENCE: Independence Hall.
+
+PROFESSOR: Independence Hall.
+
+AUDIENCE: Little
+poor villages.
+
+PROFESSOR: Little
+poor villages.
+
+Anything else that comes
+to mind immediately?
+
+AUDIENCE: Coal mine
+
+PROFESSOR: Coal mine.
+
+AUDIENCE: Benjamin
+Franklin's lab.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Las Vegas Strip.
+
+PROFESSOR: So places where
+energy is used, places where
+
+energy is produced.
+
+Land mines, if you're talking
+about batteries.
+
+There's lots of different
+ways.
+
+And they all evoke very
+different mental images.
+
+AUDIENCE: Antarctica.
+
+PROFESSOR: Antarctica.
+
+AUDIENCE: You mean landfills
+not land mines.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry,
+landfills, yes.
+
+Not land mines.
+
+Two totally different things.
+
+Dates: if I say, what's a date
+that's relevant to energy?
+
+AUDIENCE: Anniversary
+of a blackout.
+
+PROFESSOR: Anniversary
+of a blackout.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you want to pull up
+the nationalist no foreign
+
+oil angle and do it on July 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: Independence day.
+
+AUDIENCE: I sort of disagree..
+there is bias in that which is
+
+America's symbol..
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's a choice.
+
+It's very much a choice.
+
+You wouldn't want to
+launch on July 4 if
+
+that wasn't your intention.
+
+AUDIENCE: Bastille Day.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Bastille Day, yeah.
+
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the choice of
+date is not arbitrary.
+
+Do you want to do this in the
+middle of the Olympics?
+
+Do you want to do it during
+the holiday season?
+
+Do you want to do it when you're
+likely to get a lot of
+
+news, when you're not likely
+to get a lot of new?
+
+Just choosing when you launch
+something actually has a lot
+
+of play into both who you're
+reaching and how you're going
+
+to reach them.
+
+Choice of a spokesperson: we
+sort of talked about that with
+
+Bono and U2.
+
+You don't have to
+give me names.
+
+But what are the categories of
+spokespeople that we might
+
+think about?
+
+AUDIENCE: Al Gore
+
+PROFESSOR: What was that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Al Gore.
+
+PROFESSOR: So politicians,
+has-been
+
+politicians, Nobelists.
+
+AUDIENCE: Green, right.
+
+He's personified.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have
+you could pick an
+
+environmentalist.
+
+You could pick a politician.
+
+You could pick a very
+public figure.
+
+We've talked about picking
+celebrities, movie stars, TV
+
+stars, rock stars.
+
+AUDIENCE: Descendants of
+technology heroes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Descendants of
+technology heroes, so Erik
+
+Lindbergh involved with the
+launch of the Ansari X Prize.
+
+AUDIENCE: You might be able to
+pick living technology heroes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Living technology
+heroes.
+
+What are other groups that might
+be interesting to have
+
+on stage with you?
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you do those,
+the challenges, the mass
+
+audience will not know
+who they are.
+
+And that's why guys like
+Al Gore, he's a former
+
+politician.
+
+He's not just a pitch man.
+
+PROFESSOR: But even Al
+Gore is polarizing.
+
+So your choice of a politicized
+spokesperson is
+
+very much going to drive
+your audience as well.
+
+And that may be in line
+with the people
+
+you're trying to reach.
+
+It's something you'll
+want to ask.
+
+AUDIENCE: Michael Jackson.
+
+PROFESSOR: Michael Jackson,
+unfortunately.
+
+Anyone else that
+comes to mine.
+
+AUDIENCE: A rural villager.
+
+PROFESSOR: A rural villager.
+
+If you're trying to reach
+emerging economies, a cricket
+
+player, a soccer player.
+
+There are big public figures
+in every culture.
+
+And knowing who those
+are and who you're
+
+trying to reach, gimmicks.
+
+We had one team last year that
+wanted to light the White
+
+House green so it became
+the greenhouse.
+
+There have been groups that have
+draped the Hollywood sign
+
+in black in mourning.
+
+What else?
+
+You guys know more ad
+gimmicks than I do.
+
+What are other big things that
+have happened, things that you
+
+noticed, the equivalent of MIT
+hacks on the world stage?
+
+AUDIENCE: You already had
+the Cartoon Network one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cartoon Network.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+pulled off a few MIT hacks.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's been lots
+of body bag campaigns for
+
+various causes.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Artificial
+blackouts.
+
+PROFESSOR: Artificial blackouts,
+real blackouts.
+
+What are the pluses and minuses
+of doing a gimmick.
+
+The plus is you get a lot
+of media attention.
+
+What are the minuses.
+
+AUDIENCE: You get a lot
+of media attention.
+
+PROFESSOR: You get a lot
+of media attention.
+
+What are the other minuses.
+
+AUDIENCE: You might get
+thrown in jail.
+
+PROFESSOR: You might
+get throw in jail.
+
+You might get negative
+publicity.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: People might not
+know what you're doing.
+
+PROFESSOR: They might miss
+the message entirely.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: We already said
+it might backfire.
+
+We might lose some sense
+of legitimacy.
+
+PROFESSOR: It may lose some
+sense of legitimacy.
+
+So again, gimmicks may go
+better with guerrilla ad
+
+campaigns, not necessarily,
+but possibly in terms of
+
+trying to come across as edgy
+and not established.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah there was an ad
+campaign in Canada for the
+
+Nissan Cube where they said this
+is going to be all Web
+
+2.0, et cetera, et cetera,
+et cetera.
+
+And it kind of backfired when
+they noticed that several of
+
+the winners had some
+form of personal
+
+relationship to the judges.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So you have to be careful about
+what your claiming and
+
+how credible you are if your are
+going to put yourself out
+
+on the stage like that.
+
+The other thing is
+that these things
+
+can be really expensive.
+
+Just in terms of costs, cost can
+be really big depending on
+
+how you do them, so deciding is
+it more worthwhile to pay
+
+all expenses to blackout every
+building in downtown New York
+
+or to have a massive ad campaign
+through an ad agency.
+
+And everything you're
+choosing.
+
+And I think this is sort
+of the core message
+
+about today's lecture.
+
+We want to reach the
+whole world.
+
+We want to reach all the
+public that's relevant.
+
+We want to reach all the
+competitors that are relevant.
+
+We want to do it in a way that's
+exciting and engaging.
+
+And you can only do so much.
+
+So when you pitch your final X
+Prize to the board members,
+
+you're going to have to say, you
+know, these are the three
+
+most important audiences and
+three most important messages.
+
+And here's how I'm going
+to reach them.
+
+It's not, I'm going to
+reach the world.
+
+If it is I'm going to reach the
+world, it's going to be
+
+very shallow.
+
+Because a given dollar
+only spreads so thin.
+
+So you want to be able to be
+targeted with your message and
+
+figure out who's most
+important to
+
+you and in what way.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going to say in
+terms of gimmicks, another
+
+way a very good PR is the
+Chicago Irish Parade.
+
+They literally dye
+the whole river.
+
+PROFESSOR: They dye the river
+green for St. Patty's Day.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that a gimmick?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+totally a gimmick.
+
+AUDIENCE: But can you piggyback
+on an existing?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure, as long as you
+can control the messaging.
+
+If everyone thinks that you're
+celebrating St. Patrick's Day
+
+instead of green energy, clean
+energy, that might be a
+
+backfired message.
+
+OK, so what I'd like you guys
+to do is get in your teams.
+
+And we're going to take about
+the next 13 minutes.
+
+We'll take until 3:40.
+
+And what I want you to do is
+to come up with an X Prize
+
+marketing campaign for a
+green battery prize.
+
+So this is a prize, let's say
+it's $25 million for a
+
+replacement for toxic
+batteries.
+
+We're going to create batteries
+that are be thrown
+
+in landfills, no evil effects.
+
+So I want you to think about
+who your audience is, your
+
+most important audience or
+audiences, one or two, what
+
+you're going to try to be saying
+as your message, what's
+
+your strategy, what's
+you're delivery.
+
+So what I'd like to do is sort
+of go around the room and talk
+
+about each of these things
+step by step.
+
+So we're going to take one group
+and we'll sort of run it
+
+all the way through
+on one message.
+
+And we'll take some more
+and see where we land.
+
+So Francois, let's start
+with your group.
+
+What's your audience that
+you decided to target?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well there
+are two audiences.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's pick one,
+one to start with.
+
+We'll come back.
+
+AUDIENCE: Environmentalists.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+And what are you trying
+to tell them?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So we talked about
+what you want them to know and
+
+what you want them to do.
+
+So you're telling them
+that the prize exist.
+
+And do you want them to
+do anything about it?
+
+Just be excited?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, just
+be excited.
+
+And to support them
+
+PROFESSOR: What was your
+strategy for engaging the
+
+environmentalists?
+
+AUDIENCE: So one big kickoff
+followed by like a regular
+
+traditional media campaign.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and your opening
+kickoff, how are you
+
+going to deliver that?
+
+AUDIENCE: There will be a green
+Energizer Bunny tour.
+
+PROFESSOR: Green Energizer
+Bunny tour.
+
+OK, So you've chosen
+the Energizer
+
+Bunny as your spokesman.
+
+And what is he doing
+on his tour?
+
+AUDIENCE: He is touring the
+city, dropping batteries...
+
+collecting them.
+
+Beating his drum.
+
+PROFESSOR: Beating his drum.
+
+OK.
+
+Did you have any city in
+particular, any date in
+
+particular?
+
+Did it not matter at all?
+
+AUDIENCE: A lot of cities
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Worldwide launch.
+
+AUDIENCE: We did not quite
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+We want the vertical instead
+of the horizontal.
+
+PROFESSOR: What do
+you guys have?
+
+Who's your first audience?
+
+AUDIENCE: Large device
+manufacturers.
+
+PROFESSOR: Large device
+manufacturers.
+
+OK.
+
+What do you want them
+to know or do?
+
+AUDIENCE: To realize the actual
+environmental costs of
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: And what do you hope
+they do once they know
+
+that environmental cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: To get them
+to start with
+
+environmentally friendly batteries.
+
+PROFESSOR: Do you want them
+to buy you new batteries?
+
+Or do you want them to
+change other things?
+
+Do you care?
+
+AUDIENCE: Both actually.
+
+PROFESSOR: Did you have a
+particular piece of the
+
+strategy you were focusing on?
+
+AUDIENCE: We were going
+to do a long-term
+
+guerrilla smear campaign.
+
+PROFESSOR: Long guerrilla
+smear campaign.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus launch
+of new batteries.
+
+All right.
+
+Is there anything else?
+
+Is there any salient big
+features of your long
+
+guerrilla smear campaign?
+
+AUDIENCE: We were going
+to distribute
+
+Energizer death bunnies.
+
+PROFESSOR: Energizer
+death bunnies.
+
+And what is an Energizer
+death bunny?
+
+AUDIENCE: We haven't really
+thought through the details on
+
+that concept [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, Energizer death
+bunnies, fantastic.
+
+OK, Paul, what did your
+group focus on?
+
+AUDIENCE: Let me try.
+
+We were focused on
+the consumers.
+
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What did you
+want to tell them?
+
+AUDIENCE: Don't pollute the
+planet and buy new batteries.
+
+PROFESSOR: Don't pollute it.
+
+Buy new batteries.
+
+And how are you going
+to do that?
+
+With was your strategy?
+
+AUDIENCE: We were trying to
+place ads in things like
+
+newborn baby magazines and
+science magazines.
+
+PROFESSOR: Parenting magazines
+and Popular Science magazines.
+
+But while I read Popular Science
+magazines while I was
+
+pregnant and with young kids, I
+don't think your demographic
+
+overlap is probably
+very large there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well the
+parenting will.
+
+PROFESSOR: Parenting will.
+
+AUDIENCE: Some of those, popular
+magazines, science
+
+magazines is more for the
+well-off, socially conscious.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So when we broaden that
+definition of
+
+audience for sure.
+
+What's your delivery strategy?
+
+AUDIENCE: We were saying
+a baby playing
+
+on a pile of batteries.
+
+PROFESSOR: Baby on batteries.
+
+AUDIENCE: And an announcement
+on Earth Day.
+
+PROFESSOR: Announcement
+on Earth Day.
+
+So you're going to have a
+big print ad campaign
+
+announced on Earth Day.
+
+And your image was a baby
+crawling around on batteries.
+
+So you're drawing on their
+mother's heartstrings.
+
+Don't poison my baby.
+
+AUDIENCE: It always works.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's true.
+
+It almost always works.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we talked a bit
+about how to get the
+
+competitors involved.
+
+But then we also
+were interested
+
+in focusing on consumers.
+
+And for consumers, basically
+we were thinking kids,
+
+parents, environmentalists,
+and miscellaneous other
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And what was your
+message to them?
+
+AUDIENCE: The basic message is
+that we're coming up with
+
+these new green batteries.
+
+And you should switch to them
+because the current batteries
+
+are super bad for
+the environment.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+strategy?
+
+AUDIENCE: Our strategy is we're
+going to have Captain
+
+Planet be our spokesman.
+
+We were thinking maybe some
+sort of roll-out campaign
+
+probably at a Superfund site,
+and then follow that up with
+
+ads probably online and the
+traditional media too.
+
+Maybe an after school
+special, yes.
+
+We're going to, to some extent,
+target children.
+
+And the children will go
+to their parents and
+
+be like, oh my god.
+
+Why are we doing these
+bad things?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a long-standing
+ad technique.
+
+It's completely reasonable.
+
+So Captain Planet at
+a Superfund site.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Did anyone have
+a strategy for engaging
+
+competitors?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+There's a couple of
+obvious groups
+
+that would get involved.
+
+And it was probably fairly
+easier to reach those people.
+
+Put advertisements in The
+Chronicle of Higher Education
+
+saying, whip our this prize.
+
+We want competitors.
+
+What are your ideas
+to win it all?
+
+Universities are an obvious
+place to look for chemical
+
+engineers and electrical
+engineers.
+
+So hit up their trade magazines
+and websites that
+
+they're most likely to visit.
+
+Put ads on Facebook for everyone
+who's a chemE or
+
+electrical engineer major.
+
+PROFESSOR: Anyone else
+think about engaging
+
+competitors at all?
+
+Let's be totally ridiculous.
+
+We're going to be totally
+ridiculous with this.
+
+I like the Energizer
+death bunnies.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Captain
+Planet is great.
+
+He's not ridiculous.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't think you've
+seen those cartoons.
+
+PROFESSOR: I have.
+
+I assure you I have.
+
+We actually reviewed
+them last year as
+
+part of our PR campaign.
+
+Let's say you wanted to
+go totally rogue.
+
+You want nothing to do with
+the current battery
+
+manufacturers.
+
+You're looking for something
+totally different.
+
+AUDIENCE: Depending on how green
+these batteries are, you
+
+could give them out to random
+
+passerbyers as candy or something.
+
+PROFESSOR: Battery candy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Drinkable batteries.
+
+PROFESSOR: Drinking
+battery acid.
+
+AUDIENCE: Have a battery
+smoothie or something like
+
+that [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Drinking
+the electrolytes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Get Gatorade
+on there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Gatorade, I like it.
+
+I like it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Powerade.
+
+Or Powerade.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that's awful.
+
+Powerade.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could also have
+a concert, Poweraid, A-I-D.
+
+Get Willie Nelson and Bono.
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+What if we wanted to be
+very conservative?
+
+What if our goal was to impact
+Energizer, and Duracell, and
+
+the biggest manufacturers
+in the world?
+
+And we really wanted
+them on our side.
+
+We really wanted them engaged.
+
+How does that change
+your ad campaign?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess you have to
+demonstrate that what you have
+
+is literally no different than
+what's already out there, it's
+
+just the quality is better.
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's a degree
+to which your demonstration
+
+becomes critical.
+
+The demo equals credibility.
+
+What else changes?
+
+AUDIENCE: You want to
+bring them on board
+
+and have them involved.
+
+So maybe if you can work out
+ahead of time with them that
+
+if the batteries meet this
+level, that they
+
+will produce them.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we talked about a
+little bit at the beginning
+
+of class about advance market
+commitments, advance purchase
+
+commitments.
+
+Engaging a major manufacturer
+in one of these could be a
+
+really great way to really
+set some credibility.
+
+So we're going to make sure that
+they're going to make the
+
+first million units
+and sell them.
+
+Is there something other than
+the battery manufactures that
+
+grants you credibility?
+
+Are there partners besides
+battery manufacturers?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, something
+like Energy Star.
+
+PROFESSOR: So something like
+Energy Star ratings.
+
+AUDIENCE: Some sort of
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Greenpeace.
+
+PROFESSOR: Greenpeace.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Greenpeace is definitely
+a two-edged sword.
+
+It comes across as being
+both green and crazy.
+
+And not so peaceful, I think,
+is a fair way of putting it.
+
+But it definitely polarizes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could go the
+regulatory route and say,
+
+these toxic batteries are going
+to get [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So you can try to get a
+regulatory reform passed.
+
+It's an interesting strategy.
+
+So when X Prize flew the Ansari
+flights, the FAA pushed
+
+through an incredible set of
+legislation that allowed that
+
+to happen in the US in
+very short time.
+
+If you wanted to have a
+regulatory piece to your
+
+prize, when would you want
+to do that in the
+
+course of the prize.
+
+AUDIENCE: As early
+as possible.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So ideally, you would launch the
+prize and you would have
+
+your choice of a bipartisan
+set of senators and
+
+representatives on stage with
+you saying, we're passing this
+
+bill or we're putting
+forward this bill.
+
+If you can do it early enough,
+then you can really impact who
+
+is going to compete.
+
+AUDIENCE: Although if you do
+that, then doesn't it kind of
+
+negate the purpose of the prize
+because the Senate or
+
+Congress is then creating
+the incentive for you.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can use
+it as an extra
+
+piece of your incentive.
+
+If you think that they're likely
+to do it anyway, then
+
+you're right.
+
+You're stepping out in front
+of the parade with a prize
+
+purse you don't need.
+
+If you think your prize is
+what's allowing them to
+
+sponsor the legislation given
+the confidence to sponsor that
+
+legislation, there may be
+some argument there.
+
+It's a fair question.
+
+OK, so as you move forward-- and
+you guys are going to be
+
+narrowing down your focus--
+
+we need to remember that
+the conversation
+
+isn't just about batteries.
+
+It isn't just about
+storage devices.
+
+But it's about the people
+around the technology.
+
+And we didn't talk a lot
+about that today.
+
+It sort of came out in some of
+your delivering messages here.
+
+It's about the kids
+and the pollution.
+
+It's about the parents
+and their kids.
+
+Someone was saying, we
+want your ideas.
+
+It's about the personal pride
+of being a competitor.
+
+At some point, the actual
+technology itself is
+
+completely minimized behind
+what's happening in your
+
+public relations stage.
+
+Because we're making heroes
+out of the teams.
+
+We're making messages that
+are related to you and me
+
+personally.
+
+And we're drawing on that
+emotional connection that we
+
+talked about for ad campaigns.
+
+And you don't have emotional
+connections to batteries in
+
+most cases.
+
+As you start to think about how
+you're going to craft your
+
+prize, have these
+things in mind.
+
+You want to make something
+that's exciting, that's
+
+engaging, that's meaningful
+to an individual level.
+
+If you have questions,
+feel free to ask.
+
+Otherwise I'm going to be
+meeting with team Grid Storage
+
+I think next.
+
+You guys are next.
+
+All right, thanks very much.
+
+Wednesday we'll be meeting
+at IDEO or at
+
+the Kendall T station.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iQ2edOqEQAs.txt b/iQ2edOqEQAs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1c71e39ee10b30a29f50c34587a3a3417fa611d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iQ2edOqEQAs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+putting together a probabilistic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together a probabilistic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together a probabilistic model
+that is a model of a random phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a model of a random phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a model of a random phenomenon
+or a random experiment involves two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a random experiment involves two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a random experiment involves two
+steps first step we describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps first step we describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps first step we describe the
+possible outcomes of the phenomenon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes of the phenomenon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes of the phenomenon or
+experiment of interest second step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of interest second step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of interest second step we
+describe our beliefs about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our beliefs about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our beliefs about the
+likelihood of the different possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of the different possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of the different possible
+outcomes by specifying a probability law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes by specifying a probability law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes by specifying a probability law
+here we start by just talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we start by just talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we start by just talking about the
+first step namely the description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step namely the description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step namely the description of the
+possible outcomes of the experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes of the experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes of the experiment so
+we carry out an experiment for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we carry out an experiment for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we carry out an experiment for example
+we flip a coin or maybe we flip five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we flip a coin or maybe we flip five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we flip a coin or maybe we flip five
+coins simultaneously or maybe we roll a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins simultaneously or maybe we roll a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins simultaneously or maybe we roll a
+die whatever that experiment is it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die whatever that experiment is it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die whatever that experiment is it has a
+number of possible outcomes and we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible outcomes and we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible outcomes and we start
+by making a list of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making a list of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making a list of the possible
+outcomes or a better word instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes or a better word instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes or a better word instead of the
+word list is to use the word set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word list is to use the word set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word list is to use the word set which
+has a more formal mathematical meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a more formal mathematical meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a more formal mathematical meaning
+so we create a set that we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we create a set that we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we create a set that we usually
+denote by capital Omega that set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by capital Omega that set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by capital Omega that set is
+called the sample space and is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the sample space and is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the sample space and is the set
+of all possible outcomes of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all possible outcomes of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all possible outcomes of our
+experiment the elements of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the elements of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the elements of that set
+should have certain properties namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have certain properties namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have certain properties namely
+the elements should be mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements should be mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements should be mutually
+exclusive and collectively exhaustive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive and collectively exhaustive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive and collectively exhaustive
+what does that mean mutually exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean mutually exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean mutually exclusive
+means that if at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if at the end of the
+experiment I tell you that this outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I tell you that this outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I tell you that this outcome
+happened then it should not be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then it should not be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then it should not be possible
+that this outcome also happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this outcome also happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this outcome also happened at the
+end of the experiment there can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the experiment there can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the experiment there can only be
+one of the outcomes that has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the outcomes that has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the outcomes that has happened
+being collectively exhaustive means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being collectively exhaustive means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being collectively exhaustive means
+something else that together all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that together all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that together all these
+elements of the set exhausts all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the set exhausts all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the set exhausts all the
+possibilities so no matter what at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so no matter what at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so no matter what at the
+end you will be able to point to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you will be able to point to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you will be able to point to one of
+the outcomes and say that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes and say that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes and say that's the one that
+occurred to summarize this set should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to summarize this set should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to summarize this set should be
+such that at the end of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that at the end of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that at the end of the experiment
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+should be always able to point to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be always able to point to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be always able to point to one
+and exactly one of the possible outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly one of the possible outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly one of the possible outcomes
+and say that this is the outcome that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that this is the outcome that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that this is the outcome that's
+occurred physically different outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred physically different outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred physically different outcomes
+should be distinguished in the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be distinguished in the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be distinguished in the sample
+space and correspond to distinct points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and correspond to distinct points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and correspond to distinct points
+but when we say physically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we say physically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we say physically different
+outcomes what do we mean we really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what do we mean we really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what do we mean we really mean
+different in all relevant aspects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in all relevant aspects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in all relevant aspects but
+perhaps not different in irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not different in irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not different in irrelevant
+aspects let's make more precise what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects let's make more precise what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects let's make more precise what I
+mean by that by looking at a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that by looking at a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that by looking at a very simple
+and maybe silly example which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe silly example which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe silly example which is the
+following suppose that you flip a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following suppose that you flip a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following suppose that you flip a coin
+and you see whether it resulted in heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see whether it resulted in heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see whether it resulted in heads
+or tails so you have a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tails so you have a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tails so you have a perfectly
+legitimate sample space for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate sample space for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate sample space for this
+experiment which consists of just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which consists of just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which consists of just two
+points heads and tails together these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points heads and tails together these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points heads and tails together these
+two outcomes exhaust all possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outcomes exhaust all possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outcomes exhaust all possibilities
+and the two outcomes are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two outcomes are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two outcomes are mutually
+exclusive so this is a very legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive so this is a very legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive so this is a very legitimate
+sample space for this experiment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space for this experiment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space for this experiment now
+suppose that while you were flipping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that while you were flipping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that while you were flipping the
+coin you also looked outside to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin you also looked outside to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin you also looked outside to the
+window to check the weather and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to check the weather and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to check the weather and then you
+could say that my sample space is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that my sample space is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that my sample space is really
+heads and it's raining another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and it's raining another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and it's raining another possible
+outcome is heads and no rain another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is heads and no rain another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is heads and no rain another
+possible outcome is tails and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcome is tails and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcome is tails and it's and
+it's raining and finally another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's raining and finally another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's raining and finally another
+possible outcome is tails and no rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this set consisting of four elements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set consisting of four elements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set consisting of four elements is
+also a perfectly legitimate sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a perfectly legitimate sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a perfectly legitimate sample space
+for the experiment of flipping a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the experiment of flipping a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the experiment of flipping a coin
+the elements of this sample space are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of this sample space are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of this sample space are
+mutually exclusive and collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive and collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive and collectively
+exhaustive exactly one of these outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive exactly one of these outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive exactly one of these outcomes
+is going to be true or will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be true or will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be true or will have
+materialized at the end of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialized at the end of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialized at the end of the X
+so which sample space is the correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which sample space is the correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which sample space is the correct one
+this sample space the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample space the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample space the second one
+involves some irrelevant details so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some irrelevant details so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves some irrelevant details so the
+preferred sample space for describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred sample space for describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred sample space for describing
+the caught the flipping of a coin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caught the flipping of a coin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caught the flipping of a coin the
+preferred sample space is the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred sample space is the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred sample space is the simpler
+one the first one which is sort of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the first one which is sort of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the first one which is sort of at
+the right granularity given what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right granularity given what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right granularity given what were
+interested in but ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in but ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in but ultimately the
+question of which one is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of which one is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of which one is the right
+sample space depends on what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space depends on what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space depends on what kind of
+questions you want to answer for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you want to answer for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you want to answer for example
+if you have a theory that the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a theory that the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a theory that the weather
+effects the behavior of coins then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the behavior of coins then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the behavior of coins then in
+order to play with that theory or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to play with that theory or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to play with that theory or maybe
+check it out and so on then in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out and so on then in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out and so on then in such a
+case you might want to work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might want to work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might want to work with the
+second sample space this is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sample space this is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sample space this is a common
+feature in all of science whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in all of science whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in all of science whenever you
+put together a model you need to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a model you need to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a model you need to decide
+how detailed you want your model to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how detailed you want your model to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how detailed you want your model to be
+and the right level of detail is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right level of detail is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right level of detail is the one
+that captures those aspects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures those aspects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures those aspects that are
+relevant and of interest to you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iTMn0Kt18tg.txt b/iTMn0Kt18tg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67ad1f02bba4e04cacfb055f4a61cfe80f902d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iTMn0Kt18tg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12800 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right, let's get
+started. I'm Eric Demain. You can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. I'm Eric Demain. You can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. I'm Eric Demain. You can call
+me Eric. And today we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Eric. And today we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Eric. And today we're going to do
+another divide and conquer algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another divide and conquer algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another divide and conquer algorithm
+called the fastforier transform. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fastforier transform. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fastforier transform. It's
+probably the most taught algorithm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most taught algorithm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most taught algorithm at
+MIT. It's used in all sorts of contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. It's used in all sorts of contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. It's used in all sorts of contexts
+uh especially digital signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially digital signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially digital signal processing
+like MP3 compression all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like MP3 compression all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like MP3 compression all sorts of
+things. Uh but we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh but we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh but we're going to think
+about it today in the context of divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it today in the context of divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it today in the context of divide
+and conquer and polomials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer and polomials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer and polomials.
+So let me remind you I mean this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me remind you I mean this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me remind you I mean this class
+is all about polinomial time but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about polinomial time but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about polinomial time but usually
+with polinomial time we only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with polinomial time we only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with polinomial time we only care about
+the lead term. Today and today only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead term. Today and today only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead term. Today and today only
+pretty much we're going to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much we're going to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much we're going to be thinking
+about all the terms in a polomial. So my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the terms in a polomial. So my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the terms in a polomial. So my
+I'll talk about polomials mostly a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about polomials mostly a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about polomials mostly a and
+b. You have a constant term and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. You have a constant term and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. You have a constant term and then a
+linear term and a quadratic term and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term and a quadratic term and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term and a quadratic term and so
+on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+uh up to I will say that there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to I will say that there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to I will say that there are n
+terms which means the last one is a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which means the last one is a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which means the last one is a n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one. So normally the degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So normally the degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So normally the degree of the
+polinomial here is n minus one. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial here is n minus one. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial here is n minus one. Uh I
+wish the degree was defined to be n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish the degree was defined to be n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish the degree was defined to be n here
+but whatever that's I I can't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever that's I I can't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever that's I I can't change the
+definitions in algebra. So uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions in algebra. So uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions in algebra. So uh this is
+the traditional algebraic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional algebraic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional algebraic way of
+thinking about a polomial. Uh, of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a polomial. Uh, of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a polomial. Uh, of course
+you can write it with summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write it with summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write it with summation
+notation. Uh, a kx to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. Uh, a kx to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. Uh, a kx to the
+k= 0 to n minus one. We'll jump back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k= 0 to n minus one. We'll jump back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k= 0 to n minus one. We'll jump back and
+forth between them. I'm also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between them. I'm also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between them. I'm also going to
+introduce a vector notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a vector notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a vector notation for
+polomials. Uh, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the ais are real numbers typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the ais are real numbers typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the ais are real numbers typically
+uh we might change that at some point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we might change that at some point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we might change that at some point.
+Um but usually a a common reason maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but usually a a common reason maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but usually a a common reason maybe
+you don't care much about polinomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care much about polinomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care much about polinomials
+but you definitely care about vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you definitely care about vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you definitely care about vectors
+any kind of one-dimensional data set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of one-dimensional data set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of one-dimensional data set is
+a string of real numbers like uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of real numbers like uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of real numbers like uh if
+you're sampling audio like right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling audio like right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling audio like right now
+we're recording this uh microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're recording this uh microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're recording this uh microphone
+you're seeing lots of different uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing lots of different uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing lots of different uh the
+movement of the membrane in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the membrane in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the membrane in this
+microphone over time you're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone over time you're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone over time you're sampling
+whatever uh 40,000 times a second each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh 40,000 times a second each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh 40,000 times a second each
+one you're measuring real number about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're measuring real number about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're measuring real number about
+where that thing is that is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that thing is that is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that thing is that is a sequence
+of real numbers. Now you can convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers. Now you can convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers. Now you can convert it
+into a polomial if you want. They're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a polomial if you want. They're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a polomial if you want. They're the
+same thing. X is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. X is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. X is not necessarily
+meaningful here. We really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful here. We really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful here. We really care about
+are the coefficients. Okay. Now given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coefficients. Okay. Now given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coefficients. Okay. Now given
+such a polomial there are three typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a polomial there are three typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a polomial there are three typical
+things we want to do. So these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do. So these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do. So these are the
+operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polomials. I'll say why we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. I'll say why we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. I'll say why we want to do
+them in a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a second.
+So the obvious one if you do care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the obvious one if you do care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the obvious one if you do care about
+X is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is some kind of
+evaluation. So maybe I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. So maybe I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. So maybe I give you a
+polomial a of X and I give you a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial a of X and I give you a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial a of X and I give you a number
+let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it
+X0 and I want to compute what is A of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0 and I want to compute what is A of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0 and I want to compute what is A of
+X0. So if I plug in X here is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0. So if I plug in X here is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0. So if I plug in X here is a general
+variable but if I give you an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but if I give you an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but if I give you an actual
+real number say for the X's what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number say for the X's what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number say for the X's what does
+that add up to?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add up to?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add up to?
+Okay. Uh so how how would you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so how how would you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so how how would you solve
+evaluation before we go to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations? I mean there's an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations? I mean there's an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations? I mean there's an obvious
+way uh we you know you compute all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh we you know you compute all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh we you know you compute all the
+terms and add them up. But uh if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and add them up. But uh if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and add them up. But uh if you do
+that naively computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that naively computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that naively computing
+uh x to the k well it's in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x to the k well it's in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x to the k well it's in this form
+maybe computing x to the k maybe takes k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe computing x to the k maybe takes k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe computing x to the k maybe takes k
+multiplications and so the total running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and so the total running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and so the total running
+time will be quadratic but we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will be quadratic but we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will be quadratic but we can do
+better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. I know it's 11 o'clock too early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I know it's 11 o'clock too early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I know it's 11 o'clock too early
+in the morning to think, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah, when you've already calculated x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, when you've already calculated x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, when you've already calculated x
+to the i, you can calculate x i + 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i, you can calculate x i + 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i, you can calculate x i + 1 by
+multiplying. Good. Once you've computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying. Good. Once you've computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying. Good. Once you've computed
+x to the k, you can comput x the k + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the k, you can comput x the k + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the k, you can comput x the k + one
+in with one multiplication. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with one multiplication. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with one multiplication. And so you
+can uh compute all x to the n's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh compute all x to the n's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh compute all x to the n's in
+linear time and then do the all the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time and then do the all the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time and then do the all the then
+you're basically doing a dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically doing a dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically doing a dotproduct
+between the x to the k's and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the x to the k's and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the x to the k's and the a
+vector. Cool. My first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frisbee. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee. Uh
+so that's one way to do it. Uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way to do it. Uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way to do it. Uh there's a
+slightly slicker way to write it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly slicker way to write it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly slicker way to write it called
+her rule, but it's doing exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her rule, but it's doing exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her rule, but it's doing exactly the
+same thing that you said.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh it's a this is just a nice algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a this is just a nice algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a this is just a nice algebraic
+way of writing it. A of x is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing it. A of x is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing it. A of x is the same as
+a 0 + x * a1 + x * a2 + and so on. Uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 + x * a1 + x * a2 + and so on. Uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 + x * a1 + x * a2 + and so on. Uh x
+* a n minus one and then lots of closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a n minus one and then lots of closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a n minus one and then lots of closed
+parenthesis. Um so this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis. Um so this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis. Um so this is of course
+equivalent to that expression by the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that expression by the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that expression by the law
+of distribution and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution and uh this is
+essentially doing the x's x products one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing the x's x products one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing the x's x products one
+at a time. So this is clearly order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time. So this is clearly order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time. So this is clearly order n
+additions and multiplication. So we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions and multiplication. So we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions and multiplication. So we get
+order n time in this lecture time is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n time in this lecture time is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n time in this lecture time is the
+number of arithmetic operations. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arithmetic operations. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arithmetic operations. It's
+our model assume it takes constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model assume it takes constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model assume it takes constant time
+to multiply or add uh two real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, cool. So, evaluation that's easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So, evaluation that's easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So, evaluation that's easy.
+Linear time for today is good. Quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linear time for today is good. Quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linear time for today is good. Quadratic
+is bad. We want to be quadratic. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad. We want to be quadratic. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad. We want to be quadratic. Okay.
+Second thing you might want to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second thing you might want to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second thing you might want to do with
+polinomials is add them. The third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials is add them. The third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials is add them. The third thing
+is multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiply
+them. So, we're given two polinomials a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So, we're given two polinomials a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So, we're given two polinomials a
+of x and b of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and b of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and b of x.
+and we want to compute a new polomial C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to compute a new polomial C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to compute a new polomial C
+of X that is the summation. Now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that is the summation. Now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that is the summation. Now how do
+you define the summation? Well, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define the summation? Well, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define the summation? Well, you
+would like C of X to equal A of X plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like C of X to equal A of X plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like C of X to equal A of X plus B
+of X for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X for all
+X. That's the definition. Uh, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. That's the definition. Uh, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. That's the definition. Uh, of course,
+we can do it algebraically as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it algebraically as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it algebraically as well
+because uh these are numbers in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh these are numbers in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh these are numbers in the end
+for any x this evaluates to a number. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any x this evaluates to a number. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any x this evaluates to a number. Uh
+so if we add two polinomials of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we add two polinomials of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we add two polinomials of this
+form, one with a eyes, one with the bis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, one with a eyes, one with the bis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, one with a eyes, one with the bis,
+all we're doing is adding corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is adding corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is adding corresponding
+a i's and b i. So this is easy. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i's and b i. So this is easy. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i's and b i. So this is easy. Uh we
+just need ck to equal a k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need ck to equal a k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need ck to equal a k plus
+bk for all k. So again, linear time, no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bk for all k. So again, linear time, no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bk for all k. So again, linear time, no
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+Okay, third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, third
+operation is the exciting one, the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is the exciting one, the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is the exciting one, the hard
+one to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good. Otherwise, this lecture would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Otherwise, this lecture would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Otherwise, this lecture would be
+over in a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in a couple more
+minutes. So, multiplication, same deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. So, multiplication, same deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. So, multiplication, same deal.
+We're given a of x and b of x and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're given a of x and b of x and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're given a of x and b of x and we
+want to convert that into some c of x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert that into some c of x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert that into some c of x uh
+that for all x evaluates to the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all x evaluates to the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all x evaluates to the product
+of those two polinomials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two polinomials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two polinomials.
+Okay, how do we do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how do we do this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how do we do this?
+Uh, we can't just multiply corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we can't just multiply corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we can't just multiply corresponding
+AKs and bks. Uh, in fact, if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AKs and bks. Uh, in fact, if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AKs and bks. Uh, in fact, if you take a
+big thing like this, you multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing like this, you multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing like this, you multiply it by
+corresponding big thing. Uh, let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding big thing. Uh, let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding big thing. Uh, let's do
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun. Uh we get let's see so the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. Uh we get let's see so the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. Uh we get let's see so the constant
+term is just the product that's easy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is just the product that's easy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is just the product that's easy of
+the constant terms. Uh but then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant terms. Uh but then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant terms. Uh but then if I
+take this product or this product I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this product or this product I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this product or this product I get
+linear terms. So that's going to be a1 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms. So that's going to be a1 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms. So that's going to be a1 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh + a 0 b1 * x and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh + a 0 b1 * x and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh + a 0 b1 * x and then there's a
+quadratic term which I get from switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term which I get from switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term which I get from switch
+colors. Uh this and this and this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors. Uh this and this and this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors. Uh this and this and this. So
+there's three things times x^2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three things times x^2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three things times x^2. And
+that's where I get tired. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I get tired. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I get tired. I'm going to
+switch to the summation notation. you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the summation notation. you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the summation notation. you uh
+I didn't go to high school, but I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't go to high school, but I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't go to high school, but I assume
+in high school algebra you learned this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school algebra you learned this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school algebra you learned this.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+CK is the sum of J=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK is the sum of J=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK is the sum of J=
+0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to
+K A J B K minus J. That's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K A J B K minus J. That's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K A J B K minus J. That's the general
+form because uh AJ came from an X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because uh AJ came from an X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because uh AJ came from an X to the
+J term. BK minus J came from an X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J term. BK minus J came from an X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J term. BK minus J came from an X to the
+K minus J term. When you multiply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus J term. When you multiply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus J term. When you multiply those
+together, you get X to the K. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, you get X to the K. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, you get X to the K. So this is
+the coefficient of x to the k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of x to the k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of x to the k.
+Cool. So that's what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's what we'd like to
+compute given a and b. We want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute given a and b. We want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute given a and b. We want to
+compute this polinomial c. How long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this polinomial c. How long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this polinomial c. How long does
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take? We have to do this for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take? We have to do this for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take? We have to do this for all
+k. So to compute the kith term takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So to compute the kith term takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So to compute the kith term takes
+order k time. So total time is n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ. So that's not good for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. So that's not good for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. So that's not good for this
+lecture. Uh we want to do better. Uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Uh we want to do better. Uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Uh we want to do better. Uh in
+fact today we will achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+login that's our goal polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login that's our goal polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login that's our goal polomial
+multiplication in n login. Why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in n login. Why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in n login. Why do we
+care about polomial multiplication?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about polomial multiplication?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about polomial multiplication?
+uh because it's equivalent to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's equivalent to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's equivalent to another
+operation which we use all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which we use all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which we use all the time in
+digital signal processing, image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signal processing, image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signal processing, image
+editing, all sorts of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing, all sorts of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing, all sorts of different things
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution. Uh convolution is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. Uh convolution is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. Uh convolution is usually
+thought of as an operation on vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so remember this vector notation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this vector notation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this vector notation where
+we're just thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just thinking about the
+coefficients. X's are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. X's are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. X's are kind of
+irrelevant. Just thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant. Just thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant. Just thinking about a
+sequence of real numbers. Uh so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers. Uh so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers. Uh so maybe
+that sequence of real numbers for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence of real numbers for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence of real numbers for a
+represents some I don't know waveform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents some I don't know waveform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents some I don't know waveform.
+Maybe this is the audio I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe this is the audio I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe this is the audio I'm speaking
+now. And then I take some other waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. And then I take some other waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. And then I take some other waveform
+here. I have uh Gaussian function eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I have uh Gaussian function eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I have uh Gaussian function eus
+x^2. And I want to take uh for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2. And I want to take uh for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2. And I want to take uh for all
+possible shifts of this Gaussian, I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible shifts of this Gaussian, I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible shifts of this Gaussian, I want
+to compute the dotproduct between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the dotproduct between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the dotproduct between the
+blackboard and the piece of paper. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard and the piece of paper. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard and the piece of paper. Okay,
+that's some kind of smoothing function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some kind of smoothing function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some kind of smoothing function.
+If I wanted to clean up noise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I wanted to clean up noise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I wanted to clean up noise or
+something like that, you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, you can do the same
+thing on a two-dimensional image. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on a two-dimensional image. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on a two-dimensional image. It's a
+little harder to think about, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to think about, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to think about, but you
+can map a two dimensional image to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can map a two dimensional image to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can map a two dimensional image to a
+one-dimensional vector and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional vector and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional vector and you have a
+two-dimensional Gaussian. If you ever do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Gaussian. If you ever do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Gaussian. If you ever do
+Gaussian blur in Photoshop, uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian blur in Photoshop, uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian blur in Photoshop, uh this is
+what you're doing, a convolution. uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing, a convolution. uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing, a convolution. uh and
+it's used to like as if you're pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to like as if you're pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to like as if you're pretend
+that your lens was out of focus when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your lens was out of focus when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your lens was out of focus when you
+do that. Uh it's done in in audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Uh it's done in in audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Uh it's done in in audio
+processing and all sorts of things. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and all sorts of things. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and all sorts of things. Uh
+so formally you're given two vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so formally you're given two vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so formally you're given two vectors and
+you want to take all possible shifts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take all possible shifts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take all possible shifts of
+one vector and take the dotproduct with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector and take the dotproduct with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector and take the dotproduct with
+the other one. I have that written down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one. I have that written down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one. I have that written down.
+uh just uh dotproduct same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just uh dotproduct same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just uh dotproduct same thing as
+inner product which just means multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product which just means multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product which just means multiply
+corresponding uh positions and add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up. And if you ignore this minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. And if you ignore this minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. And if you ignore this minus sign
+that's exactly what this is doing. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what this is doing. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what this is doing. This
+is taking a j versus b k pretend it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking a j versus b k pretend it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking a j versus b k pretend it's
+plus j. So that's the BJ vector but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus j. So that's the BJ vector but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus j. So that's the BJ vector but with
+all possible shifts K. We compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible shifts K. We compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible shifts K. We compute this
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+K. That's really cool. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. That's really cool. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. That's really cool. We're going to
+compute it in n login time. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in n login time. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in n login time. All
+different n shifts of b will take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different n shifts of b will take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different n shifts of b will take the
+dotproduct with a. It's kind of magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct with a. It's kind of magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct with a. It's kind of magical
+because it looks like you're doing n squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like you're doing n squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like you're doing n squ
+work but we will do it in n login time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but we will do it in n login time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but we will do it in n login time.
+Uh the only issue is we have to reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the only issue is we have to reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the only issue is we have to reverse
+b. Uh then the minus signs turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. Uh then the minus signs turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. Uh then the minus signs turn into
+plus signs. Okay. And there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus signs. Okay. And there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus signs. Okay. And there's some
+boundary conditions, but it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions, but it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions, but it's basically
+the same. If we can solve polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. If we can solve polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. If we can solve polomial
+multiplication, we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication, we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication, we can solve
+convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+Cool. So that's why we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's why we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's why we care about
+multiplication. Uh so how are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Uh so how are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Uh so how are we going
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+this? What I'd like to do is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? What I'd like to do is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? What I'd like to do is talk about
+alternate representations of polomials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate representations of polomials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate representations of polomials.
+That's next thing here. We just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's next thing here. We just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's next thing here. We just did
+operations. Let's talk about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Let's talk about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Let's talk about different
+representations. So we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations. So we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations. So we talked about this
+one representation. It's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one representation. It's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one representation. It's one way to
+represent a polomial but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a polomial but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a polomial but it's not the
+only one. You probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others. So on the one hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh representation a is a coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector. So we can write down the ais.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So we can write down the ais.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So we can write down the ais.
+That was just one way to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was just one way to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was just one way to represent
+uh a polomial. Can anyone give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a polomial. Can anyone give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a polomial. Can anyone give me
+another way to represent polinomial? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to represent polinomial? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to represent polinomial? I
+have two ways in mind. So yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two ways in mind. So yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two ways in mind. So yeah,
+generating function. Generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function. Generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function. Generating
+function. Isn't that the same? Oh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Isn't that the same? Oh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Isn't that the same? Oh, I
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+uh in principle you could imagine like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in principle you could imagine like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in principle you could imagine like
+writing a recurrence on the generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a recurrence on the generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a recurrence on the generating
+function or something. It's plausible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or something. It's plausible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or something. It's plausible.
+In general, generating functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general, generating functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general, generating functions are
+polinomials. If you know what that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials. If you know what that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials. If you know what that if
+they are, cool. Um so it doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are, cool. Um so it doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are, cool. Um so it doesn't quite
+answer the question yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question yet.
+Sure. Representation. Sorry. point point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Representation. Sorry. point point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Representation. Sorry. point point
+representation. Yeah, I call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. Yeah, I call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. Yeah, I call them
+samples. Uh I'm going to put that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C. A bunch of samples, a bunch of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. A bunch of samples, a bunch of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. A bunch of samples, a bunch of points
+on the polomial. Uh so like X K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the polomial. Uh so like X K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the polomial. Uh so like X K
+uh Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for how many do we need? I think N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many do we need? I think N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many do we need? I think N minus
+one should do it. Double check. Yep. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should do it. Double check. Yep. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should do it. Double check. Yep. Uh
+and if we are told that a of x k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we are told that a of x k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we are told that a of x k equals
+y k and we're told that all the x ks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinct, then this uniquely determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct, then this uniquely determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct, then this uniquely determines
+the polomial. If you have a degree n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polomial. If you have a degree n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polomial. If you have a degree n
+minus one polinomial and you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one polinomial and you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one polinomial and you have n
+samples, there's only one polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples, there's only one polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples, there's only one polinomial
+that passes through all those points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passes through all those points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passes through all those points.
+That's uh it's a consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's uh it's a consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's uh it's a consequence of the
+fundamental theorem of of algebra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of of algebra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of of algebra that
+gives you uniqueness. Existence I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you uniqueness. Existence I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you uniqueness. Existence I think
+was proved by Lejandra in 17 1800s long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proved by Lejandra in 17 1800s long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proved by Lejandra in 17 1800s long
+time ago. This is good. This is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago. This is good. This is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago. This is good. This is what
+we're going to use. There's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use. There's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use. There's another
+answer. I should give you a frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. I should give you a frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. I should give you a frisbee
+first. You're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. You're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. You're so
+excited. Just wait till I hit you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited. Just wait till I hit you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited. Just wait till I hit you and
+then be less excited. Okay. So, samples,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be less excited. Okay. So, samples,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be less excited. Okay. So, samples,
+coefficients, anything else? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients, anything else? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients, anything else? Yeah,
+roots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, roots is the other answer I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, roots is the other answer I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, roots is the other answer I was
+looking for, but it's not going to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for, but it's not going to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for, but it's not going to be so
+good algorithmically as we'll see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithmically as we'll see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithmically as we'll see.
+Sorry. Um, so I could give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Um, so I could give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Um, so I could give you a
+sequence of roots. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of roots. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of roots. This is the
+fundamental theorem of algebra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of algebra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of algebra that
+every polinomial is uniquely determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every polinomial is uniquely determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every polinomial is uniquely determined
+by its set of roots. If you allow roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its set of roots. If you allow roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its set of roots. If you allow roots
+with multiplicity uh then every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplicity uh then every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplicity uh then every
+polinomial of degree n has exactly n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of degree n has exactly n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial of degree n has exactly n
+roots. So this would be some sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. So this would be some sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. So this would be some sequence of
+r1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 up
+to r n -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r n -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r n -1
+um and the polomial would be given as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the polomial would be given as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the polomial would be given as
+you actually need a constant multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually need a constant multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually need a constant multiplier
+but x - r0 x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x - r0 x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x - r0 x -
+r1 that would be polomial. The trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 that would be polomial. The trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 that would be polomial. The trouble
+with roots is that if I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with roots is that if I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with roots is that if I give you a
+coefficient vector and I want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vector and I want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vector and I want to compute
+the roots, not only is it hard to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots, not only is it hard to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots, not only is it hard to do,
+it's impossible to do in our model if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to do in our model if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to do in our model if
+you're only allowed to add, subtract,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only allowed to add, subtract,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only allowed to add, subtract,
+multiply, divide, take square roots,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply, divide, take square roots,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply, divide, take square roots,
+take kith roots. Uh there is no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take kith roots. Uh there is no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take kith roots. Uh there is no way to
+solve a polomial of degree five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a polomial of degree five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a polomial of degree five or
+larger. You know, there's quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger. You know, there's quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger. You know, there's quadratic
+formula, cubic formula, cortic formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, cubic formula, cortic formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, cubic formula, cortic formula.
+There is no quintic formula. It's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is no quintic formula. It's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is no quintic formula. It's an old
+result 1800s. So uh going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result 1800s. So uh going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result 1800s. So uh going from
+coefficient vector to roots takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vector to roots takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vector to roots takes
+infinite time. It's not so good. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite time. It's not so good. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite time. It's not so good. Uh and
+in particular if we think about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if we think about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if we think about our
+operations uh addition becomes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh addition becomes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh addition becomes really
+difficult. Uh multiplication is easy. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Uh multiplication is easy. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Uh multiplication is easy. If
+I have two uh polomials represented as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two uh polomials represented as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two uh polomials represented as a
+sequence of roots I want to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of roots I want to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of roots I want to multiply
+them. That's just concatenating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. That's just concatenating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. That's just concatenating the
+vectors uh taking the union of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors uh taking the union of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors uh taking the union of the
+vectors of the of the root lists. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of the of the root lists. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of the of the root lists. So
+that's cool. multiplying the C's I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool. multiplying the C's I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool. multiplying the C's I guess
+but addition is really hard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but addition is really hard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but addition is really hard because
+addition is sort of fundamentally about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is sort of fundamentally about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is sort of fundamentally about
+coefficient vectors uh and then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vectors uh and then once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vectors uh and then once you
+go there you can go from roots to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there you can go from roots to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there you can go from roots to
+coefficient vectors and add them up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vectors and add them up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vectors and add them up but
+then there's no relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no relation between the
+roots of the sum of the polinomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of the sum of the polinomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of the sum of the polinomials
+versus the roots of the original so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the roots of the original so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the roots of the original so uh I
+don't know for sure that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for sure that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for sure that that's
+impossible it's definitely very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible it's definitely very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible it's definitely very very
+hard probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard probably
+impossible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so
+Uh let me draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me draw a little
+table. Each of these representations has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. Each of these representations has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. Each of these representations has
+some advantages and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantages and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantages and a
+disadvantage in terms of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage in terms of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage in terms of these three
+operations. So on the one hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. So on the one hand we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. So on the one hand we have
+uh the sort of algorithms we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of algorithms we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of algorithms we care about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation
+addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication. And on the other axis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. And on the other axis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. And on the other axis we
+have our representations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our representations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our representations which are
+coefficient vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vectors
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roots and samples. You'll see why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and samples. You'll see why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and samples. You'll see why I
+chose this order in a moment. It makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this order in a moment. It makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this order in a moment. It makes
+for a nice pretty matrix. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've talked about almost every cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked about almost every cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked about almost every cell
+in this matrix. Uh but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this matrix. Uh but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this matrix. Uh but let me just
+summarize. So we started out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize. So we started out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize. So we started out just
+thinking about uh coefficient vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh coefficient vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh coefficient vector and
+evaluation was linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation was linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation was linear
+time, addition was linear time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, addition was linear time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, addition was linear time,
+multiplication so far is quadratic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so far is quadratic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so far is quadratic.
+Although our goal is to make n login n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although our goal is to make n login n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although our goal is to make n login n
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+roots I just said multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots I just said multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots I just said multiplication is
+easy. That's linear time. addition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. That's linear time. addition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. That's linear time. addition is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard like infinite time and evaluation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard like infinite time and evaluation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard like infinite time and evaluation I
+guess that's linear time in fact the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's linear time in fact the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's linear time in fact the way
+it's written you only have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written you only have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written you only have a linear
+number of subtractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of subtractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of subtractions and
+multiplications so it's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so it's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so it's really easy to
+evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate
+uh and then sample vectors we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then sample vectors we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then sample vectors we haven't
+talked much about that um so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked much about that um so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked much about that um so the idea is
+suppose you're given two polomials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're given two polomials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're given two polomials with
+the same x K's. We're going to fix X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same x K's. We're going to fix X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same x K's. We're going to fix X
+K's. All we need is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's. All we need is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's. All we need is that they're
+distinct. So X K could equal K, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct. So X K could equal K, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct. So X K could equal K, for
+example, just a bunch of integers. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, just a bunch of integers. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, just a bunch of integers. And
+then we are told what polinomial A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are told what polinomial A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are told what polinomial A
+evaluates to at every X K. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to at every X K. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to at every X K. And we're
+told what polinomial B evaluates to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what polinomial B evaluates to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what polinomial B evaluates to at
+every X K. So we're given some YKS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X K. So we're given some YKS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X K. So we're given some YKS and
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ZK's. And then we want to compute say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZK's. And then we want to compute say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZK's. And then we want to compute say
+the the sum or the product of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum or the product of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum or the product of those two
+vectors. What do we do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. What do we do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. What do we do?
+just add or multiply the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add or multiply the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add or multiply the corresponding
+uh yk and z case, right? Because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yk and z case, right? Because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yk and z case, right? Because if
+we're told we want uh c of x to equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told we want uh c of x to equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told we want uh c of x to equal a
+of x * b of x or c of x to equal a of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x * b of x or c of x to equal a of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x * b of x or c of x to equal a of x
+plus b of x for all x, well, now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b of x for all x, well, now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b of x for all x, well, now we know
+what x's we care about. We just do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x's we care about. We just do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x's we care about. We just do it at
+the x ks. That's what we're told for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x ks. That's what we're told for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x ks. That's what we're told for a
+and for b. And so to compute c of x k,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for b. And so to compute c of x k,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for b. And so to compute c of x k,
+it's just the sum or the product of yk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the sum or the product of yk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the sum or the product of yk
+and zk. Okay, so multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zk. Okay, so multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zk. Okay, so multiplication is
+really easy in the sample view and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy in the sample view and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy in the sample view and this
+is why we are going to use this view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we are going to use this view.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we are going to use this view.
+We're also going to use this view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're also going to use this view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're also going to use this view
+because as we'll see there's a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we'll see there's a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we'll see there's a problem.
+Uh addition is easy, multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh addition is easy, multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh addition is easy, multiplication is
+easy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy,
+evaluation is annoying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is annoying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is annoying.
+uh I can evaluate a of x k at or a of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can evaluate a of x k at or a of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can evaluate a of x k at or a of x
+at x k for any k but I can't evaluate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x k for any k but I can't evaluate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x k for any k but I can't evaluate it
+at some at some arbitrary value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some at some arbitrary value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some at some arbitrary value of x
+okay that's annoying I'm told at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's annoying I'm told at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's annoying I'm told at these
+finite sample points but now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sample points but now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sample points but now I have to
+somehow interpolate this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow interpolate this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow interpolate this is called
+polinomial interpolation well studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial interpolation well studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial interpolation well studied in
+numerical analysis and so on you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis and so on you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis and so on you can do
+it but uh it takes quadratic time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh it takes quadratic time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh it takes quadratic time in
+general best known algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general best known algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general best known algorithms are
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+bad, this is bad, and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad, this is bad, and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad, this is bad, and this is
+bad. So no representation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So no representation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So no representation is
+perfect. Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect. Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect. Life
+sucks. Uh what we'd like is to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks. Uh what we'd like is to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks. Uh what we'd like is to get the
+best. Now this one is really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best. Now this one is really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best. Now this one is really hard to
+work with because converting into roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with because converting into roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with because converting into roots
+is sort of impossible is impossible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of impossible is impossible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of impossible is impossible in
+our in an arithmetic model. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in an arithmetic model. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in an arithmetic model. So we're
+going to focus on column A and column C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on column A and column C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on column A and column C.
+We kind of like to take the min of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We kind of like to take the min of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We kind of like to take the min of those
+two columns. We won't quite get that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns. We won't quite get that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns. We won't quite get that.
+What we will get is an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we will get is an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we will get is an algorithm for
+converting between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting between these two
+representations in n login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in n login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in n login
+time. So not quite linear but close. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So not quite linear but close. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So not quite linear but close. And
+once we can do that if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we can do that if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we can do that if we want to
+multiply two things in the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply two things in the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply two things in the coefficient
+land we can convert to sample land do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land we can convert to sample land do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land we can convert to sample land do it
+in linear time and then convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time and then convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time and then convert
+back. So uh that's the magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. So uh that's the magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. So uh that's the magical
+transformation we're going to cover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we're going to cover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we're going to cover and
+it is called the fastforier transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called the fastforier transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called the fastforier transform.
+Fastfor transform is the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fastfor transform is the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fastfor transform is the algorithm
+discrete 4A transform is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform is that
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematically. Cool. So the whole name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically. Cool. So the whole name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically. Cool. So the whole name
+of the game is converting uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game is converting uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game is converting uh from
+coefficient representation to samples or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient representation to samples or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient representation to samples or
+vice versa. Turns out they're almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa. Turns out they're almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa. Turns out they're almost the
+same though that won't be obvious for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same though that won't be obvious for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same though that won't be obvious for a
+long time till the end of the class. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time till the end of the class. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time till the end of the class. Any
+questions before we proceed? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why don't we evaluate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we evaluate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we evaluate a
+bip? Ah uh so okay the question is uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bip? Ah uh so okay the question is uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bip? Ah uh so okay the question is uh if
+I want to we'll get there in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to we'll get there in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to we'll get there in a second
+but if I want to multiply uh and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I want to multiply uh and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I want to multiply uh and it's so
+easy to do in sample land why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do in sample land why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do in sample land why don't I
+just sample A and B and then multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sample A and B and then multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sample A and B and then multiply
+them that's right uh but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's right uh but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's right uh but in fact
+sampling is not so easy it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is not so easy it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is not so easy it takes
+quadratic time let's go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now because we have n samples to do each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we have n samples to do each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we have n samples to do each
+one will cost linear time. Uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will cost linear time. Uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will cost linear time. Uh remember
+to evaluate a polinomial takes linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate a polinomial takes linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate a polinomial takes linear
+time. If you want to think of it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. If you want to think of it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. If you want to think of it in a
+matrix that's entered the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's entered the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's entered the matrix
+uh then we get a big matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're given the x i's and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're given the x i's and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're given the x i's and we just
+want to evaluate a given polomial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate a given polomial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate a given polomial uh
+whose coefficients are given by a 0 a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coefficients are given by a 0 a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coefficients are given by a 0 a1
+a2 n minus one. Our goal is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 n minus one. Our goal is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 n minus one. Our goal is to compute
+the y i's y 0 y1 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y i's y 0 y1 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y i's y 0 y1 y
+2 to yn minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to yn minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to yn minus
+one. Uh and so you can if you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Uh and so you can if you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Uh and so you can if you know a
+matrix vector product you take this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector product you take this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector product you take this row
+with that column you take the dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that column you take the dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that column you take the dotproduct
+that multiplies corresponding entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies corresponding entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies corresponding entries
+you get y0 that is the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get y0 that is the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get y0 that is the definition of the
+polinomial evaluation I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial evaluation I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial evaluation I'm just going to
+write a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bunch of these
+rows you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is called the Vandermond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I'll call it
+V. And in general, uh I have room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. And in general, uh I have room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. And in general, uh I have room for
+it. So then we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In general, if we look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general, if we look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general, if we look at uh
+VIG, it's just um sorry there you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VIG, it's just um sorry there you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VIG, it's just um sorry there you may
+notice I'm not using the letter I. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm not using the letter I. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm not using the letter I. We
+will get to why in a moment. VJ K uh row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to why in a moment. VJ K uh row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to why in a moment. VJ K uh row
+J column K. That's going to be x subj to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J column K. That's going to be x subj to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J column K. That's going to be x subj to
+the power k. That's the vendor matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power k. That's the vendor matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power k. That's the vendor matrix.
+Um, we can compute it in quadratic time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we can compute it in quadratic time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we can compute it in quadratic time.
+It has quadratic entries. We can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has quadratic entries. We can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has quadratic entries. We can use the
+trick suggested earlier. Compute each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick suggested earlier. Compute each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick suggested earlier. Compute each
+term from the previous one uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term from the previous one uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term from the previous one uh by
+multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by
+xj. Uh, and then we want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xj. Uh, and then we want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xj. Uh, and then we want to compute this
+matrix vector product. And you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector product. And you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix vector product. And you can
+clearly do it in quadratic time uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly do it in quadratic time uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly do it in quadratic time uh just
+computing each thing correspondingly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing each thing correspondingly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing each thing correspondingly.
+And that's sort of the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's sort of the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's sort of the best you can do
+without any further assumptions. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any further assumptions. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any further assumptions. So this
+takes uh so if I I want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh so if I I want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh so if I I want to compute this
+product that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's the uh
+coefficients to samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to samples
+problem. Uh this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Uh this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Uh this is the same thing as
+computing v times the a vector. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing v times the a vector. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing v times the a vector. So this
+is a matrix vector multiplication which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix vector multiplication which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix vector multiplication which
+takes uh n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. Okay. On the other hand, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. On the other hand, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. On the other hand, so that's
+a problem because we're trying to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem because we're trying to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem because we're trying to beat
+quadratic multiplication. So if we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic multiplication. So if we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic multiplication. So if we spend
+quadratic time to convert over here, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic time to convert over here, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic time to convert over here, it
+doesn't matter if this is linear time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if this is linear time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if this is linear time.
+There are two problems. One is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are two problems. One is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are two problems. One is that
+conversion costs too much. The other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion costs too much. The other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion costs too much. The other is
+we don't yet know how to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't yet know how to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't yet know how to convert
+backwards. Uh but this matrix view gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. Uh but this matrix view gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. Uh but this matrix view gives
+us also the reverse transformation. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us also the reverse transformation. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us also the reverse transformation. If
+we want to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to convert
+samples to coefficients,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+is uh the best notation I know is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the best notation I know is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the best notation I know is from
+mat lab. How many people know mat lab? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab. How many people know mat lab? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab. How many people know mat lab? A
+bunch. So for you it's v back slash a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch. So for you it's v back slash a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch. So for you it's v back slash a
+but uh usually in linear algebra like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh usually in linear algebra like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh usually in linear algebra like
+1806 you see you have you have uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 you see you have you have uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 you see you have you have uh some
+matrix v times some unknown vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix v times some unknown vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix v times some unknown vector.
+Usually it's called x. Here it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually it's called x. Here it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually it's called x. Here it's called
+a. And you know the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. And you know the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. And you know the right hand side and
+you want to solve for this. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve for this. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve for this. How do you
+do it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+Multiply by the inverse. Yeah. How do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiply by the inverse. Yeah. How do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiply by the inverse. Yeah. How do
+you do it in computer science?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in computer science?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in computer science?
+Elimination. Gaussian elimination. Turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elimination. Gaussian elimination. Turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elimination. Gaussian elimination. Turns
+out inverse is the right answer here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out inverse is the right answer here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out inverse is the right answer here.
+But uh Gaussian elimination would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh Gaussian elimination would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh Gaussian elimination would be the
+standard way to solve a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way to solve a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way to solve a linear system
+like that. trouble with galsian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. trouble with galsian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. trouble with galsian
+elimination is it takes cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is it takes cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is it takes cubic
+time and it's in its normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's in its normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's in its normal
+form. Uh in this case it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Uh in this case it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Uh in this case it's a little bit
+special because this matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because this matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special because this matrix is
+essentially fixed. The x i's don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially fixed. The x i's don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially fixed. The x i's don't need
+to change. It could be x i is just i or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change. It could be x i is just i or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change. It could be x i is just i or
+something. Uh so we can in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Uh so we can in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Uh so we can in this case
+it's a little better to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little better to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little better to compute the
+inverse first. Uh so we could also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse first. Uh so we could also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse first. Uh so we could also just
+do V inverse times A. Uh from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do V inverse times A. Uh from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do V inverse times A. Uh from a
+numerical analysis standpoint this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis standpoint this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis standpoint this is
+very bad but don't worry about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad but don't worry about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad but don't worry about it for
+now. We're going to get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. We're going to get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. We're going to get a better
+algorithm today anyway. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm today anyway. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm today anyway. It doesn't
+involve matrices at all. But the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve matrices at all. But the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve matrices at all. But the nice
+thing is if uh computing V inverse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if uh computing V inverse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if uh computing V inverse that
+takes n cubed time but you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes n cubed time but you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes n cubed time but you only have to
+do it once. So if you have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it once. So if you have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it once. So if you have to do this
+many times uh you can do this product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times uh you can do this product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times uh you can do this product in
+n squ time. You just have to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squ time. You just have to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squ time. You just have to maintain
+that v inverse for once and for all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v inverse for once and for all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v inverse for once and for all.
+Okay. Uh, great. So, we got quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, great. So, we got quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, great. So, we got quadratic
+algorithms to go back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to go back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to go back and forth between
+these representations. That at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations. That at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations. That at least
+tells us it's doable. But, uh, we we of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us it's doable. But, uh, we we of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us it's doable. But, uh, we we of
+course need better than quadratic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course need better than quadratic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course need better than quadratic to
+improve on the naive uh, multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on the naive uh, multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on the naive uh, multiplication
+algorithm. So, that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. So, that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. So, that's what we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do. Uh, in general, we can't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Uh, in general, we can't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Uh, in general, we can't do any
+better. But we have one freedom which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. But we have one freedom which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. But we have one freedom which is
+we have said nothing about the x case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have said nothing about the x case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have said nothing about the x case.
+We can choose them to be whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can choose them to be whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can choose them to be whatever they
+we want them to be. I keep saying x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to be. I keep saying x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to be. I keep saying x k
+equals k. That seems fine. It's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k. That seems fine. It's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k. That seems fine. It's actually
+a really bad choice for a reason we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really bad choice for a reason we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really bad choice for a reason we will
+get to. Uh but there is a choice where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to. Uh but there is a choice where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to. Uh but there is a choice where
+magically this transformation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically this transformation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically this transformation becomes
+easy and you can do it in n login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and you can do it in n login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and you can do it in n login
+time. Before we get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Before we get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Before we get there
+uh I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to give you
+some motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motivation
+for how how this could possibly work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And as you might expect even just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as you might expect even just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as you might expect even just from
+the n login running time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n login running time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n login running time we're going to
+be using divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conquer. So let's just think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer. So let's just think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer. So let's just think about how
+divide and conquer could work. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer could work. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer could work. Uh and
+I'm going to show you an idea and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you an idea and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you an idea and then
+we'll figure out how that idea could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out how that idea could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out how that idea could
+possibly work. At the mo it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly work. At the mo it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly work. At the mo it doesn't work
+at the moment but we we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but we we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but we we'll be able to
+choose the x case so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the x case so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the x case so that it
+works. So let's say uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So let's say uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So let's say uh the
+goal I mean what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal I mean what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal I mean what we want to do is
+compute this uh v * a I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this uh v * a I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this uh v * a I'm going to
+convert think of that back into mat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert think of that back into mat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert think of that back into mat into
+polomial uh land. So our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial uh land. So our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial uh land. So our goal is to
+compute a of x uh for all x in some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x. Okay, this is uh taking a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay, this is uh taking a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay, this is uh taking a bunch of
+samples. Those uh the set X is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples. Those uh the set X is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples. Those uh the set X is just a
+set of the XKS, but I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the XKS, but I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the XKS, but I'm going to change
+that set in a moment uh using recursion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set in a moment uh using recursion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set in a moment uh using recursion.
+So I want to think so the input to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to think so the input to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to think so the input to this
+algorithm is a polinomial A of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a polinomial A of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a polinomial A of X and
+it's a set capital X of positions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set capital X of positions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set capital X of positions that
+I'd like to evaluate that polomial at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to evaluate that polomial at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to evaluate that polomial at.
+This is clearly more general than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is clearly more general than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is clearly more general than the
+problem we're trying to solve and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're trying to solve and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're trying to solve and I'm
+going to solve it with divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve it with divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve it with divide and
+conquer. So in divide and conquer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer. So in divide and conquer there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer. So in divide and conquer there
+are three steps. Divide, conquer, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three steps. Divide, conquer, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three steps. Divide, conquer, and
+combine. Right? So uh let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divide here's the big idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide here's the big idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide here's the big idea.
+Uh I would say there are two natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I would say there are two natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I would say there are two natural
+ways to divide a vector. One is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to divide a vector. One is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to divide a vector. One is in the
+middle. That's what we've always seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. That's what we've always seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. That's what we've always seen
+with merge sort and divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with merge sort and divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with merge sort and divide and conquer
+uh and u convex hull from last time. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and u convex hull from last time. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and u convex hull from last time. But
+there's another way which will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way which will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way which will work
+better here which is the even entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better here which is the even entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better here which is the even entries
+and the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the odd
+entries. So I'm going to divide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries. So I'm going to divide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries. So I'm going to divide into
+even and odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients. So let me write that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. So let me write that down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. So let me write that down.
+Uh one of them is called a sub even of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh one of them is called a sub even of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh one of them is called a sub even of
+x. That's a polomial. It's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That's a polomial. It's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That's a polomial. It's going to have
+half the degree. So it's going to be sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the degree. So it's going to be sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the degree. So it's going to be sum
+from k= 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k= 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k= 0
+to I wrote n here but I think I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I wrote n here but I think I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I wrote n here but I think I want
+something like n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n /
+2 -1 n - 1 /2 one of those things uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 -1 n - 1 /2 one of those things uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 -1 n - 1 /2 one of those things uh of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+2k x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2k x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2k x to the
+k. So really really what I want which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So really really what I want which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So really really what I want which is
+easier to write in the vector notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write in the vector notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write in the vector notation.
+I want all the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want all the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want all the even
+entries. Okay, I won't try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries. Okay, I won't try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries. Okay, I won't try to figure out
+what the last one is but it's roughly n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the last one is but it's roughly n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the last one is but it's roughly n
+/2ish. I'll just write that. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2ish. I'll just write that. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2ish. I'll just write that. Uh you
+could go a little bit extra. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go a little bit extra. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go a little bit extra. That's
+fine. Uh if you define a subn to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Uh if you define a subn to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Uh if you define a subn to be zero
+and a sub n plus one to be zero and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sub n plus one to be zero and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sub n plus one to be zero and all
+those to be zero those terms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to be zero those terms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to be zero those terms will
+disappear. So uh the key thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear. So uh the key thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear. So uh the key thing here is
+I'm taking the even entries but I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking the even entries but I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking the even entries but I'm I'm
+I'm not I don't have 2k up here right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I don't have 2k up here right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I don't have 2k up here right?
+So this is the x to the zero term. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the x to the zero term. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the x to the zero term. This
+is the x to the one term. This is the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the x to the one term. This is the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the x to the one term. This is the x
+to the 2 term. So there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 term. So there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 term. So there's a difference
+between x to the k's and the the a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x to the k's and the the a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x to the k's and the the a uh
+sub 2k. But I mean just think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2k. But I mean just think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2k. But I mean just think about it
+in vector form. Don't worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector form. Don't worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector form. Don't worry about the
+algebra for now. We're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for now. We're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for now. We're going to have to
+worry about it in a second. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it in a second. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it in a second. But
+intuitively what I want to do is extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what I want to do is extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what I want to do is extract
+from the vector of all the ais uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vector of all the ais uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vector of all the ais uh these
+two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors
+the odd coefficients in order and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd coefficients in order and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd coefficients in order and the
+even coefficients in order. But I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even coefficients in order. But I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even coefficients in order. But I'm
+going to need the algebraic form in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need the algebraic form in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need the algebraic form in a
+moment for the combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step. So this should be 2k + 1 x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. So this should be 2k + 1 x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. So this should be 2k + 1 x to the
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that's step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Easy to do. Linear time, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Easy to do. Linear time, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Easy to do. Linear time, of
+course. Um, let's jump ahead to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Um, let's jump ahead to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Um, let's jump ahead to step
+three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combine. In order to compute a of x from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine. In order to compute a of x from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine. In order to compute a of x from
+what I'd like to do is recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is recursively
+compute a even of x and a odd of x for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a even of x and a odd of x for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a even of x and a odd of x for
+some values x. It's not going to be x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values x. It's not going to be x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values x. It's not going to be x
+and x. It's going to be some other set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x. It's going to be some other set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x. It's going to be some other set.
+And let's think about how I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's think about how I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's think about how I could
+compute a of x given some solutions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a of x given some solutions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a of x given some solutions to a
+even of x and a odd of x. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even of x and a odd of x. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even of x and a odd of x. So this is
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three combine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a of x over here and I want a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a of x over here and I want a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a of x over here and I want a even
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+something and a odd of something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and a odd of something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and a odd of something and
+something in here. Uh, anyone see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algebra? Maybe start with this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I hear a mumble. Yeah. X. X squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Exactly. Time for a purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Getting better. Uh why X squ?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Getting better. Uh why X squ?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Getting better. Uh why X squ?
+Because we have this mismatch here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we have this mismatch here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we have this mismatch here. We
+have a sub 2K. We want x to the 2k. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sub 2K. We want x to the 2k. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sub 2K. We want x to the 2k. How
+could we do that? Well, we could put x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do that? Well, we could put x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do that? Well, we could put x^2
+to the 2k. uh and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2k. uh and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2k. uh and you know
+x^2 oh sorry x^2 to the k is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 oh sorry x^2 to the k is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 oh sorry x^2 to the k is the same
+thing as x^ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as x^ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as x^ the
+2k okay and so magically this transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2k okay and so magically this transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2k okay and so magically this transforms
+into the even entries of a of x that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the even entries of a of x that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the even entries of a of x that's
+half of them we do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them we do the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them we do the same thing for
+the odd ones and we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd ones and we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd ones and we're almost
+there now we have a sub 2k + 1 * x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now we have a sub 2k + 1 * x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now we have a sub 2k + 1 * x to
+the 2k no + one so how can I turn it add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2k no + one so how can I turn it add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2k no + one so how can I turn it add
+a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+one multiply by x out here take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiply by x out here take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one multiply by x out here take the
+whole thing multiply by x then I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing multiply by x then I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing multiply by x then I get all
+of the odd terms of a of x I add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the odd terms of a of x I add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the odd terms of a of x I add these
+together I get a of x okay it's uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I get a of x okay it's uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I get a of x okay it's uh I
+mean you could prove this more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could prove this more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could prove this more carefully
+but uh sort of that's just algebra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh sort of that's just algebra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh sort of that's just algebra to
+see that this is correct once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is correct once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is correct once you have
+this it tells you what I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it tells you what I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it tells you what I need to do is
+compute a even of x^2 for all x and x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a even of x^2 for all x and x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a even of x^2 for all x and x.
+So this is uh for x and x. There's a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh for x and x. There's a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh for x and x. There's a for
+loop for you. So that's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop for you. So that's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop for you. So that's going to take
+linear time. If I already know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time. If I already know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time. If I already know this
+value and I already know this value, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I already know this value, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I already know this value, I
+do one multiplication, one addition, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one multiplication, one addition, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one multiplication, one addition, and
+boom, I get a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom, I get a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom, I get a of
+x. So in the conquer step, I want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursively compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'll call it a even of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll call it a even of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll call it a even of
+y and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and a
+odd of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y for y in x squared. x^2 is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y for y in x squared. x^2 is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y for y in x squared. x^2 is the set of
+squares of all numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x. Okay, so I'm changing my set x. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay, so I'm changing my set x. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay, so I'm changing my set x. I
+started with a polinomial A and a set X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a polinomial A and a set X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a polinomial A and a set X.
+Recursively I'm doing a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recursively I'm doing a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recursively I'm doing a different
+polomial of half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial of half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial of half the
+degree, half the number of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree, half the number of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree, half the number of terms
+uh but with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but with a different
+set of the same size. Okay, I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the same size. Okay, I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the same size. Okay, I started
+with X. X squar has the same size as X,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X. X squar has the same size as X,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X. X squar has the same size as X,
+right? So let's try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So let's try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So let's try to figure out how
+fast or slow this algorithm is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or slow this algorithm is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or slow this algorithm is.
+But that is a divide and conquer. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that is a divide and conquer. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that is a divide and conquer. That
+is going to be our golden ticket. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our golden ticket. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be our golden ticket. It's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple. Uh but we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Uh but we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Uh but we're going to need
+another trick. So um I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another trick. So um I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another trick. So um I'm going to write
+a recurrence. Now this this recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recurrence. Now this this recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recurrence. Now this this recurrence
+depends kind of on two things. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends kind of on two things. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends kind of on two things. One is
+how many terms are there in a that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many terms are there in a that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many terms are there in a that we've
+been calling n. And the other is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been calling n. And the other is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been calling n. And the other is how
+many numbers are there in x? How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many numbers are there in x? How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many numbers are there in x? How many
+different places do I have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places do I have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places do I have to evaluate
+my polomial? So we've got t of n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my polomial? So we've got t of n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my polomial? So we've got t of n and
+I'll just call it size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x. Okay. Uh so divide and conquer goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay. Uh so divide and conquer goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay. Uh so divide and conquer goes
+handinhand with recurrences. Generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handinhand with recurrences. Generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handinhand with recurrences. Generally
+you've got the recursive part. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the recursive part. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the recursive part. So that's
+just how big are the sub problems? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how big are the sub problems? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how big are the sub problems? How
+many are there? There are two subpros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are there? There are two subpros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are there? There are two subpros.
+They have half the size in terms of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have half the size in terms of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have half the size in terms of n
+but they have the same size in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have the same size in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have the same size in terms of
+x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, all right. 2 * because there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all right. 2 * because there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all right. 2 * because there's two
+subpros each of size n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpros each of size n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpros each of size n /2
+uh and size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and size
+x. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay.
+Plus what goes here is however much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus what goes here is however much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus what goes here is however much it
+costs to do the divide step plus however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to do the divide step plus however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to do the divide step plus however
+much it costs to do the combined step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it costs to do the combined step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it costs to do the combined step.
+All the non-recursive parts. Well, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the non-recursive parts. Well, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the non-recursive parts. Well, this
+is just partitioning the vectors. Linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just partitioning the vectors. Linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just partitioning the vectors. Linear
+scan linear time. uh this is we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan linear time. uh this is we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan linear time. uh this is we we
+talked about it's a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it's a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it's a constant number of
+arithmetic operations for each x. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations for each x. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations for each x. So
+this costs order x time this cost order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this costs order x time this cost order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this costs order x time this cost order
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+time right? So in general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right? So in general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right? So in general we
+get n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n +
+x. Now this is not again not a recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Now this is not again not a recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Now this is not again not a recurrent
+solvable by the master method because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable by the master method because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable by the master method because it
+has two variables and uh so probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two variables and uh so probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two variables and uh so probably the
+usually when you're faced with this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when you're faced with this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when you're faced with this sort
+of thing you want to do kind of back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you want to do kind of back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you want to do kind of back of
+the envelope picture uh draw a recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope picture uh draw a recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope picture uh draw a recursion
+tree good way to go. So at the root now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree good way to go. So at the root now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree good way to go. So at the root now
+I know that initially x equals n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that initially x equals n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that initially x equals n right
+when I start out I have n coefficients I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start out I have n coefficients I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start out I have n coefficients I
+have n different positions I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n different positions I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n different positions I want to
+evaluate at them at because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at them at because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at them at because that's what
+I want to do to do this conversion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do to do this conversion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do to do this conversion from
+coefficients to samples. So at the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to samples. So at the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to samples. So at the root
+of the recursion tree, I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion tree, I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion tree, I'm just going to
+write n order n work to get started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write n order n work to get started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write n order n work to get started and
+to the do the recursions. There are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the do the recursions. There are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the do the recursions. There are two
+recursive calls. One has both have size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls. One has both have size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls. One has both have size
+n /2 in terms of a and they have size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 in terms of a and they have size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 in terms of a and they have size
+the same x which is also known as n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same x which is also known as n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same x which is also known as n in
+those two recursions. So in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two recursions. So in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two recursions. So in fact the
+linear work here will be n and n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear work here will be n and n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear work here will be n and n and
+then we'll get n and n. x never goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get n and n. x never goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get n and n. x never goes
+down. So x always remains n the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So x always remains n the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So x always remains n the original
+value of n. This is a bad recurrence. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n. This is a bad recurrence. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of n. This is a bad recurrence. Uh
+there are n sorry there are login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n sorry there are login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n sorry there are login
+levels. That's the good news. Once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels. That's the good news. Once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels. That's the good news. Once we
+get down to constant size we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to constant size we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to constant size we can kind of
+stop when there's only one coefficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop when there's only one coefficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop when there's only one coefficient.
+I know how to evaluate the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to evaluate the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to evaluate the polinomial
+with with just a zero. That's easy. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with just a zero. That's easy. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with just a zero. That's easy. Uh
+so down at the bottom here at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so down at the bottom here at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so down at the bottom here at the last
+level so this is height log n. The last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so this is height log n. The last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so this is height log n. The last
+level is just it's again going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is just it's again going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is just it's again going to be a
+whole bunch of n's all the same n here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of n's all the same n here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of n's all the same n here.
+n is the original value of x because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the original value of x because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the original value of x because we
+haven't changed that. How many n's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed that. How many n's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed that. How many n's are
+there down here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H two to the log n also known as n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, good. So we had uh because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good. So we had uh because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good. So we had uh because we had
+login levels we had binary branching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login levels we had binary branching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login levels we had binary branching so
+it's two to the number of levels which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two to the number of levels which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two to the number of levels which
+is just n. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just n. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just n. So this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n^2. All this work still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n^2. Clearly what we need is for x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2. Clearly what we need is for x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2. Clearly what we need is for x to
+get smaller too. Right? If x if in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smaller too. Right? If x if in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smaller too. Right? If x if in this
+recursion let me uh in red draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion let me uh in red draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion let me uh in red draw the
+recursion I would like to have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If x became x over two here, that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If x became x over two here, that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If x became x over two here, that's the
+only change we'd need. Then n and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change we'd need. Then n and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change we'd need. Then n and x
+change in exactly the same way. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in exactly the same way. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in exactly the same way. And so
+then we can just forget about x. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just forget about x. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just forget about x. It's
+going to be the same as n. Then we get 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as n. Then we get 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as n. Then we get 2
+* n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n
+/2 plus order n. Look familiar? It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 plus order n. Look familiar? It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 plus order n. Look familiar? It is
+our breadand butter recurrence. Merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our breadand butter recurrence. Merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our breadand butter recurrence. Merge
+sort recurrence. That's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort recurrence. That's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort recurrence. That's n
+login. That's what we need to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. That's what we need to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. That's what we need to do.
+Somehow when we convert our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somehow when we convert our set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somehow when we convert our set
+x to x^2 I want x to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller. Is that at all plausible? Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Is that at all plausible? Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Is that at all plausible? Let's
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. What's the base case? Um keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. What's the base case? Um keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. What's the base case? Um keep things
+simple. Let's say the base case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Let's say the base case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Let's say the base case when
+uh x= 1 I'll just let x be let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x= 1 I'll just let x be let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x= 1 I'll just let x be let's say I
+want to compute uh my a at one keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute uh my a at one keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute uh my a at one keep it
+simple. Okay. What if I what if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Okay. What if I what if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Okay. What if I what if I want
+two values in x? I'd like to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values in x? I'd like to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values in x? I'd like to have the
+feature that when I square all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that when I square all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that when I square all the
+values in x, so I want two values, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in x, so I want two values, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in x, so I want two values, but
+when I square them, I only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value. Solve for x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. One and one. Negative one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Not bad. Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Not bad. Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Not bad. Good
+catch. Negative 1 and one. That could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch. Negative 1 and one. That could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch. Negative 1 and one. That could
+work, right? What are negative 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, right? What are negative 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, right? What are negative 1 and
+one? They are the square roots of one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? They are the square roots of one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? They are the square roots of one,
+right? - 1^2 is 1. 1^2 is 1. There's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? - 1^2 is 1. 1^2 is 1. There's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? - 1^2 is 1. 1^2 is 1. There's two
+square roots for every number. Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots for every number. Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots for every number. Two
+square roots for every number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots for every number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots for every number.
+Interesting. So that means if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting. So that means if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting. So that means if I just
+keep taking square roots, when I square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep taking square roots, when I square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep taking square roots, when I square
+them, it collapses by a factor of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, it collapses by a factor of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, it collapses by a factor of two.
+Uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let
+me let me go to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board and define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something. you're all anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. you're all anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. you're all anticipating
+what's going to happen, but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen, but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen, but I'm going to
+say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a
+collapsing set x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing set x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing set x
+uh or a set is collapsing if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or a set is collapsing if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or a set is collapsing if either
+um the size of x² is the size of x / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the size of x² is the size of x / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the size of x² is the size of x / 2
+uh and recursively x^2 is collapsing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I need this to work all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need this to work all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need this to work all the way
+down the recursion or I need a base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the recursion or I need a base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the recursion or I need a base case
+which is just x= 1. There's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just x= 1. There's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just x= 1. There's a single
+item in x. So I happen to start with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in x. So I happen to start with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in x. So I happen to start with x
+equals the item one. It didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the item one. It didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the item one. It didn't have to
+be one. Could have been seven. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one. Could have been seven. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one. Could have been seven. It
+couldn't be zero cuz zero uh you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be zero cuz zero uh you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be zero cuz zero uh you won't
+get two numbers. There's only one square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two numbers. There's only one square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two numbers. There's only one square
+root of zero. Okay, so I lied a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of zero. Okay, so I lied a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of zero. Okay, so I lied a little
+bit. Other than zero, every number has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Other than zero, every number has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Other than zero, every number has
+exactly two square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two square
+roots. So what's the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. So what's the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. So what's the square root of
+negative one? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one? I
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+so complex numbers. So if I take square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex numbers. So if I take square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex numbers. So if I take square
+roots of these guys, I get I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of these guys, I get I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of these guys, I get I and
+negative I and again I get minus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative I and again I get minus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative I and again I get minus1 and
+1. Okay, that's when x= 4. Turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay, that's when x= 4. Turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay, that's when x= 4. Turns out
+this is only going to work for powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only going to work for powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only going to work for powers of
+two. But hey, if n isn't a power of two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. But hey, if n isn't a power of two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. But hey, if n isn't a power of two,
+just round up to the next power of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just round up to the next power of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just round up to the next power of two.
+That only hurts me by a factor of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That only hurts me by a factor of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That only hurts me by a factor of two.
+Okay, complex numbers. Okay, every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, complex numbers. Okay, every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, complex numbers. Okay, every time
+I said real number in the past, pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said real number in the past, pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said real number in the past, pretend
+I said complex number. Everything I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said complex number. Everything I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said complex number. Everything I said
+is still true. Actually, the root thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still true. Actually, the root thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still true. Actually, the root thing
+is only true when you allow complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only true when you allow complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only true when you allow complex
+numbers. Some polinomials have complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Some polinomials have complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Some polinomials have complex
+roots. Okay, so pretend I said complex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Okay, so pretend I said complex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Okay, so pretend I said complex.
+We're going to need complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to need complex numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to need complex numbers.
+This is why because when we start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why because when we start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why because when we start taking
+square roots we immediately get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots we immediately get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots we immediately get uh
+complex numbers. Okay. Next would be x=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 ah yeah square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 ah yeah square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 ah yeah square of
+i. Square of i. Let's see if I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Square of i. Let's see if I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Square of i. Let's see if I can do
+it. Should be <unk>2 / 2 * 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Should be <unk>2 / 2 * 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Should be <unk>2 / 2 * 1 +
+i. And then this one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the square<unk> of i is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square<unk> of i is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square<unk> of i is going to be
+<unk>2 over two * 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+<unk>2 over two * 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+<unk>2 over two * 1 minus
+i. And then we have all our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. And then we have all our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. And then we have all our old
+guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh oh. And then I can write plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh. And then I can write plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh. And then I can write plus or
+minus in front of each of these. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in front of each of these. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in front of each of these. It's
+like there weren't enough terms there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there weren't enough terms there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there weren't enough terms there.
+Okay. Now I've got eight. Sorry, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I've got eight. Sorry, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I've got eight. Sorry, I've
+got four numbers here and I've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four numbers here and I've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four numbers here and I've got four
+numbers there. How in the world could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there. How in the world could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there. How in the world could I
+remember this? Maybe I memorized it. No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this? Maybe I memorized it. No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this? Maybe I memorized it. No,
+I didn't memorize it. It's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't memorize it. It's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't memorize it. It's actually
+really easy to figure this out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to figure this out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to figure this out if you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+geometry. Geometry. Let's do geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. Geometry. Let's do geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. Geometry. Let's do geometry
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. It's convenient. I'm actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's convenient. I'm actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's convenient. I'm actually a
+geometer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know complex numbers have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know complex numbers have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know complex numbers have two
+parts right the real part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts right the real part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts right the real part and the
+complex part. I'm going to draw that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex part. I'm going to draw that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex part. I'm going to draw that in
+what's called the complex plane where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the complex plane where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the complex plane where we
+draw the real part here and I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the real part here and I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the real part here and I guess it's
+usually called the imaginary part on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called the imaginary part on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called the imaginary part on the
+y- ais. Every point in this plane is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- ais. Every point in this plane is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- ais. Every point in this plane is a
+complex number and vice versa. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number and vice versa. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number and vice versa. They're
+the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing.
+Okay. So what did we start with? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what did we start with? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what did we start with? We
+started with the number one. number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the number one. number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the number one. number
+one uh would be here. It has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh would be here. It has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh would be here. It has no
+imaginary part. So it's on the x- axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part. So it's on the x- axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part. So it's on the x- axis.
+That's this is the real line down here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's this is the real line down here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's this is the real line down here.
+And it's at position one, which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's at position one, which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's at position one, which I'm
+going to just define to be right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just define to be right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just define to be right there.
+Okay. Then we got negative 1. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then we got negative 1. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then we got negative 1. That's
+over here. Then we got i. That's here. 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. Then we got i. That's here. 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. Then we got i. That's here. 1
+* i. Then we got negative i. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* i. Then we got negative i. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* i. Then we got negative i. That's
+here. H. Then we got <unk>2 over 2 * i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. H. Then we got <unk>2 over 2 * i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. H. Then we got <unk>2 over 2 * i +
+1. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. That's
+here <unk>2 over2 by<unk>2 over2 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here <unk>2 over2 by<unk>2 over2 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here <unk>2 over2 by<unk>2 over2 what is
+the property of <unk>2 over2 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property of <unk>2 over2 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property of <unk>2 over2 comma
+roo<unk>2 over2 it has distance exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roo<unk>2 over2 it has distance exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roo<unk>2 over2 it has distance exactly
+one to the origin right if I draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the origin right if I draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the origin right if I draw this
+triangle <unk>2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle <unk>2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle <unk>2 /
+2 <unk>2 /2 uh I square this I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 <unk>2 /2 uh I square this I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 <unk>2 /2 uh I square this I get a
+half I square this I get a half I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I square this I get a half I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I square this I get a half I add
+them together I get one take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together I get one take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together I get one take the square
+root I still get one so this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root I still get one so this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root I still get one so this distance is
+H interesting. Uh and then I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H interesting. Uh and then I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H interesting. Uh and then I got the
+negative of that which is over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that which is over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that which is over here and
+negative of that. And then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that. And then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that. And then this is the
+with a negative I get it wrong. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative I get it wrong. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative I get it wrong. Yep.
+Sorry. Doesn't matter. But I'll think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Doesn't matter. But I'll think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Doesn't matter. But I'll think of
+it as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as I
+minus killer shock. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus killer shock. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus killer shock. I
+minus one. It's the same cuz I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. It's the same cuz I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. It's the same cuz I had the
+plus and minus, but I like the geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus, but I like the geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus, but I like the geometry.
+So this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this point is
+uh <unk>2 /2 by <unk>2 over2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh <unk>2 /2 by <unk>2 over2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh <unk>2 /2 by <unk>2 over2 and then
+there's a negative over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative over
+here. What properties do these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have? I heard a word. Circle. Unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle. Good. Who said unit circle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Good. Who said unit circle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Good. Who said unit circle?
+Nice. It's a unit circle, right? Clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice. It's a unit circle, right? Clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice. It's a unit circle, right? Clearly
+that deserves a frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deserves a frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deserves a frisbee
+end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end.
+Okay. Unit circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Unit circle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Unit circle.
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+circle. It seems good. Uh what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. It seems good. Uh what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. It seems good. Uh what's going
+on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I took this number. I claimed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I took this number. I claimed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I took this number. I claimed it was
+the square root of I because it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of I because it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of I because it turns
+out if you take points on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you take points on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you take points on the unit
+circle in the complex plane when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in the complex plane when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in the complex plane when you
+square a number it's like doubling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a number it's like doubling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a number it's like doubling the
+angle relative to the x ais. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle relative to the x ais. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle relative to the x ais. This is
+angle 0. This is angle what do you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle 0. This is angle what do you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle 0. This is angle what do you call
+it? 45°. Uh this is angle 90°. So when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? 45°. Uh this is angle 90°. So when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? 45°. Uh this is angle 90°. So when I
+square this number I get 90°. That's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square this number I get 90°. That's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square this number I get 90°. That's why
+this number is a square sorry is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is a square sorry is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is a square sorry is a
+square root of I. I probably should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of I. I probably should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of I. I probably should have
+labeled some of these. This is I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled some of these. This is I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled some of these. This is I.
+This is minus I. This is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is minus I. This is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is minus I. This is minus
+one. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And this is
+one. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In
+general, we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, we get
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah. So let's these are called the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So let's these are called the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So let's these are called the nth
+roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unity. Unity is just a fancy word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. Unity is just a fancy word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. Unity is just a fancy word for
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+uh one is here and first we computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is here and first we computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is here and first we computed the
+square roots of one they were minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of one they were minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of one they were minus one
+and one then we compute computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one then we compute computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one then we compute computed the
+fourth roots of one all of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth roots of one all of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth roots of one all of these numbers
+if you take the fourth roots or sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the fourth roots or sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the fourth roots or sorry if
+you take the fourth power you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the fourth power you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the fourth power you get one
+then we computed the eighth roots of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we computed the eighth roots of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we computed the eighth roots of one
+all of these numbers if you take the eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these numbers if you take the eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these numbers if you take the eth
+power you get one again so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you get one again so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you get one again so in general
+nth roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth roots of
+unity we're going to assume n is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity we're going to assume n is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity we're going to assume n is a power
+of two but this notion actually makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but this notion actually makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but this notion actually makes
+sense for any n and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for any n and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for any n and they're just
+uniformly spaced around the circle. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly spaced around the circle. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly spaced around the circle. And
+if you know some geometry and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know some geometry and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know some geometry and how it
+relates to trig, you know that a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to trig, you know that a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to trig, you know that a general
+point on the circle is cos theta comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the circle is cos theta comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the circle is cos theta comma
+sin theta. x coordinate is cos theta, y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta. x coordinate is cos theta, y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta. x coordinate is cos theta, y
+coordinate is sin theta. This is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is sin theta. This is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is sin theta. This is also a
+funny notation for complex numbers. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny notation for complex numbers. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny notation for complex numbers. Not
+so funny. This is the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so funny. This is the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so funny. This is the geometric
+interpretation of uh cos theta uh plus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of uh cos theta uh plus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of uh cos theta uh plus i
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+theta. Okay. Okay. And if I want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay. Okay. And if I want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay. Okay. And if I want them
+uniformly spaced around the circle and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly spaced around the circle and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly spaced around the circle and I
+want to include this point also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include this point also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include this point also known as
+theta= 0 because when theta equals 0 cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta= 0 because when theta equals 0 cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta= 0 because when theta equals 0 cos
+theta is 1 sin theta is 0 right uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is 1 sin theta is 0 right uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is 1 sin theta is 0 right uh then
+so I want to say for theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to say for theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to say for theta
+= to 0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 0 and then
+uh here I'm going to get fancy tow over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I'm going to get fancy tow over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I'm going to get fancy tow over
+n 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 to
+n up to uh n -1 / n * t to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n up to uh n -1 / n * t to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n up to uh n -1 / n * t to what's
+tow 2 pi. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you. This is modern notation just over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is modern notation just over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is modern notation just over
+the last couple years. I believe in tao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple years. I believe in tao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple years. I believe in tao
+so much I got it tattooed on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much I got it tattooed on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much I got it tattooed on my
+arm. Okay, towel is is the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm. Okay, towel is is the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm. Okay, towel is is the fundamental
+constant. Screw pi. Uh none of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Screw pi. Uh none of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Screw pi. Uh none of that
+three and change. Six and change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and change. Six and change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and change. Six and change is
+where it's at. Uh so toao clearly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's at. Uh so toao clearly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's at. Uh so toao clearly this
+is much nicer tao over n not 2 pi / n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much nicer tao over n not 2 pi / n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much nicer tao over n not 2 pi / n.
+Tao is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tao is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tao is a whole
+circle. Okay this is 1 nth of a circle 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Okay this is 1 nth of a circle 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Okay this is 1 nth of a circle 2
+of a circle n minus one over n of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circle n minus one over n of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circle n minus one over n of a
+circle. I didn't do n of a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. I didn't do n of a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. I didn't do n of a circle
+because that's also the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also the same as
+zero. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why
+uh why did I introduce this notation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why did I introduce this notation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why did I introduce this notation?
+Because there's this other great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because there's this other great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because there's this other great thing
+called Orther's formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Orther's formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Orther's formula
+uh which is that this this equals e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that this this equals e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that this this equals e to
+the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta right double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right double
+check it's so rare that I get to do real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it's so rare that I get to do real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it's so rare that I get to do real
+uh calculus this is oiler's formula e e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculus this is oiler's formula e e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculus this is oiler's formula e e
+for oiler another number two and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oiler another number two and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oiler another number two and change
+uh e to the i this is funny because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to the i this is funny because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to the i this is funny because it's
+complex time theta is equal to cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex time theta is equal to cos theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex time theta is equal to cos theta
+plus i sin theta this is the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i sin theta this is the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i sin theta this is the relation
+between exponentials and trigonometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between exponentials and trigonometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between exponentials and trigonometry
+that's big thing oiler did cool uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big thing oiler did cool uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big thing oiler did cool uh so
+what because this lets us understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because this lets us understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because this lets us understand how
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+work not squares the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work not squares the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work not squares the shape
+but squares the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I take squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so if I take e to the i theta this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I take e to the i theta this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I take e to the i theta this is
+uh one of my roots of unity let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my roots of unity let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my roots of unity let me let
+me expand out what theta is so theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me expand out what theta is so theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me expand out what theta is so theta is
+some k * n let's do it this way first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some k * n let's do it this way first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some k * n let's do it this way first so
+in reality we have uh k power /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality we have uh k power /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality we have uh k power /
+n. When I square it, that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. When I square it, that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. When I square it, that's the same
+thing as putting the two right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as putting the two right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as putting the two right here.
+This is the same thing as e to the i * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the same thing as e to the i * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the same thing as e to the i * 2
+thet. Bingo. I get what I was claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet. Bingo. I get what I was claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet. Bingo. I get what I was claiming
+that if I start at some angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I start at some angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I start at some angle theta
+relative to the xaxis, when I square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the xaxis, when I square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the xaxis, when I square the
+number, I just double the angle. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, I just double the angle. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, I just double the angle. This is
+why. Okay, this is obvious. uh and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why. Okay, this is obvious. uh and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why. Okay, this is obvious. uh and just
+from regular algebra and then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from regular algebra and then this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from regular algebra and then this thing
+oilers's formula tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oilers's formula tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oilers's formula tells me that
+corresponds to doubling the angle on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to doubling the angle on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to doubling the angle on a
+circle. So only works for points in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So only works for points in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So only works for points in a
+circle but uh so when I go here I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but uh so when I go here I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but uh so when I go here I get
+you know e to the i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know e to the i k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know e to the i k
+uh I guess 2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess 2 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess 2 k
+* n twice as far around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n twice as far around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n twice as far around the
+circle. All right. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. All right. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. All right. Uh
+fine. What happens if I take this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. What happens if I take this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. What happens if I take this number
+and I square it? So this has a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I square it? So this has a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I square it? So this has a really
+big angle. This is uh it's 1/2 + 1/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big angle. This is uh it's 1/2 + 1/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big angle. This is uh it's 1/2 + 1/8
+whatever that is 5/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is 5/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is 5/8
+* when I double that angle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* when I double that angle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* when I double that angle I
+go to here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to here.
+Right? Now, this you might call it 10/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now, this you might call it 10/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now, this you might call it 10/8
+or you might also call it one quarter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might also call it one quarter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might also call it one quarter.
+So, there's a because when you go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a because when you go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a because when you go around
+the circle, you stay on the circle. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle, you stay on the circle. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle, you stay on the circle. So,
+there's another thing going on which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing going on which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing going on which is
+really um this is e to the i * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um this is e to the i * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um this is e to the i * 2
+theta mod to usually we think of mods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta mod to usually we think of mods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta mod to usually we think of mods
+relative to integers. But, uh the what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to integers. But, uh the what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to integers. But, uh the what I
+mean is every time I add a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is every time I add a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is every time I add a multiple of
+town, nothing changes. If I go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town, nothing changes. If I go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town, nothing changes. If I go around
+the circle five times and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle five times and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle five times and then do
+something, it's the same as just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, it's the same as just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, it's the same as just doing
+the something. Okay, so I kind of need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something. Okay, so I kind of need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something. Okay, so I kind of need
+that. Um, and this is true because uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, and this is true because uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, and this is true because uh e
+to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i
+tow= 1. You may know it as e to the i pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow= 1. You may know it as e to the i pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow= 1. You may know it as e to the i pi
+= 1, but clearly this is the superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1, but clearly this is the superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1, but clearly this is the superior
+formula. So superior I got it tattooed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So superior I got it tattooed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So superior I got it tattooed
+on my other arm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my other arm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my other arm.
+Uh, it's amazing what you can do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, it's amazing what you can do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, it's amazing what you can do with a
+laser printer and a temporary tattoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printer and a temporary tattoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printer and a temporary tattoo
+kit. Sadly, these won't last,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit. Sadly, these won't last,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit. Sadly, these won't last,
+but definitely try it at home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely try it at home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely try it at home.
+Um, cool. So, e to the i to equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So, e to the i to equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So, e to the i to equals 1.
+So, going around the circle, same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, going around the circle, same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, going around the circle, same thing
+is not. All right. So, uh you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not. All right. So, uh you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not. All right. So, uh you can draw
+on this picture for every number what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this picture for every number what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this picture for every number what is
+its square. Um, and in general, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its square. Um, and in general, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its square. Um, and in general, if you
+look at these four guys, their squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these four guys, their squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these four guys, their squares
+are just going to be these two guys. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to be these two guys. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to be these two guys. If
+you look at these four guys, their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these four guys, their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these four guys, their
+squares are going to be among these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares are going to be among these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares are going to be among these four
+guys. So, I started with eight guys. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. So, I started with eight guys. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. So, I started with eight guys. I
+square them, I get four. I square them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square them, I get four. I square them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square them, I get four. I square them,
+I get two. I square them, I get one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two. I square them, I get one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two. I square them, I get one.
+That's how we constructed it. Uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we constructed it. Uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we constructed it. Uh, but
+you can see it works not only for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it works not only for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it works not only for this
+eight point set that we constructed sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight point set that we constructed sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight point set that we constructed sort
+of by hand. Uh, but it works for the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by hand. Uh, but it works for the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by hand. Uh, but it works for the nth
+roots of unity. As long as n is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of unity. As long as n is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of unity. As long as n is a power
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+two, this set of points will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, this set of points will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, this set of points will be
+collapsing. Okay. So, uh if n is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing. Okay. So, uh if n is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing. Okay. So, uh if n is a power
+of two for some integer k, then uh nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two for some integer k, then uh nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two for some integer k, then uh nth
+roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unity are collapsing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+definition and that's what we want. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and that's what we want. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and that's what we want. Then
+this divide and conquer algorithm runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divide and conquer algorithm runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divide and conquer algorithm runs
+in n log n time because every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n log n time because every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n log n time because every time we
+square the set x we reduce its size by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the set x we reduce its size by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the set x we reduce its size by a
+factor of two. So we get t of n= 2 * t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two. So we get t of n= 2 * t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two. So we get t of n= 2 * t
+of n /2 + n plus order n and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n /2 + n plus order n and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n /2 + n plus order n and that's
+order n log n. And so this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n log n. And so this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n log n. And so this whole thing
+we compute in other words we set x k to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute in other words we set x k to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute in other words we set x k to
+be um e to the i k to / n. Now guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um e to the i k to / n. Now guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um e to the i k to / n. Now guess I
+should say how to compute that but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say how to compute that but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say how to compute that but let's
+just say that's given to you for free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that's given to you for free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that's given to you for free.
+It takes constant time to compute each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes constant time to compute each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes constant time to compute each
+root of unity. In fact we again we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of unity. In fact we again we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of unity. In fact we again we only
+need to do this once and for all uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this once and for all uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this once and for all uh for
+each value of n. So you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value of n. So you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value of n. So you can think of it
+as just being part of the algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just being part of the algorithm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just being part of the algorithm.
+These are the xks we use. I said x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the xks we use. I said x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the xks we use. I said x k
+could be anything we want as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything we want as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything we want as long as
+they're all different. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different. So I'm going to
+choose them to be n uniformly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them to be n uniformly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them to be n uniformly spaced
+points around the complex unit circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points around the complex unit circle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points around the complex unit circle.
+And then magically this algorithm runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then magically this algorithm runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then magically this algorithm runs
+in n log n time. It's pretty cool. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n log n time. It's pretty cool. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n log n time. It's pretty cool. Uh
+intuitively you think of real numbers x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively you think of real numbers x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively you think of real numbers x
+squ of course it has the same size as x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ of course it has the same size as x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ of course it has the same size as x.
+But once you go to complex numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once you go to complex numbers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once you go to complex numbers,
+there's this nifty trick where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this nifty trick where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this nifty trick where you start
+with one nth of the circle and uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one nth of the circle and uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one nth of the circle and uniformly
+spaced points after the first level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced points after the first level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced points after the first level of
+recursion, you'll only have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion, you'll only have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion, you'll only have to be
+dealing with n over two of those points,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with n over two of those points,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with n over two of those points,
+namely the even ones, also known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the even ones, also known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the even ones, also known as the
+n /2 roots of unity. And after the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 roots of unity. And after the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 roots of unity. And after the next
+level of recursion, it's the n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of recursion, it's the n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of recursion, it's the n over
+fourth roots of unity, and so on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth roots of unity, and so on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth roots of unity, and so on. So
+this recursion is well defined. When you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursion is well defined. When you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursion is well defined. When you
+have a vector of size n, you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector of size n, you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector of size n, you just have
+to deal with the nth roots of unity, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the nth roots of unity, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the nth roots of unity, and
+you're happy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That is fast for a transform. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is fast for a transform. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is fast for a transform. That
+algorithm with these xis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm with these xis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm with these xis is
+fft. So let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere. It kind of snuck up on us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. It kind of snuck up on us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. It kind of snuck up on us.
+This is the algorithm we were aiming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the algorithm we were aiming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the algorithm we were aiming to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+find fast fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is that divide and conquer algorithm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that divide and conquer algorithm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that divide and conquer algorithm on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. I'll write it abstractly. uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I'll write it abstractly. uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I'll write it abstractly. uh for
+something called the DFT. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the DFT. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the DFT. It's the
+discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform is the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the corresponding
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+transformation. Fast is about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. Fast is about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. Fast is about an
+algorithm. Discreet is about discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Discreet is about discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Discreet is about discrete
+math. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Uh so
+DFT is uh this thing that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT is uh this thing that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT is uh this thing that we wanted to
+compute which was basically the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute which was basically the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute which was basically the product
+V * A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V * A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V * A
+Remember V was the Vanderbond matrix. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember V was the Vanderbond matrix. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember V was the Vanderbond matrix. Uh
+but and it was a it depended on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and it was a it depended on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and it was a it depended on all
+these X Ks. Uh and we're going to set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these X Ks. Uh and we're going to set X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these X Ks. Uh and we're going to set X
+K to be this E to the I K to /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N. So uh if you remember the uh v k vj k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. So uh if you remember the uh v k vj k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. So uh if you remember the uh v k vj k
+here was uh xj to the kth power. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was uh xj to the kth power. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was uh xj to the kth power. So this
+just becomes uh e to the i j k to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes uh e to the i j k to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes uh e to the i j k to over
+n. Uh it's a little funny these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Uh it's a little funny these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Uh it's a little funny these are all
+consecutive because this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive because this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive because this is totally
+different. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. But
+uh that's the matrix. If you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the matrix. If you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the matrix. If you take that
+matrix times a vector that is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times a vector that is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times a vector that is called the
+discrete 4a transform of that vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4a transform of that vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4a transform of that vector and
+fft is a way to comput it in n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft is a way to comput it in n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft is a way to comput it in n log n
+time you just run this algorithm and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you just run this algorithm and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you just run this algorithm and for
+those x ks it'll just work in n login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. Cool. But if you remember way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Cool. But if you remember way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Cool. But if you remember way back
+to the beginning what we needed is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning what we needed is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning what we needed is a way
+this converts a coefficient vector into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converts a coefficient vector into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converts a coefficient vector into
+a sample vector. Then we can multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample vector. Then we can multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample vector. Then we can multiply
+the matrices. But we then need to trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices. But we then need to trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices. But we then need to trans
+sorry multiply the polomials. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry multiply the polomials. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry multiply the polomials. Then we
+need to transform the sample vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to transform the sample vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to transform the sample vector that
+results back into a coefficient vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results back into a coefficient vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results back into a coefficient vector.
+So we're only half done. I only have 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're only half done. I only have 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're only half done. I only have 15
+minutes. Luckily the other half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. Luckily the other half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. Luckily the other half is
+almost identical to this half. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical to this half. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical to this half. So let's
+do that next. Uh maybe over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So we've got our great divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So we've got our great divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So we've got our great divide and
+conquer algorithm. What we need now, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithm. What we need now, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithm. What we need now, let
+me give you the polomial multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm. All right, let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. All right, let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. All right, let's call
+this more exotic fast polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more exotic fast polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more exotic fast polomial
+multiplication. Fast meaning n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+login. Let's say that we're given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. Let's say that we're given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. Let's say that we're given two
+uh polomials a and b represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polomials a and b represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polomials a and b represented in
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form. What we need uh is I'll call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. What we need uh is I'll call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. What we need uh is I'll call a
+star which is the result of running fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which is the result of running fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which is the result of running fft
+on a or it's the it's the discrete 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a or it's the it's the discrete 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a or it's the it's the discrete 4a
+transform of a b star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a b star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a b star
+uh do the same thing. So we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the same thing. So we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the same thing. So we know what
+this means is convert A from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is convert A from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is convert A from a
+coefficient vector into a sample vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vector into a sample vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient vector into a sample vector.
+Convert B from a coefficient vector into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convert B from a coefficient vector into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convert B from a coefficient vector into
+a sample vector. Now I have the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample vector. Now I have the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample vector. Now I have the samples
+of A star at the nth roots of unity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A star at the nth roots of unity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A star at the nth roots of unity,
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+guys. And I have the the samples of B at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. And I have the the samples of B at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. And I have the the samples of B at
+the exact same points, the nth roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same points, the nth roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same points, the nth roots of
+unity. So I can compute C star the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. So I can compute C star the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. So I can compute C star the the
+transformed version the the DFT of C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed version the the DFT of C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed version the the DFT of C is
+just the uh I mean C star K equals A*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh I mean C star K equals A*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh I mean C star K equals A*
+K time B star K this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K time B star K this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K time B star K this is the
+multiplication algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication algorithm
+uh for sample vectors right we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sample vectors right we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sample vectors right we started
+with that that has that's linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that has that's linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that has that's linear time
+and then the missing piece is I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the missing piece is I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the missing piece is I need to
+recmp compute C which is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recmp compute C which is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recmp compute C which is the inverse
+first fast forier transform of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star. So this is the missing link so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. So this is the missing link so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. So this is the missing link so to
+speak. We need to be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak. We need to be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak. We need to be able to go
+backwards in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation. Good news is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. Good news is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. Good news is the
+algorithm is not going to change. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is not going to change. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is not going to change. What
+we're computing isn't going to change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing isn't going to change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing isn't going to change.
+uh all that's going to change are the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks.
+Why? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because
+uh remember uh from the top what right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember uh from the top what right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember uh from the top what right
+now we know how to compute v * a. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know how to compute v * a. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know how to compute v * a. What
+we now need to compute is v inverse time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now need to compute is v inverse time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now need to compute is v inverse time
+a. So the only question is what is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So the only question is what is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So the only question is what is v
+inverse? This matrix has a super special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse? This matrix has a super special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse? This matrix has a super special
+structure. It's symmetric looks lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. It's symmetric looks lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. It's symmetric looks lots of
+crazy lots of points on a circle. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy lots of points on a circle. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy lots of points on a circle. Maybe
+V inverse has a nice structure and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V inverse has a nice structure and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V inverse has a nice structure and it
+does. The claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. The claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. The claim
+is V inverse is V complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V inverse is V complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V inverse is V complex conjugate
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+N. Uh what's complex conjugate? Uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Uh what's complex conjugate? Uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Uh what's complex conjugate? Uh for a
+geometer it's reflection through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer it's reflection through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer it's reflection through the
+X-axis. for an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-axis. for an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-axis. for an algebraic
+person a + i. The complex conjugate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a + i. The complex conjugate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a + i. The complex conjugate is a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+i. Okay, so just apply that to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Okay, so just apply that to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Okay, so just apply that to every
+entry in the matrix and then divide all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the matrix and then divide all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the matrix and then divide all
+the entries by n, you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse. Cool. Very cool. because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Cool. Very cool. because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Cool. Very cool. because uh
+what this tells us is we run exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is we run exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is we run exactly the
+same algorithm and do exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same algorithm and do exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same algorithm and do exactly the same
+transformation. If we want to do V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. If we want to do V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. If we want to do V
+inverse, we can actually just use V but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse, we can actually just use V but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse, we can actually just use V but
+with a different choice of X K. Namely,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different choice of X K. Namely,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different choice of X K. Namely,
+um for the inverse, call it XK inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the inverse, call it XK inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the inverse, call it XK inverse.
+uh we just take the complex conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we just take the complex conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we just take the complex conjugate of
+this thing which turns out to be um e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which turns out to be um e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which turns out to be um e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minus i j k to / n and then divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i j k to / n and then divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i j k to / n and then divide the
+whole thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing by
+n. Okay, I'm using a fact here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay, I'm using a fact here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay, I'm using a fact here which is
+that the complex conjugate of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complex conjugate of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complex conjugate of this
+number is actually just you put a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is actually just you put a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is actually just you put a minus
+sign here. Why does that hold? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here. Why does that hold? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here. Why does that hold? Because
+geometry, right? If you uh theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry, right? If you uh theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry, right? If you uh theta is
+usually measuring the counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually measuring the counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually measuring the counterclockwise
+angle from the x-axis. If you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle from the x-axis. If you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle from the x-axis. If you take the
+complex conjugate, you go from up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate, you go from up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate, you go from up here
+to down here, the reflection through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to down here, the reflection through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to down here, the reflection through the
+x-axis. That's the same thing as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis. That's the same thing as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis. That's the same thing as if you
+measure theta as a clockwise angle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure theta as a clockwise angle from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure theta as a clockwise angle from
+the x-axis. So that's the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis. So that's the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis. So that's the same thing as
+negating the angle. Okay, so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating the angle. Okay, so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating the angle. Okay, so that's just
+a little geometry. You can prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little geometry. You can prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little geometry. You can prove it
+algebraically, although I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically, although I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically, although I don't know how
+uh off hand. It's not not hard. Uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh off hand. It's not not hard. Uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh off hand. It's not not hard. Uh so if
+I want to take some angle and then flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take some angle and then flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take some angle and then flip
+it through the x-axis, it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the x-axis, it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the x-axis, it's the same as
+the negative of the angle. So complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the angle. So complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the angle. So complex
+conjugate of this number is same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of this number is same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of this number is same thing
+with a minus sign. And then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign. And then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign. And then we have to
+divide by n. If I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n. If I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n. If I just
+uh did I lie?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I can't divide by n. Sorry, it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't divide by n. Sorry, it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't divide by n. Sorry, it's in
+the wrong spot. I use these x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong spot. I use these x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong spot. I use these x
+ks and then uh I apply the transform. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks and then uh I apply the transform. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks and then uh I apply the transform. I
+take this uh thing. I get not quite v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh thing. I get not quite v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh thing. I get not quite v
+inverse, but I end up getting nv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse, but I end up getting nv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse, but I end up getting nv
+inverse. I multiply that by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. I multiply that by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. I multiply that by my
+aar. That's going to give me n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aar. That's going to give me n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aar. That's going to give me n *
+a. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so uh then I just take that vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so uh then I just take that vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so uh then I just take that vector I
+divide by n boom I've got the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n boom I've got the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n boom I've got the inverse
+transform. So this is how you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So this is how you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So this is how you do uh
+inverse fast forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse fast forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse fast forier
+transform. You just flip the sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. You just flip the sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. You just flip the sign in the
+exponent in the x ks. Then you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in the x ks. Then you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent in the x ks. Then you do the
+same uh matrix vector product and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh matrix vector product and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh matrix vector product and then
+you divide by n and then you've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by n and then you've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by n and then you've done the
+inverse. So that's how you do uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So that's how you do uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So that's how you do uh if you
+believe this claim that's how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this claim that's how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this claim that's how you do
+this last step. Question. What's the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last step. Question. What's the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last step. Question. What's the J
+and the X K? Oops. No J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X K? Oops. No J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X K? Oops. No J.
+Sorry. Uh, I was imagining the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Uh, I was imagining the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Uh, I was imagining the these
+guys. Yeah, it's just K. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. Yeah, it's just K. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. Yeah, it's just K. Thank
+you. Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Other
+questions? Okay. So, what remains is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? Okay. So, what remains is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? Okay. So, what remains is to
+prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this
+claim. Okay. Are you happy if I uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. Okay. Are you happy if I uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. Okay. Are you happy if I uh I
+should probably have better Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably have better Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably have better Well,
+anyway, it's not the best. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, it's not the best. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, it's not the best. I'm going to
+call this uh VK prime X K prime. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this uh VK prime X K prime. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this uh VK prime X K prime. Then
+when I do that, when I plug that in, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that, when I plug that in, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that, when I plug that in, I
+get a different matrix V prime. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different matrix V prime. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different matrix V prime. And what
+I'm claiming, what this claim says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming, what this claim says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming, what this claim says is
+that V prime is equal to N * V inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V prime is equal to N * V inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V prime is equal to N * V inverse.
+Okay, so I apply the same f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I apply the same f of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I apply the same f of t
+algorithm but with v prime instead of v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but with v prime instead of v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but with v prime instead of v.
+Then I get not quite the product I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I get not quite the product I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I get not quite the product I want
+but just n times the product I want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just n times the product I want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just n times the product I want.
+Divide every term by n and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide every term by n and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide every term by n and we get the
+inverse. This cool thing about complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. This cool thing about complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. This cool thing about complex
+numbers here we get another cool thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here we get another cool thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here we get another cool thing.
+All right. Uh but we have to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh but we have to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh but we have to prove this
+claim. So let's do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. So let's do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. So let's do a little bit of
+algebra. No pain no gain, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. No pain no gain, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. No pain no gain, right?
+Uh good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, let's look at VJ K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, let's look at VJ K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, let's look at VJ K
+prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime.
+So, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, oh,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. So, let's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+fine. Let's look at P the product of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Let's look at P the product of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Let's look at P the product of V
+and V complex conjugate. Okay, what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V complex conjugate. Okay, what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V complex conjugate. Okay, what I
+was calling V prime up there. Uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calling V prime up there. Uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calling V prime up there. Uh, I
+claim that this thing is N times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this thing is N times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this thing is N times the
+identity matrix with ones down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix with ones down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix with ones down the
+diagonal and zeros everywhere else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and zeros everywhere else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and zeros everywhere else.
+Okay, so let's look at this product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's look at this product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's look at this product in
+general. Let's look at the uh say the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. Let's look at the uh say the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. Let's look at the uh say the j
+kith item in the product that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kith item in the product that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kith item in the product that's going to
+come from row j of v uh dotproduct with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from row j of v uh dotproduct with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from row j of v uh dotproduct with
+column k of the complex conjugate. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column k of the complex conjugate. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column k of the complex conjugate. Now
+the matrices here are symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices here are symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices here are symmetric so
+actually rows and columns are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rows and columns are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rows and columns are the same
+but that's the general definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the general definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the general definition of the
+cell in the product of two matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in the product of two matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in the product of two matrices.
+Uh so let's write it out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so let's write it out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so let's write it out as a
+summation. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation. We
+have from m equals z. It's so hard not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from m equals z. It's so hard not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from m equals z. It's so hard not
+to use i for my summations. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use i for my summations. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use i for my summations. It's the
+only class I have to do it because I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only class I have to do it because I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only class I have to do it because I is
+already taken but I guess I still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken but I guess I still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken but I guess I still use
+capital i. But uh we'll use m i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital i. But uh we'll use m i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital i. But uh we'll use m i is
+complex number today. Uh so we have um e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number today. Uh so we have um e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number today. Uh so we have um e
+to the i t to j m /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n time e to the minus i to m k / n. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time e to the minus i to m k / n. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time e to the minus i to m k / n. I
+don't know why I changed the order. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why I changed the order. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why I changed the order. I
+put the towel here instead of there, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the towel here instead of there, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the towel here instead of there, but
+same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing.
+Okay, this is just the for every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is just the for every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is just the for every uh
+position m in the cell and corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position m in the cell and corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position m in the cell and corresponding
+position m in sorry m in the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position m in sorry m in the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position m in sorry m in the row
+corresponding position m in the column I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding position m in the column I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding position m in the column I
+have j m and I have m k again the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have j m and I have m k again the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have j m and I have m k again the order
+doesn't matter it's symmetric but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's symmetric but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's symmetric but I'm
+getting it right here this is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it right here this is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it right here this is we're
+using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+formula okay I put a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay I put a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay I put a minus sign here
+because this is the comp the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the comp the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the comp the complex
+conjugate okay so now I just do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate okay so now I just do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate okay so now I just do some
+algebra these share a lot they share I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra these share a lot they share I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra these share a lot they share I
+they share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share
+M and they share the divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and they share the divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and they share the divided by
+N. Okay so this is sum M = 0 N -1 E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Okay so this is sum M = 0 N -1 E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Okay so this is sum M = 0 N -1 E to
+the I oh they also share tow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I oh they also share tow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I oh they also share tow uh
+to M /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M /
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+times J minus K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J minus K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J minus K.
+Please correct me if I make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please correct me if I make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please correct me if I make any
+mistakes. Uh, cool. So, it depends how J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Uh, cool. So, it depends how J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Uh, cool. So, it depends how J
+and K relate, of course. Um, if J equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K relate, of course. Um, if J equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K relate, of course. Um, if J equals
+K, that's also that's also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K, that's also that's also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K, that's also that's also known as
+something on the diagonal. I want this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the diagonal. I want this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the diagonal. I want this I
+want the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the matrix
+N 0 0, right? So, J equals K. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 0 0, right? So, J equals K. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 0 0, right? So, J equals K. That's the
+diagonal. That's where I want to get N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. That's where I want to get N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. That's where I want to get N.
+And indeed, if J equals K, this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed, if J equals K, this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed, if J equals K, this becomes
+zero. So, all this becomes zero. E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So, all this becomes zero. E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So, all this becomes zero. E to
+the 0 is 1. And so I'm summing up one n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 is 1. And so I'm summing up one n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 is 1. And so I'm summing up one n
+times I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I get
+n. Okay, cool. It's one case. This is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay, cool. It's one case. This is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay, cool. It's one case. This is n
+if j equals k. And somehow I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if j equals k. And somehow I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if j equals k. And somehow I claim that
+everywhere else I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else I get
+zeros. So let's prove that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if J does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if J does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if J does not equal
+K, I'm going to rewrite this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K, I'm going to rewrite this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K, I'm going to rewrite this a little
+bit. J and K are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. J and K are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. J and K are
+fixed. Okay, m is changing in the sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed. Okay, m is changing in the sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed. Okay, m is changing in the sum.
+So I want to write this as sum m = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to write this as sum m = 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to write this as sum m = 0 to
+n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+one e to the i to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh j minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j minus
+k over n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over n *
+m. Okay, in other words, this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Okay, in other words, this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Okay, in other words, this thing
+raised to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the m
+power. What is this series?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one word.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one word.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one word.
+Geometric. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you. This is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is a geometric
+series and uh I guess I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and uh I guess I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and uh I guess I should have
+waited uh to give you the Frisbee until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited uh to give you the Frisbee until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited uh to give you the Frisbee until
+you tell me how do you solve a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me how do you solve a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me how do you solve a geometric
+series of with a finite term. So think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of with a finite term. So think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of with a finite term. So think
+of this as Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as Z to the
+M. Do you know the formula?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. Do you know the formula?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. Do you know the formula?
+the i, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i, just
+zus one. Z to the n minus one almost zus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus one. Z to the n minus one almost zus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus one. Z to the n minus one almost zus
+one over z minus one. Yep. That's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over z minus one. Yep. That's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over z minus one. Yep. That's if you
+have sum of z to the k k= 0 to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sum of z to the k k= 0 to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sum of z to the k k= 0 to n minus
+one. That's that. It's in the appendix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's that. It's in the appendix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's that. It's in the appendix
+of your textbook. So we just plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your textbook. So we just plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your textbook. So we just plug that
+in uh and we get uh oh boy e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and we get uh oh boy e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and we get uh oh boy e to
+the better chalk e to the i tow j minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better chalk e to the i tow j minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better chalk e to the i tow j minus
+k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over
+n to the n power minus one over e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n power minus one over e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n power minus one over e to the
+i. Actually the denominator doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Actually the denominator doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Actually the denominator doesn't
+really matter because this is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter because this is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter because this is supposed
+to be zero. So it's all about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero. So it's all about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero. So it's all about the
+numerator. Uh, so but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator. Uh, so but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator. Uh, so but it's the same
+thing. Minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Where's my red?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Where's my red?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Where's my red?
+Red. The n cancels with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red. The n cancels with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red. The n cancels with the
+n. This is an integer not equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. This is an integer not equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. This is an integer not equal to zero.
+So we have e to the i tow to an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have e to the i tow to an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have e to the i tow to an integer
+power. What's e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. What's e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. What's e to the i
+towel? One. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel? One. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel? One. Okay.
+convenient that I had that there. 1 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient that I had that there. 1 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient that I had that there. 1 - 1
+is zero. So we get zero. Ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. So we get zero. Ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. So we get zero. Ah
+satisfying. Okay. So that proves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying. Okay. So that proves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying. Okay. So that proves this
+claim. We prove that on the diagonal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. We prove that on the diagonal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. We prove that on the diagonal we
+get n because we had n copies of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n because we had n copies of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n because we had n copies of one.
+Off the diagonal we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Off the diagonal we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Off the diagonal we get
+zero like this. Therefore v complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like this. Therefore v complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like this. Therefore v complement
+or sorry v complex conjugate time n is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry v complex conjugate time n is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry v complex conjugate time n is v
+inverse. Therefore this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Therefore this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Therefore this algorithm
+actually computes the inverse fastfora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computes the inverse fastfora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computes the inverse fastfora
+transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+So that's it for algorithms today. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's it for algorithms today. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's it for algorithms today. Um
+but let me quickly tell you about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me quickly tell you about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me quickly tell you about some
+applications. Uh you've probably taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Uh you've probably taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Uh you've probably taken
+other classes that use applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes that use applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes that use applications of
+fast for transform. So I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast for transform. So I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast for transform. So I will just
+summarize. Uh if you've ever edited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize. Uh if you've ever edited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize. Uh if you've ever edited
+audio, you probably did it in uh unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio, you probably did it in uh unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio, you probably did it in uh unless
+you're just like pasting audio clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like pasting audio clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like pasting audio clips
+together. Uh you probably did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Uh you probably did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Uh you probably did it in
+what's called frequency space. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called frequency space. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called frequency space. So you
+know that as I talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that as I talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that as I talked about in the
+beginning when we're measuring where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we're measuring where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we're measuring where the
+membrane on this microphone goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane on this microphone goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane on this microphone goes over
+time that is in in the time domain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is in in the time domain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is in in the time domain for
+every time we sample where physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we sample where physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we sample where physically
+this thing is if you apply I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is if you apply I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is if you apply I think the
+way I define it here it's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I define it here it's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I define it here it's the inverse
+fastfora transform usually it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastfora transform usually it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastfora transform usually it's called
+fora transform uh to that uh time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora transform uh to that uh time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora transform uh to that uh time domain
+vector you get a new vector now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you get a new vector now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you get a new vector now it's a
+complex vector so you start with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector so you start with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector so you start with real
+numbers you get complex numbers so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you get complex numbers so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you get complex numbers so uh
+For every uh position in the vector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For every uh position in the vector,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For every uh position in the vector,
+what it corresponds to the the x-axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it corresponds to the the x-axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it corresponds to the the x-axis is
+no longer time. Now it's frequency. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer time. Now it's frequency. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer time. Now it's frequency. For
+every frequency, you're measuring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every frequency, you're measuring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every frequency, you're measuring uh
+essentially you're viewing this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're viewing this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're viewing this this
+vector the waveform as a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the waveform as a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the waveform as a bunch of
+trigonometric functions. Say s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions. Say s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions. Say s of
+something time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something time
+theta. If you look at one of the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. If you look at one of the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. If you look at one of the entries
+in the vector and it's a complex number,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vector and it's a complex number,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vector and it's a complex number,
+if you compute the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute the magnitude of the
+complex number, the length of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number, the length of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number, the length of the vector
+uh of the length of that two coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the length of that two coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the length of that two coordinate
+vector that is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is how much
+uh stuff of that frequency you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stuff of that frequency you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stuff of that frequency you have and
+then the angle of the vector in 2D is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the angle of the vector in 2D is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the angle of the vector in 2D is uh
+how that uh trigonometric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that uh trigonometric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that uh trigonometric function
+shifted in time. So if you take a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in time. So if you take a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in time. So if you take a pure
+note like if I was uh playing a bell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note like if I was uh playing a bell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note like if I was uh playing a bell and
+it's exactly C major you uh you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly C major you uh you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly C major you uh you know it
+looks it looks really wavy. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks it looks really wavy. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks it looks really wavy. It's
+actually a nice perfect uh sign curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a nice perfect uh sign curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a nice perfect uh sign curve
+with some offset depending on when I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some offset depending on when I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some offset depending on when I hit
+it. Um and then if you apply the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and then if you apply the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and then if you apply the for
+transform what you get is zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform what you get is zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform what you get is zeros
+everywhere except for the one frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except for the one frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except for the one frequency
+that's appearing and there you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appearing and there you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appearing and there you get one
+and everywhere else you get zero. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everywhere else you get zero. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everywhere else you get zero. Well,
+one possibly rotate it depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibly rotate it depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibly rotate it depending on the
+phase. And you can take any audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. And you can take any audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. And you can take any audio
+stream, convert it via 4A transform, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream, convert it via 4A transform, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream, convert it via 4A transform, do
+manipulations there. For example, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations there. For example, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations there. For example, you've
+probably heard of highp pass filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of highp pass filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of highp pass filters
+that removes all the high frequencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removes all the high frequencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removes all the high frequencies or
+low pass filters remove all the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filters remove all the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filters remove all the low
+frequencies. You just convert to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. You just convert to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. You just convert to the
+space, you zero out the parts you want,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, you zero out the parts you want,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, you zero out the parts you want,
+and then you convert back with inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you convert back with inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you convert back with inverse
+foraier transform. Uh if you've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraier transform. Uh if you've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraier transform. Uh if you've used
+Adobe Audition or Audacity, they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adobe Audition or Audacity, they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adobe Audition or Audacity, they can all
+do these things. Uh and there are tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things. Uh and there are tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things. Uh and there are tons
+of contexts where converting to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contexts where converting to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contexts where converting to for
+space makes life easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space makes life easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space makes life easy.
+And in general, if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general, if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general, if you have any
+timebased signal, you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timebased signal, you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timebased signal, you should always
+think about what do you get with FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what do you get with FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what do you get with FFT
+when you transform to uh frequency based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transform to uh frequency based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transform to uh frequency based
+signal. And you can do lots of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. And you can do lots of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. And you can do lots of cool
+things you couldn't do otherwise. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you couldn't do otherwise. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you couldn't do otherwise. And it
+only takes an log and time plus people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only takes an log and time plus people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only takes an log and time plus people
+do it in hardware. There's a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in hardware. There's a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in hardware. There's a fast
+implementation called FFTW, the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation called FFTW, the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation called FFTW, the fastest
+4A transform in the west, which was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform in the west, which was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform in the west, which was made
+here at MIT a bunch of years ago and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT a bunch of years ago and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT a bunch of years ago and is
+still the best uh software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the best uh software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the best uh software
+implementation of FFT. So people use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of FFT. So people use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of FFT. So people use it
+everywhere. Uh, your head your noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Uh, your head your noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Uh, your head your noise
+cancelling headsets probably use it. MP3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling headsets probably use it. MP3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling headsets probably use it. MP3
+uses it. It's a cool algorithm.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jrCjdjLTQKk.txt b/jrCjdjLTQKk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1221a5a24abe3fc0c8222187f5b1463f3225bfb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jrCjdjLTQKk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we'll do today is have an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do today is have an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do today is have an overview
+looking at the ribosomes structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the ribosomes structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the ribosomes structure and
+also an overview of translation to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an overview of translation to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an overview of translation to get
+everyone on the same page for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on the same page for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on the same page for the
+discussions will start next week on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions will start next week on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions will start next week on the
+elongation cycle of translation so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation cycle of translation so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation cycle of translation so I'll
+post within lecture notes reading as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post within lecture notes reading as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post within lecture notes reading as it
+applies to a given module and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a given module and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a given module and
+information about the problem sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the problem sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the problem sets so
+you have that here so before we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that here so before we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that here so before we get into
+some more molecular level details about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more molecular level details about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more molecular level details about
+ribosomes structure its approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes structure its approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes structure its approached
+important to appreciate how we've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to appreciate how we've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to appreciate how we've gotten
+to where we are now in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where we are now in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where we are now in terms of our
+understanding and so where we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and so where we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and so where we'll start
+is back in some early studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back in some early studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back in some early studies of
+electron microscopy and this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy and this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy and this is in the
+50s and this researcher palatte obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and this researcher palatte obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and this researcher palatte obtained
+images that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that look like this
+a rat pancreas tissue and what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rat pancreas tissue and what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rat pancreas tissue and what we've
+seen in these images were a lot of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in these images were a lot of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in these images were a lot of dark
+spheres you can see them throughout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres you can see them throughout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres you can see them throughout and
+theorists were called the particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists were called the particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists were called the particles of
+Pilate and one thing the scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilate and one thing the scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilate and one thing the scientists
+questioned is whether these black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioned is whether these black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioned is whether these black
+spheres or dots were something real or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres or dots were something real or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres or dots were something real or
+an artifact from his methods so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artifact from his methods so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artifact from his methods so the
+perennial and arduous question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perennial and arduous question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perennial and arduous question of
+artifact versus reality so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact versus reality so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact versus reality so this is
+something that we all question every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we all question every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we all question every day
+when doing our experiments as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing our experiments as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing our experiments as well and
+so he was quite a thorough scientist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was quite a thorough scientist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was quite a thorough scientist and
+experimentalist and he repeated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist and he repeated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist and he repeated these
+experiments using different procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments using different procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments using different procedures
+to fix the tissues and he observed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the tissues and he observed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the tissues and he observed these
+types of features and many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of features and many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of features and many different
+types of samples and what was determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of samples and what was determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of samples and what was determined
+later on is that these black spheres are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on is that these black spheres are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on is that these black spheres are
+actually ribosomes okay so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ribosomes okay so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ribosomes okay so one of the
+things we're going to look at today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to look at today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to look at today is
+how did we get from an image like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we get from an image like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we get from an image like this
+just seeing some black dots to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing some black dots to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing some black dots to the
+crystal structures we have today and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structures we have today and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structures we have today and the
+atomic resolution and understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic resolution and understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic resolution and understanding and
+so he received the Nobel Prize back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he received the Nobel Prize back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he received the Nobel Prize back in
+1974 for this contribution so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 for this contribution so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 for this contribution so just to
+keep in mind the hypothesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the hypothesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the hypothesis of
+translation which is easy for us to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation which is easy for us to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation which is easy for us to take
+for granted these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted these days
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+goes back into the 60s okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back into the 60s okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back into the 60s okay so there
+were studies during the 60s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were studies during the 60s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were studies during the 60s that
+resulted in the discovery that the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the discovery that the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the discovery that the 50s
+subunit of E coli ribosomes catalyzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit of E coli ribosomes catalyzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit of E coli ribosomes catalyzes
+peptide bond formation and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond formation and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond formation and it was
+discovered that the anticodon of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that the anticodon of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that the anticodon of the
+tRNA interacts with the 30th subunit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA interacts with the 30th subunit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA interacts with the 30th subunit and
+that that was important for translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was important for translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was important for translation
+so this decoding problem effectively how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this decoding problem effectively how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this decoding problem effectively how
+do we get from mRNA to protein was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get from mRNA to protein was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get from mRNA to protein was also
+articulated in the early 60s and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in the early 60s and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in the early 60s and this
+was a puzzle for basically for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a puzzle for basically for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a puzzle for basically for decades
+if we think about this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about this from the
+standpoint of structure analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of structure analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of structure analysis and
+crystal structures so we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structures so we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structures so we'll look at
+images and data from crystal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and data from crystal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and data from crystal structures
+of the ribosomes subunits today if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ribosomes subunits today if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ribosomes subunits today if you
+take a look what's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look what's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look what's important to
+appreciate here is that there was huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate here is that there was huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate here is that there was huge
+amounts of efforts over many many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of efforts over many many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of efforts over many many years
+to get where we are now so in 1980 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get where we are now so in 1980 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get where we are now so in 1980 first
+crystals of the ribosome were obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals of the ribosome were obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals of the ribosome were obtained
+but these crystals weren't of suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these crystals weren't of suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these crystals weren't of suitable
+quality for analysis if we look at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality for analysis if we look at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality for analysis if we look at 20
+years later in 2000 the first crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later in 2000 the first crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later in 2000 the first crystal
+structure of the 50s subunit was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the 50s subunit was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the 50s subunit was
+reported and since then there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported and since then there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported and since then there's been a
+flurry of activity so in 2001 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flurry of activity so in 2001 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flurry of activity so in 2001 first
+crystal structure of the 30 subu 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure of the 30 subu 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure of the 30 subu 30s
+subunit with mRNA bound and in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit with mRNA bound and in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit with mRNA bound and in this time
+to single molecule spectroscopy was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to single molecule spectroscopy was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to single molecule spectroscopy was well
+on its way and so there were studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its way and so there were studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its way and so there were studies
+beginning of ribosome dynamics and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of ribosome dynamics and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of ribosome dynamics and later
+2011 we have a crystal structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 we have a crystal structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 we have a crystal structure of a
+eukaryotic 60s subunit here and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic 60s subunit here and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic 60s subunit here and so we're
+going to focus our discussions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus our discussions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus our discussions on the
+prokaryotic ribosomes their similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic ribosomes their similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic ribosomes their similarities
+and differences between prokaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differences between prokaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differences between prokaryotic
+ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes I'm
+just - keep in mind if you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just - keep in mind if you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just - keep in mind if you've heard
+about eukaryotic ribosomes in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eukaryotic ribosomes in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eukaryotic ribosomes in other
+classes so also to note in 2009 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so also to note in 2009 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so also to note in 2009 the
+Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for
+structural studies of the ribosome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural studies of the ribosome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural studies of the ribosome to
+these three researchers here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three researchers here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three researchers here okay and
+their contributions are shown ranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their contributions are shown ranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their contributions are shown ranging
+from basically the first low quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basically the first low quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basically the first low quality
+stills of the 50s ribosomal subunit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stills of the 50s ribosomal subunit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stills of the 50s ribosomal subunit to
+understand how important that was to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how important that was to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how important that was to the
+first crystal structures and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first crystal structures and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first crystal structures and something
+I'm professor Stephanie and I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm professor Stephanie and I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm professor Stephanie and I like to
+remind everyone and keep in mind is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind everyone and keep in mind is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind everyone and keep in mind is with
+these types of problems and areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of problems and areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of problems and areas
+there's often often many contributors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often often many contributors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often often many contributors
+and they can't all be recognized by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't all be recognized by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't all be recognized by this
+price because it's limited to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because it's limited to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because it's limited to three
+individuals at maximum and so other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals at maximum and so other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals at maximum and so other
+folks like Harry Knoller Peter Moore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like Harry Knoller Peter Moore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like Harry Knoller Peter Moore and
+Jakob Franck made really seminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakob Franck made really seminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakob Franck made really seminal
+contributions to our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to our understanding of
+this macro molecular machine so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this macro molecular machine so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this macro molecular machine so what are
+the questions we're going to address in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions we're going to address in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions we're going to address in
+this module and then we'll go over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module and then we'll go over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module and then we'll go over some
+of the basics and ribosome structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basics and ribosome structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basics and ribosome structure so
+first what is that we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is that we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is that we learn from
+structural studies of the ribosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural studies of the ribosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural studies of the ribosome and
+really what does ribosome structure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what does ribosome structure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what does ribosome structure at
+an atomic level tell us about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atomic level tell us about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atomic level tell us about its
+function how does the ribosome recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function how does the ribosome recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function how does the ribosome recognize
+bind and decode mRNA how our immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind and decode mRNA how our immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind and decode mRNA how our immuno
+acids recognized and delivered and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids recognized and delivered and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids recognized and delivered and how
+is the correct amino acid delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct amino acid delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct amino acid delivered
+right the genetic message needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the genetic message needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the genetic message needs to be
+read and it needs to be read properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and it needs to be read properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and it needs to be read properly
+and what happens if a wrong amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if a wrong amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if a wrong amino acid
+is delivered so that's a possibility how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delivered so that's a possibility how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delivered so that's a possibility how
+does the ribosome cope so this brings up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the ribosome cope so this brings up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the ribosome cope so this brings up
+the notion of fidelity how is fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of fidelity how is fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of fidelity how is fidelity
+of translation maintained and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation maintained and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation maintained and we'll
+address that next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that next week
+how is translation initiated how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is translation initiated how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is translation initiated how does
+the ribosome catalyze peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome catalyze peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome catalyze peptide bond
+formation so we're interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so we're interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so we're interested in that
+that mechanism within the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mechanism within the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mechanism within the context of
+this course how does the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course how does the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course how does the polypeptide
+leave the ribosome and what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the ribosome and what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the ribosome and what happens to
+that polypeptide after it exits so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polypeptide after it exits so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polypeptide after it exits so that
+will be a transition for us into module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a transition for us into module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a transition for us into module
+2 on protein folding how is translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 on protein folding how is translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 on protein folding how is translation
+terminated and what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated and what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated and what happens to the
+ribosome after so a given polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome after so a given polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome after so a given polypeptide
+chain is made what happens after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is made what happens after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is made what happens after that
+and where we'll close this module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we'll close this module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we'll close this module is
+thinking about how our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how our understanding of
+the ribosome from all of these basic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome from all of these basic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome from all of these basic and
+fundamental studies allows for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental studies allows for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental studies allows for the
+development of new technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of new technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of new technologies and
+we'll specifically think about how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll specifically think about how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll specifically think about how it's
+possible to use the ribosome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use the ribosome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use the ribosome to
+incorporate unnatural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate unnatural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate unnatural
+you know acids into proteins so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know acids into proteins so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know acids into proteins so we're
+we're gonna move forward today is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna move forward today is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna move forward today is really
+structured focusing on ribosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured focusing on ribosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured focusing on ribosomes
+structure and a general overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and a general overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and a general overview of
+translation basically to have everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation basically to have everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation basically to have everyone
+here up to speed for the discussions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up to speed for the discussions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up to speed for the discussions to
+come next week so first of all do is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come next week so first of all do is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come next week so first of all do is an
+overview of key players in translation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of key players in translation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of key players in translation a
+brief look at the cycle and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief look at the cycle and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief look at the cycle and then we'll
+go into structural studies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into structural studies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into structural studies of the
+ribosome okay and within this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome okay and within this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome okay and within this set of
+lecture notes are several tables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes are several tables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes are several tables that
+have lists of the players and detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lists of the players and detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lists of the players and detailed
+overall cycle that I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall cycle that I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall cycle that I encourage you to
+use just as a reference throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use just as a reference throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use just as a reference throughout this
+module for keeping everything straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module for keeping everything straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module for keeping everything straight
+so first of course we have the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the ribosome as we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ribosome as we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ribosome as we all know
+reads the genetic code okay via the mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads the genetic code okay via the mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads the genetic code okay via the mRNA
+okay and it catalyzes peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it catalyzes peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it catalyzes peptide bond
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in addition to the ribosome we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition to the ribosome we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in addition to the ribosome we have
+the mRNA so this mRNA delivers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mRNA so this mRNA delivers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mRNA so this mRNA delivers the
+genetic code to the ribosome and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code to the ribosome and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code to the ribosome and it
+provides a template les yeux for protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a template les yeux for protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a template les yeux for protein
+synthesis ok so effectively we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis ok so effectively we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis ok so effectively we can think
+about this process as a template for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this process as a template for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this process as a template for it
+driven polymerization so somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven polymerization so somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven polymerization so somehow the
+amino acids need to get to the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids need to get to the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids need to get to the ribosome
+and so we need the help of the tRNAs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these transfer RNAs deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these transfer RNAs deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these transfer RNAs deliver the
+amino acid monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the ribosome and they transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ribosome and they transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ribosome and they transfer the
+amino acids during synthesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids during synthesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids during synthesis of the
+polypeptide so in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide so in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide so in addition to the
+ribosome the mRNA and the tRNAs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome the mRNA and the tRNAs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome the mRNA and the tRNAs the
+ribosome needs some help so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome needs some help so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome needs some help so we have
+translation factors and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation factors and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation factors and there's
+translation factors that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation factors that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation factors that are involved in
+each step of the translation cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step of the translation cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step of the translation cycle okay
+so these are proteins that are required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are proteins that are required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are proteins that are required
+at specific points during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at specific points during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at specific points during the
+translation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so in terms of translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in terms of translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in terms of translation
+factors we can break the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors we can break the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors we can break the process of
+translation into three or four steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation into three or four steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation into three or four steps
+I prefer three which are initiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prefer three which are initiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prefer three which are initiation
+elongation and termination some review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and termination some review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and termination some review
+articles and papers will divide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and papers will divide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and papers will divide this
+into four steps because termination you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four steps because termination you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four steps because termination you
+can think about peptide release and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about peptide release and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about peptide release and then
+ribosome recycling but regardless to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome recycling but regardless to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome recycling but regardless to you
+know that detail at each of these stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that detail at each of these stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that detail at each of these stages
+there are translation factors that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are translation factors that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are translation factors that help
+so we have initiation factors that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have initiation factors that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have initiation factors that help
+with the process of initiation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the process of initiation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the process of initiation and in
+prokaryotes we have initiation factors 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotes we have initiation factors 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotes we have initiation factors 1
+2 & 3 so 3 translation factors that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 & 3 so 3 translation factors that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 & 3 so 3 translation factors that help
+during elongation so the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during elongation so the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during elongation so the process of
+making the peptide bond there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the peptide bond there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the peptide bond there are
+elongation factors ok EF for elongation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation factors ok EF for elongation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation factors ok EF for elongation
+factor if' for initiation factor we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor if' for initiation factor we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor if' for initiation factor we have
+ef-tu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ef-tu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ef-tu
+EF g and others okay and we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF g and others okay and we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF g and others okay and we'll spend
+quite a bit of time thinking about ef-tu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time thinking about ef-tu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time thinking about ef-tu
+and EF g over the course of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EF g over the course of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EF g over the course of the next
+week and in recitation and in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and in recitation and in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and in recitation and in problem
+sets thinking about how these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets thinking about how these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets thinking about how these factors
+are really facilitating the elongation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really facilitating the elongation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really facilitating the elongation
+process here and during termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here and during termination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here and during termination
+there are release factors okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are release factors okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are release factors okay so we
+have release factors 1 2 & 3 okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have release factors 1 2 & 3 okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have release factors 1 2 & 3 okay and we
+can also these are involved in release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also these are involved in release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also these are involved in release
+of the polypeptide that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polypeptide that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polypeptide that's been
+synthesized from the ribosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized from the ribosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized from the ribosome and
+there's other players as well that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other players as well that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other players as well that I'll
+list here including ribosome recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here including ribosome recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here including ribosome recycling
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+so the subunits get recycled us we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the subunits get recycled us we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the subunits get recycled us we'll
+see and we can also include a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and we can also include a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and we can also include a protein
+called trigger factor here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called trigger factor here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called trigger factor here that is
+involved in folding of nascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in folding of nascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in folding of nascent
+polypeptide chains or the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chains or the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chains or the polypeptide
+chain as it's coming off the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then just to summarize in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then just to summarize in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then just to summarize in terms
+of three stages of translation as I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three stages of translation as I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three stages of translation as I'll
+present them to you within this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present them to you within this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present them to you within this course
+we have the initiation process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the initiation process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the initiation process to
+elongation and three termination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and three termination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation and three termination and
+where we'll be focusing the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll be focusing the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll be focusing the lectures
+next week and really this whole module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week and really this whole module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week and really this whole module
+is here on elongation and I'll just note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here on elongation and I'll just note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here on elongation and I'll just note
+that the elongation cycle is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elongation cycle is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elongation cycle is highly
+conserved termination and initiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved termination and initiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved termination and initiation
+vary quite a bit between prokaryotes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary quite a bit between prokaryotes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary quite a bit between prokaryotes and
+eukaryotes there in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes there in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes there in terms of the
+processes and involved players so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and involved players so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and involved players so where
+are we going just as a brief overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going just as a brief overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going just as a brief overview of
+the cycle and we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and we'll come back to this
+later with in today's lecture or if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later with in today's lecture or if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later with in today's lecture or if not
+on Monday so we start with initiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday so we start with initiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday so we start with initiation
+and we're going to have to ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have to ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have to ask ourselves
+how is it that this 70s prokaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that this 70s prokaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that this 70s prokaryotic
+ribosomes or initiation complex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes or initiation complex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes or initiation complex is
+assembled and so there's a special tRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled and so there's a special tRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled and so there's a special tRNA
+involved the initiator tRNA that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the initiator tRNA that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the initiator tRNA that we see
+binds here and we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds here and we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds here and we'll talk more about
+these EP and a sites in a moment so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these EP and a sites in a moment so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these EP and a sites in a moment so we
+see the ribosome is assembled the mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ribosome is assembled the mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ribosome is assembled the mRNA
+is bound and there's a initiator tRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound and there's a initiator tRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound and there's a initiator tRNA
+bound in order for the elongation cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound in order for the elongation cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound in order for the elongation cycle
+to be entered an amino acid needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be entered an amino acid needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be entered an amino acid needs to be
+delivered and that's delivered by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered and that's delivered by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered and that's delivered by an
+amino acyl tRNA that's in a ternary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA that's in a ternary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA that's in a ternary
+complex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so
+the components we have the tRNA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components we have the tRNA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components we have the tRNA the
+elongation factor tu and gtp okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation factor tu and gtp okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation factor tu and gtp okay so
+this complex here somehow delivers an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex here somehow delivers an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex here somehow delivers an
+amino acyl tRNA to the ribosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA to the ribosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA to the ribosome and
+we're going to look at this process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at this process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at this process in
+detail next week so this will be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail next week so this will be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail next week so this will be one of
+our case studies thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case studies thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case studies thinking about
+experiments and how experiments have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and how experiments have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and how experiments have
+supported a specific kinetic model here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported a specific kinetic model here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported a specific kinetic model here
+so here we have a complex where the tRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a complex where the tRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a complex where the tRNA
+is ready to occupy the a site what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready to occupy the a site what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready to occupy the a site what
+happens here we see that there's a GTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here we see that there's a GTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here we see that there's a GTP
+hydrolysis event will talk about more as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis event will talk about more as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis event will talk about more as
+we go forward peptide transfer reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go forward peptide transfer reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go forward peptide transfer reaction
+so we have formation of a peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have formation of a peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have formation of a peptide bond
+and then this elongation factor G comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this elongation factor G comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this elongation factor G comes
+in to facilitate the elongation cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to facilitate the elongation cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to facilitate the elongation cycle
+and then this cycle will continue until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this cycle will continue until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this cycle will continue until
+some point that signals to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point that signals to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point that signals to stop
+synthesis so a stop codon will enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis so a stop codon will enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis so a stop codon will enter the
+a site and there's a termination process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site and there's a termination process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site and there's a termination process
+ribosome recycling and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome recycling and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome recycling and you can imagine
+this whole cycle city happening again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole cycle city happening again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole cycle city happening again so
+how do we get to this cartoon to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get to this cartoon to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get to this cartoon to some
+more detailed understanding that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed understanding that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed understanding that that's
+where we're going so come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going so come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going so come back to this
+cartoon you know at various stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon you know at various stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon you know at various stages
+throughout the course so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course so first
+let's do a cartoon overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a cartoon overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a cartoon overview of the
+prokaryotic 70s ribosome and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic 70s ribosome and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic 70s ribosome and then we're
+going to look at some of the data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some of the data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some of the data from
+crystallography studies here okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography studies here okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography studies here okay so as
+I think we all know that the ribosome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we all know that the ribosome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we all know that the ribosome is
+comprised of RNA and proteins okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of RNA and proteins okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of RNA and proteins okay and
+by mass it's about 66 percent RNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mass it's about 66 percent RNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mass it's about 66 percent RNA and
+about 34 percent protein and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 34 percent protein and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 34 percent protein and it's
+comprised of two subunits and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of two subunits and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of two subunits and those are
+indicated in the cartoon by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in the cartoon by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in the cartoon by different
+colors okay so in prokaryotes we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay so in prokaryotes we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay so in prokaryotes we have
+the 50s which is the large subunit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s which is the large subunit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s which is the large subunit okay
+this is made up of 23 s ribosomal RNA a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is made up of 23 s ribosomal RNA a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is made up of 23 s ribosomal RNA a
+piece of 5s ribosomal RNA and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in terms of size this is huge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in terms of size this is huge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in terms of size this is huge so
+it's approximately 1 point 5 mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately 1 point 5 mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately 1 point 5 mega
+Dalton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we find within this subunit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we find within this subunit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we find within this subunit is
+the catalytic center or peptidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalytic center or peptidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalytic center or peptidyl
+transferase center this is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase center this is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase center this is sometimes
+abbreviated as PTC and what we also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated as PTC and what we also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated as PTC and what we also find
+in the 50s subunit are three sites for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50s subunit are three sites for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50s subunit are three sites for
+trna binding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the other subunit and prokaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the other subunit and prokaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the other subunit and prokaryotes
+is xxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is the small subunit okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the small subunit okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the small subunit okay it's
+comprised of 16s rRNA and proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also quite large just smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also quite large just smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also quite large just smaller than
+the 50s so on the order of 0.8 mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s so on the order of 0.8 mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s so on the order of 0.8 mega
+Dalton's and in terms of function what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's and in terms of function what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's and in terms of function what
+we have in the 30s is the decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the 30s is the decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the 30s is the decoding
+center so for decoding the mRNA and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so for decoding the mRNA and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so for decoding the mRNA and the
+site of mRNA binding okay so if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of mRNA binding okay so if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of mRNA binding okay so if we draw
+this in cartoon form and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in cartoon form and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in cartoon form and this is
+something I really encourage you all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I really encourage you all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I really encourage you all to
+do when thinking about the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when thinking about the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when thinking about the experiments
+and the problem sets because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem sets because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem sets because that's
+going to help you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you understand the
+experimental design and what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design and what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design and what actually
+happened here what we have on top is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here what we have on top is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here what we have on top is the
+50s subunit on bottom the 30s subunit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s subunit on bottom the 30s subunit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s subunit on bottom the 30s subunit we
+have the mRNA and note the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mRNA and note the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mRNA and note the
+directionality so five prime end fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality so five prime end fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality so five prime end fight
+prime of the ribose three prime end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of the ribose three prime end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of the ribose three prime end here
+and then within this 50s we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within this 50s we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within this 50s we can think
+about these sites for T RNA binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered as such so EP na okay here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered as such so EP na okay here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered as such so EP na okay here so
+this is the catalytic sender or peptidyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the catalytic sender or peptidyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the catalytic sender or peptidyl
+transferase center here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase center here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferase center here okay
+so overall this assembled ribosome is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall this assembled ribosome is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall this assembled ribosome is on
+the order of 2.3 mega Dalton's and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 2.3 mega Dalton's and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 2.3 mega Dalton's and it's
+about 200 angstroms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 angstroms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 angstroms and
+yeah Mandir so just in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Mandir so just in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Mandir so just in terms of these
+names 50s xxx you know this is overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names 50s xxx you know this is overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names 50s xxx you know this is overall
+the 70s assembled ribosome what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s assembled ribosome what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s assembled ribosome what what do
+these numbers where do they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers where do they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers where do they come from
+what does this 50s 30s 70s mean so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this 50s 30s 70s mean so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this 50s 30s 70s mean so what
+is the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has to do with the
+sedimentation right so there's a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation right so there's a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation right so there's a type of
+experiment called analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment called analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment called analytical
+ultracentrifugation and effectively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultracentrifugation and effectively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultracentrifugation and effectively you
+can use this to ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this to ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this to ask about the
+sedimentation of a biomolecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation of a biomolecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation of a biomolecule so
+effectively what is the rate at which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what is the rate at which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what is the rate at which a
+biomolecule moves in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecule moves in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecule moves in response to the
+centrifugal force in a centrifuge there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force in a centrifuge there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force in a centrifuge there
+and so you can use optics to modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use optics to modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use optics to modern
+monitor the sedimentation and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor the sedimentation and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor the sedimentation and use
+mathematics to fit those data to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to fit those data to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to fit those data to come up
+with an S value so typically the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an S value so typically the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an S value so typically the larger
+the s value the larger the size it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s value the larger the size it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s value the larger the size it's not
+always directly proportional to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always directly proportional to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always directly proportional to the mass
+because things like shape play a role as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things like shape play a role as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things like shape play a role as
+well but effectively we see 50s and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but effectively we see 50s and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but effectively we see 50s and that
+subunit is larger than the 30s and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit is larger than the 30s and note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit is larger than the 30s and note
+when they come together it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come together it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come together it's not
+additive right it's 70s there if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive right it's 70s there if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive right it's 70s there if you're
+to look at the assembled ribosome in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the assembled ribosome in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the assembled ribosome in one
+of these experiments so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these experiments so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these experiments so that that's
+where those values come from here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those values come from here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those values come from here so if
+we take a look from my cartoon depiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a look from my cartoon depiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a look from my cartoon depiction
+to actual image from cryo-electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actual image from cryo-electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actual image from cryo-electron
+microscopy so this is just rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy so this is just rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy so this is just rotated
+basically 90 degrees what do we see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 90 degrees what do we see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 90 degrees what do we see we
+have the 50s here the catalytic Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 50s here the catalytic Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 50s here the catalytic Center
+we have the 30s here's the mRNA and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the 30s here's the mRNA and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the 30s here's the mRNA and what
+we're seeing is that in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is that in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is that in this particular
+structure there's some tRNAs bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's some tRNAs bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's some tRNAs bound and
+they've indicated also a ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've indicated also a ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've indicated also a ribosomal
+protein here just as a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein here just as a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein here just as a sense of
+complexity so in e.coli the 50s subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so in e.coli the 50s subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so in e.coli the 50s subunit
+has over 30 proteins associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has over 30 proteins associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has over 30 proteins associated with it
+that's a lot 30 different proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot 30 different proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot 30 different proteins and
+the 30s has 21 ribosomal proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s has 21 ribosomal proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s has 21 ribosomal proteins
+associated with it so we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it so we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it so we need to think
+about the proteins in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the proteins in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the proteins in addition to the
+RNA so let's take a look at an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA so let's take a look at an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA so let's take a look at an image
+from the crystal structure reported in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the crystal structure reported in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the crystal structure reported in
+2000 of the 50s ribosome from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 of the 50s ribosome from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 of the 50s ribosome from a
+particular prokaryote shown here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular prokaryote shown here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular prokaryote shown here so this
+is what's described as the crown view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's described as the crown view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's described as the crown view
+and in this particular depiction what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular depiction what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular depiction what
+we're seeing is that the ribosomal RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is that the ribosomal RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is that the ribosomal RNA
+of the 50s is in gray or white and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 50s is in gray or white and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 50s is in gray or white and the
+ribosomal proteins that are bound are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal proteins that are bound are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal proteins that are bound are in
+gold so taking a look at this what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold so taking a look at this what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold so taking a look at this what do we
+see right we can ask ourselves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right we can ask ourselves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right we can ask ourselves some
+questions from this structure so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from this structure so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from this structure so the
+first question I'll ask is about the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question I'll ask is about the RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question I'll ask is about the RNA
+right what does this RNA look like so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what does this RNA look like so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what does this RNA look like so do
+we see any obvious domains if anyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see any obvious domains if anyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see any obvious domains if anyone's
+you have some experience looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some experience looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some experience looking at
+structures I don't see any what I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I don't see any what I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I don't see any what I see is
+a compact mass of RNA here right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact mass of RNA here right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact mass of RNA here right there's
+not obvious domains or regions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious domains or regions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious domains or regions that are
+somehow different here to me in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow different here to me in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow different here to me in this
+structure it looks like one big glob of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it looks like one big glob of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it looks like one big glob of
+RNA but then the question is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA but then the question is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA but then the question is is that
+truly the case or is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly the case or is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly the case or is there an
+organization we're just not seeing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we're just not seeing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we're just not seeing at
+this level the next question we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level the next question we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level the next question we can ask
+is where are the proteins so if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where are the proteins so if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where are the proteins so if we look
+at the proteins and how they're arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the proteins and how they're arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the proteins and how they're arranged
+on this compact massive RNA what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this compact massive RNA what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this compact massive RNA what do we
+see where where are they on the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where where are they on the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where where are they on the edges
+you know there's many on the edges like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's many on the edges like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's many on the edges like
+l1 here this one on the outside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 here this one on the outside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 here this one on the outside here
+over here so it looks like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so it looks like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so it looks like these
+proteins at least in this view are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins at least in this view are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins at least in this view are
+mostly on the outside is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on the outside is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on the outside is there anything
+unusual or potentially unusual we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual or potentially unusual we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual or potentially unusual we can
+see in addition about these proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe looking at this one here or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe looking at this one here or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe looking at this one here or here
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks like there's some unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's some unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's some unfolded
+parts yeah right so look here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts yeah right so look here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts yeah right so look here so it
+looks like there's some unfolded regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's some unfolded regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's some unfolded regions
+to these proteins and why is that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these proteins and why is that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these proteins and why is that and
+where are these unfolded regions going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these unfolded regions going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these unfolded regions going
+okay so what we can do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we can do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we can do is look at the
+RNA separately and look at the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA separately and look at the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA separately and look at the proteins
+separately now and see what we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately now and see what we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately now and see what we learn
+from these analyses so effectively if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these analyses so effectively if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these analyses so effectively if we
+consider the 23 F our RNA despite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the 23 F our RNA despite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the 23 F our RNA despite that
+structure we saw before that looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we saw before that looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we saw before that looked like
+a compact mass of RNA it's structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact mass of RNA it's structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact mass of RNA it's structured
+and it can assists of six domains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can assists of six domains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can assists of six domains and
+these domains have quite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these domains have quite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these domains have quite complicated
+shapes and they fit together and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and they fit together and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and they fit together and here is
+just a schematic diagram of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a schematic diagram of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a schematic diagram of this
+structure so if we take a look we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so if we take a look we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so if we take a look we can
+see that there's a domain 1 domain 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a domain 1 domain 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a domain 1 domain 2 3 4
+5 & 6 and on the left here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 & 6 and on the left here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 & 6 and on the left here it's
+indicated where in that crown view we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated where in that crown view we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated where in that crown view we
+just looked at right here these domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at right here these domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at right here these domains
+are located ok so there is organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located ok so there is organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located ok so there is organization
+even though in that structure it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though in that structure it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though in that structure it looks
+like one compact mass of RNA so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one compact mass of RNA so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one compact mass of RNA so let's
+think about these proteins a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these proteins a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these proteins a bit more
+and in addition to the crown view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to the crown view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to the crown view and
+the observations we had from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations we had from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations we had from this
+particular face of the ribosome where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular face of the ribosome where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular face of the ribosome where it
+looks like many proteins are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like many proteins are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like many proteins are on the
+outside and there's some unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and there's some unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and there's some unfolded
+regions what happens if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions what happens if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions what happens if we look
+elsewhere so here we have rotation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere so here we have rotation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere so here we have rotation so
+180 degrees from here effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 degrees from here effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 degrees from here effectively
+looking we can say on the backside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking we can say on the backside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking we can say on the backside and
+here we can look at the view from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can look at the view from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can look at the view from the
+bottom of this subunit so what do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this subunit so what do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this subunit so what do these
+images suggest do they support what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images suggest do they support what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images suggest do they support what we
+were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking
+from this one view here that proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one view here that proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one view here that proteins
+are mostly on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I see some shaking head yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see some shaking head yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see some shaking head yes right
+it looks like the surface of this 50s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the surface of this 50s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the surface of this 50s is
+covered effectively by a protein lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered effectively by a protein lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered effectively by a protein lattice
+here so what might a role be for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what might a role be for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what might a role be for these
+proteins an important role yeah so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins an important role yeah so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins an important role yeah so some
+structural role right so these proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural role right so these proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural role right so these proteins
+can help with stabilizing this 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help with stabilizing this 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help with stabilizing this 3d
+structure of the RNA right and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the RNA right and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the RNA right and they have
+other functions as well okay and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions as well okay and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions as well okay and some of
+those will come up as we discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will come up as we discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will come up as we discuss this
+elongation cycle but one one function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation cycle but one one function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation cycle but one one function is
+certainly structural if we just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly structural if we just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly structural if we just think
+about the distribution of the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution of the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution of the proteins
+along the surface of this 50s it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the surface of this 50s it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the surface of this 50s it looks
+more or less uniform right there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uniform right there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uniform right there aren't
+patches where there's no protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches where there's no protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches where there's no protein or
+patches where there's a lot of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches where there's a lot of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches where there's a lot of protein
+they're pretty much evenly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty much evenly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty much evenly distributed
+here so as it turns out most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so as it turns out most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so as it turns out most of the
+segments of the 23 acts do interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the 23 acts do interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the 23 acts do interact with
+proteins and if we look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and if we look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and if we look at these
+proteins more closely we're gonna follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins more closely we're gonna follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins more closely we're gonna follow
+up on the observation that it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the observation that it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the observation that it looks like
+they have some unfolded regions so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some unfolded regions so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some unfolded regions so what
+we're looking at here are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at here are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at here are just a
+selection of the 50s proteins in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of the 50s proteins in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of the 50s proteins in the
+absence of the RNA so these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the RNA so these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the RNA so these structures
+have been been taken out of that total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been been taken out of that total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been been taken out of that total
+structure in terms of nomenclature L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in terms of nomenclature L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in terms of nomenclature L
+means large and s means small in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means large and s means small in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means large and s means small in terms
+of thinking about ribosomal proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about ribosomal proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about ribosomal proteins and
+so what's found in the 50s is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's found in the 50s is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's found in the 50s is that we
+can categorize 17 of the proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can categorize 17 of the proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can categorize 17 of the proteins that
+globular are folded and 13 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globular are folded and 13 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globular are folded and 13 of the
+proteins as cases where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins as cases where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins as cases where there's
+extensions that are non globular or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions that are non globular or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions that are non globular or have
+no clear structure and that's color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clear structure and that's color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clear structure and that's color
+coded in these examples where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded in these examples where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded in these examples where we have
+folded regions in green and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded regions in green and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded regions in green and then
+unfolded regions in red so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded regions in red so why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded regions in red so why is this
+and where are these red extensions going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are these red extensions going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are these red extensions going
+so what's seen is that these non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's seen is that these non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's seen is that these non
+globular extensions work their way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globular extensions work their way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globular extensions work their way into
+the interior of the ribosome okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior of the ribosome okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior of the ribosome okay so we
+can think about them kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about them kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about them kind of like
+tentacles for instance going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentacles for instance going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentacles for instance going into the
+interior so how might they interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior so how might they interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior so how might they interact with
+the RNA so I'll give you a hint in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA so I'll give you a hint in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA so I'll give you a hint in these
+regions in red there are quite a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in red there are quite a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in red there are quite a number
+of arginine and lysine residues compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arginine and lysine residues compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arginine and lysine residues compared
+to other regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what properties of arginine or lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what properties of arginine or lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what properties of arginine or lysine
+would be important positive charge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be important positive charge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be important positive charge right
+we have positively charged amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have positively charged amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have positively charged amino acids
+what about PKA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about PKA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about PKA
+so who votes for arginine having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who votes for arginine having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who votes for arginine having a
+higher PKA than lysine the opposite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher PKA than lysine the opposite okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher PKA than lysine the opposite okay
+so that's a point for review right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a point for review right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a point for review right
+lysine around ten point five arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine around ten point five arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine around ten point five arginine
+around twelve point five arginine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around twelve point five arginine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around twelve point five arginine is
+higher here okay so if we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher here okay so if we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher here okay so if we have a bunch
+of positively charged residues in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positively charged residues in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positively charged residues in these
+extensions how are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions how are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions how are they going to
+interact with the rRNA you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the rRNA you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the rRNA you know what are
+the molecular features there that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular features there that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular features there that are
+important pardon you know the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important pardon you know the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important pardon you know the phosphate
+backbones right so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbones right so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbones right so we have the
+negatively charged phosphate positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged phosphate positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged phosphate positively
+charged amino acids effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged amino acids effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged amino acids effectively
+formation of salt bridges here I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of salt bridges here I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of salt bridges here I know
+structure for a lot of these non popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for a lot of these non popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for a lot of these non popular
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+they're more disorder they still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more disorder they still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more disorder they still have a
+relatively similar you know D factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively similar you know D factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively similar you know D factor
+compared to the rest of the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the rest of the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the rest of the popular
+region it's just that they don't fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's just that they don't fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's just that they don't fall
+under I don't I don't know what the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under I don't I don't know what the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under I don't I don't know what the B
+factors are for the different regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are for the different regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are for the different regions of
+these proteins and for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins and for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins and for the case of
+discussion here I would have it fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here I would have it fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here I would have it fall
+under a lack of secondary structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a lack of secondary structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a lack of secondary structure and
+keep in mind the ribosome is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the ribosome is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the ribosome is quite
+dynamic and in isolation are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and in isolation are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and in isolation are all the
+proteins there and in their native way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins there and in their native way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins there and in their native way
+or not it's just something else to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it's just something else to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it's just something else to keep
+in mind but these are certainly lacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind but these are certainly lacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind but these are certainly lacking
+a fold and going into the interior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fold and going into the interior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fold and going into the interior and
+working from salt bridges here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working from salt bridges here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working from salt bridges here okay
+here's just an example of the 50s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just an example of the 50s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just an example of the 50s with
+tRNAs bound so we have the 50s we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNAs bound so we have the 50s we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNAs bound so we have the 50s we see
+tRNA in the east site the P site and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA in the east site the P site and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA in the east site the P site and the
+a site and so what are these three sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site and so what are these three sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site and so what are these three sites
+effectively their names indicate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively their names indicate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively their names indicate what
+they bind or what they do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind or what they do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind or what they do in terms of
+these letters the a site binds amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letters the a site binds amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letters the a site binds amino
+acyl tRNA s with the exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl tRNA s with the exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl tRNA s with the exception of
+initiator tRNA which cannot bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiator tRNA which cannot bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiator tRNA which cannot bind to the
+a site the P site binds the initiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site the P site binds the initiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site the P site binds the initiator
+tRNA during the initiation process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA during the initiation process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA during the initiation process of
+translation and then it also binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and then it also binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and then it also binds
+peptidyl trna s-- so effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidyl trna s-- so effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidyl trna s-- so effectively the
+tRNA that has the growing peptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA that has the growing peptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA that has the growing peptide chain
+attached and then the e site binds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and then the e site binds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and then the e site binds the
+da slated tRNA and this is called the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da slated tRNA and this is called the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da slated tRNA and this is called the e
+site because it's the exit site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site because it's the exit site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site because it's the exit site and
+eventually this tRNA that has lost its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this tRNA that has lost its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this tRNA that has lost its
+amino acid needs to get kicked out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid needs to get kicked out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid needs to get kicked out of
+the ribosome so one more point just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome so one more point just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome so one more point just
+going back about these proteins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back about these proteins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back about these proteins to
+highlight we stated that these proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight we stated that these proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight we stated that these proteins
+are mostly on the exterior and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly on the exterior and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly on the exterior and there's
+just these extensions that go in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these extensions that go in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these extensions that go in one
+thing I didn't explicitly say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I didn't explicitly say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I didn't explicitly say is that
+this peptidyl transferase center is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptidyl transferase center is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptidyl transferase center is
+devoid of protein okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoid of protein okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoid of protein okay so in this
+catalytic center that's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic center that's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic center that's responsible for
+peptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptic
+bond formation there's no protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation there's no protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation there's no protein okay
+so based on all of the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so based on all of the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so based on all of the structural
+evidence the nearest protein is 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the nearest protein is 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the nearest protein is 18
+angstroms away that's quite far right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms away that's quite far right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms away that's quite far right
+when thinking about making a peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about making a peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about making a peptide
+bond in a catalytic Center and also will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in a catalytic Center and also will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in a catalytic Center and also will
+learn that magnesium ions are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that magnesium ions are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that magnesium ions are important
+for ribosome assembly I'll just point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ribosome assembly I'll just point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ribosome assembly I'll just point
+out that the closest magnesium ion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the closest magnesium ion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the closest magnesium ion is
+eight angstroms away so if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight angstroms away so if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight angstroms away so if there's no
+protein in this catalytic Center that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in this catalytic Center that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in this catalytic Center that's
+responsible for formation of peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for formation of peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for formation of peptide
+bonds in this growing polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds in this growing polypeptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds in this growing polypeptide chain
+what does that tell us right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us right off the bat
+about the ribosome and catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon yes so the rival the ribosome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon yes so the rival the ribosome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon yes so the rival the ribosome is
+a ribozyme yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribozyme yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribozyme yes
+so there's many functional components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's many functional components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's many functional components
+but in terms of peptide bond formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of peptide bond formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of peptide bond formation
+it's the RNA that's catalyzing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the RNA that's catalyzing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the RNA that's catalyzing that
+reaction so it's a ribozyme or an RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it's a ribozyme or an RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it's a ribozyme or an RNA
+based catalyst right and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based catalyst right and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based catalyst right and so this is
+something many of us may take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something many of us may take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something many of us may take for
+granted right now but it was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted right now but it was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted right now but it was a big
+surprise to see this here and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to see this here and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to see this here and to the
+best of my knowledge the ribosome is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of my knowledge the ribosome is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of my knowledge the ribosome is the
+only natural ribosome that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only natural ribosome that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only natural ribosome that has a
+polymerase activity okay so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase activity okay so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase activity okay so many of
+these natural ribozymes are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these natural ribozymes are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these natural ribozymes are involved in
+RNA maturation here so for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA maturation here so for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA maturation here so for those of you
+interested in sort of evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of evolution and
+hypotheses about RNA world right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about RNA world right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about RNA world right this
+observation that there's no protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that there's no protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that there's no protein in
+the catalytic center of the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalytic center of the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalytic center of the ribosome
+supports an RNA world hypothesis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports an RNA world hypothesis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports an RNA world hypothesis right
+the idea that the RNA which stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that the RNA which stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that the RNA which stores
+genetic information can perform chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic information can perform chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic information can perform chemical
+to catalysis predates DNA and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalysis predates DNA and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalysis predates DNA and proteins
+one thing I'll just though point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'll just though point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'll just though point out is
+that prior to this structural study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prior to this structural study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prior to this structural study
+roughly two years before there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly two years before there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly two years before there was some
+experimental work done just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental work done just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental work done just looking at
+isolated 50s our RNA with no proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated 50s our RNA with no proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated 50s our RNA with no proteins
+and it was found that that isolated 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was found that that isolated 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was found that that isolated 50s
+RNA could catalyze peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA could catalyze peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA could catalyze peptide bond
+formation and that specifically domain 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and that specifically domain 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and that specifically domain 5
+was important for for that reaction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important for for that reaction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important for for that reaction here
+so if you're curious about that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're curious about that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're curious about that I can
+point you in the direction of a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you in the direction of a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you in the direction of a paper
+one last observation about the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last observation about the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last observation about the 50s
+subunit involves a peptide exit tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit involves a peptide exit tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit involves a peptide exit tunnel
+and so somehow the growing polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow the growing polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow the growing polypeptide
+chain needs to get out of this macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain needs to get out of this macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain needs to get out of this macro
+molecular machine and in order for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machine and in order for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machine and in order for that
+to happen there's an exit tunnel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen there's an exit tunnel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen there's an exit tunnel in the
+50s subunit so here if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s subunit so here if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s subunit so here if we go back to
+that cryo e/m image what's shown in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cryo e/m image what's shown in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cryo e/m image what's shown in this
+particular depiction is a polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular depiction is a polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular depiction is a polypeptide
+chain emerging from the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain emerging from the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain emerging from the 50
+yes here if we look at this view a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes here if we look at this view a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes here if we look at this view a top
+or bottom view what we see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bottom view what we see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bottom view what we see is that
+there's a hole here and that hole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hole here and that hole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hole here and that hole is
+this exit tunnel this is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exit tunnel this is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exit tunnel this is just another
+view of the same thing rotated and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the same thing rotated and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the same thing rotated and a
+macrolide is a type of antibiotic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macrolide is a type of antibiotic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macrolide is a type of antibiotic that
+can bind in the region and is thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind in the region and is thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind in the region and is thought to
+block exit of the polypeptide so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block exit of the polypeptide so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block exit of the polypeptide so there's
+some features about this exit tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some features about this exit tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some features about this exit tunnel
+that are interesting and that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting and that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting and that we need to
+consider first of all it's long so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider first of all it's long so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider first of all it's long so
+approximately a hundred angstroms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a hundred angstroms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a hundred angstroms and
+the diameter is relatively small so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter is relatively small so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter is relatively small so the
+diameter is on the order of 15 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter is on the order of 15 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter is on the order of 15 angstroms
+so what we need to think about from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to think about from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to think about from the
+perspective of this diameter is what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of this diameter is what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of this diameter is what can
+fit and so this week in recitation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and so this week in recitation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and so this week in recitation right
+you're looking at using pi mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at using pi mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at using pi mole and
+ubiquitin as an example you can just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin as an example you can just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin as an example you can just ask
+yourself would you pick within folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself would you pick within folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself would you pick within folded
+ubiquitin and fit in this exit tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin and fit in this exit tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin and fit in this exit tunnel
+based on its size and so where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on its size and so where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on its size and so where does
+protein folding occur we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein folding occur we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein folding occur we think about
+this as primarily and predominantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as primarily and predominantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as primarily and predominantly
+happening after the polypeptide comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening after the polypeptide comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening after the polypeptide comes
+out of the ribosome because there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ribosome because there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ribosome because there just
+isn't room in this exit tunnel for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't room in this exit tunnel for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't room in this exit tunnel for some
+folded structure to exist here also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded structure to exist here also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded structure to exist here also the
+exit tunnel not shown in these images is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit tunnel not shown in these images is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit tunnel not shown in these images is
+lined with hydrophobic residues just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined with hydrophobic residues just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined with hydrophobic residues just as
+another feature so it's narrow and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another feature so it's narrow and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another feature so it's narrow and it
+cannot accommodate folded proteins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot accommodate folded proteins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot accommodate folded proteins so
+briefly on the 30s similar to the 50s as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly on the 30s similar to the 50s as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly on the 30s similar to the 50s as
+said before this 30s is comprised of RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before this 30s is comprised of RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before this 30s is comprised of RNA
+and proteins it has the sites of mrna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proteins it has the sites of mrna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proteins it has the sites of mrna
+binding and decoding here's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and decoding here's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and decoding here's just a
+structural overview of the 30s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural overview of the 30s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural overview of the 30s with
+different regions named and similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions named and similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions named and similar to
+what we saw for the 23 s our RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw for the 23 s our RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw for the 23 s our RNA
+of the 50s subunit the 16s rRNA also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 50s subunit the 16s rRNA also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 50s subunit the 16s rRNA also has
+structure and I just show you the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I just show you the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I just show you the domain
+organization here okay so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization here okay so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization here okay so we see that
+there are four domains and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four domains and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four domains and they're
+color-coded in green yellow blue and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded in green yellow blue and red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded in green yellow blue and red
+here okay and so another point just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so another point just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so another point just to
+make and passing about 16s 16s rRNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and passing about 16s 16s rRNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and passing about 16s 16s rRNA is
+highly conserved among species so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly conserved among species so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly conserved among species so
+sequencing the 16s is commonly done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing the 16s is commonly done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing the 16s is commonly done in
+studies of say the microbiome to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of say the microbiome to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of say the microbiome to figure
+out something about the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something about the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something about the distribution of
+different types of prokaryotic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of prokaryotic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of prokaryotic organisms
+there for that so why spend so much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that so why spend so much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that so why spend so much time
+on the individual subunits what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the individual subunits what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the individual subunits what we find
+is that the structures are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the structures are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the structures are very similar
+when the ribosome is assembled so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the ribosome is assembled so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the ribosome is assembled so we can
+think of the 30s and the 50s is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the 30s and the 50s is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the 30s and the 50s is coming
+together to give the 70s and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give the 70s and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give the 70s and these
+subunits basically look the same as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits basically look the same as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits basically look the same as they
+do in isolation and that's depicted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in isolation and that's depicted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in isolation and that's depicted here
+in just another example right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just another example right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just another example right so if
+we're looking at this structure based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at this structure based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at this structure based on
+the cartoon and our discussions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon and our discussions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon and our discussions right
+you should be able to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to identify the
+different components right so here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components right so here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components right so here what
+do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have
+yeah and here right what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we have a tRNA bound here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have a tRNA bound here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have a tRNA bound here right
+you know here a protein so bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here a protein so bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here a protein so bring
+yourself back to this cartoon and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself back to this cartoon and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself back to this cartoon and its
+simplicity as we work through problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity as we work through problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity as we work through problems
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+so another point to make just to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another point to make just to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another point to make just to think
+about is how is it that these subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how is it that these subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how is it that these subunits
+actually come together and what mediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come together and what mediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come together and what mediates
+that that interaction there and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that interaction there and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that interaction there and so these
+subunits basically come into contact at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits basically come into contact at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits basically come into contact at
+about 12 positions and magnesium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 positions and magnesium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 positions and magnesium ions
+are really important for mediating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important for mediating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important for mediating the
+interaction between the 30s and the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the 30s and the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the 30s and the 50s
+okay so there's bound mania and ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's bound mania and ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's bound mania and ions
+that mediate interactions between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mediate interactions between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mediate interactions between these
+subunits here and so in week 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits here and so in week 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits here and so in week 4
+recitation we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation we're going to think about
+how to purify ribosomes and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to purify ribosomes and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to purify ribosomes and if you're
+interested in purifying ribosomes how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in purifying ribosomes how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in purifying ribosomes how do
+you get an assembled 7bs prokaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an assembled 7bs prokaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an assembled 7bs prokaryotic
+ribosomes and based on the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes and based on the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes and based on the need for
+magnesium ions here we'll see how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium ions here we'll see how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium ions here we'll see how that's
+an important variable and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important variable and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important variable and these
+procedures so we'll close just with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so we'll close just with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so we'll close just with some
+overview points about the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview points about the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview points about the translation
+process as a whole so during translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as a whole so during translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as a whole so during translation
+mrna is read from the 5 prime to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrna is read from the 5 prime to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrna is read from the 5 prime to the 3
+prime end polypeptides are synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime end polypeptides are synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime end polypeptides are synthesized
+from the n-terminus to the c terminus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the n-terminus to the c terminus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the n-terminus to the c terminus so
+there's directionality as I said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's directionality as I said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's directionality as I said earlier
+translation factors are required at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation factors are required at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation factors are required at each
+stage initiation elongation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage initiation elongation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage initiation elongation and
+termination something that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination something that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination something that I haven't
+highlighted yet is the importance of gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted yet is the importance of gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted yet is the importance of gtp
+so in that initial overview of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that initial overview of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that initial overview of the cycle
+we saw that there were some instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that there were some instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that there were some instances of
+gtp hydrolysis by certain translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp hydrolysis by certain translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp hydrolysis by certain translation
+factors and in this translation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and in this translation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and in this translation process
+gtp hydrolysis provides a means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp hydrolysis provides a means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp hydrolysis provides a means to
+convert chemical energy into mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert chemical energy into mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert chemical energy into mechanical
+energy and so we're going to think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we're going to think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we're going to think a lot
+about how GTP hydrolysis plays a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how GTP hydrolysis plays a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how GTP hydrolysis plays a role
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+and although we're gonna look at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although we're gonna look at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although we're gonna look at many
+structures keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures keep in mind that
+conformational changes are essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational changes are essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational changes are essential for
+catalysis by the ribosome and that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis by the ribosome and that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis by the ribosome and that this
+is a very dynamic system here so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very dynamic system here so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very dynamic system here so just
+some additional facts so ribosomes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional facts so ribosomes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional facts so ribosomes will
+synthesize six to twenty peptide bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize six to twenty peptide bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize six to twenty peptide bonds
+per second the error rate is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second the error rate is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second the error rate is less than
+one in a thousand okay which brings up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a thousand okay which brings up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a thousand okay which brings up
+fidelity again how does the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity again how does the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity again how does the ribosome
+maintain this and the rate accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this and the rate accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this and the rate accelerations
+are on the order of ten to the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the order of ten to the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the order of ten to the seven
+fold okay so less than many enzymes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold okay so less than many enzymes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold okay so less than many enzymes but
+quite good and in all living organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good and in all living organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good and in all living organisms
+these ribosomes carry out protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ribosomes carry out protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ribosomes carry out protein
+synthesis so all ribosomes contain two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis so all ribosomes contain two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis so all ribosomes contain two
+subunits that reversibly associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits that reversibly associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits that reversibly associate
+during the translation cycle protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the translation cycle protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the translation cycle protein
+synthesis occurs through the binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis occurs through the binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis occurs through the binding of
+the aminoacyl trnas to the 7tf ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aminoacyl trnas to the 7tf ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aminoacyl trnas to the 7tf ribosome
+in an order dictated by the emaan RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an order dictated by the emaan RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an order dictated by the emaan RNA
+and next week we're going to dissect how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next week we're going to dissect how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next week we're going to dissect how
+this actually occurs and we think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually occurs and we think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually occurs and we think this
+will be quite new for all of you even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be quite new for all of you even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be quite new for all of you even if
+you've learned about the ribosome in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned about the ribosome in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned about the ribosome in
+other courses these trna is moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses these trna is moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses these trna is moves
+sequentially through these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially through these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially through these three
+ribosome binding sites as we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome binding sites as we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome binding sites as we saw before
+here right so we can return to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we can return to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we can return to our
+overview cycle here that we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview cycle here that we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview cycle here that we saw before
+and so we'll briefly address how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll briefly address how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll briefly address how
+initiation occurs so how is the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation occurs so how is the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation occurs so how is the 70s
+ribosome assembled we'll have a detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome assembled we'll have a detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome assembled we'll have a detailed
+case study of ef-tu and then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study of ef-tu and then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study of ef-tu and then look
+through this elongation cycle in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this elongation cycle in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this elongation cycle in more
+detail in terms of the players and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in terms of the players and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in terms of the players and the
+outcomes so this is a reference slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so this is a reference slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so this is a reference slide
+for all of you where the stages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of you where the stages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of you where the stages are
+listed that all of the players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed that all of the players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed that all of the players are
+listed so some more detail than what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed so some more detail than what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed so some more detail than what's
+up here and then the outcome okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and then the outcome okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and then the outcome okay so
+what you can see from this overview and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see from this overview and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see from this overview and
+go back and study it outside of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and study it outside of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and study it outside of lecture
+is that in each case we see GTP which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in each case we see GTP which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in each case we see GTP which
+means GTP hydrolysis occurs that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means GTP hydrolysis occurs that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means GTP hydrolysis occurs that each
+stop-in initiation our outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop-in initiation our outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop-in initiation our outcome is
+assembly of the 70s with mrna bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly of the 70s with mrna bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly of the 70s with mrna bound and
+with an initiator tRNA and the p-site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an initiator tRNA and the p-site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an initiator tRNA and the p-site
+the outcome of elongation is synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of elongation is synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of elongation is synthesis
+of this nation or new polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this nation or new polypeptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this nation or new polypeptide chain
+okay an termination is the hydrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an termination is the hydrolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an termination is the hydrolytic
+release of the peptide release of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of the peptide release of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of the peptide release of the
+tRNAs and mRNAs and dissociation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNAs and mRNAs and dissociation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNAs and mRNAs and dissociation of the
+70s and ultimately recycling okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and ultimately recycling okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and ultimately recycling okay so
+there's many factors that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many factors that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many factors that need to be
+taken into account and and kind of dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account and and kind of dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account and and kind of dealt
+with that at every stage here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that at every stage here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that at every stage here this is
+just another reference table it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another reference table it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another reference table it has some
+additional players like EF TF and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional players like EF TF and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional players like EF TF and this
+is a nucleotide exchange factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nucleotide exchange factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nucleotide exchange factor for
+ef-tu so ef-tu is a GTP ace that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ef-tu so ef-tu is a GTP ace that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ef-tu so ef-tu is a GTP ace that we'll
+hear more about in lecture next week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about in lecture next week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about in lecture next week and
+in recitation next week briefly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation next week briefly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation next week briefly some
+topics for review if you need to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for review if you need to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for review if you need to review
+the genetic code please do we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code please do we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code please do we're not
+going to spend much time on it here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend much time on it here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend much time on it here but
+in brief I think we all know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brief I think we all know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brief I think we all know this
+genetic code is based on codons they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code is based on codons they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code is based on codons they're
+read sequentially from a fixed starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read sequentially from a fixed starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read sequentially from a fixed starting
+point and the code which is a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the code which is a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the code which is a triplet
+code is degenerate and non-overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is degenerate and non-overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is degenerate and non-overlapping
+right so why do we have a triplet code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write me a four bases exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write me a four bases exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write me a four bases exactly right
+there needs to be enough combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be enough combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be enough combinations
+for all the amino acids right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the amino acids right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the amino acids right so we have
+20 protein genic amino acids and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 protein genic amino acids and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 protein genic amino acids and what
+else do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do we have
+we have Celino cysteine neoprene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Celino cysteine neoprene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Celino cysteine neoprene or
+lysine so a triplet code with four bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine so a triplet code with four bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine so a triplet code with four bases
+covers everything we need here okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers everything we need here okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers everything we need here okay we
+have start codons and stop codons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start codons and stop codons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start codons and stop codons we
+have to keep in mind listed here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep in mind listed here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep in mind listed here okay
+and as a reminder right and translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a reminder right and translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a reminder right and translation
+the amino acids are delivered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids are delivered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids are delivered by the
+aminoacyl trnas okay so the mRNA does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminoacyl trnas okay so the mRNA does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminoacyl trnas okay so the mRNA does
+not recognize these amino acids directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognize these amino acids directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognize these amino acids directly
+we need the tRNAs that allows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need the tRNAs that allows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need the tRNAs that allows this
+reading to occur throughout this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading to occur throughout this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading to occur throughout this course
+we're going to refer well throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to refer well throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to refer well throughout
+this section with the ribosome we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section with the ribosome we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section with the ribosome we'll be
+referring to nucleotides etc by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to nucleotides etc by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to nucleotides etc by the
+letter abbreviations there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter abbreviations there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter abbreviations there are
+structures chemical structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures chemical structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures chemical structures
+associated with these abbreviations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these abbreviations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these abbreviations and
+it's important to know those and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to know those and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to know those and be
+thinking about those as you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those as you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those as you work
+problems right so just as a review we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right so just as a review we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right so just as a review we
+have the DNA bases CG AMT and RNA we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the DNA bases CG AMT and RNA we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the DNA bases CG AMT and RNA we
+have uracil instead of thymine right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uracil instead of thymine right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uracil instead of thymine right the
+purines and G have two rings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and G have two rings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and G have two rings and the
+pyrimidine is one ring for nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine is one ring for nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine is one ring for nomenclature
+right nucleoside versus nucleotide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nucleoside versus nucleotide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nucleoside versus nucleotide so
+the nucleoside is the base plus a sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside is the base plus a sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleoside is the base plus a sugar
+right so there's this like like acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's this like like acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's this like like acidic
+bond here between the base and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here between the base and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here between the base and the
+carbon here of the ribose and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon here of the ribose and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon here of the ribose and then the
+nucleotide is this nucleoside with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide is this nucleoside with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide is this nucleoside with one
+or more phosphate groups attached at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more phosphate groups attached at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more phosphate groups attached at the
+5 prime carbon so we go one prime two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 prime carbon so we go one prime two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 prime carbon so we go one prime two
+prime three prime four prime five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime three prime four prime five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime three prime four prime five prime
+for the numbering of the ribose and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the numbering of the ribose and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the numbering of the ribose and keep
+in mind from 507 or 705 this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind from 507 or 705 this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind from 507 or 705 this should be
+known but these phosphates we have alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known but these phosphates we have alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known but these phosphates we have alpha
+beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and
+phosphates right and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates right and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates right and depending on
+whether your ATP or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your ATP or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your ATP or some other
+nucleotide is being hydrolyzed to say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide is being hydrolyzed to say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide is being hydrolyzed to say an
+ampere and ADP you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampere and ADP you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampere and ADP you're going to have a
+tach at different positions so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tach at different positions so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tach at different positions so if you
+need to review visit your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to review visit your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to review visit your basic
+biochemistry textbook for these details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry textbook for these details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry textbook for these details
+also just to keep in mind the watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just to keep in mind the watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just to keep in mind the watched
+and Crick base pairing so GNC we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crick base pairing so GNC we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crick base pairing so GNC we have
+three hydrogen bonds here and T two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hydrogen bonds here and T two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hydrogen bonds here and T two
+hydrogen bonds and after spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds and after spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds and after spring break
+professor stubby will presenting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor stubby will presenting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor stubby will presenting a
+module on nucleotide metabolism where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module on nucleotide metabolism where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module on nucleotide metabolism where
+we'll be thinking about these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be thinking about these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be thinking about these things in
+some more detail so where we'll begin on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more detail so where we'll begin on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more detail so where we'll begin on
+Monday is briefly looking at an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday is briefly looking at an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday is briefly looking at an overview
+of initiation and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initiation and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initiation and then we're going to
+begin to ask how do these amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to ask how do these amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to ask how do these amino acids
+get attached to T RNAs and how do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get attached to T RNAs and how do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get attached to T RNAs and how do those
+amino acyl tRNA get to the a site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA get to the a site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA get to the a site of the
+ribosome okay so we'll see you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jtA3Hxww7FQ.txt b/jtA3Hxww7FQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e6cac763b2560d6343e933efad034c7d866ef1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jtA3Hxww7FQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this lecture we open a new chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture we open a new chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture we open a new chapter
+the week interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week interaction
+so we are one by one adding together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are one by one adding together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are one by one adding together the
+components we need in order to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we need in order to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we need in order to describe
+all elementary particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elementary particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elementary particles in the
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+so now we're adding the third form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're adding the third form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're adding the third form of
+interaction after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction after the
+qed and qcd we enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qed and qcd we enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qed and qcd we enter
+into the discussion of the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the discussion of the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the discussion of the weak
+interaction so let's have a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so let's have a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so let's have a look at the
+standard mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mode
+so we discuss gluons and qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discuss gluons and qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discuss gluons and qcd
+and we saw that gluons coupled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that gluons coupled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that gluons coupled to
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+and also to all quarks because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to all quarks because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to all quarks because they
+carry a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a charge
+under the on the qcd color charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the on the qcd color charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the on the qcd color charge
+we have also discussed the photon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also discussed the photon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also discussed the photon and
+seen that the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that the photon
+they do not couple to themselves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not couple to themselves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not couple to themselves but
+they coupled to all charged elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they coupled to all charged elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they coupled to all charged elementary
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+those are the meta particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the meta particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the meta particles the
+fermions the photon also couples to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions the photon also couples to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions the photon also couples to the
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+golden because that's electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden because that's electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden because that's electrically
+charged so now what we want to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged so now what we want to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged so now what we want to do in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+next chapter i want to fully understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next chapter i want to fully understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next chapter i want to fully understand
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+w and the z bottom and we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and the z bottom and we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and the z bottom and we will see
+that they couple to all meta particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they couple to all meta particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they couple to all meta particles
+we will also discuss how they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also discuss how they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also discuss how they might
+couple to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple to themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple to themselves
+or the zebra then couples to the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the zebra then couples to the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the zebra then couples to the w
+well that's the story of this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the story of this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the story of this entire
+chapter and we'll take it one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter and we'll take it one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter and we'll take it one by one
+as an introduction we start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an introduction we start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an introduction we start with the
+farming rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming rules
+so having the feynman rules in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having the feynman rules in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having the feynman rules in place and
+the cookbooks the recipe in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookbooks the recipe in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookbooks the recipe in order to
+calculate decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate decays
+and scattering processes this is all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scattering processes this is all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scattering processes this is all we
+need in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to get
+moving okay so we can for example look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay so we can for example look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay so we can for example look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+this vertex here or this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex here or this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex here or this this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+component of a primary diagram and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a primary diagram and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a primary diagram and what
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+to analyze this is the propagator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this is the propagator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this is the propagator for
+the w and z both one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w and z both one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w and z both one
+and the vertex vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this vertex vector now looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this vertex vector now looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this vertex vector now looks a little
+bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated
+um than for qed and qcd because the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than for qed and qcd because the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than for qed and qcd because the w
+both on and the z boson they carry mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on and the z boson they carry mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on and the z boson they carry mass
+okay so we have the additional vectors q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the additional vectors q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the additional vectors q
+squared minus m square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus m square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus m square
+and this q square over m square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this q square over m square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this q square over m square
+term as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term as well okay
+um one interesting fact about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one interesting fact about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one interesting fact about this
+vertex factor is what happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex factor is what happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex factor is what happens now
+if q squared is much much smaller than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if q squared is much much smaller than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if q squared is much much smaller than m
+square right basically get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right basically get rid of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right basically get rid of those
+components here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components here
+and we find a vertex vector which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find a vertex vector which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find a vertex vector which looks
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+to the one we have in qed or however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one we have in qed or however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one we have in qed or however
+there's no one over q squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one over q squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one over q squared term
+but just in one over m squared one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just in one over m squared one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just in one over m squared one which
+is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant
+so we will see that we can describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see that we can describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see that we can describe this
+in the context of the fermi theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the fermi theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the fermi theory
+which is a low energy approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a low energy approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a low energy approximation of
+the full theory of weak interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full theory of weak interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full theory of weak interaction
+it's kind of an interesting concept um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an interesting concept um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an interesting concept um
+and it extends to the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it extends to the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it extends to the entire
+understanding of the standard model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the standard model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the standard model it
+might be that our standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that our standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that our standard model
+you know that we have all the packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we have all the packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we have all the packages
+together describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together describes
+a lower energy approximation of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower energy approximation of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower energy approximation of a more
+complicated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated more
+uh holistic theory um which we then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh holistic theory um which we then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh holistic theory um which we then can
+discuss under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss under the
+concept of um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of um a
+ground unified theory uh maybe with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground unified theory uh maybe with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground unified theory uh maybe with a
+symmetry group which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry group which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry group which is
+embedding the symmetry groups we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding the symmetry groups we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding the symmetry groups we need
+for qe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qe
+qcd and the vegan direction all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd and the vegan direction all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd and the vegan direction all right
+but that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's uh
+a side remark uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side remark uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side remark uh so we
+we look at the permit theory a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the permit theory a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the permit theory a little
+bit more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more later
+um the vertex factor itself describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the vertex factor itself describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the vertex factor itself describing
+the vertex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex here
+is given here for the w and w both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given here for the w and w both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given here for the w and w both on
+and also for the z boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for the z boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for the z boson
+and it looks a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks a little bit more
+complicated than the vertex vectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the vertex vectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the vertex vectors we
+have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen
+so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so
+what you notice that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you notice that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you notice that there is a
+parameter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which
+uh is associated to the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is associated to the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is associated to the strength of the
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+um but there's in the gamma matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's in the gamma matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's in the gamma matrix but
+there's also this term here which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this term here which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this term here which has
+two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components
+there's a one and there's the gamma five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one and there's the gamma five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one and there's the gamma five
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+all right we have talked about gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have talked about gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have talked about gamma
+gamma5 matrix already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma5 matrix already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma5 matrix already
+and we can later identify those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can later identify those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can later identify those as
+uh individual currents are coupling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual currents are coupling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual currents are coupling to
+vector a vector current in an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a vector current in an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a vector current in an extra
+current so this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so this looks
+even more complicated now for the zebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more complicated now for the zebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more complicated now for the zebo
+zone because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone because
+here we have not just numbers of one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have not just numbers of one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have not just numbers of one but
+an additional factor this vector c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional factor this vector c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional factor this vector c
+v is a vector coupling and it's specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is a vector coupling and it's specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is a vector coupling and it's specific
+for each fermion so each firmware has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fermion so each firmware has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fermion so each firmware has
+one of those constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those constants
+and there's a second part of package or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a second part of package or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a second part of package or
+set of constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of constants
+for the axial current you have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the axial current you have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the axial current you have a second
+parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here
+which is the strength of the coupling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the strength of the coupling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the strength of the coupling of
+the z-border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-border
+so at this point you just take this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you just take this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you just take this for
+grounded and we can do our calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and we can do our calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded and we can do our calculation
+the next slide i'm going to explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide i'm going to explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide i'm going to explain to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+what the corresponding numbers are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the corresponding numbers are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the corresponding numbers are what
+those values are for those parameters cv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values are for those parameters cv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values are for those parameters cv
+and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero
+um later we will see how it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later we will see how it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later we will see how it comes to
+this more complicated structure and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more complicated structure and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more complicated structure and why
+there is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a vector
+and why there is an actual axial axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why there is an actual axial axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why there is an actual axial axial
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+in the weakened direction but for now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weakened direction but for now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weakened direction but for now we
+just take this for granted and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this for granted and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this for granted and we just
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+it as as a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as as a recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as as a recipe
+so now for the neutral so we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now for the neutral so we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now for the neutral so we just have
+seen that this is the vertex vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that this is the vertex vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that this is the vertex vector
+and here for all fermions we list what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here for all fermions we list what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here for all fermions we list what
+these values are for cv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values are for cv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values are for cv
+and ca what you can see is okay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ca what you can see is okay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ca what you can see is okay for the
+for the neutrinos the factor is one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutrinos the factor is one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutrinos the factor is one half
+both for cv and for ca and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for cv and for ca and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for cv and for ca and for the
+charged leptons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged leptons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged leptons and
+and and quarks there's an even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and quarks there's an even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and quarks there's an even more
+complicated term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated term here
+which includes the new parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes the new parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes the new parameter
+sine square theta w the value of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square theta w the value of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square theta w the value of this is
+28 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 degrees
+sine squared e theta w is 0.231
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared e theta w is 0.231
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared e theta w is 0.231
+um as a little bit of a preview here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a little bit of a preview here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a little bit of a preview here
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+the fact that there is this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is this new
+parameter and an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and an angle
+involved leads to or can be explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved leads to or can be explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved leads to or can be explained
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+by the fact that the weak interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that the weak interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that the weak interaction is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+a result of a mixing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of a mixing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of a mixing between
+an original weak interaction and qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an original weak interaction and qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an original weak interaction and qed
+so there's a mixing going on in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a mixing going on in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a mixing going on in other
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+words the the z both on itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the the z both on itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the the z both on itself is a
+mixture between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture between
+the thing which call couples to the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which call couples to the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which call couples to the weak
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+of the particles and the part which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles and the part which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles and the part which
+couples to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples to the
+electrically charged part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically charged part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically charged part of the
+particle then you see that that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then you see that that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then you see that that's why
+there is very simple factor for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is very simple factor for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is very simple factor for the
+neutrinos who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos who are
+electricity neutral and a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity neutral and a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity neutral and a more
+complicated term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated term here
+for the electrically charged particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electrically charged particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electrically charged particles
+and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that
+this is the electric charge here or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electric charge here or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electric charge here or two
+times the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the electric charge
+of the particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles okay
+um but for now those are all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for now those are all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for now those are all just
+constants and recipes to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and recipes to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and recipes to be used
+one additional vote on the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional vote on the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional vote on the history of
+the neutral charge of the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral charge of the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral charge of the neutral
+weak current is given here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak current is given here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak current is given here um
+so in the 60s and 70s the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the 60s and 70s the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the 60s and 70s the standard model
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+slowly developed a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly developed a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly developed a little bit more
+slowly than we do in this class yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly than we do in this class yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly than we do in this class yeah
+and there was the hypothesis that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was the hypothesis that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was the hypothesis that there
+has to be something like a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something like a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something like a neutral
+current somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current somewhere
+but it has never been observed in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has never been observed in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has never been observed in nature
+and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with
+this bubble chamber specifically the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bubble chamber specifically the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bubble chamber specifically the one
+gargamel at cern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gargamel at cern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gargamel at cern
+one was able to actually see those see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was able to actually see those see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was able to actually see those see
+virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually
+really see uh those interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see uh those interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see uh those interactions
+for the first time and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and the first
+pictures that have been taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that have been taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that have been taken
+in the 1970s 1973 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s 1973 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s 1973 and
+this picture here illustrator i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture here illustrator i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture here illustrator i will
+explain this in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this in a second
+illustrates the interaction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the interaction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the interaction of a
+neutrino coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino coming in
+into the bubble chamber making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bubble chamber making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bubble chamber making an
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+with an electron and then scattering off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an electron and then scattering off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an electron and then scattering off
+kicking off the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking off the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking off the electron
+um so what you see here is this incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what you see here is this incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what you see here is this incoming
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+an antenna arduino kicking off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antenna arduino kicking off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antenna arduino kicking off an
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+see the electron here the neutrino goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the electron here the neutrino goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the electron here the neutrino goes
+off undetected just disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off undetected just disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off undetected just disappears
+um you see here the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see here the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you see here the electron
+and then there's also two photons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also two photons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also two photons one
+photon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon here
+just use a different color and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a different color and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a different color and one
+photon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon here
+causing an electron positron pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing an electron positron pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing an electron positron pair
+in the second photon here doing the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second photon here doing the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second photon here doing the very
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+and you can see those particles here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see those particles here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see those particles here
+here and there we go here as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there we go here as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there we go here as well so
+this is a bubble chamber with a bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bubble chamber with a bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bubble chamber with a bubble
+chamber picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber picture
+we'll talk about bubble chambers very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about bubble chambers very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about bubble chambers very
+briefly later in the lecture as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly later in the lecture as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly later in the lecture as well
+um but they're very extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're very extremely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're very extremely important
+and useful tools in order to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful tools in order to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful tools in order to illustrate
+illustrate to visualize and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate to visualize and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate to visualize and measure
+particle interaction all right so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle interaction all right so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle interaction all right so much
+to the introduction and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the introduction and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the introduction and we'll
+continue now with the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue now with the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue now with the next lecture
+on talking about this mixture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on talking about this mixture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on talking about this mixture with
+electro weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro weak
+mixture i was talking about before
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jwjDj4GoSV0.txt b/jwjDj4GoSV0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7f4710fe20741b6ff0b4e7f283ea7986dfff889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jwjDj4GoSV0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna spend a couple of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend a couple of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend a couple of minutes
+talking about the binomial theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the binomial theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the binomial theorem which
+is probably familiar to you from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably familiar to you from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably familiar to you from high
+school and is a nice illustration first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and is a nice illustration first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and is a nice illustration first
+illustration of the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the connection between
+algebra and computation so the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and computation so the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and computation so the idea that
+underlies the connection is illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies the connection is illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies the connection is illustrated
+by the distributive law and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the distributive law and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the distributive law and I'm
+purposely writing it in this wacky way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely writing it in this wacky way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely writing it in this wacky way
+of it's purely symbolic where I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's purely symbolic where I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's purely symbolic where I'm gonna
+multiply three beanies by two both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply three beanies by two both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply three beanies by two both
+neckties what do I get if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neckties what do I get if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neckties what do I get if I multiply
+three beanies by two neckties well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three beanies by two neckties well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three beanies by two neckties well
+appala applying the distributive law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appala applying the distributive law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appala applying the distributive law
+says that we get every possible pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that we get every possible pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that we get every possible pairing
+of of a beanie and a necktie multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a beanie and a necktie multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a beanie and a necktie multiplied
+together and you add them all up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you add them all up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you add them all up so
+there are three terms here and two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three terms here and two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three terms here and two terms
+there I'm gonna wind up with six terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm gonna wind up with six terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm gonna wind up with six terms
+which you see laid out the basic rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see laid out the basic rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see laid out the basic rule is
+that a product of sums by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a product of sums by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a product of sums by the
+distributive law becomes a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law becomes a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law becomes a sum of
+products and the sums that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involves products of all of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves products of all of the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves products of all of the terms
+from each of the components in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of the components in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of the components in every
+possible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way
+let's look at that as it applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that as it applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that as it applies to the
+binomial theorem so the binomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem so the binomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem so the binomial theorem
+is interested in the question of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interested in the question of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interested in the question of let's
+look at the expression 1 plus X raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the expression 1 plus X raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the expression 1 plus X raised
+to the nth power and we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth power and we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth power and we know that this
+will be a polynomial of degree n so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a polynomial of degree n so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a polynomial of degree n so it
+can be written in the form a constant C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in the form a constant C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in the form a constant C
+0 plus C 1 times X to the 1 C 2 X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus C 1 times X to the 1 C 2 X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus C 1 times X to the 1 C 2 X to the
+2 C NX to the N and we'd like to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 C NX to the N and we'd like to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 C NX to the N and we'd like to ask
+what are the expressions for C K so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the expressions for C K so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the expressions for C K so for
+example here's a layout in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a layout in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a layout in the first
+four powers of X let's say 1 plus X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four powers of X let's say 1 plus X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four powers of X let's say 1 plus X to
+the fourth is 1 plus 4x plus 6 x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is 1 plus 4x plus 6 x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is 1 plus 4x plus 6 x squared
+4x cubed 1 X 4 what's the pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x cubed 1 X 4 what's the pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x cubed 1 X 4 what's the pattern that
+underlies those coefficients 1 4 6 4 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies those coefficients 1 4 6 4 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies those coefficients 1 4 6 4 1
+well one way to think about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way to think about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way to think about it is that
+if I wrote out 1 plus X to the N fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wrote out 1 plus X to the N fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wrote out 1 plus X to the N fully
+it is of course a product of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is of course a product of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is of course a product of n
+occurrences of 1 plus X times 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of 1 plus X times 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of 1 plus X times 1 plus
+and applying the distributive law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying the distributive law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying the distributive law the
+product of sums equals sum of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of sums equals sum of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of sums equals sum of products
+rule but this time there are n products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but this time there are n products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but this time there are n products
+and what I wind up with is 2 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I wind up with is 2 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I wind up with is 2 to the N
+terms that I'm adding up each of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that I'm adding up each of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that I'm adding up each of them is
+a product of a selection of n items one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of a selection of n items one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of a selection of n items one
+from each of the factors so a term among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of the factors so a term among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of the factors so a term among
+these two to the N terms corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two to the N terms corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two to the N terms corresponds to
+selecting a 1 or an X from each of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting a 1 or an X from each of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting a 1 or an X from each of the N
+factor so if I started off for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so if I started off for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so if I started off for example
+by selecting a 1 a 1 a 1 from each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selecting a 1 a 1 a 1 from each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selecting a 1 a 1 a 1 from each of
+the in fact as I get the term 1 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in fact as I get the term 1 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in fact as I get the term 1 to the N
+if I selected an X and X and X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I selected an X and X and X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I selected an X and X and X and X
+from each of the terms I get this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of the terms I get this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of the terms I get this last
+term X to the N and if I made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term X to the N and if I made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term X to the N and if I made some
+arbitrary selection like I selected an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary selection like I selected an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary selection like I selected an X
+from the first one and a 1 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one and a 1 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one and a 1 from the
+second one no one from the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one no one from the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one no one from the second one
+from the third one I'm reading this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third one I'm reading this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third one I'm reading this term
+one from the fourth and so on and a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the fourth and so on and a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the fourth and so on and a 1
+from the next and X from the next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the next and X from the next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the next and X from the next to the
+last and a 1 from the last I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and a 1 from the last I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and a 1 from the last I would get
+this particular term which is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular term which is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular term which is not the
+next one that would occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one that would occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one that would occur in
+alphabetical order but it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order but it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order but it's just an
+example so that's the simple idea if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's the simple idea if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's the simple idea if you
+multiply out n terms each of which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply out n terms each of which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply out n terms each of which is a
+sum of two things you're going to wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two things you're going to wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two things you're going to wind
+up with 2 to the n terms corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with 2 to the n terms corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with 2 to the n terms corresponding
+to every possible way of selecting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every possible way of selecting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every possible way of selecting one
+or the other of the terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other of the terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other of the terms of the
+components from each of the N products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components from each of the N products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components from each of the N products
+so what's the coefficient of x to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the coefficient of x to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the coefficient of x to the K
+well the coefficient of x to the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the coefficient of x to the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the coefficient of x to the K is
+the number of those terms among the 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of those terms among the 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of those terms among the 2 to
+the N in which the power of X is K that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N in which the power of X is K that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N in which the power of X is K that
+is in which I selected K X's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in which I selected K X's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in which I selected K X's and
+willy-nilly n minus K ones well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly n minus K ones well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly n minus K ones well how many
+ways are there to select K X's among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to select K X's among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to select K X's among
+these n terms and we know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n terms and we know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n terms and we know the answer to
+that it's n choose K it's all the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's n choose K it's all the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's n choose K it's all the ways
+of choosing a subset of K items out of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing a subset of K items out of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing a subset of K items out of n
+items and that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and that's the answer
+CK is simply n choose K and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK is simply n choose K and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK is simply n choose K and this is
+called the binomial formula so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the binomial formula so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the binomial formula so now we
+know that 1 plus X to the N is n choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that 1 plus X to the N is n choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that 1 plus X to the N is n choose
+0 plus n choose 1 X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus n choose 1 X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus n choose 1 X and
+choose two x-squared and choose K X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two x-squared and choose K X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two x-squared and choose K X to
+the K is the general term ending with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K is the general term ending with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K is the general term ending with n
+choose n to the X to the N so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n to the X to the N so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n to the X to the N so this
+expression 1 plus X is called a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression 1 plus X is called a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression 1 plus X is called a binomial
+expression and the the choose numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and the the choose numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and the the choose numbers
+which we've seen previously as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've seen previously as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've seen previously as the
+number of ways to choose say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways to choose say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways to choose say in this
+case k out of n elements are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case k out of n elements are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case k out of n elements are called
+binomial coefficients and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficients and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficients and this is why
+they're called binomial coefficients so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called binomial coefficients so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called binomial coefficients so
+if I was going to express it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was going to express it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was going to express it more
+generally I didn't need it to be one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I didn't need it to be one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I didn't need it to be one I
+used 1 plus X just because it was easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used 1 plus X just because it was easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used 1 plus X just because it was easier
+to follow the structure of the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow the structure of the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow the structure of the formula
+but if I look at X plus y to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I look at X plus y to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I look at X plus y to the nth
+power again the coefficients are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power again the coefficients are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power again the coefficients are the
+same it's n choose 0 but this time Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's n choose 0 but this time Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's n choose 0 but this time Y to
+the N and choose one X Y to the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and choose one X Y to the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and choose one X Y to the N minus
+1 what's happening now is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what's happening now is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what's happening now is that I'm
+choosing an X or a Y instead of an X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an X or a Y instead of an X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an X or a Y instead of an X or
+a 1 from each of the terms so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 from each of the terms so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 from each of the terms so that the
+the X Y terms are always going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Y terms are always going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Y terms are always going to have a
+sum of degrees that's equal to n if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of degrees that's equal to n if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of degrees that's equal to n if I
+choose K X's I must have choose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K X's I must have choose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K X's I must have choose and
+chosen n minus K wise and there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen n minus K wise and there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen n minus K wise and there it is
+expressed in a more concise form using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a more concise form using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a more concise form using
+Sigma notation that is the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma notation that is the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma notation that is the binomial
+formula
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k6U-i4gXkLM.txt b/k6U-i4gXkLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36f5be6e59332e7826cc1d0192d80e762781bed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k6U-i4gXkLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3429 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseware continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseware, at
+
+ocw.mit.edu .
+
+PROFESSOR: Good morning.
+
+Try it again.
+
+Good morning.
+
+STUDENTS: Good morning.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+This is 6.00, also known as
+Introduction to Computer
+
+Science and Programming.
+
+My name is Eric Grimson, I have
+together Professor John
+
+Guttag over here, we're
+going to be lecturing
+
+the course this term.
+
+I want to give you a heads up;
+you're getting some serious
+
+firepower this term.
+
+John was department head for
+ten years, felt like a
+
+century, and in course six,
+I'm the current department
+
+head in course six.
+
+John's been lecturing for
+thirty years, roughly.
+
+All right, I'm the young guy,
+I've only been lecturing for
+
+twenty-five years.
+
+You can tell, I have less
+grey hair than he does.
+
+What I'm trying to say to
+you is, we take this
+
+course really seriously.
+
+We hope you do as well.
+
+But we think it's really
+important for the department
+
+to help everybody learn about
+computation, and that's what
+
+this course is about.
+
+What I want to do today is three
+things: I'm going to
+
+start-- actually, I shouldn't
+say start, I'm going to do a
+
+little bit of administrivia, the
+kinds of things you need
+
+to know about how we're going
+to run the course.
+
+I want to talk about the goal
+of the course, what it is
+
+you'll be able to do at the end
+of this course when you
+
+get through it, and then I want
+to begin talking about
+
+the concepts and tools of
+computational thinking, which
+
+is what we're primarily going
+to focus on here.
+
+We're going to try and help you
+learn how to think like a
+
+computer scientist, and we're
+going to begin talking about
+
+that towards the end of this
+lecture and of course
+
+throughout the rest of the
+lectures that carry on.
+
+Right, let's start
+with the goals.
+
+I'm going to give you
+goals in two levels.
+
+The strategic goals are the
+following: we want to help
+
+prepare freshmen and sophomores
+who are interested
+
+in majoring in course six to
+get an easy entry into the
+
+department, especially for those
+students who don't have
+
+a lot of prior programming
+experience.
+
+If you're in that category,
+don't panic, you're
+
+going to get it.
+
+We're going to help you ramp
+in and you'll certainly be
+
+able to start the course six
+curriculum and do just fine
+
+and still finish on target.
+
+We don't expect everybody to
+be a course six major,
+
+contrary to popular opinion,
+so for those are you not in
+
+that category, the second thing
+we want to do is we want
+
+to help students who don't plan
+to major in course six to
+
+feel justifiably confident in
+their ability to write and
+
+read small pieces of code.
+
+For all students, what we want
+to do is we want to give you
+
+an understanding of the role
+computation can and cannot
+
+play in tackling technical
+problems. So that you will
+
+come away with a sense of what
+you can do, what you can't do,
+
+and what kinds of things you
+should use to tackle complex
+
+problems.
+
+And finally, we want to position
+all students so that
+
+you can easily, if you like,
+compete for things like your
+
+office and summer jobs.
+
+Because you'll have an
+appropriate level of
+
+confidence and competence
+in your ability to do
+
+computational problem solving.
+
+Those are the strategic goals.
+
+Now, this course is primarily
+aimed at students who have
+
+little or no prior programming
+experience.
+
+As a consequence, we believe
+that no student here is
+
+under-qualified for this
+course: you're all MIT
+
+students, you're all qualified
+to be here.
+
+But we also hope that there
+aren't any students here who
+
+are over-qualified
+for this course.
+
+And what do I mean by that?
+
+If you've done a lot prior
+programming, this is probably
+
+not the best course for you,
+and if you're in that
+
+category, I would please
+encourage you to talk to John
+
+or I after class about what your
+goals are, what kind of
+
+experience you have, and how
+we might find you a course
+
+that better meets your goals.
+
+Second reason we don't want
+over-qualified students in the
+
+class, it sounds a little nasty,
+but the second reason
+
+is, an over-qualified student,
+somebody who's, I don't know,
+
+programmed for Google for the
+last five years, is going to
+
+have an easy time in this
+course, but we don't want such
+
+a student accidentally
+intimidating the rest of you.
+
+We don't want you to feel
+inadequate when you're simply
+
+inexperienced.
+
+And so, it really is a course
+aimed at students with little
+
+or no prior programming
+experience.
+
+And again, if you're not in that
+category, talk to John or
+
+I after class, and we'll help
+you figure out where you might
+
+want to go.
+
+OK.
+
+Those are the top-level
+goals of the course.
+
+Let's talk sort of at a more
+tactical level, about what do
+
+we want you to know
+in this course.
+
+What we want you to be able
+to do by the time
+
+you leave this course?
+
+So here are the skills that we
+would like you to acquire.
+
+Right, the first skill we want
+you to acquire, is we want you
+
+to be able to use the basic
+tools of computational
+
+thinking to write small scale
+programs. I'm going to keep
+
+coming back to that idea,
+but I'm going to call it
+
+computational thinking.
+
+And that's so you can write
+small pieces of code.
+
+And small is not derogatory
+here, by the way, it just says
+
+the size of things you're
+going to be able to do.
+
+Second skill we want you to have
+at the end of this course
+
+is the ability to use a
+vocabulary of computational
+
+tools in order to be
+able to understand
+
+programs written by others.
+
+So you're going to be able
+to write, you're going
+
+to be able to read.
+
+This latter skill, by the way,
+is incredibly valuable.
+
+Because you won't want to do
+everything from scratch
+
+yourself, you want to be able
+to look at what is being
+
+created by somebody else and
+understand what is inside of
+
+there, whether it works
+correctly and how you can
+
+build on it.
+
+This is one of the
+few places where
+
+plagiarism is an OK thing.
+
+It's not bad to, if you like,
+learn from the skills of
+
+others in order to create
+something you want to write.
+
+Although we'll come back
+to plagiarism as a
+
+bad thing later on.
+
+Third thing we want you to
+do, is to understand the
+
+fundamental both capabilities
+and limitations of
+
+computations, and the costs
+associated with them.
+
+And that latter statement sounds
+funny, you don't think
+
+of computations having
+limits, but they do.
+
+There're some things that
+cannot be computed.
+
+We want you to understand
+where those limits are.
+
+So you're going to be
+able to understand
+
+abilities and limits.
+
+And then, finally, the last
+tactical skill that you're
+
+going to get out of this course
+is you're going to have
+
+the ability to map scientific
+problems into a
+
+computational frame.
+
+So you're going to be able to
+take a description of a
+
+problem and map it into
+something computational.
+
+Now if you think about
+it, boy, it sounds
+
+like grammar school.
+
+We're going to teach you to
+read, we're going to teach you
+
+to write, we're going to teach
+you to understand what you can
+
+and cannot do, and most
+importantly, we're going to
+
+try and give you the start
+of an ability to take a
+
+description of a problem from
+some other domain, and figure
+
+out how to map it into that
+domain of computation so you
+
+can do the reading and writing
+that you want to do.
+
+OK, in a few minutes we're going
+to start talking then
+
+about what is computation, how
+are we going to start building
+
+those tools, but that's what you
+should take away, that's
+
+what you're going to gain out
+of this course by the time
+
+you're done.
+
+Now, let me take a sidebar for
+about five minutes to talk
+
+about course administration, the
+administrivia, things that
+
+we're going to do in the course,
+just so you know what
+
+the rules are.
+
+Right, so, class is two hours
+of lecture a week.
+
+You obviously know where
+and you know when,
+
+because you're here.
+
+Tuesdays and Thursdays
+at 11:00.
+
+One hour of recitation a week,
+on Fridays, and we'll come
+
+back in a second to how you're
+going to get set up for that.
+
+And nine hours a week of
+outside-the-class work.
+
+Those nine hours are going to
+be primarily working on
+
+problem sets, and all the
+problems sets are going to
+
+involve programming in Python,
+which is the language we're
+
+going to be using this term.
+
+Now, one of the things you're
+going to see is the first
+
+problem sets are pretty easy.
+
+Actually, that's probably
+wrong, John, right?
+
+They're very easy.
+
+And we're going to ramp up.
+
+By the time you get to the end
+of the term, you're going to
+
+be dealing with some fairly
+complex things, so one of the
+
+things you're going to see is,
+we're going to make heavy use
+
+of libraries, or code
+written by others.
+
+It'll allow you to tackle
+interesting problems I'll have
+
+you to write from scratch, but
+it does mean that this skill
+
+here is going to be
+really valuable.
+
+You need to be able to read that
+code and understand it,
+
+as well as write your own.
+
+OK.
+
+Two quizzes.
+
+During the term, the dates have
+already been scheduled.
+
+John, I forgot to look them up,
+I think it's October 2nd
+
+and November 4th, it'll be
+on the course website.
+
+My point is, go check the course
+website, which by the
+
+way is right there.
+
+If you have, if you know you
+have a conflict with one of
+
+those quiz dates now, please
+see John or I right away.
+
+We'll arrange something
+ahead of time.
+
+But if you--
+
+The reason I'm saying that is,
+you know, you know that you're
+
+getting married that day for
+example, we will excuse you
+
+from the quiz to get married.
+
+We'll expect you come right
+back to do the quiz by the
+
+way, but the--
+
+Boy, tough crowd.
+
+All right.
+
+If you have a conflict,
+please let us know.
+
+Second thing is, if you have an
+MIT documented special need
+
+for taking quizzes, please see
+John or I well in advance.
+
+At least two weeks
+before the quiz.
+
+Again, we'll arrange for this,
+but you need to give us enough
+
+warning so that we can
+deal with that.
+
+OK, the quizzes are open book.
+
+This course is not
+about memory.
+
+It's not how well you can
+memorize facts: in fact, I
+
+think both John and I are a
+little sensitive to memory
+
+tests, given our age,
+right John?
+
+This is not about how you
+memorize things, it's about
+
+how you think.
+
+So they're open note,
+open book.
+
+It's really going to test
+your ability to think.
+
+The grades for the course will
+be assigned roughly, and I use
+
+the word roughly because we
+reserve the right to move
+
+these numbers around a little
+bit, but basically in the
+
+following percentages: 55% of
+your grade comes from the
+
+problem sets, the other 45%
+come from the quizzes.
+
+And I should've said there's two
+quizzes and a final exam.
+
+I forgot, that final exam
+during final period.
+
+So the quiz percentages
+are 10%, 15%, and 20%.
+
+Which makes up the other 45%.
+
+OK.
+
+Other administrivia.
+
+Let me just look through
+my list here.
+
+First problem set, problem set
+zero, has already been posted.
+
+This is a really easy one.
+
+We intend it to be a really
+easy problem set.
+
+It's basically to get you to
+load up Python on your machine
+
+and make sure you understand
+how to interact with it.
+
+The first problem set will be
+posted shortly, it's also
+
+pretty boring-- somewhat like
+my lectures but not John's--
+
+and that means, you know,
+we want you just to
+
+get going on things.
+
+Don't worry, we're going to make
+them more interesting as
+
+you go along.
+
+Nonetheless, I want to stress
+that none of these problems
+
+sets are intended
+to be lethal.
+
+We're not using them to weed you
+out, we're using them to
+
+help you learn.
+
+So if you run into a problem
+set that just, you
+
+don't get, all right?
+
+Seek help.
+
+Could be psychiatric help,
+could be a TA.
+
+I recommend the TA.
+
+My point being, please come
+and talk to somebody.
+
+The problems are set up so that,
+if you start down the
+
+right path, it should be pretty
+straight-forward to
+
+work it through.
+
+If you start down a plausible
+but incorrect path, you can
+
+sometimes find yourself stuck in
+the weeds somewhere, and we
+
+want to bring you back in.
+
+So part of the goal here is,
+this should not be a grueling,
+
+exhausting kind of task, it's
+really something that should
+
+be helping you learn
+the material.
+
+If you need help, ask John,
+myself, or the TAs.
+
+That's what we're here for.
+
+OK.
+
+We're going to run primarily a
+paperless subject, that's why
+
+the website is there.
+
+Please check it, that's where
+everything's going to be
+
+posted in terms of things
+you need to know.
+
+In particular, please go to it
+today, you will find a form
+
+there that you need to fill out
+to register for, or sign
+
+up for rather, a recitation.
+
+Recitations are on Friday.
+
+Right now, we have them
+scheduled at 9:00, 10:00,
+
+11:00, 12:00, 1:00, and 2:00.
+
+We may drop one of the
+recitations, just depending on
+
+course size, all right?
+
+So we reserve the right,
+unfortunately, to have to move
+
+you around.
+
+My guess is that 9:00 is not
+going to be a tremendously
+
+popular time, but maybe
+you'll surprise me.
+
+Nonetheless, please
+go in and sign up.
+
+We will let you sign up for
+whichever recitation makes
+
+sense for you.
+
+Again, we reserve the right to
+move people around if we have
+
+to, just to balance load, but we
+want you to find something
+
+that fits your schedule
+rather than ours.
+
+OK.
+
+Other things.
+
+There is no required text.
+
+If you feel exposed without a
+text book, you really have to
+
+have a textbook, you'll find one
+recommended-- actually I'm
+
+going to reuse that word, John,
+at least suggest it, on
+
+the course website.
+
+I don't think either of us are
+thrilled with the text, it's
+
+the best we've probably found
+for Python, it's OK.
+
+If you need it, it's there.
+
+But we're going to basically not
+rely on any specific text.
+
+Right.
+
+Related to that: attendance
+here is
+
+obviously not mandatory.
+
+You ain't in high
+school anymore.
+
+I think both of us would love to
+see your smiling faces, or
+
+at least your faces,
+even if you're not
+
+smiling at us every day.
+
+Point I want to make about this,
+though, is that we are
+
+going to cover a lot of material
+that is not in the
+
+assigned readings, and we do
+have assigned readings
+
+associated with each one
+of these lectures.
+
+If you choose not to show up
+today-- or sorry, you did
+
+choose to show up today, if you
+choose not to show up in
+
+future days-- we'll understand,
+but please also
+
+understand that the TAs won't
+have a lot of patience with
+
+you if you're asking a question
+about something that
+
+was either covered in the
+readings, or covered in the
+
+lecture and is pretty
+straight forward.
+
+All right?
+
+We expect you to behave
+responsibly
+
+and we will as well.
+
+All right.
+
+I think the last thing I want
+to say is, we will not be
+
+handing out class notes.
+
+Now this sounds like a
+draconian measure;
+
+let me tell you why.
+
+Every study I know of, and I
+suspect every one John knows,
+
+about learning, stresses that
+students learn best when they
+
+take notes.
+
+Ironically, even if they
+never look at them.
+
+OK.
+
+The process of writing is
+exercising both halves of your
+
+brain, and it's actually helping
+you learn, and so
+
+taking notes is really
+valuable thing.
+
+Therefore we're not going
+to distribute notes.
+
+What we will distribute for
+most lectures is a handout
+
+that's mostly code examples
+that we're going to do.
+
+I don't happen to have one today
+because we're not going
+
+to do a lot of code.
+
+We will in future.
+
+Those notes are going to make
+no sense, I'm guessing,
+
+outside of the lecture,
+all right?
+
+So it's not just, you can swing
+by 11:04 and grab a copy
+
+and go off and catch
+some more sleep.
+
+What we recommend is you use
+those notes to take your own
+
+annotations to help you
+understand what's going on,
+
+but we're not going to
+provide class notes.
+
+We want you to take your own
+notes to help you, if you
+
+like, spur your own
+learning process.
+
+All right.
+
+And then finally, I want to
+stress that John, myself, all
+
+of the staff, our job is
+to help you learn.
+
+That's what we're here for.
+
+It's what we get
+excited about.
+
+If you're stuck, if you're
+struggling, if you're not
+
+certain about something,
+please ask.
+
+We're not mind readers, we
+can't tell when you're
+
+struggling, other than sort of
+seeing the expression on your
+
+face, we need your help
+in identifying that.
+
+But all of the TAs, many of whom
+are sitting down in the
+
+front row over here, are here
+to help, so come and ask.
+
+At the same time, remember that
+they're students too.
+
+And if you come and ask a
+question that you could have
+
+easily answered by doing the
+reading, coming to lecture, or
+
+using Google, they're going
+to have less patience.
+
+But helping you understand
+things that really are a
+
+conceptual difficulty is what
+they're here for and what
+
+we're here for, so please
+come and talk to us.
+
+OK.
+
+That takes care of the
+administrivia preamble.
+
+John, things we add?
+
+PROFESSOR GUTTAG: Two
+more quick things.
+
+This semester, your class
+is being videotaped for
+
+OpenCourseware.
+
+If any of you don't want your
+image recorded and posted on
+
+the web, you're supposed to sit
+in the back three rows.
+
+PROFESSOR GRIMSON:
+Ah, thank you.
+
+I forgot.
+
+PROFESSOR GUTTAG: --Because
+the camera may pan.
+
+I think you're all very
+good-looking and give MIT a
+
+good image, so please, feel
+free to be filmed.
+
+PROFESSOR GRIMSON: I'll turn
+around, so if you want to, you
+
+know, move to the back,
+I won't see who moves.
+
+Right.
+
+Great.
+
+Thank you, John.
+
+PROFESSOR GUTTAG: So that, the
+other thing I want to mention
+
+is, recitations are also
+very important.
+
+We will be covering material in
+recitations that're not in
+
+the lectures, not in the
+reading, and we do expect you
+
+to attend recitations.
+
+PROFESSOR GRIMSON: Great.
+
+Thanks, John.
+
+Any questions about
+the administrivia?
+
+I know it's boring, but we need
+to do it so you know what
+
+the ground rules are.
+
+Good.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's talk about computation.
+
+As I said, our strategic goal,
+our tactical goals, are to
+
+help you think like a computer
+scientist. Another way of
+
+saying it is, we want to give
+you the skill so that you can
+
+make the computer do what
+you want it to do.
+
+And we hope that at the end of
+the class, every time you're
+
+confronted with some technical
+problem, one of your first
+
+instincts is going to be, "How
+do I write the piece of code
+
+that's going to help
+me solve that?"
+
+So we want to help you
+think like a computer
+
+scientist. All right.
+
+And that, is an interesting
+statement.
+
+What does it mean, to think
+like a computer scientist?
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+The primary knowledge you're
+going to take away from this
+
+course is this notion of
+computational problem solving,
+
+this ability to think in
+
+computational modes of thought.
+
+And unlike in a lot of
+introductory courses, as a
+
+consequence, having the ability
+to memorize is not
+
+going to help you.
+
+It's really learning those
+notions of the tools that you
+
+want to use.
+
+What in the world does
+it mean to say
+
+computational mode of thought?
+
+It sounds like a hifalutin
+phrase you use when you're
+
+trying to persuade
+a VC to fund you.
+
+Right.
+
+So to answer this, we really
+have to ask a different
+
+question, a related question;
+so, what's computation?
+
+It's like a strange
+statement, right?
+
+What is computation?
+
+And part of the reason for
+putting it up is that I want
+
+to, as much as possible,
+answer that question by
+
+separating out the mechanism,
+which is the computer, from
+
+computational thinking.
+
+Right.
+
+The artifact should not be
+what's driving this.
+
+It should be the notion of,
+"What does it mean to do
+
+computation?"
+
+Now, to answer that, I'm going
+to back up one more level.
+
+And I'm going to pose what
+sounds like a philosophy
+
+question, which is, "What is
+knowledge?" And you'll see in
+
+about two minutes why I'm
+going to do this.
+
+But I'm going to suggest that I
+can divide knowledge into at
+
+least two categories.
+
+OK, and what is knowledge?
+
+And the two categories I'm going
+to divide them into are
+
+declarative and imperative
+knowledge.
+
+Right.
+
+What in the world is declarative
+knowledge?
+
+Think of it as statements
+of fact.
+
+It's assertions of truth.
+
+Boy, in this political season,
+that's a really dangerous
+
+phrase to use, right?
+
+But it's a statement of fact.
+
+I'll stay away from the
+political comments.
+
+Let me give you an
+example of this.
+
+Right.
+
+Here's a declarative
+statement.
+
+The square root of x is that y
+such that y squared equals x,
+
+y's positive.
+
+You all know that.
+
+But what I want you to
+see here, is that's a
+
+statement of fact.
+
+It's a definition.
+
+It's an axiom.
+
+It doesn't help you
+find square roots.
+
+If I say x is 2, I want to know,
+what's the square root
+
+of 2, well if you're enough of
+a geek, you'll say 1.41529 or
+
+whatever the heck it is, but in
+general, this doesn't help
+
+you find the square root.
+
+The closest it does is it would
+let you test. You know,
+
+if you're wandering through
+Harvard Square and you see an
+
+out-of-work Harvard grad,
+they're handing out examples
+
+of square roots, they'll give
+you an example and you can
+
+test it to see, is the
+square root of
+
+2, 1.41529 or whatever.
+
+I don't even get laughs at
+Harvard jokes, John, I'm going
+
+to stop in a second
+here, all right?
+
+All right, so what am I
+trying to say here?
+
+It doesn't -- yeah, exactly.
+
+We're staying away from that,
+really quickly, especially
+
+with the cameras rolling.
+
+All right.
+
+What am I trying to say?
+
+It tells you how you might test
+something but it doesn't
+
+tell you how to.
+
+And that's what imperative
+knowledge is.
+
+Imperative knowledge
+is a description of
+
+how to deduce something.
+
+So let me give you an
+example of a piece
+
+of imperative knowledge.
+
+All right, this is actually a
+very old piece of imperative
+
+knowledge for computing square
+roots, it's attributed to
+
+Heron of Alexandria, although I
+believe that the Babylonians
+
+are suspected of knowing
+it beforehand.
+
+But here is a piece of
+imperative knowledge.
+
+All right?
+
+I'm going to start with a guess,
+I'm going to call it g.
+
+And then I'm going to say, if g
+squared is close to x, stop.
+
+And return g.
+
+It's a good enough answer.
+
+Otherwise, I'm going to get a
+new guess by taking g, x over
+
+g, adding them, and
+dividing by two.
+
+Then you take the average
+of g and x over g.
+
+Don't worry about how came
+about, Heron found this out.
+
+But that gives me a new guess,
+and I'm going to repeat.
+
+That's a recipe.
+
+That's a description
+of a set of steps.
+
+Notice what it has, it has a
+bunch of nice things that we
+
+want to use, right?
+
+It's a sequence of specific
+instructions
+
+that I do in order.
+
+Along the way I have some tests,
+and depending on the
+
+value of that test, I may change
+where I am in that
+
+sequence of instructions.
+
+And it has an end test,
+something that tells me when
+
+I'm done and what
+the answer is.
+
+This tells you how to
+find square roots.
+
+it's how-to knowledge.
+
+It's imperative knowledge.
+
+All right.
+
+That's what computation
+basically is about.
+
+We want to have ways of
+capturing this process.
+
+OK, and that leads now to an
+interesting question, which
+
+would be, "How do I build a
+mechanical process to capture
+
+that set of computations?" So
+I'm going to suggest that
+
+there's an easy way to do it--
+
+I realized I did the boards in
+the wrong order here-- one of
+
+the ways I could do it is, you
+could imagine building a
+
+little circuit to do this.
+
+If I had a couple of elements of
+stored values in it, I had
+
+some wires to move things
+around, I had a little thing
+
+to do addition, little thing
+to do division, and a
+
+something to do the testing, I
+could build a little circuit
+
+that would actually do
+this computation.
+
+OK.
+
+That, strange as it sounds, is
+actually an example of the
+
+earliest computers, because the
+earliest computers were
+
+what we call fixed-program
+computers, meaning that they
+
+had a piece of circuitry
+designed to do a specific
+
+computation.
+
+And that's what they would do:
+they would do that specific
+
+computation.
+
+You've seen these
+a lot, right?
+
+A good example of this:
+calculator.
+
+It's basically an example of
+a fixed-program computer.
+
+It does arithmetic.
+
+If you want play video games
+on it, good luck.
+
+If you want to do word
+processing on it, good luck.
+
+It's designed to do
+a specific thing.
+
+It's a fixed-program computer.
+
+In fact, a lot of the other
+really interesting early ones
+
+similarly have this flavor, to
+give an example: I never know
+
+how to pronounce this,
+Atanasoff, 1941.
+
+One of the earliest
+computational things was a
+
+thing designed by a guy named
+Atanasoff, and it basically
+
+solved linear equations.
+
+Handy thing to do if you're
+doing 1801, all right, or
+
+1806, or whatever you want
+to do those things in.
+
+All it could do, though, was
+solve those equations.
+
+One of my favorite examples of
+an early computer was done by
+
+Alan Turing, one of the great
+computer scientists of all
+
+time, called the bombe, which
+was designed to break codes.
+
+It was actually used during
+WWII to break
+
+German Enigma codes.
+
+And what it was designed
+to do, was to solve
+
+that specific problem.
+
+The point I'm trying to make is,
+fixed-program computers is
+
+where we started, but it doesn't
+really get us to where
+
+we'd like to be.
+
+We want to capture this idea
+of problem solving.
+
+So let's see how
+we'd get there.
+
+So even within this framework
+of, given a description of a
+
+computation as a set of steps,
+in the idea that I could build
+
+a circuit to do it, let me
+suggest for you what would be
+
+a wonderful circuit to build.
+
+Suppose you could build a
+circuit with the following
+
+property: the input to this
+circuit would be any other
+
+circuit diagram.
+
+Give it a circuit diagram for
+some computation, you give it
+
+to the circuit, and that circuit
+would wonderfully
+
+reconfigure itself to act like
+the circuits diagram.
+
+Which would mean, it could
+act like a calculator.
+
+Or, it could act like
+Turing's bombe.
+
+Or, it could act like a
+square root machine.
+
+So what would that circuit
+look like?
+
+You can imagine these tiny
+little robots wandering
+
+around, right?
+
+Pulling wires and pulling
+out components and
+
+stacking them together.
+
+How would you build a circuit
+that could take a circuit
+
+diagram in and make a machine
+act like that circuit?
+
+Sounds like a neat challenge.
+
+Let me change the
+game slightly.
+
+Suppose instead, I want a
+machine that can take a
+
+recipe, the description of a
+sequence of steps, take that
+
+as its input, and then that
+machine will now act like what
+
+is described in that recipe.
+
+Reconfigure itself, emulate it,
+however you want to use
+
+the words, it's going to
+change how it does the
+
+computation.
+
+That would be cool.
+
+And that exists.
+
+It's called an interpreter.
+
+It is the basic heart
+of every computer.
+
+What it is doing, is saying,
+change the game.
+
+This is now an example of a
+stored-program computer.
+
+What that means, in a
+stored-program computer, is
+
+that I can provide to the
+computer a sequence of
+
+instructions describing the
+process I want it to execute.
+
+And inside of the machine, and
+things we'll talk about, there
+
+is a process that will allow
+that sequence to be executed
+
+as described in that recipe,
+so it can behave like any
+
+thing that I can describe
+in one of those recipes.
+
+All right.
+
+That actually seems like a
+really nice thing to have, and
+
+so let me show you what that
+would basically look like.
+
+Inside of a stored-program
+computer, we would have the
+
+following: we have a memory,
+it's connected to two things;
+
+control unit, in what's called
+an ALU, an arithmetic logic
+
+unit, and this can take in
+input, and spit out output,
+
+and inside this stored-program
+computer, excuse me, you have
+
+the following: you have a
+sequence of instructions.
+
+And these all get
+stored in there.
+
+Notice the difference.
+
+The recipe, the sequence of
+instructions, is actually
+
+getting read in, and it's
+treated just like data.
+
+It's inside the memory of the
+machine, which means we have
+
+access to it, we can change it,
+we can use it to build new
+
+pieces of code, as well as
+we can interpret it.
+
+One other piece that goes
+into this computer--
+
+I never remember where to put
+the PC, John, control?
+
+ALU?
+
+Separate?
+
+I'll put it separate--
+you have a thing
+
+called a program counter.
+
+And here's the basis
+of the computation.
+
+That program counter points to
+some location in memory,
+
+typically to the first
+instruction in the sequence.
+
+And those instructions, by the
+way, are very simple: they're
+
+things like, take the value out
+of two places in memory,
+
+and run them through the
+multiplier in here, a little
+
+piece of circuitry, and
+stick them back into
+
+someplace in memory.
+
+Or take this value out of
+memory, run it through some
+
+other simple operation, stick
+it back in memory.
+
+Having executed this
+instruction, that counter goes
+
+up by one and we move
+to the next one.
+
+We execute that instruction,
+we move to the next one.
+
+Oh yeah, it looks a whole
+lot like that.
+
+Some of those instructions will
+involve tests: they'll
+
+say, is something true?
+
+And if the test is true, it will
+change the value of this
+
+program counter to point to
+some other place in the
+
+memory, some other point in that
+sequence of instructions,
+
+and you'll keep processing.
+
+Eventually you'll hopefully
+stop, and a value gets spit
+
+out, and you're done.
+
+That's the heart
+of a computer.
+
+Now that's a slight
+misstatement.
+
+The process to control it is
+intriguing and interesting,
+
+but the heart of the computer is
+simply this notion that we
+
+build our descriptions, our
+recipes, on a sequence of
+
+primitive instructions.
+
+And then we have a
+flow of control.
+
+And that flow of control is
+what I just described.
+
+It's moving through a sequence
+of instructions, occasionally
+
+changing where we are
+as we move around.
+
+OK.
+
+The thing I want you to take
+away from this, then, is to
+
+think of this as, this is,
+if you like, a recipe.
+
+And that's really what
+a program is.
+
+It's a sequence of
+instructions.
+
+Now, one of things I left
+hanging is, I said, OK, you
+
+build it out of primitives.
+
+So one of the questions is,
+well, what are the right
+
+primitives to use?
+
+And one of the things that was
+useful here is, that we
+
+actually know that the set of
+primitives that you want to
+
+use is very straight-forward.
+
+OK, but before I do that, let me
+drive home this idea of why
+
+this is a recipe.
+
+Assuming I have a set of
+primitive instructions that I
+
+can describe everything on, I
+want to know what can I build.
+
+Well, I'm going to do the same
+analogy to a real recipe.
+
+So, real recipe.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Separate six eggs.
+
+Do something.
+
+Beat until the-- sorry,
+beat the whites
+
+until they're stiff.
+
+Do something until an
+end test is true.
+
+Take the yolks and mix them in
+with the sugar and water--
+
+No.
+
+Sugar and flour I guess is
+probably what I want, sugar
+
+and water is not going to do
+anything interesting for me
+
+here-- mix them into
+something else.
+
+Do a sequence of things.
+
+A traditional recipe actually
+is based on a small set of
+
+primitives, and a good chef
+with, or good cook, I should
+
+say, with that set of
+primitives, can create an
+
+unbounded number of
+great dishes.
+
+Same thing holds true
+in programming.
+
+Right.
+
+Given a fixed set of primitives,
+all right, a good
+
+programmer can program
+anything.
+
+And by that, I mean anything
+that can be described in one
+
+of these process, you can
+capture in that set of
+
+primitives.
+
+All right, the question is, as
+I started to say, is, "What
+
+are the right primitives?" So
+there's a little bit of, a
+
+little piece of history
+here, if you like.
+
+In 1936, that same guy, Alan
+Turing, showed that with six
+
+simple primitives, anything that
+could be described in a
+
+mechanical process, it's
+actually algorithmically,
+
+could be programmed just using
+those six primitives.
+
+Think about that for a second.
+
+That's an incredible
+statement.
+
+It says, with six primitives,
+I can rule the world.
+
+With six primitives, I
+can program anything.
+
+A couple of really interesting
+consequences of that, by the
+
+way, one of them is, it says,
+anything you can do in one
+
+programming language,
+you can do in
+
+another programming language.
+
+And there is no programming
+language that is better-- well
+
+actually, that's not quite true,
+there are some better at
+
+doing certain kinds of things--
+but there's nothing
+
+that you can do in C that
+you can't do in Fortran.
+
+It's called Turing
+compatibility.
+
+Anything you can do with one,
+you can do with another, it's
+
+based on that fundamental
+result.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, fortunately we're not going
+to start with Turing's
+
+six primitives, this would be
+really painful programming,
+
+because they're down at the
+level of, "take this value and
+
+write it onto this tape." First
+of all, we don't have
+
+tapes anymore in computers, and
+even if we did, you don't
+
+want to be programming
+at that level.
+
+What we're going to see with
+programming language is that
+
+we're going to use higher-level
+abstracts.
+
+A broader set of primitives,
+but nonetheless the same
+
+fundamental thing holds.
+
+With those six primitives,
+you can do it.
+
+OK.
+
+So where are we here?
+
+What we're saying is, in order
+to do computation, we want to
+
+describe recipes, we want to
+describe this sequence of
+
+steps built on some primitives,
+and we want to
+
+describe the flow of control
+that goes through those
+
+sequence of steps
+as we carry on.
+
+So the last thing we need before
+we can start talking
+
+about real programming
+is, we need to
+
+describe those recipes.
+
+All right, And to describe
+the recipes, we're
+
+going to want a language.
+
+We need to know not only what
+are the primitives, but how do
+
+we make things meaningful
+in that language.
+
+Language.
+
+There we go.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, it turns out there are--
+
+I don't know, John, hundreds?
+
+Thousands?
+
+Of programming languages?
+
+At least hundreds-- of
+programming languages around.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: True.
+
+Thank you.
+
+You know, they all
+have, you know,
+
+their pluses and minuses.
+
+I have to admit, in my career
+here, I think I've taught in
+
+at least three languages, I
+suspect you've taught more,
+
+five or six, John?
+
+Both of us have probably
+programmed in more than those
+
+number of languages, at least
+programmed that many, since we
+
+taught in those languages.
+
+One of the things you
+want to realize is,
+
+there is no best language.
+
+At least I would argue that,
+I think John would agree.
+
+We might both agree we have
+our own nominees for worst
+
+language, there are
+some of those.
+
+There is no best language.
+
+All right?
+
+They all are describing
+different things.
+
+Having said that, some of them
+are better suited for some
+
+things than others.
+
+Anybody here heard of MATLAB
+Maybe programmed in MATLAB?
+
+It's great for doing things with
+vectors and matrices and
+
+things that are easily captured
+in that framework.
+
+But there's some things
+that are a real
+
+pain to do in MATLAB.
+
+So MATLAB's great for
+that kind of thing.
+
+C is a great language for
+programming things that
+
+control data networks,
+for example.
+
+I happen to be, and John
+teases me about this
+
+regularly, I'm an old-time Lisp
+programmer, and that's
+
+how I was trained.
+
+And I happen to like Lisp and
+Scheme, it's a great language
+
+when you're trying to deal with
+problems where you have
+
+arbitrarily structured
+data sets.
+
+It's particularly
+good at that.
+
+So the point I want to make
+here is that there's no
+
+particularly best language.
+
+What we're going to do is simply
+use a language that
+
+helps us understand.
+
+So in this course, the
+language we're
+
+going to use is Python.
+
+Which is a pretty new language,
+it's growing in
+
+popularity, it has a lot of
+the elements of some other
+
+languages because it's more
+recent, it inherits things
+
+from it's pregenitors,
+if you like.
+
+But one of the things I want to
+stress is, this course is
+
+not about Python.
+
+Strange statement.
+
+You do need to know how to use
+it, but it's not about the
+
+details of, where do the
+semi-colons go in Python.
+
+All right?
+
+It's about using it to think.
+
+And what you should take away
+from this course is having
+
+learned how to design recipes,
+how to structure recipes, how
+
+to do things in modes
+in Python.
+
+Those same tools
+easily transfer
+
+to any other language.
+
+You can pick up another language
+in a week, couple of
+
+weeks at most, once you
+know how to do Python.
+
+OK.
+
+In order to talk about Python
+and languages, I want to do
+
+one last thing to set the stage
+for what we're going to
+
+do here, and that's to talk
+about the different dimensions
+
+of a language.
+
+And there're three I
+want to deal with.
+
+The first one is, whether
+this is a high-level
+
+or low-level language.
+
+That basically says,
+how close are you
+
+the guts of the machine?
+
+A low-level language, we used
+to call this assembly
+
+programming, you're down at the
+level of, your primitives
+
+are literally moving pieces of
+data from one location of
+
+memory to another, through
+a very simple operation.
+
+A high-level language, the
+designer has created a much
+
+richer set of primitive
+things.
+
+In a high-level language, square
+root might simply be a
+
+primitive that you can use,
+rather than you having to go
+
+over and code it.
+
+And there're trade-offs
+between both.
+
+Second dimension is, whether
+this is a general versus a
+
+targeted language.
+
+And by that I mean, do the set
+of primitives support a broad
+
+range of applications, or is
+it really aimed at a very
+
+specific set of applications?
+
+I'd argue that MATLAB is
+basically a targeted language,
+
+it's targeted at matrices and
+vectors and things like that.
+
+And the third one I want to
+point out is, whether this is
+
+an interpreted versus
+a compiled language.
+
+What that basically says
+is the following: in an
+
+interpreted language, you take
+what's called the source code,
+
+the thing you write, it may go
+through a simple checker but
+
+it basically goes to the
+interpreter, that thing inside
+
+the machine that's going to
+control the flow of going
+
+through each one of
+the instructions,
+
+and give you an output.
+
+So the interpreter is simply
+operating directly on your
+
+code at run time.
+
+In a compiled language, you have
+an intermediate step, in
+
+which you take the source code,
+it runs through what's
+
+called a checker or a compiler
+or both, and it creates what's
+
+called object code.
+
+And that does two things: one,
+it helps catch bugs in your
+
+code, and secondly it often
+converts it into a more
+
+efficient sequence of
+instructions before you
+
+actually go off and run it.
+
+All right?
+
+And there's trade-offs
+between both.
+
+I mean, an interpreted language
+is often easier to
+
+debug, because you can still see
+your raw code there, but
+
+it's not always as fast. A
+compiled language is usually
+
+much faster in terms
+of its execution.
+
+And it's one of the things you
+may want to trade off.
+
+Right.
+
+In the case of Python, it's
+a high-level language.
+
+I would argue, I think John
+would agree with me, it's
+
+basically a general-purpose
+language.
+
+It happens to be better suited
+for manipulating strings than
+
+numbers, for example,
+but it's really a
+
+general-purpose language.
+
+And it's primarily--
+
+I shouldn't say primarily, it
+is an interpreted language.
+
+OK?
+
+As a consequence, it's not as
+good as helping debug, but it
+
+does let you-- sorry, that's the
+wrong way of saying-- it's
+
+not as good at catching some
+things before you run them, it
+
+is easier at some times
+in debugging as you go
+
+along on the fly.
+
+OK.
+
+So what does Python look like?
+
+In order to talk about Python--
+actually, I'm going
+
+to do it this way-- we need
+to talk about how to
+
+write things in Python.
+
+Again, you have to let me back
+up slightly and set the stage.
+
+Our goal is to build recipes.
+
+You're all going to be
+great chefs by the
+
+time you're done here.
+
+All right?
+
+Our goal is to take problems and
+break them down into these
+
+computational steps, these
+sequence of instructions
+
+that'll allow us to capture
+that process.
+
+To do that, we need to describe:
+not only, what are
+
+the primitives, but how do we
+capture things legally in that
+
+language, and interact
+with the computer?
+
+And so for that, we
+need a language.
+
+We're about to start talking
+about the elements of the
+
+language, but to do that, we
+also need to separate out one
+
+last piece of distinction.
+
+Just like with a natural
+language, we're going to
+
+separate out syntax
+versus semantics.
+
+So what's syntax?
+
+Syntax basically says, what are
+the legal expressions in
+
+this language?
+
+Boy, my handwriting is
+atrocious, isn't it?
+
+There's a English sequence
+of words.
+
+It's not since syntactically
+correct, right?
+
+It's not a sentence.
+
+There's no verb in there
+anywhere, it's just
+
+a sequence of nouns.
+
+Same thing in our languages.
+
+We have to describe how do you
+put together legally formed
+
+expressions.
+
+OK?
+
+And as we add constructs to the
+language, we're going to
+
+talk about.
+
+Second thing we want to talk
+about very briefly as we go
+
+along is the semantics
+of the language.
+
+And here we're going to break
+out two pieces; static
+
+semantics and full semantics.
+
+Static semantics basically
+says which programs are
+
+meaningful.
+
+Which expressions make sense.
+
+Here's an English sentence.
+
+It's syntactically correct.
+
+Right?
+
+Noun phrase, verb,
+noun phrase.
+
+I'm not certain it's meaningful,
+unless you are in
+
+the habit of giving your
+furniture personal names.
+
+What's the point?
+
+Again, you can have things that
+are syntactically legal
+
+but not semantically meaningful,
+and static
+
+semantics is going to be a way
+of helping us decide what
+
+expressions, what pieces of
+code, actually have real
+
+meaning to it.
+
+All right?
+
+The last piece of it is, in
+addition to having static
+
+semantics, we have sort
+of full semantics.
+
+Which is, what does
+the program mean?
+
+Or, said a different way,
+what's going to
+
+happen when I run it?
+
+That's the meaning of
+the expression.
+
+That's what you want.
+
+All right?
+
+You want to know, what's the
+meaning of this piece of code?
+
+When I run it, what's
+going to happen?
+
+That's what I want to build.
+
+The reason for pulling this out
+is, what you're going to
+
+see is, that in most languages,
+and certainly in
+
+Python-- we got lots of help
+here-- all right, Python comes
+
+built-in with something that
+will check your static, sorry,
+
+your syntax for you.
+
+And in fact, as a sidebar, if
+you turn in a problem set that
+
+is not syntactically correct,
+there's a simple button that
+
+you push that will check
+your syntax.
+
+If you've turned in a program
+that's not syntactically
+
+correct, the TAs give
+you a zero.
+
+Because it said you didn't even
+take the time to make
+
+sure the syntax is correct.
+
+The system will help
+you find it.
+
+In Python, it'll find it,
+I think one bug at
+
+a time, right John?
+
+It finds one syntax error at
+a time, so you have to be a
+
+little patient to do it,
+but you can check that
+
+the syntax is right.
+
+You're going to see that we
+get some help here on the
+
+static semantics, and I'm going
+to do an example in a
+
+second, meaning that the system,
+some languages are
+
+better than others on it, but it
+will try and help you catch
+
+some things that are not
+semantically correct
+
+statically.
+
+In the case of Python, it does
+that I think all at run time.
+
+I'm looking to you again,
+John, I think there's no
+
+pre-time checks.
+
+Its-- sorry?
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON:
+There is some.
+
+OK.
+
+Most of them, I think though,
+are primarily caught at run
+
+time, and that's a little bit
+of a pain because you don't
+
+see it until you go and run the
+code, and there are some,
+
+actually we're going to see an
+example I think in a second
+
+where you find it, but you
+do get some help there.
+
+The problem is, things that you
+catch here are actually
+
+the least worrisome bugs.
+
+They're easy to spot, you can't
+run the program with
+
+them there, so you're not going
+to get weird answers.
+
+Not everything is going
+to get caught in
+
+static semantics checking.
+
+Some things are going to
+slide through, and
+
+that's actually a bother.
+
+It's a problem.
+
+Because it says, your program
+will still give you a value,
+
+but it may not be what you
+intended, and you can't always
+
+tell, and that may propagate
+it's way down through a whole
+
+bunch of other computations
+before it causes some
+
+catastrophic failure.
+
+So actually, the problem with
+static semantics is you'd like
+
+it to catch everything, you
+don't always get it.
+
+Sadly we don't get
+much help here.
+
+Which is where we'd like it.
+
+But that's part of your job.
+
+OK.
+
+What happens if you actually
+have something that's both
+
+syntactically correct, and
+appears to have correct static
+
+semantics, and you run it?
+
+It could run and give you the
+right answer, it could crash,
+
+it could loop forever, it could
+run and apparently give
+
+you the right answer.
+
+And you're not always going
+to be able to tell.
+
+Well, you'll know when it
+crashes, that doesn't help you
+
+very much, but you can't
+always tell whether
+
+something's stuck in an infinite
+loop or whether it's
+
+simply taking a long
+time to compute.
+
+You'd love to have a system that
+spots that for you, but
+
+it's not possible.
+
+And so to deal with
+this last one, you
+
+need to develop style.
+
+All right?
+
+Meaning, we're going to try to
+help you with how to develop
+
+good programming style, but you
+need to write in a way in
+
+which it is going to be easy
+for you to spot the places
+
+that cause those semantic
+bugs to occur.
+
+All right.
+
+If that sounds like a really
+long preamble, it is.
+
+Let's start with Python.
+
+But again, my goal here is to
+let you see what computation's
+
+about, why we need to do it,
+I'm going to remind you one
+
+last time, our goal is to
+be able to have a set of
+
+primitives that we combine
+into complex expressions,
+
+which we can then abstract to
+treat as primitives, and we
+
+want to use that sequence of
+instructions in this flow of
+
+control computing, in order
+to deduce new information.
+
+That imperative knowledge that
+we talked about right there.
+
+So I'm going to start today,
+we have about five or ten
+
+minutes left, I think, in
+order-- sorry, five minutes
+
+left-- in order to do this
+with some beginnings of
+
+Python, and we're going to pick
+this up obviously, next
+
+time, so; simple parts
+of Python.
+
+In order to create any kinds of
+expressions, we're going to
+
+need values.
+
+Primitive data elements.
+
+And in Python, we have two to
+start with; we have numbers,
+
+and we have strings.
+
+Numbers is what you'd expect.
+
+There's a number.
+
+There's another number.
+
+All right?
+
+Strings are captured in Python
+with an open quote and some
+
+sequence of characters followed
+by a closed quote.
+
+Associated with every data
+type in Python is a type,
+
+which identifies the kind
+of thing it is.
+
+Some of these are obvious.
+
+Strings are just a type
+on their own.
+
+But for numbers, for example,
+we can have
+
+a variety of types.
+
+So this is something that
+we would call an
+
+integer, or an INT.
+
+And this is something
+we would call a
+
+floating point, or a float.
+
+Or if you want to think of
+it as a real number.
+
+And there's some others
+that we can see.
+
+We're going to build up this
+taxonomy if you like, but the
+
+reason it's relevant is,
+associated with each one of
+
+those types is a set of
+operators that expect certain
+
+types of input in order
+to do their job.
+
+And given those types of input,
+will get back output.
+
+All right.
+
+In order to deal with this, let
+me show you an example,
+
+and I hope that comes
+up, great.
+
+What I have here is a Python
+shell, and I'm going to just
+
+show you some simple examples
+of how we start building
+
+expressions.
+
+And this'll lead into what
+you're going to see next time
+
+as well as what you're
+going to do tomorrow.
+
+So.
+
+Starting with the shell, I
+can type in expressions.
+
+Actually, let me back up
+and do this in video.
+
+I can type in a number, I get
+back a number, I can type in a
+
+string, I get back the string.
+
+Strings, by the way, can have
+spaces in them, they can have
+
+other characters, it's simply
+a sequence of things, and
+
+notice, by the way, that the
+string five-- sorry, the
+
+string's digit five digit
+two is different
+
+than the number 52.
+
+The quotes are around them
+to make that distinction.
+
+We're going to see
+why in a second.
+
+What I'm doing, by the way, here
+is I'm simply typing in
+
+expressions to that
+interpreter.
+
+It's using its set of rules to
+deduce the value and print
+
+them back out.
+
+Things I might like to do in
+here is, I might like to do
+
+combinations of things
+with these.
+
+So we have associated with
+simple things, a set of
+
+operations.
+
+So for numbers, we have the
+things you'd expect, the
+
+arithmetics.
+
+And let me show you some
+examples of that.
+
+And actually, I'm going to do
+one other distinction here.
+
+What I typed in, things like--
+well, let me start this way--
+
+there's an expression.
+
+And in Python the expression
+is, operand, operator,
+
+operand, when we're doing simple
+expressions like this,
+
+and if I give it to the
+interpreter, it gives me back
+
+exactly what you'd expect,
+which is that value.
+
+OK?
+
+The distinction I'm going to
+make is, that's an expression.
+
+The interpreter is going
+to get a value for it.
+
+When we start building
+up code, we're
+
+going to use commands.
+
+Or statements.
+
+Which are actually things that
+take in a value and ask the
+
+computer to do something
+with it.
+
+So I can similarly do this,
+which is going to look strange
+
+because it's going to give me
+the same value back out, but
+
+it actually did a slightly
+different thing.
+
+And notice, by the way, when I
+typed it how print showed up
+
+in a different color?
+
+That's the Python saying, that
+is a command, that is a
+
+specific command to get the
+value of the expression and
+
+print it back out.
+
+When we start writing code,
+you're going to see that
+
+difference, but for now, don't
+worry about it, I just want to
+
+plant that idea.
+
+OK.
+
+Once we've got that, we
+can certainly, though,
+
+do things like this.
+
+Notice the quotes around it.
+
+And it treats it as a string,
+it's simply getting me back
+
+the value of that string,
+52 times 7, rather than
+
+the value of it.
+
+Now, once we've got that, we
+can start doing things.
+
+And I'm going to use print
+here-- if I could type, in
+
+order to just to get into that,
+I can't type, here we
+
+go-- in order to get
+into the habit.
+
+I can print out a string.
+
+I can print out--
+
+Ah!--
+
+Here's a first example
+of something that
+
+caught one of my things.
+
+This is a static
+semantic error.
+
+So what went on here?
+
+I gave it an expression that
+had an operand in there.
+
+It expected arithmetic types.
+
+But I gave two strings.
+
+And so it's complaining at me,
+saying, you can't do this.
+
+I don't know how to take
+two strings and
+
+multiply them together.
+
+Unfortunately-- now John you may
+disagree with me on this
+
+one-- unfortunately in Python
+you can, however,
+
+do things like this.
+
+What do you figure that's
+going to do?
+
+Look legal?
+
+The string three times
+the number three?
+
+Well it happens to give me
+three threes in a row.
+
+I hate this.
+
+I'm sorry, John, I hate this.
+
+Because this is overloading that
+multiplication operator
+
+with two different tasks.
+
+It's saying, if you give
+me two numbers, I'll
+
+do the right thing.
+
+If you give me a number and
+a string, I'm going to
+
+concatenate them together,
+it's really different
+
+operations, but nonetheless,
+it's what it's going to do.
+
+STUDENT: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON:
+There you go.
+
+You know, there will be a
+rebuttal phase a little later
+
+on, just like with the political
+debates, and he
+
+likes it as a feature, I don't
+like it, you can tell he's not
+
+a Lisp programmer and I am.
+
+All right.
+
+I want to do just a couple
+more quick examples.
+
+Here's another one.
+
+Ah-ha!
+
+Give you an example
+of a syntax error.
+
+Because 52A doesn't
+make sense.
+
+And you might say, wait a
+minute, isn't that a string,
+
+and the answer's no, I didn't
+say it's a string by putting
+
+quotes around it.
+
+And notice how the machine
+responds differently to it.
+
+In this case it says, this is
+a syntax error, and it's
+
+actually highlighting where
+it came from so I can go
+
+back and fix it.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's do a couple of other
+simple examples.
+
+All right?
+
+I can do multiplication.
+
+I've already seen that.
+
+I can do addition.
+
+Three plus five.
+
+I can take something to a power,
+double star, just take
+
+three to the fifth power.
+
+I can do division, right?
+
+Whoa.
+
+Right?
+
+Three divided by five is zero?
+
+Maybe in Bush econom-- no, I'm
+not going to do any political
+
+comments today, I will not
+say that, all right?
+
+What happened?
+
+Well, this is one of
+the places where
+
+you have to be careful.
+
+It's doing integer division.
+
+So, three divided by five
+is zero, with a
+
+remainder of three.
+
+So this is the correct answer.
+
+If I wanted to get full, real
+division, I should make one of
+
+them a float.
+
+And yes, you can look at that
+and say, well is that right?
+
+Well, up to some level of
+accuracy, yeah, that's .6 is
+
+what I'd like to get out.
+
+All right.
+
+I can do other things.
+
+In a particular, I have similar
+operations on strings.
+
+OK, I can certainly print out
+strings, but I can actually
+
+add strings together, and just
+as you saw, I can multiply
+
+strings, you can kind of guess
+what this is going to do.
+
+It is going to merge them
+together into one thing.
+
+I want--
+
+I know I'm running you slightly
+over, I want to do
+
+one last example, it's, I also
+want to be able to do, have
+
+variables to store things.
+
+And to do that, in this it says,
+if I have a value, I
+
+want to keep it around,
+to do that, I can
+
+do things like this.
+
+What does that statement do?
+
+It says, create a name for a
+variable-- which I just did
+
+there, in fact, let me type it
+in-- mystring, with an equal
+
+sign, which is saying, assign or
+bind to that name the value
+
+of the following expression.
+
+As a consequence, I
+can now refer to
+
+that just by its name.
+
+If I get the value of mystring,
+there it is, or if I
+
+say, take mystring and add to it
+the string, mylastname, and
+
+print it back out.
+
+So this is the first
+start of this.
+
+What have we done?
+
+We've got values, numbers
+and strings.
+
+We have operations to
+associate with them.
+
+I just threw a couple up here.
+
+You're going to get a chance
+to explore them, and you'll
+
+see not only are there the
+standard numerics for strings,
+
+there are things like length
+or plus or other things you
+
+can do with them.
+
+And once I have values, I want
+to get a hold of them so I can
+
+give them names.
+
+And that's what I just did
+when I bound that.
+
+I said, use the name mystring
+to be bound to or have the
+
+value of Eric, so I can refer
+to it anywhere else that I
+
+want to use it.
+
+And I apologize for taking you
+over, we'll come back to this
+
+next time, please go to the
+website to sign up for
+
+recitation for tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kJxsMnRZXqE.txt b/kJxsMnRZXqE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49bf6e5d54eb88d36c1f81f6f3cc947f7b679de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kJxsMnRZXqE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've chosen a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've chosen a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've chosen a coordinate
+system for our runner going along a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for our runner going along a road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for our runner going along a road
+we now want to describe the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to describe the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to describe the position
+function of that coordinate system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that coordinate system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that coordinate system with
+respect to our choice of origin now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to our choice of origin now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to our choice of origin now the
+runner is a non-rigid object legs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner is a non-rigid object legs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner is a non-rigid object legs and
+arms are moving back and forth so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms are moving back and forth so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms are moving back and forth so let's
+just imagine that there's some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine that there's some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine that there's some fixed
+point in the runner at the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the runner at the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the runner at the center and
+then let's give a vector so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's give a vector so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's give a vector so we're going
+to draw a vector from above our origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a vector from above our origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a vector from above our origin
+to that point and this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that point and this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that point and this is what we're
+refer to as our position function now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as our position function now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as our position function now
+remember every Point here has an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember every Point here has an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember every Point here has an x
+coordinate so we can now introduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so we can now introduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so we can now introduce our
+position function which we'll call X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function which we'll call X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function which we'll call X of
+T which is the coordinate location with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is the coordinate location with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is the coordinate location with
+respect to the origin this is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the origin this is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the origin this is a function
+that will change in time and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will change in time and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will change in time and our
+position Vector is R of T equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector is R of T equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector is R of T equals the
+position function X of T now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function X of T now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function X of T now remember
+this is a vector the position function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector the position function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector the position function
+is just a quantity that's describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a quantity that's describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a quantity that's describing the
+location of this point with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of this point with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of this point with respect to
+the origin but the unit Vector is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin but the unit Vector is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin but the unit Vector is how we
+describe this as a vector and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this as a vector and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this as a vector and so we
+write I hat now X of T is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I hat now X of T is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I hat now X of T is what we call
+the component of the position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of the position Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of the position Vector
+remember a vector has a component and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a vector has a component and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a vector has a component and a
+direction and this the component is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this the component is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this the component is the
+position function and that component X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function and that component X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function and that component X
+of t T can be positive as you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t T can be positive as you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t T can be positive as you see in
+this particular case um X of T can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case um X of T can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case um X of T can also
+be zero that's if you're located at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero that's if you're located at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero that's if you're located at the
+origin and if our runner is on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and if our runner is on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and if our runner is on the other
+side of the origin X of T can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the origin X of T can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the origin X of T can be
+negative so the component of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the component of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the component of the vector
+of the position Vector can be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position Vector can be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position Vector can be positive
+zero or negative and the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or negative and the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or negative and the direction of
+the position Vector is the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position Vector is the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position Vector is the sign of the
+component time IAD if the component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component time IAD if the component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component time IAD if the component is
+negative then we have a negative IAT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then we have a negative IAT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then we have a negative IAT the
+position Vector is pointing backwards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector is pointing backwards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector is pointing backwards in
+the minus X Direction and if x of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus X Direction and if x of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus X Direction and if x of T is
+positive positive IAT position Vector as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive IAT position Vector as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive IAT position Vector as
+shown in this particular case is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this particular case is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this particular case is in the
+positive ihat direction so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ihat direction so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ihat direction so that's our
+first Vector the position Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vector the position Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vector the position Vector in
+onedimensional motion
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lanmHS0JwYI.txt b/lanmHS0JwYI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61ab0eefdba89de6b0b6e233ec0fe6655600e7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lanmHS0JwYI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4607 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so up until now
+in many ways we've thought
+
+about people as individuals--
+
+how they see, how they remember,
+their personality,
+
+things you can measure by
+IQ tests, if they have
+
+psychopathology or not.
+
+We've primarily focused on
+people as an individual agents
+
+in the world.
+
+And for this lecture and for the
+next lecture, we're going
+
+to flip over and think about
+people as they interact with
+
+other people.
+
+And all the way back from 1962,
+here's an example--
+
+and you know so much
+from your life--
+
+of how powerfully we're
+influenced by other people in
+
+our behaviors.
+
+So this is a story of
+elevator rules.
+
+You guys know elevator
+rules, right?
+
+You get in an elevator, what are
+you supposed to be so you
+
+don't make other people
+uncomfortable or where they
+
+don't make you?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, which
+way you're facing.
+
+Not too close in space.
+
+If there's only two of you and
+the person huddles right next
+
+to you, you go, hmm.
+
+OK.
+
+So anyway here we go.
+
+So I was a graduate student in
+brain and cognitive science
+
+and I got minimally exposed
+to social psychology.
+
+I was actually a teaching
+assistant.
+
+I must have heard something
+about it.
+
+But it wasn't until I was
+teaching at Stanford which is
+
+full of famous social
+psychologists and I was
+
+hearing them give their
+introductory psychology
+
+lectures that I got amazed by
+what social psychologists have
+
+discovered about human nature.
+
+And maybe because I was exposed
+to it in one shot, it
+
+really changed for me personally
+how I try to think
+
+about people from that
+day forward.
+
+So let's see if it
+does it for you.
+
+And in many ways, we're going
+to do today the core, core
+
+famous, most famous things
+in psychology--
+
+that the Stanford Zimbardo
+prison experiment, the Milgram
+
+obedience experiment.
+
+And a theme you'll see is how
+funny we are as humans in our
+
+desire to want to fit in.
+
+So what is social psychology?
+
+The scientific study of the
+way in which our thoughts,
+
+feelings, and behaviors are
+influenced by the real or
+
+imagined presence
+of other people.
+
+So it's how we relate
+to other people.
+
+And to a certain extent, if you
+compare it to things like
+
+linguistics or other aspects of
+psychology, social things
+
+have seems weakish.
+
+But people have been thinking
+in the last decade, more and
+
+more, that maybe many things
+that make humans humans have
+
+been pulled by powerful social
+relations that occur
+
+in groups of humans.
+
+And so for example, looking
+across primate species--
+
+just across primates--
+
+here is the average size
+of the social group.
+
+Here's the average size
+of the neocortex.
+
+And it's a pretty good fit.
+
+And so you could think back
+in the course of examples.
+
+For example, the infant who's
+willing to crawl across a
+
+dangerous visual cliff if the
+mother has a positive facial
+
+expression.
+
+Risking injury, or worse,
+because you have a social
+
+queue that says it's OK.
+
+And you're just an infant
+interpreting that.
+
+So more and more, the thought
+that many of the abilities we
+
+have, how we work together, how
+we communicate together,
+
+are driven by our fundamental
+social character.
+
+And so we'll talk today about
+the power of the situation.
+
+This is a big idea in social
+psychology is that people's
+
+behavior can be phenomenally
+altered by the situation
+
+they're in.
+
+And we'll talk about
+attribution--
+
+how we decide whether a person
+behaves a certain way because
+
+of their character or the
+situation they're in--
+
+the fundamental attribution
+error, conformity, compliance,
+
+obedience, and bystanders.
+
+There are so many experiments
+here that amaze me and that
+
+are still completely relevant
+today, and I'll
+
+convince you of that.
+
+So I think we engage in all
+the time as humans as
+
+interpreting the actions
+and words of others.
+
+Why did somebody do something.
+
+Right?
+
+That fills our lives-- our
+families, our teachers, our
+
+friends, or coworkers--
+
+why did somebody do something
+or say something.
+
+Why is that person looking at
+me friendly across the room?
+
+So the causal attribution--
+
+what is driving that
+person's thoughts?
+
+What's in their mind
+that's making them
+
+to behave that way?
+
+And there's at least two kinds
+of the explanations.
+
+One of them is character.
+
+So personality psychology
+is all about that.
+
+The character of the person is
+making them behave that way
+
+because they're outgoing
+or because
+
+they're shy or whatever.
+
+So Jeremiah helps the elderly
+person across the street
+
+because he's a really
+nice guy.
+
+Sven had a hard time solving the
+puzzle because he's kind
+
+of a dummy.
+
+Tamae gave money to the boy.
+
+Boy is she nice and generous.
+
+That's the personality
+predisposition interpretation.
+
+So that's the who
+she is or he is.
+
+Or they're behaving that way
+because they're in a
+
+particular situation.
+
+So Jeremiah helped the elderly
+man across the street because
+
+his friends are breaking in
+to the apartment the guy's
+
+leaving behind.
+
+Or there's another person
+there and he's trying to
+
+impress that person what
+a swell guy he is.
+
+Sven had a hard time solving the
+puzzle because it was an
+
+impossible puzzle.
+
+He didn't get nearly
+enough sleep--
+
+the situation.
+
+She gave money to the boy
+because he's the drug dealer.
+
+He's a courier running--
+
+whatever.
+
+It's the situation, OK?
+
+So you pick it, but all of a
+sudden the interpretation
+
+completely changes as
+to what's going on.
+
+It's about character
+versus situation.
+
+So where does the behavior
+come from--
+
+the dispositions of an
+individual or the situation
+
+they're in?
+
+Personality psychologists
+focus on this.
+
+Social psychologists
+focus on this.
+
+And they will argue that this
+dominates everything.
+
+This dominates everything.
+
+Not the only thing, but it
+dominates everything.
+
+So let's consider them
+in one other way.
+
+So let's say that you are late
+for an appointment with me.
+
+So what do I start to think as
+I'm sitting there waiting for
+
+you and you don't email
+me, you don't call me.
+
+You might think, well, this
+person is a bit inconsiderate,
+
+a bit disorganized,
+a bit unmotivated.
+
+It would not be a good idea,
+for example, to show up for
+
+job interview late for your
+appointment, right?
+
+Why?
+
+Because we don't want them to
+think we're disorganized,
+
+inconsiderate, or unmotivated
+until we're hired.
+
+So that's the other person.
+
+Like why aren't they here?
+
+They're messing up, and there's
+something not good
+
+about their character.
+
+But imagine when you're late.
+
+Why are you late?
+
+Because you're disorganized,
+inconsiderate, and
+
+unmotivated?
+
+No, because something came up.
+
+The situation, right?
+
+The traffic was worse than
+you could have imagined.
+
+Last minute, there was an email
+that you have to respond
+
+to or your parent called
+or whatever.
+
+Some situation made you late.
+
+And what I'm going to show you
+in a moment is that a very
+
+fundamental thing about people--
+in fact, called the
+
+fundamental attribution
+error--
+
+is that we're biased to
+interpret the actions of
+
+others as revealing their
+character, whereas we're
+
+biased to interpret our own
+actions as being driven by the
+
+situation we're in.
+
+So Lee Ross was the one who came
+up with this term, the
+
+fundamental attribution error.
+
+The other person is driven by
+character and that's how we
+
+interpret why they do things.
+
+We give ourselves a break
+by the situation.
+
+And so what they did is, they
+ran experiments where they
+
+wanted to make it incredibly
+clear to Stanford
+
+undergraduate research
+participants, incredibly clear
+
+that the situation
+was dominant.
+
+And show that even then, even
+when you know for certain it's
+
+the situation, and you know as
+much as you can possibly know,
+
+you tend to ascribe character
+to people.
+
+OK?
+
+So they had students
+run in pairs.
+
+And they were truly randomly
+selected to be a quiz master
+
+or a contestant.
+
+Two students at a time.
+
+The quiz master comes up with
+questions and the contestant
+
+has to answer.
+
+So they can answer who were the
+two inventors of calculus.
+
+And you know the answer
+might be--
+
+and probably you could
+argue some things
+
+about those, right?
+
+But look, you know this
+as students--
+
+it's sort of unfair that we get
+to ask you the questions.
+
+So I get to ask you something
+like what's the structure just
+
+in front of the hippocampus
+that's important
+
+for emotional memory?
+
+And you might answer,
+oh no, oh no.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+That was on the previous test.
+
+It's not cumulative.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+and I go, it's the amygdala.
+
+And I've worked in that field
+for 30 years and I feel pretty
+
+proud of knowing that
+little fact.
+
+Now, I need a student
+hand to go up?
+
+OK.
+
+Now you asked me a question
+that you think I might
+
+struggle on.
+
+And believe me, there's an
+infinite number outside the
+
+location of the amygdala.
+
+Pick one from physics or
+math or chemistry.
+
+You're going to embarrass me.
+
+Make it really hard so
+I don't look so bad.
+
+AUDIENCE: There was
+a football match
+
+this weekend in England--
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+what, sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: A football match
+this weekend in England.
+
+PROFESSOR: A football match
+this weekend in England.
+
+AUDIENCE: Between two
+of the top of teams
+
+in the Premier League.
+
+Who won?
+
+PROFESSOR: Manchester?
+
+No?
+
+OK, I just made that up.
+
+No, I don't know.
+
+So here's the point.
+
+If I ask questions,
+I know the answer.
+
+I picked the question, right?
+
+And you may or may
+not know it.
+
+If you create the question,
+there's a pretty good chance I
+
+won't know it.
+
+OK, so inherently when somebody
+is the quiz master,
+
+they're going to know the answer
+and the other person
+
+may or may not it.
+
+A pretty good chance
+they don't as
+
+they make up questions.
+
+You know that.
+
+Logically you know that.
+
+So the setup was--
+
+and the students were only
+correct 40% of the time-- not
+
+bad-- who were answering the
+questions spontaneously made
+
+up by the randomly selected
+quiz master.
+
+So this is an experiment--
+
+knowing this, does it tell you
+anything about the knowledge
+
+or intelligence--
+
+let's call it, just
+an easy label--
+
+of the person asking the
+questions or the person
+
+answering the questions?
+
+No.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+They were randomly put into
+positions where one person
+
+gets to ask and one answers.
+
+Yet even seeing all this right
+in front of them, then
+
+students were asked, compared to
+a person in general, to the
+
+average student, are the people
+up there, the quizzer
+
+and the receiver, are they
+less knowledgeable, about
+
+average, or more knowledgeable
+than the average other
+
+Stanford student?
+
+And in a pure scientific sense
+you should say I have no idea.
+
+Because you created a situation
+where one person had
+
+a hopeless advantage compared
+to the other.
+
+You told me you were
+doing that.
+
+I saw you do that.
+
+But human beings can help
+us say-- including the
+
+contestants say, I guess I'm
+a bit dumb, but that other
+
+person was really smart.
+
+The one who knew about the
+soccer match in England and
+
+other questions.
+
+Or the other person
+observing--
+
+that quiz master seems to know
+a lot, that student.
+
+And this other one-- the one
+who was answering the
+
+questions--
+
+not quite an average
+MIT student.
+
+All right?
+
+Because people can't help but
+say if I see behavior, it's
+
+because of the content
+of your character--
+
+smarter or dumber
+in this case.
+
+Even though I know logically,
+your mind goes to that
+
+analysis of behavior in others
+by their character or
+
+disposition.
+
+Here's another one.
+
+Participants read essays that
+were in favor of Castro, who
+
+is the leader of Cuba,
+or against Castro.
+
+In the US, we're mostly
+against Castro.
+
+The opinions expressed in the
+essays were presented as
+
+either chosen--
+
+so the person could choose
+to speak what
+
+they want to speak--
+
+or they were assigned
+by the experimenter.
+
+So you were asked, please give
+a pro-Castro speech or please
+
+give an anti-Castro speech.
+
+That's your job here.
+
+And then the people listening
+said, OK, what do they really
+
+think about Castro?
+
+What do they really think?
+
+OK, even in a situation where
+you're told they're going to
+
+be assigned that.
+
+So what happens?
+
+Here's how much they believe
+that the essay writer was
+
+pro-Castro or anti-Castro
+in the case where they
+
+chose what to do.
+
+But when they were given the
+assignment, and now you know
+
+it's really truly random, it's
+not quite as much as this, but
+
+they still believed that if you
+write a pro-Castro essay,
+
+even though you're told the
+person was assigned that
+
+essay, as you read it you go,
+this person seems to really
+
+believe it.
+
+I think they're really for
+it because that's their
+
+predisposition.
+
+You're told fully this is a
+situation that's assigned, but
+
+humans can't help but think, I
+see through this a little bit.
+
+And that essay is just a little
+too well written, a
+
+little too convincing, for a
+person just to be randomly
+
+writing it.
+
+So humans, even when you give
+them all the information, that
+
+it's 100% situational, they
+can't help but interpret
+
+things as being built out of
+character or predisposition in
+
+that person.
+
+So people have also thought to
+this idea of understanding
+
+another person's behavior in
+terms of their predispositions
+
+versus the situation.
+
+That the disposition on one
+is made automatically,
+
+reflexively.
+
+That the situational information
+sort of follows in
+
+a controlled, slow,
+thoughtful way the
+
+takes energy to correct.
+
+That humans on the whole first
+interpret automatically,
+
+reflexively, the behavior of
+others as their character.
+
+And then second, optionally, can
+correct it thinking about
+
+the situation.
+
+So the idea is you see
+something, you immediately
+
+decide what the person's
+character is.
+
+And then maybe, maybe, we'll
+slowly, effort-fully and
+
+consciously, think about
+what the situation
+
+is that led to that.
+
+So these are automatic, and
+this is controlled,
+
+thoughtful, and deliberative.
+
+So it may not happen.
+
+So the people to show this--
+and it's a slightly
+
+complicated experiment, but
+let me show you how.
+
+They wanted to prove that
+thinking about the situation
+
+demands a lot of extra mental
+resources to overcome the
+
+initial interpretation.
+
+So they had participants watched
+silent video clips.
+
+They said it was silent
+because they wanted to
+
+preserve the privacy of the
+woman who was being videotaped
+
+having a discussion
+with a stranger.
+
+You just see the woman.
+
+And she looked extremely
+anxious in some
+
+clips and not others.
+
+The task is we want you to
+rate how anxious is this
+
+person basically.
+
+Rate your impression in terms
+of their character.
+
+Are they an anxious
+type of person?
+
+Some of the research people
+who were the subjects were
+
+told the target was discussing
+what the topics were.
+
+And then they also did one other
+thing which was some of
+
+the people we're asked to
+just watch and rate.
+
+And other people were told,
+not only do you watch and
+
+rate, but we're going to test
+your memory for the content of
+
+what she said.
+
+Because of that, they're
+trying to
+
+memorize what they hear.
+
+And the idea is that your
+filling up their attention
+
+with what they're memorizing,
+they can't make the
+
+correction.
+
+They're out of mental resources
+to make the
+
+situational correction.
+
+So you're watching these
+films on anxious
+
+topics or relaxing topics.
+
+So the relaxing topics might
+be these things-- tell me
+
+about a foreign film you like
+or a favorite hobby.
+
+Or speak about your worst public
+humiliation, a sexual
+
+fantasy you have, a personal
+failure you had.
+
+And of course, these things in
+red, you could expect a person
+
+talking about that to
+see more anxious.
+
+Those are personal, anxiety
+provoking topics, OK?
+
+So here's what happens.
+
+So again, the topics
+were either anxiety
+
+provoking or not.
+
+And you were either just
+watching the film or
+
+memorizing what you were
+hearing as well.
+
+And the hypothesis is that
+this would happen.
+
+So if you were doing one
+task and you were told
+
+what the topic is--
+
+it has a relaxing topic
+or an anxious topic--
+
+you could separate out what the
+task is versus the person.
+
+But if you were trying to
+memorize simultaneously what
+
+the content of the film was,
+that difference disappears.
+
+The rating is identical.
+
+The people are not taking into
+account the topic that's being
+
+talked about.
+
+Because they're memorizing,
+their mind is occupied with
+
+the content of the scene.
+
+And they're not able to sort
+of correct the intuitive,
+
+automatic, reflexive, habitual
+interpretation of a person's
+
+actions based on their
+character.
+
+So in the news today, as if it
+were organized for our course,
+
+there's a fantastic debate about
+what pictures to release
+
+or not release from what?
+
+Yeah, the killing of
+Osama bin Laden.
+
+A huge debate going on about
+whether it should
+
+be released or not.
+
+That's gotten the public
+attention.
+
+One of the biggest reasons why
+among several, but a big
+
+reason why there's such a huge
+debate is another set of
+
+pictures some years ago from
+Abu Ghraib prison.
+
+I'm going to show you those
+pictures and the consequences
+
+that were felt to follow
+from the release.
+
+So this is one of the soldiers
+who was there, Private Lynndie
+
+England, who was said to have
+participated in maltreating
+
+and torturing detainees at
+the Abu Ghraib prison.
+
+So you know, when the United
+States went into Iraq, they
+
+very much had the thought that
+they were liberating the
+
+country from tyranny, which in
+some sense everybody agrees I
+
+think just about.
+
+They were in some sense.
+
+But one of the goals was to
+convince the population of
+
+Iraq that the United States was
+not there to occupy and
+
+take over but to liberate and
+free the people of Iraq.
+
+That was a big message the
+United States wanted to send
+
+to the world and to
+the Iraqis, right?
+
+Regardless of whatever else you
+know or believe or have
+
+political opinion, that was a
+message the United States
+
+wanted to send to everybody.
+
+That was huge for them to do.
+
+That they were there to help
+free Iraqi citizens not to
+
+occupy and take over Iraq.
+
+So imagine when these pictures
+came out, a very large prison
+
+that was run by Americans
+in Iraq--
+
+and these pictures were put on
+the internet-- of various,
+
+what looked like and probably
+were, torturous situations.
+
+Here's an Iraqi person with this
+hood on their head with
+
+wires connected to the body.
+
+Here is that soldier holding a
+leash, and here's a prisoner
+
+on the leash.
+
+Here's a smiling picture with
+her and another soldier.
+
+There's a pyramid of naked
+prisoners piled up, one on top
+
+of the other in a humiliating
+position.
+
+Here's another picture of her,
+thumbs up, pointing at hooded,
+
+naked prisoners' genitals.
+
+OK, and then she was tried in
+court for these things.
+
+It was devastating for
+the United States.
+
+These pictures were devastating
+for the United
+
+States because they were exactly
+the opposite of the
+
+picture the US wanted to
+present, which is one of
+
+liberation and friendliness
+and democracy and freedom.
+
+And here's tyranny, brutality,
+and prison torture.
+
+And it figures hugely in the
+mind of people in Washington
+
+now as they're debating
+about these pictures.
+
+And for the moment,
+they decided not
+
+to release any picture.
+
+The power of these pictures as
+they floated around to inflame
+
+and incite arguments.
+
+And so here two ways you could
+do it from the viewpoint of
+
+social psychology.
+
+The disposition attribution.
+
+You imagine you're a juror
+where she's being tried.
+
+So the accused knew what
+she was doing.
+
+She was laughing and joking.
+
+She is enjoying participating,
+all for her own sick humor.
+
+So here's the crime.
+
+You get angry and you're not
+very sympathetic because it's
+
+from controllable factors.
+
+She should've controlled
+herself.
+
+She's held responsible.
+
+She should get a severe
+punishment.
+
+Or you could ask--
+
+and we'll come back to this at
+the end of the lecture--
+
+were there uncontrollable
+factors well beyond what a
+
+person could be reasonably
+asked to control.
+
+Then you're not so angry at
+them if you think the
+
+situation was very
+problematic.
+
+For example, she had a boyfriend
+who was not only
+
+superior to her militarily, but
+also was the ring leader.
+
+She was a follower.
+
+She was an individual smitten.
+
+She did whatever he
+wanted her to do.
+
+Somewhat more sympathy, person
+not held responsible, and the
+
+punishment is more about
+rehabilitation than
+
+punishment.
+
+So those would be
+two approaches.
+
+She was found guilty of one
+count of conspiracy and four
+
+counts of maltreating detainees,
+one count of
+
+committing an indecent act.
+
+She was acquitted on
+a conspiracy count.
+
+So I'm going to come back to
+this in a little bit after we
+
+talk about the Stanford prison
+experiment and ask you your
+
+thoughts about this individual
+from the information you have.
+
+So we'll come back to that in
+a little bit, thinking about
+
+what is a person responsible
+for versus the situation.
+
+So let's start to talk about
+social influence, which is
+
+again a change in a person's
+behavior or beliefs in
+
+response to the intentional
+or unintentional
+
+influences of others.
+
+And we'll talk about
+three kinds.
+
+Conformity, which is changing
+your behavior or beliefs in
+
+response to explicit or implicit
+pressure from others.
+
+That's the person turning
+in the elevator.
+
+Compliance, changing one's
+behavior to avoid conflict.
+
+And obedience, which is
+following the demands of more
+
+powerful people or
+organizations.
+
+So conformity.
+
+I mean, conformity sounds like
+a bad word, but we conform to
+
+implicit and explicit
+social rules.
+
+It's pretty useful for social
+groups operating.
+
+If everybody here was talking
+and walking in and out and
+
+stuff like that, we couldn't
+have a class.
+
+I mean, if we didn't conform in
+some ways, we couldn't do
+
+very much that took more
+than one person to do.
+
+And it's seen across people and
+lifespans and cultures.
+
+It's how, in certain ways, we
+work together as people.
+
+Now the original experiment
+on this came from a very
+
+perceptual effect.
+
+Participants supported for study
+on visual perception--
+
+Muzafer Sherif.
+
+They were seated in a dark room
+and saw point of light
+
+appear, then move, and
+then disappear.
+
+And they were asked to judge
+how far the light moved.
+
+This was based on a perceptual
+illusion.
+
+Because if you stare at a light
+in a totally dark room,
+
+you'll start to interpret it
+moving, even though it does
+
+not physically move.
+
+It has to be a blacked
+out room.
+
+You have to sit there
+for a while.
+
+And then you start to get
+signals about movement that
+
+are incorrect.
+
+And this perceptual illusion
+that a dot is moving was
+
+called the autokinetic effect.
+
+And that's OK.
+
+You've see an amazing allusions,
+and that would be
+
+another amazing illusion of a
+single dot of light in a dark
+
+room, and you start
+to think it moves.
+
+But what the astounding
+thing was this--
+
+here's three individuals who are
+tested and their rating of
+
+how much it moved.
+
+It didn't move, so there
+are some differences.
+
+Now the three of them are tested
+together on day two,
+
+day three, and day four.
+
+And you can see that these three
+different people start
+
+to converge on the identical,
+imagined illusory movement, as
+
+if the responses of the others
+were influencing one and
+
+another on such a
+simple thing.
+
+And then this experiment was
+made even more ridiculous by
+
+one of the most spectacular
+experiments just in the
+
+simplicity and power
+and replicability.
+
+So this is from Asch.
+
+Imagine that you walk into a
+room and your task is this--
+
+now get ready because I'm
+going to ask for a
+
+volunteer right now.
+
+OK, thanks.
+
+Get ready, this is going
+to be pretty tough, OK?
+
+And everybody else will be
+nice to you because you
+
+volunteered.
+
+You see this line here?
+
+Which of these three lines
+has the same length?
+
+AUDIENCE: Number one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Number one.
+
+That looks good to you?
+
+Does that look like a
+really tough thing?
+
+No?
+
+OK, thanks.
+
+OK, I was being a little
+facetious.
+
+Thank you.
+
+But you have to understand,
+this is the gist of the
+
+experiment.
+
+Not such a tough thing,
+pretty obvious.
+
+Here's what they did.
+
+Now you are brought into a
+room and there were six
+
+confederates.
+
+So that's the word in social
+psychology that's used for
+
+people who are in on
+the experiment.
+
+OK?
+
+They're not really subjects.
+
+So you walk into a room.
+
+You don't know what's
+going on.
+
+There are six other students
+sitting there.
+
+And they do exactly
+what we did now.
+
+They show you a line like this
+and three other lines and say
+
+you pick it.
+
+The six other people go first.
+
+So you're sitting there--
+imagine this.
+
+Imagine the first one says,
+one, you go, OK.
+
+Then somebody goes,
+eh, uh, two.
+
+And you go, hm.
+
+The next person says,
+oh yeah, two.
+
+And by the time they get to you,
+four of the six have said
+
+number two.
+
+What do you do?
+
+Now to an astounding extend
+what you do is this--
+
+you also say two.
+
+OK, and it's not--
+
+like you're saying, I'm
+just fitting in.
+
+When they show you the pictures,
+people are turning
+
+their head.
+
+Is there an angle?
+
+Is it the lighting?
+
+Why do I think it's
+number one when
+
+everybody else is pretty--
+
+for such a simple thing,
+pretty much the same.
+
+So the confederates are not
+always wrong, but they're
+
+pretty often wrong, and
+in a consistent way.
+
+It's all set up.
+
+But you as an individual--
+
+and here's one of these.
+
+You see this person like, OK,
+if I look hard enough, I'm
+
+going to figure it out.
+
+How did they figure out that
+line number one equals line
+
+number two?
+
+If you do it by yourself,
+less than 1% errors.
+
+Obviously, the only error you
+make is if you're not paying
+
+attention, right?
+
+With group pressure, not every
+single time, but all of a
+
+sudden, 37 times more often,
+you say it's the wrong the
+
+line length.
+
+And almost always, the
+impression is you really
+
+believe it.
+
+The people are really
+struggling.
+
+They're really hemming
+and hawing.
+
+Not everybody's the same, but
+only 25% give the correct
+
+answer throughout
+the experiment.
+
+75% of people at least once will
+give the obviously wrong
+
+answer because they feel
+that conformity.
+
+They need to respond to the
+other answers given by the
+
+other students around them.
+
+Such a simple thing as line
+length, we cannot help but
+
+want to fit in and figure
+out a way to do that.
+
+What effects this conformity?
+
+Well, the more confederates,
+the more powerful it is.
+
+That makes sense, right?
+
+So here's the group
+size effect.
+
+So if only one person is making
+it, you just figure
+
+they're not too swift and
+you can get the line.
+
+Two people, you're already
+moving up.
+
+By the time you get to
+four people, you're
+
+all the way up there.
+
+4 to 15 is about the same.
+
+So four other people giving you
+obviously wrong answers,
+
+you decide there must be
+something interestingly going
+
+on and you could figure
+it like they did.
+
+OK
+
+Presence of an ally.
+
+We'll come back to this
+a couple times.
+
+All it takes is one person to
+break the conformity and
+
+you're willing to
+break that, too.
+
+In these experiments,
+that's set up.
+
+The ally is one of the
+confederates who's now told to
+
+give the right length.
+
+So one brave person can really
+change what you do, but it's
+
+hard to be that brave person.
+
+These allies are set up
+by the experimenter.
+
+So what happens?
+
+Here you go.
+
+Here's the mistakes being made
+when all the other people are
+
+saying the wrong length.
+
+And if one person is giving
+the right answers, only
+
+occasionally.
+
+Still you do it sometimes, but a
+dramatic difference from one
+
+person giving the
+right answer.
+
+One dissenter opens up your
+chance to go with the answer
+
+you know intellectually
+is correct.
+
+Embarrassment.
+
+It's amazing the stuff
+we all do.
+
+It's amazing the stuff we all do
+to avoid being embarrassed.
+
+Embarrassment is such
+a powerful thing for
+
+almost all of us.
+
+There are some exceptions,
+but for almost all of us.
+
+So part of what's going on in
+conformity is to not to be
+
+embarrassed to be different.
+
+And so here's the way
+they show you that.
+
+They have you arrive late.
+
+You're not really
+arriving late.
+
+They tell you, oh, you should
+have been here.
+
+We had a miscommunication.
+
+All the other people are here.
+
+They knew.
+
+Well, because you arrived late,
+why don't you just write
+
+down your answers.
+
+You don't have to say
+them out loud.
+
+Because we can't have you mess
+up the experiment now.
+
+Then it's still not perfect, but
+people reduced by a third
+
+the number of their
+incorrect answers.
+
+Because they don't have
+to tell other
+
+people what they saw.
+
+OK, it's not perfect, but all
+of a sudden, at least that.
+
+And a few other things.
+
+It peaks in ninth grade.
+
+Women on average a bit
+more than men.
+
+Cultures that are more
+interdependent showed a bit
+
+more than cultures like the US
+that emphasize independence.
+
+But these are all variations on
+a relatively small thing.
+
+Fundamentally, humans
+want to conform.
+
+And they don't form
+superficially.
+
+They convince themselves there's
+something going on and
+
+then the right thing to
+do is to conform.
+
+Why do we conform?
+
+There's all kinds
+of hypotheses.
+
+We want to be right.
+
+Everybody knew that line length,
+I want to be right.
+
+I want to be popular.
+
+I don't want to be the weird
+person not doing this stuff.
+
+So anyway, let's come to
+compliance which is even more
+
+oppositional.
+
+You know this from your life if
+you have ever spent money
+
+on something you didn't mean
+to because there's an
+
+effective salesperson.
+
+It's called a foot-in-the-door
+technique,
+
+and here's an example.
+
+Here's what they did in
+1962 in California.
+
+Freedman and Fraser
+drove to homes--
+
+random homes-- show a large
+unattractive sign that says
+
+drive carefully.
+
+Now we can all agree that it's
+pretty non-controversial to
+
+drive carefully.
+
+And they knock on the door and
+they ask the person will you
+
+place this on your lawn.
+
+Now think if somebody comes up
+to you, knocks on the door,
+
+and says, would you place this
+large unattractive sign to
+
+drive carefully?
+
+And less than 20% say yes.
+
+OK that's not a shocking
+number.
+
+They're picking something that's
+like apple pie, right?
+
+I mean, drive carefully, who
+could be against that?
+
+But who wants a weird sign
+on your lawn, right?
+
+And they made it unattractive
+on purpose.
+
+So 20%.
+
+Here's the other group.
+
+They go up to your door, they
+knock on the door, and they
+
+say, I have a petition here--
+you've had that experience on
+
+the street or somewhere--
+
+I have a petition here.
+
+Will you sign up to support
+legislation to
+
+reduce traffic accidents.
+
+OK, do you think there's
+some gimmick here?
+
+I mean, who's for traffic
+accidents?
+
+The person says yes.
+
+OK, I'm going to
+sign that one.
+
+So a lot of people
+sign that one.
+
+Then you go back to the same
+house a few weeks later and
+
+you ask the sign, it moves
+up to over 50%
+
+say yes for the sign.
+
+That's literally the
+foot-in-the-door.
+
+Once you sign this petition,
+then you're incredibly more
+
+likely to say yes
+for the sign.
+
+And what we understand that to
+be through other experiments,
+
+we want to be consistent
+in our behavior.
+
+Well gee, if we're willing to
+sign a petition for fewer
+
+accidents, why wouldn't we put
+a sign on our lawn to further
+
+promote people not
+getting run over.
+
+All right, but once you make
+the small agreement, then
+
+you're willing to do something
+way larger that by itself you
+
+would never do.
+
+And I can't tell you from my own
+experience how much that
+
+when people end up doing
+something they really wish
+
+they hadn't done, it often
+starts-- and you may know this
+
+in yourself-- with a small
+thing, good or bad.
+
+It seems small, then you do a
+little bit more, and then a
+
+little more, and then all of a
+sudden, you're surrounded by a
+
+SWAT team in your dorm room.
+
+And you say, how did
+this happen, right?
+
+It's amazing how often things,
+good and bad, start with small
+
+steps, another small step, and
+all of a sudden you're on a
+
+slippery slope to doing
+something you could never have
+
+imagined if it would have been
+posed as strongly as you ended
+
+up doing it.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+OK, so this is compliance.
+
+Little question, little
+question, all of a sudden,
+
+you're doing something you
+would never do by itself.
+
+Obedience.
+
+Now obedience, we think,
+well, we're not
+
+going to be that obedient.
+
+We, to a certain extent, obey
+our parents, the police, our
+
+bosses, and firefighters.
+
+Again, a certain amount of
+obedience logically we think
+
+is necessary for social order
+and civilization so that we're
+
+all organized in some
+non-chaotic way.
+
+And it varies across groups
+and times and so on.
+
+But we know there are horrible
+examples where obedience is
+
+associated with genocide.
+
+The defense of many Nazis in
+Germany was that they were
+
+simply following
+orders, right?
+
+And in genocides all over the
+world, tragically, tragically,
+
+people will say why
+do they do that?
+
+Why would they end up-- and if
+you had posed it that way to
+
+people, why would you end up
+murdering many people,
+
+innocent people, defenseless
+people?
+
+So often, part of it is being
+obedient to some group.
+
+So now comes one of the all time
+amazing experiments that
+
+we can't pull off-- although I'm
+going to tell you it was
+
+pulled off in a certain
+way recently--
+
+from Stanley Milgram.
+
+So it works like this.
+
+This is the actual flyer that
+Milgram at Yale sent out,
+
+"Persons Needed for a Study
+of Memory." And
+
+they'll pay you $4.
+
+At that time that
+was something.
+
+And you would come into
+Professor Stanley Milgram, the
+
+Department of psychology
+at Yale University.
+
+And here was the gimmick.
+
+It was a newspaper
+add like that.
+
+And you would come in.
+
+And there would be two
+people in the room.
+
+One was a confederate and one
+was you, who naively, honestly
+
+just shows up to do
+an experiment.
+
+They tell you they're here to
+help science improve learning
+
+and memory through punishment.
+
+Can we improve learning and
+memory through punishment?
+
+And we're going to say that
+one of you will randomly
+
+become the teacher and one
+will become the learner.
+
+And they make it look
+like a lottery.
+
+They hand out a piece
+of paper.
+
+But it's all a set up.
+
+You will become the teacher.
+
+The other person will
+become the learner.
+
+You will become the teacher.
+
+And you get sets of word
+pairs to memorize.
+
+As a teacher, you give a word
+and the student is supposedly
+
+to give you the right answer.
+
+You have the answer
+in front of you.
+
+And you tell them whether they
+were right or wrong.
+
+If they give you the correct
+answer, you're supposed to say
+
+"good" or "that's right" to
+encourage good learning.
+
+If they give you the incorrect
+response, you're supposed to
+
+press a button that
+delivers a shock.
+
+Here is the device they used.
+
+And with every one of these
+buttons, the voltage goes up.
+
+And you, as the teacher, sample
+a 45 volt shock which I
+
+can tell you is moderately
+uncomfortable.
+
+It's not terrible, but you
+know it's not fun.
+
+OK, so you know that.
+
+In case you had some illusion
+about that, you know 45 volts
+
+is already pretty
+uncomfortable.
+
+So you say that's how
+it feels, OK?
+
+OK.
+
+Now the other person
+goes into the room.
+
+And you're sitting there
+as the teacher.
+
+So here's the set up.
+
+Here you are getting your $4.
+
+Here's the scientist
+in a white jacket
+
+telling you what to do--
+
+the researcher.
+
+Here's the so-called learner,
+but that's really a
+
+confederate.
+
+They're not really getting
+shocked in the other room.
+
+But they're going to
+play act a lot.
+
+And you're sitting there in
+front of this device that goes
+
+from 15 to 450 volts in small
+steps of 15 volts.
+
+30 switches across here.
+
+150 has a label that
+says strong shock.
+
+255, intense.
+
+375, danger, severe shock.
+
+At 435 and 450, there's
+no word left for the
+
+intensity of shock.
+
+They just put XXX.
+
+All right?
+
+Initially, the learner
+does well.
+
+Again, it's a set up.
+
+The learner knows what they're
+supposed to do.
+
+But then, errors
+start to make.
+
+The learner starts--
+
+and with every error, you're
+supposed to go one worse.
+
+The learner complains that the
+shocks are starting to hurt as
+
+they move up to about 100.
+
+Then they scream in the other
+room when you give the shock.
+
+And the participants--
+
+I can tell you, they're just
+like you would think, just
+
+like you would do.
+
+You go like, I really don't
+like this, This
+
+doesn't seem right.
+
+And the person running the
+experiment says, your job is
+
+to do the next thing.
+
+OK?
+
+And the people are suffering.
+
+And like, this can't be right?
+
+And how is this happening
+at Yale?
+
+And so on.
+
+So think what you would do.
+
+The learner complains
+about his or her
+
+condition the other room.
+
+More errors.
+
+Now the teacher is often begging
+the other person,
+
+please listen and
+pay attention.
+
+I don't want to shock
+you any more.
+
+Come on, get it together.
+
+I don't want to do
+it any more.
+
+Then the person starts to scream
+from the other room.
+
+"You have no right to keep
+me here!" Another shock.
+
+"I refuse to answer anymore.
+
+You can't hold me here!" The
+person's shouting this from
+
+the other room.
+
+"My heart is bothering me!" At
+300 volts, the person says
+
+they refuse to answer.
+
+You turn your head to the
+experimenter and you say, the
+
+person's not even answering at
+300 volts, what do I do?
+
+And the scientist in the white
+jacket says, if there's no
+
+response, that's a
+wrong response.
+
+So you give another shock.
+
+And at 350 volts, the person's
+not even responding anymore.
+
+As far as you know, they're
+sort of dead.
+
+I mean, you don't know what
+they're doing, but you think
+
+something horrible
+has happened.
+
+This is fully play acted.
+
+And the people who went through
+this were miserable.
+
+So much so that it's been almost
+impossible to do this
+
+ever since.
+
+People think it's too dangerous
+for the naive
+
+research participant who thinks
+they're nearly shocking
+
+somebody to death.
+
+So how many people go
+all the way up?
+
+And this person's screaming,
+begging, saying their heart is
+
+starting to give out, and
+finally going silent.
+
+How many people go all the way
+up to 450, all the way up?
+
+Long after the person has
+stopped responding and you get
+
+these incredibly bad times?
+
+So they asked experts and they
+said, it'll be about 1 to 3%,
+
+and that's a good
+way to identify
+
+psychopaths in the world.
+
+And you could certainly sit
+there and you could say what
+
+I'm going to say, like I
+would never do that.
+
+And I'm going to convince you
+in a minute, guaranteed in
+
+this room most of you would do
+that all the way, guaranteed,
+
+by any scientific evidence.
+
+And all of us will say I
+would never do that.
+
+The power of the situation.
+
+So how many people went all
+the way? two thirds
+
+went all the way.
+
+Two thirds.
+
+Look at around.
+
+Look to your left and
+to your right.
+
+If there's three of you,
+two of you will
+
+go all the way until--
+
+I know, no, not me,
+not me, not me.
+
+So here's what experts said.
+
+Once you get to some intensity
+level, practically nobody's
+
+going to do it.
+
+Here's the two thirds of people
+who went all the way.
+
+And so two thirds went
+all the way, but
+
+everybody went to 100 volts.
+
+Almost nobody stopped
+early on.
+
+But one third stopped around
+a third through.
+
+Two thirds went all the way.
+
+So people have said, oh,
+that's the 1950s.
+
+People were much more conformist
+and obedient.
+
+That was before Vietnam, before
+rock 'n' roll, before
+
+Watergate, and all this
+stuff that has
+
+made us distrust authority.
+
+And before the internet, we
+know what's going on.
+
+So now, you guys go
+like it's not us.
+
+That's some sad 1950s people
+who are just following
+
+instructions.
+
+We're independent people
+of the 21st century.
+
+So they almost redid this
+experiment in some reduced way
+
+a couple years ago and it
+doesn't make a difference.
+
+So 2009, here are some
+things they did to
+
+get approval of this.
+
+First of all, they carefully--
+
+even more carefully than
+before-- screened the subjects
+
+to make sure they were in good
+mental health so they weren't
+
+breaking down people.
+
+They were told three times they
+could stop and still get
+
+$50 for participating.
+
+They were told multiple times,
+you can stop, you can stop,
+
+you can stop.
+
+After the experiment they were
+instantly told what the whole
+
+thing was about, which wasn't
+that well organized before.
+
+They had a clinical psychologist
+sitting there to
+
+make sure that the person
+seems not to distressed.
+
+And they said, look since
+we know that pretty much
+
+everybody who went to 150
+went all the way,
+
+we'll stop at 150 volts.
+
+We won't torture a person
+all the way through.
+
+But 150 is pretty big.
+
+You're doing it for quite
+a bit of time.
+
+So what happens in 2009?
+
+For Milgram, 79%
+went 150 volts.
+
+In 2009, 70% of undergraduates
+go to that same length.
+
+It looks pretty much the same.
+
+And by the way, in case you
+thought women were more
+
+merciful, or not, they are
+identical to men in these
+
+studies in 2009.
+
+It's stunning.
+
+And so everybody who worries
+about situations in the world
+
+where people do horrible things
+to other people is
+
+incredibly impressed
+by this experiment.
+
+Where so a little pressure, as
+a volunteer experiment, where
+
+you can stop any time and walk
+out, it's not your boss, it"s
+
+not a general, it's not your
+culture, it's not your parents
+
+and schools, just an
+experimenter--
+
+almost everybody goes
+all the way.
+
+And that's true in
+2009 as well.
+
+We're incredibly prone, if we
+have the right situation, to
+
+be obedient beyond what our
+humanitarian spirits suggest
+
+they would be.
+
+So nobody really knows why
+we're so obedient.
+
+Although I'll show you some
+things that people have
+
+discovered.
+
+Does the status of the authority
+figure matter?
+
+Does it matter that the person
+seems like a scientist who
+
+knows what he or she is doing?
+
+Is it belief that the source
+of authority, because they
+
+know what they're doing,
+it must be OK?
+
+How much does it matter that you
+can't quite figure out how
+
+to get out of this situation?
+
+And how much of it is a slippery
+slope like we've
+
+talked about?
+
+Well if I can do five
+volts, I can do 10.
+
+If I can do 10, I can 20.
+
+If I can do 20, I can do 30.
+
+And somehow, five by five,
+you end up at 400.
+
+So these are all ideas.
+
+So people have looked at this.
+
+What if the person gives
+no instructions?
+
+Almost nobody does it.
+
+If the person just says, here's
+the experiment, please
+
+do it, and then doesn't talk
+with you when you say you want
+
+to stop, people stop.
+
+All they have to say
+though is "please
+
+continue" and that's enough.
+
+Men and women aren't
+different.
+
+If you do the experiment
+not in a psychology--
+
+here's the baseline, the 70%
+that go all the way.
+
+In an office building,
+it's less.
+
+Why do you think that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: People's
+interpretation of the
+
+situation is not quite as
+officially scientific.
+
+Still, you get a lot.
+
+If the person in charge doesn't
+seem like they know
+
+what they're doing, particularly
+in a white coat,
+
+doesn't seem like an advanced
+scientist, pushes way back the
+
+authority the person.
+
+If the experimenter is more
+formal but away from you so
+
+you don't see them-- they're
+talking to you over an
+
+intercom or something--
+
+that pushes you back to
+do it less likely.
+
+If the victim is in the
+same room as you are,
+
+that reduces it.
+
+Although still 40%
+go all the way.
+
+If you have to touch the person
+while the person's
+
+being shocked, that
+reduces it.
+
+And if you have a
+confederate--
+
+another person working
+with you on this--
+
+who rebels, that also
+has a huge effect.
+
+This idea again if there's one
+dissenter, that frees you
+
+sometimes to follow your
+own ideas and thoughts.
+
+But these one dissenters
+are set up who
+
+becomes that one dissenter.
+
+OK, the famous Stanford
+prison experiment.
+
+Same idea, roughly speaking.
+
+And unbelievably relevant
+to Abu Ghraib.
+
+It's almost as if from the
+viewpoint of psychologists
+
+they had rerun the Stanford
+experiment except in Iraq with
+
+real prisoners and American
+soldiers.
+
+But in the Stanford prison
+experiment, there was a social
+
+situation where they basically
+told people that they would be
+
+either the prisoners or
+the guards, Stanford
+
+undergraduates.
+
+And they would put them in the
+basement of their psychology
+
+building and they would
+use various closets
+
+as the pretend cells.
+
+You were assigned
+to be randomly
+
+a guard or a prisoner.
+
+To make it a little bit more
+realistic, they surprised you
+
+when they picked you up.
+
+You had signed up.
+
+But they would run to your house
+and a guy would grab you
+
+and say, you're coming now
+and you're the prisoner.
+
+There's a little play acting
+in this as well.
+
+And what they found was
+that the guards--
+
+the Stanford students who were
+randomly assigned to be
+
+guards-- became so sadistic, and
+the Stanford students who
+
+were the prisoners were so
+stressed-- that the study was
+
+stopped in six days.
+
+They were going to do 24 days.
+
+Because people were sobbing,
+people were doing horrible
+
+things to one another.
+
+Here's pictures of the
+Stanford-- this reminds you of
+
+Abu Ghraib, right?
+
+All lined up like that.
+
+Typical Stanford students
+who were dressed
+
+up and given a baton.
+
+And they were just horrible,
+horrible, horrible, horrible.
+
+Playing the role of the prison
+guards, they became abusive
+
+and mean to an astounding
+degree.
+
+And so again, this idea now--
+
+weirdly enough, the only
+authority here is Phil
+
+Zimbardo, the social
+psychologist, who said your
+
+job is to be the guard
+and your job
+
+is to be the prisoner.
+
+So anybody could have stopped
+sort of at anything.
+
+But once they got playing these
+roles, it took them only
+
+a few hours to really occupy the
+life of the sadistic guard
+
+and the life of the victimized
+prisoner.
+
+So think of this thing in Abu
+Ghraib where you had a huge
+
+number of prisoners, a very
+small number of American
+
+soldiers, very few of the
+American soldiers had any
+
+training about how to think
+about being a guard.
+
+It was almost as if you had
+rerun the Stanford prison
+
+experiment.
+
+Add to it fear on both sides of
+harm that's intended by the
+
+other groups.
+
+Add to it the cultural
+divisions between the
+
+Americans and the Iraqis, so
+they really felt like the
+
+other group was another group.
+
+I mean, you know here at
+Stanford in the basement that
+
+these were your other
+students.
+
+Half the room could be the
+guards here, Half the room
+
+could be the prisoners here.
+
+Nobody has been allowed to
+rerun this because the
+
+behavior was so horrible, so
+fast, that there's nobody--
+
+that you're simply just not
+allowed to do an experiment
+
+like that again.
+
+And here again is a picture of
+the guards, the students
+
+randomly chosen to
+be the guards.
+
+And here's one of the
+students randomly
+
+chosen to be the prisoner.
+
+It looks just like Abu Ghraib.
+
+It's as if the Army should
+have heard about that
+
+experiment before that.
+
+And here's more pictures
+of the sort of abuse.
+
+And you could find lots of
+videos online about that.
+
+OK so I'm going to jump
+forward to this.
+
+So again we could think, again,
+the more you know about
+
+this, how free was this person
+to do the right thing.
+
+And how situationally dominated
+were they by
+
+authority and by the situation
+that around them.
+
+If you think about the Milgram
+experiment, who's your
+
+commander in charge of you.
+
+If you think about the Zimbardo
+experiment, you have
+
+the job of being the guard.
+
+And is she really a bad person,
+or did you put her a
+
+hopeless situation
+to do a good job?
+
+So the last thing I want to
+talk-- let's talk about that
+
+for one second.
+
+Any thoughts?
+
+How would you find her?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What kind of
+torture [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: What kind of abuse
+was in the prison?
+
+Well, from what one reads, and
+who knows how accurate exactly
+
+that is, one person did die.
+
+Not much of it was the torture
+of the sort of water boarding
+
+that you hear about.
+
+It was more scaring the heck out
+of them and embarrassing
+
+them horribly.
+
+Taking a bunch of people, having
+them all be naked, and
+
+piling them up, putting them on
+a leash, I'm sure it wasn't
+
+physically nice.
+
+It wasn't brutal in
+the most sense.
+
+It was more taunting
+and humiliating.
+
+But there was some pain
+involved as well.
+
+It wasn't murderous.
+
+You could say that limit.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Has anyone been
+able to do a follow up?
+
+I mean, I know given the
+circumstances [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It's almost
+impossible.
+
+The same thing with
+the Milgram.
+
+We did a little bit in 2009 with
+these limitations, right.
+
+But the amazing thing is
+it looks just like--
+
+as far as they took it-- just
+like the 1950s Milgram.
+
+The Stanford experiment, people
+now think ethically you
+
+can't do that.
+
+Because not only is the
+behavior of the guards
+
+abysmal, but the people who were
+the prisoners were really
+
+depressed afterwards, were
+really anxious afterwards.
+
+It wasn't like stepping in
+and out of an experiment.
+
+As were, by the way, the Milgram
+subjects who went all
+
+the way up.
+
+They reported being haunted
+by this experience for
+
+many years to come.
+
+So these kinds of things people
+would not do now,
+
+because it's just considered
+too risky for the
+
+participants.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the Stanford
+people, the students that were
+
+participating in it, did they
+go on to live normal lives
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, what's the
+long-term damage?
+
+That's a very good question.
+
+I don't know they're being
+followed up or-- that's a very
+
+good question.
+
+I know for months, the people,
+especially with the prisoners,
+
+said they felt very,
+very, very bad.
+
+But I don't know if
+decades later they
+
+followed them up or not.
+
+And that would be an interesting
+question.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do they consider
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+for instance, if someone were
+knowledgeable in psychology
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+they had been trained
+for in psychology?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+It's not so much psychology,
+I'd say.
+
+I'm going to give you my
+impression, because I don't
+
+have a good answer.
+
+It's if you get the right kind
+of training so you're prepared
+
+for situation, you have
+much better chance.
+
+So remember earlier we talked
+about-- now it seems very
+
+academic compared to
+these experiments--
+
+we talked about cognitive
+busyness.
+
+That if your mind is not free to
+evaluate the situation, you
+
+interpret it in terms
+of disposition.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+In a scary, complicated
+situation, we go by our guts.
+
+And our guts are, the other
+person is different.
+
+I'm in charge of them
+as the guard, right?
+
+If we're trained so that we
+have a second habit we can
+
+fall back on, then we have a
+better chance of doing the
+
+right thing when the
+situation arises.
+
+This is a general point.
+
+But yes, just sending in people
+kind of unprepared--
+
+it's not that they have to know
+psychology, it's that
+
+they have to be told again and
+again and again, when you're
+
+the guard, keep in mind that
+it's so easy to be abusive.
+
+It's so easy to be humiliating,
+that you have to
+
+guard against that
+in yourself.
+
+Does that seem OK?
+
+Yes.
+
+So it's training we think is--
+
+it's not the intellectual
+knowledge.
+
+It's practicing so that when
+the moment arises, you're
+
+ready, is I think what people
+believe is right thing.
+
+OK.
+
+So last thing I want to talk
+about, a couple of things, is
+
+bystanders and helping.
+
+And these are just amazing
+experiments.
+
+And in many ways, they're all
+about embarrassment, and how
+
+embarrassment makes us
+incredibly less helpful and
+
+kind to others than
+we can imagine.
+
+So the most famous case that
+began a lot of this research
+
+was they murder in New York
+City of Kitty Genovese.
+
+And I'm going to read
+to you just a
+
+minute about her murder.
+
+It got a fantastic amount
+of newspaper coverage.
+
+And this was the walk home
+she had to her apartment.
+
+So at approximately 3:20 in the
+morning of March 13, 1964,
+
+28-year old Catherine Genovese
+was returning to her home a
+
+nice middle-class area
+of Queens from her
+
+job as a bar manager.
+
+She parked her red Fiat at a
+nearby parking lot, turned off
+
+the lights and started the
+walk to her second floor
+
+apartment some 35 yards away.
+
+She got as far as a street light
+when a man grabbed her.
+
+She screamed.
+
+The lights went on in a 10
+floor apartment building
+
+nearby, so a lot of people.
+
+She yelled, "Oh, my God.
+
+He stabbed me.
+
+Please help me." Windows
+opened in
+
+the apartment building.
+
+A man's voice shouted, "Let that
+girl alone." The attacker
+
+looked up, shrugged, and walked
+off down the street.
+
+Ms. Genovese struggled
+to her feet.
+
+Lights went back off
+in the apartment.
+
+The attacker comes immediately
+back and stabs her again.
+
+She again cries out,
+"I'm dying.
+
+I'm dying." Again, the lights
+come on, and the windows open
+
+in many of the nearby
+apartments.
+
+The assailant again left
+and got into his
+
+car and drove away.
+
+She staggers to her feet as
+a city bus drives by.
+
+It's 3:30 in the morning now.
+
+The attacker returns again.
+
+He finds her in the doorway at
+foot of the stairs and he
+
+stabs her a third time, this
+time with a fatal consequence.
+
+It's 3:50, OK?
+
+Half an hour when the police
+received the first call.
+
+They responded quickly, and
+within two minutes they were
+
+at the scene.
+
+She was already dead.
+
+The only person--
+
+well, the one person to call
+was a neighbor who revealed
+
+that he had phoned only after
+much thought and an earlier
+
+phone call to a friend.
+
+So he doesn't call the police.
+
+He calls a friend and says, hmm,
+I wonder what I should do
+
+here, right?
+
+And he said, I didn't want
+to get involved.
+
+Later, it was learned that there
+were 37 other witnesses
+
+to the stalking and stabbing
+over the half hour period.
+
+Why did no one offer any help
+or call the police?
+
+The story and question
+were front page
+
+news across the country.
+
+Urban and moral decay, apathy,
+indifference where some of the
+
+many offered explanations.
+
+This was one of these cases that
+people said, this shows
+
+you how bad off we are,
+especially in cities, where
+
+people just don't care
+about other people.
+
+OK.
+
+They won't make a phone call
+to the police, except one
+
+person hemming and hawing his
+way for half an hour.
+
+So the lack of the bystanders
+helping this woman, is it
+
+because people are selfish?
+
+Nowadays, you can bet you'd
+have a video of that on
+
+YouTube, right?
+
+The question was what about
+the rest of it?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+my life, fear of getting hurt,
+what would you have done?
+
+Now, let me tell you--
+
+you'll see the punch line in a
+moment-- is the more people
+
+around who could help, the
+more certain you are that
+
+nobody's going to help.
+
+The last thing you want to get
+help is a bunch of people.
+
+OK?
+
+The best chance you have
+is one person,
+
+counter-intuitively
+and against the
+
+math of multiple people.
+
+So here we go.
+
+So the most famous studies--
+and show you about three of
+
+them, because they're
+just amazing--
+
+about how we won't
+help people.
+
+Because if we're not sure what
+the right thing to do is, and
+
+there's other people there, it's
+too embarrassing to do
+
+the most obvious humanitarian
+gesture.
+
+They did a series of
+experiments, most of them
+
+around Princeton,
+looking at ideas
+
+about pluralistic ignorance.
+
+They say, each witness is
+uncertain whether there's a
+
+real emergency, they
+look around, if
+
+the others not reacting--
+
+this probably part of the
+story-- decide it must not be
+
+real emergency.
+
+Social evaluation of others,
+what are they doing?
+
+Diffusion of responsibility,
+each person felt that somebody
+
+else is going to get help.
+
+So these are parts of the
+story, but here's the
+
+experiments.
+
+You arrive for an experiment to
+discuss personal problems.
+
+You signed up.
+
+You're a Princeton
+undergraduate.
+
+You show up.
+
+There's one to four
+people put in
+
+different rooms over intercoms.
+
+So it's one person sometimes
+alone or two at
+
+two different intercoms.
+
+One person, the confederate,
+over the intercom,
+
+dramatically enacts a person
+having a seizure.
+
+All right.
+
+So imagine you're a student.
+
+And one of these people, who
+you believe is randomly
+
+another student, starts
+to say, I think I
+
+need somebody here--
+
+dramatically.
+
+I can do well enough--
+
+because I've got one of the
+seizures coming on.
+
+I could really use some help,
+if somebody could help me,
+
+somebody could help.
+
+Choking sounds.
+
+I'm going to die.
+
+I'm going to die.
+
+Choking sound.
+
+The intercom goes quiet.
+
+What do you do?
+
+Well, if there's two of you,
+about 80% of the time, you're
+
+going to do something.
+
+If there are six if you, only
+30% of the time will anybody
+
+do anything.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think sometimes
+it's also people
+
+can be really selfish.
+
+I heard recently in a Johns
+Hopkins examination that was
+
+just a few months ago, somebody
+started having a
+
+seizure in the middle of the
+exam, and not a single person
+
+stopped their test to help
+them, not even the TA.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're saying
+people can be really selfish,
+
+because at Johns Hopkins--
+
+AUDIENCE: It was their exam.
+
+They didn't want to stop.
+
+PROFESSOR: They had an exam.
+
+And somebody started
+having a seizure.
+
+And neither the students nor
+the teaching assistant did
+
+anything to help the person.
+
+AUDIENCE: For a long time.
+
+PROFESSOR: For a long time.
+
+OK.
+
+So you're going to
+call it selfish.
+
+And I'm going to agree, in
+some sense, that's true.
+
+But I'm going to tell you,
+it's amazingly--
+
+I didn't hear about
+the story-- it's
+
+exactly this thing.
+
+Everything-- and I'll
+show you, I
+
+think, three more examples--
+
+every experiment shows that if
+it's just you and one person,
+
+you are incredibly more likely
+to help that person than if
+
+it's you among five people
+or 10 people.
+
+The more people, the more
+certain you are to do nothing.
+
+And I'm going to tell you
+in a moment-- this
+
+is an amazing example--
+
+why the exam matters, too.
+
+OK?
+
+Because these experiments will
+show you that this is deeply
+
+human, unfortunately.
+
+OK.
+
+Deeply human.
+
+And I think it's not that
+we're more selfish.
+
+It's that that were terrible
+at knowing--
+
+this is a question about this--
+we're terrible about
+
+knowing what to do under
+unusual circumstances.
+
+And we're overcome by
+wanting to fit in.
+
+You look at that person, they're
+not doing anything.
+
+They look at you, you're
+not doing anything.
+
+You look at that person.
+
+And you guys are-- you're having
+a face-off of not doing
+
+anything while the
+person's sort of
+
+sinking into their seizure.
+
+And you could think it's all
+about selfishness not helping.
+
+But we think it's something
+weirdly about humans that in
+
+groups, they don't know how
+to act if it's unusual.
+
+They just don't know
+how to do it.
+
+By themselves, incredibly
+more likely to help.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+I'll show you a couple more.
+
+Was there a hand?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this
+showing the--
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+a percentage of
+
+participants who helped.
+
+So are you asking the math?
+
+Are you still better off--
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this the percentage
+of the time the
+
+person received help or--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+This is a percentage of help.
+
+You're right that you're still
+better off with six, but I'll
+
+show you that very often, it
+doesn't play out that way.
+
+But you're right.
+
+There's a trade-off between the
+sheer number of people and
+
+the likelihood per person.
+
+You're absolutely right.
+
+That varies a little bit.
+
+Here's another one called
+lady in distress.
+
+A subject walks alone or with a
+passive confederate, so the
+
+confederate is set
+up to do nothing.
+
+Or with a friend, a real friend,
+you come as a pair.
+
+And used you go into a room
+that's separated by a curtain.
+
+The experimenter goes
+to the other room.
+
+In this case, they made it
+a woman at the time.
+
+Turns on a tape recording
+of a huge fall,
+
+much bigger than that.
+
+Boom.
+
+She's around a curtain.
+
+And she start moaning, a
+pre-recorded, painful moan.
+
+You are sitting on the other
+side of the curtain.
+
+Who gets up to go see what
+happened to the experimenter
+
+who sounds like they had
+a huge fall and are
+
+moaning with pain.
+
+This is very much like
+the example you
+
+said almost, right?
+
+What do the people do?
+
+So here's what happens.
+
+If you're by yourself, a 70%
+chance you'll go there.
+
+You could wonder what's
+happening to the other 30%,
+
+but OK, that's still--
+
+OK.
+
+If the other person sits there
+who's set up to not do
+
+anything, practically nobody
+ever go and helps.
+
+Because you're sitting
+there, and the other
+
+person's not doing it.
+
+And you're going, well,
+I don't know.
+
+It's kind of weird situation.
+
+Am I invading a person's
+privacy?
+
+Maybe that wasn't what
+I thought I was.
+
+Because the other person doesn't
+seem to be doing
+
+anything, because
+they're set up.
+
+If there's two people who
+are naive, you're
+
+somewhere in between.
+
+If you come with a friend,
+somewhere in between.
+
+But here's the weird thing.
+
+The more people, the more you
+kind of try to figure out,
+
+what's the right thing to do?
+
+And you're not doing
+anything, so I'm
+
+not going to do anything.
+
+The other person's saying you--
+does that make sense?
+
+Every one of these, the more
+people there are, the more
+
+people don't know what to
+do, and they do nothing.
+
+Because they don't want to
+do something weird and
+
+embarrassing like make trouble
+or not do what
+
+you're supposed to do.
+
+Here's another one.
+
+Where there's smoke,
+there's fire.
+
+Subjects filling out survey.
+
+Smoke enters through a vent.
+
+You're doing this survey alone,
+in a group of three or
+
+with two confederate's who
+notice but ignore the smoke,
+
+or a friend you bring
+with you.
+
+So who leaves the room within
+six minutes to go get help
+
+when smoke is billowing
+into your room?
+
+As you sit there again-- this
+is like the Milgram
+
+experiment-- you go, well,
+of course I would do it.
+
+But amazingly, people are
+sitting there trying to figure
+
+out, should I finish this first,
+is this really a fire,
+
+what's going on here?
+
+Alone, 75% of the people get up
+within six minutes and go
+
+tell somebody, there's smoke
+billowing into here.
+
+With two passive confederate--
+so people set up to do
+
+nothing-- only 10% of the time
+does the individual get up and
+
+go tell anybody.
+
+You look around the other two
+people aren't doing anything,
+
+you figure well, that must
+be the right thing to do.
+
+Two naive subjects--
+
+now that we're doing
+the math this way--
+
+12% by individuals, so
+a third of the groups
+
+approximately do something.
+
+That's still pretty low.
+
+But if you go interestingly in
+with a friend, that number
+
+goes up-- a person you really
+know and trust.
+
+Because the interpretation is,
+if it's somebody, you know,
+
+you're not going to
+be embarrassed.
+
+You can say to that person,
+well, this is a little wacky,
+
+but shouldn't we go tell
+somebody there's smoke here or
+
+somebody collapsed next door?
+
+And then the friend goes, yes,
+it's probably a good idea.
+
+I don't know, but maybe we
+should do that, right?
+
+But if you don't know the
+person, you're not to have
+
+that conversation.
+
+So a friend is very powerful
+to release you from this.
+
+But if you don't know
+the other people--
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does it make
+a difference if
+
+it's a family member?
+
+Like if you [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know that
+they've done this.
+
+So these are usually done with
+undergraduates, so you just
+
+bring your roommate
+or your pal.
+
+I don't if it matters
+at other levels.
+
+So that's a very
+good question.
+
+And maybe people
+looked at that.
+
+I just don't know.
+
+This is the last experiment.
+
+And this is kind of the
+topper of all of this.
+
+So this gets back to being
+in an exam situation.
+
+I'm glad you brought
+up the --.
+
+Because this is almost
+an ironic experiment
+
+in a deepest sense.
+
+It's again Darley
+at Princeton.
+
+A Good Samaritan.
+
+So what's the story of the Good
+Samaritan from the Bible
+
+for those--
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pretty much
+this guy who's dying
+
+of thirst on a highway.
+
+PROFESSOR: Somebody really
+injured on the side of the
+
+road, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+It was somebody who needs
+help in life.
+
+And a bunch of people go by
+one person at a time.
+
+First person goes by,
+doesn't do anything.
+
+Second person doesn't
+do anything.
+
+Third person called the
+Good Samaritan --
+
+PROFESSOR: He's from Samaria.
+
+AUDIENCE: All right.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+No.
+
+I'm just telling
+you that's it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry--.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's good.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+The third guy looks down
+at the injured man, and
+
+he helps him out.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Now, I'm going to tell you
+one more thing, which is
+
+Samaritans we're not the most
+affluent members of
+
+society at the time.
+
+This matters for the story in
+a way you're about to hear.
+
+So a Good Samaritan.
+
+So they took students--
+now, think about this.
+
+Because they want to show you
+how absurdly weird it is when
+
+it is we're willing to step
+forward and help a person.
+
+And I don't think it's
+about goodness.
+
+It's about the weirdness
+of our minds and not
+
+embarrassing ourselves.
+
+And how preoccupied we are
+with our other business.
+
+So social psychologists are
+going to tell you the reason
+
+the Good Samaritan stopped
+was not because he
+
+was such a good guy.
+
+It's because he didn't
+have so much to do.
+
+And here's the experiment.
+
+They're going to tell you why.
+
+These are seminary students
+studying to become ministers.
+
+So this is the group.
+
+They picked this group because
+they want to show you-- social
+
+psychologists get irritated by
+personality psychologists.
+
+They say, can you pick a nicer
+group than people studying to
+
+be ministers?
+
+That's the disposition.
+
+They're filling out
+surveys about
+
+religious values in a room.
+
+They're told that they're going
+to have to present a
+
+talk about either seminary
+jobs or--
+
+so this is careerism--
+
+or a sermon on the
+Good Samaritan.
+
+So you're sitting there going,
+help people, help
+
+people, help people.
+
+All right. that's
+their speech.
+
+They're prepared.
+
+Then they're released to go
+give this talk in front of
+
+other faculty members and their
+students, so they want
+
+to do a good job.
+
+Either they're sent to the
+building across the campus
+
+ahead of time, plenty of time.
+
+On time, they have--
+or they're late.
+
+They go, oh, my gosh,
+you didn't go over?
+
+We told you you should be--
+
+you're going to be--
+if you don't run,
+
+you're going to be late.
+
+You don't want to be late to
+give your practice sermon or
+
+speech to the faculty committee
+
+waiting for you, right.
+
+And then here's one more
+thing to keep in mind.
+
+Some of you probably have
+visited Princeton, New
+
+Jersey-- just to give
+you a sense of this.
+
+This is even back in the
+1960s, but even now--
+
+so who's been to Princeton
+University?
+
+You have?
+
+OK.
+
+Scary urban environment full
+of threatening noises, the
+
+campus itself?
+
+Pastoral place full of eating
+clubs and references F. Scott
+
+Fitzgerald.
+
+I'm just adding in that
+Princeton is a pretty
+
+nonthreatening place,
+the campus itself.
+
+I'm just adding this in,
+because you've got
+
+to keep this in.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's the confederate.
+
+It's a man slumped in a doorway
+moaning in obvious
+
+pain, hunched over on the ground
+going, uh, uh, uh.
+
+Now, on the path to giving the
+speech, who stops to help?
+
+Anything they could measure
+about the personalities in
+
+individuals made no difference
+whether you stopped to help.
+
+Whether you were saying stop to
+help, stop to help, stop to
+
+help, because you were going to
+give a talk about the Good
+
+Samaritan or going to talk about
+career paths doesn't
+
+make any difference at all.
+
+So amazingly, the people's
+zooming by this injured person
+
+are saying, stop and help the
+person, stop and-- the guy's
+
+moaning in the doorway
+next to them--
+
+as they're walking, sorry.
+
+What counts as to who stops?
+
+They're by themselves.
+
+So it's not a group thing now.
+
+They're by themselves, right?
+
+It's if they're ahead of time.
+
+If they have time, because they
+know they can stop and
+
+help somebody and still make
+their talk on time, 63% stop,
+
+45% if it's going to be close
+call, 10% if they're rushing,
+
+because they're going
+to be late.
+
+The description you set up, a
+big group of people taking an
+
+exam, they're like this.
+
+They're pressured, their
+pressured, they're pressured.
+
+And there's a lot of us.
+
+Somebody's going to take care
+this if they need to.
+
+And I've got things to do,
+like take an exam.
+
+Or run over and explain how
+incredibly important it is
+
+morally to help those who are
+injured and around you, right?
+
+So it can have a more sort of
+literary experiment showing
+
+you how weird it is when we
+stop and help people.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: This happened
+on campus.
+
+I was walking back to
+one of the dorms.
+
+And I walked by and I saw feet
+sticking out of a bush, like
+
+someone had collapsed
+into a bush.
+
+I didn't quite believe it at
+first, so I stopped the next
+
+person and asked, are
+there feet there?
+
+Is that actually what
+I'm seeing?
+
+So eventually, we called the
+police, but the response from
+
+most of the people going
+by, one was, I'm
+
+sorry, I can't stop.
+
+I'm late for MITSO.
+
+I have to go pset.
+
+So a lot of people just went
+by and didn't stop.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you're giving a story in real
+life, on the campus here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, exactly.
+
+PROFESSOR: Where two feet were
+sticking out from a bush.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: All right.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no, no, no.
+
+This is not a set up.
+
+You're not a confederate.
+
+So first, you wanted to
+ask somebody else.
+
+And but this really
+interesting.
+
+I mean--
+
+AUDIENCE: To make sure
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, yes.
+
+Because that's the first
+thing, right?
+
+Like, yes, what do you think?
+
+Good idea to have a body here?
+
+Bad idea to have a body here?
+
+And another person walks by and
+say what-- we'd like your
+
+opinion before we do anything.
+
+And the person says,
+I can't stop.
+
+I have things to do, right?
+
+I have homework.
+
+Yes.
+
+It's astounding.
+
+So I'll just stop with saying,
+it makes you think-- you used
+
+the word selfish.
+
+And that-- no, no.
+
+I don't mean to pick on you.
+
+But it's just weird how
+humans are like this.
+
+You see this all the time.
+
+For me personally, all of
+these things have really
+
+changed how I interpret
+situations, and how much I
+
+think a person's a
+crummy person.
+
+Because up until the fundamental
+attribution error,
+
+although I always gave myself
+every break for doing
+
+everything wrong, I always
+interpreted other people's
+
+failings as deep character
+flaws, right?
+
+And it has made me personally
+stop and think.
+
+If somebody's not doing
+something I wish they did or
+
+that I think would be better,
+maybe from their perspective,
+
+they're in a situation that's
+compelling them to perform
+
+less well than I think they
+should or something like that.
+
+So these are unbelievably
+fascinating things and very
+
+convincing.
+
+And it's very sad when they set
+up prisons not remembering
+
+these lessons that
+are so clear cut.
+
+And I think the huge thing to
+know about this, as far as we
+
+possibly understand, this is
+true of everybody, all of us.
+
+None of us think we
+would do this.
+
+All of us are prone
+to do this.
+
+Through many, many, many
+experiments, without any
+
+evidence to the contrary, from
+a scientific viewpoint, it's
+
+about as convincing a story
+as you can possibly have.
+
+Thanks very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lnGNDB5EJPg.txt b/lnGNDB5EJPg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63dabc7e3347248d0fbf13e51f345ba424cd8e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lnGNDB5EJPg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13264 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay well let me uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay well let me uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay well let me uh start
+talking and uh I run all of my slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and uh I run all of my slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and uh I run all of my slide uh
+amends since last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amends since last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amends since last week
+uh I was making this new topic and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was making this new topic and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was making this new topic and you
+will see uh I thought I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see uh I thought I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see uh I thought I'm pretty
+familiar with this but uh I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this but uh I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this but uh I still
+struggle a lot and uh there is one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle a lot and uh there is one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle a lot and uh there is one place
+I will I will sure where I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will I will sure where I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will I will sure where I'm still
+confused maybe you can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused maybe you can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused maybe you can help
+me and that's always related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and that's always related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and that's always related to this
+electron leg CH that always me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron leg CH that always me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron leg CH that always me so I
+strugg L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strugg L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strugg L
+uh okay so uh today uh we in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so uh today uh we in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so uh today uh we in the first
+few lectures we discuss the seral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures we discuss the seral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures we discuss the seral
+electric uh effect and uh now we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh effect and uh now we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh effect and uh now we'll move
+on to talk about the theric engines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to talk about the theric engines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to talk about the theric engines and
+also I hope we have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I hope we have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I hope we have time to
+discuss uh uh related topics and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh uh related topics and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh uh related topics and from
+the discussion on C engines and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion on C engines and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion on C engines and also
+Hing to actually jump in to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing to actually jump in to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing to actually jump in to introduce
+you the really how P Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the really how P Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the really how P Junction
+works and uh uh in terms of shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and uh uh in terms of shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and uh uh in terms of shock
+barrier and shocky diode uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and shocky diode uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and shocky diode uh that's a
+really just a metal and semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a metal and semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a metal and semiconductor
+interface uh again uh I think uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh again uh I think uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface uh again uh I think uh from
+the vacuum thermionics uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum thermionics uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum thermionics uh we can
+probably appreciate uh the evolution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably appreciate uh the evolution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably appreciate uh the evolution I
+hope you'll see the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll see the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll see the evolution
+and at then end the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at then end the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at then end the mathematical
+formulation uh formula the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation uh formula the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation uh formula the expression
+for current voltage are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar okay uh but let me uh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar okay uh but let me uh I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar okay uh but let me uh I need
+something that we show before uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we show before uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we show before uh so this
+is the first uh defer Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first uh defer Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first uh defer Dr
+statistics uh we uh this what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh we uh this what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh we uh this what what we
+did uh probably the first lecture the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh probably the first lecture the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh probably the first lecture the uh
+occup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occup
+of electrons in a Quantum State and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in a Quantum State and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in a Quantum State and here
+you can see is very this is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is very this is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is very this is the electron
+volts 0 5.1 so the per distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts 0 5.1 so the per distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts 0 5.1 so the per distribution is
+very larly uh focused near the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very larly uh focused near the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very larly uh focused near the chemical
+potential and if you're away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if you're away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if you're away from the
+chemical potential uh the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential uh the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential uh the function
+either the state is a fully field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the state is a fully field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the state is a fully field or
+almost empty and then uh let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost empty and then uh let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost empty and then uh let me just
+make a remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a remark
+uh typically when we talk about seric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh typically when we talk about seric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh typically when we talk about seric
+emission uh eus M will be F EV so will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission uh eus M will be F EV so will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission uh eus M will be F EV so will
+be really at the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really at the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really at the tail
+end of the F Dr distribution and when e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the F Dr distribution and when e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the F Dr distribution and when e
+mass m is f e KB is 26 M electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass m is f e KB is 26 M electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass m is f e KB is 26 M electron volts
+at room temperature you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature you can see the
+factor of one will drop out because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of one will drop out because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of one will drop out because it's
+insignificant so use uh this uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant so use uh this uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant so use uh this uh when we
+derive the recharging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the recharging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the recharging
+formula and uh uh the other point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and uh uh the other point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and uh uh the other point that I
+will use uh in the discussion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use uh in the discussion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use uh in the discussion is the
+electron Lum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Lum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Lum
+density so uh this again we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so uh this again we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so uh this again we did before
+we did the counting of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the counting of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the counting of number of
+electrons uh uh count all the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh uh count all the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh uh count all the quantum
+States each Quantum State have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States each Quantum State have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States each Quantum State have two
+electron spin up spin down and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spin up spin down and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spin up spin down and this is
+the average Lum of electrons two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average Lum of electrons two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average Lum of electrons two states
+spin up spin down and from there if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up spin down and from there if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up spin down and from there if we
+do the uh exponential drop that one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the uh exponential drop that one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the uh exponential drop that one we
+get the electron L density is proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the electron L density is proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the electron L density is proportion
+here is I want to point out T2 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I want to point out T2 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I want to point out T2 three
+halfs right so we group all this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfs right so we group all this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfs right so we group all this factor
+into NC and then is the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into NC and then is the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into NC and then is the difference of
+the conduction band to the chemal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band to the chemal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band to the chemal
+potenti IAL exponential so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potenti IAL exponential so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potenti IAL exponential so that's what
+we had before in terms of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before in terms of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before in terms of electron
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+point uh is to make it is to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh is to make it is to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh is to make it is to again
+review that we say What's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that we say What's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that we say What's the difference
+between metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between metals
+semiconductors in metal we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors in metal we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors in metal we have the
+chemical potential full into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential full into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential full into the
+bank and semiconductor has Bank Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and semiconductor has Bank Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and semiconductor has Bank Gap
+we dop it either n type or we dop the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dop it either n type or we dop the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dop it either n type or we dop the P
+type depends on see what kind of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type depends on see what kind of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type depends on see what kind of atoms
+for example we put SEC either Bon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we put SEC either Bon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we put SEC either Bon which
+is p type or foser which is n type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p type or foser which is n type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p type or foser which is n type and
+that way we're shipping uh we Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way we're shipping uh we Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way we're shipping uh we Shifting
+the uh fir level or the CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential okay so those were uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so those were uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so those were uh uh the
+what we cover the prly and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we cover the prly and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we cover the prly and now let's
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I have a
+material metal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material metal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material metal for
+example I pull the I want to pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I pull the I want to pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I pull the I want to pull out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+electron right and if I pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right and if I pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right and if I pull out the
+electron the iron background in metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the iron background in metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the iron background in metal
+attract the electron so I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the electron so I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the electron so I have to do
+some work to pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to pull it
+out right so the minimum that worth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so the minimum that worth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so the minimum that worth that
+I P electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I P electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I P electron
+from inside immediately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inside immediately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inside immediately to
+outside vacuum is the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside vacuum is the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside vacuum is the work
+function so from the fir level this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so from the fir level this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so from the fir level this is a
+metal from fir level i p electron I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal from fir level i p electron I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal from fir level i p electron I put
+out to vacuum level but this vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to vacuum level but this vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to vacuum level but this vacuum is
+immediately outside the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately outside the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately outside the metal
+okay then why I emphasize that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then why I emphasize that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then why I emphasize that if you
+think about the I have vacuum I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the I have vacuum I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the I have vacuum I have
+positive charge negative charge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge negative charge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge negative charge right
+even both positive negative charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even both positive negative charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even both positive negative charge in
+vacuum then the electrical potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum then the electrical potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum then the electrical potential at
+these two points even vacuum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points even vacuum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points even vacuum are
+different right because there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right because there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right because there is a
+potential from the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential from the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential from the possibility
+Li so I say this is immediately outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li so I say this is immediately outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li so I say this is immediately outside
+the surface that's how we Define the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface that's how we Define the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface that's how we Define the war
+function yes semiconductor we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yes semiconductor we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yes semiconductor we have to
+use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+terminology and that's how Einstein got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and that's how Einstein got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and that's how Einstein got
+the lower price right so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower price right so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower price right so he
+explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the
+photoconductivity effect where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoconductivity effect where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoconductivity effect where the the
+effect was you shine light on metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was you shine light on metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was you shine light on metal and
+then you get electricity you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get electricity you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get electricity you get the
+electron out so you can measure current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out so you can measure current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out so you can measure current
+but what was puzzling at the time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what was puzzling at the time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what was puzzling at the time was
+that the L the current not just depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the L the current not just depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the L the current not just depend
+on in tensity but depend on the wence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in tensity but depend on the wence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in tensity but depend on the wence of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+light and uh uh see uh so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and uh uh see uh so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and uh uh see uh so there was no
+explanation and I uh they explained you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and I uh they explained you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and I uh they explained you
+have to have the fullon energy larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the fullon energy larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the fullon energy larger
+than the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the work
+function to leave the electron out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to leave the electron out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to leave the electron out of
+the metal surface so the photo energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal surface so the photo energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal surface so the photo energy of
+course is inversely proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is inversely proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is inversely proportional to
+wavelength so long full times not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so long full times not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so long full times not
+effective there so not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective there so not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective there so not you know
+Einstein's lowber price is not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's lowber price is not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's lowber price is not because
+of Relativity which was too radical this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Relativity which was too radical this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Relativity which was too radical this
+were more less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controversial and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial and then in
+semiconductor the fev there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor the fev there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor the fev there's no
+electron there when we dope it such the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there when we dope it such the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there when we dope it such the
+formula will fall inside the back Gap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula will fall inside the back Gap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula will fall inside the back Gap so
+there are no electron between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no electron between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no electron between the
+conduction and manance band the form one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and manance band the form one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and manance band the form one
+is in between so the way the the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in between so the way the the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in between so the way the the the uh
+you could lift the electron but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could lift the electron but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could lift the electron but when you
+lift the electron usually you lift from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift the electron usually you lift from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift the electron usually you lift from
+the bottom conduction B which is EC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom conduction B which is EC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom conduction B which is EC to
+the vacuum level and we give a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum level and we give a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum level and we give a different
+name and in that case we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and in that case we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and in that case we call it
+Affinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so
+semiconductor because the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor because the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor because the chemical
+potential level can be changed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential level can be changed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential level can be changed by
+doping but how much how much energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping but how much how much energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping but how much how much energy you
+need to lift a electron from the bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lift a electron from the bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lift a electron from the bot
+bottom conduction B to vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom conduction B to vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom conduction B to vacuum level
+that's fixed so this is a a l you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fixed so this is a a l you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fixed so this is a a l you can
+look into tables the Affinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductors and typically counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and typically counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and typically counted
+from conduction B Edge so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from conduction B Edge so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from conduction B Edge so those are the
+uh uh Basics and now uh of course uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Basics and now uh of course uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Basics and now uh of course uh if
+I think about the firming drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about the firming drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about the firming drug
+statistics there are some electrons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics there are some electrons with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics there are some electrons with
+energy higher than W right you though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy higher than W right you though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy higher than W right you though
+that f is very small but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is very small but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is very small but it's not
+zero so what I want to count now is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what I want to count now is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what I want to count now is how
+much energy how many electrons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy how many electrons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy how many electrons is
+Flowing out of the surface and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing out of the surface and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing out of the surface and of course
+you put a piece of metal there it flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a piece of metal there it flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a piece of metal there it flow
+out there are also ones that come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are also ones that come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are also ones that come back
+in randomly and then end there maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in randomly and then end there maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in randomly and then end there maybe
+some electron Hing around the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electron Hing around the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electron Hing around the surface
+I'm just looking into the flux coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking into the flux coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking into the flux coming
+out okay so the flux comes out uh e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so the flux comes out uh e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so the flux comes out uh e is
+the uh electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh electron
+energy okay and uh uh uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and uh uh uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and uh uh uh see
+outside and uh I probably should not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and uh I probably should not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and uh I probably should not uh
+so this is the word okay M this is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the word okay M this is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the word okay M this is a one
+of the if you look at how we derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the if you look at how we derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the if you look at how we derive the
+uh chical uh potential you'll say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chical uh potential you'll say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chical uh potential you'll say the
+derivation process is really mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation process is really mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation process is really mu is
+relative to the bottom of conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the bottom of conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the bottom of conduction
+B and when I talk about work function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and when I talk about work function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and when I talk about work function is
+relative to the vum level so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the vum level so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the vum level so there's
+some difference in the reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference in the reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference in the reference point
+so that that's one place that can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's one place that can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's one place that can cause
+confusion so I'm looking at really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion so I'm looking at really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion so I'm looking at really the
+uh uh for this electron with the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for this electron with the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for this electron with the energy
+above the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the vacuum
+level and uh this energy you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh this energy you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh this energy you can think
+this kinetic energy inside in the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic energy inside in the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic energy inside in the vacuum
+here that's the uh when I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the uh when I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the uh when I write this
+more HK is the momentum p² / 2 m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more HK is the momentum p² / 2 m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more HK is the momentum p² / 2 m is the
+kinetic energy right so those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's the kinetic energy and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the kinetic energy and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the kinetic energy and uh I
+want to calculate the flux of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate the flux of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate the flux of the
+particle I'm not putting charge there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I'm not putting charge there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I'm not putting charge there
+yet I don't like that negative e okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I don't like that negative e okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I don't like that negative e okay so
+just say paror flux coming out so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say paror flux coming out so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say paror flux coming out so here
+because it's coming out with KX the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's coming out with KX the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's coming out with KX the V
+Vector which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is the
+momentum is positive X Direction I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is positive X Direction I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is positive X Direction I don't
+do both from negative infinite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both from negative infinite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both from negative infinite to
+positive infinite so now I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinite so now I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinite so now I do this
+summation because I'm looking at flux so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation because I'm looking at flux so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation because I'm looking at flux so
+VX is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX is the
+velocity in the X Direction coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the X Direction coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the X Direction coming out
+and F is pro Quantum state so I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is pro Quantum state so I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is pro Quantum state so I'm still
+doing my counting right the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my counting right the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my counting right the number of
+electrons each electron has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons each electron has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons each electron has a
+velocity and that gives me the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and that gives me the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and that gives me the flux
+thing so if you start from here you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if you start from here you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if you start from here you do
+your Lal way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lal way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lal way of
+converting uh uh this uh way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting uh uh this uh way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting uh uh this uh way which
+because this flux which should already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this flux which should already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this flux which should already
+be divided uh that's a t here uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided uh that's a t here uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided uh that's a t here uh so if
+you do your Lal conversion of summ into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your Lal conversion of summ into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your Lal conversion of summ into
+integration that's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that's what we do
+here right and uh uh the uh in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and uh uh the uh in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and uh uh the uh in reality
+because the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electron
+is uh all the in terms of we back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh all the in terms of we back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh all the in terms of we back
+it's not very large so you actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very large so you actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very large so you actually can
+extend those integration really rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend those integration really rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend those integration really rather
+than 0 to Pi a 0 to infinite so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 to Pi a 0 to infinite so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 to Pi a 0 to infinite so uh
+what's VX VX here is a p/ momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's VX VX here is a p/ momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's VX VX here is a p/ momentum so
+I'm doing that because at the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing that because at the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing that because at the end you
+can do either uh energy integration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do either uh energy integration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do either uh energy integration or
+momentum integration and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum integration and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum integration and in this case
+you can say uh k i integrate the over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say uh k i integrate the over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say uh k i integrate the over K
+is easier because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier because if
+I put this uh drop that one and eus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put this uh drop that one and eus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put this uh drop that one and eus mu
+is work function plus the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work function plus the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work function plus the kinetic
+energy and you can see if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you can see if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you can see if I do this
+integration I I can actually because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I I can actually because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I I can actually because of
+the summation here I can split each term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation here I can split each term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation here I can split each term
+and do integration KX DK y DK Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do integration KX DK y DK Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do integration KX DK y DK Z so
+that's an easier integration then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easier integration then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easier integration then I
+convert into energy I show this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into energy I show this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into energy I show this because
+like I said the dens of states is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said the dens of states is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said the dens of states is just a
+mathematical tool right if you use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tool right if you use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tool right if you use uh
+it's sometimes convenient to use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes convenient to use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes convenient to use it in
+energy sometimes convenient to use just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sometimes convenient to use just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sometimes convenient to use just
+a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum
+itself so if I do this go rather than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so if I do this go rather than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so if I do this go rather than Z
+to Pi a z to infinite because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi a z to infinite because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi a z to infinite because this
+exponential function drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function drops out
+quickly this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this is what I
+get okay and the exponential here W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay and the exponential here W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay and the exponential here W is
+the work function it's energy KBT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function it's energy KBT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function it's energy KBT is
+also energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also energy
+right uh this is a very small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this is a very small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this is a very small number
+because W is a few electron volts KBT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because W is a few electron volts KBT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because W is a few electron volts KBT is
+026 at room temperature so that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+026 at room temperature so that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+026 at room temperature so that's a big
+netive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive
+exponent uh but the front side this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent uh but the front side this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent uh but the front side this term
+uh you can say is temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can say is temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can say is temperature dependent
+and uh we could write it in terms of t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we could write it in terms of t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we could write it in terms of t^
+s *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s *
+constant so now I put in before I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so now I put in before I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so now I put in before I said
+that partic flux now I put the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that partic flux now I put the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that partic flux now I put the charge
+because each part carry negative e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each part carry negative e so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each part carry negative e so
+this is my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my current
+flux okay so that current flux now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux okay so that current flux now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux okay so that current flux now have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+t² and whatever in the front that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t² and whatever in the front that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t² and whatever in the front that group
+it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into
+a right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so
+²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+²
+exponential and this is the rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and this is the rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and this is the rear
+formula and Richardson got uh say did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and Richardson got uh say did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and Richardson got uh say did a
+lot of experiment and he was awarded L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of experiment and he was awarded L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of experiment and he was awarded L
+price uh for this work in the theric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh for this work in the theric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh for this work in the theric
+emission okay but there also if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission okay but there also if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission okay but there also if you go
+to check literature in fact that douchan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check literature in fact that douchan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check literature in fact that douchan
+uh have a paper before him so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have a paper before him so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have a paper before him so sometimes
+people call Richard and douch formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call Richard and douch formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call Richard and douch formula
+rather than just richardon formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just richardon formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just richardon formula but
+the point is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is we have
+t s we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t s we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t s we have
+exponential uh uh function for the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh uh function for the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh uh function for the flux
+of electrons coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons coming out of the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+okay and uh uh this constant a is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh this constant a is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh this constant a is is
+called the rearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the rearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the rearing
+constant and by say in more general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and by say in more general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and by say in more general form
+because Quantum reflection so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Quantum reflection so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Quantum reflection so this is a
+in fact not just a there's a factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact not just a there's a factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact not just a there's a factor in
+the front is that's the electron get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front is that's the electron get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front is that's the electron get
+reflected uh even though its energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh even though its energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh even though its energy is
+larger than the work function but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the work function but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the work function but the
+waves has always possibility get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves has always possibility get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves has always possibility get
+reflected so that's oneus R shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so that's oneus R shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so that's oneus R shows the
+transmission and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and the rest
+the this one sometimes use W sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this one sometimes use W sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this one sometimes use W sometimes
+use five it's all work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use five it's all work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use five it's all work
+function okay so any question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so any question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so any question
+here yes how did he measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes how did he measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes how did he measure
+that uh how did he measure that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh how did he measure that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh how did he measure that uh you
+put the voltage or in fact the Addison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the voltage or in fact the Addison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the voltage or in fact the Addison
+did a lot of work too uh uh this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of work too uh uh this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of work too uh uh this is this
+uh the beginning so you see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the beginning so you see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the beginning so you see people
+develop vacuum tools right so you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop vacuum tools right so you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop vacuum tools right so you can uh
+in this case you change the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you change the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you change the temperature
+you measure the current that come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the current that come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the current that come out of
+uh the electrode and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electrode and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electrode and uh what
+did different is before uh if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did different is before uh if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did different is before uh if you go to
+read the literature and uh people do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the literature and uh people do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the literature and uh people do the
+charge uh this kind thonic emission not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh this kind thonic emission not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh this kind thonic emission not
+in vacuum just in air in say gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vacuum just in air in say gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vacuum just in air in say gas
+environment and sometimes the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and sometimes the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and sometimes the surface is
+negative sometimes positive uh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sometimes positive uh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sometimes positive uh so it
+made the explanation very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the explanation very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the explanation very difficult
+where Richardson did there was uh do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Richardson did there was uh do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Richardson did there was uh do it
+in vacum and that made the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vacum and that made the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vacum and that made the explanation
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+cleaner this is just for metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner this is just for metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner this is just for metal
+or this is just for metal okay and the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is just for metal okay and the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is just for metal okay and the W
+is for the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay now uh let's this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay now uh let's this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay now uh let's this is where
+my confusion start kicking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my confusion start kicking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my confusion start kicking in
+and let's think about two metals right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's think about two metals right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's think about two metals right
+they have different work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different work
+functions okay and uh um you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and uh um you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and uh um you collect
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+together and once you collect them let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and once you collect them let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and once you collect them let's
+say uh the charge will flow from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh the charge will flow from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh the charge will flow from one to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+other right this is mass diffusion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right this is mass diffusion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right this is mass diffusion if
+the chemical potential are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential are
+different right they always at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right they always at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right they always at the end
+will pull together equal chemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull together equal chemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull together equal chemic
+potential you don't have any driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you don't have any driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you don't have any driving
+force you just connect put a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you just connect put a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you just connect put a wire
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+so so of course two piece of metal l in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so of course two piece of metal l in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so of course two piece of metal l in
+contact far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact far
+away each has a local vacuum uh level no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away each has a local vacuum uh level no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away each has a local vacuum uh level no
+talk but if I connect a piece of wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but if I connect a piece of wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but if I connect a piece of wire
+between the two then the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two then the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two then the chemical
+potential is a flat so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a flat so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is a flat so that means
+initially there is a current flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially there is a current flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially there is a current flow from
+one side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side to the
+other okay and I was trying to think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and I was trying to think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and I was trying to think you
+can tell me now I was trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me now I was trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me now I was trying to think
+now what's what's the direction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's what's the direction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's what's the direction of this
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+flow H what do you think what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow H what do you think what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow H what do you think what's the
+direction of the current FL sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the current FL sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the current FL sometimes
+when I for to think ask questions try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I for to think ask questions try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I for to think ask questions try to
+explain to you even though I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you even though I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you even though I can't make
+make it clear but maybe I can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear but maybe I can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear but maybe I can make it
+clear when we all talk and think so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear when we all talk and think so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear when we all talk and think so now
+I have one piece of metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one piece of metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one piece of metal and
+uh larger chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh larger chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh larger chemical
+potential larger function a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential larger function a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential larger function a piece of
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+smaller and I conncted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and I conncted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and I conncted in
+together if I don't connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if I don't connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if I don't connect them
+together I I think when I put them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I I think when I put them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I I think when I put them very
+close to each other I know the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Curr when I connect them I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curr when I connect them I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curr when I connect them I don't know if
+I don't connect let me tell you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't connect let me tell you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't connect let me tell you if I
+don't connect them but I took Pi put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't connect them but I took Pi put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't connect them but I took Pi put
+them very close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very close to each
+other I think the electron will go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I think the electron will go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I think the electron will go from
+the High work function side to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the High work function side to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the High work function side to the lower
+work function side through that vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+okay do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you
+agree we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument but when I connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but when I connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but when I connect them
+together my question was will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together my question was will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together my question was will the
+electron flow from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron flow from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron flow from the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and because that means means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because that means means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because that means means the
+question is which one is positive which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which one is positive which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which one is positive which
+one is negative at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oh I don't have I still don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh I don't have I still don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh I don't have I still don't have
+a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good
+answer when electron um travels from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer when electron um travels from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer when electron um travels from the
+left to the right then doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the right then doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the right then doesn't it
+increase the pro level of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the pro level of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the pro level of the right
+side It Go electron go from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side It Go electron go from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side It Go electron go from left to
+right it increase the firment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it increase the firment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it increase the firment
+level well uh so this is another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level well uh so this is another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level well uh so this is another thing
+there what is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is really
+increased is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased is
+uh formul will it depends how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formul will it depends how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formul will it depends how you
+measure right I was I said that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right I was I said that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right I was I said that the way
+we calculate fir level before is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate fir level before is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate fir level before is a
+relative conduction band right firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative conduction band right firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative conduction band right firing
+level chemical potential is a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level chemical potential is a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level chemical potential is a measure of
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+electrons okay maybe you're right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay maybe you're right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay maybe you're right maybe
+this is the way we should think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we should think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we should think about it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh maybe I should say far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should say far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should say far
+away well the vacuum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away well the vacuum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away well the vacuum is the
+same and then uh uh so this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then uh uh so this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then uh uh so this is a this is
+the because here I have a larger work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because here I have a larger work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because here I have a larger work
+function here I have smaller work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here I have smaller work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here I have smaller work
+function right power way so uh when uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right power way so uh when uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right power way so uh when uh I
+come connected it together so electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come connected it together so electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come connected it together so electron
+should go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go this
+way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the
+wire but that's different from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire but that's different from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire but that's different from what I
+was saying right if I put a vacuum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying right if I put a vacuum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying right if I put a vacuum the
+electron probably will go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron probably will go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron probably will go this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh uh why because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh uh why because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh uh why because uh
+um CU I was thinking the somehow those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CU I was thinking the somehow those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CU I was thinking the somehow those
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+okay this are the okay here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this are the okay here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this are the okay here is the
+energy and this is kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this is kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this is kinetic energy of
+course you have to this kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to this kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to this kinetic energy
+must overcome the work function so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must overcome the work function so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must overcome the work function so what
+we left over here uh is still zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we left over here uh is still zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we left over here uh is still zero okay
+just those kinetic energy just above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those kinetic energy just above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those kinetic energy just above the
+camper the work vacuum is still zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camper the work vacuum is still zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camper the work vacuum is still zero
+because the rest is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rest is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rest is used to
+overcome this uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome this uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome this uh work
+function but anyway so if I if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but anyway so if I if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but anyway so if I if I think
+this way if I connect with wire then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way if I connect with wire then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way if I connect with wire then the
+electron should blow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron should blow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron should blow this
+way uh and that's what they were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and that's what they were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and that's what they were saying
+uh in that way maybe your reason so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that way maybe your reason so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that way maybe your reason so
+electron now the ca potential is raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now the ca potential is raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now the ca potential is raised
+but you don't change the work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't change the work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't change the work function
+so the vacuum level is raised here loc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vacuum level is raised here loc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vacuum level is raised here loc
+for and then you have uh uh see so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and then you have uh uh see so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and then you have uh uh see so this
+is the sort of if I draw that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of if I draw that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of if I draw that might be
+the uh local this is the vacuum local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh local this is the vacuum local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh local this is the vacuum local
+vacuum level this is local vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level this is local vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level this is local vacuum
+level and then my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then my question
+then uh so if electron is Flowing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh so if electron is Flowing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh so if electron is Flowing this
+way how should I think which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how should I think which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how should I think which one is the
+uh positive yes does it depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive yes does it depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive yes does it depend on the
+difference between the levels uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the levels uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the levels uh and
+their work functions how they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work functions how they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work functions how they interact
+with each other in this diagram when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in this diagram when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in this diagram when you
+connect them levels same oh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them levels same oh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them levels same oh after
+collector the form level has to be same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector the form level has to be same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector the form level has to be same
+right right so the work functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so the work functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so the work functions
+depending on your differen you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your differen you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your differen you have no
+flow or flow in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow or flow in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow or flow in either
+direction yes yes but see I'm dra a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction yes yes but see I'm dra a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction yes yes but see I'm dra a
+schematic where I have one side as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic where I have one side as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic where I have one side as a
+larger work function so now this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger work function so now this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger work function so now this work
+function is already Rel to F level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is already Rel to F level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is already Rel to F level to
+vacuum level right so my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level right so my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level right so my question is
+which side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side is
+Flowing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rich form small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so you're right so the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so you're right so the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so you're right so the small
+okay that's a good way to think about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a good way to think about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a good way to think about I
+think that's kind of uh so the larger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's kind of uh so the larger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's kind of uh so the larger is
+the W uh okay good so maybe this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W uh okay good so maybe this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W uh okay good so maybe this will be
+consistent uh the larger is that smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent uh the larger is that smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent uh the larger is that smaller
+W more flux going this way and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W more flux going this way and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W more flux going this way and higher
+less flux so at the end you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less flux so at the end you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less flux so at the end you will have
+more electron on this side so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electron on this side so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electron on this side so this will
+be positive this will be negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive this will be negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive this will be negative and
+that's consistent with my connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with my connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with my connecting
+wire okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire okay now I
+agree thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree thank
+you loal level is sh by to the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you loal level is sh by to the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you loal level is sh by to the potential
+well that's the so okay once you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the so okay once you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the so okay once you got
+more electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electrons
+here right now you think about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right now you think about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right now you think about this is
+the electric field the direction is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field the direction is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field the direction is this
+way right that's your electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right that's your electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right that's your electric field
+Direction and it will resist the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and it will resist the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and it will resist the further
+going going to the other side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going to the other side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going to the other side and then
+you draw your potential now if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw your potential now if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw your potential now if you see
+electrostatic field equals the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic field equals the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic field equals the energy
+which is the potential divide by charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the potential divide by charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the potential divide by charge
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+so uh when I fa this way that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when I fa this way that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when I fa this way that means this
+five here is higher five is lower that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here is higher five is lower that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five here is higher five is lower that
+means energy is higher energy is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means energy is higher energy is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means energy is higher energy is lower
+that's consistent it's just this ye you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent it's just this ye you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent it's just this ye you
+have to think about the voltage opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the voltage opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the voltage opposite
+to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the
+local energies because of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local energies because of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local energies because of negative
+charge that's where I really don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's where I really don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that's where I really don't like
+every time I draw this diagram I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I draw this diagram I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I draw this diagram I have to
+say ah you like electon is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ah you like electon is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ah you like electon is a negative
+how I'm going to draw whether I'm draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm going to draw whether I'm draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm going to draw whether I'm draw
+potential there there okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there there okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential there there okay they're
+really okay here we have energy or E let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay here we have energy or E let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay here we have energy or E let
+talk about the electron energy or local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the electron energy or local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the electron energy or local
+energy but see when I talk about voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but see when I talk about voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but see when I talk about voltage
+I talk about electrostatic potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about electrostatic potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about electrostatic potential and
+electrostatical potential is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatical potential is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatical potential is really
+divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by
+charge uide Q this C for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uide Q this C for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uide Q this C for electron
+is it's got to reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's got to reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's got to reverse the
+sign so when I draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so when I draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so when I draw this
+way uh as as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh as as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh as as the
+potential right I'm drawing this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right I'm drawing this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right I'm drawing this work
+function that's an energy unit so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's an energy unit so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's an energy unit so when I
+dra the electrostatic I have to reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dra the electrostatic I have to reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dra the electrostatic I have to reverse
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way so this has a higher electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this has a higher electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this has a higher electrostatic
+than this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's where the confusion every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's where the confusion every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's where the confusion every
+time I have okay but I I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have okay but I I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have okay but I I do want to
+mention this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this so
+now clarify the question so you get a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now clarify the question so you get a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now clarify the question so you get a uh
+W so that's the w w Prime so really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's the w w Prime so really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so that's the w w Prime so really this
+negative e is because I did W on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative e is because I did W on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative e is because I did W on this
+side I put a positive electrod netive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I put a positive electrod netive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I put a positive electrod netive
+electr and I should measure negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr and I should measure negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr and I should measure negative
+voltage that means this positive this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that means this positive this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that means this positive this is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+what what does the the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does the the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does the the line
+mean in the figure we have a line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the figure we have a line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the figure we have a line in the
+middle oh that's not my figure I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle oh that's not my figure I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle oh that's not my figure I should
+have saided this I iot some this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have saided this I iot some this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have saided this I iot some this one was
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+as okay so what it's saying is you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as okay so what it's saying is you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as okay so what it's saying is you are
+checking the in terms of electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the in terms of electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the in terms of electrostatic
+energy because this is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because this is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because this is chemical
+potential and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and there's also
+electrostatics so so here the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics so so here the voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics so so here the voltage is
+positive here but the for electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here but the for electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here but the for electron the
+electrostatic move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic move
+up in the upper figure um isn't it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the upper figure um isn't it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the upper figure um isn't it true
+that the the right side should go up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the right side should go up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the right side should go up so
+that the work function level should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the work function level should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the work function level should be
+the same work function doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same work function doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same work function doesn't change
+work function is you pull electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function is you pull electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function is you pull electron from
+metal yeah immediately out to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal yeah immediately out to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal yeah immediately out to the local
+vacuum so when electrons are out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so when electrons are out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so when electrons are out from
+the two metal then the energ of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two metal then the energ of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two metal then the energ of the two
+electrons should be the same no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons should be the same no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons should be the same no that's
+the point that's what I say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that's what I say at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that's what I say at the
+beginning you have a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you have a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you have a local
+vacuum okay once you you see once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay once you you see once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay once you you see once the
+electron goes from this side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes from this side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes from this side to the
+other side right you raise so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right you raise so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right you raise so here's
+positive here's negative so the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here's negative so the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here's negative so the local
+vacuum locally on the surface here metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum locally on the surface here metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum locally on the surface here metal
+surface there is a higher electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there is a higher electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there is a higher electrostatic
+potential uh uh uh than here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the local vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the local vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the local vacuum level
+varies in your figure on the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in your figure on the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in your figure on the in the
+middle yeah the the highest level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle yeah the the highest level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle yeah the the highest level that
+is the work function level is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the work function level is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the work function level is the same
+it's different no what I thought there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different no what I thought there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different no what I thought there
+is thinking at the beginning far away no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking at the beginning far away no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking at the beginning far away no
+no talk to each other right if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no talk to each other right if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no talk to each other right if you put
+together they start talking you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they start talking you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they start talking you have
+local electrostatic influence you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local electrostatic influence you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local electrostatic influence you will
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+imbalance in the uh in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance in the uh in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance in the uh in the field
+electrostatic field okay I see so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic field okay I see so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic field okay I see so the
+the aler figure doesn't mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aler figure doesn't mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aler figure doesn't mean that the
+two there's no talk this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's no talk this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's no talk this is just a
+random because you you really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random because you you really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random because you you really can't
+align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align
+okay but this is where contact potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is where contact potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is where contact potential
+is this is actually defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is actually defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is actually defined as the
+contact potention and I say this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact potention and I say this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact potention and I say this because
+if it turns out very often we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it turns out very often we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it turns out very often we want to
+measure the work function and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the work function and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the work function and this is
+when I read I sudden realize this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I read I sudden realize this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I read I sudden realize this is a
+easy way to relatively easy simp to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to relatively easy simp to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to relatively easy simp to be
+to measure work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure work
+function and uh uh uh one way to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh uh uh one way to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh uh uh one way to measure
+work function is just measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function is just measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function is just measure the
+contact potential you take a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact potential you take a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact potential you take a standard
+piece of material where you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of material where you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of material where you know the
+work function and then you come close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function and then you come close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function and then you come close to
+the other piece and you'll start have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other piece and you'll start have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other piece and you'll start have
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+flow because when you close it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow because when you close it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow because when you close it right and
+your your potential is the same but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your potential is the same but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your potential is the same but when
+you change distance your current because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change distance your current because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change distance your current because
+of the is think capacitor you start have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is think capacitor you start have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is think capacitor you start have
+C flow and that's the soal the Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C flow and that's the soal the Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C flow and that's the soal the Kelvin
+proof Kelvin proof Kelvin method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof Kelvin proof Kelvin method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof Kelvin proof Kelvin method
+actually measure the contact potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure the contact potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure the contact potential
+and using that if you have standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using that if you have standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using that if you have standard
+piece you can measure the other contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you can measure the other contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you can measure the other contact
+potential and I think Cal prob is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and I think Cal prob is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and I think Cal prob is
+standard as sat rate if you buy atomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard as sat rate if you buy atomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard as sat rate if you buy atomical
+Force microscope uh you can add a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force microscope uh you can add a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force microscope uh you can add a few
+thousand doll and then we'll have a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand doll and then we'll have a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand doll and then we'll have a c
+with Pro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Pro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Pro uh
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+okay so let's move on uh now uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on uh now uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on uh now uh I'm
+talking I'm thinking about really the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm thinking about really the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm thinking about really the uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dial uh that's what I draw on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial uh that's what I draw on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial uh that's what I draw on the uh
+bo and uh again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo and uh again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo and uh again um
+um I uh I draw a higher anode uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I uh I draw a higher anode uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I uh I draw a higher anode uh and the
+lower work function cathode so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower work function cathode so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower work function cathode so in this
+case right uh just as we discussed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right uh just as we discussed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right uh just as we discussed uh
+you have local vacuum level higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have local vacuum level higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have local vacuum level higher and
+then eventually the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the chemical potential
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+okay and uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh at the
+equilibrium right at the trans they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right at the trans they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right at the trans they will
+have current but eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current but eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current but eventually you
+establish equum so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish equum so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish equum so this is the uh
+normally this is the castle the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally this is the castle the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally this is the castle the the
+castle current going from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle current going from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle current going from left to right
+and this is the annual current from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the annual current from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the annual current from uh
+uh right to left and you can say I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right to left and you can say I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right to left and you can say I did
+not just do WC I do a WC plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do WC I do a WC plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do WC I do a WC plus
+EC this is because I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC this is because I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC this is because I'm thinking about
+the stattic state I'm not thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stattic state I'm not thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stattic state I'm not thinking about
+the transit initial is thetion you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transit initial is thetion you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transit initial is thetion you can
+so you can see once you got a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see once you got a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see once you got a potential
+the electron from here cannot really go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron from here cannot really go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron from here cannot really go
+here anymore so only the electron with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anymore so only the electron with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anymore so only the electron with
+the energy even on this side with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy even on this side with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy even on this side with energy
+higher than this point can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this point can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this point can go to the
+other side right so at the end you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right so at the end you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right so at the end you get
+the uh at the equilibrium the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the equilibrium the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the equilibrium the difference
+of the two is zero there's no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two is zero there's no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two is zero there's no net
+current flux you put a p two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flux you put a p two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flux you put a p two pieces of
+metal together you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal together you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal together you connect
+them rather than just the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them rather than just the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them rather than just the initial
+at the end it should be no Cent flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end it should be no Cent flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end it should be no Cent flow
+otherwise you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you get a
+Perpetual uh Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual uh Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual uh Motors
+right so that's the vacuum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the vacuum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the vacuum at the
+equilibrium now I'm going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now I'm going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now I'm going to put a
+temperature difference across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference across
+it right one side is hotter cath I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right one side is hotter cath I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right one side is hotter cath I made
+it hotter ano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hotter ano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hotter ano
+colder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder
+okay and uh uh of course still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh of course still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh of course still have the
+curent and if I write the Regent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curent and if I write the Regent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curent and if I write the Regent
+expression okay now in this case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay now in this case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay now in this case if you
+think about it when you speed it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it when you speed it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it when you speed it up
+there should be more electron getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be more electron getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be more electron getting
+kinetic energy higher kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy higher kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy higher kinetic energy
+higher temperature so electron will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature so electron will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature so electron will go
+from cathode to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cathode to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cathode to
+ano right so electron they they're some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ano right so electron they they're some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ano right so electron they they're some
+current go here and uh uh So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current go here and uh uh So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current go here and uh uh So
+eventually uh relative to speaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh relative to speaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh relative to speaking the
+chemical potential will no longer be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential will no longer be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential will no longer be the
+same and really this chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and really this chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and really this chemical potential
+is electrochemical potential because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electrochemical potential because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electrochemical potential because
+what I uh add here the voltage that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I uh add here the voltage that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I uh add here the voltage that's
+generated added to chemical potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated added to chemical potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated added to chemical potential so
+this level is electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level is electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level is electrochemical
+potential and that's what I can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's what I can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's what I can measure
+when put a two electrod I'll measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when put a two electrod I'll measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when put a two electrod I'll measure a
+voltage difference and that voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference and that voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference and that voltage
+difference is these two points voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is these two points voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is these two points voltage
+difference okay so because of that my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so because of that my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so because of that my uh
+uh current canel the current now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh current canel the current now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh current canel the current now this is
+what I originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I originally
+had and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and this is the
+additional and uh again this is where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional and uh again this is where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional and uh again this is where I
+don't like it because I put a I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it because I put a I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it because I put a I should
+have put a negative sign right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put a negative sign right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put a negative sign right because
+if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think
+about the electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electron here
+now the electron that needs to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the electron that needs to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the electron that needs to go over
+this so from electrochemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so from electrochemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so from electrochemical potential
+muc to the maximum point is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muc to the maximum point is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muc to the maximum point is the distance
+shorter and I put a positive sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and I put a positive sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and I put a positive sign here
+so ideally I should get the netive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally I should get the netive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally I should get the netive
+solution v z that's my open circuit vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh uh I don't think I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh I don't think I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh I don't think I get that
+I I still don't know why my sign doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I still don't know why my sign doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I still don't know why my sign doesn't
+seem to be right okay so I give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be right okay so I give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be right okay so I give you the
+challenge you go back to sort it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you go back to sort it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you go back to sort it out and
+come back teaching me and uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back teaching me and uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back teaching me and uh this is the
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+C this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this is the
+animal and of course I steady state if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and of course I steady state if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and of course I steady state if I
+don't put any connectors there I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put any connectors there I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put any connectors there I have
+voltage difference between the two real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference between the two real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference between the two real
+voltage that I can measure right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I can measure right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I can measure right so the
+uh uh again this is relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh again this is relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh again this is relate to the
+negative charge but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge but at the
+equilibrium I should not say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium I should not say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium I should not say at
+equilibrium at steady state not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at steady state not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at steady state not the
+equilibrium when you have temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium when you have temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium when you have temperature
+difference you have chal potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you have chal potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you have chal potential
+difference you don't have equ accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you don't have equ accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you don't have equ accurate
+way to say is at steady state right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say is at steady state right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say is at steady state right at
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+state there's no leg current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there's no leg current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there's no leg current flow
+because I didn't connect it to any low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't connect it to any low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't connect it to any low I
+have open circuit so current is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have open circuit so current is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have open circuit so current is zero so
+if I go through this steps put this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go through this steps put this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go through this steps put this two
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+right this one minus this one is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one minus this one is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one minus this one is zero so
+I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do
+that these are the two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh I take the ratio I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I take the ratio I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I take the ratio I take a
+log get rid of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log get rid of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log get rid of my
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+exponential second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential second
+step I was hoping I get a negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I was hoping I get a negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I was hoping I get a negative sign
+but I don't get it say tell me where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't get it say tell me where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't get it say tell me where I
+should get it I didn't say I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get it I didn't say I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get it I didn't say I get a
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+okay right I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right I still
+why but uh anyway uh the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but uh anyway uh the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but uh anyway uh the magnitude is
+correct the sign somehow I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the sign somehow I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the sign somehow I don't
+know but let me also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but let me also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but let me also look at
+this and uh uh point that out that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh uh point that out that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh uh point that out that if
+you think about before when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about before when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about before when we talk
+about cack effect is a voltage divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cack effect is a voltage divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cack effect is a voltage divide by
+delta T right so if I do a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T right so if I do a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T right so if I do a voltage
+divide by delta T not Del T just order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by delta T not Del T just order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by delta T not Del T just order
+magnitude this term I I put it here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude this term I I put it here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude this term I I put it here and
+here is KB e 2 kb/ e that's of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is KB e 2 kb/ e that's of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is KB e 2 kb/ e that's of the same
+order of cback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of cback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of cback
+coefficient so this term actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so this term actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so this term actually come
+from is very similar to the Tho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is very similar to the Tho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is very similar to the Tho
+electric and this term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and this term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and this term is the
+thionic term here because it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thionic term here because it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thionic term here because it depends on
+the barrier height of the anal anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier height of the anal anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier height of the anal anal
+barri height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the uh uh open circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage and uh of course open circuit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and uh of course open circuit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and uh of course open circuit is
+useless you don't generate any power you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless you don't generate any power you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless you don't generate any power you
+have maximum voltage but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maximum voltage but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maximum voltage but they don't
+generate power this is the same for phot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate power this is the same for phot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate power this is the same for phot
+take sale right uh so you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take sale right uh so you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take sale right uh so you you need to
+put a load here once your current start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a load here once your current start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a load here once your current start
+flow you don't get that High open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow you don't get that High open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow you don't get that High open
+circular voltage anymore you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular voltage anymore you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular voltage anymore you get your
+actual voltage that's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual voltage that's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual voltage that's the actual
+voltage and uh uh you can change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and uh uh you can change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and uh uh you can change this
+voltage by changing your load resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage by changing your load resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage by changing your load resistance
+that's a load matching that's for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a load matching that's for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a load matching that's for all
+Sate device solar cells Thermo electrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sate device solar cells Thermo electrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sate device solar cells Thermo electrics
+thionic you have to optimize your load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thionic you have to optimize your load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thionic you have to optimize your load
+or optimize the device itself to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or optimize the device itself to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or optimize the device itself to match
+internal and external that's low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal and external that's low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal and external that's low
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+okay so if I uh write I rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I uh write I rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I uh write I rewrite the
+expression because the contact potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression because the contact potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression because the contact potential
+is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as
+wa and uh you can say my current depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wa and uh you can say my current depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wa and uh you can say my current depends
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+voltage and of course power is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and of course power is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and of course power is just
+current current times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current current times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current current times
+voltage right so that's my unit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so that's my unit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so that's my unit uh
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+power uh unit surface I think because J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh unit surface I think because J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh unit surface I think because J
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+surface and uh so that's the power now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and uh so that's the power now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and uh so that's the power now
+for seric generator I have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seric generator I have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seric generator I have to do the
+efficiency so I have to look at how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so I have to look at how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so I have to look at how much
+heat transfer have I have now electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer have I have now electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer have I have now electrical
+power output I have to look at how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output I have to look at how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output I have to look at how much
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+transfer so what are the mode of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so what are the mode of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so what are the mode of heat
+transfer here you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this first this side is hot this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first this side is hot this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first this side is hot this side is
+cold there's radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other that's right right we just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's right right we just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's right right we just we
+don't forget electron also carry heat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget electron also carry heat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget electron also carry heat so
+first let's look at that's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's look at that's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's look at that's a fundamental
+side right radiation is not lesser due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right radiation is not lesser due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right radiation is not lesser due
+to electron could be due to lades but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electron could be due to lades but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electron could be due to lades but
+electron when you have charge flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when you have charge flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when you have charge flow
+always carry the heat so I have to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always carry the heat so I have to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always carry the heat so I have to on
+that part of heat so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of heat so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of heat so this is the first
+what's the kinetic energy that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the kinetic energy that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the kinetic energy that's the
+just a right the 12 M Square so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a right the 12 M Square so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a right the 12 M Square so this is
+a p squ / 2 m that's a kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p squ / 2 m that's a kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p squ / 2 m that's a kinetic energy
+above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the
+barrier right so I do my integration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier right so I do my integration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier right so I do my integration the
+same way I did before as I do particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I did before as I do particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I did before as I do particle
+flux I didn't start from beginning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux I didn't start from beginning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux I didn't start from beginning here
+I just write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just write the
+expression and I do my inte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I do my inte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I do my inte
+and it turns out the heat flux ktic PA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the heat flux ktic PA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the heat flux ktic PA
+of the heat flux is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heat flux is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heat flux is proportional to
+current Flux Of 2 KV that's a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Flux Of 2 KV that's a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Flux Of 2 KV that's a c
+coefficient time T So P coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient time T So P coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient time T So P coefficient
+remember in the C electrics C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the C electrics C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the C electrics C
+coefficient equal C time T right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient equal C time T right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient equal C time T right so you
+can see this is a very much the C part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is a very much the C part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is a very much the C part
+is the p c time T time part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the p c time T time part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the p c time T time part
+so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+he carried by electron from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he carried by electron from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he carried by electron from C
+and but the heat is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the heat is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the heat is more than
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+because remember when we Define the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember when we Define the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember when we Define the heat
+is the energy minus chical potential e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy minus chical potential e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy minus chical potential e
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+right relative to C potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right relative to C potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right relative to C potential so
+relative to Cal potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Cal potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Cal potential
+I have this part is kinetic energy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this part is kinetic energy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this part is kinetic energy then
+I have really from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have really from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have really from here to
+here this is casual side right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is casual side right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is casual side right the
+energy the one really go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the one really go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the one really go over the
+barrier the rest is from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier the rest is from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier the rest is from here to
+here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's
+my w or E minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my w or E minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my w or E minus
+V here so this is from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V here so this is from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V here so this is from here to here
+that's my potential pop this is the 12 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my potential pop this is the 12 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my potential pop this is the 12 m
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ktic so that's all the heat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic so that's all the heat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic so that's all the heat it
+carries okay right what is this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries okay right what is this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries okay right what is this in terms
+of resemblance if you're mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resemblance if you're mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resemblance if you're mechanical
+engine think of this give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh this is evaporation of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh this is evaporation of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh this is evaporation of water
+right the water molecule coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the water molecule coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the water molecule coming out of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+surface carry a lot more energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface carry a lot more energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface carry a lot more energy because
+you have to say the energy is say every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say the energy is say every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say the energy is say every
+other so if you think about the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there are some molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some molecules
+I wrong if I take out the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrong if I take out the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrong if I take out the molecule
+away and then there's another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and then there's another molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and then there's another molecule
+be created behind and the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created behind and the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created behind and the creation of
+this molecule from the liquid phas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule from the liquid phas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule from the liquid phas to
+the Vaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vaper
+phas is the Latin heat right essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas is the Latin heat right essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas is the Latin heat right essentially
+that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those
+terms this are the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this are the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this are the Latin
+heat of the electrons when come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of the electrons when come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of the electrons when come out of
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+and this is the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the kinetic
+part but at the end I although I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but at the end I although I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but at the end I although I see
+this I still have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I still have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I still have a little bit
+trouble thinking this as a evaporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble thinking this as a evaporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble thinking this as a evaporation
+process because I'm trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because I'm trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because I'm trying to think
+about analogy of okay here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about analogy of okay here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about analogy of okay here is a
+potential okay uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay uh the
+bottom you come out here so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you come out here so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you come out here so that's the
+minimum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so
+you each molec carry out this I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you each molec carry out this I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you each molec carry out this I say
+that's a vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vibration
+process but what about suddenly a bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but what about suddenly a bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but what about suddenly a bottle
+okay uh what about this process if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what about this process if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what about this process if I
+have a high energy electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high energy electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high energy electron in the
+potential here Sly full of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here Sly full of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here Sly full of a
+CLI and that's excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CLI and that's excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CLI and that's excess
+energy potential energy do I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy potential energy do I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy potential energy do I consider
+that as a EV vibration process also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a EV vibration process also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a EV vibration process also then
+I'm a little B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confused where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused where the
+Sy think mechanical I I don't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sy think mechanical I I don't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sy think mechanical I I don't quite know
+what's the whether I can give a an knowy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the whether I can give a an knowy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the whether I can give a an knowy
+of this two different process in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this two different process in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this two different process in terms
+of EV vibration and this one is more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EV vibration and this one is more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EV vibration and this one is more to
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+somehow to me is I have a container of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to me is I have a container of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to me is I have a container of
+liquid I open a hole this this is a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid I open a hole this this is a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid I open a hole this this is a high
+temperature when the liquid come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when the liquid come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when the liquid come over
+here to the other side the vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the other side the vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the other side the vacuum is
+suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly
+evaporate change from liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate change from liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate change from liquid
+phe to wher phas I I'm making this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phe to wher phas I I'm making this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phe to wher phas I I'm making this to
+this and this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you can tell me whether you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can tell me whether you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can tell me whether you agree
+but at the end I'll give you one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end I'll give you one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end I'll give you one example
+where I struggle on this question why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I struggle on this question why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I struggle on this question why I
+struggle on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle on this
+question okay so that's electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so that's electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so that's electron here
+right and of course there's also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course there's also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course there's also another
+side from uh uh I reverse this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side from uh uh I reverse this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side from uh uh I reverse this uh this
+is from anode to cathode this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from anode to cathode this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from anode to cathode this is from
+cath to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cath to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cath to
+ano and the difference give me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ano and the difference give me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ano and the difference give me this is
+the electronic part of the heat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic part of the heat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic part of the heat that's
+the first tool and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first tool and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first tool and then we have
+radiation part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation part
+and then we have you have a lead that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have you have a lead that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have you have a lead that
+lead the conduct heat so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the conduct heat so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the conduct heat so that's a
+conduction heat lost so if you have real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction heat lost so if you have real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction heat lost so if you have real
+device you have to consider all the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you have to consider all the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you have to consider all the heat
+losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses
+okay and uh uh of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh of course the
+efficiency is defined as the power out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is defined as the power out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is defined as the power out
+divide the heat in always we do when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the heat in always we do when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the heat in always we do when we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+efficiency and if I do most side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and if I do most side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and if I do most side
+situation I neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I neglect
+radiation why you can neglect say well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation why you can neglect say well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation why you can neglect say well I
+have my perfect photonic Crystal no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my perfect photonic Crystal no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my perfect photonic Crystal no
+radiation it's impossible but say I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it's impossible but say I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it's impossible but say I make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+small okay so if I neglect all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so if I neglect all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so if I neglect all other
+heat just by electronic product cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat just by electronic product cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat just by electronic product cannot
+reflect it intrinsic that's a curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect it intrinsic that's a curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect it intrinsic that's a curve you
+get and this time I remember inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and this time I remember inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and this time I remember inside the
+reference and you can see in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and you can see in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and you can see in terms of
+the efficiency you can get it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency you can get it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency you can get it's very
+much e v that's w a EV V A V is voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much e v that's w a EV V A V is voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much e v that's w a EV V A V is voltage
+so w work function of the C ano side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w work function of the C ano side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so w work function of the C ano side
+divide by kta so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by kta so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by kta so that's one
+parameter and uh you optimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and uh you optimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and uh you optimize this
+parameter and this is the ratio of the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and this is the ratio of the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and this is the ratio of the H
+to the Cod uh the Cod to H side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Cod uh the Cod to H side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Cod uh the Cod to H side
+temperature okay so that's the ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so that's the ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so that's the ratio so
+you can see the T efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the T efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the T efficiency
+pretty impressive all right very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive all right very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive all right very high
+efficiency of course this is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of course this is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of course this is when you
+neglect the radiation you can't get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the radiation you can't get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the radiation you can't get rid
+of the radiation you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radiation you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radiation you also have
+additional heat loss but compared to SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional heat loss but compared to SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional heat loss but compared to SAR
+electric because you're using vacuum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric because you're using vacuum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric because you're using vacuum you
+don't have full on heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have full on heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have full on heat
+conduction that's why this can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction that's why this can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction that's why this can give you
+a high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theoretically and the first experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and the first experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and the first experiment
+was done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by a
+some of you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you from the
+lab okay was he was he did the uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab okay was he was he did the uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab okay was he was he did the uh this
+was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the
+50s so uh he uh came from he told his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s so uh he uh came from he told his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s so uh he uh came from he told his
+story he came from greatek and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he came from greatek and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he came from greatek and trying to
+get the topic and uh he were able at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the topic and uh he were able at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the topic and uh he were able at the
+time that SS didn't have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that SS didn't have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that SS didn't have really
+researching Government funding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching Government funding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching Government funding but
+somehow he were able to get some funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow he were able to get some funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow he were able to get some funding
+to do the thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the thesis
+and he did a thesis he went out and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did a thesis he went out and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did a thesis he went out and open
+company he had a very nice book CTIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company he had a very nice book CTIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company he had a very nice book CTIC
+energy conversion uh two volumes I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion uh two volumes I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion uh two volumes I was
+reading some of I couldn't read all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of I couldn't read all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of I couldn't read all of
+this but uh uh very detailed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh uh very detailed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh uh very detailed they
+actually talk about the detail electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about the detail electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about the detail electron
+I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very
+impressed uh see uh talk about the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed uh see uh talk about the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed uh see uh talk about the from
+basic on mechanics to work function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic on mechanics to work function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic on mechanics to work function and
+uh uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but
+uh that's hus and gius gius is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's hus and gius gius is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's hus and gius gius is still
+professor amas in nuclear engineering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor amas in nuclear engineering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor amas in nuclear engineering so
+they really together and uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really together and uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really together and uh you can see
+they the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F high temperature H side and coside sou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F high temperature H side and coside sou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F high temperature H side and coside sou
+and F that's the challenge with CICS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F that's the challenge with CICS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F that's the challenge with CICS is
+a very high temperature device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high temperature device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high temperature device
+okay and the efficiency was at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the efficiency was at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the efficiency was at the time
+1958 was pretty good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1958 was pretty good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1958 was pretty good right
+13% 30 40% R pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13% 30 40% R pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13% 30 40% R pretty good
+efficiency and so the were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and so the were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and so the were very
+ambitious uh uh here he also put his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious uh uh here he also put his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious uh uh here he also put his
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+negative and uh you should read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and uh you should read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and uh you should read this
+paper I'll send as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I'll send as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I'll send as the
+reading uh so his story is he got the he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh so his story is he got the he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh so his story is he got the he
+start he was a faculty member in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start he was a faculty member in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start he was a faculty member in our
+department and then he went out to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and then he went out to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and then he went out to start
+the company assistant profor with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company assistant profor with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company assistant profor with the
+MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+stuff that's called the Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's called the Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's called the Thal
+electron you go on 128 95 you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you go on 128 95 you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you go on 128 95 you'll see
+this sign Thal electron now it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign Thal electron now it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign Thal electron now it's called
+a Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Thal
+feature and uh uh by L they were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and uh uh by L they were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and uh uh by L they were trying
+to commercialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commercialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commercialize
+this uh the story is uh he uh he said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the story is uh he uh he said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the story is uh he uh he said he
+told me he went to Washington on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me he went to Washington on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me he went to Washington on
+Washington trade and then he realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington trade and then he realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington trade and then he realized
+L business really depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L business really depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L business really depends on what
+whether lot of flights or not and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether lot of flights or not and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether lot of flights or not and so he
+changed Direction good for him I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed Direction good for him I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed Direction good for him I think
+otherwise uh and the company ther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh and the company ther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh and the company ther
+electron really does a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron really does a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron really does a lot of
+instrumentation uh so it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation uh so it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation uh so it's no longer
+doing really th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really th
+energy and the recent merger is now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the recent merger is now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the recent merger is now is a
+fisher fisher is another big say company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisher fisher is another big say company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisher fisher is another big say company
+there so not th electron fish fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so not th electron fish fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so not th electron fish fish
+elron okay that's a uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elron okay that's a uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elron okay that's a uh good
+story and uh the real device was not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and uh the real device was not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and uh the real device was not as
+simple as the DU of course the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as the DU of course the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as the DU of course the high
+temperature but also there is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but also there is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but also there is really a
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+problem this is a fundamental problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a fundamental problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a fundamental problem is
+charging right if you have a electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging right if you have a electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging right if you have a electron in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vacuum well any electron any charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum well any electron any charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum well any electron any charge
+surrounding charge there's a field a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding charge there's a field a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding charge there's a field a
+charge there will with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge there will with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge there will with the
+field right so when you got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so when you got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so when you got a lot of
+electrons they will create electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they will create electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they will create electrostatic
+potential and this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and this potential
+distribution you can see now I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you can see now I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you can see now I draw
+rather than a linear one and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a linear one and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a linear one and really
+depends on the Gap depends on the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the Gap depends on the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the Gap depends on the charge
+L but the point is now you barrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but the point is now you barrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but the point is now you barrier is
+higher than just work function you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than just work function you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than just work function you got a
+additional barrier to overcome due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional barrier to overcome due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional barrier to overcome due to
+space charge effect so this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space charge effect so this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space charge effect so this is a big
+problem space charge is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem space charge is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem space charge is a big
+problem and uh uh in addition to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh uh in addition to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh uh in addition to this
+there are also many other problems uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also many other problems uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also many other problems uh of
+course most material War functions very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course most material War functions very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course most material War functions very
+large that means you have to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that means you have to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that means you have to operate
+that higher temperature few electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher temperature few electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher temperature few electron
+volts if you check most material Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts if you check most material Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts if you check most material Metals
+is about four electron volts there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about four electron volts there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about four electron volts there's
+some material like as know as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some material like as know as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some material like as know as two
+electron volts or if you use system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts or if you use system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts or if you use system
+is actually uh uh you can first there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually uh uh you can first there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually uh uh you can first there
+you can generate syum to neutralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate syum to neutralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate syum to neutralize
+positive charge system VAP to neutralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge system VAP to neutralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge system VAP to neutralize
+the negative electrons so they reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative electrons so they reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative electrons so they reduce
+this SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SP
+charge uh but theum is very corrosive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh but theum is very corrosive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh but theum is very corrosive so
+there's problems temp high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's problems temp high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's problems temp high
+temperature and and uh uh you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and and uh uh you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and and uh uh you can use
+either vacuum or there are other modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either vacuum or there are other modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either vacuum or there are other modes
+where you just put a gas in between when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just put a gas in between when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just put a gas in between when
+you put the gas there's plasma formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the gas there's plasma formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the gas there's plasma formation
+so there this vacuum mode or plasma mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there this vacuum mode or plasma mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there this vacuum mode or plasma mode
+of operation teric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+devices but historically think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices but historically think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices but historically think about
+this the transistor the dial the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the transistor the dial the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the transistor the dial the solid
+state where you went in in the 50s right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you went in in the 50s right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you went in in the 50s right
+and before that computers were build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before that computers were build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before that computers were build on
+vacum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacum
+the vacuum D Ure this except they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum D Ure this except they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum D Ure this except they
+operate near room temperature and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate near room temperature and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate near room temperature and this
+is just a one side the operate High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a one side the operate High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a one side the operate High
+temper problem is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay what are the recent Trend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay what are the recent Trend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay what are the recent Trend the
+researching this is is relative small I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching this is is relative small I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching this is is relative small I
+see a Russian actually put this in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a Russian actually put this in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a Russian actually put this in space
+station uh I tried to dig out a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station uh I tried to dig out a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station uh I tried to dig out a picture
+I couldn't find one but they call the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't find one but they call the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't find one but they call the to
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+and so Russia have a few space station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Russia have a few space station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Russia have a few space station
+space missiones that use ther engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space missiones that use ther engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space missiones that use ther engines
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theral you can search whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral you can search whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral you can search whether you can
+find more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more information
+interest and uh uh so some of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and uh uh so some of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and uh uh so some of the idea
+people explore why the netive electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people explore why the netive electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people explore why the netive electron
+affinity so if by L maybe electron just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity so if by L maybe electron just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity so if by L maybe electron just
+jump off itself right link to electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump off itself right link to electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump off itself right link to electron
+Infinity but level is lower than what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but level is lower than what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but level is lower than what's
+inside and so that's one uh uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and so that's one uh uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and so that's one uh uh people
+still look at this and the other is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still look at this and the other is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still look at this and the other is a
+small Gap and this small Gap there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Gap and this small Gap there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Gap and this small Gap there were
+actually some programs so the Gap goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some programs so the Gap goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some programs so the Gap goes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+unstr uh it's crazy in the sense uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstr uh it's crazy in the sense uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstr uh it's crazy in the sense uh of
+course in that case what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in that case what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in that case what happens is
+electron can tunnel col mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can tunnel col mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can tunnel col mechanically
+from Hite to poite so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hite to poite so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hite to poite so you don't have
+this space charge limitation anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space charge limitation anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space charge limitation anymore
+electron don't have to be having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron don't have to be having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron don't have to be having an
+energy higher than the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy higher than the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy higher than the top of the
+electrostatic right so you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic right so you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic right so you can really
+just zip through but this one is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zip through but this one is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zip through but this one is of the
+order of anron that's a scanning P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of anron that's a scanning P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of anron that's a scanning P
+microscope principle right electron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope principle right electron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope principle right electron can
+go from one side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one side to the
+other but see like I said that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but see like I said that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but see like I said that's a
+pretty uh technologically is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh technologically is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh technologically is too
+challenging because think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because think about the
+maintain hundreds of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain hundreds of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain hundreds of degrees
+at unstr strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at unstr strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at unstr strong
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+right and um then the most recent solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um then the most recent solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um then the most recent solid
+state thionic where you run into Ste the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state thionic where you run into Ste the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state thionic where you run into Ste the
+heat conduction problem right once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction problem right once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction problem right once you
+got the solid everything in solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the solid everything in solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the solid everything in solid state
+you have heat conduction so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heat conduction so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heat conduction so that's the
+same as th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as th
+electrics of ofion but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics of ofion but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics of ofion but I just want to
+give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh
+sketch uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch uh on the
+uh what does el electron mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what does el electron mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what does el electron mean because
+normally you can see the uh uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can see the uh uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can see the uh uh work
+function is here uh between chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is here uh between chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is here uh between chemical
+potential and vacuum level that's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and vacuum level that's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and vacuum level that's work
+function and of course this SP charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and of course this SP charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and of course this SP charge
+create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the
+higher and the netive electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and the netive electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and the netive electron affinity
+doesn't Ste doesn't mean electron will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Ste doesn't mean electron will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Ste doesn't mean electron will
+all for out of metal you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for out of metal you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for out of metal you don't get the
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+anymore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore uh
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+the uh bottom of conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh bottom of conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh bottom of conduction
+band but the this is say in negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band but the this is say in negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band but the this is say in negative
+electron infity which is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron infity which is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron infity which is typically
+semiconductors very wi Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors very wi Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors very wi Gap
+semiconductors the electron actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors the electron actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors the electron actually
+sitting here more the fir level is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here more the fir level is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here more the fir level is here
+so it does not come out so you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does not come out so you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does not come out so you still
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+overcome the uh uh uh uh space charge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the uh uh uh uh space charge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the uh uh uh uh space charge uh
+to over to M so that's the uh uh L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over to M so that's the uh uh L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over to M so that's the uh uh L
+Affinity material so people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity material so people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity material so people have
+interest in this not not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andic
+okay so that's discussion on CICS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's discussion on CICS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's discussion on CICS
+reaches and formula what's important yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+di electric material yes the problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di electric material yes the problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di electric material yes the problem now
+you got a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a heat
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+right so R into classic Sero electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh
+uh what we uh now somebody ask us see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we uh now somebody ask us see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we uh now somebody ask us see uh
+uh C conductors and next thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C conductors and next thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C conductors and next thing about the
+now we have a metal and a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a metal and a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a metal and a semiconductor
+right you always have that in any micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you always have that in any micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you always have that in any micro
+electronic device because at the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic device because at the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic device because at the end you
+want to make a con you put a metal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a con you put a metal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a con you put a metal on
+the semiconductor so that's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor so that's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor so that's a typical
+classical situation and now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical situation and now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical situation and now let's see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+happens and of course here's the fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and of course here's the fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and of course here's the fir
+level here's the semic fir level I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here's the semic fir level I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here's the semic fir level I'm
+talking about the alarm degenerator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the alarm degenerator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the alarm degenerator so
+fira always in the Gap this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fira always in the Gap this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fira always in the Gap this is really
+where electron sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where electron sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where electron sit
+in and uh when I put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together I still got the same problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I still got the same problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I still got the same problem if
+I collect them electrically or put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collect them electrically or put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collect them electrically or put them
+in contact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact with each
+other the chical potential difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the chical potential difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the chical potential difference
+will drive the charge flow So eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will drive the charge flow So eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will drive the charge flow So eventually
+the Cal potential on the two sides will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cal potential on the two sides will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cal potential on the two sides will
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+same that is always the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that is always the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that is always the driving force
+for diffusion Mass transfer charge is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diffusion Mass transfer charge is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diffusion Mass transfer charge is a
+mass mass transfer is tempal potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass mass transfer is tempal potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass mass transfer is tempal potential
+hey transfer is temperature right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey transfer is temperature right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey transfer is temperature right
+mechanical is pressure so s dyamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical is pressure so s dyamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical is pressure so s dyamic
+quantities and when I put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and when I put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and when I put them
+together so the formula will align to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so the formula will align to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so the formula will align to
+each other chical potential align to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other chical potential align to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other chical potential align to
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+eventually that's a driving force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that's a driving force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that's a driving force for
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+flow and uh here the work function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and uh here the work function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and uh here the work function here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+affinity and at the point of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and at the point of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and at the point of their
+compact you can think that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact you can think that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact you can think that they have to
+have the local same vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the local same vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the local same vacuum level
+right same vacuum level at the point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same vacuum level at the point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same vacuum level at the point if
+I put these two piece together locally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put these two piece together locally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put these two piece together locally I
+pull electron out to vacuum that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull electron out to vacuum that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull electron out to vacuum that's the
+same point as the metal side so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point as the metal side so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point as the metal side so there is
+a mismatch between the work function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mismatch between the work function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mismatch between the work function and
+the infinity and this mismatch is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity and this mismatch is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity and this mismatch is Delta
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which you can check right for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can check right for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can check right for different
+material you can always find not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you can always find not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you can always find not always
+sometimes the people have measure it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the people have measure it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the people have measure it but
+in theory you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory you can find
+this okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so there's
+Delta that's the uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that's the uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that's the uh this
+Delta is the shock barrier height right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is the shock barrier height right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is the shock barrier height right
+that's the barrier height there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the barrier height there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the barrier height there's a
+potential difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference of the
+electrons in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the semiconductor
+and metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metal
+side now of course if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now of course if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now of course if you think about
+this electrons here so this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electrons here so this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electrons here so this electron
+will fall into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall into the
+lower the metal side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the metal side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the metal side
+right electron go from high energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electron go from high energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electron go from high energy to
+lower energy anything go high energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy anything go high energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy anything go high energy to
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+energy so once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so once the
+four there is less there positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there is less there positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there is less there positive charge
+less electron here so chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less electron here so chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less electron here so chemical potential
+is measure between EC and here and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measure between EC and here and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measure between EC and here and next
+electron means larger distance so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron means larger distance so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron means larger distance so you
+can see here I'm going far away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here I'm going far away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here I'm going far away from the
+interface that's my bulk region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that's my bulk region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that's my bulk region
+interface region the semiconductor side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface region the semiconductor side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface region the semiconductor side
+there's a Bend benath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Bend benath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Bend benath
+EC is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat okay and that's because intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat okay and that's because intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat okay and that's because intuitively
+electron for on this side less electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron for on this side less electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron for on this side less electron
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+bigger separation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger separation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger separation there
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+same yes I didn't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same yes I didn't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same yes I didn't draw
+it so the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the V
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vacuum
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+vacuum yes yes thank you for telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum yes yes thank you for telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum yes yes thank you for telling me
+that vacuum level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different uh uh so so locally the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh uh so so locally the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh uh so so locally the vacuum
+level also changing so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level also changing so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level also changing so so this is the
+where again you have to really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again you have to really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again you have to really think
+this is defined really real local the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined really real local the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined really real local the
+sort of uh this rule is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh this rule is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh this rule is actually
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+violated particularly uh when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated particularly uh when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated particularly uh when you put
+the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different
+semiconductors you first think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors you first think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors you first think about the
+LA vacuum level then look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA vacuum level then look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA vacuum level then look at the
+affinity and that's the B Edge outset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and that's the B Edge outset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and that's the B Edge outset
+doesn't always work I'm so Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always work I'm so Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always work I'm so Delta is
+before you bring cont you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have right so that's the original when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right so that's the original when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right so that's the original when
+you bring it together EF and the V drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring it together EF and the V drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring it together EF and the V drops
+down for the semiconductor then EC drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for the semiconductor then EC drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for the semiconductor then EC drops
+down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as
+well so that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creates does the vacum level change let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates does the vacum level change let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates does the vacum level change let
+me let me draw the vacuum level what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me draw the vacuum level what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me draw the vacuum level what I
+saw the vacuum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the vacuum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the vacuum level
+here this is back let me draw this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is back let me draw this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is back let me draw this is
+the metal side and this seems to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal side and this seems to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal side and this seems to be the
+semiconductor side and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor side and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor side and this is the
+EC and here is the so uh here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC and here is the so uh here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC and here is the so uh here is the
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+function here is my electron going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here is my electron going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here is my electron going into
+vacuum so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so this is my
+Affinity uh right the difference give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta Okay so have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Okay so have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Okay so have that
+jump in the v locally I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in the v locally I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in the v locally I put it
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+okay so this is the uh uh that this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the uh uh that this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the uh uh that this kind
+of interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interface
+here right is often between metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right is often between metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right is often between metal and
+semiconductor and this is a shotgate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+barrier and uh now if I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and uh now if I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and uh now if I think about the
+flying flow electron I put a I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying flow electron I put a I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying flow electron I put a I talk
+about contact right you you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage how the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows
+okay and of course you can always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course you can always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course you can always say
+again from left to right right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from left to right right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from left to right right to left
+same kind of thinking there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thinking there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thinking there
+okay and here is a p type right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is a p type right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is a p type right so
+before I draw elect come and here is a h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I draw elect come and here is a h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I draw elect come and here is a h
+HSE is a uh this this from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HSE is a uh this this from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HSE is a uh this this from here to here
+is barrier this is a positive charge say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is barrier this is a positive charge say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is barrier this is a positive charge say
+holes and here there less holes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and here there less holes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and here there less holes because
+the electron P into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron P into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron P into here
+neutralize uh uh make less really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize uh uh make less really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize uh uh make less really is
+electron fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron fall
+into where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into where I'm
+confusing uh think about so positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing uh think about so positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing uh think about so positive so
+uh really okay so electron should fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really okay so electron should fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really okay so electron should fall
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+side uh from here to here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh from here to here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh from here to here because the
+electron is at a higher energy than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is at a higher energy than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is at a higher energy than they
+here so electron fall into this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so electron fall into this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so electron fall into this side
+there's less hole here because electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less hole here because electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less hole here because electron
+fa in the app states in the holes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa in the app states in the holes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa in the app states in the holes are
+just what's left over the empty stat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's left over the empty stat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's left over the empty stat of
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+right so what's hole there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's hole there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's hole there's there
+really no hole the uh in the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no hole the uh in the v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no hole the uh in the v
+span this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span this is
+EV the electron F all here and left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV the electron F all here and left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV the electron F all here and left
+behind a few EMP St those are the MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a few EMP St those are the MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a few EMP St those are the MP
+area now the metal electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area now the metal electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area now the metal electron from the
+metal right electron from the metal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right electron from the metal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right electron from the metal for
+into this side fill in some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this side fill in some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this side fill in some of those
+empty stat so this is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty stat so this is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty stat so this is no longer
+available for po so this is last H Stace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for po so this is last H Stace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for po so this is last H Stace
+so they less holes here this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they less holes here this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they less holes here this is less
+hole so the uh peral will return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so the uh peral will return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so the uh peral will return the
+chal potential and V fan becomes larg so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chal potential and V fan becomes larg so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chal potential and V fan becomes larg so
+this is the shock barrier for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so vacuum level I didn't draw a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vacuum level I didn't draw a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vacuum level I didn't draw a vacuum
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and no no no the P has to be uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no no no the P has to be uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no no no the P has to be uh you have
+to look at the uh I think this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the uh I think this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the uh I think this is your
+this this is your W on the Met side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is your W on the Met side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is your W on the Met side and
+uh you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to think
+about this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+here right and so uh uh so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and so uh uh so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and so uh uh so from here
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+level vacuum level Here and Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level vacuum level Here and Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level vacuum level Here and Now
+electrons start to faill in because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons start to faill in because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons start to faill in because the
+electron go from high energy states to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron go from high energy states to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron go from high energy states to
+lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy
+states formula will will be because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states formula will will be because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states formula will will be because this
+is p type right so the P type will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p type right so the P type will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p type right so the P type will be
+going here this is f level so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here this is f level so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here this is f level so this is
+the uh uh this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the no doesn't go this one back has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no doesn't go this one back has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no doesn't go this one back has to
+be same so here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same so here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same so here and
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+much electrons in the P type so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much electrons in the P type so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much electrons in the P type so you say
+uh why the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why the electron
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh vacuum also has to bend down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh vacuum also has to bend down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh vacuum also has to bend down
+yeah okay so this is your vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh oh vacuum I see yeah yeah yeah V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh oh vacuum I see yeah yeah yeah V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh oh vacuum I see yeah yeah yeah V
+ising I thought you asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ising I thought you asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ising I thought you asking the
+E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tricky um now let's say I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky um now let's say I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky um now let's say I'm giving you
+the formula I'm not deriving but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula I'm not deriving but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula I'm not deriving but the
+point is it's reing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it's reing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it's reing
+formula right NE what we wrote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right NE what we wrote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right NE what we wrote for
+vacuum and when I there some difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and when I there some difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and when I there some difference
+also so the first Factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the first Factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the first Factor here
+is uh the same rearing factor and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the same rearing factor and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the same rearing factor and then I
+have this exponential EV kdt and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this exponential EV kdt and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this exponential EV kdt and you can
+see that depends on whether my voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that depends on whether my voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that depends on whether my voltage
+is positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive or
+netive right so when I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive right so when I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive right so when I see
+positive is I reach the Perma level on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is I reach the Perma level on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is I reach the Perma level on
+this side on the semiconductor side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side on the semiconductor side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side on the semiconductor side so
+the voltage is applied so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is applied so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is applied so this will be
+this case this will be positive electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this will be positive electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this will be positive electron
+negative electron ra the electron on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative electron ra the electron on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative electron ra the electron on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+side and uh of course electron raised so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh of course electron raised so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh of course electron raised so
+there is more chance for this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more chance for this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more chance for this electron
+going from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from left to
+right from right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from right to
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+right so that's where where my e KBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's where where my e KBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's where where my e KBT
+coming from exponential so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from exponential so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from exponential so I have this
+forward B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward B
+F now when I reverse f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now when I reverse f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now when I reverse f
+it okay uh say when the electron go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh say when the electron go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh say when the electron go this
+way is really charge go this way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is really charge go this way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is really charge go this way that's
+what I draw this is a positive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I draw this is a positive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I draw this is a positive me
+positive semor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semor and
+right and when reverse pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when reverse pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when reverse pass
+it this direction that bar is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this direction that bar is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this direction that bar is fixed
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+change so this current is always that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so this current is always that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so this current is always that
+first this is saturation Curr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this is saturation Curr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this is saturation Curr
+there right now there is L going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right now there is L going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right now there is L going this
+way but that's not much less because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but that's not much less because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but that's not much less because you
+see here you it's uh that difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here you it's uh that difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here you it's uh that difference is
+small so now this is the same as a diod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so now this is the same as a diod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so now this is the same as a diod
+right bias differently you have uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bias differently you have uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bias differently you have uh say
+different current characteristics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different current characteristics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different current characteristics so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+similar to a dial typical Di and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to a dial typical Di and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to a dial typical Di and this is
+a shocky di positive bass negative bass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shocky di positive bass negative bass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shocky di positive bass negative bass
+saturation C here not zero and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation C here not zero and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation C here not zero and this is
+the when you B too much break down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when you B too much break down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when you B too much break down so
+you can just to punch over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just to punch over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just to punch over this
+barrier under not reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can
+see uh metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh metal
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+interface and if you make a contact like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and if you make a contact like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and if you make a contact like
+this it's not good typically you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not good typically you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not good typically you don't
+want to make a short gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contact right and how you solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact right and how you solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact right and how you solve that
+problem and the way people solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the way people solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the way people solve this
+problem is they dope it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they dope it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they dope it very
+heavily so uh let's say you say when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so uh let's say you say when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily so uh let's say you say when you
+dope heavy this becomes say so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope heavy this becomes say so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope heavy this becomes say so basically
+when you do very heavy few electron come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do very heavy few electron come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do very heavy few electron come
+over this very larrow this a very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this very larrow this a very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this very larrow this a very sharp
+so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw this becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this becomes very
+sharp when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp when you
+go and when it becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and when it becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and when it becomes very
+Shar so electron com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar so electron com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar so electron com
+through rather than have to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+barrier okay so that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier okay so that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier okay so that's one way to
+overcome the sh resistance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the sh resistance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the sh resistance here
+otherwise you say uh so this is how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you say uh so this is how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you say uh so this is how how
+people make army contact is you dop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make army contact is you dop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make army contact is you dop the
+region very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region very
+heavily and uh uh and of course you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily and uh uh and of course you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily and uh uh and of course you want
+to use the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the right
+metal to start it so that the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to start it so that the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to start it so that the work
+function the Delta here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Delta here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Delta here is not
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+right so that's why if you want make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why if you want make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why if you want make a
+contact you want to know your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact you want to know your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact you want to know your work
+function you want to know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity and of course there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and of course there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and of course there are many
+other reasons where you don't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons where you don't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons where you don't make a
+good contact other than this you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good contact other than this you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good contact other than this you may
+have a physical long contact a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical long contact a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical long contact a vacuum
+Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap
+there that could also vacuum Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that could also vacuum Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that could also vacuum Gap is
+essentially a very high barrier here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a very high barrier here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a very high barrier here
+right you have to pel through that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to pel through that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to pel through that you
+can pel through that or or if it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pel through that or or if it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pel through that or or if it's too
+wide there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance okay
+shy since we're talking about di I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy since we're talking about di I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy since we're talking about di I'll
+continue right this is a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue right this is a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue right this is a metal
+semiconductor and regular di that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and regular di that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and regular di that is not
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+semiconductor is a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor is a semiconductor
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+so let's look at semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at semiconductor
+semiconductor right so we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor right so we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor right so we make
+semiconductor n Tye semiconduct P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor n Tye semiconduct P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor n Tye semiconduct P
+Ty and uh I put the two pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty and uh I put the two pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty and uh I put the two pieces together
+contact same thing happen right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact same thing happen right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact same thing happen right the
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+potential must align each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential must align each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential must align each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+right so what that align looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what that align looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what that align looking like
+what what really means is here n type I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what really means is here n type I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what really means is here n type I
+got a lot of electron so electron go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of electron so electron go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of electron so electron go
+this side P type I got a lot of hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side P type I got a lot of hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side P type I got a lot of hole
+hole go the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+okay and uh so when electron go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so when electron go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so when electron go from
+this side to this side What's Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behind positive atoms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behind positive atoms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behind positive atoms there
+right so what you have here is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you have here is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you have here is positive
+atom this atom do not move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this atom do not move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this atom do not move
+those atoms are just a charge there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atoms are just a charge there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atoms are just a charge there they
+don't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move
+right on this side post left so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this side post left so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this side post left so the uh
+Left Behind really is just get a post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Left Behind really is just get a post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Left Behind really is just get a post
+left is like you get the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is like you get the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is like you get the access
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+to uh for the for this case P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh for the for this case P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh for the for this case P
+Boron say you going to access electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron say you going to access electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron say you going to access electron
+uh uh uh uh not not the neutral now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh not not the neutral now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh not not the neutral now in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+region so those when I draw this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so those when I draw this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so those when I draw this is the
+ions positive ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions positive ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions positive ions
+negative on the two sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative on the two sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative on the two sides of the
+interface that's a space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that's a space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that's a space charge
+region not a mobile mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region not a mobile mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region not a mobile mobile
+electrons okay and if I draw the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay and if I draw the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay and if I draw the band
+Gap b b alignment right so if I oops I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap b b alignment right so if I oops I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap b b alignment right so if I oops I
+forgot EC should be mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this one there should be a line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this one there should be a line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this one there should be a line here
+that's a EF I disappear right this is EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a EF I disappear right this is EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a EF I disappear right this is EF
+and this EF and this EF will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this EF and this EF will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this EF and this EF will have to
+align each other so it's easy to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align each other so it's easy to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align each other so it's easy to think
+about the connection right if I have far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the connection right if I have far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the connection right if I have far
+away from the interface I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type and far away from the interface I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and far away from the interface I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and far away from the interface I
+have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P
+type and now P type formula was close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and now P type formula was close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and now P type formula was close to
+e n type of formula was close to e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e n type of formula was close to e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e n type of formula was close to e and
+then connect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+right and at the end it's it's equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at the end it's it's equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at the end it's it's equ
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+your and in between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your and in between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your and in between this
+region a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region a space
+charge no charge there no no free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge no charge there no no free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge no charge there no no free
+carrier no electron F just positively on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier no electron F just positively on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier no electron F just positively on
+netive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive
+arms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms right
+okay and that means I got now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that means I got now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that means I got now I have
+positive arm negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive arm negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive arm negative
+arm I have a potential right pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm I have a potential right pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm I have a potential right pointing
+from positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from positive
+Li so that potential is building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li so that potential is building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li so that potential is building
+potential Point negative to positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Point negative to positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Point negative to positive and
+this potential will resist further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential will resist further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential will resist further
+diffusion so at the end you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so at the end you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so at the end you got the
+equili so this is the build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equili so this is the build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equili so this is the build
+po that resist diffusion of charge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po that resist diffusion of charge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po that resist diffusion of charge from
+one side to other CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side to other CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side to other CH
+form now let's look at what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now let's look at what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now let's look at what's the
+current voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current voltage
+characteristics very similar to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics very similar to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics very similar to re
+formula so I'm going through this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so I'm going through this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so I'm going through this that's
+what you learned before so this uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned before so this uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned before so this uh uh I
+I threw at you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I threw at you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I threw at you okay
+right electron number density whole L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electron number density whole L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electron number density whole L
+density and electron in any conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and electron in any conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and electron in any conductor
+right if you write the electron you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you write the electron you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you write the electron you can
+also derive similar ho and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also derive similar ho and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also derive similar ho and you take the
+product you find out product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant this p and N so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this p and N so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this p and N so if you do
+electron do n Ty they're less ho because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron do n Ty they're less ho because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron do n Ty they're less ho because
+P * n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P * n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P * n is
+constant okay P * n here is a Rel B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay P * n here is a Rel B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay P * n here is a Rel B
+structure effective Mass conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure effective Mass conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure effective Mass conduction
+effective mass balance B Bank Gap and KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective mass balance B Bank Gap and KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective mass balance B Bank Gap and KT
+right so P * is constant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so P * is constant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so P * is constant that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+now how I calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how I calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how I calculate
+potential from on this side I I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential from on this side I I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential from on this side I I can say
+because I know this is constant so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know this is constant so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know this is constant so I
+just need to calculate this I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to calculate this I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to calculate this I need to
+calculate this and the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this and the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this and the difference is
+this that's the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the building
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+right so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from
+uh look at this side I have ecus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at this side I have ecus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at this side I have ecus n
+that's EC nus mu that's this distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EC nus mu that's this distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EC nus mu that's this distance so
+I can start from the let's suppose each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can start from the let's suppose each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can start from the let's suppose each
+of the donor each phospher for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the donor each phospher for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the donor each phospher for example I
+put in give me electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in give me electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in give me electron
+and I reverse it I get this and I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I reverse it I get this and I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I reverse it I get this and I can do
+the same on the on this side I given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same on the on this side I given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same on the on this side I given the
+L of P of the acceptor that's L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of P of the acceptor that's L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of P of the acceptor that's L of
+phosphor I Boron I put here each Borum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor I Boron I put here each Borum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor I Boron I put here each Borum
+create one hole so I find the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one hole so I find the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one hole so I find the distance
+between here and here this is from oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here this is from oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here this is from oh
+well I already converted into EC that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I already converted into EC that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I already converted into EC that's
+the from here to Here and Now this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from here to Here and Now this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from here to Here and Now this from
+here to here that's here that's here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here that's here that's here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here that's here that's here the
+difference of the to gave me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the to gave me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the to gave me the
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+potential so this is the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so this is the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so this is the building
+potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and
+uh it's the acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the acceptor
+donor acceptor on this side to on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor acceptor on this side to on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor acceptor on this side to on this
+side how I do how much I dop it the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side how I do how much I dop it the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side how I do how much I dop it the more
+I dop it the higher is the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dop it the higher is the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dop it the higher is the building
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right how wi is this space chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how wi is this space chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how wi is this space chart
+reg now that you can solve person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg now that you can solve person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg now that you can solve person
+equation I'm not solving I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm not solving I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm not solving I'm just
+agreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing
+de okay but I want you to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de okay but I want you to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de okay but I want you to look at this
+if it's just electrostatic that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just electrostatic that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just electrostatic that's the
+this is the uh this is the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh this is the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh this is the width of the
+space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+okay and it depends on the dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it depends on the dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it depends on the dialectric
+constant larger dialectric constant why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant larger dialectric constant why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant larger dialectric constant why
+here is the uh say speed chart reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh say speed chart reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh say speed chart reading
+right so if I look at this one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I look at this one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I look at this one side
+either accept a donor that's roughly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either accept a donor that's roughly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either accept a donor that's roughly how
+wide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide it
+is and uh that's why I said I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh that's why I said I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh that's why I said I want the
+dop City in to to make a to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop City in to to make a to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop City in to to make a to reduce the
+shock effect for contact if you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock effect for contact if you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock effect for contact if you you can
+see that if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I don't
+hamier the width of this space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamier the width of this space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamier the width of this space charge
+region narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+where you will talk to people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will talk to people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will talk to people with
+intelligence they say oh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence they say oh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence they say oh what's the
+violence that's essentially a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence that's essentially a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence that's essentially a measure of
+the weight intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight intrinsic
+weight okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay and the
+violence is essentially what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence is essentially what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence is essentially what we have
+here replace building potential by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here replace building potential by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here replace building potential by
+kdt the spread Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kdt the spread Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kdt the spread Ser
+spread right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread right
+so faier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faier
+dopin shorter is the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin shorter is the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin shorter is the space charge
+region okay some people do Nano wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay some people do Nano wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay some people do Nano wire
+surface effect depends on you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface effect depends on you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface effect depends on you can say
+whether surface effect centered or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether surface effect centered or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether surface effect centered or not
+depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your
+doping so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping so the
+B okay finally this is a I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay finally this is a I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay finally this is a I want to show
+you this because it's the same as re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because it's the same as re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because it's the same as re
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+right that's a p Junction I *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a p Junction I *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a p Junction I *
+B Uh current voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Uh current voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Uh current voltage
+relation except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation except
+JS except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS except
+JS and that has a l price there the J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS and that has a l price there the J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS and that has a l price there the J is
+longer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ right that exponential barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ right that exponential barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ right that exponential barrier
+height no longer the rear in form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height no longer the rear in form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height no longer the rear in form and
+what we have here is diffusivity of hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here is diffusivity of hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here is diffusivity of hole
+diffusivity of electron recompilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity of electron recompilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity of electron recompilation
+time of hole on each side with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of hole on each side with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of hole on each side with the
+electron on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on each
+side so this is a complete different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is a complete different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is a complete different
+mechanism and uh so this are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and uh so this are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and uh so this are the
+definition here I'm going there quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here I'm going there quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here I'm going there quickly
+but I want to chew on it and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to chew on it and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to chew on it and come back
+and we do explain more and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do explain more and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do explain more and basically
+this is a different here you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different here you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different here you can see the
+formula is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+right saturation current JS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right saturation current JS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right saturation current JS is
+different but uh it's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but uh it's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but uh it's a complete
+different mechanism in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism in terms of
+Transport because in a pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport because in a pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport because in a pin
+Junction the uh electron when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction the uh electron when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction the uh electron when you go
+from this side to this other side there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this side to this other side there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this side to this other side there
+are no electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no electron
+anymore right P side there are not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore right P side there are not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore right P side there are not much
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+there so how the transfer happen and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how the transfer happen and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how the transfer happen and it
+turns out is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is really the
+whole Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Rec
+combine Rec combine with the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine Rec combine with the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine Rec combine with the uh uh
+electron so the whole sphere Rec combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so the whole sphere Rec combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so the whole sphere Rec combine
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+electron and then hole has to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then hole has to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then hole has to supply
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+supplying so there's a so so in a p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying so there's a so so in a p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying so there's a so so in a p and
+Junction is a recompilation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction is a recompilation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction is a recompilation that's
+important that D drives the current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that D drives the current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that D drives the current flow
+well in a uh uh shoping uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a uh uh shoping uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a uh uh shoping uh
+dial it's just electron go this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial it's just electron go this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial it's just electron go this side
+electron go this side there is no Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron go this side there is no Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron go this side there is no Supply
+issue there so one is the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue there so one is the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue there so one is the majority
+carrier device the other is M device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier device the other is M device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier device the other is M device
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+different okay formula is same almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay formula is same almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay formula is same almost
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay
+so uh just last slide like again I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just last slide like again I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just last slide like again I want
+to uh uh show say I'll CH come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh show say I'll CH come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh show say I'll CH come back to
+do a little review but go think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little review but go think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little review but go think about
+this so this is the electron current C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the electron current C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the electron current C
+current and they add up to the total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and they add up to the total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and they add up to the total of
+current must be continuous that's a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current must be continuous that's a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current must be continuous that's a p
+injunction okay and what most people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injunction okay and what most people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injunction okay and what most people do
+not know even electrical engineer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know even electrical engineer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know even electrical engineer I'm
+pretty sure is that inside the junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure is that inside the junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure is that inside the junk
+switch charge region there's no Heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch charge region there's no Heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch charge region there's no Heating
+in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you look at the PTY effect you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you look at the PTY effect you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you look at the PTY effect you go
+to analyze C Electric effect in the syu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze C Electric effect in the syu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze C Electric effect in the syu
+device you find out that in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you find out that in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you find out that in the space
+charge region is a cooling effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region is a cooling effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region is a cooling effect and
+really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the
+recombination outside the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination outside the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination outside the space charge
+region that create the uh heating of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that create the uh heating of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that create the uh heating of
+course heeding is a big issue in micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course heeding is a big issue in micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course heeding is a big issue in micro
+Electronics right but in a dial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics right but in a dial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics right but in a dial the
+center the interface is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Co okay I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co okay I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co okay I'll stop
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and think lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+again L materials
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lwSNTxl4b4Y.txt b/lwSNTxl4b4Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7c1f628284322a6ef8d8fa0192a35d21dd3057a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lwSNTxl4b4Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the great groups class let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the great groups class let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the great groups class let me
+do a quick background err to get us up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick background err to get us up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick background err to get us up
+to where we are at the moment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where we are at the moment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where we are at the moment and then
+I'll just do a quick overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do a quick overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do a quick overview of the
+William Rosen book on the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Rosen book on the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Rosen book on the Industrial
+Revolution and I'll do just a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution and I'll do just a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution and I'll do just a summary
+the Bennis and Biederman rules and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bennis and Biederman rules and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bennis and Biederman rules and then
+it's your class so quick background do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your class so quick background do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your class so quick background do
+you remember these characters solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember these characters solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember these characters solo
+Robert Solow and Paul Romer and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Solow and Paul Romer and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Solow and Paul Romer and we'll
+just do a quick recap but solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a quick recap but solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a quick recap but solo
+essentially taught us that technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taught us that technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taught us that technological
+and related innovation is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and related innovation is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and related innovation is the dominant
+causative factor of growth Romer taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causative factor of growth Romer taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causative factor of growth Romer taught
+us that behind that in effect R&D system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that behind that in effect R&D system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that behind that in effect R&D system
+is what he calls human capital engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls human capital engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls human capital engage
+and research in other words it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and research in other words it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and research in other words it's the
+talent base that's in that system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent base that's in that system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent base that's in that system that
+these are two direct innovation factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two direct innovation factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two direct innovation factors
+and then there's a whole set in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a whole set in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a whole set in this
+complex ecosystem of innovation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ecosystem of innovation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ecosystem of innovation is a
+whole set of direct and indirect factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of direct and indirect factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of direct and indirect factors
+so so remember we just talked about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so remember we just talked about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so remember we just talked about then
+innovation occurs in a complex kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation occurs in a complex kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation occurs in a complex kind of
+ecosystem of different factors some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem of different factors some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem of different factors some are
+direct like talent NRD some are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct like talent NRD some are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct like talent NRD some are much
+less direct some are set by the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less direct some are set by the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less direct some are set by the private
+sector some are set by government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector some are set by government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector some are set by government and
+you can see here the rich list of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here the rich list of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here the rich list of kind
+of factors that aren't as central that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors that aren't as central that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors that aren't as central that
+aren't as critical but it still must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as critical but it still must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as critical but it still must be
+accounted for in looking at that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in looking at that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in looking at that system
+they do play within that innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do play within that innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do play within that innovation
+system and then a third question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then a third question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then a third question which
+has been at the heart of a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been at the heart of a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been at the heart of a lot of what
+we've been talking about in class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about in class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about in class is
+there a third direct innovation factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a third direct innovation factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a third direct innovation factor
+and arguably the organization of Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arguably the organization of Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arguably the organization of Science
+and Technology is that factor so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technology is that factor so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technology is that factor so we
+talked about how the u.s. innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how the u.s. innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how the u.s. innovation
+system evolved and kind of told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system evolved and kind of told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system evolved and kind of told the
+story of its evolution in that World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of its evolution in that World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of its evolution in that World War
+two timetable the rad lab at MIT was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two timetable the rad lab at MIT was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two timetable the rad lab at MIT was an
+important foundational moment boniva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important foundational moment boniva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important foundational moment boniva
+Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush
+was the author of the kind of leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the author of the kind of leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the author of the kind of leading
+tract on what the US post-war innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract on what the US post-war innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract on what the US post-war innovation
+system was going to look like and led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was going to look like and led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was going to look like and led
+that his model led to the creation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his model led to the creation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his model led to the creation in
+America and the continuation really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and the continuation really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and the continuation really
+starting in one or two started in World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in one or two started in World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in one or two started in World
+War two of the federally funded research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two of the federally funded research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two of the federally funded research
+university and then the plethora of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and then the plethora of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and then the plethora of
+basic science research agencies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic science research agencies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic science research agencies in the
+u.s. so that's innovation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. so that's innovation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. so that's innovation on the
+institutional level but as we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional level but as we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional level but as we've talked
+about before people innovate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before people innovate not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before people innovate not
+institutions which is really the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions which is really the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions which is really the topic
+of today's class and we're going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's class and we're going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's class and we're going to run
+through a series of great innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of great innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of great innovation
+groups will run through five of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups will run through five of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups will run through five of them so
+we'll lay out Edison and Bardeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll lay out Edison and Bardeen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll lay out Edison and Bardeen
+Oppenheimer Xerox PARC Group Boyer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer Xerox PARC Group Boyer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer Xerox PARC Group Boyer and
+Swanson and craig Venter so we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swanson and craig Venter so we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swanson and craig Venter so we'll do a
+group of three that sort of came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of three that sort of came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of three that sort of came out of
+the earlier physical sciences side into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier physical sciences side into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier physical sciences side into
+the IT side and then we'll do two life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT side and then we'll do two life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT side and then we'll do two life
+science leaders and groups just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science leaders and groups just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science leaders and groups just as
+background William Rosen wrote this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background William Rosen wrote this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background William Rosen wrote this book
+called the Industrial Revolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Industrial Revolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Industrial Revolution in
+Britain and he he has important lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and he he has important lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and he he has important lessons
+for us on the process of innovation I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us on the process of innovation I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us on the process of innovation I'll
+just recap I'll just pull out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recap I'll just pull out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recap I'll just pull out of that
+book some thoughts that may help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book some thoughts that may help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book some thoughts that may help us
+think a little a little bit in the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little a little bit in the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little a little bit in the big
+picture kind of way about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture kind of way about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture kind of way about some of these
+issues first he identifies something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues first he identifies something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues first he identifies something
+called the intelligent hand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the intelligent hand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the intelligent hand and the
+concept is taken from Charles Bell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is taken from Charles Bell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is taken from Charles Bell but
+it really originates in Immanuel Kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really originates in Immanuel Kant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really originates in Immanuel Kant
+who identified the hand as a window in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who identified the hand as a window in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who identified the hand as a window in
+the world and since mi t--'s model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and since mi t--'s model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and since mi t--'s model is
+mind and hand in other words in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and hand in other words in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and hand in other words in many
+ways it's learning by doing that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's learning by doing that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's learning by doing that's an
+important conceptual framework when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conceptual framework when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conceptual framework when we
+begin to think about innovation it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to think about innovation it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to think about innovation it is
+clearly not mind only it is clearly mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not mind only it is clearly mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not mind only it is clearly mind
+and hand it's the combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hand it's the combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hand it's the combination of the
+ability to do things physically in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do things physically in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do things physically in an
+intact hallway carry them out as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact hallway carry them out as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact hallway carry them out as well as
+think those great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those great
+sexual organizing thoughts da Vinci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual organizing thoughts da Vinci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual organizing thoughts da Vinci
+combines and I've just been reading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines and I've just been reading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines and I've just been reading a
+biography of him but he amazingly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography of him but he amazingly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography of him but he amazingly and
+his thousands of pages of notebooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his thousands of pages of notebooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his thousands of pages of notebooks
+combines his incredible ability to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines his incredible ability to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines his incredible ability to do
+art and draw with his highly inventive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and draw with his highly inventive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and draw with his highly inventive
+skillset of imagining all kinds of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillset of imagining all kinds of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillset of imagining all kinds of new
+machines right that we run imagined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines right that we run imagined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines right that we run imagined in
+that context of the fifteen hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that context of the fifteen hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that context of the fifteen hundreds
+when he's writing helicopters is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's writing helicopters is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's writing helicopters is one
+example his ability to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example his ability to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example his ability to see and
+conceptually see and draw helps innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually see and draw helps innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually see and draw helps innate
+enable him to invent these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable him to invent these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable him to invent these big
+conceptual ideas so that's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual ideas so that's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual ideas so that's another way
+of looking at mind in hand right another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at mind in hand right another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at mind in hand right another
+way of looking at the intelligent hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at the intelligent hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at the intelligent hand
+so Rosen argues that the visual and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Rosen argues that the visual and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Rosen argues that the visual and the
+tactile and the mind and the eye and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile and the mind and the eye and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile and the mind and the eye and the
+hand are all critical in this innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand are all critical in this innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand are all critical in this innovation
+invention process just a quote to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention process just a quote to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention process just a quote to take a
+few moments here in pull moments out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few moments here in pull moments out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few moments here in pull moments out of
+his book one is what he calls the flesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book one is what he calls the flesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book one is what he calls the flesh
+an inside problem and the example he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inside problem and the example he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inside problem and the example he
+provides is James James Watt is walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides is James James Watt is walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides is James James Watt is walking
+on the green of Glasgow and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the green of Glasgow and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the green of Glasgow and in that
+moment and of course it's Scotland so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and of course it's Scotland so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and of course it's Scotland so
+he's walking past the golf Shack right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's walking past the golf Shack right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's walking past the golf Shack right
+where else right he has the idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where else right he has the idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where else right he has the idea for
+condensation in achieving a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation in achieving a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation in achieving a much higher
+level of efficiency of steam power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of efficiency of steam power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of efficiency of steam power so
+there are steam engines working in mines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are steam engines working in mines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are steam engines working in mines
+prior to what but it's that walk on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to what but it's that walk on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to what but it's that walk on the
+green where he he writes that the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green where he he writes that the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green where he he writes that the inside
+came together but we have to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together but we have to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together but we have to put this
+into the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the context
+his insight as he's walking next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his insight as he's walking next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his insight as he's walking next to the
+golf Shack appears effortless but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf Shack appears effortless but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf Shack appears effortless but it's
+built on a long-term project of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on a long-term project of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on a long-term project of
+understanding how steam power worked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how steam power worked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how steam power worked and
+what is an interesting figure because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an interesting figure because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an interesting figure because he
+comes out of a poor background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a poor background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a poor background in
+Scotland he gets he's a skilled artisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland he gets he's a skilled artisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland he gets he's a skilled artisan
+he becomes an instrument maker so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes an instrument maker so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes an instrument maker so he's
+working on early scientific and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on early scientific and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on early scientific and
+navigational and astronomy instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational and astronomy instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational and astronomy instruments
+and and he works in London and he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he works in London and he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he works in London and he's he's
+exposed to the finest skilled artisans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to the finest skilled artisans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to the finest skilled artisans
+working on those early scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on those early scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on those early scientific
+instruments he comes back to Glasgow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments he comes back to Glasgow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments he comes back to Glasgow
+he's blocked by the local guild from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's blocked by the local guild from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's blocked by the local guild from
+setting up his own instrument shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up his own instrument shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up his own instrument shop
+what's he gonna do he takes a job at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's he gonna do he takes a job at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's he gonna do he takes a job at the
+University of Edinburgh actually becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Edinburgh actually becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Edinburgh actually becomes
+quite a close friend of Adam Smith who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a close friend of Adam Smith who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a close friend of Adam Smith who's
+inventing economics at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing economics at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing economics at the same time and
+he digs into in depth into steam engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he digs into in depth into steam engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he digs into in depth into steam engines
+and begins to develop concepts of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and begins to develop concepts of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and begins to develop concepts of how
+they actually function at work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually function at work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually function at work I mean
+this is pre thermodynamics but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pre thermodynamics but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pre thermodynamics but what is
+developing a lot of those early idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a lot of those early idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a lot of those early idea
+concepts that will lead to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that will lead to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that will lead to that
+conceptual kind of framework and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual kind of framework and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual kind of framework and he
+spends 10 years in that project before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends 10 years in that project before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends 10 years in that project before
+he has to walk on the green right doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to walk on the green right doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to walk on the green right doing
+these various projects so it's that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various projects so it's that 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various projects so it's that 10
+years that enables the insight so Anders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that enables the insight so Anders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that enables the insight so Anders
+Ericsson who Rosen also writes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ericsson who Rosen also writes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ericsson who Rosen also writes about
+develops the expert performance model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops the expert performance model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops the expert performance model
+it's time on tasks it's not talent alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time on tasks it's not talent alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time on tasks it's not talent alone
+so it's really important to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really important to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really important to do those
+10,000 hours of practicing before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 hours of practicing before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 hours of practicing before you
+can pretend to be a serious musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretend to be a serious musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretend to be a serious musician
+right so you may appear musically fluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you may appear musically fluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you may appear musically fluent
+but those 10,000 hours of practice turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those 10,000 hours of practice turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those 10,000 hours of practice turn
+out to be absolutely critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be absolutely critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be absolutely critical
+foundations so it's this combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations so it's this combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations so it's this combination of
+expert perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert perform
+sandurz what are Anders Ericsson would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandurz what are Anders Ericsson would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandurz what are Anders Ericsson would
+argue with that intellectual capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue with that intellectual capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue with that intellectual capability
+that's very key here Michael Polanyi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very key here Michael Polanyi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very key here Michael Polanyi a
+philosopher and psychologist thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and psychologist thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and psychologist thinks
+about learning by doing what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning by doing what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning by doing what does that
+process look like and he develops a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process look like and he develops a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process look like and he develops a
+whole concept of tactile knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of tactile knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of tactile knowing that
+it's a combination of knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of knowledge and
+skills actual physical tactile kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills actual physical tactile kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills actual physical tactile kinds of
+skills Eric Kandel begins to begins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills Eric Kandel begins to begins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills Eric Kandel begins to begins the
+work and neuroscience of beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and neuroscience of beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and neuroscience of beginning to
+tell us how learning can occur and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how learning can occur and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how learning can occur and his
+he's there great Columbia neuroscientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's there great Columbia neuroscientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's there great Columbia neuroscientist
+Nobel winner he tells us how the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel winner he tells us how the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel winner he tells us how the brain
+chemistry changes in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry changes in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry changes in the course of
+actual tactile experience which is helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual tactile experience which is helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual tactile experience which is helps
+us understand why that it's mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us understand why that it's mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us understand why that it's mind and
+hand in combination so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in combination so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in combination so let me let me
+leave those there and then turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave those there and then turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave those there and then turn to
+Warren Bennis and Patricia Ward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Bennis and Patricia Ward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Bennis and Patricia Ward
+Biederman who wrote this book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biederman who wrote this book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biederman who wrote this book called
+organizing genius back in 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing genius back in 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing genius back in 1997
+so Dennis had been an MIT faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dennis had been an MIT faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dennis had been an MIT faculty member
+he became president of a university in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he became president of a university in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he became president of a university in
+Ohio he then moved to teach business at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio he then moved to teach business at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohio he then moved to teach business at
+USC which is where he's writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USC which is where he's writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USC which is where he's writing this
+book from along with Patricia Peterman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book from along with Patricia Peterman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book from along with Patricia Peterman
+from from USC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from USC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from USC
+and they after watching closely a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they after watching closely a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they after watching closely a lot of
+innovation groups as you all saw they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation groups as you all saw they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation groups as you all saw they
+develop the idea that these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the idea that these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the idea that these groups
+seemed to have they seem to operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have they seem to operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have they seem to operate on
+rule systems that they're kind of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule systems that they're kind of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule systems that they're kind of rules
+that govern the group and that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that govern the group and that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that govern the group and that these
+different innovation groups share a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different innovation groups share a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different innovation groups share a lot
+of rules so that's the key concept here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules so that's the key concept here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules so that's the key concept here
+that we're going to be playing out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be playing out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be playing out and
+we discuss our great groups here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss our great groups here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss our great groups here in
+class and they they run through I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and they they run through I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and they they run through I'll
+just run through some of the basic rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run through some of the basic rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run through some of the basic rules
+that you are you know by now familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are you know by now familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are you know by now familiar
+with but they argue that greatness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but they argue that greatness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but they argue that greatness
+starts with superb people and they quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with superb people and they quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with superb people and they quote
+Bob Taylor of Xerox PARC you can't pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Taylor of Xerox PARC you can't pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Taylor of Xerox PARC you can't pile
+together enough good people to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together enough good people to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together enough good people to make a
+great one that great groups and great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great one that great groups and great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great one that great groups and great
+leaders both need each other and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders both need each other and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders both need each other and create
+each other and enable each other that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and enable each other that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and enable each other that
+it's it's not leadership alone it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not leadership alone it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not leadership alone it's the
+group and the group needs leadership but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and the group needs leadership but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and the group needs leadership but
+the leadership have got to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leadership have got to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leadership have got to be able to
+play off of and interact with a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play off of and interact with a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play off of and interact with a group
+and we'll see different leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see different leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see different leadership
+styles in putting these great groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles in putting these great groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles in putting these great groups
+together as we talk about these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as we talk about these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as we talk about these groups
+today great group leaders love talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today great group leaders love talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today great group leaders love talent
+and know how to find it right that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know how to find it right that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know how to find it right that's to
+create a great group you got to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a great group you got to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a great group you got to have
+great talent in it and a role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great talent in it and a role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great talent in it and a role of the
+great group leader is to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group leader is to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group leader is to find that
+talent the talent in great groups can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent the talent in great groups can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent the talent in great groups can
+work together and in the Oppenheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together and in the Oppenheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together and in the Oppenheimer's
+story death you're gonna tell us some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story death you're gonna tell us some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story death you're gonna tell us some of
+the dissidents points I'm sure in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissidents points I'm sure in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissidents points I'm sure in that
+great group and certainly in Martine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group and certainly in Martine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group and certainly in Martine and
+the Bardeen Breton and Shockley's story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bardeen Breton and Shockley's story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bardeen Breton and Shockley's story
+you're gonna tell us about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna tell us about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna tell us about some of the
+dissonance in that great group that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance in that great group that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance in that great group that kind
+of blew it up great groups like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blew it up great groups like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blew it up great groups like to think
+they're on a mission from God in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on a mission from God in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on a mission from God in other
+words they have to believe that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they have to believe that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they have to believe that this is
+the most important mission that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important mission that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important mission that could
+ever possibly happen otherwise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever possibly happen otherwise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever possibly happen otherwise they
+never get anywhere so they have enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get anywhere so they have enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get anywhere so they have enormous
+zeal right and it's almost a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeal right and it's almost a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeal right and it's almost a kind of
+religious zeal as they embark on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious zeal as they embark on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious zeal as they embark on their
+projects they wear blinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects they wear blinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects they wear blinders
+in other words they can focus only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they can focus only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they can focus only on
+their project they can stay on task and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project they can stay on task and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project they can stay on task and
+make that the entire focus otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that the entire focus otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that the entire focus otherwise
+again would they get there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would they get there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would they get there they are
+optimistic they are not realistic so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic they are not realistic so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic they are not realistic so if
+they were realistic about what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were realistic about what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were realistic about what they were
+attempting they would never try it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting they would never try it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting they would never try it but
+because they're optimists they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're optimists they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're optimists they have the
+willingness to persevere and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to persevere and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to persevere and the
+expectation that something's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that something's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that something's gonna
+happen great groups are Islands but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen great groups are Islands but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen great groups are Islands but they
+have a bridge to the mainland so Lu Yao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bridge to the mainland so Lu Yao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bridge to the mainland so Lu Yao
+when she tells us about the Xerox PARC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she tells us about the Xerox PARC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she tells us about the Xerox PARC
+story is gonna tell us the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is gonna tell us the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is gonna tell us the classic
+Island Bridge story but typically great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island Bridge story but typically great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island Bridge story but typically great
+groups need to get put on an island a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups need to get put on an island a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups need to get put on an island a
+protected island out of the control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected island out of the control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected island out of the control of
+bureaucracies out of the control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracies out of the control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracies out of the control of the
+suits where they can do their own thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits where they can do their own thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits where they can do their own thing
+where they can come up with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can come up with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can come up with their
+inventions and then innovations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions and then innovations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions and then innovations but
+nothing happens to those innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens to those innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens to those innovations
+unless they have a bridge back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they have a bridge back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they have a bridge back to
+decision makers then enable those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers then enable those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers then enable those
+technologies to get effectuated to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies to get effectuated to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies to get effectuated to be
+put into place great groups have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into place great groups have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into place great groups have an
+enemy and most probably the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy and most probably the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy and most probably the most famous
+in your time maybe you're all too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your time maybe you're all too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your time maybe you're all too young
+for this remember those big blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this remember those big blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this remember those big blue
+commercials that Steve Jobs ran during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials that Steve Jobs ran during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials that Steve Jobs ran during
+Super Bowls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Bowls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Bowls
+you know attacking IBM and its minions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know attacking IBM and its minions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know attacking IBM and its minions
+who were wearing suits in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were wearing suits in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were wearing suits in this kind of
+dark Orwellian advertisement talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark Orwellian advertisement talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark Orwellian advertisement talking
+about Apple as up against this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Apple as up against this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Apple as up against this you know
+authoritarian IBM and enemy right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian IBM and enemy right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian IBM and enemy right it was
+a shocking ad at the time but it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shocking ad at the time but it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shocking ad at the time but it gives
+you a very good example of just how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very good example of just how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very good example of just how it
+felt to be at Apple pushing up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt to be at Apple pushing up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt to be at Apple pushing up against
+IBM's PC trying to get your Mac out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM's PC trying to get your Mac out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM's PC trying to get your Mac out the
+door great groups have the right person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door great groups have the right person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door great groups have the right person
+in the right job they have to avoid what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right job they have to avoid what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right job they have to avoid what
+we could call Hollywood syndrome right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call Hollywood syndrome right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call Hollywood syndrome right
+where everybody is a star they've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody is a star they've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody is a star they've got to
+find ways by which everybody contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways by which everybody contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways by which everybody contributes
+and has a critical area that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a critical area that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a critical area that they can
+handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle
+the groups give their talent whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups give their talent whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups give their talent whatever
+they need to thrive and they free them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to thrive and they free them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to thrive and they free them
+from anything else the group needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything else the group needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything else the group needs
+protection from the outside forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection from the outside forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection from the outside forces
+typically these groups are very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically these groups are very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically these groups are very high
+morale they're having a wonderful time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morale they're having a wonderful time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morale they're having a wonderful time
+they're having the time of their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having the time of their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having the time of their lives
+it is funny and exciting and it's 24/7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is funny and exciting and it's 24/7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is funny and exciting and it's 24/7
+but they're having the times of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're having the times of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're having the times of the
+lives and when they write later about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and when they write later about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and when they write later about
+what it was like these are high points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was like these are high points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was like these are high points
+in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their lives
+tyranny destroys the collaboration so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyranny destroys the collaboration so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyranny destroys the collaboration so in
+a way they've got to be and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way they've got to be and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way they've got to be and we'll see
+different leadership styles because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different leadership styles because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different leadership styles because it's
+by no means always democratic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means always democratic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means always democratic but
+there's got to be an ability to pitch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be an ability to pitch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be an ability to pitch in
+and contribute yeah well it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contribute yeah well it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contribute yeah well it's gonna be
+very interesting set of questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting set of questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting set of questions and
+maybe we'll raise that when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll raise that when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll raise that when we think
+about how Thomas Edison operates as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Thomas Edison operates as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Thomas Edison operates as a
+leader and a kind of 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader and a kind of 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader and a kind of 19th century
+leadership context which is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership context which is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership context which is different
+than our era teams are collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our era teams are collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our era teams are collaborative
+they need to be flat and non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be flat and non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be flat and non
+hierarchical and pretty democratic a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical and pretty democratic a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical and pretty democratic a lot
+of these rules we start to see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rules we start to see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rules we start to see in the
+rad lab this is kind of how the rad lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rad lab this is kind of how the rad lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rad lab this is kind of how the rad lab
+functions in developing the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in developing the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in developing the first
+federally funded research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federally funded research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federally funded research and
+development center you're creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development center you're creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development center you're creating the
+model for that the rad lab follows a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for that the rad lab follows a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for that the rad lab follows a lot
+of these rules they use the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rules they use the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rules they use the challenge
+mission a challenge model in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission a challenge model in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission a challenge model in other words
+they've got to be solving a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to be solving a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to be solving a really big
+problem this is not curiosity driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is not curiosity driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is not curiosity driven
+research this is problem solving is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research this is problem solving is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research this is problem solving is
+challenge solving a challenge you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge solving a challenge you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge solving a challenge you have
+to ship whether it's there comes a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ship whether it's there comes a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ship whether it's there comes a time
+when you have to get something out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to get something out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to get something out in
+the door there is a you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door there is a you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door there is a you've got to be
+able to set a time frame and move out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to set a time frame and move out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to set a time frame and move out
+your technology within a plausible time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology within a plausible time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology within a plausible time
+for a period to actually get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period to actually get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period to actually get into a
+market Xerox PARC has a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Xerox PARC has a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Xerox PARC has a lot of trouble
+with this rule you know as we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this rule you know as we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this rule you know as we'll talk
+about when we get to Xerox PARC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we get to Xerox PARC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we get to Xerox PARC the
+group needs to have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group needs to have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group needs to have a continuous
+learning environment so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environment so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environment so in other words
+they're all learning from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all learning from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all learning from each other and
+need to have a setting by which they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a setting by which they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a setting by which they can
+bring out each other's skill sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out each other's skill sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out each other's skill sets and
+teach each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach each other
+on a continuous kind of basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a continuous kind of basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a continuous kind of basis and
+Oppenheimer provides some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer provides some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer provides some interesting
+insights on this I think those are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights on this I think those are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights on this I think those are kind
+of key rules and then we're gonna turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key rules and then we're gonna turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key rules and then we're gonna turn
+now to our colleagues to present they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to our colleagues to present they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to our colleagues to present they're
+particularly great groups so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly great groups so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly great groups so we'll get
+the three kind of earlier great groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three kind of earlier great groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three kind of earlier great groups
+will each of you all will present on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will each of you all will present on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will each of you all will present on
+those and kind of get those out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and kind of get those out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and kind of get those out on the
+table and you've got about ten minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you've got about ten minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you've got about ten minutes
+or so to tell their story and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so to tell their story and explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so to tell their story and explain
+their rule set and what additional rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rule set and what additional rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rule set and what additional rules
+they kind of came up with that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of came up with that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of came up with that are
+relevant here clear so far all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here clear so far all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here clear so far all right
+so Martine why don't we do Edison first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's Edison I think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Edison I think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Edison I think that it's
+important to look at him as a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to look at him as a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to look at him as a proper
+stand and also the organization in group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and also the organization in group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and also the organization in group
+he created after so I just came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he created after so I just came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he created after so I just came from a
+relatively poor family I kind of made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively poor family I kind of made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively poor family I kind of made
+his own way so we could say original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own way so we could say original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own way so we could say original
+self-made American adventure he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-made American adventure he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-made American adventure he started
+off in self-taught because he was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in self-taught because he was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in self-taught because he was kind
+of desk so he could really learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of desk so he could really learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of desk so he could really learn in
+school setting so as a mom self-taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school setting so as a mom self-taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school setting so as a mom self-taught
+I'm at home and so that also gives him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at home and so that also gives him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at home and so that also gives him
+an original way of looking at problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an original way of looking at problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an original way of looking at problems
+he's not really used to following social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really used to following social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really used to following social
+construct as well and then he gets a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct as well and then he gets a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct as well and then he gets a job
+on the railroad whereas he's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the railroad whereas he's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the railroad whereas he's going on
+the road he sees a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road he sees a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road he sees a lot of different
+things so he's somebody who kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so he's somebody who kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so he's somebody who kind of
+become street smart as time evolves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become street smart as time evolves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become street smart as time evolves and
+he is inventing things and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is inventing things and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is inventing things and learning
+while he's on the railroad so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he's on the railroad so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he's on the railroad so there's a
+funny story about him having like his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny story about him having like his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny story about him having like his
+own little mini lab on a railroad which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own little mini lab on a railroad which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own little mini lab on a railroad which
+you know it's pretty pretty funny and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's pretty pretty funny and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's pretty pretty funny and so
+people wouldn't steal certain chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wouldn't steal certain chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wouldn't steal certain chemicals
+they would like coalesced on this poison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like coalesced on this poison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like coalesced on this poison
+and then so that's kind of like his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's kind of like his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's kind of like his
+development into adolescence and as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development into adolescence and as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development into adolescence and as he
+grows up and kind of becomes an adult he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows up and kind of becomes an adult he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows up and kind of becomes an adult he
+he gets relatively lucky but he has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets relatively lucky but he has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets relatively lucky but he has all
+these hours of experience of inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hours of experience of inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hours of experience of inventing
+and he invents this thing called the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he invents this thing called the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he invents this thing called the get
+the name here it's like the quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name here it's like the quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name here it's like the quadruple
+telegraph which he sells for what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph which he sells for what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph which he sells for what would
+be the equivalent of two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the equivalent of two hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the equivalent of two hundred
+thousand dollars today and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars today and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars today and that's what
+he uses as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses as the
+money investment to make his lab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money investment to make his lab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money investment to make his lab at
+Menlo Park which is considered I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menlo Park which is considered I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menlo Park which is considered I think
+one of the first Americans a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first Americans a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first Americans a great
+American research labs so for him is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American research labs so for him is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American research labs so for him is
+pretty interesting because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting because he's
+relatively street smart utter sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively street smart utter sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively street smart utter sentence
+the technology understands what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology understands what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology understands what he
+doesn't know about the science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about the science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know about the science and
+understands the individuals so as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands the individuals so as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands the individuals so as he
+comes in he he is kind of a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in he he is kind of a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in he he is kind of a strong
+leader but what he does that's unique is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader but what he does that's unique is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader but what he does that's unique is
+he finds different people with to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds different people with to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds different people with to her
+talents not just academic but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents not just academic but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents not just academic but also
+people who can build things people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who can build things people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who can build things people that
+have experienced shipping people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have experienced shipping people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have experienced shipping people have
+leadership abilities because he's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership abilities because he's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership abilities because he's kind
+of had this kind of his 10,000 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had this kind of his 10,000 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had this kind of his 10,000 hours
+isn't just science it's also been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just science it's also been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just science it's also been the
+ability to interact with a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to interact with a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to interact with a variety of
+people and see how they actually worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and see how they actually worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and see how they actually worked
+in a real life setting so I think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real life setting so I think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real life setting so I think would
+be interesting with him with a was to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting with him with a was to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting with him with a was to go
+through the Bennis kind of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Bennis kind of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Bennis kind of some of the
+characteristics of strong group some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of strong group some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of strong group some
+kind of relate them to how he did it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relate them to how he did it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relate them to how he did it at
+Menlo Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so need certain conditions focus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so need certain conditions focus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so need certain conditions focus so
+Menlo Park was really a ranch that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menlo Park was really a ranch that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menlo Park was really a ranch that he
+originally bought with his house in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally bought with his house in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally bought with his house in the
+back so being the leader he kind of took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so being the leader he kind of took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so being the leader he kind of took
+it upon himself to place it near his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it upon himself to place it near his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it upon himself to place it near his
+home but he actually never went rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home but he actually never went rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home but he actually never went rarely
+went into his house so he his wife lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into his house so he his wife lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into his house so he his wife lived
+in the back and he would always be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back and he would always be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back and he would always be in
+the shop of Menlo Park always working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop of Menlo Park always working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop of Menlo Park always working
+with the people there to the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people there to the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people there to the point at
+one time he walked into his house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time he walked into his house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time he walked into his house and
+his wife hadn't seen him in about a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife hadn't seen him in about a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife hadn't seen him in about a week
+social that it was an intruder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social that it was an intruder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social that it was an intruder
+so that kind of focus I'm just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of focus I'm just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of focus I'm just to give
+it a shot oh yeah yeah I mean I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shot oh yeah yeah I mean I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shot oh yeah yeah I mean I don't
+want to imply actually so have everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to imply actually so have everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to imply actually so have everyone
+in one place as I mentioned there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place as I mentioned there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place as I mentioned there there
+in Menlo Park and he has these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Menlo Park and he has these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Menlo Park and he has these great
+individuals isolate them they are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals isolate them they are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals isolate them they are kind
+of isolated in their own skillset but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolated in their own skillset but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolated in their own skillset but
+they can always collaborate because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can always collaborate because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can always collaborate because it
+is a flat model there's only really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flat model there's only really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flat model there's only really two
+floors I think in Menlo Park and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors I think in Menlo Park and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors I think in Menlo Park and then he
+did choose to expand slightly later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did choose to expand slightly later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did choose to expand slightly later but
+it wasn't highly isolated no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't highly isolated no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't highly isolated no
+distractions they were away from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractions they were away from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractions they were away from what I
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+other people so it was an island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people so it was an island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people so it was an island
+atmosphere stress they did have stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere stress they did have stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere stress they did have stress
+and they didn't have deadlines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't have deadlines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't have deadlines and
+they're also very prolific I forget how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also very prolific I forget how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also very prolific I forget how
+many patents you might know the number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many patents you might know the number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many patents you might know the number I
+know Edison hasn't run a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Edison hasn't run a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Edison hasn't run a thousand
+patents but some is death I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents but some is death I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents but some is death I think I
+don't want to give a wrong number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give a wrong number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give a wrong number
+because hard to find but I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hard to find but I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hard to find but I know that
+they're very prolific in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very prolific in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very prolific in terms of
+assuming a patent like a week something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a patent like a week something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a patent like a week something
+like that because the talent but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because the talent but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because the talent but also
+like I mentioned Edison was street smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned Edison was street smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned Edison was street smart
+so they knew that things are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they knew that things are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they knew that things are kind of
+ready to 10 min and put out there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to 10 min and put out there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to 10 min and put out there right
+away so most of the patents were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so most of the patents were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so most of the patents were all
+utility based in terms of mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility based in terms of mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility based in terms of mechanical
+electrical magnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical magnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical magnetism
+and a lot of them I think there was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of them I think there was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of them I think there was only
+14 patents from Menlo Park for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 patents from Menlo Park for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 patents from Menlo Park for something
+that was designed related so it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was designed related so it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was designed related so it was very
+much focusing on what they were good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much focusing on what they were good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much focusing on what they were good at
+which was kind of this applied science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was kind of this applied science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was kind of this applied science
+area island with bridge to mainland Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area island with bridge to mainland Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area island with bridge to mainland Bay
+were the islands the ability to sell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the islands the ability to sell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the islands the ability to sell and
+it's an already knew from past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an already knew from past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an already knew from past
+inventions I'm sure that wasn't as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions I'm sure that wasn't as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions I'm sure that wasn't as much
+of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem
+but it does that that framework roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does that that framework roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does that that framework roughly
+I would say winning underdogs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say winning underdogs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say winning underdogs they
+didn't have competitors they're not same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have competitors they're not same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have competitors they're not same
+as says you know apples competitors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as says you know apples competitors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as says you know apples competitors or
+other companies but they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies but they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies but they didn't know
+that at this time period a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this time period a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this time period a lot of
+different people were making inventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people were making inventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people were making inventions
+around electricity and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around electricity and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around electricity and it was a
+mass-market bet there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass-market bet there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass-market bet there's a lot of
+competitors coming in and you really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors coming in and you really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors coming in and you really did
+have to fight to win even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fight to win even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fight to win even though they
+were utilities the dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were utilities the dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were utilities the dynamics of the
+markets weren't as we are now having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets weren't as we are now having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets weren't as we are now having
+enemy that goes back to to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy that goes back to to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy that goes back to to their
+opponents optimism and not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents optimism and not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents optimism and not really
+realistic they would just try things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic they would just try things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic they would just try things to
+try things to see if they work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try things to see if they work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try things to see if they work and
+sometimes it would work out they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it would work out they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it would work out they would
+not work out for a person for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work out for a person for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work out for a person for the right
+job give them what they need they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job give them what they need they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job give them what they need they had
+that ton of resources when you bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ton of resources when you bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ton of resources when you bring up
+a example a newspaper article printed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a example a newspaper article printed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a example a newspaper article printed in
+1887 reveal the seriousness of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1887 reveal the seriousness of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1887 reveal the seriousness of this
+claim staying will lab contain 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim staying will lab contain 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim staying will lab contain 8,000
+kinds of chemicals every kind of screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chemicals every kind of screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chemicals every kind of screw
+made every size of needle every kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made every size of needle every kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made every size of needle every kind of
+cord or wire hair of humans horses hogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord or wire hair of humans horses hogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord or wire hair of humans horses hogs
+towns Rabbids coats mixes camels soaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns Rabbids coats mixes camels soaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns Rabbids coats mixes camels soaking
+every texture cocoons various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every texture cocoons various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every texture cocoons various kinds of
+moves shark's teeth gears horns tortoise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves shark's teeth gears horns tortoise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves shark's teeth gears horns tortoise
+shows or president garnets and oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows or president garnets and oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows or president garnets and oil
+oxygen others peacock tails jet amber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen others peacock tails jet amber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen others peacock tails jet amber
+rubber oils and the list goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber oils and the list goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber oils and the list goes on
+so I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean that
+why is a hoarder yeah what the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a hoarder yeah what the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a hoarder yeah what the time the
+different theories are science right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories are science right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories are science right so
+they weren't as refined something tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't as refined something tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't as refined something tried
+different things and it also he probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and it also he probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and it also he probably
+left room for things that weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left room for things that weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left room for things that weren't
+mainstream science at the time to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream science at the time to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream science at the time to try
+different theories because if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories because if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theories because if you have
+an expert and said oh I know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert and said oh I know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert and said oh I know how to do
+this in this but it's not explained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this but it's not explained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this but it's not explained by
+the current theory of science needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current theory of science needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current theory of science needs to
+be more shot usually so these presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more shot usually so these presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more shot usually so these presumably
+are all four filaments to get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all four filaments to get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all four filaments to get across
+there two Americas he's got to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two Americas he's got to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two Americas he's got to find the
+right filament good sense and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right filament good sense and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right filament good sense and I think
+about the right problem at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right problem at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right problem at the right
+time like I just was the first person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like I just was the first person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like I just was the first person to
+create the light bulb he perfected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the light bulb he perfected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the light bulb he perfected
+designs that could last longer than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that could last longer than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that could last longer than I
+forget those five seconds or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget those five seconds or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget those five seconds or five
+minutes so people after extended periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so people after extended periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so people after extended periods
+of time so that's another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so that's another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so that's another example
+finding the right problem at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the right problem at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the right problem at the right
+time is something that we see in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is something that we see in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is something that we see in a lot
+like the I think the Newton from Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the I think the Newton from Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the I think the Newton from Apple
+was like interest was it pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like interest was it pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like interest was it pretty much the
+iPad but it just was the wrong time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPad but it just was the wrong time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPad but it just was the wrong time also
+I think it Oracle came out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it Oracle came out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it Oracle came out with
+something that was like the netbook like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was like the netbook like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was like the netbook like
+I mean not late 90s and it did itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not late 90s and it did itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not late 90s and it did itself
+because too early not be were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because too early not be were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because too early not be were in the
+internet yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think that those kind of showcase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that those kind of showcase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that those kind of showcase
+some of the examples of how man law park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples of how man law park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples of how man law park
+was run it was definitely much it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was run it was definitely much it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was run it was definitely much it was
+definitely a kind of like a hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a kind of like a hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a kind of like a hierarchy
+where Edison kind of made the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Edison kind of made the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Edison kind of made the decisions
+but if he if he did he would make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if he if he did he would make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if he if he did he would make more
+hard decisions which is important as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard decisions which is important as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard decisions which is important as
+well because it gets rid of complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because it gets rid of complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because it gets rid of complexity
+and allows people usually if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows people usually if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows people usually if you make a
+quick visit decision it's it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick visit decision it's it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick visit decision it's it's better
+for the group because you'll go that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the group because you'll go that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the group because you'll go that way
+and if it doesn't want to use move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it doesn't want to use move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it doesn't want to use move on to
+the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing
+but you aren't debating about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you aren't debating about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you aren't debating about all the
+stupid sore that for a long periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid sore that for a long periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid sore that for a long periods of
+time there's also when you're there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's also when you're there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's also when you're there just
+focusing on doing the work so that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on doing the work so that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on doing the work so that those
+are some of the characteristics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the characteristics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the characteristics of this
+great group in Menlo Park you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group in Menlo Park you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group in Menlo Park you know maybe
+we ought to do Q&A now rather than kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to do Q&A now rather than kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to do Q&A now rather than kind
+of clench these up let me just share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clench these up let me just share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clench these up let me just share a
+couple of thoughts with you from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of thoughts with you from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of thoughts with you from these
+photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs
+that's the invention Factory and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the invention Factory and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the invention Factory and then
+back behind this is the house the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back behind this is the house the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back behind this is the house the old
+farmhouse where Edison theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmhouse where Edison theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmhouse where Edison theoretically
+lived with his wife what are we spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived with his wife what are we spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived with his wife what are we spending
+almost all this time here and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all this time here and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all this time here and that's the
+team right that's the group and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team right that's the group and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team right that's the group and there's
+the group right on the first floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group right on the first floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group right on the first floor of
+this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building
+and it's an interesting amalgam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an interesting amalgam of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an interesting amalgam of
+talent so there's some engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent so there's some engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent so there's some engineers and
+scientists in here but there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in here but there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in here but there's two
+Mendes artisans since they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendes artisans since they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendes artisans since they have to
+invent the vacuum tube in effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent the vacuum tube in effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent the vacuum tube in effect you
+know they have a great glass blower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have a great glass blower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have a great glass blower
+right so it's a very interesting mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a very interesting mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a very interesting mix of
+we call them experimentalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them experimentalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them experimentalists and
+theorists are you know combined in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists are you know combined in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists are you know combined in this
+space but remarkable ability to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but remarkable ability to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but remarkable ability to work
+together and Martine is well described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and Martine is well described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and Martine is well described
+some of the rules that apply to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rules that apply to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rules that apply to them
+they're having good time so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having good time so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having good time so they're
+often up ridiculous hours of day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often up ridiculous hours of day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often up ridiculous hours of day and
+night and they have a you know they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and they have a you know they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and they have a you know they have
+an old they have an old stove and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old they have an old stove and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old they have an old stove and after
+midnight they gather around the stove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight they gather around the stove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight they gather around the stove so
+wrap has not been invented but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap has not been invented but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap has not been invented but they
+shout doggerel poetry to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shout doggerel poetry to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shout doggerel poetry to each other
+that's humorous at the top of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's humorous at the top of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's humorous at the top of their
+lungs and mrs. Edison brings by cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs and mrs. Edison brings by cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs and mrs. Edison brings by cherry
+pies right so they feast around the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pies right so they feast around the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pies right so they feast around the old
+pot-bellied stove eating pie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot-bellied stove eating pie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot-bellied stove eating pie and
+shouting dog oral poetry each other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouting dog oral poetry each other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouting dog oral poetry each other it
+gives you an idea of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of the kind of
+adventure that they were having together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure that they were having together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure that they were having together
+and on the Island Bridge point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the Island Bridge point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the Island Bridge point that
+Martin made a key set of relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin made a key set of relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin made a key set of relationships
+that Edison was able to form was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Edison was able to form was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Edison was able to form was that
+telegraphing in effect like quadruplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraphing in effect like quadruplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraphing in effect like quadruplex
+indict Ella Graf the ability to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indict Ella Graf the ability to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indict Ella Graf the ability to send
+multiple messages over the same line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple messages over the same line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple messages over the same line
+that really enables the stock ticker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really enables the stock ticker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really enables the stock ticker and
+at immense amount of exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at immense amount of exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at immense amount of exchange of
+financial information for stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information for stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information for stock
+exchanges so buying could occur at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges so buying could occur at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges so buying could occur at a
+distance you could place orders from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you could place orders from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you could place orders from all
+over the country which really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country which really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country which really is
+foundational new Wall Street so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational new Wall Street so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational new Wall Street so people
+like JP Morgan completely understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like JP Morgan completely understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like JP Morgan completely understood the
+power of this and have a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this and have a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this and have a relationship
+with Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Edison
+so the Edison crowd is all off in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Edison crowd is all off in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Edison crowd is all off in this
+rural farm on an island but Edison has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural farm on an island but Edison has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural farm on an island but Edison has
+got a bridge back to JP Morgan so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bridge back to JP Morgan so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bridge back to JP Morgan so when
+they figure out the light bulb and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figure out the light bulb and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figure out the light bulb and the
+system that goes with it which I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that goes with it which I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that goes with it which I'll get
+to in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in a second
+he's got a way to reach a decision-maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a way to reach a decision-maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a way to reach a decision-maker
+who can actually stand up the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can actually stand up the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can actually stand up the technology
+right and that's really crucial so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's really crucial so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's really crucial so that
+invention earlier that he came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention earlier that he came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention earlier that he came up with
+is really the enabler for this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the enabler for this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the enabler for this whole
+project they have to ship because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they have to ship because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they have to ship because as
+Martine says they've got a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine says they've got a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine says they've got a limited
+amount of money which they're burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money which they're burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money which they're burning
+through by purchasing every bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by purchasing every bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by purchasing every bizarre
+thing you can think of as you just ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can think of as you just ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can think of as you just ran
+through the great list of but it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the great list of but it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the great list of but it's so
+it's it's driven by the need to ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's driven by the need to ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's driven by the need to ship
+they're gonna have to get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna have to get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna have to get this thing
+done before the money runs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before the money runs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before the money runs out
+so they're you know working all hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're you know working all hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're you know working all hours
+with incredible intensity to try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with incredible intensity to try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with incredible intensity to try and do
+it this is not just the invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is not just the invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is not just the invention of the
+light bulb they have to invent the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb they have to invent the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb they have to invent the light
+bulb is worthless without an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb is worthless without an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb is worthless without an electrical
+system to go with it so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to go with it so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to go with it so one of the
+things that Edison and his crew figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Edison and his crew figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Edison and his crew figure
+out they essentially have to invent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they essentially have to invent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they essentially have to invent the
+entire public utility model so they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire public utility model so they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire public utility model so they got
+a light bulb which is a useless product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light bulb which is a useless product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light bulb which is a useless product
+unless you have an electrical system go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have an electrical system go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have an electrical system go
+with it so they have to think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so they have to think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so they have to think through
+power systems they have to think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power systems they have to think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power systems they have to think through
+safety they have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety they have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety they have to figure out
+generators they have to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators they have to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators they have to figure out the
+organizational model for utilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model for utilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model for utilities in
+order to understand how this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand how this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand how this whole thing
+is gonna work so they've got a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna work so they've got a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna work so they've got a dream
+product that's gonna displace you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's gonna displace you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that's gonna displace you know
+gas lighting which was incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas lighting which was incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas lighting which was incredibly
+dangerous blew up all the time with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous blew up all the time with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous blew up all the time with a
+much safer and harun lease safer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much safer and harun lease safer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much safer and harun lease safer system
+which provided much federal quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provided much federal quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provided much federal quality
+light so they've got a dream product but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so they've got a dream product but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so they've got a dream product but
+it doesn't work unless they do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work unless they do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work unless they do the
+entire innovation system for electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire innovation system for electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire innovation system for electricity
+along with it which is really what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it which is really what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it which is really what their
+accomplishment is right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment is right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment is right it's
+understanding and being able to put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and being able to put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and being able to put into
+a place to the whole system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to the whole system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to the whole system and then
+using their bridge back to the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their bridge back to the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their bridge back to the financial
+world to get it financed so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to get it financed so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to get it financed so those are
+just a few points building on Martines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few points building on Martines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few points building on Martines
+you know good summary but let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know good summary but let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know good summary but let's do some
+questions on the Edison Group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why don't you fire some out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how effective would edison style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how effective would edison style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how effective would edison style
+research lab be today so there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab be today so there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab be today so there's like a
+really good show called like i'm cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good show called like i'm cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good show called like i'm cured
+genius right now where it's a app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius right now where it's a app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius right now where it's a app
+billionaire who like makes a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire who like makes a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire who like makes a hospital
+where he kind of does something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he kind of does something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he kind of does something like
+this but i just wonder if anyone had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i just wonder if anyone had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i just wonder if anyone had any
+interest in cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I feel like it definitely depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it definitely depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it definitely depends on the
+application like what they're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like what they're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like what they're interested
+in working on so I feel like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in working on so I feel like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in working on so I feel like this
+translates well when the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates well when the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates well when the capital
+expenses are lowered but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses are lowered but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses are lowered but if you're
+trying to like do research on energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like do research on energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like do research on energy or
+large infrastructure stuff I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large infrastructure stuff I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large infrastructure stuff I feel like
+that would be hard personal personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be hard personal personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be hard personal personal
+finance that today like even this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance that today like even this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance that today like even this is
+pretty impressive that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive that you couldn't
+build such a a complex company from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build such a a complex company from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build such a a complex company from a
+garage basically but I mean we see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage basically but I mean we see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage basically but I mean we see like
+Apple essentially deserted and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple essentially deserted and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple essentially deserted and it's
+similar process so if it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar process so if it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar process so if it's something
+that kind of can start small and grow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of can start small and grow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of can start small and grow I
+think it could still work today I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it could still work today I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it could still work today I don't
+really see very many differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see very many differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see very many differences between
+this and say Facebook he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say Facebook he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say Facebook he was very
+similar very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar very
+well again there it follows that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again there it follows that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again there it follows that model
+of the quote-unquote very proof because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quote-unquote very proof because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quote-unquote very proof because
+it's everyone's focus you've got a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everyone's focus you've got a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everyone's focus you've got a ton
+of people that are only working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that are only working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that are only working on the
+project they've got all the resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they've got all the resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they've got all the resources
+they need and they're just left work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need and they're just left work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need and they're just left work and
+they have a great time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a great time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a great time
+so say like somebody try to do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say like somebody try to do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say like somebody try to do this for
+like confusion like instead of equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like confusion like instead of equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like confusion like instead of equipment
+and projects like Manhattan Project 2.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know max I think you're right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know max I think you're right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know max I think you're right I mean
+I think this is the iconic picture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the iconic picture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the iconic picture right
+that's the group and it's on a room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the group and it's on a room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the group and it's on a room and
+they're all in rich communication with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in rich communication with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in rich communication with
+each other I think that picture gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other I think that picture gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other I think that picture gets
+carried through into most of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried through into most of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried through into most of the great
+groups that we're going to talk about do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that we're going to talk about do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that we're going to talk about do
+you think University should focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think University should focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think University should focus on
+getting a variety of skill sets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a variety of skill sets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a variety of skill sets to
+interact with researchers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with researchers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with researchers because
+usually it's academics or they're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's academics or they're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's academics or they're used
+to doing research but they only see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing research but they only see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing research but they only see a
+problem in a certain way for somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a certain way for somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a certain way for somebody
+who would be more street smart or as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be more street smart or as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be more street smart or as a
+more technical ability to just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical ability to just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical ability to just build
+things would it might be late Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would it might be late Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would it might be late Richard
+solutions so like should universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so like should universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so like should universities
+focus on getting people that aren't from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on getting people that aren't from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on getting people that aren't from
+universities that are talented in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that are talented in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that are talented in a
+science so it could be like electrician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so it could be like electrician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so it could be like electrician
+I think it's really an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really an important
+question because we've begun to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because we've begun to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because we've begun to talk
+about the increasing economic role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the increasing economic role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the increasing economic role of
+universities through the bayh-dole act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities through the bayh-dole act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities through the bayh-dole act
+for example and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and the fact that
+universities not control patents on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities not control patents on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities not control patents on the
+reefs and and their researchers control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reefs and and their researchers control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reefs and and their researchers control
+the patents on on their federally funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patents on on their federally funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patents on on their federally funded
+research and the pressures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and the pressures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and the pressures on
+universities to play more and more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to play more and more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to play more and more of an
+economic role as the old historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic role as the old historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic role as the old historic
+industrial labs come down right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial labs come down right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial labs come down right the
+university role guru grows so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university role guru grows so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university role guru grows so are there
+settings in universities if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings in universities if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings in universities if this is the
+iconic picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic picture
+are their settings and universities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are their settings and universities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are their settings and universities that
+look like this or is it only two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this or is it only two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this or is it only two or
+three people on the room right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people on the room right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people on the room right I think
+that's a that's a really intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a really intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a really intriguing
+question our team what do you think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question our team what do you think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question our team what do you think I
+think just cuz a lot of things in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just cuz a lot of things in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just cuz a lot of things in theory
+well just a nothing too is I'm like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just a nothing too is I'm like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just a nothing too is I'm like if
+you think about the world in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the world in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the world in terms of
+theories that we haven't discovered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that we haven't discovered yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that we haven't discovered yet
+I heard the GM discovered and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard the GM discovered and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard the GM discovered and our
+theories aren't perfect the way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories aren't perfect the way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories aren't perfect the way I would
+see it is like somebody who has say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it is like somebody who has say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it is like somebody who has say
+somebody who's built in electric grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's built in electric grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's built in electric grid
+and like playing around with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like playing around with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like playing around with different
+trios they have 2000 hours and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trios they have 2000 hours and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trios they have 2000 hours and things
+that might not have a theory for it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not have a theory for it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not have a theory for it yet
+they just know it happens so they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just know it happens so they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just know it happens so they might
+be able to say oh well you you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say oh well you you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say oh well you you think
+theoretically this is gonna happen so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically this is gonna happen so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically this is gonna happen so we
+absurd enough but based on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd enough but based on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd enough but based on some of the
+stuff I've seen I've seen this maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I've seen I've seen this maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I've seen I've seen this maybe we
+should just try it out and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just try it out and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just try it out and I think that
+might be a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a really interesting
+proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever makes the difference though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever makes the difference though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever makes the difference though
+it's like whether you're inventing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like whether you're inventing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like whether you're inventing a
+psychic scientific advancement or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic scientific advancement or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic scientific advancement or if
+it's just a product it's like with maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a product it's like with maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a product it's like with maybe
+don't need technology with putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need technology with putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need technology with putting
+things together that consumers want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that consumers want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that consumers want so
+and then they put the place Facebook I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they put the place Facebook I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they put the place Facebook I
+consider it more like a product just but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it more like a product just but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it more like a product just but
+it's a good bet that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good bet that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good bet that they do
+whereas with that isn't like I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with that isn't like I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with that isn't like I mean they
+said you know I can't intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know I can't intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know I can't intuitive
+understanding of Ohm's law and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of Ohm's law and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of Ohm's law and putting
+together the white book but I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the white book but I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the white book but I feel like
+that now it's probably even more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it's probably even more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it's probably even more of a
+challenge to kind of make scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to kind of make scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to kind of make scientific
+advances just from tinkering around just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances just from tinkering around just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances just from tinkering around just
+cuz a lot of it's already done yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz a lot of it's already done yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz a lot of it's already done yeah but
+I would say there's also opportunity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say there's also opportunity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say there's also opportunity but
+if you look at us like there's waves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at us like there's waves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at us like there's waves of
+technology like it's an STS type like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like it's an STS type like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like it's an STS type like
+people or like certain certain ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or like certain certain ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or like certain certain ways of
+doing things something to fashion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things something to fashion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things something to fashion then
+they don't so like a lot of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't so like a lot of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't so like a lot of the great
+scientists like the 1800s built things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists like the 1800s built things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists like the 1800s built things
+and would just build things and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would just build things and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would just build things and not
+really try to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to come up with a
+mathematical theory versus today like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theory versus today like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theory versus today like
+you can't come up with an ethical theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't come up with an ethical theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't come up with an ethical theory
+and then like go try it so there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like go try it so there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like go try it so there's less
+you will just try and RAM things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will just try and RAM things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will just try and RAM things so
+there might be a huge opportunity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a huge opportunity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a huge opportunity there
+because with all the new insights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with all the new insights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with all the new insights and
+all the new data you can try interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the new data you can try interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the new data you can try interesting
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so why don't we leave it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so why don't we leave it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so why don't we leave it is
+and shift over to Beth who is gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift over to Beth who is gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift over to Beth who is gonna do
+Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again before I go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again before I go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again before I go into the
+Manhattan Project specifically I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project specifically I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project specifically I wanted
+to talk a little bit about Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about Robert
+Oppenheimer as a person he had a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer as a person he had a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer as a person he had a pretty
+fascinating life a little bit tragic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating life a little bit tragic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating life a little bit tragic but
+he really contributed a lot so he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really contributed a lot so he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really contributed a lot so he went
+to Harvard and finish his industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Harvard and finish his industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Harvard and finish his industry
+degree in three years and then started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in three years and then started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree in three years and then started
+on a PhD for the Excite Cambridge under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a PhD for the Excite Cambridge under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a PhD for the Excite Cambridge under
+JJ Thompson maybe someone you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson maybe someone you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ Thompson maybe someone you've heard
+of but completed his PhD in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but completed his PhD in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but completed his PhD in Germany
+where he had the opportunity to meet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he had the opportunity to meet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he had the opportunity to meet a
+lot of really famous scientists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really famous scientists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really famous scientists of the
+day Bohr and Heisenberg rock etc after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Bohr and Heisenberg rock etc after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Bohr and Heisenberg rock etc after
+that he went to work at Berkeley as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he went to work at Berkeley as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he went to work at Berkeley as a
+professor so he was really building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so he was really building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so he was really building is
+never gonna do really all the preeminent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna do really all the preeminent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna do really all the preeminent
+synthesis of his day working snare of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of his day working snare of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of his day working snare of
+the grass Lawrence something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grass Lawrence something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grass Lawrence something that will
+kind of continue to haunt him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of continue to haunt him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of continue to haunt him and
+faculty how he works is that he did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty how he works is that he did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty how he works is that he did have
+multiple affiliations of kind of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple affiliations of kind of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple affiliations of kind of left
+organizations well he was essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations well he was essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations well he was essentially
+while he was younger so as the Red Scare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was younger so as the Red Scare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was younger so as the Red Scare
+comes about in the fifties and even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about in the fifties and even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about in the fifties and even as
+he's working on the Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's working on the Manhattan Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's working on the Manhattan Project
+there are a lot of times that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of times that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of times that these
+affiliations come into question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliations come into question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliations come into question and
+people doubt his loyalties so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doubt his loyalties so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doubt his loyalties so that's
+something that it's just interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it's just interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it's just interesting to
+note and obviously he was selected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and obviously he was selected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and obviously he was selected to
+lead the development of the atomic bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the development of the atomic bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the development of the atomic bomb
+a pasamos so do you just want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pasamos so do you just want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pasamos so do you just want to talk a
+little bit about what happened to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what happened to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what happened to him
+after the war before we'd spending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war before we'd spending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war before we'd spending the
+majority of the time talking about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the time talking about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the time talking about his
+war efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war efforts
+so in 1947 after the war he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1947 after the war he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1947 after the war he started
+working in Princeton at the advanced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in Princeton at the advanced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in Princeton at the advanced the
+Institute for Advanced Study so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for Advanced Study so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for Advanced Study so that's
+where Einstein ones at wells it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Einstein ones at wells it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Einstein ones at wells it's also
+cute it's working with a bunch of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute it's working with a bunch of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute it's working with a bunch of really
+smart people but then in 1949 is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people but then in 1949 is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people but then in 1949 is called
+to the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the house
+American activities mate and in 1953 did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American activities mate and in 1953 did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American activities mate and in 1953 did
+security clearances revoked so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security clearances revoked so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security clearances revoked so a lot of
+scientists did come speak out on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists did come speak out on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists did come speak out on his
+behalf including Vandenberg Bush every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf including Vandenberg Bush every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf including Vandenberg Bush every
+teller who will make an appearance later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller who will make an appearance later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller who will make an appearance later
+in my discussion said some comments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my discussion said some comments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my discussion said some comments that
+were expressly negative but we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expressly negative but we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expressly negative but we're very
+much did not help Oppenheimer's cause at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did not help Oppenheimer's cause at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did not help Oppenheimer's cause at
+all it's really led to his downfall yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's really led to his downfall yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's really led to his downfall yeah
+they were kind of wishy-washy and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were kind of wishy-washy and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were kind of wishy-washy and what
+he actually said but it was used against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually said but it was used against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually said but it was used against
+him a lot and eventually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a lot and eventually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a lot and eventually really
+contributed to the fact that he was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the fact that he was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the fact that he was no
+longer allowed to have his security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer allowed to have his security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer allowed to have his security
+clearance and really was pushed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance and really was pushed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance and really was pushed out of
+the political field of science so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political field of science so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political field of science so the
+results that you kind of went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that you kind of went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that you kind of went through
+from political activity she was forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from political activity she was forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from political activity she was forced
+to so he get moved to the US Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so he get moved to the US Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so he get moved to the US Virgin
+Islands he worked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands he worked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands he worked a little bit
+independently on the nuclear field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently on the nuclear field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently on the nuclear field but
+lost a lot of his influence outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost a lot of his influence outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost a lot of his influence outside of
+the scientific community so within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific community so within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific community so within the
+scientific community I think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community I think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community I think a lot of
+people still held him in high regard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still held him in high regard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still held him in high regard but
+his opinions and that's worked with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his opinions and that's worked with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his opinions and that's worked with it
+really wasn't you by people outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't you by people outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't you by people outside
+finally in 1963 he kind of got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in 1963 he kind of got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in 1963 he kind of got a
+political rehabilitation when jpay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political rehabilitation when jpay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political rehabilitation when jpay
+awarded him there you go there me award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded him there you go there me award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded him there you go there me award
+Azam this obviously didn't leave him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Azam this obviously didn't leave him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Azam this obviously didn't leave him
+much time to contribute after that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to contribute after that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to contribute after that it's
+unfortunately he was diagnosed with lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he was diagnosed with lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he was diagnosed with lung
+cancer and died a few years after so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and died a few years after so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and died a few years after so
+hopefully ah he was a bit of a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully ah he was a bit of a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully ah he was a bit of a chain
+smoker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's kind of sad to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of sad to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of sad to see this
+downfall as well that's got the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downfall as well that's got the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downfall as well that's got the next
+slide is really a great leader who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is really a great leader who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is really a great leader who
+stepped up to the table in a time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped up to the table in a time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped up to the table in a time of
+crisis alright so now for the main focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis alright so now for the main focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis alright so now for the main focus
+the Manhattan Project so the picture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project so the picture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project so the picture on
+the left is an aerial view bolus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is an aerial view bolus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is an aerial view bolus
+omelettes laboratory and on the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omelettes laboratory and on the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omelettes laboratory and on the right is
+some famous names of people who works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some famous names of people who works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some famous names of people who works
+there including for 5 min and very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there including for 5 min and very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there including for 5 min and very very
+so the Manhattan Project goal is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Manhattan Project goal is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Manhattan Project goal is I think
+most people are aware of is what's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are aware of is what's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are aware of is what's to
+build the nuclear bomb essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the nuclear bomb essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the nuclear bomb essentially
+before the Nazis did that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Nazis did that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Nazis did that was the
+ultimate motivation and it's really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate motivation and it's really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate motivation and it's really is
+an example of a great group as I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a great group as I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a great group as I'll go
+through in the next slide it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the next slide it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the next slide it really
+takes off a bunch of the boxes in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes off a bunch of the boxes in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes off a bunch of the boxes in a very
+short amount of time with pretty young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time with pretty young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time with pretty young
+group working really hard they were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group working really hard they were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group working really hard they were able
+to achieve this and obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve this and obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve this and obviously the
+nuclear bomb comes lated with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear bomb comes lated with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear bomb comes lated with a lot of
+ethical and values questions and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical and values questions and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical and values questions and I think
+would be interesting to spend this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to spend this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to spend this time
+talking on Bennis mentions in his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking on Bennis mentions in his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking on Bennis mentions in his work
+that Professor describes that you do run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor describes that you do run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor describes that you do run
+into this potential challenge of what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this potential challenge of what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this potential challenge of what if
+a great group comes together to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great group comes together to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great group comes together to do
+something that is not very great and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not very great and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not very great and so
+for the protective of Americans we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protective of Americans we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protective of Americans we can
+view this achievement as purely great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this achievement as purely great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this achievement as purely great
+but at the time it was perceived as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the time it was perceived as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the time it was perceived as
+great now it's obviously more geared um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now it's obviously more geared um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now it's obviously more geared um
+but had this great group in a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had this great group in a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had this great group in a group of
+German scientists at the time it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German scientists at the time it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German scientists at the time it would
+have been kind of a much scarier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been kind of a much scarier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been kind of a much scarier
+position for us so welcome back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for us so welcome back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for us so welcome back to that
+I just wanted to take off a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to take off a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to take off a few of the
+elements of the great group and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the great group and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the great group and talk
+about Oppenheimer's role specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Oppenheimer's role specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Oppenheimer's role specifically
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+Oppenheimer really was a charismatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer really was a charismatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer really was a charismatic
+leader before this he hadn't really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader before this he hadn't really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader before this he hadn't really had
+much leadership experience outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much leadership experience outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much leadership experience outside of
+his lab it's also like overseen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lab it's also like overseen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lab it's also like overseen if you
+graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students
+and a lot of people questioning his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people questioning his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people questioning his
+choice as the leader in this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice as the leader in this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice as the leader in this project
+they weren't sure he had the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't sure he had the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't sure he had the right
+government or experience to do it and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or experience to do it and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or experience to do it and a
+lot of his colleagues and people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of his colleagues and people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of his colleagues and people who
+worked there did see a noticeable change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked there did see a noticeable change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked there did see a noticeable change
+and how he like worked before versus how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how he like worked before versus how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how he like worked before versus how
+he worked at was almost that he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he worked at was almost that he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he worked at was almost that he really
+kind of stepped up to the task and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stepped up to the task and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stepped up to the task and was
+able to be a very influential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be a very influential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be a very influential and
+effective leader in this position since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective leader in this position since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective leader in this position since
+he knew basically every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew basically every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew basically every one of the
+physics field he was able to attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics field he was able to attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics field he was able to attract
+some really great challenge and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really great challenge and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really great challenge and she
+definitely wasn't concerned with finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wasn't concerned with finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wasn't concerned with finding
+people who might have more knowledge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might have more knowledge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might have more knowledge in
+one area than he did he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area than he did he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area than he did he really
+emphasized the open access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized the open access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized the open access to
+information so they would have meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so they would have meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so they would have meetings
+to create this weekly or monthly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this weekly or monthly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this weekly or monthly I think
+weekly where people are kind of share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly where people are kind of share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly where people are kind of share
+their research with each other so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research with each other so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research with each other so that
+everyone had an idea of what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had an idea of what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had an idea of what was going
+on some of the other kind of hands-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the other kind of hands-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the other kind of hands-off
+approaches were the flexible working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches were the flexible working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches were the flexible working
+hours and the freedom to work on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and the freedom to work on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and the freedom to work on things
+are passionate about so tell her the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are passionate about so tell her the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are passionate about so tell her the guy
+from the previous slide really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide really wanted to
+develop the h-bomb and was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the h-bomb and was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the h-bomb and was pretty
+distracted from his work that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted from his work that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted from his work that was really
+applicable to the work that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to the work that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to the work that they were
+doing at hand but Oppenheimer realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at hand but Oppenheimer realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at hand but Oppenheimer realized
+that the way he was gonna be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way he was gonna be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way he was gonna be most
+effective was to just let tell her go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective was to just let tell her go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective was to just let tell her go
+off and work on what he cared about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and work on what he cared about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and work on what he cared about and
+so if he kind of allowed people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if he kind of allowed people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if he kind of allowed people some
+freedom and judging what they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and judging what they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and judging what they should be
+doing with this example there is a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with this example there is a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with this example there is a clear
+mission and there is a clear adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and there is a clear adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and there is a clear adversary
+so that was a very strong motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a very strong motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a very strong motivating
+factor there was a sense of camaraderie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor there was a sense of camaraderie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor there was a sense of camaraderie
+between the scientists did help that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the scientists did help that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the scientists did help that
+they had a lot in common it was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a lot in common it was mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a lot in common it was mostly
+young men interested in science so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men interested in science so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men interested in science so I
+think the average age is 25 so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the average age is 25 so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the average age is 25 so it's kind
+of just like us kind of the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just like us kind of the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just like us kind of the same thing
+of hanging out around sand stove they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hanging out around sand stove they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hanging out around sand stove they
+all lived and were pretty isolated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lived and were pretty isolated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lived and were pretty isolated in
+Los Alamos without much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Alamos without much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Alamos without much
+that's kind of something I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of something I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of something I thought that
+was odd like if they're all age 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was odd like if they're all age 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was odd like if they're all age 25
+doesn't that mean that a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that mean that a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that mean that a lot of them
+don't even have their PhD yet so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have their PhD yet so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have their PhD yet so I think
+from my interpretation people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my interpretation people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my interpretation people need to
+get their pH DS lately faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their pH DS lately faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their pH DS lately faster and
+younger so Oppenheimer head is at 23 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger so Oppenheimer head is at 23 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger so Oppenheimer head is at 23 so
+I don't know only graduate in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know only graduate in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know only graduate in three
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+yeah maybe a lot of them are graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe a lot of them are graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe a lot of them are graduate
+students too because a lot of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students too because a lot of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students too because a lot of the people
+that they're rad lab for graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're rad lab for graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're rad lab for graduate
+students were brought in by the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were brought in by the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were brought in by the you know
+like Lawrence and yeah graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lawrence and yeah graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lawrence and yeah graduate students
+with them b-29s a young group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them b-29s a young group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them b-29s a young group of people
+who had a lot of energy and enthusiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a lot of energy and enthusiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a lot of energy and enthusiasm
+and really didn't have much else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really didn't have much else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really didn't have much else that
+they could do cuz they're in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do cuz they're in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do cuz they're in the middle
+of somewhat a masive top yeah island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhat a masive top yeah island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhat a masive top yeah island
+yeah very much security purposes and key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very much security purposes and key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very much security purposes and key
+focus I do think they had a bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus I do think they had a bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus I do think they had a bit of the
+under an underdog attitude as well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under an underdog attitude as well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under an underdog attitude as well they
+whether it was true or not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was true or not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was true or not they
+perceived that they were behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived that they were behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived that they were behind the
+Germans and development of the bomb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans and development of the bomb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans and development of the bomb and
+so they were very motivated to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were very motivated to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were very motivated to try to
+catch up and become the top of dog it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and become the top of dog it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and become the top of dog it
+did have a pretty casual atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a pretty casual atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a pretty casual atmosphere
+people well then very hierarchical like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well then very hierarchical like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well then very hierarchical like
+there was this little division as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this little division as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this little division as
+possible I think the book mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I think the book mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I think the book mentioned the
+Oppenheimer wrote out his ideals sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer wrote out his ideals sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer wrote out his ideals sketch
+like on a piece of paper when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a piece of paper when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a piece of paper when someone
+asked how it should be organized so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked how it should be organized so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked how it should be organized so it
+was pretty freeform and lastly he did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty freeform and lastly he did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty freeform and lastly he did a
+lot to kind of maintain enthusiasm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to kind of maintain enthusiasm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to kind of maintain enthusiasm and
+to kind of keep people excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of keep people excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of keep people excited about
+working there both the scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there both the scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there both the scientists
+themselves and the families that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the families that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the families that they
+brought with them so part of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought with them so part of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought with them so part of that was
+everyone had to take Sundays off so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had to take Sundays off so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had to take Sundays off so that
+had since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had since
+work-life balance there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work-life balance there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work-life balance there are a lot of
+social events on a chimeric put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social events on a chimeric put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social events on a chimeric put some
+parties and I think something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and I think something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and I think something really
+interesting that he did was to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that he did was to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that he did was to kind of
+help the women that were brought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the women that were brought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the women that were brought to
+those almost as mostly obsesses few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those almost as mostly obsesses few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those almost as mostly obsesses few
+successes to get kind of more engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes to get kind of more engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes to get kind of more engaging
+jobs than they might have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs than they might have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs than they might have been able to
+otherwise so rather than having them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so rather than having them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so rather than having them
+kind of stuck at home isolated as house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuck at home isolated as house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuck at home isolated as house
+lives he would bring in people who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives he would bring in people who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives he would bring in people who would
+do kind of the house sorts for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of the house sorts for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of the house sorts for them so
+that they could get jobs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could get jobs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could get jobs as
+administrators or kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators or kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators or kind of more
+challenging work that would keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging work that would keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging work that would keep them
+happier to be there as well but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier to be there as well but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier to be there as well but this
+work obviously raised many ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work obviously raised many ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work obviously raised many ethical
+questions and these are kind of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and these are kind of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and these are kind of four
+scientists that I picked out as discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists that I picked out as discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists that I picked out as discuss
+some of these so versus Neil's floor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these so versus Neil's floor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these so versus Neil's floor so
+his he escaped from Denmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his he escaped from Denmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his he escaped from Denmark
+I am came over to the allies during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am came over to the allies during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am came over to the allies during the
+World War two and he very much supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two and he very much supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two and he very much supported
+the idea of open access to information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of open access to information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of open access to information
+not just between Britain and the US by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just between Britain and the US by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just between Britain and the US by
+including the Soviet Union in there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Soviet Union in there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Soviet Union in there as
+well he was afraid that leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he was afraid that leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he was afraid that leaving the
+Soviet Union out of all of these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union out of all of these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union out of all of these all
+this work with some sleep to arms rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work with some sleep to arms rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work with some sleep to arms rates
+after world would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after world would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after world would you
+he was probably correct now they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was probably correct now they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was probably correct now they are
+interesting Rickson work and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Rickson work and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Rickson work and this is
+just a flat so he quit looks almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a flat so he quit looks almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a flat so he quit looks almost
+after the fact or ended that day after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact or ended that day after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact or ended that day after
+journey was defeated because he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey was defeated because he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey was defeated because he thought
+that there is no purpose to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no purpose to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no purpose to continue to
+study the bomb if that was their goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the bomb if that was their goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the bomb if that was their goal
+was to have the bomb before generated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have the bomb before generated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have the bomb before generated to
+protect themselves he didn't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect themselves he didn't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect themselves he didn't think that
+developing the bomb further was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the bomb further was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the bomb further was
+necessary after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary after
+and then both Wilson environment I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then both Wilson environment I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then both Wilson environment I think
+are quoted again in that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quoted again in that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quoted again in that but it's
+article so when they do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article so when they do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article so when they do the first
+successful test at Trinity everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful test at Trinity everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful test at Trinity everyone's
+out there celebrating like this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there celebrating like this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there celebrating like this is the
+culmination of all that work so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of all that work so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of all that work so they're
+really excited about this but find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about this but find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about this but find
+Menzies Robert Wilson and you've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menzies Robert Wilson and you've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menzies Robert Wilson and you've kind of
+like despondent it's a terrible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like despondent it's a terrible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like despondent it's a terrible thing
+that we made and 5min points out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made and 5min points out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made and 5min points out that
+they all got caught up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all got caught up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all got caught up in this
+excitement this enthusiasm for achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement this enthusiasm for achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement this enthusiasm for achieving
+their goal that they kind of lost sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal that they kind of lost sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal that they kind of lost sight
+of what their goal would do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their goal would do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their goal would do and so
+that's I think a very important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think a very important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think a very important part of
+the story that kind of makes it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that kind of makes it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that kind of makes it a little
+different from some of the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from some of the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from some of the other ones
+that we'll study today is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll study today is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll study today is that there are
+a lot of potential downsides to the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of potential downsides to the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of potential downsides to the work
+that this great group did I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this great group did I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this great group did I think it's
+pretty clear that it was great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that it was great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that it was great and
+that's characteristics but I think it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristics but I think it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristics but I think it'd
+be interesting to discuss what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to discuss what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to discuss what the
+repercussions of that could be so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions of that could be so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions of that could be so one
+question before we go too much into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question before we go too much into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question before we go too much into the
+ethical debate just about Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical debate just about Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical debate just about Oppenheimer
+himself so as I mentioned a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so as I mentioned a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so as I mentioned a lot of
+people didn't have much faith that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't have much faith that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't have much faith that
+Oppenheimer would be an effective leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer would be an effective leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer would be an effective leader
+and it did seem like there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it did seem like there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it did seem like there was a little
+bit of a learning curve for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a learning curve for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a learning curve for him to
+understand like what was real like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like what was real like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like what was real like
+realistic and what could work and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and what could work and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and what could work and so one
+question that came to my mind was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came to my mind was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came to my mind was like
+how long should a trial period be for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long should a trial period be for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long should a trial period be for a
+leader in this situation like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in this situation like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in this situation like how do you
+have you decide go like this prisons not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you decide go like this prisons not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you decide go like this prisons not
+cutting it we need replace them versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting it we need replace them versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting it we need replace them versus
+kind of ruling out people just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ruling out people just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ruling out people just to
+quickly have an adaptive really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly have an adaptive really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly have an adaptive really quickly
+well I suppose the depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose the depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose the depends on the
+situation but here if you're in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but here if you're in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but here if you're in you know
+a war scenario where you have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war scenario where you have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war scenario where you have a couple
+of years and that could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and that could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and that could be the
+difference and even like a couple months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and even like a couple months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and even like a couple months
+consider this between today and man in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this between today and man in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this between today and man in
+the high castle for those who don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high castle for those who don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high castle for those who don't know
+it's an alternate universe where Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an alternate universe where Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an alternate universe where Nazi
+Germany wins so I guess in that case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany wins so I guess in that case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany wins so I guess in that case I
+would have given him a few months to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have given him a few months to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have given him a few months to
+figure out can he change is she showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out can he change is she showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out can he change is she showing
+improvement is if he isn't if he isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement is if he isn't if he isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement is if he isn't if he isn't
+like ideally suited at the beginning can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ideally suited at the beginning can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ideally suited at the beginning can
+he adapt to the situation and even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adapt to the situation and even then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adapt to the situation and even then
+he's gonna be can adapt as he adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna be can adapt as he adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna be can adapt as he adapted
+quickly enough Karina's could conduct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly enough Karina's could conduct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly enough Karina's could conduct a
+performance review in the situation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance review in the situation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance review in the situation he
+was kind of subject to the art needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of subject to the art needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of subject to the art needs
+approval as well he was working kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval as well he was working kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval as well he was working kind of
+paired up with general gross so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired up with general gross so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired up with general gross so I think
+that he would have had a lot of safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have had a lot of safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have had a lot of safety
+falcon however that's doing a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falcon however that's doing a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falcon however that's doing a terrible
+job but as far as like who is ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but as far as like who is ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but as far as like who is ultimate
+boss was his subordinates would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss was his subordinates would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss was his subordinates would also
+definitely have some weights because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have some weights because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have some weights because
+then they're all very accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're all very accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're all very accomplished
+scientists in their field so that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in their field so that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in their field so that their
+their opinions certainly have meaning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their opinions certainly have meaning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their opinions certainly have meaning so
+I think if they work with groves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if they work with groves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if they work with groves they
+could if they wanted to they could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if they wanted to they could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if they wanted to they could get a
+push out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also going off that point I think as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going off that point I think as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going off that point I think as a
+leader it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader it's really important to
+recognize when you know you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize when you know you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize when you know you might have
+some deficiencies and really learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deficiencies and really learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deficiencies and really learn how
+to kind of like delegate who other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of like delegate who other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of like delegate who other
+people like in the beginning I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like in the beginning I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like in the beginning I think the
+article mentioned like he wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article mentioned like he wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article mentioned like he wasn't very
+good at budgeting things or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at budgeting things or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at budgeting things or like
+managing the logistics of establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the logistics of establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the logistics of establishing
+the town so maybe like if he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town so maybe like if he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town so maybe like if he could
+recognize really early on oh I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize really early on oh I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize really early on oh I can't do
+this I need to appoint someone else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I need to appoint someone else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I need to appoint someone else to
+do it I think that's also an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I think that's also an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I think that's also an important
+part of being a good leader and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of being a good leader and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of being a good leader and to be
+honest it's something that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest it's something that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest it's something that probably
+should be kind of established early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kind of established early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kind of established early on
+especially in such a time time sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in such a time time sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in such a time time sensitive
+project just on his leadership style you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project just on his leadership style you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project just on his leadership style you
+know Martine brought us through Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Martine brought us through Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Martine brought us through Edison
+and some ways Edison is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some ways Edison is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some ways Edison is a
+nineteenth-century figure with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteenth-century figure with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteenth-century figure with a certain
+kind of you know who believes in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know who believes in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know who believes in his own
+seniority his own kind of authority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seniority his own kind of authority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seniority his own kind of authority and
+he's something of an authoritarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's something of an authoritarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's something of an authoritarian
+figure with that community they do share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure with that community they do share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure with that community they do share
+things and they are all up at late late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they are all up at late late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they are all up at late late
+at night together but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night together but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night together but there's no
+questioning about who the leader is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning about who the leader is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning about who the leader is
+Oppenheimer's got a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer's got a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer's got a very different
+leadership style and correct me Beth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership style and correct me Beth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership style and correct me Beth if
+you've got a different view on this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a different view on this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a different view on this but
+there was a phrase in the in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a phrase in the in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a phrase in the in the book
+reading about him which was he was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about him which was he was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about him which was he was like
+a bee spreading pollen in other words he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bee spreading pollen in other words he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bee spreading pollen in other words he
+had the ability to go from group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the ability to go from group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the ability to go from group to
+group to group because this is organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to group because this is organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to group because this is organized
+with teams working on particular parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teams working on particular parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teams working on particular parts
+of the project and take help them think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the project and take help them think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the project and take help them think
+of their core ideas and then share ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their core ideas and then share ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their core ideas and then share ideas
+from other groups that would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other groups that would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other groups that would help
+influence them I think that turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence them I think that turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence them I think that turned out
+to be a really critical this is a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a really critical this is a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a really critical this is a large
+operation this is not gonna fit in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is not gonna fit in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is not gonna fit in one
+room now we did as you mentioned Beth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room now we did as you mentioned Beth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room now we did as you mentioned Beth
+pull them together into the auditorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them together into the auditorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them together into the auditorium
+weekly for really in-depth exchanges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly for really in-depth exchanges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly for really in-depth exchanges and
+presentations so they all kind of knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations so they all kind of knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations so they all kind of knew
+what was going on they're all in on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on they're all in on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on they're all in on what
+was happening but he plays a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening but he plays a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening but he plays a critical
+role in moving from team to team trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in moving from team to team trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in moving from team to team trading
+the ideas back and forth it will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas back and forth it will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas back and forth it will help
+move them along and help advance them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them along and help advance them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them along and help advance them
+and in some ways that's the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some ways that's the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some ways that's the critical
+function that even though that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that even though that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that even though that I think
+he plays that is that add up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he plays that is that add up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he plays that is that add up with your
+views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views
+thinking of one other part in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of one other part in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of one other part in the book
+we said like his talent was finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said like his talent was finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said like his talent was finding the
+talents of other people and like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents of other people and like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents of other people and like using
+those effectively so yeah right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those effectively so yeah right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those effectively so yeah right so
+that's a different leadership model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different leadership model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different leadership model but
+in this setting an absolutely critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting an absolutely critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting an absolutely critical
+one I think because all of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think because all of these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think because all of these pieces
+have to work together and unless they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work together and unless they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work together and unless they're
+all advancing it's not going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all advancing it's not going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all advancing it's not going to happen
+and he plays a really critical role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he plays a really critical role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he plays a really critical role in
+getting those pieces you know advancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting those pieces you know advancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting those pieces you know advancing
+together yeah absolutely so kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah absolutely so kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah absolutely so kind of
+again going back to what Venice talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going back to what Venice talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going back to what Venice talked
+about with these great groups that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with these great groups that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with these great groups that maybe
+until again dangerous line how could one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until again dangerous line how could one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until again dangerous line how could one
+stop seemingly like runaway tendency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop seemingly like runaway tendency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop seemingly like runaway tendency of
+great groups that they start crossing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups that they start crossing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups that they start crossing an
+ethical or moral line like it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical or moral line like it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical or moral line like it seems like
+they have so much momentum going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so much momentum going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so much momentum going like
+what responsibilities dudes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what responsibilities dudes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what responsibilities dudes the
+psychosis with an in have or anyone with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosis with an in have or anyone with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosis with an in have or anyone with
+it I think it's just kind of like slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think it's just kind of like slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think it's just kind of like slow
+it down and rethinking like how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and rethinking like how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and rethinking like how would
+you go about doing that well I almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go about doing that well I almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go about doing that well I almost
+think it's in the eye of the beholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's in the eye of the beholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's in the eye of the beholder
+because this one is pretty well even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one is pretty well even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one is pretty well even
+this is murky but it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is murky but it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is murky but it's pretty
+cut-and-dried they made a huge killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-and-dried they made a huge killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-and-dried they made a huge killing
+device right but I'm presenting on craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right but I'm presenting on craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right but I'm presenting on craig
+Venter and the decoding of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter and the decoding of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter and the decoding of the human
+genome and a lot of a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and a lot of a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and a lot of a lot of people
+might argue that that is and are out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that that is and are out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that that is and are out of
+control topic as well so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control topic as well so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control topic as well so I think it's
+it's kind of your perspective see coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of your perspective see coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of your perspective see coming
+through coming from I think also like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through coming from I think also like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through coming from I think also like we
+kind of like switch to this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like switch to this presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like switch to this presentation
+you kind of glanced over Heisenberg so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of glanced over Heisenberg so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of glanced over Heisenberg so
+it wasn't just we're building a gun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just we're building a gun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just we're building a gun so
+we can shoot some but it's like somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can shoot some but it's like somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can shoot some but it's like somebody
+else is believing gun in their mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is believing gun in their mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is believing gun in their mouth
+shoot us and we should you forgive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot us and we should you forgive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot us and we should you forgive you
+first ones to be ready because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones to be ready because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones to be ready because
+Heisenberg soon way more prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg soon way more prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg soon way more prepared
+they're getting reports there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting reports there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting reports there's like
+this great documentary called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great documentary called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great documentary called
+Oppenheimer Heisenberg by like American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer Heisenberg by like American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer Heisenberg by like American
+genius where they go over how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius where they go over how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius where they go over how they
+thought Heisenberg was much farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Heisenberg was much farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Heisenberg was much farther
+ahead and sometimes it would fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and sometimes it would fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and sometimes it would fake
+reports to make it seem I'm so for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports to make it seem I'm so for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports to make it seem I'm so for them
+it's yeah there were these ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah there were these ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah there were these ethical
+questions and the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the interesting thing
+about this great group is that most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this great group is that most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this great group is that most the
+people that join the group very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that join the group very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that join the group very much
+pacifists or left so they weren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacifists or left so they weren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacifists or left so they weren't they
+weren't people who wanted to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't people who wanted to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't people who wanted to build
+weapons but at this time period the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons but at this time period the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons but at this time period the
+stresses around them influence them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses around them influence them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses around them influence them to
+have to build this because they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build this because they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build this because they knew
+that if they even though my beliefs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they even though my beliefs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they even though my beliefs are
+this if I if I don't do this it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I if I don't do this it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I if I don't do this it could
+affect people that I do care about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect people that I do care about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect people that I do care about and
+it just because of my believes so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just because of my believes so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just because of my believes so maybe
+I should change my beliefs to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should change my beliefs to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should change my beliefs to do this
+but I think the ethical question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the ethical question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the ethical question was
+very much after they figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much after they figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much after they figured out
+Heisenberg wasn't you know like he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg wasn't you know like he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg wasn't you know like he is
+laboratory blown up and I wasn't working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory blown up and I wasn't working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory blown up and I wasn't working
+out why didn't they stop and a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why didn't they stop and a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why didn't they stop and a lot of it
+is that they already had come into they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they already had come into they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they already had come into they
+had so much momentum that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so much momentum that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so much momentum that they want to
+be prepared but also how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepared but also how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepared but also how are you
+defining you know a horrible weapon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining you know a horrible weapon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining you know a horrible weapon I
+mean it's a the city that can it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a the city that can it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a the city that can it's a
+weapon that take down cities and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon that take down cities and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon that take down cities and how
+many times it ultimately been used since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times it ultimately been used since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times it ultimately been used since
+the time period right and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period right and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time period right and how many
+deaths have been created because of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths have been created because of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths have been created because of it
+compared to other things too so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other things too so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other things too so I really
+do depend like I think there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do depend like I think there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do depend like I think there's a huge
+focus on experience on it because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on experience on it because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on experience on it because it's a
+it's a weapon of high magnitude so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weapon of high magnitude so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weapon of high magnitude so it's
+under a higher scrutiny but also I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a higher scrutiny but also I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a higher scrutiny but also I would
+want to look into the dead of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look into the dead of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look into the dead of how many
+who actually been killed by a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually been killed by a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually been killed by a nuclear
+arms compared to another or it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms compared to another or it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms compared to another or it can be a
+weapon or a source of energy the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon or a source of energy the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon or a source of energy the human
+genome can be a source of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome can be a source of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome can be a source of biological
+weaponry or a huge source of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaponry or a huge source of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaponry or a huge source of knowledge
+for science so you have these caveats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science so you have these caveats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science so you have these caveats of
+a lot of the things that the grapefruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the things that the grapefruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the things that the grapefruit
+have done I'm that's kind of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done I'm that's kind of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done I'm that's kind of the point
+of science right science is morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science right science is morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science right science is morally
+neutral you're just learning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral you're just learning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral you're just learning about the
+nature of atoms the nature of nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of atoms the nature of nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of atoms the nature of nuclei and
+what kind of a chain reaction exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a chain reaction exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a chain reaction exists
+that just depends on the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just depends on the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just depends on the people that
+actually have it and who discovers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have it and who discovers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have it and who discovers it
+how they decide to fund it and use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they decide to fund it and use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they decide to fund it and use it
+so I mean that's gonna happen with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean that's gonna happen with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean that's gonna happen with any
+technology that exists right but not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that exists right but not if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that exists right but not if
+I'm leaving here from science to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leaving here from science to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leaving here from science to a very
+clear specific technology project when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear specific technology project when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear specific technology project when I
+think Martine you make an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Martine you make an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Martine you make an important
+point I mean they knew this physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I mean they knew this physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I mean they knew this physics
+community before war 2 is a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community before war 2 is a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community before war 2 is a relatively
+small community and the group that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small community and the group that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small community and the group that gets
+assembled here they all know each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled here they all know each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled here they all know each other
+right they're all they have all been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're all they have all been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're all they have all been in
+communication prior to the war and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication prior to the war and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication prior to the war and they
+knew Heisenberg very well and they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew Heisenberg very well and they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew Heisenberg very well and they knew
+how unbelievably talented he was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how unbelievably talented he was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how unbelievably talented he was and
+they thought he had at least a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought he had at least a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought he had at least a couple of
+years head started and I think they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years head started and I think they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years head started and I think they all
+realized that if Heisenberg was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that if Heisenberg was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that if Heisenberg was
+successful in doing this we talked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in doing this we talked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in doing this we talked you
+know about the rad lab is a war winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the rad lab is a war winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the rad lab is a war winning
+technology right radar oh this is war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right radar oh this is war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right radar oh this is war
+ending right Germany developed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending right Germany developed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending right Germany developed this
+first the war would be over like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the war would be over like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the war would be over like that
+right it would be over and that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would be over and that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would be over and that was an
+option which I think the group as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which I think the group as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which I think the group as
+certainly as a whole felt was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly as a whole felt was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly as a whole felt was completely
+unacceptable so that motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable so that motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable so that motivates
+everything up until April right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up until April right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up until April right and then
+what's going to happen right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen right so that's a
+critical moment but it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical moment but it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical moment but it's not really
+until after the actual use of the weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until after the actual use of the weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until after the actual use of the weapon
+that I think this community sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think this community sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think this community sort of
+begins to think hard about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to think hard about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to think hard about this and
+about the consequence that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the consequence that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the consequence that there are
+some exceptions right like the rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exceptions right like the rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exceptions right like the rough
+battle but that's when Oppenheimer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle but that's when Oppenheimer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle but that's when Oppenheimer has
+to you know confront what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know confront what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know confront what the
+implications are and begin to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are and begin to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are and begin to think
+about how to because they've all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to because they've all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to because they've all been
+involved in the development of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the development of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the development of it the
+physics community comes together is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics community comes together is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics community comes together is a
+political body in a way and starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political body in a way and starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political body in a way and starts to
+try and push the government to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and push the government to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and push the government to think
+about how we're going to deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to deal with these
+staggering technologies and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering technologies and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering technologies and their
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that add up best is that yeah do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that add up best is that yeah do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that add up best is that yeah do
+you want to give us some closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to give us some closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to give us some closing
+thoughts but Papa hi so Oppenheimer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts but Papa hi so Oppenheimer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts but Papa hi so Oppenheimer your
+experience is definitely essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is definitely essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is definitely essential for
+when for how effective technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for how effective technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for how effective technology
+advancements can be under more pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements can be under more pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements can be under more pressures
+so I think we discuss a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we discuss a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we discuss a few weeks ago
+like is it possible to replicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is it possible to replicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is it possible to replicate the
+sense of urgency and this progress under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of urgency and this progress under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of urgency and this progress under
+times of the piece and if we had a most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the piece and if we had a most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the piece and if we had a most
+elements of fusion would we be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of fusion would we be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of fusion would we be able to
+get it to work and other would we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to work and other would we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to work and other would we ever
+be able to even get funding to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to even get funding to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to even get funding to do that
+without some kind of more time to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without some kind of more time to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without some kind of more time to meet
+is something something I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something something I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something something I've been
+thinking about like they had so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about like they had so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about like they had so much
+money so many resources and so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so many resources and so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so many resources and so much
+talent and a small area working hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and a small area working hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and a small area working hard and
+they're able to achieve something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to achieve something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to achieve something but
+again it was mostly motivated pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was mostly motivated pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was mostly motivated pretty
+much entirely motivated by the war and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much entirely motivated by the war and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much entirely motivated by the war and I
+think we just keep coming back to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we just keep coming back to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we just keep coming back to how
+can we make these advancements so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make these advancements so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make these advancements so we
+don't have that same impetus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that same impetus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that same impetus right
+good point to close loop steps get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point to close loop steps get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point to close loop steps get
+involved in the process of ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the process of ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the process of ending
+interactive computers so in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive computers so in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive computers so in the very
+beginning with the first computer we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the first computer we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the first computer we'll
+see man it was so big expensive and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see man it was so big expensive and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see man it was so big expensive and I'll
+be accessible to science and engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessible to science and engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessible to science and engineers
+that there's no one that ever imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no one that ever imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no one that ever imagined
+something like this before last will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this before last will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this before last will be
+so much never like no I imagine will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much never like no I imagine will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much never like no I imagine will be
+so much relying these devices but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much relying these devices but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much relying these devices but then
+whenever Bush was the one had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever Bush was the one had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever Bush was the one had this
+mission that computer can be some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission that computer can be some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission that computer can be some kind
+of intimate supplement to memory that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intimate supplement to memory that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intimate supplement to memory that he
+named as like mimics vision and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named as like mimics vision and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named as like mimics vision and he
+presented in front of all the science in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in front of all the science in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in front of all the science in
+one of the Sunday and he kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Sunday and he kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Sunday and he kind of
+inspired one of the finest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired one of the finest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired one of the finest in
+Philippines named operas and Engelberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines named operas and Engelberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines named operas and Engelberg
+yes and take our funding from NASA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and take our funding from NASA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and take our funding from NASA and
+decided to get hands on images sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to get hands on images sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to get hands on images sound
+like how to have this interactivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to have this interactivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to have this interactivity of
+between computer and the users then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between computer and the users then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between computer and the users then
+invention of Windows and the mouse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of Windows and the mouse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of Windows and the mouse and
+the screen was successful by nineteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen was successful by nineteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen was successful by nineteen
+sixty-eight Bob fair and allocate in had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-eight Bob fair and allocate in had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-eight Bob fair and allocate in had
+this Research Center they were under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accident Xerox yes there was a company a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident Xerox yes there was a company a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident Xerox yes there was a company a
+corporation with already it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation with already it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation with already it's about
+having a lot of scientific investment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of scientific investment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of scientific investment so
+pack Parc was under xerath's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack Parc was under xerath's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack Parc was under xerath's
+and today we're gonna focus on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're gonna focus on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're gonna focus on their
+principles on the equipment of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles on the equipment of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles on the equipment of this
+great school so Bob Taylor had what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great school so Bob Taylor had what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great school so Bob Taylor had what's
+the real boss of this park and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real boss of this park and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real boss of this park and the
+principle that he was is this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that he was is this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that he was is this you know
+it's that there's no good science it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that there's no good science it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that there's no good science it's
+only great lines so this we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only great lines so this we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only great lines so this we have a
+really strict section of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strict section of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strict section of science and
+participants the way that he used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants the way that he used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants the way that he used this
+theme founding team spirit is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme founding team spirit is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme founding team spirit is that
+during this section of sinus he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this section of sinus he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this section of sinus he also
+requests that parrots applicants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests that parrots applicants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests that parrots applicants to
+present in front of the whole staff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in front of the whole staff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in front of the whole staff so
+people who are already part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are already part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are already part of this
+school well this is an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school well this is an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school well this is an increasing
+presence and we would like to have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence and we would like to have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence and we would like to have him
+in our team and so whoever get assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our team and so whoever get assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our team and so whoever get assigned
+in this team will feel the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this team will feel the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this team will feel the sense of
+recognition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and
+I think this is something that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is something that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is something that might be
+lacking in a lot of sinus groups today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking in a lot of sinus groups today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking in a lot of sinus groups today
+because there's always this fear of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always this fear of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always this fear of
+having new members coming in and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having new members coming in and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having new members coming in and they're
+so talented that they will replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talented that they will replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talented that they will replace the
+previous members and this kind of fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous members and this kind of fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous members and this kind of fear
+with may hinder the next round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with may hinder the next round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with may hinder the next round of
+innovation and the other principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and the other principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and the other principle that
+Taylor has mobility of talents so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor has mobility of talents so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor has mobility of talents so he's
+even introduced kind of like market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even introduced kind of like market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even introduced kind of like market
+mechanism where they're not selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism where they're not selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism where they're not selecting
+projects but there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but there it is
+they're not selecting the talents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not selecting the talents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not selecting the talents that
+they're selecting the projects where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selecting the projects where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selecting the projects where in
+a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense
+whoever finds this for your interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever finds this for your interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever finds this for your interesting
+can drop whatever they're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop whatever they're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop whatever they're doing and
+drawn the other project so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the other project so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the other project so the
+interesting projects gets more talents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting projects gets more talents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting projects gets more talents
+and get moves on and those that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get moves on and those that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get moves on and those that you see
+once gets addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once gets addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once gets addressed
+another key feature of his team is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key feature of his team is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key feature of his team is that
+the structure of the team was also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the team was also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the team was also that
+there's no influence of politics in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no influence of politics in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no influence of politics in this
+Google science eventually so then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google science eventually so then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google science eventually so then they
+managed to unearth another feature they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to unearth another feature they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to unearth another feature they
+had is this group meeting every week so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is this group meeting every week so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is this group meeting every week so
+it is only compulsory saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is only compulsory saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is only compulsory saying that you
+have to attend this college like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to attend this college like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to attend this college like this
+kind of weekly meeting very bring up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weekly meeting very bring up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weekly meeting very bring up a
+box and pre every program will present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and pre every program will present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and pre every program will present
+their recent discoveries and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their recent discoveries and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their recent discoveries and some of
+information of the lessons learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the lessons learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the lessons learned in
+one project might be crucial to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project might be crucial to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project might be crucial to things
+going on another team and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on another team and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on another team and the kind of
+exchange these kind of ideas and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange these kind of ideas and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange these kind of ideas and really
+helped child that to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes that is the impact they're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that is the impact they're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that is the impact they're having
+and the King have just mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the King have just mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the King have just mentioned the
+rule of the leader and how good he can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of the leader and how good he can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of the leader and how good he can't
+serve the group of talents in his team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the group of talents in his team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the group of talents in his team
+and be loyal to be responsible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be loyal to be responsible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be loyal to be responsible to the
+needs of the teammates most also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs of the teammates most also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs of the teammates most also very
+important for park there's a time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for park there's a time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for park there's a time that
+thing they wanted to have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they wanted to have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they wanted to have access to
+different hardware's where excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hardware's where excellence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hardware's where excellence
+this room they're upstairs your art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room they're upstairs your art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room they're upstairs your art
+students really wanted to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really wanted to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students really wanted to give the
+permission the leader was very other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission the leader was very other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission the leader was very other
+he's demand and really if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's demand and really if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's demand and really if you didn't
+allow if you don't allow us to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow if you don't allow us to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow if you don't allow us to have
+three events our own hardware's we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three events our own hardware's we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three events our own hardware's we I
+would just quit and eventually they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just quit and eventually they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just quit and eventually they get
+permission and they design their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission and they design their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission and they design their own
+hammers and software's and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammers and software's and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammers and software's and of course
+that steam was like their group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that steam was like their group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that steam was like their group of
+scientists that's really into whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists that's really into whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists that's really into whatever
+they are doing that they don't see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing that they don't see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing that they don't see how
+they want to shape this to the main line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to shape this to the main line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to shape this to the main line
+we don't see how this can be should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see how this can be should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see how this can be should be
+commercialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized
+therefore the some travel team picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the some travel team picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the some travel team picked up
+this really well and it's Apple Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really well and it's Apple Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really well and it's Apple Steve
+Jobs so Steve Jobs saw this opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs so Steve Jobs saw this opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs so Steve Jobs saw this opportunity
+of having this interactive and easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having this interactive and easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having this interactive and easy
+user-friendly personal computer being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user-friendly personal computer being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user-friendly personal computer being
+commercialized in the market and he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized in the market and he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized in the market and he he
+understand this that is a future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this that is a future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this that is a future of
+computing and inspired his team to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and inspired his team to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and inspired his team to just
+do this you know on this and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you know on this and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you know on this and other
+principles so see Dow was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles so see Dow was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles so see Dow was able to
+inspire his team that they are they in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire his team that they are they in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire his team that they are they in a
+way that they have they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they have they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they have they are doing
+something secretive they cannot tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something secretive they cannot tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something secretive they cannot tell
+anyone else what they are doing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else what they are doing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else what they are doing and they
+were working on like hundred hours a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on like hundred hours a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on like hundred hours a
+week it's like really intense and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it's like really intense and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it's like really intense and also
+isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he also has this perception arrogance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also has this perception arrogance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also has this perception arrogance of
+this design I think that's also explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design I think that's also explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design I think that's also explains
+how our users are so loyal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our users are so loyal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our users are so loyal to this
+company then is also saying that Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company then is also saying that Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company then is also saying that Steve
+Jobs cradling to his employer sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs cradling to his employer sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jobs cradling to his employer sometimes
+can be abusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be abusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be abusive
+maybe it helped to build this innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it helped to build this innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it helped to build this innovative
+environment and give them the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and give them the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and give them the pressure
+to get things done but in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things done but in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things done but in a way that
+maybe he's also driven away so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's also driven away so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's also driven away so there's
+the downsides of his management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downsides of his management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downsides of his management
+principles will also be select wreaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles will also be select wreaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles will also be select wreaking
+down marriage and other relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down marriage and other relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down marriage and other relationships
+and this it can be argued that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this it can be argued that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this it can be argued that maybe
+this personality also helped to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this personality also helped to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this personality also helped to get this
+delivery of McIntosh to the market but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of McIntosh to the market but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of McIntosh to the market but I
+would like to hear your voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to hear your voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to hear your voice and
+there's some question that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some question that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some question that's really
+that's the point out in my mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point out in my mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point out in my mind this
+readings like what is the over you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings like what is the over you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings like what is the over you like
+are some inventions or technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some inventions or technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some inventions or technical
+advancements since they are inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements since they are inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements since they are inevitable
+for human revolution like maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for human revolution like maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for human revolution like maybe the
+invention of fire or the use of tools in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of fire or the use of tools in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of fire or the use of tools in
+hunting are so crucial to human survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting are so crucial to human survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting are so crucial to human survival
+that they will eventually be discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will eventually be discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will eventually be discovered
+but there are other things like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other things like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other things like like the
+youth the desire computer maybe when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth the desire computer maybe when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth the desire computer maybe when a
+witch didn't point or have this vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch didn't point or have this vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch didn't point or have this vision
+of personal computer but it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal computer but it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal computer but it's something
+entirely different but equally amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different but equally amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different but equally amazing
+maybe we are having an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we are having an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we are having an entirely
+different way of communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of communicating
+and transporting everything but so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transporting everything but so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transporting everything but so much
+different so do you think they are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so do you think they are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so do you think they are like
+there are this category when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are this category when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are this category when you
+mentions that some some of them are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions that some some of them are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions that some some of them are like
+Sushil and yeah there are other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sushil and yeah there are other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sushil and yeah there are other things
+that are still we can still be equipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are still we can still be equipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are still we can still be equipped
+out what so freaking back I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what so freaking back I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what so freaking back I actually
+goes back to the that previous reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the that previous reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the that previous reading
+that was talking about how the 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was talking about how the 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was talking about how the 10,000
+hours thing so a lot of inventions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours thing so a lot of inventions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours thing so a lot of inventions they
+they seem to come by chance but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to come by chance but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to come by chance but they're
+not actually about a chance there K come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually about a chance there K come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually about a chance there K come
+from people dedicating like thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people dedicating like thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people dedicating like thousands
+and thousands of hours years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of hours years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of hours years and
+completely restructuring their very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely restructuring their very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely restructuring their very
+lives just so they can try to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives just so they can try to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives just so they can try to make some
+sort of development so I guess my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of development so I guess my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of development so I guess my first
+the first example that comes to mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example that comes to mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example that comes to mind is
+penicillin like everyone's heard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin like everyone's heard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin like everyone's heard the
+story of like how he accidentally made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of like how he accidentally made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of like how he accidentally made
+it and how he accidentally found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and how he accidentally found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and how he accidentally found out
+that it worked because he spilled some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it worked because he spilled some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it worked because he spilled some
+on his sandwich that have mold on it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his sandwich that have mold on it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his sandwich that have mold on it or
+something that's the story I hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's the story I hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's the story I hear it
+anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so
+sometimes maybe occasionally chance will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes maybe occasionally chance will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes maybe occasionally chance will
+help us find the invention or hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us find the invention or hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us find the invention or hear about
+it more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more quickly
+like for example what's-his-face who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example what's-his-face who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example what's-his-face who
+made the phone Graham Bell thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the phone Graham Bell thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the phone Graham Bell thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he actually apparently he was at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually apparently he was at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually apparently he was at the the
+world fair this is actually a story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world fair this is actually a story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world fair this is actually a story I
+really love he was at the World's Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love he was at the World's Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love he was at the World's Fair
+and he when he was there he happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he when he was there he happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he when he was there he happened to
+get there like really late so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there like really late so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there like really late so he
+couldn't get a table in the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get a table in the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get a table in the electric
+electrical section so we had to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical section so we had to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical section so we had to get in
+like some sort of botany section that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some sort of botany section that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some sort of botany section that
+was in this like musky attic somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this like musky attic somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this like musky attic somewhere
+and no and no one ever actually saw his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no and no one ever actually saw his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no and no one ever actually saw his
+project cuz it was out of the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project cuz it was out of the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project cuz it was out of the way and
+apparently there was a guy some Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently there was a guy some Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently there was a guy some Prince
+he happened and Graham Bell leaves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he happened and Graham Bell leaves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he happened and Graham Bell leaves to
+teach at a School for the Deaf because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at a School for the Deaf because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at a School for the Deaf because I
+think his his father was deaf or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think his his father was deaf or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think his his father was deaf or
+something so he this Prince was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so he this Prince was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so he this Prince was the one
+who was leading the judges around at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was leading the judges around at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was leading the judges around at the
+World's Fair and people didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World's Fair and people didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World's Fair and people didn't really
+the judges were tired at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judges were tired at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judges were tired at the end of the
+day and they decided okay we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they decided okay we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they decided okay we'll look at
+one more project and go home the Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more project and go home the Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more project and go home the Prince
+happen to see Bell and they the Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to see Bell and they the Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to see Bell and they the Prince
+obviously he he greeted value was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously he he greeted value was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously he he greeted value was like
+oh yeah it's great to see you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's great to see you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's great to see you again
+and then they'll show it off as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll show it off as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll show it off as an
+invention and the rest is history so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention and the rest is history so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention and the rest is history so
+like sometimes it's tunes but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes it's tunes but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes it's tunes but I feel
+like chance the invention isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chance the invention isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chance the invention isn't
+necessarily chance but rather the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily chance but rather the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily chance but rather the its
+rapid development and commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid development and commercialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid development and commercialization
+that might be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me draw on some of the things louia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw on some of the things louia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw on some of the things louia
+that you raised and then tie back to max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you raised and then tie back to max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you raised and then tie back to max
+for a second so let me just you know go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second so let me just you know go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second so let me just you know go
+through some of your interesting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of your interesting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of your interesting points
+with with some additional perspectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with some additional perspectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with some additional perspectives
+so one your the point you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one your the point you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one your the point you started with
+was the Memex and vinny ver bush's role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Memex and vinny ver bush's role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Memex and vinny ver bush's role
+in creating the Memex which was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating the Memex which was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating the Memex which was really a
+fast retrieval system for like microfilm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast retrieval system for like microfilm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast retrieval system for like microfilm
+knowledge bases I mean we could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge bases I mean we could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge bases I mean we could look at
+it now and think about Windows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now and think about Windows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now and think about Windows and
+search engines right as derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search engines right as derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search engines right as derivative
+technologies but that's really what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but that's really what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but that's really what he
+was kind of driving at and so it put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of driving at and so it put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of driving at and so it put a
+picture up of something that computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up of something that computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up of something that computing
+might be able to undertake for us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to undertake for us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to undertake for us right
+it's not that he was able to achieve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that he was able to achieve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that he was able to achieve it
+so that was I think a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was I think a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was I think a very interesting
+point to start from and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to start from and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to start from and then you know
+then you took us through the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you took us through the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you took us through the story of
+Doug Engelbart just briefly but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doug Engelbart just briefly but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doug Engelbart just briefly but you know
+we talked last week about and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last week about and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last week about and we'll talk
+more about JCR Licklider or and the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about JCR Licklider or and the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about JCR Licklider or and the role
+of DARPA and creating these great group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DARPA and creating these great group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DARPA and creating these great group
+communities angle Bart is at Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities angle Bart is at Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities angle Bart is at Stanford
+Research Institute s RI and Licklider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Institute s RI and Licklider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Institute s RI and Licklider
+funds him and Engelbart is clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds him and Engelbart is clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds him and Engelbart is clearly a
+remarkable talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable talent
+Lickliter has the ability at DARPA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lickliter has the ability at DARPA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lickliter has the ability at DARPA to
+pick great groups and support them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick great groups and support them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick great groups and support them an
+angle part is one that he comes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle part is one that he comes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle part is one that he comes up with
+s or I couldn't understand what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or I couldn't understand what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or I couldn't understand what he was
+doing they were pretty dismissive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they were pretty dismissive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they were pretty dismissive but
+Lickliter understood back at the DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lickliter understood back at the DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lickliter understood back at the DARPA
+office and kept him funded so he does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and kept him funded so he does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and kept him funded so he does a
+demonstration as you point out in 1968
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration as you point out in 1968
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration as you point out in 1968
+which is called the mother of all demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the mother of all demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the mother of all demos
+and it was like to a group of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like to a group of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like to a group of you know
+computer freaks and computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer freaks and computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer freaks and computer scientists
+and they're all gathered in room an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all gathered in room an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all gathered in room an
+angle Parton runs this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Parton runs this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Parton runs this series of
+demonstrations about what computing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations about what computing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations about what computing is
+going to be able to do and shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do and shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do and shows you
+know hypertext and he shows the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hypertext and he shows the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hypertext and he shows the mouse
+and he shows just a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shows just a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shows just a whole set of
+capabilities that computing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that computing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that computing is going to
+be able to lead to which not have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to lead to which not have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to lead to which not have never
+seen compiled before so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen compiled before so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen compiled before so that was a
+critical visualization moment Bob Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical visualization moment Bob Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical visualization moment Bob Taylor
+also worked for the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also worked for the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also worked for the local
+so he was a project manager in DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was a project manager in DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was a project manager in DARPA
+again another one of the talents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again another one of the talents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again another one of the talents that
+Lickliter identified and Taylor goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lickliter identified and Taylor goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lickliter identified and Taylor goes out
+to Xerox PARC man is running them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Xerox PARC man is running them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Xerox PARC man is running them what
+we would call the personal computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would call the personal computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would call the personal computing
+team and they developed would you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and they developed would you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and they developed would you go to
+the slide of the of the of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide of the of the of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide of the of the of the early
+Apple the early Mac yeah that one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple the early Mac yeah that one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple the early Mac yeah that one right
+they develop something called the alto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they develop something called the alto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they develop something called the alto
+at Xerox PARC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Xerox PARC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Xerox PARC
+it does look a fair amount like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look a fair amount like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does look a fair amount like this
+right it's got a category scream it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got a category scream it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got a category scream it's
+got a computer keyboard but it has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a computer keyboard but it has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a computer keyboard but it has all
+these capabilities that in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capabilities that in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capabilities that in some ways
+they have it has all of angle Bart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have it has all of angle Bart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have it has all of angle Bart's
+capabilities and more and remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and more and remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and more and remarkably
+ability to do data visualization it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do data visualization it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do data visualization it's
+fun to use it's they're having a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to use it's they're having a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to use it's they're having a great
+time with it but because as you pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with it but because as you pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with it but because as you pointed
+out of this island bridge problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this island bridge problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this island bridge problem in
+other words Xerox PARC Palo Alto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words Xerox PARC Palo Alto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words Xerox PARC Palo Alto
+Research Center is out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Center is out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Center is out there in
+California Xerox is in Rochester New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California Xerox is in Rochester New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California Xerox is in Rochester New
+York it's making copying machines there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York it's making copying machines there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York it's making copying machines there
+just is no connection between as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is no connection between as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is no connection between as you
+suggested between the group making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested between the group making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested between the group making
+copiers in New York and these wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copiers in New York and these wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copiers in New York and these wild
+computer scientists you know living on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists you know living on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists you know living on
+beanbags and they just don't it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beanbags and they just don't it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beanbags and they just don't it doesn't
+happen the technology doesn't transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the technology doesn't transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the technology doesn't transfer
+Xerox has no idea really what these with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox has no idea really what these with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox has no idea really what these with
+this incredible Xerox PARC team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible Xerox PARC team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible Xerox PARC team
+visualized here is accomplished they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized here is accomplished they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized here is accomplished they
+don't know how to translate it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to translate it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to translate it in the
+marketplace so you know they miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so you know they miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so you know they miss the
+opportunity of being Apple and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of being Apple and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of being Apple and therefore
+the largest company in the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest company in the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest company in the world's
+moment so it's a painful Island Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so it's a painful Island Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so it's a painful Island Bridge
+problem that they are never able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that they are never able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that they are never able to
+resolve the head of R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the head of R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the head of R&D
+it's the rocks park that at Xerox who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rocks park that at Xerox who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rocks park that at Xerox who
+had set up Xerox PARC to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set up Xerox PARC to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set up Xerox PARC to begin with
+isn't able to help them make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't able to help them make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't able to help them make that
+transition so it's the ultimate story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so it's the ultimate story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so it's the ultimate story of
+the island bridge not working right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island bridge not working right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island bridge not working right
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+and then just to kind of carry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just to kind of carry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just to kind of carry this
+story through its jobs buys the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story through its jobs buys the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story through its jobs buys the rights
+to essentially walk through Xerox PARC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially walk through Xerox PARC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially walk through Xerox PARC
+and see the Alto and see what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see the Alto and see what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see the Alto and see what it's
+accomplished and he and his team go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished and he and his team go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished and he and his team go
+through in the course of the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the course of the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the course of the afternoon
+it's not that they take the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that they take the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that they take the technology
+they don't get the rights to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get the rights to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get the rights to take the
+technology what they do is see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what they do is see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what they do is see what the
+alto is capable of doing and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alto is capable of doing and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alto is capable of doing and then they
+have a picture of what's possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture of what's possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture of what's possible and
+then they work on make putting them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they work on make putting them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they work on make putting them back
+together to kind of realize that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to kind of realize that picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to kind of realize that picture
+so there's great technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's great technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's great technical
+accomplishment of what they achieve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment of what they achieve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment of what they achieve but
+they do get divisions on what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do get divisions on what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do get divisions on what's what
+gets to be put together so who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be put together so who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be put together so who you know
+is led us in this interesting track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is led us in this interesting track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is led us in this interesting track of
+venir bush and Memex you know - Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venir bush and Memex you know - Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venir bush and Memex you know - Doug
+Engelbart - I would throw in DARPA here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engelbart - I would throw in DARPA here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engelbart - I would throw in DARPA here
+because they played such a role but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they played such a role but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they played such a role but then
+to Bob Taylor comes out of DARPA to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bob Taylor comes out of DARPA to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bob Taylor comes out of DARPA to lead
+Xerox PARC and then to Steve Jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox PARC and then to Steve Jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox PARC and then to Steve Jobs
+so there's a whole continuity and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole continuity and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole continuity and it's
+something worth remembering which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something worth remembering which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something worth remembering which is
+that all these groups stand on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these groups stand on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these groups stand on each
+other's shoulders right and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's shoulders right and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's shoulders right and these are
+these incredible technology achievements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredible technology achievements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredible technology achievements
+that lead to personal computing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to personal computing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to personal computing you know
+just build build build and build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build build build and build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build build build and build and
+there's a series of remarkable great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a series of remarkable great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a series of remarkable great
+groups here is that a fair summary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups here is that a fair summary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups here is that a fair summary okay
+now let's get back to your let me come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's get back to your let me come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's get back to your let me come
+to you in a second step but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in a second step but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in a second step but I think
+luaus question is a really key one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luaus question is a really key one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luaus question is a really key one that
+there are inventions that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inventions that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inventions that we have to
+have right and then there's other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and then there's other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and then there's other stuff
+and how do we create that kind of drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we create that kind of drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we create that kind of drive
+to create the other stuff like computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the other stuff like computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the other stuff like computing
+well we didn't have to have personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't have to have personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't have to have personal
+computing the world got along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the world got along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the world got along with it
+for a few million years without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few million years without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few million years without it
+what is it enables us to kind of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it enables us to kind of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it enables us to kind of put
+that on the list as a necessity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the list as a necessity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the list as a necessity and
+really drive towards it how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drive towards it how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drive towards it how does that
+happen is that set up fair summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that set up fair summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that set up fair summary of
+your question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir and I think that's where I disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir and I think that's where I disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir and I think that's where I disagree
+with mattis and I don't think it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mattis and I don't think it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mattis and I don't think it's so
+much about an inevitability because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about an inevitability because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about an inevitability because I
+think it's much more about what bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's much more about what bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's much more about what bill
+just stated that we've seen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stated that we've seen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stated that we've seen on the
+shoulders of giants and that God hates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders of giants and that God hates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders of giants and that God hates
+the sort of continuance of a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of continuance of a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of continuance of a momentum
+toward a direction of something and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a direction of something and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a direction of something and I
+feel like we had been going towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we had been going towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we had been going towards the
+direction of the personal computer for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the personal computer for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the personal computer for a
+very long time you know beginning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time you know beginning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time you know beginning with
+you know the the Gutenberg press and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the Gutenberg press and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the Gutenberg press and I
+think you know this right personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know this right personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know this right personal
+typewriter that you know you could carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter that you know you could carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriter that you know you could carry
+around and that people certainly did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and that people certainly did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and that people certainly did
+carry around and then I gave people sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around and then I gave people sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around and then I gave people sort
+of the impression that there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impression that there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impression that there could be
+something better and that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better and that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better and that there was a
+next step right so I don't think it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step right so I don't think it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step right so I don't think it's so
+much about inevitability or prizes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about inevitability or prizes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about inevitability or prizes and I
+do think you know sometimes chance does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think you know sometimes chance does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think you know sometimes chance does
+play a role right but I think it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role right but I think it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role right but I think it's more
+so about the continuation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about the continuation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about the continuation of that
+momentum and that's why I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's why I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's why I think it's
+important in my sort of where we are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in my sort of where we are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in my sort of where we are and
+where we've been going and to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've been going and to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've been going and to think
+about the sort of interesting visions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of interesting visions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of interesting visions
+that we can have within the confines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have within the confines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have within the confines of
+that direction in which we are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction in which we are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction in which we are moving
+forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to
+yeah so in a way I think what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in a way I think what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in a way I think what you're
+both seeing saying is that and we'll tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both seeing saying is that and we'll tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both seeing saying is that and we'll tie
+it back into Beth's discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into Beth's discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into Beth's discussion of
+Oppenheimer you build up those momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer you build up those momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer you build up those momentum
+on a technology pathway and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a technology pathway and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a technology pathway and you can't
+turn back the clock and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back the clock and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back the clock and that's what
+Oppenheimer found right when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer found right when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer found right when that
+project reached culmination he probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project reached culmination he probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project reached culmination he probably
+wanted to turn back the clock but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to turn back the clock but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to turn back the clock but there
+was no way that technology was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no way that technology was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no way that technology was going on
+a pathway and maybe that's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway and maybe that's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway and maybe that's a way of
+answering your question Louie out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering your question Louie out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering your question Louie out of
+that there's certain there becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's certain there becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's certain there becomes a
+certain inevitability about once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain inevitability about once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain inevitability about once you
+start launching down a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start launching down a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start launching down a technology
+pathway that it's going to have its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that it's going to have its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that it's going to have its own
+momentum whether it's a necessity or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum whether it's a necessity or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum whether it's a necessity or not
+what do you think so this principles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think so this principles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think so this principles we
+introduced in this week wait who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in this week wait who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in this week wait who's
+doesn't really act as I could models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really act as I could models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really act as I could models
+it's just these factors adding together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just these factors adding together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just these factors adding together
+make this thing successful but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing successful but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing successful but how
+applicable are these principles to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable are these principles to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable are these principles to the
+world today we like personally I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world today we like personally I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world today we like personally I find
+it's like over commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+senator ambitious and I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator ambitious and I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator ambitious and I don't know if
+it's true all the lights are Christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true all the lights are Christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true all the lights are Christian
+on a summary that asking with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a summary that asking with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a summary that asking with these
+lessons learned from previous great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned from previous great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned from previous great
+groups how can these lessons be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups how can these lessons be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups how can these lessons be applied
+to different scales of production the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different scales of production the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different scales of production the
+great groups I assess are smaller groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups I assess are smaller groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups I assess are smaller groups
+and they're in the beginning of figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're in the beginning of figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're in the beginning of figuring
+out how computer personal computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how computer personal computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how computer personal computer
+networking that's in terms of bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking that's in terms of bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking that's in terms of bigger
+companies like Google or Facebook are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Google or Facebook are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Google or Facebook are
+they are how applicable are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are how applicable are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are how applicable are these
+lessons to this bigger groups that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to this bigger groups that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to this bigger groups that also
+requires innovation that having a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires innovation that having a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires innovation that having a more
+complex politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex politics
+yeah look I think that's a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look I think that's a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look I think that's a crucial
+question and related to it is once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and related to it is once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and related to it is once you
+create a great group does it only do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a great group does it only do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a great group does it only do one
+thing or can it keep moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or can it keep moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or can it keep moving on to
+ongoing innovations and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing innovations and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing innovations and the number of
+times that happens is not big right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that happens is not big right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that happens is not big right but
+how could you create a culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you create a culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you create a culture
+particularly within a larger corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly within a larger corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly within a larger corporate
+organization that keeps innovating right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that keeps innovating right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that keeps innovating right
+it's really a tricky problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm gonna I was reading this and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna I was reading this and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna I was reading this and kind
+of in Venice this whole description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in Venice this whole description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in Venice this whole description of
+great groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups
+I like definitely have a lot of concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like definitely have a lot of concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like definitely have a lot of concerns
+with how the groups come about like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how the groups come about like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how the groups come about like at
+Park especially it was like I forget was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park especially it was like I forget was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park especially it was like I forget was
+Taylor missing he was kind of picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor missing he was kind of picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor missing he was kind of picking
+people who's like personalities mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who's like personalities mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who's like personalities mesh
+well with the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the group
+and stuff like that and then Bennett's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and then Bennett's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and then Bennett's
+emphasizes so much about how like great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes so much about how like great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes so much about how like great
+groups can really affect like people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups can really affect like people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups can really affect like people's
+family life it seems like they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family life it seems like they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family life it seems like they kind of
+exclude a lot of people like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude a lot of people like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude a lot of people like if you
+don't fit with the leader of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fit with the leader of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fit with the leader of the group
+even if you could have contributed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you could have contributed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you could have contributed you
+have like a different personality type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a different personality type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a different personality type
+you might not get picked to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not get picked to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not get picked to be in the
+great group or if you're like a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group or if you're like a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group or if you're like a woman
+who is expected to like see her children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is expected to like see her children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is expected to like see her children
+once in a while how are you gonna like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while how are you gonna like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while how are you gonna like
+hang in the great group sometimes father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang in the great group sometimes father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang in the great group sometimes father
+Charlie I know you know there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie I know you know there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie I know you know there's still a
+societal expectation over women like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal expectation over women like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal expectation over women like
+being somewhat more present in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being somewhat more present in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being somewhat more present in their
+families whether that will persist she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families whether that will persist she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families whether that will persist she
+knows but I just I don't know it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but I just I don't know it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but I just I don't know it makes
+me nervous when we talk about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me nervous when we talk about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me nervous when we talk about like
+perpetuating great groups when they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuating great groups when they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuating great groups when they seem
+kind of exclusionary exclusive there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exclusionary exclusive there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exclusionary exclusive there's
+amazing point that you have brought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing point that you have brought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing point that you have brought up
+so I will touch on in a second the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will touch on in a second the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will touch on in a second the first
+one of which is that I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which is that I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which is that I don't think that
+I rather hear analysis I think apply as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rather hear analysis I think apply as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rather hear analysis I think apply as
+well to the tuxedo park reading that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to the tuxedo park reading that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to the tuxedo park reading that we
+did maybe two or three classes ago about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did maybe two or three classes ago about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did maybe two or three classes ago about
+how what was his name Alfred blue mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what was his name Alfred blue mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what was his name Alfred blue mr.
+Lumis with him to selecting people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumis with him to selecting people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumis with him to selecting people that
+he liked to work in his lab I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he liked to work in his lab I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he liked to work in his lab I mean that
+doesn't seem to me to be very far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to me to be very far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to me to be very far from
+what he was doing in kids you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was doing in kids you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was doing in kids you know
+private lab which is obviously a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private lab which is obviously a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private lab which is obviously a point
+of concern in terms of including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concern in terms of including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concern in terms of including
+diversity in your perspective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in your perspective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in your perspective in
+perspectives right not to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives right not to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives right not to say anything
+of like racial diversity and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like racial diversity and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like racial diversity and sort of
+affirmative action right and including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative action right and including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative action right and including
+populations that may even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations that may even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations that may even be
+underrepresented in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented in science and
+technology but furthermore I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but furthermore I'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but furthermore I'll also
+while I was reading this I felt like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was reading this I felt like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was reading this I felt like it
+was almost presuppose that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost presuppose that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost presuppose that all
+these people were gonna be white now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people were gonna be white now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people were gonna be white now so
+let's go back to the bean bags in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the bean bags in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the bean bags in the
+reading they only mentioned one woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading they only mentioned one woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading they only mentioned one woman
+explicitly and there was a woman who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and there was a woman who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and there was a woman who is
+a graphic designer in Apple and so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graphic designer in Apple and so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graphic designer in Apple and so she
+didn't have any technical capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any technical capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any technical capabilities
+and didn't have much of a role to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't have much of a role to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't have much of a role to play
+within the organizational structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the organizational structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the organizational structure and
+thus her influence was very low so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus her influence was very low so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus her influence was very low so I
+really you know comment a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know comment a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know comment a question
+precise about the saying but would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise about the saying but would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise about the saying but would
+almost say that it's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost say that it's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost say that it's not something that
+makes me nervous it's something I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me nervous it's something I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me nervous it's something I find
+out pages so I would say actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pages so I would say actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pages so I would say actually to
+somewhat counter that well definitely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat counter that well definitely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat counter that well definitely I
+agree women in STEM fields that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree women in STEM fields that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree women in STEM fields that we
+definitely need more representation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need more representation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need more representation but
+it's possible that at the time there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that at the time there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that at the time there was
+less of an emphasis on STEM education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of an emphasis on STEM education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of an emphasis on STEM education
+which would mean oh no no I totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would mean oh no no I totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would mean oh no no I totally
+agree with them the reasons or rather I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with them the reasons or rather I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with them the reasons or rather I
+understand the reasons as to why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the reasons as to why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the reasons as to why it
+happened but as we were consuming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but as we were consuming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but as we were consuming these
+scholars are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars are thinking about
+organizational structure they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational structure they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational structure they're not
+adding in any caveats about the roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in any caveats about the roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in any caveats about the roles in
+which these social factors have to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these social factors have to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these social factors have to play
+and furthermore they're not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore they're not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore they're not making
+recommendations as to how they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations as to how they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations as to how they could be
+resolved because if they're not the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved because if they're not the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved because if they're not the ones
+addressing these sort of holes within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing these sort of holes within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing these sort of holes within
+organizational structure and how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational structure and how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational structure and how people
+do people's perspectives can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people's perspectives can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people's perspectives can be
+meaningfully included then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfully included then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfully included then you're
+effectively you're just glossing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you're just glossing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you're just glossing over
+that as an issue and leaving it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an issue and leaving it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an issue and leaving it for
+someone else to resolve and so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else to resolve and so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else to resolve and so that was
+my concern with this reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my concern with this reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my concern with this reading in
+particular right like I can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular right like I can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular right like I can have a
+concern writ large with sexism in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern writ large with sexism in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern writ large with sexism in the
+workplace but I try to focus my concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace but I try to focus my concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace but I try to focus my concerns
+generally with the literature with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally with the literature with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally with the literature with which
+we are engaging so you're saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are engaging so you're saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are engaging so you're saying this
+was a mission from the peeterman writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mission from the peeterman writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mission from the peeterman writing
+yes specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in figures out counter and in terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figures out counter and in terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figures out counter and in terms like
+because it is kind of what a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is kind of what a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is kind of what a question of
+our time I think there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time I think there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time I think there will be an
+organization that is more proved to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that is more proved to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that is more proved to two
+females that does better and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females that does better and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females that does better and they're
+gonna start doing oh there's gonna be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start doing oh there's gonna be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start doing oh there's gonna be an
+organization that's all female because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that's all female because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that's all female because
+of the structure being different because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure being different because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure being different because
+it's something that I started seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that I started seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that I started seeing
+when I did work as a diplomat in Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did work as a diplomat in Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did work as a diplomat in Mexico
+it was like because of the soldiers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like because of the soldiers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like because of the soldiers like
+their sort of structure was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of structure was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of structure was much more
+extreme so it was like if the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so it was like if the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so it was like if the daughter
+was seeing like working with before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was seeing like working with before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was seeing like working with before the
+man like the parents would like be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man like the parents would like be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man like the parents would like be like
+so they started making special groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they started making special groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they started making special groups
+just for these females so they can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for these females so they can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for these females so they can move
+forward and get education and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and get education and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and get education and I think
+that's a problem is gonna be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem is gonna be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem is gonna be more
+prevalent outside the US and in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent outside the US and in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent outside the US and in the US
+but also if you give a good answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if you give a good answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if you give a good answer and
+have really good talent right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really good talent right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really good talent right because
+these people are really more competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are really more competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are really more competing
+for talent and you find a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talent and you find a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talent and you find a way of
+accessing it and changing your structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing it and changing your structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing it and changing your structure
+because it might be that this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might be that this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might be that this structure
+always being very intense being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always being very intense being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always being very intense being on
+location is it from two women with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is it from two women with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is it from two women with
+children so maybe change the stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so maybe change the stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so maybe change the stretch
+around job we try to do this through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around job we try to do this through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around job we try to do this through
+Marissa Mayer like ability work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa Mayer like ability work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa Mayer like ability work from
+home or like choose specific days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or like choose specific days ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or like choose specific days ago
+for children also because most more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for children also because most more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for children also because most more
+organizations are going to try to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are going to try to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are going to try to become
+they want this model right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want this model right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want this model right I think
+there's gonna be companies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be companies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be companies that are
+gonna be very intense and then mix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be very intense and then mix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be very intense and then mix a
+keishon time because they know work-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keishon time because they know work-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keishon time because they know work-life
+balance is in isn't mattering it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is in isn't mattering it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is in isn't mattering it's not
+working right so like you have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working right so like you have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working right so like you have to find a
+way of mixing it so it's like okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of mixing it so it's like okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of mixing it so it's like okay you
+have this problem again this project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this problem again this project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this problem again this project you
+go to deadlines and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to deadlines and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to deadlines and then you have to
+three days off where because you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days off where because you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days off where because you need to
+be have a certain intensity for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have a certain intensity for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have a certain intensity for a
+certain amount of time or that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of time or that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of time or that you can
+kind of relax and that's gonna lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relax and that's gonna lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relax and that's gonna lead to
+less turnover in employees because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less turnover in employees because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less turnover in employees because
+that's a big issue like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue like if you have
+employees are working very hard and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees are working very hard and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees are working very hard and they
+don't get a break you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a break you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a break you know if you have
+the core be too tight and snaps and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core be too tight and snaps and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core be too tight and snaps and so
+you want to make some loosening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make some loosening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make some loosening and
+tightening together right accord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightening together right accord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightening together right accord
+you know I also wonder how applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I also wonder how applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I also wonder how applicable
+business choose the context outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business choose the context outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business choose the context outside the
+Westin outside the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westin outside the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westin outside the United States in
+terms of work culture and open original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of work culture and open original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of work culture and open original
+structure I think a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I think a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I think a lot of other
+countries you know culturally or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you know culturally or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you know culturally or to
+society have different obligation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society have different obligation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society have different obligation to
+family and so I think that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so I think that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so I think that this is
+definitely very Western very us centric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely very Western very us centric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely very Western very us centric
+yes I think that's an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think that's an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think that's an important point
+these this great group series that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this great group series that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this great group series that we're
+doing really does reflect an American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really does reflect an American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really does reflect an American
+kind of culture and how does that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of culture and how does that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of culture and how does that great
+group Theory translate into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Theory translate into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Theory translate into other
+cultures I think that's a really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures I think that's a really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures I think that's a really an
+important underlying question and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important underlying question and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important underlying question and you
+know as we said a couple of weeks ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as we said a couple of weeks ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as we said a couple of weeks ago I
+am open to other great groups so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am open to other great groups so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am open to other great groups so when
+you all have candidates that open up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have candidates that open up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have candidates that open up I
+mean you know this is the 1970s right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know this is the 1970s right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know this is the 1970s right
+that's as far as we've gotten we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far as we've gotten we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far as we've gotten we've
+gotten we we've covered the 1940s pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten we we've covered the 1940s pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten we we've covered the 1940s pretty
+well and 50s now are at the 70s not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and 50s now are at the 70s not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and 50s now are at the 70s not much
+has changed and I'm not sure much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed and I'm not sure much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed and I'm not sure much
+changes in any of the groups that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in any of the groups that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in any of the groups that we're
+going to talk about today just I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today just I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today just I think
+it starts to get better in places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to get better in places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to get better in places like
+Genentech and Craig Venters operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genentech and Craig Venters operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genentech and Craig Venters operation
+but what are more recent groups and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are more recent groups and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are more recent groups and the
+problems you've got to find a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you've got to find a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you've got to find a technology
+that's taken off so you can prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taken off so you can prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taken off so you can prove that
+the group accomplished something so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group accomplished something so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group accomplished something so if
+you all would help me with this and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all would help me with this and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all would help me with this and find
+examples that I can include in the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the top work if we redefined it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the top work if we redefined it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the top work if we redefined it is
+like the top working groups in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the top working groups in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the top working groups in different
+fields so it can be like music right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so it can be like music right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so it can be like music right
+like soul music like how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like soul music like how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like soul music like how do they
+structure themselves you try to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure themselves you try to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure themselves you try to raise
+this last week yeah I still wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last week yeah I still wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last week yeah I still wanted
+technology though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology though
+you can go back in time I have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back in time I have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back in time I have nothing
+else I think things are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I think things are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I think things are starting to
+change we'll see the popular ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we'll see the popular ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we'll see the popular ones so
+maybe we will get like top technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we will get like top technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we will get like top technology
+and like the thing that I remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the thing that I remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the thing that I remember you
+know sort of kicking myself for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of kicking myself for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of kicking myself for not
+bringing up when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up when you're talking about
+Japan and how incredibly prolific they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and how incredibly prolific they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and how incredibly prolific they
+were and you know the their economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and you know the their economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and you know the their economic
+growth is that they created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is that they created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is that they created an
+effectively a workplace culture in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a workplace culture in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a workplace culture in that
+blue light on two factors one devoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light on two factors one devoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light on two factors one devoting
+your entire life to your job right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire life to your job right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire life to your job right like
+one job you choose you're with a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one job you choose you're with a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one job you choose you're with a company
+for the rest of you know your time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of you know your time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of you know your time there
+and then to that if your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to that if your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to that if your entire
+self-worth as an individual is tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-worth as an individual is tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-worth as an individual is tied to
+your success within this company are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your success within this company are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your success within this company are the
+success as a company generally then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success as a company generally then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success as a company generally then if
+you fail or the company fails you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fail or the company fails you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fail or the company fails you feel
+like you're effectively threatened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're effectively threatened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're effectively threatened and
+what I mentioned to bill and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mentioned to bill and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mentioned to bill and something
+that you may know is that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may know is that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may know is that there's an
+incredibly high suicide rate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly high suicide rate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly high suicide rate among
+Japanese workers right so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese workers right so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese workers right so what does that
+mean it's the culture that we are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's the culture that we are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's the culture that we are trying
+to create here it's effectively trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create here it's effectively trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create here it's effectively trying
+to emulate Japan's because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emulate Japan's because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emulate Japan's because we want to
+achieve their level of economic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve their level of economic growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve their level of economic growth
+if it is that they have reached so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is that they have reached so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is that they have reached so
+starting peak a human right is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting peak a human right is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting peak a human right is that what
+we have to aspire to and what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to aspire to and what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to aspire to and what might be
+some lessons for us to learn from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lessons for us to learn from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lessons for us to learn from that
+at the country as a great group okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the country as a great group okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the country as a great group okay
+that's fair enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair enough
+so Lou Yahoo you want to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lou Yahoo you want to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lou Yahoo you want to give us a
+couple of closing thoughts about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of closing thoughts about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of closing thoughts about the
+group's you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some culture and I look these certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some culture and I look these certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some culture and I look these certain
+features and amazed and so like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and amazed and so like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and amazed and so like a
+Chinese background student aspect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese background student aspect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese background student aspect with
+this flat structure overlap then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flat structure overlap then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flat structure overlap then we'll
+never have a new Chinese culture like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a new Chinese culture like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a new Chinese culture like it
+is always Hara and I think maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always Hara and I think maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always Hara and I think maybe there
+are times like if we assess like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times like if we assess like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times like if we assess like I think
+other things that it's been changing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that it's been changing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that it's been changing but
+in China it's the same female scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China it's the same female scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China it's the same female scientists
+position in China has been actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in China has been actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in China has been actually
+leading off in all this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading off in all this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading off in all this other
+countryside we have that commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside we have that commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside we have that commercial
+member of Severson is where have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of Severson is where have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of Severson is where have you
+went and there are lessons that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and there are lessons that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and there are lessons that we
+learned from different countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from different countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from different countries and
+across this room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m42nkRJwCKY.txt b/m42nkRJwCKY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf8f81e64ddff1973e5157c31a7caa8cf1204ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m42nkRJwCKY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally let's discuss the third class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let's discuss the third class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let's discuss the third class of
+instructions that let us change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that let us change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that let us change the
+program counter up until now the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program counter up until now the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program counter up until now the program
+counter has simply been incremented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter has simply been incremented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter has simply been incremented by
+four at the end of each instruction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four at the end of each instruction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four at the end of each instruction so
+that the next instruction comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next instruction comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next instruction comes from the
+memory location that immediately follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location that immediately follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location that immediately follows
+the location that held the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location that held the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location that held the current
+instruction in other words the beta has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in other words the beta has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in other words the beta has
+been executing instructions sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been executing instructions sequentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been executing instructions sequentially
+from memory but in many programs such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory but in many programs such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory but in many programs such as
+in factorial we need to disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in factorial we need to disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in factorial we need to disrupt
+sequential execution either to loop back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential execution either to loop back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential execution either to loop back
+to repeat some earlier instruction or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat some earlier instruction or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat some earlier instruction or to
+skip over instructions because of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over instructions because of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over instructions because of some
+state of dependency we need a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of dependency we need a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of dependency we need a way to
+change the program counter based on data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the program counter based on data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the program counter based on data
+values generated by the program's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values generated by the program's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values generated by the program's
+execution in the factorial example as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution in the factorial example as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution in the factorial example as
+long as B is not equal to zero we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as B is not equal to zero we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as B is not equal to zero we need
+to keep executing the instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep executing the instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep executing the instructions that
+calculate a times B and decrement B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a times B and decrement B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a times B and decrement B so
+we need instructions to test the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need instructions to test the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need instructions to test the value
+of B after it's been decremented and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B after it's been decremented and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B after it's been decremented and if
+it's nonzero change the PC to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonzero change the PC to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonzero change the PC to repeat the
+loop one more time changing the PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop one more time changing the PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop one more time changing the PC
+depending on some condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on some condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on some condition is
+implemented by a branch instruction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by a branch instruction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by a branch instruction and
+the operation is referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation is referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation is referred to as a
+conditional branch when the branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch when the branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch when the branch is
+taken the PC is changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the PC is changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the PC is changed
+and execution is restarted at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execution is restarted at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execution is restarted at the new
+location which is called the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location which is called the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location which is called the branch
+target if the branch is not-taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target if the branch is not-taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target if the branch is not-taken
+the PC is incremented by 4 and execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PC is incremented by 4 and execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PC is incremented by 4 and execution
+continues with the instruction following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with the instruction following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with the instruction following
+the branch as the name implies a branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch as the name implies a branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch as the name implies a branch
+instruction represents a potential fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction represents a potential fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction represents a potential fork
+in the execution sequence will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the execution sequence will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the execution sequence will use
+branches to implement many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches to implement many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches to implement many different
+types of control structures loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of control structures loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of control structures loops
+conditionals procedure calls etc branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals procedure calls etc branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals procedure calls etc branch
+instructions also use the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions also use the instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions also use the instruction
+format with a 16-bit signed constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format with a 16-bit signed constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format with a 16-bit signed constant the
+operation of the branch instructions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the branch instructions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the branch instructions are
+a bit complicated so let's walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit complicated so let's walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit complicated so let's walk through
+their operations step by step let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their operations step by step let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their operations step by step let's
+start by looking at the operation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by looking at the operation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by looking at the operation of the
+BEQ instruction first the usual pc+ for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEQ instruction first the usual pc+ for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEQ instruction first the usual pc+ for
+calculation is performed giving us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is performed giving us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is performed giving us the
+address of the instruction following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the instruction following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the instruction following the
+BEQ this value is written to the RC reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEQ this value is written to the RC reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEQ this value is written to the RC reg
+whether or not the branch has taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the branch has taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the branch has taken this
+feature of branches is pretty handy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of branches is pretty handy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of branches is pretty handy and
+will use it to implement procedure calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use it to implement procedure calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use it to implement procedure calls
+a couple of lectures from now note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of lectures from now note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of lectures from now note that
+if we don't need to remember the PC plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't need to remember the PC plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't need to remember the PC plus
+four value we can specify our 31 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four value we can specify our 31 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four value we can specify our 31 as the
+RC register next BEQ tests the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC register next BEQ tests the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC register next BEQ tests the value of
+the RA register to see if it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RA register to see if it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RA register to see if it's equal to
+zero if it's equal to zero the branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if it's equal to zero the branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if it's equal to zero the branch is
+taken and the PC is incremented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and the PC is incremented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and the PC is incremented by the
+amount specified in the constant field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount specified in the constant field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount specified in the constant field
+of the instruction actually the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instruction actually the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instruction actually the constant
+called an offset since we're using it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an offset since we're using it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an offset since we're using it to
+offset the PC is treated as a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset the PC is treated as a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset the PC is treated as a word
+offset and is multiplied by four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset and is multiplied by four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset and is multiplied by four to
+convert it to a byte offset since the PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a byte offset since the PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a byte offset since the PC
+uses byte addressing if the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses byte addressing if the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses byte addressing if the contents of
+the RA Register is not equal to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RA Register is not equal to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RA Register is not equal to zero the
+PC is incremented by four and execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC is incremented by four and execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC is incremented by four and execution
+continues with the instruction following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with the instruction following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with the instruction following
+the BEQ let me say a few more words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BEQ let me say a few more words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BEQ let me say a few more words
+about the offset the branches are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the offset the branches are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the offset the branches are using
+what's referred to as PC relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's referred to as PC relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's referred to as PC relative
+addressing that means the address of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing that means the address of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing that means the address of the
+branch target is specified relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch target is specified relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch target is specified relative to
+the address of the branch are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address of the branch are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address of the branch are actually
+relative to the address of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the address of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the address of the
+instruction following the branch so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction following the branch so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction following the branch so an
+offset of zero would refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of zero would refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of zero would refer to the
+instruction following the branch in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction following the branch in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction following the branch in an
+offset of minus one would refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of minus one would refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset of minus one would refer to the
+branch itself negative offsets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch itself negative offsets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch itself negative offsets are
+called backwards branches and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called backwards branches and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called backwards branches and are
+usually seen at branches used at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually seen at branches used at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually seen at branches used at the end
+of loops where the looping condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loops where the looping condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loops where the looping condition is
+tested and we branch backwards to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested and we branch backwards to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested and we branch backwards to the
+beginning of the loop if another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the loop if another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the loop if another
+iteration is called for positive all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is called for positive all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is called for positive all
+sets are called forward branches and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are called forward branches and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are called forward branches and are
+usually seen in the code for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually seen in the code for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually seen in the code for if
+statements where we might skip over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements where we might skip over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements where we might skip over some
+part of the program if a condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the program if a condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the program if a condition is
+not true we can use B EQ to implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true we can use B EQ to implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true we can use B EQ to implement a
+so-called unconditional branch in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called unconditional branch in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called unconditional branch in other
+words a branch that has always taken if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a branch that has always taken if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a branch that has always taken if
+we test our thirty-one to see if at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we test our thirty-one to see if at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we test our thirty-one to see if at zero
+that's always true so BEQ our thirty-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true so BEQ our thirty-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true so BEQ our thirty-one
+would always branch to the specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always branch to the specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always branch to the specified
+target there's also a B any instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target there's also a B any instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target there's also a B any instruction
+identical to B EQ in this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to B EQ in this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to B EQ in this operation
+except the sense of the condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the sense of the condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the sense of the condition is
+reversed the branch is taken if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the branch is taken if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the branch is taken if the
+value of register RA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of register RA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of register RA is
+non-0 it might seem that only testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-0 it might seem that only testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-0 it might seem that only testing
+for zero non zero doesn't let us do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zero non zero doesn't let us do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zero non zero doesn't let us do
+everything we might want to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we might want to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we might want to do for
+example how would we branch if a is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how would we branch if a is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how would we branch if a is less
+than B that's where the compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B that's where the compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B that's where the compare
+instructions come in they do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions come in they do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions come in they do more
+complicated comparisons producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated comparisons producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated comparisons producing a
+nonzero value of the comparison is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero value of the comparison is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero value of the comparison is true
+and a zero value if the comparison is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero value if the comparison is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero value if the comparison is
+false then we can use B EQ and B and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false then we can use B EQ and B and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false then we can use B EQ and B and E
+to test the result of the comparison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the result of the comparison and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the result of the comparison and
+branch appropriately at long last were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch appropriately at long last were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch appropriately at long last were
+finally in a position to write beta code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in a position to write beta code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in a position to write beta code
+to compute factorial using the iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute factorial using the iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute factorial using the iterative
+algorithm shown in C code on the left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm shown in C code on the left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm shown in C code on the left in
+the beta code the loop starts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta code the loop starts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta code the loop starts at the
+second instruction and then is marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second instruction and then is marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second instruction and then is marked
+with the L :
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the L :
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the L :
+label the body of the loop consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the body of the loop consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the body of the loop consists of
+the required multiplication and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the required multiplication and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the required multiplication and the
+decrement of B then in the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement of B then in the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement of B then in the fourth
+instruction B is tested and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction B is tested and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction B is tested and if it's
+nonzero the B and E will branch back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero the B and E will branch back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero the B and E will branch back to
+the instruction with the label l note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction with the label l note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction with the label l note
+that in our symbolic notation for B EQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our symbolic notation for B EQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our symbolic notation for B EQ
+and B any instructions we don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B any instructions we don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B any instructions we don't write
+the offset directly since that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offset directly since that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offset directly since that would be
+a pain to calculate and would change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain to calculate and would change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain to calculate and would change if
+we added or removes instructions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added or removes instructions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added or removes instructions from
+the loop instead we reference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop instead we reference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop instead we reference the
+instruction to which we want to branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to which we want to branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to which we want to branch
+and the program that translates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the program that translates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the program that translates the
+symbolic code into the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic code into the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic code into the binary
+instruction fields will do the offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction fields will do the offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction fields will do the offset
+calculation for us there's a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for us there's a satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for us there's a satisfying
+similarity between the beta code in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between the beta code in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between the beta code in the
+operation specified by the high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation specified by the high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation specified by the high-level
+FSM we created for computing factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM we created for computing factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM we created for computing factorial
+in the simple programmable data path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple programmable data path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple programmable data path
+discussed earlier in this lecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier in this lecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier in this lecture in
+this example each state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example each state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example each state in the
+high-level FSM matches up nicely with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level FSM matches up nicely with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level FSM matches up nicely with a
+particular beta instruction we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular beta instruction we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular beta instruction we wouldn't
+expect that high degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that high degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that high degree of
+Correspondence in general but since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correspondence in general but since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correspondence in general but since our
+beta data path and the example data path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta data path and the example data path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta data path and the example data path
+we're very similar the states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very similar the states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very similar the states and
+instructions match up pretty well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mNmvfSK-Dnw.txt b/mNmvfSK-Dnw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ddf6d4c1d3bcd1c1aafc7364258a1be2d6e46a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mNmvfSK-Dnw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the confocal resonator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the confocal resonator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the confocal resonator that
+we've looked at has many uses and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at has many uses and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at has many uses and we'll
+illustrate one of them right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate one of them right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate one of them right now
+so far the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far the laser
+frequency going into the cavity was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency going into the cavity was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency going into the cavity was was
+only one frequency we only had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one frequency we only had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one frequency we only had one
+frequency coming out the laser because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency coming out the laser because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency coming out the laser because
+we selected it by means of the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we selected it by means of the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we selected it by means of the polarizer
+since the laser oscillates at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the laser oscillates at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the laser oscillates at several
+frequencies at least two at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at least two at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at least two at different
+polarizations then again by rotating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations then again by rotating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations then again by rotating the
+polarizer I can select the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer I can select the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer I can select the other
+frequencies so the cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so the cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so the cavity
+can be used as a as a spectrum analyzer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used as a as a spectrum analyzer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used as a as a spectrum analyzer
+so if we look onto the scope as I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look onto the scope as I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look onto the scope as I rotate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+polarizer you see that I can bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer you see that I can bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer you see that I can bring in
+other resonances and these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other resonances and these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other resonances and these are not
+associated with transverse modes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with transverse modes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with transverse modes of the
+of the cavity but they are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cavity but they are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cavity but they are associated
+with the frequencies of the laser so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frequencies of the laser so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frequencies of the laser so
+here we are here's when the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are here's when the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are here's when the laser is
+operating single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating single
+frequency going into the cavity now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency going into the cavity now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency going into the cavity now I
+rotate the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the polarizer
+and I admit the other frequencies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I admit the other frequencies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I admit the other frequencies from
+the laser which are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser which are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser which are different
+polarizations so in this way the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations so in this way the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations so in this way the the
+confocal resonator can be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal resonator can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal resonator can be used as a
+spectrum analyzer now in practice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer now in practice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer now in practice you
+have to be careful in selecting the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful in selecting the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful in selecting the free
+spectal range of the of the resonator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectal range of the of the resonator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectal range of the of the resonator of
+the con focal cavity so that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the con focal cavity so that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the con focal cavity so that there's no
+confusion about the separations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about the separations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about the separations in the
+frequencies of the of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the of the light
+source so here we are again here is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so here we are again here is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so here we are again here is when
+the laser single frequency going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resonator here we have many frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator here we have many frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator here we have many frequencies
+and if we had selected the fre Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had selected the fre Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had selected the fre Spectrum
+range correctly we would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range correctly we would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range correctly we would be able to
+measure exactly the spacing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure exactly the spacing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure exactly the spacing between the
+modes of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of of the
+laser so then in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so then in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so then in uh in
+conclusion these set the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion these set the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion these set the set of
+demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations
+we looked at the plain parallel cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the plain parallel cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the plain parallel cavity
+we've looked at uh uh the uh condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at uh uh the uh condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at uh uh the uh condition
+under which the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which the modes
+superimpose was very touchy very touchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose was very touchy very touchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose was very touchy very touchy
+alignment with the plain parallel cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment with the plain parallel cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment with the plain parallel cavity
+then we looked at the cavity with curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at the cavity with curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at the cavity with curved
+mirrors and we saw lots of transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and we saw lots of transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and we saw lots of transverse
+modes if we don't have the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes if we don't have the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes if we don't have the length of the
+resonator adjusted suitably we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator adjusted suitably we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator adjusted suitably we also
+found that when the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that when the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that when the length of the
+resonator was equal to the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator was equal to the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator was equal to the radius of
+curvature of the mirrors in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the mirrors in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the mirrors in this case
+the con focal condition we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the con focal condition we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the con focal condition we found that
+the modes coales into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes coales into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes coales into two
+resonances and finally we showed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances and finally we showed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances and finally we showed how
+such a con focal resonator can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a con focal resonator can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a con focal resonator can be used
+to analyze the spectrum of a uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the spectrum of a uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the spectrum of a uh of a
+light source like this laser
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/muwNEvhy6Po.txt b/muwNEvhy6Po.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7ecf58a7ce9b8c554acbaef7e1f7f1356279c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/muwNEvhy6Po.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah problem set two there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah problem set two there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah problem set two there's a
+lot of work done congratulations all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work done congratulations all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work done congratulations all the
+workers sixteen trillion hashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers sixteen trillion hashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers sixteen trillion hashes
+performed how can we prove that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed how can we prove that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed how can we prove that so this
+is sort of a personal sort of gripe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a personal sort of gripe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a personal sort of gripe that
+I hear a lot that people say that proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear a lot that people say that proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear a lot that people say that proof
+of work doesn't scale and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work doesn't scale and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work doesn't scale and that really
+bugs me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs me
+because I think I sometimes I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I sometimes I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I sometimes I just think
+I sorta know what they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sorta know what they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sorta know what they're talking about
+and I mean like you know Bitcoin doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean like you know Bitcoin doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean like you know Bitcoin doesn't
+scale or like these block chains have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or like these block chains have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or like these block chains have
+for scalability properties which sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scalability properties which sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scalability properties which sure
+sure they definitely do but proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they definitely do but proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they definitely do but proof of
+work it scales sort of perfectly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it scales sort of perfectly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it scales sort of perfectly in a
+theoretical sense like there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical sense like there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical sense like there's nothing
+that can scale better you can prove an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can scale better you can prove an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can scale better you can prove an
+arbitrary amount of work in oh of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary amount of work in oh of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary amount of work in oh of one
+right so in this case well how big were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case well how big were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case well how big were
+these headers they were like less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these headers they were like less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these headers they were like less than
+100 bytes right hundred characters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 bytes right hundred characters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 bytes right hundred characters and
+with that space you can prove actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that space you can prove actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that space you can prove actually
+the entire work that happened over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire work that happened over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire work that happened over the
+entire problem set so yeah block chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire problem set so yeah block chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire problem set so yeah block chains
+whole bunch of scalability problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of scalability problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of scalability problems
+there's you know complex systems all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know complex systems all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know complex systems all
+sorts of scaling issues but proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scaling issues but proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scaling issues but proof of
+work itself in this pure form scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work itself in this pure form scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work itself in this pure form scales
+really great okay so question not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great okay so question not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great okay so question not super
+intuitive but how do you prove all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive but how do you prove all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive but how do you prove all the
+work ever done throughout the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work ever done throughout the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work ever done throughout the entire
+problem set in one line does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set in one line does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set in one line does anyone have
+any intuition about the sort of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any intuition about the sort of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any intuition about the sort of how do
+you prove all the work from all eighteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove all the work from all eighteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove all the work from all eighteen
+thousand eight you know eighteen hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eight you know eighteen hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eight you know eighteen hundred
+blocks with just one piece of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes so the thing is how do I prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so the thing is how do I prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so the thing is how do I prove
+the number of blocks without showing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks without showing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks without showing all
+of them right so I it's okay it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right so I it's okay it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right so I it's okay it's kind
+of a weird trick question um Andrew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird trick question um Andrew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird trick question um Andrew I
+don't think I remember Andrew Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I remember Andrew Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I remember Andrew Miller
+who's now a professor at somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now a professor at somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now a professor at somewhere
+Cornell who was not during the time sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell who was not during the time sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell who was not during the time sort
+of wrote about this initially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrote about this initially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrote about this initially in the
+Bitcoin forums what you do is you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin forums what you do is you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin forums what you do is you just
+show the luckiest block and I've not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the luckiest block and I've not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the luckiest block and I've not yet
+to find luckiest block but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find luckiest block but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find luckiest block but in this case
+it's it was mined by turtle it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it was mined by turtle it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it was mined by turtle it's you
+know this is the block or the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the block or the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the block or the previous
+block reference was a hoe 65 a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block reference was a hoe 65 a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block reference was a hoe 65 a two
+turtle one six five four two four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle one six five four two four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle one six five four two four four
+and the hash of that block is zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hash of that block is zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hash of that block is zero zero
+c49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c49
+a 4-1 for moi so anything interesting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4-1 for moi so anything interesting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4-1 for moi so anything interesting or
+novel about this particular block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel about this particular block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel about this particular block that
+you can see it's not but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's not but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's not but it's it's
+better it's like there's more work so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's like there's more work so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's like there's more work so we
+didn't count the things that's having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't count the things that's having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't count the things that's having
+more or less work just by some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less work just by some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less work just by some number of
+zeros we just looked at the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros we just looked at the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros we just looked at the threshold
+did it have enough zero bits and accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it have enough zero bits and accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it have enough zero bits and accept
+it or reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or reject it
+but in this case these four bytes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case these four bytes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case these four bytes right
+you needed you needed four bytes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed you needed four bytes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed you needed four bytes and
+then one extra bit right you need 233
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one extra bit right you need 233
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one extra bit right you need 233
+bits so these four always were zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so these four always were zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so these four always were zero but
+then and she and read there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and she and read there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and she and read there's another
+extra byte that's all zeros and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra byte that's all zeros and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra byte that's all zeros and another
+extra half a bite it's all zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra half a bite it's all zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra half a bite it's all zeros and
+then a C means for that what you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a C means for that what you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a C means for that what you call it
+nibble that the highest bit was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibble that the highest bit was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibble that the highest bit was one
+right so you've got this red stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you've got this red stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you've got this red stuff
+there's a bite and a half extra almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bite and a half extra almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bite and a half extra almost a
+bite and a half extra so yeah so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and a half extra so yeah so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and a half extra so yeah so what
+you can do for a compact proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do for a compact proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do for a compact proof of work
+so if you look at this again there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this again there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this again there's you
+know for for green bites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for for green bites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for for green bites
+bite and a half that's red right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and a half that's red right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and a half that's red right so
+that's five and a half bites so forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five and a half bites so forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five and a half bites so forty
+four bits and two to the 44 is 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bits and two to the 44 is 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bits and two to the 44 is 17
+trillion right if you do it out 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion right if you do it out 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion right if you do it out 17
+something which is what we expect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is what we expect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is what we expect right
+that's sort of our proof right we did 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of our proof right we did 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of our proof right we did 16
+trillion hashes for our calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion hashes for our calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion hashes for our calculation and
+and it shows up here and another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows up here and another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows up here and another way to
+look at it is we needed 33 bits for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it is we needed 33 bits for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it is we needed 33 bits for a
+valid block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid block
+we have 44 bits here that's 11 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 44 bits here that's 11 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 44 bits here that's 11 bits
+extra that's 11 bits of like being lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra that's 11 bits of like being lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra that's 11 bits of like being lucky
+and so that's 11 bits 2 to the 11 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's 11 bits 2 to the 11 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's 11 bits 2 to the 11 it's
+2048 which is pretty close to the 1862
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2048 which is pretty close to the 1862
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2048 which is pretty close to the 1862
+that we actually performed right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually performed right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually performed right so in
+this case we're a little lucky we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're a little lucky we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're a little lucky we might
+have only had to the 10 and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only had to the 10 and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only had to the 10 and then we
+could only prove that we'd done like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only prove that we'd done like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only prove that we'd done like a
+trillion work instead of sixteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion work instead of sixteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion work instead of sixteen
+trillion work so so you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion work so so you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion work so so you know there's
+there's probabilities here but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probabilities here but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probabilities here but this is
+an interesting property that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting property that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting property that actually
+does work you can prove all the work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work you can prove all the work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work you can prove all the work you
+know to some across summation usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to some across summation usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to some across summation usually
+within a factor of two that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a factor of two that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a factor of two that the system
+has ever done just with one block header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ever done just with one block header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ever done just with one block header
+so yeah this this is fun because another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this this is fun because another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this this is fun because another
+way to look at it is that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it is that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it is that you've got
+this sort of meta game where for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of meta game where for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of meta game where for every
+block found how much how you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block found how much how you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block found how much how you know take
+the I'm doing a hash and I need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm doing a hash and I need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm doing a hash and I need to find
+a hash with a lot of zeros to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash with a lot of zeros to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash with a lot of zeros to prove that
+I've done work and you sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done work and you sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done work and you sort of like
+going level deeper and say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going level deeper and say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going level deeper and say okay I'm
+finding a block and I want to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a block and I want to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a block and I want to prove that
+I found an even better block than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found an even better block than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found an even better block than
+everyone else right the the the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else right the the the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else right the the the entry
+for admission here is find a valid block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for admission here is find a valid block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for admission here is find a valid block
+and then from those blocks since it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from those blocks since it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from those blocks since it's a
+you know just uniform distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just uniform distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just uniform distribution with
+ones and zeros you're going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and zeros you're going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and zeros you're going to have this
+tail end of like happen to have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail end of like happen to have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail end of like happen to have lots of
+zeros that you didn't need in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that you didn't need in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that you didn't need in the
+beginning and that can prove all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and that can prove all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and that can prove all the
+work ever done there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work ever done there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work ever done there's a really
+interesting paper called hyper log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting paper called hyper log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting paper called hyper log log
+that uses this for non Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses this for non Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses this for non Bitcoin
+applications that uses it for like set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that uses it for like set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that uses it for like set
+counting we're sort of like on a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting we're sort of like on a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting we're sort of like on a website
+you want to see how many unique visitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see how many unique visitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see how many unique visitors
+you've gotten or something and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten or something and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten or something and you can
+store that in row of one space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that in row of one space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that in row of one space because
+you could keep track of like okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep track of like okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep track of like okay let me
+keep track of every IP address that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of every IP address that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of every IP address that's
+ever visited or something like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever visited or something like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever visited or something like that or
+cookie but instead you sort of hash them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie but instead you sort of hash them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie but instead you sort of hash them
+see if the hash starts with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the hash starts with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the hash starts with a bunch of
+zeros or any arbitrary character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros or any arbitrary character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros or any arbitrary character and
+then just store the lowest and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just store the lowest and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just store the lowest and then
+every you know every time someone visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know every time someone visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know every time someone visits
+hash it compare if it's lower replace if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash it compare if it's lower replace if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash it compare if it's lower replace if
+not ignore and then you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ignore and then you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ignore and then you have a very
+compact sort of indication of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact sort of indication of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact sort of indication of how many
+visitors have visited anyway that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors have visited anyway that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors have visited anyway that's like
+a super high-level view of it but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super high-level view of it but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super high-level view of it but if
+you're interested in this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this kind of stuff
+hyper log log as a paper builds off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper log log as a paper builds off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper log log as a paper builds off of
+some other things it has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things it has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things it has nothing to do
+with Vic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Vic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Vic
+and other than this property where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other than this property where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other than this property where
+you've got this like random function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this like random function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this like random function and
+you see how many zeros are in it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how many zeros are in it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how many zeros are in it but I
+don't I think these are kind of cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think these are kind of cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think these are kind of cool and
+so it to me this is like a fun this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it to me this is like a fun this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it to me this is like a fun this is
+not used in Bitcoin right in Bitcoin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used in Bitcoin right in Bitcoin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used in Bitcoin right in Bitcoin you
+actually download all the headers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually download all the headers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually download all the headers but
+people have sort of written papers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have sort of written papers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have sort of written papers about
+how you could use it if long term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you could use it if long term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you could use it if long term the
+headers are you know big you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers are you know big you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers are you know big you could you
+know prove have some like checkpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove have some like checkpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove have some like checkpoint
+we're like look I proved all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like look I proved all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like look I proved all the
+previous work and now I build from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work and now I build from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work and now I build from there
+any questions about this idea yes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this idea yes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this idea yes really
+it's just a probability wait yes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a probability wait yes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a probability wait yes but the
+proof of work itself is the same not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work itself is the same not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work itself is the same not of
+Rila proof right because you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rila proof right because you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rila proof right because you might have
+gotten lucky so so finding a block you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten lucky so so finding a block you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten lucky so so finding a block you
+know it is they say it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is they say it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is they say it's sort of like
+well that's not a proof there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not a proof there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not a proof there could be
+luck involved there could be probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck involved there could be probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck involved there could be probability
+but it's the exact same luck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the exact same luck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the exact same luck in
+probability that the underlying proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the underlying proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the underlying proof of
+work uses so there's no like further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uses so there's no like further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uses so there's no like further
+reduction in security or certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in security or certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in security or certainty
+because of this not really and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this not really and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this not really and so I
+remember talking about this with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember talking about this with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember talking about this with someone
+a few years ago and saying yeah proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago and saying yeah proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago and saying yeah proof of
+work is it's sort of a misnomer it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is it's sort of a misnomer it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is it's sort of a misnomer it's not
+really a proof right maybe it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a proof right maybe it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a proof right maybe it's an
+argument of work or some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of work or some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of work or some kind of
+probabilistic argument of work how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic argument of work how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic argument of work how could
+you make it more certain as a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it more certain as a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it more certain as a proof
+there's a bunch of ways one way would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of ways one way would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of ways one way would be
+to have multiple nonces right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have multiple nonces right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have multiple nonces right where
+instead of just finding one nuts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just finding one nuts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just finding one nuts that
+satisfies it you have to find several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies it you have to find several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies it you have to find several
+replaceable nonces and then like iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaceable nonces and then like iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaceable nonces and then like iterate
+through them that would be a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them that would be a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them that would be a much more
+certain proof it would remove the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain proof it would remove the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain proof it would remove the idea
+of probability to some extent it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability to some extent it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability to some extent it would
+also completely break the system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also completely break the system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also completely break the system in a
+way that's like fairly unintuitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's like fairly unintuitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's like fairly unintuitive and
+so I always sort of joking like I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I always sort of joking like I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I always sort of joking like I should
+make an altcoin where you've got like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an altcoin where you've got like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an altcoin where you've got like
+multiple nonces and you could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple nonces and you could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple nonces and you could be like
+yes for more security and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for more security and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for more security and then people
+would you know buy it but it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know buy it but it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know buy it but it completely
+breaks the the completely broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the the completely broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the the completely broken
+incentives and system maybe I'll hit me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and system maybe I'll hit me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and system maybe I'll hit me
+I'll let you guys like think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you guys like think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you guys like think about it
+till one thing and then you know draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till one thing and then you know draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till one thing and then you know draw it
+out and be like why wouldn't this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and be like why wouldn't this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and be like why wouldn't this work
+it's kind of fun it breaks in subtle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun it breaks in subtle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun it breaks in subtle but
+bad ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ways
+this is sort of talking about like proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of talking about like proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of talking about like proof
+of work optimization so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work optimization so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work optimization so if you look at
+this slide anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide anyway
+you've got these headers right or blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these headers right or blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these headers right or blocks
+or whatever we're mining so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever we're mining so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever we're mining so you've got
+KZ K 17 Tom Riddle finally to like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ K 17 Tom Riddle finally to like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ K 17 Tom Riddle finally to like all
+these people mining it's interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people mining it's interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people mining it's interesting to
+see what people use some people use like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people use some people use like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people use some people use like
+looks like base64 some people just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like base64 some people just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like base64 some people just used
+like a decimal number all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a decimal number all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a decimal number all sorts of
+different things who knows there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things who knows there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things who knows there was
+also a lot of invalid blocks with valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of invalid blocks with valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of invalid blocks with valid
+work submitted where there was like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work submitted where there was like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work submitted where there was like four
+or five different things they did my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five different things they did my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five different things they did my
+spaces so this didn't count but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so this didn't count but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so this didn't count but actually
+a lot more work was done and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more work was done and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more work was done and that's not
+even counting the human work of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even counting the human work of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even counting the human work of doing
+all the assignments so sending this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assignments so sending this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assignments so sending this over
+the wire or storing it on disk some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire or storing it on disk some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire or storing it on disk some
+inefficiencies may jump out at you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies may jump out at you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies may jump out at you what
+it what uh what do you think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what uh what do you think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what uh what do you think you could
+do to make this more efficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make this more efficient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make this more efficient or
+compress it or yeah okay that's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it or yeah okay that's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it or yeah okay that's an easy
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+oh this doesn't work when I gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this doesn't work when I gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this doesn't work when I gave you the
+slides because you can just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides because you can just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides because you can just look at the
+next slide and yeah oops okay nevermind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide and yeah oops okay nevermind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide and yeah oops okay nevermind
+yeah so the first eight characters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first eight characters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first eight characters are
+always gonna be zeros right like it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gonna be zeros right like it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gonna be zeros right like it by
+definition if it's not it's an invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if it's not it's an invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if it's not it's an invalid
+block so don't even bother sending it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so don't even bother sending it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so don't even bother sending it so
+the first characters are zero don't send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first characters are zero don't send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first characters are zero don't send
+them over the wire just have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over the wire just have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over the wire just have that
+implied right I just start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied right I just start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied right I just start at the
+whatever ninth character that saves well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ninth character that saves well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ninth character that saves well
+really you'd have this serialized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you'd have this serialized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you'd have this serialized in
+binary so it only saves four bytes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary so it only saves four bytes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary so it only saves four bytes in
+this case in our case it would save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in our case it would save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in our case it would save
+eight bytes that's cool and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bytes that's cool and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bytes that's cool and then also
+the entire previous hash when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire previous hash when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire previous hash when you're
+sending a list of five here like here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a list of five here like here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a list of five here like here in
+order for it to be valid you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be valid you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be valid you know this
+has to be the hash of the line above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the hash of the line above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the hash of the line above it
+so just don't send the whole thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just don't send the whole thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just don't send the whole thing right
+just send name nuts the hash is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send name nuts the hash is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send name nuts the hash is also
+computable from anyone receiving it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable from anyone receiving it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable from anyone receiving it that
+takes almost all of the space right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes almost all of the space right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes almost all of the space right and
+we could we could sort of compress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could sort of compress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could sort of compress this
+entire blockchain to just the first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blockchain to just the first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blockchain to just the first line
+and that's the only that's the only full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the only that's the only full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the only that's the only full
+line we need after that it's just named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we need after that it's just named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we need after that it's just named
+nonce named nuts and we'd get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonce named nuts and we'd get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonce named nuts and we'd get rid of
+like what seventy something percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what seventy something percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what seventy something percent of
+the space that's pretty cool right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space that's pretty cool right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space that's pretty cool right yeah
+this kind of header optimization is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of header optimization is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of header optimization is also
+very much possible in Bitcoin and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much possible in Bitcoin and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much possible in Bitcoin and it's
+not implemented it's not done if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not implemented it's not done if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not implemented it's not done if you
+want to you could program you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you could program you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you could program you know
+program it change Bitcoin have this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it change Bitcoin have this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it change Bitcoin have this like
+make a pull request I think I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pull request I think I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pull request I think I mean we
+discussed it and people are like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it and people are like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it and people are like yeah
+that'd be cool but mm-hmm no one's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be cool but mm-hmm no one's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be cool but mm-hmm no one's done
+it so if you want to like leave your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you want to like leave your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you want to like leave your
+mark and be like I'm a Bitcoin core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark and be like I'm a Bitcoin core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark and be like I'm a Bitcoin core
+contributor and I optimized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor and I optimized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor and I optimized the
+proof-of-work propagation system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work propagation system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work propagation system or
+something sounds cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sounds cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sounds cool
+you could do this it's not too hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this it's not too hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this it's not too hard you
+got to learn how Bitcoin works and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to learn how Bitcoin works and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to learn how Bitcoin works and all
+they're like you know different messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like you know different messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like you know different messages
+and stuff so it's a little annoying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff so it's a little annoying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff so it's a little annoying I
+think the main reason people haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the main reason people haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the main reason people haven't
+done it is because it's this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it is because it's this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it is because it's this is not the
+slow part right this is not the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow part right this is not the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow part right this is not the critical
+path not a bottleneck in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path not a bottleneck in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path not a bottleneck in the actual
+system generally the the proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system generally the the proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system generally the the proof of work
+verification is pretty quick the headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification is pretty quick the headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification is pretty quick the headers
+are total of like 40 something megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are total of like 40 something megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are total of like 40 something megabytes
+now 50 megabytes maybe so you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 50 megabytes maybe so you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 50 megabytes maybe so you could you
+could definitely reduce that by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could definitely reduce that by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could definitely reduce that by a
+significant extent but no one's bothered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant extent but no one's bothered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant extent but no one's bothered
+because there's so many other scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so many other scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so many other scaling
+issues that are more pressing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that are more pressing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that are more pressing but it's
+kind of cool I think someone might so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool I think someone might so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool I think someone might so
+yeah that'd be a fine fun thing to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that'd be a fine fun thing to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that'd be a fine fun thing to do if
+you did that right would that be a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that right would that be a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that right would that be a soft
+or hard fork if you said okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hard fork if you said okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hard fork if you said okay I'm going
+to now send header messages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now send header messages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now send header messages that are
+truncated all right I'm gonna leave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated all right I'm gonna leave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated all right I'm gonna leave off
+the four bytes that are always zeroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four bytes that are always zeroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four bytes that are always zeroes
+the coin is also the four you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin is also the four you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin is also the four you know the
+difficulty requirement here is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty requirement here is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty requirement here is basically
+the same as difficulty as in Bitcoin I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as difficulty as in Bitcoin I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as difficulty as in Bitcoin I'm
+going to you know have the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know have the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know have the implied
+previous block hash things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block hash things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block hash things like that
+would that be a fork actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be a fork actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be a fork actually it
+wouldn't right it's sort of a non fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't right it's sort of a non fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't right it's sort of a non fork
+there are lots of changes you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of changes you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of changes you can make
+so I known a-ha talked about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I known a-ha talked about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I known a-ha talked about you know
+soft works and hard Forks you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft works and hard Forks you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft works and hard Forks you know
+changes you can make in the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you can make in the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you can make in the system that
+affect consensus but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect consensus but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect consensus but there's a lot of
+changes you can make that optimize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you can make that optimize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you can make that optimize it
+but don't really affect other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't really affect other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't really affect other people so
+in this case it would just sort of be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it would just sort of be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it would just sort of be a
+wire protocol change and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire protocol change and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire protocol change and you could
+easily maintain backwards compatibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily maintain backwards compatibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily maintain backwards compatibility
+right so in this case you say the header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case you say the header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case you say the header
+optimization it's not a fork right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it's not a fork right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it's not a fork right what
+you do is you'd have a new message type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you'd have a new message type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you'd have a new message type
+like truncated header or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like truncated header or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like truncated header or something and
+then when you connect to nodes you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you connect to nodes you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you connect to nodes you say
+hey do you know about this new message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey do you know about this new message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey do you know about this new message
+type I'm using and if they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type I'm using and if they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type I'm using and if they don't know
+you're talking about or they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about or they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about or they usually
+they say what version they are when do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what version they are when do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what version they are when do
+they connect and you're like oh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect and you're like oh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect and you're like oh you're
+an old version you don't know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old version you don't know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old version you don't know about this
+I'll just keep saying the old header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just keep saying the old header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just keep saying the old header
+type and even if I store the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and even if I store the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and even if I store the new
+truncated headers on disk I can recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated headers on disk I can recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated headers on disk I can recreate
+the old one pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old one pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old one pretty quickly
+right by stacking them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by stacking them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by stacking them you know
+performing the hash tacking down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing the hash tacking down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing the hash tacking down on
+Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday
+you so I can have it I can be compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I can have it I can be compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I can have it I can be compatible
+back backwards compatible and forwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back backwards compatible and forwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back backwards compatible and forwards
+compatible no soft works needed the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible no soft works needed the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible no soft works needed the old
+nodes they don't even see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes they don't even see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes they don't even see that this
+happens they might see that there's oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens they might see that there's oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens they might see that there's oh
+there's a new version or a new message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new version or a new message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new version or a new message
+I'm not aware of they ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not aware of they ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not aware of they ignore it
+everything seems fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems fine
+so these are kind of the easiest they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are kind of the easiest they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are kind of the easiest they're
+not forced the easiest changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forced the easiest changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forced the easiest changes in the
+system get through because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system get through because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system get through because there's no
+real coordination needed and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real coordination needed and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real coordination needed and it's
+backwards and forwards compatible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forwards compatible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forwards compatible so
+that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool
+so some example non Forks a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some example non Forks a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some example non Forks a lot of them
+are internal only that don't even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are internal only that don't even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are internal only that don't even you
+can't even see from outside so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even see from outside so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even see from outside so for
+example compressing blocks or compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example compressing blocks or compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example compressing blocks or compress
+it you know compressing your database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know compressing your database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know compressing your database
+that's fairly straightforward right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly straightforward right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly straightforward right it
+doesn't seem like intuitively it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like intuitively it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like intuitively it seems
+like well these are all like random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well these are all like random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well these are all like random
+numbers and hashes you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and hashes you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and hashes you can't really
+compress those right because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress those right because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress those right because they're
+random in practice you actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in practice you actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in practice you actually can
+people reuse public keys a lot and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reuse public keys a lot and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reuse public keys a lot and so
+you just see the same pub key over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see the same pub key over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see the same pub key over and
+over so you do some pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so you do some pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so you do some pretty simple
+encoding and you can make those smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding and you can make those smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding and you can make those smaller
+also the amounts is 8 bytes so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the amounts is 8 bytes so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the amounts is 8 bytes so if you're
+sending someone you know one Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending someone you know one Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending someone you know one Bitcoin
+that's you know 100 million and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know 100 million and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know 100 million and people
+like to use round numbers and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use round numbers and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use round numbers and so those
+get compressed pretty well and generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get compressed pretty well and generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get compressed pretty well and generally
+there's you know much smaller so the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know much smaller so the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know much smaller so the top
+bytes are usually zeros so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes are usually zeros so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes are usually zeros so you can
+compress it a decent amount but no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it a decent amount but no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it a decent amount but no one
+has to know that you're compressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to know that you're compressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to know that you're compressing
+right that's all transparent when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all transparent when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all transparent when
+someone connects to you they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone connects to you they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone connects to you they have no
+idea if you're compressing or not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you're compressing or not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you're compressing or not on
+disk something like faster signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk something like faster signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk something like faster signature
+verification where there's been enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification where there's been enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification where there's been enormous
+amounts of work in optimizing the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of work in optimizing the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of work in optimizing the code
+for that making assembly stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that making assembly stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that making assembly stuff like that
+nobody knows you're doing it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows you're doing it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows you're doing it right
+they're just like oh he's asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just like oh he's asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just like oh he's asking for
+blocks quicker than this other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks quicker than this other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks quicker than this other person
+maybe his networks faster maybe a CPU is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe his networks faster maybe a CPU is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe his networks faster maybe a CPU is
+faster so these kind of are changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so these kind of are changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so these kind of are changes that
+are purely internal nobody needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are purely internal nobody needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are purely internal nobody needs to know
+that's kind of cool other non Forks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of cool other non Forks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of cool other non Forks are
+peer to peer non Forks so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer to peer non Forks so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer to peer non Forks so the the
+truncated headers maybe where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated headers maybe where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated headers maybe where you can
+say hey I'm gonna send you less data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I'm gonna send you less data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I'm gonna send you less data
+over the network you identify at connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the network you identify at connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the network you identify at connect
+time and you default to the old behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you default to the old behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you default to the old behavior
+people don't know what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know what you're talking
+about so there's one called compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there's one called compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there's one called compact
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+I didn't describe it but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't describe it but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't describe it but you can
+probably guess what the idea of compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably guess what the idea of compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably guess what the idea of compact
+blocks is anyone want to venture guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks is anyone want to venture guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks is anyone want to venture guess
+what those do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow so it's not a header that's comeback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow so it's not a header that's comeback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow so it's not a header that's comeback
+but the whole block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole block
+how would you compact a block actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you compact a block actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you compact a block actually
+that would work that's not with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work that's not with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work that's not with you
+there's a really big there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really big there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really big there's a really
+big like 2x redundancy send so the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big like 2x redundancy send so the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big like 2x redundancy send so the basic
+idea is transactions are propagated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is transactions are propagated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is transactions are propagated and
+then the blocks propagated whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the blocks propagated whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the blocks propagated whereas the
+redundancy there yeah the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy there yeah the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy there yeah the transactions
+the block you probably already seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block you probably already seen them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block you probably already seen them
+right you see the transactions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see the transactions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see the transactions and the
+block comes out most of it in general 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes out most of it in general 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes out most of it in general 90
+something for cents like yeah I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for cents like yeah I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for cents like yeah I already
+see all this so compact blocks is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all this so compact blocks is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all this so compact blocks is a way
+to in you know say hey here is the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in you know say hey here is the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in you know say hey here is the block
+here were all the transactions in it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here were all the transactions in it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here were all the transactions in it but
+I don't show the whole transaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show the whole transaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show the whole transaction I
+just so like the TX ID the hashes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so like the TX ID the hashes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so like the TX ID the hashes and
+then you can say okay 90% of those I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say okay 90% of those I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can say okay 90% of those I've
+already seen so we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen so we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen so we're good
+here's these 50 transactions I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's these 50 transactions I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's these 50 transactions I have not
+seen please give them to me so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen please give them to me so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen please give them to me so it's
+interacted rights like here the here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted rights like here the here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted rights like here the here's
+the blocks with just the UH transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks with just the UH transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks with just the UH transaction
+identifiers okay what do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers okay what do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers okay what do you need
+okay I need these ten okay here's the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need these ten okay here's the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need these ten okay here's the 10
+and now I can reconstruct the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can reconstruct the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can reconstruct the whole
+block so the block goes from being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so the block goes from being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so the block goes from being like
+a megabyte over the wire to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a megabyte over the wire to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a megabyte over the wire to something
+like 10 kilobytes but it's but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 kilobytes but it's but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 kilobytes but it's but it is a
+little slower in that it's like a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slower in that it's like a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slower in that it's like a multi
+round thing right it's like here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round thing right it's like here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round thing right it's like here's the
+compact block okay I need these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact block okay I need these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact block okay I need these extra
+things okay here's the exercise so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay here's the exercise so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay here's the exercise so a
+little bit more complexity if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complexity if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complexity if you're
+really optimizing for latency then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really optimizing for latency then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really optimizing for latency then you
+don't want to use this but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use this but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use this but in general
+it's a pretty big gain in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty big gain in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty big gain in terms of
+bandwidth which can be taxing on full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth which can be taxing on full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth which can be taxing on full
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+I run a full there's a full node on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run a full there's a full node on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run a full there's a full node on the
+first floor in one little rack and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor in one little rack and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor in one little rack and it it
+uploads three terabytes a month or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploads three terabytes a month or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploads three terabytes a month or so
+depends on how much people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how much people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how much people are using
+Bitcoin like in December everyone starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin like in December everyone starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin like in December everyone starts
+downloading it and installing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading it and installing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading it and installing it and
+there's a lot of bandwidth needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of bandwidth needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of bandwidth needed to
+like sync people up another non Fork was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sync people up another non Fork was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sync people up another non Fork was
+the bloom filters which no full nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bloom filters which no full nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bloom filters which no full nodes
+can then say hey I will perform bloom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then say hey I will perform bloom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then say hey I will perform bloom
+filter calculations for you and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter calculations for you and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter calculations for you and light
+nodes can connect in like I said too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can connect in like I said too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can connect in like I said too
+go with SPV light notes can submit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with SPV light notes can submit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with SPV light notes can submit a
+bloom filter say hey when I download a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter say hey when I download a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter say hey when I download a
+block from you first filter the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from you first filter the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from you first filter the block
+you know match all the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know match all the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know match all the transactions
+against this bloom filter and only send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this bloom filter and only send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this bloom filter and only send
+me things that match that's not a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me things that match that's not a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me things that match that's not a fork
+but it's a fairly fairly involved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a fairly fairly involved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a fairly fairly involved you
+know change in the peer-to-peer code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change in the peer-to-peer code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change in the peer-to-peer code
+okay any questions about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about these
+peer-to-peer non Forks good cool there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer non Forks good cool there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer non Forks good cool there's
+another aspect called standard miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect called standard miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect called standard miss
+where you haven't soft Forks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you haven't soft Forks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you haven't soft Forks something
+out you haven't declared something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you haven't declared something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you haven't declared something
+invalid but you can declare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid but you can declare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid but you can declare it
+non-standard and what that means is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard and what that means is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard and what that means is when
+your node sees a transaction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your node sees a transaction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your node sees a transaction right
+coming over unconfirmed a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming over unconfirmed a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming over unconfirmed a transaction
+being propagated through the network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being propagated through the network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being propagated through the network and
+it's got this property you say oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this property you say oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this property you say oh that's
+non-standard I'm gonna drop it I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard I'm gonna drop it I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard I'm gonna drop it I'm going
+to ignore it I won't propagate it on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore it I won't propagate it on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore it I won't propagate it on to
+my peers I won't ban I don't it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my peers I won't ban I don't it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my peers I won't ban I don't it depends
+I don't know do i ban the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know do i ban the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know do i ban the person
+submitting it to me I think you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitting it to me I think you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitting it to me I think you don't
+but I ignore it I don't propagate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I ignore it I don't propagate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I ignore it I don't propagate it so
+it doesn't really get around the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really get around the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really get around the network
+when most of the peers on the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when most of the peers on the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when most of the peers on the network
+have these rules of non-standard miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these rules of non-standard miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these rules of non-standard miss
+it's gonna be very difficult to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be very difficult to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be very difficult to get your
+transaction out there however if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction out there however if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction out there however if you see
+this non-standard transaction in a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-standard transaction in a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-standard transaction in a block
+you accept the block you say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept the block you say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept the block you say okay well
+that was this weird thing that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was this weird thing that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was this weird thing that I didn't
+like but since it's in a block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but since it's in a block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but since it's in a block and
+someone did a lot of work on it I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone did a lot of work on it I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone did a lot of work on it I will
+accept it and it's a little weird right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it and it's a little weird right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it and it's a little weird right
+like why have this it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why have this it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why have this it's sort of
+something that's not quite a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not quite a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not quite a software
+right it's showing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's showing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's showing that we're
+discouraging this we think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraging this we think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraging this we think it's
+non-standard the miners software by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard the miners software by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard the miners software by
+default we'll also consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default we'll also consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default we'll also consider this
+non-standard and not mine it but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard and not mine it but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard and not mine it but if
+someone else is mining it we're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is mining it we're okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is mining it we're okay
+with it and so what you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and so what you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and so what you can do is you
+can stage future soft Forks this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stage future soft Forks this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stage future soft Forks this way
+right so for example in in segue oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example in in segue oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example in in segue oh I
+didn't talk about the segment at all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about the segment at all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about the segment at all I'm
+gonna have to do that next week okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to do that next week okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to do that next week okay so
+in segue so the segment was like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in segue so the segment was like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in segue so the segment was like the
+biggest sophomore ever in Bitcoin and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest sophomore ever in Bitcoin and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest sophomore ever in Bitcoin and it
+occurred last year it changed the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred last year it changed the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred last year it changed the output
+scripts to say just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it changed the output scripts so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changed the output scripts so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changed the output scripts so before
+you said you know op do op hash 160 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you know op do op hash 160 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you know op do op hash 160 the
+hash op checks off equal whatever here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash op checks off equal whatever here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash op checks off equal whatever here
+it just says zero just pushes a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just says zero just pushes a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just says zero just pushes a zero
+byte and then pump key hash and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte and then pump key hash and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte and then pump key hash and that's
+it and if you actually interpret that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you actually interpret that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you actually interpret that in
+the stack no signature is needed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack no signature is needed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack no signature is needed right
+you push a zero to the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push a zero to the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push a zero to the bottom of the
+sack you push a pump key on the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sack you push a pump key on the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sack you push a pump key on the top of
+that and then your execution halts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then your execution halts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then your execution halts and
+you're like well there's a non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like well there's a non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like well there's a non zero
+piece of data on the top I interpret non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data on the top I interpret non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data on the top I interpret non
+zero data as true right the same way she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero data as true right the same way she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero data as true right the same way she
+does so it's true you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so it's true you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so it's true you don't need a
+signature at all so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature at all so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature at all so that's sort of the
+weird Segway soft work where they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird Segway soft work where they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird Segway soft work where they said
+no what used to be considered true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what used to be considered true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what used to be considered true
+without a signature we now sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a signature we now sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a signature we now sort of
+template and we say this means pump you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and we say this means pump you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and we say this means pump you
+know check funky ash right this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know check funky ash right this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know check funky ash right this means
+the same as op do pop hash 160 hash op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as op do pop hash 160 hash op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as op do pop hash 160 hash op
+equals objects except sake right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals objects except sake right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals objects except sake right so what
+you actually do is you know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually do is you know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually do is you know you need to
+provide the pub key that this hashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the pub key that this hashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the pub key that this hashes
+into and then check a signature it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and then check a signature it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and then check a signature it also
+defined 1 2 3 up to 16 and left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined 1 2 3 up to 16 and left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined 1 2 3 up to 16 and left this
+undefined and said look these are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined and said look these are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined and said look these are now
+non-standard before if you I think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard before if you I think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard before if you I think but
+you know the idea is if you just push a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the idea is if you just push a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the idea is if you just push a
+1 on the stack and then push some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 on the stack and then push some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 on the stack and then push some data
+well I guess no signatures needed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess no signatures needed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess no signatures needed but
+now they're non-standard because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're non-standard because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're non-standard because it
+means we're gonna use these next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're gonna use these next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're gonna use these next the
+next soft work the next soft work will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next soft work the next soft work will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next soft work the next soft work will
+define what one some piece of data means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what one some piece of data means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what one some piece of data means
+maybe it's a new signature scheme maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a new signature scheme maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a new signature scheme maybe
+it's a new kind of program where you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new kind of program where you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new kind of program where you put
+some data here but it's non-standard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data here but it's non-standard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data here but it's non-standard so
+if you try to make a transaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to make a transaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to make a transaction that's
+using like two and then a data push all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like two and then a data push all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like two and then a data push all
+the nodes will be like yeah I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes will be like yeah I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes will be like yeah I'm not
+ready for that like I haven't I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that like I haven't I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that like I haven't I haven't
+seen that and if you see I think in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that and if you see I think in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that and if you see I think in your
+air logs if you see a block with a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air logs if you see a block with a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air logs if you see a block with a bunch
+of these kinds of things it'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds of things it'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds of things it'll give you
+a warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warning
+it's like warning people are using stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like warning people are using stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like warning people are using stuff
+that your software doesn't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your software doesn't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your software doesn't know about
+you might need to upgrade there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to upgrade there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to upgrade there's a
+bunch of warnings like that we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of warnings like that we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of warnings like that we're like
+warning like the last you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning like the last you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning like the last you know some
+percentage of the last few blocks had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the last few blocks had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the last few blocks had
+these things so people are doing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so people are doing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so people are doing stuff
+that you're not considering invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not considering invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not considering invalid
+right you're not gonna like refuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not gonna like refuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not gonna like refuse the
+block but you're also like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but you're also like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but you're also like this is
+something I don't understand right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't understand right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't understand right and
+I've specifically coded it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've specifically coded it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've specifically coded it as
+non-standard okay so any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard okay so any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard okay so any questions about
+non-standard miss neha talked about soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard miss neha talked about soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard miss neha talked about soft
+forks and hard forks right and I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks and hard forks right and I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks and hard forks right and I will go
+through a bit more detail about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bit more detail about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bit more detail about sort of
+how these end up working and how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these end up working and how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these end up working and how these
+interact with minors and notes did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with minors and notes did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with minors and notes did
+people have questions about soft forks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions about soft forks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions about soft forks
+and hard forks before we start like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard forks before we start like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard forks before we start like sort
+of got the general idea right soft works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got the general idea right soft works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got the general idea right soft works
+add new rules hard forks remove rules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new rules hard forks remove rules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new rules hard forks remove rules in
+general and this is minors okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and this is minors okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and this is minors okay so the
+minors have sort of a unique role here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors have sort of a unique role here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors have sort of a unique role here
+it's not just the same as a full node a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the same as a full node a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the same as a full node a
+minor you know decides what to put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor you know decides what to put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor you know decides what to put into
+a block that they're mining and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that they're mining and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that they're mining and so they
+do have a bit more influence in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a bit more influence in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a bit more influence in these
+fork decisions okay so soft Fork would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork decisions okay so soft Fork would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork decisions okay so soft Fork would
+be for example saying okay all output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example saying okay all output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example saying okay all output
+amounts must be odd right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts must be odd right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts must be odd right
+you can't send an even number of coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't send an even number of coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't send an even number of coins
+to anyone anymore that would be a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone anymore that would be a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone anymore that would be a weird
+silly fork wouldn't really impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly fork wouldn't really impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly fork wouldn't really impact the
+usability of the system but it'd be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability of the system but it'd be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability of the system but it'd be kind
+of dumb but you could do it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dumb but you could do it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dumb but you could do it and you
+could say okay well if I see a block if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say okay well if I see a block if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say okay well if I see a block if
+I see a transaction which outputs if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a transaction which outputs if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a transaction which outputs if any
+of the outputs have an even number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outputs have an even number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outputs have an even number of
+Satoshi's invalid you got to do odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi's invalid you got to do odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi's invalid you got to do odd
+potentially leading to the loss of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially leading to the loss of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially leading to the loss of one
+Satoshi per transaction fees one Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi per transaction fees one Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi per transaction fees one Satoshi
+per block may end up being lost due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per block may end up being lost due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per block may end up being lost due to
+this so so here I'm saying an A for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so here I'm saying an A for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so here I'm saying an A for
+adopter and I for ignorer now people may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopter and I for ignorer now people may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopter and I for ignorer now people may
+ignore the fork because they disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the fork because they disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the fork because they disagree
+with it they don't want to do this fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they don't want to do this fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they don't want to do this fork
+or they may do it because you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they may do it because you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they may do it because you know they
+may just not even know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just not even know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just not even know that this
+software exists it's a you know giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software exists it's a you know giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software exists it's a you know giant
+decentralized system and it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized system and it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized system and it's hard to
+know how to communicate with everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to communicate with everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to communicate with everyone
+right there isn't there so there is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there isn't there so there is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there isn't there so there is like
+you know Bitcoin dot-org there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bitcoin dot-org there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bitcoin dot-org there's also
+Bitcoin comm where the guy doesn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin comm where the guy doesn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin comm where the guy doesn't like
+the Bitcoin developers and says they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin developers and says they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin developers and says they're
+bad you know anyone can just register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad you know anyone can just register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad you know anyone can just register
+these things there's a Bitcoin Twitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there's a Bitcoin Twitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there's a Bitcoin Twitter
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+that was purchased recently by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was purchased recently by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was purchased recently by someone
+who wanted to argue about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to argue about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to argue about these things
+so like you know there's no one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know there's no one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know there's no one really
+in charge of this and then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge of this and then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge of this and then there's also
+like different implementations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different implementations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different implementations there's
+the real Bitcoin which is run by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real Bitcoin which is run by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real Bitcoin which is run by this
+bunch of crazy people who say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of crazy people who say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of crazy people who say they
+control Bitcoin and then everyone has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Bitcoin and then everyone has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Bitcoin and then everyone has to
+pay them taxes and bitcoins in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them taxes and bitcoins in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them taxes and bitcoins in there
+yeah but they're all running Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but they're all running Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but they're all running Bitcoin
+right they all are in consensus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they all are in consensus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they all are in consensus and
+doing these transactions so ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these transactions so ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these transactions so ignoring
+could be any number of things if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any number of things if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any number of things if you
+have a soft fork where you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a soft fork where you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a soft fork where you say okay
+we're now adding this rule but none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now adding this rule but none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now adding this rule but none of
+the miners are enforcing it none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners are enforcing it none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners are enforcing it none of the
+miners even know about it potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners even know about it potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners even know about it potentially
+here it just stops right you say no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it just stops right you say no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it just stops right you say no I
+require that all output amounts are odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that all output amounts are odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that all output amounts are odd
+and then every block has these even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every block has these even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every block has these even
+amounts and you're like okay no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and you're like okay no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and you're like okay no that's
+not a valid block that's not a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a valid block that's not a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a valid block that's not a valid
+block you will never see a valid block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you will never see a valid block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you will never see a valid block
+again right none of the miners are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right none of the miners are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right none of the miners are
+enforcing this rule but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing this rule but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing this rule but you are
+everyone's ignoring it and they say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's ignoring it and they say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's ignoring it and they say you
+know everyone's ignoring it everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone's ignoring it everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone's ignoring it everything
+seems fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems fine
+you just self you know you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just self you know you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just self you know you just
+self-imposed this new rule making you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-imposed this new rule making you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-imposed this new rule making you
+incompatible with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible with the rest of the
+network and from your perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and from your perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and from your perspective
+everything stops and no more blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything stops and no more blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything stops and no more blocks
+occur and the system is over or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and the system is over or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and the system is over or
+potentially if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if you're if you're
+sophomoric is some like weird rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomoric is some like weird rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomoric is some like weird rule that
+nobody knows about and nobody breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows about and nobody breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows about and nobody breaks
+anyway weak say okay the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway weak say okay the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway weak say okay the some of the
+outputs of all you know the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of all you know the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of all you know the some of the
+outputs in a transaction must not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs in a transaction must not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs in a transaction must not be a
+Carmichael number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmichael number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmichael number okay
+you could have that rule probably no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have that rule probably no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have that rule probably no
+one's breaking wait there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's breaking wait there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's breaking wait there's a lot of
+small company something like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small company something like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small company something like that right
+where no one's breaking it anyway then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no one's breaking it anyway then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no one's breaking it anyway then
+from your perspective everything's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your perspective everything's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your perspective everything's cool
+because everyone's already of a your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone's already of a your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone's already of a your
+rule because even though they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because even though they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because even though they don't know
+about it it's kind of silly another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's kind of silly another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's kind of silly another
+possibility is let's say I'm minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is let's say I'm minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is let's say I'm minority
+somewhere 1 to 50% of the miners adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere 1 to 50% of the miners adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere 1 to 50% of the miners adopt
+this rule and say yeah we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule and say yeah we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule and say yeah we're gonna
+enforce this new role right all output a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce this new role right all output a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce this new role right all output a
+Massa need to be awed so the idea is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massa need to be awed so the idea is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massa need to be awed so the idea is you
+say yes only odd numbers and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes only odd numbers and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes only odd numbers and a bunch of
+the majority actually of people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority actually of people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority actually of people don't
+care about odd or even so the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about odd or even so the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about odd or even so the majority
+they still go off on their own chain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still go off on their own chain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still go off on their own chain but
+you split off into your own faction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you split off into your own faction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you split off into your own faction you
+say like no we're the odd you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like no we're the odd you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like no we're the odd you know the
+odd bunch and both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd bunch and both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd bunch and both of the
+chains are viable blocks come out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains are viable blocks come out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains are viable blocks come out here
+maybe quite slowly if it's only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe quite slowly if it's only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe quite slowly if it's only a few
+percent blocks they'll come out here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent blocks they'll come out here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent blocks they'll come out here the
+fact so you've got these you know odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so you've got these you know odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so you've got these you know odd
+thing you know odd and then you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know odd and then you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know odd and then you've got
+regular and the regular is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and the regular is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and the regular is gonna be
+longer right the regular is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer right the regular is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer right the regular is gonna be
+potentially a lot longer but from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a lot longer but from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a lot longer but from the
+people here they're like we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here they're like we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here they're like we don't care
+if it's longer it's wrong we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's longer it's wrong we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's longer it's wrong we you know
+they use even numbers that's just plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use even numbers that's just plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use even numbers that's just plain
+old wrong and these people are like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old wrong and these people are like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old wrong and these people are like yeah
+we can sometimes see it but actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sometimes see it but actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sometimes see it but actually we
+lose track of it very quickly after here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of it very quickly after here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of it very quickly after here
+we start seeing block advertisements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start seeing block advertisements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start seeing block advertisements
+like this and we're like what we're over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we're like what we're over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we're like what we're over
+here now we're way past that why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we're way past that why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we're way past that why are you
+talking about this stuff from like weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this stuff from like weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this stuff from like weeks
+ago so they just disconnect it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so they just disconnect it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so they just disconnect it's pretty
+ugly but that can happen now if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly but that can happen now if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly but that can happen now if you have
+the majority of the hash power this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the hash power this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the hash power this ends
+up being longer the odd blocks end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being longer the odd blocks end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being longer the odd blocks end up
+being longer and everyone gets dragged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being longer and everyone gets dragged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being longer and everyone gets dragged
+along right no split and now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along right no split and now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along right no split and now we have a
+new rule right even though they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule right even though they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule right even though they didn't
+know about the rule potentially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the rule potentially so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the rule potentially so
+they're like what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like what the heck
+half my transactions don't work some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half my transactions don't work some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half my transactions don't work some of
+them do so I don't know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do so I don't know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do so I don't know what's going on
+I just randomly adjust my fees until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just randomly adjust my fees until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just randomly adjust my fees until it
+seems to work and then my transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to work and then my transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to work and then my transactions
+go through they should probably find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through they should probably find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through they should probably find out
+from someone oh yeah there's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone oh yeah there's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone oh yeah there's the new
+rule only odd numbers and then they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule only odd numbers and then they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule only odd numbers and then they you
+know that rules have imposed on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that rules have imposed on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that rules have imposed on them
+from the miners essentially in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the miners essentially in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the miners essentially in the rest
+of the network and essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network and essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network and essentially the same
+thing here when you get to 100% there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here when you get to 100% there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here when you get to 100% there's
+no there's none of these orphans but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's none of these orphans but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's none of these orphans but it
+works re these orphans would actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works re these orphans would actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works re these orphans would actually be
+like this right because everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right because everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right because everyone's
+everyone agrees that this is valid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone agrees that this is valid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone agrees that this is valid and
+then some of the people's aren't aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the people's aren't aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the people's aren't aware
+of the rule and keep mining off of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rule and keep mining off of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rule and keep mining off of these
+what they consider valid blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they consider valid blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they consider valid blocks
+it's a little different topology okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different topology okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different topology okay so
+that makes sense right any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense right any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense right any questions
+about soft fork mining power rules one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soft fork mining power rules one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about soft fork mining power rules one
+other aspect is if you split here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect is if you split here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect is if you split here and
+then later on you get a majority and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on you get a majority and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on you get a majority and you
+pull ahead you will reorg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull ahead you will reorg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull ahead you will reorg
+the ignoring side right so we split off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ignoring side right so we split off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ignoring side right so we split off
+with ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ten
+the hash power we've got our short or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash power we've got our short or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash power we've got our short or
+much shorter chain where we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much shorter chain where we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much shorter chain where we only have
+odd numbers at some point we convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd numbers at some point we convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd numbers at some point we convince
+the rest of the miners that no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the miners that no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the miners that no this is
+the way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to go
+that even numbers are really screwing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even numbers are really screwing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even numbers are really screwing up
+this system and we get the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and we get the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and we get the majority of
+the hash power and then we overtake the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash power and then we overtake the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash power and then we overtake the
+even and odd mix chain the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and odd mix chain the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and odd mix chain the people who
+have not yet who have not updated their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not yet who have not updated their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not yet who have not updated their
+software and are ignoring the fork they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and are ignoring the fork they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and are ignoring the fork they
+will reorg app because from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reorg app because from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reorg app because from their
+perspective okay I was on the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective okay I was on the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective okay I was on the longer
+chain now there's this other longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now there's this other longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now there's this other longer
+chain they both look valid and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain they both look valid and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain they both look valid and when I
+see two valid chains my way to decide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two valid chains my way to decide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two valid chains my way to decide is
+who has the most work and so I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the most work and so I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the most work and so I know this
+one pulled ahead in terms of work so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pulled ahead in terms of work so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pulled ahead in terms of work so I
+switched so it's it's a weird this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched so it's it's a weird this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched so it's it's a weird this has
+never really happened that I'm aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really happened that I'm aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really happened that I'm aware of
+they were threatening to do it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were threatening to do it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were threatening to do it last
+summer they had hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer they had hats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer they had hats
+I said you ASF I don't know so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you ASF I don't know so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you ASF I don't know so yeah
+there was all sorts of stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was all sorts of stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was all sorts of stuff on the
+internet and Reddit and Twitter about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and Reddit and Twitter about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and Reddit and Twitter about
+doing this with a minority of hash power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this with a minority of hash power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this with a minority of hash power
+they didn't though or they did and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't though or they did and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't though or they did and they
+say they did but everyone else is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they did but everyone else is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they did but everyone else is they
+didn't matter a lot of arguing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter a lot of arguing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter a lot of arguing okay so
+that's another weird aspect of it ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another weird aspect of it ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another weird aspect of it ok
+hard Forks no minor support what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks no minor support what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Forks no minor support what happens
+to those adopting it nothing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those adopting it nothing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those adopting it nothing right
+everything keeps working if you say ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything keeps working if you say ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything keeps working if you say ok
+we're now going to allow every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to allow every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to allow every
+transaction output you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction output you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction output you know every
+transaction can have one extra Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction can have one extra Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction can have one extra Satoshi
+gets created it's just one it's no big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets created it's just one it's no big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets created it's just one it's no big
+deal it's quite limited but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal it's quite limited but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal it's quite limited but we want to
+you know compensate people for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know compensate people for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know compensate people for using
+bitcoins so when you have it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins so when you have it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins so when you have it you know
+you have your inputs you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your inputs you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your inputs you have your
+outputs you can add one Satoshi and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs you can add one Satoshi and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs you can add one Satoshi and you
+get a free Satoshi for a transaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a free Satoshi for a transaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a free Satoshi for a transaction the
+previous software absolutely does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous software absolutely does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous software absolutely does not
+allow that right if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that right if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that right if you're just
+generating money out of nowhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating money out of nowhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating money out of nowhere and
+these transactions not ok but these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions not ok but these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions not ok but these guys
+will say you know they'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say you know they'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say you know they'll see that the
+transactions they do that with are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they do that with are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions they do that with are not
+confirming but otherwise they're ok if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming but otherwise they're ok if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming but otherwise they're ok if
+you don't add a Satoshi and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't add a Satoshi and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't add a Satoshi and so the
+system works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works
+nothing happens nothing happens they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens nothing happens they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens nothing happens they
+just see everything with a minority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see everything with a minority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see everything with a minority of
+the hash power something like 10 20 %
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash power something like 10 20 %
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash power something like 10 20 %
+you get all these orphans get all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all these orphans get all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all these orphans get all these
+dead ends where you you see a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead ends where you you see a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead ends where you you see a block
+okay and it's got this you know at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's got this you know at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's got this you know at once
+Satoshi four transaction bonus great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi four transaction bonus great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi four transaction bonus great but
+it keeps getting more fanned out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps getting more fanned out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps getting more fanned out because
+you still consider alright so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still consider alright so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still consider alright so you see
+okay here's this longest chain without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's this longest chain without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's this longest chain without
+the bonus and then you say oh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonus and then you say oh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonus and then you say oh here's
+here's a block with the bonus cool maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a block with the bonus cool maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a block with the bonus cool maybe
+someone builds too great but this keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone builds too great but this keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone builds too great but this keeps
+getting longer and you keep trying but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer and you keep trying but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer and you keep trying but
+you keep getting overpowered right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep getting overpowered right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep getting overpowered right
+because you see both of them as valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see both of them as valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see both of them as valid
+you're not requiring that there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not requiring that there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not requiring that there's this
+one Satoshi bonus per transaction you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Satoshi bonus per transaction you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Satoshi bonus per transaction you're
+just allowing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just allowing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just allowing it
+and so you see oh this is cool cool oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see oh this is cool cool oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see oh this is cool cool oh
+no not really so you see all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not really so you see all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not really so you see all these
+little starts that get reordan out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little starts that get reordan out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little starts that get reordan out and
+you basically stay with the same chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically stay with the same chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically stay with the same chain
+you don't split these people also see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't split these people also see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't split these people also see a
+bunch of invalid blocks right you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of invalid blocks right you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of invalid blocks right you'll see
+it on the network a someone keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the network a someone keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the network a someone keeps
+sending these invalid blocks much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these invalid blocks much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these invalid blocks much more
+frequently than usually I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than usually I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than usually I don't know why
+they're doing that but they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing that but they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing that but they've got
+invalid transactions I ignore them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid transactions I ignore them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid transactions I ignore them here
+majority of hash power you split right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of hash power you split right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of hash power you split right
+so once it's the majority and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once it's the majority and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once it's the majority and these are
+the you know the bonus the plus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the bonus the plus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the bonus the plus ones
+they pull out ahead these guys don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pull out ahead these guys don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pull out ahead these guys don't
+actually care that they have a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care that they have a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care that they have a majority
+after the first block they don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first block they don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first block they don't see the
+rest of they band so if someone submits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of they band so if someone submits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of they band so if someone submits
+you an invalid block you ban them you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an invalid block you ban them you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an invalid block you ban them you've
+been their IP address for like 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been their IP address for like 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been their IP address for like 24 hours
+or something you're like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you're like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you're like I don't know
+what you're doing you're crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing you're crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing you're crazy
+disconnect so you won't really see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect so you won't really see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect so you won't really see this
+pretty quickly these guys don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly these guys don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly these guys don't have the
+bonus they're still on their same old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus they're still on their same old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus they're still on their same old
+blockchain it may be much slower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain it may be much slower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain it may be much slower right
+because how a lot of the hash power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how a lot of the hash power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how a lot of the hash power is
+now moved to this other chain and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now moved to this other chain and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now moved to this other chain and these
+guys say oh it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys say oh it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys say oh it worked
+cool we've got our new you know bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we've got our new you know bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we've got our new you know bonus
+coin chain and now we're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin chain and now we're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin chain and now we're you know
+stimulating the economy everything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating the economy everything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating the economy everything like
+that job creation okay so and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that job creation okay so and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that job creation okay so and then these
+guys you know slower slows down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you know slower slows down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you know slower slows down and then
+if you have a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a hundred percent
+well stops for the non-adopters no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well stops for the non-adopters no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well stops for the non-adopters no more
+blocks come out this is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks come out this is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks come out this is the end
+everyone's gone to the you know job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's gone to the you know job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's gone to the you know job
+creations train and look you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creations train and look you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creations train and look you know it's
+not really a split anymore it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a split anymore it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a split anymore it's just you
+know the new rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so any questions there this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions there this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions there this sort of
+grid so far then another way you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so far then another way you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so far then another way you can do
+it is combine these to say okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is combine these to say okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is combine these to say okay we're
+gonna do a sophomore and a hard fork at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do a sophomore and a hard fork at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do a sophomore and a hard fork at
+the same time and actually many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and actually many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and actually many times
+that people say hard fork they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people say hard fork they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people say hard fork they actually
+mean this so the nomenclature is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this so the nomenclature is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this so the nomenclature is pretty
+ambiguous I like keeping these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous I like keeping these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous I like keeping these terms
+very distinct and like you know pure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinct and like you know pure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinct and like you know pure so
+like a sophomore is purely increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sophomore is purely increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sophomore is purely increasing
+the number of rules where you know must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of rules where you know must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of rules where you know must
+be odd and a hard Fork is just reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be odd and a hard Fork is just reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be odd and a hard Fork is just reducing
+rules so like yes we will allow but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so like yes we will allow but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so like yes we will allow but not
+require a transaction to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a transaction to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a transaction to have this
+property and then to combine them would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and then to combine them would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and then to combine them would
+be something like saying we allow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like saying we allow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like saying we allow this
+new thing that was not allowed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing that was not allowed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing that was not allowed before
+and we require it to be true so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we require it to be true so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we require it to be true so for
+example every transaction must introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example every transaction must introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example every transaction must introduce
+one new satoshi bonus that would be both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one new satoshi bonus that would be both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one new satoshi bonus that would be both
+a hard and a soft work right because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard and a soft work right because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard and a soft work right because now
+this you know if you're doing this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know if you're doing this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know if you're doing this you
+no longer consider the old rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer consider the old rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer consider the old rules
+appropriate and you you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and you you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and you you know there's a
+complete mutual disagreement on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete mutual disagreement on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete mutual disagreement on the
+rules some people have called this full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules some people have called this full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules some people have called this full
+fork who called it that I forget Gregg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork who called it that I forget Gregg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork who called it that I forget Gregg
+called it a bilateral hard fork I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a bilateral hard fork I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a bilateral hard fork I we
+don't have good terms for these things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good terms for these things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good terms for these things a
+lot of people refer to Forks that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people refer to Forks that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people refer to Forks that have
+both as hard Forks so it's somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as hard Forks so it's somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as hard Forks so it's somewhat
+ambiguous I think it helps to keep these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous I think it helps to keep these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous I think it helps to keep these
+different terms but it's a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms but it's a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms but it's a different set
+up it's sort of the union of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's sort of the union of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's sort of the union of these two
+things in some way in that we enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in some way in that we enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in some way in that we enforce
+you know we allow this new thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we allow this new thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we allow this new thing that
+was prohibited before and not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was prohibited before and not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was prohibited before and not only that
+but we require it so if zero percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we require it so if zero percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we require it so if zero percent
+enforced the new hard fork well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced the new hard fork well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced the new hard fork well the
+adopters it just stops right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters it just stops right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters it just stops right there
+requiring this new thing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring this new thing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring this new thing it's not
+showing up it ends these guys nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up it ends these guys nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up it ends these guys nothing
+happens right when there's a minority it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right when there's a minority it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right when there's a minority it
+will split off it'll split off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split off it'll split off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split off it'll split off with the
+new rule set in the new you know bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule set in the new you know bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule set in the new you know bonus
+coins or whatever and the ignores they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins or whatever and the ignores they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins or whatever and the ignores they
+see that it's you know slower because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's you know slower because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's you know slower because
+some people have left some mining powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have left some mining powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have left some mining powers
+left when you have a majority you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when you have a majority you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when you have a majority you also
+split off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ignores again it's slow they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores again it's slow they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores again it's slow they're not
+going to adopt because it's they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adopt because it's they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adopt because it's they see the
+the new Fork is invalid in this case as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Fork is invalid in this case as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Fork is invalid in this case as
+well they will you know these guys won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they will you know these guys won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they will you know these guys won't
+adopt here because they see it as valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt here because they see it as valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt here because they see it as valid
+and then for the full thing you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the full thing you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the full thing you know for
+the hundred-percent the adopters new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred-percent the adopters new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred-percent the adopters new
+rule and these guys system halts okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and these guys system halts okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and these guys system halts okay so
+any questions about full fork or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about full fork or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about full fork or
+bilateral fork we're never you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral fork we're never you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral fork we're never you want to
+call it okay okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it okay okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it okay okay cool
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes bilateral hard full we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bilateral hard full we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bilateral hard full we don't know
+them good names for these but yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them good names for these but yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them good names for these but yeah they
+you know it's essentially a software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's essentially a software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's essentially a software and
+a hard for couple together and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard for couple together and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard for couple together and it's
+actually sort of this is much simpler or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of this is much simpler or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of this is much simpler or
+easier to produce and then if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to produce and then if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to produce and then if you just
+start changing the code you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start changing the code you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start changing the code you're probably
+gonna create one of these right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna create one of these right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna create one of these right you have
+to be very careful if I want I want just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful if I want I want just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful if I want I want just
+a hard fork right I'm I'm very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork right I'm I'm very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork right I'm I'm very careful
+at all everything that used to be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all everything that used to be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all everything that used to be valid
+is still valid and I'm just rescinding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still valid and I'm just rescinding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still valid and I'm just rescinding
+one rule or one set of rules if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rule or one set of rules if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rule or one set of rules if you just
+you know it's very easy to inadvertently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very easy to inadvertently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very easy to inadvertently
+create this when you're trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this when you're trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this when you're trying to make
+consensus changes yeah there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus changes yeah there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus changes yeah there have been
+Nick I should look Nate huh didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick I should look Nate huh didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick I should look Nate huh didn't they
+I talked about the 2013 fork I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about the 2013 fork I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about the 2013 fork I don't
+think so okay so a little anecdote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so okay so a little anecdote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so okay so a little anecdote
+remember I was in the airport I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I was in the airport I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I was in the airport I got to
+Nagoya Airport and open my laptop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nagoya Airport and open my laptop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nagoya Airport and open my laptop and
+basically I went down to like $20 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I went down to like $20 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I went down to like $20 from
+$30 and it was like all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30 and it was like all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30 and it was like all over the
+internet like oh no and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet like oh no and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet like oh no and there was a
+inadvertent heart Fork due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertent heart Fork due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertent heart Fork due to the
+berkeley DB to leveldb transition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berkeley DB to leveldb transition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berkeley DB to leveldb transition in the
+software no no it was it was old the 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software no no it was it was old the 0.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software no no it was it was old the 0.7
+was using burke it used to be everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using burke it used to be everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using burke it used to be everything
+was using berkeley DB for the UT Exocet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using berkeley DB for the UT Exocet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using berkeley DB for the UT Exocet
+in the blocks and then they switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blocks and then they switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blocks and then they switch to
+level DB and then like it was okay for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DB and then like it was okay for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DB and then like it was okay for a
+month or two and then someone mind like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or two and then someone mind like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or two and then someone mind like
+a block that was like had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that was like had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block that was like had a bunch of
+inputs or something I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs or something I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs or something I don't remember
+exactly the reasons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reasons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reasons and
+like the new software was like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the new software was like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the new software was like yeah
+that's cool and the old software said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool and the old software said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool and the old software said it
+wasn't okay the thing is it wasn't clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't okay the thing is it wasn't clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't okay the thing is it wasn't clear
+why right it's it there was no defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right it's it there was no defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right it's it there was no defined
+like this should be invalid like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this should be invalid like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this should be invalid like this
+looks valid but the database the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks valid but the database the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks valid but the database the
+Berkeley DB layer gave an error and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley DB layer gave an error and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley DB layer gave an error and so
+it's like well Burt the database says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well Burt the database says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well Burt the database says
+it's bad so it's not a good block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad so it's not a good block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad so it's not a good block so
+that was sort of a weird like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of a weird like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of a weird like
+unintentional consensus change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional consensus change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional consensus change what
+happened was so it seemed like it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was so it seemed like it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was so it seemed like it was a
+hard fork the thing is it was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork the thing is it was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork the thing is it was like a
+compiler time option dependent hard fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler time option dependent hard fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler time option dependent hard fork
+like he compiled it with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he compiled it with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he compiled it with like a
+different berkeley DB cache setting then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different berkeley DB cache setting then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different berkeley DB cache setting then
+it would work it was like not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would work it was like not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would work it was like not you know
+sort of ambiguous and people rolled back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ambiguous and people rolled back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ambiguous and people rolled back
+though they were on IRC and they talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they were on IRC and they talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they were on IRC and they talking
+to their friend miners they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their friend miners they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their friend miners they're like
+what's going on there's like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there's like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there's like two
+different Forks being built and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Forks being built and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Forks being built and they
+told the people who were up you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told the people who were up you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told the people who were up you know to
+some extent in the right right like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent in the right right like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent in the right right like the
+new version which seemed more correct to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new version which seemed more correct to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new version which seemed more correct to
+stop mining and they did and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop mining and they did and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop mining and they did and then the
+old version with the berkeley DB cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old version with the berkeley DB cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old version with the berkeley DB cap
+caught up and then they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up and then they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up and then they sort of
+restricted their block size it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted their block size it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted their block size it was
+something to do with like having too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with like having too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with like having too
+many file locks open or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many file locks open or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many file locks open or something like
+that so that was one of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was one of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was one of it was
+essentially a hard fork they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a hard fork they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a hard fork they sort of
+stopped it and then went back so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped it and then went back so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped it and then went back so there
+wasn't a hard fork but then like months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a hard fork but then like months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a hard fork but then like months
+later they're like okay we're gonna all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they're like okay we're gonna all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they're like okay we're gonna all
+transition the level D because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the level D because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the level D because we're not
+even sure what the rules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and the thing is they definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the thing is they definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the thing is they definitely
+did like at the time people are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did like at the time people are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did like at the time people are sort of
+running around screaming like y-you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around screaming like y-you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around screaming like y-you know
+like after the fact they're like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after the fact they're like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after the fact they're like that's
+why but at the time people are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but at the time people are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but at the time people are sort of
+like talking really quick and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talking really quick and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talking really quick and like
+what's going on Bitcoin has failed sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on Bitcoin has failed sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on Bitcoin has failed sell
+all your bitcoins like this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your bitcoins like this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your bitcoins like this system
+doesn't work because no one really knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because no one really knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because no one really knew
+what was going on or why some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on or why some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on or why some you know
+some versions weren't working so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versions weren't working so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versions weren't working so yeah
+that was sort of an unintended fork it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of an unintended fork it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of an unintended fork it
+was a little scary and then and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little scary and then and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little scary and then and then the
+price went back up after that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price went back up after that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price went back up after that because it
+was like hey we can we can work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like hey we can we can work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like hey we can we can work through
+this guy so that was that was a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so that was that was a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so that was that was a hard
+that was a hard work right the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a hard work right the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a hard work right the old
+software would not allow these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software would not allow these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software would not allow these blocks
+that opened a bunch of file locks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opened a bunch of file locks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opened a bunch of file locks and
+the new software did and and so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new software did and and so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new software did and and so that was
+probably the one real hard fork that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the one real hard fork that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the one real hard fork that
+Bitcoin has been through there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin has been through there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin has been through there were a
+few maybe in 2009 that like are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few maybe in 2009 that like are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few maybe in 2009 that like are fairly
+ambiguous because there were no there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous because there were no there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous because there were no there
+was no actual split I think there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no actual split I think there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no actual split I think there's also
+a hard fork that's happened but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork that's happened but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork that's happened but it
+didn't it's a little weird it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it's a little weird it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it's a little weird it has to do
+with the timestamp in the block header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the timestamp in the block header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the timestamp in the block header
+and how it like expires in 2106 once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it like expires in 2106 once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it like expires in 2106 once you
+run out of bits from unix time like 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of bits from unix time like 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of bits from unix time like 1970
+plus two to the 32 seconds is like 2106
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two to the 32 seconds is like 2106
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two to the 32 seconds is like 2106
+and january silviana and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and january silviana and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and january silviana and so they
+actually did a hard fork but the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a hard fork but the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a hard fork but the thing
+is the hard fork wouldn't diverge until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hard fork wouldn't diverge until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hard fork wouldn't diverge until
+100 years from now so it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years from now so it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years from now so it's sort of like
+whatever everyone will live updated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever everyone will live updated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever everyone will live updated by
+then if someone's still running software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if someone's still running software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if someone's still running software
+from 2015 in 2106 they will diverge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2015 in 2106 they will diverge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2015 in 2106 they will diverge but
+that seems unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems unlikely
+so there's a lot of weird stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of weird stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of weird stuff like
+that okay ah fun variants some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay ah fun variants some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay ah fun variants some people
+call it firm fork people call it evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it firm fork people call it evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it firm fork people call it evil
+fork I'm I think Peter - I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork I'm I think Peter - I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork I'm I think Peter - I'll call it
+evil or firm I don't know but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil or firm I don't know but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil or firm I don't know but I don't
+know this is a fun one it has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a fun one it has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a fun one it has not been
+attempted and and it's I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted and and it's I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted and and it's I remember
+talking to people and they're like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people and they're like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people and they're like don't
+talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this
+the miners don't know they can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners don't know they can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners don't know they can do this
+so just I'm like come on like they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just I'm like come on like they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just I'm like come on like they don't
+know they could do this it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they could do this it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they could do this it's kind of
+like okay so how would you do this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so how would you do this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so how would you do this make
+a soft 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a soft 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a soft 4
+it's a hard fork right it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard fork right it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard fork right it completely
+changes the rules however it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the rules however it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the rules however it looks like
+a soft fork to non adopting notes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a soft fork to non adopting notes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a soft fork to non adopting notes it's
+kind of gravy well the proof of work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gravy well the proof of work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gravy well the proof of work for
+the new chain is a empty but valid block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new chain is a empty but valid block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new chain is a empty but valid block
+on the old chain so you instead of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the old chain so you instead of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the old chain so you instead of your
+proof of work being hey have a header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work being hey have a header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work being hey have a header
+that hashes to this say have a header to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hashes to this say have a header to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hashes to this say have a header to
+the hash to this also a block that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash to this also a block that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash to this also a block that is
+valid but completely empty we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but completely empty we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but completely empty we'll sort of
+take that as our header right or header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as our header right or header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as our header right or header
+now gets bigger instead of 80 bytes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gets bigger instead of 80 bytes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gets bigger instead of 80 bytes is
+gonna be 200 something bytes but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be 200 something bytes but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be 200 something bytes but that's
+doable now our header chain is a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable now our header chain is a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable now our header chain is a chain
+of empty blocks and our actual blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empty blocks and our actual blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empty blocks and our actual blocks
+point to that right we can put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to that right we can put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to that right we can put our
+merkel root in the output address or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root in the output address or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel root in the output address or
+something we can put our merkel root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can put our merkel root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can put our merkel root
+somewhere in this empty block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this empty block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this empty block
+transaction you know the one transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you know the one transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you know the one transaction
+in the block the old nodes will see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the block the old nodes will see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the block the old nodes will see it
+and say yeah that's a trent you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yeah that's a trent you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yeah that's a trent you know
+that's a block someone's mining where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a block someone's mining where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a block someone's mining where
+here's where the money went but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where the money went but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where the money went but there's
+no transactions in it my transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no transactions in it my transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no transactions in it my transactions
+never confirm you don't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never confirm you don't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never confirm you don't actually have to
+connect to the old network to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the old network to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the old network to do this
+right it's totally deterministic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's totally deterministic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's totally deterministic you
+just say ok my new proof of work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say ok my new proof of work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say ok my new proof of work is a
+valid but empty block on the old one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but empty block on the old one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but empty block on the old one
+and I commit somewhere in this to my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I commit somewhere in this to my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I commit somewhere in this to my new
+block that's kind of evil because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's kind of evil because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's kind of evil because what
+happens is here's the chart for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is here's the chart for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is here's the chart for this
+it's basically a firm 4 Plus this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a firm 4 Plus this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a firm 4 Plus this little
+evil thing the adopting if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil thing the adopting if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil thing the adopting if you have no
+hash bar wealth system halts and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash bar wealth system halts and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash bar wealth system halts and nothing
+changes here if you have one to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here if you have one to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here if you have one to 50
+percent the adopting split off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the adopting split off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the adopting split off with a
+new rule so in this case it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule so in this case it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule so in this case it's sort of
+like a hard board however the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hard board however the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hard board however the main
+difference from hard fork if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from hard fork if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from hard fork if you have a
+majority hash power the ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority hash power the ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority hash power the ignoring the
+system essentially halts it doesn't halt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system essentially halts it doesn't halt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system essentially halts it doesn't halt
+in that the blocks keep coming out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the blocks keep coming out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the blocks keep coming out right
+you'll still see your software won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still see your software won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still see your software won't
+give you any warnings it must be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you any warnings it must be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you any warnings it must be like a
+block height keeps progressing as normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block height keeps progressing as normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block height keeps progressing as normal
+as expected we keep sailing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expected we keep sailing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expected we keep sailing all these
+blocks however no transactions occur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks however no transactions occur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks however no transactions occur and
+you can never receive or send money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never receive or send money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never receive or send money but
+according to your software everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to your software everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to your software everything's
+working fine so this is the sort of firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fine so this is the sort of firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fine so this is the sort of firm
+evil sneaky whatever part where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil sneaky whatever part where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil sneaky whatever part where if
+you're able to get 51% of the mining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to get 51% of the mining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to get 51% of the mining and
+you implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement the
+new fork you're basically forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new fork you're basically forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new fork you're basically forcing
+everyone to update because if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to update because if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to update because if you don't
+if you don't update your software if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't update your software if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't update your software if
+you're ignoring the spork can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ignoring the spork can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ignoring the spork can't do
+anything you got a you got a new rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you got a you got a new rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you got a you got a new rule
+this is scary and I can see why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is scary and I can see why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is scary and I can see why some
+people like don't tell minors they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like don't tell minors they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like don't tell minors they can
+do this also I remember last year with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this also I remember last year with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this also I remember last year with
+like segue to X stuff I think they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like segue to X stuff I think they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like segue to X stuff I think they were
+arguing about this and it really seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about this and it really seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about this and it really seemed
+that they were not aware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were not aware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were not aware of this
+possibility which was sort of like huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility which was sort of like huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility which was sort of like huh
+they don't know about this cool I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know about this cool I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know about this cool I guess
+that helps keep things safer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps keep things safer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps keep things safer because
+they were arguing about how they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were arguing about how they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were arguing about how they were
+going to rent like hundreds of millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rent like hundreds of millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rent like hundreds of millions
+of dollars of hash power to like mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars of hash power to like mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars of hash power to like mine
+empty blocks on the old chain it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty blocks on the old chain it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty blocks on the old chain it's like
+you know you can do that for free if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can do that for free if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can do that for free if you
+just change your software to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change your software to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change your software to make your
+new proof-of-work an empty block on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new proof-of-work an empty block on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new proof-of-work an empty block on the
+old proof of work but I don't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old proof of work but I don't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old proof of work but I don't think they
+were aware of that so we're like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aware of that so we're like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aware of that so we're like okay
+let them let them go with that anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them let them go with that anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them let them go with that anyway
+and so the thing is it you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the thing is it you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the thing is it you can see how
+it would really quickly turn into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would really quickly turn into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would really quickly turn into that
+right if you've got 75% well why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you've got 75% well why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you've got 75% well why would
+anyone try to mine on this you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone try to mine on this you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone try to mine on this you know you
+could keep making blocks that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep making blocks that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep making blocks that did
+contains transactions but they'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains transactions but they'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains transactions but they'll get
+orphaned out and everyone would would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphaned out and everyone would would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphaned out and everyone would would uh
+you know you might occasionally see hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might occasionally see hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might occasionally see hey
+a block came out with transactions in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block came out with transactions in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block came out with transactions in it
+huh just got reaaargh out and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh just got reaaargh out and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh just got reaaargh out and nothing
+would ever confirm so you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever confirm so you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever confirm so you can see how
+the miners can never really get paid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners can never really get paid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners can never really get paid on
+the minority fork and minority chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minority fork and minority chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minority fork and minority chain so
+they're all gonna start switching to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all gonna start switching to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all gonna start switching to the
+new thing if they want to get paid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing if they want to get paid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing if they want to get paid so
+that's a little ugly this has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little ugly this has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little ugly this has not
+happened yeah hopefully this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened yeah hopefully this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened yeah hopefully this doesn't
+happen but I on the other hand despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but I on the other hand despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but I on the other hand despite
+it being called evil I know like Luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being called evil I know like Luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being called evil I know like Luke
+jr. was kind of crazy but he's cool he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jr. was kind of crazy but he's cool he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jr. was kind of crazy but he's cool he
+was saying this is how we should do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying this is how we should do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying this is how we should do a
+hard fork right we should also give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork right we should also give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork right we should also give
+people the option to you know say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the option to you know say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the option to you know say look
+there's going to be a fork we give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a fork we give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a fork we give you
+the option to adopt a different system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to adopt a different system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to adopt a different system
+or doing this so that no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing this so that no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing this so that no one's
+inadvertently left behind so we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently left behind so we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently left behind so we sort of
+say hey a year from now this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey a year from now this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey a year from now this is going to
+happen you can either say we actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you can either say we actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you can either say we actively
+refuse this new rule and we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse this new rule and we've got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse this new rule and we've got our
+own chain now you know we make a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own chain now you know we make a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own chain now you know we make a soft
+work before that point or we adopt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work before that point or we adopt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work before that point or we adopt this
+new rule update our software and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule update our software and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rule update our software and now
+I've got this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this new
+work the thing is the new proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the thing is the new proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the thing is the new proof of work
+you don't need new chips right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need new chips right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need new chips right you just
+need to like do a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to like do a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to like do a little bit different
+software ok any questions about evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software ok any questions about evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software ok any questions about evil
+forks well one transaction so you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks well one transaction so you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks well one transaction so you'd have
+the coinbase transaction but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coinbase transaction but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coinbase transaction but any
+user-created transactions would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user-created transactions would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user-created transactions would not be
+in there and yeah in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and yeah in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and yeah in the case where
+there's only one transaction the merkel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one transaction the merkel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one transaction the merkel
+route just becomes the TX ID of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route just becomes the TX ID of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route just becomes the TX ID of that
+single transaction and you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single transaction and you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single transaction and you can put
+arbitrary data in that single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary data in that single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary data in that single
+transaction the input field yeah we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the input field yeah we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction the input field yeah we said
+the input field for that that coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input field for that that coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input field for that that coinbase
+transaction that generates new coins can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that generates new coins can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that generates new coins can
+be any arbitrary data you want so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any arbitrary data you want so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any arbitrary data you want so you
+could put like a merkel route from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put like a merkel route from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put like a merkel route from your
+real block in there and then write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real block in there and then write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real block in there and then write your
+new software to say ok the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new software to say ok the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new software to say ok the new
+proof-of-work is you know not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work is you know not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work is you know not you know
+the header with the nuns also it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the header with the nuns also it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the header with the nuns also it's got
+to have a you know coinbase transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a you know coinbase transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a you know coinbase transaction
+and then the real merkel root in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the real merkel root in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the real merkel root in the
+coinbase transaction and then build out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction and then build out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction and then build out
+your tree from there so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tree from there so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tree from there so it's a little
+ugly it's a little more complex it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly it's a little more complex it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly it's a little more complex it would
+totally work though and you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally work though and you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally work though and you know all the
+old software would just be like huh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software would just be like huh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software would just be like huh no
+transactions and all the new software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and all the new software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and all the new software
+knows that that's not a real coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that that's not a real coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that that's not a real coinbase
+transaction it's just a part of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it's just a part of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it's just a part of the new
+you know the part of the extended header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the part of the extended header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the part of the extended header
+ok cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok cool
+I you know don't try well I mean try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know don't try well I mean try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know don't try well I mean try
+this at home if you want I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at home if you want I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at home if you want I don't know
+yeah seems coercive that's evil people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah seems coercive that's evil people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah seems coercive that's evil people
+call it ok yeah for coordination how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it ok yeah for coordination how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it ok yeah for coordination how do
+you sort of go a level up from this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of go a level up from this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of go a level up from this how
+do we know to do all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know to do all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know to do all these things
+reddit IRC Twitter there's sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reddit IRC Twitter there's sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reddit IRC Twitter there's sort of you
+know these systems exist on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these systems exist on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these systems exist on the real
+world and people talk you know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and people talk you know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and people talk you know like the
+meeting I was at last week we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting I was at last week we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting I was at last week we we
+actually didn't talk about Forks much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't talk about Forks much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't talk about Forks much we
+sort of did but you know the developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of did but you know the developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of did but you know the developers
+get together companies using Bitcoin all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together companies using Bitcoin all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together companies using Bitcoin all
+sorts of stuff ya know on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff ya know on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff ya know on Wednesday
+people were arguing about mass versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were arguing about mass versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were arguing about mass versus
+snorin which is more important which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snorin which is more important which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snorin which is more important which we
+should try to soft work in first not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to soft work in first not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to soft work in first not
+much gets done so it used to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gets done so it used to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gets done so it used to be called
+bit 9 that's still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit 9 that's still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit 9 that's still there
+between improvement protocol nine it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between improvement protocol nine it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between improvement protocol nine it was
+the idea in the header in the header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in the header in the header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in the header in the header
+field in the version field you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the version field you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the version field you can sort
+of set these flag bits for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set these flag bits for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set these flag bits for which
+Softworks you are adopting right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Softworks you are adopting right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Softworks you are adopting right so you
+you indicate before adopting a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you indicate before adopting a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you indicate before adopting a fork
+which one you're ready to adopt and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you're ready to adopt and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you're ready to adopt and then
+you don't actually implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually implement the
+adoption until you see some threshold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption until you see some threshold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption until you see some threshold to
+say okay once 95 percent of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay once 95 percent of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay once 95 percent of people are
+signaling that we have this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling that we have this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling that we have this new
+operation we'll all enforce it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we'll all enforce it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we'll all enforce it because
+quite likely the software people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely the software people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely the software people don't
+want this a lot of times you say look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this a lot of times you say look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this a lot of times you say look I
+want this new rule I want this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this new rule I want this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this new rule I want this new
+signature system or I want this new you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature system or I want this new you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature system or I want this new you
+know even odd thing it'd be really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even odd thing it'd be really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even odd thing it'd be really bad
+better if everyone only used odd numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if everyone only used odd numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if everyone only used odd numbers
+however I'm not willing to split off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I'm not willing to split off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I'm not willing to split off
+because of this right I want everyone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this right I want everyone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this right I want everyone I
+want everyone on board or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone on board or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone on board or at least the
+majority on board so we don't have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority on board so we don't have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority on board so we don't have a new
+split we get the new rule this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split we get the new rule this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split we get the new rule this is what I
+want well I like the rule but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well I like the rule but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well I like the rule but I'm not
+willing to you know put a stake in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to you know put a stake in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to you know put a stake in the
+ground and say look I'm making my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and say look I'm making my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and say look I'm making my own
+network if you don't adopt it so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if you don't adopt it so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if you don't adopt it so in
+order to do that we say we want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we say we want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we say we want to get a
+majority of mining power to adopt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of mining power to adopt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of mining power to adopt it
+before we start doing it and so that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we start doing it and so that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we start doing it and so that way
+we can signal in the header that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can signal in the header that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can signal in the header that like
+hey I'm aware of this new rule and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I'm aware of this new rule and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I'm aware of this new rule and I
+will enforce it if everyone else says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enforce it if everyone else says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enforce it if everyone else says
+they're going to enforce it so sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to enforce it so sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to enforce it so sort of a
+staging process so that was called bit 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging process so that was called bit 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staging process so that was called bit 9
+and the idea is you know once 95% are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is you know once 95% are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is you know once 95% are
+signaling it then you activate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling it then you activate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling it then you activate it
+this didn't actually work in practice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't actually work in practice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't actually work in practice I
+think it worked once with the OP check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it worked once with the OP check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it worked once with the OP check
+sequence verify and then last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence verify and then last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence verify and then last year
+people just arguing and the miners were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just arguing and the miners were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just arguing and the miners were
+like no we're not going to activate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no we're not going to activate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no we're not going to activate any
+new Softworks or then they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Softworks or then they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Softworks or then they started
+making all these deals it it was a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these deals it it was a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these deals it it was a mess
+governance yeah okay so yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance yeah okay so yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance yeah okay so yeah so the
+future of software is definitely unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of software is definitely unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of software is definitely unclear
+this is very much in flux how is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much in flux how is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much in flux how is this
+gonna work in the future how are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work in the future how are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work in the future how are people
+going to agree on these things right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree on these things right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree on these things right it
+seems a lot of the times from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a lot of the times from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a lot of the times from the
+developer perspective it seems like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer perspective it seems like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer perspective it seems like why
+not like hey we made this cool new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like hey we made this cool new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like hey we made this cool new
+signature system it's faster it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature system it's faster it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature system it's faster it's more
+secure save space let's use it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure save space let's use it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure save space let's use it and then
+people say no you're like well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say no you're like well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say no you're like well why
+things like that but then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but then on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but then on the other
+hand if it's like no we only have odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if it's like no we only have odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if it's like no we only have odd
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+who cares let's use even in on Dahmer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares let's use even in on Dahmer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares let's use even in on Dahmer's
+okay so another aspect with force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another aspect with force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another aspect with force
+transaction replay so this is tricky so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction replay so this is tricky so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction replay so this is tricky so
+a split happens let's say in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split happens let's say in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a split happens let's say in the case of
+a minority soft fork or a majority but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minority soft fork or a majority but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minority soft fork or a majority but
+not unanimous hard fork or full fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unanimous hard fork or full fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unanimous hard fork or full fork
+something like that there's a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that there's a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that there's a split
+right there's two chains that are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's two chains that are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's two chains that are now
+being extended you make a transaction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being extended you make a transaction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being extended you make a transaction on
+the old chain what happens on the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old chain what happens on the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old chain what happens on the new
+chain I mean yes yeah sign it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I mean yes yeah sign it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I mean yes yeah sign it and it
+happens on both right all in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on both right all in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on both right all in many cases
+these transactions are valid on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions are valid on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transactions are valid on either
+and so they can be rebroadcast or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can be rebroadcast or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can be rebroadcast or
+relayed between the two networks and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relayed between the two networks and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relayed between the two networks and if
+it can be relayed between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be relayed between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be relayed between the two
+networks it will someone's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks it will someone's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks it will someone's gonna
+someone's gonna set up a little script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's gonna set up a little script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's gonna set up a little script
+that grabs all the transactions on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grabs all the transactions on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grabs all the transactions on one
+chain broadcast them on the other even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain broadcast them on the other even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain broadcast them on the other even
+if you don't want them to like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want them to like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want them to like someone
+will do that right and if it's valid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that right and if it's valid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that right and if it's valid on
+both it gets confirmed on both and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both it gets confirmed on both and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both it gets confirmed on both and so
+you say okay it now splits there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay it now splits there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay it now splits there's no
+two different histories you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different histories you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different histories you know at the
+time of the split now I've got coins on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the split now I've got coins on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the split now I've got coins on
+both right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both right
+I don't usually think of it when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't usually think of it when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't usually think of it when it's a
+short-term split as I now have two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term split as I now have two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term split as I now have two types
+of coins but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coins but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coins but I do
+if these extend indefinitely and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these extend indefinitely and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these extend indefinitely and they're
+never gonna reconverge well I've still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna reconverge well I've still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna reconverge well I've still
+got the UT exo's on both I can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the UT exo's on both I can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the UT exo's on both I can make a
+transaction here and maybe it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction here and maybe it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction here and maybe it gets
+relayed here and now they like move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relayed here and now they like move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relayed here and now they like move on
+both sides or maybe it doesn't so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides or maybe it doesn't so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides or maybe it doesn't so you
+can you can potentially and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can potentially and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can potentially and eventually
+the UT x offsets will diverge right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT x offsets will diverge right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT x offsets will diverge right how
+do you diverge these things well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you diverge these things well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you diverge these things well if you
+mix it with coins that have been mined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it with coins that have been mined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it with coins that have been mined
+right so you know that the mind they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know that the mind they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know that the mind they
+know the new coin base the new coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the new coin base the new coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the new coin base the new coins
+here are definitely different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are definitely different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are definitely different right
+those are gonna have different TX ids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are gonna have different TX ids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are gonna have different TX ids
+coins that got mined here will not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins that got mined here will not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins that got mined here will not exist
+on this one and vice versa so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one and vice versa so eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one and vice versa so eventually
+more and more coins start getting mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more coins start getting mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more coins start getting mixed
+in with each other and they will diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with each other and they will diverge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with each other and they will diverge
+that takes a while though another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a while though another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a while though another thing
+you can draw try to doing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw try to doing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw try to doing is just
+spamming double spins I'm gonna send to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spamming double spins I'm gonna send to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spamming double spins I'm gonna send to
+this injury I make a transaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this injury I make a transaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this injury I make a transaction you
+know Alice pays Bob I also make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice pays Bob I also make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Alice pays Bob I also make a
+transaction Alice pays Carol I just spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction Alice pays Carol I just spam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction Alice pays Carol I just spam
+won't you know send one to one place one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't you know send one to one place one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't you know send one to one place one
+to the other hope they get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other hope they get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other hope they get in
+eventually they'll start diverging right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they'll start diverging right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they'll start diverging right
+just by chance you can also try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by chance you can also try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by chance you can also try
+exploiting lock time Delta's so in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting lock time Delta's so in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting lock time Delta's so in many
+cases the heights will be different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the heights will be different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the heights will be different and
+you can say okay I'm here I'm gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay I'm here I'm gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay I'm here I'm gonna make
+a transaction that's only valid after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaction that's only valid after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaction that's only valid after
+block five and if someone replays it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block five and if someone replays it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block five and if someone replays it
+here they're gonna have to wait two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're gonna have to wait two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're gonna have to wait two
+blocks before it's valid and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks before it's valid and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks before it's valid and then this
+gets confirmed here and then I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets confirmed here and then I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets confirmed here and then I make a
+different transaction spending the coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transaction spending the coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transaction spending the coins
+here without a time lock and so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without a time lock and so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without a time lock and so I can
+try it I sort of exploit the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it I sort of exploit the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it I sort of exploit the fact that
+there's timing differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's timing differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's timing differences between the
+two chains to make you know transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chains to make you know transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chains to make you know transaction
+a occur on the top one and transaction B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a occur on the top one and transaction B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a occur on the top one and transaction B
+occur in the top on the bottom one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the top on the bottom one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the top on the bottom one and
+split my coins off that way so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split my coins off that way so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split my coins off that way so those are
+potential ways to split your coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential ways to split your coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential ways to split your coins
+despite these transaction replays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite these transaction replays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite these transaction replays and
+then you can now say okay have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can now say okay have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can now say okay have two
+separate wallets two separate keys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate wallets two separate keys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate wallets two separate keys on
+the different coin different chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different coin different chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different coin different chains
+however yes this is expensive this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however yes this is expensive this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however yes this is expensive this is
+ugly it's possible but it's ugly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly it's possible but it's ugly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly it's possible but it's ugly right
+because you're basically gonna spam the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're basically gonna spam the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're basically gonna spam the
+network and you know you in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and you know you in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and you know you in many cases
+you're not actually trying to send money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually trying to send money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually trying to send money
+you're just sort of moving your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just sort of moving your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just sort of moving your own
+money around internally so if everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money around internally so if everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money around internally so if everyone
+does that in the system it can overload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that in the system it can overload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that in the system it can overload
+the system have tons of transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system have tons of transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system have tons of transactions
+also if you're doing this it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you're doing this it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you're doing this it might not
+work and you're like okay I just confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you're like okay I just confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you're like okay I just confirm
+a transaction for no point whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaction for no point whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaction for no point whatsoever
+got to keep trying it's pretty ugly also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to keep trying it's pretty ugly also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to keep trying it's pretty ugly also
+people don't know right so why are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know right so why are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know right so why are these
+why is this a problem well in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a problem well in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a problem well in many cases
+you want to sell one and not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sell one and not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sell one and not the other
+in addition to these software rules such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to these software rules such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to these software rules such
+as you know bonus coins for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know bonus coins for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know bonus coins for each
+transaction or only odd numbers allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction or only odd numbers allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction or only odd numbers allowed
+there are often sort of philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are often sort of philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are often sort of philosophical
+and cultural rules that get associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultural rules that get associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultural rules that get associated
+with it and people hate each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and people hate each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and people hate each other and
+yell at each other and insult each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell at each other and insult each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell at each other and insult each other
+on the internet all the time this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet all the time this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet all the time this is I
+don't think this is unique to Bitcoin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is unique to Bitcoin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is unique to Bitcoin or
+crypto currencies I think it's just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies I think it's just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies I think it's just sort
+of you know you got money involved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know you got money involved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know you got money involved you
+got trolls on the internet it's a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got trolls on the internet it's a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got trolls on the internet it's a rich
+mixture of you know the best parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of you know the best parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of you know the best parts of
+humanity and so a lot of times people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity and so a lot of times people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity and so a lot of times people
+want to sell one or the other right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell one or the other right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell one or the other right so
+they say I think the odd coin is stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I think the odd coin is stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I think the odd coin is stupid
+I'm gonna sell it and I want it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell it and I want it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell it and I want it you know
+someone wants to buy it and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone wants to buy it and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone wants to buy it and I'll get
+these new coins that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new coins that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new coins that's
+difficult if transaction replays er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if transaction replays er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if transaction replays er
+occurred another problem is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred another problem is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred another problem is that many
+users could be unaware of the forks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users could be unaware of the forks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users could be unaware of the forks I
+know a lot of people there have been you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of people there have been you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of people there have been you
+know a bunch of sort of full Forks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a bunch of sort of full Forks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a bunch of sort of full Forks in
+Bitcoin recently where rule you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin recently where rule you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin recently where rule you know
+different rule sets have been adopted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rule sets have been adopted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rule sets have been adopted in
+many cases entirely different proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases entirely different proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases entirely different proofs of
+works things like that I'm not aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works things like that I'm not aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works things like that I'm not aware of
+all of them I know of some of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them I know of some of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them I know of some of them I
+most people I know don't know of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people I know don't know of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people I know don't know of all of
+them or even all any of them so users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or even all any of them so users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or even all any of them so users
+might unknowingly send both or not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might unknowingly send both or not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might unknowingly send both or not be
+aware of these things that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these things that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these things that's the
+National that's an issue there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National that's an issue there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National that's an issue there's also
+all sorts of crazy legal issues talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of crazy legal issues talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of crazy legal issues talking
+to exchanges we're like okay this Fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchanges we're like okay this Fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchanges we're like okay this Fork
+happens do we owe our customers both do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens do we owe our customers both do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens do we owe our customers both do
+we only owe them the one that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only owe them the one that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only owe them the one that you know
+and and which you know does the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and which you know does the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and which you know does the exchange
+have to let people decide to adopt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to let people decide to adopt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to let people decide to adopt or
+ignore a new rule set there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore a new rule set there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore a new rule set there's all sorts
+of weird legal issues that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird legal issues that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird legal issues that are still
+being you know settled and for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know settled and for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know settled and for one
+example here's what you can do a replay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's what you can do a replay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's what you can do a replay
+attack on exchange and this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on exchange and this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on exchange and this is not a
+theoretical example this has happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical example this has happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical example this has happened so
+let's say the network splits right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the network splits right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the network splits right you
+get bonus coin and regular old coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bonus coin and regular old coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bonus coin and regular old coin and
+you know the bonus coin has a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the bonus coin has a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the bonus coin has a majority
+hash rate and there's no kind of replay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash rate and there's no kind of replay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash rate and there's no kind of replay
+protection right any all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection right any all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection right any all the
+transactions that are valid and won or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that are valid and won or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that are valid and won or
+valid on the other okay so the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid on the other okay so the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid on the other okay so the network
+splits into coin and coin bait and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into coin and coin bait and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into coin and coin bait and the
+exchange is only running coin B they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange is only running coin B they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange is only running coin B they say
+look this has the most hash power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this has the most hash power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this has the most hash power and
+that's what defines the system we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what defines the system we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what defines the system we don't
+you know they adopted a new rule fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they adopted a new rule fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they adopted a new rule fine
+there's this new rule that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this new rule that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this new rule that you can
+generate a coin of nothing so the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a coin of nothing so the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a coin of nothing so the user
+says to the exchange okay I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to the exchange okay I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to the exchange okay I'm gonna
+deposit coin be the exchange says yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit coin be the exchange says yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit coin be the exchange says yes I
+acknowledge your deposit of coin B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge your deposit of coin B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge your deposit of coin B
+that's the network I'm running on I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the network I'm running on I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the network I'm running on I see
+your transaction it's in a block cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transaction it's in a block cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transaction it's in a block cool
+you've now got a balance and the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got a balance and the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got a balance and the user
+says that you know changed my mind I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you know changed my mind I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you know changed my mind I'm
+withdrawing coin D and the exchange so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawing coin D and the exchange so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawing coin D and the exchange so
+what happens next exchange says sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens next exchange says sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens next exchange says sure
+here's coin B oh and coin a right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's coin B oh and coin a right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's coin B oh and coin a right the
+exchange doesn't implement any replay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange doesn't implement any replay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange doesn't implement any replay
+protection they don't know they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection they don't know they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection they don't know they don't
+acknowledge the existence of this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the existence of this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the existence of this other
+chain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain it
+no they have point a I mean they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they have point a I mean they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they have point a I mean they should
+because they split you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they split you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they split you know they
+actively split but whatever and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively split but whatever and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively split but whatever and then the
+user is like cool I ever I got both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is like cool I ever I got both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is like cool I ever I got both
+right I relayed this transaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I relayed this transaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I relayed this transaction between
+the two networks I was now able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two networks I was now able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two networks I was now able to
+deposit only claim B and withdraw both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit only claim B and withdraw both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit only claim B and withdraw both
+coin a and point B and now I redeposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a and point B and now I redeposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a and point B and now I redeposit
+you know I split again I redeposit coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I split again I redeposit coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I split again I redeposit coin
+B and I keep doing that and so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I keep doing that and so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I keep doing that and so I can
+drain the exchange of all of their coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain the exchange of all of their coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain the exchange of all of their coin
+a with the same amount of coin B just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with the same amount of coin B just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with the same amount of coin B just
+looping through depositing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping through depositing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping through depositing and
+withdrawing so yeah this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawing so yeah this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawing so yeah this happens
+does anyone I mean I'm not gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone I mean I'm not gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone I mean I'm not gonna say
+which exchange was susceptible to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exchange was susceptible to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exchange was susceptible to this
+attack does anyone know it shares a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack does anyone know it shares a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack does anyone know it shares a name
+with the first transaction in the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first transaction in the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first transaction in the block
+anyway I say yeah there was almost two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I say yeah there was almost two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I say yeah there was almost two
+years ago like year and a half ago with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago like year and a half ago with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago like year and a half ago with
+the etherium if you're in classic kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium if you're in classic kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium if you're in classic kind
+of a hard fork that happened so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hard fork that happened so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hard fork that happened so that was
+you know it happened I'm not saying yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it happened I'm not saying yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it happened I'm not saying yeah
+it's not obvious right these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious right these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious right these are some
+attacks that are like huh in retrospect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks that are like huh in retrospect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks that are like huh in retrospect
+it wasn't that hard to find out like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't that hard to find out like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't that hard to find out like you
+know I'm sure the people at the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm sure the people at the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm sure the people at the exchange
+are like huh shoot yeah we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like huh shoot yeah we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like huh shoot yeah we probably
+should have seen that coming and we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen that coming and we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen that coming and we lost
+a couple million bucks shoot it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple million bucks shoot it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple million bucks shoot it's also
+weird because like all of their users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because like all of their users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because like all of their users
+like generally are identified and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like generally are identified and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like generally are identified and they
+have like you know they're passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like you know they're passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like you know they're passed
+forward or where they live and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or where they live and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or where they live and so you
+could probably tell like hey come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably tell like hey come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably tell like hey come on
+dude give it back thank you just but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude give it back thank you just but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude give it back thank you just but
+it's maybe they didn't because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe they didn't because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe they didn't because they're
+like well tech because because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well tech because because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well tech because because they
+might have programmed in a way where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have programmed in a way where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have programmed in a way where
+they could sort of deny it say like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could sort of deny it say like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could sort of deny it say like look
+I just deposited and withdrew a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just deposited and withdrew a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just deposited and withdrew a couple
+times that's what I always do I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's what I always do I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that's what I always do I don't
+know but yeah there were definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but yeah there were definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but yeah there were definitely
+warnings there were there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings there were there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings there were there were a lot of
+people saying like hey this is dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saying like hey this is dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saying like hey this is dangerous
+you need to really implement replay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to really implement replay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to really implement replay
+protection if you if there is a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection if you if there is a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection if you if there is a fork
+without replay protection implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without replay protection implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without replay protection implemented
+the exchanges really need to honor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchanges really need to honor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchanges really need to honor and
+and try to split both before offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to split both before offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to split both before offering
+both for deposit and withdrawal things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for deposit and withdrawal things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for deposit and withdrawal things
+like that and so there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so there's been a lot of
+last year as well there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year as well there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year as well there's a lot of
+argument because in Bitcoin one group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument because in Bitcoin one group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument because in Bitcoin one group of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+- seg wit 2x was what it was called and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- seg wit 2x was what it was called and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- seg wit 2x was what it was called and
+they wanted to implement a hard fork and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to implement a hard fork and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to implement a hard fork and
+not implement replay protection and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not implement replay protection and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not implement replay protection and so
+that was a big argument where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a big argument where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a big argument where people are
+saying look if you're gonna make a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look if you're gonna make a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look if you're gonna make a hard
+fork make it a full fork you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork make it a full fork you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork make it a full fork you know make
+it implement so that you're you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implement so that you're you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implement so that you're you're gonna
+go off but also implement replay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off but also implement replay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off but also implement replay
+protection make it so that transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection make it so that transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection make it so that transactions
+that you guys sign are slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys sign are slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys sign are slightly
+different than the old way and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the old way and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the old way and it's not
+too hard to do what you can do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to do what you can do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to do what you can do is sort
+of when you're making a signature flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you're making a signature flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you're making a signature flip
+some bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bits
+well UK you can't flip bits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well UK you can't flip bits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well UK you can't flip bits in the
+signature itself right because those can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature itself right because those can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature itself right because those can
+be flipped back but what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flipped back but what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flipped back but what you can do is
+you can like flip a bit or two in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like flip a bit or two in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like flip a bit or two in the
+hash that you're signing and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that you're signing and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that you're signing and then the
+old software won't be aware of that flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software won't be aware of that flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software won't be aware of that flip
+and say look this doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say look this doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say look this doesn't look like
+invalid signature because it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid signature because it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid signature because it's trying to
+compare it against a different message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it against a different message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it against a different message
+or you can like append something at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can like append something at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can like append something at the
+end of the message you're signing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the message you're signing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the message you're signing things
+like that so that on the new network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that on the new network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that on the new network the
+signatures look different and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures look different and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures look different and that
+that's that helps in terms of safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that helps in terms of safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that helps in terms of safety
+because then like the old you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then like the old you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then like the old you know the
+old software that's ignoring will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software that's ignoring will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old software that's ignoring will not
+inadvertently send transactions and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently send transactions and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently send transactions and also
+for the new network they will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new network they will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new network they will not
+inadvertently send transactions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently send transactions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently send transactions on the
+old network so that's and there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old network so that's and there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old network so that's and there's a lot
+of like the ideas of like opt-in versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the ideas of like opt-in versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the ideas of like opt-in versus
+opt-out reclaim protection where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt-out reclaim protection where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt-out reclaim protection where you can
+like allow the option to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like allow the option to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like allow the option to sign
+differently but not require it all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but not require it all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but not require it all sorts
+of weird ways you can do it but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird ways you can do it but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird ways you can do it but yeah
+this is a fairly recent mostly life last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly recent mostly life last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly recent mostly life last
+summer last fall people were like trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer last fall people were like trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer last fall people were like trying
+to do different things and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do different things and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do different things and so in
+practice I think that's the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I think that's the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I think that's the end of the
+let me let me go like two more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me go like two more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me go like two more minutes
+but yeah consensus changes are hard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah consensus changes are hard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah consensus changes are hard in
+practice there's been some some full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's been some some full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's been some some full
+Forks recently the last soft fork was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks recently the last soft fork was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forks recently the last soft fork was
+was segregated witness saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was segregated witness saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was segregated witness saying what
+happened sometime in September or last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened sometime in September or last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened sometime in September or last
+year like her act it was it was a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year like her act it was it was a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year like her act it was it was a mess
+and there was also some full Forks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was also some full Forks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was also some full Forks
+Bitcoin cash and then later Bitcoin gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin cash and then later Bitcoin gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin cash and then later Bitcoin gold
+which is a lot smaller and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot smaller and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot smaller and they
+completely changed the proof work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely changed the proof work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely changed the proof work and
+now they're sort of a bunch that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're sort of a bunch that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're sort of a bunch that are
+like pushing the definition of for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pushing the definition of for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pushing the definition of for a
+full fork where they're basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full fork where they're basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full fork where they're basically like
+also called airdrops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called airdrops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called airdrops
+where it's sort of a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's sort of a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's sort of a completely
+different coin that just happens to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coin that just happens to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coin that just happens to have
+the you TXO side of the old point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you TXO side of the old point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you TXO side of the old point
+and so it's like why even bother with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's like why even bother with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's like why even bother with
+the history we're just like look it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history we're just like look it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history we're just like look it's a
+new coin that happened you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coin that happened you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new coin that happened you know you
+inherit all these other coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit all these other coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit all these other coins
+yeah I didn't anyway so there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I didn't anyway so there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I didn't anyway so there's a bunch
+of those it's if it's a mess it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those it's if it's a mess it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those it's if it's a mess it's kind
+of fun being you know I could not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun being you know I could not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun being you know I could not have
+given this lecture a year ago a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this lecture a year ago a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this lecture a year ago a lot of
+these things had not happened a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things had not happened a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things had not happened a lot of
+these terms were not well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms were not well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms were not well-defined
+a few years ago the idea of soft hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago the idea of soft hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago the idea of soft hard
+forks were not even defined like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks were not even defined like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks were not even defined like it's
+pretty clear that Satoshi later you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that Satoshi later you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that Satoshi later you know
+after releasing bitcoin started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after releasing bitcoin started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after releasing bitcoin started to
+understand this system but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this system but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this system but in the
+beginning there was not like a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there was not like a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there was not like a clear
+understanding probably the biggest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding probably the biggest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding probably the biggest you
+know contentious soft fork in 2009 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know contentious soft fork in 2009 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know contentious soft fork in 2009 was
+the Satoshi added a one megabyte block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Satoshi added a one megabyte block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Satoshi added a one megabyte block
+size limit and to reverse a soft fork is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size limit and to reverse a soft fork is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size limit and to reverse a soft fork is
+a hard fork and so the sort of block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork and so the sort of block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fork and so the sort of block
+size hard fork and then there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size hard fork and then there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size hard fork and then there was a very
+clever way with segue to make it a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever way with segue to make it a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever way with segue to make it a soft
+work but also sort of increase the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but also sort of increase the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but also sort of increase the block
+size in a weird way that the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in a weird way that the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in a weird way that the old
+software wouldn't recognize I might yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software wouldn't recognize I might yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software wouldn't recognize I might yeah
+I might have to explain a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have to explain a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have to explain a little bit of
+segue next week okay so yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue next week okay so yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue next week okay so yeah it's it's
+sort of a feature in a book right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a feature in a book right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a feature in a book right
+consensus changes in these systems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus changes in these systems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus changes in these systems can
+be very difficult on the one hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult on the one hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult on the one hand you
+know you want your coins to stay put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want your coins to stay put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want your coins to stay put you
+don't want your money to change you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your money to change you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your money to change you want
+to be able to just have a bunch of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to just have a bunch of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to just have a bunch of money
+and a year later you still have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a year later you still have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a year later you still have a bunch
+of money and that's you know that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and that's you know that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and that's you know that's what
+you want to do on the other hand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do on the other hand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do on the other hand new
+features are cool and you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are cool and you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are cool and you know these are
+not ossify you don't want these to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ossify you don't want these to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ossify you don't want these to be
+ossified legacy systems you want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ossified legacy systems you want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ossified legacy systems you want this to
+be like new cool technology and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like new cool technology and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like new cool technology and you go
+make all these new cool things and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all these new cool things and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all these new cool things and make
+it faster and better stronger and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faster and better stronger and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faster and better stronger and the
+role of miners is also a big point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of miners is also a big point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of miners is also a big point of
+contention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention
+right they seem to have outsized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they seem to have outsized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they seem to have outsized
+influence in some ways right you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in some ways right you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in some ways right you know a
+lot of the up here is the mining power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the up here is the mining power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the up here is the mining power
+and how that affects things and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that affects things and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that affects things and why
+should these miners have outsized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should these miners have outsized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should these miners have outsized
+influence you know shouldn't the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence you know shouldn't the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence you know shouldn't the users
+themselves be able to vote but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves be able to vote but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves be able to vote but they
+can't right if the users could vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't right if the users could vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't right if the users could vote
+maybe you wouldn't need mining at all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you wouldn't need mining at all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you wouldn't need mining at all to
+verify blockchain so there will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify blockchain so there will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify blockchain so there will continue
+to be a lot of debate on this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of debate on this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of debate on this stuff
+going into the future I hope this helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the future I hope this helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the future I hope this helped
+explain the general thinking as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the general thinking as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the general thinking as of
+early 2018 but it'll probably change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2018 but it'll probably change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2018 but it'll probably change
+cool any other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool any other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool any other questions about this
+whole thing if you have a like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing if you have a like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing if you have a like I don't
+know James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know James
+helps develop Verte Colline right our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps develop Verte Colline right our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps develop Verte Colline right our
+hard forks and softworks difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard forks and softworks difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard forks and softworks difficult and
+very clean no you just sort of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean no you just sort of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean no you just sort of you're
+like hey we're doing a hard work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so in smaller communities smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in smaller communities smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in smaller communities smaller
+coins where there's not as many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins where there's not as many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins where there's not as many people
+involved and people sort over all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and people sort over all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and people sort over all on the
+same page these changes can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page these changes can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page these changes can be made
+fairly regularly not a huge deal bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly regularly not a huge deal bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly regularly not a huge deal bitcoin
+is very messy Bitcoin everyone hates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very messy Bitcoin everyone hates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very messy Bitcoin everyone hates
+each other they're always trolling each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they're always trolling each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they're always trolling each
+other on the internet and hacking each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on the internet and hacking each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on the internet and hacking each
+other death threats all sorts of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other death threats all sorts of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other death threats all sorts of stuff
+so yeah future forking methods there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah future forking methods there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah future forking methods there's
+probably new cool ways you can add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably new cool ways you can add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably new cool ways you can add to
+the bottom of that chart some new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of that chart some new idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of that chart some new idea
+that maybe works better so stay tuned
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nIMlZ8ErLfs.txt b/nIMlZ8ErLfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfdbcf6532af6518ce96bf22171ec369c3a96fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nIMlZ8ErLfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+One of the things I aim for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the things I aim for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the things I aim for in the
+course uh is to try to show students uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh is to try to show students uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh is to try to show students uh
+in in in ways as concrete and rich as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in ways as concrete and rich as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in ways as concrete and rich as I
+can uh what the authority or power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh what the authority or power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh what the authority or power of
+movies in a cultural moment might be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in a cultural moment might be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in a cultural moment might be and
+I try to give them some examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to give them some examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to give them some examples of that
+in my in my first lecture I sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my in my first lecture I sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my in my first lecture I sometimes
+read to them from a passage from James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read to them from a passage from James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read to them from a passage from James
+AG's novel A death in the family in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG's novel A death in the family in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG's novel A death in the family in the
+very beginning of that novel he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of that novel he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of that novel he
+describes beautifully a an excursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes beautifully a an excursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes beautifully a an excursion
+between a father and son going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a father and son going to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a father and son going to see a
+chaplain comedy in 1915 in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain comedy in 1915 in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain comedy in 1915 in in some
+southern city and what he describes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern city and what he describes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern city and what he describes is
+what a social occasion it was what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a social occasion it was what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a social occasion it was what a
+moment of bonding it was for father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of bonding it was for father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of bonding it was for father and
+son what a cultural moment it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son what a cultural moment it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son what a cultural moment it was more
+broadly for the whole of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly for the whole of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly for the whole of the population
+that went into the theater to laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into the theater to laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into the theater to laugh
+aoriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aoriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aoriously
+at at Charlie's shenanigans. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Charlie's shenanigans. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Charlie's shenanigans. And then
+the screen was filled with a city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen was filled with a city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen was filled with a city and
+with a sidewalk of a side street of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sidewalk of a side street of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sidewalk of a side street of a
+city and a long line of palms. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and a long line of palms. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and a long line of palms. And there
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+Charlie. Everyone laughed the minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie. Everyone laughed the minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie. Everyone laughed the minute
+they saw him squatly walking with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw him squatly walking with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw him squatly walking with his
+toes out and his knees apart as if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes out and his knees apart as if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes out and his knees apart as if he
+were chafed. Rufus's father laughed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were chafed. Rufus's father laughed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were chafed. Rufus's father laughed and
+Rufus laughed to laughed too. This time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rufus laughed to laughed too. This time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rufus laughed to laughed too. This time
+Charlie stole whole a whole bag this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie stole whole a whole bag this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie stole whole a whole bag this
+time. What does that imply about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. What does that imply about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. What does that imply about the
+audience? An intimate familiarity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience? An intimate familiarity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience? An intimate familiarity with
+previous adventures of this character,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous adventures of this character,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous adventures of this character,
+right? An ongoing routine connection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? An ongoing routine connection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? An ongoing routine connection.
+This time he caught a sight of this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This time he caught a sight of this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This time he caught a sight of this time
+Charlie stole a whole bag of eggs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie stole a whole bag of eggs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie stole a whole bag of eggs and
+when a cop came along, he hid them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a cop came along, he hid them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a cop came along, he hid them in
+the seat of his pants. And what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat of his pants. And what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat of his pants. And what it
+showed was the cultural embeddedness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed was the cultural embeddedness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed was the cultural embeddedness of
+movies even in their earliest days in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies even in their earliest days in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies even in their earliest days in
+the society and in the life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society and in the life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society and in the life of
+individuals. So part of what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals. So part of what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals. So part of what I mean by
+the power of movies and what I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of movies and what I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of movies and what I try to
+encourage the students to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the students to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the students to see is
+something of this uh anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this uh anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this uh anthropological
+energy as well as its artistic power as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as well as its artistic power as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as well as its artistic power as
+a representation of human experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of human experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of human experience
+that the way these kinds of stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way these kinds of stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way these kinds of stories
+permeated the society helped to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeated the society helped to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeated the society helped to shape
+America's Americans understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's Americans understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's Americans understanding of
+their natures of of what the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their natures of of what the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their natures of of what the social
+fabric was like of what masculinity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric was like of what masculinity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric was like of what masculinity was
+of what femininity was of what families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what femininity was of what families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what femininity was of what families
+were of what the relations among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of what the relations among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of what the relations among the
+races of what American history was,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races of what American history was,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races of what American history was,
+about what the founding story of America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the founding story of America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the founding story of America
+is, about what the central organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, about what the central organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, about what the central organizing
+values of our culture are. All of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of our culture are. All of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of our culture are. All of those
+things are dramatized either explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are dramatized either explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are dramatized either explicitly
+or implicitly in movies. And because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or implicitly in movies. And because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or implicitly in movies. And because the
+movies were so central through the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were so central through the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were so central through the 20th
+century, they were one of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, they were one of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, they were one of the central
+ways in which the belief system, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which the belief system, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which the belief system, the
+values of American society were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of American society were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of American society were
+promulgated, dramatized, rehearsed, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgated, dramatized, rehearsed, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgated, dramatized, rehearsed, and
+in some ways altered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changed. a related matter that I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. a related matter that I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. a related matter that I that
+connected again to film in part as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected again to film in part as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected again to film in part as an
+anthropological or sociological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropological or sociological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropological or sociological
+phenomenon not simply an artistic one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon not simply an artistic one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon not simply an artistic one uh
+as a social practice in a way uh has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a social practice in a way uh has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a social practice in a way uh has to
+do with the power and role of genre in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the power and role of genre in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the power and role of genre in
+movies which is a recurring theme in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies which is a recurring theme in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies which is a recurring theme in my
+course uh because we use genre in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh because we use genre in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh because we use genre in
+American society I think all cultures do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society I think all cultures do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society I think all cultures do
+this but we've made particularly rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but we've made particularly rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but we've made particularly rich
+and cunning use of genre in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cunning use of genre in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cunning use of genre in American
+society in in many media but especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in in many media but especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in in many media but especially
+in film and If you look at particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in film and If you look at particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in film and If you look at particular
+long live genre like the western or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long live genre like the western or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long live genre like the western or the
+detective story or the domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story or the domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story or the domestic
+melodrama over time what you of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama over time what you of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama over time what you of course
+can recognize are changing cultural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recognize are changing cultural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recognize are changing cultural and
+social attitudes. So the western has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social attitudes. So the western has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social attitudes. So the western has
+become a screen on which America's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a screen on which America's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a screen on which America's
+anxieties about the Vietnam war have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties about the Vietnam war have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties about the Vietnam war have
+been projected. Why would the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been projected. Why would the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been projected. Why would the western
+work so well for this? One answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well for this? One answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well for this? One answer is
+what I've been saying all along about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been saying all along about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been saying all along about
+the power of genre and the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of genre and the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of genre and the power of
+repetition. Look, if a thing is repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition. Look, if a thing is repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition. Look, if a thing is repeated
+again and again and again, it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again, it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again, it looks
+familiar. When it's so familiar, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. When it's so familiar, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. When it's so familiar, what
+happens? It licenses something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens? It licenses something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens? It licenses something
+disturbing because it's s because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing because it's s because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing because it's s because the
+genres it seems on the surface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres it seems on the surface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres it seems on the surface to
+contain so many familiar reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain so many familiar reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain so many familiar reassuring
+elements. Those very elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. Those very elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. Those very elements of
+reassurance enable the exploration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassurance enable the exploration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassurance enable the exploration of
+disturbing or uncertain or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing or uncertain or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing or uncertain or or or
+problematic materials. And that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic materials. And that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic materials. And that's one of
+the re and of course because any any no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re and of course because any any no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re and of course because any any no
+any one of these films would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these films would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these films would have
+nothing like the power they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like the power they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like the power they actually
+have if they existed individually. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if they existed individually. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if they existed individually. But
+it's because they're part of this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because they're part of this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because they're part of this long
+conversation that goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that goes back to the
+earliest days of movies that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days of movies that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days of movies that they have
+the power that they have. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power that they have. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power that they have. One of the
+functions of genre uh uh is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of genre uh uh is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of genre uh uh is one of the
+deep subjects of my of my course. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep subjects of my of my course. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep subjects of my of my course. And I
+want students to see how centrally uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want students to see how centrally uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want students to see how centrally uh uh
+variations in genre forms can reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in genre forms can reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in genre forms can reflect
+social and historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and historical
+realities. And you can feel this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities. And you can feel this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities. And you can feel this in
+every film. You can feel this in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every film. You can feel this in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every film. You can feel this in every
+television program. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program. If you look at
+American television from the 1950s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television from the 1950s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television from the 1950s to
+the 19 say 90s one let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 say 90s one let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 say 90s one let's say you
+restricted yourself to situation comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted yourself to situation comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted yourself to situation comedy
+what do you think you would see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think you would see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think you would see you
+would see a drama in which the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a drama in which the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a drama in which the American
+family undergoes profound change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family undergoes profound change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family undergoes profound change what
+happens women become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens women become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens women become more
+important patriarchal values become less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important patriarchal values become less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important patriarchal values become less
+and less powerful children become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less powerful children become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less powerful children become more
+respected less le are treated less less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected less le are treated less less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected less le are treated less less
+like appendages to the family more treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like appendages to the family more treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like appendages to the family more treat
+some of them and in some by the 80s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them and in some by the 80s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them and in some by the 80s and
+90s, sometimes the children have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s, sometimes the children have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s, sometimes the children have more
+dominant roles than the adults and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant roles than the adults and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant roles than the adults and are
+often even shown to be wiser than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often even shown to be wiser than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often even shown to be wiser than their
+parents, right? Uh something that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents, right? Uh something that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents, right? Uh something that would
+have been impossible in the early 1950s,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been impossible in the early 1950s,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been impossible in the early 1950s,
+more patriarchal era, when the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more patriarchal era, when the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more patriarchal era, when the classic
+television program about families was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program about families was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program about families was
+called Father Knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Best. Another spine question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Best. Another spine question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Best. Another spine question or
+organizing key question in the course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing key question in the course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing key question in the course uh
+is deeply literary for me. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deeply literary for me. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deeply literary for me. In other
+words, what I try to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, what I try to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, what I try to do here is
+encourage the students to develop what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the students to develop what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the students to develop what
+I'll call an aesthetic sense to begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call an aesthetic sense to begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call an aesthetic sense to begin to
+have confidence when they say that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have confidence when they say that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have confidence when they say that's a
+good film or that's a bad film. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good film or that's a bad film. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good film or that's a bad film. I think
+that's a good movie. I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good movie. I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good movie. I think that's a
+bad movie. I think that's a good And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad movie. I think that's a good And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad movie. I think that's a good And
+what I try to tell them is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I try to tell them is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I try to tell them is that that
+judgment good or bad isn't merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment good or bad isn't merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment good or bad isn't merely
+subjective. It isn't just what you feel,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective. It isn't just what you feel,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective. It isn't just what you feel,
+right? that there may be potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? that there may be potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? that there may be potentially
+objective standards by which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective standards by which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective standards by which we can
+judge the excellence of texts. Part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge the excellence of texts. Part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge the excellence of texts. Part of
+it may remain subjective, but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may remain subjective, but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may remain subjective, but we can
+still judge excellence when we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still judge excellence when we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still judge excellence when we see
+acting. We can judge excellence when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting. We can judge excellence when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting. We can judge excellence when we
+ask how well the film is edited. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how well the film is edited. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how well the film is edited. We can
+judge the excellence of various aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge the excellence of various aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge the excellence of various aspects
+of the of the film. uh and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the film. uh and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the film. uh and and uh
+teaching students how to do that and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students how to do that and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students how to do that and to
+distinguish between effective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between effective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between effective and
+ineffective uses of the medium turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective uses of the medium turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective uses of the medium turns out
+to be not simply a skill that you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be not simply a skill that you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be not simply a skill that you give
+to students who are watching movies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students who are watching movies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students who are watching movies.
+It's a skill you can give to students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a skill you can give to students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a skill you can give to students
+who read poems, who read books, who go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read poems, who read books, who go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read poems, who read books, who go
+to plays. So one of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plays. So one of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plays. So one of the central
+principles I try to teach them about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles I try to teach them about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles I try to teach them about
+this, how they can distinguish what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, how they can distinguish what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, how they can distinguish what I
+call a work of art from a mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a work of art from a mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a work of art from a mere
+entertainment is what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment is what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment is what I call the
+multiplicity principle. And what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity principle. And what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity principle. And what I mean
+by the multiplicity principle is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the multiplicity principle is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the multiplicity principle is fairly
+clear and I give many examples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and I give many examples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and I give many examples in the
+course. Essentially, it's the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Essentially, it's the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Essentially, it's the idea that
+what happens in a particular moment will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in a particular moment will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in a particular moment will
+have multiple functions. You won't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple functions. You won't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple functions. You won't just
+look at the uh scene in order to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the uh scene in order to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the uh scene in order to have
+the plot extended. The scene will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot extended. The scene will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot extended. The scene will also
+dramatize character. It will also tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize character. It will also tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize character. It will also tell
+you something about the atmosphere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the atmosphere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the atmosphere in
+which the character lives. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the character lives. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the character lives. Do you
+remember the moment in the passage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the moment in the passage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the moment in the passage I
+showed you from uh from the uh Dika
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you from uh from the uh Dika
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you from uh from the uh Dika
+movie Ombberto D? That very brief moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Ombberto D? That very brief moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Ombberto D? That very brief moment
+where we see a man get on a get on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see a man get on a get on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see a man get on a get on a
+tram, a bus and sit next to someone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tram, a bus and sit next to someone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tram, a bus and sit next to someone on
+the bus and the bus moves. There it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus and the bus moves. There it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus and the bus moves. There it's a
+completely wordless sequence and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wordless sequence and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wordless sequence and there's
+a character we've never seen in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a character we've never seen in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a character we've never seen in the film
+before who sits down next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before who sits down next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before who sits down next to the
+protagonist. No words exchanged. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist. No words exchanged. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist. No words exchanged. When
+our protagonist gets up and gets off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our protagonist gets up and gets off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our protagonist gets up and gets off the
+bus, the camera lingers briefly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus, the camera lingers briefly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus, the camera lingers briefly on the
+man he'd left behind. And we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man he'd left behind. And we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man he'd left behind. And we see that
+man go like this. And what I suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man go like this. And what I suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man go like this. And what I suggested
+to you again I suggested that this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you again I suggested that this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you again I suggested that this was a
+moment of richness and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of richness and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of richness and and and
+complexity of multiplicity in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of multiplicity in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of multiplicity in a way
+because one implication of that scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one implication of that scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one implication of that scene
+was that the man this stranger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the man this stranger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the man this stranger that
+we'll never meet again that we only saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never meet again that we only saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never meet again that we only saw
+for one uh brief instant in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one uh brief instant in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one uh brief instant in the course
+of the film might have concealed a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film might have concealed a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film might have concealed a story
+as deep as rich and as moving as that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as deep as rich and as moving as that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as deep as rich and as moving as that of
+our hero Alberto D. When a text contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hero Alberto D. When a text contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hero Alberto D. When a text contains
+when a moment contains multiplicity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a moment contains multiplicity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a moment contains multiplicity,
+when it does more many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it does more many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it does more many things
+simultaneously, you're in the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously, you're in the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously, you're in the presence
+of a kind of excellence. That's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of excellence. That's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of excellence. That's only one
+principle, but it's a very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle, but it's a very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle, but it's a very valuable
+principle. And you can see its worth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. And you can see its worth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. And you can see its worth if
+you compare, let's say, a trivial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare, let's say, a trivial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare, let's say, a trivial or
+relatively banal form of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively banal form of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively banal form of action
+entertainment on the one hand with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment on the one hand with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment on the one hand with a
+movie that has complex characters in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that has complex characters in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that has complex characters in it.
+And you can see the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see the different kinds of
+demands. Or even that a serious action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands. Or even that a serious action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands. Or even that a serious action
+adventure film, a film that incorporates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure film, a film that incorporates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure film, a film that incorporates
+action adventure elements in it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action adventure elements in it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action adventure elements in it, but
+also has a serious subject matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a serious subject matter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a serious subject matter to
+ones that don't. Let's say Kurasawa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that don't. Let's say Kurasawa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that don't. Let's say Kurasawa's
+samurai movies against the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samurai movies against the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samurai movies against the trivial
+merely entertaining samurai movies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely entertaining samurai movies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely entertaining samurai movies that
+didn't weren't interested in history or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't weren't interested in history or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't weren't interested in history or
+character. Right? What you try to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. Right? What you try to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. Right? What you try to do is
+give the students a greater and greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the students a greater and greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the students a greater and greater
+sensitivity not just to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity not just to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity not just to the particular
+text that exhibits such excellence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text that exhibits such excellence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text that exhibits such excellence but
+you want to arm them so that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to arm them so that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to arm them so that when they
+encounter things on their own they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter things on their own they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter things on their own they'll be
+able to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+judgment. A second aspect of this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment. A second aspect of this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment. A second aspect of this e
+excellence this what I call artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence this what I call artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence this what I call artistic
+quality uh is the quality of organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality uh is the quality of organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality uh is the quality of organic
+form. I talk about this again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. I talk about this again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. I talk about this again and again
+in the course and try to show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course and try to show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course and try to show them
+instances of it. At its simplest level,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of it. At its simplest level,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of it. At its simplest level,
+the the term of course derives from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term of course derives from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term of course derives from
+Cridge who borrowed it from the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cridge who borrowed it from the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cridge who borrowed it from the German
+romantics. Uh but essentially it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantics. Uh but essentially it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantics. Uh but essentially it's the
+idea that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that every
+text should generate a form that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text should generate a form that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text should generate a form that is
+unique to its needs. Form should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique to its needs. Form should be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique to its needs. Form should be in
+other words you should not have a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you should not have a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you should not have a prior
+form into which content is is is poured.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form into which content is is is poured.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form into which content is is is poured.
+Right? The form of the text, the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The form of the text, the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The form of the text, the shape
+of the text should take its nature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text should take its nature from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text should take its nature from
+the meaning of the text, from what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of the text, from what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of the text, from what the
+text is saying. And if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is saying. And if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is saying. And if you think about
+the structure of modern times, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of modern times, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of modern times, you'll
+see that it's a a a marvelously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's a a a marvelously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's a a a marvelously
+distilled instance, a marvelously clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled instance, a marvelously clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled instance, a marvelously clear
+instance of the principle of organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the principle of organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the principle of organic
+form. What happens to Charlie serially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. What happens to Charlie serially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. What happens to Charlie serially
+is more meaningful in a way than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more meaningful in a way than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more meaningful in a way than what
+happens to him in a single episode. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to him in a single episode. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to him in a single episode. And
+the fact that this that we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this that we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this that we have this
+sense that things are repeating, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that things are repeating, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that things are repeating, that
+Charlie's on a treadmill, that he lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's on a treadmill, that he lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's on a treadmill, that he lives
+a cyclical life, that he'll always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cyclical life, that he'll always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cyclical life, that he'll always have
+moments of hope and hopelessness, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of hope and hopelessness, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of hope and hopelessness, that
+he'll have momentary times when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have momentary times when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have momentary times when he's
+free of when he's when he finds a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of when he's when he finds a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of when he's when he finds a place
+to live or finds sufficient food, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live or finds sufficient food, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live or finds sufficient food, but
+that it will always be temporary, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will always be temporary, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will always be temporary, that
+his life is that his life is always on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life is that his life is always on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life is that his life is always on
+the road, that his life is always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road, that his life is always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road, that his life is always in
+process. That's uh and that at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. That's uh and that at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. That's uh and that at the same
+time, he never lets himself completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, he never lets himself completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, he never lets himself completely
+despair. He's there's always a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despair. He's there's always a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despair. He's there's always a moment
+where his resilience reasserts himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where his resilience reasserts himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where his resilience reasserts himself
+reass reasserts itself. Well, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reass reasserts itself. Well, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reass reasserts itself. Well, those
+elements are embedded in some sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are embedded in some sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are embedded in some sense in
+the very structure, the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very structure, the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very structure, the very
+organization of the film. There should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the film. There should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the film. There should
+be a symbiotic relationship, a marriage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a symbiotic relationship, a marriage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a symbiotic relationship, a marriage,
+a linkage between form and content,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linkage between form and content,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linkage between form and content,
+between the way, the shape of the text,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the way, the shape of the text,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the way, the shape of the text,
+between the strategies and techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the strategies and techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the strategies and techniques
+that are used to embody the story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to embody the story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to embody the story and
+what the story says. There should be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the story says. There should be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the story says. There should be a a
+a marriage between form and content.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marriage between form and content.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marriage between form and content.
+That's what organic form is. And I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what organic form is. And I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what organic form is. And I and
+if you can show students moments of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can show students moments of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can show students moments of of
+organic form and if they can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic form and if they can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic form and if they can really
+recognize it, they are proof for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it, they are proof for life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it, they are proof for life
+against banal art.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nbENJ-Ce7Nc.txt b/nbENJ-Ce7Nc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05e920a7bde58a61745915d2509555d3151d6e79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nbENJ-Ce7Nc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here we are again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i'm gonna finish real quick uh proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna finish real quick uh proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna finish real quick uh proof
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a theorem that i stated last time due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem that i stated last time due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem that i stated last time due to
+cantor so let me recall the setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cantor so let me recall the setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cantor so let me recall the setting
+so um last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um last time we were
+this is finishing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i have to say about cardinality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have to say about cardinality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have to say about cardinality
+which remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is
+a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of
+size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+for a given set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we defined the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we defined the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we defined the power set of a
+to be the set of all subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+and last time for example we did several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time for example we did several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time for example we did several
+of them or looked at a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them or looked at a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them or looked at a few different
+power sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power sets
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a simplest example is that the power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simplest example is that the power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simplest example is that the power set
+of the empty set is the set containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the empty set is the set containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the empty set is the set containing
+the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set
+in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+the power set has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set has
+one more element than the empty set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more element than the empty set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more element than the empty set the
+empty set has no elements the power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set has no elements the power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set has no elements the power set
+of the empty set has one element namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the empty set has one element namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the empty set has one element namely
+the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+are looking at this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at this um
+to answer a question which i posed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer a question which i posed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer a question which i posed at
+the end of last class namely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last class namely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last class namely we
+all the sets we saw from the integers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sets we saw from the integers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sets we saw from the integers to
+even numbers to rational numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even numbers to rational numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even numbers to rational numbers which
+is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have
+the same cardinality as the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cardinality as the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cardinality as the natural
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and that's what we call the accountably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we call the accountably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we call the accountably
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+um and so a question would be is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so a question would be is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so a question would be is there
+any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any set
+that is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bigger than
+in cardinality than the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cardinality than the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cardinality than the natural numbers
+is there any set that's uncountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any set that's uncountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any set that's uncountable
+and so this theorem due to cantor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that
+and more and it says the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a is any set so if a is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is any set so if a is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is any set so if a is a set
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cardinality of a is strictly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of a is strictly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of a is strictly smaller
+than the cardinality of the power set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the cardinality of the power set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the cardinality of the power set of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay and as a consequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence
+is that the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have smaller size than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller size than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller size than
+the power set of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of the natural numbers
+which has smaller size than the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has smaller size than the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has smaller size than the power
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+of the power set of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power set of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power set of the natural numbers
+which is smaller in size than and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller in size than and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller in size than and so on
+so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are
+um an infinity of infinities there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an infinity of infinities there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an infinity of infinities there is an
+infinitude of infinite sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence
+i don't know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+extremely clever and a bit mind-boggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first let me prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me prove that
+a has cardinality less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has cardinality less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has cardinality less than or equal to
+the cardinality of the power set of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let a be a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a be a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a be a set
+first going to show that the cardinality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to show that the cardinality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to show that the cardinality
+of a is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is less than or equal to the
+cardinality of the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the power set of a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find
+an injection a one-to-one map from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an injection a one-to-one map from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an injection a one-to-one map from a
+into the power set of a and the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the power set of a and the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the power set of a and the simplest
+one to choose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to choose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to choose is
+one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+takes an element of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an element of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an element of a
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the set containing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set containing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set containing just
+that element so define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element so define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element so define
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+from a into the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a into the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a into the power set of a
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and this should spit out a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should spit out a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should spit out a subset
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this will be the subset that consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the subset that consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the subset that consists
+solely of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this is clearly one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll prove this right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll prove this right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll prove this right now
+then we need to prove that if f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to prove that if f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to prove that if f of x
+equals f of y then x equals y but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of y then x equals y but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of y then x equals y but this
+is sort of clear from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of clear from the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of clear from the definition
+then if f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if f of x
+equals f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of y
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this set containing x this is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set containing x this is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set containing x this is by the
+definition of how we've defined little f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how we've defined little f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how we've defined little f
+means that the set containing x is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the set containing x is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the set containing x is equal
+to the set containing y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set containing y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set containing y
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means x equals y they both contain one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means x equals y they both contain one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means x equals y they both contain one
+element two sets are equal if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element two sets are equal if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element two sets are equal if and only
+if that element is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that element is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that element is a
+uh of one set as an element of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of one set as an element of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of one set as an element of the other
+that just means x equals y in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means x equals y in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means x equals y in this
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+f is one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is one to one
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since we've found an injective map from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've found an injective map from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've found an injective map from
+a to the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the power set of a
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now we want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show that
+they cannot have the same cardinality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a does not have the same cardinality as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does not have the same cardinality as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does not have the same cardinality as
+the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these two statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two statements
+are what is meant when we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what is meant when we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what is meant when we write down
+recall the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the definition
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+cardinality of a or size of a being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of a or size of a being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of a or size of a being
+smaller than the cardinality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the cardinality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the cardinality of the
+power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this by
+a proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof by contradiction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+we're going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that
+this does not hold and arrive at a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not hold and arrive at a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not hold and arrive at a false
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do have the same cardinality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have the same cardinality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have the same cardinality so
+this is our initial assumption we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our initial assumption we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our initial assumption we're
+going to derive a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive a false
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+from this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this assumption
+and the only way to arrive at a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way to arrive at a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way to arrive at a false
+statement from a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement from a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement from a given
+assumption in a logically consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in a logically consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in a logically consistent
+fashion is that the original statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion is that the original statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion is that the original statement
+namely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this
+is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false
+okay in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words
+uh the thing we want to show is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing we want to show is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing we want to show is true
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's assume uh they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume uh they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume uh they have the same
+cardinality what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality what does that mean
+then uh there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there exists
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bijective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+going from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the power set of a remember a bijective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a remember a bijective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a remember a bijective
+function means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function means
+that g is one to one and onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g is one to one and onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g is one to one and onto
+okay one to one meaning different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one to one meaning different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one to one meaning different things
+of a gets mapped to different things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gets mapped to different things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gets mapped to different things of
+the power set onto means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set onto means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set onto means
+everything in the power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the power set
+gets mapped onto from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mapped onto from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mapped onto from
+a all right so really surjection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so really surjection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so really surjection the
+fact that it's surjective is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's surjective is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's surjective is the only
+thing i'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm going to define a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to define a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to define a kind of a
+weird set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird set
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're going to look at this set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a subset of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by b is the set of all x's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by b is the set of all x's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by b is the set of all x's in a
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is not in f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in f of x
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+this should be g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so remember g maps from a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember g maps from a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember g maps from a to the
+power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set
+so for any given x and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any given x and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any given x and a
+g of x is a subset of a so the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x is a subset of a so the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x is a subset of a so the condition
+to be in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in b
+is that this element x is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this element x is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this element x is not in the
+image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of
+itself by g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself by g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself by g
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and b could be empty all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b could be empty all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b could be empty all right
+it could there could be no x's in a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could there could be no x's in a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could there could be no x's in a that
+satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this
+uh but it's just a subset of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's just a subset of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's just a subset of a
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean simply by definition we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean simply by definition we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean simply by definition we're just
+looking at elements in a that satisfy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at elements in a that satisfy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at elements in a that satisfy a
+certain condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+subset of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a
+this means that it's a element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that it's a element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that it's a element
+of the power set of a this is just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power set of a this is just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power set of a this is just how
+the power set is defined remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set is defined remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set is defined remember it's
+all subsets of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all subsets of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all subsets of a
+so b is an element of the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so b is an element of the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so b is an element of the power set of a
+therefore something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore something
+gets mapped to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mapped to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mapped to b
+under this map okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this map okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this map okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+b in capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in capital a
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g of little b equals capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of little b equals capital b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of little b equals capital b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this just follows from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just follows from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just follows from the fact that
+g is a surjection meaning everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g is a surjection meaning everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g is a surjection meaning everything in
+here must get mapped to by some element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here must get mapped to by some element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here must get mapped to by some element
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+let's take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this
+b guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b guy
+there are two cases either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two cases either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two cases either
+b is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is in
+g of b or b is not in g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is in
+g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if b is in g of b remember this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if b is in g of b remember this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if b is in g of b remember this is equal
+to capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital b
+all right by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right by definition
+and to be in capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be in capital b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be in capital b
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+x is not in g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in g of x
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just write this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write this again
+this means b is in b which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means b is in b which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means b is in b which means
+b is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is not in
+g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of b
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with
+b and g of b and ended with b is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and g of b and ended with b is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and g of b and ended with b is not in
+g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we arrive at a false statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrive at a false statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrive at a false statement
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+then there's one other case b is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's one other case b is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's one other case b is not in
+g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then if b is not in g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this immediately implies by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this immediately implies by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this immediately implies by the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+of little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little b
+meaning g of b is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning g of b is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning g of b is in
+capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this way
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if b is not in g of b this follow then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if b is not in g of b this follow then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if b is not in g of b this follow then
+from the definition of capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that b is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that b is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that b is in
+capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's just from the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just from the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just from the definition of
+capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital b
+but now capital b is equal to g of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now capital b is equal to g of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now capital b is equal to g of
+little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is another contradiction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another contradiction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another contradiction because
+we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and ended with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended with this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what i've really proven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's ignore this contradiction mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ignore this contradiction mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ignore this contradiction mark
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown that
+b and g of b implies b not in g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and g of b implies b not in g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and g of b implies b not in g of b
+b not in g of b implies b is in g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b not in g of b implies b is in g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b not in g of b implies b is in g of b
+so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proven the statement that b is in g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven the statement that b is in g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven the statement that b is in g of b
+if and only if b is not in g of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if b is not in g of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if b is not in g of b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very false statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very false statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very false statement
+cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+some object being in the set if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some object being in the set if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some object being in the set if and only
+if it's not in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in the set
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we've arrived at a false statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've arrived at a false statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've arrived at a false statement
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+our initial assumption which led us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial assumption which led us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial assumption which led us
+there namely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there namely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there namely that the
+cardinality of the set a has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the set a has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the set a has the same
+cardinality as the power set of a must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality as the power set of a must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality as the power set of a must
+have been false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is
+it feels almost like you're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels almost like you're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels almost like you're being
+hoodwinked a little bit with this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoodwinked a little bit with this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoodwinked a little bit with this proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+to i don't know give you some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cling or or connection back to reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cling or or connection back to reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cling or or connection back to reality
+what's kind of underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of underlying
+this argument or or what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's one way of understanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one way of understanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one way of understanding this
+argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is
+to think about so in some sense what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so in some sense what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so in some sense what
+this argument does is make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk about being in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about being in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about being in b
+while having to also reference b itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while having to also reference b itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while having to also reference b itself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe this seems a bit wild because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this seems a bit wild because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this seems a bit wild because this
+is a math course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a math course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a math course but
+you can do this statement just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this statement just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this statement just in the
+english language if i am to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english language if i am to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english language if i am to tell you
+that i am a liar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i am a liar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i am a liar
+then if that statement is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if that statement is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if that statement is true
+then what i just said namely that i am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i just said namely that i am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i just said namely that i am a
+liar is false which means i'm not a liar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liar is false which means i'm not a liar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liar is false which means i'm not a liar
+um therefore i am a liar implies i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um therefore i am a liar implies i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um therefore i am a liar implies i'm not
+a liar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liar
+and vice versa just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i say i am a liar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say i am a liar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say i am a liar
+and that statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+false meaning i'm not a liar then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false meaning i'm not a liar then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false meaning i'm not a liar then that
+statement is true which implies i am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is true which implies i am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is true which implies i am a
+liar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liar
+so of course i would not lie to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course i would not lie to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course i would not lie to you
+um i would just give you alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i would just give you alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i would just give you alternative
+facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know that statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that statement is
+kind of what's underlying this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what's underlying this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what's underlying this this
+argument okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe i'll put that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's kind of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the connection to these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loosely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely is
+or at least the logic is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least the logic is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least the logic is contained in
+trying to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to verify
+this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all
+i'm going to say about cardinality we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say about cardinality we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say about cardinality we're
+going to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to
+the real numbers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is really like i said in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really like i said in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really like i said in a
+previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture
+our first uh real goal of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first uh real goal of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first uh real goal of the class
+is to describe r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely what exactly is the set of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what exactly is the set of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what exactly is the set of real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+what characterizes a set of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so let me state this as a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me state this as a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me state this as a theorem
+just completely ahead of time so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely ahead of time so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely ahead of time so that
+it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there
+for us and this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and this is kind of
+our goal although we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal although we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal although we're not going to
+prove it our goal is just to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it our goal is just to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it our goal is just to understand
+what this theorem says so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+complete description of what r is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description of what r is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description of what r is there
+exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we denote by r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set of real numbers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of real numbers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of real numbers okay so
+as you sit there and listen to this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you sit there and listen to this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you sit there and listen to this you
+should shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should shouldn't have
+maybe you do but you really shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you do but you really shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you do but you really shouldn't
+expect to have any idea about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have any idea about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have any idea about what this
+theorem says what what all these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says what what all these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says what what all these words
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal
+for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lecture
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+make sense of these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the rest you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rest you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rest you should
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our goal for this lecture is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal for this lecture is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal for this lecture is to make
+sense of these words ordered field least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of these words ordered field least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of these words ordered field least
+upper bound property okay because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property okay because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property okay because these
+are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two
+defining characteristics of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining characteristics of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining characteristics of r
+all right and i'm not going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i'm not going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i'm not going to prove
+this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem
+we're just going to take it as a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to take it as a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to take it as a given
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we could prove this theorem but it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could prove this theorem but it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could prove this theorem but it takes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+quite a bit of time and i'd rather start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time and i'd rather start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time and i'd rather start
+studying properties of r than building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying properties of r than building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying properties of r than building
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know not so uncommon in math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is not especially interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not especially interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not especially interested in
+you know the proof of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why certain things exist but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why certain things exist but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why certain things exist but we are
+definitely interested in the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely interested in the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely interested in the properties
+of that thing once we know it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so let's get started on making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's get started on making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's get started on making
+sense of what this theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what this theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what this theorem says
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off with
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+stuff okay this says ordered field least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay this says ordered field least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay this says ordered field least
+upper bound property let's start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property let's start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property let's start off
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do i mean by order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by order
+we've kind of seen that just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of seen that just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of seen that just a little
+bit already when we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit already when we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit already when we talked about the
+natural numbers and this well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers and this well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers and this well ordering
+uh property of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property of the natural numbers
+but i was just using words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i was just using words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i was just using words
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+label a certain property of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label a certain property of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label a certain property of the natural
+numbers i didn't give i didn't say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers i didn't give i didn't say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers i didn't give i didn't say they
+meant anything specifically it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant anything specifically it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant anything specifically it was just
+a label for that but when i say order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a label for that but when i say order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a label for that but when i say order
+now this will definitely mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered sets and fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a relation which we label with this less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation which we label with this less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation which we label with this less
+than symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+relation satisfies two properties one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation satisfies two properties one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation satisfies two properties one is
+you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always
+check whether two elements are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether two elements are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether two elements are bigger
+than each other or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than each other or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than each other or equal
+so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all
+x y and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+x equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals y
+x is less than y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than y
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+that's just restating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just restating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just restating
+y is less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is less than y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and y is less than z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is less than z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is less than z
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x is less than z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than z
+okay so an ordered set is just a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so an ordered set is just a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so an ordered set is just a set
+with some relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some relation
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has two properties namely that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two properties namely that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two properties namely that for any
+two elements in the set i can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements in the set i can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements in the set i can compare
+the two that's basically what this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two that's basically what this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two that's basically what this says
+and i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have this
+transitive property that if x is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive property that if x is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive property that if x is less
+than y and y is less than z then x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than y and y is less than z then x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than y and y is less than z then x is
+less than z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than z
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so as i said before whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said before whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said before whenever you have
+some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+mildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting definition you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting definition you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting definition you should
+definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+try to come up with examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with examples and
+non-examples so what's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-examples so what's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-examples so what's the simplest
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the natural numbers which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the natural numbers which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the natural numbers which we
+discussed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier
+but also the integers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the integers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the integers where
+i have to define what this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to define what this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to define what this relation
+means we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we say
+m is less than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+m is less than m if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m
+is a natural number so this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a natural number so this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a natural number so this is how we
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+our order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our order
+so n is bigger than m if n minus m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is bigger than m if n minus m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is bigger than m if n minus m is a
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and you can check that this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you can check that this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you can check that this is just
+the usual ordering on z and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual ordering on z and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual ordering on z and that is
+satisfies uh these two properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies uh these two properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies uh these two properties
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the standard order on q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard order on q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard order on q
+namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll say q is less than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say q is less than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say q is less than r
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural numbers m n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers m n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers m n such that
+r minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r minus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r minus q
+equals m over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just
+the usual ordering orders of orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual ordering orders of orderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual ordering orders of orderings
+on the integers and rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integers and rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integers and rational numbers
+that you're used to and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're used to and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're used to and that you know
+i'm just writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just writing out
+exactly how one would define this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how one would define this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how one would define this order
+and you can check just using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check just using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check just using this
+definition of these orders that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of these orders that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of these orders that these
+orders satisfy one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders satisfy one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders satisfy one and two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+a simple non-example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess you could call a it's a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you could call a it's a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you could call a it's a relation
+which satisfies two but not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies two but not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies two but not one
+is the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so
+let's take our set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take our set s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take our set s
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+concrete the power set of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete the power set of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete the power set of the natural
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+less than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than b
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+a is less than b if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is a subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i'm just defining a relation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just defining a relation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just defining a relation on the
+power set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set
+a less than b if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less than b if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less than b if
+a is a subset of b and maybe i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b and maybe i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b and maybe i shouldn't
+even use less than because this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even use less than because this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even use less than because this makes
+you think that it's automatically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that it's automatically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that it's automatically in
+order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so
+let's make it a script looking less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it a script looking less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it a script looking less
+than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um
+then this relation is not an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this relation is not an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this relation is not an order
+though it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i keep saying order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep saying order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep saying order so
+we usually refer to this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually refer to this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually refer to this um
+relation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+it's clear that it satisfies two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is a subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is a subset of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a subset of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a subset of c
+then a is a subset of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is a subset of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is a subset of c
+i e a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e a
+is less than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+just follows from the definition of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follows from the definition of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follows from the definition of what
+it means to be a subset of the other if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be a subset of the other if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be a subset of the other if
+a is a subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b
+that means every element of a is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means every element of a is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means every element of a is an
+element of b if b is an element of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of b if b is an element of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of b if b is an element of c
+that means every element of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means every element of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means every element of b
+is an element of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element of c
+and therefore every element of a is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore every element of a is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore every element of a is an
+element of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of c
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this relation satisfies the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation satisfies the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation satisfies the second
+transitive property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive property
+but it doesn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't satisfy
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always measure
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+one thing is bigger than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is bigger than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is bigger than the other
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example the set containing zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the set containing zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the set containing zero
+does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal
+the set containing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+but neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of these things hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things hold
+okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for
+something to be in order or a set to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be in order or a set to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be in order or a set to be
+an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered set
+uh it has to have this property that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to have this property that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to have this property that i
+can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always
+compare two elements of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two elements of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two elements of this set
+and for this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this relation
+which seems like it could be an order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like it could be an order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like it could be an order it
+satisfies the second property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the second property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the second property
+it does not satisfy the first property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not satisfy the first property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not satisfy the first property
+because i cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i cannot
+always compare two subsets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always compare two subsets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always compare two subsets of the
+natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers
+by saying one is a subset of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying one is a subset of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying one is a subset of the other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we just saw that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just saw that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just saw that we have two
+sets which are not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets which are not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets which are not equal
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+one is not bigger than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not bigger than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not bigger than the other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so one more uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which again i will leave for you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again i will leave for you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again i will leave for you to to
+check that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that uh
+it does satisfy conditions one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does satisfy conditions one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does satisfy conditions one and two
+just based on how it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the dictionary ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary ordering
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+cartesian product q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian product q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian product q
+um i think i wrote this down i mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think i wrote this down i mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think i wrote this down i mean you
+should know what the cartesian product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what the cartesian product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what the cartesian product
+is of two things but let me just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of two things but let me just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of two things but let me just uh
+recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that
+i have two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have two sets
+the cartesian product of a and b this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartesian product of a and b this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartesian product of a and b this is
+the set of all ordered pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of elements from those sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements from those sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements from those sets
+okay so the dictionary dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the dictionary dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the dictionary dictionary
+ordering of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of q
+is what so i need to define this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what so i need to define this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what so i need to define this uh
+relation which i claim is an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which i claim is an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which i claim is an order
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+a b is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q r
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+one of two things happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either
+a is less than q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than q
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a equals q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals q
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+b is less than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is less than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is less than r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so dictionary ordering or alphabetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dictionary ordering or alphabetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dictionary ordering or alphabetical
+ordering of q right you just check c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of q right you just check c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of q right you just check c
+which is smaller first if they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller first if they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller first if they're both
+equal then you check the next letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then you check the next letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then you check the next letter
+and see which one's smaller there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see which one's smaller there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see which one's smaller there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this relation that i've defined here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q cross q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q cross q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q cross q
+making it an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it an ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it an ordered set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what an ordered set is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what an ordered set is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what an ordered set is we'll
+get to an ordered field in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to an ordered field in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to an ordered field in just a second
+but now let's make sense or let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's make sense or let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's make sense or let me
+define what i mean by this least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what i mean by this least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what i mean by this least upper
+bound property and this is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property and this is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property and this is really what
+sets r apart from q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we'll see in a minute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute that
+both r and q are ordered fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both r and q are ordered fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both r and q are ordered fields so
+that's not what separates r from q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what separates r from q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what separates r from q the
+rational numbers but what does separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers but what does separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers but what does separate
+are from q is the second property least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from q is the second property least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from q is the second property least
+upper bound property so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property so
+you know if i said that there if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i said that there if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i said that there if i
+removed that property and just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed that property and just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed that property and just said
+there exists a unique ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a unique ordered field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a unique ordered field
+containing q that would just be q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing q that would just be q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing q that would just be q
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+we don't need to add anything to it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to add anything to it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to add anything to it but
+it's the second property this least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the second property this least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the second property this least
+upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+separates r from q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to define this i need to define what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define this i need to define what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define this i need to define what a
+least upper bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound is
+so and this is all in the setting of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is all in the setting of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is all in the setting of an
+ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set
+let s be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let e be a subset of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let e be a subset of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let e be a subset of s
+so i'm going to make a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to make a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to make a series of
+definitions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+if there exists an element of s so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists an element of s so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists an element of s so not
+the set necessarily the set i'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set necessarily the set i'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set necessarily the set i'm looking
+at the subset i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+x is less than or equal to b so here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than or equal to b so here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than or equal to b so here i
+have this order less than less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this order less than less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this order less than less than or
+equal to means just what it means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to means just what it means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to means just what it means in
+english either x is less than v or x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english either x is less than v or x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english either x is less than v or x is
+equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b
+and the same thing with bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing with bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing with bigger than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+but just keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just keep in mind that
+you know this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this order
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+or this ordered set is a general ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this ordered set is a general ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this ordered set is a general ordered
+set you know you could think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know you could think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know you could think of it as
+the dictionary ordering on on q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary ordering on on q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary ordering on on q
+across q so if there exists a b such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across q so if there exists a b such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across q so if there exists a b such
+that for all x and e x is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all x and e x is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all x and e x is less than or
+equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this element of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if i can find some element of my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i can find some element of my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i can find some element of my set
+bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in
+this set e i say e is bounded above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set e i say e is bounded above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set e i say e is bounded above and
+b is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is an upper bound
+i also have lower bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there exists a b and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a b and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a b and s
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+b is smaller than or equal to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is smaller than or equal to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is smaller than or equal to everything
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+e so b is less than or equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so b is less than or equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so b is less than or equal to x
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say e is bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e
+okay so b sits below everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so b sits below everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so b sits below everything
+in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in e
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call an element in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for e if it satisfies two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is well if it's an up least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is well if it's an up least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is well if it's an up least upper
+bound it should at least be an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it should at least be an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it should at least be an upper
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is an upper bound for b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is an upper bound for b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is an upper bound for b
+and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be
+in some sense the least of all upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the least of all upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the least of all upper
+bounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take any other upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any other upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any other upper bound
+b sub zero should sit below that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element is the least upper bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element is the least upper bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element is the least upper bound for
+set e if it's an upper bound and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e if it's an upper bound and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e if it's an upper bound and it's
+the least among all other upper bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least among all other upper bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least among all other upper bounds
+it sits below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits below
+every other upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other upper bound
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in this case we also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b naught is the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e
+and we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we write
+b naught equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soup e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this was having to deal with upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was having to deal with upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was having to deal with upper
+bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can also deal with lower bounds or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also deal with lower bounds or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also deal with lower bounds or we
+also have a definition corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a definition corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a definition corresponding to
+lower bounds for what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds for what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds for what would be the
+greatest lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call an element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an element of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an element of s
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+greatest lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if two conditions hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two conditions hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two conditions hold
+which is kind of similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of similar to the
+conditions we had for least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we had for least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we had for least upper bound
+except now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now
+for lower bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lower bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lower bounds
+be0 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for e
+and it is the greatest of all lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the greatest of all lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the greatest of all lower
+bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is less than or equal to b zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so there's some latin name attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some latin name attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some latin name attached to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+at least upper bound so there's a latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least upper bound so there's a latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least upper bound so there's a latin
+name attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name attached to
+greatest lower bound which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound which we call the
+infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum
+we also call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also call
+b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of e and we write d zero equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m e
+all right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have
+it's mildly interesting and complex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mildly interesting and complex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mildly interesting and complex uh
+definition which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which means
+we should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should look
+at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get a feel for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a feel for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a feel for it
+okay so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look
+at some simple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some simple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some simple examples
+so let's take our big ordered set to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take our big ordered set to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take our big ordered set to be
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+and let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take
+our set e to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set e to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set e to be
+one minus one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one zero
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what about this guy uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this guy uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this guy uh what is the
+supremum what is the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+really if i'm going to prove or if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if i'm going to prove or if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if i'm going to prove or if i'm
+going to make a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a statement
+something is equal to the supremum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to the supremum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to the supremum or
+something is equal to the infimum i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to the infimum i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is equal to the infimum i
+should actually give a proof of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually give a proof of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually give a proof of that
+meaning if i say something's in femum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if i say something's in femum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if i say something's in femum or
+something is a supremum then i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is a supremum then i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is a supremum then i need to
+prove that it satisfies these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it satisfies these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it satisfies these two
+conditions and these two conditions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and these two conditions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and these two conditions but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm just going over examples so i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going over examples so i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going over examples so i will
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+give a full proof of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a full proof of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a full proof of that
+this is just to get some intuition going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to get some intuition going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to get some intuition going
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first off
+what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be
+an upper bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound for e
+well three four five two is an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well three four five two is an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well three four five two is an upper
+bound because two is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because two is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because two is bigger than or
+equal to everything in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+two three four five these are all upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five these are all upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five these are all upper
+bounds for this set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for this set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for this set e
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but what is the supremum meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the supremum meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the supremum meaning the
+least upper bound well that would be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound well that would be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound well that would be two
+right if i take anything less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i take anything less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i take anything less than two
+that's not an upper bound because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an upper bound because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an upper bound because
+there's something in the set bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something in the set bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something in the set bigger than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+and if i take anything bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take anything bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take anything bigger than that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then this is going to be bigger than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be bigger than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be bigger than 2
+but 2 is still an upper bound so 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 2 is still an upper bound so 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 2 is still an upper bound so 2 is
+the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what about lower bounds well a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about lower bounds well a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about lower bounds well a lower
+bound would be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound would be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound would be minus one
+because minus one is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because minus one is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because minus one is bigger than
+is less than or equal to everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to everything in
+the set but then so would be minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set but then so would be minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set but then so would be minus two
+minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+but the smallest i mean the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the smallest i mean the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the smallest i mean the greatest
+lower bound would be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's do another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+rational numbers and let's take e to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers and let's take e to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers and let's take e to b
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+rational numbers such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bigger than or equal to
+i mean q is between zero and one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean q is between zero and one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean q is between zero and one uh
+inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive
+okay so then what are some upper bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+everything in e is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in e is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in e is less than or equal to
+one so one is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so one is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so one is also
+a perfectly good upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly good upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly good upper bound
+three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five fourths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five fourths
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+six-fifths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-fifths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-fifths
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven-sixths anything bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-sixths anything bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-sixths anything bigger than
+or equal to one is also an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to one is also an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to one is also an upper bound
+for this set and the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if i were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to draw q so or this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i know you usually draw the num this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i know you usually draw the num this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i know you usually draw the num this
+line is for the real number line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is for the real number line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is for the real number line but
+let's imagine uh it's q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so everything bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything bigger than or equal to
+one sits above everything in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sits above everything in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sits above everything in e
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+everything bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything bigger than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything bigger than or equal to one
+is an upper bound and at least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an upper bound and at least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an upper bound and at least upper
+bound is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is one
+uh what are some lower bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+everything in the set e is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the set e is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the set e is bigger than
+or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero
+uh so zero's a lower bound so is minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so zero's a lower bound so is minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so zero's a lower bound so is minus a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+minus a third minus the fourth minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fifth and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth and so on
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+anything less than or equal to zero is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than or equal to zero is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than or equal to zero is a
+lower bound nothing a bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound nothing a bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound nothing a bigger than zero
+can be a lower bound because i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a lower bound because i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a lower bound because i can
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+find some so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some so
+this is uh not a proof but this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh not a proof but this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh not a proof but this is some
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe i should have also said this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i should have also said this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i should have also said this for
+the upper bound statement but anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger than 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 0 is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+at lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because what if i take some number call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if i take some number call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if i take some number call
+it r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it r
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+r cannot be a lower bound because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cannot be a lower bound because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cannot be a lower bound because
+i can find something in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find something in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find something in e
+less than r namely r over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore
+and we'll do we're going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do we're going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do we're going to do some
+proofs where we actually have to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs where we actually have to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs where we actually have to get our
+hands dirty and prove something is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands dirty and prove something is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands dirty and prove something is in
+fema more the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fema more the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fema more the supremum
+so you'll see how that works but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see how that works but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see how that works but for now
+let's just go off of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go off of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go off of uh
+intuition the infimum of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the infimum of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the infimum of this set
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now both of
+these examples so far have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples so far have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples so far have
+uh this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this property that
+both the soup and the inf belong to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the soup and the inf belong to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the soup and the inf belong to the
+set e that i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e that i'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e that i'm looking at
+but this is not necessarily always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not necessarily always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not necessarily always the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i could change this slightly so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could change this slightly so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could change this slightly so our
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+the ordered set we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordered set we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordered set we're looking at
+looking in is still q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in is still q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in is still q
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the subset e is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q is bigger than zero and less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is bigger than zero and less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is bigger than zero and less than one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+super v is still going to be 1. but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super v is still going to be 1. but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super v is still going to be 1. but this
+is not an element of this set e it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an element of this set e it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an element of this set e it's of
+course an element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this universe we're in but it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universe we're in but it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universe we're in but it's not an
+element of the set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and likewise the infimum is still zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the infimum is still zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the infimum is still zero
+but it's not an element of e okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not an element of e okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not an element of e okay
+so there are situations where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are situations where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are situations where you have a
+set a subset of an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a subset of an ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a subset of an ordered set
+uh which has an infimum and supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which has an infimum and supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which has an infimum and supremum
+which do not exist in this smaller set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do not exist in this smaller set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do not exist in this smaller set
+you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at
+whether or not the supremum or infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the supremum or infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the supremum or infimum
+exists in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in the
+universe that you're looking at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that you're looking at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that you're looking at in the
+bigger set is an entirely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger set is an entirely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger set is an entirely different
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's uh
+that's the next issue we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next issue we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next issue we're going to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+reiterate what we saw a minute ago so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate what we saw a minute ago so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate what we saw a minute ago so
+we can be in some ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be in some ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be in some ordered set
+z or q and the set the smaller set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z or q and the set the smaller set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z or q and the set the smaller set which
+we're taking the infant soup in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the infant soup in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the infant soup in
+it could belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could belong to
+the smaller set for example in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller set for example in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller set for example in this case
+1 and 0 were in the set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 were in the set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 were in the set e
+uh or not you know there is this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or not you know there is this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or not you know there is this case
+where neither of them were in e and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where neither of them were in e and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where neither of them were in e and of
+course if i put less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if i put less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if i put less than or equal to
+here then i would have the m in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then i would have the m in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then i would have the m in e
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the soup not in e and then vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the soup not in e and then vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the soup not in e and then vice versa
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ifs and soups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifs and soups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifs and soups of
+these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sets
+don't necessarily need to belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need to belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need to belong to
+that set you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set you're looking at
+but they at least existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they at least existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they at least existed
+in the big set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the big set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the big set
+queue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ordered sets so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered sets so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered sets so this
+ordered set that has this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set that has this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set that has this property that
+the imp and soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imp and soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imp and soup
+of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounded
+above and below sets exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and below sets exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and below sets exist
+in the bigger set always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bigger set always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bigger set always
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what we call an ordered set with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an ordered set with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an ordered set with the
+least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset of s which is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supremum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum and
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh a set has the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set has the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set has the least upper bound
+property if every non-empty bounded set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if every non-empty bounded set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if every non-empty bounded set
+has a supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a supremum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know we could come up with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could come up with simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could come up with simple
+examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+sets that do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that do have
+um the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the least upper bound
+property for example let's take s to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean this is kind of the simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is kind of the simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is kind of the simplest one
+s with a single element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with a single element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with a single element
+okay let's say zero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say zero um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say zero um
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+there's no order to put on it i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no order to put on it i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no order to put on it i mean
+every element in here is equal to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in here is equal to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in here is equal to itself
+and therefore every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore every
+non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+subset of s is just the whole set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of s is just the whole set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of s is just the whole set and
+the supremum would then be that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum would then be that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum would then be that one
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is kind of the silliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the silliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the silliest
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one you could do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean you could have two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you could have two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you could have two elements
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+if e is a subset of s e is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a subset of s e is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a subset of s e is uh
+one of four guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of four guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of four guys
+uh if e is a non-empty uh subset of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if e is a non-empty uh subset of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if e is a non-empty uh subset of s
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+order is one zero is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is one zero is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is one zero is less than one
+if e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is equal to
+zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals zero
+if e is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soup e equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup e equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup e equals one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if e is equal to zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is equal to zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is equal to zero one
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+su e sub e equals 1. so this is in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su e sub e equals 1. so this is in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su e sub e equals 1. so this is in s
+this is an s this is an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an s this is an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an s this is an s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so every subset of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every subset of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every subset of s
+which is not empty has a supremum in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not empty has a supremum in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not empty has a supremum in s
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you know these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are not
+the most uh interesting examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh interesting examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh interesting examples of
+sets with this least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets with this least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets with this least upper bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+maybe a more interesting one would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a more interesting one would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a more interesting one would be if
+i take s to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+put dots here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put dots here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put dots here
+minus 3 minus 2 minus 1. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 minus 2 minus 1. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 minus 2 minus 1. so
+let me just write it this way minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write it this way minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write it this way minus 1
+minus 2 minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus 3
+minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the usual ordering coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual ordering coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual ordering coming from the
+integers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers so
+minus 2 is less than -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 is less than -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 is less than -1
+minus 3 is less than minus 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 is less than minus 2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 is less than minus 2 and so on
+i claim this set does have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim this set does have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim this set does have the
+least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound property
+why because if e is a subset of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because if e is a subset of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because if e is a subset of s
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these
+you know this was always uh bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this was always uh bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this was always uh bounded
+above because there's only two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above because there's only two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above because there's only two elements
+and you can choose the biggest one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can choose the biggest one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can choose the biggest one one
+every subset of s is also bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every subset of s is also bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every subset of s is also bounded above
+by minus one so every subset of s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus one so every subset of s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus one so every subset of s is
+automatically bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically bounded above
+so i just need to check that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just need to check that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just need to check that every
+non-empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty set
+has a supremum in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a supremum in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a supremum in s
+if e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e
+is a subset of s and is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of s and is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of s and is non-empty
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+let me look at the set minus e i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look at the set minus e i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look at the set minus e i'm just
+this is a label this is not meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a label this is not meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a label this is not meant to
+mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything
+uh always i'm just this is a label which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh always i'm just this is a label which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh always i'm just this is a label which
+is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of elements minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements minus x
+i take all my elements in e which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take all my elements in e which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take all my elements in e which is a
+subset of the negative integers i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the negative integers i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the negative integers i take
+their minuses this is now a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minuses this is now a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minuses this is now a subset of
+natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers
+and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the natural numbers
+there exists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists um
+an element in minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+it sits below everything in minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+x is less than or equal to minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll let you think about this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll let you think about this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll let you think about this just
+for a sec for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sec for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sec for a minute
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+m is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember m is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember m is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember m is in
+minus e therefore minus m is in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e therefore minus m is in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e therefore minus m is in e
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and m less than or equal to minus x for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m less than or equal to minus x for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m less than or equal to minus x for
+all x and e implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and capital e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and capital e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and capital e
+x is less than or equal to minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than or equal to minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than or equal to minus m
+and therefore i found an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore i found an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore i found an element
+actually in the set capital e that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the set capital e that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the set capital e that's
+bigger than or equal to everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to everything in
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+um you can convince yourself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can convince yourself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can convince yourself or
+write down a formal proof if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a formal proof if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a formal proof if you like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this implies that
+um minus m is therefore the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so kind of using this uh trickery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so kind of using this uh trickery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so kind of using this uh trickery of
+going from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one
+set that's bounded above to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of a subset of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a subset of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a subset of the natural numbers
+you can also show for example z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+least upper bound property which i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound property which i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound property which i'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+now shorten because those it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now shorten because those it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now shorten because those it's a lot of
+things to write l-u-b-p least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to write l-u-b-p least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to write l-u-b-p least upper
+bound property all right the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property all right the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property all right the integers
+also have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this property
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but the integers are not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the integers are not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the integers are not all that
+interesting again because i cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting again because i cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting again because i cannot
+divide by an integer and stay in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by an integer and stay in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by an integer and stay in the set
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+for what we want to do we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we want to do we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we want to do we want to be
+able to add multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add multiply
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+subtract and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and divide
+and we can't do that in the integers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't do that in the integers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't do that in the integers we
+can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that
+in the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q does not have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q does not have this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q does not have this property
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um and we're going to prove this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're going to prove in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove in a couple of
+theorems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems here
+but let me just put this out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q does not have the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q does not have the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q does not have the least upper bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and where does this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this comes from the simple fact which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from the simple fact which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from the simple fact which
+you know if you believe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't want to call it greek mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to call it greek mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to call it greek mythology
+but maybe it's greek mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's greek mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's greek mythology
+strictly speaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking that
+some young guy discovered that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some young guy discovered that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some young guy discovered that the
+square root of two is not a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two is not a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two is not a rational
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and then he got thrown off a cliff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he got thrown off a cliff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he got thrown off a cliff um
+that's who we have to thank for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's who we have to thank for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's who we have to thank for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+showing us that q is not perfect that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us that q is not perfect that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing us that q is not perfect that it
+does have this algebraic property which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have this algebraic property which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have this algebraic property which
+i just referenced the fact that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just referenced the fact that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just referenced the fact that you can
+add subtract multiply and divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add subtract multiply and divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add subtract multiply and divide and
+stay within the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay within the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay within the set
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not have
+square roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of
+prime numbers but square root of 2 in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime numbers but square root of 2 in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime numbers but square root of 2 in it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this then manifests itself in this least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then manifests itself in this least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then manifests itself in this least
+upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+giving an example of a set which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an example of a set which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an example of a set which is
+bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded above
+which does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not have
+a supremum in the set q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supremum in the set q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supremum in the set q
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if e is the set of rational numbers so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is the set of rational numbers so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is the set of rational numbers so i
+have not stated a theorem yet but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not stated a theorem yet but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not stated a theorem yet but i'm
+just telling you what we're about to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling you what we're about to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling you what we're about to do
+if e is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a
+this subset of rational numbers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset of rational numbers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset of rational numbers where
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+q squared is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soup e does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup e does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup e does not exist
+in irrational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in irrational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in irrational numbers
+okay so therefore we would have found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore we would have found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore we would have found a
+set which is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is bounded above
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+does not have a supremum in the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a supremum in the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a supremum in the rational
+numbers and therefore the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and therefore the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and therefore the rational
+numbers do not have the least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do not have the least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do not have the least upper
+bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to do
+and i'll prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state a couple of theorems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a couple of theorems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a couple of theorems that
+spell all this out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell all this out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell all this out so
+first i'm going to prove a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to prove a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to prove a theorem
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the supremum of such a set would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the supremum of such a set would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the supremum of such a set would
+have to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to satisfy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is in q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in q
+so this is a statement of a theorem if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a statement of a theorem if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a statement of a theorem if x
+is in q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in q
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if x equals the supremum of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x is bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is bigger than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is bigger than or equal to one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x squared equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared equals two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're just saying i mean i'm not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just saying i mean i'm not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just saying i mean i'm not you
+know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't
+try to take this as uh necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take this as uh necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take this as uh necessarily
+contradicting what i wrote there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradicting what i wrote there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradicting what i wrote there
+because that was not a statement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was not a statement of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was not a statement of a
+theorem yet i'm stating this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem yet i'm stating this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem yet i'm stating this theorem
+that if i have such a supremum and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have such a supremum and q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have such a supremum and q
+of this set then it would have to square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set then it would have to square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set then it would have to square
+and give me two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+not saying such a element exists i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying such a element exists i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying such a element exists i'm
+just saying if there is any element of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying if there is any element of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying if there is any element of q
+that is the supremum of this set then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the supremum of this set then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the supremum of this set then it
+has to be bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be bigger than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be bigger than or equal to one
+and it squares two so let's let's give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it squares two so let's let's give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it squares two so let's let's give a
+proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this
+and because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because um
+i don't want to keep writing this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to keep writing this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to keep writing this set
+again so i'm going to use the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so i'm going to use the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so i'm going to use the notation
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+use in the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the comments
+let e be the set that i'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have
+an element of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the supremum of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off what would be one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off what would be one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off what would be one element
+of e what's one rational number whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e what's one rational number whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e what's one rational number whose
+square is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is less than two
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+one is in e square is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in e square is less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in e square is less than two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is
+the supremum of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning it's an upper bound for e it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's an upper bound for e it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's an upper bound for e it
+must be bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bigger than or equal to
+everything in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in particular for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that implies x is bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies x is bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies x is bigger than or equal
+to 1. so that's the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1. so that's the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1. so that's the first part of the
+theorem we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to prove um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to prove um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to prove um
+two inequalities okay to show that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inequalities okay to show that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inequalities okay to show that x
+squared is is actually equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is is actually equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is is actually equal to two
+we're going to prove so this is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove so this is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove so this is a common
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know trick and analysis uh that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trick and analysis uh that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trick and analysis uh that if i
+have two things that i would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things that i would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things that i would like to
+show equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show equal to each other
+sometimes a way to show that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a way to show that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a way to show that is by
+showing one is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing one is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing one is less than or equal to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and this is less than or equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to that
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+one side is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side is less than or equal to the
+other side and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and vice versa
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and which immediately implies they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which immediately implies they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which immediately implies they must
+equal each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal each other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we're going to do and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do and we're
+going to now prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now prove that
+x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared is
+bigger than or equal to 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we'll then prove that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll then prove that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll then prove that x
+squared is less than or equal to 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is less than or equal to 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is less than or equal to 2.
+and therefore x squared equals 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore x squared equals 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore x squared equals 2.
+so to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do this
+we'll do this by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+everything else we've done so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we've done so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we've done so far is
+still true but now we want to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true but now we want to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true but now we want to prove this
+statement so we're going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so we're going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so we're going to assume that
+this statement is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to define
+a certain rational number h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain rational number h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain rational number h
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a smaller of two rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a smaller of two rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a smaller of two rational numbers
+it's going to be the smaller of one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the smaller of one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the smaller of one-half
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+two minus x squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus x squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus x squared over
+two over two x plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over two x plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over two x plus one
+and let me just reiterate this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just reiterate this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just reiterate this is less
+than one because it's the smaller of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one because it's the smaller of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one because it's the smaller of one
+half and this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and this number
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now when you write a proof as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you write a proof as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you write a proof as you'll see
+it's going to be magic that somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be magic that somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be magic that somehow this
+h does something magical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h does something magical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h does something magical um
+that's not exactly how you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not exactly how you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not exactly how you come up with
+proofs what how it comes up you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs what how it comes up you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs what how it comes up you know is
+you take an inequality that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an inequality that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an inequality that you want to
+mess with you fiddle around with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with you fiddle around with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with you fiddle around with it and
+you see that if h is given by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if h is given by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if h is given by something
+then it breaks the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it breaks the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it breaks the inequality
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+or it satisfies the inequality which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it satisfies the inequality which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it satisfies the inequality which
+whichever one you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay since x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since x squared is
+less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is positive
+right it's the minimum of a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the minimum of a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the minimum of a half
+and this number so if it's a half it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number so if it's a half it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number so if it's a half it's
+positive if it's this one then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if it's this one then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if it's this one then it's
+still positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i'm going to prove now is that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to prove now is that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to prove now is that x
+plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an e its square is less than two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an e its square is less than two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an e its square is less than two okay
+this will give us our contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will give us our contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will give us our contradiction
+because x is supposed to be an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x is supposed to be an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x is supposed to be an upper
+bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for e
+and therefore x is supposed to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore x is supposed to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore x is supposed to be bigger
+than or equal to x plus h but this is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to x plus h but this is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to x plus h but this is x
+plus a positive number x plus a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a positive number x plus a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a positive number x plus a positive
+number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+bigger than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how do we do this well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do this well we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do this well we have to
+compute the square of this and show it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the square of this and show it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the square of this and show it's
+less than two and that's kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two and that's kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two and that's kind of where
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+choice of h comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute
+that x plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x plus h
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+this is x squared plus 2xh plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x squared plus 2xh plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x squared plus 2xh plus h
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+x squared plus two x h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared plus two x h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared plus two x h
+plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h
+why because h times h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because h times h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because h times h
+is less than h since h is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is kind of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of why
+uh we chose h to be less than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we chose h to be less than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we chose h to be less than one so
+that i can get rid of this square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can get rid of this square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can get rid of this square and
+somehow just have a single h floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow just have a single h floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow just have a single h floating
+around which i can then use to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which i can then use to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which i can then use to show
+uh x plus h is in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x plus h is in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x plus h is in e
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so when i write the string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i write the string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i write the string of
+inequalities this thing is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities this thing is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities this thing is supposed to
+be equal to the next thing this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the next thing this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the next thing this is not
+saying x plus h squared is equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying x plus h squared is equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying x plus h squared is equal to what
+i'm about to write now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about to write now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about to write now
+um so this is equal to x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is equal to x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is equal to x squared
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+2x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x plus 1
+times h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h
+now h is the minimum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now h is the minimum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now h is the minimum of these two
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+h is going to be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is going to be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is going to be smaller than
+or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is 2 minus x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 2 minus x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 2 minus x squared
+over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have what i had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have what i had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have what i had before
+and then times two minus x squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times two minus x squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times two minus x squared over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two x plus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay so now some magic is happening this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now some magic is happening this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now some magic is happening this
+cancels with that and i have 2 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels with that and i have 2 minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels with that and i have 2 minus x
+squared over 2 which is less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 which is less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 which is less than 2
+minus x squared so less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x squared so less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x squared so less than
+x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+2 minus x squared because i took a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus x squared because i took a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus x squared because i took a half
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so summarizing we started off with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so summarizing we started off with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so summarizing we started off with x
+plus h squared and we showed it was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h squared and we showed it was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h squared and we showed it was less
+than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x plus h is an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i have
+an element of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see where are we on space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where are we on space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where are we on space
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i have an element of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have an element of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have an element of e
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+bigger than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than x
+so that implies that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that x
+is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the supremum of the set okay remember by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum of the set okay remember by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum of the set okay remember by
+definition something is the supremum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition something is the supremum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition something is the supremum if
+it's an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an upper bound
+for the set okay something's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the set okay something's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the set okay something's not an
+upper bound if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound if
+uh you can find something in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can find something in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can find something in the set
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than b not and this is also a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b not and this is also a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b not and this is also a good
+exercise to do when you come up when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to do when you come up when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to do when you come up when you
+come across a new definition is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across a new definition is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across a new definition is to try
+and negate it to understand it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negate it to understand it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negate it to understand it a little
+bit better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better so
+let me write here next to b is an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write here next to b is an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write here next to b is an upper
+bound for e let me write what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me write this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d naught is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d naught is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d naught is not
+so what's the negation of being an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the negation of being an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the negation of being an upper
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so not an upper bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not an upper bound for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not an upper bound for e
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+there exists an x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an x and e
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is bigger than
+b naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b naught
+okay so we have found an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have found an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have found an element
+so going back to our proof we have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to our proof we have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to our proof we have found
+an element of our set e which is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of our set e which is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of our set e which is bigger
+than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x
+which means that x is not the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that x is not the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that x is not the supremum
+of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e
+which is a contradiction to our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a contradiction to our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a contradiction to our initial
+to our assumption this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our assumption this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our assumption this is
+these are assumptions for the theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are assumptions for the theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are assumptions for the theorem so
+we're always assuming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always assuming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always assuming this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+our assumption that x squared bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our assumption that x squared bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our assumption that x squared bigger
+than or equal to 2 i mean less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 2 i mean less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 2 i mean less than 2
+which is different from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is different from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is different from our
+assumptions of the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of the theorem
+is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we want to prove that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to prove that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to prove that x
+squared equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals two
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now show x squared equals 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since x squared so this is not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x squared so this is not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x squared so this is not exactly
+the proof just i'm going to rewrite it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof just i'm going to rewrite it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof just i'm going to rewrite it a
+little differently so it's maybe clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of showing also x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of showing also x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of showing also x squared is
+less than or equal to 2 which we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 2 which we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 2 which we know
+the less than cannot happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less than cannot happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less than cannot happen
+let's just show that x squared cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just show that x squared cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just show that x squared cannot be
+bigger than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since x squared is bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x squared is bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x squared is bigger than or equal
+to 2 this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 this means
+either x squared equals 2 which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either x squared equals 2 which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either x squared equals 2 which we want
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show
+or x squared is bigger than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's rule out this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now show that the case x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now show that the case x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now show that the case x squared
+bigger than 2 cannot hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 2 cannot hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 2 cannot hold
+so suppose otherwise we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose otherwise we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose otherwise we're going to do
+this this is going to be a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is going to be a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is going to be a proof by
+contradiction as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction as well
+i guess when i say x squared bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess when i say x squared bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess when i say x squared bigger than
+2 cannot hold i'm also saying x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cannot hold i'm also saying x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cannot hold i'm also saying x squared
+must be less than or equal to 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be less than or equal to 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be less than or equal to 2.
+but anyways so let's show this cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways so let's show this cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways so let's show this cannot
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+so we're going to do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do this by
+contradiction as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're trying to show this cannot hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're trying to show this cannot hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're trying to show this cannot hold
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+assume that it does hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+the negation of what we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of what we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of what we want to show
+which is this statement that x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this statement that x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this statement that x squared
+greater than 2 does not hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 2 does not hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 2 does not hold
+so assume x squared is bigger than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+an upper bound for the set e which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound for the set e which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound for the set e which is
+strictly smaller than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have to do that next time because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do that next time because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do that next time because i
+think i'm about to run out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i'm about to run out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i'm about to run out of time
+so okay so i hate to to stop the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so i hate to to stop the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so i hate to to stop the proof
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we'll finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll finish this
+in the next lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nvxvcbaoayM.txt b/nvxvcbaoayM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d7ad1a5e66765e477dca7424b5934bbf7b5a21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nvxvcbaoayM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so fluorescence you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so fluorescence you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so fluorescence you know I
+know you hear this from me a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you hear this from me a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you hear this from me a lot but
+this really is my favorite topic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is my favorite topic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is my favorite topic the
+applications of luminescence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of luminescence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of luminescence and
+fluorescence and service to biology are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and service to biology are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and service to biology are
+incredibly important so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important so what I'm going
+to try to do in these two lectures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do in these two lectures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do in these two lectures is
+explain to you the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you the difference between
+fluorophores that we can encode into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores that we can encode into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores that we can encode into
+proteins through genetic engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins through genetic engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins through genetic engineering and
+fluorophores that we use that are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores that we use that are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores that we use that are made
+by chemists in a lab but then appended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chemists in a lab but then appended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chemists in a lab but then appended
+to molecules so today we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molecules so today we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molecules so today we'll talk about
+the nuts and bolts of fluorescence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts of fluorescence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts of fluorescence and
+then on Wednesday we'll start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Wednesday we'll start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Wednesday we'll start to see
+some of these tools that you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these tools that you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these tools that you've seen
+images of U of we love to wow you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of U of we love to wow you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of U of we love to wow you with
+images of fluorescent cells and cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of fluorescent cells and cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of fluorescent cells and cells in
+action but I want to step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action but I want to step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action but I want to step back and
+actually show you how that all came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you how that all came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you how that all came
+about where do these fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where do these fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where do these fluorescent
+proteins come from what are we looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins come from what are we looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins come from what are we looking
+for how much protein engineering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much protein engineering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much protein engineering was
+done to make these such an amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to make these such an amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to make these such an amazingly
+useful set of molecules macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful set of molecules macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful set of molecules macromolecules
+to really allow us in real time to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really allow us in real time to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really allow us in real time to study
+biology and there are many many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and there are many many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and there are many many other
+applications as well so we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications as well so we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications as well so we're gonna talk
+about luminescence and fluorescence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about luminescence and fluorescence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about luminescence and fluorescence in
+general luminescence is the general term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and fluorescence is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fluorescence is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fluorescence is a little bit more
+specific there are different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific there are different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific there are different types of
+luminescence and you'll get to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence and you'll get to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence and you'll get to see some
+of those varieties of luminescence I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those varieties of luminescence I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those varieties of luminescence I've
+put a decent amount of our content today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a decent amount of our content today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a decent amount of our content today
+on the screen so we'll go up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen so we'll go up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen so we'll go up here and
+take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look
+so luminescence in general is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so luminescence in general is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so luminescence in general is the
+emission of light not associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of light not associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of light not associated with
+heat not like a burning flame which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat not like a burning flame which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat not like a burning flame which has
+a lot of light accompanying it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of light accompanying it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of light accompanying it but
+rather the emission of light in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the emission of light in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the emission of light in the
+absence of heat and there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of heat and there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of heat and there are different
+types of luminescence the biologists use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of luminescence the biologists use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of luminescence the biologists use
+intertwined into biological experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwined into biological experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwined into biological experiments
+to illuminate life to understand details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illuminate life to understand details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illuminate life to understand details
+of cellular activity but also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cellular activity but also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cellular activity but also as
+reagents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents in
+diagnostics in all kinds of imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics in all kinds of imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics in all kinds of imaging
+modalities and through these two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities and through these two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities and through these two three
+lectures actually because professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures actually because professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures actually because professor
+Martin will give you one that has even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin will give you one that has even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin will give you one that has even
+more imaging in it you'll sort of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more imaging in it you'll sort of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more imaging in it you'll sort of really
+get to understand where these pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to understand where these pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to understand where these pretty
+magical reagents come from so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical reagents come from so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical reagents come from so the two
+types of luminescence that we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of luminescence that we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of luminescence that we won't
+discuss in detail today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in detail today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in detail today
+first of all chemiluminescence this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all chemiluminescence this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all chemiluminescence this is a
+molecule known as luminol sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule known as luminol sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule known as luminol sitting in a
+little vial ie I think I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vial ie I think I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vial ie I think I like
+fluorescence so much because the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so much because the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so much because the images
+are so captivating now things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so captivating now things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so captivating now things like
+luminol has anyone heard of Neal in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminol has anyone heard of Neal in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminol has anyone heard of Neal in all
+before does anyone what yeah do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before does anyone what yeah do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before does anyone what yeah do you
+watch a lot of CSI or yeah so tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a lot of CSI or yeah so tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a lot of CSI or yeah so tell
+everybody what what people use luminol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what what people use luminol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what what people use luminol
+for yeah so when you see these TV shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah so when you see these TV shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah so when you see these TV shows
+and you know there's this beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's this beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's this beautifully
+clean motel room and nothing looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean motel room and nothing looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean motel room and nothing looks like
+it ever happened there and there was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ever happened there and there was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ever happened there and there was you
+know but people thought there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but people thought there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but people thought there was a
+murder took place there you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder took place there you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder took place there you'll notice
+they come in with these spray bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in with these spray bottles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in with these spray bottles
+and spray all over the carpets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spray all over the carpets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spray all over the carpets and the
+drapes and the chairs and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drapes and the chairs and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drapes and the chairs and then there's
+this great moment where they turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great moment where they turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great moment where they turn off
+the light and luminol interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and luminol interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and luminol interacts with the
+heme of blood at an amazingly sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heme of blood at an amazingly sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heme of blood at an amazingly sensitive
+level such that in when the lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level such that in when the lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level such that in when the lights are
+turned out the rooms just sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out the rooms just sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out the rooms just sort of this
+you know battlefield of bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know battlefield of bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know battlefield of bright
+luminescence that indicates that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence that indicates that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence that indicates that this
+was a crime scene so that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a crime scene so that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a crime scene so that's the most
+famous luminol sort of a example so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous luminol sort of a example so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous luminol sort of a example so that
+is what would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what would be called
+chemiluminescence the interaction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemiluminescence the interaction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemiluminescence the interaction of a
+chemical with another chemical to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical with another chemical to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical with another chemical to give
+luminescence another pretty useful type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence another pretty useful type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence another pretty useful type
+of luminescence is bioluminescence I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luminescence is bioluminescence I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luminescence is bioluminescence I've
+done a lot of scuba diving in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of scuba diving in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of scuba diving in my life
+and there's nothing more exciting than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing more exciting than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing more exciting than a
+dive at night where the whole ocean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive at night where the whole ocean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive at night where the whole ocean is
+this sort of inky black and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of inky black and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of inky black and sometimes
+you'll move your arms through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll move your arms through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll move your arms through the the
+black water at night and you'll see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black water at night and you'll see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black water at night and you'll see all
+this is like little fireworks and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like little fireworks and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like little fireworks and many
+many organisms marine organisms actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many organisms marine organisms actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many organisms marine organisms actually
+undergo bioluminescence it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo bioluminescence it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo bioluminescence it's a
+biological reaction that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological reaction that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological reaction that causes
+luminescence and this is a cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence and this is a cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescence and this is a cattle
+first shown here in this image in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shown here in this image in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shown here in this image in the
+corner where they are brightly lit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner where they are brightly lit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner where they are brightly lit at
+night and actually it's just a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and actually it's just a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and actually it's just a whole
+party there at night in the ocean where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party there at night in the ocean where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party there at night in the ocean where
+all sorts of organisms are signaling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of organisms are signaling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of organisms are signaling to
+other organisms through bioluminescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms through bioluminescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms through bioluminescence
+and reactions such as luciferase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reactions such as luciferase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reactions such as luciferase
+reactions so in bioluminescence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so in bioluminescence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so in bioluminescence a
+molecule of ATP is generally used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of ATP is generally used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of ATP is generally used and
+combined with another molecule through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with another molecule through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with another molecule through
+the action of an enzyme that ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of an enzyme that ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of an enzyme that ends up
+kicking out light energy so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking out light energy so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking out light energy so those are
+both important but what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both important but what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both important but what we're going to
+talk about principally is fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about principally is fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about principally is fluorescence
+this is a more specific term and you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more specific term and you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more specific term and you may
+wonder why I'm putting this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why I'm putting this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why I'm putting this in in
+capital letters the first thing to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital letters the first thing to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital letters the first thing to learn
+about fluorescence is how to spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fluorescence is how to spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fluorescence is how to spell
+fluorescence so if you look at the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so if you look at the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so if you look at the word
+fluorescence and the first word first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and the first word first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and the first word first
+part of the word looks like flower you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the word looks like flower you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the word looks like flower you
+know the stuff you bake your pumpkin pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stuff you bake your pumpkin pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stuff you bake your pumpkin pie
+with you spelled it wrong it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you spelled it wrong it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you spelled it wrong it actually is
+Flor ALU ores what are you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flor ALU ores what are you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flor ALU ores what are you guys
+whispering about did I get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whispering about did I get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whispering about did I get something
+else wrong yes yeah well forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else wrong yes yeah well forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else wrong yes yeah well forget about
+that part yes there's another C in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part yes there's another C in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part yes there's another C in there
+there we go its snuggle that in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go its snuggle that in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go its snuggle that in so the
+important part is the first part so make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part is the first part so make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part is the first part so make
+it look like you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like you know what you're
+talking about and spelled fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and spelled fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and spelled fluorescence
+correctly I cannot tell you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I cannot tell you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I cannot tell you how many
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+scientific papers I read where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific papers I read where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific papers I read where they
+spelled fluorescence wrong it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled fluorescence wrong it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled fluorescence wrong it's really
+hysterical it's one of those there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysterical it's one of those there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysterical it's one of those there's two
+or three amazingly common typos in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three amazingly common typos in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three amazingly common typos in
+people slides one of them is spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people slides one of them is spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people slides one of them is spelling
+fluorescence wrong and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence wrong and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence wrong and the other one is
+spelling com compliment wrong compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling com compliment wrong compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling com compliment wrong compliment
+as opposed to compliment where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to compliment where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to compliment where you're
+telling someone they look good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling someone they look good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling someone they look good and
+compliment where you're trying to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment where you're trying to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment where you're trying to sort
+of match up things anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of match up things anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of match up things anyway
+but fluorescence is at key point so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fluorescence is at key point so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fluorescence is at key point so what
+is fluorescence it's the absorption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fluorescence it's the absorption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fluorescence it's the absorption of
+light energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a molecule now it could be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a molecule now it could be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a molecule now it could be a small
+organic molecule it could be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic molecule it could be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic molecule it could be a small
+part of a fluorescent protein molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a fluorescent protein molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a fluorescent protein molecule
+that has a particular structure but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a particular structure but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a particular structure but it
+will absorb light energy at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will absorb light energy at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will absorb light energy at a certain
+wavelength so let's put this into just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so let's put this into just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so let's put this into just
+the cuvette experiments this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuvette experiments this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cuvette experiments this is these
+are the kinds of little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of little little
+containers that we use for certain types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers that we use for certain types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers that we use for certain types
+of fluorescence we could use a plate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fluorescence we could use a plate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fluorescence we could use a plate in
+a plate reader but this is quite common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plate reader but this is quite common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plate reader but this is quite common
+so you shine light on this molecule see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you shine light on this molecule see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you shine light on this molecule see
+from an app the doors the outer doors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an app the doors the outer doors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an app the doors the outer doors on
+both sides I don't know everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides I don't know everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides I don't know everybody's
+pretty happy today anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happy today anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty happy today anyway
+and the molecule goes and I'm gonna just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the molecule goes and I'm gonna just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the molecule goes and I'm gonna just
+draw something you know with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something you know with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something you know with a bunch of
+double bonds and things and the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and things and the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and things and the bottom
+the molecule absorbs light and goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule absorbs light and goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule absorbs light and goes to
+an excited state so this is the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excited state so this is the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excited state so this is the ground
+state before light after light you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state before light after light you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state before light after light you get
+the molecule in an excited state so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule in an excited state so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule in an excited state so it
+has absorbed that light energy so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has absorbed that light energy so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has absorbed that light energy so you've
+hit it with a wavelength of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it with a wavelength of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it with a wavelength of light and
+I'm gonna redefine all these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna redefine all these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna redefine all these terms
+properly in a moment lambda excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly in a moment lambda excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly in a moment lambda excitation
+of a particular wavelength once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular wavelength once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular wavelength once that
+molecule has absorbed light there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has absorbed light there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has absorbed light there's a
+very transient period until the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very transient period until the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very transient period until the molecule
+lets out energy in the form of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and returns back to its ground state now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that the photo physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the photo physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the photo physics of
+fluorescence involves the excitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence involves the excitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence involves the excitation of
+a molecule with light of one energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule with light of one energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule with light of one energy that
+light energy is at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light energy is at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light energy is at a particular
+wavelength so it's called its lamda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so it's called its lamda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so it's called its lamda of
+excitation that molecule very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that molecule very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that molecule very very
+transiently it's usually picoseconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently it's usually picoseconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently it's usually picoseconds or
+nanoseconds for organic molecules who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds for organic molecules who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds for organic molecules who
+maybe a little bit longer for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit longer for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit longer for other
+types of complexes and may stretch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of complexes and may stretch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of complexes and may stretch to
+the microsecond or millisecond but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microsecond or millisecond but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microsecond or millisecond but most
+of what we talk about will be Pico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we talk about will be Pico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we talk about will be Pico
+second to nano second lifetime and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to nano second lifetime and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to nano second lifetime and once
+it's excited it just drops its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excited it just drops its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excited it just drops its energy
+back out and goes back to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out and goes back to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out and goes back to the ground
+state and the most important thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the most important thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the most important thing that
+you want to remember is the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is given in nanometers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given in nanometers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given in nanometers and the
+wavelength for emission which is also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for emission which is also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for emission which is also in
+nanometers this wavelength is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers this wavelength is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers this wavelength is higher
+energy obviously you don't create energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy obviously you don't create energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy obviously you don't create energy
+when you shine light on something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shine light on something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shine light on something it's
+not gonna you'd be breaking a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna you'd be breaking a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna you'd be breaking a few
+fundamental rules if you did so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental rules if you did so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental rules if you did so the
+light that comes back out is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that comes back out is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that comes back out is lower
+energy because there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because there's been a
+rearrangements in the excited state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangements in the excited state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangements in the excited state of
+the molecule so you can't possibly kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule so you can't possibly kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule so you can't possibly kick
+energy out at a higher energy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out at a higher energy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out at a higher energy and so
+this is a shorter wavelength the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shorter wavelength the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shorter wavelength the
+animators and this is at a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animators and this is at a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animators and this is at a longer
+wavelength okay so remember higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay so remember higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay so remember higher
+energy a shorter wavelengths lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a shorter wavelengths lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a shorter wavelengths lower
+energy or longer wavelengths and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or longer wavelengths and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or longer wavelengths and that is
+a rule for fluorescence when you excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule for fluorescence when you excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule for fluorescence when you excite
+a molecule you'll take it to the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule you'll take it to the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule you'll take it to the excited
+state it'll sit and vibrate there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it'll sit and vibrate there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it'll sit and vibrate there a
+little bit then it will kick back energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit then it will kick back energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit then it will kick back energy
+out at a longer wavelength and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at a longer wavelength and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at a longer wavelength and from the
+majority of the fluorescence experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the fluorescence experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the fluorescence experiments
+that we do in biology the wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in biology the wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in biology the wavelengths
+you see emission at or in the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see emission at or in the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see emission at or in the visible
+range whereas the wavelengths that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range whereas the wavelengths that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range whereas the wavelengths that you
+might excite your molecule at are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might excite your molecule at are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might excite your molecule at are often
+in the UV or a bit longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV or a bit longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV or a bit longer
+ideally longer and this these themes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally longer and this these themes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally longer and this these themes are
+going to come up this isn't the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up this isn't the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up this isn't the first
+time that you're gonna see them and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you're gonna see them and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you're gonna see them and it's
+not it's not the last time you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not the last time you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not the last time you're gonna
+see them so let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them so let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them so let's take a look
+fluorescent dyes and the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dyes and the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dyes and the electromagnetic
+spectrum in the next couple of slides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum in the next couple of slides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum in the next couple of slides so
+what you see here okay you see a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here okay you see a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here okay you see a bunch
+of little Eppendorf vials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little Eppendorf vials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little Eppendorf vials with
+fluorescent molecules that emit light at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent molecules that emit light at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent molecules that emit light at
+all different wavelengths these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different wavelengths these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different wavelengths these would be
+down at the ultraviolet end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the ultraviolet end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the ultraviolet end of the
+electromagnetic spectrum these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum these would be
+up in the red very red and the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the red very red and the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the red very red and the lowest
+energy so these emission wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so these emission wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so these emission wavelengths
+these would be emitting at the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be emitting at the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be emitting at the lowest
+energy longest wavelength these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy longest wavelength these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy longest wavelength these would be
+emitting at the shortest wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting at the shortest wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting at the shortest wavelength
+lowest to the highest energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest to the highest energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest to the highest energy it's
+everyone following me so just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone following me so just make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone following me so just make sure
+you remember that and just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that and just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that and just this
+principle rule that you can't possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle rule that you can't possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle rule that you can't possibly
+break with respect to the wavelengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break with respect to the wavelengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break with respect to the wavelengths of
+light for fluorescence experiments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for fluorescence experiments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for fluorescence experiments so
+what we're going to see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see is the
+relationship to the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the electromagnetic
+spectrum there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum there's a little bit more
+detail in a minute and then look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in a minute and then look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in a minute and then look at some
+fluorescent dyes that are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dyes that are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent dyes that are very very
+commonly used in biology and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used in biology and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used in biology and in fact you
+will have seen a lot of the a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have seen a lot of the a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have seen a lot of the a lot of
+cells stained with these dyes even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells stained with these dyes even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells stained with these dyes even so
+far in pictures that you've seen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in pictures that you've seen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in pictures that you've seen on the
+screen and then we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then we'll talk about the
+application of antibody reagents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of antibody reagents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of antibody reagents and
+where does that come in with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come in with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come in with respect to
+fluorescence so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so let's take a look at
+fluorescence in the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence in the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence in the electromagnetic
+spectrum so here it is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so here it is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so here it is going from
+wavelengths the ultraviolet wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths the ultraviolet wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths the ultraviolet wavelengths
+would be shorter than 400 nanometers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be shorter than 400 nanometers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be shorter than 400 nanometers so
+ultra violet so beyond violet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra violet so beyond violet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra violet so beyond violet and the
+very red wavelengths would be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very red wavelengths would be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very red wavelengths would be in the
+range from 600 to 700 and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 600 to 700 and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 600 to 700 and he
+you see the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the relationship between
+wavelength and then the what the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and then the what the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and then the what the light
+emitted would look like so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted would look like so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted would look like so if we're
+looking at hing what we would expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at hing what we would expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at hing what we would expect to
+see is if we've got a fluorophore and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if we've got a fluorophore and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if we've got a fluorophore and it
+shows fluorescence we would be exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows fluorescence we would be exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows fluorescence we would be exciting
+the chlorophyll in wavelengths in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorophyll in wavelengths in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorophyll in wavelengths in this
+region and we would see emission in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and we would see emission in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and we would see emission in
+wavelengths in this region but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in this region but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in this region but a
+cardinal rule is that we excite with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinal rule is that we excite with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinal rule is that we excite with a
+shorter higher energy wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter higher energy wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter higher energy wavelength and
+observe a mission at a longer lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a mission at a longer lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a mission at a longer lower
+energy wavelength now there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy wavelength now there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy wavelength now there's very
+important eyes straight away the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important eyes straight away the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important eyes straight away the most
+common dye that you will see immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common dye that you will see immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common dye that you will see immediately
+in biology is a dye known as a idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology is a dye known as a idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology is a dye known as a idiom
+bromide and here's its structure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide and here's its structure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide and here's its structure you can
+often recognize fluorophores they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often recognize fluorophores they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often recognize fluorophores they have
+lots of rings fused together with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of rings fused together with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of rings fused together with lots
+of double bonds in them and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double bonds in them and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double bonds in them and this is the
+structure of a compound known as a idiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a compound known as a idiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a compound known as a idiom
+bromide it's a dye that intercalates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide it's a dye that intercalates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide it's a dye that intercalates
+into DNA and when the dye changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into DNA and when the dye changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into DNA and when the dye changes its
+environment from being either and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment from being either and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment from being either and more
+from being in water to being snuggled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being in water to being snuggled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being in water to being snuggled in
+between stacks of base pairs in DNA it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between stacks of base pairs in DNA it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between stacks of base pairs in DNA it
+changes its fluorescent properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its fluorescent properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its fluorescent properties and
+it becomes fluorescence so fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes fluorescence so fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes fluorescence so fluorescence
+isn't just the intrinsic shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just the intrinsic shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just the intrinsic shape of the
+molecule and what it looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and what it looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and what it looks like it's
+very very often related to what's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very often related to what's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very often related to what's around
+it why does why is that the case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why does why is that the case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why does why is that the case it's
+because the excited state may behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the excited state may behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the excited state may behave
+differently in different environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in different environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in different environments
+may be stabilized for a while and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be stabilized for a while and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be stabilized for a while and that's
+why you might see fluorophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might see fluorophores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might see fluorophores
+experience a change in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a change in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a change in their
+fluorescence as a function of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence as a function of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence as a function of their
+environment is that clear to everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is that clear to everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is that clear to everyone so
+the molecular environments if I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular environments if I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular environments if I'm a
+fluorophore and I'm in water I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore and I'm in water I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore and I'm in water I'm gonna
+feel pretty differently in my excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pretty differently in my excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pretty differently in my excited
+state if I'm a fluorophore and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if I'm a fluorophore and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if I'm a fluorophore and I'm
+sitting in fact between DNA bases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in fact between DNA bases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in fact between DNA bases it's
+pretty dramatic when you see it so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic when you see it so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic when you see it so when
+you mix Ophidian bromide with DNA and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix Ophidian bromide with DNA and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix Ophidian bromide with DNA and it
+could be in a cell or it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in a cell or it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in a cell or it could be a
+lysate from a cell where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysate from a cell where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysate from a cell where you're
+capturing the DNA and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the DNA and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the DNA and trying to
+manipulate it in recombinant biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it in recombinant biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it in recombinant biology
+that Atheneum bromide will intercalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Atheneum bromide will intercalate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Atheneum bromide will intercalate
+into the DNA and it will light up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the DNA and it will light up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the DNA and it will light up as a
+as a bright orange dye so here let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bright orange dye so here let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bright orange dye so here let's say
+we've got a gel that we run DNA on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a gel that we run DNA on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a gel that we run DNA on we
+might have a set of standards and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a set of standards and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a set of standards and in
+other places we're looking for the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places we're looking for the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places we're looking for the size
+of DNA remember that great experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA remember that great experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA remember that great experiment we
+saw where we saw how quickly small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw where we saw how quickly small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw where we saw how quickly small and
+large pieces of DNA ran through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pieces of DNA ran through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pieces of DNA ran through an
+agarose gel so here is what the DNA gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agarose gel so here is what the DNA gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agarose gel so here is what the DNA gel
+would look like if you soaked it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if you soaked it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if you soaked it in a
+Sid ium bromide alright so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid ium bromide alright so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid ium bromide alright so here's the
+gel there's a ladder of bands but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel there's a ladder of bands but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel there's a ladder of bands but then
+let's say you wanted to do some work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you wanted to do some work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you wanted to do some work on
+a piece of DNA and maybe ligated you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA and maybe ligated you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA and maybe ligated you see
+DNA pieces at different wavelengths that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA pieces at different wavelengths that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA pieces at different wavelengths that
+have different mobilities based on size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different mobilities based on size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different mobilities based on size
+we couldn't see the DNA directly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't see the DNA directly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't see the DNA directly we
+couldn't pick it up we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pick it up we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pick it up we couldn't
+visualize it so we have to use ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it so we have to use ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it so we have to use ways to
+visualize it one way is to radio label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it one way is to radio label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it one way is to radio label
+it messy we don't really want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it messy we don't really want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it messy we don't really want to do a
+lot of that if we can avoid it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that if we can avoid it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that if we can avoid it the other
+way is simply to soak a dye into the gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is simply to soak a dye into the gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is simply to soak a dye into the gel
+and the dye because of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dye because of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dye because of the positive
+charge here the counter iron gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here the counter iron gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here the counter iron gets
+displaced and the positive charge gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and the positive charge gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and the positive charge gets
+attracted to the DNA and and associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to the DNA and and associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to the DNA and and associates
+with it quite tightly so that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it quite tightly so that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it quite tightly so that would be a
+way that you would observe DNA by a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you would observe DNA by a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you would observe DNA by a DNA
+bound to a dye in a gel and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to a dye in a gel and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to a dye in a gel and this
+fluoresce is a pretty long wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce is a pretty long wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce is a pretty long wavelengths
+so this fluoresce is this bright orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this fluoresce is this bright orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this fluoresce is this bright orange
+that's actually at about 6:05 so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually at about 6:05 so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually at about 6:05 so you can
+see this is really in the visible range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is really in the visible range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is really in the visible range
+6:05 would be right around here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6:05 would be right around here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6:05 would be right around here and it
+has this bright kind of orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this bright kind of orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this bright kind of orange
+fluorescence and the wavelength that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and the wavelength that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and the wavelength that you
+would use to irradiate the dye on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use to irradiate the dye on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use to irradiate the dye on the
+DNA would be at shorter wavelengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA would be at shorter wavelengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA would be at shorter wavelengths and
+6:05 you'll often have a prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6:05 you'll often have a prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6:05 you'll often have a prescription
+excite at this wavelength so you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite at this wavelength so you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite at this wavelength so you observe
+at this wavelength and these are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this wavelength and these are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this wavelength and these are fixed
+physical parameters so that fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameters so that fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameters so that fluorescent
+molecules okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay
+now sodium bromide is a dye that can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sodium bromide is a dye that can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sodium bromide is a dye that can get
+into cells and we can look at DNA within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cells and we can look at DNA within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cells and we can look at DNA within
+cells and here's a picture of how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and here's a picture of how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and here's a picture of how it
+would look so here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look so here's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look so here's the the
+vivianne bromide and here's a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivianne bromide and here's a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivianne bromide and here's a pair of
+stacked bases this one and this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked bases this one and this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked bases this one and this one and
+there he is right in the middle see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he is right in the middle see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he is right in the middle see that
+that ring coming towards you is that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ring coming towards you is that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ring coming towards you is that and
+then here's this thing that slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's this thing that slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's this thing that slides
+straight between the bases and might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight between the bases and might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight between the bases and might
+cause a little bit of a bulge and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a little bit of a bulge and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a little bit of a bulge and we
+would call this a DNA in Turkey later it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call this a DNA in Turkey later it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call this a DNA in Turkey later it
+slides into the DNA and you can see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides into the DNA and you can see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides into the DNA and you can see over
+here the structure of DNA so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the structure of DNA so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the structure of DNA so you could
+picture aetherium bromide sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture aetherium bromide sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture aetherium bromide sliding
+between the bases now there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bases now there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bases now there's a big
+problem here because you can't use DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here because you can't use DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here because you can't use DNA
+Ophidian bromide it's pretty toxic why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ophidian bromide it's pretty toxic why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ophidian bromide it's pretty toxic why
+would it be toxic well you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be toxic well you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be toxic well you know it's not
+the broma it's the fact more think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broma it's the fact more think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broma it's the fact more think of
+what the dye does when it gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dye does when it gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dye does when it gets to the
+DNA what would that do to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA what would that do to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA what would that do to things like
+replication and transcription it it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and transcription it it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and transcription it it just
+kind of messes it up and so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of messes it up and so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of messes it up and so these are
+toxic dyes that can only be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic dyes that can only be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic dyes that can only be used in
+fixed cells to do observations of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cells to do observations of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cells to do observations of cells
+so we use it a lot we need to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use it a lot we need to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use it a lot we need to be careful
+of it because if it gets absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it because if it gets absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it because if it gets absorbed
+through our skin it could get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our skin it could get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our skin it could get into
+ourselves and it could interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and it could interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and it could interfere with
+replication and other cellular processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and other cellular processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and other cellular processes
+because it would accumulate on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would accumulate on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would accumulate on our
+cellular DNA all right but so and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular DNA all right but so and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular DNA all right but so and in
+fact the interesting thing that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the interesting thing that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the interesting thing that a lot of
+molecules that actually have these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that actually have these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that actually have these sort
+of flat pancake shapes with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flat pancake shapes with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flat pancake shapes with lots of
+double bonds are actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds are actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds are actually pretty
+important in biology because they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in biology because they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in biology because they end up
+being chemo therapeutic agents so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chemo therapeutic agents so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chemo therapeutic agents so what
+I've shown you here is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you here is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you here is what's known as
+an anthracycline structure I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anthracycline structure I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anthracycline structure I believe
+this is adriamycin I could be off but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is adriamycin I could be off but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is adriamycin I could be off but
+it's a natural product that's isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural product that's isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural product that's isolated
+from bacteria and it has this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bacteria and it has this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bacteria and it has this structure
+that also makes it a DNA intercalate ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also makes it a DNA intercalate ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also makes it a DNA intercalate ER
+and it's used as a cancer chemo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's used as a cancer chemo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's used as a cancer chemo
+therapeutic agent because it interferes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agent because it interferes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agent because it interferes
+with cell division and proliferation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cell division and proliferation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cell division and proliferation so
+we actually exploit that property but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually exploit that property but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually exploit that property but
+only with with cells that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with with cells that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with with cells that we want to
+kill or stop dividing so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill or stop dividing so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill or stop dividing so you could
+picture well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture well
+don't want to use something that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use something that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use something that's going
+to interfere with cells if I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with cells if I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with cells if I'm doing
+live cell imaging because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live cell imaging because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live cell imaging because I'm going to
+have trouble with the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble with the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble with the properties of the
+cells so fluorophores are great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so fluorophores are great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so fluorophores are great but
+you've got to worry about them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to worry about them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to worry about them because
+they can try and get transferred through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can try and get transferred through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can try and get transferred through
+the skin through cellular membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin through cellular membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin through cellular membranes
+because they're often quite greasy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're often quite greasy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're often quite greasy and
+they can get in and interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get in and interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get in and interfere with
+essential processes of DNA so because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential processes of DNA so because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential processes of DNA so because of
+this there's been quite a revolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's been quite a revolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's been quite a revolution in
+the work done with DNA binding agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done with DNA binding agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done with DNA binding agents
+the bind a little differently in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bind a little differently in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bind a little differently in a way
+less toxic so I want to describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less toxic so I want to describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less toxic so I want to describe to you
+a series of dyes that are known as Dappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of dyes that are known as Dappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of dyes that are known as Dappy
+and host h OE chst this was my I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and host h OE chst this was my I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and host h OE chst this was my I believe
+discovered in by a company in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in by a company in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in by a company in Germany
+and these are different kind of dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are different kind of dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are different kind of dies
+that fluoresce on binding to DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fluoresce on binding to DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fluoresce on binding to DNA so
+they're still useful in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still useful in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still useful in that same
+context you can in fact substitute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context you can in fact substitute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context you can in fact substitute a
+city and bromide with these dyes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and bromide with these dyes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and bromide with these dyes but
+they bind to DNA pretty differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind to DNA pretty differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind to DNA pretty differently and
+I want you to take a look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to take a look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to take a look at these
+pictures so here in green and blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so here in green and blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so here in green and blue and
+apologies to the colorblind you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies to the colorblind you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies to the colorblind you see a
+molecule of this compound here bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of this compound here bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of this compound here bound to
+DNA so it's pretty clear it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so it's pretty clear it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so it's pretty clear it's different
+from intercalation right you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from intercalation right you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from intercalation right you can see
+it's more sliding around one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more sliding around one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more sliding around one part of the
+DNA and when those molecules bind to DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and when those molecules bind to DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and when those molecules bind to DNA
+in water they don't fluoresce when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water they don't fluoresce when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water they don't fluoresce when they
+bind to DNA they fluoresce an intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to DNA they fluoresce an intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to DNA they fluoresce an intense
+cyan blue so that's at a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan blue so that's at a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan blue so that's at a shorter
+wavelength from the etherium bromide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength from the etherium bromide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength from the etherium bromide so
+taking a look at this structure does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at this structure does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at this structure does
+anyone want to explain to me how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to explain to me how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to explain to me how the
+molecules might bind to DNA what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules might bind to DNA what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules might bind to DNA what would
+be wood we wouldn't call it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wood we wouldn't call it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wood we wouldn't call it into
+collation we know intercalation is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collation we know intercalation is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collation we know intercalation is more
+his perpendicular to the axis of the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his perpendicular to the axis of the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his perpendicular to the axis of the DNA
+so we're looking at this do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking at this do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking at this do you think
+these bind along a while ago when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bind along a while ago when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bind along a while ago when I was
+talking about the structure of DNA I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the structure of DNA I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the structure of DNA I
+like to think of DNA as having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of DNA as having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of DNA as having two
+grooves two places where things combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grooves two places where things combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grooves two places where things combine
+to it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and I
+that's a minor groove and then this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a minor groove and then this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a minor groove and then this big
+trench is what's called the major groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench is what's called the major groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench is what's called the major groove
+and certain molecules bind in one groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain molecules bind in one groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain molecules bind in one groove
+and other molecules bind in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other molecules bind in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other molecules bind in the other
+where do you think it's binding just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think it's binding just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think it's binding just by
+inspection yeah that's correct it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection yeah that's correct it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection yeah that's correct it's just
+snuggled just perfectly in the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuggled just perfectly in the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuggled just perfectly in the minor
+groove if it was in the major groove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove if it was in the major groove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove if it was in the major groove it
+would be swimming around in that groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be swimming around in that groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be swimming around in that groove
+it's too almost too big so what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too almost too big so what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too almost too big so what's really
+cool about these dyes is they slide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about these dyes is they slide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool about these dyes is they slide in
+between the into the minor groove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the into the minor groove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the into the minor groove and
+they also make some contacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also make some contacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also make some contacts with the
+phosphodiester backbone but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester backbone but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester backbone but it's not
+that they're dancing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're dancing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're dancing on the
+phosphodiester backbone they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester backbone they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester backbone they're
+literally in the groove but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in the groove but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in the groove but there's some
+opportunity for electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for electrostatic
+interactions and so these compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and so these compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and so these compounds
+would be known to bind in the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be known to bind in the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be known to bind in the minor
+groove and in fact they bind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove and in fact they bind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove and in fact they bind in
+particular regions of DNA where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular regions of DNA where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular regions of DNA where there's
+a T knot GC those are the places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a T knot GC those are the places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a T knot GC those are the places where
+there's the just a pair of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the just a pair of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the just a pair of hydrogen
+bonds instead of the trio that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds instead of the trio that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds instead of the trio that's just
+their habit their personality all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their habit their personality all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their habit their personality all right
+so chemistry was very important here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chemistry was very important here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chemistry was very important here you
+had a good dye but it was toxic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good dye but it was toxic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good dye but it was toxic but
+improved dyes came along that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved dyes came along that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved dyes came along that could be
+used in living systems that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in living systems that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in living systems that are not
+toxic because if you bind in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic because if you bind in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic because if you bind in those
+grooves and you're dissociating easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grooves and you're dissociating easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grooves and you're dissociating easily
+you're not going to interfere so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to interfere so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to interfere so much
+with replication that makes sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with replication that makes sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with replication that makes sense so
+it's a weaker force it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weaker force it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weaker force it's not going to
+have a big detrimental effect now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big detrimental effect now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big detrimental effect now I
+moved this slide up I realized he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved this slide up I realized he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved this slide up I realized he was in
+the wrong place in the deck and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong place in the deck and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong place in the deck and this is
+just an application of the butt of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an application of the butt of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an application of the butt of the
+DNA minor groove binder host and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA minor groove binder host and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA minor groove binder host and in this
+case we're looking at three cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're looking at three cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're looking at three cells okay
+these two are not actively dividing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are not actively dividing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are not actively dividing but
+take a look at this cell it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this cell it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this cell it's actually
+clearly in the state preparing for cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in the state preparing for cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in the state preparing for cell
+division and what you can see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and what you can see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and what you can see here is
+that the in the nucleus the DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the nucleus the DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the nucleus the DNA is
+pretty diffuse before things really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty diffuse before things really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty diffuse before things really
+start to condense and line up for DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to condense and line up for DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to condense and line up for DNA
+replication and cell division and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and cell division and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and cell division and what's
+intriguing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing to me
+is that this rather diffuse blue dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this rather diffuse blue dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this rather diffuse blue dye
+that's probably a bit more loosely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably a bit more loosely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably a bit more loosely
+associated with DNA becomes much clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with DNA becomes much clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with DNA becomes much clearer
+and brighter when the chromosomes are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brighter when the chromosomes are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brighter when the chromosomes are in
+this in the state they're in Purcell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the state they're in Purcell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the state they're in Purcell
+division so you can see them here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so you can see them here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so you can see them here and
+one question here so if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question here so if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question here so if you're looking
+at cells you're trying to observe cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cells you're trying to observe cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cells you're trying to observe cells
+where else in the cell are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where else in the cell are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where else in the cell are you going to
+see DNA so we can see the nuclear DNA we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see DNA so we can see the nuclear DNA we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see DNA so we can see the nuclear DNA we
+can see what stage of the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what stage of the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what stage of the cell cycle
+it's in yeah comment yeah in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in yeah comment yeah in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in yeah comment yeah in the
+mitochondria so you could also spot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria so you could also spot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria so you could also spot that
+within the cell if you're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell if you're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell if you're at a
+sufficient amplification so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient amplification so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient amplification so you know
+that there's not DNA running around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not DNA running around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not DNA running around
+everywhere it's literally in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it's literally in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it's literally in very
+specific places with the cell these dyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places with the cell these dyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places with the cell these dyes
+will bind also to other nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bind also to other nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bind also to other nucleic acids
+but they don't bind so well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't bind so well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't bind so well because
+those don't have the really repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those don't have the really repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those don't have the really repetitive
+double stranded DNA double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double stranded DNA double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double stranded DNA double stranded
+nucleotide structures but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide structures but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide structures but there are
+other dyes to bind much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dyes to bind much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dyes to bind much more
+specifically to RNA but we won't discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to RNA but we won't discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to RNA but we won't discuss
+them so nucleic acids seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so nucleic acids seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so nucleic acids seem to be
+something that we can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can definitely
+pinpoint with fluorescence we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint with fluorescence we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint with fluorescence we can see
+where it is we could follow cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is we could follow cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is we could follow cell
+division we could look to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division we could look to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division we could look to see the
+progress of cell division for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of cell division for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of cell division for example
+upon adding things to a cell can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon adding things to a cell can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon adding things to a cell can you see
+remember very very early on we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember very very early on we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember very very early on we showed
+you slides movies of cells dividing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slides movies of cells dividing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slides movies of cells dividing you
+could do that with this kind of dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that with this kind of dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that with this kind of dye
+because it's a non-toxic dye all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a non-toxic dye all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a non-toxic dye all right
+so wait so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wait so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wait so far so good
+so the key thing though about biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key thing though about biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key thing though about biology is
+we have so many other entities within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so many other entities within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so many other entities within a
+cell that we want to be able to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that we want to be able to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that we want to be able to track
+and monitor and what we needed what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monitor and what we needed what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monitor and what we needed what is
+absolutely essential a reagents to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely essential a reagents to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely essential a reagents to do
+that so I want to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biological tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the monitoring and you know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monitoring and you know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monitoring and you know what these
+are these are antibodies monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are antibodies monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are antibodies monitoring
+proteins and in fact you can also coax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and in fact you can also coax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and in fact you can also coax
+antibodies to recognize carbohydrates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to recognize carbohydrates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to recognize carbohydrates so
+I'm going to just put these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're a little bit harder to bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit harder to bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit harder to bind to
+antibodies but nevertheless those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies but nevertheless those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies but nevertheless those are
+useful so we're going to talk now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so we're going to talk now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so we're going to talk now about
+antibodies which are agents of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies which are agents of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies which are agents of the human
+adaptive immune system and how they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system and how they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system and how they have
+been exploited intensively to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exploited intensively to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exploited intensively to study
+biology now what you will learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology now what you will learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology now what you will learn from
+Professor Martin in two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Martin in two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Martin in two or three
+lectures time is much more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures time is much more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures time is much more about the
+nuts and bolts of the immune cells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts of the immune cells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts of the immune cells of
+the immune system and how it mounts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system and how it mounts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system and how it mounts a
+response to disease and other features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to disease and other features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to disease and other features
+I'm gonna focus completely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna focus completely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna focus completely on the
+technological side of antibodies and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological side of antibodies and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological side of antibodies and how
+they are useful reagents to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are useful reagents to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are useful reagents to study
+biology because if you want to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because if you want to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because if you want to recognize
+a protein in a Cell you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein in a Cell you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein in a Cell you need a
+particular entity that will bind to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular entity that will bind to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular entity that will bind to that
+protein and show you where it is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and show you where it is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and show you where it is through
+some kind of signal for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of signal for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of signal for example
+fluorescence so what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence so what I want to do is
+give you the minimal description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the minimal description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the minimal description of
+antibodies so you can understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies so you can understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies so you can understand this
+but later you're going to revisit it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later you're going to revisit it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later you're going to revisit it in
+a bit more complicated venue but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more complicated venue but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more complicated venue but for the
+time being I'm just going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being I'm just going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being I'm just going to talk about
+B cells which are cells that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cells which are cells that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cells which are cells that produce
+antibodies and I'm going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and I'm going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and I'm going to talk to you
+about how they recognize their targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they recognize their targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they recognize their targets
+okay because what we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because what we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because what we have in the
+adaptive immune system is an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system is an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system is an amazing
+system where you can do Combinator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you can do Combinator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you can do Combinator
+real biology and basically recognize any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real biology and basically recognize any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real biology and basically recognize any
+target entity you're interested in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target entity you're interested in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target entity you're interested in so
+let's take a look at this keeping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this keeping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this keeping in
+mind that this is us explaining biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that this is us explaining biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that this is us explaining biology
+to make reagents to do biology it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make reagents to do biology it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make reagents to do biology it's kind
+of a cool sort of cyclical process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cool sort of cyclical process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cool sort of cyclical process so
+the cells of the hemopoietic immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of the hemopoietic immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of the hemopoietic immune
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+the hemopoietic system those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemopoietic system those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemopoietic system those are the
+ones that are important in blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are important in blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are important in blood cells
+form a lot of difference for in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a lot of difference for in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a lot of difference for in a minute
+I'm on triple-triple tools here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on triple-triple tools here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on triple-triple tools here there
+are a bunch of different cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of different cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of different cells that are
+produced from the pluripotent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from the pluripotent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from the pluripotent
+hematopoietic cells they're either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hematopoietic cells they're either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hematopoietic cells they're either the
+white cells or the red cell types but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white cells or the red cell types but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white cells or the red cell types but
+what we're going to focus right in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to focus right in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to focus right in on
+are the B cells these are the cells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the B cells these are the cells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the B cells these are the cells of
+the immune system that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system that produce
+soluble antibodies okay and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble antibodies okay and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble antibodies okay and when you
+challenge a b-cell population with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge a b-cell population with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge a b-cell population with a
+foreign entity the b-cell population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign entity the b-cell population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign entity the b-cell population
+will go into gear to produce antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into gear to produce antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into gear to produce antibodies
+that very specifically recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very specifically recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very specifically recognize that
+foreign target because in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign target because in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign target because in the human
+adaptive immune system that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system that might be a
+wonderful tool to get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful tool to get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful tool to get rid of that
+foreign entity so we're going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign entity so we're going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign entity so we're going to focus
+exclusively on the B cells and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively on the B cells and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively on the B cells and the way
+that they mature to produce soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they mature to produce soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they mature to produce soluble
+antibodies those are down at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies those are down at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies those are down at the bottom
+here based on what they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here based on what they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here based on what they've been
+challenged with so what this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged with so what this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged with so what this little
+schematic shows you is you have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic shows you is you have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic shows you is you have if you
+have a bunch of different B cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of different B cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of different B cells and
+there's something you want to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something you want to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something you want to recognize
+let's just say it's a molecule an EGF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's a molecule an EGF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's a molecule an EGF
+molecule a cytokine what you might do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a cytokine what you might do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a cytokine what you might do is
+challenge this population with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge this population with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge this population with the
+cytokine only one B cell type will bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytokine only one B cell type will bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytokine only one B cell type will bind
+to the cytokine and then that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cytokine and then that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cytokine and then that will get
+amplified and then you will end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplified and then you will end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplified and then you will end up with
+B cells that produce a lot of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cells that produce a lot of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cells that produce a lot of an
+antibody to a cytokine such as EGF I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to a cytokine such as EGF I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to a cytokine such as EGF I'm
+truly gumming this down I just want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly gumming this down I just want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly gumming this down I just want you
+to get the gist of it for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the gist of it for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the gist of it for the purpose of
+this guy this discussion now B cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy this discussion now B cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy this discussion now B cells
+adopt a very classical shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt a very classical shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt a very classical shape
+and I'm just going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to show you the
+quaternary structure of a b-cell of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary structure of a b-cell of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary structure of a b-cell of an
+antibody in linear form here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody in linear form here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody in linear form here so it
+doesn't look very exciting right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very exciting right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very exciting right now
+there are two light chains which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two light chains which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two light chains which I've
+just shown in schematic form these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown in schematic form these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown in schematic form these are
+just polypeptide chains and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just polypeptide chains and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just polypeptide chains and there are
+two heavy chains all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two heavy chains all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two heavy chains all right so that's
+their basic structure it's held together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their basic structure it's held together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their basic structure it's held together
+in a stable quaternary structure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stable quaternary structure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stable quaternary structure with
+this complex and there may be disulfides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex and there may be disulfides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex and there may be disulfides
+across and throughout the structure now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and throughout the structure now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and throughout the structure now
+what's so special about antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so special about antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so special about antibodies
+they're pretty big molecules the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty big molecules the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty big molecules the
+molecular weight is pretty high but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight is pretty high but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight is pretty high but the
+key thing about antibodies is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing about antibodies is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing about antibodies is that the
+majority of the structure stays fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the structure stays fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the structure stays fairly
+constant so I'm just gonna so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so I'm just gonna so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so I'm just gonna so this
+doesn't get get modified when b-cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get get modified when b-cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get get modified when b-cells
+and mature but another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mature but another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mature but another part of the
+structure is variable and when B cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is variable and when B cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is variable and when B cells
+mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature
+there's loads of rearranging in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's loads of rearranging in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's loads of rearranging in that
+variable section in order that it adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable section in order that it adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable section in order that it adapt
+to bind a target so what you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind a target so what you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind a target so what you've seen
+here is that the target let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the target let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the target let's see if
+this little fellow works anymore now ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little fellow works anymore now ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little fellow works anymore now ah
+what you see here is the light chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is the light chaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is the light chaining
+green heavy chain in blue and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green heavy chain in blue and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green heavy chain in blue and it's a
+double version of it we always draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double version of it we always draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double version of it we always draw
+antibodies as this V shape and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies as this V shape and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies as this V shape and then
+antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've heard this word before it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard this word before it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard this word before it's a
+foreign entity that's foreign to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign entity that's foreign to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign entity that's foreign to the
+immune system the antigen binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system the antigen binding site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system the antigen binding site
+is right here at the tips of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right here at the tips of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right here at the tips of the
+antibody and I think the picture up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and I think the picture up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and I think the picture up
+there is kind of clearer just put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is kind of clearer just put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is kind of clearer just put that
+forward again and you can see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward again and you can see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward again and you can see very
+specifically the structure the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the structure the C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the structure the C's
+designate constant regions CC all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate constant regions CC all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate constant regions CC all the
+way through here and there V's represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through here and there V's represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through here and there V's represent
+variable regions which I've shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable regions which I've shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable regions which I've shown you
+and that the tip of the B's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the tip of the B's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the tip of the B's are the
+antigen binding sites so you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen binding sites so you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen binding sites so you're gonna
+see more about the antibodies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more about the antibodies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more about the antibodies in the
+immune system but what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system but what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system but what you want to
+accept is that these are biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept is that these are biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept is that these are biological
+macromolecules that particularly evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules that particularly evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules that particularly evolved
+to recognize target antigens and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize target antigens and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize target antigens and you can
+use them reliably as biological reagents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them reliably as biological reagents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them reliably as biological reagents
+all right so how do you achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do you achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do you achieve the
+diversity there are hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity there are hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity there are hundreds of
+thousands of different antibodies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of different antibodies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of different antibodies in the
+human system if we had a gene for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system if we had a gene for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system if we had a gene for every
+single different light chain and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single different light chain and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single different light chain and every
+heavy chain you know our DNA would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy chain you know our DNA would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy chain you know our DNA would be
+completely swamped by being dedicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely swamped by being dedicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely swamped by being dedicated to
+the genetic material for antibodies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic material for antibodies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic material for antibodies so
+instead there is a particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there is a particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there is a particular system
+which provides little portions of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides little portions of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides little portions of your
+struck of the DNA structure that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck of the DNA structure that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck of the DNA structure that are in
+little pieces of variable components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of variable components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of variable components
+that can zips to get zip together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can zips to get zip together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can zips to get zip together
+through transcription and slicing events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transcription and slicing events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transcription and slicing events
+to give you a bunch of antibodies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a bunch of antibodies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a bunch of antibodies that
+have different variable regions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different variable regions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different variable regions and this
+is what's known as the bdj system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's known as the bdj system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's known as the bdj system and
+you'll hear more about that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear more about that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear more about that from
+Professor Martin so basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Martin so basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Martin so basically what you
+want to think about it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about it is it's a
+combinatorial system to take little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial system to take little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial system to take little
+pieces of DNA into a supra molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA into a supra molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA into a supra molecular
+structure to give you antibody combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to give you antibody combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to give you antibody combining
+sites that can recognize virtually any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that can recognize virtually any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that can recognize virtually any
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+anyone got any questions here I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone got any questions here I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone got any questions here I'm seeing
+a few worried faces somebody asked me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few worried faces somebody asked me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few worried faces somebody asked me a
+question if you feel I could clarify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you feel I could clarify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you feel I could clarify a
+component of this or you okay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody okay I'll move forward so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay I'll move forward so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay I'll move forward so we've
+talked about antibodies when you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about antibodies when you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about antibodies when you get a
+population of B cells that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of B cells that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of B cells that produce
+antibodies to a particular target these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to a particular target these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to a particular target these
+may be what are known as polyclonal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polyclonal a sir i should have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyclonal a sir i should have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyclonal a sir i should have written
+that up here polyclonal antibodies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up here polyclonal antibodies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up here polyclonal antibodies as
+might be suggested by the name is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be suggested by the name is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be suggested by the name is an
+antibody but let's say it recognizes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody but let's say it recognizes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody but let's say it recognizes a
+molecular entity so the antibodies I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular entity so the antibodies I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular entity so the antibodies I'm
+gonna draw them as little Y shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw them as little Y shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw them as little Y shaped
+molecules may recognize different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules may recognize different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules may recognize different parts
+of the antigen so antibody a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antigen so antibody a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antigen so antibody a b c
+recognize different parts of the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize different parts of the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize different parts of the antigen
+those would be polyclonal it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be polyclonal it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be polyclonal it would be a
+mixed bag of antibody molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed bag of antibody molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed bag of antibody molecules that
+shows specificity for a target but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows specificity for a target but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows specificity for a target but
+people also tend to use a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also tend to use a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also tend to use a great deal
+monoclonal antibodies because they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoclonal antibodies because they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoclonal antibodies because they are a
+lot more specific so if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more specific so if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more specific so if you had a
+selection of polyclonal antibodies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of polyclonal antibodies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of polyclonal antibodies a
+monoclonal antibody would be a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoclonal antibody would be a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoclonal antibody would be a single
+population the recognizes a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the recognizes a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the recognizes a single
+antigen or epitope in your antigenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen or epitope in your antigenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen or epitope in your antigenic
+molecule and the way those are made is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the way those are made is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the way those are made is
+through an engineering method where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an engineering method where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an engineering method where you
+fuse spleen cells with myeloma cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse spleen cells with myeloma cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse spleen cells with myeloma cells and
+then you get hybrid what are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get hybrid what are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get hybrid what are known as
+hybridomas that produce very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridomas that produce very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridomas that produce very
+specifically just monoclonal antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically just monoclonal antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically just monoclonal antibodies
+so that's a bit of background there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of background there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of background there
+about the antibodies you'll see it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the antibodies you'll see it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the antibodies you'll see it on
+the rerun when Professor Martin talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rerun when Professor Martin talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rerun when Professor Martin talks
+but I just wanted to give you a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just wanted to give you a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just wanted to give you a bit of
+exposure to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to this
+so let's now look at what how antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now look at what how antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now look at what how antibodies
+can be useful so let's say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be useful so let's say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be useful so let's say you want to
+visualize in a cell let's move straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize in a cell let's move straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize in a cell let's move straight
+to a real targeted application we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a real targeted application we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a real targeted application we want
+to make an antibody that might recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an antibody that might recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an antibody that might recognize
+actin and a different antibody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actin and a different antibody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actin and a different antibody that
+might recognize tubulin to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might recognize tubulin to take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might recognize tubulin to take a look
+at cells through the use of antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cells through the use of antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cells through the use of antibody
+structures the way you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the way you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the way you generate
+antibodies is through laboratory animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies is through laboratory animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies is through laboratory animals
+and very commonly we use either mice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very commonly we use either mice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very commonly we use either mice or
+rabbits for antibody production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits for antibody production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits for antibody production
+the rabbit is used when you need a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit is used when you need a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit is used when you need a lot
+more antibody material the mouse will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more antibody material the mouse will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more antibody material the mouse will
+satisfy for some experiments so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy for some experiments so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy for some experiments so the way
+you make antibodies is by in injecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make antibodies is by in injecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make antibodies is by in injecting
+so this would be the foreign agent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the foreign agent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the foreign agent or
+antigen that you want to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen that you want to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen that you want to make an
+antibody to which would normally bind at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to which would normally bind at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to which would normally bind at
+the variable region of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable region of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable region of this
+immunoglobulin molecule you inject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoglobulin molecule you inject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoglobulin molecule you inject the
+mouse with that antigen excuse me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse with that antigen excuse me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse with that antigen excuse me that
+that's a rabbit you know I haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rabbit you know I haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rabbit you know I haven't been
+in biology very long but I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology very long but I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology very long but I can tell
+that's a rabbit right anyway so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rabbit right anyway so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rabbit right anyway so you
+inject the rabbit with a human protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the rabbit with a human protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the rabbit with a human protein
+if you and what would happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you and what would happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you and what would happen if you
+injected the rabbit with rabbit acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected the rabbit with rabbit acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected the rabbit with rabbit acting
+or with a rabbit Pro tubulin what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with a rabbit Pro tubulin what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with a rabbit Pro tubulin what would
+you see would you expect to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see would you expect to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see would you expect to see a
+response no right yeah because organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response no right yeah because organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response no right yeah because organisms
+are adapted not to recognize their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are adapted not to recognize their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are adapted not to recognize their own
+proteins unless there's some disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins unless there's some disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins unless there's some disorder
+like an autoimmune disease so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an autoimmune disease so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an autoimmune disease so you would
+inject the rabbit with a human epitope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the rabbit with a human epitope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the rabbit with a human epitope
+so for example human actin generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example human actin generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example human actin generate
+antibodies with a specificity for actin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies with a specificity for actin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies with a specificity for actin
+and then you would label those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would label those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would label those
+antibodies with a fluorescent marker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies with a fluorescent marker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies with a fluorescent marker so
+you could track it or follow it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could track it or follow it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could track it or follow it through
+chemistry alternatively you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry alternatively you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry alternatively you might want
+to make a different antibody for tubulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a different antibody for tubulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a different antibody for tubulin
+and then you would differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would differentiate the
+antibody against tubulin from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody against tubulin from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody against tubulin from the
+antibody against actin by labeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody against actin by labeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody against actin by labeling it
+with a different color fluorophore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different color fluorophore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different color fluorophore so
+you've really got two types of macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've really got two types of macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've really got two types of macro
+molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that
+be interacted with a fixed cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interacted with a fixed cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interacted with a fixed cell and
+recognize those two macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those two macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those two macromolecules
+within the protein so what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the protein so what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the protein so what's important
+here is that you don't use the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you don't use the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you don't use the protein
+from if you want to study human cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you want to study human cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you want to study human cells
+you use antibodies produced in rabbit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use antibodies produced in rabbit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use antibodies produced in rabbit or
+mouse if you want to study rabbit cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse if you want to study rabbit cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse if you want to study rabbit cells
+you could produce it in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could produce it in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could produce it in different
+organisms you what you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms you what you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms you what you're not going to
+produce the antibodies in the same host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the antibodies in the same host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the antibodies in the same host
+nowadays yes right oh okay so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays yes right oh okay so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays yes right oh okay so you would
+prepare the you would do them there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare the you would do them there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare the you would do them there's a
+lot of screening takes place so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of screening takes place so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of screening takes place so you
+injects the mouse rabbit and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injects the mouse rabbit and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injects the mouse rabbit and then you
+collect the serum and you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the serum and you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the serum and you look for
+whether the serum gets enriched and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the serum gets enriched and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the serum gets enriched and
+enriched in antibodies that recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in antibodies that recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in antibodies that recognize
+the target so you'll see an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target so you'll see an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target so you'll see an increase in
+what's known as the titer and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the titer and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the titer and then once
+you get a high titer you'll so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a high titer you'll so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a high titer you'll so
+unfortunately you can just collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you can just collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you can just collect the
+serum or in depending if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serum or in depending if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serum or in depending if you want to
+make monoclonal you'd have to sacrifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make monoclonal you'd have to sacrifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make monoclonal you'd have to sacrifice
+the animal to get the spleen cells but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal to get the spleen cells but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal to get the spleen cells but
+then you collect the antibodies through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you collect the antibodies through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you collect the antibodies through
+an affinity method that's directed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affinity method that's directed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affinity method that's directed just
+at antibodies then you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at antibodies then you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at antibodies then you've got your
+population and you can throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and you can throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and you can throw a
+fluorophore dye at it and chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore dye at it and chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore dye at it and chemically
+label it so it's a good point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it so it's a good point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it so it's a good point there
+there's a lot of work being done now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work being done now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work being done now
+with antibodies from different organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with antibodies from different organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with antibodies from different organisms
+in fact you'll see them from camelids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you'll see them from camelids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you'll see them from camelids
+and there are also ones from shark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also ones from shark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also ones from shark and
+the reason why they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they're kind of
+interesting is that they sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they sort of have
+many antibodies that are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many antibodies that are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many antibodies that are much more
+useful for technology so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for technology so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for technology so let's see what
+we can do here we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do here we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do here we can do
+immunofluorescence experiments in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunofluorescence experiments in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunofluorescence experiments in order
+to do this with an antibody and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this with an antibody and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this with an antibody and this is
+going to highlight a shortcoming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to highlight a shortcoming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to highlight a shortcoming of
+antibodies you may take a cell that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies you may take a cell that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies you may take a cell that you
+want to observe different proteins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to observe different proteins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to observe different proteins in
+that cell you have to fix the cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell you have to fix the cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell you have to fix the cell to
+make it permeable why do I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it permeable why do I need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it permeable why do I need to make
+the cell permeable in order to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell permeable in order to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell permeable in order to use these
+antibody reagents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think the antibodies are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the antibodies are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the antibodies are just
+gonna cross Dappy gets into a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cross Dappy gets into a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cross Dappy gets into a cell
+easily but what about antibodies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily but what about antibodies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily but what about antibodies can
+they cross the plasma membrane to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross the plasma membrane to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross the plasma membrane to get
+into the cell to label a target what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell to label a target what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell to label a target what do
+you think who says yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think who says yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think who says yes
+who says no good thank goodness okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says no good thank goodness okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says no good thank goodness okay you
+guys don't see much but I know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys don't see much but I know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys don't see much but I know you know
+the answer here they just can't float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here they just can't float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here they just can't float
+into cells they're too large to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cells they're too large to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cells they're too large to get into
+cells so you have to fix the cells on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so you have to fix the cells on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so you have to fix the cells on a
+glass side and perme alike permeable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass side and perme alike permeable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass side and perme alike permeable is
+lies them for example with methanol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies them for example with methanol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies them for example with methanol so
+that the antibodies can gain access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the antibodies can gain access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the antibodies can gain access to
+all parts of the cell so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all parts of the cell so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all parts of the cell so here is a
+bright field view of cells that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright field view of cells that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright field view of cells that's a
+little bit more specific that's okay too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more specific that's okay too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more specific that's okay too
+but this is what I really want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what I really want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what I really want to show
+you this is what you could achieve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is what you could achieve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is what you could achieve with
+Dappy and an antibody to actin and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dappy and an antibody to actin and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dappy and an antibody to actin and an
+antibody to tubulin and you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to tubulin and you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to tubulin and you could look
+at the various colors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the various colors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the various colors of the
+fluorescence emission and you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence emission and you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence emission and you see here
+what you've got is an anti acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got is an anti acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got is an anti acting
+antibody with a red dye and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody with a red dye and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody with a red dye and you can see
+that at the perimeters of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the perimeters of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the perimeters of the cells
+you've got an anti tubulin antibody with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an anti tubulin antibody with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an anti tubulin antibody with
+a green dye and you can see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green dye and you can see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green dye and you can see the the
+filamentous structure there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filamentous structure there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filamentous structure there and then
+you've got Dappy staining bright blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got Dappy staining bright blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got Dappy staining bright blue
+where the nuclei are so you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nuclei are so you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nuclei are so you have three
+unique labels that fluoresce at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique labels that fluoresce at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique labels that fluoresce at
+different wavelengths and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths and you can
+directly pinpoint things so fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly pinpoint things so fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly pinpoint things so fluorescence
+is extremely valuable for looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely valuable for looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely valuable for looking at
+biological systems because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems because we don't have
+a lot that fluoresces in the body so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that fluoresces in the body so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that fluoresces in the body so a
+cell in general if you irradiate it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in general if you irradiate it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in general if you irradiate it with
+light you won't see any major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you won't see any major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you won't see any major
+fluorescence at all so these reagents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence at all so these reagents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence at all so these reagents
+that you use to study biology if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use to study biology if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use to study biology if they
+fluoresce you've got unique signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce you've got unique signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce you've got unique signals
+where you can look at really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can look at really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can look at really complicated
+cells that may have thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that may have thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that may have thousands and
+thousands of proteins sugars nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of proteins sugars nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of proteins sugars nucleic
+acids and very specifically see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and very specifically see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and very specifically see things
+by fluorescence because the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fluorescence because the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fluorescence because the fluorescence
+is a unique signal in biology relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique signal in biology relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique signal in biology relative
+to the intrinsic fluorescence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the intrinsic fluorescence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the intrinsic fluorescence of
+proteins or other macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or other macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or other macromolecules
+we have tryptophan and tyrosine a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have tryptophan and tyrosine a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have tryptophan and tyrosine a couple
+of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino
+acids they fluoresce but it's so dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids they fluoresce but it's so dim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids they fluoresce but it's so dim
+it's nothing like this you wouldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like this you wouldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like this you wouldn't see
+those kinds of signals at all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of signals at all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of signals at all it's
+really the what we call extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the what we call extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the what we call extrinsic
+fluorophores fluorophores from outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores fluorophores from outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophores fluorophores from outside
+but shine very very brightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shine very very brightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shine very very brightly
+many of these fluorophores shine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these fluorophores shine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these fluorophores shine so
+brightly they can be used to look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightly they can be used to look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightly they can be used to look at in
+single molecules Professor Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecules Professor Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecules Professor Martin
+described to you single molecule DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you single molecule DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you single molecule DNA
+sequencing that actually exploits very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing that actually exploits very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing that actually exploits very
+bright fluorophores that are so bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright fluorophores that are so bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright fluorophores that are so bright
+that you can see just a few of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see just a few of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see just a few of them in
+one place very very clearly okay how am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place very very clearly okay how am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place very very clearly okay how am
+i doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i doing
+I just want to actually leave you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to actually leave you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to actually leave you with
+something that's another technology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's another technology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's another technology so
+you could almost picture with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could almost picture with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could almost picture with all of
+what we've seen so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen so far
+you could almost target any cell with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could almost target any cell with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could almost target any cell with an
+antibody that's particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody that's particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody that's particularly
+specifically raised to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically raised to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically raised to a particular
+protein that's within the cell so Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's within the cell so Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's within the cell so Wilson
+we can see and in the next class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see and in the next class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see and in the next class we'll
+discuss what the limitations of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what the limitations of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what the limitations of that are
+but we've already talked about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've already talked about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've already talked about the fact
+that we have to use antibodies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to use antibodies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to use antibodies with
+fixed not living anymore cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed not living anymore cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed not living anymore cells so
+they're really dyes that can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really dyes that can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really dyes that can only be
+used in that way the other place you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in that way the other place you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in that way the other place you can
+use fluorophores is the labeling DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fluorophores is the labeling DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fluorophores is the labeling DNA and
+for looking at DNA and a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at DNA and a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at DNA and a particularly
+important technology is known as a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technology is known as a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technology is known as a DNA
+microarray has anybody heard of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray has anybody heard of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray has anybody heard of these
+yeah so DNA microarrays absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so DNA microarrays absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so DNA microarrays absolutely
+exploits the complementarity of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits the complementarity of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits the complementarity of DNA
+sequences so if you want to probe for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so if you want to probe for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so if you want to probe for a
+particular sequence of DNA you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence of DNA you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence of DNA you would
+make the complementary strand and label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the complementary strand and label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the complementary strand and label
+it with a fluorophore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a fluorophore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a fluorophore
+and you could out of thousands of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could out of thousands of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could out of thousands of DNA
+stretches literally light up the stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches literally light up the stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches literally light up the stretch
+of DNA that's complementary to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that's complementary to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that's complementary to your
+target and so DNA microarrays what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and so DNA microarrays what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and so DNA microarrays what you
+see here are just the size of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here are just the size of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here are just the size of just a
+microscope slide where on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope slide where on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope slide where on this slide
+through arraying technologies you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through arraying technologies you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through arraying technologies you can
+literally spot 40,000 distinct sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally spot 40,000 distinct sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally spot 40,000 distinct sequences
+of DNA in grids to recognize so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA in grids to recognize so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA in grids to recognize so these
+DNA micro arrays can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA micro arrays can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA micro arrays can be used for
+profiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling
+genetic material or for profiling not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material or for profiling not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material or for profiling not
+just DNA but RNA and well sure we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just DNA but RNA and well sure we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just DNA but RNA and well sure we'll see
+how at the beginning of the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how at the beginning of the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how at the beginning of the next class
+in order to probe for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to probe for particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to probe for particular
+stretches of DNA that might be Deniz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches of DNA that might be Deniz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches of DNA that might be Deniz
+disease related and have single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease related and have single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease related and have single
+nucleotide polymorphisms so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide polymorphisms so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide polymorphisms so in order to
+actually just give you a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just give you a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just give you a little bit of a
+warm-up to that I want you to go I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up to that I want you to go I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up to that I want you to go I'm
+gonna put a link to this in the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put a link to this in the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put a link to this in the website
+and it actually just shows you virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually just shows you virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually just shows you virtual
+virtual running of a DNA microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual running of a DNA microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual running of a DNA microarray
+experiments and how you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and how you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and how you can use it to
+profile disease states and cells or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile disease states and cells or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile disease states and cells or
+versus healthy cells and then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus healthy cells and then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus healthy cells and then at the
+beginning of the next class I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next class I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next class I'll
+describe how you get information out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how you get information out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how you get information out of
+DNA microarrays but at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA microarrays but at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA microarrays but at the end of the
+day you're always using the fluorophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you're always using the fluorophores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you're always using the fluorophores
+as the probes for where certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probes for where certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probes for where certain things
+are okay and that's the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and that's the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and that's the thing to
+remember here fluorescence is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here fluorescence is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here fluorescence is a
+magnificent tool we can use fluorophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent tool we can use fluorophores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent tool we can use fluorophores
+on their own we can use fluorophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own we can use fluorophores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own we can use fluorophores
+attached to antibodies and the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to antibodies and the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to antibodies and the DNA
+microarray experiments show you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments show you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments show you how you
+can use fluorophores attached to the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use fluorophores attached to the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use fluorophores attached to the DNA
+sequences okay and I'll see you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences okay and I'll see you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences okay and I'll see you in the
+next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o-Yp8A7BPE8.txt b/o-Yp8A7BPE8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..202e29f66b035306bd7eadbe969f3710c30960f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o-Yp8A7BPE8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everybody uh my name is james payne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody uh my name is james payne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody uh my name is james payne
+i'm with the system dynamics group here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm with the system dynamics group here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm with the system dynamics group here
+at mit i'll give you a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit i'll give you a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit i'll give you a little bit more
+background on myself in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on myself in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on myself in a few minutes
+but just to be sure everyone's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to be sure everyone's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to be sure everyone's where
+they're supposed to be this is system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be this is system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be this is system
+dynamics systems thinking and modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics systems thinking and modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics systems thinking and modeling
+for a complex world this is a three hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a complex world this is a three hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a complex world this is a three hour
+iap overview session um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iap overview session um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iap overview session um
+making sure no one stands up and walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure no one stands up and walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure no one stands up and walks
+out at this point okay good yes doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at this point okay good yes doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at this point okay good yes doing
+pretty good a little overview of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good a little overview of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good a little overview of what
+we're doing today uh so right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing today uh so right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing today uh so right now we're
+in the middle of the welcome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the welcome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the welcome which is
+nice uh we're gonna do a quick overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh we're gonna do a quick overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh we're gonna do a quick overview
+of what is systems thinking and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is systems thinking and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is systems thinking and i'm
+going to try to emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to emphasize this
+throughout the day that there there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the day that there there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the day that there there is
+there is a subtle difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a subtle difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a subtle difference between
+system dynamics the the method set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics the the method set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics the the method set and
+system thinking the sort of concept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system thinking the sort of concept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system thinking the sort of concept and
+field and they overlap and they flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and they overlap and they flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and they overlap and they flow in
+and out of each other but they they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of each other but they they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of each other but they they are
+they are subtly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are subtly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are subtly different
+uh additionally um because this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh additionally um because this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh additionally um because this is only
+a three hour overview um we won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three hour overview um we won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three hour overview um we won't have
+the time to dive into a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to dive into a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to dive into a lot of the
+specific tools and methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific tools and methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific tools and methods and
+nitty-gritty uh happy to discuss with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty uh happy to discuss with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty uh happy to discuss with
+that in more detail or maybe even i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more detail or maybe even i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more detail or maybe even i'm
+thinking about planning a future session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about planning a future session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about planning a future session
+with that so one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so one of the things we
+thought about what's the way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about what's the way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about what's the way that we can
+get people sort of engrossed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people sort of engrossed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people sort of engrossed in this
+material as quickly and efficiently as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material as quickly and efficiently as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material as quickly and efficiently as
+possible and our thought there is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and our thought there is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and our thought there is we're
+going to do something that we like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something that we like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something that we like to do
+quite a bit which is a management flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit which is a management flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit which is a management flight
+simulator so it's going to take up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator so it's going to take up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator so it's going to take up a
+good chunk of the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chunk of the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chunk of the middle of the
+afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon
+i hope everyone has been receiving my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope everyone has been receiving my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope everyone has been receiving my
+emails i'm sorry for all of them uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails i'm sorry for all of them uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails i'm sorry for all of them uh the
+but we need essentially one laptop per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need essentially one laptop per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need essentially one laptop per
+about three to five people in the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three to five people in the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three to five people in the entire
+uh group so i think we're good with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh group so i think we're good with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh group so i think we're good with that
+so that will give us an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will give us an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will give us an opportunity to
+get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kind of
+hands-on with the system dynamics fueled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-on with the system dynamics fueled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-on with the system dynamics fueled
+simulator and then afterwards we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and then afterwards we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and then afterwards we're
+gonna sit down and talk about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sit down and talk about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sit down and talk about how the
+lessons from that simulation tied into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons from that simulation tied into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons from that simulation tied into
+some of our earlier concepts and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our earlier concepts and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our earlier concepts and finally
+end with an overview of some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with an overview of some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with an overview of some additional
+resources for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for those of you who are
+interested not only in system dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested not only in system dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested not only in system dynamics
+but specifically system dynamics here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but specifically system dynamics here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but specifically system dynamics here at
+mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+so who am i i'll say this i was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who am i i'll say this i was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who am i i'll say this i was not
+realizing that the screen was so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that the screen was so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that the screen was so big
+because that's my face is very large up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's my face is very large up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's my face is very large up
+there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+yeah my name is james payne uh i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my name is james payne uh i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my name is james payne uh i'm a
+second year phd student in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year phd student in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year phd student in the system
+dynamics group uh my path here to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group uh my path here to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group uh my path here to mit
+was was torturous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was torturous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was torturous
+to say the least i worked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the least i worked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the least i worked for
+approximately 10 years in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 10 years in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 10 years in various
+industry settings as a chemical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry settings as a chemical engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry settings as a chemical engineer
+at g hitachi nuclear energy as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at g hitachi nuclear energy as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at g hitachi nuclear energy as an
+industrial engineer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial engineer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial engineer and
+lean six sigma specialist at a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean six sigma specialist at a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean six sigma specialist at a company
+called inmar which does reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inmar which does reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inmar which does reverse
+logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics
+and then finally as a product manager at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally as a product manager at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally as a product manager at
+haynes brian's on the maiden forum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haynes brian's on the maiden forum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haynes brian's on the maiden forum and
+playtex 18 hour brands so all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playtex 18 hour brands so all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playtex 18 hour brands so all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+one of the reasons actually why i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons actually why i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons actually why i found
+the system dynamics group specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system dynamics group specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system dynamics group specifically
+was when i decided to kind of go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when i decided to kind of go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when i decided to kind of go back
+into academia as a career the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into academia as a career the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into academia as a career the system
+dynamics group was one of the few places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group was one of the few places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group was one of the few places
+when during my interviews with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when during my interviews with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when during my interviews with different
+folks when i said i've worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks when i said i've worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks when i said i've worked on
+everything from nuclear reactors to bras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from nuclear reactors to bras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from nuclear reactors to bras
+their response was okay that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their response was okay that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their response was okay that makes sense
+and then my response to that was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my response to that was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my response to that was well
+that doesn't really make sense to me i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really make sense to me i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really make sense to me i'm
+curious about why that makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about why that makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about why that makes sense to
+you and then we kind of dove into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we kind of dove into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we kind of dove into it
+from there and we'll get more into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and we'll get more into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and we'll get more into that
+sole idea of systems level thinking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole idea of systems level thinking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole idea of systems level thinking um
+my specific research interests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my specific research interests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my specific research interests are
+focused primarily on this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused primarily on this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused primarily on this concept of
+behavioral operations management so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral operations management so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral operations management so
+some of you in here might be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you in here might be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you in here might be familiar
+with operations management as a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with operations management as a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with operations management as a concept
+behavioral om specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral om specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral om specifically
+looks at the decision-making processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the decision-making processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the decision-making processes
+that come about as a result of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come about as a result of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come about as a result of human
+beings existing within a supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings existing within a supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings existing within a supply chain
+and either trying to work around or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either trying to work around or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either trying to work around or with
+that uh my my constant line and refrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh my my constant line and refrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh my my constant line and refrain
+for all this is within behavioral om the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this is within behavioral om the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this is within behavioral om the
+presence of people is not a bug it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of people is not a bug it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of people is not a bug it's a
+feature and what can you do to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and what can you do to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and what can you do to kind of
+plan not only around but with that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan not only around but with that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan not only around but with that um so
+a little bit more about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about the system
+dynamics group specifically at mit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group specifically at mit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group specifically at mit here
+here are here are faculty members we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are here are faculty members we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are here are faculty members we
+have uh john sturman nelson repenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh john sturman nelson repenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh john sturman nelson repenting
+hashir ramadan and david keith uh john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashir ramadan and david keith uh john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashir ramadan and david keith uh john
+sturman is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturman is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturman is um
+a big presence in the system dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big presence in the system dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big presence in the system dynamics
+field uh at this point he's the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh at this point he's the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh at this point he's the author
+of and i'll talk about this later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and i'll talk about this later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and i'll talk about this later on
+this lovely textbook right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely textbook right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely textbook right here
+which is big old sucker business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is big old sucker business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is big old sucker business
+dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+this has become the de facto textbook of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has become the de facto textbook of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has become the de facto textbook of
+the field at this point there's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field at this point there's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field at this point there's a number
+of different resources out there i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different resources out there i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different resources out there i'll
+talk about again this at the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about again this at the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about again this at the very end of
+the class but given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class but given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class but given
+limited time and limited resources my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited time and limited resources my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited time and limited resources my
+suggestion would be grab one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion would be grab one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion would be grab one of the
+copies out of the dewey library over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies out of the dewey library over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies out of the dewey library over
+here and read the first two chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and read the first two chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and read the first two chapters
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+greatly overlaps we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly overlaps we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly overlaps we're going to talk
+about today and in my opinion covers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today and in my opinion covers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today and in my opinion covers a
+lot of the fundamental concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the fundamental concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the fundamental concepts of
+system dynamics and systems thinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics and systems thinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics and systems thinking so
+very brief history of system dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief history of system dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief history of system dynamics
+system dynamics is at its core an mit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics is at its core an mit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics is at its core an mit uh
+sort of founded field came about out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of founded field came about out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of founded field came about out of
+the mind of this man right here jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind of this man right here jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind of this man right here jay
+forrester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forrester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forrester
+and its origins and control theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its origins and control theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its origins and control theory so
+this is this is i want to say i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is i want to say i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is i want to say i want to
+preface this by saying this is my view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface this by saying this is my view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface this by saying this is my view
+of system dynamics and this is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system dynamics and this is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system dynamics and this is coming
+from the standpoint of someone whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of someone whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of someone whose
+background is all sort of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is all sort of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is all sort of engineering
+and operations management i view system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations management i view system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations management i view system
+dynamics as control theory applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics as control theory applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics as control theory applied to
+social systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social systems
+um again you might have some some slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you might have some some slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you might have some some slight
+disagreement from different people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement from different people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement from different people in
+the group but that's at least my sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group but that's at least my sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group but that's at least my sort of
+one sentence summary of all that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sentence summary of all that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sentence summary of all that system
+dynamics is so um the real seminal work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics is so um the real seminal work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics is so um the real seminal work
+of all this was in 1958 when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this was in 1958 when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this was in 1958 when he
+published industrial dynamics which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published industrial dynamics which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published industrial dynamics which was
+sort of the first formalization of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first formalization of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first formalization of these
+concepts that we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we're going to be talking
+about today jay forster himself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today jay forster himself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today jay forster himself if
+anyone here has a background electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here has a background electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here has a background electrical
+engineering might recognize his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering might recognize his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering might recognize his name
+he's the original inventor of ram so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the original inventor of ram so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the original inventor of ram so his
+uh background is primarily around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh background is primarily around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh background is primarily around
+computers he was involved in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers he was involved in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers he was involved in the world
+warden one which sorry whirlwind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warden one which sorry whirlwind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warden one which sorry whirlwind one
+which was mit's first multi-purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was mit's first multi-purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was mit's first multi-purpose
+digital computer so he did a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital computer so he did a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital computer so he did a lot of work
+in digital computing a lot of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital computing a lot of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital computing a lot of work in
+the electronic space actually if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic space actually if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic space actually if you go
+up to the fourth floor room uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the fourth floor room uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the fourth floor room uh
+450 it's a jay forester conference room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 it's a jay forester conference room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 it's a jay forester conference room
+in there there are pictures of him uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there there are pictures of him uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there there are pictures of him uh on
+his ranch that that he grew up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ranch that that he grew up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ranch that that he grew up on
+there's pictures there's chunks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pictures there's chunks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pictures there's chunks of
+memorabilia from his history of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorabilia from his history of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorabilia from his history of system
+dynamics there's also an original piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics there's also an original piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics there's also an original piece
+of sort of hand woven ram shoved up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of hand woven ram shoved up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of hand woven ram shoved up
+there so if you have any interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you have any interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you have any interest in
+sort of early computing history that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of early computing history that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of early computing history that's
+kind of a fun bookshelf to to wander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fun bookshelf to to wander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fun bookshelf to to wander
+through and and touch and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and and touch and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and and touch and feel
+so really how this started was he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really how this started was he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really how this started was he came
+to sloan and uh had this idea of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sloan and uh had this idea of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sloan and uh had this idea of like
+what can i do to take my background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can i do to take my background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can i do to take my background in
+sort of engineering and apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of engineering and apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of engineering and apply it to
+business systems and this kind of was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business systems and this kind of was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business systems and this kind of was
+born out of his view that often when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born out of his view that often when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born out of his view that often when
+faced with a problem in this space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a problem in this space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a problem in this space you
+could get so far with treating it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get so far with treating it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get so far with treating it as a
+purely engineering problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely engineering problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely engineering problem and
+ultimately you end up running into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you end up running into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you end up running into
+social issues you run into bureaucratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issues you run into bureaucratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issues you run into bureaucratic
+issues you run into structural issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you run into structural issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you run into structural issues
+inside the organization that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the organization that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the organization that are
+ultimately trying to implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately trying to implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately trying to implement this
+solution that have to become part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that have to become part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that have to become part of the
+solution and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and of itself
+so he asked himself how can i broaden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked himself how can i broaden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked himself how can i broaden
+and apply some of this theory that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply some of this theory that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply some of this theory that i've
+already learned and developed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already learned and developed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already learned and developed over the
+course of my life to this sort of wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of my life to this sort of wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of my life to this sort of wider
+concept of social systems is a real sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of social systems is a real sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of social systems is a real sort
+of uh test of that came in two forms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh test of that came in two forms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh test of that came in two forms one
+was an early project with general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an early project with general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an early project with general
+electric at an appliance plant and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric at an appliance plant and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric at an appliance plant and they
+noticed that they had this three-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that they had this three-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that they had this three-year
+cycle specifically with with regards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle specifically with with regards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle specifically with with regards to
+their uh employment history of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh employment history of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh employment history of sort of
+boom and bust of a host of people coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom and bust of a host of people coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom and bust of a host of people coming
+on board onboarding onboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board onboarding onboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board onboarding onboarding
+onboarding and then mass quits every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboarding and then mass quits every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboarding and then mass quits every
+three years and the question was where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years and the question was where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years and the question was where
+is this coming from what's happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this coming from what's happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this coming from what's happening so
+he sat down and hand coded one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sat down and hand coded one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sat down and hand coded one of the
+first what we consider to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what we consider to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what we consider to be sort of
+like system dynamics models within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like system dynamics models within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like system dynamics models within this
+field uh and presented it and that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh and presented it and that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh and presented it and that led
+to his work in industrial dynamics major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his work in industrial dynamics major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his work in industrial dynamics major
+breakthrough for decision makers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough for decision makers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough for decision makers where
+this got a lot of attention and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got a lot of attention and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got a lot of attention and kind of
+spread beyond just sort of our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread beyond just sort of our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread beyond just sort of our group
+here at mit was when he was invited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit was when he was invited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit was when he was invited to
+the club of rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the club of rome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the club of rome
+and started applying some of this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started applying some of this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started applying some of this work
+to larger social systems in his world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to larger social systems in his world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to larger social systems in his world
+two simulation uh this led um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two simulation uh this led um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two simulation uh this led um
+to uh a book later on i'm sure you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a book later on i'm sure you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a book later on i'm sure you guys
+have heard uh called the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard uh called the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard uh called the limits of
+growth limits to growth which is in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth limits to growth which is in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth limits to growth which is in of
+itself a fundamental book in within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a fundamental book in within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a fundamental book in within
+system dynamics but also a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics but also a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics but also a little bit
+controversial in the form of that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial in the form of that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial in the form of that it was
+semi-misconstrued as making concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-misconstrued as making concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-misconstrued as making concrete
+predictions for the future instead it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the future instead it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the future instead it
+was trying to make some comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to make some comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to make some comments about
+the overarching social structures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overarching social structures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overarching social structures we
+live in and the limits of resource uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in and the limits of resource uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in and the limits of resource uh
+renewal and regeneration uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal and regeneration uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal and regeneration uh so that's
+kind of our my quick background of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our my quick background of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our my quick background of where
+we are and how we are what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are and how we are what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are and how we are what's interesting
+is is that what that's led to is a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that what that's led to is a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that what that's led to is a group
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that has a wide wide background so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a wide wide background so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a wide wide background so this
+these are the current phd students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the current phd students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the current phd students in
+our group with me down there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group with me down there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group with me down there in the
+middle again uh we have two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle again uh we have two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle again uh we have two other
+members in the room we have we have jose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members in the room we have we have jose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members in the room we have we have jose
+back there in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there in the corner
+we have ty sitting over here it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ty sitting over here it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ty sitting over here it's going
+to call them out yeah so but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them out yeah so but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them out yeah so but if you look
+up here the reason i have this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here the reason i have this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here the reason i have this up here
+partially so you can hunt us all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially so you can hunt us all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially so you can hunt us all down
+later on if you have questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if you have questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if you have questions and then
+also for this little line below uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for this little line below uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for this little line below uh what
+we where we all came from and how we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we where we all came from and how we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we where we all came from and how we all
+got here and you'll notice that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here and you'll notice that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here and you'll notice that it's
+kind of all over the place we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all over the place we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all over the place we have some
+engineering we have some aeronautics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we have some aeronautics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we have some aeronautics we
+have electrical we also have biology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electrical we also have biology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electrical we also have biology we
+have geophysics we have applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have geophysics we have applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have geophysics we have applied
+mathematics so uh folks come to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so uh folks come to system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so uh folks come to system
+dynamics through a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics through a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics through a variety of different
+means and methods but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and methods but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and methods but ultimately
+what at least my opinion on this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what at least my opinion on this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what at least my opinion on this is it's
+from someone taking a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone taking a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone taking a systematic
+approach and noticing that a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and noticing that a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and noticing that a systematic
+approach by its very nature must exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach by its very nature must exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach by its very nature must exist
+within a system and how can we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a system and how can we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a system and how can we apply
+that more widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more widely
+so just to give you an idea of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you an idea of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you an idea of where
+this can kind of lead i'm gonna give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can kind of lead i'm gonna give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can kind of lead i'm gonna give you
+two examples of some research that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples of some research that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples of some research that i'm
+currently working on i'll get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working on i'll get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working on i'll get back to
+this later on this one is one that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later on this one is one that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later on this one is one that i
+consider to be more traditional system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be more traditional system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be more traditional system
+dynamics in the sense that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in the sense that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in the sense that you've
+noticed this lovely little diagram which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed this lovely little diagram which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed this lovely little diagram which
+we'll talk more about later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about later on
+stock and flow diagram compartmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and flow diagram compartmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and flow diagram compartmental
+model this is applying uh concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this is applying uh concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this is applying uh concepts of
+systems thinking that we'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking that we'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking that we'll talk about a
+little bit more later on to this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more later on to this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more later on to this idea of
+nonprofit organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit organizations and
+decision-making within that space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making within that space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making within that space and
+specifically how non-profits uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically how non-profits uh within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically how non-profits uh within
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the sort of performance landscape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of performance landscape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of performance landscape in
+which they operate are subject to unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they operate are subject to unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they operate are subject to unique
+and differ and different pressures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differ and different pressures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and differ and different pressures that
+for-profits uh are not subject to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profits uh are not subject to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profits uh are not subject to and
+this is this none of you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this none of you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this none of you should be
+surprised by that sentence that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by that sentence that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by that sentence that's not a
+crazy thing but by its very nature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy thing but by its very nature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy thing but by its very nature you
+create this sort of and by the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this sort of and by the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this sort of and by the outcome
+of this paper this performance landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paper this performance landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paper this performance landscape
+that says that not only is it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that not only is it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that not only is it more
+difficult to be a non-profit in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to be a non-profit in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to be a non-profit in certain
+settings it is it is structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings it is it is structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings it is it is structurally
+impossible for you to achieve certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you to achieve certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you to achieve certain
+types of goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of goals
+so that's something this in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something this in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something this in the whole
+whole line with this is sort of like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line with this is sort of like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line with this is sort of like why
+is it so difficult to be a non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so difficult to be a non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so difficult to be a non-profit
+manager under certain circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager under certain circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager under certain circumstances
+that's kind of where it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of where it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of where it came from
+totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different
+chain of research here is this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of research here is this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of research here is this idea of
+multi-uh echelon supply chains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-uh echelon supply chains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-uh echelon supply chains and
+inventory oscillation this is built on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory oscillation this is built on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory oscillation this is built on a
+classic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+model within this space has anyone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model within this space has anyone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model within this space has anyone here
+ever played the beer game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played the beer game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played the beer game
+bare game got a couple hands so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare game got a couple hands so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare game got a couple hands so this is
+ultimately looking at the beer game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately looking at the beer game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately looking at the beer game of
+me being frustrated and saying we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me being frustrated and saying we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me being frustrated and saying we've
+been talking about the beer game for 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the beer game for 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about the beer game for 60
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+like why why are we still talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why are we still talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why are we still talking about
+it what's going on in this space so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's going on in this space so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's going on in this space so this
+is taking uh idea of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking uh idea of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking uh idea of um
+uh again the idea of people being people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again the idea of people being people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again the idea of people being people
+letting their order behavior be what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting their order behavior be what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting their order behavior be what it
+is and talk about what can we do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and talk about what can we do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and talk about what can we do for
+sort of an algorithmic approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an algorithmic approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an algorithmic approach to
+control mechanisms that exist within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control mechanisms that exist within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control mechanisms that exist within a
+supply chain with delays so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain with delays so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain with delays so in this case
+i'm not really doing a lot with what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not really doing a lot with what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not really doing a lot with what one
+would consider to be sort of traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider to be sort of traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider to be sort of traditional
+system dynamics tools but i'm spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics tools but i'm spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics tools but i'm spending a
+lot of time in tensorflow i'm spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in tensorflow i'm spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in tensorflow i'm spending a
+lot of time in python i'm spending a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in python i'm spending a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in python i'm spending a lot
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+uh doing optimization within these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing optimization within these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing optimization within these
+spaces uh and that still within is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces uh and that still within is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces uh and that still within is
+within this larger concept of uh system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this larger concept of uh system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this larger concept of uh system
+dynamics and systems thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and systems thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and systems thinking
+so let's dive in a little bit more i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's dive in a little bit more i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's dive in a little bit more i've
+been saying system dynamics and systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been saying system dynamics and systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been saying system dynamics and systems
+thinking a lot and you guys are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a lot and you guys are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a lot and you guys are in a
+three-hour overview session so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour overview session so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour overview session so i'm
+assuming that most of you guys don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that most of you guys don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that most of you guys don't
+necessarily have a strong background on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have a strong background on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have a strong background on
+this actually that's a good question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually that's a good question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually that's a good question to
+ask right now has anyone here taken any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask right now has anyone here taken any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask right now has anyone here taken any
+of the system dynamics classes here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system dynamics classes here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system dynamics classes here at
+mit already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit already
+okay good because otherwise this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good because otherwise this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good because otherwise this will be
+really repetitive for you so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really repetitive for you so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really repetitive for you so that's
+great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay
+um so who here has ever seen a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so who here has ever seen a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so who here has ever seen a diagram
+that looks like this does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this does this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this does this look
+familiar you have a problem you identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you have a problem you identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you have a problem you identify
+the problem you gather data you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you gather data you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you gather data you evaluate
+alternatives you select a solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives you select a solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives you select a solution and
+you implement it anyone here ever worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement it anyone here ever worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement it anyone here ever worked
+in project management anyone here ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in project management anyone here ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in project management anyone here ever
+worked in that sort of environment yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in that sort of environment yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in that sort of environment yeah
+so my background's um lean six sigma uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my background's um lean six sigma uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my background's um lean six sigma uh
+once upon a time and this is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time and this is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time and this is a highly
+simplified version of the idea of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of the idea of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of the idea of like
+domeak though for those of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domeak though for those of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domeak though for those of you who have
+a background on lead six sigma and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a background on lead six sigma and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a background on lead six sigma and no
+domaic don't jump ahead of me because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domaic don't jump ahead of me because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domaic don't jump ahead of me because
+because i'm gonna i'm gonna get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm gonna i'm gonna get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm gonna i'm gonna get to
+something important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important here
+so within this concept of of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so within this concept of of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so within this concept of of sort of
+identifying a problem finding a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying a problem finding a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying a problem finding a solution
+and implementing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implementing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implementing it
+ultimately what we're talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what we're talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what we're talking about is
+that we have some sort of goal we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some sort of goal we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some sort of goal we want
+to fix a problem we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix a problem we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix a problem we're going to make
+some sort of decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of decision
+by making that decision we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making that decision we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making that decision we're going to
+change the state of our system great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the state of our system great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the state of our system great we
+did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations
+i'm assuming partially given away by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming partially given away by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming partially given away by the
+title of this section of the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of this section of the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of this section of the slides
+you can kind of tell that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of tell that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of tell that this is not
+complete also just by the nature of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete also just by the nature of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete also just by the nature of how
+i've arranged these variables on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've arranged these variables on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've arranged these variables on this
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+i'm kind of giving away where i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of giving away where i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of giving away where i'm going
+with some of this because at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of this because at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of this because at the end of
+the day this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day this is not
+true and of itself this is all embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and of itself this is all embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and of itself this is all embedded
+in a larger system that matters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a larger system that matters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a larger system that matters in the
+short term so when you change the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short term so when you change the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short term so when you change the state
+of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system
+your decisions have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decisions have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decisions have to change
+suddenly when you've changed how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly when you've changed how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly when you've changed how you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+implement or control a specific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement or control a specific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement or control a specific uh
+structural process within i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural process within i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural process within i don't know
+your supply chain the way that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supply chain the way that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supply chain the way that you go
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+managing that supply chain on daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing that supply chain on daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing that supply chain on daily
+basis is now different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is now different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is now different
+additionally because of that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally because of that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally because of that change
+maybe now your goals are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe now your goals are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe now your goals are a little bit
+different before you're trying to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different before you're trying to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different before you're trying to again
+i'm going to talk in in the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk in in the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk in in the language of
+of supply chain you're you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supply chain you're you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supply chain you're you're you're
+shooting for that semi-arbitrary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for that semi-arbitrary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for that semi-arbitrary number
+of 60 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 60 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 60 uh
+3.4 defects per million opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.4 defects per million opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.4 defects per million opportunities
+which i have a whole nother soapbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i have a whole nother soapbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i have a whole nother soapbox
+about whether why that number is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether why that number is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether why that number is not the
+appropriate number to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate number to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate number to choose
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and now you've done it so now you wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you've done it so now you wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you've done it so now you wanna
+do something else so now your goals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else so now your goals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else so now your goals have
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+but now all of a sudden by you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now all of a sudden by you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now all of a sudden by you doing
+this you suddenly realize that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you suddenly realize that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you suddenly realize that you're
+affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting
+not only other your one process but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only other your one process but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only other your one process but
+other processes other things within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes other things within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes other things within your
+system and that can lead this thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that can lead this thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that can lead this thing we
+call side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call side effects
+but however like maybe by me changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however like maybe by me changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however like maybe by me changing
+the state of my system suddenly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of my system suddenly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of my system suddenly a
+supplier has to change how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier has to change how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier has to change how they're
+acting for me suddenly maybe an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting for me suddenly maybe an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting for me suddenly maybe an order
+stream has to change somebody outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream has to change somebody outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream has to change somebody outside of
+myself and my team has to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and my team has to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and my team has to change their
+decisions based upon the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions based upon the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions based upon the state of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and additionally that state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additionally that state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additionally that state of the
+system feeds in right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system feeds in right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system feeds in right there
+so you can see where i'm kind of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see where i'm kind of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see where i'm kind of going
+with this and additionally when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and additionally when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and additionally when
+everything's said and done and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's said and done and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's said and done and you've
+built this lovely process up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this lovely process up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this lovely process up with
+everyone their own side effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone their own side effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone their own side effects and
+building off everything else like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building off everything else like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building off everything else like that
+here's the fun bit none of this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fun bit none of this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fun bit none of this happens
+instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously
+there are delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are delay
+after delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after delay
+after delay after delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after delay after delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after delay after delay
+so you making a choice today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you making a choice today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you making a choice today
+that affects your system and achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects your system and achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects your system and achieves
+that goal within that open loop thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal within that open loop thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal within that open loop thinking
+model ultimately can come right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model ultimately can come right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model ultimately can come right back
+around and affect that original input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and affect that original input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and affect that original input
+again this is the fundamental concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the fundamental concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the fundamental concept of
+systems level thinking no decision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems level thinking no decision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems level thinking no decision you
+make exists in isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make exists in isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make exists in isolation
+no process that you affect exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no process that you affect exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no process that you affect exists in
+isolation the only difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation the only difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation the only difference is the
+boundaries of your system in fact i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of your system in fact i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of your system in fact i go
+so far as to say there are no such thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far as to say there are no such thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far as to say there are no such thing
+as side effects there are simply effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as side effects there are simply effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as side effects there are simply effects
+that you have not thought about yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have not thought about yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have not thought about yet
+so what is a system a system is any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a system a system is any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a system a system is any set
+of interdependent parts with a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interdependent parts with a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interdependent parts with a common
+purpose now the common purpose i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose now the common purpose i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose now the common purpose i'll be
+honest is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest is a bit of a
+a bit of a caveat because as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a caveat because as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a caveat because as you can
+probably tell from this if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell from this if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell from this if you take the
+systems level concept and apply it ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems level concept and apply it ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems level concept and apply it ad
+nauseum suddenly you have a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauseum suddenly you have a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauseum suddenly you have a system of
+every atom of the universe and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every atom of the universe and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every atom of the universe and that
+ultimately is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is not
+feasible you do eventually have to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible you do eventually have to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible you do eventually have to draw
+a boundary around your system so for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary around your system so for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary around your system so for our
+purpose very generally we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose very generally we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose very generally we're going to
+say that define a purpose and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that define a purpose and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that define a purpose and then your
+system is all those parts that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is all those parts that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is all those parts that would
+exist within that purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist within that purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist within that purpose
+and i put my animations out of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put my animations out of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put my animations out of order
+there apparently social and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there apparently social and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there apparently social and economic
+systems are highly complex they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are highly complex they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are highly complex they're
+dynamic tightly coupled and by that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic tightly coupled and by that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic tightly coupled and by that what
+i mean is when one thing happens it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean is when one thing happens it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean is when one thing happens it you
+can trace it to another thing occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trace it to another thing occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trace it to another thing occurring
+somewhere else governed by feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else governed by feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else governed by feedback
+ultimately the decision you make affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the decision you make affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the decision you make affects
+something that then affects that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that then affects that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that then affects that same
+decision process in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision process in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision process in the future
+non-linear limited information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear limited information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear limited information and
+there's ambiguity and typically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ambiguity and typically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ambiguity and typically they're
+more complex than human-made physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex than human-made physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex than human-made physical
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+and so ultimately when you take a lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ultimately when you take a lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ultimately when you take a lovely
+little diagram like this of one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little diagram like this of one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little diagram like this of one thing
+kind of water flowing down water flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of water flowing down water flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of water flowing down water flowing
+down water flowing down the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down water flowing down the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down water flowing down the part that
+people often forget is that feedback a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often forget is that feedback a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often forget is that feedback a
+loop that goes right back up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that goes right back up to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that goes right back up to the top
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when we talk about systems thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about systems thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about systems thinking and
+system dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics
+it's really a framework to help close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a framework to help close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a framework to help close
+the loops i talked about before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loops i talked about before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loops i talked about before this
+idea of open loop thinking it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of open loop thinking it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of open loop thinking it's our
+method of taking that process and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of taking that process and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of taking that process and saying
+what are the processes that i make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the processes that i make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the processes that i make
+downstream what are the choices i make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream what are the choices i make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream what are the choices i make
+downstream and how do they come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and how do they come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and how do they come back and
+affect that first starting point at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that first starting point at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that first starting point at the
+beginning of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the day
+ultimately what we try to do within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what we try to do within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what we try to do within
+system dynamics we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics we have we have a
+general framework for figuring this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general framework for figuring this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general framework for figuring this sort
+of process out as best we can a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process out as best we can a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process out as best we can a big part
+of it is eliciting mental models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is eliciting mental models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is eliciting mental models
+and mental models in that sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mental models in that sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mental models in that sense is
+saying walking up to somebody and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying walking up to somebody and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying walking up to somebody and saying
+i know you're acting rationally i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you're acting rationally i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you're acting rationally i know
+the choices that you make are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choices that you make are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choices that you make are the ones
+that you think are best for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think are best for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think are best for the
+information set that you have right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information set that you have right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information set that you have right now
+i want to know why i want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to know why i want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to know why i want to build a
+model of your mental process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of your mental process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of your mental process
+that when i run it and i look at it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i run it and i look at it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i run it and i look at it it
+makes complete sense and then take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes complete sense and then take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes complete sense and then take that
+model and then pop it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then pop it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then pop it in the context of
+a larger system and see how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger system and see how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger system and see how those
+decisions start coming back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions start coming back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions start coming back and
+affecting the outcome and then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the outcome and then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the outcome and then that's
+exactly right taking that mental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right taking that mental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right taking that mental model
+and expanding it outwards and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expanding it outwards and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expanding it outwards and saying
+okay now you've made choices how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you've made choices how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you've made choices how can we
+bring feedback into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring feedback into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring feedback into account
+simulation so this is one thing uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so this is one thing uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so this is one thing uh for
+those of you who might have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who might have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who might have a small
+inkling of the system dynamics group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkling of the system dynamics group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkling of the system dynamics group
+here at mit a huge chunk of what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit a huge chunk of what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit a huge chunk of what we do
+is simulation because at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simulation because at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simulation because at the end of the
+day it's a heck of a lot cheaper quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's a heck of a lot cheaper quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's a heck of a lot cheaper quicker
+to simulate a social process and changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate a social process and changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate a social process and changes
+and and um tweaks or or or impacts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um tweaks or or or impacts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um tweaks or or or impacts or
+effects than actually going out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects than actually going out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects than actually going out there
+and doing it directly on social systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing it directly on social systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing it directly on social systems
+turns out it takes a long time and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it takes a long time and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it takes a long time and often
+makes people grumpy if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes people grumpy if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes people grumpy if you do it
+directly so simulation is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so simulation is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so simulation is really really
+helpful so simulation helps also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so simulation helps also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so simulation helps also
+improving mental models by presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving mental models by presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving mental models by presenting
+folks with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks with people
+also as a teaching tool showing folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as a teaching tool showing folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as a teaching tool showing folks
+sort of self-contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-contained
+models and simulations of a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and simulations of a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and simulations of a process that
+both shows how their mental model fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both shows how their mental model fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both shows how their mental model fits
+and makes sense and is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes sense and is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes sense and is perfectly
+rational but then also in a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational but then also in a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational but then also in a larger
+context can uh affect uh and have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context can uh affect uh and have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context can uh affect uh and have uh
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is the big one the simulation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the big one the simulation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the big one the simulation's
+purpose is not to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is not to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is not to be right
+this is this is i put this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is i put this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is i put this up here
+partially for my own uh my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially for my own uh my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially for my own uh my own
+edification my own my own learning i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edification my own my own learning i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edification my own my own learning i
+spend way too much time building these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend way too much time building these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend way too much time building these
+models both within the sort of core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models both within the sort of core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models both within the sort of core
+system dynamics tools that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics tools that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics tools that we'll talk
+about a little bit later and also within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit later and also within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit later and also within
+my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+side environments of saying okay i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side environments of saying okay i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side environments of saying okay i want
+to get this this simulation to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this this simulation to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this this simulation to match
+some reference mode of data as closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reference mode of data as closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reference mode of data as closely
+as possible and the question there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible and the question there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible and the question there is
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+being right is not the same as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being right is not the same as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being right is not the same as being
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+so you want to make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to make sure that you're
+identifying the high leverage sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the high leverage sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the high leverage sort of
+policy choices within your model the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy choices within your model the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy choices within your model the the
+the portions of that multi-loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the portions of that multi-loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the portions of that multi-loop
+mode of thinking we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of thinking we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of thinking we talked about earlier
+that actually affect the outcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually affect the outcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually affect the outcome that
+you care about not necessarily uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about not necessarily uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about not necessarily uh have a
+simulation that directly matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that directly matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that directly matches the
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+universe around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe around us
+this is these are next what i consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are next what i consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are next what i consider
+to be some of the three core points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some of the three core points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some of the three core points of
+systems thinking and systems dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking and systems dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking and systems dynamics
+and this is the big one structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the big one structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the big one structure
+generates behavior if you walk into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates behavior if you walk into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates behavior if you walk into a
+system dynamics conference if you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics conference if you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics conference if you walk
+into any room with enough people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any room with enough people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any room with enough people who do
+system dynamics for more than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics for more than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics for more than five
+minutes eventually someone's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes eventually someone's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes eventually someone's going to
+say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+structure generates behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure generates behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure generates behavior
+and i'm going to come up and spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to come up and spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to come up and spend a
+little bit more time on this in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time on this in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time on this in a few
+minutes the whole idea of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the whole idea of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the whole idea of structure
+generates behavior is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates behavior is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates behavior is that you
+the the actions that people take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actions that people take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actions that people take
+are possible feasible and rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible feasible and rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible feasible and rational
+because of the universe in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the universe in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the universe in which they
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+and it's important to realize that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important to realize that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important to realize that and
+and that actually goes into that mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually goes into that mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually goes into that mental
+models matter a lot so physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models matter a lot so physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models matter a lot so physical
+structure when we talk about structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when we talk about structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when we talk about structure
+it's not just the physical structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the physical structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the physical structure of
+your system it's a structure that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system it's a structure that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system it's a structure that exists
+within people's heads it's the choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within people's heads it's the choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within people's heads it's the choices
+that they make when they take an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make when they take an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make when they take an input
+and then do an output again my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do an output again my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do an output again my
+background's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background's all
+process control and process engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and process engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and process engineering
+so one way you can think of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way you can think of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way you can think of this is
+little tiny little tiny pid controllers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny little tiny pid controllers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny little tiny pid controllers
+floating around in the universe taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in the universe taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in the universe taking
+inputs and outputs however figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs however figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs however figuring out
+what those inputs and outputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those inputs and outputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those inputs and outputs are
+and how people convert that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how people convert that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how people convert that information
+is is difficult and should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is difficult and should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is difficult and should not be
+casually assumed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually assumed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually assumed away
+and then finally the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally the fundamental
+attribution error this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution error this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution error this is something that
+i added back in here because this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i added back in here because this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i added back in here because this idea
+that our first instinct is to blame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our first instinct is to blame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our first instinct is to blame the
+people and not the system and this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and not the system and this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and not the system and this goes
+back to this idea of structure generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea of structure generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea of structure generates
+behavior so like for example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so like for example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so like for example if you're
+if you're on the highway and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on the highway and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on the highway and suddenly
+someone cuts you off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone cuts you off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone cuts you off
+what's your initial reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your initial reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your initial reaction
+screw that guy what the heck honk honk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that guy what the heck honk honk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that guy what the heck honk honk
+honk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honk
+now suddenly you're on the highway and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly you're on the highway and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly you're on the highway and i
+don't know you're late to get somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you're late to get somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you're late to get somewhere
+you gotta for me i got a call that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta for me i got a call that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta for me i got a call that my
+kid is throwing up at preschool i gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid is throwing up at preschool i gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid is throwing up at preschool i gotta
+get there the next 10 minutes what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there the next 10 minutes what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there the next 10 minutes what do i
+do i cut somebody off saying sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i cut somebody off saying sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i cut somebody off saying sorry it's
+okay and i zoom off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i zoom off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i zoom off
+so in that situation in that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that situation in that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that situation in that first
+situation when i'm hong kong that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when i'm hong kong that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when i'm hong kong that
+guy that guy who just cut me off what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that guy who just cut me off what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that guy who just cut me off what's
+wrong with them something is wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with them something is wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with them something is wrong with
+that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person
+no there's an underlying reason there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's an underlying reason there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's an underlying reason there's
+an underlying rationality behind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying rationality behind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying rationality behind what
+they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing
+i will argue that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will argue that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will argue that there might be
+rationality that person just really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that person just really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that person just really bad
+at driving but hopefully that's not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at driving but hopefully that's not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at driving but hopefully that's not it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the idea that the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that the fundamental
+attribution error is that our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution error is that our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution error is that our first
+instinct is to blame the people and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct is to blame the people and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct is to blame the people and not
+the system back to structure generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system back to structure generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system back to structure generates
+behavior it is the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior it is the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior it is the structure of the
+system that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that matters
+less so than the behavior and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so than the behavior and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so than the behavior and even
+within our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our group
+here at mit we have to remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit we have to remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit we have to remind ourselves
+of this idea of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this idea of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this idea of the fundamental
+attribution error and we try to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution error and we try to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution error and we try to break
+away from it we're not perfect at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it we're not perfect at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it we're not perfect at it
+this is written on the whiteboard up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is written on the whiteboard up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is written on the whiteboard up in
+our room uh this is one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our room uh this is one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our room uh this is one of the first
+things i saw when i walked up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i saw when i walked up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i saw when i walked up to that
+group and um at the time i just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and um at the time i just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and um at the time i just thought
+it was a nice saying and i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a nice saying and i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a nice saying and i didn't
+realize this was actually addressing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this was actually addressing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this was actually addressing one
+of the fundamental sort of uh decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental sort of uh decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental sort of uh decision
+making fallacies that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fallacies that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fallacies that we have to
+overcome assisting system dynamicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome assisting system dynamicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome assisting system dynamicist
+says the basic assumption we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the basic assumption we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the basic assumption we believe
+that everyone in this community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone in this community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone in this community is
+intelligent and capable cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and capable cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and capable cares about
+doing their best and acts with integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their best and acts with integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their best and acts with integrity
+and wants to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to learn
+so the assumption is is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the assumption is is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the assumption is is that every
+person you meet every person you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you meet every person you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you meet every person you sit
+down with has this operating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with has this operating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with has this operating in the
+background then you have to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background then you have to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background then you have to assume that
+they are rational caring human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are rational caring human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are rational caring human beings
+who are doing what they think is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing what they think is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing what they think is best
+and the moment that you accept that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moment that you accept that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moment that you accept that then
+suddenly it's not the person you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it's not the person you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it's not the person you have to
+change it's the system in which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's the system in which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's the system in which they're
+operating that needs to get shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating that needs to get shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating that needs to get shifted
+so stretch this some more uh just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stretch this some more uh just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stretch this some more uh just kind
+of burning into this whole structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of burning into this whole structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of burning into this whole structure
+generates behavior you have patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates behavior you have patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates behavior you have patterns of
+behavior so events are events are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so events are events are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so events are events are the
+most visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most visible
+underneath events you have patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath events you have patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath events you have patterns of
+behavior under that you have structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior under that you have structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior under that you have structure
+so when you look out into the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look out into the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look out into the universe
+and you see something those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see something those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see something those are the
+events you see those things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events you see those things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events you see those things happening
+over and over again those become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again those become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again those become
+patterns of behavior and then the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of behavior and then the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of behavior and then the system
+under which it that's generating it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which it that's generating it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which it that's generating it is
+the actual structure so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure so here's an
+example uh this is all about oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh this is all about oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh this is all about oil prices
+drunk trader causes spike in oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk trader causes spike in oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk trader causes spike in oil prices
+oil prices keep falling this is why opec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil prices keep falling this is why opec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil prices keep falling this is why opec
+rumors continue to pull oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rumors continue to pull oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rumors continue to pull oil prices
+prices higher uh opec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices higher uh opec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices higher uh opec
+turns for high oil prices another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns for high oil prices another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns for high oil prices another
+economic worry tumbling oil prices oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic worry tumbling oil prices oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic worry tumbling oil prices oil
+prices after tanker attack on the gulf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices after tanker attack on the gulf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices after tanker attack on the gulf
+of oman so in this case each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oman so in this case each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oman so in this case each one of
+these ones you've noticed they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones you've noticed they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones you've noticed they're
+talking about oh prices jumping up oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about oh prices jumping up oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about oh prices jumping up oil
+prices going down although prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices going down although prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices going down although prices
+jumping up oil prices going down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping up oil prices going down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping up oil prices going down these
+are the events that you see these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the events that you see these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the events that you see these are
+the points of data the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points of data the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points of data the pattern
+is a little bit more interesting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more interesting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more interesting you
+take each one of those effects you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each one of those effects you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each one of those effects you can't
+just draw a line out and add infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a line out and add infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a line out and add infinite
+you want to look at something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at something like this
+so in this case you can see the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can see the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can see the oil
+prices and i would see this as a true as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and i would see this as a true as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and i would see this as a true as
+a sort of a stereotypical boom and bust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a stereotypical boom and bust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a stereotypical boom and bust
+pattern it goes up it goes down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it goes up it goes down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it goes up it goes down for
+quite some time goes up and then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time goes up and then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time goes up and then goes
+down goes up and then goes down i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down goes up and then goes down i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down goes up and then goes down i would
+actually even boil in here and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even boil in here and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even boil in here and say that
+it looks like the the amount of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the the amount of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the the amount of noise
+around this up and down pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this up and down pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this up and down pattern is
+increasing over time which in of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing over time which in of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing over time which in of itself
+is a little bit interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit interesting
+but ultimately it's that structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately it's that structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately it's that structure in
+the background that matters there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background that matters there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background that matters there's the
+physical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical structure
+there's the information availability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the information availability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the information availability and
+then there's also the actual mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also the actual mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also the actual mental
+model of the actors involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the actors involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the actors involved in the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+so we talk about this this is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about this this is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about this this is the whole
+thing whenever you talk about mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing whenever you talk about mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing whenever you talk about mental
+models within this space one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models within this space one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models within this space one of the
+things that's easy to say is like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's easy to say is like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's easy to say is like okay
+well you tell people about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you tell people about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you tell people about this
+you tell them to consider feedback you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell them to consider feedback you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell them to consider feedback you
+tell them to incorporate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to incorporate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to incorporate this
+information around them that that'll fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around them that that'll fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around them that that'll fix
+it that'll fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that'll fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that'll fix it
+no it is incredibly difficult to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it is incredibly difficult to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it is incredibly difficult to learn
+and change in a dynamically complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change in a dynamically complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change in a dynamically complex
+environment and these are just some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and these are just some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and these are just some of
+the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information
+uh some of the reasons why um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the reasons why um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the reasons why um
+i'm not gonna walk through all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna walk through all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna walk through all of these
+i think everyone in this room probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think everyone in this room probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think everyone in this room probably
+is on the same page with me on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the same page with me on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the same page with me on this one
+one thing i'll point out right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i'll point out right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i'll point out right there is
+limited information and time delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited information and time delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited information and time delays
+gigantic reason people can only make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic reason people can only make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic reason people can only make the
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+uh given the information they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given the information they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given the information they have
+available to them in the structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to them in the structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to them in the structure in
+which they're able to operate to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're able to operate to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're able to operate to expect
+someone to operate otherwise is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to operate otherwise is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to operate otherwise is to
+expect them to be omniscient in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to be omniscient in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to be omniscient in some way
+shape or form and ultimately that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape or form and ultimately that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape or form and ultimately that is not
+feasible within a larger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible within a larger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible within a larger system
+so system dynamics in my mind the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so system dynamics in my mind the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so system dynamics in my mind the system
+dynamics group here at mit is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group here at mit is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics group here at mit is really
+applied systems thinking it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied systems thinking it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied systems thinking it is not a
+method is not a model necessarily it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is not a model necessarily it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is not a model necessarily it is
+taking these concepts of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these concepts of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these concepts of systems
+thinking and applying them in ways where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and applying them in ways where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and applying them in ways where
+we can get research outputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get research outputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get research outputs that
+ultimately improve uh some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately improve uh some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately improve uh some sort of
+either social system or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either social system or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either social system or um
+actually some sort of social system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some sort of social system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some sort of social system for
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+um so now so having said all that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now so having said all that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now so having said all that about
+systems thinking i'm not going to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking i'm not going to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking i'm not going to time
+to dive into some specific actual tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into some specific actual tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into some specific actual tools
+that we can go ahead and use here within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go ahead and use here within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go ahead and use here within
+this space and make sure how we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space and make sure how we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space and make sure how we're doing
+here with time we're doing great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with time we're doing great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with time we're doing great
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+systems thinking ultimately and system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking ultimately and system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking ultimately and system
+modeling is an iterative approach there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is an iterative approach there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is an iterative approach there
+is no right answer uh at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no right answer uh at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no right answer uh at the very
+beginning there is there is only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there is there is only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there is there is only the
+answer that you think is good enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that you think is good enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that you think is good enough to
+solve or address the problem you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or address the problem you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or address the problem you care
+about it's a spiral approach just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's a spiral approach just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's a spiral approach just like
+everything else we'll talk about open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we'll talk about open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we'll talk about open
+loop thinking the process of building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop thinking the process of building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop thinking the process of building a
+system dynamics model is an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics model is an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics model is an attempt to
+close the loops and it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the loops and it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the loops and it's not just
+compartmental models so when people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models so when people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models so when people talk
+about system dynamics models if you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about system dynamics models if you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about system dynamics models if you hear
+that phrase what they're likely talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phrase what they're likely talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phrase what they're likely talking
+about is this lovely thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is this lovely thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is this lovely thing over here
+this is from one of one of my papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from one of one of my papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from one of one of my papers
+that i'm working on right now uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm working on right now uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm working on right now uh we'll
+talk about this in more detail in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in more detail in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in more detail in a
+second it's called stock and stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's called stock and stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's called stock and stock and
+flow diagram or compartmental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow diagram or compartmental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow diagram or compartmental model
+this is often confounded with system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often confounded with system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often confounded with system
+dynamics the field uh it's partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics the field uh it's partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics the field uh it's partially
+because this is the sort of go-to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the sort of go-to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the sort of go-to
+modeling choice for many people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling choice for many people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling choice for many people in
+system dynamics and this is also sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics and this is also sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics and this is also sort of
+the first modeling choice back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first modeling choice back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first modeling choice back in the
+50s 60s and 70s when approaching these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s 60s and 70s when approaching these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s 60s and 70s when approaching these
+sort of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course it says where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course it says where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course it says where all
+models are wrong but some models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are wrong but some models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are wrong but some models are
+useful at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful at the end of the day
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when you're taking a spiral approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're taking a spiral approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're taking a spiral approach to
+systems modeling what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems modeling what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems modeling what you want to do is
+you pick something within this within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick something within this within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick something within this within
+this setup you think okay what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup you think okay what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup you think okay what's a
+reference mode so by reference mode i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference mode so by reference mode i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference mode so by reference mode i
+mean what is a mode of behavior that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what is a mode of behavior that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what is a mode of behavior that you
+can observe and sort of pin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe and sort of pin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe and sort of pin down
+this person made this decision under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person made this decision under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person made this decision under
+when exposed to these uh inputs and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when exposed to these uh inputs and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when exposed to these uh inputs and had
+this output great we have a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output great we have a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this output great we have a reference
+mode can i build a model that reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode can i build a model that reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode can i build a model that reflects
+that reference mode awesome now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reference mode awesome now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reference mode awesome now that
+i've done that let's go ahead and add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done that let's go ahead and add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done that let's go ahead and add a
+new reference mode can i make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new reference mode can i make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new reference mode can i make this
+reference mode exist within my existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference mode exist within my existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference mode exist within my existing
+diagram nope let's go ahead and add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram nope let's go ahead and add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram nope let's go ahead and add more
+structure and as you add that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and as you add that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and as you add that more
+structure maybe it comes back and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure maybe it comes back and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure maybe it comes back and and it
+feeds back into itself and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds back into itself and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds back into itself and you have to
+go back and kind of re rework from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and kind of re rework from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and kind of re rework from the
+very beginning this is where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning this is where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning this is where this
+concept of simulation becomes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of simulation becomes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of simulation becomes really
+really helpful because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful because when you
+interview somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview somebody
+as i've done with some of the work uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've done with some of the work uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've done with some of the work uh in
+the especially nonprofit space you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the especially nonprofit space you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the especially nonprofit space you might
+get six different stories describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six different stories describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six different stories describing
+three different outcomes across two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different outcomes across two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different outcomes across two
+different possible modes of behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible modes of behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible modes of behavior and
+the question there is how the heck do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question there is how the heck do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question there is how the heck do i
+incorporate this all into a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate this all into a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate this all into a sort of
+dynamic model at the very beginning my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic model at the very beginning my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic model at the very beginning my
+argument there is you don't pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there is you don't pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there is you don't pick one
+pick one and model it then when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one and model it then when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one and model it then when you're
+done pick another one and model that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done pick another one and model that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done pick another one and model that one
+and then see okay what what how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see okay what what how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see okay what what how do they
+overlap how do they fit into each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap how do they fit into each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap how do they fit into each other
+how can you make this one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make this one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make this one sort of
+unified model and the big thing is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified model and the big thing is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified model and the big thing is as
+you're going through this whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through this whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through this whole process
+doing your sensitivity analysis and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your sensitivity analysis and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your sensitivity analysis and your
+testing you're going back through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing you're going back through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing you're going back through and
+updating your own sort of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating your own sort of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating your own sort of assumptions
+and mental models about what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mental models about what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mental models about what you think
+the problem is to begin with this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is to begin with this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is to begin with this idea
+of spiral approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spiral approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spiral approach
+so okay now we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay now we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay now we're actually going to
+jump into some actual so i said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into some actual so i said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump into some actual so i said before
+that system dynamics are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system dynamics are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system dynamics are not
+compartmental models i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models i'm not going to
+teach you guys about compartmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you guys about compartmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you guys about compartmental
+models because i use them a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models because i use them a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models because i use them a lot in
+system dynamics so this is fun so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics so this is fun so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics so this is fun so uh
+causal links a causal link is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal links a causal link is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal links a causal link is a
+fundamental tool so causal link is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental tool so causal link is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental tool so causal link is
+simply saying if one thing changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying if one thing changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying if one thing changes
+another thing changes this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing changes this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing changes this is super
+simple so let's start this one your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so let's start this one your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so let's start this one your
+production you have inventory and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you have inventory and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you have inventory and you
+have shipments if i increase my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shipments if i increase my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shipments if i increase my
+production of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of a good
+what should happen to my inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen to my inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen to my inventory
+this is not a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a trick question
+it's going to go up woo if i increase my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go up woo if i increase my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go up woo if i increase my
+shipments of a good what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments of a good what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments of a good what's going to
+happen to my inventory it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to my inventory it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to my inventory it's going to go
+down you guys are woo you guys are great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you guys are woo you guys are great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you guys are woo you guys are great
+so there you go so this is this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go so this is this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go so this is this is these
+are causal loops for causal links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are causal loops for causal links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are causal loops for causal links
+similarly let's say i have orders booked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly let's say i have orders booked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly let's say i have orders booked
+and now you could argue that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you could argue that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you could argue that there's
+some missing components in here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some missing components in here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some missing components in here but
+we're keeping this really high ended if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping this really high ended if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping this really high ended if
+i have more sales force what in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have more sales force what in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have more sales force what in general
+what do you think would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think would happen to the
+number of orders i have booked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of orders i have booked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of orders i have booked
+increase yep if i increase my price how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase yep if i increase my price how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase yep if i increase my price how
+many orders do you think i'm gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many orders do you think i'm gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many orders do you think i'm gonna get
+they're gonna go down exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna go down exactly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna go down exactly yeah
+pretty straightforward one more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward one more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward one more and then
+i'll leave you guys along with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave you guys along with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave you guys along with this one
+population more people are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population more people are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population more people are born
+it's gonna go up more people die it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go up more people die it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go up more people die it's
+gonna go down great causal links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go down great causal links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go down great causal links
+straightforward where it gets a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward where it gets a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward where it gets a little
+tricky is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky is
+when you have an ambiguity if all sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an ambiguity if all sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an ambiguity if all sudden
+you say to yourself well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say to yourself well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say to yourself well you know
+salesforce i don't know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesforce i don't know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesforce i don't know about that
+maybe if i hire too many people with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if i hire too many people with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if i hire too many people with my
+sales force then suddenly they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales force then suddenly they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales force then suddenly they start
+conflicting with each other maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting with each other maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting with each other maybe they
+start going after each other maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going after each other maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going after each other maybe they
+they start overlapping and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start overlapping and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start overlapping and maybe
+customers get annoyed because they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers get annoyed because they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers get annoyed because they get
+too many calls so maybe we'll go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many calls so maybe we'll go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many calls so maybe we'll go down
+the moment you have this idea that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you have this idea that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you have this idea that that
+causal sign could be a plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal sign could be a plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal sign could be a plus or minus
+that implies that there's something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that there's something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that there's something in
+the middle that means that that loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that means that that loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that means that that loop
+does not exist and of itself there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist and of itself there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist and of itself there's
+structure that you have missing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you have missing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you have missing that you
+need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now something also too kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something also too kind of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something also too kind of the same
+idea causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea causal
+thinking and some of you guys might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and some of you guys might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and some of you guys might have
+seen this already causal thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this already causal thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this already causal thinking is
+truly causal thinking it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly causal thinking it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly causal thinking it needs to be
+causal not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal not
+purely corollary so ice cream so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely corollary so ice cream so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely corollary so ice cream so this is
+this is generally true as ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is generally true as ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is generally true as ice cream
+sales goes up so does the murder rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales goes up so does the murder rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales goes up so does the murder rate
+so next time they open up a new baskin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time they open up a new baskin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time they open up a new baskin
+robbins we should maybe change towns i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robbins we should maybe change towns i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robbins we should maybe change towns i
+guess that's what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's what that means
+now as you guys can probably guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you guys can probably guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you guys can probably guess what
+that really means is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means is that there's
+something missing this is not truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something missing this is not truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something missing this is not truly
+causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal
+instead we have the average temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have the average temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have the average temperature
+as the average temperature goes up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the average temperature goes up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the average temperature goes up it's
+people start interacting with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start interacting with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start interacting with each other
+more they start going outside more just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they start going outside more just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they start going outside more just
+the amount of incidence of people kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of incidence of people kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of incidence of people kind
+of interacting goes up murder rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interacting goes up murder rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interacting goes up murder rate
+happens to go up additionally people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to go up additionally people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to go up additionally people
+want more ice cream so there in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more ice cream so there in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more ice cream so there in that
+case we have something in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have something in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have something in between so
+something keep in mind when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something keep in mind when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something keep in mind when you when you
+build a causal loop diagram is that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a causal loop diagram is that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a causal loop diagram is that word
+causal when you're putting this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal when you're putting this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal when you're putting this together
+and then if you have time i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have time i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have time i would
+encourage you guys to go to like i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you guys to go to like i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you guys to go to like i'm
+gonna try to i'm gonna i'm gonna run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to i'm gonna i'm gonna run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to i'm gonna i'm gonna run
+these slides by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides by um
+the the faculty to make sure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the faculty to make sure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the faculty to make sure there's
+nothing in here that i'm not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in here that i'm not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in here that i'm not supposed to
+share but assuming i can i'm gonna send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share but assuming i can i'm gonna send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share but assuming i can i'm gonna send
+this out to everybody as well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to everybody as well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to everybody as well so you
+have access to these slides one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to these slides one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to these slides one of my
+favorite websites spurious correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite websites spurious correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite websites spurious correlations
+um they have all sorts of fun little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have all sorts of fun little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have all sorts of fun little
+things like that uh so now bring it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh so now bring it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh so now bring it all
+together into a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a loop
+so in this case we have a basic loop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have a basic loop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have a basic loop of
+employee skill versus customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee skill versus customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee skill versus customer
+satisfaction complaints manager's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction complaints manager's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction complaints manager's time
+spent resolving customer issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent resolving customer issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent resolving customer issues and
+manager time spent coaching employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager time spent coaching employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager time spent coaching employees
+let's just i'm gonna walk through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just i'm gonna walk through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just i'm gonna walk through this
+really quickly again we only have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly again we only have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly again we only have a few
+hours to talk so normally this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to talk so normally this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to talk so normally this would be
+a little if you guys end up taking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little if you guys end up taking one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little if you guys end up taking one
+of the system dynamics classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system dynamics classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system dynamics classes
+we step through this very carefully yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we step through this very carefully yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we step through this very carefully yeah
+what do you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so causal in and of itself you raise an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so causal in and of itself you raise an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so causal in and of itself you raise an
+excellent point causal in of itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent point causal in of itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent point causal in of itself is
+the degree to which you have confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree to which you have confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree to which you have confidence
+on it so at the end of the day causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so at the end of the day causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so at the end of the day causality
+is the realm of mathematicians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the realm of mathematicians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the realm of mathematicians and
+physicists in my opinion um true true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in my opinion um true true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in my opinion um true true uh
+unresolved causality so causality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresolved causality so causality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresolved causality so causality in the
+sense that uh if if one thing occurs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that uh if if one thing occurs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that uh if if one thing occurs the
+other thing if and only one thing occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing if and only one thing occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing if and only one thing occurs
+if and only if the other thing occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the other thing occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the other thing occurs
+that they truly are connected in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they truly are connected in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they truly are connected in time
+and space when one happens the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space when one happens the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space when one happens the other one
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+corollary is that that may still hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary is that that may still hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary is that that may still hold
+true but the reason they're happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the reason they're happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the reason they're happening is
+between because of an in-between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between because of an in-between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between because of an in-between
+mechanism that is driving both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that is driving both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that is driving both
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+where this gets kind of tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this gets kind of tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this gets kind of tricky
+is the lines of causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lines of causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lines of causality
+become blurred when you start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become blurred when you start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become blurred when you start talking
+about macro social systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macro social systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macro social systems
+and ultimately they this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately they this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately they this is the same
+idea that all models are wrong but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that all models are wrong but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that all models are wrong but some
+models are useful there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are useful there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are useful there's a certain
+point of time where you have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of time where you have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of time where you have to kind of
+pump the brakes and say all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump the brakes and say all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump the brakes and say all right this
+is this is causal enough for my purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is causal enough for my purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is causal enough for my purposes
+and i'm going to move on but the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to move on but the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to move on but the same
+thing when you set the moment you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you set the moment you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you set the moment you have
+an um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an um a
+time where that loop polarity can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where that loop polarity can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where that loop polarity can shift
+where suddenly something increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where suddenly something increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where suddenly something increasing
+causes another thing to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes another thing to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes another thing to increase
+now suddenly that same thing increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly that same thing increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly that same thing increasing
+is causing everything to decrease those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is causing everything to decrease those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is causing everything to decrease those
+are no longer causally related in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no longer causally related in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no longer causally related in space
+and time there's something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time there's something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time there's something in between
+there's some mechanism in between that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mechanism in between that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mechanism in between that's
+causing that thing to go up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that thing to go up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that thing to go up in this
+direction causes this other thing to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction causes this other thing to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction causes this other thing to go
+up and or down depending upon some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and or down depending upon some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and or down depending upon some in
+between circumstance the moment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between circumstance the moment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between circumstance the moment that
+degree of specificity is necessary then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of specificity is necessary then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of specificity is necessary then
+something that causal link needs to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that causal link needs to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that causal link needs to get
+split out into into more uh detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split out into into more uh detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split out into into more uh detailed
+structure maybe i'm diving into too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure maybe i'm diving into too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure maybe i'm diving into too much
+detail is that helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail is that helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail is that helpful
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+you mentioned physics but like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned physics but like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned physics but like you know
+there's a perspective of physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a perspective of physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a perspective of physics in
+which you know you actually look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know you actually look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know you actually look at like
+the physics equations there is no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics equations there is no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics equations there is no real
+such thing as causality they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as causality they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as causality they're just
+states of the universe that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the universe that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the universe that are
+mathematically consistent in states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically consistent in states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically consistent in states of
+the universe that are not so yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe that are not so yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe that are not so yeah it's
+causality so it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality so it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality so it's like you know
+causality really depends on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality really depends on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality really depends on like the
+assumptions of your system like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of your system like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of your system like you're
+assuming that things could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that things could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that things could have been
+different in reality they couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in reality they couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in reality they couldn't have
+yeah so i guess i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i guess i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i guess i guess
+yeah and the operational definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the operational definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the operational definition of
+you you're completely is your background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're completely is your background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're completely is your background
+either physics or mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either physics or mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either physics or mathematics
+there we go so yeah no no no this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so yeah no no no this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so yeah no no no this you
+you raised an excellent point because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raised an excellent point because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raised an excellent point because i
+had the same conversation with a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same conversation with a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same conversation with a couple
+other folks in the physics group um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks in the physics group um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks in the physics group um and
+within our what it boils down to within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our what it boils down to within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our what it boils down to within
+our sort of social system modeling our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of social system modeling our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of social system modeling our
+definition of causality is is loose at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of causality is is loose at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of causality is is loose at
+best uh but ultimately boils down to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best uh but ultimately boils down to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best uh but ultimately boils down to if
+one thing moves in one direction another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing moves in one direction another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing moves in one direction another
+thing moves in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing moves in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing moves in the same direction
+consistently every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently every time
+uh at the moment that you can't say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the moment that you can't say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the moment that you can't say the
+phrase consistently every time then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase consistently every time then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase consistently every time then that
+concept of causality breaks down just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of causality breaks down just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of causality breaks down just to
+you yeah so when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah so when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah so when you're dealing with
+social systems does it become a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social systems does it become a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social systems does it become a little
+bit less if and only if and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less if and only if and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less if and only if and more
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+yeah to be to be very honest with you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to be to be very honest with you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to be to be very honest with you i
+have to be careful because i think some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because i think some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because i think some
+folks in the group might disagree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the group might disagree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the group might disagree with
+me on on this but again my background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on on this but again my background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on on this but again my background
+coming from sort of control theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from sort of control theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from sort of control theory and
+and operations management is that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations management is that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations management is that uh the
+the realm of causality and the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of causality and the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of causality and the realm of
+correlation are are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation are are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation are are our
+sort of degrees of convenience at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of degrees of convenience at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of degrees of convenience at the
+end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day
+this is a gigantic asterisk in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a gigantic asterisk in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a gigantic asterisk in the top
+corner this is the opinion of james
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner this is the opinion of james
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner this is the opinion of james
+payne please do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payne please do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payne please do not
+necessarily tell other faculty that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell other faculty that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell other faculty that that
+that's me but yes it is it is a division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me but yes it is it is a division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me but yes it is it is a division
+of convenience and ultimately what boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convenience and ultimately what boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convenience and ultimately what boils
+down to me is that if you shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to me is that if you shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to me is that if you shove
+something in one direction does another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in one direction does another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in one direction does another
+thing constantly move the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing constantly move the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing constantly move the same way
+every single time the moment that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time the moment that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time the moment that it
+doesn't then that then that they're no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't then that then that they're no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't then that then that they're no
+longer coupled within these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer coupled within these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer coupled within these systems
+that's the very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very sort of
+hand wavy simplistic way of approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy simplistic way of approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy simplistic way of approaching
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+all else being equal that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal that's a good point
+all else being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal
+so here i'm going to go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm going to go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm going to go through these
+loops real quick this is good so this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops real quick this is good so this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops real quick this is good so this i
+think is pretty straightforward this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is pretty straightforward this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is pretty straightforward this is
+the whole idea that as your employee's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea that as your employee's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea that as your employee's
+skill is very general employee still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill is very general employee still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill is very general employee still
+skill goes up your customer satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill goes up your customer satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill goes up your customer satisfaction
+goes up customer satisfaction goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up customer satisfaction goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up customer satisfaction goes up
+complaints go down uh times that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints go down uh times that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints go down uh times that your
+manager now spends resolving customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager now spends resolving customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager now spends resolving customer
+issues goes down so now the manager has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues goes down so now the manager has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues goes down so now the manager has
+more time to coach employees so guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to coach employees so guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to coach employees so guess
+what employee skill goes up this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what employee skill goes up this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what employee skill goes up this is an
+example of a causal loop you start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a causal loop you start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a causal loop you start at
+one variable you work your way all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable you work your way all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable you work your way all the
+way around to the same variable again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around to the same variable again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around to the same variable again
+now i'm speeding up here just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm speeding up here just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm speeding up here just a little
+bit for the sake of time but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for the sake of time but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for the sake of time but let's just
+go ahead and say that we somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and say that we somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and say that we somehow
+exogenously increase the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously increase the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously increase the amount of time
+that managers can spend coaching their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that managers can spend coaching their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that managers can spend coaching their
+employees we give we i don't know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees we give we i don't know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees we give we i don't know we
+somehow give them extra time on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow give them extra time on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow give them extra time on their
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+well this would imply that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would imply that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would imply that our
+employee's skill you'd expect to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee's skill you'd expect to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee's skill you'd expect to go up
+and if our employee still expects to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if our employee still expects to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if our employee still expects to go
+up then we'd expect our customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then we'd expect our customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then we'd expect our customer
+satisfaction to go up we'd expect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction to go up we'd expect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction to go up we'd expect our
+complaints to correspondingly go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints to correspondingly go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints to correspondingly go down
+based upon these causal diagrams our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon these causal diagrams our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon these causal diagrams our
+complaints go down then the manager the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints go down then the manager the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints go down then the manager the
+time spent uh resolving issues goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time spent uh resolving issues goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time spent uh resolving issues goes back
+up which suddenly means that the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which suddenly means that the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which suddenly means that the amount
+of time they have available to them goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time they have available to them goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time they have available to them goes
+back up again we've gone all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up again we've gone all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up again we've gone all the way
+back up the loop we've increased one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up the loop we've increased one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up the loop we've increased one
+variable by a little bit and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by a little bit and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by a little bit and we've
+gotten a positive gain around that loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a positive gain around that loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a positive gain around that loop
+if any of you have any experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have any experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have any experience with
+control theory this will look familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control theory this will look familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control theory this will look familiar
+this is a a positive gain or reinforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a positive gain or reinforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a positive gain or reinforcing
+loop this is a loop that uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop this is a loop that uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop this is a loop that uh essentially
+runs away in one direction or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs away in one direction or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs away in one direction or another
+when one variable starts going a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one variable starts going a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one variable starts going a little
+bit up or a little bit down uh by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit up or a little bit down uh by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit up or a little bit down uh by its
+action it causes a cascade of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it causes a cascade of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it causes a cascade of events
+that causes it to go more up or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes it to go more up or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes it to go more up or more
+down within that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down within that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down within that space
+correspondingly we can have something i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly we can have something i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly we can have something i
+think you guys can tell where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys can tell where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys can tell where this is
+going called the balancing loop to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going called the balancing loop to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going called the balancing loop to get
+ahead of myself a little bit so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of myself a little bit so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of myself a little bit so in this
+case the general attractiveness of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the general attractiveness of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the general attractiveness of your
+market goes up number of competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market goes up number of competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market goes up number of competitors
+within that space you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that space you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that space you could imagine
+would go up your product prices due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go up your product prices due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go up your product prices due to
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+interactions might go down this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions might go down this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions might go down this is an
+example of sort of an aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of sort of an aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of sort of an aggregated
+causal diagram i think you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal diagram i think you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal diagram i think you can make a
+really strong argument that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong argument that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong argument that those are
+not necessarily perfectly causally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily perfectly causally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily perfectly causally
+related but for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but for our
+conversation it's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's good enough
+uh product price goes down your profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product price goes down your profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product price goes down your profits
+all else being equal you'd imagine would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal you'd imagine would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal you'd imagine would
+go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh
+down that's okay i think i did that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's okay i think i did that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's okay i think i did that one
+a little backwards we'll find out any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little backwards we'll find out any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little backwards we'll find out any
+event balancing loop so the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event balancing loop so the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event balancing loop so the whole idea
+with a balancing loop is that a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a balancing loop is that a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a balancing loop is that a small
+these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are
+um loops where they tend to uh balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um loops where they tend to uh balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um loops where they tend to uh balance
+themselves out you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves out you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves out you have some sort of
+external stimuli that pokes a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external stimuli that pokes a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external stimuli that pokes a variable
+up or pokes a variable down it will act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or pokes a variable down it will act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or pokes a variable down it will act
+in a way to return back to its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way to return back to its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way to return back to its initial
+position a good example of a balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position a good example of a balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position a good example of a balancing
+loop that comes up a lot is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that comes up a lot is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that comes up a lot is called the
+goal seeking loop in this case you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal seeking loop in this case you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal seeking loop in this case you have
+some sort of desired performance out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of desired performance out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of desired performance out in
+the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+and your system will act to close a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your system will act to close a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your system will act to close a gap
+relative to that i'm showing you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that i'm showing you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that i'm showing you guys
+the structure kind of relatively quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure kind of relatively quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure kind of relatively quickly
+to give you some chunks of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some chunks of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some chunks of system
+dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+compartmental models that you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models that you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models that you might see
+frequently so the right way to tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently so the right way to tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently so the right way to tell if
+you have a balancing or reinforcing loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a balancing or reinforcing loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a balancing or reinforcing loop
+is you trace the behavior like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you trace the behavior like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you trace the behavior like we did
+before you pick a variable you kick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you pick a variable you kick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you pick a variable you kick it
+in a direction plus or minus and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction plus or minus and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction plus or minus and you see
+what happens when you loop it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you loop it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you loop it all the
+way around there's a quick way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around there's a quick way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around there's a quick way to do it
+uh which is count the negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is count the negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is count the negatives
+if there is an even number then it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is an even number then it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is an even number then it is a
+reinforcing loop zero or even if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing loop zero or even if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing loop zero or even if it is
+an odd number then it's a balancing loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number then it's a balancing loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number then it's a balancing loop
+the part where that gets a little wonky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where that gets a little wonky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where that gets a little wonky
+is that if you mislabeled it in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you mislabeled it in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you mislabeled it in some way
+shape or form then suddenly that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape or form then suddenly that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape or form then suddenly that no
+longer makes sense so that's my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer makes sense so that's my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer makes sense so that's my little
+asterisk in the top corner there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk in the top corner there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk in the top corner there
+stocks and flows so stocks and flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and flows so stocks and flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and flows so stocks and flows
+ultimately i'm going to skip ahead a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately i'm going to skip ahead a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately i'm going to skip ahead a
+little bit here are anything that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here are anything that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here are anything that a
+stock is anything that sort of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is anything that sort of has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is anything that sort of has
+memory within the space so if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory within the space so if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory within the space so if you go
+back to sort of the origins of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to sort of the origins of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to sort of the origins of system
+dynamics and its applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and its applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and its applications and
+control theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control theory
+a stock is anything whose value depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock is anything whose value depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock is anything whose value depends
+upon the instantaneous or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the instantaneous or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the instantaneous or the
+accumulation of change of two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of change of two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of change of two other
+variables so how we tend to show this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so how we tend to show this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so how we tend to show this in
+our spaces as is as a bucket with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our spaces as is as a bucket with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our spaces as is as a bucket with some
+pipes so you have an inflow coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes so you have an inflow coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes so you have an inflow coming in
+you have some sort of accumulation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some sort of accumulation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some sort of accumulation in
+the middle and you have some outflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and you have some outflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and you have some outflow
+coming out at the back end right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at the back end right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at the back end right there
+this right here now allows your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here now allows your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here now allows your system
+to have memory this is what your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have memory this is what your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have memory this is what your system
+has when you talk about like number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has when you talk about like number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has when you talk about like number of
+employees you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees you talk about
+um a number of units in your inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a number of units in your inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a number of units in your inventory
+something else that has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that has sort of
+stickiness and time something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickiness and time something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickiness and time something that
+instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously
+doesn't disappear or change within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't disappear or change within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't disappear or change within one
+unit of delta time but rather exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of delta time but rather exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of delta time but rather exists and
+persists so we use something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists so we use something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists so we use something called the
+hydraulic metaphor this picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic metaphor this picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic metaphor this picture the
+quality of it is really low and i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of it is really low and i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of it is really low and i should
+remake it this idea of a bathtub so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake it this idea of a bathtub so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake it this idea of a bathtub so you
+have your pipe coming in you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your pipe coming in you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your pipe coming in you have your
+pipe coming out and ultimately you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe coming out and ultimately you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe coming out and ultimately you can't
+get rid of something in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of something in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of something in the middle
+unless you add unless you add take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you add unless you add take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you add unless you add take it
+out of the back end or turn down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the back end or turn down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the back end or turn down the
+amount of inflow on the front end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of inflow on the front end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of inflow on the front end so
+it's a good example this is greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good example this is greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good example this is greenhouse
+gases in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases in the atmosphere
+what do you do about it there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do about it there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do about it there's really
+only two options at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two options at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two options at the end of the day
+you have to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to either
+increase net removal or decrease net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase net removal or decrease net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase net removal or decrease net
+emissions those are your two choices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions those are your two choices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions those are your two choices so
+that's one thing we talked about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing we talked about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing we talked about as
+stock is it's something that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is it's something that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is it's something that's that
+accumulates over time uh so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates over time uh so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates over time uh so this is a
+good example right here this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example right here this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example right here this is just
+some some stocks versus flows your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some stocks versus flows your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some stocks versus flows your
+balance sheet versus your cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet versus your cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet versus your cash flow
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+wealth versus income and expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth versus income and expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth versus income and expenditures
+per unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time
+co2 emissions vehicle production those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 emissions vehicle production those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 emissions vehicle production those
+are all flows part of this you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all flows part of this you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all flows part of this you can tell
+is based upon how you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based upon how you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based upon how you define the
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+at the end of the day so you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day so you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day so you have to be
+a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit careful
+but i will give you this here's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will give you this here's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will give you this here's one that
+i kind of consider a little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of consider a little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of consider a little bit tricky
+interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate
+what would you consider to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you consider to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you consider to be an
+interest rate a stock or a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and i say i called it tricky so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and i say i called it tricky so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and i say i called it tricky so you
+can probably think like oh take what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably think like oh take what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably think like oh take what you
+think it is and then just flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is and then just flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is and then just flip the
+answer that's what i would do so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's what i would do so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's what i would do so it has
+the word rate in it which immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word rate in it which immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word rate in it which immediately
+makes me think flow but it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me think flow but it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me think flow but it's actually a
+rate on money it is a price it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate on money it is a price it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate on money it is a price it is
+something that it says that if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it says that if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it says that if you give
+me x number of dollars i will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me x number of dollars i will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me x number of dollars i will give you
+back x number of dollars over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back x number of dollars over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back x number of dollars over
+um some some period of time elapsing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some some period of time elapsing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some some period of time elapsing in
+that case it is a price it is a sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it is a price it is a sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it is a price it is a sticky
+quantity it is a stock so the word right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it is a stock so the word right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it is a stock so the word right
+there is misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is misleading
+i'm going very quick guys because we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going very quick guys because we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going very quick guys because we we
+i want to give you guys time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to give you guys time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to give you guys time for the
+simulation so that right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so that right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so that right there is
+really quick system dynamics in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick system dynamics in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick system dynamics in a
+nutshell in terms of both systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell in terms of both systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell in terms of both systems
+thinking and concepts and also some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and concepts and also some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and concepts and also some of
+the fundamental tools that we use within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental tools that we use within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental tools that we use within
+stock and flow diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and flow diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and flow diagrams
+what i wanted to do next was transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i wanted to do next was transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i wanted to do next was transition
+into actually a very large group project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actually a very large group project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actually a very large group project
+that will give us some time to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us some time to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us some time to really
+experience some of this firsthand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some of this firsthand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some of this firsthand and
+then ultimately tie it back in before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately tie it back in before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately tie it back in before i
+do that i want to give us a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that i want to give us a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that i want to give us a few minutes
+to talk about this anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this anyone have any
+questions about either system dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about either system dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about either system dynamics
+group at mit and we'll have some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at mit and we'll have some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at mit and we'll have some more
+time at the end of this or system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the end of this or system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the end of this or system
+dynamics and systems thinking as a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and systems thinking as a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and systems thinking as a sort
+of methodology at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+when do you think or when does is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you think or when does is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you think or when does is a
+problem too complicated for you to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem too complicated for you to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem too complicated for you to say
+system dynamics is useful what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics is useful what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics is useful what are the
+bounds on usefulness of applying this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on usefulness of applying this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on usefulness of applying this to
+a problem well there were things i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem well there were things i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem well there were things i
+wouldn't necessarily say complicated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily say complicated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily say complicated is
+not the right word i would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the right word i would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the right word i would say that
+system dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+poor predictor of the future when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor predictor of the future when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor predictor of the future when it
+comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to
+precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+so like there's an example of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like there's an example of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like there's an example of system
+dynamics i think is good at making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics i think is good at making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics i think is good at making
+models that project modes of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that project modes of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that project modes of behavior
+but not necessarily point predictions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily point predictions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily point predictions in
+the future so like a good example would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so like a good example would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so like a good example would
+be um an oscillatory oscillatory mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um an oscillatory oscillatory mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um an oscillatory oscillatory mode
+if this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is your
+if this is your idea of like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is your idea of like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is your idea of like this is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+your mode of behavior of something over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mode of behavior of something over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mode of behavior of something over
+time i don't know this is like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i don't know this is like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i don't know this is like some
+price of something over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of something over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of something over
+time and you make a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you make a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you make a model
+that ultimately shows that given some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately shows that given some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately shows that given some
+period some set of inputs i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period some set of inputs i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period some set of inputs i can do
+something like affect the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like affect the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like affect the amplitude and
+periodicity of this scale but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of this scale but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of this scale but ultimately
+does show something that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does show something that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does show something that kind of
+changes with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with time
+but for some reason my model is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some reason my model is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some reason my model is just a
+little bit off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off
+the question is which is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is which is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is which is useful
+knowing that i have this sort of up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that i have this sort of up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that i have this sort of up and
+down amplitude and here are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down amplitude and here are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down amplitude and here are the things
+or or features that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or features that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or features that either
+predict a change in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a change in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a change in that in that
+amplitude and frequency or is it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and frequency or is it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and frequency or is it more
+useful to know that the price is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to know that the price is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to know that the price is going
+to be this versus this at this time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this versus this at this time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this versus this at this time in
+the future and the issue with any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and the issue with any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and the issue with any sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+systems model is the moment you move far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems model is the moment you move far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems model is the moment you move far
+enough away from whatever your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough away from whatever your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough away from whatever your current
+sort of stab and space is you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stab and space is you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stab and space is you can be
+just as wrong as you can possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as wrong as you can possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as wrong as you can possibly be
+when it comes to point predictions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to point predictions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to point predictions in
+the future so my argument is that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so my argument is that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so my argument is that system
+dynamics is good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics is good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics is good at
+coming up with models where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with models where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with models where you can
+start looking for these modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for these modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for these modes of
+behavior and identifying the chunks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and identifying the chunks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and identifying the chunks of
+structure that have a large policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that have a large policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that have a large policy
+impact on affecting or adjusting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on affecting or adjusting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on affecting or adjusting these
+modes of behavior not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of behavior not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of behavior not necessarily
+figuring out am i going to be here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out am i going to be here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out am i going to be here or
+here at time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at time this
+so that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i got to use the whiteboard so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to use the whiteboard so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to use the whiteboard so that's
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+okay cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so
+we're going to do this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this is a kind of
+another bit of bread and butter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bit of bread and butter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bit of bread and butter of the
+mit system dynamics group a management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit system dynamics group a management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit system dynamics group a management
+flight simulator this is the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight simulator this is the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight simulator this is the whole idea
+of working on mental models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on mental models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on mental models
+ultimately getting someone's hands dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately getting someone's hands dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately getting someone's hands dirty
+with something like this and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like this and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like this and kind of
+getting an opportunity to experience it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an opportunity to experience it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an opportunity to experience it
+firsthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand
+it's one of the best ways to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the best ways to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the best ways to teach
+concepts from system dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts from system dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts from system dynamics and
+systems thinking so fish banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking so fish banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking so fish banks
+fish banks is a actually i'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish banks is a actually i'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish banks is a actually i'll go back
+this was originally developed uh quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was originally developed uh quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was originally developed uh quite a
+number of years ago as a board game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago as a board game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago as a board game and
+i think you guys will figure out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you guys will figure out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you guys will figure out very
+quickly what it sort of it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what it sort of it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what it sort of it's trying to
+elicit out of you all this is a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit out of you all this is a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit out of you all this is a smart
+group of folks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of folks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of folks um
+but it has now been turned into kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has now been turned into kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has now been turned into kind of
+this interactive simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interactive simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interactive simulation
+so for the next hour and some change as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the next hour and some change as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the next hour and some change as
+we go through this uh i know everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through this uh i know everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through this uh i know everyone
+here has different backgrounds different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has different backgrounds different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has different backgrounds different
+businesses different things you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses different things you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses different things you've been
+exposed to but this is going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to but this is going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to but this is going to be your
+business your business is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business your business is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business your business is going to be
+deep sea and coastal fisher people your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep sea and coastal fisher people your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep sea and coastal fisher people your
+job is to go out there and catch fish as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to go out there and catch fish as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to go out there and catch fish as
+best you can and make as much money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can and make as much money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can and make as much money you
+are all endowed with your own small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all endowed with your own small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all endowed with your own small
+fleet of boats and your own commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet of boats and your own commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet of boats and your own commercial
+fishing operation congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing operation congratulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing operation congratulations
+welcome aboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to that's all i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to that's all i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to that's all i'm going to
+say about fish banks again there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about fish banks again there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about fish banks again there's a lot
+more stuff to kind of say about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff to kind of say about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff to kind of say about this but
+i'm going to go ahead and wrap this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go ahead and wrap this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go ahead and wrap this up
+because again we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we only have
+three hours in total before i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours in total before i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours in total before i do that
+any final questions about the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any final questions about the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any final questions about the simulation
+itself any any accusations that i rigged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself any any accusations that i rigged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself any any accusations that i rigged
+the whole thing and made it impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing and made it impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing and made it impossible
+or anything anything fun like that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything anything fun like that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything anything fun like that any
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major
+like one of the teams also found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the teams also found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the teams also found out
+the change happened too fast and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change happened too fast and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change happened too fast and i think
+that's because we didn't understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we didn't understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we didn't understood the
+system or the equation behind the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or the equation behind the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or the equation behind the model
+were those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were those
+information left out intentionally or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information left out intentionally or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information left out intentionally or
+to a degree so one interesting way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a degree so one interesting way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a degree so one interesting way to
+run this simulation and it's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this simulation and it's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this simulation and it's been done
+but it hasn't been done for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it hasn't been done for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it hasn't been done for a long time
+is to essentially run this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to essentially run this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to essentially run this whole thing
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+with you like essentially let every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you like essentially let every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you like essentially let every
+person in this room play the game again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in this room play the game again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in this room play the game again
+but understandably with slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but understandably with slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but understandably with slightly
+different parameters like so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters like so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters like so you can't
+just kind of set it straight to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of set it straight to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of set it straight to what you
+want to do right off the bat so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do right off the bat so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do right off the bat so the
+argument here is that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here is that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here is that information is
+imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect
+but it is still present and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is still present and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is still present and some
+information is better than no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is better than no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is better than no
+information so the constant question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so the constant question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so the constant question is
+what happens when you guys know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you guys know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you guys know this
+information ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ahead of time
+i'd be curious about that um for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd be curious about that um for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd be curious about that um for those
+who did the beer game uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the beer game uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the beer game uh one of the
+things that came out of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that came out of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that came out of that that's
+interesting the beer game is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the beer game is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the beer game is this
+multi-echelon supply chain the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-echelon supply chain the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-echelon supply chain the ultimate
+thing about it is that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about it is that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about it is that information
+matters information is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you play the beer game with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play the beer game with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play the beer game with people
+who have played the beer game you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have played the beer game you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have played the beer game you still
+get the exact same outcome no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the exact same outcome no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the exact same outcome no matter how
+many times you do it and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times you do it and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times you do it and one of the
+classic examples is we had a beer game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic examples is we had a beer game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic examples is we had a beer game
+uh like championship here at mit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like championship here at mit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like championship here at mit some
+years ago where not only was it people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago where not only was it people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago where not only was it people
+who played before but it was professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played before but it was professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played before but it was professors
+who teach the beer game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who teach the beer game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who teach the beer game
+in the same room and we also gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same room and we also gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same room and we also gave
+information like so typically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like so typically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like so typically in the
+beer game there there there is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer game there there there is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer game there there there is there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+i know yeah i won't do any suppose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know yeah i won't do any suppose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know yeah i won't do any suppose but
+even the folks who teach the beer game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the folks who teach the beer game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the folks who teach the beer game
+didn't escape the beer game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't escape the beer game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't escape the beer game
+so so part of this is is that the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so part of this is is that the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so part of this is is that the this
+as long as this is and this is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as this is and this is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as this is and this is the whole
+idea of structure yields behavior the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of structure yields behavior the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of structure yields behavior the
+structure is still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is still there
+the underlying structure still exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying structure still exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying structure still exists
+it is it is real hard to break to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is real hard to break to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is real hard to break to break
+your behavior patterns when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your behavior patterns when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your behavior patterns when you don't
+change that underlying structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that underlying structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that underlying structure
+so if you want more we're all up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want more we're all up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want more we're all up on the
+fourth floor for one thing so um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth floor for one thing so um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth floor for one thing so um at
+least at least uh i don't want my door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at least uh i don't want my door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at least uh i don't want my door
+so come on in i'll talk talk your air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so come on in i'll talk talk your air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so come on in i'll talk talk your air
+off for classes here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for classes here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for classes here at mit
+a lot of what we just talked about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what we just talked about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what we just talked about is
+covered really in much more detail in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered really in much more detail in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered really in much more detail in uh
+15.71 introduction system dynamics i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.71 introduction system dynamics i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.71 introduction system dynamics i
+would say 15.871's primary purpose is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say 15.871's primary purpose is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say 15.871's primary purpose is to
+get these ideas of systems thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these ideas of systems thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these ideas of systems thinking in
+your head you'll be spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head you'll be spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head you'll be spending a lot of
+time in that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that class
+up on a chalkboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on a chalkboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on a chalkboard
+sort of talking through problems saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talking through problems saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talking through problems saying
+okay well let's let's talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's let's talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's let's talk about what
+happens when you increase consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you increase consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you increase consumer
+satisfaction what does that mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction what does that mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction what does that mean and
+start drawing these lovely causal loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start drawing these lovely causal loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start drawing these lovely causal loop
+diagrams and think to ourselves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and think to ourselves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and think to ourselves okay
+well what happens if we snip this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if we snip this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if we snip this loop
+here and what would it take to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what would it take to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what would it take to do that
+so it's much more about how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's much more about how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's much more about how to get
+yourself thinking from linear direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself thinking from linear direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself thinking from linear direction
+into more of a looping direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more of a looping direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more of a looping direction
+15.72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.72
+dives a lot more into now taking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dives a lot more into now taking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dives a lot more into now taking those
+thought processes and applying them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought processes and applying them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought processes and applying them to
+to sort of much more realistic scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of much more realistic scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of much more realistic scenarios
+and situations and getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and situations and getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and situations and getting more
+comfortable with modeling tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with modeling tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with modeling tools
+both involve you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both involve you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both involve you using
+software sets which i'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software sets which i'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software sets which i'll talk about a
+little bit later that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later that are
+commonly used within system dynamics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used within system dynamics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used within system dynamics but
+15.872 kind of takes the training wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.872 kind of takes the training wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.872 kind of takes the training wheels
+off and there is no there is no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and there is no there is no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and there is no there is no right
+there is no wrong answer as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no wrong answer as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no wrong answer as long as you
+can figure out a good self-contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out a good self-contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out a good self-contained
+simulation that gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that gets the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sort of conclusion you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conclusion you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conclusion you think is
+interesting uh this one's relatively new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh this one's relatively new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh this one's relatively new
+15.873
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.873
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.873
+this is somewhere that sits in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhere that sits in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhere that sits in between
+fifteen point seven one and eight seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen point seven one and eight seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen point seven one and eight seven
+two uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh this is
+one whose i like to think has more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whose i like to think has more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whose i like to think has more of an
+emphasis on business and policy i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on business and policy i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on business and policy i have
+this example down here this is the vasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example down here this is the vasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example down here this is the vasa
+which i'm i'm now giving away a a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm i'm now giving away a a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm i'm now giving away a a slide
+from i think 15.872 the vasa was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from i think 15.872 the vasa was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from i think 15.872 the vasa was um
+an incredible ship that was uh built uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible ship that was uh built uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible ship that was uh built uh
+by some of the best ship designers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some of the best ship designers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some of the best ship designers of
+its day uh was launched and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its day uh was launched and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its day uh was launched and then
+promptly tipped completely upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promptly tipped completely upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promptly tipped completely upside down
+and sunk to the bottom of the ocean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sunk to the bottom of the ocean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sunk to the bottom of the ocean and
+the reason was because at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason was because at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason was because at the last
+minute there were several late design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there were several late design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there were several late design
+heads uh suddenly decided they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads uh suddenly decided they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads uh suddenly decided they wanted to
+build the the captain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the the captain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the the captain's
+uh lodge a little bit larger they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lodge a little bit larger they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lodge a little bit larger they wanted
+to add a few more sales they want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a few more sales they want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a few more sales they want to add
+a ton more cannons they want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton more cannons they want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton more cannons they want to make it
+more and more impressive became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more impressive became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more impressive became
+hydrodynamically unstable probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamically unstable probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamically unstable probably
+tipped over so the idea being here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipped over so the idea being here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipped over so the idea being here that
+uh i emphasize that one for this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i emphasize that one for this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i emphasize that one for this idea
+that you have un unintended consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have un unintended consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have un unintended consequences
+there are no side effects there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no side effects there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no side effects there are
+simply effects that you didn't plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply effects that you didn't plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply effects that you didn't plan for
+and that's kind of emphasized a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of emphasized a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of emphasized a little
+bit more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more in
+15.72 15.873
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.72 15.873
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.72 15.873
+in terms of books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of books
+i brought a few with me again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought a few with me again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought a few with me again i
+mentioned this at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this at the beginning of the
+class this has become sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this has become sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this has become sort of the
+the bible of system dynamics uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bible of system dynamics uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bible of system dynamics uh business
+dynamics the first couple of chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics the first couple of chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics the first couple of chapters
+cover a lot of what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a lot of what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a lot of what we talked about
+later on it gets really specific there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it gets really specific there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it gets really specific there's
+an opening in here that says essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opening in here that says essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opening in here that says essentially
+if you have a background in math that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a background in math that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a background in math that's
+great if you don't that's great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if you don't that's great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if you don't that's great but
+later on it starts talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it starts talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it starts talking about the
+specific differences between choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific differences between choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific differences between choosing
+modes of feedback and behavior how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of feedback and behavior how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of feedback and behavior how to
+model specific things really how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model specific things really how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model specific things really how to get
+your hands dirty for uh primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands dirty for uh primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands dirty for uh primarily
+compartmental models if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models if you want
+something a little more general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more general uh
+there's the fifth discipline field book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fifth discipline field book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fifth discipline field book
+i wouldn't necessarily recommend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't necessarily recommend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't necessarily recommend the
+whole book unless unless that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole book unless unless that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole book unless unless that's your
+thing but part two is called systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but part two is called systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but part two is called systems
+thinking it does a great job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it does a great job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it does a great job of
+summarizing the work uh that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the work uh that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the work uh that we talked
+about here both of these books are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here both of these books are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here both of these books are in
+the dewey library i checked earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dewey library i checked earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dewey library i checked earlier
+today i think this is the one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i think this is the one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i think this is the one of the two
+copies of this book so i'll return it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of this book so i'll return it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of this book so i'll return it
+right after this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this class
+but there's lots of copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's lots of copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's lots of copies
+of john's book on business dynamics if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of john's book on business dynamics if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of john's book on business dynamics if
+you wanna know a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna know a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna know a little bit more about
+sort of the history of this limits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the history of this limits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the history of this limits to
+growth is a book that i recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is a book that i recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is a book that i recommend
+because it has a strong history in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a strong history in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a strong history in
+system dynamics it also has a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics it also has a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics it also has a bit of a
+controversial history if you dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial history if you dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial history if you dive into
+it um this was one of those first books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um this was one of those first books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um this was one of those first books
+that applied the ideas of overshoot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applied the ideas of overshoot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applied the ideas of overshoot and
+collapse to the earth and saying that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse to the earth and saying that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse to the earth and saying that we
+as a species are are headed towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a species are are headed towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a species are are headed towards this
+and we need to manage our resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to manage our resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to manage our resources and
+we need to be a little bit more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be a little bit more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be a little bit more careful
+with our choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our choices
+um the simulations in there had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simulations in there had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simulations in there had some
+specific dates that uh ultimately were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific dates that uh ultimately were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific dates that uh ultimately were
+held up as sort of the the how i point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up as sort of the the how i point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up as sort of the the how i point
+prediction is difficult in system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is difficult in system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is difficult in system
+dynamics so if you read it this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics so if you read it this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics so if you read it this is not a
+prediction for the future it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the future it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the future it's
+discussing the mode of behavior it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the mode of behavior it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the mode of behavior it's
+talking about the structure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the structure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the structure that we
+currently have that can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently have that can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently have that can lead to
+overshooting uh collapse within shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshooting uh collapse within shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshooting uh collapse within shared
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+articles if you get a chance it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles if you get a chance it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles if you get a chance it's my
+personal favorites system dynamics at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favorites system dynamics at 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favorites system dynamics at 60
+the path forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path forward
+i think does a great job of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think does a great job of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think does a great job of kind of
+saying where is system dynamics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where is system dynamics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where is system dynamics right
+now a lot of material that you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of material that you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of material that you'll get
+out there talks about where system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there talks about where system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there talks about where system
+dynamics was 20 30 even 40 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics was 20 30 even 40 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics was 20 30 even 40 years ago
+i think this one does a great job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this one does a great job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this one does a great job of
+saying that's great what are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's great what are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's great what are we doing
+from now this is essentially the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now this is essentially the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now this is essentially the article
+that says system dynamics is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says system dynamics is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says system dynamics is not
+compartmental models system dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models system dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmental models system dynamics is
+a mode of thinking choose the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode of thinking choose the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode of thinking choose the software
+that you need to choose the methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to choose the methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to choose the methods of
+communication you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication you need to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+again someone who does a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again someone who does a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again someone who does a lot of
+operations management so most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations management so most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations management so most of these
+choices up there about cam uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices up there about cam uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices up there about cam uh
+compatibility traps um and um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility traps um and um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility traps um and um sort of
+operational failure that's that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational failure that's that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational failure that's that's kind
+of where i'm coming from but that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where i'm coming from but that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where i'm coming from but that being
+said this one right here the sec third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this one right here the sec third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this one right here the sec third
+one on the list making the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the list making the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the list making the numbers
+applies a classic operations management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies a classic operations management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies a classic operations management
+concept of a capability trap to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a capability trap to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a capability trap to um
+valuation of stocks and i think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of stocks and i think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of stocks and i think that's a
+great little connection right there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great little connection right there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great little connection right there um
+if you happen to be on mit's network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you happen to be on mit's network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you happen to be on mit's network
+these are all free and accessible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all free and accessible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all free and accessible the
+worst case scenario i'll print out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case scenario i'll print out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case scenario i'll print out a
+copy for you because i think these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy for you because i think these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy for you because i think these are
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+articles uh other websites some personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles uh other websites some personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles uh other websites some personal
+favorites here creating creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites here creating creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites here creating creative
+learning exchange um this is one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning exchange um this is one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning exchange um this is one it's
+primarily k through 12 education focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily k through 12 education focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily k through 12 education focused
+but there's a lot of fun little tools on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of fun little tools on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of fun little tools on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+it uses a lot of animations make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses a lot of animations make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses a lot of animations make things
+very approachable especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very approachable especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very approachable especially if you're
+used to looking at sort of uh cold black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to looking at sort of uh cold black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to looking at sort of uh cold black
+and white diagrams clicking around on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white diagrams clicking around on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white diagrams clicking around on
+there just kind of makes me happy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just kind of makes me happy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just kind of makes me happy like
+it has lots of like pink fluid flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has lots of like pink fluid flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has lots of like pink fluid flowing
+back and forth and you like you attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and you like you attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and you like you attach
+little things together they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things together they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things together they have some
+fun uh ios and android applications um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh ios and android applications um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh ios and android applications um
+tom fedeman's meta sd website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tom fedeman's meta sd website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tom fedeman's meta sd website is
+fantastic he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic he has
+that man will just model anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that man will just model anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that man will just model anything that
+he thinks is interesting so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks is interesting so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks is interesting so if you have
+a blank piece of software in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank piece of software in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank piece of software in front of
+you you don't know what to click and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't know what to click and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't know what to click and you
+want something to as an example he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something to as an example he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something to as an example he has
+one about like sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one about like sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one about like sort of the
+self-reinforcing nature of ufo sightings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reinforcing nature of ufo sightings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reinforcing nature of ufo sightings
+so he essentially thinks to himself this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he essentially thinks to himself this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he essentially thinks to himself this
+is an interesting behavior i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting behavior i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting behavior i have
+observed i wonder what structure could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed i wonder what structure could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed i wonder what structure could
+have yielded it and then he makes it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yielded it and then he makes it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yielded it and then he makes it and
+puts it on his website so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it on his website so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it on his website so that's just a
+fun one to click around on uh this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun one to click around on uh this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun one to click around on uh this one
+the self-study website that is dense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-study website that is dense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-study website that is dense to
+be honest if you if but it's a good spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest if you if but it's a good spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest if you if but it's a good spot
+to start this systematically walks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start this systematically walks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start this systematically walks you
+through the fundamentals of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the fundamentals of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the fundamentals of system
+dynamics from open concept to detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics from open concept to detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics from open concept to detailed
+modeling systematically and is free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling systematically and is free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling systematically and is free and
+open for anyone to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for anyone to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for anyone to use
+i run right now the journal club so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i run right now the journal club so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i run right now the journal club so
+that's my plug right there stop on by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my plug right there stop on by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my plug right there stop on by
+every other friday once the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other friday once the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other friday once the semester
+starts every friday once the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts every friday once the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts every friday once the semester
+starts we have a seminar series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts we have a seminar series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts we have a seminar series that
+system dynamics focused up on the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics focused up on the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics focused up on the fourth
+floor if there's not a seminar scheduled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor if there's not a seminar scheduled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor if there's not a seminar scheduled
+then i just kind of run the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i just kind of run the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i just kind of run the discussion
+and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about
+uh something i feel like talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something i feel like talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something i feel like talking about
+um and then of course the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then of course the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then of course the system
+dynamics society that's our kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics society that's our kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics society that's our kind of our
+our group society uh i would be remiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group society uh i would be remiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group society uh i would be remiss
+if i did not at least mention them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did not at least mention them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did not at least mention them in
+passing it's a lot of information but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it's a lot of information but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it's a lot of information but uh
+i think especially those first two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think especially those first two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think especially those first two are
+not ones that you see a lot are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ones that you see a lot are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ones that you see a lot are
+recommended software we didn't talk at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended software we didn't talk at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended software we didn't talk at
+all about software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about software
+uh if this had been a longer course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this had been a longer course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this had been a longer course that
+probably would be the next thing i do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would be the next thing i do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would be the next thing i do is
+i dive into some software with you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i dive into some software with you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i dive into some software with you guys
+uh unfortunately we don't have the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately we don't have the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately we don't have the time
+so i want to point you in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to point you in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to point you in these two
+towards these guys right here vinsem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards these guys right here vinsem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards these guys right here vinsem and
+stella architect uh vincent especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stella architect uh vincent especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stella architect uh vincent especially
+has a free academic license if you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a free academic license if you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a free academic license if you also
+have an mit email address you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an mit email address you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an mit email address you can get a
+more or less the full commercial version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the full commercial version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the full commercial version
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+which is nice the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice the difference between the
+personal learning edition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal learning edition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal learning edition and the
+commercial edition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial edition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial edition is
+minimal until you hit it and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal until you hit it and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal until you hit it and then once
+you hit it you really want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it you really want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it you really want that
+commercial version for being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial version for being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial version for being able to
+just do some stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do some stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do some stuff so
+if you have an mit email address i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an mit email address i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an mit email address i
+suggest spending the three minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest spending the three minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest spending the three minutes to
+get a eventsim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a eventsim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a eventsim
+professional license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional license
+cell architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell architect
+is less used in our group but definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less used in our group but definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less used in our group but definitely
+used in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in general
+they have a great storytelling mode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a great storytelling mode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a great storytelling mode this
+idea of building up your models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of building up your models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of building up your models
+progressively without scaring people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively without scaring people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively without scaring people
+away kind of and also have a lot of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away kind of and also have a lot of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away kind of and also have a lot of nice
+visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals
+i'm still getting used to that software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still getting used to that software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still getting used to that software
+myself uh but i like what i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself uh but i like what i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself uh but i like what i see
+also off to the side there net logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also off to the side there net logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also off to the side there net logo
+not used a lot in our group necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used a lot in our group necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used a lot in our group necessarily
+but i use it a lot it's a good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i use it a lot it's a good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i use it a lot it's a good old
+agent-based model so sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent-based model so sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent-based model so sometimes it's
+useful to think okay i know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think okay i know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think okay i know what a
+person would do or an agent or an entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would do or an agent or an entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would do or an agent or an entity
+in this setup i can i can wrap my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setup i can i can wrap my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setup i can i can wrap my head
+around that i don't know what the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that i don't know what the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that i don't know what the system
+is but i can wrap my head around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but i can wrap my head around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but i can wrap my head around one
+person wandering through space this lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wandering through space this lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wandering through space this lets
+you essentially model that person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially model that person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially model that person and
+then put a whole bunch of them in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put a whole bunch of them in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put a whole bunch of them in a room
+and see what happens if anyone has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens if anyone has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens if anyone has done
+any sort of sort of agent-based modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of sort of agent-based modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of sort of agent-based modeling
+with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+any sort of scripting language matlab r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of scripting language matlab r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of scripting language matlab r
+anything else like that this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else like that this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else like that this is kind of
+the same concept with a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concept with a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concept with a nice little
+pretty wrapper around the outside of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wrapper around the outside of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wrapper around the outside of it
+terms speaking of which in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms speaking of which in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms speaking of which in terms of
+software we use all sorts of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software we use all sorts of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software we use all sorts of software
+it's not just vinsim and stella these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just vinsim and stella these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just vinsim and stella these
+are just what i have upstairs on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just what i have upstairs on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just what i have upstairs on my
+machine right actually you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine right actually you know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine right actually you know right
+there on my machine right now and what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on my machine right now and what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on my machine right now and what i
+use a more or less a daily basis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a more or less a daily basis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a more or less a daily basis um
+we're not just compartmental models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just compartmental models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just compartmental models
+we're a mode of thinking so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a mode of thinking so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a mode of thinking so if you have
+a tool that gets the job done then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool that gets the job done then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool that gets the job done then then
+good for you uh it's possible to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you uh it's possible to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you uh it's possible to do a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+causal diagram using excel if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal diagram using excel if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal diagram using excel if you're
+really motivated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really motivated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really motivated um
+oh yeah and a whiteboard whiteboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah and a whiteboard whiteboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah and a whiteboard whiteboard
+definitely gets the job done that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely gets the job done that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely gets the job done that's
+actually he raises a great point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he raises a great point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he raises a great point the
+most the best use is just standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the best use is just standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the best use is just standing in
+front of our whiteboard and starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of our whiteboard and starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of our whiteboard and starting
+writing some things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing some things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing some things down
+people ask often ask the question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask often ask the question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask often ask the question what
+do you do like how do you start like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do like how do you start like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do like how do you start like
+what's the first thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing you do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'd say walk up to a whiteboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd say walk up to a whiteboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd say walk up to a whiteboard
+think about the thing you care about i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the thing you care about i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the thing you care about i
+don't know it's co2 in the atmosphere uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it's co2 in the atmosphere uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it's co2 in the atmosphere uh
+car deaths um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car deaths um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car deaths um
+number of people quitting from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people quitting from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people quitting from a
+non-profit write that on a board just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit write that on a board just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit write that on a board just
+write and smack dab in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and smack dab in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and smack dab in the middle of the
+board then think to yourself what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board then think to yourself what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board then think to yourself what would
+cause that thing to go up or down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that thing to go up or down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that thing to go up or down right
+off to the side draw an arrow put a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the side draw an arrow put a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the side draw an arrow put a plus
+or minus next to it and just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus next to it and just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus next to it and just keep going
+and see what happens and let those let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens and let those let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens and let those let
+those loops come back around and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those loops come back around and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those loops come back around and that's
+a good spot to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good spot to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good spot to start
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's we have a few minutes i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we have a few minutes i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we have a few minutes i'm going
+to click this one thing right here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to click this one thing right here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to click this one thing right here for
+another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of
+system dynamics in action if anyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics in action if anyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics in action if anyone is
+familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the
+policy interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy interactive
+this is an idea too of what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idea too of what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idea too of what's the most
+complicated model sort of idea and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated model sort of idea and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated model sort of idea and what
+can you do this is inroads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do this is inroads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do this is inroads
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+policy simulator for the climate so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy simulator for the climate so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy simulator for the climate so this
+right here has a full-blown climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here has a full-blown climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here has a full-blown climate
+simulation running on the back but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation running on the back but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation running on the back but its
+job at the end of the day is again not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job at the end of the day is again not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job at the end of the day is again not
+point prediction its job is policy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point prediction its job is policy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point prediction its job is policy so
+again i get this is one kind of a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i get this is one kind of a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i get this is one kind of a fun
+thing to click around and kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to click around and kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to click around and kind of see
+system dynamics in action this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics in action this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics in action this is simply
+saying what are we doing right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what are we doing right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what are we doing right here
+what's our predicted temperature change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our predicted temperature change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our predicted temperature change
+over time what are the choices that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time what are the choices that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time what are the choices that we
+can make as a society as a group as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make as a society as a group as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make as a society as a group as a
+series of countries to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of countries to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of countries to change this
+outcome this is being used right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome this is being used right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome this is being used right now in
+conversations with members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with members of
+our own government in order to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own government in order to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own government in order to help
+elicit mental models and get people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit mental models and get people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit mental models and get people on
+the same page about climate action in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same page about climate action in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same page about climate action in
+the future so this is something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so this is something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so this is something else
+where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a
+a big compartmental model running in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big compartmental model running in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big compartmental model running in the
+background uh but this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background uh but this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background uh but this is an example of
+using system dynamics to hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using system dynamics to hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using system dynamics to hopefully
+elicit real policy change uh in the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit real policy change uh in the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit real policy change uh in the near
+term so you can start clicking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so you can start clicking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so you can start clicking around
+seeing what happens i'll be honest i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what happens i'll be honest i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what happens i'll be honest i'm
+really bad at this one i click around i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at this one i click around i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at this one i click around i
+realize i'm really bad at figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize i'm really bad at figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize i'm really bad at figuring out
+how to fix the fix the climate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fix the fix the climate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fix the fix the climate which is
+why i do operations in supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i do operations in supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i do operations in supply chain
+management i suppose at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management i suppose at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management i suppose at the end of the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+um so i'd encourage you guys to to click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'd encourage you guys to to click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'd encourage you guys to to click
+around on that so that essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on that so that essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on that so that essentially is
+where we are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are um
+thank you guys very much i love sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you guys very much i love sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you guys very much i love sharing
+system dynamics with you and i hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics with you and i hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamics with you and i hope to
+see some of you guys in the future thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of you guys in the future thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of you guys in the future thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oILq3xz_XtU.txt b/oILq3xz_XtU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2af69d8e06af222ca8a970e5e27e6d4ebc4b13d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oILq3xz_XtU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider a wheel that's rolling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a wheel that's rolling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a wheel that's rolling so
+our wheel is rolling along the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wheel is rolling along the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wheel is rolling along the surface
+the wheel has radius R and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel has radius R and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel has radius R and I want to
+consider the motion of a point p on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the motion of a point p on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the motion of a point p on the
+rim of the wheel now I'll choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim of the wheel now I'll choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim of the wheel now I'll choose an
+origin that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin that's
+fixed and in fact here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and in fact here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and in fact here we're going to
+talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+frame a which is fixed to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I would like to consider my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to consider my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to consider my problem
+is toine both the position of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toine both the position of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toine both the position of the point
+on the rim the velocity of the point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rim the velocity of the point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rim the velocity of the point on
+the rim and the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rim and the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rim and the acceleration of the
+point in the rim as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the rim as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the rim as a function of time
+now the position Vector is given from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the position Vector is given from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the position Vector is given from my
+fixed origin to where the point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed origin to where the point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed origin to where the point on the
+rim is now this can be quite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim is now this can be quite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim is now this can be quite complicated
+but what we're going to do is consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is consider a
+second reference frame that is located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reference frame that is located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reference frame that is located
+at the center of mass of the wheel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of mass of the wheel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of mass of the wheel so
+our second frame will'll take reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame and we'll call this Frame cm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and we'll call this Frame cm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and we'll call this Frame cm is
+located is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+with the center of mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wheel so in that reference frame we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel so in that reference frame we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel so in that reference frame we'll
+denote this point by Vector R CM because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this point by Vector R CM because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this point by Vector R CM because
+we're in the reference frame with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the reference frame with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the reference frame with
+respect to the center of mass and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the center of mass and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the center of mass and we're
+talking about the point P now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the point P now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the point P now these
+vectors are connected and we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are connected and we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are connected and we'll call
+this Vector capital r by our Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector capital r by our Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector capital r by our Vector
+triangle capital R equals the little RP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle capital R equals the little RP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle capital R equals the little RP
+that's the position Vector in the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the position Vector in the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the position Vector in the fixed
+frame of the ground is given by capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the ground is given by capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the ground is given by capital
+r plus r cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r plus r cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r plus r cm
+P now as we've seen before by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P now as we've seen before by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P now as we've seen before by
+differentiating the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the velocity of the
+particle is given by V plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is given by V plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is given by V plus v
+CMP this one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP this one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP this one is the
+velocity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+fixed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground this is the
+velocity of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respect to ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to ground
+frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and
+finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the
+CMP is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP is the
+velocity in the center of Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame now in order to analyze is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame now in order to analyze is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame now in order to analyze is this
+law what we'll now do is focus on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what we'll now do is focus on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what we'll now do is focus on what
+the motion looks like if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion looks like if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion looks like if you're an
+observer moving with the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer moving with the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer moving with the center of mass
+and that's how we'll begin our analysis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oJv4dsUID0Q.txt b/oJv4dsUID0Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..294b832966a5af179ba17619435c869d83a803fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oJv4dsUID0Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+During the last three lectures, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During the last three lectures, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During the last three lectures, we
+considered the design of infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the design of infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the design of infinite
+impulse response digital filters. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response digital filters. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response digital filters. The
+two main classes of design procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main classes of design procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main classes of design procedures
+that we discussed involved mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed involved mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed involved mapping
+continuous time designs to discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time designs to discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time designs to discrete time
+designs. That was the first class. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs. That was the first class. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs. That was the first class. And
+the second class was the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second class was the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second class was the use of
+algorithmic design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic design
+procedures. In this lecture, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures. In this lecture, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures. In this lecture, I would
+like to discuss the design of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss the design of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss the design of finite
+impulse response digital filters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response digital filters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response digital filters.
+And I remind you that as we've stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I remind you that as we've stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I remind you that as we've stressed
+in a number of the lectures, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of the lectures, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of the lectures, one of the
+very important aspects of finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important aspects of finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important aspects of finite impulse
+response digital filters is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filters is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filters is the fact
+that they can be implemented to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can be implemented to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can be implemented to have
+exactly linear phase. So finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly linear phase. So finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly linear phase. So finite impulse
+response filters as opposed to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filters as opposed to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filters as opposed to infinite
+impulse response filters are useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filters are useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filters are useful for
+problems where linear phase is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where linear phase is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where linear phase is an
+important constraint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important constraint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important constraint.
+It turns out also, and this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It turns out also, and this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It turns out also, and this isn't the
+point that we'll be touching on in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we'll be touching on in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we'll be touching on in these
+lectures, but it turns out also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures, but it turns out also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures, but it turns out also that
+finite impulse response digital filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response digital filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response digital filters
+have some important advantages over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some important advantages over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some important advantages over
+infinite impulse response filters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response filters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response filters with
+regard to roundoff noise. That is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to roundoff noise. That is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to roundoff noise. That is with
+regard to the effects of finite register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the effects of finite register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the effects of finite register
+length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length.
+Now, in general, the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, in general, the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, in general, the implementation of
+finite impulse response filters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response filters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response filters is
+considerably simpler for discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably simpler for discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably simpler for discrete time
+systems than it is for continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems than it is for continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems than it is for continuous time
+systems. Consequently, it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Consequently, it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Consequently, it turns out that
+there are not really available a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not really available a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not really available a wide
+variety of continuous time design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of continuous time design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of continuous time design
+procedures for finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures for finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures for finite impulse response
+filters as there were for infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters as there were for infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters as there were for infinite
+impulse response. And consequently, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response. And consequently, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response. And consequently, the
+continuous time to discrete time mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time to discrete time mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time to discrete time mapping
+as a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a design
+procedure is not particularly applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is not particularly applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is not particularly applicable
+to the design of finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the design of finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the design of finite impulse response
+digital filters. So this includes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters. So this includes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters. So this includes for
+example the impulse invariant technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the impulse invariant technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the impulse invariant technique
+and the use of the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the use of the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the use of the bilinear
+transformation. that is those techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. that is those techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation. that is those techniques
+are not particularly useful when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not particularly useful when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not particularly useful when we are
+talking about the design of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the design of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the design of finite
+impulse response filters. As an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filters. As an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filters. As an
+additional interesting side point, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional interesting side point, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional interesting side point, if we
+were to begin with a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to begin with a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to begin with a finite impulse
+response analog or continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response analog or continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response analog or continuous time
+filter and map it to a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and map it to a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and map it to a digital filter
+using the bilinear transformation, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bilinear transformation, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bilinear transformation, then
+in fact the resulting filter would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the resulting filter would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the resulting filter would not
+be a finite impulse response filter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a finite impulse response filter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a finite impulse response filter.
+The algorithmic procedures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The algorithmic procedures that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The algorithmic procedures that we
+talked about in the previous lectures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the previous lectures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the previous lectures of
+course still do apply to the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course still do apply to the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course still do apply to the design of
+finite impulse response filters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response filters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response filters and
+there also are some other algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also are some other algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also are some other algorithmic
+procedures that are discussed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that are discussed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that are discussed in the
+text and that I will touch on just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and that I will touch on just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and that I will touch on just very
+briefly in today's lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly in today's lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly in today's lecture.
+Now for the design of finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now for the design of finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now for the design of finite impulse
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+filters there are basically three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters there are basically three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters there are basically three
+classes or three types of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes or three types of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes or three types of design
+techniques that we'll be discussing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we'll be discussing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we'll be discussing.
+And in this lecture, what I intend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this lecture, what I intend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this lecture, what I intend to do
+is present the three of these primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present the three of these primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present the three of these primarily
+with an eye toward giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eye toward giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eye toward giving you an
+appreciation for what the style of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for what the style of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for what the style of the
+design techniques is. That is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design techniques is. That is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design techniques is. That is to give
+you an overview of these design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overview of these design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overview of these design
+techniques, but I won't dwell on many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, but I won't dwell on many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, but I won't dwell on many of
+the details.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details.
+So in the design of finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the design of finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the design of finite impulse
+response digital filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filters
+then we of course are talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we of course are talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we of course are talking about a
+unit sample response that is of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response that is of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response that is of finite
+length and we'll choose the length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and we'll choose the length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and we'll choose the length the
+interval over which the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval over which the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval over which the unit sample
+response is non zero to be in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is non zero to be in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is non zero to be in the range
+from zero to capital n minus one. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to capital n minus one. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to capital n minus one. So the
+Z transform of the finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform of the finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform of the finite impulse
+response filter is then given by the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filter is then given by the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filter is then given by the sum
+from 0 to capital N minus one of H of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to capital N minus one of H of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to capital N minus one of H of N
+Z to the minus N which of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the minus N which of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the minus N which of course is a
+polomial in Z to the minus1 and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial in Z to the minus1 and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial in Z to the minus1 and we know
+that for this class of systems H of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this class of systems H of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this class of systems H of Z
+has only zeros except at Z equals 0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only zeros except at Z equals 0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only zeros except at Z equals 0 that
+is the poles of H of Z can only fall at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the poles of H of Z can only fall at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the poles of H of Z can only fall at
+Z equals 0 or Z equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals 0 or Z equals infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals 0 or Z equals infinity
+And I remind you also that for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I remind you also that for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I remind you also that for linear
+phase finite impulse response filters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase finite impulse response filters,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase finite impulse response filters,
+the constraint on the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint on the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint on the unit sample
+response is that it basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is that it basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is that it basically is
+symmetrical about its midpoint. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical about its midpoint. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical about its midpoint. In other
+words, as we look at the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, as we look at the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, as we look at the unit sample
+response starting from the left hand end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response starting from the left hand end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response starting from the left hand end
+and starting from the right hand end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting from the right hand end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting from the right hand end
+approaching toward the middle, then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching toward the middle, then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching toward the middle, then we
+see the same values. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same values. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same values. In other words,
+there's a symmetry that's required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a symmetry that's required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a symmetry that's required for
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+phase. The three basic design procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. The three basic design procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. The three basic design procedures
+that I'd like to talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to talk about in this
+lecture basically introduce in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture basically introduce in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture basically introduce in the
+lecture are first of all a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are first of all a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are first of all a design
+technique which is referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is referred to as the
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+method. A second design technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. A second design technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. A second design technique that
+is commonly referred to as the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly referred to as the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly referred to as the frequency
+sampling method and a third design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling method and a third design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling method and a third design
+technique which is an algorithmic design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is an algorithmic design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is an algorithmic design
+procedure which results in equipple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which results in equipple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which results in equipple
+filters which as I'll comment on again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters which as I'll comment on again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters which as I'll comment on again
+when we get to this point in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to this point in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to this point in the lecture
+uh turn out to be important because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turn out to be important because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turn out to be important because they
+have some optimality properties. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some optimality properties. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some optimality properties. So
+these are the three basic design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three basic design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three basic design
+techniques then that I'd like to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques then that I'd like to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques then that I'd like to discuss
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+lecture. Well to begin with the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Well to begin with the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Well to begin with the window
+method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is
+basically a method based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a method based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a method based on the
+following strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following strategy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following strategy.
+Let's suppose that we begin the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's suppose that we begin the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's suppose that we begin the design
+of the finite impulse response filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the finite impulse response filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the finite impulse response filter
+with a desired unit sample response h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a desired unit sample response h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a desired unit sample response h
+subd of n. For example, suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd of n. For example, suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd of n. For example, suppose that we
+wanted to design a lowass filter. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to design a lowass filter. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to design a lowass filter. We
+could begin with a desired unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could begin with a desired unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could begin with a desired unit sample
+response which was the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which was the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which was the unit sample
+response of an ideal lowass filter. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of an ideal lowass filter. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of an ideal lowass filter. Now
+as you know the unit sample response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the unit sample response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the unit sample response of
+an ideal lowass filter is ba basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal lowass filter is ba basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal lowass filter is ba basically
+has a sinx overx type of envelope. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sinx overx type of envelope. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sinx overx type of envelope. In
+particular the important characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the important characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the important characteristic
+is that it extends from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it extends from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it extends from minus infinity
+to plus infinity. So in fact it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity. So in fact it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity. So in fact it doesn't
+correspond to a finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a finite impulse response
+filter. But we could imagine obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. But we could imagine obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. But we could imagine obtaining
+the unit sample response of an FIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response of an FIR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response of an FIR
+filter by perhaps truncating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter by perhaps truncating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter by perhaps truncating this
+infinitely long unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long unit sample
+response so that we retain only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so that we retain only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so that we retain only the
+values in the interval from 0 to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the interval from 0 to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the interval from 0 to capital
+n minus one. Or more generally, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one. Or more generally, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one. Or more generally, we can
+imagine multiplying the desired unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine multiplying the desired unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine multiplying the desired unit
+sample response by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response by a
+window. The window being zero outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. The window being zero outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. The window being zero outside
+the interval from 0 to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 0 to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 0 to capital n minus
+one. So the window method basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So the window method basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So the window method basically
+consists of beginning with a desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of beginning with a desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of beginning with a desired
+unit sample response which in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response which in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response which in general
+will be infinitely long or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be infinitely long or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be infinitely long or at least
+longer than the filter that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the filter that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the filter that we want to
+design. We apply to that a window which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. We apply to that a window which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. We apply to that a window which
+is zero outside the range zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero outside the range zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero outside the range zero to
+capital n minus one and the result then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one and the result then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one and the result then
+is the unit sample response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit sample response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit sample response of the
+finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response
+filter. Well, what is the effect of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. Well, what is the effect of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. Well, what is the effect of this
+in the frequency domain? We know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain? We know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain? We know that
+multiplication in the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the time domain
+corresponds to convolution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to convolution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to convolution in the
+frequency domain and consequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain and consequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain and consequently the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+response of the finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the finite impulse response
+filter that results is the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that results is the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that results is the periodic
+convolution of the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the desired frequency
+response that is the forier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that is the forier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that is the forier transform of
+the desired unit sample response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired unit sample response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired unit sample response that
+convolved with the forier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with the forier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with the forier transform of
+the window w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window w
+ofn. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn. For
+example, if we were talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if we were talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if we were talking about a
+rectangular window and in a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window and in a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window and in a rectangular
+window, w ofn is simply constant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, w ofn is simply constant over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, w ofn is simply constant over
+the range 0 to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range 0 to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range 0 to capital n minus
+one. The magnitude of the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The magnitude of the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The magnitude of the forier
+transform of the window has a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the window has a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the window has a form
+roughly as I've indicated here. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly as I've indicated here. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly as I've indicated here. This is
+drawn for the case n= 8 and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn for the case n= 8 and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn for the case n= 8 and it's the
+magnitude of h of e to the j omega I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of h of e to the j omega I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of h of e to the j omega I'm
+sorry of w of e to the j omega. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of w of e to the j omega. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of w of e to the j omega. If we
+were to remove the magnitude signs then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to remove the magnitude signs then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to remove the magnitude signs then
+every alternate lobe would be flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every alternate lobe would be flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every alternate lobe would be flipped
+over in sign. So in fact this is a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in sign. So in fact this is a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in sign. So in fact this is a sin
+nx over sinx curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nx over sinx curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nx over sinx curve.
+So for the particular case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the particular case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the particular case of a
+rectangular window, we would have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window, we would have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window, we would have not
+the ideal lowass filter that we began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal lowass filter that we began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal lowass filter that we began
+with, but the idea lowass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, but the idea lowass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, but the idea lowass filter
+frequency characteristic convolved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic convolved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic convolved with
+the forier transform of the window.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform of the window.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform of the window.
+So that's depicted here where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's depicted here where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's depicted here where we
+have the ideal lowass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ideal lowass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ideal lowass
+filter superimposed on top of it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter superimposed on top of it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter superimposed on top of it is the
+forier transform of in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform of in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform of in this case a
+rectangular window and then to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window and then to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window and then to obtain
+the resulting overall frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting overall frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting overall frequency response
+of the finite impulse response filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the finite impulse response filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the finite impulse response filter
+that would be obtained by convolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be obtained by convolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be obtained by convolving
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+together. And we can see that the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And we can see that the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And we can see that the result
+of that very roughly is to in fact at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that very roughly is to in fact at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that very roughly is to in fact at
+the discontinuity the almost exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discontinuity the almost exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discontinuity the almost exact
+effect is to integrate the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is to integrate the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is to integrate the window
+frequency response the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response the frequency
+response of the window and the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the window and the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the window and the resulting
+frequency response for the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for the finite
+impulse response filter. then as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter. then as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter. then as opposed
+to being the ideal characteristic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being the ideal characteristic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being the ideal characteristic that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+desired in fact has some ripples in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired in fact has some ripples in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired in fact has some ripples in it
+generally then it it has some deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally then it it has some deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally then it it has some deviation
+in the pass band. It has some deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pass band. It has some deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pass band. It has some deviation
+in the stop band and it has a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stop band and it has a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stop band and it has a transition
+region from pass band to stop band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region from pass band to stop band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region from pass band to stop band and
+that's introduced because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's introduced because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's introduced because of the
+convolution of this window frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of this window frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of this window frequency
+response with the desired or ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response with the desired or ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response with the desired or ideal
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+response. Now ideally what would we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. Now ideally what would we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. Now ideally what would we like
+as the frequency response of the window?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the frequency response of the window?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the frequency response of the window?
+Well, ideally what we would like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, ideally what we would like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, ideally what we would like of
+course is we would like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is we would like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is we would like this
+function to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to be an
+impulse because if it's an impulse then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse because if it's an impulse then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse because if it's an impulse then
+we convolve it with the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convolve it with the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convolve it with the desired
+frequency response and the result will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response and the result will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response and the result will
+again be the desired frequency response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again be the desired frequency response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again be the desired frequency response.
+The overshoot that we have in the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The overshoot that we have in the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The overshoot that we have in the pass
+band and the stop band has arisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and the stop band has arisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and the stop band has arisen
+because of the sidelobe structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the sidelobe structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the sidelobe structure of the
+frequency response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the
+window and the transition region has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and the transition region has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and the transition region has
+arisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arisen
+because primarily because of the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because primarily because of the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because primarily because of the width
+of this central lobe. So in fact if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this central lobe. So in fact if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this central lobe. So in fact if we
+want to keep the deviation in the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the deviation in the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the deviation in the pass
+band and stop band small then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and stop band small then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and stop band small then that
+implies that we would like to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that we would like to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that we would like to keep the
+sidelobe structure of the window small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidelobe structure of the window small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidelobe structure of the window small
+the window frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window frequency response
+small and if we would like to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if we would like to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and if we would like to keep the
+transition band narrow that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band narrow that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band narrow that implies that
+we would like to keep this main lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to keep this main lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to keep this main lobe
+narrow and as I think that your intu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow and as I think that your intu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow and as I think that your intu
+intuition should agree with by now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition should agree with by now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition should agree with by now.
+Generally, an attempt to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generally, an attempt to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generally, an attempt to make this
+function narrower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function narrower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function narrower in
+frequency will have the general effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will have the general effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will have the general effect
+of making the window longer in time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the window longer in time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the window longer in time. So
+that in fact if we want if we as we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact if we want if we as we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact if we want if we as we try
+to make the time window w ofn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the time window w ofn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the time window w ofn or
+equivalently the order of the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the order of the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the order of the finite
+impulse response filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter
+smaller the tendency will be toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the tendency will be toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the tendency will be toward a
+widening transition band in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening transition band in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening transition band in the
+frequency response of the filter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the filter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the filter.
+Likewise, as we allow the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, as we allow the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, as we allow the order of the
+filter to get longer, we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to get longer, we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to get longer, we have more
+flexibility in the filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in the filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in the filter and
+consequently we're able to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently we're able to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently we're able to control
+better the transition band and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the transition band and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the transition band and the
+overshoot in both the pass band and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot in both the pass band and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot in both the pass band and in
+the stop band.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, in particular, again continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in particular, again continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in particular, again continuing
+with the example of a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the example of a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the example of a rectangular
+window, if we look at the frequency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, if we look at the frequency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, if we look at the frequency uh
+the unit sample response for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response for the case of
+a an ideal lowass filter multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an ideal lowass filter multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an ideal lowass filter multiplied by a
+51 rectangular window, then the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 rectangular window, then the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 rectangular window, then the unit
+sample response response we obtain is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response response we obtain is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response response we obtain is as
+indicated here. Actually, I've marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here. Actually, I've marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here. Actually, I've marked
+this as the desired unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the desired unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the desired unit sample
+response. It's only the equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. It's only the equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. It's only the equal to the
+desired unit sample response in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired unit sample response in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired unit sample response in the
+interval from zero to 50. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from zero to 50. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from zero to 50. And the
+desired unit sample response of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired unit sample response of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired unit sample response of course
+continues to be non zero outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be non zero outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be non zero outside that
+range. Whereas multiplying by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. Whereas multiplying by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. Whereas multiplying by a
+rectangular window truncates it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window truncates it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window truncates it to be
+zero outside this range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside this range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside this range.
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+resulting frequency response for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting frequency response for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting frequency response for this
+particular example I've indicated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I've indicated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example I've indicated here
+and as opposed to one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as opposed to one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as opposed to one of the the
+previous frequency response that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous frequency response that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous frequency response that I
+depicted this is shown on a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted this is shown on a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted this is shown on a logarithmic
+frequency scale there in fact is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency scale there in fact is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency scale there in fact is some
+ripple in the pass band although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple in the pass band although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple in the pass band although it's
+not evident on a logarithmic frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evident on a logarithmic frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evident on a logarithmic frequency
+scale but generally you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but generally you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but generally you can see the
+effect of a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of a transition
+band and then a side lobe structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and then a side lobe structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and then a side lobe structure in
+the stop band and you can see also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop band and you can see also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop band and you can see also that
+the asmtoic behavior of this is to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asmtoic behavior of this is to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asmtoic behavior of this is to in
+the vicinity for this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity for this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity for this particular example
+is in the vicinity of minus 20dB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the vicinity of minus 20dB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the vicinity of minus 20dB
+attenuation in the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation in the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation in the stop
+band. So this then is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So this then is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So this then is an example of a
+lowass filter that could be obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass filter that could be obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass filter that could be obtained by
+applying a rectangular window to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a rectangular window to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a rectangular window to the
+ideal lowass filter. There are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal lowass filter. There are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal lowass filter. There are other
+possible choices for windows. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choices for windows. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choices for windows. In
+particular, two other choices that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, two other choices that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, two other choices that I'd
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+mention are what are referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention are what are referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention are what are referred to as the
+Hamming window and the Bartlett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window and the Bartlett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window and the Bartlett
+window. As opposed to the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. As opposed to the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. As opposed to the rectangular
+window, the Bartlett window is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, the Bartlett window is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, the Bartlett window is a
+triangular window which has the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular window which has the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular window which has the effect
+basically of making the transition at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of making the transition at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of making the transition at
+the ends of the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of the unit sample response
+less abrupt than they are in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less abrupt than they are in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less abrupt than they are in the case of
+a rectangular window.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular window.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular window.
+The Hamming window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Hamming window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Hamming window
+is a window which corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a window which corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a window which corresponds
+essentially to a cosine bell sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to a cosine bell sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to a cosine bell sitting on
+a small pedestal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small pedestal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small pedestal.
+So for this particular example again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for this particular example again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for this particular example again the
+lowass filter the ideal lowass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass filter the ideal lowass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass filter the ideal lowass filter
+windowed we can compare the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowed we can compare the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowed we can compare the frequency
+response obtained with the Bartlett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response obtained with the Bartlett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response obtained with the Bartlett
+window to that obtained with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to that obtained with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to that obtained with the
+rectangular window and also with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window and also with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window and also with the
+Hamming window. So let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window. So let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window. So let's take a look at
+that. Here we have the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Here we have the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Here we have the frequency
+response of the Bartlett window and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the Bartlett window and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the Bartlett window and you
+can see generally that the ripples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see generally that the ripples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see generally that the ripples
+aren't as severe as the in the stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as severe as the in the stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as severe as the in the stop band
+as they were in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were in the case of the
+rectangular window. And in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window. And in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window. And in fact we can
+compare these simply by referring back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these simply by referring back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these simply by referring back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the re rectangular window frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re rectangular window frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re rectangular window frequency
+response that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that we had
+previously. So the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. So the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. So the rectangular
+window lies slightly under or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window lies slightly under or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window lies slightly under or actually
+asmtoically touches the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoically touches the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoically touches the frequency
+response obtained from the Bartlett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response obtained from the Bartlett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response obtained from the Bartlett
+window. But for the Bartlett window, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. But for the Bartlett window, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. But for the Bartlett window, the
+ripples in the stop band aren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples in the stop band aren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples in the stop band aren't as
+severe as they are for the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe as they are for the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe as they are for the rectangular
+window. Now, to compare both of these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. Now, to compare both of these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. Now, to compare both of these to
+the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamming
+window, we can put on top of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, we can put on top of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, we can put on top of this the
+frequency response for the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for the Hamming
+window.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in this case, you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, you can see that the
+frequency response obtained with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response obtained with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response obtained with the
+Hamming window applied to a lowass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window applied to a lowass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window applied to a lowass
+filter has considerably better stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter has considerably better stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter has considerably better stop band
+attenuation than either the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation than either the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation than either the rectangular
+or the Bartlett window. In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Bartlett window. In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Bartlett window. In particular,
+it comes down to about minus30 or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down to about minus30 or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down to about minus30 or minus
+32 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 or so
+dB. There is a slight price paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dB. There is a slight price paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dB. There is a slight price paid for
+this. And the price is, as you notice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And the price is, as you notice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And the price is, as you notice,
+that the transition band is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transition band is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transition band is slightly
+wider than it is for either of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider than it is for either of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider than it is for either of the other
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+windows. And in general, this is a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows. And in general, this is a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows. And in general, this is a type
+of tradeoff that arises again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tradeoff that arises again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tradeoff that arises again and again
+in the design of actually always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design of actually always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design of actually always in the
+design of digital or analog filters. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of digital or analog filters. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of digital or analog filters. In
+particular, in using Windows, there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, in using Windows, there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, in using Windows, there is
+always this trade-off between improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this trade-off between improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this trade-off between improved
+stop band attenuation and a narrower or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band attenuation and a narrower or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band attenuation and a narrower or
+wider rather transition band. As the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider rather transition band. As the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider rather transition band. As the as
+you are willing to allow the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are willing to allow the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are willing to allow the transition
+band to become wider, you can generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to become wider, you can generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to become wider, you can generally
+obtain some advantage in terms of stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain some advantage in terms of stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain some advantage in terms of stop
+band attenuation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band attenuation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band attenuation.
+All right. So this is a quick view into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is a quick view into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is a quick view into
+the use of windows in the text. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of windows in the text. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of windows in the text. In fact,
+there are quite a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a large number of
+windows that are discussed besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows that are discussed besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows that are discussed besides the
+rectangular, the Bartlett and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular, the Bartlett and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular, the Bartlett and the
+Hamming window. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming window. And
+similar frequency responses for filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar frequency responses for filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar frequency responses for filters
+designed using a variety of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed using a variety of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed using a variety of these
+windows is presented in the text.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The next design procedure that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next design procedure that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next design procedure that I would
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+discuss is the design procedure that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is the design procedure that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is the design procedure that is
+referred to as the frequency sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the frequency sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the frequency sampling
+design procedure. And basically the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design procedure. And basically the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design procedure. And basically the idea
+behind that procedure is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that procedure is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that procedure is to
+argue that if we have a desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if we have a desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if we have a desired
+frequency response which I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response which I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response which I've indicated
+by the continuous line a desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the continuous line a desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the continuous line a desired
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+response then we could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then we could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then we could think of
+designing a digital filter by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a digital filter by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a digital filter by
+specifying samples of the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying samples of the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying samples of the desired
+frequency response. response at equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response. response at equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response. response at equally
+spaced points along the frequency axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced points along the frequency axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced points along the frequency axis.
+Now we know that for a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we know that for a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we know that for a finite impulse
+response digital filter in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filter in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filter in general for
+any finite length sequence we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any finite length sequence we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any finite length sequence we can
+represent it in terms of samples of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it in terms of samples of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it in terms of samples of its
+forier transform that in fact is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform that in fact is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform that in fact is the
+discrete forier transform. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform. So basically
+what we're saying is that we can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is that we can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is that we can begin
+with a desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a desired frequency
+response and specify the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and specify the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and specify the discrete forier
+transform of the finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the finite impulse response
+filter by specifying equally spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter by specifying equally spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter by specifying equally spaced
+samples of the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of the desired frequency
+response. So we have then the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. So we have then the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. So we have then the that the
+actual frequency response will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual frequency response will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual frequency response will
+correspond to capital n samples equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to capital n samples equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to capital n samples equally
+spaced in frequency of the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced in frequency of the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced in frequency of the desired
+frequency response characteristic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response characteristic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response characteristic.
+Now, one could say that or one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one could say that or one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one could say that or one could
+inquire as to whether in fact if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire as to whether in fact if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire as to whether in fact if we do
+that what we're able to implement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're able to implement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're able to implement is the
+desired digital filter frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired digital filter frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired digital filter frequency
+response. In other words, we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. In other words, we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. In other words, we know that
+we can implement a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can implement a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can implement a finite impulse
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+filter by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter by using
+only the values specified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the values specified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the values specified in the
+discrete 4A transform. And here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform. And here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform. And here we've
+specified a discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified a discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified a discrete forier transform
+that's unity in the pass band and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unity in the pass band and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unity in the pass band and it's
+zero in the stop band. And one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the stop band. And one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the stop band. And one could
+ask, well, in fact, is that an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask, well, in fact, is that an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask, well, in fact, is that an ideal
+digital lowass filter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital lowass filter?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital lowass filter?
+Well, the answer to that is no. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the answer to that is no. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the answer to that is no. And the
+reason is that it is important, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that it is important, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that it is important, very
+important to keep track of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep track of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep track of the fact that
+just because we specify the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we specify the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we specify the frequency
+response at equally spaced points along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at equally spaced points along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at equally spaced points along
+the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency
+axis doesn't mean that in between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis doesn't mean that in between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis doesn't mean that in between those
+points the frequency characteristic has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the frequency characteristic has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the frequency characteristic has
+to be particularly well behaved. that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be particularly well behaved. that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be particularly well behaved. that is
+the forier transform of the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform of the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform of the unit sample
+response is a continuous function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a continuous function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a continuous function of
+frequency. We're specifying samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. We're specifying samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. We're specifying samples of
+that continuous function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous function of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous function of frequency
+and there is implied an interpolation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is implied an interpolation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is implied an interpolation in
+between those samples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those samples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those samples.
+Well, in fact, if we were to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in fact, if we were to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in fact, if we were to look at a
+unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response
+whose discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose discrete forier transform
+magnitude is unity in the pass band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is unity in the pass band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is unity in the pass band and
+zero in the stop band, one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the stop band, one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the stop band, one possible
+choice in fact is the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in fact is the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in fact is the unit sample
+response and frequency response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and frequency response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and frequency response that
+I've indicated here. This is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here. This is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here. This is the unit
+sample response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response.
+This is the corresponding frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the corresponding frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the corresponding frequency
+response. The discrete 4A transform of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. The discrete 4A transform of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. The discrete 4A transform of h
+of n in fact is exactly unity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n in fact is exactly unity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n in fact is exactly unity in the
+pass band and zero in the stop band. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and zero in the stop band. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and zero in the stop band. But
+the interpolation in between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpolation in between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpolation in between those
+points is not unity in the pass band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is not unity in the pass band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is not unity in the pass band and
+zero in the stop band. In fact, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the stop band. In fact, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the stop band. In fact, by
+simply putting the previous view graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply putting the previous view graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply putting the previous view graph
+on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one, we can see that this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, we can see that this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, we can see that this frequency
+response characteristic indeed goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristic indeed goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristic indeed goes
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+specified frequency points, but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified frequency points, but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified frequency points, but it is
+not particularly well constrained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly well constrained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly well constrained in
+between those points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those points.
+So in fact for the for one example if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact for the for one example if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact for the for one example if we
+chose this as the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this as the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this as the unit sample response
+corresponding to this set of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this set of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this set of frequency
+samples the resulting frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the resulting frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the resulting frequency response
+of the finite impulse response lowass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the finite impulse response lowass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the finite impulse response lowass
+filter would be as we've indicated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter would be as we've indicated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter would be as we've indicated with
+this continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous
+curve. Well, we know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Well, we know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Well, we know that there are
+other unit sample response responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unit sample response responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unit sample response responses
+whose discrete 4A transforms are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose discrete 4A transforms are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose discrete 4A transforms are exactly
+the same. The magnitude of the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. The magnitude of the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. The magnitude of the discrete
+4A transform is exactly the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform is exactly the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform is exactly the same as this
+one. In particular, we know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In particular, we know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In particular, we know that if we
+were to circularly rotate h of n,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to circularly rotate h of n,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to circularly rotate h of n,
+circularly shift h of n, the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly shift h of n, the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly shift h of n, the magnitude
+of the discrete forier transform would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrete forier transform would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrete forier transform would
+remain exactly the same. So in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain exactly the same. So in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain exactly the same. So in fact
+another unit sample response that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit sample response that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit sample response that would
+correspond to a frequency response which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a frequency response which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a frequency response which
+likewise goes through these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise goes through these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise goes through these same
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+samples is the one that we have here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples is the one that we have here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples is the one that we have here.
+This unit sample response is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This unit sample response is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This unit sample response is simply the
+previous one circularly shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one circularly shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one circularly shifted by
+approximately n /2 or n minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately n /2 or n minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately n /2 or n minus one over
+two. And in this case, the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And in this case, the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And in this case, the frequency
+response characteristic is even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristic is even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristic is even worse
+than it was in the previous example. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was in the previous example. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was in the previous example. So
+here we have a frequency response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a frequency response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a frequency response that
+has very wild large fluctuations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very wild large fluctuations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very wild large fluctuations in the
+pass band and even in the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and even in the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and even in the stop
+band but still goes through the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band but still goes through the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band but still goes through the same
+frequency samples that we had specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples that we had specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples that we had specified
+previously. And we can see that by again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. And we can see that by again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. And we can see that by again
+putting these two on top of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you can see in this case again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see in this case again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see in this case again that
+this frequency characteristic goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency characteristic goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency characteristic goes
+through the specified frequency samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the specified frequency samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the specified frequency samples
+but it has a very wild behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a very wild behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a very wild behavior in
+between. All right. So the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. All right. So the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. All right. So the frequency
+sampling method then is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling method then is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling method then is basically a
+method that consists of specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that consists of specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that consists of specifying
+samples of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of the frequency
+response and then accepting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and then accepting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and then accepting the
+interpolation in between those samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation in between those samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation in between those samples
+that is dictated by the form of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is dictated by the form of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is dictated by the form of the unit
+sample response. And I stress that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response. And I stress that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response. And I stress that one
+has to be careful in the phase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be careful in the phase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be careful in the phase that's
+applied to this or equivalently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to this or equivalently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to this or equivalently the
+circular shift that's applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift that's applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift that's applied to the
+unit sample response since as we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response since as we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response since as we've seen
+in the last several view graphs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last several view graphs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last several view graphs that
+very seriously affects the interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very seriously affects the interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very seriously affects the interpolation
+in between these frequency points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between these frequency points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between these frequency points.
+Furthermore, an additional point has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, an additional point has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, an additional point has
+been made and that is that it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made and that is that it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made and that is that it is not
+even though we can implement a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we can implement a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we can implement a finite
+impulse response filter using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter using the
+discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier
+transform specifying the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform specifying the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform specifying the discrete 4A
+transform to be unity in the pass band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to be unity in the pass band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to be unity in the pass band
+and zero in the stop band does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero in the stop band does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero in the stop band does not mean
+that we've implemented an ideal lowass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've implemented an ideal lowass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've implemented an ideal lowass
+filter. All right. Well, we had this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. All right. Well, we had this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. All right. Well, we had this of
+course is not a unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not a unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not a unit sample response
+that we would be particularly anxious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would be particularly anxious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would be particularly anxious to
+use. Uh clearly the behavior in the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Uh clearly the behavior in the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Uh clearly the behavior in the pass
+band and stop band is very severe and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and stop band is very severe and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and stop band is very severe and in
+fact too severe. So we could at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact too severe. So we could at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact too severe. So we could at least
+consider as somewhat reasonable the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider as somewhat reasonable the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider as somewhat reasonable the unit
+sample response and frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response and frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response and frequency response
+that we had previously in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had previously in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had previously in this case
+relatively well behaved. that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well behaved. that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well behaved. that is it
+ripples somewhat in the pass band and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples somewhat in the pass band and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples somewhat in the pass band and in
+the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop
+band. But now we could inquire as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. But now we could inquire as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. But now we could inquire as to
+whether there is some way of improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is some way of improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is some way of improving
+the pass band ripple and the stopband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass band ripple and the stopband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass band ripple and the stopband
+ripple. We know or we anticipate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple. We know or we anticipate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple. We know or we anticipate that
+there's a price that we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a price that we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a price that we would have to
+pay for that. probably the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for that. probably the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for that. probably the price and
+indeed it turns out that the price we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it turns out that the price we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it turns out that the price we
+have to pay is the price of widening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay is the price of widening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay is the price of widening the
+transition band. Well, how could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band. Well, how could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band. Well, how could we
+widen the transition band? We could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen the transition band? We could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen the transition band? We could
+imagine beginning with this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine beginning with this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine beginning with this particular
+design taking as one possibility one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design taking as one possibility one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design taking as one possibility one of
+the stop band constrained points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop band constrained points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop band constrained points and
+allow it to move into the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to move into the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to move into the transition
+band. So that in fact we have a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So that in fact we have a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So that in fact we have a wider
+frequency range that we're permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range that we're permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range that we're permitting
+the transition from pass band to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition from pass band to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition from pass band to stop
+band to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to go
+to. And let me illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+here where now what we've done is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where now what we've done is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where now what we've done is to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the frequency samples in the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the frequency samples in the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the frequency samples in the stop
+band, move it up into the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band, move it up into the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band, move it up into the transition
+band. And as we do that, you can see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. And as we do that, you can see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. And as we do that, you can see for
+this particular example, the the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example, the the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example, the the pass
+band ripple hasn't changed too much, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band ripple hasn't changed too much, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band ripple hasn't changed too much, but
+in fact, the stop band ripple has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, the stop band ripple has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, the stop band ripple has
+changed somewhat dramatically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed somewhat dramatically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed somewhat dramatically.
+As we allow this transition point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we allow this transition point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we allow this transition point to
+move farther up into the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move farther up into the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move farther up into the transition
+band, basically widening the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band, basically widening the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band, basically widening the general
+pass band region, what we'll see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band region, what we'll see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band region, what we'll see is that
+the passband ripple becomes somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passband ripple becomes somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passband ripple becomes somewhat
+smaller. And there in fact is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. And there in fact is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. And there in fact is a
+trade-off that is introduced between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off that is introduced between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off that is introduced between the
+passband ripple and the stopband ripple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passband ripple and the stopband ripple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passband ripple and the stopband ripple.
+And let me illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me illustrate
+that with this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with this next
+example where in this case we have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where in this case we have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where in this case we have moved
+the transition point up somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further. So that whereas in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. So that whereas in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. So that whereas in the previous
+case the transition point was someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the transition point was someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the transition point was someplace
+down here, we've now moved it farther up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, we've now moved it farther up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, we've now moved it farther up
+into the transition region closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the transition region closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the transition region closer to the
+pass band and the passband ripple has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and the passband ripple has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and the passband ripple has
+become correspondingly smaller. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become correspondingly smaller. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become correspondingly smaller. So this
+in fact is a design technique that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is a design technique that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is a design technique that can
+be used for the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for the design
+of generally band frequency selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generally band frequency selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generally band frequency selective
+filters where we first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters where we first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters where we first of all
+specify frequency samples. In fact, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify frequency samples. In fact, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify frequency samples. In fact, this
+can be used really for the design of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used really for the design of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used really for the design of any
+digital filter characteristic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter characteristic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter characteristic with
+transition regions and then perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition regions and then perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition regions and then perhaps
+intro perapse reducing the ripple in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro perapse reducing the ripple in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro perapse reducing the ripple in the
+pass band and or the stop band or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and or the stop band or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band and or the stop band or in the
+various bands by allowing a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various bands by allowing a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various bands by allowing a an
+additional point to be used to widen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional point to be used to widen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional point to be used to widen the
+transition band. And as we move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band. And as we move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band. And as we move this
+point up or down, then we will reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point up or down, then we will reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point up or down, then we will reduce
+the pass band and the stop band ripple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass band and the stop band ripple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass band and the stop band ripple.
+We can also of course consider moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can also of course consider moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can also of course consider moving
+not just one point into the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one point into the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one point into the transition
+region but two points or three points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but two points or three points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but two points or three points or
+more points. Obviously as we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points. Obviously as we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points. Obviously as we do that we
+will widen the transition band further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will widen the transition band further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will widen the transition band further
+and at the same time that offers some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time that offers some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time that offers some
+additional flexibility which permits us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional flexibility which permits us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional flexibility which permits us
+to reduce the pass band and stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the pass band and stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the pass band and stop band
+ripple. So this then is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple. So this then is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple. So this then is basically the
+strategy in the frequency sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in the frequency sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in the frequency sampling
+method of digital filter design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of digital filter design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of digital filter design.
+The final method that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The final method that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The final method that I would like to
+touch on just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on just very
+briefly is a method which I referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly is a method which I referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly is a method which I referred to
+at the beginning of this lecture as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of this lecture as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of this lecture as an
+equipple design method. And basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipple design method. And basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipple design method. And basically
+the notion here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion here is
+that we've seen that there is a tradeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen that there is a tradeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen that there is a tradeoff
+between the transition region on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the transition region on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the transition region on the one
+hand and pass band and stop band ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and pass band and stop band ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and pass band and stop band ripple
+on the other hand. Well, one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand. Well, one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand. Well, one could
+inquire as to whether in at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire as to whether in at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire as to whether in at least in
+some sense we could design for ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we could design for ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we could design for ourselves
+an optimum class of filters. And indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimum class of filters. And indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimum class of filters. And indeed
+you can. And in fact, it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can. And in fact, it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can. And in fact, it's possible to
+show that the optimum strategy in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the optimum strategy in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the optimum strategy in terms
+of minimizing pass band or stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimizing pass band or stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimizing pass band or stop band
+ripple or in terms of minimizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple or in terms of minimizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple or in terms of minimizing a
+transition band is to design the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band is to design the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band is to design the filter
+to have an equal ripple frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an equal ripple frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an equal ripple frequency
+response characteristic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristic.
+Well, one way of setting up the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one way of setting up the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one way of setting up the optimal
+condition and it turns out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and it turns out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and it turns out that there
+are variety of ways and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variety of ways and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variety of ways and these are
+discussed in quite a bit more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in quite a bit more detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in quite a bit more detail in
+the text. But for example, if we pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text. But for example, if we pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text. But for example, if we pick a
+passband cutoff frequency and a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passband cutoff frequency and a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passband cutoff frequency and a stop
+band cutff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band cutff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band cutff
+frequency. Furthermore, if we we of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. Furthermore, if we we of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. Furthermore, if we we of
+course are going to allow some deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are going to allow some deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are going to allow some deviation
+in the pass band and some deviation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pass band and some deviation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pass band and some deviation in
+the stop band. If in addition we fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop band. If in addition we fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop band. If in addition we fix the
+ratio of stopb band to pass band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of stopb band to pass band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of stopb band to pass band
+ripple and if we then inquire as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple and if we then inquire as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple and if we then inquire as to what
+sort of characteristic should result if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characteristic should result if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characteristic should result if
+delta 1 the pass band ripple or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta 1 the pass band ripple or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta 1 the pass band ripple or
+equivalently delta 2 the stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently delta 2 the stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently delta 2 the stop band
+ripple is minimized. This should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple is minimized. This should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple is minimized. This should be
+delta 2. The So if delta 1 or delta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta 2. The So if delta 1 or delta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta 2. The So if delta 1 or delta 2
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+minimized, it turns out it can be shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized, it turns out it can be shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized, it turns out it can be shown
+that that implies an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that implies an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that implies an
+equarripple characteristic band and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equarripple characteristic band and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equarripple characteristic band and an
+equipple characteristic in the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipple characteristic in the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipple characteristic in the stop
+band. That is the ripples in the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. That is the ripples in the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. That is the ripples in the pass
+band should alternate between the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band should alternate between the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band should alternate between the upper
+and lower limits and the ripples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower limits and the ripples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower limits and the ripples in the
+stop band should alternate between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band should alternate between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band should alternate between the
+upper and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower
+limits. In the text there are discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. In the text there are discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. In the text there are discussed
+several algorithmic procedures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several algorithmic procedures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several algorithmic procedures for
+actually designing equal ripple filters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designing equal ripple filters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designing equal ripple filters.
+We won't go through those details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We won't go through those details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We won't go through those details in
+this lecture. Mainly I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture. Mainly I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture. Mainly I want to emphasize
+the point that there are procedures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that there are procedures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that there are procedures that
+allow you to implement designs of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to implement designs of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to implement designs of this
+type and that designs of this type are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and that designs of this type are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and that designs of this type are
+optimum. Let me just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum. Let me just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum. Let me just show
+you one example of an optimum equipple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of an optimum equipple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of an optimum equipple
+finite impulse response filter that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response filter that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response filter that was
+designed when our computer budget was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed when our computer budget was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed when our computer budget was
+particularly big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly big.
+This is an example of a length 251 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an example of a length 251 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an example of a length 251 point
+finite impulse response digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response digital
+filter designed using one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter designed using one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter designed using one of the
+algorithms that is discussed in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that is discussed in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that is discussed in the text
+and you can see that indeed the equiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that indeed the equiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that indeed the equiple
+characteristics are evident in the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are evident in the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are evident in the pass
+band. the this curve corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. the this curve corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. the this curve corresponds to the
+frequency characteristics plotted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics plotted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics plotted in
+dB. So the pass band ripple doesn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dB. So the pass band ripple doesn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dB. So the pass band ripple doesn't show
+up. So with that scale expanded we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So with that scale expanded we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So with that scale expanded we can
+see the ripple and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ripple and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ripple and then we have the
+ripple in the stop band. There should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple in the stop band. There should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple in the stop band. There should be
+125 ripples altogether. And in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 ripples altogether. And in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 ripples altogether. And in fact we
+could see if that was true. We could one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see if that was true. We could one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see if that was true. We could one
+two three but let's not do that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three but let's not do that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three but let's not do that. Um
+obviously there's a very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a very sharp
+transition band and what turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band and what turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition band and what turns out to be
+minus approximately 80 approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus approximately 80 approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus approximately 80 approximately
+minus 85 dB attenuation in the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 85 dB attenuation in the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 85 dB attenuation in the stop
+band. So this is an example of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So this is an example of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So this is an example of a very
+high order equipple optimum finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order equipple optimum finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order equipple optimum finite
+impulse response digital filter that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response digital filter that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response digital filter that was
+designed using one of the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed using one of the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed using one of the algorithms
+discussed in the text.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, this as I indicated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, this as I indicated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, this as I indicated at the
+beginning of the lecture was intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture was intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture was intended
+primarily as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily as a
+very brief overview of finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief overview of finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief overview of finite impulse
+response digital filter design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filter design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filter design.
+Hopefully, it gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully, it gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully, it gives you some
+appreciation for the style of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for the style of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for the style of the design
+techniques. There are of course a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. There are of course a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. There are of course a large
+number of details some of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of details some of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of details some of which are
+discussed in the text and some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the text and some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the text and some of which
+aren't. But uh in any case this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't. But uh in any case this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't. But uh in any case this then
+concludes our discussion of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes our discussion of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes our discussion of uh the
+design of infinite impulse response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of infinite impulse response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of infinite impulse response and
+finite impulse response digital filters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response digital filters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response digital filters.
+In the next lecture we will begin a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the next lecture we will begin a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the next lecture we will begin a new
+topic specifically the topic involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic specifically the topic involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic specifically the topic involving
+the computation of the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation of the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation of the discrete 4A
+transform. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Thank you.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oMWvVcKdtco.txt b/oMWvVcKdtco.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ddd7398460c3ccf510634f3d9421c9b42818c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oMWvVcKdtco.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the main thing in the comics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the main thing in the comics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the main thing in the comics of
+course can do in this day and age is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can do in this day and age is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can do in this day and age is get
+people to be a little more flexible a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be a little more flexible a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be a little more flexible a
+little more thoughtful about decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more thoughtful about decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more thoughtful about decisions
+they make and seeing both sides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make and seeing both sides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make and seeing both sides the
+problem today on the podcast seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem today on the podcast seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem today on the podcast seeing
+economics in a whole new light of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in a whole new light of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in a whole new light of an
+application the course about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the course about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the course about the
+maintenance apply about Kim Kardashian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance apply about Kim Kardashian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance apply about Kim Kardashian
+tweeting herself out it picture an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweeting herself out it picture an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweeting herself out it picture an
+exercise corset and that increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise corset and that increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise corset and that increased
+demand for exercise corsets and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for exercise corsets and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for exercise corsets and so
+thinking about how something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how something where
+students can see and say wow I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can see and say wow I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can see and say wow I hadn't
+realized that economics helped me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that economics helped me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that economics helped me think
+about that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that problem
+welcome to choc radio a podcast about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to choc radio a podcast about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to choc radio a podcast about
+inspired teaching at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired teaching at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired teaching at MIT
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be
+talking about the course 1401
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the course 1401
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the course 1401
+introductory microeconomics this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory microeconomics this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory microeconomics this course
+is filled with unique and creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is filled with unique and creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is filled with unique and creative
+applications for microeconomics in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for microeconomics in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for microeconomics in our
+everyday lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday lives
+I'll be chatting today with the creator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be chatting today with the creator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be chatting today with the creator
+of this course professor John Gruber one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course professor John Gruber one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course professor John Gruber one
+of the things I was most excited to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I was most excited to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I was most excited to find
+out was the way people perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was the way people perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was the way people perceive
+economics so I asked professor Gruber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics so I asked professor Gruber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics so I asked professor Gruber
+what misconceptions students tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what misconceptions students tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what misconceptions students tend to
+bring to this class that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to this class that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to this class that's a good
+question I think they tend to perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think they tend to perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think they tend to perceive
+it as maybe softer than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as maybe softer than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as maybe softer than it is
+maybe not perceived that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not perceived that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not perceived that you're gonna
+derive fairly sharp tools they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive fairly sharp tools they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive fairly sharp tools they're gonna
+help you explain a lot of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you explain a lot of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you explain a lot of the world
+fairly easily then on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily then on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily then on the other hand
+they often come sort of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often come sort of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often come sort of with
+expectations that will explain more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that will explain more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that will explain more of
+the world than we can so how do you help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world than we can so how do you help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world than we can so how do you help
+them address these misconceptions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them address these misconceptions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them address these misconceptions I
+think by just being honest about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think by just being honest about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think by just being honest about the
+limitations and benefits of our models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and benefits of our models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and benefits of our models
+by explaining the power that our models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by explaining the power that our models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by explaining the power that our models
+can deliver in fairly simple terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deliver in fairly simple terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deliver in fairly simple terms and
+explaining a lot of the world but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining a lot of the world but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining a lot of the world but at the
+same time representing the things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time representing the things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time representing the things the
+models can't easily explain and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models can't easily explain and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models can't easily explain and being
+honest about that and trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest about that and trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest about that and trying to get
+students interested in studying more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students interested in studying more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students interested in studying more
+economics that can explain those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that can explain those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that can explain those things
+as well I don't expect most viewers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I don't expect most viewers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I don't expect most viewers of
+my videos to go on and get a PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my videos to go on and get a PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my videos to go on and get a PhD in
+economics unfortunately I expect they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics unfortunately I expect they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics unfortunately I expect they're
+gonna go out and have other jobs do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go out and have other jobs do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go out and have other jobs do
+other things and I want them to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and I want them to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and I want them to be more
+educated consumers of news and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated consumers of news and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated consumers of news and to
+understand what's going on in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the world
+in terms of economic policy could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of economic policy could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of economic policy could we
+talk a minute about the real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a minute about the real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a minute about the real-world
+applications it's a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it's a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it's a really interesting
+part of the course you have LeBron James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course you have LeBron James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course you have LeBron James
+it's College decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's College decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's College decision
+or surge pricing tell us about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or surge pricing tell us about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or surge pricing tell us about your
+decision to really anchor the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to really anchor the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to really anchor the course
+with these real-world applications it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these real-world applications it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these real-world applications it's
+what makes economics fun I mean once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes economics fun I mean once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes economics fun I mean once
+again I'm not training people to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm not training people to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm not training people to be
+comics PhDs here I'm training people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comics PhDs here I'm training people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comics PhDs here I'm training people to
+think like an economist if thinking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like an economist if thinking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like an economist if thinking like
+an economist if you've got a very facile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economist if you've got a very facile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economist if you've got a very facile
+mind and you sort of look at the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you sort of look at the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you sort of look at the basic
+theory videos I teach you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory videos I teach you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory videos I teach you you can
+understand it but you only really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it but you only really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it but you only really
+understand something when you go out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something when you go out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something when you go out in
+the real world and apply it and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world and apply it and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world and apply it and so it's
+a chance for people to see the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance for people to see the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance for people to see the ways that
+economics rules the world but to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics rules the world but to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics rules the world but to also
+sort of apply what they learned to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of apply what they learned to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of apply what they learned to make
+sure they understand it what tips for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they understand it what tips for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they understand it what tips for
+educators do you have about selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators do you have about selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators do you have about selecting
+really good applications I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good applications I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good applications I think it's
+just a matter of trying to find examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of trying to find examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of trying to find examples
+in the real world that are relatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world that are relatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world that are relatable
+students that are companies they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are companies they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are companies they've
+heard of and issues they think about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of and issues they think about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of and issues they think about and
+that in a not necessarily obvious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a not necessarily obvious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a not necessarily obvious way
+teach you about the lessons you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you about the lessons you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you about the lessons you want to
+learn you know have an application the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn you know have an application the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn you know have an application the
+course about domain and supply about Kim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course about domain and supply about Kim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course about domain and supply about Kim
+Kardashian tweeting herself out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kardashian tweeting herself out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kardashian tweeting herself out a
+picture of exercise corset and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of exercise corset and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of exercise corset and that
+increased demand for exercise corsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased demand for exercise corsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased demand for exercise corsets
+and so thinking about how something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so thinking about how something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so thinking about how something
+where students can see it and say wow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students can see it and say wow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students can see it and say wow I
+hadn't realized that you can onyx helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't realized that you can onyx helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't realized that you can onyx helps
+me think about that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+professor Gruber's passion for economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gruber's passion for economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gruber's passion for economics
+is clear and I wanted to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear and I wanted to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear and I wanted to get to the
+bottom of it why does he care so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of it why does he care so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of it why does he care so much
+about helping others find their passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about helping others find their passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about helping others find their passion
+for economics and how did his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for economics and how did his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for economics and how did his own
+curiosity begin I came to MIT knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity begin I came to MIT knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity begin I came to MIT knowing
+that I was good at math but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was good at math but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was good at math but I didn't
+really like it what I liked was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like it what I liked was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like it what I liked was
+real-world Social Policy types of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world Social Policy types of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world Social Policy types of issues
+and I took 1401 and said oh my god I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I took 1401 and said oh my god I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I took 1401 and said oh my god I can
+use math to find the real world isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use math to find the real world isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use math to find the real world isn't
+this cool and I've been sort of hooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool and I've been sort of hooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool and I've been sort of hooked
+ever since many of your listeners will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since many of your listeners will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since many of your listeners will
+not realize that there was a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realize that there was a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realize that there was a time when
+we used to talk to people next to us on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to talk to people next to us on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to talk to people next to us on
+a plane before we had smartphones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane before we had smartphones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane before we had smartphones and
+every time I fly in a plane and tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I fly in a plane and tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I fly in a plane and tell the
+person next to us an economics professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person next to us an economics professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person next to us an economics professor
+they'd say oh that was the worst course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd say oh that was the worst course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd say oh that was the worst course
+I ever took and I thought that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ever took and I thought that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ever took and I thought that can't be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+I mean it might not be the best but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it might not be the best but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it might not be the best but
+there's no way could be the worst COSO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way could be the worst COSO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way could be the worst COSO
+ever took I realized it's just was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever took I realized it's just was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever took I realized it's just was
+generally badly taught in our school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally badly taught in our school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally badly taught in our school
+systems and so I was always interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so I was always interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so I was always interested
+in trying to address that but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to address that but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to address that but I think
+really what I really want to go is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I really want to go is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I really want to go is
+figuring out a way to write better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out a way to write better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out a way to write better
+problems it's easy to write a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's easy to write a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's easy to write a problem
+with a mathematical solution you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mathematical solution you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mathematical solution you know
+the firm has the following production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm has the following production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm has the following production
+function solved for their profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function solved for their profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function solved for their profit
+maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization
+it's harder to bright problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to bright problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to bright problems that
+involve math but also derive intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve math but also derive intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve math but also derive intuition
+and that's really want to go is help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really want to go is help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really want to go is help
+students bridge that link between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students bridge that link between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students bridge that link between
+solving an equation understanding why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving an equation understanding why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving an equation understanding why
+they're doing it and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it and what they're
+learning from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from it
+I just want to talk about that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to talk about that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to talk about that a little
+bit more because you're not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more because you're not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more because you're not the first
+MIT faculty member to really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT faculty member to really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT faculty member to really want to
+hone in on intuition and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hone in on intuition and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hone in on intuition and I'm just
+wondering like how do we develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like how do we develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like how do we develop
+students intuition cuz I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students intuition cuz I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students intuition cuz I'm sure
+educators out there in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators out there in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators out there in all sorts of
+fields are wanting to do this too is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are wanting to do this too is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are wanting to do this too is it
+something that's developed over time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's developed over time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's developed over time in
+a field and just with experience or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field and just with experience or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field and just with experience or is
+it something we can cultivate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something we can cultivate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something we can cultivate as
+teachers I think that it is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers I think that it is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers I think that it is something we
+can cultivate I think that it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cultivate I think that it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cultivate I think that it comes from
+not assuming people know things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming people know things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming people know things they
+don't know it comes from teaching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it comes from teaching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it comes from teaching in
+layers so that if there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so that if there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so that if there's a set of
+things I teach that I'd be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I teach that I'd be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I teach that I'd be really
+disappointed if not everyone came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed if not everyone came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed if not everyone came out
+with the intuition for my class there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the intuition for my class there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the intuition for my class there's
+others more subtle concepts that if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others more subtle concepts that if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others more subtle concepts that if not
+everyone remembers them or understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone remembers them or understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone remembers them or understands
+them then that's not the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then that's not the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then that's not the end of the
+world but I'd like students who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but I'd like students who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but I'd like students who want to
+go on to be like oh that's interesting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to be like oh that's interesting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to be like oh that's interesting I
+want to go down that path so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go down that path so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go down that path so I think
+it's really about getting the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about getting the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about getting the things
+that are really you really want people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really you really want people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really you really want people
+to know hammering them but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know hammering them but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know hammering them but the other
+thing I like that in my class is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I like that in my class is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I like that in my class is really
+always have a constant road map I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have a constant road map I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have a constant road map I always
+tell the students okay here's where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the students okay here's where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the students okay here's where he
+came from here's we're going here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from here's we're going here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from here's we're going here's
+where it fits in so they can sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fits in so they can sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fits in so they can sort of a
+have a list extensive how it all fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list extensive how it all fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list extensive how it all fits
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in our conversation I asked professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our conversation I asked professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our conversation I asked professor
+Gruber what he believes educators can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gruber what he believes educators can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gruber what he believes educators can do
+practically to transfer problems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically to transfer problems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically to transfer problems from
+the classroom into the real world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom into the real world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom into the real world and
+his answer touched on a point that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his answer touched on a point that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his answer touched on a point that is
+coming into play all over our modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into play all over our modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into play all over our modern
+world the complexity and truth about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the complexity and truth about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the complexity and truth about
+well truth I think the main number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well truth I think the main number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well truth I think the main number one
+thing is just to teach a healthy respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just to teach a healthy respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just to teach a healthy respect
+for the scientific method to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the scientific method to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the scientific method to teach
+students that there are objective truths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that there are objective truths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that there are objective truths
+and that there's this long staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's this long staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's this long staying
+scientific method for how we get at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method for how we get at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method for how we get at them
+the other thing however is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing however is to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing however is to recognize
+that there are two sides of almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two sides of almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two sides of almost every
+issue and that this is something that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and that this is something that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and that this is something that a
+lot of students at MIT sometimes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of students at MIT sometimes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of students at MIT sometimes have
+problems with my class which is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with my class which is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with my class which is it's not
+just an equation with run right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an equation with run right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an equation with run right answer
+there's pros and cons to a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pros and cons to a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pros and cons to a lot of these
+things so I think it's teaching a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I think it's teaching a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I think it's teaching a search
+for the objective truth that can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the objective truth that can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the objective truth that can help
+you come to the conclusion that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to the conclusion that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to the conclusion that works
+for you that there's not a one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you that there's not a one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you that there's not a one right
+answer you and I might disagree about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you and I might disagree about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you and I might disagree about a
+topic but we should agree an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but we should agree an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but we should agree an objective
+set of facts and have a scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of facts and have a scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of facts and have a scientific
+method for getting to our conclusion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for getting to our conclusion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for getting to our conclusion I
+think that's the key in the today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the key in the today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the key in the today's
+world especially that's the key is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world especially that's the key is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world especially that's the key is just
+getting people to have a healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to have a healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to have a healthy
+disagreement rather than on hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement rather than on hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement rather than on hopefully
+disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the most compelling parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most compelling parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most compelling parts of this
+course is how it emphasizes ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is how it emphasizes ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is how it emphasizes ways to
+carry its concepts forward into the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry its concepts forward into the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry its concepts forward into the real
+world students are given specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world students are given specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world students are given specific
+pathways they might follow in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways they might follow in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways they might follow in their
+career or lives outside of school where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career or lives outside of school where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career or lives outside of school where
+they can use these concepts this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use these concepts this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use these concepts this was
+something really important to Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important to Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important to Professor
+Gruber and I wanted to know why I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gruber and I wanted to know why I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gruber and I wanted to know why I feel
+that economics is enormous ly powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economics is enormous ly powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economics is enormous ly powerful
+I'm what you might call an imperialistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what you might call an imperialistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what you might call an imperialistic
+economist I feel like economics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist I feel like economics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist I feel like economics can
+explain lots of things in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain lots of things in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain lots of things in the world and
+there's very few situations where a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very few situations where a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very few situations where a good
+economic framework can't help you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic framework can't help you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic framework can't help you at
+least go forward and thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least go forward and thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least go forward and thinking about it
+and I don't want students to just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want students to just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want students to just take
+the AP test and forget about it quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AP test and forget about it quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AP test and forget about it quite
+frankly I want this to be something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly I want this to be something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly I want this to be something they
+bring with them and actually keep with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring with them and actually keep with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring with them and actually keep with
+them you know it's a famous old side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know it's a famous old side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know it's a famous old side of
+Night Live skit about what you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Night Live skit about what you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Night Live skit about what you remember
+five years after college and it's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years after college and it's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years after college and it's five
+minutes and three 1/2 minutes of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and three 1/2 minutes of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and three 1/2 minutes of it's
+spring break I want them to try to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break I want them to try to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break I want them to try to have
+a basic set of intuitions that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic set of intuitions that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic set of intuitions that they can
+understand can apply to decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand can apply to decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand can apply to decisions
+they're gonna make about how much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna make about how much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna make about how much to
+save in their 401 K to how hard to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save in their 401 K to how hard to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save in their 401 K to how hard to work
+to what car to choose to how to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what car to choose to how to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what car to choose to how to buy a
+house at cetera and quite frankly to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house at cetera and quite frankly to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house at cetera and quite frankly to me
+personally to how to vote and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally to how to vote and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally to how to vote and think
+about public policy a set of tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about public policy a set of tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about public policy a set of tools that
+they can bring to bear on thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bring to bear on thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bring to bear on thinking about
+these important problems in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these important problems in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these important problems in America
+today one slight difficulty we have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today one slight difficulty we have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today one slight difficulty we have is a
+lot of students come in much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of students come in much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of students come in much to
+determine and set in their ways and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and set in their ways and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and set in their ways and what
+they're going to do I'm going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do I'm going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do I'm going to be an
+engineer I'm gonna be a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer I'm gonna be a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer I'm gonna be a computer
+scientist and they're often not flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and they're often not flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and they're often not flexible
+enough so part of Ivy my job a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so part of Ivy my job a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so part of Ivy my job a lot of
+times when they're taking economics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when they're taking economics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when they're taking economics that
+is taken because they have to and my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken because they have to and my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken because they have to and my job
+is to get them to say hey actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get them to say hey actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get them to say hey actually like
+this and I love nothing more when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I love nothing more when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I love nothing more when I get
+an email from a student saying wow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email from a student saying wow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email from a student saying wow I
+wasn't even going to study economics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even going to study economics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even going to study economics but
+I like your course that I want to major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like your course that I want to major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like your course that I want to major
+in economics that was wonderful but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics that was wonderful but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics that was wonderful but I
+also want the students is not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want the students is not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want the students is not gonna
+major economics to several years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major economics to several years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major economics to several years later
+saying hey yeah that's something I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey yeah that's something I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey yeah that's something I can
+relate what I learned in economics how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate what I learned in economics how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate what I learned in economics how I
+think about that problem and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that problem and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that problem and that could
+help me in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me in my life
+microeconomics is basically colonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics is basically colonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics is basically colonics
+macroeconomics essentially applied micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics essentially applied micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics essentially applied micro
+it's basically it's about everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically it's about everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically it's about everything
+every decision we make every decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every decision we make every decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every decision we make every decision
+firms make can all be informed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms make can all be informed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms make can all be informed by
+economic framework and they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic framework and they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic framework and they can be
+formed in a particularly healthy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in a particularly healthy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in a particularly healthy way
+today because the economic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because the economic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because the economic framework
+really is about trade-offs and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is about trade-offs and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is about trade-offs and about
+thinking the fact that nothing's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the fact that nothing's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the fact that nothing's easy
+everything involves pros and cons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything involves pros and cons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything involves pros and cons and
+trade-offs and their shades of grey to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs and their shades of grey to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs and their shades of grey to
+every decision we make and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every decision we make and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every decision we make and I think the
+main thing in economics course can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing in economics course can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing in economics course can do in
+this day and age is get people to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day and age is get people to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day and age is get people to be a
+little more flexible a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more flexible a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more flexible a little more
+thoughtful about decisions they make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful about decisions they make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful about decisions they make and
+single sides the problem if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sides the problem if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sides the problem if you're
+interested in learning more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning more about
+microeconomics or viewing his real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics or viewing his real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics or viewing his real-world
+application videos you can visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application videos you can visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application videos you can visit
+professor Gruber's interactive online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gruber's interactive online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Gruber's interactive online
+mitx course on EDX to access his full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx course on EDX to access his full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx course on EDX to access his full
+lecture videos from his on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture videos from his on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture videos from his on campus
+teaching head over to a scholar course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching head over to a scholar course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching head over to a scholar course
+on our site at ocw.mit.edu you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our site at ocw.mit.edu you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our site at ocw.mit.edu you'll also
+find 20 plus additional courses just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find 20 plus additional courses just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find 20 plus additional courses just on
+microeconomics on OCW if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics on OCW if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics on OCW if you're an
+instructor head on over to the OCW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor head on over to the OCW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor head on over to the OCW
+educator portal at ocw.mit.edu slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator portal at ocw.mit.edu slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator portal at ocw.mit.edu slash
+educator to find resources just for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator to find resources just for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator to find resources just for you
+thanks for listening until next time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for listening until next time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for listening until next time I'm
+Sarah Hansen from MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT OpenCourseWare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT OpenCourseWare
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oQ-qDHADAaM.txt b/oQ-qDHADAaM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31da421731e81d710c38a2f821dad4d83b2ffb9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oQ-qDHADAaM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1765 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today we're starting the last
+unit of this class, which
+
+is kinetics.
+
+So, we're moving toward the end
+of the semester, and today
+
+will just be an introductory
+lecture on kinetics.
+
+So, again, kinetics are the
+rates of chemical reactions,
+
+and so we're going to talk
+about, we're going to
+
+introduce you to rate
+expressions and rate laws.
+
+So, when you're considering a
+chemical reaction, we've been
+
+asking so far in this class
+whether the reaction will go
+
+spontaneously.
+
+So we've been talking a lot
+about thermodynamics, we've
+
+been talking a lot
+about delta g.
+
+But we also need to consider how
+fast a reaction goes, and
+
+that's kinetics.
+
+So, a kinetic experiment is one
+in which you measure the
+
+rate at which something's
+happening.
+
+The rate at which a
+concentration is disappearing
+
+or whether the rate at which
+a concentration is forming.
+
+You're measuring some kind of
+change of a reaction, change
+
+in composition versus time.
+
+So, I'm going to give, for an
+example, of why kinetics are
+
+important talking about the
+oxidation of glucose.
+
+And I'm going to ask -- we're
+going to do a little
+
+experiment, and I'm going to
+ask the TA's to help me.
+
+Everyone needs to have something
+to do an experiment
+
+with, something that might have
+some glucose in it to do
+
+this experiment.
+
+So, if the TA's could help me
+hand out the ingredients for
+
+this experiment.
+
+So, don't open your experimental
+apparatus until I
+
+give the OK.
+
+So, just collect it and let me
+set up the experiment for you
+
+while we're handing
+things out.
+
+So you're all familiar with
+this reaction, so we have
+
+glucose and oxygen go
+to c o 2 and water.
+
+And so we've talked a lot
+about delta g for this
+
+reaction, and delta g again,
+is equal to delta h
+
+minus t delta s.
+
+So for this particular reaction,
+we have a negative
+
+delta h nought, so what does
+negative delta h mean about
+
+this reaction?
+
+It's exothermic.
+
+Delta s nought is positive, what
+does that mean, if delta
+
+s nought is positive?
+
+What's increasing?
+
+Entropy or disorder of the
+system, which is favorable.
+
+So, our delta g nought is
+a big negative number.
+
+So, in terms of thermodynamics,
+
+what does this mean?
+
+Is this reaction spontaneous?
+
+Yes, it's very spontaneous,
+it's very
+
+thermodynamically favorable.
+
+Now, when glucose in products
+are wrapped, they're often
+
+wrapped under a nitrogen
+environment, so, oxygen is not
+
+sealed up in this container,
+in the wrapper, and they do
+
+that to prevent bacterial
+contamination
+
+and things like that.
+
+So, the glucose that would be
+in a wrapped candy is not
+
+exposed to oxygen.
+
+And so if you look at this
+thermodynamic information up
+
+here, one might imagine that if
+you ripped this open, and
+
+oxygen came in, that there might
+be some kind of level of
+
+explosion with c o 2 coming
+out and water coming out.
+
+Now, you know, you might say
+well, if you have one sort of
+
+little thing it might not, but
+now if everyone has one, and
+
+we all open it at the
+same time, what do
+
+you expect to happen?
+
+Let's try it.
+
+Oh, we need some
+more down here.
+
+Anybody else need any?
+
+All right, so I'm trying mine,
+and I'm not really noticing
+
+anything happening.
+
+So the situation is the
+following, It is a spontaneous
+
+reaction, but it's slow.
+
+So here, kinetics are
+very important.
+
+So, how many of you are having
+Thanksgiving with a small
+
+child around, younger siblings
+or something like that?
+
+When you see them eat a lot of
+sugar, which can happen over
+
+Thanksgiving, it sometimes seems
+like an explosion has
+
+occurred, that there's
+all of a sudden hyper
+
+energy running around.
+
+But that could be due to this
+reaction biochemically,
+
+getting a lot of energy into the
+system, but probably you
+
+will not see c o 2 and water
+coming off of the small child
+
+as they run around.
+
+So, let me introduce you to
+a couple of terms, if you
+
+haven't heard these already.
+
+So people are often talking
+about compounds being stable
+
+or unstable.
+
+When they're doing this, they're
+talking about the
+
+thermodynamics of a system,
+the tendency to decompose,
+
+whether the reaction is
+spontaneous or not.
+
+Then you can also hear people
+talking about whether the
+
+compound is labile or non-labile
+or inert, and this
+
+refers to the rate at which
+that tendency is realized.
+
+So you might have a very
+unstable compound,
+
+thermodynamically it wants to
+decompose, but it also might
+
+be very non-labile, it might
+be fairly inert, that
+
+kinetically that decomposition
+is going to take such a long
+
+amount of time, that you're
+not going to notice the
+
+tendency to decompose.
+
+So, these two can play
+off each other.
+
+So, you can have materials
+that are very unstable
+
+thermodynamically, but you
+won't really see them
+
+decompose because the rate is
+just way, way too slow.
+
+So, you know for this particular
+reaction, this is
+
+how we get energy -- we make
+ATP's of energy for the body.
+
+So it's slow, but in the body we
+have to do something about
+
+that because we need energy to
+keep going, and so to be a
+
+useful energy source, the
+oxidation must be fast enough.
+
+So, does anyone know in the body
+what happens to make that
+
+reaction faster?
+
+Enzymes, right.
+
+So, enzymes are catalysts
+and they will
+
+speed up the reaction.
+
+So, let me just give
+one more example.
+
+Some of you may have heard the
+commercial from deBeers, "a
+
+diamond is forever." If you
+haven't, you will probably
+
+hear that quite often between
+now and the Christmas season.
+
+This is a very popular time, I
+guess, for people to buy each
+
+other diamonds.
+
+But if you look at that the
+thermodynamics of this,
+
+graphite is actually much
+more stable than
+
+diamonds by 2,900 joules.
+
+So, one could argue that
+graphite is forever, not that
+
+diamonds are forever.
+
+Of course, here kinetics are
+on the side of the diamond,
+
+they're relatively kinetically
+inert, it's a huge activation
+
+energy barrier, which we're
+going to be talking about in
+
+this unit for the conversion.
+
+So, diamonds do, in fact, stay
+around for a long time.
+
+One could still argue that,
+perhaps, a better gift would
+
+be a graphite ring than a
+diamond ring, but I have a
+
+feeling that probably even if
+the person receiving said ring
+
+was a chemist, they might still
+not a 100% appreciate
+
+that gesture.
+
+So, it's important, the
+thermodynamics are important,
+
+but kinetics are also really
+important to understand what
+
+kind of chemical reactions
+are going to occur.
+
+So, let's think about what are
+some factors that would affect
+
+rates of reactions.
+
+So let's write down, and you can
+think about what are some
+
+factors affecting rates.
+
+What's one thing people can
+think of that might affect the
+
+rate of a reaction?
+
+STUDENT: Temperature.
+
+PROFESSOR: Temperature,
+definitely.
+
+And this is used quite
+often in cooking to
+
+get things to occur.
+
+What else affects the
+rate of a reaction?
+
+OK, yeah, so pressure could --
+if you're changing things,
+
+applying pressure to sort
+of switch things around.
+
+That will depend, say, for
+pressure on the nature of the
+
+material and things like that of
+what you're talking about.
+
+So let's make that a bigger
+category and put
+
+nature of the material.
+
+What type of material it is.
+
+And also, along with that, if
+you're thinking about a
+
+particular reaction and how it's
+going to go and how you
+
+might get it to sort of push one
+way or the other, you're
+
+also thinking about the
+mechanism of that reaction.
+
+So what's reacting with what
+will make a difference.
+
+I think I also heard someone
+talk about concentration, how
+
+much of it you have. And you
+told me the last one that
+
+we're going to talk about in
+this unit, when we were
+
+talking about how the body gets
+the oxidation of glucose
+
+to go, what was necessary
+there?
+
+A catalyst, right.
+
+So, those are all the things
+we're going to talk about in
+
+factors affecting rates of
+reaction in this next unit.
+
+So now, chemistry is an
+experimental science, and so a
+
+lot of kinetics are involved
+with measuring
+
+the rates of reactions.
+
+So let's talk about how
+one might measure
+
+the rate of a reaction.
+
+So here's a particular reaction,
+we have n o 2 plus
+
+carbon monoxide, going to n o
+plus carbon dioxide, and one
+
+could measure the rate of
+decrease of the reactants or
+
+the amount of increase
+of the products.
+
+So let's just look at
+one of the products.
+
+So one might be plotting a
+change in the concentration of
+
+one of the products
+versus time.
+
+And you may find that it goes
+up, and then maybe starts to
+
+level off a little
+bit over time.
+
+And now, how are you going to
+measure a rate out of this,
+
+the rate at which this
+reaction is going?
+
+Well, one could measure an
+average rate, which would be
+
+some change in concentration
+over some change in
+
+the amount of time.
+
+And you could express that as
+the change in concentration
+
+over the change in time.
+
+So, you could pick a particular
+interval, say, we
+
+want to measure the average rate
+from time is 50 seconds
+
+to time equals 150 seconds, and
+we'll look at how much the
+
+concentration has changed
+over that time interval.
+
+So, we can do a little
+calculation of the average
+
+rate and get a number, 1 .
+
+2 8 times 10 to the minus 4
+molar per second, and that's
+
+an average rate.
+
+But if we had picked at
+different interval, we would
+
+have gotten a different
+number.
+
+So the average rate depends on
+the time interval, so that's
+
+not always ideal.
+
+You don't always want to know
+an average rate, which might
+
+be different depending on which
+
+particular unit you pick.
+
+So often, when you're talking
+about rates, you talk about
+
+instantaneous rates.
+
+So the rate at a particular
+instance of time.
+
+And so let's look at
+instantaneous rate.
+
+So, we have the same reaction,
+same plot, but now we're going
+
+to be considering instead of the
+average rate, the rate at
+
+a limit when your time interval
+is going to zero --
+
+at a very, very small time
+interval, so the rate at the
+
+particular instance.
+
+And so this can be expressed as
+d times the concentration
+
+of a product, n o, over d t.
+
+So, as delta t approaches zero,
+the rate becomes the
+
+slope of the line tangent to
+the point, that particular
+
+time point that you're
+interested in.
+
+So, let's find an
+
+instantaneous rate at 150 seconds.
+
+What is the rate of this
+reaction at 150 seconds?
+
+So we can look for 150 seconds,
+we can have a point
+
+on the curve at 150 seconds.
+
+And so as our time interval
+approaches zero, the rate will
+
+approach the slope
+of this line.
+
+So we can draw a slope that's
+tangent to the curve at the
+
+time t, it's time 150 seconds,
+and then we can calculate the
+
+slope of that line.
+
+And so we can do that math,
+calculating the slope, and
+
+here we find that at an
+instantaneous rate that time
+
+equals 150 seconds, change in
+-- this is the slope of the
+
+line -- the change in
+concentration over change in
+
+time, and that gives you 7 .
+
+7 times 10 to the minus
+5 molar per second.
+
+So, that's instantaneous rate
+at a particular time.
+
+What do you think the
+instantaneous rate is called
+
+at time equals zero?
+
+Any guess?
+
+Initial rate, yeah.
+
+So, initial rate, instantaneous
+rate at time
+
+equals zero seconds.
+
+So that's instantaneous rate.
+
+So now, let's talk about rate
+expressions, and then we're
+
+going to talk about rate laws.
+
+So, same equation.
+
+Again, you can monitor how
+much your reactants are
+
+disappearing, you can monitor
+the amounts of your products
+
+being formed, and you
+can express this in
+
+the following way.
+
+So we could say that the rate
+is going to be equal to the
+
+decrease in one of the
+reactants, so minus d times
+
+the concentration of
+n o 2 over d t.
+
+We could also express it in
+terms of the second reactant,
+
+so minus d times change in the
+concentration of the other
+
+reactant over time.
+
+Or we can express this in terms
+of the products being
+
+formed, so here there's no
+negative sign, so we have d
+
+concentration of n o over d t,
+or our last product, d times
+
+the concentration
+of c o 2 d t.
+
+So this would be a rate
+expression, and these would
+
+all be equal to each other,
+if we make the following
+
+assumption.
+
+We're going to make the
+assumption here that there's
+
+no intermediate species that's
+being formed, or that if there
+
+are intermediate species, that
+their change in concentration
+
+is independent of time.
+
+So if there were some other
+really complicated thing going
+
+on here, then those rates may
+not be equal and we might have
+
+something else in the mechanism
+that would cause one
+
+thing to disappear a lot faster
+than something else
+
+that's being formed.
+
+But these should all be equal if
+you assume no intermediate
+
+species, or make assumptions
+about those
+
+intermediate species.
+
+So, then the general expression
+for a rate
+
+expression, if we have an
+equation, a plus b going to c
+
+plus d, where we have
+coefficients of the reaction,
+
+small a, coefficient small b,
+coefficient small c, and
+
+coefficient small d.
+
+So we could express the overall
+rate then, minus 1
+
+over a times d a t t minus 1
+over b, d b d t, 1 over c, d c
+
+e t, 1 over d d d d d t.
+
+That was not easy.
+
+All right, so that's the general
+form for the rate
+
+expression.
+
+So just to make sure that
+everyone's on the same page,
+
+why don't you do a
+rate expression
+
+for me for this one.
+
+OK, just 10 more seconds.
+
+Excellent.
+
+So you just have to pay
+attention to your minus signs,
+
+your stoichiometry.
+
+So, it's minus for the
+disappearance, stoichiometry 1
+
+over 2, and then no negatives
+for your products of things
+
+that are appearing.
+
+Very good.
+
+Rate expressions, not
+that complicated.
+
+All right, so now we're going to
+talk about rate laws, which
+
+are slightly more complicated
+than rate expressions.
+
+So, a rate law is -- you
+come up with a rate law
+
+experimentally, and it's the
+relationship between the rate
+
+and the concentration.
+
+So we have -- we're going to
+introduce a term called the
+
+rate constant, which is
+the small letter k.
+
+And so the rate constant is
+going to tell you about the
+
+relationship between the rate
+and the concentration of your
+
+reactants in a reaction.
+
+So, if we had that same reaction
+here, we could also
+
+write that the rate is equal to
+a rate constant times the
+
+concentration of your reactant,
+a, raised to a power
+
+m, and b raised to a power n.
+
+So here, m and n are the order
+of the reaction with respect
+
+to a and b respectively, so m
+is the order of the reaction
+
+in a, and n is the order of
+the reaction in b, and our
+
+small letter k here is
+the rate constant.
+
+So that would be an expression
+for rate law.
+
+And so, now I'm going to tell
+you a lot of things that are
+
+true about rate laws.
+
+So, a rate law, again, comes
+from experiment, so you can't
+
+just look at the stoichiometry
+of the reaction and predict
+
+the rate law.
+
+So m is not the stoichiometry
+of the reaction in terms of
+
+the a, that is, unless the
+reaction is what we call an
+
+elementary reaction, or a step
+in a reaction, and we're going
+
+to talk more about that next
+week -- then you can, if it's
+
+an elementary reaction,
+then you can use
+
+stoichiometry to predict.
+
+But for other reactions you
+can't, and that'll become more
+
+clear next week when we talk
+about this in detail.
+
+So, rate laws are not limited
+to reactants, sometimes a
+
+product will show up.
+
+It's not that common, but it's
+possible, and again, it's
+
+experimentally determined.
+
+So the experiment would have to
+tell you whether that term
+
+is going to be there or not.
+
+So, occasionally you'll see a
+product term in a rate law.
+
+So, in terms of m and n, the
+orders of the reaction, m and
+
+n can be integers, they can be
+whole numbers, or fractions,
+
+negative or positive, lots
+of options for m and n.
+
+And let me tell you about all
+the options for -- we're going
+
+to use m here.
+
+So, you have this table in
+your notes, most of it is
+
+blank, some of it is filled in,
+and we're going to fill in
+
+the parts that are not
+filled in right now.
+
+So we're going to start in the
+middle where the order of the
+
+reaction is one here, m equals
+1, and that's called a first
+
+order reaction.
+
+So these names are pretty
+much intuitive
+
+when you look at them.
+
+So here, the rate law for a
+first order reaction would be
+
+our rate constant, k, times
+the concentration of a.
+
+So let's think about what that
+rate law would mean.
+
+Say you double the concentration
+of a, what would
+
+happen to the rate
+of the reaction?
+
+How many people say double,
+raise your hand.
+
+Good, that's what happens.
+
+All right, so it doubled the
+rate of the reaction.
+
+So now let's think
+about m equals 2.
+
+See on your handout that that's
+called second order --
+
+again these names make sense.
+
+The rate law for this would be k
+times the concentration of a
+
+squared, so m equals 2, and
+that's shown over here.
+
+If you double the
+concentration of
+
+a, what would happen?
+
+So you should quadruple
+the rate.
+
+So what about if you tripled
+the concentration?
+
+Why don't you go ahead and tell
+me if you triple it for m
+
+equals 2, what would
+happen to the rate?
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Excellent.
+
+That's right, 9 times.
+
+So, you're definitely getting
+the hang of this.
+
+All right, so let's move
+down and talk about m
+
+equals minus 1.
+
+If you think of a good name for
+this let me know, because
+
+no one ever calls that
+anything, so we
+
+can leave that blank.
+
+And go ahead and talk about what
+the rate would be there
+
+and how we would write
+the rate law.
+
+And so, the rate law, then,
+would be k, our rate constant,
+
+times the concentration of
+a raised to the minus 1.
+
+All right, if we double the
+concentration here, just yell
+
+out what you think
+would happen.
+
+You would 1/2 the rate of the
+reaction, or you can think
+
+about as 2 to the minus 1, 1/2
+the rate of the reaction.
+
+And you will have problems on
+problem-set 10, which will be
+
+due a week from Friday where
+you're going to be given
+
+experimental data, and you have
+to look at it and see,
+
+OK, what happened to the rate,
+and then what does that mean
+
+about the order of
+the reaction.
+
+So this is a lot of what
+the problems are
+
+like in this unit.
+
+All right, also there is no
+name that I'm aware of for
+
+when n equals minus 1/2, but
+we can write the rate law.
+
+So that's just going to be k
+times the concentration of a
+
+raised to the minus 1/2 --
+again, for the order of
+
+reaction, they can be integers,
+they can be
+
+fractions, they can
+be negative,
+
+and they can be positive.
+
+So, tell me for doubling the
+concentration here of this
+
+one, what's going to
+happen to the rate?
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Yup, so most people
+got that right.
+
+So, if we go back here, 0 .
+
+7 times the rate, you could
+think about this as 2 raised
+
+to the minus 1/2.
+
+These get a little more
+complicated and are some of
+
+the harder ones on the
+problem-set to recognize the
+
+relationship.
+
+So if you remember all the
+possibilities, it's going to
+
+help you think about what's
+going on when you see the
+
+experimental data.
+
+All right, so let's go up to m
+equals 1/2 here, and this one
+
+sometimes does have a name --
+anyone want to guess what that
+
+one might be called?
+
+Half order, very good.
+
+So, half order, and so here our
+rate, then, is going to be
+
+equal to k times a to the 1/2.
+
+So, if we double the
+concentration here, what
+
+happens to the rate?
+
+Someone want to yell it out?
+
+So, 1 .
+
+4 times the rate.
+
+And m equals 0 -- any guess
+of what that's called?
+
+Zero order.
+
+And the rate law here,
+the rate is going
+
+to be equal to what?
+
+K, and that's it.
+
+So the rate equals k.
+
+So what does that mean -- if you
+double the concentration,
+
+what happens to the rate?
+
+Yup, no effect on rate.
+
+So that's zero order -- the
+concentration term, it doesn't
+
+matter what the concentration
+is, and there will be some
+
+that you'll see on a problem-set
+like that, so if
+
+there's no effect on rate,
+you have a zero order.
+
+So those are the possibilities
+that you will see for the
+
+order of reactions, and again,
+you'll be given experimental
+
+data and have to figure out the
+order of the reactions.
+
+And often, it's not just as
+simple as one thing, there'll
+
+probably be two things in
+there, so you'll have to
+
+figure out the order with
+respect to both
+
+of those two things.
+
+So that makes it a little
+more complicated.
+
+All right, a couple more
+things that are
+
+true about rate laws.
+
+So the overall reaction order
+is this sum of the exponents
+
+in the rate law.
+
+So then, if you had this rate
+law, rate equals k times a to
+
+the 2, second order, and
+b 1, the overall order
+
+for this would be?
+
+3.
+
+So, we have third order.
+
+Sum of 2 plus 1.
+
+So for this particular one, your
+second order with respect
+
+to a, first order with respect
+to b, third order overall.
+
+Units.
+
+Units for k are a lot of fun.
+
+So it depends on what the
+reaction is, and often, for a
+
+problem, you'll have to figure
+out what the units for k are,
+
+depending on are we talking
+about molar per second or
+
+what's going on.
+
+So just pay attention to the
+units for k, they can vary.
+
+And sometimes one of the
+problems will be what are the
+
+units for this particular k, so
+you'll have to figure that
+
+out per problem.
+
+So now, again, kinetics is
+experimental -- we determine
+
+rate laws experimentally, and
+sometimes this is not easy,
+
+because sometimes there'll be
+very small changes that you're
+
+looking at, or those changes
+will happen really quickly, so
+
+the interval of time
+is very short.
+
+And sometimes when you're
+trying to measure these
+
+changes, the reaction's
+happening faster than your
+
+equipment can record
+those changes.
+
+So this can be technically very
+difficult, and so one
+
+thing that scientists do is they
+use integrated rate laws.
+
+So in this way, you can
+express concentrations
+
+directly as a function of time
+and you don't have to worry so
+
+much now about measuring those
+small amounts of changes that
+
+occur are very, very quickly.
+
+So let's talk about integrated
+rate laws.
+
+And here, we're going to start
+a derivation of an
+
+integrated rate law.
+
+So here's -- we're told this is
+a first order reaction, and
+
+so we're going to do the first
+order integrated rate law.
+
+And in this reaction, a is going
+to b -- we can write a
+
+rate expression for this.
+so we can talk about the
+
+disappearance minus
+d a over d t.
+
+We can also now write the rate
+law for a first order
+
+reaction, and we know that that
+is our rate constant,
+
+small k, times the concentration
+of a.
+
+So we know we can write the rate
+expression, and we can
+
+write a rate law for this
+first order reaction.
+
+So now, we can do
+a derivation.
+
+So, in this derivation, we're
+going to separate our
+
+concentration terms and our time
+terms. So we're going to
+
+move everything with
+concentration to one side, and
+
+things with time to
+the other side.
+
+So, on one side, then, we can
+have 1 over the concentration
+
+of a, we're going to bring
+that down here.
+
+We have d a over here, and
+then we have our negative
+
+sign, and our k over here, and
+move d t also over to the
+
+other side.
+
+So now we have concentration
+terms on one side and time
+
+terms on the other side.
+
+And now, as you might have
+guessed from the name
+
+integrated rate laws, we can
+integrate, and so we can look
+
+at the interval from the initial
+concentration or
+
+original concentration of
+a, to concentration of a
+
+at some time, t.
+
+And we can also look at from
+some time, 0, to the time, t,
+
+in question.
+
+So there's that expression
+again.
+
+Now you can write this
+expression also in terms of
+
+natural log.
+
+So we can re-write this in terms
+of the natural log of
+
+the concentration of a at time,
+t, minus the natural log
+
+of the concentration of a at
+our original time, or the
+
+original concentration,
+equals minus k t.
+
+And you can also express it in
+this term, so you can just
+
+bring this guy over to the other
+side of the equation,
+
+and this is one expression for
+the integrated rate law that
+
+you will see.
+
+There's also another expression
+that you'll see,
+
+and let's show you
+what that is.
+
+So you can also take the natural
+log and bring these
+
+two terms together.
+
+So natural log of your
+concentration of a at time t,
+
+over your original concentration
+of a
+
+equals minus k t.
+
+And now you can take the inverse
+natural log of both
+
+sides, so just your
+concentration at time t over
+
+your initial concentration
+equals e to the minus k t.
+
+And that expression is often
+written in your book or on
+
+equation sheets as a
+concentration at a particular
+
+time equals the concentration of
+the original material, e to
+
+the minus k t.
+
+And these are the two
+expressions that you'll see
+
+the most often.
+
+This one is often referred to as
+your integrated first order
+
+rate law, whereas this
+one is the equation
+
+for a straight line.
+
+So these two are the ones that
+you will see the most often
+
+for integrated first
+order rate laws.
+
+So one was an equation for a
+straight line, so let's come
+
+up with a straight line.
+
+So if you plot your data,
+if you've measured your
+
+concentration of a at various
+times, you can take the
+
+natural log of those
+concentrations that you
+
+measured and plot them
+against time.
+
+And if you do this, and it is,
+in fact, a first order
+
+reaction, you should get
+a straight line.
+
+So here, we can look at this in
+terms of a straight line,
+
+so on y-axis, we have the
+natural log of the
+
+concentration of a at a
+particular time, and that's
+
+plotted against time, over
+here in seconds.
+
+And so, what does that mean in
+terms of what is this, what is
+
+the intercept here?
+
+Yup.
+
+So the natural log of your
+initial original
+
+concentration of a.
+
+And what is the slope
+of this line?
+
+The slope is negative k, and
+so the slope is really what
+
+people are after.
+
+So often what you want to do is
+measure rate constants for
+
+particular reactions, and if
+you can then measure the
+
+concentration of a at particular
+times and plot it
+
+this way, you can come out
+with your rate constant.
+
+And that's what you want to
+know, and those are some of
+
+the problems that you're
+going to see.
+
+Are you going to see
+experimental data for what
+
+happens to rate at particular
+concentrations, and you can
+
+come up with values for
+your rate constants.
+
+So, let's talk about one other
+thing, which is half life.
+
+So people are often very
+concerned with half life.
+
+When do you hear about
+half life a lot?
+
+Does anyone know?
+
+Yeah, when we talk about
+radioactivity, which we'll be
+
+talking about next class.
+
+They're very concerned about
+the half life, which is the
+
+time it takes for the full
+amount of your original
+
+material to be reduced
+by a 1/2.
+
+So we can look at an equation
+that we had up above for our
+
+integrated first order half
+life, and we can think about
+
+this in terms of a half
+life expression.
+
+So here, t has a particular
+special meaning -- we have t,
+
+1/2, which is the abbreviation
+for half life.
+
+And so half life by definition
+is the amount of time it takes
+
+for the original concentration
+to be reduced by 1/2.
+
+So here we have our final
+concentration, concentration
+
+of a at a time t.
+
+So when we're talking about half
+life, we're going to have
+
+1/2 as much as we had
+when we started.
+
+So our a t is going to be our
+original divided by 2, 1/2 the
+
+amount we had in
+the beginning.
+
+And so, now t has a special
+name, it's t to the 1/2 here.
+
+So now we can simplify this
+expression to come up with an
+
+expression for half life for
+a first order reaction.
+
+So, the a to the 0, our original
+concentrations cancel
+
+out, and so we have the natural
+log of 1/2 equals
+
+minus k, our rate constant,
+times t 1/2.
+
+The natural log of
+1/2 is minus 0 .
+
+6 9 3 1.
+
+We can get rid of our negative
+signs and solve for t 1/2,
+
+because this is a half
+life expression, so t
+
+1/2 equals 0 .
+
+6 9 3 1 over k.
+
+So that's an expression just for
+a first order half life.
+
+And notice that half life
+does not depend on
+
+concentration here.
+
+That term dropped out.
+
+So half life depends on our
+rate constant, k, and k
+
+depends on the material
+in question.
+
+So, for radioactive material,
+some radioactive materials
+
+have short half lifes, so their
+k's are very different
+
+from each other, and so that
+can be very important,
+
+especially when you're thinking
+about storing
+
+radioactive waste.
+
+So, using that value, tell me,
+for the same material then,
+
+does it take longer to go from
+1 ton to a 1/2 ton, or from 1
+
+gram to 1/2 gram?
+
+Let's just take 10
+more seconds.
+
+Yup, it takes the same
+amount of time.
+
+And then just to finish up here,
+we have one more thing
+
+to do and then we're done.
+
+So here, in a plot for a first
+order half life, the
+
+concentration of the material
+at the first half life has
+
+dropped by how much?
+
+1/2.
+
+At the second half
+life is what?
+
+STUDENT: 1/4.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the
+third half life?
+
+STUDENT: 1/8
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, so that's
+first order half life.
+
+All right, everybody, have
+a happy Thanksgiving.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oYgN_CVHt0w.txt b/oYgN_CVHt0w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6ed66d35dab5ea53fba251786e42fd9ea923498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oYgN_CVHt0w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a many turn coil the surface used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a many turn coil the surface used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a many turn coil the surface used to
+define the flux linkage is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the flux linkage is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the flux linkage is often
+geometrically complex for this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically complex for this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically complex for this three
+turn coil the surface is filled in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn coil the surface is filled in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn coil the surface is filled in by
+stringing yarn between a vertical rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringing yarn between a vertical rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringing yarn between a vertical rod
+joining the terminals in the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining the terminals in the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining the terminals in the external
+region two points on the wire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region two points on the wire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region two points on the wire the
+surface is filled in by connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is filled in by connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is filled in by connecting
+points on the rod the points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the rod the points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the rod the points of
+increasing distance along the wire we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing distance along the wire we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing distance along the wire we
+have wound the few inductors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wound the few inductors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wound the few inductors of
+different lengths a number of turns on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths a number of turns on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths a number of turns on a
+wooden rod using copper wire covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden rod using copper wire covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden rod using copper wire covered
+with enamel insulation the enamel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enamel insulation the enamel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enamel insulation the enamel
+insulation prevents electrical contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation prevents electrical contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation prevents electrical contact
+between turns so the current path must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between turns so the current path must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between turns so the current path must
+follow the wire the insulation prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the wire the insulation prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the wire the insulation prevents
+short-circuiting between turns we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting between turns we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-circuiting between turns we will
+measure the coil inductances using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the coil inductances using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the coil inductances using this
+meter we have twisted the terminal ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter we have twisted the terminal ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter we have twisted the terminal ends
+of this coil to reduce the stray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coil to reduce the stray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coil to reduce the stray
+inductance it is wound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance it is wound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance it is wound on the
+non-magnetic rod which has a radius of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-magnetic rod which has a radius of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-magnetic rod which has a radius of 5
+millimeters this coil has 50 turns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters this coil has 50 turns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters this coil has 50 turns and
+is 5 point oh five centimeters long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 point oh five centimeters long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 point oh five centimeters long the
+coil inductance is predicted to be 4.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance is predicted to be 4.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance is predicted to be 4.9
+micro henry's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inductance meter measures the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductance meter measures the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductance meter measures the coil
+inductance at 1 kilohertz this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance at 1 kilohertz this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance at 1 kilohertz this frequency
+is high enough that the coil inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough that the coil inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough that the coil inductive
+reactance greatly exceeds the small coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactance greatly exceeds the small coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactance greatly exceeds the small coil
+of resistance which we have neglected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resistance which we have neglected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resistance which we have neglected in
+our analysis we measure 5.9 micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis we measure 5.9 micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis we measure 5.9 micro
+Henry's this inductance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's this inductance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's this inductance has
+contributions from the coil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the coil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the coil and
+connecting wires we short-circuit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting wires we short-circuit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting wires we short-circuit the
+terminals and measure 0 point 7 micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and measure 0 point 7 micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and measure 0 point 7 micro
+Henry's as the lead inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's as the lead inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's as the lead inductance
+subtracting this from the measured 5.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this from the measured 5.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this from the measured 5.9
+micro Henry's gives the coil inductances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Henry's gives the coil inductances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Henry's gives the coil inductances
+5.2 micro Henry's in reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.2 micro Henry's in reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.2 micro Henry's in reasonable
+agreement with the predicted 4.9 micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with the predicted 4.9 micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with the predicted 4.9 micro
+Henry's we now measure the inductance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's we now measure the inductance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's we now measure the inductance of
+the coil with double the number of turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil with double the number of turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil with double the number of turns
+but also double the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doubling the number of turns n but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the number of turns n but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the number of turns n but also
+doubling the coil length d should result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the coil length d should result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the coil length d should result
+in double the inductance the inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in double the inductance the inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in double the inductance the inductance
+meter now reads 11.2 micro Henry's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter now reads 11.2 micro Henry's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter now reads 11.2 micro Henry's
+subtracting the point seven microhenry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the point seven microhenry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the point seven microhenry
+lead inductance gives corrected coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead inductance gives corrected coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead inductance gives corrected coil
+inductance of 10.5 micro Henry's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of 10.5 micro Henry's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of 10.5 micro Henry's now
+double the inductance of the first coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the inductance of the first coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the inductance of the first coil
+of 5.2 micro Henry's as it should be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5.2 micro Henry's as it should be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5.2 micro Henry's as it should be we
+now measure the inductance of the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now measure the inductance of the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now measure the inductance of the coil
+which is the same length as the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same length as the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same length as the second
+coil but has two layers of windings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil but has two layers of windings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil but has two layers of windings and
+thus double the number of turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we measure 44.4 micro henry's for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure 44.4 micro henry's for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure 44.4 micro henry's for which
+the corrected coil inductance is 43.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrected coil inductance is 43.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrected coil inductance is 43.7
+micro henry's we have doubled the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro henry's we have doubled the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro henry's we have doubled the number
+of turns without changing the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns without changing the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns without changing the coil
+length the coil area of the two-layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the coil area of the two-layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the coil area of the two-layer
+coil is hardly changed because the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil is hardly changed because the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil is hardly changed because the wire
+diameter is much smaller than the wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter is much smaller than the wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter is much smaller than the wood
+diameter used as a core form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter used as a core form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter used as a core form the
+inductance should increase by for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance should increase by for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance should increase by for this
+coil inductance is about 4 times our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance is about 4 times our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance is about 4 times our
+previous corrected measurement of 10.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous corrected measurement of 10.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous corrected measurement of 10.5
+micro Henry's with half the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Henry's with half the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Henry's with half the number of
+turns the surface for a many turned coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the surface for a many turned coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the surface for a many turned coil
+used in Faraday's law is geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in Faraday's law is geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in Faraday's law is geometrically
+complex as the bounding contour to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as the bounding contour to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as the bounding contour to the
+surface follows the path of the wire for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface follows the path of the wire for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface follows the path of the wire for
+a tightly wound coil the magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tightly wound coil the magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tightly wound coil the magnetic flux
+linking this surface is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking this surface is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking this surface is the sum of
+fluxes linking each turn since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes linking each turn since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes linking each turn since the
+magnetic flux per turn is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux per turn is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux per turn is proportional
+to the number of turns if each turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of turns if each turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of turns if each turn
+links the same flux the total flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the same flux the total flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the same flux the total flux
+linked by the coil is n times the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked by the coil is n times the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked by the coil is n times the flux
+per turn the coil self inductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per turn the coil self inductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per turn the coil self inductance is
+then proportional to the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then proportional to the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then proportional to the square of the
+number of turns
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oc7sODbVGuA.txt b/oc7sODbVGuA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb9c8cd0c05f9bc97b918afbcd2a85b40e42b46b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oc7sODbVGuA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right good afternoon we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good afternoon we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good afternoon we're going to
+get started because we have a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started because we have a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started because we have a lot to
+talk about for this one lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about for this one lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about for this one lab
+before a lot of you guys get to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a lot of you guys get to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a lot of you guys get to do it
+starting next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next week
+so we are done for now talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are done for now talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are done for now talking about the
+essential oil lab and you'll get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential oil lab and you'll get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential oil lab and you'll get one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+lecture about that and the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about that and the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about that and the extra
+crystallography stuff coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography stuff coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography stuff coming up
+um next week and for now we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next week and for now we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next week and for now we're gonna
+switch gears and talk about the ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears and talk about the ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears and talk about the ester
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+so before we get too far into it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we get too far into it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we get too far into it the
+ellen swallow richards report are due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellen swallow richards report are due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellen swallow richards report are due
+next wednesday and thursday the 16th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next wednesday and thursday the 16th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next wednesday and thursday the 16th and
+17th the tas will be holding office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th the tas will be holding office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th the tas will be holding office
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+and i will post those onto stellar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will post those onto stellar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will post those onto stellar this
+afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon
+and then um starting this wednesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um starting this wednesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um starting this wednesday and
+thursday we're going to be starting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday we're going to be starting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday we're going to be starting our
+next round of labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next round of labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next round of labs
+so wherever you are standing whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wherever you are standing whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wherever you are standing whichever
+bay you're in in the lab depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay you're in in the lab depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay you're in in the lab depend
+that will determine which lab you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will determine which lab you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will determine which lab you are
+going to do next so a prime 2 center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next so a prime 2 center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next so a prime 2 center of
+the lab you'll be doing essential oils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab you'll be doing essential oils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab you'll be doing essential oils
+middle group catalase and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle group catalase and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle group catalase and then the
+people closest to the wall you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people closest to the wall you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people closest to the wall you'll be
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+the ester lab which we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ester lab which we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ester lab which we're talking about
+today if you're doing the catalase lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you're doing the catalase lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you're doing the catalase lab
+and hopefully your tas will remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully your tas will remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully your tas will remind you
+of this as well but you should need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as well but you should need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as well but you should need to
+bring a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a laptop
+you'll be working in paris if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be working in paris if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be working in paris if you don't
+have a laptop then we can pair you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laptop then we can pair you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laptop then we can pair you up
+with somebody who has one but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody who has one but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody who has one but we need
+we need a good number of laptops to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a good number of laptops to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a good number of laptops to do
+that that's how you'll be collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how you'll be collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how you'll be collecting
+your data and we'll talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and we'll talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and we'll talk more about that
+starting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting on
+thursday but moving on to esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday but moving on to esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday but moving on to esters
+so the structure of an ester which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the structure of an ester which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the structure of an ester which
+hopefully you guys have seen before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys have seen before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys have seen before in
+your organic chemistry or maybe your gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organic chemistry or maybe your gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organic chemistry or maybe your gen
+chem classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem classes
+is something like this you have an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like this you have an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like this you have an r
+group where this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group where this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group where this first
+r group can be a hydrogen any alkyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r group can be a hydrogen any alkyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r group can be a hydrogen any alkyl
+group or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or
+an aromatic group then you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aromatic group then you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aromatic group then you have your
+carbonyl another oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl another oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl another oxygen
+and then a different r group and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a different r group and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a different r group and this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+can only be an alkyl or an arrow group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be an alkyl or an arrow group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be an alkyl or an arrow group
+it has to have carbons it can't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to have carbons it can't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to have carbons it can't be a
+hydrogen or else you have a carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or else you have a carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or else you have a carboxylic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+so that's the general structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general structure of
+esters and talking a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and talking a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and talking a little bit about
+background information about esters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information about esters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information about esters they
+are found naturally in many plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found naturally in many plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found naturally in many plants
+and you can synthesize them in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can synthesize them in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can synthesize them in the lab
+from carboxylic acids and alcohols which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from carboxylic acids and alcohols which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from carboxylic acids and alcohols which
+we are going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be doing
+they are highly fragrant as you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are highly fragrant as you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are highly fragrant as you guys
+will experience when you do this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will experience when you do this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will experience when you do this lab
+and so as such they are used extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as such they are used extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as such they are used extensively
+in flavorings scent and polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flavorings scent and polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flavorings scent and polymer
+industries and so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries and so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries and so some
+esters that you may have seen before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters that you may have seen before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters that you may have seen before in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+this is a triglycerides this is how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a triglycerides this is how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a triglycerides this is how your
+body stores fats and it makes it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body stores fats and it makes it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body stores fats and it makes it from
+glycerol which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol which is
+an alcohol that has 3oh groups and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol that has 3oh groups and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol that has 3oh groups and a
+bunch of fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of fatty acids
+so that's one biological example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one biological example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one biological example of an
+ester that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester that is
+very common in all of our bodies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common in all of our bodies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common in all of our bodies and
+then this is ethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is ethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is ethylene
+cinnamate which is an ester that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamate which is an ester that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamate which is an ester that is
+found in the essential oil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the essential oil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the essential oil of
+cinnamon and it is what gives cinnamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon and it is what gives cinnamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon and it is what gives cinnamon
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+cinnamony flavor scent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the most ubiquitous of esters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most ubiquitous of esters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most ubiquitous of esters is
+probably polyester and so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably polyester and so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably polyester and so many of you
+are probably wearing polyester right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably wearing polyester right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably wearing polyester right now
+it's in your fabrics it's what plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your fabrics it's what plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your fabrics it's what plastic
+bottles are made out of you have water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles are made out of you have water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles are made out of you have water
+bottles or food containers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles or food containers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles or food containers
+all these things if you see this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things if you see this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things if you see this symbol
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is the symbol for this plastic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symbol for this plastic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symbol for this plastic which is
+the most common one used in our fabrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common one used in our fabrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common one used in our fabrics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in the food packaging that we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the food packaging that we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the food packaging that we have and
+it is polyethylene terephthalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is polyethylene terephthalate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is polyethylene terephthalate
+and this is the structure and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the structure and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the structure and so you can
+see that there's the ethylene group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's the ethylene group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's the ethylene group
+there's the terephthalate group and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the terephthalate group and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the terephthalate group and then
+there's our ester bond in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our ester bond in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our ester bond in the middle and
+if so if you s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if you s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if you s
+stack a lot of these together you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack a lot of these together you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack a lot of these together you make a
+giant polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant polymer
+then you have all type of plastics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have all type of plastics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have all type of plastics that
+we use for many many applications in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use for many many applications in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use for many many applications in our
+daily life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life
+so a little bit of background about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of background about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of background about
+esters and here's a chart of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and here's a chart of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and here's a chart of all of the
+different types of esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of esters
+so or not all of the esters there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or not all of the esters there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or not all of the esters there's many
+many many types of esters that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many types of esters that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many types of esters that you can
+make but here are some very common ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but here are some very common ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but here are some very common ones
+especially ones that are found naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially ones that are found naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially ones that are found naturally
+in different food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different food and
+natural products so you can see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products so you can see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products so you can see there's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+part from the carboxylic acid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the carboxylic acid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the carboxylic acid and the
+part from the alcohol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the alcohol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the alcohol so
+if you make any of these combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make any of these combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make any of these combinations of
+esters and they'll have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and they'll have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and they'll have all these
+different scents and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scents and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scents and so
+in the lab you guys are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab you guys are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab you guys are going to be
+synthesizing a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a whole bunch of different
+esters and one of the ways that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and one of the ways that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters and one of the ways that you may
+be able to identify it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to identify it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to identify it is
+by what it smells like so if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what it smells like so if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what it smells like so if you look in
+the lab manual there's a whole chart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab manual there's a whole chart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab manual there's a whole chart of
+the esters it gives you their name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esters it gives you their name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esters it gives you their name
+gives you a bunch of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a bunch of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a bunch of physical
+information about it and it also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about it and it also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about it and it also gives
+you the scent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the scent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the scent
+so when you synthesize your ester you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you synthesize your ester you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you synthesize your ester you
+will carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carefully
+smell it and see if it matches up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell it and see if it matches up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell it and see if it matches up to
+what it is supposed to smell like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is supposed to smell like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is supposed to smell like what
+are the boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the boxes
+ethereal that is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereal that is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereal that is kind of
+i've never smelled something that smells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never smelled something that smells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never smelled something that smells
+ethereal does anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereal does anyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereal does anyone have a
+good description of what that may smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of what that may smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of what that may smell
+like i don't think i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i don't think i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i don't think i think it's
+it doesn't have like a concrete scent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have like a concrete scent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have like a concrete scent
+that's how i kind of interpret that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i kind of interpret that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i kind of interpret that but
+um you can see there's some that smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see there's some that smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see there's some that smell
+like vanilla pineapples different fruits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vanilla pineapples different fruits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vanilla pineapples different fruits
+those are ones that smell like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are ones that smell like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are ones that smell like
+balsamic-y like vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balsamic-y like vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balsamic-y like vinegar
+coconut all kinds of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coconut all kinds of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coconut all kinds of different things
+so we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about the
+reaction that we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we're going to be doing
+this is amol fisher he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is amol fisher he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is amol fisher he
+is half of the team that is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half of the team that is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half of the team that is responsible
+for creating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for creating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for creating or
+inventing this reaction i could not find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing this reaction i could not find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing this reaction i could not find
+a picture of the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of the other guy
+he won the nobel prize for chemistry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won the nobel prize for chemistry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won the nobel prize for chemistry in
+the early 1900s and now it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1900s and now it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1900s and now it is
+typically just called a fischer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically just called a fischer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically just called a fischer
+esterification reaction so you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterification reaction so you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esterification reaction so you take your
+carboxylic acid your alcohol some acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid your alcohol some acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid your alcohol some acid
+and then you can synthesize an ester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can synthesize an ester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can synthesize an ester and
+so we'll walk through the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll walk through the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll walk through the mechanism
+really quickly so that we know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly so that we know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly so that we know what is
+happening and you guys have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you guys have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you guys have probably
+have you guys seen this in your organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you guys seen this in your organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you guys seen this in your organic
+chemistry classes yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry classes yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry classes yes so
+this hopefully isn't too new so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hopefully isn't too new so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hopefully isn't too new so you
+start off with your carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with your carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with your carboxylic acid
+we're going to add a strong acid in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add a strong acid in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add a strong acid in our
+case sulfuric acid which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case sulfuric acid which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case sulfuric acid which is very
+corrosive be careful when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive be careful when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive be careful when you're
+handling it in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling it in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling it in the lab
+that is our proton source so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our proton source so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our proton source so the first
+thing that we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to do is
+activate this carbonyl we get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate this carbonyl we get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate this carbonyl we get our
+carbonyl now has a proton and a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl now has a proton and a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl now has a proton and a positive
+charge on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on it
+and we can draw a resonance structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can draw a resonance structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can draw a resonance structure
+where that positive charge gets put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that positive charge gets put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that positive charge gets put down
+on this carbon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this carbon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this carbon here
+and when we do that we have our alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do that we have our alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do that we have our alcohol
+we can add our alcohol in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add our alcohol in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add our alcohol in
+and these electrons can come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these electrons can come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these electrons can come up here
+and attack that positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attack that positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attack that positively charged
+carbon we can add our alcohol group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon we can add our alcohol group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon we can add our alcohol group
+to our original molecule so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our original molecule so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our original molecule so now we have
+this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here
+and now the positive charge is on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the positive charge is on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the positive charge is on this
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can
+lose a proton to get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a proton to get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a proton to get rid of that
+positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge
+so then we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a proton over here that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton over here that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton over here that's an
+unfortunate proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate proton
+and now we have this structure here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have this structure here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have this structure here with
+our extra proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our extra proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our extra proton
+we can protonate this oxygen up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and form discharge species and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form discharge species and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form discharge species and now we
+have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made
+positively charged water and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged water and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged water and we know
+that water is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is a good
+leaving group so we can leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group so we can leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group so we can leave
+and make water and that is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make water and that is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make water and that is where the
+water comes from in our synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water comes from in our synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water comes from in our synthesis
+so now and to kind of balance this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now and to kind of balance this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now and to kind of balance this whole
+thing out you're also going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out you're also going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out you're also going to have
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+electrons come down and form a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come down and form a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come down and form a double
+bond to help drive that water out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to help drive that water out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to help drive that water out
+so now we have a double bond here it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a double bond here it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a double bond here it has
+a positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive charge
+and a proton still on it so we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a proton still on it so we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a proton still on it so we can have
+this proton leave as a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proton leave as a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proton leave as a proton
+and we have made an ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tada and then we've regenerated our acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tada and then we've regenerated our acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tada and then we've regenerated our acid
+so that's why the sulfuric acid is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the sulfuric acid is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the sulfuric acid is our
+catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst
+so i guess we can leave this here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess we can leave this here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess we can leave this here for
+now so that is the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that is the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that is the mechanism
+of the reaction and like i said you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction and like i said you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction and like i said you guys
+have probably seen that before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probably seen that before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probably seen that before it's
+pretty straightforward and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward and this is the
+reaction that we will be doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we will be doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we will be doing in the
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we need to talk about naming esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to talk about naming esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to talk about naming esters
+and there are a couple conventions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a couple conventions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a couple conventions that
+are used when naming esters there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used when naming esters there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used when naming esters there's a
+few ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few ways
+to do it so the first one is the iupac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so the first one is the iupac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so the first one is the iupac
+straightforward way to name esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way to name esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way to name esters
+and you start with the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start with the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start with the part of the
+molecule that comes from the alcohol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that comes from the alcohol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that comes from the alcohol so
+if you notice over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice over here
+the blue stuff came from the alcohol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue stuff came from the alcohol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue stuff came from the alcohol and
+it ends up as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up as this
+this group that's attached to the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group that's attached to the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group that's attached to the oxygen
+not on the carbonyl side of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the carbonyl side of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the carbonyl side of the molecule
+so you're gonna start there you'll name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna start there you'll name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna start there you'll name
+it as though it's an alkyl group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as though it's an alkyl group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as though it's an alkyl group so
+something that is attached so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is attached so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is attached so
+it'll have that yl ending like methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have that yl ending like methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have that yl ending like methyl
+ethyl that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl that kind of thing
+so this is a propyl group it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a propyl group it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a propyl group it's three
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+the second step is to look at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is to look at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is to look at the other
+half of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the molecule
+and you want to name it as though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to name it as though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to name it as though it
+isn't just an alkane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just an alkane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just an alkane
+and count up all the carbons including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count up all the carbons including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count up all the carbons including
+this one attached to the carbonyl so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one attached to the carbonyl so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one attached to the carbonyl so you
+have one two three carbons over here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one two three carbons over here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one two three carbons over here as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so that would be propane and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be propane and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be propane and then you
+want to drop the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drop the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drop the e
+off the end of the name and add 08 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the end of the name and add 08 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the end of the name and add 08 so
+propanoate so the iupac way to name this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propanoate so the iupac way to name this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propanoate so the iupac way to name this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is then to combine the names so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then to combine the names so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then to combine the names so you'll
+get propyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get propyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get propyl
+propanoate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propanoate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propanoate so
+it's clear enough it gets a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear enough it gets a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear enough it gets a little bit
+tricky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky because
+chemists don't always use the iupac or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists don't always use the iupac or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists don't always use the iupac or
+traditional names for everything there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional names for everything there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional names for everything there
+are some common names that get used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some common names that get used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some common names that get used and
+thrown around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown around
+in when people are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when people are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when people are talking about
+different chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chemicals
+so does anybody know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anybody know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anybody know what this
+carboxylic acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetate or acetic acid so acetic acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate or acetic acid so acetic acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate or acetic acid so acetic acid is
+what we typically call it you'll hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we typically call it you'll hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we typically call it you'll hear it
+as an acetate group if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an acetate group if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an acetate group if you
+take off that proton um if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off that proton um if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off that proton um if you're going
+to name this according to the iupac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name this according to the iupac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name this according to the iupac
+convention that i just told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that i just told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that i just told you about
+there's two carbons so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two carbons so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two carbons so that's
+ethane and you would call it ethanoic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethane and you would call it ethanoic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethane and you would call it ethanoic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+but that's not commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not commonly used
+this alcohol is ethanol so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol is ethanol so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol is ethanol so if you
+combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two
+what would we call that ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethyl ethanoate or you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl ethanoate or you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl ethanoate or you can use the
+common name and call it ethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common name and call it ethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common name and call it ethyl
+acetate which you guys may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate which you guys may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate which you guys may have heard of
+or remember from the ferrocene lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remember from the ferrocene lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remember from the ferrocene lab
+yes so there are a couple different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so there are a couple different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so there are a couple different ways
+to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name
+the esters and there's a whole list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esters and there's a whole list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esters and there's a whole list of
+esters if you guys have looked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters if you guys have looked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters if you guys have looked in the
+lab manual there's a whole list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab manual there's a whole list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab manual there's a whole list of
+possible unknowns that you can have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible unknowns that you can have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible unknowns that you can have and
+that you can make in this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make in this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make in this lab
+and they come from all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come from all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come from all different
+combinations of carboxylic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of carboxylic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of carboxylic acids
+and alcohols and so in order for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohols and so in order for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohols and so in order for you
+guys to have some idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to have some idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to have some idea of what
+you may be making and the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be making and the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be making and the structures
+that you will be looking for when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will be looking for when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will be looking for when you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+characterizing your esters that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing your esters that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing your esters that you make
+by different types of spectroscopy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different types of spectroscopy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different types of spectroscopy we
+need to be able to name and draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to name and draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to name and draw the
+esters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters so
+if you got this handout in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got this handout in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got this handout in the back
+on one side it has a sheet that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side it has a sheet that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side it has a sheet that has
+all of the common names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the common names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the common names for
+the structures that you may find in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures that you may find in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures that you may find in that
+list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+esters that we'll be making in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters that we'll be making in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters that we'll be making in the lab
+and then on the back there is a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the back there is a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the back there is a blank
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+mine's already filled in but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine's already filled in but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine's already filled in but there's a
+blank chart that has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank chart that has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank chart that has a bunch of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ester names so if we want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester names so if we want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester names so if we want to take a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+and practice naming these esters using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice naming these esters using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice naming these esters using
+the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information
+in the past two slides that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past two slides that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past two slides that you should
+have on your powerpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on your powerpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on your powerpoint
+handout and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout and the
+structures on the back of here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures on the back of here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures on the back of here you
+should be able to draw the structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to draw the structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to draw the structures of
+all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different
+esters take a moment do that and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters take a moment do that and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esters take a moment do that and talk
+with your neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your neighbors
+work it out ask your tas if you're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out ask your tas if you're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out ask your tas if you're back
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and then i'm gonna have people when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm gonna have people when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm gonna have people when you
+are confident that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confident that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confident that you know the
+structure of one of these guys come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of one of these guys come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of one of these guys come down
+here and draw it please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and draw it please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and draw it please
+so give you a couple minutes to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so give you a couple minutes to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so give you a couple minutes to do that
+all right can i get a few people to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can i get a few people to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can i get a few people to come
+help draw some of these on the board if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help draw some of these on the board if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help draw some of these on the board if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+drawn some of these on your paper go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn some of these on your paper go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn some of these on your paper go for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you're gonna need a few other people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need a few other people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need a few other people or
+else this is gonna take forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is gonna take forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is gonna take forever
+excellent wonderful anyone from the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent wonderful anyone from the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent wonderful anyone from the back
+want to come down go for it thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't worry if it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want to draw more than one go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to draw more than one go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to draw more than one go for
+it if anyone else wants to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if anyone else wants to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if anyone else wants to come down
+here and be really brave and share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and be really brave and share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and be really brave and share their
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+that would be excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we'll see how many how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll see how many how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll see how many how many of
+them these guys can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if you know more more than one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you know more more than one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you know more more than one go
+for it because it'll be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right how are we looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good except this one i think these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good except this one i think these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good except this one i think these are
+the same molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same molecule
+so isobutyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isobutyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isobutyl acetate
+it's just no double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just no double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just no double bond
+thank you well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are the structures of the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the structures of the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the structures of the some
+of the esters that you may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the esters that you may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the esters that you may or may not be
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+during this lab um as good practice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this lab um as good practice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this lab um as good practice so
+these aren't all of them so you'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't all of them so you'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't all of them so you'll still
+have to draw out some of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw out some of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw out some of the possible
+structures when you are trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures when you are trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures when you are trying to figure
+out what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what your
+unknown might be but this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown might be but this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown might be but this is a good
+start and good practice so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and good practice so it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and good practice so it looks like
+you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are
+good at drawing and naming the esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at drawing and naming the esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at drawing and naming the esters
+well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now that we have the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now that we have the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now that we have the idea
+of what the reaction looks like on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the reaction looks like on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the reaction looks like on paper
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what our products could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our products could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our products could possibly be
+we're going to talk about how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how we can
+actually do this in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this in the lab
+and so i brought some of the glassware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i brought some of the glassware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i brought some of the glassware
+that you're going to be using and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be using and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be using and i'm
+going to put gloves on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put gloves on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put gloves on because
+i don't know how well whoever used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how well whoever used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how well whoever used this
+last semester cleaned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last semester cleaned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last semester cleaned it
+um so the first technique that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first technique that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first technique that you're
+going to use is reflux and so that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is reflux and so that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is reflux and so that's to
+do the first part of the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first part of the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first part of the or
+pretty much to do the whole reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much to do the whole reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much to do the whole reaction
+here where you're going to combine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you're going to combine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you're going to combine your
+carboxylic acid and your alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid and your alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid and your alcohol
+you're going to heat it up and to reflux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to heat it up and to reflux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to heat it up and to reflux
+it means to boil without losing solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to boil without losing solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to boil without losing solvent
+so you're going to it'll be boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to it'll be boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to it'll be boiling
+you'll have a stir bar in there so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a stir bar in there so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a stir bar in there so you
+can see you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you have your
+stir plate you're going to use a heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir plate you're going to use a heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir plate you're going to use a heating
+mantle again to heat your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle again to heat your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle again to heat your reaction
+it'll be boiling in there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be boiling in there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be boiling in there and then
+instead of using our figaro column like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using our figaro column like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using our figaro column like
+we did in the distillation you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the distillation you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the distillation you're just
+going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put
+yikes a condenser on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yikes a condenser on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yikes a condenser on there
+so you'll have water going through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have water going through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have water going through your
+condenser you'll want your water going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser you'll want your water going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser you'll want your water going
+in the bottom and out the top so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom and out the top so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom and out the top so the
+whole thing fills up with cold water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing fills up with cold water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing fills up with cold water
+and so that's when you're boiling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's when you're boiling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's when you're boiling your
+solvent will be evaporating and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent will be evaporating and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent will be evaporating and then
+it'll condense and it'll go back down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll condense and it'll go back down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll condense and it'll go back down so
+that you don't boil to dryness and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't boil to dryness and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't boil to dryness and you
+don't lose all of your product as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose all of your product as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose all of your product as you're
+boiling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling it
+and then on the top you're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the top you're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the top you're going to put
+a drying tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drying tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drying tube
+and your drying tube will look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your drying tube will look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your drying tube will look like this
+and when you get it it will be empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get it it will be empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get it it will be empty
+just like this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this one is
+and then you will fill it you'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will fill it you'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will fill it you'll put a
+little bit of cotton in here as a plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of cotton in here as a plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of cotton in here as a plug
+and then you will take this stopper off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will take this stopper off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will take this stopper off
+and fill the rest of it with calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill the rest of it with calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill the rest of it with calcium
+chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+does anyone know why we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know why we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know why we're going to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and it goes right on top here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so calcium chloride is cacl2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so calcium chloride is cacl2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so calcium chloride is cacl2
+it is among other things used as a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is among other things used as a road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is among other things used as a road
+salt so there are three ions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt so there are three ions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt so there are three ions in the
+structure and if you remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and if you remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and if you remember your
+colligative properties then it'll lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colligative properties then it'll lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colligative properties then it'll lower
+the freezing point of water when it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freezing point of water when it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freezing point of water when it has
+three ions in it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ions in it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ions in it it's
+a very good electrolyte it'll also lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good electrolyte it'll also lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good electrolyte it'll also lower
+the vapor pressure of a solution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor pressure of a solution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor pressure of a solution or
+increase the boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the boiling point
+and the dissolution of calcium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dissolution of calcium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dissolution of calcium chloride
+is exothermic it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exothermic it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exothermic it's very
+thermodynamically favorable and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically favorable and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically favorable and it's
+also entropically favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also entropically favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also entropically favorable
+so it is a very spontaneous reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is a very spontaneous reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is a very spontaneous reaction and
+it is a hygroscopic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a hygroscopic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a hygroscopic material
+which means that it absorbs water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it absorbs water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it absorbs water so
+it's a desiccant you may see those like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a desiccant you may see those like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a desiccant you may see those like
+silica gel packets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica gel packets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica gel packets in
+things that you may buy to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you may buy to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you may buy to keep the
+water out calcium chloride is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water out calcium chloride is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water out calcium chloride is another
+material that's commonly used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's commonly used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's commonly used as a
+desiccant because it's hydroscopic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccant because it's hydroscopic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccant because it's hydroscopic but
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+a property even beyond being hygroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property even beyond being hygroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property even beyond being hygroscopic
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+deliquescent which means it'll absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliquescent which means it'll absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliquescent which means it'll absorb
+water until it becomes a solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water until it becomes a solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water until it becomes a solution so
+this is what dry calcium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what dry calcium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what dry calcium chloride
+pellets look like so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets look like so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets look like so it's just
+little white chunks of solid and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little white chunks of solid and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little white chunks of solid and if you
+leave it out on the bench top for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it out on the bench top for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it out on the bench top for long
+enough it'll actually pull in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it'll actually pull in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it'll actually pull in the water
+from the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air
+and turn itself into a calcium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn itself into a calcium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn itself into a calcium chloride
+brine solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brine solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brine solution
+so if you spill some of this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you spill some of this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you spill some of this on the
+bench you want to clean it up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench you want to clean it up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench you want to clean it up really
+quickly or else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or else
+it will start to look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we're going to use it for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to use it for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to use it for in
+our reaction is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction is what
+are the products of our reaction we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the products of our reaction we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the products of our reaction we're
+going to make an ester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water so if we go back to our mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so if we go back to our mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so if we go back to our mechanism
+we lose water here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose water here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose water here
+and if you notice most of these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you notice most of these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you notice most of these steps
+here are reversible steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are reversible steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are reversible steps
+so if you remember le chatelier's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember le chatelier's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember le chatelier's
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+if this is our overall reaction and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is our overall reaction and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is our overall reaction and one
+of our products over here is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a reversible reaction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reversible reaction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reversible reaction then
+how can we enforce the reaction to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we enforce the reaction to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we enforce the reaction to go
+towards the product side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take out the water you can either add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the water you can either add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the water you can either add
+more reactants or take out the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reactants or take out the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reactants or take out the products
+and so we are going to be taking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we are going to be taking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we are going to be taking out the
+water with our drying tube and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with our drying tube and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with our drying tube and so
+that will help ensure that our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help ensure that our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help ensure that our reaction
+goes to completion while we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to completion while we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to completion while we are
+reflexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once you've done all of your reflux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you've done all of your reflux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you've done all of your reflux
+and you have your product you've heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have your product you've heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have your product you've heated
+it for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a while
+it's kind of boring to watch but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of boring to watch but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of boring to watch but
+reactions take time so then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions take time so then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions take time so then you will
+have your product in your round bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your product in your round bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your product in your round bottom
+flask here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask here
+and we will have our ester hopefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will have our ester hopefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will have our ester hopefully and
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentially all of these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially all of these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially all of these things right
+and some sulfuric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sulfuric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sulfuric acid
+so we don't know that our reaction went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't know that our reaction went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't know that our reaction went
+to completion we hoped that it got close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion we hoped that it got close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion we hoped that it got close
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we need to purify it from any impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to purify it from any impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to purify it from any impurities
+or remaining starting material that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remaining starting material that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remaining starting material that we
+may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have
+so we do that in a separatory funnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that in a separatory funnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do that in a separatory funnel and
+this is a separatory funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a separatory funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a separatory funnel
+and we do a liquid liquid extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do a liquid liquid extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do a liquid liquid extraction
+which means that we're going to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we're going to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we're going to have one
+liquid and then we're going to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and then we're going to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and then we're going to add a
+different liquid to it so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different liquid to it so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different liquid to it so we have two
+liquid phases and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phases and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phases and we're going to
+partition the different compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the different compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the different compounds
+between those two liquid phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two liquid phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two liquid phases
+and the only way this works is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way this works is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way this works is that we
+have to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have two
+immiscible liquids that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immiscible liquids that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immiscible liquids that have different
+densities so what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities so what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities so what does it mean for
+something to be immiscible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they don't mix together good so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't mix together good so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't mix together good so when you
+pour your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour your two
+solvents in here they need to not mix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents in here they need to not mix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents in here they need to not mix so
+that you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have two
+distinct layers and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct layers and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct layers and that you can
+separate your product between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate your product between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate your product between them
+and it will separate them based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will separate them based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will separate them based on
+density so when you have your separatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so when you have your separatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so when you have your separatory
+funnel you will pour your two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel you will pour your two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel you will pour your two things
+into it and you should get two layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and you should get two layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and you should get two layers
+and so your more dense layer will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your more dense layer will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your more dense layer will be on
+the bottom and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and your
+less dense layer will be on the top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dense layer will be on the top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dense layer will be on the top so
+in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case
+water has a density of about one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water has a density of about one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water has a density of about one and
+most organic liquids have a density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic liquids have a density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic liquids have a density of
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+so if you take your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take your product
+which is an ester and you add water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an ester and you add water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an ester and you add water to
+it what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what will be
+on the top and what will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and what will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and what will be on the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so this will be our aqueous layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this will be our product or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be our product or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be our product or our
+organic layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's really important that you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really important that you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really important that you keep
+track of what is where when you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what is where when you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what is where when you're using
+the separatory funnel and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separatory funnel and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separatory funnel and that you know
+what you've drained out and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've drained out and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've drained out and what you
+have kept in there and you want to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kept in there and you want to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kept in there and you want to save
+everything save all of the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything save all of the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything save all of the stuff that
+comes out of here save all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of here save all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of here save all the things
+that are in there until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in there until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in there until
+you know that you have your product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you have your product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you have your product so
+there are a couple ways that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple ways that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple ways that we can use
+a separatory funnel or a set funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separatory funnel or a set funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separatory funnel or a set funnel
+abbreviated version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated version
+and the frequently used solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequently used solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequently used solutions for
+this type of extraction the first type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of extraction the first type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of extraction the first type
+is an acid-base extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an acid-base extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an acid-base extraction
+or a chemically active extraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a chemically active extraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a chemically active extraction and
+that's the first thing that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thing that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thing that you're going
+to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing
+so in our reaction mixture we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our reaction mixture we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our reaction mixture we have
+hopefully a lot of product we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a lot of product we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a lot of product we probably
+still have some carboxylic acid left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some carboxylic acid left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some carboxylic acid left
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+and we know that we have some sulfuric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that we have some sulfuric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that we have some sulfuric
+acid in there yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in there yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in there yes
+great so the way to get all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so the way to get all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so the way to get all of that
+acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic
+byproduct away from our product is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct away from our product is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct away from our product is to do
+is to use sodium bicarbonate which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use sodium bicarbonate which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use sodium bicarbonate which is a
+base and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and when
+we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we have like our carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you add a base to it then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add a base to it then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add a base to it then you can
+deprotonate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that'll form if we have sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll form if we have sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll form if we have sodium
+bicarbonate it'll form a sodium salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate it'll form a sodium salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate it'll form a sodium salt
+and that is more polar than this so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is more polar than this so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is more polar than this so it
+will be more soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be more soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be more soluble
+in our aqueous layer and we will pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our aqueous layer and we will pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our aqueous layer and we will pull it
+away from our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from our product
+so that's the idea behind the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea behind the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea behind the base
+extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction
+and so hopefully that first round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so hopefully that first round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so hopefully that first round of
+extraction will get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction will get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction will get rid of
+our acidic impurities and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our acidic impurities and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our acidic impurities and then we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+another extraction using a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another extraction using a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another extraction using a sodium
+chloride solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride solution
+and that is sometimes referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is sometimes referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is sometimes referred to as
+salting out so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salting out so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salting out so we will
+keep our product in there and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our product in there and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our product in there and then we
+will add sodium chloride solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add sodium chloride solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add sodium chloride solution and
+the sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium chloride
+makes our aqueous layer really polar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our aqueous layer really polar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our aqueous layer really polar and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it makes our product less soluble in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes our product less soluble in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes our product less soluble in the
+aqueous layer and it makes any water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous layer and it makes any water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous layer and it makes any water
+that's left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left over
+in our product layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our product layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our product layer
+more likely to come into the aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to come into the aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to come into the aqueous
+layer so when this is polar then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so when this is polar then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so when this is polar then all of
+the polar things all of the water get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar things all of the water get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar things all of the water get
+pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled
+into the aqueous layer and any organic-y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the aqueous layer and any organic-y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the aqueous layer and any organic-y
+things the product that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the product that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the product that we care about
+gets forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets forced
+out into the product layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the product layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the product layer
+there's some terminology that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some terminology that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some terminology that you may
+hear when you're using a separatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear when you're using a separatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear when you're using a separatory
+funnel so there's extraction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel so there's extraction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel so there's extraction which is
+if your product is in a mixture and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your product is in a mixture and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your product is in a mixture and you
+want to add another solvent to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add another solvent to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add another solvent to extract
+your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product
+out of what's already there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of what's already there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of what's already there and then
+there's washing which is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's washing which is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's washing which is we're going
+what we're going to be doing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing which is
+where you're just going to pour your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're just going to pour your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're just going to pour your
+product in there and you're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in there and you're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in there and you're going to add
+other solvents to extract the impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solvents to extract the impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solvents to extract the impurities
+you leave your product where it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave your product where it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave your product where it is and
+you pull out the impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a note on how to use a step funnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note on how to use a step funnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note on how to use a step funnel and
+i'm going to put goggles on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put goggles on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put goggles on just
+for safety here this is just water but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety here this is just water but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety here this is just water but
+the way that you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you're going to do this
+is you'll have a ring stand it'll hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll have a ring stand it'll hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll have a ring stand it'll hold
+itself up right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself up right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself up right here
+and then you will first make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will first make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will first make sure that
+the stopcock is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stopcock is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stopcock is closed
+so if you pour your product through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pour your product through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pour your product through here
+and this is open then that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is open then that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is open then that's going to be
+a really sad time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really sad time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really sad time
+in the lab so you will pour your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab so you will pour your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab so you will pour your product
+and whatever you are washing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever you are washing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever you are washing it with
+into the step funnel you will get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the step funnel you will get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the step funnel you will get two
+layers because you'll have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers because you'll have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers because you'll have two different
+liquids in there this is just water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids in there this is just water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids in there this is just water
+then you will cap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you're going to shake it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to shake it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to shake it like
+so then you'll point it away from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you'll point it away from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you'll point it away from any
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+and into your hood and you will open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into your hood and you will open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into your hood and you will open the
+vent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent
+when you are shaking things that have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are shaking things that have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are shaking things that have in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that are really volatile like organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really volatile like organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really volatile like organic
+solvents they'll build up pressure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents they'll build up pressure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents they'll build up pressure in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and so you don't want anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't want anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't want anything to
+explode you don't want this top to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode you don't want this top to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode you don't want this top to come
+flying off you don't want the glassware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying off you don't want the glassware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying off you don't want the glassware
+to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break
+so you want to vent this you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to vent this you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to vent this you're going to
+shake it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it a little bit
+vent it when you first start you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent it when you first start you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent it when you first start you want to
+vent it very frequently so the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent it very frequently so the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent it very frequently so the pressure
+doesn't have a chance to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a chance to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a chance to build up
+when you do this that you want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this that you want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this that you want to point
+it away because sometimes liquid will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away because sometimes liquid will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away because sometimes liquid will
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+flying out you'll hear it it'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying out you'll hear it it'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying out you'll hear it it'll go
+so you want to be very careful when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to be very careful when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to be very careful when you
+are using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using this
+safety note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens when you add sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you add sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you add sodium
+bicarbonate to an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate to an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate to an acid
+you get a gas you get carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a gas you get carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a gas you get carbon dioxide
+think baking soda and vinegar volcano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think baking soda and vinegar volcano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think baking soda and vinegar volcano
+so when you are first adding your sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you are first adding your sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you are first adding your sodium
+bicarbonate to your product you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate to your product you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate to your product you want to
+not do it right away in the separatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it right away in the separatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it right away in the separatory
+found or else you're going to build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found or else you're going to build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found or else you're going to build up a
+whole lot of pressure and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of pressure and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of pressure and it's going to
+create an unsafe situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an unsafe situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an unsafe situation
+so you will add those to a beaker first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will add those to a beaker first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will add those to a beaker first
+wait for the bubbling to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the bubbling to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the bubbling to stop
+and then you can pour it into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can pour it into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can pour it into your
+separatory funnel and you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatory funnel and you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatory funnel and you can do the
+extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction
+and what you're going to do is you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're going to do is you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're going to do is you will
+open the stopcock and then you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the stopcock and then you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the stopcock and then you'll be
+able to watch the layers go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to watch the layers go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to watch the layers go down
+and here's something so if you open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's something so if you open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's something so if you open the
+stopcock and you say oh my gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopcock and you say oh my gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopcock and you say oh my gosh
+nothing's coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's coming out
+what's our problem the top is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our problem the top is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our problem the top is on
+so you want to close it first take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to close it first take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to close it first take the
+top off and then it will drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top off and then it will drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top off and then it will drain
+smoothly and then you'll just pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly and then you'll just pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly and then you'll just pay
+attention and you can stop it right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and you can stop it right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and you can stop it right when
+the interface between those two layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface between those two layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface between those two layers
+gets right to the bottom and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets right to the bottom and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets right to the bottom and that's how
+you're going to use this to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use this to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use this to separate
+your solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solutions
+um but yeah inevitably somebody always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah inevitably somebody always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah inevitably somebody always
+forgets to take the top off and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgets to take the top off and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgets to take the top off and they're
+like my step funnel's broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my step funnel's broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my step funnel's broken
+it's not just physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just physics
+so i guess we can still leave these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess we can still leave these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess we can still leave these on
+so that's going to be all in day one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be all in day one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be all in day one you
+will reflux your product then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reflux your product then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reflux your product then you will
+use your step funnel you will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your step funnel you will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your step funnel you will start to
+purify it and then on day two you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify it and then on day two you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify it and then on day two you're
+going to oh wait before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to oh wait before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to oh wait before
+sorry so after you have isolated your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so after you have isolated your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so after you have isolated your
+product we have just added a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we have just added a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we have just added a whole bunch
+of water to it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water to it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water to it right
+we've shaken it up with sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shaken it up with sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shaken it up with sodium
+bicarbonate and sodium chloride solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate and sodium chloride solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate and sodium chloride solution
+we don't want water in our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want water in our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want water in our product
+that's not the point of this we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the point of this we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the point of this we want to
+just have our ester so we need to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have our ester so we need to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have our ester so we need to remove
+the water that gets left over from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that gets left over from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that gets left over from our
+separatory funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatory funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatory funnel
+situation using a drying agent and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation using a drying agent and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation using a drying agent and a
+drying agent is similar to calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying agent is similar to calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying agent is similar to calcium
+chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+we typically use sodium sulfate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically use sodium sulfate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically use sodium sulfate or
+magnesium sulfate in the lab because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate in the lab because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate in the lab because
+they're easy to work with and they suck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easy to work with and they suck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easy to work with and they suck
+the water into their crystal lattice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water into their crystal lattice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water into their crystal lattice and
+they don't necessarily dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily dissolve
+very well which is nice and so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well which is nice and so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well which is nice and so these are
+fairly interchangeable they're the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly interchangeable they're the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly interchangeable they're the most
+commonly ones used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly ones used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly ones used in
+lab situations magnesium sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab situations magnesium sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab situations magnesium sulfate
+sometimes can harm acid sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes can harm acid sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes can harm acid sensitive
+compounds so if you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds so if you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds so if you're doing something
+very sensitive in the lab you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive in the lab you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive in the lab you may want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+stick with sodium sulfate but for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with sodium sulfate but for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with sodium sulfate but for our
+purposes it will be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes it will be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes it will be fine
+so what you're going to do is it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to do is it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to do is it comes
+in powder form and you will add some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in powder form and you will add some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in powder form and you will add some of
+it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to your
+product and you will swirl it around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and you will swirl it around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and you will swirl it around and
+you will look at it and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will look at it and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will look at it and then you will
+run to your ta and say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to your ta and say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to your ta and say something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+like ah is it dry yet how much do i add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah is it dry yet how much do i add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah is it dry yet how much do i add
+and your ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your ta
+will look at you and say i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at you and say i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at you and say i don't know
+you should know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know this
+so this is how you could tell if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how you could tell if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how you could tell if it is
+dry yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry yet
+the first time that you add your drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that you add your drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that you add your drying
+agent it will clump up and it'll all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent it will clump up and it'll all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent it will clump up and it'll all be
+in one big chunk especially if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one big chunk especially if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one big chunk especially if you have
+a lot of water in there sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of water in there sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of water in there sometimes you
+can even see the water if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even see the water if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even see the water if
+you hold up your flask you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold up your flask you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold up your flask you'll be able to
+see a little bubble of water at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bubble of water at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bubble of water at the
+bottom that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that's fine
+you'll add your drying agent it'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll add your drying agent it'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll add your drying agent it'll all
+clump up you'll add a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clump up you'll add a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clump up you'll add a little bit more
+it'll have some smaller clumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have some smaller clumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have some smaller clumps
+and then you'll add a tiny scoop more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll add a tiny scoop more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll add a tiny scoop more
+and the rest of it that you add won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it that you add won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it that you add won't
+clump up it'll look kind of like a snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clump up it'll look kind of like a snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clump up it'll look kind of like a snow
+globe it'll swirl around and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe it'll swirl around and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe it'll swirl around and be
+free-flowing crystals and that is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-flowing crystals and that is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-flowing crystals and that is how
+you know when you are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you are done
+when it doesn't clump up anymore so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't clump up anymore so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't clump up anymore so you
+don't need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go
+over and weigh it i think there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and weigh it i think there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and weigh it i think there's an
+approximate weight in your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate weight in your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate weight in your lab manual
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+usually maybe around a gram but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually maybe around a gram but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually maybe around a gram but don't
+bother weighing this out you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother weighing this out you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother weighing this out you can just
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+eyeball it scoop in a little bit at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball it scoop in a little bit at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball it scoop in a little bit at a
+time don't go too crazy with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time don't go too crazy with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time don't go too crazy with the first
+scoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop
+because the more of this that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more of this that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more of this that you have
+in your product the harder it will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your product the harder it will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your product the harder it will be to
+isolate your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate your product
+later so if you may say if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so if you may say if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so if you may say if you think of
+it like at the beach if you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like at the beach if you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like at the beach if you have a bunch
+of sand and then you put a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand and then you put a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand and then you put a bunch of
+water in it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in it it's
+you your water kind of disappears and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your water kind of disappears and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your water kind of disappears and in
+this case our product is the liquid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our product is the liquid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our product is the liquid so
+in order to get our product back we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get our product back we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get our product back we will
+gravity filter this away from the drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity filter this away from the drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity filter this away from the drying
+agent and so you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and so you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and so you want to have
+minimal amount of drying agents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of drying agents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal amount of drying agents that
+your product doesn't get stuck in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product doesn't get stuck in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product doesn't get stuck in it and
+it's easy to filter later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's all day one and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all day one and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all day one and you'll
+have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your
+semi-purified and dried product and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-purified and dried product and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-purified and dried product and then
+on day two we will purify it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day two we will purify it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day two we will purify it from
+anything that did not get taken out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that did not get taken out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that did not get taken out in
+your extraction process using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your extraction process using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your extraction process using
+distillation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation and
+what i didn't mention is that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i didn't mention is that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i didn't mention is that for this
+lab you'll be checking out a kit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you'll be checking out a kit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you'll be checking out a kit from
+the stockroom or your tas will check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stockroom or your tas will check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stockroom or your tas will check
+this out and you will get a kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and you will get a kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and you will get a kit
+that has all the glassware that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has all the glassware that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has all the glassware that you need
+to do the entire lab in it and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the entire lab in it and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the entire lab in it and there's a
+nice list on here of what goes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice list on here of what goes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice list on here of what goes in this
+kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit
+so on the first day you will set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the first day you will set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the first day you will set up your
+reflux just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflux just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflux just like this
+and then on the second day we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the second day we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the second day we're going
+to set up an atmospheric distillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up an atmospheric distillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up an atmospheric distillation
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+going to be very similar to the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very similar to the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very similar to the vacuum
+distillation that we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation that we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation that we talked about before
+but this time instead of having all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time instead of having all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time instead of having all the
+glassware in one piece you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassware in one piece you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassware in one piece you get to
+assemble it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble it yourself
+so you'll have your big grow column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have your big grow column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have your big grow column
+then you'll have a distilling head up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have a distilling head up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have a distilling head up
+here and then you will put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you will put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you will put your
+thermometer in the top and most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer in the top and most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer in the top and most of our
+thermometers have ground glass joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers have ground glass joints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers have ground glass joints
+and then you will use the same condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will use the same condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will use the same condenser
+that you used for your reflux on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you used for your reflux on day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you used for your reflux on day one
+and that will go across like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will go across like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will go across like this and
+you will clamp all of this glassware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will clamp all of this glassware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will clamp all of this glassware
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+and then you will add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will add your
+spout to the end of it right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spout to the end of it right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spout to the end of it right here and
+that is your distillation setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your distillation setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your distillation setup
+you'll have ket clips in your lab those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have ket clips in your lab those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have ket clips in your lab those
+yellow things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow things that
+hold all of your joints together so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold all of your joints together so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold all of your joints together so you
+want to make sure that everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that everything is
+clamped and secure before you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped and secure before you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped and secure before you start
+distilling because if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilling because if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilling because if you have
+gaps in your glassware and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps in your glassware and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps in your glassware and then you
+start heating and your product becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start heating and your product becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start heating and your product becomes a
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+you will lose it all so the distillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will lose it all so the distillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will lose it all so the distillation
+will purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will purify
+your product from any remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product from any remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product from any remaining
+insoluble impurities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble impurities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble impurities or
+higher boiling impurities that we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher boiling impurities that we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher boiling impurities that we do not
+want in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in our
+final product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you do this you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do this you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do this you're going to
+collect a few different fractions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a few different fractions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a few different fractions and so
+the way that you're going to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you're going to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you're going to collect
+your fractions in this case we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fractions in this case we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fractions in this case we don't
+need to use a cow adapter because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use a cow adapter because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use a cow adapter because we're
+not going to be attaching anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be attaching anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be attaching anything to
+the vacuum line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum line
+you can see that the spout over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the spout over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the spout over here
+instead of attaching it this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of attaching it this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of attaching it this is where
+you put your vacuum it's just open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your vacuum it's just open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your vacuum it's just open to
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+and so you can collect your fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can collect your fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can collect your fractions
+and test tubes on ice and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test tubes on ice and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test tubes on ice and then you will
+collect a few different fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a few different fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a few different fractions
+so you usually collect the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you usually collect the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you usually collect the first few
+drops and then a few different fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and then a few different fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and then a few different fractions
+if the temperature changes you'll switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the temperature changes you'll switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the temperature changes you'll switch
+your fractions and your tas will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fractions and your tas will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fractions and your tas will tell
+you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to do that
+and then you will monitor your purity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will monitor your purity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will monitor your purity by
+ir so if we go back and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir so if we go back and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir so if we go back and think about
+the ir that we talked about last time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ir that we talked about last time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ir that we talked about last time um
+and if we think about our products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we think about our products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we think about our products and
+our reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactants
+what ir bands are we going to see in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ir bands are we going to see in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ir bands are we going to see in our
+carboxylic acid reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a co stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c double bond o and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c double bond o and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c double bond o and
+you might see the cc may not those ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see the cc may not those ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see the cc may not those ones
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+kind of hard to do because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to do because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to do because they don't
+change dipole very much when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change dipole very much when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change dipole very much when that
+bond happens so sometimes maybe a cc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond happens so sometimes maybe a cc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond happens so sometimes maybe a cc
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+and what else what's in this r group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else what's in this r group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else what's in this r group
+yeah c-h stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about our alcohol group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll have another o-h stretch do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have another o-h stretch do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have another o-h stretch do you
+have a c single bond o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a c single bond o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a c single bond o
+yep do we have one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep do we have one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep do we have one of these
+no none of those we have some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no none of those we have some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no none of those we have some of this
+yeah yeah and then again maybe the cc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and then again maybe the cc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and then again maybe the cc
+bond sometimes those are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond sometimes those are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond sometimes those are in the
+fingerprint region you probably won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region you probably won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region you probably won't
+don't spend too much time looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't spend too much time looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't spend too much time looking for
+these these are kind of there but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are kind of there but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are kind of there but not
+easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see
+so now if we look at our product what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we look at our product what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we look at our product what do
+we expect to be in our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect to be in our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect to be in our product
+assuming we don't have any water because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we don't have any water because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we don't have any water because
+we've done our distillation and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done our distillation and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done our distillation and our
+extractions very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extractions very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extractions very well
+have a c double bond o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ac single bond o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c h do we have an o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are we going to look for in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to look for in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to look for in our
+ir to tell if we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir to tell if we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir to tell if we still have
+starting material in there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the oh and the so which this will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh and the so which this will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh and the so which this will still
+have a c double bond so that one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a c double bond so that one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a c double bond so that one might
+not be as easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be as easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be as easy
+to tell but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell but we
+definitely should not have an o h peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely should not have an o h peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely should not have an o h peak
+so if you take your ir fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take your ir fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take your ir fractions
+and you take your fractions you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take your fractions you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take your fractions you take the
+ir of them and then you start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir of them and then you start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir of them and then you start to see
+the o h the characteristic oh peak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o h the characteristic oh peak up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o h the characteristic oh peak up
+way by like 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by like 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by like 3
+000 wave numbers then you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 wave numbers then you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 wave numbers then you may want to
+test a different fraction because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a different fraction because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a different fraction because that
+one either has some water in it or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one either has some water in it or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one either has some water in it or it
+still has some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has some of your
+starting material and then once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material and then once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material and then once you've
+determined which of your fractions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined which of your fractions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined which of your fractions is
+the most pure then you will continue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most pure then you will continue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most pure then you will continue on
+with that to do the rest of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that to do the rest of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that to do the rest of our
+characterization techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization techniques
+and the first one of those is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one of those is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one of those is going to
+be boiling point determination so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be boiling point determination so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be boiling point determination so we can
+determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+the boiling point of the ester and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point of the ester and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point of the ester and that
+is a characteristic of each ester so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a characteristic of each ester so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a characteristic of each ester so you
+have a chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chart
+that chart at the beginning of the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chart at the beginning of the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chart at the beginning of the lab
+it has a list of all the boiling points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a list of all the boiling points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a list of all the boiling points
+so we'll measure the boiling point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll measure the boiling point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll measure the boiling point of
+your ester but before we do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ester but before we do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ester but before we do that we're
+going to calibrate the thermometer just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calibrate the thermometer just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calibrate the thermometer just
+like we calibrated the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we calibrated the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we calibrated the melting point
+apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus
+except this time there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this time there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this time there are only two
+calibration points so you'll measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration points so you'll measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration points so you'll measure
+the freezing point of water so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freezing point of water so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freezing point of water so you'll
+get a beaker you'll fill it up with ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a beaker you'll fill it up with ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a beaker you'll fill it up with ice
+some water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water
+let the temperature reach equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the temperature reach equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the temperature reach equilibrium
+and you want to make sure there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make sure there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make sure there's still
+ice in it when you measure so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice in it when you measure so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice in it when you measure so that it's
+not water and it's not heating back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not water and it's not heating back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not water and it's not heating back up
+to room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to room temperature
+and then you'll measure the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll measure the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll measure the temperature
+of the very cold water after it's sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very cold water after it's sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very cold water after it's sat
+for about 10 to 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 10 to 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 10 to 15 minutes
+while you're doing that you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing that you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing that you can also
+heat up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up a
+beaker of water on a hot plate measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker of water on a hot plate measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker of water on a hot plate measure
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+heat it up to boiling and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up to boiling and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up to boiling and then you will
+measure the temperature of the boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the temperature of the boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the temperature of the boiling
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+and there's a correction factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a correction factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a correction factor in the
+lab manual that you will use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab manual that you will use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab manual that you will use to
+calculate the theoretical boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the theoretical boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the theoretical boiling point
+of water at whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water at whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water at whatever
+the atmospheric pressure is on that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmospheric pressure is on that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmospheric pressure is on that day
+so you'll go get the barometer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll go get the barometer from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll go get the barometer from the
+lab like we brought down to the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab like we brought down to the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab like we brought down to the river
+you can measure the pressure and lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure the pressure and lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure the pressure and lab
+because we know that boiling point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that boiling point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that boiling point is
+related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+the pressure in the atmosphere and vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure in the atmosphere and vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure in the atmosphere and vapor
+pressure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so
+there is a correction factor for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a correction factor for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a correction factor for that
+and then you will plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will plot
+your theoretical boiling points in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theoretical boiling points in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theoretical boiling points in your
+theoretical freezing point versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical freezing point versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical freezing point versus the
+ones you actually measure and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you actually measure and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you actually measure and that will
+give you a two-point calibration curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a two-point calibration curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a two-point calibration curve
+for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+thermometer that you're going to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer that you're going to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer that you're going to use to
+determine the boiling point of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the boiling point of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the boiling point of your
+ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester
+the apparatus that we will use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus that we will use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus that we will use to
+determine the boiling point of the ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the boiling point of the ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the boiling point of the ester
+is like so you will have your hot plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like so you will have your hot plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like so you will have your hot plate
+then you'll have a sand bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have a sand bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have a sand bath
+and then you're going to use a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to use a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to use a very
+small test tube and you will put a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small test tube and you will put a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small test tube and you will put a very
+tiny amount of your ester and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount of your ester and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount of your ester and maybe a
+milliliter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter
+and then you will suspend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will suspend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will suspend the
+thermometer we're going to use digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer we're going to use digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer we're going to use digital
+thermometers you'll suspend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers you'll suspend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers you'll suspend the
+thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer
+a few centimeters above your the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few centimeters above your the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few centimeters above your the surface
+of your liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your liquid
+and when you heat this up your liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you heat this up your liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you heat this up your liquid
+will vaporize it'll hit the thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vaporize it'll hit the thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vaporize it'll hit the thermometer
+tip and it'll condense so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and it'll condense so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and it'll condense so you'll see
+drops coming off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops coming off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops coming off of
+the tip of your thermometer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of your thermometer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of your thermometer and the
+temperature will start to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will start to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature will start to go up
+and you want to wait so the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to wait so the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to wait so the second thing
+that you'll need is a lot of patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll need is a lot of patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll need is a lot of patience
+so the temperature will go up very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperature will go up very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperature will go up very very
+slowly as the vapor reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly as the vapor reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly as the vapor reaches
+the boiling point so if you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point so if you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point so if you've ever
+boiled water and you cook something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled water and you cook something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled water and you cook something you
+know that you'll start to see steam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you'll start to see steam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you'll start to see steam and
+water vapor before the liquid itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor before the liquid itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor before the liquid itself is
+boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling
+same thing happens here you'll start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing happens here you'll start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing happens here you'll start to
+see the drips but then the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the drips but then the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the drips but then the temperature
+may still be going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be going up
+so this is one of those things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those things that you
+don't want to sit there and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to sit there and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to sit there and watch
+because you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will
+become very impatient and you'll say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very impatient and you'll say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very impatient and you'll say oh
+good the temperature hasn't changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the temperature hasn't changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the temperature hasn't changed in
+30 seconds this must be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds this must be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds this must be it
+but then if you come back in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you come back in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you come back in five
+minutes the temperature has indeed gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the temperature has indeed gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the temperature has indeed gone
+up and then you have the incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then you have the incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then you have the incorrect
+boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point
+so this is one of those things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those things you can
+set up and then check on it after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and then check on it after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and then check on it after a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+and once the temperature stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once the temperature stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once the temperature stops
+increasing that will be your boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing that will be your boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing that will be your boiling
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next thing that you will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing that you will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing that you will do is
+you'll determine the density of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll determine the density of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll determine the density of your
+unknown and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and this
+is our density instrument that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our density instrument that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our density instrument that is in the
+lab so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab so instead of
+having to measure the mass and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to measure the mass and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to measure the mass and the
+volume yourself to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume yourself to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume yourself to get
+grams over milliliters which is our unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams over milliliters which is our unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams over milliliters which is our unit
+of density you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of density you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of density you can
+inject your sample into the side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject your sample into the side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject your sample into the side of this
+instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+so there's a little lure lock valve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little lure lock valve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little lure lock valve here
+and there's a syringe so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a syringe so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a syringe so you will
+inject your sample and it'll fill up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject your sample and it'll fill up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject your sample and it'll fill up
+this tube the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tube the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tube the instrument
+stays at 20 degrees celsius that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays at 20 degrees celsius that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays at 20 degrees celsius that we know
+for sure that it is the density at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that it is the density at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure that it is the density at 20
+degrees celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees celsius
+and then you will press go and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will press go and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will press go and it will
+measure the density for you and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the density for you and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the density for you and it'll
+pop out the density number right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out the density number right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out the density number right there
+so very simple and then you can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very simple and then you can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very simple and then you can use that
+as an identifying characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an identifying characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an identifying characteristic
+of your ester and you can compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your ester and you can compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your ester and you can compare that
+again to the chart in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to the chart in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to the chart in the beginning of
+the lab manual to use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab manual to use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab manual to use as
+information to help you identify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to help you identify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to help you identify your
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+then we're going to measure refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to measure refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to measure refractive
+index we talked about refractometry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index we talked about refractometry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index we talked about refractometry a
+little bit in the essential oil lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the essential oil lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the essential oil lab
+and the essential oil lab we used it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the essential oil lab we used it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the essential oil lab we used it to
+oh that's a typo in the essential oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a typo in the essential oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a typo in the essential oil
+lab we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we used the
+refractometer to determine the purity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometer to determine the purity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometer to determine the purity of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+samples but in this lab we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but in this lab we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but in this lab we're going to
+use it as an identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as an identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as an identification
+technique for our esters so every liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for our esters so every liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for our esters so every liquid
+has a characteristic refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a characteristic refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a characteristic refractive index
+so we can measure the refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can measure the refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can measure the refractive index
+compare it to the literature value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to the literature value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to the literature value and
+that will also help you identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will also help you identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will also help you identify
+your unknown ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last well second last technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last well second last technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last well second last technique
+we're going to use is nmr spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use is nmr spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use is nmr spectroscopy
+and how many of you guys have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of you guys have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of you guys have seen
+nmr before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr before
+in your classes a few people all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your classes a few people all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your classes a few people all right
+so in think about two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in think about two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in think about two weeks
+walt mashevsky who is the director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walt mashevsky who is the director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walt mashevsky who is the director of
+the nmr facility here in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nmr facility here in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nmr facility here in the chemistry
+department is going to come and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is going to come and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is going to come and do a
+very very thorough lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thorough lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thorough lecture on
+nmr and how it works and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr and how it works and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr and how it works and how to
+interpret it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it
+um unfortunately that lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately that lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately that lecture will
+happen after some of you guys take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen after some of you guys take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen after some of you guys take this
+these spectra in the actual lab so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spectra in the actual lab so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spectra in the actual lab so i
+will do a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a quick
+briefing on nmr because we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing on nmr because we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing on nmr because we have some
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and then again stay tuned you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again stay tuned you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again stay tuned you will get a
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+much better idea of this technique from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better idea of this technique from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better idea of this technique from
+walt in a couple weeks so nmr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walt in a couple weeks so nmr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walt in a couple weeks so nmr
+spectroscopy the idea behind it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy the idea behind it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy the idea behind it is that
+it uses a very strong magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses a very strong magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses a very strong magnetic field
+to align nuclear spin states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align nuclear spin states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align nuclear spin states
+and you don't have to know too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to know too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to know too much
+about that at least for right now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that at least for right now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that at least for right now i'm
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+we'll talk more about it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about it but the
+hydrogen nucleus has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen nucleus has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen nucleus has
+a spin associated with it and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin associated with it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin associated with it and if you
+apply a magnetic field in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a magnetic field in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a magnetic field in a certain
+direction the spin can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the spin can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the spin can either
+align with the magnetic field which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align with the magnetic field which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align with the magnetic field which is
+the lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy
+state or it can go against the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or it can go against the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or it can go against the magnetic
+field which is a little bit higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is a little bit higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is a little bit higher in
+energy and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so this is a
+difference in energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have so once you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have so once you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have so once you have your
+protons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in your
+field and you can do other nuclei too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and you can do other nuclei too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and you can do other nuclei too
+but we're going to focus on protons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to focus on protons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to focus on protons for
+the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment
+there's a radial frequency pulse that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a radial frequency pulse that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a radial frequency pulse that is
+applied that causes some of these spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied that causes some of these spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied that causes some of these spins
+to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you remove the radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you remove the radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you remove the radio frequency
+pulse reapply the magnetic field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse reapply the magnetic field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse reapply the magnetic field and
+then you wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wait for
+the spin states to go back down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin states to go back down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin states to go back down to the
+ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+and because there's an energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's an energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's an energy difference
+associated with getting the spin to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with getting the spin to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with getting the spin to flip
+there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also
+an energy difference associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy difference associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy difference associated with
+when it goes back to its ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes back to its ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes back to its ground state
+so it will emit energy at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will emit energy at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will emit energy at a certain
+frequency depending on the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency depending on the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency depending on the environment
+of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton
+we can measure the energy that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure the energy that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure the energy that gets
+emitted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and
+plot it fourier transform it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it fourier transform it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it fourier transform it and then
+you get an nmr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an nmr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an nmr
+spectrum this is the really quick five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum this is the really quick five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum this is the really quick five
+minute version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute version
+you will this will make a lot more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will this will make a lot more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will this will make a lot more sense
+when walt talks about it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when walt talks about it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when walt talks about it later
+so the important thing to note here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the important thing to note here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the important thing to note here is
+that the frequency of the energy that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frequency of the energy that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frequency of the energy that a
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+emits as it changes spin state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits as it changes spin state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits as it changes spin state is
+related to the environment of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can use this to get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use this to get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use this to get information
+about the different protons in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different protons in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different protons in our
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and we can determine conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can determine conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can determine conduct
+connectivity the number of protons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity the number of protons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity the number of protons that
+we have and some information about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and some information about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and some information about how
+they're bonded together depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bonded together depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bonded together depending on the
+different nmr experiments that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nmr experiments that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nmr experiments that you do
+and the three major pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three major pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three major pieces of
+information that we will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we will be using
+in our lab are the chemical shift of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lab are the chemical shift of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lab are the chemical shift of the
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+so that's again related to the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's again related to the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's again related to the frequency
+of the energy the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy the integration
+this tells you how many protons there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you how many protons there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you how many protons there
+are and then sometimes the coupling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then sometimes the coupling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then sometimes the coupling so
+if there are protons next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are protons next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are protons next to each other
+they will split each other's signals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will split each other's signals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will split each other's signals and
+you'll get multiple lines in your nmr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get multiple lines in your nmr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get multiple lines in your nmr
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+so as a really really quick example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a really really quick example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a really really quick example we
+can look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at our
+favorite ester here ethyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ester here ethyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ester here ethyl acetate
+and we can look at the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can look at the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can look at the different types
+of protons that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons that it has
+so how many types of protons are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many types of protons are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many types of protons are in this
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three so we have these methyl protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we have these methyl protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we have these methyl protons
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the ethyl protons here and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethyl protons here and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethyl protons here and then these
+methyl protons over there so these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl protons over there so these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl protons over there so these three
+are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all
+in the same chemical environment these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same chemical environment these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same chemical environment these
+are in there same chemical environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in there same chemical environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in there same chemical environment
+and these are in the same chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are in the same chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are in the same chemical
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+so we should expect to see three signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should expect to see three signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should expect to see three signals
+in the nmr spectrum of ethyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nmr spectrum of ethyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nmr spectrum of ethyl acetate
+so the way that an nmr spectrum is laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that an nmr spectrum is laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that an nmr spectrum is laid
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+it's on a scale of 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on a scale of 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on a scale of 0 to
+12 give or take it can go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 give or take it can go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 give or take it can go beyond that
+but for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the purposes of
+most organic molecules all of the peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic molecules all of the peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic molecules all of the peaks
+will be found in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be found in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be found in this region
+and the location that a peak appears or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the location that a peak appears or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the location that a peak appears or
+a proton peak appears is again related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton peak appears is again related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton peak appears is again related
+to its chemical environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its chemical environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its chemical environment
+and the things that are very alkyl or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that are very alkyl or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that are very alkyl or
+just have a lot of chs around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a lot of chs around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a lot of chs around them
+are going to be further up field we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be further up field we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be further up field we call
+this up field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up field
+with a lower ppm number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and things that are closer to oxygens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that are closer to oxygens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that are closer to oxygens or
+electron withdrawing groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron withdrawing groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron withdrawing groups
+are going to be they call it d shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be they call it d shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be they call it d shielded
+so the electrons are withdrawn away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electrons are withdrawn away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electrons are withdrawn away from
+those protons it doesn't shield them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those protons it doesn't shield them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those protons it doesn't shield them
+from the magnetic field as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the magnetic field as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the magnetic field as much
+so this they come up more downfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way that you can remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that you can remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that you can remember that
+is down field or d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down field or d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down field or d
+shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll start with d and so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with d and so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with d and so if we look at
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of these do we think is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these do we think is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these do we think is going to
+be the most upfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the most upfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the most upfield
+or the furthest away from all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the furthest away from all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the furthest away from all of our
+oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff all the way on the right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all the way on the right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all the way on the right yeah
+i just want to make sure that i am doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to make sure that i am doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to make sure that i am doing
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+so yes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes these
+methyl protons will be the furthest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl protons will be the furthest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl protons will be the furthest to
+the right and you'll get a signal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and you'll get a signal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and you'll get a signal here
+and so this signal the chemical shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this signal the chemical shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this signal the chemical shift
+value will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value will be
+somewhere probably around one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere probably around one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere probably around one or two
+and then the integration tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the integration tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the integration tells you how
+many protons it's for and that shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many protons it's for and that shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many protons it's for and that shows up
+down here at the bottom so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at the bottom so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at the bottom so how many
+protons will this signal equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons will this signal equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons will this signal equal
+three from our methyl group all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three from our methyl group all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three from our methyl group all right so
+if we look at the remaining two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the remaining two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the remaining two groups
+which one do we think would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do we think would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do we think would be
+the kind of the middle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the way on the left so these protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way on the left so these protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way on the left so these protons
+here are right next to an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are right next to an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are right next to an oxygen
+so they're going to be more de-shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to be more de-shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to be more de-shielded
+and these have a carbon in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have a carbon in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have a carbon in between
+so these will be our next signal so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will be our next signal so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will be our next signal so then
+we'll have another signal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have another signal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have another signal here
+how many protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this group three and so that leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this group three and so that leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this group three and so that leaves
+our methylene group over here that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our methylene group over here that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our methylene group over here that will
+have another signal that's further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another signal that's further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another signal that's further
+downfield and this one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downfield and this one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downfield and this one will be
+two protons so already you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons so already you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons so already you can see that
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+different ways that you can use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can use this to
+identify your molecule so if you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify your molecule so if you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify your molecule so if you count
+up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the number of
+different unique protons there are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different unique protons there are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different unique protons there are then
+you can look at the number of signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the number of signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the number of signals
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+and that is one way to identify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one way to identify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one way to identify your
+product you can also use the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you can also use the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you can also use the coupling
+which is what is going to break these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what is going to break these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what is going to break these
+signals into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals into
+not just one peak but it'll be a few so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one peak but it'll be a few so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one peak but it'll be a few so
+coupling happens when there are protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling happens when there are protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling happens when there are protons
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+next to each other so this methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other so this methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other so this methyl group
+is next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is next to
+two other protons right and so each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other protons right and so each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other protons right and so each of
+these protons each of its neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these protons each of its neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these protons each of its neighbors
+will split this signal one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split this signal one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split this signal one time
+so if you have your signal and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have your signal and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have your signal and it gets
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+once then you have two signals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once then you have two signals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once then you have two signals and then
+if it gets split again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets split again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets split again
+in an equal magnitude you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an equal magnitude you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an equal magnitude you end up with
+three signals so this these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three signals so this these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three signals so this these this
+splitting kind of combines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting kind of combines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting kind of combines and
+this peak gets a little bit bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak gets a little bit bigger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak gets a little bit bigger so
+this is what is called a triplet so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is called a triplet so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is called a triplet so if
+you have two neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get a triplet so this peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a triplet so this peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a triplet so this peak
+those three methyl group that methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three methyl group that methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three methyl group that methyl
+group will actually look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group will actually look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group will actually look something like
+this it'll have three peaks to it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it'll have three peaks to it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it'll have three peaks to it with
+the middle one being the biggest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one being the biggest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one being the biggest and
+that's the characteristic pattern of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the characteristic pattern of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the characteristic pattern of a
+triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about our ethyl group here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about our ethyl group here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about our ethyl group here our
+ethylene group methylene group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene group methylene group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene group methylene group
+we have our two protons how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our two protons how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our two protons how many
+neighbors does this group have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors does this group have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors does this group have
+proton neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has
+three neighbors so that signal is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors so that signal is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neighbors so that signal is going
+to get split three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get split three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get split three times
+so you'll split it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i can draw the lines split it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i can draw the lines split it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i can draw the lines split it again
+so that would be our triplet and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be our triplet and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be our triplet and then if
+we split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split it
+a third time we get four lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this proton signal will actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this proton signal will actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this proton signal will actually look
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many proton neighbors does this have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many proton neighbors does this have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many proton neighbors does this have
+none so will this get split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so this will stay as a singlet one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so this will stay as a singlet one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so this will stay as a singlet one
+single peak because it does not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single peak because it does not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single peak because it does not have any
+proton neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anyone have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any questions about
+where all of this came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of this came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of this came from
+so again that was the super quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that was the super quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that was the super quick
+version of nmr and the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of nmr and the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of nmr and the type of
+information that you can get from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you can get from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you can get from it
+so when you are looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you are looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you are looking at the
+structures of the potential esters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the potential esters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the potential esters that
+you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you
+may have you can probably narrow it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have you can probably narrow it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have you can probably narrow it down
+based on your boiling point and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your boiling point and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your boiling point and your
+refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index
+your density and you can narrow it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your density and you can narrow it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your density and you can narrow it down
+to a few and then you will draw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few and then you will draw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few and then you will draw out the
+structures and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and then you can
+based on the structure predict how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the structure predict how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the structure predict how many
+nmr signals you expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr signals you expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr signals you expect to see
+and you can figure out what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out what you expect
+the splitting to be so if you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting to be so if you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting to be so if you expect
+them to all be single peaks or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to all be single peaks or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to all be single peaks or if you
+expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see
+different types of multiplets and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of multiplets and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of multiplets and then
+when you get your nmr spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get your nmr spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get your nmr spectrum
+you can compare the number of peaks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare the number of peaks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare the number of peaks the
+integration of the peaks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of the peaks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of the peaks so
+if you know that you have a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that you have a methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that you have a methyl group
+you should be looking for some signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be looking for some signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be looking for some signals
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+integrate to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is how you can use this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is how you can use this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is how you can use this as a
+technique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to
+identify the structure of your unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the structure of your unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the structure of your unknown
+and again walt will do a much better job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again walt will do a much better job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again walt will do a much better job
+explaining all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining all of this
+in a bit but just so you've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit but just so you've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit but just so you've seen it
+before you get a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get a chance to
+take your spectrum in lab that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your spectrum in lab that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your spectrum in lab that is um
+quick introduction so once you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick introduction so once you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick introduction so once you have all
+of this information you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this information you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this information you have your
+boiling point your refractive index your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point your refractive index your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point your refractive index your
+density your nmr spectrum your ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density your nmr spectrum your ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density your nmr spectrum your ir
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+you're going to attempt to identify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to attempt to identify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to attempt to identify your
+unknown and this should all happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and this should all happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and this should all happen at
+the end of day three you'll have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of day three you'll have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of day three you'll have all of
+this information and then you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information and then you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information and then you'll be
+overwhelmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed
+you'll put it sit down put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll put it sit down put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll put it sit down put it all
+together and try to figure out which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and try to figure out which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and try to figure out which of
+those unknowns in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unknowns in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unknowns in that
+table is the one that you made you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the one that you made you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the one that you made you will
+fill out an identification form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out an identification form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out an identification form that
+your tas will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tas will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tas will give you
+and then you will bring it to your ta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will bring it to your ta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will bring it to your ta at
+the beginning of day four on the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of day four on the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of day four on the lab and
+you will say this is my esther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say this is my esther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say this is my esther
+and they will tell you if you are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will tell you if you are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will tell you if you are right
+or wrong and you'll find out that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong and you'll find out that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong and you'll find out that day
+if you were correct or not and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were correct or not and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were correct or not and then you
+will do one more technique for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do one more technique for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do one more technique for your
+final confirmation so if you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final confirmation so if you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final confirmation so if you already
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+then your mass spectrum should be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your mass spectrum should be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your mass spectrum should be super
+confirmation for you and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation for you and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation for you and if you
+were a little bit off then hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little bit off then hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little bit off then hopefully
+your mass spectrum will be that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mass spectrum will be that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mass spectrum will be that last
+piece that helps you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that helps you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that helps you to
+get your final identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your final identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your final identification
+mass spectrometry you have already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spectrometry you have already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spectrometry you have already seen
+a little bit we did the icpms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we did the icpms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we did the icpms
+in our last lab and but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last lab and but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last lab and but there are
+different many different types of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different many different types of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different many different types of mass
+spectrometry and a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry and a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry and a bunch of different
+ways that you can use that technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can use that technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can use that technique
+so icp uses plasma to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so icp uses plasma to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so icp uses plasma to break the
+compounds apart into their atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds apart into their atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds apart into their atoms
+and ionizes the compounds that way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ionizes the compounds that way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ionizes the compounds that way if
+you remember hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember hopefully
+what we're going to be doing in this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing in this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing in this lab
+is electron impact spectrometry which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electron impact spectrometry which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electron impact spectrometry which
+instead of using plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using plasma
+just shoots a high energy beam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shoots a high energy beam of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shoots a high energy beam of
+electrons at your molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons at your molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons at your molecule
+and it doesn't it doesn't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't it doesn't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't it doesn't have enough
+energy to break your molecule apart into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to break your molecule apart into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to break your molecule apart into
+its atoms or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its atoms or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its atoms or anything
+but what's going to happen is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's going to happen is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's going to happen is the
+electrons will hit the compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will hit the compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will hit the compound
+and it will eject an electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will eject an electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will eject an electron from the
+compound so you'll make what is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound so you'll make what is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound so you'll make what is called a
+radical cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical cation
+so it'll have one less electron so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll have one less electron so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll have one less electron so it'll
+be a positive charge but it only lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a positive charge but it only lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a positive charge but it only lost
+one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+and since it's organic-y it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's organic-y it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's organic-y it will be a
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+this also frequently causes the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also frequently causes the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also frequently causes the molecule
+to break apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break apart
+not always sometimes you will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always sometimes you will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always sometimes you will get the
+radical cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical cation
+of your whole molecule that will make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your whole molecule that will make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your whole molecule that will make it
+through the mass detector and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mass detector and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mass detector and you will
+get the mass of your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mass of your actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mass of your actual
+compound and other times it'll break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound and other times it'll break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound and other times it'll break
+apart and you will get you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and you will get you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and you will get you'll see a
+bunch of pieces of your compounds you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pieces of your compounds you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pieces of your compounds you'll
+see the mass of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mass of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mass of different
+fragments of your molecule so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of your molecule so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of your molecule so you can
+use either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use either the
+mass of your your molecular ion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of your your molecular ion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of your your molecular ion so
+i'll show you what this looks like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you what this looks like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you what this looks like in a
+second so this is what the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this is what the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this is what the instrument
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's right near the icpms you may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right near the icpms you may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right near the icpms you may or may
+not have seen it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have seen it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have seen it and
+it is slightly older and looks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is slightly older and looks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is slightly older and looks a lot
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+gc that we talked about before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gc that we talked about before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gc that we talked about before in the
+essential oil lab and that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential oil lab and that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential oil lab and that is because
+this is actually a gc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a gc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a gc
+mass spectrometer so you inject your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spectrometer so you inject your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spectrometer so you inject your
+compound it actually goes through gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound it actually goes through gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound it actually goes through gas
+chromatography so if you have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography so if you have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography so if you have more than
+one compound it'll split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one compound it'll split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one compound it'll split it
+into the different compounds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the different compounds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the different compounds and then
+it'll take a mass spectrum of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take a mass spectrum of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take a mass spectrum of each of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+compounds we hopefully are only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds we hopefully are only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds we hopefully are only going to
+be injecting one compound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be injecting one compound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be injecting one compound in
+so you've hopefully purified it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've hopefully purified it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've hopefully purified it
+sufficiently well at this point but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently well at this point but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently well at this point but then
+it'll still give us a mass spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll still give us a mass spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll still give us a mass spectrum and
+the mass spectrum looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass spectrum looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass spectrum looks like this
+so this is our our mass to charge ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our our mass to charge ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our our mass to charge ratio
+our our mass units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our mass units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our mass units
+so usually the furthest thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually the furthest thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually the furthest thing the
+heaviest thing that is where you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest thing that is where you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest thing that is where you will
+look to see if that matches with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see if that matches with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see if that matches with the
+expected molecular weight of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected molecular weight of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected molecular weight of your
+compound that's your molecular ion so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound that's your molecular ion so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound that's your molecular ion so if
+it gets hit with the electron forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets hit with the electron forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets hit with the electron forms a
+radical cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical cation
+and doesn't break apart anymore you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't break apart anymore you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't break apart anymore you will
+see a peak at your molecular weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a peak at your molecular weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a peak at your molecular weight and
+so that is a dead giveaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a dead giveaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a dead giveaway
+of yes this is my molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yes this is my molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yes this is my molecule
+sometimes that doesn't happen if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that doesn't happen if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that doesn't happen if it's
+really unstable it'll break into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unstable it'll break into pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unstable it'll break into pieces
+and you will see so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see so each of these
+represents a piece of the molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a piece of the molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a piece of the molecule that
+has broken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has broken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has broken off
+so frequently you'll see losses of 15 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frequently you'll see losses of 15 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frequently you'll see losses of 15 so
+that's when a methyl group breaks off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when a methyl group breaks off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when a methyl group breaks off
+and dr dolan will be talking a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dr dolan will be talking a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dr dolan will be talking a lot more
+about mass spectrometry and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass spectrometry and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass spectrometry and what you
+will do with this information and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do with this information and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do with this information and how it
+all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works
+in another lecture coming up just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another lecture coming up just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another lecture coming up just to
+give you again an idea before you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you again an idea before you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you again an idea before you see it
+and have to do it in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to do it in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to do it in the lab
+this is just a quick overview and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a quick overview and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a quick overview and you'll
+get a lot more detail about what all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot more detail about what all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot more detail about what all of
+this means coming up in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means coming up in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means coming up in a couple of
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+last but not least safety for this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last but not least safety for this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last but not least safety for this lab
+is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important
+the carboxylic acids are corrosive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylic acids are corrosive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylic acids are corrosive and
+toxic they smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic they smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic they smell
+terrible you can ask tristan he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible you can ask tristan he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible you can ask tristan he was the
+one who made all of the unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who made all of the unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who made all of the unknowns
+um and brighton did the alcohols so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and brighton did the alcohols so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and brighton did the alcohols so he
+got it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it slightly
+better but tristan will tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but tristan will tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but tristan will tell you that
+the carboxylic acids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylic acids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylic acids are
+very nasty to work with sulfuric acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nasty to work with sulfuric acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nasty to work with sulfuric acid is
+also highly corrosive so you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also highly corrosive so you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also highly corrosive so you don't want
+to get that on your hands and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that on your hands and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that on your hands and then you
+want to vent the step funnel like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to vent the step funnel like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to vent the step funnel like we
+said away from people so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said away from people so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said away from people so if you're
+working in a hood with someone make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a hood with someone make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a hood with someone make sure
+that they're not around don't like turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not around don't like turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not around don't like turn
+around to talk to somebody and point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to talk to somebody and point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to talk to somebody and point it
+in their face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their face
+the starting materials smell very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting materials smell very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting materials smell very bad
+your product will smell really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product will smell really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product will smell really nice
+but it'll still smell a lot so keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll still smell a lot so keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll still smell a lot so keep
+everything in the hood this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the hood this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the hood this is a very
+very smelly lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smelly lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smelly lab
+even if you keep everything in the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you keep everything in the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you keep everything in the hood
+if you're walking by whichever bay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're walking by whichever bay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're walking by whichever bay is
+doing this you will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this you will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this you will know
+so we want to limit the amount of fumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to limit the amount of fumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to limit the amount of fumes
+that get out into the lab keep every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get out into the lab keep every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get out into the lab keep every
+everything in the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the hood
+do not put vials in the glass waste if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not put vials in the glass waste if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not put vials in the glass waste if
+anything breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything breaks
+or if you like break a pipette or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like break a pipette or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like break a pipette or if you
+break a beaker or something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a beaker or something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a beaker or something that has
+contacted your solutions from the ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted your solutions from the ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted your solutions from the ester
+lab there will be a separate waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab there will be a separate waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab there will be a separate waste
+container for those your tas will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container for those your tas will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container for those your tas will come
+around with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a
+capped plastic solid waste container to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capped plastic solid waste container to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capped plastic solid waste container to
+collect all your vials so that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all your vials so that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all your vials so that they are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+in the glass waste stinking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the glass waste stinking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the glass waste stinking up the
+entire lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is key for everybody regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is key for everybody regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is key for everybody regardless
+of what lab you're doing so starting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what lab you're doing so starting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what lab you're doing so starting on
+wednesday and thursday we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday and thursday we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday and thursday we're going to be
+doing three different labs at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing three different labs at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing three different labs at the same
+time and we're going to try to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're going to try to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're going to try to keep the
+waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste
+containers associated in the bays with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers associated in the bays with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers associated in the bays with
+the proper labs they're associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper labs they're associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper labs they're associated with
+but pay attention to the waste labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pay attention to the waste labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pay attention to the waste labels
+read the red tag if you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the red tag if you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the red tag if you're holding
+something and you're going to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you're going to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you're going to put it in
+the in the waste container take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the waste container take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the waste container take the
+extra second to make sure it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra second to make sure it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra second to make sure it is the
+right one for the lab that you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one for the lab that you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one for the lab that you are doing
+there will be three different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be three different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be three different sets of
+waste containers out there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste containers out there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste containers out there and we
+do not want to mix in between especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to mix in between especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to mix in between especially
+not acetone with the catalase waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acetone with the catalase waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acetone with the catalase waste
+if you remember from before we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember from before we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember from before we may have
+talked about this you will hear about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this you will hear about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this you will hear about it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+if you mix the acetone from any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you mix the acetone from any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you mix the acetone from any of these
+organic elabs with the hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic elabs with the hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic elabs with the hydrogen peroxide
+from the catalase waste you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the catalase waste you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the catalase waste you will
+generate explosives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate explosives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate explosives
+so we are not going to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are not going to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are not going to do that because
+everybody is going to read the waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is going to read the waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is going to read the waste
+labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels
+and dispose of their waste properly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dispose of their waste properly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dispose of their waste properly in
+this lab and keep everything in the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lab and keep everything in the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lab and keep everything in the hood
+that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/osYGG7TKcz8.txt b/osYGG7TKcz8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc6221ae34941940c6c856f30ff102f0d87d13d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osYGG7TKcz8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning
+so far in class we have been developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in class we have been developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in class we have been developing
+an equivalent circuit model of a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent circuit model of a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent circuit model of a neuron
+and we have extended that model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have extended that model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have extended that model to
+understanding how action potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how action potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how action potentials are
+generated and more recently we extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and more recently we extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and more recently we extended
+the model to understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to understanding the
+propagation of signals in in dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of signals in in dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of signals in in dendrites
+so today we are going to consider how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to consider how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to consider how we
+can record activity record electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record activity record electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record activity record electrical
+signals related to neural activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals related to neural activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals related to neural activity in
+the brain and we're going to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and we're going to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and we're going to understand
+a little bit about how we can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about how we can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about how we can in
+particular record extracellular signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular record extracellular signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular record extracellular signals
+so that will be the focus of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be the focus of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be the focus of today's
+lecture so so far in class we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so so far in class we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so so far in class we have been
+analyzing measurements of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing measurements of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing measurements of electrical
+signals recorded inside of neurons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals recorded inside of neurons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals recorded inside of neurons for
+example in the in the voltage clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the in the voltage clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the in the voltage clamp
+experiment we imagine that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we imagine that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we imagine that we were
+placing electrodes inside of cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing electrodes inside of cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing electrodes inside of cells so
+that we could measure the voltage inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could measure the voltage inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could measure the voltage inside
+of this of cells but it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of cells but it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of cells but it's actually quite
+difficult in general to record membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in general to record membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in general to record membrane
+potentials of neurons in behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials of neurons in behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials of neurons in behaving
+animals although it's certainly possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals although it's certainly possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals although it's certainly possible
+it's much easier to record electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to record electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to record electrical
+signals outside of neurons and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals outside of neurons and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals outside of neurons and in this
+case we can actually record action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can actually record action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can actually record action
+potentials and and so those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and and so those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and and so those kinds of
+recordings are made by placing metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings are made by placing metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings are made by placing metal
+electrodes that are insulated everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes that are insulated everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes that are insulated everywhere
+along the shank of the electrode except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the shank of the electrode except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the shank of the electrode except
+right near the tip and if we place a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right near the tip and if we place a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right near the tip and if we place a
+metal electrode in the brain we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal electrode in the brain we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal electrode in the brain we can
+record voltage changes voltage changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record voltage changes voltage changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record voltage changes voltage changes
+in the brain right near cells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain right near cells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain right near cells of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+though so in this case we can record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so in this case we can record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so in this case we can record
+from action potentials of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from action potentials of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from action potentials of individual
+neurons in behaving animals and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in behaving animals and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in behaving animals and various
+aspects of either sensory stimuli or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of either sensory stimuli or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of either sensory stimuli or
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this kind of recording is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this kind of recording is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this kind of recording is called
+extracellular recording and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular recording and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular recording and we're going
+to go through a very simple analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through a very simple analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through a very simple analysis of
+how to think about extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about extracellular
+recordings so so recall of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings so so recall of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings so so recall of course that
+when we measure voltages in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure voltages in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure voltages in the brain
+we're always measuring voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always measuring voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always measuring voltage
+differences so when we place an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so when we place an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so when we place an
+electrode in the brain near a cell we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode in the brain near a cell we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode in the brain near a cell we
+are we connect that electrode to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we connect that electrode to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we connect that electrode to an
+amplifier usually we use a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier usually we use a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier usually we use a differential
+amplifier that gives us that provides us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that gives us that provides us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that gives us that provides us
+with a measurement of the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a measurement of the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a measurement of the voltage
+difference between two terminals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two terminals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two terminals the
+plus terminal and the minus terminal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus terminal and the minus terminal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus terminal and the minus terminal so
+we place we connect the electrode to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we place we connect the electrode to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we place we connect the electrode to the
+plus terminal and we connect another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus terminal and we connect another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus terminal and we connect another
+electrode called the ground electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode called the ground electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode called the ground electrode
+that can be placed in the brain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be placed in the brain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be placed in the brain some
+distance away from the brain area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away from the brain area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away from the brain area that
+we're recording from or the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're recording from or the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're recording from or the surface of
+the skull okay so okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull okay so okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull okay so okay so we're
+measuring the voltage that's near a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the voltage that's near a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the voltage that's near a cell
+relative to the voltage that's someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the voltage that's someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the voltage that's someplace
+further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now the the voltage that we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the voltage that we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the voltage that we measure
+in the brain voltage changes are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain voltage changes are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain voltage changes are usually
+are always associated with current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always associated with current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always associated with current flow
+through the extracellular space so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the extracellular space so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the extracellular space so we
+can analyze this in terms of Ohm's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can analyze this in terms of Ohm's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can analyze this in terms of Ohm's law
+so basically the voltage changes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the voltage changes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the voltage changes that we
+are measuring are going to be associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring are going to be associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring are going to be associated
+with some current through extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some current through extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some current through extracellular
+space times some effective resistance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space times some effective resistance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space times some effective resistance in
+the extracellular space and you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular space and you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular space and you remember
+from previous lectures that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous lectures that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous lectures that the
+effective resistance of extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective resistance of extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective resistance of extracellular
+space is proportional to the resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is proportional to the resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is proportional to the resistivity
+in extracellular space times a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extracellular space times a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extracellular space times a light
+length scale divided by an area scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we think about what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we think about what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we think about what kind
+of voltage changes we might expect if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage changes we might expect if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage changes we might expect if we
+placed an electrode near a cell that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed an electrode near a cell that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed an electrode near a cell that is
+generating an action potential so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating an action potential so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating an action potential so let's
+start with a spherical neuron and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a spherical neuron and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a spherical neuron and let's
+give this spherical neuron sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this spherical neuron sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this spherical neuron sodium
+channels and potassium channels so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and potassium channels so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and potassium channels so that
+it can generate an action potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can generate an action potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can generate an action potential so
+during an action potential we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an action potential we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an action potential we have an
+influx of sodium followed by an out flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influx of sodium followed by an out flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influx of sodium followed by an out flux
+of potassium and that influx of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potassium and that influx of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potassium and that influx of sodium
+produces a large positive going change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a large positive going change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a large positive going change
+in the voltage inside the cell so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the voltage inside the cell so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the voltage inside the cell so you
+can see that during the rising phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that during the rising phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that during the rising phase of
+the action potential we have sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action potential we have sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action potential we have sodium
+flowing in but at the same time we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in but at the same time we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in but at the same time we have
+current flowing outward through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing outward through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing outward through the
+membrane in the form of capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in the form of capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in the form of capacitive
+current now these two currents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current now these two currents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current now these two currents the
+sodium the sodium ions flowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium the sodium ions flowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium the sodium ions flowing through
+the membrane and the capacitive current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane and the capacitive current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane and the capacitive current
+flowing outward through the membrane are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing outward through the membrane are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing outward through the membrane are
+Co localized on the same piece of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co localized on the same piece of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co localized on the same piece of on the
+same piece of membrane and so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same piece of membrane and so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same piece of membrane and so and so
+there's no spatial separation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no spatial separation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no spatial separation of the
+currents flowing through the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents flowing through the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents flowing through the membrane
+okay and and as a result of that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and as a result of that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and as a result of that there's
+actually no current flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no current flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no current flow in
+extracellular space and so there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space and so there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space and so there there's
+no extra so extracellular voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no extra so extracellular voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no extra so extracellular voltage
+changes the first lesson from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the first lesson from this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the first lesson from this is
+that if we were to record in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we were to record in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we were to record in
+extracellular space from a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space from a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space from a spherical
+neuron with no dendrites and no axon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron with no dendrites and no axon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron with no dendrites and no axon we
+would actually not be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually not be able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually not be able to measure
+any extracellular voltage change now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any extracellular voltage change now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any extracellular voltage change now
+let's consider what happens if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider what happens if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider what happens if we have a
+neuron with a dendrite so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron with a dendrite so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron with a dendrite so in this case
+when the sodium current flows into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sodium current flows into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sodium current flows into the
+soma that current part of it will flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma that current part of it will flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma that current part of it will flow
+out through through the capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through through the capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through through the capacitive
+through capacitive current but part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through capacitive current but part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through capacitive current but part of
+that current will flow down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current will flow down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current will flow down the
+then out through the membrane through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then out through the membrane through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then out through the membrane through
+capacitive current back to the soma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current back to the soma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current back to the soma so
+we have a closed circuit of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a closed circuit of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a closed circuit of current
+current flowing into the soma out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing into the soma out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing into the soma out
+through the dendrite and then back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the dendrite and then back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the dendrite and then back to
+the soma through extracellular space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soma through extracellular space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soma through extracellular space so
+in this case if we write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if we write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if we write down the
+equivalent circuit model of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit model of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit model of what this
+looks like this is the somatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this is the somatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this is the somatic
+compartment this is the dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment this is the dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment this is the dendritic
+compartment we have in in our earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment we have in in our earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment we have in in our earlier
+calculations of current flow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of current flow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of current flow through
+processes through dendrites we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes through dendrites we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes through dendrites we were
+neglecting the extracellular resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting the extracellular resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting the extracellular resistance
+but in this case we are going to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case we are going to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case we are going to include
+that because that extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that extracellular
+resistance is what provides is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is what provides is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is what provides is what
+produces a voltage drop in extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a voltage drop in extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a voltage drop in extracellular
+space so during an action potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so during an action potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so during an action potential we
+have current flowing in through the soma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current flowing in through the soma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current flowing in through the soma
+out through the inside of the dendrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through the inside of the dendrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through the inside of the dendrite
+back out through the membrane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out through the membrane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out through the membrane of the
+dendrite and and through extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite and and through extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite and and through extracellular
+space back to the soma and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space back to the soma and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space back to the soma and that the
+voltage drop across this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across this region of
+extracellular space will be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space will be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space will be proportional
+to this extracellular current times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this extracellular current times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this extracellular current times
+changes in extracellular voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in extracellular voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in extracellular voltage
+okay so so now we have a simple view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now we have a simple view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now we have a simple view
+that we have current flowing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have current flowing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have current flowing into the
+soma in a region from a region around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma in a region from a region around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma in a region from a region around
+the soma so we have effectively what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soma so we have effectively what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soma so we have effectively what is
+known as a current sink so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a current sink so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a current sink so we have
+charges flowing into the soma in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges flowing into the soma in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges flowing into the soma in the
+region around the soma that current then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around the soma that current then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around the soma that current then
+flows out through the dendrite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows out through the dendrite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows out through the dendrite and
+appears in extracellular space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in extracellular space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in extracellular space in the
+region of the dendrite and we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the dendrite and we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the dendrite and we call that
+a current source so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current source so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current source so we have a
+combination of a current sink and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a current sink and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a current sink and a
+current source and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source and you can see that the
+current in extracellular space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in extracellular space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in extracellular space is
+flowing from the current source to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from the current source to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from the current source to the
+current sink so in this case you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sink so in this case you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sink so in this case you can see
+in our simple equivalent circuit model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our simple equivalent circuit model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our simple equivalent circuit model
+that the voltages are more positive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voltages are more positive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voltages are more positive in
+regions corresponding to current sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions corresponding to current sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions corresponding to current sources
+and the voltages are more negative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voltages are more negative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voltages are more negative in
+regions of extracellular space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of extracellular space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of extracellular space
+corresponding to current sink current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to current sink current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to current sink current is
+flowing from in extracellular space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from in extracellular space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from in extracellular space is
+current currents flowing from the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current currents flowing from the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current currents flowing from the region
+of the dendrite to the region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dendrite to the region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dendrite to the region of the
+soma the voltage here is more positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma the voltage here is more positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma the voltage here is more positive
+the voltage here is more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage here is more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage here is more negative
+okay now let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take a look at
+understanding the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the relationship between
+the extracellular voltage change and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular voltage change and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular voltage change and the
+intracellular voltage change so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular voltage change so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular voltage change so let's
+just write down the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the equation for the
+voltage drop across this extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across this extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across this extracellular
+space that voltage drop is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that voltage drop is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that voltage drop is just the
+external current times some effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external current times some effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external current times some effective
+external resistance the external current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external resistance the external current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external resistance the external current
+is just the sum of a capacitive current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of a capacitive current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of a capacitive current
+and a resistive current through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a resistive current through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a resistive current through the
+membrane of the dendrite okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the dendrite okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the dendrite okay so we can
+write down that voltage drop is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that voltage drop is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that voltage drop is now
+proportional to an external resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to an external resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to an external resistance
+extracellular resistance I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular resistance I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular resistance I should say
+though the so we can now write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the so we can now write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the so we can now write down an
+expression for these two currents as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for these two currents as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for these two currents as a
+function of membrane potential and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of membrane potential and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of membrane potential and you
+recall from earlier lectures that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from earlier lectures that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from earlier lectures that the
+capacitive current is just given by C DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current is just given by C DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive current is just given by C DV
+DT and the membrane ionic current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the membrane ionic current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the membrane ionic current is
+given by some conductance membrane ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some conductance membrane ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some conductance membrane ionic
+conductance times the driving potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance times the driving potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance times the driving potential
+now in an action potential voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in an action potential voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in an action potential voltage
+change is very rapid so DV DT is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is very rapid so DV DT is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is very rapid so DV DT is large
+and in fact this term generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this term generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this term generally
+dominates over this term in an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates over this term in an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates over this term in an action
+potential and so what we find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so what we find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so what we find is that
+the voltage change in extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage change in extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage change in extracellular
+space is proportional to the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is proportional to the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is proportional to the derivative
+of the membrane potential and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membrane potential and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membrane potential and we can see
+that this is the case earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case earlier
+experiments from your EBU jockies lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments from your EBU jockies lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments from your EBU jockies lab
+they were able to record simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to record simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to record simultaneously
+from a cell intracellularly that's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a cell intracellularly that's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a cell intracellularly that's show
+that's shown in this trace here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown in this trace here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown in this trace here and the
+extracellular voltage recorded from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular voltage recorded from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular voltage recorded from a
+micro wire electrode placed near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro wire electrode placed near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro wire electrode placed near the
+soma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extracellular recording is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular recording is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular recording is shown here
+that the extracellular signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extracellular signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extracellular signal is
+actually quite close to the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite close to the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite close to the derivative
+of the intracellular signal why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intracellular signal why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intracellular signal why is this
+voltage negative as the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage negative as the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage negative as the membrane
+potential near the soma here the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential near the soma here the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential near the soma here the voltage
+here goes negative because during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes negative because during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes negative because during the
+rising phase of the action potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising phase of the action potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising phase of the action potential we
+have sodium ions flowing into the soma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sodium ions flowing into the soma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sodium ions flowing into the soma
+from extracellular space the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from extracellular space the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from extracellular space the current is
+flowing out of the dendrite out here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing out of the dendrite out here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing out of the dendrite out here and
+traveling back through extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling back through extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling back through extracellular
+space to the soma OH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to the soma OH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to the soma OH
+again the soma is acting like a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the soma is acting like a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the soma is acting like a voltage
+sync and so the voltage is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync and so the voltage is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync and so the voltage is going
+negative near the soma okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative near the soma okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative near the soma okay so now let's
+take a look at what happens when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at what happens when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at what happens when we have
+synaptic input onto a neuron so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic input onto a neuron so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic input onto a neuron so it turns
+out you can also observe extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can also observe extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can also observe extracellular
+signals that result not from action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that result not from action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that result not from action
+potentials but from synaptic inputs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials but from synaptic inputs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials but from synaptic inputs so
+let's take our example neuron and attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take our example neuron and attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take our example neuron and attach
+a an excitatory synapse to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an excitatory synapse to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an excitatory synapse to the to the
+dendrite in this case when the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite in this case when the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite in this case when the synapse
+is activated if the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activated if the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activated if the cell is
+hyperpolarized when neurotransmitter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperpolarized when neurotransmitter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperpolarized when neurotransmitter is
+released onto the postsynaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released onto the postsynaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released onto the postsynaptic
+compartment of the synapse it turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment of the synapse it turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment of the synapse it turns on
+conductances which allow current to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances which allow current to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductances which allow current to flow
+into the dendrite that current flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dendrite that current flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dendrite that current flows
+down the dendrite to the soma flows back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the dendrite to the soma flows back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the dendrite to the soma flows back
+capacitively out through the soma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitively out through the soma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitively out through the soma and
+back to the synapse through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the synapse through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the synapse through
+extracellular space so either in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space so either in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space so either in this
+case it the region near the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it the region near the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it the region near the synapse
+looks like a current sink as charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a current sink as charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a current sink as charges are
+flowing into the cell the region near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing into the cell the region near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing into the cell the region near
+the soma looks like a current source as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soma looks like a current source as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soma looks like a current source as
+current flows out of the soma and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flows out of the soma and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flows out of the soma and back
+to the current sink and see that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the current sink and see that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the current sink and see that in this
+case you have charges flowing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have charges flowing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have charges flowing into the
+cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and
+that should correspond to a decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should correspond to a decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should correspond to a decrease in
+the extracellular voltage or the soma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular voltage or the soma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular voltage or the soma
+you have positive charges flowing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have positive charges flowing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have positive charges flowing into
+extracellular space from the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space from the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space from the inside of
+the cell and that corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and that corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and that corresponds to an
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+okay things look different when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay things look different when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay things look different when you have
+an inhibitory synapse in the case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhibitory synapse in the case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhibitory synapse in the case of an
+inhibitory synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory synapse
+for example if gaba is released onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if gaba is released onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if gaba is released onto
+this GABAergic synapses chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GABAergic synapses chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GABAergic synapses chloride
+channels chloride is a negative ion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels chloride is a negative ion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels chloride is a negative ion that
+flows into the cell but that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows into the cell but that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows into the cell but that corresponds
+to an outward going current so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an outward going current so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an outward going current so now we
+have the region around the inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the region around the inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the region around the inhibitory
+synapse looking like a current source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse looking like a current source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse looking like a current source
+current flows through extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flows through extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flows through extracellular
+space to the soma where the soma now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to the soma where the soma now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to the soma where the soma now
+looks like a current sink and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a current sink and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a current sink and so in the
+presence of activation of inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of activation of inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of activation of inhibitory
+inputs in the or the dendrites actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in the or the dendrites actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in the or the dendrites actually
+have an increase in voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase in voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase in voltage of
+extracellular space while near the soma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space while near the soma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space while near the soma
+you have a decrease in the voltage one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a decrease in the voltage one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a decrease in the voltage one
+of the important things to consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important things to consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important things to consider is
+that in the discussion we've just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the discussion we've just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the discussion we've just had
+we've been thinking about an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been thinking about an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been thinking about an individual
+neuron how current sources and current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron how current sources and current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron how current sources and current
+sinks appear as a result of synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinks appear as a result of synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinks appear as a result of synaptic
+activity and action potentials around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and action potentials around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and action potentials around a
+single neuron but in in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single neuron but in in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single neuron but in in the brain
+neurons are not isolated but are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are not isolated but are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are not isolated but are in the
+tissue next to many other neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue next to many other neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue next to many other neurons that
+are also receiving inputs and spiking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also receiving inputs and spiking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also receiving inputs and spiking so
+it turns out that the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the types of
+electrical extracellular signals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical extracellular signals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical extracellular signals that
+you see in the tissue depends very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the tissue depends very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the tissue depends very much
+on how different cells are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how different cells are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how different cells are organized
+spatially so in some types of tissue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially so in some types of tissue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially so in some types of tissue for
+example in hippocampus or in cortex cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in hippocampus or in cortex cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in hippocampus or in cortex cell
+bodies are lumped together in a layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are lumped together in a layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are lumped together in a layer
+and the dendrites are collinear and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dendrites are collinear and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dendrites are collinear and are
+organized in a different layers so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in a different layers so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in a different layers so this
+is called a laminar morphology in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a laminar morphology in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a laminar morphology in this
+case many of the synaptic inputs arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case many of the synaptic inputs arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case many of the synaptic inputs arrive
+onto the dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the dendrites
+and currents then flow into the Samata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and currents then flow into the Samata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and currents then flow into the Samata
+and in this case these extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case these extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case these extracellular
+currents are reinforced they reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are reinforced they reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are reinforced they reinforce
+each other and they sum together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they sum together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they sum together to
+produce very large extracellular voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce very large extracellular voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce very large extracellular voltage
+changes okay so now let's turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay so now let's turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay so now let's turn to the
+question of how one actually records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how one actually records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how one actually records
+neural activity in the brain so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity in the brain so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity in the brain so let's go
+back to our experimental setup now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our experimental setup now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our experimental setup now where
+we have an electrode placed near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an electrode placed near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an electrode placed near the
+soma of a neuron and that electrode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma of a neuron and that electrode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soma of a neuron and that electrode is
+connected to a differential amplifier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a differential amplifier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a differential amplifier or
+an instrumentation amplifier giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrumentation amplifier giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrumentation amplifier giving us
+the voltage difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage difference between the
+extracellular space near the soma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space near the soma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space near the soma and
+the extracellular space somewhere so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular space somewhere so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular space somewhere so we
+we so this amplifier then measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this amplifier then measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this amplifier then measures that
+voltage difference and multiplies it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference and multiplies it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage difference and multiplies it by
+a gain of typically let's say a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gain of typically let's say a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gain of typically let's say a couple
+hundred or a thousand or even ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred or a thousand or even ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred or a thousand or even ten
+thousand we then take the output of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand we then take the output of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand we then take the output of that
+amplifier and put it into an analog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and put it into an analog to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and put it into an analog to
+digital converter that then measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital converter that then measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital converter that then measures the
+voltage at regularly spaced samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage at regularly spaced samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage at regularly spaced samples and
+stores those voltage digitally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores those voltage digitally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores those voltage digitally in
+computer memory so in analog to digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer memory so in analog to digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer memory so in analog to digital
+converters the voltage is sampled at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters the voltage is sampled at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters the voltage is sampled at
+regular intervals delta T corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular intervals delta T corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular intervals delta T corresponding
+to some sampling rate which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sampling rate which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sampling rate which is a
+frequency or a rate that's given by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or a rate that's given by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or a rate that's given by one
+over delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T
+okay so the rate at which the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rate at which the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rate at which the samples
+are acquired is referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acquired is referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acquired is referred to as the
+sampling rate or sampling frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate or sampling frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling rate or sampling frequency
+so if we were to record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to record the
+extracellular voltage in a region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular voltage in a region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular voltage in a region of the
+hippocampus we might see a signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus we might see a signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus we might see a signal that
+looks very much like this these are data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like this these are data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like this these are data
+from from Matt Wilson's lab a signal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Matt Wilson's lab a signal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Matt Wilson's lab a signal has
+a number of features so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of features so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of features so you can see that
+there is a slow modulation of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a slow modulation of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a slow modulation of the signal
+that actually corresponds to the theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually corresponds to the theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually corresponds to the theta
+rhythm in R at that slow modulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm in R at that slow modulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm in R at that slow modulation of
+the voltage is actually caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is actually caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is actually caused by
+synaptic currents in the hippocampus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic currents in the hippocampus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic currents in the hippocampus you
+can also see that there are very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see that there are very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see that there are very fast
+deflections of the voltage corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections of the voltage corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections of the voltage corresponding
+to action potentials so once again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to action potentials so once again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to action potentials so once again this
+is about a seconds worth of data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about a seconds worth of data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about a seconds worth of data of
+intracellular sorry of extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular sorry of extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular sorry of extracellular
+recording from rat hippocampus both slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from rat hippocampus both slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from rat hippocampus both slow
+and very fast components of this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very fast components of this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very fast components of this the the
+extracellular the action potentials you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular the action potentials you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular the action potentials you
+can see are very brief they typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see are very brief they typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see are very brief they typically
+lasts about a millisecond if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts about a millisecond if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts about a millisecond if we were to
+look at the amount of power at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the amount of power at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the amount of power at different
+frequencies in this signal using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in this signal using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in this signal using a
+technique called the measuring the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called the measuring the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called the measuring the power
+spectrum which we will cover in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum which we will cover in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum which we will cover in more
+detail later in class you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail later in class you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail later in class you can see that
+there is a lot of power at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of power at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of power at low
+frequencies and much less power at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and much less power at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and much less power at high
+frequencies so this is a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so this is a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so this is a representation
+of the amount of power at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amount of power at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amount of power at different
+frequencies but we can actually extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but we can actually extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but we can actually extract
+the Fast and Slow components the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fast and Slow components the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fast and Slow components the signal
+using a technique called high-pass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a technique called high-pass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a technique called high-pass and
+low-pass filtering so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filtering so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filtering so what we're going
+to do is we are going to develop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we are going to develop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we are going to develop this
+technique that allows us to remove high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that allows us to remove high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that allows us to remove high
+frequency components from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components from the original
+signal to reveal just low C structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to reveal just low C structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to reveal just low C structure
+within the signal so how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the signal so how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the signal so how do we do that
+well basically what we do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically what we do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically what we do is we're going
+to start by using a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start by using a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start by using a technique
+of low-pass filtering that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-pass filtering that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-pass filtering that works
+basically by convolving this signal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by convolving this signal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by convolving this signal with
+a kernel what that kernel does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kernel what that kernel does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kernel what that kernel does is it
+locally averages the signal over short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally averages the signal over short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally averages the signal over short
+periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time
+so what we do is we take that signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we take that signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we take that signal and
+we're going to place this kernel over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to place this kernel over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to place this kernel over
+the signal at different points in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average together we're going to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average together we're going to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average together we're going to multiply
+the kernel by this signal at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel by this signal at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel by this signal at at
+different points in time and plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in time and plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in time and plot the
+result down here so let me explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result down here so let me explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result down here so let me explain what
+that looks like so let's say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like so let's say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like so let's say this is the
+original signal you can see that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original signal you can see that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original signal you can see that it's a
+little bit noisy it's fluctuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit noisy it's fluctuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit noisy it's fluctuating
+between 1 & 3 1 3 3 and then at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 & 3 1 3 3 and then at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 & 3 1 3 3 and then at a
+certain point here it jumps to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point here it jumps to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point here it jumps to a higher
+value 5 3 5 3 5 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 5 3 5 3 5 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 5 3 5 3 5 okay
+so intuitively we would expect low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intuitively we would expect low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intuitively we would expect low pass
+filtered version of this signal to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered version of this signal to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered version of this signal to be
+low here and then jump up to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low here and then jump up to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low here and then jump up to a higher
+value here now here is our kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here now here is our kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a representation of a kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a representation of a kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a representation of a kernel
+that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this
+the kernel is 0.5 0.5 and zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel is 0.5 0.5 and zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel is 0.5 0.5 and zero and
+basically what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're going to do is
+place the kernel at some point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the kernel at some point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the kernel at some point in time
+over our signal multiply the kernel by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our signal multiply the kernel by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our signal multiply the kernel by
+the signal time element by time element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal time element by time element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal time element by time element
+okay so that the product of the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that the product of the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that the product of the kernel
+with the signal is 0 here is 0 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the signal is 0 here is 0 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the signal is 0 here is 0 times 1
+is 0.5 times 3 is 1.5 0.5 times 1 is 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 times 3 is 1.5 0.5 times 1 is 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 times 3 is 1.5 0.5 times 1 is 0.5
+and zero times 3 is 0 so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero times 3 is 0 so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero times 3 is 0 so that's the
+product of the kernel and the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the kernel and the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the kernel and the signal
+within that time window then sum up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that time window then sum up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that time window then sum up that
+the elements of that product 0 plus 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of that product 0 plus 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of that product 0 plus 1.5
+plus 0.5 plus 0 is 2 going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0.5 plus 0 is 2 going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0.5 plus 0 is 2 going to write down
+that sum at this point in the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum at this point in the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum at this point in the filter
+now we're going to do is just slide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do is just slide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do is just slide the
+colonel over bye-bye one element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel over bye-bye one element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel over bye-bye one element and
+repeat that and and I also added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that and and I also added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that and and I also added the
+earlier values of the output here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier values of the output here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier values of the output here okay
+so now we slide the colonel over by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we slide the colonel over by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we slide the colonel over by one
+we repeat we get zero point five one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeat we get zero point five one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeat we get zero point five one
+point five and zero sum that up we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five and zero sum that up we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five and zero sum that up we get a
+two and write down that filtered output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and write down that filtered output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and write down that filtered output
+down here okay so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here okay so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here okay so you can see that the
+low pass filtered result of this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filtered result of this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filtered result of this signal
+is two everywhere up to here now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two everywhere up to here now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two everywhere up to here now if we
+slide the colonel over one more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the colonel over one more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the colonel over one more and
+multiply you can see we get a 0 a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you can see we get a 0 a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you can see we get a 0 a 1
+point five here's 0.5 times five that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five here's 0.5 times five that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five here's 0.5 times five that's
+two point five zero times three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point five zero times three in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point five zero times three in the
+sum of that of the sum of those of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of that of the sum of those of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of that of the sum of those of those
+four elements is four write down a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four elements is four write down a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four elements is four write down a four
+here okay and if we keep doing that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and if we keep doing that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and if we keep doing that all
+of the rest of those values is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rest of those values is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rest of those values is four
+which you can verify so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can verify so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can verify so you can see that
+the low pass filtered version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low pass filtered version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low pass filtered version of this
+signal filtered by this Colonel is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal filtered by this Colonel is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal filtered by this Colonel is two
+up to this point and then it jumps up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this point and then it jumps up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this point and then it jumps up to
+four which was consistent with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four which was consistent with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four which was consistent with our
+intuition about what low-pass filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about what low-pass filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about what low-pass filtering
+would do so that's that was low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do so that's that was low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do so that's that was low-pass
+filtering now how would we high-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering now how would we high-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering now how would we high-pass
+filter how would we extract out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter how would we extract out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter how would we extract out these
+high frequency components that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency components that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency components that from the
+data throw away the low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data throw away the low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data throw away the low frequency
+components well one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components well one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components well one way to think about
+this is that we can actually we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that we can actually we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that we can actually we can get
+rid of the low frequency elements simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the low frequency elements simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the low frequency elements simply
+by subtracting off the low-pass signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subtracting off the low-pass signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subtracting off the low-pass signal
+that we just calculated so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just calculated so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just calculated so how do we do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but we're going to use this Colonel here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use this Colonel here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use this Colonel here
+to do our high-pass filtering and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do our high-pass filtering and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do our high-pass filtering and notice
+that this colonel has two components it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this colonel has two components it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this colonel has two components it
+has where component that's negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has where component that's negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has where component that's negative and
+it has a delta function at zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a delta function at zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a delta function at zero that
+this negative component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative component of this
+high-pass filter looks a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-pass filter looks a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-pass filter looks a lot like the
+negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our looks like the negative of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our looks like the negative of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our looks like the negative of our
+low-pass filter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filter okay
+so we were to take this kernel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were to take this kernel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were to take this kernel and
+instead use a kernel that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use a kernel that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use a kernel that was the
+negative of that kernel like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that kernel like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that kernel like this and
+what we would get is the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would get is the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would get is the negative of
+this low passed filtered signal okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low passed filtered signal okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low passed filtered signal okay so
+this part right here this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part right here this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part right here this part of the
+high pass filter is producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter is producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter is producing the
+negative of our low pass filter now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of our low pass filter now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of our low pass filter now
+let's take a look at this component here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this component here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this component here
+this component is a delta function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this component is a delta function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this component is a delta function and
+with a value of 1 at the peak and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a value of 1 at the peak and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a value of 1 at the peak and see
+that if you convolve that kernel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you convolve that kernel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you convolve that kernel with
+your original signal it just gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original signal it just gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original signal it just gives you
+back the same original signal so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same original signal so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same original signal so we've
+done is this component simply sets back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is this component simply sets back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is this component simply sets back
+the original signal this component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original signal this component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original signal this component
+subtracts off the low-pass version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts off the low-pass version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts off the low-pass version of
+what we're left with is the high-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're left with is the high-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're left with is the high-pass
+version look at what that does to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version look at what that does to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version look at what that does to the
+spectrum of our signal you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of our signal you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of our signal you can see that
+a high-pass we've gotten rid of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-pass we've gotten rid of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-pass we've gotten rid of all of
+these low frequencies all of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low frequencies all of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low frequencies all of the power
+at low frequencies and we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low frequencies and we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low frequencies and we're left with
+just the high frequency part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the high frequency part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the high frequency part of our
+signal go back and look at the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal go back and look at the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal go back and look at the spectrum
+of what the low passed signal looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the low passed signal looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the low passed signal looks like
+you can see that the low passed output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the low passed output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the low passed output
+retains all of the power at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains all of the power at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains all of the power at low
+frequencies and gets rid of these high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and gets rid of these high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and gets rid of these high
+frequency components right oh pass low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components right oh pass low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components right oh pass low
+pass signal has no power at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass signal has no power at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass signal has no power at high
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+so once we have extracted I pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have extracted I pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have extracted I pass
+filtered version of the signal you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered version of the signal you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered version of the signal you can
+see that what you're left with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that what you're left with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that what you're left with are
+action potentials so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials so what we're going to
+talk about now is how you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about now is how you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about now is how you actually
+racked these action potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racked these action potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racked these action potentials and
+figure out when action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out when action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out when action potentials
+occurred during this behavior next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred during this behavior next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred during this behavior next thing
+we're going to do is detect we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is detect we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is detect we're going
+to do spike detection so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spike detection so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spike detection so basically the
+best way to detect spikes is to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to detect spikes is to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to detect spikes is to look at
+the signal bought the signal and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal bought the signal and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal bought the signal and figure
+out what amplitude the spikes are so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what amplitude the spikes are so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what amplitude the spikes are so at
+the voltage of the peak the peak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage of the peak the peak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage of the peak the peak of the
+spikes and then set a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and then set a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and then set a threshold
+that consistently is crossed by the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistently is crossed by the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistently is crossed by the that
+by that peak in the spike waveform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that peak in the spike waveform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that peak in the spike waveform so
+here are the individual samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the individual samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the individual samples
+associated with one action potential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with one action potential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with one action potential you
+can see that voltage right about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that voltage right about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that voltage right about here
+will reliably detect these spikes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reliably detect these spikes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reliably detect these spikes and
+then basically you write a one line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you write a one line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you write a one line of
+MATLAB code that detects where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB code that detects where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB code that detects where this
+voltage crossed from being below your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage crossed from being below your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage crossed from being below your
+threshold on one sample to being above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold on one sample to being above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold on one sample to being above
+your threshold on the next now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your threshold on the next now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your threshold on the next now what we
+can do is once we detect the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is once we detect the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is once we detect the time at
+which that threshold crossing occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that threshold crossing occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that threshold crossing occurred
+we can write down that threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down that threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down that threshold
+crossing time for each spike in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing time for each spike in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing time for each spike in our
+waveform the spike here we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform the spike here we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform the spike here we write down
+that time that's t1 if you have an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that's t1 if you have an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that's t1 if you have an air
+threshold crossing here you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold crossing here you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold crossing here you write that
+time down t2 and you collect all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time down t2 and you collect all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time down t2 and you collect all of
+these spike times into an array now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represent the spike train as a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the spike train as a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the spike train as a list of
+spike times so we're going this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike times so we're going this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike times so we're going this as
+variable T with an index I where I goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T with an index I where I goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T with an index I where I goes
+from 1 to n and we can also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n and we can also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n and we can also think of
+spike trains as a delta function so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike trains as a delta function so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike trains as a delta function so you
+may remember that a delta function is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember that a delta function is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember that a delta function is 0
+everywhere except at the time where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except at the time where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except at the time where the
+argument is 0 so this delta function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is 0 so this delta function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is 0 so this delta function is
+0 everywhere except when T is equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 everywhere except when T is equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 everywhere except when T is equal to T
+6 if when T is equal to the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 if when T is equal to the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 if when T is equal to the time of the
+city at that time the delta function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city at that time the delta function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city at that time the delta function has
+a nonzero value okay so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonzero value okay so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonzero value okay so we can write
+down this spike train as a sum of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this spike train as a sum of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this spike train as a sum of Delta
+functions so the spike train as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so the spike train as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so the spike train as a
+function of time is Delta of t minus T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is Delta of t minus T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is Delta of t minus T 1
+corresponding to the first spike plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the first spike plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the first spike plus
+another delta function at time T 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another delta function at time T 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another delta function at time T 2
+corresponding to that spike and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that spike and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that spike and so on
+hey so we can now write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so we can now write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so we can now write down
+mathematically our spike train as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically our spike train as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically our spike train as a sum
+of Delta functions one at each spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta functions one at each spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta functions one at each spike
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and also think of spike train as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also think of spike train as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also think of spike train as being
+the derivative of a spike count function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a spike count function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a spike count function
+so a spike count function will reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a spike count function will reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a spike count function will reflect
+the number of spikes that have occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of spikes that have occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of spikes that have occurred
+at times less than the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times less than the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times less than the time in the
+argument okay so this is our spike train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay so this is our spike train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay so this is our spike train
+and prior to the first spike there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prior to the first spike there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prior to the first spike there will
+be zero spikes in our spike count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero spikes in our spike count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero spikes in our spike count
+function after the first spike then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function after the first spike then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function after the first spike then
+we'll have a spike count of 1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a spike count of 1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a spike count of 1 and you
+can see the air step increasing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the air step increasing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the air step increasing to the
+right for each spike in the spike train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for each spike in the spike train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for each spike in the spike train
+since the integral of this spike train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the integral of this spike train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the integral of this spike train
+has units the integral over time has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units the integral over time has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units the integral over time has
+units of spikes you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of spikes you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of spikes you can see that the
+spike train this row of T units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train this row of T units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train this row of T units of
+spikes per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's turn to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's turn to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's turn to the question
+of what we can extract from neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we can extract from neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we can extract from neural
+activity by measuring spike trains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity by measuring spike trains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity by measuring spike trains so
+one of the simplest properties that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the simplest properties that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the simplest properties that we
+find about cells in the brain is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find about cells in the brain is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find about cells in the brain is that
+they usually have firing rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually have firing rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually have firing rate that
+depends on something either a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on something either a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on something either a motor
+behavior or a sensory stimulus so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or a sensory stimulus so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or a sensory stimulus so for
+example simple cells in primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example simple cells in primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example simple cells in primary visual
+cortex of the of the cat in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex of the of the cat in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex of the of the cat in this case
+are responsive to the orientation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsive to the orientation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsive to the orientation of
+visual of us 2 pi in the visual field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual of us 2 pi in the visual field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual of us 2 pi in the visual field so
+this shows a bar of light but represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows a bar of light but represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows a bar of light but represents
+a bright bar of light on a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bright bar of light on a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bright bar of light on a black
+background actually and see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background actually and see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background actually and see that if you
+move this bar and space at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this bar and space at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this bar and space at this
+orientation this neuron doesn't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation this neuron doesn't respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation this neuron doesn't respond
+but if we rotate the if we rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we rotate the if we rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we rotate the if we rotate this
+bar of light and move it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar of light and move it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar of light and move it in this
+direction now the cell responds with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now the cell responds with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now the cell responds with a
+high firing rate so if we quantify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high firing rate so if we quantify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high firing rate so if we quantify the
+firing rate as a function of orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate as a function of orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate as a function of orientation
+of this bar of light you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this bar of light you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this bar of light you can see that
+that the neuron has a higher firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neuron has a higher firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neuron has a higher firing rate
+for some orientations than for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some orientations than for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some orientations than for that
+property of being tuned for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being tuned for particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being tuned for particular
+stimulus features is is called tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus features is is called tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus features is is called tuning
+and the measurement that firing rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measurement that firing rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measurement that firing rate as
+a function of some parameter is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of some parameter is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of some parameter is called a
+tuning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in that in primary visual cortex neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in primary visual cortex neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in primary visual cortex neurons
+are tuned to orientation and the mooning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tuned to orientation and the mooning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tuned to orientation and the mooning
+curves of neurons in primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of neurons in primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of neurons in primary visual
+cortex often have this characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex often have this characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex often have this characteristic of
+of being highly responsive at particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being highly responsive at particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being highly responsive at particular
+orientations and then smoothly dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations and then smoothly dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations and then smoothly dropping
+off to being unresponsive at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to being unresponsive at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to being unresponsive at other
+orientation okay so in a similar similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation okay so in a similar similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation okay so in a similar similar
+to the way that that neurons and visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way that that neurons and visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way that that neurons and visual
+cortex are tuned to to orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex are tuned to to orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex are tuned to to orientation
+neurons and auditory cortex are tuned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and auditory cortex are tuned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and auditory cortex are tuned to
+different frequencies so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so for example in
+the auditory system when sound impinges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system when sound impinges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system when sound impinges
+on the ear it transmits vibrations into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ear it transmits vibrations into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ear it transmits vibrations into
+the cochlea those vibrations enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cochlea those vibrations enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cochlea those vibrations enter the
+cochlea and propagate along a basilar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea and propagate along a basilar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea and propagate along a basilar
+membrane where vibrations of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane where vibrations of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane where vibrations of particular
+frequencies are amplified at particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are amplified at particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are amplified at particular
+location and the membrane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and the membrane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and the membrane is
+unresponsive to vibrations of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresponsive to vibrations of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresponsive to vibrations of other
+frequencies so if you heard from neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so if you heard from neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so if you heard from neurons
+and visual cortex and you sorry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual cortex and you sorry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual cortex and you sorry in
+auditory cortex and you play a tone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex and you play a tone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex and you play a tone so
+this shows a filigree of a auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows a filigree of a auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows a filigree of a auditory
+stimulus at some frequency you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus at some frequency you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus at some frequency you can see
+that this neuron spiked robustly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this neuron spiked robustly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this neuron spiked robustly in
+response to that though individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that though individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that though individual
+neurons are tuned to respond robustly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are tuned to respond robustly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are tuned to respond robustly at
+particular frequencies but not other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular frequencies but not other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular frequencies but not other
+frequencies and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and you can see that
+different neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different neurons are selectively to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons are selectively to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons are selectively to
+different frequencies so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so you can see
+that this curve representing one neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this curve representing one neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this curve representing one neuron
+that neuron is most active for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron is most active for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron is most active for
+frequencies around a little bit above 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies around a little bit above 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies around a little bit above 5
+kilohertz whereas other neurons are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz whereas other neurons are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz whereas other neurons are most
+responsive to frequent ok so we saw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to frequent ok so we saw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to frequent ok so we saw an
+example now of how firing rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now of how firing rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now of how firing rates of
+neurons in sensory cortex are sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in sensory cortex are sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in sensory cortex are sensitive
+to particular parameters of the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular parameters of the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular parameters of the sensory
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+mm-hmm this property of tuning applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm this property of tuning applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm this property of tuning applies
+not only to sensory neurons but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to sensory neurons but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to sensory neurons but also to
+neurons in motor cortex this shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in motor cortex this shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in motor cortex this shows the
+results of a classic experiment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analyzing the spiking activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the spiking activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the spiking activity of
+neurons in motor cortex during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in motor cortex during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in motor cortex during the
+movements during arm movements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements during arm movements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements during arm movements in
+different directions so this shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions so this shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions so this shows a
+manipulandum this is basically a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulandum this is basically a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulandum this is basically a little
+arm that the monkey can grab the handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm that the monkey can grab the handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm that the monkey can grab the handle
+here and move that arm around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and move that arm around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and move that arm around the
+monkeys task is to hold that hold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys task is to hold that hold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys task is to hold that hold this
+arm at a central location and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm at a central location and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm at a central location and then a
+light comes on and the monkey has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes on and the monkey has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes on and the monkey has to
+move this manipulandum from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this manipulandum from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this manipulandum from the center
+out to the location of eight that turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the location of eight that turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the location of eight that turned
+on and so the experiment is repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so the experiment is repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so the experiment is repeated
+multiple times where the monkey has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times where the monkey has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times where the monkey has to
+move to different ends you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to different ends you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to different ends you can see here
+the trajectories that the monkey went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories that the monkey went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories that the monkey went
+through as it moves from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as it moves from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as it moves from the center
+location out to the target locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and in this experiment neurons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in this experiment neurons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in this experiment neurons were
+recorded at different regions of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded at different regions of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded at different regions of motor
+cortex and and the results the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and and the results the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and and the results the resulting
+spike trains were plotted in this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike trains were plotted in this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike trains were plotted in this figure
+you can see of raster plots where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see of raster plots where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see of raster plots where for
+example for movements in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five trials were collected together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five trials were collected together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five trials were collected together so
+each row here corresponds to the spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row here corresponds to the spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row here corresponds to the spikes
+that are neuron generated during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are neuron generated during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are neuron generated during
+movements from the center to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements from the center to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements from the center to this
+direction he that the neuron became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction he that the neuron became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction he that the neuron became
+active just after the plus indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active just after the plus indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active just after the plus indicating
+which direction was turned on and prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction was turned on and prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction was turned on and prior
+to the onset of the movement which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the onset of the movement which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the onset of the movement which is
+indicated Iran responded robustly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated Iran responded robustly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated Iran responded robustly on
+every single trial two movements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single trial two movements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single trial two movements in this
+direction but the neuron responded quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the neuron responded quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the neuron responded quite
+differently than its in other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than its in other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than its in other direction
+so you can see that the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the response to
+downward movement was quite weak there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward movement was quite weak there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward movement was quite weak there
+was essentially no change in the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially no change in the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially no change in the firing
+rate and you can see it two movements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and you can see it two movements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and you can see it two movements in
+other directions for example to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions for example to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions for example to the
+right were associated with an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were associated with an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were associated with an actual
+suppression of the spiking activity so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression of the spiking activity so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression of the spiking activity so I
+should just point out briefly that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just point out briefly that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just point out briefly that the
+mix here and here before and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix here and here before and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix here and here before and after the
+onset of the trial are spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the trial are spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the trial are spontaneous
+spikes that occurred continuously even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes that occurred continuously even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes that occurred continuously even
+when the Moo monkey wasn't engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Moo monkey wasn't engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Moo monkey wasn't engaged
+so we have a spontaneous firing rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a spontaneous firing rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a spontaneous firing rate the
+trial initiates an increase in firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial initiates an increase in firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial initiates an increase in firing
+rate and then a recovery to the baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can see that these motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that these motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that these motor
+cortical neurons exhibit tuning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical neurons exhibit tuning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical neurons exhibit tuning for
+particular movement directions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular movement directions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular movement directions and we
+can quantify this now by Counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantify this now by Counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantify this now by Counting the
+number of spikes in this movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes in this movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes in this movement
+interval and plotting that as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and plotting that as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and plotting that as a function
+of the angle of the movement and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angle of the movement and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angle of the movement and when
+you do that you can see that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you can see that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you can see that that the
+killer directions in this case I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer directions in this case I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer directions in this case I've
+degree Direction resulted in high firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Direction resulted in high firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Direction resulted in high firing
+rates whereas movements in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates whereas movements in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates whereas movements in other
+directions resulted in lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to do this kind of
+quantification we need to be able to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification we need to be able to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification we need to be able to we
+need to understand a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand a few different
+methods for how we can actually quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for how we can actually quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for how we can actually quantify
+firing rates the simplest thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates the simplest thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates the simplest thing that I
+just described here is to just count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described here is to just count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described here is to just count the
+number of spikes in some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes in some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes in some particular
+interval that you decide is relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that you decide is relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that you decide is relevant for
+your experiment so for example let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment so for example let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment so for example let's say
+we have a stimulus that turns on at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a stimulus that turns on at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a stimulus that turns on at a
+particular time is azon and then turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time is azon and then turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time is azon and then turns
+off at some later time on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at some later time on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at some later time on different
+trials of that or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials of that or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials of that or different
+presentations of that stimulus you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations of that stimulus you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations of that stimulus you can
+see that the bike train are on spikes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the bike train are on spikes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the bike train are on spikes in
+a you know some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can see that this ample neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that this ample neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that this ample neuron
+here that I just made up you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I just made up you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I just made up you can see
+that in general there's a vague increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general there's a vague increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general there's a vague increase
+in the firing after the onset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the firing after the onset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the firing after the onset of the
+stimulus so we can quantify that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so we can quantify that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so we can quantify that by
+simply setting a relevant time window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply setting a relevant time window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply setting a relevant time window
+and Counting the number of spikes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Counting the number of spikes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Counting the number of spikes in
+that time window okay I'm window T from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time window okay I'm window T from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time window okay I'm window T from
+the onset of the stimulus to the offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onset of the stimulus to the offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onset of the stimulus to the offset
+of the stimulus and simply count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stimulus and simply count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stimulus and simply count the
+number of spikes on each trial so n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes on each trial so n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes on each trial so n is
+the number of spikes that occurred on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of spikes that occurred on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of spikes that occurred on
+the 8th trial the brackets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8th trial the brackets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8th trial the brackets here
+represent the average over that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the average over that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the average over that quantity
+i which is trial number okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i which is trial number okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i which is trial number okay so we're
+gonna count the number of spikes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna count the number of spikes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna count the number of spikes on the
+8th trial and average that over trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then once we have that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then once we have that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then once we have that average
+count we simply divide by the interval T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we simply divide by the interval T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we simply divide by the interval T
+that we're counting over and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're counting over and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're counting over and that gives
+us a rate now you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a rate now you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a rate now you can see that the
+number of spikes the firing rate is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes the firing rate is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spikes the firing rate is not
+constant so you can see in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you can see in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you can see in this little
+toy example here that the way I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy example here that the way I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy example here that the way I've drawn
+it that the spike rate increases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the spike rate increases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the spike rate increases at
+stimulus on set and then it decayed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus on set and then it decayed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus on set and then it decayed away
+which is very typical so you're throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very typical so you're throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very typical so you're throwing
+away a lot of information now the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a lot of information now the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a lot of information now the way
+that we just quantified that firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just quantified that firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just quantified that firing rate
+we just counted spikes over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just counted spikes over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just counted spikes over the whole
+stimulus presentation but if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus presentation but if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus presentation but if we want to
+get more temporal resolution in how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more temporal resolution in how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more temporal resolution in how we
+quantify the firing rate we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the firing rate we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the firing rate we can actually
+just break the plate of interest up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just break the plate of interest up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just break the plate of interest up into
+smaller pieces count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces count the number of
+spikes the average number of spikes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes the average number of spikes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes the average number of spikes in
+each one of these smaller bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these smaller bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these smaller bins
+and divide by the interval of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by the interval of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by the interval of these
+smaller bins so for example we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller bins so for example we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller bins so for example we can have
+we can count the number of on trial I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can count the number of on trial I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can count the number of on trial I in
+bin J and we can average the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin J and we can average the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin J and we can average the number of
+spikes in the J's bin over all trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes in the J's bin over all trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes in the J's bin over all trials
+okay so that's just the average number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the average number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the average number
+of spikes in this first bin for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spikes in this first bin for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spikes in this first bin for example
+and divided by the interval delta-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divided by the interval delta-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divided by the interval delta-t
+and so now you can see that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you can see that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you can see that you have a
+different rate finer temporal resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate finer temporal resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rate finer temporal resolution
+so for example if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you look at the
+analysis that georgopoulos did in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that georgopoulos did in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that georgopoulos did in that
+1982 paper for the armed movements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 paper for the armed movements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 paper for the armed movements of
+the monkey they broke the trials up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey they broke the trials up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey they broke the trials up into
+small bins out about ten or twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bins out about ten or twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bins out about ten or twenty
+milliseconds each counted the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds each counted the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds each counted the number of
+spikes in each one of those bins divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes in each one of those bins divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes in each one of those bins divided
+by that bin width and computed firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that bin width and computed firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that bin width and computed firing
+rate bikes per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate bikes per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate bikes per second
+and see that they did one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that they did one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that they did one other thing
+here the average firing rate during each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the average firing rate during each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the average firing rate during each
+bin in which we've subtracted off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin in which we've subtracted off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin in which we've subtracted off the
+firing rate in the pre stimulus period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate in the pre stimulus period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate in the pre stimulus period
+okay so that is very typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is very typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is very typically what
+you'll see in a neuroscience paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in a neuroscience paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in a neuroscience paper
+describing the behavior of neurons to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the behavior of neurons to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the behavior of neurons to a
+stimulus or during a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus or during a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus or during a motor
+and so we can use similar tricks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can use similar tricks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can use similar tricks to
+estimate the firing rates of neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the firing rates of neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the firing rates of neurons in
+just continuous bike trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuous bike trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuous bike trains
+okay so not all neuroscience experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not all neuroscience experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not all neuroscience experiments
+are done in trials like this where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done in trials like this where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done in trials like this where we
+present a stimulus and then turn it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present a stimulus and then turn it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present a stimulus and then turn it off
+some trials some experiments are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trials some experiments are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trials some experiments are done
+for example where a movie my a monkey or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where a movie my a monkey or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where a movie my a monkey or
+an animal might be in a movie where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal might be in a movie where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal might be in a movie where
+stimuli are presented continuously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli are presented continuously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli are presented continuously so
+you don't have this clear trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have this clear trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have this clear trial
+structure so we can also quantify firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so we can also quantify firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so we can also quantify firing
+rates in cases where we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates in cases where we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates in cases where we just have a
+continuous spike train without trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous spike train without trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous spike train without trials
+and we can do that again by just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that again by just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that again by just taking
+that continuous spike train and breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous spike train and breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous spike train and breaking
+it up into intervals so there will be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into intervals so there will be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into intervals so there will be n
+sub J's spikes in bin J and bin the bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub J's spikes in bin J and bin the bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub J's spikes in bin J and bin the bin
+has some width delta T now one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some width delta T now one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some width delta T now one problem
+that you can see immediately from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see immediately from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see immediately from this
+is that the answer you get will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the answer you get will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the answer you get will depend
+on where you place the boundaries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where you place the boundaries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where you place the boundaries of the
+bins so if you take all these bins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins so if you take all these bins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins so if you take all these bins and
+you shift them over by let's say half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shift them over by let's say half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shift them over by let's say half of
+you know shift them over by delta T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shift them over by delta T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shift them over by delta T over
+2 you can see that you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 you can see that you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 you can see that you can get a
+completely different set of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different set of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different set of a different
+set of firing rates for this same spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of firing rates for this same spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of firing rates for this same spike
+train so there's not a unique answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another way to do this is to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to do this is to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to do this is to quantify
+firing rates in bins that are shifted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in bins that are shifted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates in bins that are shifted to
+all possible times so for example we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible times so for example we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible times so for example we can
+take a window where we have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a window where we have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a window where we have zero
+everyone kept within this window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone kept within this window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone kept within this window
+we can now multiply the spike train well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now multiply the spike train well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now multiply the spike train well
+one way to do this would simply be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do this would simply be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do this would simply be to
+count the number of spikes within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of spikes within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of spikes within that
+window and then shift the window over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and then shift the window over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and then shift the window over
+and count the number of spikes and shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the number of spikes and shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the number of spikes and shift
+the window over and count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window over and count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window over and count the number of
+spikes and now you get a count a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and now you get a count a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and now you get a count a number
+of spikes in each of those windows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spikes in each of those windows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spikes in each of those windows where
+all the windows have width delta T but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the windows have width delta T but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the windows have width delta T but
+we've shifted it in small time steps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shifted it in small time steps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shifted it in small time steps so
+how can we describe that mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we describe that mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we describe that mathematically
+well you may recall that this in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you may recall that this in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you may recall that this in fact
+looks a lot like a convolution we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like a convolution we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like a convolution we're
+going to take this square kernel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this square kernel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this square kernel and
+we're going to multiply it by the spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to multiply it by the spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to multiply it by the spike
+train and count the number of spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and count the number of spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and count the number of spikes
+take the integral over that product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral over that product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral over that product and
+you can see that that's basically going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that that's basically going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that that's basically going
+to give you the number of spikes within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the number of spikes within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the number of spikes within
+that window from t1 to t2 so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window from t1 to t2 so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window from t1 to t2 so for example
+in this case we're going to use a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're going to use a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're going to use a square
+window the firing rate is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window the firing rate is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window the firing rate is just going to
+be given by the number of spikes divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by the number of spikes divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by the number of spikes divided
+by the width of the window and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the width of the window and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the width of the window and that's
+just 1 over delta T times the Girl t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 over delta T times the Girl t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 over delta T times the Girl t
+minus delta T over to the T plus delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T over to the T plus delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T over to the T plus delta T
+over 2 sliding that gradually over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 sliding that gradually over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 sliding that gradually over the
+spike train so we're effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train so we're effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train so we're effectively
+convolving our spike train with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving our spike train with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving our spike train with this
+rectangular kernel okay and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular kernel okay and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular kernel okay and that's what
+it looks like mathematically the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like mathematically the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like mathematically the firing
+rate is the convolution of the spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the convolution of the spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the convolution of the spike
+train with this smoothing kernel okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train with this smoothing kernel okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train with this smoothing kernel okay so
+as I mentioned that's just a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned that's just a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned that's just a convolution
+work and we're convolving our spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and we're convolving our spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and we're convolving our spike
+train with the square kernel of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train with the square kernel of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train with the square kernel of this
+width so that is the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width so that is the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width so that is the mathematical
+expression for a convolution the is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for a convolution the is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for a convolution the is just
+the convolution of this kernel with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution of this kernel with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution of this kernel with the
+spike train and again the kernel is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train and again the kernel is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train and again the kernel is 0
+everywhere except within this window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except within this window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except within this window
+minus delta T over to 2 plus delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T over to 2 plus delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T over to 2 plus delta T
+over 2 and as a height of 1 over delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and as a height of 1 over delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and as a height of 1 over delta T
+such that we make the area once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we make the area once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we make the area once
+notationally we often write that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notationally we often write that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notationally we often write that as a
+star rose star kaze out in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star rose star kaze out in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star rose star kaze out in this case we
+were involving our spike train with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were involving our spike train with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were involving our spike train with a
+square a kernel the problem with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a kernel the problem with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a kernel the problem with a
+square kernel is that it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square kernel is that it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square kernel is that it changes
+abruptly every time a spike comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly every time a spike comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly every time a spike comes into
+the window or drops out of the window a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window or drops out of the window a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window or drops out of the window a
+more common way of quantifying firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common way of quantifying firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common way of quantifying firing
+rates is to convulse Pike train with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates is to convulse Pike train with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates is to convulse Pike train with a
+Gaussian kernel instead of instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian kernel instead of instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian kernel instead of instead of
+using a square kernel here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a square kernel here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a square kernel here we're going
+to use a Gaussian kernel that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a Gaussian kernel that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a Gaussian kernel that looks like
+this the kernel is just defined as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the kernel is just defined as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the kernel is just defined as this
+Gaussian function and it's Orem alized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian function and it's Orem alized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian function and it's Orem alized
+by 1 over Sigma root 2 pi and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 over Sigma root 2 pi and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 over Sigma root 2 pi and this
+normalization gives area under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization gives area under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization gives area under that
+kernel 1 so it's still essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel 1 so it's still essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel 1 so it's still essentially
+counting the number of spikes within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of spikes within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of spikes within
+that window it's again just a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window it's again just a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window it's again just a weighted
+average of the number of spikes divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the number of spikes divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the number of spikes divided
+by the width of the kernel but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the width of the kernel but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the width of the kernel but there's
+less weight at the edges it has smoother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less weight at the edges it has smoother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less weight at the edges it has smoother
+edges and gives you a less steppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and gives you a less steppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and gives you a less steppy
+looking result so let me show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking result so let me show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking result so let me show you what
+that looks like so here's a spike train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like so here's a spike train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like so here's a spike train
+if we take fixed bins and compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take fixed bins and compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take fixed bins and compute the
+firing rate as a function of time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate as a function of time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate as a function of time it
+looks like this if we take that spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this if we take that spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this if we take that spike
+train and we convolve it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and we convolve it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and we convolve it and that
+estimate of firing it would depend very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of firing it would depend very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of firing it would depend very
+much on where exactly the windows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on where exactly the windows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on where exactly the windows are
+placed the other hand this shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed the other hand this shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed the other hand this shows the
+firing rate estimated with a wear kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate estimated with a wear kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate estimated with a wear kernel
+of the same width and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same width and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same width and you can see that
+it shows a much smoother estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows a much smoother estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows a much smoother estimate a
+smoother representation of the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother representation of the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother representation of the firing
+rate varying over time and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate varying over time and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate varying over time and if you take
+that same spike train and you convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same spike train and you convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same spike train and you convolve
+it with a Gaussian then you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a Gaussian then you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a Gaussian then you get a
+function that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that looks like this
+and we think of this as perhaps better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of this as perhaps better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of this as perhaps better
+representing the underlying process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the underlying process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the underlying process in
+the brain that produces this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that produces this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that produces this time
+varying firing rate this time varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying firing rate this time varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying firing rate this time varying
+spike train then either of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train then either of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train then either of these two
+right we you don't you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we you don't you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we you don't you don't really
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+the firing rate of this neuron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of this neuron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of this neuron is
+jumping around in rectangular steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around in rectangular steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping around in rectangular steps
+right we think of it as being some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we think of it as being some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we think of it as being some kind
+of smooth continuous underlying function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smooth continuous underlying function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smooth continuous underlying function
+that represents maybe the input to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents maybe the input to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents maybe the input to that
+neuron that in these estimates of firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that in these estimates of firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that in these estimates of firing
+rate we had to actually choose a width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we had to actually choose a width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we had to actually choose a width
+for I had to choose a bin size we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I had to choose a bin size we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I had to choose a bin size we had to
+choose a width of our square kernel here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a width of our square kernel here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a width of our square kernel here
+and we had to choose a Gaussian kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had to choose a Gaussian kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had to choose a Gaussian kernel
+here and and see that the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and see that the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and see that the answer
+actually that you get for firing rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that you get for firing rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that you get for firing rate as
+a function of time depends very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time depends very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time depends very strongly
+on the size or the width of that kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size or the width of that kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size or the width of that kernel
+that you choose to use so and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose to use so and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose to use so and now we
+smooth it with a Gaussian kernel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it with a Gaussian kernel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it with a Gaussian kernel that
+has a width a sigma a for milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a width a sigma a for milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a width a sigma a for milliseconds
+that's the standard deviation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard deviation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard deviation of the
+Gaussian that we used to smooth this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian that we used to smooth this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian that we used to smooth this
+spike train and you can see that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train and you can see that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike train and you can see that what
+you get is a very peaky estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is a very peaky estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is a very peaky estimate of the
+firing rate so right so that spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate so right so that spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate so right so that spike
+produces this little peak so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this little peak so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this little peak so the
+question is that's what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that's what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that's what's the right
+answer how should you actually choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer how should you actually choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer how should you actually choose
+the size of the kernel to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the kernel to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the kernel to use to
+estimate fahren rate for your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate fahren rate for your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate fahren rate for your experiment
+answer is that it really depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that it really depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that it really depends on the
+experiment so neural spike trains have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so neural spike trains have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so neural spike trains have
+widely different temporal structures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely different temporal structures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely different temporal structures so
+first of all neuronal responses aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all neuronal responses aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all neuronal responses aren't
+constant firing rates are not a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant firing rates are not a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant firing rates are not a constant
+thing neurons neural firing rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing neurons neural firing rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing neurons neural firing rates are
+constantly changing depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing depending on the
+type of stimulus that you use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stimulus that you use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stimulus that you use and
+different types of neurons have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of neurons have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of neurons have
+different temporal structure in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temporal structure in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temporal structure in response
+to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this shows the response of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the response of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the response of four
+different neurons to two stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to four different neurons in rattler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four different neurons in rattler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four different neurons in rattler
+bristle cortex in response to whisker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bristle cortex in response to whisker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bristle cortex in response to whisker
+deflection so this shows a raster a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection so this shows a raster a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection so this shows a raster a
+histogram a firing rate as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram a firing rate as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram a firing rate as a function of
+time for one neuron responds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for one neuron responds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for one neuron responds to a
+deflection of one of the whiskers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of one of the whiskers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of one of the whiskers right
+here so the whisker is at rest deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the whisker is at rest deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the whisker is at rest deflected
+and then relaxed back to its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then relaxed back to its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then relaxed back to its original
+position you can see that this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can see that this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can see that this neuron
+shows a little burst of activity at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a little burst of activity at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a little burst of activity at the
+onset of the deflection and it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the deflection and it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the deflection and it's fairly
+persistent throughout the deflection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent throughout the deflection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent throughout the deflection is
+here's another neuron during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another neuron during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another neuron during a
+deflection increased activity at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection increased activity at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection increased activity at the
+onset of the deflection followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the deflection followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the deflection followed by a
+fairly persistent increased spiking rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly persistent increased spiking rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly persistent increased spiking rate
+throughout the deflection now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the deflection now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the deflection now a
+different neuron it was quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neuron it was quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neuron it was quite a
+different behavior so so this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different behavior so so this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different behavior so so this neuron
+shows a brief recent firing rate just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a brief recent firing rate just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a brief recent firing rate just at
+the time of the deflection a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the deflection a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the deflection a little
+increase of firing rate when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of firing rate when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of firing rate when the
+deflection is removed an auto activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is removed an auto activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is removed an auto activity
+that persists during this constant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that persists during this constant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that persists during this constant part
+of the deflection there's another neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deflection there's another neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deflection there's another neuron
+this neuron was primarily active at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron was primarily active at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron was primarily active at the
+onset of the deflection here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the deflection here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset of the deflection here's another
+neuron that was silent at the onset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that was silent at the onset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that was silent at the onset of
+the deflection and then gave up a robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection and then gave up a robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection and then gave up a robust
+response neurons the changes in firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response neurons the changes in firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response neurons the changes in firing
+rate are not of a particular time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate are not of a particular time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate are not of a particular time scale
+different neurons have different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons have different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons have different time
+scales on which the changes in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales on which the changes in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales on which the changes in their
+firing rate are important well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate are important well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate are important well let's
+come back to our example of our auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to our example of our auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to our example of our auditory
+neuron here's the spiking of an auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron here's the spiking of an auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron here's the spiking of an auditory
+neuron during the presentation of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron during the presentation of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron during the presentation of an
+auditory stimulus right here this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory stimulus right here this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory stimulus right here this neuron
+in fact you can't see it here but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can't see it here but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can't see it here but this
+neuron shows spiking at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron shows spiking at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron shows spiking at a particular
+phase of the auditory stimulus much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the auditory stimulus much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the auditory stimulus much like
+the auditory neurons that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory neurons that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory neurons that we discussed
+for sound look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sound look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sound look
+in the owl so if you plot firing rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the owl so if you plot firing rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the owl so if you plot firing rate of
+this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron
+as a function of time during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time during the
+presentation of this stimulus that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of this stimulus that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of this stimulus that the
+firing rates are rapidly modulated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates are rapidly modulated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates are rapidly modulated in
+time you can see that at particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can see that at particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can see that at particular
+phases of this stimulus the firing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of this stimulus the firing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of this stimulus the firing rate
+is very high and then just a millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high and then just a millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high and then just a millisecond
+later the firing rate is very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the firing rate is very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the firing rate is very low
+so in this case you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can see that the
+spikes are locked temporarily at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes are locked temporarily at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes are locked temporarily at
+particular phases of the stimulus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phases of the stimulus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phases of the stimulus that's
+reflected when you make plots of firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected when you make plots of firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected when you make plots of firing
+rate as a function of time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as a function of time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as a function of time it's
+reflected in varrock modulations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in varrock modulations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in varrock modulations okay
+the neurons are firing at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons are firing at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons are firing at a particular
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so this corresponds to a case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponds to a case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponds to a case in which
+we would say that the spike timing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say that the spike timing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say that the spike timing is
+precisely controlled by the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely controlled by the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely controlled by the stimulus
+it's ways more natural here to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ways more natural here to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ways more natural here to think
+about spike times as being rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spike times as being rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spike times as being rather than
+like firing rate being modulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see here that that sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here that that sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here that that sensory
+neurons neurons can spike more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons neurons can spike more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons neurons can spike more in
+response to some stimuli than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to some stimuli than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to some stimuli than others
+motor neurons spike more during other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons spike more during other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons spike more during other
+some behaviors more than others we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some behaviors more than others we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some behaviors more than others we can
+think about information being carried in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about information being carried in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about information being carried in
+the number of spikes that are by by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of spikes that are by by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of spikes that are by by a
+stimulus or during a motor act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus or during a motor act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus or during a motor act
+now all neurons exhibit temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all neurons exhibit temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all neurons exhibit temporal
+modulation in their firing rates they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation in their firing rates they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation in their firing rates they
+fire more during a movement or after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire more during a movement or after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire more during a movement or after the
+presentation of a stimulus sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of a stimulus sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of a stimulus sometimes
+that information is carried by slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is carried by slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is carried by slow
+modulations in the firing rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulations in the firing rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulations in the firing rate for
+example the response to different orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the response to different orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the response to different orient
+oriented bars is carried in the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented bars is carried in the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented bars is carried in the average
+firing rate of the neuron during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the neuron during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the neuron during that
+particular stimulus and we can refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stimulus and we can refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stimulus and we can refer to
+that kind of coding that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of coding that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of coding that kind of
+representation of information as rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of information as rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of information as rate
+coding we can say that information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding we can say that information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding we can say that information about
+the stimulus is carried in the rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus is carried in the rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus is carried in the rate the
+firing rate of the neurons but in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the neurons but in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate of the neurons but in other
+cases like the auditory neuron that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like the auditory neuron that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like the auditory neuron that we
+just saw we can see that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw we can see that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw we can see that information is
+carried by rapid by fast mutilations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by rapid by fast mutilations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by rapid by fast mutilations
+rapid changes in spike probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid changes in spike probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid changes in spike probability and
+in that case we often say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we often say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we often say that
+information is coded like timing so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is coded like timing so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is coded like timing so a
+common Russian that you often hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Russian that you often hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Russian that you often hear about
+neurons is whether their coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons is whether their coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons is whether their coding
+information are in rate or temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are in rate or temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are in rate or temporal
+coding rate coding versus temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding rate coding versus temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding rate coding versus temporal
+coding really this is a false dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding really this is a false dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding really this is a false dichotomy
+you shouldn't think about neurons coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't think about neurons coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't think about neurons coding
+information one way or the other these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one way or the other these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one way or the other these
+are just really just two limits of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just really just two limits of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just really just two limits of a
+continuum the brain uses information at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum the brain uses information at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum the brain uses information at
+fast timescales as well as slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast timescales as well as slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast timescales as well as slow
+timescales and and how do we determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescales and and how do we determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescales and and how do we determine
+how do we know what's important for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know what's important for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know what's important for an
+for the brain what timescales are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the brain what timescales are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the brain what timescales are
+important and the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the answer to that
+question rooms from understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question rooms from understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question rooms from understanding the
+the way spike trains are read out by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way spike trains are read out by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way spike trains are read out by by
+the neurons that they project to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons that they project to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons that they project to what
+timescale is relevant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescale is relevant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timescale is relevant for the
+computation that's being done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's being done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's being done in the
+system that you're studying what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're studying what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're studying what are the
+biophysical mechanisms that that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysical mechanisms that that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysical mechanisms that that those
+spikes act on understand these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes act on understand these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes act on understand these questions
+then then that's the appropriate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then that's the appropriate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then that's the appropriate level
+of analysis to think about how spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis to think about how spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis to think about how spike
+trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains
+are important for sensory coding and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for sensory coding and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for sensory coding and for
+motor be
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pj_Ro7sFpUE.txt b/pj_Ro7sFpUE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f035100f184bdbd4217007d83630663897a98f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pj_Ro7sFpUE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll see how to color our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll see how to color our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll see how to color our
+points by region and how to add a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by region and how to add a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by region and how to add a linear
+regression line to our plot here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line to our plot here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line to our plot here we have
+our plot from the last video where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plot from the last video where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plot from the last video where we've
+colored the points dark red now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored the points dark red now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored the points dark red now let's
+color the points by region instead this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the points by region instead this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the points by region instead this
+time we want to add a color option to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we want to add a color option to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we want to add a color option to
+our aesthetic since we are assigning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our aesthetic since we are assigning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our aesthetic since we are assigning a
+variable in our dataset to the colors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our dataset to the colors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our dataset to the colors to
+do this we can type GG plot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we can type GG plot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we can type GG plot and then
+first give the name of our data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first give the name of our data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first give the name of our data like
+before who and then and our aesthetic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before who and then and our aesthetic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before who and then and our aesthetic we
+again specify that x equals G and I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again specify that x equals G and I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again specify that x equals G and I and
+y equals fertility rate but then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals fertility rate but then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals fertility rate but then we want
+to add the option color equals region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the option color equals region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the option color equals region
+which will color the points by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will color the points by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will color the points by the
+region variable and then we just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region variable and then we just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region variable and then we just want to
+add the Gian point function and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the Gian point function and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the Gian point function and hit
+enter now in our plot we should see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter now in our plot we should see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter now in our plot we should see that
+each point is colored corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point is colored corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point is colored corresponding to
+the region that country belongs in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that country belongs in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that country belongs in so
+the countries in Africa are colored red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries in Africa are colored red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries in Africa are colored red
+the countries in the Americas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries in the Americas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries in the Americas are
+colored gold the countries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored gold the countries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored gold the countries in the
+eastern Mediterranean are colored green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern Mediterranean are colored green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern Mediterranean are colored green
+etc this really helps us see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc this really helps us see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc this really helps us see something
+that we didn't see before the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't see before the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't see before the points
+from the different regions are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the different regions are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the different regions are really
+located in different areas on the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in different areas on the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in different areas on the plot
+let's now instead color the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now instead color the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now instead color the points
+according to the country's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the country's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the country's life
+expectancy to do this we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy to do this we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy to do this we just have to
+hit the up arrow to get back to our GG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the up arrow to get back to our GG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the up arrow to get back to our GG
+plot line and then delete region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot line and then delete region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot line and then delete region and
+type life expectancy now we should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type life expectancy now we should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type life expectancy now we should see
+that each point is colored according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each point is colored according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each point is colored according to
+the life expectancy in that country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life expectancy in that country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life expectancy in that country
+notice that before we were coloring by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that before we were coloring by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that before we were coloring by a
+factor variable region so we had exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor variable region so we had exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor variable region so we had exactly
+seven different colors corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different colors corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different colors corresponding to
+the seven different regions here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven different regions here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven different regions here we're
+coloring by life expectancy instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring by life expectancy instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring by life expectancy instead
+which is a numerical variable so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a numerical variable so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a numerical variable so we get
+a gradient of colors like this lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient of colors like this lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient of colors like this lighter
+blue core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue core
+spawns to a higher life expectancy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawns to a higher life expectancy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawns to a higher life expectancy and
+darker blue corresponds to a lower life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker blue corresponds to a lower life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker blue corresponds to a lower life
+expectancy let's take a look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy let's take a look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy let's take a look at a
+different plot now suppose we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plot now suppose we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plot now suppose we were
+interested in seeing whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing whether the
+fertility rate of a country was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate of a country was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate of a country was a good
+predictor of the percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor of the percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor of the percentage of the
+population under 15 intuitively we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under 15 intuitively we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under 15 intuitively we would
+expect these variables to be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these variables to be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these variables to be highly
+correlated but before trying any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated but before trying any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated but before trying any
+statistical models let's explore our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models let's explore our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models let's explore our
+data with a plot so now let's use the GG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with a plot so now let's use the GG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with a plot so now let's use the GG
+plot function on the who data again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot function on the who data again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot function on the who data again but
+we're going to specify in our aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to specify in our aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to specify in our aesthetic
+that the X variable should be fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the X variable should be fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the X variable should be fertility
+rate and the Y variable should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the Y variable should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the Y variable should be the
+variable under 15 again we want to add G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable under 15 again we want to add G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable under 15 again we want to add G
+on point since we want a scatterplot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really interesting
+it looks like the variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the variables are
+certainly correlated but as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly correlated but as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly correlated but as the
+fertility rate increases the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate increases the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate increases the variable
+under 15 starts increasing less so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 15 starts increasing less so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 15 starts increasing less so this
+doesn't really look like a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really look like a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really look like a linear
+relationship but we suspect that a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but we suspect that a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but we suspect that a log
+transformation a fertility rate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a fertility rate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a fertility rate will be
+better let's give it a shot so go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better let's give it a shot so go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better let's give it a shot so go ahead
+and scroll up in your R console to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scroll up in your R console to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scroll up in your R console to the
+previous line and instead of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous line and instead of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous line and instead of x equals
+fertility rate we want x equals log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate we want x equals log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate we want x equals log of
+the fertility rate and hit enter now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fertility rate and hit enter now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fertility rate and hit enter now
+this looks like a linear relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a linear relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a linear relationship
+let's try building a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try building a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try building a simple linear
+regression model to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model to predict the
+percentage of the population under 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the population under 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the population under 15
+using the log of the fertility rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the log of the fertility rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the log of the fertility rate so
+let's call our model model and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call our model model and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call our model model and use the
+LM function to predict under 15 using as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM function to predict under 15 using as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM function to predict under 15 using as
+an independent variable the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable the log of the
+fertility rate and our data set will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate and our data set will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate and our data set will be
+hewe let's look at the summary of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hewe let's look at the summary of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hewe let's look at the summary of our
+model it looks like the log of fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it looks like the log of fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it looks like the log of fertility
+rate is indeed a great predictor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is indeed a great predictor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is indeed a great predictor of
+under-15 the variables highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under-15 the variables highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under-15 the variables highly
+significant and our r-squared is point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and our r-squared is point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and our r-squared is point
+nine three nine one visualization was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine three nine one visualization was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine three nine one visualization was a
+great way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way
+for us to realize that the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to realize that the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to realize that the log
+transformation would be better if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would be better if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would be better if we
+instead had just used the fertility rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead had just used the fertility rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead had just used the fertility rate
+the r-square would have been 0.87 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r-square would have been 0.87 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r-square would have been 0.87 that's
+a pretty significant decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty significant decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty significant decrease in
+r-squared so now let's add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared so now let's add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared so now let's add this
+regression line to our plot this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line to our plot this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line to our plot this is
+pretty easy in ggplot we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy in ggplot we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy in ggplot we just have to
+add another layer so use the up arrow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another layer so use the up arrow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another layer so use the up arrow in
+your R console to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your R console to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your R console to get back to the
+plotting line and then add stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting line and then add stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting line and then add stat
+underscore smooth and in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore smooth and in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore smooth and in parentheses
+method equals and in quotes LM and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method equals and in quotes LM and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method equals and in quotes LM and hit
+enter now you should see a blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter now you should see a blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter now you should see a blue line
+going through the data this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the data this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the data this is our
+regression line by default ggplot will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line by default ggplot will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line by default ggplot will
+draw a 95% confidence interval shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a 95% confidence interval shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a 95% confidence interval shaded
+around the line we can change this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the line we can change this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the line we can change this by
+specifying options within the statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying options within the statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying options within the statistics
+layer so go ahead and scroll up in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so go ahead and scroll up in the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so go ahead and scroll up in the r
+console and after method equals LM type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and after method equals LM type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and after method equals LM type
+level equals 0.99 and hit enter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level equals 0.99 and hit enter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level equals 0.99 and hit enter this
+will give a 99% confidence interval we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a 99% confidence interval we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a 99% confidence interval we
+could instead take away the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could instead take away the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could instead take away the confidence
+interval altogether by deleting level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval altogether by deleting level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval altogether by deleting level
+equals 99 and typing se equals false now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 99 and typing se equals false now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 99 and typing se equals false now
+we just have the regression line in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have the regression line in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have the regression line in blue
+we could also change the color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also change the color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also change the color of the
+regression line by typing as an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line by typing as an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line by typing as an option
+color equals and then in quotes let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color equals and then in quotes let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color equals and then in quotes let's
+say orange now we have an orange linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say orange now we have an orange linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say orange now we have an orange linear
+regression line as we've seen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line as we've seen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line as we've seen in this
+lecture scatter plots are great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture scatter plots are great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture scatter plots are great for
+exploring data however there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring data however there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring data however there are many
+other ways to represent data visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to represent data visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to represent data visually
+such as box plots line charts histograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as box plots line charts histograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as box plots line charts histograms
+heat maps and geographic maps in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat maps and geographic maps in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat maps and geographic maps in some
+cases it may be better to choose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it may be better to choose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it may be better to choose one of
+these other ways of visualizing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other ways of visualizing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other ways of visualizing your
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+luckily ggplot makes it easy to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily ggplot makes it easy to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily ggplot makes it easy to go from
+one type of visualization to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of visualization to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of visualization to another
+simply by adding the appropriate layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by adding the appropriate layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by adding the appropriate layer
+to the plot we'll learn more about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plot we'll learn more about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plot we'll learn more about other
+types of visualizations and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of visualizations and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of visualizations and how to
+create them in the next lecture so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create them in the next lecture so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create them in the next lecture so what
+is the edge of visualizations the who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the edge of visualizations the who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the edge of visualizations the who
+data that we used here is used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we used here is used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we used here is used by
+citizens policymakers and organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens policymakers and organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens policymakers and organizations
+around the world visualizing the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world visualizing the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world visualizing the data
+facilitates the understanding of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates the understanding of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates the understanding of global
+health trends at a glance by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health trends at a glance by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health trends at a glance by using
+ggplot and R we're able to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot and R we're able to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot and R we're able to visualize
+data for exploration modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for exploration modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for exploration modeling and
+sharing analytics results
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q30W7ApRqjI.txt b/q30W7ApRqjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03c8fa518163b4c569456384f70f87ce447e09e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q30W7ApRqjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+A fully-associative (FA) cache has a tag comparator
+for each cache line.
+
+So the tag field of *every* cache line in
+a FA cache is compared with the tag field
+
+of the incoming address.
+
+Since all cache lines are searched, a particular
+memory location can be held in any cache line,
+
+which eliminates the problems of address conflicts
+causing conflict misses.
+
+The cache shown here can hold 4 different
+4-word blocks, regardless of their address.
+
+The example from the end of the previous segment
+required a cache that could hold two 3-word
+
+blocks, one for the instructions in the loop,
+and one for the data words.
+
+This FA cache would use two of its cache lines
+to perform that task and achieve a 100% hit
+
+ratio regardless of the addresses of the instruction
+and data blocks.
+
+FA caches are very flexible and have high
+hit ratios for most applications.
+
+Their only downside is cost.
+
+The inclusion of a tag comparator for each
+cache line to implement the parallel search
+
+for a tag match adds substantially the amount
+of circuitry required when there are many
+
+cache lines.
+
+Even the use of hybrid storage/comparison
+circuitry, called a content-addressable memory,
+
+doesn't make a big dent in the overall cost
+of a FA cache.
+
+DM caches searched only a single cache line.
+
+FA caches search all cache lines.
+
+Is there a happy middle ground where some
+small number of cache lines are searched in
+
+parallel?
+
+Yes!
+
+If you look closely at the diagram of the
+FA cache shown here, you'll see it looks like
+
+four 1-line DM caches operating in parallel.
+
+What would happen if we designed a cache with
+four multi-line DM caches operating in parallel?
+
+The result would be what we call an 4-way
+set-associative (SA) cache.
+
+An N-way SA cache is really just N DM caches
+(let's call them sub-caches) operating in
+
+parallel.
+
+Each of the N sub-caches compares the tag
+field of the incoming address with the tag
+
+field of the cache line selected by the index
+bits of the incoming address.
+
+The N cache lines searched on a particular
+request form a search "set" and the desired
+
+location might be held in any member of the
+set.
+
+The 4-way SA cache shown here has 8 cache
+lines in each sub-cache, so each set contains
+
+4 cache lines (one from each sub-cache) and
+there are a total of 8 sets (one for each
+
+line of the sub-caches).
+
+An N-way SA cache can accommodate up to N
+blocks whose addresses map to the same cache
+
+index.
+
+So access to up to N blocks with conflicting
+addresses can still be accommodated in this
+
+cache without misses.
+
+This a big improvement over a DM cache where
+an address conflict will cause the current
+
+resident of a cache line to be evicted in
+favor of the new request.
+
+And an N-way SA cache can have a very large
+number of cache lines but still only have
+
+to pay the cost of N tag comparators.
+
+This is a big improvement over a FA cache
+where a large number of cache lines would
+
+require a large number of comparators.
+
+So N-way SA caches are a good compromise between
+a conflict-prone DM cache and the flexible
+
+but very expensive FA cache.
+
+Here's a slightly more detailed diagram, in
+this case of a 3-way 8-set cache.
+
+Note that there's no constraint that the number
+of ways be a power of two since we aren't
+
+using any address bits to select a particular
+way.
+
+This means the cache designer can fine tune
+the cache capacity to fit her space budget.
+
+Just to review the terminology: the N cache
+lines that will be searched for a particular
+
+cache index are called a set.
+
+And each of N sub-caches is called a way.
+
+The hit logic in each "way" operates in parallel
+with the logic in other ways.
+
+Is it possible for a particular address to
+be matched by more than one way?
+
+That possibility isn't ruled out by the hardware,
+but the SA cache is managed so that doesn't
+
+happen.
+
+Assuming we write the data fetched from DRAM
+during a cache miss into a single sub-cache
+
+- we'll talk about how to choose that way
+in a minute -
+
+there's no possibility that more than one
+sub-cache will ever match an incoming address.
+
+How many ways to do we need?
+
+We'd like enough ways to avoid the cache line
+conflicts we experienced with the DM cache.
+
+Looking at the graph we saw earlier of memory
+accesses vs. time, we see that in any time
+
+interval there are only so many potential
+address conflicts that we need to worry about.
+
+The mapping from addresses to cache lines
+is designed to avoid conflicts between neighboring
+
+locations.
+
+So we only need to worry about conflicts between
+the different regions: code, stack and data.
+
+In the examples shown here there are three
+such regions, maybe 4 if you need two data
+
+regions to support copying from one data region
+to another.
+
+If the time interval is particularly large,
+we might need double that number to avoid
+
+conflicts between accesses early in the time
+interval and accesses late in the time interval.
+
+The point is that a small number of ways should
+be sufficient to avoid most cache line conflicts
+
+in the cache.
+
+As with block size, it's possible to have
+too much of a good thing: there's an optimum
+
+number of ways that minimizes the AMAT.
+
+Beyond that point, the additional circuity
+needed to combine the hit signals from a large
+
+number of ways will start have a significant
+propagation delay of its own, adding directly
+
+to the cache hit time and the AMAT.
+
+More to the point, the chart on the left shows
+that there's little additional impact on the
+
+miss ratio beyond 4 to 8 ways.
+
+For most programs, an 8-way set-associative
+cache with a large number of sets will perform
+
+on a par with the much more-expensive FA cache
+of equivalent capacity.
+
+There's one final issue to resolve with SA
+and FA caches.
+
+When there's a cache miss, which cache line
+should be chosen to hold the data that will
+
+be fetched from main memory?
+
+That's not an issue with DM caches, since
+each data block can only be held in one particular
+
+cache line, determined by its address.
+
+But in N-way SA caches, there are N possible
+cache lines to choose from, one in each of
+
+the ways.
+
+And in a FA cache, any of the cache lines
+can be chosen.
+
+So, how to choose?
+
+Our goal is to choose to replace the contents
+of the cache line which will minimize the
+
+impact on the hit ratio in the future.
+
+The optimal choice is to replace the block
+that is accessed furthest in the future (or
+
+perhaps is never accessed again).
+
+But that requires knowing the future…
+
+Here's an idea: let's predict future accesses
+by looking a recent accesses and applying
+
+the principle of locality.
+
+d7.36 If a block has not been recently accessed,
+it's less likely to be accessed in the near
+
+future.
+
+That suggests the least-recently-used replacement
+strategy, usually referred to as LRU: replace
+
+the block that was accessed furthest in the
+past.
+
+LRU works well in practice, but requires us
+to keep a list ordered by last use for each
+
+set of cache lines, which would need to be
+updated on each cache access.
+
+When we needed to choose which member of a
+set to replace, we'd choose the last cache
+
+line on this list.
+
+For an 8-way SA cache there are 8! possible
+orderings, so we'd need log2(8!) = 16 state
+
+bits to encode the current ordering.
+
+The logic to update these state bits on each
+access isn't cheap.
+
+Basically you need a lookup table to map the
+current 16-bit value to the next 16-bit value.
+
+So most caches implement an approximation
+to LRU where the update function is much simpler
+
+to compute.
+
+There are other possible replacement policies:
+First-in, first-out, where the oldest cache
+
+line is replaced regardless of when it was
+last accessed.
+
+And Random, where some sort of pseudo-random
+number generator is used to select the replacement.
+
+All replacement strategies except for random
+can be defeated.
+
+If you know a cache's replacement strategy
+you can design a program that will have an
+
+abysmal hit rate by accessing addresses you
+know the cache just replaced.
+
+I'm not sure I care about how well a program
+designed to get bad performance runs on my
+
+system, but the point is that most replacement
+strategies will occasionally cause a particular
+
+program to execute much more slowly than expected.
+
+When all is said and done, an LRU replacement
+strategy or a close approximation is a reasonable
+
+choice.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q7pPG7V2ack.txt b/q7pPG7V2ack.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f1469355a66521f4ad890ec5ad1914d9340c790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q7pPG7V2ack.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so morphology remember morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so morphology remember morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so morphology remember morphology
+we were talking when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking when we talked about
+morphology about the fact that a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology about the fact that a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology about the fact that a word
+like unlockable is ambiguous uh it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unlockable is ambiguous uh it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unlockable is ambiguous uh it can
+mean either it's possible to unlock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean either it's possible to unlock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean either it's possible to unlock it
+uh or it is not possible to lock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or it is not possible to lock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or it is not possible to lock it
+can be a desirable property of a lock uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a desirable property of a lock uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a desirable property of a lock uh
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+um and we talked I think about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we talked I think about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we talked I think about the fact
+that at least I want to pronounce it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least I want to pronounce it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least I want to pronounce it a
+little differently depending on which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently depending on which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently depending on which of
+those things I say so uh the door is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things I say so uh the door is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things I say so uh the door is
+unlockable means it can be unlocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable means it can be unlocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable means it can be unlocked
+um but the door is broken it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the door is broken it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the door is broken it's
+unlockable means it cannot be locked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable means it cannot be locked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable means it cannot be locked I
+have this desire to put an extra sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this desire to put an extra sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this desire to put an extra sort of
+oomph on on an extra little Demi stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oomph on on an extra little Demi stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oomph on on an extra little Demi stress
+beat on on if I mean the thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat on on if I mean the thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat on on if I mean the thing on the
+right yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah
+uh and what we said when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what we said when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what we said when we were talking
+about this was we can account for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was we can account for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was we can account for this
+kind of ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ambiguity
+in the following way we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way we'll say
+some things which are clearly true first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things which are clearly true first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things which are clearly true first
+uh bubble combines with verbs to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bubble combines with verbs to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bubble combines with verbs to make
+adjectives uh they're a bunch of verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives uh they're a bunch of verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives uh they're a bunch of verbs
+that you can make into adjectives this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make into adjectives this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make into adjectives this
+way so you can take verb like saying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you can take verb like saying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you can take verb like saying or
+a verb like understand and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb like understand and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb like understand and get
+adjectives like singable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives like singable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives like singable or
+understandable right and to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable right and to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable right and to say that
+something is singable is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is singable is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is singable is to say that
+it's possible to sing it right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to sing it right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to sing it right that's
+that's what that means yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means yeah
+understandable means it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable means it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable means it's possible to
+understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+um so there's another suffix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's another suffix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's another suffix that
+changes verbs into adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes verbs into adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes verbs into adjectives
+and then we said there are two UNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we said there are two UNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we said there are two UNS
+there's an un that combines with verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an un that combines with verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an un that combines with verbs
+and makes verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes verbs
+um that's an un that means something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's an un that means something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's an un that means something
+like undo the effects of or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like undo the effects of or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like undo the effects of or you know
+change something so that it is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something so that it is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something so that it is no longer
+in the state that it would have been if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the state that it would have been if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the state that it would have been if
+the verb had applied to it or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb had applied to it or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb had applied to it or something
+like that so untie means take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so untie means take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so untie means take something
+and do things to it such that it is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do things to it such that it is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do things to it such that it is no
+longer in the state that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the state that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the state that it is
+standardly in after you have tied it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly in after you have tied it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly in after you have tied it or
+to put that a little more briefly take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that a little more briefly take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that a little more briefly take
+something that was tied and make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was tied and make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was tied and make it so
+it is not tied right that's what untie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not tied right that's what untie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not tied right that's what untie
+means uh similarly for undo and a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh similarly for undo and a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh similarly for undo and a bunch
+of other UNS yeah so there's none that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other UNS yeah so there's none that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other UNS yeah so there's none that
+applies to verbs and has sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to verbs and has sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to verbs and has sometimes
+called reversative meaning you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reversative meaning you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reversative meaning you know
+change it so that it's back from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it so that it's back from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it so that it's back from the
+state it would have been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it would have been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it would have been in
+yeah and then there's another un let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then there's another un let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then there's another un let us
+call it UN number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it UN number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it UN number two
+on number two combines with adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number two combines with adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number two combines with adjectives
+and makes adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes adjectives
+that mean more or less not adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean more or less not adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean more or less not adjective
+yeah so unkind or unfamiliar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so unkind or unfamiliar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so unkind or unfamiliar or
+unfortunate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate yeah
+these all mean not the adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all mean not the adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all mean not the adjective
+whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is
+and so what we said was oh hey Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we said was oh hey Raquel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we said was oh hey Raquel
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's no longer tied but like leave it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer tied but like leave it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer tied but like leave it in
+a similar State than it was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar State than it was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar State than it was at the
+beginning like chronologically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like chronologically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like chronologically because
+you could like chop and see like in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could like chop and see like in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could like chop and see like in like
+lots of little pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of little pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of little pieces
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+oh that's a nice Point yeah so if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a nice Point yeah so if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a nice Point yeah so if I if I
+take let's see if I untie a shoelace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's see if I untie a shoelace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's see if I untie a shoelace
+first of all it has to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it has to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it has to start off
+tied is that right so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied is that right so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied is that right so if I have a
+shoelace which is not tied I can't untie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoelace which is not tied I can't untie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoelace which is not tied I can't untie
+it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+um but if it's tied and then I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if it's tied and then I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if it's tied and then I take
+scissors and I cut it into many small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors and I cut it into many small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors and I cut it into many small
+pieces have I untied it no surely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces have I untied it no surely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces have I untied it no surely not
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh when Alexander cut the gordian knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when Alexander cut the gordian knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when Alexander cut the gordian knot
+he wasn't untying the knot right he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't untying the knot right he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't untying the knot right he was
+being more direct than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more direct than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more direct than that
+a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point
+so you have to put it so what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to put it so what you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to put it so what you just
+said I like the way you just said it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I like the way you just said it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I like the way you just said it you
+have to put it back in the state that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it back in the state that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it back in the state that it
+was in before it was tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in before it was tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in before it was tied
+is that the way to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the way to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the way to say it
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+yeah that's a nice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a nice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a nice point
+undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo
+right I mean because what we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean because what we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean because what we said we
+talked about this in class that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this in class that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this in class that there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um it's there are lots of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's there are lots of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's there are lots of things that
+it's hard to do this on this on is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do this on this on is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do this on this on is kind
+of picky about what it can combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picky about what it can combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picky about what it can combined with
+so the um that attaches to adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um that attaches to adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um that attaches to adjectives
+can detect a touch lots of adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect a touch lots of adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect a touch lots of adjectives
+but like you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like you can't
+if I if I take some shoes I can't unwash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I take some shoes I can't unwash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I take some shoes I can't unwash
+shoes or unwash socks that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes or unwash socks that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes or unwash socks that doesn't mean
+take the socks and make them dirty again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the socks and make them dirty again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the socks and make them dirty again
+right uh you could imagine that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you could imagine that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you could imagine that it would
+but that's not what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what it means
+and maybe that's related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's related to your
+observation yeah it's interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation yeah it's interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation yeah it's interesting to
+think about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about yeah
+uh Joseph did you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can't be tied again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well
+let's see if you undo an operation on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if you undo an operation on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if you undo an operation on a
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+does it have to be possible to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to be possible to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to be possible to do the
+operation again I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation again I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation again I don't know maybe
+yeah there is a redo isn't there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is a redo isn't there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is a redo isn't there yeah
+um yeah I wonder maybe that is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I wonder maybe that is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I wonder maybe that is what it
+means maybe it means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means maybe it means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means maybe it means uh
+yeah and this is as you say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is as you say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is as you say this is
+related to Raquel's point you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Raquel's point you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Raquel's point you know you
+have to put it in a state such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it in a state such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it in a state such that the
+verb could apply to it again maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb could apply to it again maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb could apply to it again maybe maybe
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah so there's a lot you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a lot you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a lot you know what I
+actually did on the slide was just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did on the slide was just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did on the slide was just to
+say I'm number one combines with verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm number one combines with verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm number one combines with verbs
+to make verbs and then my mental notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make verbs and then my mental notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make verbs and then my mental notes
+to myself say you know Vamp something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself say you know Vamp something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself say you know Vamp something
+about what it means uh you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means uh you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means uh you guys are
+doing some sophisticated thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some sophisticated thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some sophisticated thinking about
+what it means uh it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means uh it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means uh it's a little
+complicated figuring out what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated figuring out what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated figuring out what it means
+yeah see nice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah see nice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah see nice point
+uh still what I've said on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still what I've said on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still what I've said on the slide
+apart from the vamping I think it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the vamping I think it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the vamping I think it's true
+there's an elbow that changes verbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an elbow that changes verbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an elbow that changes verbs and
+adjectives and there are two UNS one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and there are two UNS one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and there are two UNS one
+that combines with verbs another that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combines with verbs another that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combines with verbs another that
+combines with adjectives that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with adjectives that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with adjectives that sound
+right so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so far
+and what all of this means is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what all of this means is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what all of this means is uh the
+ambiguity of unlockable we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity of unlockable we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity of unlockable we get to
+attribute it to basically the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute it to basically the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute it to basically the fact that
+there are two UNS so uh you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two UNS so uh you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two UNS so uh you can you
+could have attached the UN before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have attached the UN before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have attached the UN before you
+attached the oval or you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached the oval or you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached the oval or you could have
+attached the UN after you attached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached the UN after you attached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached the UN after you attached the
+elbow because the elbow is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow because the elbow is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow because the elbow is going to
+change a verb into an adjective an un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a verb into an adjective an un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a verb into an adjective an un
+can combine with either a verb or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine with either a verb or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine with either a verb or an
+adjective so that was the way we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective so that was the way we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective so that was the way we were
+talking so the idea was uh you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking so the idea was uh you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking so the idea was uh you can start
+by touching on on number one so lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by touching on on number one so lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by touching on on number one so lock
+giving you you know this new verb unlock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you you know this new verb unlock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you you know this new verb unlock
+which is related to the meaning of luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the meaning of luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the meaning of luck
+in mysterious and complicated ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mysterious and complicated ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mysterious and complicated ways that
+we've now been talking about uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now been talking about uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now been talking about uh and then
+you can attach able to that and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can attach able to that and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can attach able to that and give you
+an adjective unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjective unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjective unlockable
+and uh I drew trees like this before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I drew trees like this before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I drew trees like this before and
+said yeah these trees are kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah these trees are kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah these trees are kind of a
+representation of the order in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the order in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the order in which you
+did things that's all they're for right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did things that's all they're for right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did things that's all they're for right
+just to say you started by uh putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say you started by uh putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say you started by uh putting
+together those two things at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together those two things at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together those two things at the bottom
+of the tree the verb and that prefix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree the verb and that prefix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree the verb and that prefix and
+you created a verb that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you created a verb that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you created a verb that's what that
+prefix does it takes verbs and returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix does it takes verbs and returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix does it takes verbs and returns
+verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs
+and then that verb gets to attached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that verb gets to attached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that verb gets to attached the
+second thing you do that verb attaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing you do that verb attaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing you do that verb attaches
+to the suffix and now the suffix changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the suffix and now the suffix changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the suffix and now the suffix changes
+that verb into an adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that verb into an adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that verb into an adjective
+or you can do things in the other order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do things in the other order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do things in the other order
+right you can attach able to lock giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can attach able to lock giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can attach able to lock giving
+you an adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an adjective
+and you can take on number two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take on number two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take on number two and
+attach on number two to that adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach on number two to that adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach on number two to that adjective
+giving you a new adjective meaning not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a new adjective meaning not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a new adjective meaning not
+lockable yeah and so unlockable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockable yeah and so unlockable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockable yeah and so unlockable is
+ambiguous yeah and the ambiguity we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous yeah and the ambiguity we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous yeah and the ambiguity we said
+comes from the fact that well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that well there are
+two UNS which is something we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two UNS which is something we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two UNS which is something we can
+observe you know there's none that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe you know there's none that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe you know there's none that goes
+on verbs and none that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on verbs and none that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on verbs and none that goes on
+adjectives and there's a novel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and there's a novel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and there's a novel that
+changes verbs adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes verbs adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes verbs adjectives
+right yes uh and uh that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes uh and uh that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes uh and uh that means that
+there's an un that can go before the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an un that can go before the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an un that can go before the a
+bowl and there's none that can go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl and there's none that can go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl and there's none that can go after
+the apple and so we get this ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple and so we get this ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple and so we get this ambiguity
+and the ambiguity is what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ambiguity is what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ambiguity is what we would
+expect it to be yeah this is all review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be yeah this is all review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be yeah this is all review
+having said all this I guess what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said all this I guess what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said all this I guess what we
+expect is that you could have two UNS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that you could have two UNS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that you could have two UNS I
+didn't put this on the slide anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put this on the slide anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put this on the slide anywhere
+that you it would be possible to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it would be possible to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it would be possible to say it
+is UN unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is UN unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is UN unlockable
+which I think is true actually this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is true actually this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is true actually this this
+uh this door is broken it is UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this door is broken it is UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this door is broken it is UN
+unlockable that would mean it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable that would mean it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable that would mean it cannot be
+unlocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked
+um I think that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that's true
+go ask some people whose Minds have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ask some people whose Minds have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ask some people whose Minds have not
+been contaminated by Linguistics go her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contaminated by Linguistics go her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contaminated by Linguistics go her
+ask your uh harass your your roommates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your uh harass your your roommates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your uh harass your your roommates
+or whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whoever
+um you'll make yourself popular that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll make yourself popular that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll make yourself popular that way
+and if you are going to try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are going to try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are going to try to learn
+from me how to make yourself popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me how to make yourself popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me how to make yourself popular
+then boy are you in the wrong class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then boy are you in the wrong class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then boy are you in the wrong class uh
+okay okay is this all clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+important part of the story is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the story is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the story is to say
+yeah unlockable uh it's a word it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unlockable uh it's a word it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unlockable uh it's a word it's got
+three morphemes in it a prefix and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three morphemes in it a prefix and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three morphemes in it a prefix and a
+ruse and a suffix uh but it isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruse and a suffix uh but it isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruse and a suffix uh but it isn't just
+three morphemes in a row those morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three morphemes in a row those morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three morphemes in a row those morphemes
+were assembled in an order you assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were assembled in an order you assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were assembled in an order you assembled
+them sort of pairwise you first put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of pairwise you first put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of pairwise you first put two
+of them together and then you added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them together and then you added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them together and then you added
+another one to the result of that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one to the result of that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one to the result of that first
+footing together and that order has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing together and that order has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing together and that order has
+consequences for interpretation so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for interpretation so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for interpretation so uh
+it's it's not false to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not false to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not false to say that
+unlockable consists of three morphemes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable consists of three morphemes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable consists of three morphemes a
+prefix a stem and a suffix but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix a stem and a suffix but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix a stem and a suffix but it's not
+a complete description of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete description of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete description of what's
+happened either it is that but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened either it is that but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened either it is that but it is
+also those trees or those trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also those trees or those trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also those trees or those trees
+represent something namely the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent something namely the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent something namely the order in
+which you did things that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what we're going to do now is start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do now is start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do now is start
+talking about syntax which is the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about syntax which is the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about syntax which is the study
+of how words are assembled to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how words are assembled to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how words are assembled to make
+sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences
+um words sometimes things smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um words sometimes things smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um words sometimes things smaller than
+words as we'll see and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words as we'll see and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words as we'll see and we're going to
+see that it's useful to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's useful to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's useful to think of
+sentences as being put together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences as being put together in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences as being put together in a
+bunch of operations more or less the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of operations more or less the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of operations more or less the way
+unlockable is that is that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable is that is that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable is that is that we take
+uh pairs of words and put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pairs of words and put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pairs of words and put them together
+to form larger objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form larger objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form larger objects
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the way I just did for unlockable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to give you a an example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a an example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a an example of the
+kind of thing we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing we're going to talk about
+I think I talked with you about this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I talked with you about this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I talked with you about this on
+the first day uh just as with unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day uh just as with unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day uh just as with unlockable
+you know it is true but it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is true but it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is true but it is not a
+complete description to say that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description to say that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description to say that that is
+three morphemes a prefix and stem and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three morphemes a prefix and stem and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three morphemes a prefix and stem and a
+suffix that's true but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix that's true but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix that's true but it's not a
+complete description a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description a complete
+description involves those trees or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description involves those trees or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description involves those trees or some
+equivalent explanation of the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent explanation of the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent explanation of the order in
+which you did things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you did things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you did things
+similarly these two sentences John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly these two sentences John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly these two sentences John
+walked up the stairs and Mary looked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked up the stairs and Mary looked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked up the stairs and Mary looked up
+the reference it's true but it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference it's true but it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference it's true but it is not a
+complete description to say that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description to say that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description to say that those
+are two sentences that consist of a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sentences that consist of a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sentences that consist of a noun
+a verb a preposition a determiner and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb a preposition a determiner and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb a preposition a determiner and a
+noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun
+did I say anything that alarmed anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I say anything that alarmed anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I say anything that alarmed anybody
+just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now
+so that's those are two sentences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's those are two sentences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's those are two sentences that
+consist of five words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of five words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of five words
+um that's true and we can say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's true and we can say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's true and we can say things
+about what kinds of words they are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what kinds of words they are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what kinds of words they are there
+are nouns up there and verbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nouns up there and verbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nouns up there and verbs and
+prepositions like up and I'll call I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions like up and I'll call I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions like up and I'll call I
+just called it a determiner the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called it a determiner the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called it a determiner the people
+sometimes call it the definite article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call it the definite article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call it the definite article
+you'll hear me call it the determiner a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear me call it the determiner a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear me call it the determiner a
+lot in this class yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in this class yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in this class yeah
+um it's true to say that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's true to say that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's true to say that those two
+sentences consist of those five words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences consist of those five words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences consist of those five words
+but just as with the two versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as with the two versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as with the two versions of
+unlockable we can convince ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable we can convince ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable we can convince ourselves
+that it's not a complete description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a complete description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a complete description
+that it's helpful to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's helpful to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's helpful to think about
+the order in which you assembled these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which you assembled these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which you assembled these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um so what I told you last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I told you last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I told you last time was
+effectively what we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what we're going to want to
+say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is
+there was an operation that created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an operation that created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an operation that created the
+substring up the stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring up the stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring up the stairs
+um in that first sentence that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that first sentence that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that first sentence that's what we
+call a constituent and there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a constituent and there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a constituent and there is no
+similar operation creating a substring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar operation creating a substring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar operation creating a substring
+up the reference in the second one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the reference in the second one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the reference in the second one and
+again this is review but it's reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is review but it's reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is review but it's reviewed
+from the first day what I convinced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first day what I convinced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first day what I convinced you
+I think I hope I tried uh was that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I hope I tried uh was that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I hope I tried uh was that there
+are various syntactic phenomena various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various syntactic phenomena various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various syntactic phenomena various
+things you get to do with sentences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get to do with sentences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get to do with sentences that
+treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+up the stairs as a single object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the stairs as a single object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the stairs as a single object that
+syntax gets to manipulate in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax gets to manipulate in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax gets to manipulate in various
+ways we're gonna be talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we're gonna be talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we're gonna be talking about that
+about what that means exactly uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that means exactly uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that means exactly uh and uh
+the same syntactic operations don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same syntactic operations don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same syntactic operations don't get
+to treat up the reference as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat up the reference as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat up the reference as a single
+thing so you know we said it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you know we said it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you know we said it's possible
+to ask questions like up which stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions like up which stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions like up which stairs
+did John walk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did John walk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did John walk so
+it's a fairly stuffy questions a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly stuffy questions a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly stuffy questions a strange
+way to ask the question but you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to ask the question but you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to ask the question but you can say
+it as opposed to up which reference did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as opposed to up which reference did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as opposed to up which reference did
+Mary look which is gibberish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary look which is gibberish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary look which is gibberish
+so we're going to draw a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to draw a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to draw a distinction
+this is maybe the first time that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe the first time that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe the first time that I've
+shown you a case where syntacticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you a case where syntacticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you a case where syntacticians
+have to care passionately about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to care passionately about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to care passionately about the
+difference between one sentence which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one sentence which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one sentence which is
+complete gibberish and another sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete gibberish and another sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete gibberish and another sentence
+which is not great yeah there's a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not great yeah there's a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not great yeah there's a fair
+amount of great syntax that's built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of great syntax that's built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of great syntax that's built on
+those kinds of distinctions or similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of distinctions or similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of distinctions or similarly
+if I say John walked up the stairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say John walked up the stairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say John walked up the stairs and
+you're surprised for some reason you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're surprised for some reason you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're surprised for some reason you can
+say up the stairs that's not a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say up the stairs that's not a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say up the stairs that's not a weird
+thing for you to say whereas if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to say whereas if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to say whereas if I say
+Mary looked up the reference and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary looked up the reference and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary looked up the reference and you're
+surprised no matter how surprised you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised no matter how surprised you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised no matter how surprised you
+are you're not going to say up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you're not going to say up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you're not going to say up the
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+that's a weird response yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a weird response yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a weird response yeah
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um point is just as with unlockable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point is just as with unlockable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point is just as with unlockable yeah
+it's three morphemes prefix stem suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three morphemes prefix stem suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three morphemes prefix stem suffix
+but having said that we haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having said that we haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having said that we haven't said
+everything we have to know uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we have to know uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we have to know uh which
+parts of unlockable are single Parts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of unlockable are single Parts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of unlockable are single Parts you
+know is it unattached to lockable or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it unattached to lockable or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it unattached to lockable or is
+it unlocked with a bull attached to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unlocked with a bull attached to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unlocked with a bull attached to it
+those are different for different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are different for different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are different for different uh
+adjectives with different meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives with different meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives with different meanings
+similarly here it's not enough to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here it's not enough to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here it's not enough to say
+yeah we've got these five words of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we've got these five words of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we've got these five words of these
+kind of these types we've got to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these types we've got to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these types we've got to know
+which of these things are go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these things are go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these things are go together
+which things are are Parts single parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things are are Parts single parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things are are Parts single parts
+and there is a part up the stairs what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a part up the stairs what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a part up the stairs what
+we call a constituent but various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a constituent but various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a constituent but various kinds
+of syntactic phenomena care about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of syntactic phenomena care about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of syntactic phenomena care about like
+the synthetic phenomena phenomenon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthetic phenomena phenomenon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthetic phenomena phenomenon uh
+can I repeat this if I'm astonished yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I repeat this if I'm astonished yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I repeat this if I'm astonished yeah
+that's a test kind of test for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a test kind of test for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a test kind of test for this
+property of constituenthood yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of constituenthood yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of constituenthood yeah so
+there's more to a sentence than it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to a sentence than it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to a sentence than it's
+parts we got to know in what order did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we got to know in what order did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we got to know in what order did
+you put those parts together just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put those parts together just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put those parts together just just
+like with unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with unlockable
+yeah makes sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah makes sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah makes sense okay
+so we're going to do syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do syntax
+we want a theory that's going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a theory that's going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a theory that's going to divide
+sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences
+into three kinds there are on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three kinds there are on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three kinds there are on the one
+hand sentences that you've heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sentences that you've heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sentences that you've heard a
+zillion times before like we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion times before like we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion times before like we're going to
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and on the other hand sentences that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand sentences that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand sentences that you
+have possibly never heard anyone say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have possibly never heard anyone say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have possibly never heard anyone say but
+that are fine so if I say my anteater is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fine so if I say my anteater is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fine so if I say my anteater is
+hula dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hula dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hula dancing
+you may never in your life have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may never in your life have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may never in your life have heard
+anyone say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone say that
+maybe you have some of you may have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some of you may have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some of you may have had
+more exciting lives than I have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting lives than I have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting lives than I have yeah
+um but uh uh it's an okay sentence uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh uh it's an okay sentence uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh uh it's an okay sentence uh as
+opposed to we're class going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to we're class going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to we're class going to
+which I've given a star there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've given a star there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've given a star there were
+called the star is what syntacticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the star is what syntacticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the star is what syntacticians
+give to things that are bad yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to things that are bad yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to things that are bad yeah so
+syntacticians are the opposite of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntacticians are the opposite of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntacticians are the opposite of normal
+people when we see things we don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we see things we don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we see things we don't like
+we give them a gold star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them a gold star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them a gold star
+usually it's not gold it's black I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's not gold it's black I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's not gold it's black I guess
+that makes a little more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a little more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a little more sense
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um this three-way distinction is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this three-way distinction is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this three-way distinction is worth
+kind of highlighting because if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of highlighting because if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of highlighting because if I had
+only given you the first sentence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only given you the first sentence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only given you the first sentence in the
+second sentence we're going to class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence we're going to class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence we're going to class and
+we're class going to yeah the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're class going to yeah the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're class going to yeah the first
+sentence is good and the second and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is good and the second and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is good and the second and the
+last sentence is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last sentence is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last sentence is bad
+some of you might be thinking well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might be thinking well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might be thinking well you
+know that first sentence it's a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that first sentence it's a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that first sentence it's a sentence
+I Heard lots of times before maybe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Heard lots of times before maybe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Heard lots of times before maybe when
+I was a small child I heard my parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a small child I heard my parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a small child I heard my parents
+say that you know and I I heard them say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know and I I heard them say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know and I I heard them say
+it and I remember it now and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I remember it now and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I remember it now and maybe
+that's all maybe that's what syntax is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all maybe that's what syntax is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all maybe that's what syntax is
+it's the ability to remember things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ability to remember things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ability to remember things
+you've heard people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say
+yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but
+instance of the second class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the second class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the second class of
+sentences shows that that's hopeless so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences shows that that's hopeless so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences shows that that's hopeless so
+you're not just remembering things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not just remembering things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not just remembering things
+you've heard people say when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say when you're
+deciding which things deserve the Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which things deserve the Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which things deserve the Black
+Star and which things don't yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star and which things don't yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star and which things don't yeah you're
+not just categorizing sentences into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just categorizing sentences into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just categorizing sentences into
+sentences you've heard before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you've heard before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you've heard before in
+sentences you haven't you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you haven't you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences you haven't you've got this
+intuition about which sentences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about which sentences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about which sentences are
+acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+and it's not just about which sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not just about which sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not just about which sentences
+are in your input which sentences you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in your input which sentences you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in your input which sentences you've
+heard people say it's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people say it's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people say it's something else
+we're going to try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to figure out what
+that is yeah yeah but I'm I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is yeah yeah but I'm I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is yeah yeah but I'm I'm giving you
+these three sentences to slay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sentences to slay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sentences to slay a
+hypothesis that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that you might be
+entertaining stop entertaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining stop entertaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining stop entertaining that
+hypothesis yeah you know make it go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis yeah you know make it go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis yeah you know make it go home
+it's not a good hypothesis you won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good hypothesis you won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good hypothesis you won't do
+any good is that clear are people clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good is that clear are people clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good is that clear are people clear
+on the hypothesis that I'm attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hypothesis that I'm attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hypothesis that I'm attempting to
+slay yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um if we pursued that that's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we pursued that that's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we pursued that that's much more
+sophisticated than the hypothesis I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than the hypothesis I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than the hypothesis I was
+trying to slay right so uh this is day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to slay right so uh this is day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to slay right so uh this is day
+one of syntax yeah so uh so no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of syntax yeah so uh so no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of syntax yeah so uh so no you're
+raising a good point what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising a good point what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising a good point what if
+um all you're doing is remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all you're doing is remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all you're doing is remembering
+chunks of sentences so maybe you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of sentences so maybe you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of sentences so maybe you've
+never heard anybody say my Andy Drew is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard anybody say my Andy Drew is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard anybody say my Andy Drew is
+hula dancing but maybe you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hula dancing but maybe you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hula dancing but maybe you've heard
+people say anteater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say anteater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say anteater
+maybe you've heard people say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've heard people say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've heard people say my
+anteater maybe not yeah but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater maybe not yeah but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater maybe not yeah but at least
+you've heard people say my noun right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say my noun right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say my noun right
+and you've heard people say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've heard people say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've heard people say you know
+anteater and uh is hula dancing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater and uh is hula dancing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater and uh is hula dancing well
+yeah maybe you've heard somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe you've heard somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe you've heard somebody say
+something like that right so maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right so maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right so maybe there
+are some parts of this that uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some parts of this that uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some parts of this that uh that you
+could be acquiring that way we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be acquiring that way we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be acquiring that way we're gonna
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+we're going to have to pursue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to pursue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to pursue that
+hypothesis long enough to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis long enough to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis long enough to find out
+exactly what it says right because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it says right because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it says right because what
+I just said uh which wasn't really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said uh which wasn't really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said uh which wasn't really the
+hypothesis it was an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis it was an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis it was an attempt to
+represent it uh we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it uh we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it uh we're gonna have to
+figure out how to rule out we're class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to rule out we're class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to rule out we're class
+going to right because you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to right because you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to right because you probably have
+heard people say we're and class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people say we're and class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people say we're and class and
+you've heard people say going to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say going to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard people say going to right
+so imagine where are you going to we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine where are you going to we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine where are you going to we've
+heard people say that and so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people say that and so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people say that and so we're going
+to have to be careful about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be careful about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be careful about that
+hypothesis to try to figure out how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis to try to figure out how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis to try to figure out how we
+could use it to rule any to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use it to rule any to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use it to rule any to draw the
+distinctions that are on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions that are on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions that are on the on the
+board yeah yeah but you're right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board yeah yeah but you're right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board yeah yeah but you're right so so
+just to summarize uh this conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize uh this conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize uh this conversation
+you and I have just had I said there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I have just had I said there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I have just had I said there's a
+fairly stupid hypothesis which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly stupid hypothesis which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly stupid hypothesis which says
+which and I'm I'm raising it partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and I'm I'm raising it partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and I'm I'm raising it partly
+because it's been seriously entertained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been seriously entertained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been seriously entertained
+in the literature before which says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature before which says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature before which says uh
+all you're doing is remembering things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're doing is remembering things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're doing is remembering things
+people have said and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have said and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have said and that's what
+distinguishes grammatical sentences from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes grammatical sentences from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes grammatical sentences from
+uninterpretable sentences that's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterpretable sentences that's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterpretable sentences that's false
+so we have this distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this distinction between
+sentences that are grammatical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences that are grammatical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences that are grammatical in
+sentences but are ungrammatical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences but are ungrammatical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences but are ungrammatical that
+isn't just a list of all the sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just a list of all the sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just a list of all the sentences
+you've ever heard before you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever heard before you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever heard before you can take a
+sentence you've never heard before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you've never heard before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you've never heard before and
+uh accept it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accept it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accept it yeah
+you're raising the point there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising the point there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising the point there could be
+a better version of the stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better version of the stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better version of the stupid
+hypothesis one that said well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis one that said well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis one that said well maybe
+there are some parts of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some parts of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some parts of the sentence
+that you've heard before which is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've heard before which is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've heard before which is true
+we're going to have to be explicit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to be explicit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to be explicit about
+which subparts count right and what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which subparts count right and what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which subparts count right and what what
+exactly we mean when we say that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we mean when we say that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we mean when we say that but
+you're right there could be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right there could be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right there could be a better
+version of that hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that hypothesis
+good point are there other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point are there other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point are there other questions
+did I successfully answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I successfully answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I successfully answer your question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's talk about what's wrong with we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what's wrong with we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what's wrong with we're
+class going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class going to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they have several hypotheses about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have several hypotheses about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have several hypotheses about
+what's wrong with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with it
+one could be that it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could be that it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could be that it doesn't mean
+anything it's a thing people sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's a thing people sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's a thing people sometimes
+say when I'm trying to explain to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when I'm trying to explain to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when I'm trying to explain to people
+so when I'm on airplane flights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I'm on airplane flights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I'm on airplane flights and
+people ask me you know what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask me you know what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask me you know what do you do
+for a living uh uh how I answer sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living uh uh how I answer sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living uh uh how I answer sort of
+depends on whether I feel like talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether I feel like talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether I feel like talking
+to the person or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person or not
+um so if I if I feel like talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I if I feel like talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I if I feel like talking to
+them then then I will tell them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then then I will tell them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then then I will tell them that
+they work on endangered languages which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work on endangered languages which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work on endangered languages which
+is something I do I work with languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I do I work with languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I do I work with languages
+that are down to their last few speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are down to their last few speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are down to their last few speakers
+and try to work with them and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to work with them and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to work with them and then you
+know sometimes they're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes they're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes they're interested in
+that and they talk to me if I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they talk to me if I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they talk to me if I would like
+to get them to leave me alone and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to leave me alone and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to leave me alone and so
+that I can read a book or whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can read a book or whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can read a book or whatever I
+tell them I'm a theoretical syntactician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them I'm a theoretical syntactician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them I'm a theoretical syntactician
+that usually ends the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually ends the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually ends the conversation
+fairly fairly quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly fairly quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly fairly quickly
+um but when it doesn't you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when it doesn't you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when it doesn't you know when
+they say oh what's that mean what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh what's that mean what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh what's that mean what do you
+work on then I will I will say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on then I will I will say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on then I will I will say you know
+uh well I'm trying to figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I'm trying to figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I'm trying to figure out why
+some sentences are grammatical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sentences are grammatical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sentences are grammatical and
+others aren't and I'll give examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others aren't and I'll give examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others aren't and I'll give examples and
+sometimes they will say oh but what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they will say oh but what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they will say oh but what does
+that mean right we're class going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean right we're class going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean right we're class going to you
+know maybe maybe that's what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe maybe that's what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe maybe that's what's wrong
+with it it doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it doesn't mean anything
+but the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is
+we're capable of distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're capable of distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're capable of distinguishing
+grammaticality even in sentences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammaticality even in sentences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammaticality even in sentences that
+don't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean anything
+so this is a famous example of Noam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a famous example of Noam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a famous example of Noam
+chomsky's I think if you look him up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky's I think if you look him up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky's I think if you look him up in
+like Bartlett's familiar quotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Bartlett's familiar quotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Bartlett's familiar quotations
+you'll find this first sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find this first sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find this first sentence
+colorless green ideas sleep furiously he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless green ideas sleep furiously he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless green ideas sleep furiously he
+actually offered that sentence as a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually offered that sentence as a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually offered that sentence as a part
+of a pair of sentences he wanted people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pair of sentences he wanted people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pair of sentences he wanted people
+to con to contrast that sentence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to con to contrast that sentence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to con to contrast that sentence with
+the same sentence backwards yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sentence backwards yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sentence backwards yeah
+seriously sleep ideas green colorless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously sleep ideas green colorless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously sleep ideas green colorless
+so consider those two sentences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider those two sentences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider those two sentences the
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+neither of them means anything right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of them means anything right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of them means anything right so
+the the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first one
+doesn't mean anything and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything and then if you
+turn your attention to the second one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn your attention to the second one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn your attention to the second one it
+also doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doesn't mean anything
+but they have a different status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have a different status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have a different status
+so the second one doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second one doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second one doesn't mean anything
+and it's ungrammatical whereas the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ungrammatical whereas the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ungrammatical whereas the first
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+it doesn't mean anything but you feel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean anything but you feel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean anything but you feel as
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+and this is what I'm slowing down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I'm slowing down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I'm slowing down right
+about here where I say it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here where I say it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here where I say it doesn't mean
+anything because the reaction people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because the reaction people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because the reaction people
+sometimes have right about here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes have right about here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes have right about here does
+anyone want to hear sometimes people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to hear sometimes people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to hear sometimes people say
+oh but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but look
+suppose suppose colorless meant you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose colorless meant you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose colorless meant you know
+boring right and suppose green meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring right and suppose green meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring right and suppose green meant
+environmentalists and and suppose sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalists and and suppose sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalists and and suppose sleep
+and furiously meant different suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furiously meant different suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furiously meant different suppose
+these words meant something other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words meant something other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words meant something other than
+what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean
+then the sentence would mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sentence would mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sentence would mean something
+which is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is true
+um but it's sort of uh it's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's sort of uh it's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's sort of uh it's another way
+of saying the same point yeah that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying the same point yeah that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying the same point yeah that um
+the first sentence colorless green ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sentence colorless green ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sentence colorless green ideas
+sleep furiously is meaningless if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep furiously is meaningless if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep furiously is meaningless if you
+don't mess with the meanings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mess with the meanings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mess with the meanings of the
+sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences
+but it obeys the rules for how words can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it obeys the rules for how words can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it obeys the rules for how words can
+be combined if the words meant something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined if the words meant something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined if the words meant something
+else the sentence would be fine right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the sentence would be fine right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the sentence would be fine right we
+can have English sentences that consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have English sentences that consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have English sentences that consist
+of two adjectives modifying a noun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two adjectives modifying a noun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two adjectives modifying a noun and
+then there's a verb and then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a verb and then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a verb and then there's an
+adverb right not that one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb right not that one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb right not that one yeah
+but you know uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know uh uh
+big green monsters snore loudly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big green monsters snore loudly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big green monsters snore loudly right
+that would be fine yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be fine yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be fine yeah
+um uh so you know when the person on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know when the person on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know when the person on the
+airplane flight next to me says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane flight next to me says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane flight next to me says oh
+what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with
+um we're class going to is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're class going to is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're class going to is that it's a
+meaningless sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless sentence
+if I'm really really desperately trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm really really desperately trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm really really desperately trying
+to end the conversation I bring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end the conversation I bring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end the conversation I bring out
+these kinds of pairs right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of pairs right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of pairs right so uh
+um it's not about meaning yeah you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not about meaning yeah you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not about meaning yeah you we
+have this this intuition that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this intuition that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this this intuition that there are
+sentences that are okay in sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences that are okay in sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences that are okay in sentences
+that are bad which is separable for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bad which is separable for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bad which is separable for from
+our intuition about what means something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition about what means something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition about what means something
+and what doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what doesn't
+I've just been asserting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just been asserting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just been asserting things about
+our feelings about these sentences do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our feelings about these sentences do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our feelings about these sentences do
+people have this feeling about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have this feeling about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have this feeling about these
+sentences first that they're meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences first that they're meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences first that they're meaningless
+and second that the first one is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second that the first one is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second that the first one is okay
+and the second one is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is bad
+okay yeah Rico I can't remember the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah Rico I can't remember the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah Rico I can't remember the word
+for this but you were saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this but you were saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this but you were saying that
+certain types of words are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of words are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of words are like
+categories that you can add more words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories that you can add more words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories that you can add more words
+to even if you don't know what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even if you don't know what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even if you don't know what they mean
+like it like modifiers and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it like modifiers and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it like modifiers and things like
+that and like but this house is very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and like but this house is very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and like but this house is very you
+know Globe you're like like this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Globe you're like like this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Globe you're like like this that's
+grammatical even if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical even if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical even if you don't know what
+it means but like you can't make it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means but like you can't make it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means but like you can't make it oh
+oh yes yes uh as we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes yes uh as we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes yes uh as we were talking about
+um open class and closed class uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open class and closed class uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open class and closed class uh uh
+morphemes right so so Jabberwocky is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes right so so Jabberwocky is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes right so so Jabberwocky is a
+poem that you can write changing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem that you can write changing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem that you can write changing uh
+changing all the lexical items to to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing all the lexical items to to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing all the lexical items to to you
+know nonsense words but you couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nonsense words but you couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nonsense words but you couldn't do
+that with functional items yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with functional items yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with functional items yeah that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+maybe the institutions like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the institutions like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the institutions like where
+something doesn't really make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something doesn't really make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something doesn't really make any sense
+your brain still knows that okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain still knows that okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain still knows that okay like
+maybe it treats it almost like that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it treats it almost like that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it treats it almost like that kind
+of class where you're like well I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class where you're like well I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class where you're like well I mean I
+you can fit like an adjective like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit like an adjective like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit like an adjective like this
+yep even if it means something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep even if it means something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep even if it means something
+ridiculous like right here and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous like right here and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous like right here and it's like
+it sounds okay even if it's like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds okay even if it's like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds okay even if it's like yeah
+that's a nice way to to put it I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice way to to put it I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice way to to put it I guess
+this is similar to what I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to what I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to what I was trying to
+say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about
+a reaction I sometimes get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction I sometimes get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction I sometimes get to this
+sentence which is I you know you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence which is I you know you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence which is I you know you say
+colorless green idea sleep furiously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless green idea sleep furiously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless green idea sleep furiously
+doesn't mean anything and people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything and people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything and people will
+sometimes say well but if these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes say well but if these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes say well but if these words
+meant something else then it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant something else then it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant something else then it would be
+okay yeah which is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think I may not have heard all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I may not have heard all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I may not have heard all of
+that but the idea was the first sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the idea was the first sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the idea was the first sentence
+it's clear what colorless and green are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear what colorless and green are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear what colorless and green are
+trying to do they're both trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do they're both trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do they're both trying to
+modify ideas is that right uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify ideas is that right uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify ideas is that right uh and it's
+clear what furiously is trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what furiously is trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what furiously is trying to do
+it's an adverb and it's trying to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an adverb and it's trying to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an adverb and it's trying to modify
+sleep when I say it's meaningless what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep when I say it's meaningless what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep when I say it's meaningless what I
+mean is you can't sleep furiously right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is you can't sleep furiously right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is you can't sleep furiously right
+and things can't be both colorless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things can't be both colorless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things can't be both colorless and
+green and if they could well ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and if they could well ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and if they could well ideas
+couldn't have those things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have those things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have those things they're
+abstract right that's the that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract right that's the that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract right that's the that's the the
+sense in which this is a meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which this is a meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which this is a meaningless
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+I think you're raising the point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're raising the point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're raising the point which
+is a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good point
+yeah it's meaningless but the words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's meaningless but the words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's meaningless but the words in
+it are fitting together the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are fitting together the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are fitting together the way they
+should the adjectives are going where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the adjectives are going where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the adjectives are going where
+adjectives go they go before the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives go they go before the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives go they go before the noun
+that's what they're supposed to do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're supposed to do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're supposed to do right
+and uh in the second sentence they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in the second sentence they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in the second sentence they're
+not doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing that
+is that the related to the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the related to the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the related to the point that
+you're making yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making yeah
+yeah so that's that's the intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's the intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's the intuition that
+we have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that it's possible to have feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible to have feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible to have feelings
+about sentences uh of the form well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sentences uh of the form well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sentences uh of the form well I
+don't know what this is supposed to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this is supposed to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this is supposed to mean
+but the parts are all in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the parts are all in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the parts are all in the right place
+yeah we are in the syntax part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we are in the syntax part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we are in the syntax part of this
+class it's all about Parts being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's all about Parts being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's all about Parts being in the
+right places yeah we will eventually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right places yeah we will eventually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right places yeah we will eventually do
+the semantics part which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantics part which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantics part which is about
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+but the point is that it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that it's possible to
+study these things independently of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study these things independently of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study these things independently of each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+so uh completely independently so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh completely independently so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh completely independently so you
+know when I was showing you unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I was showing you unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I was showing you unlockable
+uh we were really doing was morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were really doing was morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were really doing was morphology
+but we were also talking about meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we were also talking about meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we were also talking about meaning
+we were interested in the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were interested in the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were interested in the fact that uh
+that word had two different meanings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word had two different meanings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word had two different meanings we
+talked about the fact that it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fact that it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fact that it meant
+different things so we get to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so we get to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so we get to use
+semantics as kind of a probe into what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics as kind of a probe into what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics as kind of a probe into what's
+happening in morphology we'll do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in morphology we'll do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in morphology we'll do things
+like that in syntax yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in syntax yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in syntax yeah
+but our feelings about whether sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our feelings about whether sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our feelings about whether sentences
+are grammatical or not or acceptable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are grammatical or not or acceptable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are grammatical or not or acceptable or
+not are separable from our feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not are separable from our feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not are separable from our feelings
+about what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they mean
+if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+reverse there are sentences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse there are sentences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse there are sentences that are
+ungrammatical but that are meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungrammatical but that are meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungrammatical but that are meaningless
+but grammatical like colorless screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but grammatical like colorless screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but grammatical like colorless screen
+ideas sleep furiously on the flip side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas sleep furiously on the flip side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas sleep furiously on the flip side
+there are uh sentences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh sentences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh sentences that are
+meaningful but ungrammatical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful but ungrammatical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful but ungrammatical the
+sentences where it's very clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences where it's very clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences where it's very clear what
+they should mean but you just can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should mean but you just can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should mean but you just can't say
+it that way yeah here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way yeah here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way yeah here's a
+quadruple of examples that's meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple of examples that's meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple of examples that's meant to
+show you that you know so you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that you know so you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that you know so you can say
+put the sweater on you can say I put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the sweater on you can say I put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the sweater on you can say I put on
+the sweater you can say I put it on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweater you can say I put it on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweater you can say I put it on you
+cannot say I put on it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say I put on it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say I put on it yeah
+the meaning is not the problem here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning is not the problem here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning is not the problem here it's
+clear what I put on it would mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I put on it would mean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I put on it would mean yeah
+yeah but there are facts about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there are facts about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there are facts about how
+English pronouns work and how English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English pronouns work and how English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English pronouns work and how English
+particles work that mean that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles work that mean that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles work that mean that you don't
+get to say that right it's not a meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to say that right it's not a meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to say that right it's not a meaning
+thing it's something about syntax it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's something about syntax it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's something about syntax it's
+something about how these parts get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how these parts get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how these parts get to
+combine you want to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine you want to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine you want to try to understand
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the only point of these few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only point of these few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only point of these few slides
+has been it's possible to study syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been it's possible to study syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been it's possible to study syntax
+independently of meaning whereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of meaning whereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of meaning whereby
+independently I just mean the facts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently I just mean the facts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently I just mean the facts of
+syntax don't just reduce the facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax don't just reduce the facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax don't just reduce the facts about
+meaning they also don't just reduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they also don't just reduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they also don't just reduce to
+facts about what you've heard before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about what you've heard before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about what you've heard before
+what I've been trying to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been trying to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been trying to show you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another thing you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another thing you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another thing you might think
+about what's wrong with class going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's wrong with class going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's wrong with class going to
+it ends in a preposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends in a preposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends in a preposition
+were any of you taught in school you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were any of you taught in school you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were any of you taught in school you
+must not end sentences with prepositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not end sentences with prepositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not end sentences with prepositions
+some of your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your work
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+some of you were not that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you were not that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you were not that's kind of
+interesting I was I was beaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I was I was beaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I was I was beaten by
+English teachers for ending sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English teachers for ending sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English teachers for ending sentence
+that's not true I was not beaten I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true I was not beaten I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true I was not beaten I was
+spoken too harshly by by English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken too harshly by by English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken too harshly by by English
+teachers for ending sentences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers for ending sentences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers for ending sentences with
+prepositions do you know why we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions do you know why we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions do you know why we were
+told not to end sentences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told not to end sentences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told not to end sentences to
+prepositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I guess
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah
+because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like
+where are we going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-huh so there are some cases like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-huh so there are some cases like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-huh so there are some cases like that
+but look there are also cases like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look there are also cases like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look there are also cases like who
+are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+right where uh sorry where who am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where uh sorry where who am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where uh sorry where who am I
+apologizing do the chalk I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologizing do the chalk I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologizing do the chalk I guess
+um uh who are you talking to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh who are you talking to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh who are you talking to where you
+know without the two uh it's you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know without the two uh it's you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know without the two uh it's you know it
+doesn't have to be about redundancy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be about redundancy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be about redundancy I
+don't think is this a sentence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is this a sentence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is this a sentence that
+you've ever heard anyone say is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever heard anyone say is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever heard anyone say is this
+okay yeah this is I think pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this is I think pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this is I think pretty good
+English yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English yeah
+um so you know when our English teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know when our English teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know when our English teachers
+were telling us not to end sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were telling us not to end sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were telling us not to end sentences
+with prepositions uh we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prepositions uh we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prepositions uh we should have
+asked them you know what are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them you know what are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them you know what are you talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because the fact is that English English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fact is that English English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fact is that English English
+speakers in sentences with prepositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers in sentences with prepositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers in sentences with prepositions
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+do you know why your teacher told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know why your teacher told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know why your teacher told you
+not to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that
+yes maybe it's because the object isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe it's because the object isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe it's because the object isn't
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+but is it I mean it's kind of uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it I mean it's kind of uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it I mean it's kind of uh if I
+ask you who are you talking to there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you who are you talking to there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you who are you talking to there's a
+sense in which the object isn't clear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which the object isn't clear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which the object isn't clear uh
+I'm asking you who the object is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking you who the object is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking you who the object is right
+shouldn't be any harder than uh who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be any harder than uh who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be any harder than uh who are
+you who are you um describing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah your your
+um what your English teacher wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what your English teacher wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what your English teacher wanted you
+to say was to whom are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+many English speakers are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many English speakers are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many English speakers are capable of
+saying possibly because they're English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying possibly because they're English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying possibly because they're English
+teachers threatened them into it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers threatened them into it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers threatened them into it yeah
+but it's not my go-to way to say this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not my go-to way to say this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not my go-to way to say this I
+don't know about you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you guys
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah here who the question word is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah here who the question word is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah here who the question word is up
+here at the beginning by itself here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the beginning by itself here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the beginning by itself here to
+whom is part of this phrase that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom is part of this phrase that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom is part of this phrase that's at
+the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+um but uh question you know why does two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh question you know why does two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh question you know why does two
+have to come along according to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come along according to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come along according to your
+English teacher yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+your English teacher told you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your English teacher told you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your English teacher told you to do that
+because uh Latin actually among many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh Latin actually among many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh Latin actually among many
+other languages doesn't allow you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages doesn't allow you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages doesn't allow you to do
+this you have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to do this
+English is quite rare in being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is quite rare in being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is quite rare in being able to
+do this most of the languages of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this most of the languages of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this most of the languages of the
+world can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world can't
+and sometime in the 15th 16th century a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometime in the 15th 16th century a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometime in the 15th 16th century a
+number of grammarians decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of grammarians decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of grammarians decided that
+English would be way cooler if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English would be way cooler if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English would be way cooler if it were
+more like Latin and so they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like Latin and so they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like Latin and so they began
+declaring that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring that it was
+and that's why your English teacher told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why your English teacher told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why your English teacher told
+you that you can't say this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you can't say this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you can't say this which is
+ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous
+um English we should be proud of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English we should be proud of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English we should be proud of the
+fact that we can say this because as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we can say this because as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we can say this because as I
+say it's rare not most languages can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's rare not most languages can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's rare not most languages can't
+do this we should have this on our like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we should have this on our like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we should have this on our like
+on our flag or something like that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our flag or something like that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our flag or something like that there
+should be a stranded preposition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a stranded preposition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a stranded preposition a
+preposition at the end of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition at the end of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition at the end of the sentence
+um so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no reason English has to be like Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason English has to be like Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason English has to be like Latin
+or like I say you know a zillion other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like I say you know a zillion other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like I say you know a zillion other
+languages most of the languages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages most of the languages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages most of the languages of
+Europe you know French or German or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe you know French or German or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe you know French or German or
+Italian or whatever uh you can't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian or whatever uh you can't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian or whatever uh you can't leave
+prepositions at the ends of sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions at the ends of sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions at the ends of sentences
+but those teachers don't have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those teachers don't have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those teachers don't have to tell
+their children not to say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children not to say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children not to say things like
+who are you talking to uh because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you talking to uh because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you talking to uh because they
+they literally can't and none of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they literally can't and none of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they literally can't and none of those
+kids would ever do that but in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would ever do that but in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would ever do that but in English
+we can we should be proud of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we should be proud of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we should be proud of that
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+so that's not the problem with we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not the problem with we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not the problem with we're
+class going to uh it does end in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class going to uh it does end in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class going to uh it does end in a
+preposition but many perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition but many perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition but many perfectly fine
+English sentences end in prepositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English sentences end in prepositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English sentences end in prepositions
+um there's a distinction uh yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a distinction uh yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a distinction uh yeah there's
+the example who are you talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example who are you talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example who are you talking to the
+distinction that's worth drawing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that's worth drawing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that's worth drawing between
+what's called prescriptive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called prescriptive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called prescriptive and
+descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive
+um uh studies of grammar so what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh studies of grammar so what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh studies of grammar so what we are
+doing in this class is trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this class is trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this class is trying to figure
+out what people actually say uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what people actually say uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what people actually say uh what the
+rules are for for uh putting sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are for for uh putting sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are for for uh putting sentences
+together in English uh there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in English uh there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in English uh there are other
+kinds of things that people say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that people say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that people say about
+how English should be spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how English should be spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how English should be spoken
+um we're not going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to talk about that
+stuff except to mock it the way I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff except to mock it the way I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff except to mock it the way I did
+just now yeah so prescriptive grammar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now yeah so prescriptive grammar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now yeah so prescriptive grammar is
+the study of rules that your teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of rules that your teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of rules that your teachers
+might have taught you in school about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have taught you in school about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have taught you in school about
+how to speak some of which just to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to speak some of which just to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to speak some of which just to stop
+mocking it for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mocking it for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mocking it for a second
+um your your teachers might have tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your your teachers might have tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your your teachers might have tried
+to tell you things that would genuinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you things that would genuinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you things that would genuinely
+like improve the quality of your writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like improve the quality of your writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like improve the quality of your writing
+like get rid of ambiguities to various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like get rid of ambiguities to various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like get rid of ambiguities to various
+kinds so you're if you're now mentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds so you're if you're now mentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds so you're if you're now mentally
+composing nasty messages to your English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing nasty messages to your English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing nasty messages to your English
+teachers you know don't send them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers you know don't send them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers you know don't send them they
+they had your best interests at heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had your best interests at heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had your best interests at heart
+and they probably taught you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they probably taught you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they probably taught you a lot of
+things things that were valuable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things that were valuable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things that were valuable but
+they also taught you some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also taught you some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also taught you some things that
+became popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became popular
+around the 15th 16th century because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the 15th 16th century because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the 15th 16th century because
+people thought that English would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought that English would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought that English would be
+better if it were more like Latin yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if it were more like Latin yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if it were more like Latin yeah
+and uh so we're not going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we're not going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we're not going to try to
+improve your writing in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your writing in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your writing in this class
+except in in so far as the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in in so far as the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in in so far as the writing
+advisors can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors can do that
+we're not going to be talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be talking about uh
+prescriptive studies of English grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptive studies of English grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptive studies of English grammar
+we're not going to talk about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about how you
+should speak or how you should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should speak or how you should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should speak or how you should write
+we're just going to talk about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about how you
+do yeah so this is going to be a study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so this is going to be a study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so this is going to be a study a
+descriptive grammar and not prescriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive grammar and not prescriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive grammar and not prescriptive
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh this one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about what are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are you talking
+just I can't do that in English about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I can't do that in English about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I can't do that in English about
+what are you talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah whereas to whom are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whereas to whom are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whereas to whom are you talking
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+yeah yeah yeah no you're raising an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah no you're raising an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah no you're raising an
+interesting distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distinction
+um so in many languages most languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in many languages most languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in many languages most languages
+including Latin you have to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Latin you have to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Latin you have to say about
+what are you talking and you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you talking and you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you talking and you have to say
+to whom are you talking so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom are you talking so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom are you talking so these are
+languages in which you always you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in which you always you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in which you always you never
+leave a preposition at the end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a preposition at the end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a preposition at the end of a
+sentence you always bring it along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you always bring it along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you always bring it along with
+the question word to the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question word to the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question word to the beginning of
+the sentence but you're raising a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence but you're raising a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence but you're raising a really
+interesting point in English there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point in English there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point in English there's
+this distinction between the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction between the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction between the examples
+where leaving a preposition behind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where leaving a preposition behind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where leaving a preposition behind is
+you know what you prefer who are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you prefer who are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you prefer who are you
+talking to but you can kind of say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to but you can kind of say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to but you can kind of say to
+whom are you talking and others where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are you talking and others where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are you talking and others where
+like about what are you talking do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about what are you talking do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about what are you talking do other
+people have this intuition that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have this intuition that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have this intuition that about
+what are you talking is worse than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you talking is worse than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you talking is worse than to
+whom are you talking I have that feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are you talking I have that feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom are you talking I have that feeling
+too I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I think
+um there are other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other examples
+there are examples that are really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples that are really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples that are really quite
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and other examples which get better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other examples which get better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other examples which get better so
+um things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things like
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite
+her warnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her warnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her warnings
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then consider two kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then consider two kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then consider two kinds of questions
+you could ask about that what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask about that what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask about that what did you
+leave despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and despite what did you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is either of those acceptable at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either of those acceptable at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either of those acceptable at all
+what did you leave despite and despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you leave despite and despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you leave despite and despite
+what did you leave who prefers what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you leave who prefers what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you leave who prefers what did
+you leave despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave despite
+who prefers despite what did you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prefers despite what did you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prefers despite what did you leave
+who would do anything to avoid saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would do anything to avoid saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would do anything to avoid saying
+either of these things yes yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these things yes yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these things yes yeah yeah so
+here's another example of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of you know uh
+one sentence that's quite bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sentence that's quite bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sentence that's quite bad
+and another sentence that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another sentence that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another sentence that's you know
+only bad ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bad ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bad ish
+you might want to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to try to understand
+what's going on yeah so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on yeah so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on yeah so there's a
+there's a fruitful area of research here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fruitful area of research here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fruitful area of research here
+like okay English doesn't English is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay English doesn't English is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay English doesn't English is
+happy to leave prepositions at the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to leave prepositions at the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to leave prepositions at the ends
+of sentences but in which cases is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sentences but in which cases is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sentences but in which cases is it
+happy to do the Latin thing and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to do the Latin thing and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to do the Latin thing and in some
+cases it's happier than others it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's happier than others it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's happier than others it's
+interesting to try to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to try to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to try to study
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another distinction to make so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another distinction to make so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another distinction to make so we've
+drawn this distinction now between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this distinction now between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this distinction now between
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+meaningless on the one hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless on the one hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless on the one hand and
+ungrammatical on the other so since can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungrammatical on the other so since can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungrammatical on the other so since can
+be both meaningless and ungrammatical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both meaningless and ungrammatical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both meaningless and ungrammatical
+but it can also be meaningless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can also be meaningless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can also be meaningless and
+grammatical like uh colorless green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical like uh colorless green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical like uh colorless green
+ideas sleep seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas sleep seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas sleep seriously
+um we've drawn that distinction we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've drawn that distinction we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've drawn that distinction we've
+drawn a distinction between uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a distinction between uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a distinction between uh uh
+prescriptive and descriptive statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptive and descriptive statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptive and descriptive statements
+so prescriptive statements are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prescriptive statements are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prescriptive statements are things
+like don't Den sentences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like don't Den sentences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like don't Den sentences with
+prepositions which are uh how shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions which are uh how shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions which are uh how shall I
+say this false right not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this false right not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this false right not a good
+description of what English speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what English speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what English speakers
+actually do their sort of aspirations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do their sort of aspirations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do their sort of aspirations
+um we're not going to do that we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to do that we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to do that we're just
+going to study what English speakers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study what English speakers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study what English speakers do
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh right so here's another useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so here's another useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so here's another useful
+distinction it's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction it's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction it's sometimes called
+competence versus performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence versus performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence versus performance
+um imagine that I am standing up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um imagine that I am standing up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um imagine that I am standing up here
+talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you
+so far this should be easy to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far this should be easy to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far this should be easy to imagine
+and except I'm not standing imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and except I'm not standing imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and except I'm not standing imagine that
+I'm standing up here talking to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm standing up here talking to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm standing up here talking to you and
+um I say this is the and then I inhale a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I say this is the and then I inhale a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I say this is the and then I inhale a
+fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly
+so imagine that oh I don't have to wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that oh I don't have to wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that oh I don't have to wear
+a mask I keep forgetting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask I keep forgetting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask I keep forgetting that
+um uh imagine that I take off my mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh imagine that I take off my mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh imagine that I take off my mask
+and I inhale a fly right so I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I inhale a fly right so I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I inhale a fly right so I say this
+is the and then I stop I'm like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the and then I stop I'm like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the and then I stop I'm like right
+up right there and then imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right there and then imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right there and then imagine that
+this experience is so traumatizing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience is so traumatizing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience is so traumatizing for
+me and also for the fly uh that that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and also for the fly uh that that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and also for the fly uh that that I I
+just I I never complete that sentence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I never complete that sentence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I never complete that sentence so
+you know I say this is the and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I say this is the and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I say this is the and then I
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there are two attitudes that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two attitudes that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two attitudes that we could
+have to me having uttered that sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to me having uttered that sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to me having uttered that sentence
+that's a sentence I uttered this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sentence I uttered this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sentence I uttered this is the
+cough right that's something I said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cough right that's something I said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cough right that's something I said and
+I'm a native speaker of English right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a native speaker of English right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a native speaker of English right uh
+so there are two kinds of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two kinds of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two kinds of things we
+could say one would be to say well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say one would be to say well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say one would be to say well we're
+developing a theory of all of the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a theory of all of the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a theory of all of the kinds
+of sentences that native English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sentences that native English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sentences that native English
+speakers can say and that was one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers can say and that was one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers can say and that was one this
+is the cough hack splutter yeah and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cough hack splutter yeah and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cough hack splutter yeah and and
+so we want a theory that allows that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want a theory that allows that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want a theory that allows that to
+be a sentence of English that's one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sentence of English that's one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sentence of English that's one kind
+of thing we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we could say
+this is one of those moments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those moments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those moments that
+happens a lot in classes where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot in classes where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot in classes where the
+professor says here's one thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor says here's one thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor says here's one thing we could
+say and and then describe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and and then describe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and and then describe something
+completely ridiculous right so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ridiculous right so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ridiculous right so you could
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+but here's another thing we could say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's another thing we could say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's another thing we could say we
+could say no look if we're developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say no look if we're developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say no look if we're developing a
+theory of all of the things that native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of all of the things that native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of all of the things that native
+English speakers can say native speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers can say native speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers can say native speakers
+of any language at all but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any language at all but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any language at all but we're going
+to start with English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with English
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we want is not a theory that covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is not a theory that covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is not a theory that covers
+this is the hex splitter that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hex splitter that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hex splitter that's not
+going to be one of the sentences we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of the sentences we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of the sentences we're
+going to try to get we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get we're going to try
+to get sentences like you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get sentences like you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get sentences like you know this is
+the answer or whatever right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer or whatever right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer or whatever right that's
+going to be a sentence whatever it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a sentence whatever it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a sentence whatever it is I
+meant to say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to say yeah
+and then there are going to be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are going to be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are going to be other
+things flies you know uh um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things flies you know uh um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things flies you know uh um you know
+sudden heart attacks uh uh you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden heart attacks uh uh you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden heart attacks uh uh you know and
+then other kinds of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other kinds of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other kinds of things that are
+maybe it's less clear to think what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's less clear to think what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's less clear to think what to
+say about them you know flies sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about them you know flies sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about them you know flies sure
+sudden heart attacks yeah uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden heart attacks yeah uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden heart attacks yeah uh what about
+if I forget what I was going to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I forget what I was going to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I forget what I was going to say in
+the middle of a sentence I know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a sentence I know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a sentence I know that's
+hard to imagine but imagine that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine but imagine that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine but imagine that I did
+something like that right I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right I'm in the
+middle of a sentence and I'm talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a sentence and I'm talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a sentence and I'm talking and
+then I just forget where I was going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just forget where I was going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just forget where I was going and
+where was I going with that who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was I going with that who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was I going with that who knows
+yeah uh that could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that could happen
+so what we're going to have so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to have so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to have so this is a
+different approach and it's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach and it's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach and it's the one that
+you might imagine I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine I'm kind of
+recommending what we're going to have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending what we're going to have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending what we're going to have is
+the idea that we're going to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're going to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're going to develop a
+theory of what English speakers say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what English speakers say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what English speakers say but
+we're going to imagine the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to imagine the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to imagine the kind of
+English speaker who never inhales flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speaker who never inhales flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speaker who never inhales flies
+and never forgets what they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never forgets what they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never forgets what they were going
+to say never has a fatal heart attack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say never has a fatal heart attack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say never has a fatal heart attack it
+only speaks in complete completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only speaks in complete completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only speaks in complete completely
+grammatical sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical sentences
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+there might not be any speakers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might not be any speakers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might not be any speakers like
+that right if you have ever looked at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if you have ever looked at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if you have ever looked at a
+transcript of somebody talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript of somebody talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript of somebody talking
+there aren't any sentences in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any sentences in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any sentences in there
+unless the person is like reading a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the person is like reading a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the person is like reading a text
+yeah or unless the person is Noam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or unless the person is Noam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or unless the person is Noam
+Chomsky I have to say if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky I have to say if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky I have to say if you you
+know weird reading transcripts of Noam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know weird reading transcripts of Noam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know weird reading transcripts of Noam
+Chomsky talking or listening to Noam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky talking or listening to Noam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky talking or listening to Noam
+Chomsky talk because in fact he talks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky talk because in fact he talks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky talk because in fact he talks in
+complete sentences paragraphs uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sentences paragraphs uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sentences paragraphs uh it's
+kind of astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of astonishing
+um normally if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um normally if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um normally if you look at the
+transcript of somebody talking uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript of somebody talking uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript of somebody talking uh uh
+speaking of Noam Chomsky I've often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of Noam Chomsky I've often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of Noam Chomsky I've often
+heard him say this you know journalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard him say this you know journalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard him say this you know journalists
+know that the best way to make someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the best way to make someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the best way to make someone
+look like a complete idiot is to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a complete idiot is to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a complete idiot is to quote
+them accurately you know just to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them accurately you know just to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them accurately you know just to write
+down exactly what they said because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly what they said because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly what they said because
+they'll say um and uh and they'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say um and uh and they'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say um and uh and they'll stop
+and they'll pause and they'll change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll pause and they'll change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll pause and they'll change
+what they said and they'll inhale flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they said and they'll inhale flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they said and they'll inhale flies
+you know things will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things will happen
+um such that their sentences are not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that their sentences are not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that their sentences are not you
+know fully grammatical sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fully grammatical sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fully grammatical sentences
+um what journalists in fact do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what journalists in fact do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what journalists in fact do is to
+clean up all that stuff so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up all that stuff so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up all that stuff so that people
+sounded like they were talking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like they were talking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like they were talking in
+complete sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sentences
+so we're going to develop a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to develop a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to develop a theory of
+what English speakers say but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what English speakers say but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what English speakers say but it's going
+to be a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a theory
+that sort of divorced from reality to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of divorced from reality to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of divorced from reality to a
+certain extent we're going to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent we're going to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent we're going to imagine
+what people would be like if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people would be like if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people would be like if there were
+no distractions and no flies and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no distractions and no flies and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no distractions and no flies and no
+sudden homicides right no falling asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden homicides right no falling asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden homicides right no falling asleep
+in the middle of your sentences all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of your sentences all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of your sentences all of
+that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff
+um so the distinction here is competence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the distinction here is competence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the distinction here is competence
+versus performance as we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus performance as we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus performance as we're sort of
+imagining a speaker who's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a speaker who's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a speaker who's kind of like a
+a frictionless uh plane right uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless uh plane right uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless uh plane right uh you
+know that there are various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are various kinds of
+complications and there's no air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications and there's no air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications and there's no air
+resistance or whatever else various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance or whatever else various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance or whatever else various
+kinds of complications don't arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of complications don't arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of complications don't arise
+um uh so we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so we're going to be talking about
+speakers competence what they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers competence what they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers competence what they would do
+if if there were no distractions and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there were no distractions and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there were no distractions and no
+problems there's also performance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there's also performance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there's also performance that's
+the study of what people actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of what people actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of what people actually do
+yeah and we want to study that sure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we want to study that sure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we want to study that sure but
+we're going to develop a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to develop a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to develop a theory of
+confidence on the theory that it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence on the theory that it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence on the theory that it'll be
+simpler yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler yeah
+yeah in the hope that by abstracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the hope that by abstracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the hope that by abstracting
+away from various kinds of complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from various kinds of complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from various kinds of complications
+we'll get a we'll get a clearer picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a we'll get a clearer picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a we'll get a clearer picture
+of what's going on so that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on so that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on so that makes sense
+that's how we're going to do syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+get that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that one
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+um it's raining it's a possible sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's raining it's a possible sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's raining it's a possible sentence
+of English John thinks that it's raining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of English John thinks that it's raining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of English John thinks that it's raining
+it's a possible sentence of English Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a possible sentence of English Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a possible sentence of English Mary
+thinks that John thinks that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that John thinks that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that John thinks that it's
+raining it's a possible sentence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining it's a possible sentence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining it's a possible sentence of
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+in fact it's if for any sentence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's if for any sentence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's if for any sentence of
+English it's always possible to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's always possible to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's always possible to create a
+longer sentence so take any sentence s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer sentence so take any sentence s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer sentence so take any sentence s
+here's a recipe for another sentence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a recipe for another sentence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a recipe for another sentence of
+of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of English
+um you can always say she thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can always say she thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can always say she thinks
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+where she you know maybe refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she you know maybe refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she you know maybe refers to
+different people in every Clause yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people in every Clause yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people in every Clause yeah so
+you can say it's raining she thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say it's raining she thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say it's raining she thinks that
+it's raining she thinks that she thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's raining she thinks that she thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's raining she thinks that she thinks
+that it's raining she thinks that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's raining she thinks that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's raining she thinks that she
+thinks that she thinks that it's raining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that she thinks that it's raining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that she thinks that it's raining
+you can keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep going
+arbitrarily long there is no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long there is no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long there is no uh
+bound on the length of English sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the length of English sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the length of English sentences
+when we say it that way you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say it that way you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say it that way you can tell
+that I am talking about competence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am talking about competence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am talking about competence
+because no matter how many recordings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no matter how many recordings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no matter how many recordings of
+English speakers you go through you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers you go through you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers you go through you will
+never find an infinitely long sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find an infinitely long sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find an infinitely long sentence
+right nobody actually says these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nobody actually says these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nobody actually says these things
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um the reason nobody says an infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reason nobody says an infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reason nobody says an infinitely
+long sentence the idea is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sentence the idea is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sentence the idea is going to be
+that isn't a fact about grammar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't a fact about grammar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't a fact about grammar right
+it's a fact about life and we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact about life and we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact about life and we don't care
+about life in this class right the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life in this class right the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life in this class right the fact
+that you know if I were to start saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if I were to start saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if I were to start saying
+she thinks that she thinks that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she thinks that she thinks that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she thinks that she thinks that she
+thinks that she thinks that she thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that she thinks that she thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that she thinks that she thinks
+that she thinks that she thinks that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she thinks that she thinks that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she thinks that she thinks that she
+thinks that it's raining that eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that it's raining that eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that it's raining that eventually
+people would stop listening to me or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would stop listening to me or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would stop listening to me or I
+would run out of breath or I would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would run out of breath or I would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would run out of breath or I would need
+to take a break to eat or I would die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break to eat or I would die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break to eat or I would die
+you know there are various reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are various reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are various reasons that
+I will eventually stop uttering my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will eventually stop uttering my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will eventually stop uttering my
+infinitely long sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long sentence
+um but we're not going to have a grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're not going to have a grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're not going to have a grammar
+that says you know we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you know we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you know we're not going to
+try to find out what's the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find out what's the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find out what's the longest
+sentence anybody ever uttered and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence anybody ever uttered and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence anybody ever uttered and try to
+get that fact to be a fact that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that fact to be a fact that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that fact to be a fact that we want
+our grammar of English our theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grammar of English our theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grammar of English our theory of the
+possible sentences of English we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sentences of English we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sentences of English we're not
+going to try to predict that right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to predict that right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to predict that right what
+we're going to have is a theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have is a theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have is a theory that
+says English sentences can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says English sentences can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says English sentences can be
+arbitrarily long and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long and then yeah
+eventually people die and so nobody ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually people die and so nobody ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually people die and so nobody ever
+says a sentence that's infinitely long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a sentence that's infinitely long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a sentence that's infinitely long
+but that's that's about death that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's about death that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's about death that's not
+about and we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we're not going to talk about
+death in this class except when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death in this class except when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death in this class except when you do
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+yeah right so that's another move we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so that's another move we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so that's another move we're
+going to make another uh instance of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make another uh instance of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make another uh instance of us
+caring about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about the difference between
+competence and performance nobody ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence and performance nobody ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence and performance nobody ever
+performs an infinitely long sentence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs an infinitely long sentence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs an infinitely long sentence uh
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um uh we're competent to produce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we're competent to produce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we're competent to produce them
+okay so enough talking about what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so enough talking about what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so enough talking about what we're
+going to do let's begin doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do let's begin doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do let's begin doing it
+questions before I begin doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before I begin doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before I begin doing some
+syntax okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax okay
+okay here's the sentence I will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the sentence I will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the sentence I will find the
+red book grammatical sentence yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book grammatical sentence yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book grammatical sentence yeah
+acceptable it's clear what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable it's clear what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable it's clear what it means
+although we've just said doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we've just said doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we've just said doesn't matter
+whether it means anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it means anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it means anything
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I said early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said early on
+um we're going to want to have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to want to have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to want to have a way of
+saying which parts of this sentence were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying which parts of this sentence were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying which parts of this sentence were
+put together as units sort of like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together as units sort of like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together as units sort of like with
+unlockable you know we wanted to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable you know we wanted to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable you know we wanted to be able
+to say unlockable is ambiguous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say unlockable is ambiguous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say unlockable is ambiguous because
+it can consist of a unit unlock to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can consist of a unit unlock to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can consist of a unit unlock to which
+you've added double or a unit lockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added double or a unit lockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added double or a unit lockable
+to which you've added on that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which you've added on that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which you've added on that's what
+that ambiguity comes from and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ambiguity comes from and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ambiguity comes from and we're
+going to do a similar kind of thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a similar kind of thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a similar kind of thing with
+syntax we're going to look for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax we're going to look for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax we're going to look for these
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+um and what we're going to find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we're going to find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we're going to find is that
+there are various uh phenomena that care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various uh phenomena that care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various uh phenomena that care
+about whether something is a unit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether something is a unit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether something is a unit in
+that tree a single blob of structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree a single blob of structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree a single blob of structure so
+in a sentence like I will find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sentence like I will find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sentence like I will find the red
+book for example we'll see that syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book for example we'll see that syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book for example we'll see that syntax
+treats that string the red book as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats that string the red book as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats that string the red book as a
+unit there are various sort of phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit there are various sort of phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit there are various sort of phenomena
+that care about that so one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that care about that so one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that care about that so one of them is
+what's sometimes called topicalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sometimes called topicalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sometimes called topicalization
+um it's possible to say things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's possible to say things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's possible to say things like the
+red book I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book I will find
+um if I for me at least it's easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I for me at least it's easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I for me at least it's easiest to
+say things like that if I follow it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like that if I follow it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like that if I follow it up
+with with the blue book I will leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the blue book I will leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the blue book I will leave
+right where it is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where it is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where it is yeah
+it's okay to say things like the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to say things like the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to say things like the red
+book I will find yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I will find yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I will find yeah
+um it's okay to take a substring like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's okay to take a substring like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's okay to take a substring like
+that the red book and put it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the red book and put it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the red book and put it together
+with another similar substring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another similar substring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another similar substring
+conjoined with the word and you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjoined with the word and you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjoined with the word and you can say
+things like I will find the red book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I will find the red book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I will find the red book and
+the blue pencils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue pencils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue pencils
+it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay
+to use the red book as a possible answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the red book as a possible answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the red book as a possible answer
+to the to a question this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to a question this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to a question this is sort of
+like the the um stuff we were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the um stuff we were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the um stuff we were saying
+before about things you can say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about things you can say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about things you can say if
+you're astonished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're astonished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're astonished
+so you can say the red book as basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say the red book as basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say the red book as basically
+a sentence under the right circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence under the right circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence under the right circumstances
+for example if somebody's just asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if somebody's just asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if somebody's just asked you
+what will you find yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you find yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you find yeah
+these are all ways in which the red book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all ways in which the red book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all ways in which the red book
+is treated as a single object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treated as a single object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treated as a single object that
+syntax gets to refer to I hope I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax gets to refer to I hope I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax gets to refer to I hope I was
+smart enough to contrast it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to contrast it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to contrast it with
+something else on the next slide yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else on the next slide yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else on the next slide yes I
+was but let me give you one other test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but let me give you one other test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but let me give you one other test
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah this is a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a test
+um uh I can say things like what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I can say things like what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I can say things like what I will
+find is the red book so I can rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is the red book so I can rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is the red book so I can rearrange
+the words of this sentence in a way such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words of this sentence in a way such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words of this sentence in a way such
+that there is a word is before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a word is before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a word is before that
+string the red book yeah puts a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string the red book yeah puts a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string the red book yeah puts a special
+kind of emphasis on the Red Book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emphasis on the Red Book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emphasis on the Red Book
+it's called clefting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called clefting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called clefting
+contrast that with so this is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that with so this is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that with so this is not just a
+property of every three word string in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of every three word string in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of every three word string in
+the sentence so find the red for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence so find the red for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence so find the red for example
+is not a constituent it's not a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a constituent it's not a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a constituent it's not a phrase
+it's not something we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something we need to make
+reference to so you cannot say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to so you cannot say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to so you cannot say things
+like find the red I will book yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like find the red I will book yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like find the red I will book yeah
+the red book I will find the blue book I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book I will find the blue book I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book I will find the blue book I
+will leave where it is fine but find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave where it is fine but find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave where it is fine but find the
+red I will book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I will book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I will book
+leave the blue I will pencils no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the blue I will pencils no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the blue I will pencils no you
+can't do this with just any random three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this with just any random three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this with just any random three
+word string uh similarly there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word string uh similarly there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word string uh similarly there is no
+question there are questions to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are questions to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are questions to which
+the answer is the red book like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the red book like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the red book like what
+will you find there are no questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you find there are no questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you find there are no questions to
+which the answer is find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the answer is find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the answer is find the red
+apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from
+what are the third fourth and fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the third fourth and fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the third fourth and fifth
+words of this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of this sentence
+so put aside sort of metal linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so put aside sort of metal linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so put aside sort of metal linguistic
+games like that yeah you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like that yeah you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like that yeah you can't you can't
+and there's no question that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no question that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no question that will give
+you that answer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what color do I need to find find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color do I need to find find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color do I need to find find the
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+oh I see you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see you mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what color book do I need to find find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color book do I need to find find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color book do I need to find find
+the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the rate I want to say find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the rate I want to say find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the rate I want to say find the red
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh
+is there a faster way to convince you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a faster way to convince you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a faster way to convince you of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or similarly if I switch to my other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or similarly if I switch to my other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or similarly if I switch to my other way
+of eliciting sort of fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eliciting sort of fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eliciting sort of fragments of
+sentences if I if I tell you I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences if I if I tell you I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences if I if I tell you I will find
+the red book and you're amazed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book and you're amazed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book and you're amazed you can
+say the red book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the red book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the red book
+but if I tell you that I will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I tell you that I will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I tell you that I will find the
+red book and you're amazed you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book and you're amazed you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book and you're amazed you're not
+going to say find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say find the red
+I think do you think that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think do you think that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think do you think that's true
+but yeah I take your point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I take your point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I take your point about
+um to the extent that you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the extent that you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the extent that you can use the
+red as shorthand for the red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah I know it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah I know it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah I know it's an
+interesting point um several people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point um several people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point um several people have
+points about that point just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceptable answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so this is sort of
+like your example yeah where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your example yeah where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your example yeah where we're going
+to treat red as a noun that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat red as a noun that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat red as a noun that you're going
+to go find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go find
+kind of the same thing like Land of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same thing like Land of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same thing like Land of the
+Free homework Brave oh yeah so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free homework Brave oh yeah so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free homework Brave oh yeah so we have
+some cases where uh we have things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases where uh we have things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases where uh we have things that
+you certainly should be adjectives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly should be adjectives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly should be adjectives that
+either we're getting to use them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we're getting to use them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we're getting to use them as
+nouns or we're getting to modify nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns or we're getting to modify nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns or we're getting to modify nouns
+that you can't hear uh however we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't hear uh however we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't hear uh however we want
+to talk about that yeah good point good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that yeah good point good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that yeah good point good
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+yeah other points about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other points about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other points about this
+um so so all this slide is meant to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so all this slide is meant to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so all this slide is meant to get
+an into you of is that the red book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an into you of is that the red book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an into you of is that the red book and
+find the red don't have the same status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the red don't have the same status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the red don't have the same status
+the red book we want it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book we want it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book we want it to be a
+substring that has certain privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring that has certain privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring that has certain privileges
+can be used for these various types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for these various types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for these various types of
+phenomena as opposed to find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena as opposed to find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena as opposed to find the red
+which you know can't do those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know can't do those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know can't do those things
+with so it isn't just these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so it isn't just these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so it isn't just these are
+phenomena that pick out three word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that pick out three word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that pick out three word
+substrings uh it's these are phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings uh it's these are phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrings uh it's these are phenomena
+that pick out certain substrings and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pick out certain substrings and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pick out certain substrings and not
+others of the sentence certain strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of the sentence certain strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of the sentence certain strings
+of words and not others the sentence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words and not others the sentence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words and not others the sentence and
+we're going to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to figure out
+theories about uh why those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about uh why those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about uh why those are the
+special strings yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special strings yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special strings yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and what we're going to do is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we're going to do is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we're going to do is we'll
+say just as with unlockable we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just as with unlockable we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just as with unlockable we were
+taking pairs of things and uh putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pairs of things and uh putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pairs of things and uh putting
+them together to form larger things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to form larger things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to form larger things
+larger units we'll do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger units we'll do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger units we'll do the same thing
+here only with words we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here only with words we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here only with words we had this
+operation we were calling it merge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we were calling it merge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we were calling it merge that
+takes pairs of things and puts them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes pairs of things and puts them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes pairs of things and puts them
+together into a larger thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a larger thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a larger thing and
+similarly here what we're going to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here what we're going to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here what we're going to do to
+create a sentence like I will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sentence like I will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sentence like I will find the
+red book we'll start with just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book we'll start with just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book we'll start with just at the
+end of it find the red book is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of it find the red book is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of it find the red book is we're
+going to take pairs of things like red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take pairs of things like red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take pairs of things like red
+and book and put them together and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and book and put them together and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and book and put them together and then
+we'll take that unit that we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take that unit that we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take that unit that we've created
+by putting together red and book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting together red and book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting together red and book and
+we'll put that together with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put that together with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put that together with this uh
+where the and then we'll take uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the and then we'll take uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the and then we'll take uh you
+know that thing that we've created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that thing that we've created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that thing that we've created by
+putting together the red book and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the red book and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the red book and we'll
+we'll add find yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add find yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add find yeah
+um so just as with unlockable we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just as with unlockable we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just as with unlockable we were
+taking pairs of things and putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pairs of things and putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pairs of things and putting them
+together uh in in pairs sort of uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh in in pairs sort of uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh in in pairs sort of uh to
+create these larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these larger and larger
+structures we're going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we're going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we're going to do the same
+thing to create sentences out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to create sentences out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to create sentences out of uh
+sentences out of words yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences out of words yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences out of words yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this way of talking about it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of talking about it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of talking about it has the
+virtue of giving us a vocabulary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of giving us a vocabulary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of giving us a vocabulary for
+talking about those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about those kinds of
+observations we were making on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we were making on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we were making on the last
+two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides
+um so when we say the red book is a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we say the red book is a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we say the red book is a unit
+that various things get to get to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that various things get to get to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that various things get to get to apply
+to things like what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things like what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things like what I call
+topicalization where you take a chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topicalization where you take a chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topicalization where you take a chunk of
+the sentence and put it at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence and put it at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence and put it at the beginning
+and it has some kind of emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some kind of emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some kind of emphasis
+because this is index and not semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is index and not semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is index and not semantics
+we won't worry too much about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't worry too much about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't worry too much about what it
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+um uh when we say that's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when we say that's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when we say that's something you
+can do to the string the red book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to the string the red book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to the string the red book but
+not for example to find the red this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for example to find the red this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for example to find the red this
+tree gives us a way of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree gives us a way of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree gives us a way of talking about
+that there is a unit that we created in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a unit that we created in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a unit that we created in
+the course of putting things together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of putting things together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of putting things together in
+pairs that is just the red book it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that is just the red book it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that is just the red book it's the
+unit that I've circled there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that I've circled there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that I've circled there
+but there is no unit that we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no unit that we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no unit that we've created
+as we've been putting these pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've been putting these pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've been putting these pairs
+together that consists just to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that consists just to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that consists just to find the
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+do people see that in this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see that in this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see that in this tree
+so there's a a node in the tree if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a a node in the tree if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a a node in the tree if you
+want it's the one that I circled in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's the one that I circled in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's the one that I circled in red
+uh uh that consists just of the words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that consists just of the words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that consists just of the words of
+the red book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book
+but there is no thing that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no thing that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no thing that I could
+Circle that would consist just of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle that would consist just of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle that would consist just of the
+words find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words find the red
+yeah there's there are other things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's there are other things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's there are other things I
+could Circle I could have circled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Circle I could have circled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Circle I could have circled the
+the largest thing but that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest thing but that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest thing but that corresponds
+to find the red book yeah or I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the red book yeah or I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the red book yeah or I could
+have circled uh a thing that consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have circled uh a thing that consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have circled uh a thing that consists
+just of red and book it would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of red and book it would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of red and book it would just be
+read book yeah but there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read book yeah but there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read book yeah but there's nothing
+that's just fine the red yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just fine the red yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just fine the red yeah and that's
+what we're going to relate to all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to relate to all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to relate to all those
+observations we made on those two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we made on those two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we made on those two slides
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said this now a couple of times uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this now a couple of times uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this now a couple of times uh um
+you know this is meant to remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is meant to remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is meant to remind you of
+stuff we were doing when we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we were doing when we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we were doing when we were doing
+morphology when we were doing morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology when we were doing morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology when we were doing morphology
+we were using this operation we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using this operation we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using this operation we called
+it merge uh that assembled pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it merge uh that assembled pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it merge uh that assembled pairs of
+things and created new things uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and created new things uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and created new things uh when we
+were doing morphology we were then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing morphology we were then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing morphology we were then
+saying when you put these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when you put these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when you put these two things
+together you have a new thing and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you have a new thing and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you have a new thing and we're
+giving that thing a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving that thing a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving that thing a label
+whose properties are determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose properties are determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose properties are determined by the
+things that you put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you put together
+so when you put together on number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you put together on number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you put together on number one
+and lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lock
+it's part of the specification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the specification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the specification of
+unnumber one that when you combine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnumber one that when you combine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnumber one that when you combine it
+with a verb what you get is a verb right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a verb what you get is a verb right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a verb what you get is a verb right
+so the tree on the left there uh lock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tree on the left there uh lock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tree on the left there uh lock is
+labeled as a verb and unlock is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as a verb and unlock is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as a verb and unlock is also
+labeled as a verb people see that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as a verb people see that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as a verb people see that yeah
+and then when you combine that verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you combine that verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you combine that verb
+unlock with Abel it's a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock with Abel it's a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock with Abel it's a property of
+bubble that it merges with verbs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble that it merges with verbs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble that it merges with verbs and the
+thing that you create as a result is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you create as a result is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you create as a result is an
+adjective and so the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective and so the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective and so the whole thing is
+unlockable yeah this is what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable yeah this is what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable yeah this is what we were
+doing with with labels before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with with labels before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with with labels before we're
+going to want to do something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do something similar
+for syntax we're going to want to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for syntax we're going to want to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for syntax we're going to want to label
+the parts of these trees yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what kinds of labels are we going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of labels are we going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of labels are we going to use
+well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look
+I just gave you all these Diagnostics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just gave you all these Diagnostics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just gave you all these Diagnostics to
+try to convince you that when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince you that when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince you that when you say
+things like I will find the red book The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I will find the red book The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I will find the red book The
+Red Book should be a unit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Book should be a unit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Book should be a unit right
+rule you know phenomena like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you know phenomena like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you know phenomena like
+topicalization should get to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topicalization should get to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topicalization should get to make
+reference to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to it
+um so we have to decide what to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have to decide what to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have to decide what to label
+that notice there are a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notice there are a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notice there are a bunch of things
+that have all of those properties so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have all of those properties so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have all of those properties so if
+I said I will find red books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I will find red books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I will find red books
+well you'd be able to topicalize Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'd be able to topicalize Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'd be able to topicalize Red
+books yeah so I will find red books read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books yeah so I will find red books read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books yeah so I will find red books read
+books I will find yeah I will find great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I will find yeah I will find great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I will find yeah I will find great
+books and you're amazed read books you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and you're amazed read books you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and you're amazed read books you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um similarly I will find those read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly I will find those read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly I will find those read
+books about Linguistics yeah those read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about Linguistics yeah those read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about Linguistics yeah those read
+books about Linguistics that's uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about Linguistics that's uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about Linguistics that's uh uh a
+unit of a similar kind yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of a similar kind yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of a similar kind yeah
+I can say those read books about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say those read books about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say those read books about
+Linguistics I will find yes and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics I will find yes and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics I will find yes and it's a
+unit we want to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit we want to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit we want to be able to make
+reference to I will find books similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to I will find books similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to I will find books similarly
+books I will find right or I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I will find right or I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I will find right or I will find
+books books you're amazed yeah so books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books books you're amazed yeah so books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books books you're amazed yeah so books
+by itself is apparently a unit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself is apparently a unit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself is apparently a unit of the
+same kind yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind yeah
+so apparently the important part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apparently the important part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apparently the important part of that
+you know the the the thing that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the thing that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the thing that all of
+those have in common is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have in common is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have in common is that they
+contain a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a noun
+so we're going to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to name
+that phrase after the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phrase after the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phrase after the fact that it
+contains a noun so when we put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a noun so when we put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a noun so when we put together
+red and book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and book
+um what we get has has properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we get has has properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we get has has properties that
+are determined by the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determined by the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determined by the fact that it
+contains a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a noun
+if there were no noun it wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were no noun it wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were no noun it wouldn't have
+those properties similarly with the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those properties similarly with the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those properties similarly with the red
+book right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right
+um uh the things that can go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the things that can go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the things that can go in that
+slot the things that can go after find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot the things that can go after find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot the things that can go after find
+that we just saw in the last slide there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw in the last slide there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw in the last slide there
+are various kinds of things they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various kinds of things they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various kinds of things they can be
+larger or smaller what they all contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or smaller what they all contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or smaller what they all contain
+is a noun so we're going to name that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a noun so we're going to name that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a noun so we're going to name that
+thing after the the those kinds of units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after the the those kinds of units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after the the those kinds of units
+after the fact that they contain a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact that they contain a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact that they contain a noun
+we'll give them it the label noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give them it the label noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give them it the label noun
+okay kind of like when we added on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of like when we added on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of like when we added on to
+lock and got unlock we said oh yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock and got unlock we said oh yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock and got unlock we said oh yeah this
+is also a verb it acts like a verb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a verb it acts like a verb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a verb it acts like a verb in
+every other way right you can use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other way right you can use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other way right you can use it as
+a verb I unlocked the door you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb I unlocked the door you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb I unlocked the door you can add
+things to it that can be added to verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to it that can be added to verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to it that can be added to verbs
+like Abel yeah so similarly here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Abel yeah so similarly here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Abel yeah so similarly here when
+we're trying to decide what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to decide what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to decide what kinds of
+things can go in this slot the slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can go in this slot the slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can go in this slot the slot
+that's right after find the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right after find the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right after find the thing that
+they all have in common is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have in common is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have in common is that they
+contain nouns so we're going to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain nouns so we're going to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain nouns so we're going to name
+them after the fact that they contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them after the fact that they contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them after the fact that they contain
+nouns we'll call them all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns we'll call them all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns we'll call them all sort of
+extended nouns yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+there is another unit and I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another unit and I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another unit and I will find
+the red book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book
+not just the red book which we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the red book which we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the red book which we said is
+this sort of extended noun there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of extended noun there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of extended noun there's also
+another phrase uh find the red book yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phrase uh find the red book yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phrase uh find the red book yeah
+which is also a unit and it was the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a unit and it was the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a unit and it was the unit
+that we were sort of constructing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were sort of constructing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were sort of constructing in the
+slides when I was showing you trees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides when I was showing you trees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides when I was showing you trees for
+how to construct find the red book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to construct find the red book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to construct find the red book and
+it passes these tests for unit Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passes these tests for unit Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passes these tests for unit Hood
+constituency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituency
+you can say uh find the red book I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say uh find the red book I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say uh find the red book I will
+uh not only if you are Yoda but also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only if you are Yoda but also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only if you are Yoda but also uh
+if you say something like I said that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say something like I said that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say something like I said that I
+would find the red book and find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find the red book and find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find the red book and find the red
+book I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I will
+more or less okay sentences of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less okay sentences of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less okay sentences of English
+uh or if I say I will find the red book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if I say I will find the red book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if I say I will find the red book
+and you are amazed you can say find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are amazed you can say find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are amazed you can say find the
+red book no one has ever found the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book no one has ever found the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book no one has ever found the red
+book yes I've been lost for centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and various other things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and various other things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and various other things that are
+that are on the slide yep so find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the slide yep so find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the slide yep so find the
+red book is also a constituent also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book is also a constituent also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book is also a constituent also a
+unit that we're going to want syntax to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that we're going to want syntax to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that we're going to want syntax to
+be able to make reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make reference to
+um and just as we said the red book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just as we said the red book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just as we said the red book the
+important part of the red book is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the red book is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the red book is the
+noun that's the thing that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun that's the thing that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun that's the thing that determines
+that that phrase is okay in that place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that phrase is okay in that place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that phrase is okay in that place
+you know there are various phrases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are various phrases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are various phrases that
+you can put in that place and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put in that place and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put in that place and they all
+have nouns in them similarly all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nouns in them similarly all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nouns in them similarly all the
+things you can put in this place have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can put in this place have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can put in this place have
+verbs in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs in them
+so they don't have to have anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have to have anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have to have anything else
+you can say things like I will leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say things like I will leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say things like I will leave
+right and then leave has all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then leave has all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then leave has all the
+properties we just ran through I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we just ran through I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we just ran through I said I
+would leave and leave I will yes leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would leave and leave I will yes leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would leave and leave I will yes leave
+as a unit of the same kind as find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit of the same kind as find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit of the same kind as find the
+red book or uh I will leave and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book or uh I will leave and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book or uh I will leave and you're
+amazed you can say leave no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed you can say leave no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed you can say leave no
+no leave is a unit of the same kind as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no leave is a unit of the same kind as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no leave is a unit of the same kind as
+find the red book so the important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the red book so the important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the red book so the important part
+for this part is the verb you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this part is the verb you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this part is the verb you know
+part that determines that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that determines that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that determines that that's the
+kind of phrase that can go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of phrase that can go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of phrase that can go in that
+position and so when we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so when we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so when we're putting
+together find with the red book we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together find with the red book we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together find with the red book we said
+the red book is kind of an extended noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book is kind of an extended noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red book is kind of an extended noun
+it's a large unit whose special property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large unit whose special property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large unit whose special property
+is that it contains a noun uh find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it contains a noun uh find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it contains a noun uh find the
+red book we're going to give that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book we're going to give that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red book we're going to give that the
+label verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label verb
+having a verb is the important part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a verb is the important part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a verb is the important part for
+for that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that yeah
+yeah so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+one more you can say I will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more you can say I will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more you can say I will find the
+book in the garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in the garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in the garage
+in the garage is a unit it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the garage is a unit it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the garage is a unit it's a
+constituent it's a phrase it's the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent it's a phrase it's the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent it's a phrase it's the kind
+of thing syntax gets to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing syntax gets to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing syntax gets to care about
+um uh and again if I say I will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and again if I say I will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and again if I say I will find the
+book in the garage you're amazed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in the garage you're amazed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in the garage you're amazed you can
+say in the garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the garage
+uh if I want to I can topicalize in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I want to I can topicalize in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I want to I can topicalize in the
+garage I can say things like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage I can say things like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage I can say things like in the
+garage I will find the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage I will find the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage I will find the book
+in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah
+um it's a prepositional phrase the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a prepositional phrase the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a prepositional phrase the kinds
+of things that can go in a prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that can go in a prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that can go in a prepositional
+phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+um uh include prepositions and noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh include prepositions and noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh include prepositions and noun
+phrases right the garage is another noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases right the garage is another noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases right the garage is another noun
+phrase there are also prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase there are also prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase there are also prepositional
+phrases that seem to just contain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that seem to just contain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that seem to just contain a
+preposition like I will look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition like I will look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition like I will look up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where again if I say I will look up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again if I say I will look up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again if I say I will look up and
+you're amazed you can say up why will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're amazed you can say up why will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're amazed you can say up why will
+you look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up
+uh uh I said I would look up and up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I said I would look up and up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I said I would look up and up I
+will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+yep yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep yep
+uh yes sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes sir
+um adverb adverb is a funny word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adverb adverb is a funny word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adverb adverb is a funny word
+because there are a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a lot of things
+that can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used
+so if by adverb we mean thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if by adverb we mean thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if by adverb we mean thing that
+modifies the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies the verb
+there are a lot of things that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things that can be
+used that way uh including adverbs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that way uh including adverbs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that way uh including adverbs like
+I will leave quickly or quickly is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will leave quickly or quickly is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will leave quickly or quickly is an
+adverb but also uh prepositional phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb but also uh prepositional phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb but also uh prepositional phrases
+like I will leave in a chariot yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I will leave in a chariot yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I will leave in a chariot yeah
+where the prepositional phrase is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prepositional phrase is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prepositional phrase is kind
+of like an adverb yeah uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an adverb yeah uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an adverb yeah uh or
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh maybe even noun phrases like I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe even noun phrases like I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe even noun phrases like I will
+leave the day after tomorrow where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the day after tomorrow where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the day after tomorrow where the
+day after tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after tomorrow
+sure looks like a noun phrase it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure looks like a noun phrase it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure looks like a noun phrase it's got a
+noun in it day yeah and uh and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun in it day yeah and uh and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun in it day yeah and uh and then the
+before that but we know that can go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that but we know that can go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that but we know that can go at
+the beginnings of noun phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings of noun phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings of noun phrases
+so there are probably so the word adverb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are probably so the word adverb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are probably so the word adverb
+uh can be used to cover a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be used to cover a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be used to cover a bunch of
+things including things that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including things that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including things that we don't
+have any other word for like quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any other word for like quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any other word for like quickly
+which is an adverb but also things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an adverb but also things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an adverb but also things that
+we would give other labels to like noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would give other labels to like noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would give other labels to like noun
+phrase or prepositional phrase so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase or prepositional phrase so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase or prepositional phrase so I
+think you might be right that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might be right that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might be right that this is an
+adverb in the sense that it modifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb in the sense that it modifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb in the sense that it modifies the
+verb I think I might also be right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb I think I might also be right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb I think I might also be right in
+the sense that it's a prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it's a prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it's a prepositional
+phrase that's being used as adverbially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that's being used as adverbially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that's being used as adverbially
+does that make sense so what I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so what I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so what I'm trying
+to do is work out a way for you and I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is work out a way for you and I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is work out a way for you and I to
+both be right which is always my goal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be right which is always my goal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be right which is always my goal in
+in discussions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussions yes
+got a sentence I will wake up I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sentence I will wake up I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sentence I will wake up I will
+wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's that's a nice example I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a nice example I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a nice example I will
+wake up so uh probably I mean I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up so uh probably I mean I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up so uh probably I mean I just
+tried to convince everybody that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to convince everybody that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to convince everybody that it was
+okay to say up I said I would look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to say up I said I would look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to say up I said I would look up
+and up I will look but I said I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up I will look but I said I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up I will look but I said I would
+wake up and up I will wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up and up I will wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up and up I will wake
+I'm not even going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even going to try
+um and uh similarly I think if I say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh similarly I think if I say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh similarly I think if I say I
+will wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wake up
+and you're amazed you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're amazed you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're amazed you're not going to
+say up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah that's a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are a bunch of things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of things that look
+sort of like prepositions that combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like prepositions that combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like prepositions that combine
+in an interesting way with verbs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an interesting way with verbs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an interesting way with verbs in
+English and a lot of other Germanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and a lot of other Germanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and a lot of other Germanic
+languages and wake up is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and wake up is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and wake up is one of those
+um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh
+uh uh and this is actually the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and this is actually the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and this is actually the kind of
+example that I was exploiting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I was exploiting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I was exploiting in the
+first slides I was showing you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slides I was showing you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slides I was showing you about
+syntax even the ones on the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax even the ones on the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax even the ones on the first day
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh you know that you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that you can say
+so wake up you can say I will wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can also say I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can also say I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can also say I will
+wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+the cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats
+unwise but it's grammatical yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwise but it's grammatical yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwise but it's grammatical yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but I think up the cats is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think up the cats is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think up the cats is not a
+prepositional phrase right notice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase right notice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase right notice for
+example uh that if I say I will wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that if I say I will wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that if I say I will wake up
+the cats and you're astonished as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats and you're astonished as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats and you're astonished as you
+might well be you can't say up the cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well be you can't say up the cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well be you can't say up the cats
+yeah and I said I would wake up the cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I said I would wake up the cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I said I would wake up the cats
+and up the cats I will wake this is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up the cats I will wake this is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up the cats I will wake this is no
+good yeah yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so I think
+we don't want to think of up the cats as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to think of up the cats as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to think of up the cats as
+a unit we want to think of wake up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit we want to think of wake up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit we want to think of wake up as a
+unit right that has the cat says as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit right that has the cat says as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit right that has the cat says as an
+object yeah so this is the point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object yeah so this is the point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object yeah so this is the point you
+were making and I think that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making and I think that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making and I think that you are
+also making that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also making that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also making that there's something
+special about that that interaction yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up for lunch or are you down for lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we're learning this is why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're learning this is why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're learning this is why I'm
+glad I'm not a physicist yes so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad I'm not a physicist yes so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad I'm not a physicist yes so you know
+I I work in a domain in which up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I work in a domain in which up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I work in a domain in which up and
+down can be the same thing yeah if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down can be the same thing yeah if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down can be the same thing yeah if I
+were a physicist then you know if NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a physicist then you know if NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a physicist then you know if NASA
+were to hire me the spacecraft would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to hire me the spacecraft would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to hire me the spacecraft would
+have all kinds of problems yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all kinds of problems yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all kinds of problems yeah
+um uh that's a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's a nice example
+um relatedly I will wake up the cats is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relatedly I will wake up the cats is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relatedly I will wake up the cats is
+okay you can also say I will wake the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can also say I will wake the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can also say I will wake the
+cats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats up
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um which is different from uh I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is different from uh I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is different from uh I will
+walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up the stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right cannot say I will walk the stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cannot say I will walk the stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cannot say I will walk the stairs
+up I think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think yeah
+yeah and relatedly I sort of exploited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and relatedly I sort of exploited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and relatedly I sort of exploited
+this in an earlier slide you can say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in an earlier slide you can say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in an earlier slide you can say I
+will uh I will wake him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh I will wake him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh I will wake him up
+I will wake them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but I will walk them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good
+in fact it's sort of the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's sort of the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's sort of the other way
+around I think right I will walk them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I think right I will walk them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I think right I will walk them up
+uh what are you going to do with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are you going to do with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are you going to do with those
+stairs I'm going to walk them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs I'm going to walk them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs I'm going to walk them up
+um you have to say I will walk up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to say I will walk up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to say I will walk up with
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+you cannot say I will wake up with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say I will wake up with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say I will wake up with them
+yeah you have to say I will wake them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to say I will wake them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to say I will wake them up
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so these ups are being are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these ups are being are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these ups are being are different
+yeah so uh up the stairs is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh up the stairs is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh up the stairs is a
+prepositional phrase up the cats is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase up the cats is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase up the cats is not
+a prepositional phrase we need different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prepositional phrase we need different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prepositional phrase we need different
+structures for these verb phrases and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for these verb phrases and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for these verb phrases and we
+will develop them uh you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop them uh you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop them uh you had
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to say I will walk off your room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I will walk off your room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I will walk off your room
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+I will walk you up to your room you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will walk you up to your room you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will walk you up to your room you can
+say I will walk I will walk the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I will walk I will walk the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I will walk I will walk the student
+up to her room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to her room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to her room
+you can say I will walk up the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say I will walk up the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say I will walk up the student
+to her room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her room
+can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait can you say I will walk I will walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait can you say I will walk I will walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait can you say I will walk I will walk
+up the student to her room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the student to her room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the student to her room
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so if the student is lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if the student is lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if the student is lying
+down yeah and I'm using her as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah and I'm using her as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah and I'm using her as a as a
+ladder then yes but if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder then yes but if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder then yes but if not
+so I think I will walk the student up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I will walk the student up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I will walk the student up to
+her room is is different from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her room is is different from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her room is is different from all of
+these actually kind of interestingly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually kind of interestingly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually kind of interestingly I
+think maybe up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe up
+is modifying to her room yeah that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modifying to her room yeah that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modifying to her room yeah that we
+want there to be a constituent up to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there to be a constituent up to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there to be a constituent up to her
+room notice that if I say I will walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room notice that if I say I will walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room notice that if I say I will walk
+her up to her room uh and you're amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her up to her room uh and you're amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her up to her room uh and you're amazed
+you can say up to her room yeah which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say up to her room yeah which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say up to her room yeah which
+suggests that that's a constituent yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that that's a constituent yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that that's a constituent yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh yeah that's a that's a nice third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah that's a that's a nice third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah that's a that's a nice third
+thing I should talk about when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I should talk about when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I should talk about when I'm
+talking about this cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this cool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+several oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always wondering like if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wondering like if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wondering like if there's any
+the big distinction between waking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big distinction between waking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big distinction between waking up
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so that's that's a very nice that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a very nice that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a very nice that's a
+very nice example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice example so
+um in a way waking the cats up it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way waking the cats up it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way waking the cats up it's a
+little bit like painting the cat's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like painting the cat's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like painting the cat's red
+right not in very many ways but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not in very many ways but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not in very many ways but in this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um uh if you paint the cat's red you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you paint the cat's red you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you paint the cat's red you
+paint the cats and as a result of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the cats and as a result of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the cats and as a result of that
+the cats are red yeah and the cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats are red yeah and the cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats are red yeah and the cats
+change into cats that were not read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change into cats that were not read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change into cats that were not read
+before and now they are cats that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now they are cats that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now they are cats that are
+red similarly if you wake the cats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red similarly if you wake the cats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red similarly if you wake the cats up
+the cats were not up before but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats were not up before but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats were not up before but when
+you're done the cats are up yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done the cats are up yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done the cats are up yeah and
+possibly also red it depends on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly also red it depends on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly also red it depends on which
+how you did it I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you did it I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you did it I guess
+um uh so I think you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so I think you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so I think you're absolutely right
+that we want wake the cats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want wake the cats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want wake the cats up
+to have up or I will wake up the cats we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have up or I will wake up the cats we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have up or I will wake up the cats we
+want up to not be a preposition that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want up to not be a preposition that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want up to not be a preposition that's
+combining with the cats to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining with the cats to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining with the cats to be a
+prepositional phrase it's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase it's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase it's something else
+it's a it's like a predicate of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's like a predicate of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's like a predicate of some
+kind it's like red and I will paint the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's like red and I will paint the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's like red and I will paint the
+cat's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat's red
+um and uh yeah as we study these verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh yeah as we study these verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh yeah as we study these verb
+phrases further we'll want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases further we'll want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases further we'll want to have
+structures that give that give them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that give that give them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that give that give them uh
+that character that's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that character that's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that character that's a very nice
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+did you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have a
+question a while ago no Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you can wake the cats you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can wake the cats you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can wake the cats you can also
+paint the cats you shouldn't but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the cats you shouldn't but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the cats you shouldn't but you can
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+did you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't have to does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to does it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh I will walk her up I will walk her up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will walk her up I will walk her up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will walk her up I will walk her up
+to her room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her room
+I will but similarly you can walk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will but similarly you can walk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will but similarly you can walk the
+student so you know I keep going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so you know I keep going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so you know I keep going to the
+student from her because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student from her because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student from her because there's a
+difference between pronouns and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between pronouns and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between pronouns and and
+non-pronouns you can wake up the cats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-pronouns you can wake up the cats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-pronouns you can wake up the cats or
+you can wake the cats up you can wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wake the cats up you can wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wake the cats up you can wake
+them up and you cannot wake up them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and you cannot wake up them yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and you cannot wake up them yeah
+so a pronoun has to go before this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a pronoun has to go before this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a pronoun has to go before this kind
+of up uh but the cats can go on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up uh but the cats can go on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up uh but the cats can go on either
+side yeah so I will walk her up you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yeah so I will walk her up you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yeah so I will walk her up you're
+absolutely right that's the way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that's the way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that's the way to say
+that but I think you also have to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I think you also have to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I think you also have to walk
+the student up you can't walk up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student up you can't walk up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student up you can't walk up the
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+unless the student is lying down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the student is lying down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the student is lying down and
+you're walking on her right but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking on her right but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking on her right but if you
+mean you're gonna walk with the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're gonna walk with the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're gonna walk with the student
+so that the two of you are up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the two of you are up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the two of you are up
+um so we want walk the student up to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we want walk the student up to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we want walk the student up to be
+different from Wake the cats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from Wake the cats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from Wake the cats up
+and maybe also different from walk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe also different from walk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe also different from walk up
+the stairs yeah it's a third kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairs yeah it's a third kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairs yeah it's a third kind of
+thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah
+as we work further on this I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we work further on this I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we work further on this I'm sort of
+in a way I'm glad that we're running out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way I'm glad that we're running out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way I'm glad that we're running out
+of time because it means that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because it means that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because it means that I have a
+week to create slides about this but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to create slides about this but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to create slides about this but uh
+um uh we're going to want different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we're going to want different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we're going to want different
+structures for this you guys are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for this you guys are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for this you guys are making
+excellent points about this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent points about this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent points about this right so
+we're developing probes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're developing probes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're developing probes into the
+structure of the inside of the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the inside of the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the inside of the verb
+phrase that mean that uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that mean that uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that mean that uh we're going to
+need at least three different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need at least three different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need at least three different kinds of
+structures for a sequence that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for a sequence that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for a sequence that looks
+like you know verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know verb
+um uh you know verb them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know verb them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know verb them
+up our verb up them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our verb up them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our verb up them
+we need uh so we've got now three kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need uh so we've got now three kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need uh so we've got now three kinds
+of examples to talk about there's wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples to talk about there's wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples to talk about there's wake
+them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's walk her up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a block
+up them as in I walked up the stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up them as in I walked up the stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up them as in I walked up the stairs
+right right and that seems to be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and that seems to be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and that seems to be three
+different things that we need we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that we need we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that we need we need
+three different structures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different structures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different structures for
+um but for uh walk up them we want up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for uh walk up them we want up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for uh walk up them we want up
+and them to combine to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and them to combine to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and them to combine to be a
+prepositional phrase but for these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase but for these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase but for these other
+two we want something else and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we want something else and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we want something else and we're
+going to want to circle around and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to circle around and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to circle around and try
+to find out what that other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what that other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what that other thing is
+yeah am I getting at your point you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah am I getting at your point you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah am I getting at your point you're
+absolutely right yeah so we need we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right yeah so we need we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right yeah so we need we need
+a way of of covering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of of covering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of of covering that
+there lots of people had hands is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lots of people had hands is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lots of people had hands is
+anybody else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's because you can climb a ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you can climb a ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you can climb a ladder
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so you can climb a ladder uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can climb a ladder uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can climb a ladder uh and you
+can go up to your room that's one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up to your room that's one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up to your room that's one where
+I think we want up possibly to modify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we want up possibly to modify to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we want up possibly to modify to
+your room or maybe not maybe this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your room or maybe not maybe this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your room or maybe not maybe this was
+your point maybe we want up and to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point maybe we want up and to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point maybe we want up and to your
+room to be separate adverbs right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to be separate adverbs right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to be separate adverbs right but
+just like you can walk up to your room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you can walk up to your room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you can walk up to your room
+you can climb a ladder up to your room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can climb a ladder up to your room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can climb a ladder up to your room
+uh the ladder isn't yeah yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ladder isn't yeah yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ladder isn't yeah yeah and
+similarly well to the extent that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly well to the extent that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly well to the extent that you
+can say he's walking the stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say he's walking the stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say he's walking the stairs
+which I think you can sort of say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think you can sort of say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think you can sort of say it
+means he's on the stairs walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means he's on the stairs walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means he's on the stairs walking
+um I think that's sort of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that's sort of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that's sort of what you're
+doing there I I hate to do it but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there I I hate to do it but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there I I hate to do it but I want
+to ruthlessly squelch everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ruthlessly squelch everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ruthlessly squelch everything else
+you guys want to say because I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys want to say because I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys want to say because I have a
+triumphant slide that I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphant slide that I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphant slide that I want to show you
+and then maybe maybe we can unsquel chew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe maybe we can unsquel chew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe maybe we can unsquel chew
+and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back
+um so uh here's the idea just so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh here's the idea just so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh here's the idea just so it's
+clearer for everybody for the easy case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer for everybody for the easy case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer for everybody for the easy case
+the one that I want to refocus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I want to refocus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I want to refocus your
+attention on I will find the book in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on I will find the book in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on I will find the book in the
+garage what we want to do is construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage what we want to do is construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage what we want to do is construct a
+structure for this that's sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for this that's sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for this that's sensitive to
+all of the tests for structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the tests for structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the tests for structure that
+we've been developing and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been developing and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been developing and it's going to
+involve putting things together but via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve putting things together but via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve putting things together but via
+pairwise merge right and creating labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise merge right and creating labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise merge right and creating labels
+for the the things that we create via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the things that we create via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the things that we create via
+pairwise merge that are typically labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise merge that are typically labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise merge that are typically labels
+that come from one of the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from one of the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from one of the two things
+that we've merged so when we merge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've merged so when we merge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've merged so when we merge the
+book or the garage we're going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or the garage we're going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or the garage we're going to create
+something we're going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to give the
+labeled noun to or when we merge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled noun to or when we merge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled noun to or when we merge in
+together with the garage we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the garage we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the garage we're going to
+create what I've been calling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create what I've been calling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create what I've been calling a
+prepositional phrase something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase something that will
+give the label P to saying this has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the label P to saying this has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the label P to saying this has the
+properties that it has it contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that it has it contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that it has it contains a
+preposition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition in
+similarly we'll combine find with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we'll combine find with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we'll combine find with the
+book and we'll combine find the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and we'll combine find the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and we'll combine find the book
+within the garage and we'll end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the garage and we'll end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the garage and we'll end up with
+a with a structure like that yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a structure like that yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a structure like that yeah is
+anybody shocked by this slide you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody shocked by this slide you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody shocked by this slide you are
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+what did you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're gesturing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gesturing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gesturing uh
+you want to combine things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to combine things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to combine things in a
+different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+so actually you you may be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually you you may be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually you you may be right
+um no here's a better way to say we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no here's a better way to say we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no here's a better way to say we may
+both be right yeah so so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be right yeah so so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be right yeah so so this is an
+example where this way of merging things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where this way of merging things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where this way of merging things
+creates a well-forming structure notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a well-forming structure notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a well-forming structure notice
+that if I say I will find the book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I say I will find the book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I say I will find the book in
+the garage uh it's okay or I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage uh it's okay or I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage uh it's okay or I said I
+would find the book in the garage and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find the book in the garage and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find the book in the garage and in
+the garage I will find the book right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage I will find the book right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage I will find the book right
+um uh you know that's a that's a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know that's a that's a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know that's a that's a unit
+that topicalization gets to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topicalization gets to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topicalization gets to make
+reference to that's a property of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to that's a property of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to that's a property of this
+tree so our our tests get to tease this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so our our tests get to tease this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so our our tests get to tease this
+out now uh now now I'm regretting us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now uh now now I'm regretting us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now uh now now I'm regretting us
+being almost out of time because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being almost out of time because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being almost out of time because there
+are many things to say what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many things to say what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many things to say what we're going
+to see next is that when we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see next is that when we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see next is that when we construct
+syntactic trees for strings of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic trees for strings of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic trees for strings of words
+it's often the case that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often the case that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often the case that we get
+ambiguities like the unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities like the unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities like the unlockable
+ambiguity places where there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity places where there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity places where there's more than
+one way to combine things and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to combine things and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to combine things and I think
+you may be looking at this slide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be looking at this slide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be looking at this slide and
+thinking no but there's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking no but there's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking no but there's another way to
+combine these words and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these words and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these words and you're
+absolutely right there is and what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there is and what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there is and what we'll
+do is develop tests that allow us to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is develop tests that allow us to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is develop tests that allow us to see
+which way we've combined words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way we've combined words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way we've combined words in
+different ways and we'll find cases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and we'll find cases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and we'll find cases like
+unlockable where depending on in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable where depending on in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable where depending on in what
+order you combine things you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you combine things you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you combine things you get
+different meanings and our tests will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings and our tests will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings and our tests will
+combine with that yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with that yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with that yep
+all right thanks everybody uh we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thanks everybody uh we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thanks everybody uh we will do
+this again on on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qwNTv1tjKbA.txt b/qwNTv1tjKbA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2aef8ca474276cf86d10cdd70d509af4c721ed75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qwNTv1tjKbA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the new topic we'll focus on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the new topic we'll focus on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the new topic we'll focus on today
+is uncertainty and how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncertainty and how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncertainty and how you make
+decisions under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions under
+uncertainty now the reason it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty now the reason it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty now the reason it's sort of
+embarrassing we've taken this long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing we've taken this long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing we've taken this long to
+get to it is most decisions in life are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to it is most decisions in life are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to it is most decisions in life are
+made under uncertainty so consider for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made under uncertainty so consider for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made under uncertainty so consider for
+example your decision to study for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example your decision to study for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example your decision to study for the
+Final in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final in this
+course if you knew exactly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you knew exactly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you knew exactly which
+proportion of the final com would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the final com would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the final com would come
+from which lecture you could study them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which lecture you could study them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which lecture you could study them
+in those proportions or figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those proportions or figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those proportions or figure out what
+you knew best and not and you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew best and not and you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew best and not and you'd have a
+clear studying plan but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear studying plan but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear studying plan but you don't know
+that I do but you don't so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do but you don't so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do but you don't so basically
+you've got to figure out in an uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to figure out in an uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to figure out in an uncertain
+world where you're not sure what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where you're not sure what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where you're not sure what's going
+to be on the final how should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the final how should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the final how should you
+allocate your time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate your time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate your time to
+study okay that is a decision under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay that is a decision under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay that is a decision under
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+if the forecast had a 50% chance of rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the forecast had a 50% chance of rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the forecast had a 50% chance of rain
+today you have to decide whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you have to decide whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you have to decide whether to
+carry an umbrella you know the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry an umbrella you know the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry an umbrella you know the benefit
+is your you're protective it's wet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your you're protective it's wet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your you're protective it's wet the
+disadvantage is you might lose it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is you might lose it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is you might lose it and
+it's a pain to carry it around that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pain to carry it around that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pain to carry it around that's a
+decision under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision under
+uncertainty as you grow up uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty as you grow up uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty as you grow up uncertainties
+multiply and multiply whether to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and multiply whether to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and multiply whether to buy a
+house or rent whether to get health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or rent whether to get health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or rent whether to get health
+insurance what kind of life insurance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance what kind of life insurance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance what kind of life insurance to
+buy everything becomes larger and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy everything becomes larger and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy everything becomes larger and more
+uncertain As you move into adult life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain As you move into adult life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain As you move into adult life
+and so we need if we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need if we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need if we're going to have a
+realistic model of people making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic model of people making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic model of people making
+decisions we need a model that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we need a model that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we need a model that allows
+for decision- making under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decision- making under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decision- making under
+uncertainty and that's what we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and that's what we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and that's what we'll spend
+today's lecture on now once again while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture on now once again while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture on now once again while
+this is late in the course and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is late in the course and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is late in the course and we're
+compartmentalizing you'll be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalizing you'll be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalizing you'll be able to see
+how you can take this model and incord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can take this model and incord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can take this model and incord
+it into the other things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the other things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the other things we're
+doing okay indeed one thing we strive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay indeed one thing we strive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay indeed one thing we strive
+for in the final is to get you to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the final is to get you to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the final is to get you to apply
+Concepts across different lectures so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts across different lectures so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts across different lectures so a
+lot of things we'll talk about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things we'll talk about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things we'll talk about making
+under certainty will immediately tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certainty will immediately tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certainty will immediately tie
+back to some of the things we learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the things we learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the things we learned in
+consumer Theory you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer Theory you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer Theory you should be able to
+see how those things fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how those things fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how those things fit
+together okay so to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so to understand this
+let's start by me offering you a bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by me offering you a bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by me offering you a bet
+okay and the bet I'm going to offer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the bet I'm going to offer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the bet I'm going to offer you
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+heads you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$125 tails you pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125 tails you pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125 tails you pay me
+$100 okay that's the bet now without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay that's the bet now without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay that's the bet now without
+thinking what the Professor wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what the Professor wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what the Professor wants to
+hear just gut instinct how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear just gut instinct how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear just gut instinct how many of you
+take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bet okay so that's about the proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay so that's about the proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay so that's about the proportion
+I always get that's about maybe 20% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always get that's about maybe 20% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always get that's about maybe 20% of
+the class takes the bet so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class takes the bet so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class takes the bet so let's think
+about that decision about whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that decision about whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that decision about whether to
+take the bet or not well a natural place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the bet or not well a natural place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the bet or not well a natural place
+to start is to compute the BET's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start is to compute the BET's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start is to compute the BET's
+expected value expected value is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value expected value is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value expected value is simply
+the probability that you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you win
+times the payout so the probability win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the payout so the probability win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the payout so the probability win
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+value if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you
+win plus the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win plus the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win plus the probability that you
+lose times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose times the
+value if you lose well for this bet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you lose well for this bet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you lose well for this bet the
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+value is 50% I mean I I guess I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 50% I mean I I guess I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 50% I mean I I guess I should
+have specified I'm an honest guy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specified I'm an honest guy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specified I'm an honest guy it's
+unweighted coin but I presume you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted coin but I presume you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted coin but I presume you guys
+assume that 50% times winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$125 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125 plus
+50% times losing $100 or an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% times losing $100 or an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% times losing $100 or an expected
+value of$
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12250 it's a positive expected value bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12250 it's a positive expected value bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12250 it's a positive expected value bet
+or what we call in economics a more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we call in economics a more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we call in economics a more than
+fair bet a fair bet is one with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair bet a fair bet is one with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair bet a fair bet is one with an
+expected value of zero this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of zero this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of zero this is a more
+than fair bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than fair bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than fair bet
+okay so the defition of fair bet is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the defition of fair bet is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the defition of fair bet is zero
+expected value so this bet by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value so this bet by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value so this bet by definition
+is a more than fair bet but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more than fair bet but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more than fair bet but when I
+offered you this bet most of you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered you this bet most of you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered you this bet most of you didn't
+want to take it now I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it now I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it now I don't think it's
+that you can't do this math in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't do this math in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't do this math in your head
+I think it's that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's that you're
+human okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human okay and
+humans have a feature of their decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have a feature of their decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have a feature of their decision-
+making that we call risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aversion risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion risk
+aversion risk verion means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion risk verion means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion risk verion means that
+individuals value each dollar of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals value each dollar of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals value each dollar of winning
+less than they devalue each dollar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than they devalue each dollar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than they devalue each dollar of
+losing they're made less Happy by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing they're made less Happy by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing they're made less Happy by each
+dollar of winning than they than they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of winning than they than they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of winning than they than they're
+made sad by each dollar of losing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sad by each dollar of losing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sad by each dollar of losing and
+the reason is actually pretty clear when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is actually pretty clear when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is actually pretty clear when
+we go back to Consumer Theory and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to Consumer Theory and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to Consumer Theory and to do
+this we're going to turn to a new tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to turn to a new tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to turn to a new tool
+which is going to be expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be expected utility
+Theory so a new tool which is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so a new tool which is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so a new tool which is expected
+utility Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Theory
+the way I expect utility the is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I expect utility the is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I expect utility the is going to
+work is we're going to rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is we're going to rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is we're going to rewrite this
+equation but not in terms of dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but not in terms of dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but not in terms of dollar
+values but rather in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but rather in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but rather in terms of what
+matters which is utility utility is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters which is utility utility is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters which is utility utility is not
+about dollars it's about utility so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dollars it's about utility so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dollars it's about utility so how
+do we rewrite this expect utility Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we rewrite this expect utility Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we rewrite this expect utility Well
+we'd say look the expected utility of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd say look the expected utility of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd say look the expected utility of a
+gamble is a probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble is a probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble is a probability that you
+win times your utility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win times your utility if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win times your utility if you
+win plus the probability that you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win plus the probability that you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win plus the probability that you lose
+times your utility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lose now if utility functions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose now if utility functions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose now if utility functions were
+linear I hope you can see this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I hope you can see this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I hope you can see this would be
+the same as expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as expected
+value if utility function was a linear F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if utility function was a linear F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if utility function was a linear F
+proper linear function of your money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper linear function of your money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper linear function of your money so
+give expected value but in fact utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give expected value but in fact utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give expected value but in fact utility
+functions aren't linear we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions aren't linear we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions aren't linear we typically
+consider utility functions being concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider utility functions being concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider utility functions being concave
+that is we typically assume diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we typically assume diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we typically assume diminishing
+marginal product of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we typically assume uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we typically assume uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we typically assume uh or
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+or diminishing marginal rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or diminishing marginal rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or diminishing marginal rates of
+substitution going back to Consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution going back to Consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution going back to Consumer
+Theory okay and the what that yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay and the what that yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay and the what that yields
+naturally without any new math is risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally without any new math is risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally without any new math is risk
+aversion someone who has a concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion someone who has a concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion someone who has a concave
+utility or diminishing margin utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility or diminishing margin utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility or diminishing margin utility of
+consumption will naturally be risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption will naturally be risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption will naturally be risk
+averse why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse why is that well
+intuitively it's because if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively it's because if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively it's because if you're if
+you have a concave utility function each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a concave utility function each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a concave utility function each
+additional dollar makes you less happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dollar makes you less happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dollar makes you less happy
+than losing a dollar makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than losing a dollar makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than losing a dollar makes you
+sad okay and that yields naturally risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad okay and that yields naturally risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad okay and that yields naturally risk
+aversion so let's go through Let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion so let's go through Let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion so let's go through Let's do an
+example let's use our typical utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's use our typical utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's use our typical utility
+function form which utility is square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function form which utility is square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function form which utility is square
+root of consumption a one argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of consumption a one argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of consumption a one argument
+utility function make life super easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function make life super easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function make life super easy
+all you care about consumption utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about consumption utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about consumption utility
+square of consumption okay and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of consumption okay and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of consumption okay and let's say
+that c0 is 100 so u0 equals 10 you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c0 is 100 so u0 equals 10 you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c0 is 100 so u0 equals 10 you start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+100 and you end up with 10 now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and you end up with 10 now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and you end up with 10 now let's
+calculate the expected utility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected utility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected utility of the
+gamble I offered you the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble I offered you the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble I offered you the expected
+utility of the have few would be a 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of the have few would be a 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of the have few would be a 50%
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+that you win well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you win well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you win well if you
+win someone raise their hand and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win someone raise their hand and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win someone raise their hand and tell me
+what's your utility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your utility if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your utility if you
+win yeah 15 how'd you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you you want 100 you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you want 100 you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you want 100 you want you
+started with 100 you want 125 so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with 100 you want 125 so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with 100 you want 125 so it's a
+square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+225 or 15 that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+225 or 15 that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+225 or 15 that's exactly
+right what is your utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if what is your utility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what is your utility if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what is your utility if you
+lose what is your utility if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose what is your utility if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose what is your utility if you lose
+yeah zero it's 0.5 times the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah zero it's 0.5 times the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah zero it's 0.5 times the square root
+of zero you started with 100 you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero you started with 100 you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero you started with 100 you lose
+100 so it's half of 15 plus 0o or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 so it's half of 15 plus 0o or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 so it's half of 15 plus 0o or
+7.5 so you expect utility is lower you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.5 so you expect utility is lower you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.5 so you expect utility is lower you
+started with 10 it fell to 7.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with 10 it fell to 7.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with 10 it fell to 7.5
+I offered you a more than fair bet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I offered you a more than fair bet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I offered you a more than fair bet and
+you didn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't take
+it simply because youve diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply because youve diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply because youve diminishing
+margin utility of consumption I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility of consumption I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility of consumption I'll come
+back to why some people might have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to why some people might have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to why some people might have taken
+it but the reason most people don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the reason most people don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the reason most people don't take
+that bet is simply because the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bet is simply because the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bet is simply because the property
+that we all derived as natural feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all derived as natural feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all derived as natural feature
+of utility back in lecture two which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility back in lecture two which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility back in lecture two which is
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marge utility of consumption
+okay I find a great way to see this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I find a great way to see this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I find a great way to see this as
+graphical so let's go to figure 20-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical so let's go to figure 20-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical so let's go to figure 20-1
+which I find a little confusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I find a little confusing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I find a little confusing but
+ultimately helpful so let's take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately helpful so let's take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately helpful so let's take our
+time on this figure 21 is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this figure 21 is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this figure 21 is a different
+figure we've ever seen before on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure we've ever seen before on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure we've ever seen before on the
+xaxis your wealth or your consumption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis your wealth or your consumption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis your wealth or your consumption in
+this case you sort of consume your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you sort of consume your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you sort of consume your
+wealth okay on the y- axis we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth okay on the y- axis we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth okay on the y- axis we're just
+graphing your udal okay once again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing your udal okay once again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing your udal okay once again we
+don't care about the level of oodles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the level of oodles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the level of oodles we
+only care about the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the relationships
+between different decisions and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different decisions and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different decisions and how they
+affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your
+oodles okay so for example you IM you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oodles okay so for example you IM you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oodles okay so for example you IM you
+originally start at Point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally start at Point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally start at Point a
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+$100 that translates to utility of 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 that translates to utility of 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 that translates to utility of 10 10
+util now I've given you a choice between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+util now I've given you a choice between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+util now I've given you a choice between
+a gamble with a 50% chance at ending up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamble with a 50% chance at ending up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamble with a 50% chance at ending up
+at zero and a 50% chance of ending up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and a 50% chance of ending up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and a 50% chance of ending up at
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B well if you value that you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well if you value that you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well if you value that you just say
+well a 50% chance of each means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a 50% chance of each means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a 50% chance of each means that I
+end up at Point c i take 50% of point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up at Point c i take 50% of point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up at Point c i take 50% of point a
+I say 50% of zero 50% of point B and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say 50% of zero 50% of point B and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say 50% of zero 50% of point B and at
+Point C which is below point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point C which is below point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point C which is below point
+a because of the concavity utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because of the concavity utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because of the concavity utility
+function because by going up towards 225
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because by going up towards 225
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because by going up towards 225
+it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets
+flatter so I don't get nearly as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter so I don't get nearly as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter so I don't get nearly as much
+but when I go down towards zero it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I go down towards zero it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I go down towards zero it gets
+steeper so I'm really sad about losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper so I'm really sad about losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper so I'm really sad about losing
+Zero sucks 225 is good but like is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero sucks 225 is good but like is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero sucks 225 is good but like is it
+you know that's great but I'm not nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's great but I'm not nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's great but I'm not nearly
+as happy when know 125 I say I'm having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as happy when know 125 I say I'm having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as happy when know 125 I say I'm having
+nothing to eat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to eat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to eat this
+week so because of of the concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so because of of the concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so because of of the concavity
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+function okay you don't want a bet even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay you don't want a bet even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay you don't want a bet even
+though it's more than fair even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's more than fair even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's more than fair even though
+it's a bet that's more than fair you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bet that's more than fair you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bet that's more than fair you
+still don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't want
+it once again no new assumptions here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once again no new assumptions here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once again no new assumptions here no
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+math this is just using the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math this is just using the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math this is just using the property of
+diminishing Marg utility of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marg utility of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing Marg utility of consumption
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that okay what if utility function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay what if utility function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay what if utility function a
+different form what if utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form what if utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form what if utility function
+instead of the form of um utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the form of um utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the form of um utility of
+square root of C what if utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of C what if utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of C what if utility
+function of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the form
+um uh actually no let me let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh actually no let me let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh actually no let me let me let me
+cover something else first so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover something else first so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover something else first so what you
+see like I said you're better off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like I said you're better off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like I said you're better off at
+Point a than Point C that's why I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point a than Point C that's why I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point a than Point C that's why I choose
+not to take the gamble indeed here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to take the gamble indeed here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to take the gamble indeed here's a
+fascinating fact you would imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating fact you would imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating fact you would imagine I
+came to you and I said look I'm your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to you and I said look I'm your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to you and I said look I'm your
+boss you're going to take this gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss you're going to take this gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss you're going to take this gamble
+unless you pay me not to so change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you pay me not to so change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you pay me not to so change the
+framing I say to you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing I say to you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing I say to you're going to take
+this G gble unless you pay me not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G gble unless you pay me not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G gble unless you pay me not to
+someone can anyone in do the math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can anyone in do the math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can anyone in do the math and
+tell me how much they'd be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how much they'd be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how much they'd be willing to
+pay me with this utility function not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me with this utility function not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me with this utility function not to
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+gamble can everyone figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble can everyone figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble can everyone figure out how much
+they be willing to pay me not to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be willing to pay me not to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be willing to pay me not to take
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamble well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble well
+yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's
+that uh no not quite but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh no not quite but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh no not quite but let
+let's keep going think about it so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going think about it so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going think about it so let
+let's work out the math of this okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work out the math of this okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work out the math of this okay you
+basically are saying you're I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are saying you're I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are saying you're I'm asking
+you what payment to me plus the gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what payment to me plus the gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what payment to me plus the gamble
+leaves you back at this original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you back at this original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you back at this original
+point so if you take the gamble that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so if you take the gamble that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so if you take the gamble that's
+as if your consumption if you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if your consumption if you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if your consumption if you take that
+gamble if you look at the answers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble if you look at the answers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble if you look at the answers here
+on the graph you look at Point C and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph you look at Point C and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph you look at Point C and go
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+left that gamble leaves you at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that gamble leaves you at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that gamble leaves you at the same
+level of Happiness as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Happiness as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Happiness as having
+$56.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly that gamble leaves you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly that gamble leaves you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly that gamble leaves you at
+the same level of half 56 so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level of half 56 so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level of half 56 so therefore
+you're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to pay
+$43.75 to avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$43.75 to avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$43.75 to avoid that
+gamble because by paying that you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble because by paying that you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble because by paying that you end up
+by paying that by by because if you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by paying that by by because if you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by paying that by by because if you pay
+me because if if if you pay me $43.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because if if if you pay me $43.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because if if if you pay me $43.75
+and take the gamble it leaves you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the gamble it leaves you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the gamble it leaves you in
+different not taking the gamble can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different not taking the gamble can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different not taking the gamble can
+people see that think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see that think about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see that think about that for a
+second it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's
+stunning I've offered you a more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning I've offered you a more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning I've offered you a more than
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+Gamble and yet you're willing to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble and yet you're willing to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamble and yet you're willing to pay me
+almost half your wealth to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost half your wealth to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost half your wealth to get out of
+it it's pretty amazing right that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's pretty amazing right that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's pretty amazing right that is the
+power of concavity of utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of concavity of utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of concavity of utility functions
+you are so sad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are so sad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are so sad at
+zero the you'll give up half your wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the you'll give up half your wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the you'll give up half your wealth
+to avoid a 50% chance of ending up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid a 50% chance of ending up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid a 50% chance of ending up
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+another way to see this how much would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to see this how much would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to see this how much would
+the winning payoff have to be to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning payoff have to be to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning payoff have to be to get you
+to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the
+gamble someone tell me that how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble someone tell me that how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble someone tell me that how much
+would the win if lose 100 win X how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the win if lose 100 win X how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the win if lose 100 win X how big
+is X before you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble
+yeah four how' you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+400 trying to get to you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 trying to get to you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 trying to get to you're trying to
+have your um utility be 10 before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your um utility be 10 before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your um utility be 10 before and
+after so if it's half of four the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so if it's half of four the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so if it's half of four the square
+of 400 is 20 and then half 20 is 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 400 is 20 and then half 20 is 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 400 is 20 and then half 20 is 10 so
+then if you have add that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have add that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have add that the um
+expected value that's going to remain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value that's going to remain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value that's going to remain is
+10 uh that's exactly like one wrinkle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh that's exactly like one wrinkle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh that's exactly like one wrinkle
+it's 300 not 400 why because you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 300 not 400 why because you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 300 not 400 why because you start
+with 100 oh yeah so you're right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 100 oh yeah so you're right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 100 oh yeah so you're right you
+want 400 in that square root but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 400 in that square root but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 400 in that square root but but you
+don't uh but but you start with 100 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh but but you start with 100 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh but but you start with 100 okay
+so the point is so another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is so another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is so another way to think
+of this is literally this is how crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is literally this is how crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is literally this is how crazy
+you bet I have to offer you to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet I have to offer you to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet I have to offer you to take it
+literally tails you lose a 100 heads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally tails you lose a 100 heads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally tails you lose a 100 heads you
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+300 okay so that is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 okay so that is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 okay so that is a really
+massive Fair bet I have to give you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive Fair bet I have to give you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive Fair bet I have to give you to
+take it and that's the key lesson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it and that's the key lesson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it and that's the key lesson in
+this lecture everything we talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture everything we talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture everything we talk about in
+this lecture and next lecture is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and next lecture is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and next lecture is all
+driven by one simple thing it sucks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by one simple thing it sucks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by one simple thing it sucks to
+go to zero okay and the closer you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero okay and the closer you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero okay and the closer you get
+to zero that is an enormous make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that is an enormous make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that is an enormous make you
+enormously sadder than getting above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously sadder than getting above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously sadder than getting above
+where you are today makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are today makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are today makes you
+happier and I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier and I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier and I don't think that's
+unreasonable okay as a way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable okay as a way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable okay as a way to think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+world okay now let's do some extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay now let's do some extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay now let's do some extensions
+and applications of this model before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications of this model before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications of this model before we
+get to through some extensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to through some extensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to through some extensions and
+applications to talk about why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to talk about why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to talk about why this
+model can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can
+explain lots of things in the world why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain lots of things in the world why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain lots of things in the world why
+adding this wrinkle essentially remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this wrinkle essentially remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this wrinkle essentially remember
+what I said about modeling the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said about modeling the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said about modeling the first
+first lecture we start with the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we start with the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we start with the simplest
+possible model and then add wrinkles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible model and then add wrinkles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible model and then add wrinkles to
+allow to explain more things here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to explain more things here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to explain more things here's a
+wrinkle this making our modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkle this making our modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkle this making our modeling
+harder okay but it's can explain a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder okay but it's can explain a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder okay but it's can explain a lot
+more things by doing so so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things by doing so so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things by doing so so for example
+let's change this to instead of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change this to instead of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change this to instead of utility
+me square root of C let's say utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me square root of C let's say utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me square root of C let's say utility is
+0.1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 time
+C that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's
+utility so once again you start with C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so once again you start with C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so once again you start with C
+0al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0al
+100 u0 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 u0 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 u0 equals
+10 but now if I offer you that gamble do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 but now if I offer you that gamble do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 but now if I offer you that gamble do
+you take it what's your expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it what's your expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it what's your expecting
+utility well there's a 50% chance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility well there's a 50% chance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility well there's a 50% chance you
+win times uh 0.1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win times uh 0.1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win times uh 0.1 *
+225 and the 15 CH you lose 0.5 * 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+225 and the 15 CH you lose 0.5 * 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+225 and the 15 CH you lose 0.5 * 0.1
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+Zero what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero what is that
+it's 12 and a half it's I'm sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12 and a half it's I'm sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12 and a half it's I'm sorry it's
+not 12 and a half it's uh if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 12 and a half it's uh if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 12 and a half it's uh if you do that
+it's 11 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 11 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 11 and a
+quarter so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals which is greater than 10 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals which is greater than 10 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals which is greater than 10 so you
+do take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BET why do you take the bet in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BET why do you take the bet in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BET why do you take the bet in this case
+and not in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in the previous
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly it's linear so all you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's linear so all you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's linear so all you care
+about expected value the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expected value the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expected value the expected value
+is positive you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive you're
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+okay now what if we had a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what if we had a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what if we had a different
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+function what if we had a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what if we had a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what if we had a utility
+function and we see that in figure 20-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we see that in figure 20-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we see that in figure 20-2
+I'm sorry this shows we call this risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this shows we call this risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this shows we call this risk
+neutrality so you're no longer risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality so you're no longer risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality so you're no longer risk
+averse with linear functions you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse with linear functions you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse with linear functions you are
+risk neutral you just do expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk neutral you just do expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk neutral you just do expected value
+you don't care about the risk just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about the risk just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about the risk just
+taking expected value and that's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking expected value and that's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking expected value and that's shown
+here that basically look I start at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that basically look I start at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that basically look I start at 10
+this bet leaves me at Point C which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bet leaves me at Point C which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bet leaves me at Point C which
+11.25 so I'm better off so with concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.25 so I'm better off so with concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.25 so I'm better off so with concave
+functions you get risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you get risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you get risk
+aversion and unwilling to take Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion and unwilling to take Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion and unwilling to take Fair
+Bets with risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bets with risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bets with risk
+neutrality with with I'm sorry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality with with I'm sorry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality with with I'm sorry with
+linear utility you get risk neutrality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear utility you get risk neutrality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear utility you get risk neutrality
+and sort of an indifference towards risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of an indifference towards risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of an indifference towards risk
+but of course there's also a third case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there's also a third case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there's also a third case
+which is what if your utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what if your utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what if your utility function
+was of the form um what if utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of the form um what if utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of the form um what if utility
+function was of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh oh yeah what if function was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh oh yeah what if function was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh oh yeah what if function was the
+form utility equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form utility equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form utility equals
+c^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c^2
+over uh utility equals c^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1000 utility equals c s over a 100000 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 utility equals c s over a 100000 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 utility equals c s over a 100000 I
+chose this particular function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this particular function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this particular function because
+once again c0 = 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again c0 = 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again c0 = 100
+u = 10 that's why I chose that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u = 10 that's why I chose that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u = 10 that's why I chose that function
+same starting point it makes it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same starting point it makes it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same starting point it makes it easier
+to start from the same point but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from the same point but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from the same point but now
+let's ask what happens with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask what happens with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask what happens with this
+function what's the expect utility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the expect utility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the expect utility the
+gamble the expect utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble the expect utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble the expect utility
+0.5 time um uh 0.5 times if you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 time um uh 0.5 times if you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 time um uh 0.5 times if you win
+that's 225 sared over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100000 plus 0.5 times if you lose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100000 plus 0.5 times if you lose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100000 plus 0.5 times if you lose which
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+what is the value of that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+25.3 you are really happy to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.3 you are really happy to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.3 you are really happy to take this
+gamble you've increased utility why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble you've increased utility why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble you've increased utility why
+figure 20-3 utility is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 20-3 utility is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 20-3 utility is now
+convex this is what we call a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex this is what we call a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex this is what we call a risk
+loving individual they're no longer risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving individual they're no longer risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving individual they're no longer risk
+averse not even risk neutral they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse not even risk neutral they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse not even risk neutral they're
+risk-loving they are made happier by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-loving they are made happier by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-loving they are made happier by
+taking risk that yields a convex utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking risk that yields a convex utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking risk that yields a convex utility
+function okay in in that case you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay in in that case you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay in in that case you are
+much better off at Point C than point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better off at Point C than point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better off at Point C than point a
+because in this case it's you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case it's you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case it's you don't have
+diminishing marity consumption you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marity consumption you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marity consumption you have
+increasing Marge utility of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Marge utility of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Marge utility of consumption
+so going getting a dollar richer makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going getting a dollar richer makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going getting a dollar richer makes
+you happier than getting a dollar poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happier than getting a dollar poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happier than getting a dollar poor
+makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you
+sad now this is really uh unreasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad now this is really uh unreasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad now this is really uh unreasonable
+as a description of people in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a description of people in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a description of people in general
+but it's not unreasonable description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not unreasonable description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not unreasonable description of
+some people in some places maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people in some places maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people in some places maybe
+risk-loving and if you're risk-loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-loving and if you're risk-loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-loving and if you're risk-loving
+you will take an unfair Gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will take an unfair Gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will take an unfair Gamble
+in this case imagine I said heads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case imagine I said heads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case imagine I said heads you
+win 75 tails you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win 75 tails you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win 75 tails you lose
+100 that is an unfair bet that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 that is an unfair bet that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 that is an unfair bet that's a
+negative expected value bet yet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative expected value bet yet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative expected value bet yet this
+person would still take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would still take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would still take
+it they would get an expect utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they would get an expect utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they would get an expect utility from
+that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+15.3 they can expect you if so if I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.3 they can expect you if so if I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.3 they can expect you if so if I said
+heads 75 you get 75 tails you pay me 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads 75 you get 75 tails you pay me 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads 75 you get 75 tails you pay me 100
+so it's a negative expected value of 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a negative expected value of 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a negative expected value of 12.
+yet with this utility function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet with this utility function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet with this utility function that
+person will take that bet because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will take that bet because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will take that bet because it
+yields an expected utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields an expected utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields an expected utility of
+15.3 so if you're risk loving you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.3 so if you're risk loving you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.3 so if you're risk loving you'll
+even take unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take unfair
+gambles indeed it goes further than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles indeed it goes further than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles indeed it goes further than that
+you will pay me for the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will pay me for the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will pay me for the opportunity to
+take an unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an unfair
+gamble risk leving implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble risk leving implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble risk leving implies that
+literally if I'm walking along and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally if I'm walking along and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally if I'm walking along and say
+well I you know I might offer you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I you know I might offer you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I you know I might offer you this
+deal you know if you're really nice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you know if you're really nice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you know if you're really nice you
+know you you know I might have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you know I might have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you know I might have this
+unfair bet you'll pay me to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair bet you'll pay me to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair bet you'll pay me to take the
+unfair bet because it makes you happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair bet because it makes you happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair bet because it makes you happy to
+take that risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that risk
+now you prefer a fair bet obviously more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you prefer a fair bet obviously more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you prefer a fair bet obviously more
+is better but you prefer an unfair bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better but you prefer an unfair bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better but you prefer an unfair bet
+to not taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not taking a
+bet okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay questions about
+that so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's the
+basics okay let me do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics okay let me do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics okay let me do one more
+extension which is very interesting let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension which is very interesting let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension which is very interesting let
+me ask another question once again gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask another question once again gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask another question once again gut
+reaction just give me the answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction just give me the answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction just give me the answer your
+gut let's say that I changed the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut let's say that I changed the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut let's say that I changed the example
+which is if you win you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you win you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you win you get
+$12.50 if you lose you pay me $10 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$12.50 if you lose you pay me $10 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$12.50 if you lose you pay me $10 how
+many people take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bet okay this always happens too now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay this always happens too now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet okay this always happens too now
+you're all being a little inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all being a little inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all being a little inconsistent
+because many more of you should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many more of you should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many more of you should take
+that bet why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bet why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bet why is
+that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why
+yeah it's what it's worth less money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's what it's worth less money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's what it's worth less money
+it's the same divided by 10 but why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same divided by 10 but why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same divided by 10 but why it's
+being worth less money make you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worth less money make you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worth less money make you more
+want to take it as a risk averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it as a risk averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it as a risk averse
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+last1 exactly think about this concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last1 exactly think about this concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last1 exactly think about this concave
+utility function back in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function back in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function back in figure
+20-1 think about what happens as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-1 think about what happens as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-1 think about what happens as you
+shrink the gamble to shrink the gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the gamble to shrink the gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the gamble to shrink the gamble
+towards the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the initial
+Point what happens the function becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what happens the function becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what happens the function becomes
+locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+linear so in fact the smaller the gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so in fact the smaller the gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so in fact the smaller the gamble
+the less concave effectively is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less concave effectively is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less concave effectively is your
+decision- making and once you're linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making and once you're linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making and once you're linear
+you only care about expected value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only care about expected value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only care about expected value so
+indeed in the what I just said if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the what I just said if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the what I just said if I just
+did that gamble I gave you guys and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that gamble I gave you guys and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that gamble I gave you guys and put
+it on our original risk averse utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on our original risk averse utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on our original risk averse utility
+function the expect utility of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the expect utility of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the expect utility of that
+gamble was 0.5 times the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble was 0.5 times the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble was 0.5 times the square root of
+um the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the square root of
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11250 plus 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11250 plus 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11250 plus 0.5
+* theun of 100us 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* theun of 100us 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* theun of 100us 10 or
+90 and if you add that you actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 and if you add that you actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 and if you add that you actually get
+10.05 Which is higher than your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.05 Which is higher than your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.05 Which is higher than your initial
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+utility this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility this is very
+important what matters is not the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what matters is not the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what matters is not the size
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+gamble what matters is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble what matters is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble what matters is the size of the
+gamble relative to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble relative to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble relative to your
+resources risk aversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources risk aversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources risk aversion is
+relative okay what matters is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative okay what matters is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative okay what matters is not the
+size of the gamble stand of the gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the gamble stand of the gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the gamble stand of the gamble
+Rel to your resources Bill Gates and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel to your resources Bill Gates and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel to your resources Bill Gates and you
+feel differently about a $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel differently about a $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel differently about a $100
+gamble okay so basically and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble okay so basically and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble okay so basically and that's
+because as the gamble gets small Rel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the gamble gets small Rel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the gamble gets small Rel to
+your initial wealth utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial wealth utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial wealth utility function
+becomes locally linear and you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes locally linear and you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes locally linear and you become
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+neutral it's a very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral it's a very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral it's a very very important
+Insight you should be able to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight you should be able to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight you should be able to see this
+actually I can tell you a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can tell you a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can tell you a couple things
+you should be able see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able see the same
+Insight uh answers a um a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight uh answers a um a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight uh answers a um a couple of
+other a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other a couple of other
+questions what so what this says is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what so what this says is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what so what this says is as
+the gamble get basically the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamble get basically the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamble get basically the bottom line
+is as the gamble gets small or as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as the gamble gets small or as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as the gamble gets small or as your
+initial wealth gets bigger you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wealth gets bigger you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wealth gets bigger you become
+more risk-neutral that's the key lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risk-neutral that's the key lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risk-neutral that's the key lesson
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh because we never care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh because we never care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh because we never care about the
+only care about comparing decisions note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about comparing decisions note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about comparing decisions note
+I always said well it's 10.05 bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always said well it's 10.05 bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always said well it's 10.05 bigger
+than 10 that's all I care about I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 that's all I care about I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 that's all I care about I never
+said anything about interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything about interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything about interpreting
+10.05 I just said is it bigger than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.05 I just said is it bigger than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.05 I just said is it bigger than 10
+or smaller than 10 the key thing is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller than 10 the key thing is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller than 10 the key thing is we
+always compare cardinal values but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always compare cardinal values but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always compare cardinal values but it's
+only the relative implication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the relative implication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the relative implication that
+matters what is comparing values when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what is comparing values when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what is comparing values when
+you calculate utility calculate a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate utility calculate a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate utility calculate a value
+it's just that value in a vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that value in a vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that value in a vacuum is
+meaningless it's only meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless it's only meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless it's only meaningful
+relative to an alternative Choice with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to an alternative Choice with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to an alternative Choice with a
+different utility value and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different utility value and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different utility value and that's how
+you Val them does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah excellent point that is that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah excellent point that is that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah excellent point that is that's a
+great Point expect utility theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Point expect utility theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Point expect utility theory is
+making a particular assumption about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a particular assumption about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a particular assumption about how
+we combine utility different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine utility different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine utility different
+states you could imagine in fact when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you could imagine in fact when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you could imagine in fact when
+you get to higher order Theory it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to higher order Theory it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to higher order Theory it's a
+great question there's other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question there's other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question there's other kinds of
+models people use for expect utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models people use for expect utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models people use for expect utility
+that don't make this simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't make this simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't make this simple linear
+combination assumption and you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination assumption and you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination assumption and you talked
+about one reason that assumption may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one reason that assumption may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one reason that assumption may not
+be great it's in approximations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great it's in approximations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great it's in approximations because
+it sub that we're combining Cardinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sub that we're combining Cardinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sub that we're combining Cardinal
+things we it's a cardinal sin we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we it's a cardinal sin we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we it's a cardinal sin we're
+combining things that we said we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining things that we said we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining things that we said we really
+shouldn't be combining that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be combining that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be combining that's a great
+point it works very well in 99% of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it works very well in 99% of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it works very well in 99% of cases
+but there are cases where you get um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are cases where you get um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are cases where you get um uh
+Pro paradoxes with this model and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro paradoxes with this model and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro paradoxes with this model and to
+explain them you need more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them you need more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them you need more complicated
+models great Point other questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models great Point other questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models great Point other questions okay
+now let's go on and talk about a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go on and talk about a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go on and talk about a couple
+of applications let's start by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications let's start by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications let's start by talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insurance okay insurance is big business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance okay insurance is big business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance okay insurance is big business
+in the US US consumers spend about 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US US consumers spend about 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US US consumers spend about 10%
+of GDP or over two trillion dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of GDP or over two trillion dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of GDP or over two trillion dollars a
+year on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on
+insurance health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance health
+insurance life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance life
+insurance accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance accident
+insurance insurance against fire or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance insurance against fire or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance insurance against fire or
+theft Etc Auto Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft Etc Auto Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft Etc Auto Insurance
+insurance is Big Business and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is Big Business and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is Big Business and it's
+literally 10% of our GDP is Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally 10% of our GDP is Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally 10% of our GDP is Insurance
+why do they do this I mean that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they do this I mean that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they do this I mean that's a huge
+amount of money for this product more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money for this product more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money for this product more
+than many many other sectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than many many other sectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than many many other sectors in the
+economy why is that true well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy why is that true well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy why is that true well to
+understand that let's go through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that let's go through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that let's go through an
+example suppose that you're a 25y old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that you're a 25y old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that you're a 25y old
+and I'll explain why in a second why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain why in a second why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain why in a second why I'm
+being gendered in a second you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being gendered in a second you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being gendered in a second you're
+25-year-old single male here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25-year-old single male here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25-year-old single male here in
+Cambridge Okay the reason I picked male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Okay the reason I picked male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Okay the reason I picked male
+is because basically a 25y old single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because basically a 25y old single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because basically a 25y old single
+malale is Invincible the only risk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malale is Invincible the only risk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malale is Invincible the only risk to
+bad health is getting hit by a car was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad health is getting hit by a car was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad health is getting hit by a car was
+women can get pregnant and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women can get pregnant and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women can get pregnant and that's
+another risk to their health so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another risk to their health so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another risk to their health so let's
+pick a male who basically the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a male who basically the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a male who basically the only thing
+that could cause medical expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause medical expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause medical expenditures
+would be get hit by a car which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be get hit by a car which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be get hit by a car which
+unfortunately is a real risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is a real risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is a real risk in
+Cambridge okay so imagine that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge okay so imagine that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge okay so imagine that um you
+have a situation where your income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where your income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where your income is
+$40,000 a year that's your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$40,000 a year that's your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$40,000 a year that's your initial
+income $40,000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income $40,000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income $40,000 a
+year okay and let's say that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay and let's say that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay and let's say that there's a
+1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1%
+chance that you get hit by a car every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you get hit by a car every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you get hit by a car every
+year higher than we'd like but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year higher than we'd like but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year higher than we'd like but probably
+not unreasonable for Cambridge okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unreasonable for Cambridge okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unreasonable for Cambridge okay and
+if you get hit you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get hit you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get hit you end up with a
+hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital
+bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$330,000 that's your hospital bill if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$330,000 that's your hospital bill if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$330,000 that's your hospital bill if
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hit so how would you evaluate and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit so how would you evaluate and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit so how would you evaluate and I'm
+going to come along and offer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come along and offer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come along and offer you
+insurance and what that insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and what that insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and what that insurance is
+going to do is pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is pay
+the way insurance is going to work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way insurance is going to work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way insurance is going to work is
+you're going to pay me a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pay me a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pay me a certain amount
+no matter what happens if you get hit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happens if you get hit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happens if you get hit or
+not but if you get hit I pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but if you get hit I pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but if you get hit I pay your
+medical bill so let's be clear Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical bill so let's be clear Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical bill so let's be clear Insurance
+you pay no matter what if you get hit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay no matter what if you get hit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay no matter what if you get hit or
+don't get hit you pay me an insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get hit you pay me an insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get hit you pay me an insurance
+premium a certain amount of money we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium a certain amount of money we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium a certain amount of money we
+call that the premium so you pay me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the premium so you pay me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the premium so you pay me a
+premium whether you get hit or not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium whether you get hit or not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium whether you get hit or not in
+return if you get hit I pay your medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return if you get hit I pay your medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return if you get hit I pay your medical
+bill okay well let's ask how much should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill okay well let's ask how much should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill okay well let's ask how much should
+someone be willing to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone be willing to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone be willing to spend
+for insurance what what is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for insurance what what is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for insurance what what is the amount
+they willing to pay well imagine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they willing to pay well imagine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they willing to pay well imagine your
+utility function is square root of C as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function is square root of C as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function is square root of C as
+we've been working with square Ro of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with square Ro of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with square Ro of C
+so your expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your expected
+utility is what happens if you do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is what happens if you do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is what happens if you do get
+hit well if you do get hit there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit well if you do get hit there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit well if you do get hit there's a
+0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+chance of what that utility is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of what that utility is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of what that utility is a square
+root of what well you still earn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of what well you still earn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of what well you still earn your
+income I'm assuming you don't lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income I'm assuming you don't lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income I'm assuming you don't lose your
+job you still earn your 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you still pay your insurance premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still pay your insurance premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still pay your insurance premium
+no matter what let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what let's call that
+X but you don't have any medical bill if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but you don't have any medical bill if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but you don't have any medical bill if
+I'm sorry this is if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this is if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this is if you if you don't
+have insurance if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have insurance if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have insurance if you don't have
+insurance and then I'm sorry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and then I'm sorry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and then I'm sorry if you
+don't have insurance you pay 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have insurance you pay 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have insurance you pay 40,000
+minus the 30,000 medical bill this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the 30,000 medical bill this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the 30,000 medical bill this is
+the no this is the no insurance case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no this is the no insurance case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no this is the no insurance case
+Okay expected utility no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay expected utility no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay expected utility no
+insurance there's a 0.1 chance that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance there's a 0.1 chance that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance there's a 0.1 chance that you
+end up with 40,000 inome 30,000 medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with 40,000 inome 30,000 medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with 40,000 inome 30,000 medical
+bills there's 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills there's 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills there's 99%
+chance that you end up with the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you end up with the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you end up with the square
+root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of
+40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay and that is an expect utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and that is an expect utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and that is an expect utility
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+$199 that's your expect utility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$199 that's your expect utility if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$199 that's your expect utility if you
+don't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy
+insurance if you do buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance if you do buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance if you do buy
+insurance expect utility yes Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance expect utility yes Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance expect utility yes Insurance
+there's a 0.01 chance that you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 0.01 chance that you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 0.01 chance that you get your
+40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus the insurance premium X we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the insurance premium X we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the insurance premium X we're
+going to come to what x is but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come to what x is but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come to what x is but you don't
+pay your medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay your medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay your medical
+bill and if you don't get hit by the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and if you don't get hit by the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and if you don't get hit by the car
+you actually get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get the same thing
+40,000 minus X so literally this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 minus X so literally this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 minus X so literally this is just
+of 40,000 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40,000 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40,000 minus
+X so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so now we can
+ask what is the price you'd be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is the price you'd be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is the price you'd be willing
+to pay for insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for insurance
+against getting hit by a car and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against getting hit by a car and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against getting hit by a car and the
+answer is we answer that by setting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is we answer that by setting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is we answer that by setting your
+expected utility equal with or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility equal with or without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility equal with or without
+insurance so your expected utility with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so your expected utility with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so your expected utility with
+insurance is the square root of 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is the square root of 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is the square root of 40,000
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x 40K minus X you expect utility without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 40K minus X you expect utility without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 40K minus X you expect utility without
+insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$199 so this is one equation one unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$199 so this is one equation one unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$199 so this is one equation one unknown
+40,000 40K - x = 199 and you solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 40K - x = 199 and you solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 40K - x = 199 and you solve that
+and you get that X =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3.99 you will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.99 you will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.99 you will pay
+$399 let's be clear the reason you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$399 let's be clear the reason you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$399 let's be clear the reason you will
+is because that's a premium that equates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that's a premium that equates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that's a premium that equates
+your well-being in the state with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your well-being in the state with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your well-being in the state with or
+without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+okay think about that number for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about that number for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about that number for a
+second relative to what the insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second relative to what the insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second relative to what the insurance is
+worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+what's the in what's the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the in what's the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the in what's the expected value
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+insurance what's the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance what's the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance what's the expected value of
+the insurance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buying what's expected yeah $300 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying what's expected yeah $300 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying what's expected yeah $300 there's
+a one there's a 1% chance that they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one there's a 1% chance that they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one there's a 1% chance that they pay
+pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you
+$30,000 so you are paying three you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 so you are paying three you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 so you are paying three you are
+willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay
+$3.99 for insurance with an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3.99 for insurance with an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3.99 for insurance with an expected
+value of 300 why because is your risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 300 why because is your risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 300 why because is your risk
+averse you are happy to pay more just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse you are happy to pay more just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse you are happy to pay more just
+like you're unhappy to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're unhappy to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're unhappy to take a
+gamble that's fair you're happy to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble that's fair you're happy to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble that's fair you're happy to buy
+insurance that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that's not
+fair because this is the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair because this is the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair because this is the opposite of
+gambling insurance is the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling insurance is the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling insurance is the opposite of
+gambling so just as a risk averse person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling so just as a risk averse person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling so just as a risk averse person
+will take a gamble won't take a gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a gamble won't take a gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a gamble won't take a gamble
+that's fair they're they're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair they're they're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair they're they're willing to
+buy insurance even if it's unfair and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy insurance even if it's unfair and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy insurance even if it's unfair and we
+call this extra $99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this extra $99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this extra $99
+the risk premium so the extra 99 we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk premium so the extra 99 we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk premium so the extra 99 we call
+the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+premium how much are individuals willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium how much are individuals willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium how much are individuals willing
+to pay to avoid through Insurance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay to avoid through Insurance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay to avoid through Insurance to
+avoid bearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+okay this is a striking fact and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a striking fact and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a striking fact and it's
+consistent with the fact that insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the fact that insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the fact that insurance
+is big big big business in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big big big business in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big big big business in
+America it's consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America it's consistent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America it's consistent with that
+because risk averse individual ual will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because risk averse individual ual will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because risk averse individual ual will
+pay um to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay um to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay um to have
+insurance now I would like you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance now I would like you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance now I would like you to take
+do as an exercise to show yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as an exercise to show yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as an exercise to show yourself that
+the following things are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following things are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following things are true
+a as the size of the loss Rises holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as the size of the loss Rises holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as the size of the loss Rises holding
+income constant the risk premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income constant the risk premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income constant the risk premium
+Rises B holding the loss constant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises B holding the loss constant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises B holding the loss constant as
+your income Rises the risk premium Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income Rises the risk premium Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income Rises the risk premium Falls
+both of those things simply follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things simply follow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things simply follow from
+the intuition we've developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition we've developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition we've developed in
+gambling basically the more you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling basically the more you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling basically the more you become
+the more the the gamble is is irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the the gamble is is irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the the gamble is is irrelevant
+Rel to your income the less you care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel to your income the less you care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel to your income the less you care and
+the less you're willing to take do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you're willing to take do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you're willing to take do
+unfair things like take an actual unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair things like take an actual unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair things like take an actual unfair
+bet or Bay pay a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet or Bay pay a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet or Bay pay a risk
+premium okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium okay questions about
+that that's it now you're right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's it now you're right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's it now you're right these
+are making certain mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making certain mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making certain mathematical
+assumptions but the idea that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but the idea that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but the idea that people
+want to risk premium is just comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to risk premium is just comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to risk premium is just comes the
+magn to this risk premum will depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magn to this risk premum will depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magn to this risk premum will depend on
+what you assume about the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you assume about the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you assume about the form of the
+expect utility function or the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect utility function or the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect utility function or the utility
+function itself but the Notions as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself but the Notions as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself but the Notions as a
+risk pre will always be true with risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk pre will always be true with risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk pre will always be true with risk
+averse individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse individuals
+yeah complicating the model do people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah complicating the model do people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah complicating the model do people or
+we want to talk about people um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about people um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about people um if you
+like Incorporated the fact that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Incorporated the fact that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Incorporated the fact that if you
+are paying for insurance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying for insurance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying for insurance that's
+preventing you from buying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing you from buying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing you from buying something
+else does that change how much oh no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else does that change how much oh no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else does that change how much oh no no
+that's that's it that's Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's it that's Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's it that's Incorporated
+it's Square to see so by definition if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Square to see so by definition if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Square to see so by definition if I
+buy insurance I can't buy something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy insurance I can't buy something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy insurance I can't buy something else
+right that's Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's Incorporated
+here okay now that's one application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now that's one application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now that's one application
+let's talk about another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about another application
+let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the
+lottery the lottery in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery the lottery in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery the lottery in the United States
+is a total ripoff the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a total ripoff the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a total ripoff the expected value of
+a lottery ticket of every dollar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lottery ticket of every dollar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lottery ticket of every dollar you
+spend on the lottery in the US is 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on the lottery in the US is 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on the lottery in the US is 50
+Cents it's a massively unfair bet yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cents it's a massively unfair bet yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cents it's a massively unfair bet yet
+it's also massively popular and a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also massively popular and a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also massively popular and a major
+source of revenue for states is state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of revenue for states is state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of revenue for states is state
+lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries
+why is that how can you have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that how can you have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that how can you have a situation
+where you have um a popular unfair bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have um a popular unfair bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have um a popular unfair bet
+now there's four theories for why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's four theories for why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's four theories for why this
+is Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theory
+one is people are risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loving they play the lottery because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving they play the lottery because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving they play the lottery because
+they're risk loving how can you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're risk loving how can you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're risk loving how can you use
+something I just talked about 37 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just talked about 37 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just talked about 37 seconds
+ago disprove that theory how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago disprove that theory how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago disprove that theory how can you
+disprove the fact that people are risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove the fact that people are risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove the fact that people are risk
+loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving
+how can you say Americans are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you say Americans are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you say Americans are clearly
+not risk loving they spend 1.5 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not risk loving they spend 1.5 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not risk loving they spend 1.5 they
+spend $2 trillion on insurance they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend $2 trillion on insurance they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend $2 trillion on insurance they're
+clearly not risk loving so that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not risk loving so that theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not risk loving so that theory
+goes out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out the
+window okay the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window okay the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window okay the second
+theory is a little more subtle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is a little more subtle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is a little more subtle which is
+that people are both risk Avers and risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loving and to see this we go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving and to see this we go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving and to see this we go to figure
+we go to figure 20-4 of what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to figure 20-4 of what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to figure 20-4 of what what's
+called fredman Savage preferences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fredman Savage preferences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fredman Savage preferences you
+don't need to know that that's just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know that that's just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know that that's just what
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+called this is our preferences to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this is our preferences to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this is our preferences to help
+to explain riddles like this and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain riddles like this and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain riddles like this and here
+those preferences look they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those preferences look they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those preferences look they're
+preferences where they start concave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where they start concave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where they start concave and
+then become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become
+convex so the way this works is follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex so the way this works is follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex so the way this works is follow
+along with me imagine as a small 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with me imagine as a small 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with me imagine as a small 5050
+gamble between W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble between W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble between W1 and
+W3 for that small gamble people clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 for that small gamble people clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 for that small gamble people clearly
+don't want to take it they are worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take it they are worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take it they are worse off
+with the gamble at point B than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gamble at point B than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gamble at point B than the
+utility of B Star so the same logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of B Star so the same logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of B Star so the same logic
+before people won't take that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before people won't take that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before people won't take that small
+gamble now imagine a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble now imagine a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble now imagine a giant
+gamble oh I'm sorry now imagine G from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble oh I'm sorry now imagine G from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble oh I'm sorry now imagine G from
+W3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 to
+W5 well for that gamble they become risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W5 well for that gamble they become risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W5 well for that gamble they become risk
+loving they're H they're more than happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving they're H they're more than happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving they're H they're more than happy
+to take that gamble even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that gamble even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that gamble even though it's
+5050 it's above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 it's above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 it's above the
+utility so now imagine a Gamble from W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so now imagine a Gamble from W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so now imagine a Gamble from W1
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+W5 if you do a giant gamble people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W5 if you do a giant gamble people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W5 if you do a giant gamble people might
+end up RIS looking risk loving so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up RIS looking risk loving so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up RIS looking risk loving so it
+could be yeah they're risk averse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be yeah they're risk averse over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be yeah they're risk averse over
+small things but they love those big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things but they love those big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things but they love those big
+gambles and that's why they play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles and that's why they play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles and that's why they play the
+lottery why is that empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery why is that empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery why is that empirically
+false why is an empirically false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false why is an empirically false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false why is an empirically false
+description of the lottery because 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the lottery because 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the lottery because 99%
+of the money made in the lottery is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the money made in the lottery is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the money made in the lottery is not
+on Mega Millions it's on scratch tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Mega Millions it's on scratch tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Mega Millions it's on scratch tickets
+which are you gamble for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you gamble for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you gamble for
+$100 okay so people are in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay so people are in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay so people are in the range
+where they're at the bottom of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're at the bottom of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're at the bottom of this
+function if that theory was true we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if that theory was true we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if that theory was true we'd
+see lotteries but only Mega Millions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lotteries but only Mega Millions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lotteries but only Mega Millions you
+wouldn't see little lotteries and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see little lotteries and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see little lotteries and you
+do so that's how we empirically prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so that's how we empirically prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so that's how we empirically prove
+this theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theories and
+right okay the third and fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the third and fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the third and fourth
+theories are in subsets to flip sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are in subsets to flip sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are in subsets to flip sides of
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other and the third theory is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the third theory is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the third theory is that this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entertainment and this comes to how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and this comes to how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and this comes to how we
+go further in micrograms 1401 imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further in micrograms 1401 imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further in micrograms 1401 imagine
+that I put in utility function not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put in utility function not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put in utility function not just
+consumption but the thrill of scratching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but the thrill of scratching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but the thrill of scratching
+something off the scill of the thrill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off the scill of the thrill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off the scill of the thrill of
+seeing gee maybe I won money and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing gee maybe I won money and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing gee maybe I won money and maybe
+it's worth a dollar to you just a th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth a dollar to you just a th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth a dollar to you just a th
+chance even though you know you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance even though you know you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance even though you know you'll
+probably lose maybe in utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably lose maybe in utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably lose maybe in utility function
+is the thrill you get from that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thrill you get from that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thrill you get from that there's
+nothing wrong or IL legitim about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong or IL legitim about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong or IL legitim about that
+just the way you write down the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way you write down the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way you write down the utility
+function so many people just gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so many people just gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so many people just gamble
+because they find it entertaining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they find it entertaining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they find it entertaining and
+the The Thrill is in the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Thrill is in the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Thrill is in the utility
+function the problem is there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the problem is there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the problem is there's another
+theory which is that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which is that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which is that people are
+uninformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed
+or just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistakes which is not that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes which is not that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes which is not that they get
+utility Jo from but they just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Jo from but they just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility Jo from but they just don't
+understand what they're doing they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they're doing they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they're doing they don't
+understand what a bad deal it is or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a bad deal it is or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a bad deal it is or if
+they do understand they just don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do understand they just don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do understand they just don't think
+it through properly and they're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through properly and they're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through properly and they're making a
+mistake okay now we can't really we both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay now we can't really we both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay now we can't really we both
+these are true to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are true to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are true to some
+extent why does it matter which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent why does it matter which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent why does it matter which one is
+true well it matters enormously if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well it matters enormously if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well it matters enormously if we
+think the truth is one of these it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the truth is one of these it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the truth is one of these it
+matters enormously which one it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters enormously which one it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters enormously which one it is
+primarily and why is that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily and why is that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily and why is that because it
+drives what the government should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives what the government should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives what the government should
+do if this is the correct view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if this is the correct view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if this is the correct view
+government should support lotteries it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government should support lotteries it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government should support lotteries it's
+a great way to make money it's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great way to make money it's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great way to make money it's what we
+call voluntary taxation if people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call voluntary taxation if people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call voluntary taxation if people like
+gambling then why let the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling then why let the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling then why let the private sector
+make the money the government can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the money the government can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the money the government can make
+the money by setting up a lottery so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money by setting up a lottery so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money by setting up a lottery so if
+that's true we should be encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true we should be encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true we should be encouraging
+state lotteries if this is true we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lotteries if this is true we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lotteries if this is true we
+should be discouraging them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be discouraging them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be discouraging them the
+government is sanctioning people to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is sanctioning people to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is sanctioning people to make
+bad decisions that's not the role of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad decisions that's not the role of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad decisions that's not the role of a
+government is not to set up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is not to set up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is not to set up more
+opportunities people make bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities people make bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities people make bad
+decisions so it terms out it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so it terms out it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so it terms out it matters
+enormously for government policy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously for government policy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously for government policy which
+of these are right matters enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are right matters enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are right matters enormously
+which of these are right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are right because
+basically it depends on is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it depends on is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it depends on is this a
+voluntary tax or government encourag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary tax or government encourag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary tax or government encourag
+mistakes and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and we don't
+know but the stakes are huge in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the stakes are huge in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the stakes are huge in some
+low-income communities people spend I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income communities people spend I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income communities people spend I
+kid you not up to 20% of income on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid you not up to 20% of income on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid you not up to 20% of income on the
+lottery these are huge Stakes for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery these are huge Stakes for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery these are huge Stakes for many
+people's lives this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives this is a very important
+question to be thinking about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to be thinking about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to be thinking about okay
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay one last topic I want to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay one last topic I want to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay one last topic I want to cover
+and this is going to be a lead into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be a lead into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be a lead into what
+we're going to cover after Thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover after Thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover after Thanksgiving
+so you have to think about this and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to think about this and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to think about this and sort
+of put it in your head and Che it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put it in your head and Che it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put it in your head and Che it over
+for for a week and a half okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a week and a half okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a week and a half okay which is
+the problem of information asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+asymmetry what do I mean by that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry what do I mean by that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry what do I mean by that well
+let's go back to our insurance fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to our insurance fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to our insurance fact I
+said that insurance is Big Business 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that insurance is Big Business 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that insurance is Big Business 10%
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+GDP you know what you know what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP you know what you know what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP you know what you know what else
+amounts to about six or s% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to about six or s% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to about six or s% of
+GDP government provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP government provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP government provided
+insurance that is not only do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that is not only do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that is not only do people
+spend $2 something trillion dollars on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend $2 something trillion dollars on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend $2 something trillion dollars on
+private Insurance the government spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Insurance the government spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Insurance the government spends
+almost another $2 trillion on public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost another $2 trillion on public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost another $2 trillion on public
+Insurance well you might say wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance well you might say wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance well you might say wait a
+second how could that make sense people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second how could that make sense people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second how could that make sense people
+want Insurance they're buying it what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Insurance they're buying it what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Insurance they're buying it what's
+the government doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government doing in this
+business why should there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business why should there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business why should there be a
+government role people just buying they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government role people just buying they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government role people just buying they
+want insurance they should buy it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want insurance they should buy it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want insurance they should buy it some
+people risk ofers they buy it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people risk ofers they buy it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people risk ofers they buy it some
+people aren't they don't what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't they don't what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't they don't what's the
+government doing with it and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government doing with it and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government doing with it and the reason
+is because private people buy too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because private people buy too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because private people buy too little
+private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private
+insurance not cuz they're not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance not cuz they're not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance not cuz they're not not
+because they're not risk averse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not risk averse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not risk averse but
+because of an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an information
+asymmetry because some parties have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry because some parties have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry because some parties have
+information that others do not and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that others do not and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that others do not and that
+can cause a failure of insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause a failure of insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause a failure of insurance
+markets and to see that let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and to see that let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and to see that let's go to the
+best example the classic example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best example the classic example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best example the classic example the
+example that won the Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that won the Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that won the Nobel Prize for
+George acof which is the ex the lemons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George acof which is the ex the lemons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George acof which is the ex the lemons
+problem acof set up the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem acof set up the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem acof set up the following
+problem and the the lemon's problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the the lemon's problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the the lemon's problem is
+basically the Insight that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the Insight that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the Insight that information
+asymmetry can cause market failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry can cause market failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry can cause market failure
+remember if markets don't fail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if markets don't fail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if markets don't fail the
+government's just piss off okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's just piss off okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's just piss off okay
+government is only useful if markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is only useful if markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is only useful if markets
+fail okay and acrofs insight was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail okay and acrofs insight was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail okay and acrofs insight was that
+information asymmetry much like Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information asymmetry much like Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information asymmetry much like Monopoly
+or other things we'll talk about can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things we'll talk about can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things we'll talk about can
+create a market failure how does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a market failure how does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a market failure how does it do
+so let's go through a simple example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through a simple example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through a simple example uh
+imagine the world of George George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the world of George George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the world of George George
+Jackoff was writing in back in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackoff was writing in back in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackoff was writing in back in the 1970s
+where when you bought a used car there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you bought a used car there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you bought a used car there
+was no Carfax there was none of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no Carfax there was none of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no Carfax there was none of that
+stuff you had no idea what had happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you had no idea what had happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you had no idea what had happened
+to the car when you bought a used car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the car when you bought a used car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the car when you bought a used car
+when I was young you were just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young you were just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young you were just sort of
+basically taking a gamble how good was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a gamble how good was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taking a gamble how good was
+the car okay so imagine that um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car okay so imagine that um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car okay so imagine that um so so
+imagine that um uh I have a 10-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um uh I have a 10-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um uh I have a 10-year-old
+car that I keep in pristine shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that I keep in pristine shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that I keep in pristine shape and
+let's say that that is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that that is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that that is worth
+$5,000 so the value to to John the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 so the value to to John the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 so the value to to John the value
+of the card of John is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the card of John is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the card of John is
+$5,000 okay that's what everyone says a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 okay that's what everyone says a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5,000 okay that's what everyone says a
+good car in good shape is worth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good car in good shape is worth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good car in good shape is worth and
+let's say I'm going to sell to Andrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm going to sell to Andrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm going to sell to Andrew
+and let's say the value of the car to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say the value of the car to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say the value of the car to
+Andrew is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew is
+$6,000 for a pristine car he's will to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6,000 for a pristine car he's will to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6,000 for a pristine car he's will to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+$6,000 this is a welfare improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6,000 this is a welfare improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6,000 this is a welfare improving
+transaction it makes Andrew happier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it makes Andrew happier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it makes Andrew happier than
+it makes me sad I am happy to sell it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes me sad I am happy to sell it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes me sad I am happy to sell it at
+5,000 he's happy to buy it at $6,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 he's happy to buy it at $6,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 he's happy to buy it at $6,000
+there's $1,000 of consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's $1,000 of consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's $1,000 of consumer surplus
+created by the this transaction should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by the this transaction should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by the this transaction should
+happen now but imagine that Andrew also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now but imagine that Andrew also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now but imagine that Andrew also
+knows that most 10-year-old cars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that most 10-year-old cars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that most 10-year-old cars are
+crappy they're not kept in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy they're not kept in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy they're not kept in good
+condition and he knows that on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and he knows that on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and he knows that on average
+if you buy a 10-year-old car you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy a 10-year-old car you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy a 10-year-old car you'll have
+to put in $2,000 of repairs to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run so Andrew doesn't know that my car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so Andrew doesn't know that my car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so Andrew doesn't know that my car
+is not crappy I can tell them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not crappy I can tell them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not crappy I can tell them it's
+pristine I could show them things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine I could show them things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine I could show them things it's
+like whatever you could have got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever you could have got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever you could have got an
+accident I have no idea I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I have no idea I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I have no idea I don't have
+Carfax Carfax says what's the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carfax Carfax says what's the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carfax Carfax says what's the internet
+no that exists okay he said I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that exists okay he said I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that exists okay he said I don't know
+all I know is if I buy a 10-year-old car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I know is if I buy a 10-year-old car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I know is if I buy a 10-year-old car
+my value is 6,000 minus the $2,000 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my value is 6,000 minus the $2,000 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my value is 6,000 minus the $2,000 I
+expect to put in to fix it so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to put in to fix it so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to put in to fix it so I'm not
+buying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying your
+car the market has failed a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the market has failed a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the market has failed a transaction
+that make both parties better off has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make both parties better off has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make both parties better off has
+not happened why because information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happened why because information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happened why because information
+asymmetry imagine now in today's world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry imagine now in today's world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry imagine now in today's world
+imagine we have perfect information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have perfect information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have perfect information
+about how good a car is then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how good a car is then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how good a car is then there's no
+more information symmetry in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information symmetry in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information symmetry in today's
+world I could show them the Carfax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I could show them the Carfax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I could show them the Carfax and
+everything and say look it's pristine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and say look it's pristine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and say look it's pristine
+they'd say great I know have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd say great I know have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd say great I know have to put
+$2,000 in let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 in let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,000 in let's do
+it but without that information he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but without that information he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but without that information he
+doesn't do it the information asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it the information asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it the information asymmetry
+is that I know how good the car is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I know how good the car is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I know how good the car is but
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+doesn't and the fact that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and the fact that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and the fact that different
+parties of different information just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties of different information just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties of different information just by
+itself can cause an entire Market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can cause an entire Market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can cause an entire Market to
+collapse okay this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse okay this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse okay this is very important
+this is incredibly deep Insight one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incredibly deep Insight one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incredibly deep Insight one of
+the deepest insights in all economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest insights in all economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest insights in all economics
+okay that basically a market where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that basically a market where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that basically a market where
+nothing else is wrong no Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else is wrong no Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else is wrong no Monopoly
+nothing else is wrong just the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else is wrong just the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else is wrong just the fact that
+the buyer and seller have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer and seller have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer and seller have different
+information could cause the market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could cause the market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could cause the market to
+collapse here the market is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse here the market is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse here the market is just one
+sale but you can expand it to Market see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale but you can expand it to Market see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale but you can expand it to Market see
+how it could collapse okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it could collapse okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it could collapse okay and the
+intuition is with perfect information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is with perfect information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is with perfect information
+this transaction would happen without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction would happen without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction would happen without
+perfect information it doesn't therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect information it doesn't therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect information it doesn't therefore
+the information asymmetry has caused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information asymmetry has caused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information asymmetry has caused a
+market failure questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure questions about that
+now let's think for a second about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think for a second about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think for a second about how
+that applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to
+Insurance Andrew's got his insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance Andrew's got his insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance Andrew's got his insurance
+company Andrew Co I walk in I'm like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Andrew Co I walk in I'm like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Andrew Co I walk in I'm like hey
+I'm John I want Insurance he's like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm John I want Insurance he's like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm John I want Insurance he's like why
+like are you a sky dier do you engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are you a sky dier do you engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are you a sky dier do you engage in
+Risky sexual behavior why aren't you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risky sexual behavior why aren't you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risky sexual behavior why aren't you buy
+insurance through MIT or someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance through MIT or someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance through MIT or someone else
+I'm worried I'm worried that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm worried I'm worried that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm worried I'm worried that there's a
+problem that we're going to call adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're going to call adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're going to call adverse
+selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm worried that there's adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm worried that there's adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm worried that there's adverse
+election that is the set of people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election that is the set of people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election that is the set of people the
+people who come to me to want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who come to me to want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who come to me to want to buy
+insurance are only the people who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance are only the people who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance are only the people who really
+need it and I'm going to lose money if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it and I'm going to lose money if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it and I'm going to lose money if I
+sell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell them
+Insurance the information asymmetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance the information asymmetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance the information asymmetry is
+on the other foot now now the buyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other foot now now the buyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other foot now now the buyer
+knows more than the seller does in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows more than the seller does in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows more than the seller does in the
+car example the seller knew more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car example the seller knew more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car example the seller knew more than
+the buyer did now with insurance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer did now with insurance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buyer did now with insurance the
+buyer knows more than the seller does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer knows more than the seller does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer knows more than the seller does
+but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same
+problem if Andrew knew that in fact I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if Andrew knew that in fact I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if Andrew knew that in fact I'm
+a I'm a clean living non- skydiving guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm a clean living non- skydiving guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm a clean living non- skydiving guy
+okay okay then he'd be happy to sell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay then he'd be happy to sell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay then he'd be happy to sell me
+Insurance say you know let's say I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance say you know let's say I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance say you know let's say I come
+and I say I'm willing to pay $3.99 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say I'm willing to pay $3.99 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say I'm willing to pay $3.99 he
+says great I make $99 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says great I make $99 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says great I make $99 in
+profit but since he doesn't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit but since he doesn't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit but since he doesn't know that
+he's worried the fact of coming in means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's worried the fact of coming in means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's worried the fact of coming in means
+I'm someone runs in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm someone runs in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm someone runs in the middle of the
+street W Mars gets hit a lot so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street W Mars gets hit a lot so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street W Mars gets hit a lot so he's
+going to lose money if he gets gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose money if he gets gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose money if he gets gives me
+Insurance therefore he won't insure me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance therefore he won't insure me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance therefore he won't insure me
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+though societyd be better off he'd be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though societyd be better off he'd be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though societyd be better off he'd be if
+he had full information' be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had full information' be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had full information' be happy to
+insure me because it partial information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure me because it partial information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure me because it partial information
+he won't that's a market failure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won't that's a market failure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won't that's a market failure the
+reason government provides insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason government provides insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason government provides insurance is
+because that market failure leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that market failure leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that market failure leads to
+underinsurance that market failure leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underinsurance that market failure leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underinsurance that market failure leads
+people who could have insurance at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who could have insurance at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who could have insurance at a
+fair price not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair price not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair price not getting
+it what we'll talk about after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we'll talk about after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we'll talk about after
+Thanksgiving is how the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving is how the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving is how the government
+specifically addresses that market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically addresses that market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically addresses that market
+failure through things like mandates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure through things like mandates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure through things like mandates
+taxes subsidies Single Payer coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes subsidies Single Payer coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes subsidies Single Payer coverage
+we'll talk about that and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that and how the
+government addresses those market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government addresses those market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government addresses those market
+failures through government policy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r70MEz4cZFc.txt b/r70MEz4cZFc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..601c488869f1fbef72b69cb99d9a6f2bbc675acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r70MEz4cZFc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3195 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Then let
+me just-- I gave you
+
+two things about
+the last class, one
+
+is the question about the
+electron and factors of 2
+
+and what precesses
+at what frequency.
+
+Think about it, I mean,
+write down for yourself
+
+what is a magnetic
+moment of an electron?
+
+What is a magnetic moment of
+a classical particles which
+
+is one unit of angular
+momentum and try to sort of re
+
+derive it.
+
+The way how I did it
+is deceptively simple.
+
+But whenever you
+think about it, you
+
+will get confused
+about some factors.
+
+But this is, of course,
+where I showed you here
+
+is the quantum mechanical
+mystery about the g-factor of 2
+
+that you have an electron
+which has one more
+
+magneton of magnetic moment, and
+you have a classical particle
+
+which has one more magneton.
+
+The energy levels of up
+and down what are the same.
+
+The energy is 1.4
+megahertz per Gauss.
+
+But the precession of
+frequency of the electron
+
+is 2 times faster than
+the precession frequency
+
+of the classical
+particle, and this
+
+is what the g-factor of 2, which
+comes out of the Dirac equation
+
+means.
+
+And at least one
+intuitive explanation
+
+I can give you is a
+frequency which is observed
+
+as a precession frequency
+in the laboratory
+
+is the beat frequency between
+two neighboring levels.
+
+And here you have
+a level in between.
+
+So the beat frequency between
+two neighboring levels
+
+is 1.4 megahertz, and
+here the beat frequency
+
+is 2.8 megahertz.
+
+And you will actually
+see that if you
+
+take a classic system
+which has much,
+
+much larger angular
+momentum, maybe L equals 10.
+
+It will have this
+level structure,
+
+but it will go from
+minus 10 to plus 10.
+
+But the precession frequency
+is the beat frequency
+
+between two levels.
+
+Or if you don't like
+the word beat frequency,
+
+it precesses and you can
+increase the precession.
+
+So if you're not
+increasing the impression,
+
+you can increase the energy
+of the precessing system
+
+by driving it at the
+resonance frequency which
+
+is a precession frequency.
+
+And the resonance is always
+the energy difference
+
+between two levels.
+
+So no matter how many levels
+you have in a classical system
+
+with a g-factor of 1, you're
+always driving it step by step,
+
+and each step is the
+resonance and this
+
+is the precession
+frequency of the system.
+
+Questions about it?
+
+I know people get
+confused all the time,
+
+but just think about it.
+
+I think I gave you all
+the different angles
+
+you can use to look at it.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+Next thing I just want
+to point out is rotation.
+
+Yes, we are spending
+quite some time in class
+
+just to figure out that
+something is rotating.
+
+So what we figured out
+here is that if you
+
+go to a rotating frame, if
+you have angular momentum,
+
+and we go to a rotating
+frame, that that simply
+
+means that the effect
+of a rotating frame
+
+is to simply add a
+fictitious magnetic fields
+
+to the real magnetic field.
+
+Well, that's very handy.
+
+For instance, we
+know then immediately
+
+if you have a real
+magnetic field
+
+and we pick the
+fictitious magnetic field
+
+in such a way that the
+real magnetic field
+
+that the total field cancels it.
+
+It cancels the total
+magnetic field, well,
+
+then we have a system viewed
+from the rotating frame
+
+where the effective field is 0.
+
+Well, the spin is zero
+field does nothing
+
+and then we know when you
+go back into the lab frame,
+
+all this spin is
+doing it rotates.
+
+It's an exact solution.
+
+I want to use it today again
+but in a different way,
+
+but I want to just
+point out today
+
+we will not picking the
+fictitious field to make
+
+the magnetic field zero.
+
+Today we are talking
+about what happens
+
+to a spin in a rotating field.
+
+Complicated.
+
+A time-dependent problem,
+time-dependent Hamiltonian.
+
+But if you go in a rotating
+frame, if you rotate
+
+with the field, then
+in the rotating frame
+
+it becomes a
+time-independent problem
+
+which we can immediately solve.
+
+So today we use the same
+transformation again,
+
+but we pick our frequency not
+to cancel some static field.
+
+We pick our frequency
+to co-rotate
+
+with an external rotating field
+that in our rotating frame now
+
+everything is stationary.
+
+So that's what you're
+going to do today.
+
+And finally just to
+give you an outlook,
+
+just try to sort of make you
+aware that often what we're
+
+doing is the same thing
+in a different angle.
+
+So this is one way to
+deal with rotation.
+
+I'll give you an exact solution
+by going to rotating frame.
+
+I will later show you today
+that quantum mechanically
+
+the solution to the Heisenberg
+equation of motion for angular
+
+momentum or magnetic
+moment in a magnetic field
+
+is exactly a rotation.
+
+So we'll again show you that
+a quantum mechanical solution,
+
+the solution of a time-dependent
+problem is exactly rotation.
+
+And later on when we use the
+spin-1/2 Hamiltonian and we
+
+write down the wave function,
+we solve sometimes the wave
+
+function by transforming
+the wave function.
+
+And this will be, again, the
+rotating frame transformation.
+
+It's not always called like
+this, but it's always the same.
+
+You go to some form
+of rotating frame,
+
+and we'll do that in
+three different ways.
+
+This is the first way just as
+a general classical physics
+
+transformation to
+rotating frame.
+
+We will do it again
+for the expectation
+
+value as a solution of
+Heisenberg's equation
+
+of motion, and
+then we do it again
+
+when we transform
+the wave function
+
+with a unitary transformation.
+
+A lot of time for simple
+rotations, but its good thing.
+
+It really provides
+a lot of insight.
+
+Anyway, this is more sort of
+an outlook over today's lecture
+
+and part of Tuesday's lecture.
+
+Any question about the
+summary and the outlook?
+
+Because before I really come
+back to the rotating frame,
+
+I quickly want to do
+something I couldn't.
+
+I ran out of time on Monday.
+
+We talked so much about harmonic
+oscillators, the precision
+
+at which we can
+determine the frequency
+
+of the harmonic
+oscillator, and I really
+
+want to give you examples.
+
+I want give you two outstanding
+examples for atomic clocks.
+
+And the two extreme
+examples are, well,
+
+the two best atomic
+clocks in the world.
+
+One is the cesium atom
+with a fountain clock.
+
+Well, we'll talk about
+it later, but some of you
+
+know that the cesium atom
+is hyper fine structure.
+
+In one state, the electron
+and nucleus spin are parallel.
+
+In the other state,
+they are antiparallel,
+
+and the transition frequency
+is 10 gigahertz, well,
+
+9.something, but for the
+matter of this discussion,
+
+it's 10 gigahertz.
+
+And the definition of time,
+the definition for 1 second
+
+is in terms of so-and-so many
+cycles of this transition.
+
+So this transition
+has this frequency,
+
+and for decades,
+this frequency was
+
+determined in an atomic beam.
+
+You have an atomic cesium
+beam, and you interrogate it
+
+with microwave fields.
+
+But now with cold atoms, we
+can achieve much, much longer
+
+interrogation times by
+almost completely eliminating
+
+the atomic motion.
+
+In the current
+experiment, is that you
+
+have a cloud
+[? lace ?] are cooled
+
+to micro Kelvin temperature.
+
+You launch it into a fountain.
+
+The cloud goes up and goes down,
+and you interrogate it twice
+
+and the interrogation
+time is 1 second.
+
+And this interrogation time is
+no longer as in the convention
+
+atomic clocks limited by the
+thermal velocity of the atom,
+
+it's limited by gravity.
+
+If you want to increase
+a time to 10 seconds,
+
+you need a 100-meter tower and
+nobody wants to build that.
+
+I mean, it would be a
+really big atomic clock.
+
+So therefore you usually deal
+with an interrogation time
+
+on the order of 1 second.
+
+So we know that based
+on Fourier's theorem,
+
+delta is a factor of 2
+pi, but the line widths,
+
+if you would recall
+now the spectrum,
+
+the line widths, delta omega,
+would be that's a factor of 2,
+
+but it would be 1 over 1 second.
+
+And therefore the fractional
+accuracy is 10 to the 11,
+
+is on the order of
+10 to the minus 11.
+
+However, the accuracy of
+the base cesium fountains
+
+is now 10 to the minus 16.
+
+So people are able to split
+the line to 1 part in 100,000,
+
+which requires
+exquisite knowledge,
+
+exquisite knowledge
+of the line shape
+
+and also systematic effects,
+but well, an atomic clock
+
+is a piece of art.
+
+And I just want to
+emphasize that I sometimes
+
+feel when I talk about the
+uncertainty at which you can
+
+measure a classical oscillator
+or such is almost trivial,
+
+and you should
+know all about it.
+
+But I can just say without
+looking at anybody that I just
+
+had a lunch discussion with
+some of my graduate student
+
+and we talked about
+laser stabilization.
+
+And one graduate student asked,
+but if the natural line widths
+
+of a transition is 10 megahertz,
+can we stabilized a laser
+
+to better than a megahertz?
+
+Of course, we can.
+
+I mean, here we have a
+natural line width of 10
+
+to the minus 11, but we
+can get an a accuracy
+
+of a signal, which is
+10 to the minus 16.
+
+So a microwave oscillator,
+which is the microwave accrual
+
+end of a laser can now be
+locked to the cesium transition
+
+with a precision of
+10 to the minus 16,
+
+100,000 times better
+than the line width.
+
+Let me give you
+a second example.
+
+Just noticing the red color.
+
+This is red.
+
+I wanted to highlight it.
+
+There's probably
+nothing we can do.
+
+It seems the projector
+is not showing the color.
+
+Well, in the lecture
+post, the lecture notes,
+
+this will be bright
+red, but maybe I
+
+should use more blue
+and green and yellow
+
+for highlighting it today.
+
+That's really odd.
+
+Yellow-- OK.
+
+The red is completely missing.
+
+The other example I want to give
+you is the strontium-- yeah,
+
+it's blue-- the
+strontium optical clock.
+
+And there was a
+really nice paper
+
+in Nature just a few
+weeks ago, and well, here
+
+is a level diagram
+of atomic strontium
+
+what happens is there is
+a very fast transition s
+
+to p transition for laser
+cooling and trapping
+
+and all that, but then there
+is a very, very slow transition
+
+[? forbidden ?] to a triplet
+state, which is meta stable.
+
+And this transition,
+those states
+
+have a very long lifetime,
+and therefore this transition
+
+is extremely level.
+
+So what is state of the art
+for the strontium clock?
+
+Well, in the experiment, they
+use an interrogation time.
+
+So they observe the
+atom for delta t, which
+
+is on the order of
+160 milliseconds
+
+and putting in the 2 pis in
+the right place that would mean
+
+the frequency
+resolution is 1 Hertz.
+
+And you see that on
+the left-hand side when
+
+we record the resonance, the
+blue one is about 1 Hertz
+
+and there is something broader.
+
+This is when they
+are not actively
+
+feeding back the magnetic field.
+
+So for this fantastic position,
+you have to control everything,
+
+but the blue line
+is sort of what
+
+we record as a clock transition.
+
+It's about 1 Hertz.
+
+Now, compared to a cesium
+clock, the big advantage
+
+is that the strontium clock
+operates in the optical domain,
+
+and this is a frequency at
+5 times 10 to the 14 Hertz.
+
+So we're seeing if the
+frequency is much, much
+
+faster even if you have a
+shorter interrogation time,
+
+your relative
+accuracy is better.
+
+And here the Q value
+the mu over delta mu
+
+is on the order of 10
+times 10 to the minus 15.
+
+Fantastic.
+
+15 orders of magnitude, and they
+are splitting the line, not as
+
+extreme as the cesium atomic
+clock by a factor of 100,000,
+
+by a factor which is
+on the order of 300.
+
+And with that, they have an
+accuracy, which is now really
+
+the record for the
+base performance
+
+of any atomic clock, which is
+6 times 10 to the minus 18.
+
+Now, this is now in
+the optical domain.
+
+You may wonder about the
+laser, how stable is the laser.
+
+The laser is stabilized
+to an optical activity,
+
+but the laser because of
+thermal fluctuations, not
+
+terminal fluctuations,
+thermal fluctuations
+
+in the mirror because
+of thermal noise
+
+is limited in the short
+term to 10 to the minus 16.
+
+So the short term stability
+between 1 and 1,000
+
+second is 10 to the minus 16.
+
+So they use a laser which
+has a stability of 10
+
+to the minus 16.
+
+Every 1.3 seconds,
+they take a data point.
+
+Each data point or
+the spectral widths
+
+is 2 times 10 to the--
+the laser is 10 to the 16.
+
+The line we record
+is 10 to the 15,
+
+but seen since the thermal
+noise is completely random
+
+and by averaging it, they
+can determine the line center
+
+to better than 10 to the 17.
+
+So I think this just illustrates
+the precision at the which
+
+you can observe the
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+and what I like
+about this example,
+
+it shows you that both the
+transition you are recording
+
+and the laser itself-- 10
+to the 15, 10 to the 16--
+
+are worse than the final
+precision of the measurement,
+
+which is better
+than 10 to the 17.
+
+Make sense, but yes,
+that's what it is.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Yes, Collin.
+
+AUDIENCE: What was the accuracy
+of the [INAUDIBLE] result?
+
+Was it better than 6
+times 10 to the minus 18?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+This 6 times 10 to
+the minus 18 is really
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] record.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the
+[? atomic ?] clock?
+
+PROFESSOR: There was an
+aluminum ion clock, which had,
+
+I think, 10 the
+minus 17 precision.
+
+But I think it's 6 times 10 to
+the minus 18 is close to that.
+
+So they are close or
+they are better now
+
+than the aluminum clock, but the
+aluminum clock is a single ion.
+
+You have to ever reach
+for much, much longer time
+
+to get this precision.
+
+So that's a big advantage for
+the strontium clock, which
+
+is many, many atoms
+in an optical lattice,
+
+and they say that they
+have improved on the best
+
+previous lattice clock
+by a factor of 20.
+
+But I think the
+improvement effect of 20,
+
+you always have to distinguish
+between sensitivity
+
+and absolute precision.
+
+In the absolute
+precision, you also
+
+have to control all
+systematic effects.
+
+And the big step
+here which was really
+
+boosting the absolute
+precision was they completely
+
+controlled the black
+body environment.
+
+So you really have to know
+with high precision what
+
+is the effective temperature
+of the black body radiation
+
+because at the 10 to
+the minus 18 level,
+
+it causes a shift of
+the atomic resonance.
+
+We talk later about it, but
+it's the ac Stark effect
+
+of the black body
+radiation, which
+
+becomes an important systematic
+at that level of precision.
+
+I don't know exactly the number
+of the previous atomic clocks,
+
+but this is sort of
+now the gold standard
+
+of frequency methodology.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's go.
+
+Yes, what you have
+here is you have
+
+sort of classical
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+but the classical
+harmonic oscillator
+
+is based on doing measurements
+on seamless strontium
+
+atoms and single cesium atoms.
+
+So you see that the accuracy,
+and we had a discussion on it
+
+last class, the accuracy
+at which you can observe
+
+a quantum mechanical oscillator.
+
+In a classical oscillator,
+it's pretty much the same.
+
+It's the same kind of-- if you
+have a good signal to noise,
+
+you can improve your
+precision for the line center
+
+substantially.
+
+From those results, and
+exciting atomic clocks,
+
+let's go back to
+classical physics.
+
+So we want to go back to our
+classical magnetic moment
+
+and understand the motion of it.
+
+But in addition to what
+we discussed so far,
+
+a stationary magnetic
+field, we now
+
+want to add to it a
+rotating magnetic field.
+
+So the situation
+is that-- just use
+
+another color-- we
+have a magnetic moment.
+
+We assume it's classical,
+and we have a magnetic field,
+
+which we assume points
+along the z-axis.
+
+And then, of
+course, we know that
+
+from our previous
+discussion that the spin
+
+undergoes precession.
+
+It's sort of precesses
+around the magnetic field
+
+at the Larmor frequency.
+
+And now, let's assume we
+have-- the yellow shows up.
+
+We have a rotating field.
+
+We add a rotating
+field eight B1,
+
+and just to keep
+things simple, we
+
+want to assume that the
+rotating field rotates
+
+at the same frequency
+as a magnetic moment,
+
+so we are on a resonance.
+
+Because what happens
+now is we can simply
+
+do a transformation
+to the rotating frame.
+
+The rotating frame is now
+at the Larmor frequency
+
+and we have just learned that in
+the rotating frame, of course,
+
+in the rotating frame the
+rotating field stands still,
+
+so it becomes a
+static field which
+
+points in the x direction.
+
+And we have the static
+field in the z direction,
+
+but now that's what
+I just reviewed.
+
+We have a fictitious
+magnetic field,
+
+which comes from the
+transformation to the rotating
+
+frame and on resonance,
+at the Larmor frequency,
+
+this is exactly the
+negative of B naught.
+
+So in other words,
+we started out
+
+to expose a magnetic moment
+to a time-dependent field.
+
+So we had a rotating field
+cosine omega Lt sine omega Lt.
+
+But in the rotating frame,
+this becomes now the x prime x,
+
+and it's stationary
+in the rotating frame.
+
+So this was the field
+in the lab frame.
+
+In the rotating frame, we
+have an effective field,
+
+which is the field
+in the lab frame
+
+minus the fictitious field,
+and the fictitious field
+
+was given by that.
+
+It just cancels the
+B naught component.
+
+And in the rotating frame,
+this vector and this vector
+
+cancels and we are just left
+with a field of strengths
+
+B1, which points in
+the x-axis, or actually
+
+the x-axis in the rotating
+frame is what I call x prime.
+
+So therefore, we have
+a very simple problem
+
+that in the rotating frame.
+
+We have a static
+field of value B1.
+
+And the good thing is,
+we know already what
+
+a magnetic moment does
+with a static field.
+
+The magnetic moment
+is just precessing
+
+around the static
+magnetic field.
+
+So therefore, our
+solution is now
+
+we have transformed the
+time-dependent field
+
+and now we know that mu
+precesses around this field,
+
+and the precession frequency
+is the Rabi frequency, which
+
+we discussed previously.
+
+The Rabi frequency is the
+gyromagnetic ratio times B1.
+
+So therefore, if
+we would start out
+
+with a magnetic moment
+aligned with the z-axis.
+
+If we would wait
+half a Rabi's cycle,
+
+the magnetic moment
+would now be inverted.
+
+So the situation is we have
+a magnetic moment which
+
+points in the z-axis with
+a field in the z-axis.
+
+But we expose it
+to a rotating field
+
+which rotates in the xy plane.
+
+So in the rotating frame,
+we have a stationary field
+
+which points in x.
+
+In this rotating frame,
+the spin is simply
+
+precessing around what
+is now a steady field,
+
+and after half a Ravi
+cycle, the spin points down.
+
+So therefore we know--
+going back to lab frame--
+
+that this rotating field has
+caused in quantum mechanics
+
+I would say a spin
+flip, a full reversal
+
+of the magnetic
+moment, and this is
+
+what we call the pi
+pulse-- it has already
+
+rotated the spin by pi--
+or we call it a spin flip,
+
+but it's a completely
+classical system.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Well, then I would
+question for you.
+
+I've discussed with you the case
+that the rotating field rotates
+
+at the Larmor frequency.
+
+But now I want to discuss the
+case that the rotating field is
+
+not at the Larmor
+frequency, it's
+
+at the frequency omega
+1, which is faster
+
+than the Larmor frequency.
+
+And the question
+is now what will
+
+happen to the spin or
+the magnetic moment.
+
+I explained to you
+that on a resonance,
+
+the magnetic moment was
+just flipping over, rotating
+
+precessing at the
+Rabi frequency.
+
+And I want you to think
+about it for a moment
+
+and then decide if
+we go off resonant,
+
+if we drive this system
+away from the resonance
+
+with a rotating field which
+is faster than the Larmor
+
+frequency, what is
+now the oscillation
+
+frequency of the
+magnetic moment.
+
+And so the choices are, is it
+larger, smaller, or the same?
+
+And this was, of course,
+compared to the Rabi frequency.
+
+So I've explained to you
+that the spin flip, the Rabi
+
+flopping, or the pi
+pulse-- and this picture
+
+was at the magnetic moment--
+does Rabi flopping rotates
+
+plus z minus, z plus, z minus,
+z at the Rabi frequency.
+
+But now we drive
+the system faster
+
+than the Larmor frequency
+and the question
+
+is, is whatever this
+magnetic moment does,
+
+is it faster, slower,
+or does it always
+
+happen at the Rabi frequency?
+
+Larger.
+
+Good.
+
+Well, let me then immediately
+add another twist.
+
+What would happen-- let's
+ask the same question,
+
+but now we are driving
+it at a lower frequency.
+
+The yellow.
+
+This projector has a problem.
+
+So now same question
+as before, but instead
+
+of driving the system with a
+faster rotating field, faster
+
+than the Larmor frequency,
+we are driving it
+
+with a smaller frequency.
+
+Is now the response of
+the magnetic moment,
+
+the effective precession
+frequency, larger, smaller,
+
+or the same as the Rabi
+frequency as the resonant case?
+
+OK, good.
+
+So that means I can go very
+quickly about the explanation.
+
+It's correct.
+
+Whenever you are off
+resonant, this system
+
+precesses faster,
+so let me summarize
+
+what probably is
+obvious to all of you.
+
+What happens when we have an
+off-resonant rotating field.
+
+When we have an
+off-resonant rotating field,
+
+we go to the rotating frame, but
+of course, the rotating frame
+
+we go to is now not rotating
+at the Larmor frequency
+
+because the purpose of
+going to rotating frame
+
+is get rid of the time
+dependence of the rotating
+
+field.
+
+So we go to rotating
+frame which rotates
+
+at the frequency of
+the rotating field.
+
+So if the rotating field
+rotates at a frequency omega,
+
+we have a fictitious field,
+which is omega over gamma.
+
+Gamma is the gyromagnetic ratio.
+
+For the resonant case, we
+were just completely canceling
+
+the static field
+in the z direction,
+
+but for the
+off-resonant case, when
+
+omega is larger or
+smaller in both cases,
+
+this one here is no longer 0.
+
+And our total
+effective field is now
+
+the quadrature sum of what
+we have in the z direction,
+
+and what we have in the x
+direction or x prime direction,
+
+this is B1.
+
+So in the z direction,
+we have the static field
+
+minus the fictitious field
+and then the two are added up
+
+On resonance, the angle
+theta is 90 degrees,
+
+but for the off-resonant
+case, the angle
+
+is different given by the
+simple geometric result.
+
+And the effective field is the
+quadrature sum of B1 squared
+
+plus B naught
+minus-- and the fact
+
+is this adds something to the
+effective field in the rotating
+
+frame whether we drive it
+above or below resonance.
+
+So therefore the
+magnetic moment precesses
+
+at what is called
+the generalized Rabi
+
+frequency, which I now call--
+this would be red-- let's use
+
+green instead-- the generalized
+Rabi frequency, which
+
+is gamma times B
+effective, and this
+
+is the quadrature
+sum of the detuning
+
+plus the capital
+letter omega, omega R,
+
+is the Rabi frequency
+at resonance,
+
+and this is nothing else
+than a measure for the drive
+
+field for the strengths of the
+drive field B1 in frequencies.
+
+So therefore, the
+generalized Rabi frequency
+
+is the resonant Rabi
+frequency added in quadrature
+
+with the detuning squared.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So because it's an exact result
+and I like the result Rabi
+
+flopping at the
+generalized Rabi frequency,
+
+I want to derive it for you.
+
+So I want to figure out what
+is the dynamic of a spin which
+
+is originally
+aligned, and now it
+
+undergoes-- it is driven
+by the rotating field.
+
+Remember, the resonant
+case was very simple.
+
+The spin was just
+doing Rabi flopping.
+
+It was fully inverted,
+came back, and just
+
+did this at that Rabi frequency.
+
+Now we know that in
+the off-resonant case,
+
+there will be an
+effective magnetic field
+
+and it will precess at a
+faster frequency, which
+
+is a generalized
+Rabi frequency, but
+
+since the effective magnetic
+field is not transverse,
+
+it has a z component, the
+spin will never fully invert.
+
+So geometrically,
+it's very easy.
+
+We start out with a magnetic
+moment at zero time,
+
+and I can immediately draw
+to you the complete solution.
+
+The complete solution is that
+in the rotating frame, this sort
+
+of precesses around the
+effective magnetic field.
+
+This is the solution.
+
+But I just wanted to do
+is because it takes me
+
+three or four minutes, I
+want to read from this graph,
+
+from this drawing, one of
+two trigonometric identities
+
+and derive for you the
+explicit expression,
+
+what is the value of
+the magnetic moment
+
+as a function of time.
+
+But it's clear from that it
+will have a maximum value.
+
+It precesses around
+the tilt direction,
+
+and when it's over there,
+it has a minimum value,
+
+but it will never
+completely invert.
+
+Well, quantum mechanically,
+if you drive a system not
+
+on resonance, you
+cannot completely invert
+
+the population, but
+we'll come to the later.
+
+So what do I need?
+
+Well, the spin is
+moving here on a circle.
+
+I need a few angles.
+
+So let's say the spin
+was here at one time.
+
+At another time, it
+is there, and that
+
+would mean that on the circle,
+it has moved an angle phi.
+
+The tilt angle between the
+spin and the magnetic field
+
+is what I call theta.
+
+And the angle between the
+initial magnetic moment
+
+and the magnetic moment at
+time, t, is what I call alpha.
+
+Yeah, these other the
+three relevant angles.
+
+The tip of the magnetic
+moment goes in a circle,
+
+and this circle has a radius,
+which is mu times sine theta.
+
+Sine theta is nothing else than
+the rotating magnetic field
+
+over the effective
+magnetic field, which
+
+is nothing else than the
+resonant Rabi frequency divided
+
+by the generalized
+Rabi frequency.
+
+I said what I want
+to determinant
+
+is the magnetic moment in
+the z direction as a function
+
+of time, and for that, I
+defined the angle cosine alpha.
+
+So the way how I derive it
+the easiest way, its geometry,
+
+its three dimension, and
+triangles, and all that.
+
+But the best way how I
+can describe it for you,
+
+let me introduce this auxiliary
+line, which connects the tip
+
+of the magnetic moment at
+time t equals 0 and at time t.
+
+And I call the length
+of this line A.
+
+And I want to derive-- I want
+to have now two triangles where
+
+one side is A, determine
+A in two different ways,
+
+combine the equation,
+we are done.
+
+So the first way is that
+we have the magnetic moment
+
+at time 0, the magnetic
+moment at time, t.
+
+We said the angle is
+alpha, and the two tips
+
+are connected by A, and you know
+in every triangle you have this
+
+would Pythagoras, but
+in the general case,
+
+this is valid for
+general triangle.
+
+So applying that to this
+triangle, we have a square.
+
+b square is mu square.
+c square is mu square,
+
+so we get 2 mu square.
+
+And then this term 2 ab is 2
+mu times mu times cosine alpha,
+
+so therefore, this is
+1 minus cosine alpha.
+
+So we've taken care
+of the first triangle.
+
+I hope the drawing is
+not completely confusing
+
+at this point, but
+why don't we just
+
+look at the drawing looking
+down the effective field.
+
+We look down at
+the effective field
+
+and then we see the circle where
+the magnetic moment precesses,
+
+and the radius of the circle
+I've already given to you.
+
+So now we want to look down
+the effective magnetic moment.
+
+We see the circle.
+
+We want to lock down the
+effective magnetic field.
+
+We see the circular where the
+magnetic moment precesses.
+
+It's has precessed
+form here to there.
+
+We connect this line.
+
+This was our A, and the angle
+at which the magnetic moment
+
+has precesses is phi.
+
+And the radius as we derived
+before was mu times sine theta.
+
+So now just using the same
+equation for this triangle,
+
+we find that A square is 2
+mu square sine square theta
+
+times 1 minus cosine phi.
+
+And for cosine phi, I want
+to use the trig identity
+
+and express it by
+half the angle.
+
+All right, now we are done.
+
+We're pretty much
+looking at this--
+
+the drawing is clear
+precession around a tilt angle,
+
+and we're just
+doing geometry here.
+
+And we have now two
+expressions for A square.
+
+We can set the two
+expression equal
+
+and solve for the unknown,
+which is cosine over [? phi. ?]
+
+And with that, we
+find the cosine alpha
+
+is 1 minus 2 sine square
+theta sine square phi over 2.
+
+And the purpose of this exercise
+was that cosine alpha tells us
+
+the tilt angle of the
+magnetic moment away form
+
+the vertical axis,
+so therefore, we
+
+have done what we wanted to do.
+
+We know the z component
+of the magnetic moment
+
+as a function of
+time is this times 1
+
+minus generalized Rabi frequency
+squared times sine square.
+
+And now we know the precession
+phi, the precession at which
+
+the keep of the magnetic
+moment moves in a circle,
+
+we discussed it already before,
+and you gave the correct answer
+
+with the clicker,
+is this generalized
+
+Rabi frequency omega Rabi.
+
+So that's a nice formula, but
+before we lean back and look
+
+at it, let me just
+do one tiny step.
+
+Based on our quantum
+mechanical background,
+
+we can now define that the
+probability that the spin has
+
+been flipped is the
+relative difference
+
+in the z component
+appropriately normalized.
+
+This is just the normalized
+change in the z component,
+
+and if I call that
+the probability that,
+
+that which is on
+the left-hand side,
+
+then I find that the probability
+for this classically expression
+
+for which expresses how much
+the z component of the magnetic
+
+moment has changed, and this is
+exactly the celebrated formula
+
+for spin flips in
+a spin-1/2 system.
+
+So we have derived
+exactly the solution
+
+for the motion for the
+precession of a magnetic moment
+
+in a magnetic field plus
+the rotating magnetic field,
+
+and what we found is, we
+found that the magnetic moment
+
+precesses at the
+generalized Rabi frequency.
+
+And as I will show
+you next week,
+
+this result is
+exactly the same as
+
+for quantum mechanical
+expectation values.
+
+Question, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So what if we have
+magnetic field oscillating just
+
+in one direction instead of
+rotation magnetic fields?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that's a much
+more complicated problem.
+
+What happens when we have
+the magnetic field which
+
+is linearly polarized,
+which is only
+
+oscillating in one direction?
+
+Well, light or a vector
+which is oscillating linearly
+
+in one direction can be
+regarded as a superposition
+
+of a left and right
+rotating field.
+
+In other words, if you
+superimpose left-handed
+
+and right-handed
+circular polarized light,
+
+the sum of the two is
+linearly polarized light.
+
+So now we have
+actually the situation
+
+that linearly polarized
+magnetic field-- that's
+
+what we usually do when the lab.
+
+I mean, we have coils.
+
+We connect them to
+synthesizer and the field
+
+is not going in a circle.
+
+It's going back and forth.
+
+It's linearly polarized.
+
+This corresponds
+to a magnetic field
+
+which corresponds to
+two magnetic field, one
+
+rotates left and
+one rotates right.
+
+But the problem is if you
+now do a transformation
+
+in the rotating
+frame, do we want
+
+to rotate omega to the
+left or omega to the right?
+
+So what we can do is, we
+can pick our rotating frame
+
+and we are now in
+the rotating frame.
+
+One of the rotating fields
+has become time independent,
+
+the other rotates
+now at 2 omega.
+
+And at that point, we need
+the celebrated rotating wave
+
+approximation that we keep the
+one term [? via ?] rectified
+
+and the other one
+at two omega rotates
+
+so rapidly that we say these
+rapid oscillations do nothing
+
+and we discard it.
+
+We'll discussed it
+later in this course.
+
+But the gist is, if you
+have linearly-polarized
+
+light, linearly-polarized
+magnetic fields,
+
+we usually have to do an
+additional approximation,
+
+the rotating wave approximation.
+
+And since the rotating wave
+approximation is done always
+
+in almost any treatment,
+any paper you can find,
+
+we think it's always necessary.
+
+But what I've shown to you is,
+when we have a rotating field,
+
+we don't need any approximation.
+
+The transformation in the
+rotating frame is exact,
+
+but that's the beauty of it the
+when we assume rotating frames,
+
+we can hold on to exact
+solutions for longer and only
+
+later then discuss what
+happens when we introduce
+
+linearly-polarized
+magnetic fields.
+
+But that's something
+we definitely
+
+do later in its full beauty.
+
+15 minutes.
+
+OK.
+
+There's one thing I want
+to do about classical spins
+
+and then we do with the
+full quantum treatment.
+
+And this aspect
+of classical spins
+
+is called rapid
+adiabatic passage.
+
+So we want to add one more
+piece to our discussion.
+
+So far we have assumed a static
+field and a rotating field,
+
+which rotates at one frequency.
+
+But now we want to change
+the frequency of the rotating
+
+field.
+
+So we have our magnetic moment
+in a static magnetic field,
+
+which is our quantization axis.
+
+And now we have
+a rotating field,
+
+but we increase the frequency
+of the rotating field from slow
+
+to fast and ask what happens.
+
+And the result is that by
+increasing the frequency,
+
+sweeping the frequency
+through the resonance,
+
+we can do something very useful.
+
+We can invert the spin.
+
+We can turn over the magnetic
+moment in a very robust way,
+
+and this is the concept of
+rapid adiabatic passage.
+
+A lot of you may be
+familiar with the concept
+
+a Landau-Zener
+transition, what I'm
+
+telling you what is exactly
+the classical counterpart
+
+of the Landau-Zener transition.
+
+actually in many cases when
+it comes to spin physics,
+
+the classical physics and the
+quantum physics is the same.
+
+So that's why I want to
+discuss rapid adiabatic passage
+
+and Landau-Zener physics first
+in the classical environment.
+
+So rapid adiabatic
+passage is a technique
+
+for inverting turning around
+spins or magnetic moments
+
+by sweeping the frequency
+of your drive field
+
+across the resonance.
+
+So adiabatic means that this
+frequency sweep has to be slow.
+
+Slow is slow compared
+to the Larmor frequency.
+
+We get any given moment the
+magnetic moment precesses
+
+at the Larmor frequency, which
+is the gyromagnetic ratio
+
+times g-factor
+magnetic field, so it's
+
+sort of quasi stationary.
+
+The spin precesses around
+the effective magnetic field
+
+and we want to change the
+frequency of the drive
+
+slow compared to that motion.
+
+Well, the word rapid
+adiabatic passage
+
+has the word adiabatic, which
+means slow but also rapid.
+
+The word rapid means
+we have to be rapid
+
+compared to relaxation
+processes, which we do not
+
+discuss here in an
+idealized environment.
+
+For instance, if you do
+rapid adiabatic passage
+
+in the environment where
+the atoms can collide,
+
+rapid means you have to do it
+fast enough before you have
+
+decoherence in two collisions,
+so slow compared to the Larmor
+
+frequency and rapid
+compared to all the things
+
+I'm not mentioning
+here-- rapid compared
+
+to decoherence and
+relaxation processes.
+
+I will not set up differential
+equation and solve them.
+
+I want to give you the intuitive
+picture of what goes on,
+
+but then also
+derive what is sort
+
+of the criterion
+for adiabadicity,
+
+which we have to fulfill.
+
+So what are our ingredients?
+
+We have a magnetic moment, mu.
+
+We have a static field B naught.
+
+We have a drive field B1, which
+rotates at a frequency omega.
+
+And we assume that
+the rotating field
+
+is smaller than
+the static field.
+
+It's not absolutely
+necessary, but you
+
+apply a big static
+field and then you
+
+have a repetitive drive.
+
+That's a standard situation.
+
+Or we always want to have
+quantization axis, which
+
+is given with the
+z-axis as defined
+
+by the static magnetic
+field, but it's only
+
+defined by the
+static magnetic field
+
+if the transverse
+field is not much
+
+larger than the static
+field, otherwise,
+
+we are talking about a
+somewhat different problem.
+
+And let me just assume
+to be specific we later
+
+discuss what happens
+if it's not the case.
+
+We assume that we start with
+a frequency omega, which
+
+is much, much smaller
+than the Larmor frequency,
+
+much, much smaller
+than the resonance.
+
+So what does that mean for
+our effective magnetic field?
+
+Let me just sketch it for you.
+
+Remember our effective
+magnetic field,
+
+we have a field B naught.
+
+We have a drive field B1,
+which we assume is smaller.
+
+But then when we go
+to the rotating frame,
+
+we have a fictitious field,
+but if the frequency omega
+
+is below the Larmor frequency,
+this fictitious field
+
+is very small.
+
+So therefore, we start
+out in a situation
+
+where the effective field
+is pretty much pointing
+
+along the z direction.
+
+So just to remind you,
+so we have a situation
+
+where the effective field
+is just at a tiny angle,
+
+and if we started out with our
+magnetic moment aligned in z,
+
+and we assume B1 is really
+perturbative, pretty
+
+much the magnetic moment
+is very tightly coupled.
+
+It has a very small precession
+angle, or if you want,
+
+if you take the magnetic
+field B1 to be perturbative,
+
+you can say the
+magnetic moment is
+
+aligned with the
+effective field.
+
+That's the limit that the
+cone angle of precession
+
+is very small.
+
+So let we write that down.
+
+This is what's omega
+much, much smaller
+
+than the Larmor frequency.
+
+So now we want to
+turn up the knob
+
+on the frequency of the drive.
+
+We want to rotate the drive
+field B1 faster and faster.
+
+And the picture you should
+have is-- I just wiped it away,
+
+but what that means is,
+the effective field,
+
+the fictitious field is no
+longer and longer component
+
+and on resonance, the
+fictitious magnetic field
+
+will cancel B naught.
+
+So in other words,
+at this point,
+
+when B naught is canceled,
+the effective field
+
+has only the B1 component
+in the x direction.
+
+So therefore, when be
+go to delta equal 0,
+
+the effective field is only B1
+and points in the x direction.
+
+So what we have done is
+by changing the frequency,
+
+by ramping up the
+frequency to resonance,
+
+we have tilted the
+effective magnetic field
+
+from the z direction
+into the x direction.
+
+And at any given
+moment, I mean, we
+
+know what the exact solution
+of the magnetic moment is.
+
+At any given moment,
+the magnetic moment
+
+precesses around the
+effective magnetic field.
+
+And if the precession
+is very fast
+
+and the effective magnetic
+field is slowly rotating,
+
+the magnetic moment
+is just following.
+
+So therefore, at this point
+when we are at resonance,
+
+we have tilted the magnetic
+moment by 90 degrees.
+
+Just one second.
+
+And if we go with a
+frequency much higher
+
+than the Larmor frequency, then
+our fictitious magnetic field
+
+is much larger than B
+naught and therefore,
+
+the effective magnetic
+field points now
+
+in the minus z direction.
+
+So the idea is that as
+long as this rotation
+
+of the effective field from
+being plus z in the x direction
+
+and into minus z is slow
+enough, the rapid precession is
+
+locking, is keeping the
+magnetic moment aligned
+
+with the effective
+magnetic field
+
+and we have just a
+handle we invert.
+
+We move around the
+magnetic moment.
+
+So in the adiabatic limit,
+the spin precesses tightly,
+
+and by tightly I mean the angle
+theta is small around B ef, B
+
+effective, and
+follows the direction
+
+of the effective magnetic field.
+
+So we are rotating
+an effective field.
+
+We are rotating the
+magnetic moment,
+
+but we're not rotating
+anything in the laboratory.
+
+The only thing we
+are doing is, we
+
+are changing the frequency of
+the rotating magnetic field.
+
+Questions?
+
+Jenny.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah.
+
+I was thinking, can
+you also do this
+
+by keeping the
+frequency the same
+
+and just ramping
+up the strength?
+
+Like say, put it at
+the-- make the B1
+
+equal to the frequency
+of that Larmor frequency
+
+and just start
+from 0 and ramp up?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+I mean, the essence here is that
+the effective magnetic field
+
+is [INAUDIBLE] resonance,
+and what you are suggesting
+
+is if the frequency is
+constant, that would
+
+mean the fictitious
+magnetic field is constant.
+
+But if you were given a
+fictitious magnetic field
+
+and we a huge field B naught,
+the effective magnetic field
+
+points out, points up.
+
+But if we now make this
+static field B naught smaller
+
+and smaller, both
+through resonance
+
+and make it even
+smaller, we have also
+
+done an inversion of the
+effective magnetic field.
+
+The result is the same.
+
+Actually, sometimes
+in the laboratory,
+
+if you have a synthesizer
+which is not easily
+
+computer controlled,
+we do an analog sweep
+
+of the magnetic
+field, so we actually
+
+change the Larmor frequency
+of the atom instead
+
+of changing the drive frequency.
+
+What really matters
+in the whole business
+
+is the relative frequency
+between the two.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it necessarily
+true that the spin resistance
+
+is tightly around
+the effective fields?
+
+Isn't it at resonance the radius
+of the circle in precession
+
+is equal to mu?
+
+Is it my [INAUDIBLE]
+before we found
+
+the radius which
+was mu sine theta.
+
+Then sine theta cosine Omega R--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: --divided into--
+
+PROFESSOR: But the
+way is we start--
+
+the way we've
+started it up here.
+
+Now if we are far
+away from resonance,
+
+the angle theta is
+infinitesimally small.
+
+Something confuses you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+I mean, it's just [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: See,
+what we have solved
+
+before, we have done
+something else before.
+
+What we have
+discussed before is,
+
+that we have a spin
+which is aligned
+
+and then we looked at the-- you
+can say the transient solution,
+
+we switched suddenly
+on the rotating field.
+
+So that may sort
+of described that.
+
+We have a magnetic field,
+which is in the z direction.
+
+Obviously we don't.
+
+Our spin is aligned
+in the z direction.
+
+And if you then suddenly
+switch on a rotating field,
+
+that could mean
+you have suddenly
+
+created an effective
+field, which is tilted.
+
+So then by the sudden
+switch on of your drive,
+
+you have an angle theta and
+the magnetic moment precesses
+
+with the precession angle theta.
+
+But what we are
+here doing is, we
+
+are ever so slightly
+changing the angle theta
+
+and then the spin stays aligned.
+
+That's the difference.
+
+So before I give
+you another example
+
+and discuss the limit
+of adiabadicity,
+
+let's just have a
+quicker question
+
+to make sure that
+everybody follows.
+
+So OK, what I think we
+have at least understood
+
+in the adiabatic
+limit is, that when
+
+we start with a magnetic
+moment, which is aligned,
+
+and now we do a sweep, we start
+with a small rotating frequency
+
+and we make it large.
+
+We sweep from low to high
+frequency through resonance,
+
+then we can invert
+the magnetic moment.
+
+My question for you
+now is, what happens
+
+when we start with
+a spin but we switch
+
+on a drive, which
+is a buff resonance
+
+and we sweep it with
+small frequencies?
+
+What will now happen when
+we do the opposite sweep?
+
+Will the spin just stay,
+will it be flipped,
+
+or will it sort of get
+diffused or get disoriented?
+
+So this is answer A, this is
+answer B, and this is answer C.
+
+So what happens?
+
+I have assumed in
+already discussion
+
+before that we start with
+a very low frequency where
+
+the fictitious magnetic
+field is negligible.
+
+And then we change
+the frequency,
+
+we sweep the frequency.
+
+It cause the Larmor frequency
+to very high frequency.
+
+My question now is,
+what happens when
+
+we reverse the
+frequency of the sweep?
+
+OK.
+
+There is some distribution.
+
+The correct answer is
+indeed B, we flip the spin.
+
+What happens is the following.
+
+The spin is in the z direction,
+but at high frequency,
+
+the fictitious magnetic
+field is very large.
+
+So therefore, the
+effective magnetic field
+
+is now a large
+effective magnetic field
+
+pointing in the
+minus z direction.
+
+So now we have a situation
+where the spin tightly precesses
+
+around the magnetic
+effective magnetic field
+
+at an angle of 180 degrees,
+not 0 degrees, but 180 degrees.
+
+And now, when we
+change the detuning,
+
+the effective
+magnetic field tilts,
+
+but the spin keeps on
+precessing at 180 degrees
+
+and eventually when we
+sweep through the resonance,
+
+the effective magnetic field at
+low frequency of the rotating
+
+field becomes the real
+magnetic field is now
+
+pointing in the z
+direction and the spin
+
+has followed the
+180 degree rotation.
+
+So in other words,
+it does not matter
+
+whether you go from low to high
+or from high to low frequency.
+
+Whenever you go through the
+resonance, you flip the spin.
+
+Let's close that Let's see.
+
+It is that.
+
+So the more
+generalized answer is
+
+that the rapid adiabatic passage
+always swaps the spin state
+
+no matter which way you sweep.
+
+When you start in spin up,
+you wind up in spin down.
+
+When you start in
+spin down, you wind up
+
+in spin up because
+what you're doing
+
+is you're inverting
+the direction
+
+of the effective magnetic field
+and the spin just follows.
+
+So therefore it goes both ways.
+
+It applies to-- you can
+say to the ground state
+
+with the lowest energy state,
+it applies to the highest energy
+
+state, and as such,
+it is actually
+
+a swap operation like
+the pi over 2 pulse.
+
+When you have a pi over
+2 pulse, you have a spin
+
+and you just pulse on a
+rotating magnetic field, which
+
+in the rotating flame
+means you have an x field.
+
+When the spin was up at the
+Rabi frequency, rotates down.
+
+When the spin was down at the
+Rabi frequency, it rotates up.
+
+And quantum mechanically it just
+means you take the population
+
+in two states and your
+unitary time evolution
+
+is a swap operation.
+
+And the classical counterpart
+is what we just discussed,
+
+the rapid adiabatic passage.
+
+However, there is one big
+experimental advantage
+
+of doing rapid adiabatic
+passage over pi over 2 pulse.
+
+And I think many of you
+use rapid adiabatic passage
+
+in the lab.
+
+Remember, if you give
+yourself the drop,
+
+you want to transfer the
+magnetic moment form spin up
+
+to spin down.
+
+If you want to do it
+with the pi pulse--
+
+if you want to do it with
+the-- I said pi over 2 pulse,
+
+I meant pi pulse.
+
+The only way how
+with a pulse you
+
+can rotate the magnetic
+moment by 180 degrees, if you
+
+are exactly on resonance, where
+the fictitious field cancels
+
+the static field and what you
+have is in the rotating frame
+
+is only a field in x.
+
+And then you can rotate
+around the x-axis.
+
+But if for some reason you're
+not exactly on resonance, then
+
+the fictitious field does
+not cancel the static field,
+
+and your effective magnetic
+field is at an angle.
+
+And if you rotate an
+effective magnetic field,
+
+which is not in the
+x-axis but at an angle,
+
+you cannot do a full inversion
+of the magnetic moment.
+
+So in other words, if you want
+to use a pi pulse to flip over
+
+a spin, you have to pulse
+on your drive exactly
+
+on resonance.
+
+And if you have MBN magnetic
+fields which drift by a few
+
+milligals and you're not
+sure where the resonance is,
+
+you cannot do a
+perfect pi pulse.
+
+But with the sweep, you just
+have to sweep from point A
+
+to point B, and if you know
+you cross the resonance,
+
+you have a perfect inversion
+of the magnetic moment, which
+
+is robust against
+frequency drifts.
+
+Of course, you have
+to do a longer sweep.
+
+The pi pulse is the
+shortest possible wave.
+
+If you heat the cloud on
+resonance, you first sweep,
+
+nothing happens,
+nothing happens,
+
+and you go through resonance and
+just view further and further,
+
+you waste some of your time.
+
+So you pay a price for it,
+but often we want precision
+
+and we have the time
+to do it and then
+
+the job is done by
+rapid adiabatic passage.
+
+Let me just mention one
+more thing and then I stop.
+
+I have discussed the
+physics of keeping--
+
+with rapid adiabatic
+passage, I've
+
+discussed with you the physics
+that rapid precession keeps
+
+a magnetic moment aligned with
+an effective magnetic field.
+
+Let me now discuss
+the same phenomenon
+
+but in a very
+different environment.
+
+And this is a similar process
+happen in a magnetic trap.
+
+In a magnetic trap, we
+don't have any drive
+
+or we have a
+time-dependent field.
+
+But what happens is, we
+have a magnetic field,
+
+but the atoms move
+through the atom trap.
+
+So the atom sees a
+changing magnetic field.
+
+And in many of our
+experiments here at MIT,
+
+we use a quadrupolar field.
+
+We've discussed some of
+these aspects in 8.422,
+
+so a quadrupolar
+field, the field
+
+has to be homogeneous in order
+to provide trapping forces,
+
+so we often use quadrupolar
+fields, a lot of advantages.
+
+That's how we build the
+tightest magnetic traps.
+
+But what happens now
+is, if an atom moves
+
+along this projector, it
+moves up in the laboratory,
+
+here t let's say the
+atom is in spin up.
+
+Here it's now a aligned.
+
+The magnetic field is
+opposite to the spin
+
+and now it moves up, and now
+the magnetic field up here
+
+is pointing up.
+
+The physics I explain to you
+rapid adiabatic passage means
+
+that the rapid
+precession off this spin
+
+means that as the atom
+moves, the spin stays
+
+aligned with the magnetic field.
+
+So you find the
+same physics here
+
+in a different environment, but
+the mathematical description
+
+is the same.
+
+Of course, and that's my
+last comment for today,
+
+if you have a spheric
+quadrupole trap
+
+and you go right
+through the origin,
+
+you're out of luck
+because here, the atom
+
+sees the magnetic field is down.
+
+It gets smaller,
+the magnetic field
+
+gets smaller, gets smaller.
+
+The magnet field gets zero.
+
+Oopsy, the magnetic field
+points in the other direction.
+
+And there was no warning.
+
+The magnetic field has jumped
+from 0 degree to 180 degree.
+
+There was never, ever any
+transverse field around which
+
+the atom could precess and
+change its orientation.
+
+So therefore, when an atom is
+aligned with a magnetic field
+
+moves through the origin,
+oopsy, it's anti aligned.
+
+It has lost its orientation with
+respect to the magnetic field,
+
+and this is the breakdown
+of rapid adiabatic passage
+
+because there's no adiabadicity.
+
+It is not an adiabatic
+change of the direction
+
+of the magnetic field,
+it's a sudden field.
+
+And the consequences are bad.
+
+You lose your atoms
+from the magnetic trap.
+
+It's called Majorana losses.
+
+A lot of people know
+what I'm talking about,
+
+but I'm not explaining
+it in detail.
+
+Time is over.
+
+Any question about
+what I've discussed?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You said
+the weights of the--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I would say-- the
+question is about the frequency
+
+weights and if you switch
+on the frequency drive,
+
+it's not a delta function.
+
+If we are far away
+from resonance,
+
+it doesn't really matter.
+
+That is, of course, a criterion
+that the effective weights
+
+of the frequency should not
+be comparable to the detuning.
+
+So then you switch it on,
+but you're so far away
+
+from resonance that
+it doesn't matter
+
+if you have a small weights,
+the effective detuning is still
+
+large.
+
+You scan for resonance.
+
+But these are sort of
+the boundary condition.
+
+The exact solution in
+the Landau-Zener problem,
+
+for instance, assumes you
+go from minus infinity
+
+to plus infinity
+in the detuning.
+
+Nobody does that.
+
+So we're discussing sort of
+sweep finite duration effects,
+
+but usually we are pretty close
+to the idealized assumption.
+
+OK, enjoy the Monday holiday.
+
+We meet on Tuesday,
+and Tuesday is
+
+in building 37 in our
+standard classroom.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r8quwPWwurA.txt b/r8quwPWwurA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3147191fb2c50b0169a3f94383609ee1793f9c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r8quwPWwurA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm David Thorburn. I'm a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm David Thorburn. I'm a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm David Thorburn. I'm a professor of
+literature and comparative media. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and comparative media. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and comparative media. What
+What else? I I've I've taught uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else? I I've I've taught uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else? I I've I've taught uh the
+film experience for I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film experience for I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film experience for I guess
+38 or 39 years at MIT and I've taught a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 or 39 years at MIT and I've taught a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 or 39 years at MIT and I've taught a
+lot of literature subjects as well. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of literature subjects as well. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of literature subjects as well. the
+sto the story of what made me into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sto the story of what made me into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sto the story of what made me into a
+film scholar or a media scholar is uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film scholar or a media scholar is uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film scholar or a media scholar is uh at
+least interesting to me and s still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least interesting to me and s still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least interesting to me and s still
+surprises me. I' I've told it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises me. I' I've told it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises me. I' I've told it a few
+times but it was actually a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but it was actually a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but it was actually a somewhat
+transforming experience in my life. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming experience in my life. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming experience in my life. I I
+I had been teaching at Yale for seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had been teaching at Yale for seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had been teaching at Yale for seven or
+eight years and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years and I
+uh was offered a chance to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was offered a chance to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was offered a chance to do a
+visitation at the University of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitation at the University of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitation at the University of uh
+California in Santa Barbara and uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California in Santa Barbara and uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California in Santa Barbara and uh for
+the first time in my life I was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time in my life I was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time in my life I was asked to
+teach students who weren't the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach students who weren't the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach students who weren't the product
+of very elaborate uh public private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very elaborate uh public private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very elaborate uh public private
+school educations or very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school educations or very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school educations or very powerful
+public school educations. They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public school educations. They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public school educations. They were
+smart kids but they were less well read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart kids but they were less well read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart kids but they were less well read
+in some ways. So I I I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways. So I I I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways. So I I I was trying to
+illustrate it was a literature course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate it was a literature course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate it was a literature course,
+introduction to literature or comedy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to literature or comedy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to literature or comedy or
+something like that and I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and I was trying to
+introduce the students to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the students to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the students to the idea of
+conventions. What it means what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions. What it means what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions. What it means what it means
+when uh uh a story when you begin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh uh a story when you begin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh uh a story when you begin a
+story once upon a time and every story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story once upon a time and every story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story once upon a time and every story
+begins that way or what it means when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins that way or what it means when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins that way or what it means when
+you say they lived happily ever after to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say they lived happily ever after to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say they lived happily ever after to
+take the simplest example of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the simplest example of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the simplest example of what a
+convention is. I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is. I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is. I was trying to
+illustrate how in fact we internalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate how in fact we internalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate how in fact we internalize
+these things and we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we understand the
+conventions of the narratives of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of the narratives of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of the narratives of our own
+time in our blood without even thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our blood without even thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our blood without even thinking
+about it. Uh and I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. Uh and I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. Uh and I was trying to
+illustrate this principle. So I was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this principle. So I was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this principle. So I was what
+I needed to illustrate the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed to illustrate the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed to illustrate the principle
+were shared texts. So I began by asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shared texts. So I began by asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shared texts. So I began by asking
+this was in the 1970s in the early 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in the 1970s in the early 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in the 1970s in the early 1970s
+and I asked the students there these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I asked the students there these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I asked the students there these are
+bright California public school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright California public school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright California public school
+students. How many of you have ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. How many of you have ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. How many of you have ever seen
+a John Wayne movie? Maybe 10% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a John Wayne movie? Maybe 10% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a John Wayne movie? Maybe 10% of the
+students in 1970. It's not 2016 now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in 1970. It's not 2016 now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in 1970. It's not 2016 now.
+It's two it's, you know, uh maybe 15% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's two it's, you know, uh maybe 15% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's two it's, you know, uh maybe 15% of
+the students raised their hand. Then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students raised their hand. Then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students raised their hand. Then I
+said, well, how many of you have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, well, how many of you have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, well, how many of you have read
+Huckleberry Finn? Maybe 30%. I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huckleberry Finn? Maybe 30%. I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huckleberry Finn? Maybe 30%. I tried
+other novels, classic novels. I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other novels, classic novels. I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other novels, classic novels. I tried
+Shakespeare plays. Finally, I said, "How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare plays. Finally, I said, "How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare plays. Finally, I said, "How
+many of you have seen All in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen All in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen All in the
+Family?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family?"
+Uh for those in the audience too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for those in the audience too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for those in the audience too young
+to know this, All in the Family was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know this, All in the Family was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know this, All in the Family was a
+television program uh a classic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program uh a classic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program uh a classic and
+transforming one that appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming one that appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming one that appeared in
+1971 on American television and involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 on American television and involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 on American television and involved
+a workingclass hero who had never such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a workingclass hero who had never such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a workingclass hero who had never such
+characters had never appeared on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters had never appeared on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters had never appeared on
+television before. It was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television before. It was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television before. It was a very
+important program and of course a 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important program and of course a 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important program and of course a 100%
+of the class had seen it. Uh and I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class had seen it. Uh and I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class had seen it. Uh and I began
+to take my examples from television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take my examples from television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take my examples from television
+programs. I talked about the conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs. I talked about the conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs. I talked about the conventions
+of situation comedy as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation comedy as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation comedy as a way of
+explaining and this and I began to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining and this and I began to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining and this and I began to think
+about this and I began this wore on me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and I began this wore on me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and I began this wore on me.
+I it wore in on me as the term went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it wore in on me as the term went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it wore in on me as the term went on
+and and I what I realized was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I what I realized was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I what I realized was that the
+literature of our own day, the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of our own day, the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of our own day, the story
+forms that belong to my students and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that belong to my students and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that belong to my students and to
+the generation of kids I was teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation of kids I was teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation of kids I was teaching
+were visual not literary or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were visual not literary or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were visual not literary or at least
+many of them were. and the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them were. and the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them were. and the ones that
+were shared 100% which were shared by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shared 100% which were shared by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shared 100% which were shared by
+everyone was certainly televisual. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was certainly televisual. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was certainly televisual. So I
+became interested in television as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became interested in television as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became interested in television as a
+narrative medium and that of and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative medium and that of and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative medium and that of and then I
+came to realize as I began to think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to realize as I began to think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to realize as I began to think more
+seriously about the role of television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously about the role of television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously about the role of television
+in American life. Remember by 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American life. Remember by 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American life. Remember by 1970
+American television was deeply embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television was deeply embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television was deeply embedded
+in American life. It was the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American life. It was the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American life. It was the dominant
+form of entertainment and narrative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of entertainment and narrative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of entertainment and narrative in
+American life. And in fact this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American life. And in fact this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American life. And in fact this initial
+understanding which out of which my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding which out of which my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding which out of which my
+whole interest in media developed has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole interest in media developed has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole interest in media developed has
+shaped I realize now just in talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped I realize now just in talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped I realize now just in talking
+about this my view my my way of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this my view my my way of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this my view my my way of teaching
+the tele the course the film experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tele the course the film experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tele the course the film experience
+and it's one of the things I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one of the things I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one of the things I think that
+makes the film experience unique because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the film experience unique because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the film experience unique because
+I began thinking about television I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began thinking about television I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began thinking about television I was
+not a film scholar I was not a media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a film scholar I was not a media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a film scholar I was not a media
+scholar I was a literary scholar in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar I was a literary scholar in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar I was a literary scholar in fact
+ironically I was a specialist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironically I was a specialist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironically I was a specialist in the
+high modern period a period of Joyce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high modern period a period of Joyce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high modern period a period of Joyce and
+Virginia Wolf and uh Picasso So, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Wolf and uh Picasso So, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Wolf and uh Picasso So, right,
+and I I I I you know, I knew about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I I I you know, I knew about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I I I you know, I knew about what
+we might think of as uh uh I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think of as uh uh I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think of as uh uh I was an
+expert in art that could be thought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in art that could be thought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in art that could be thought in
+forms of art that could be thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of art that could be thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of art that could be thought to be
+elitist or at least not accessible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elitist or at least not accessible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elitist or at least not accessible to
+the to the ordinary people. And here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the ordinary people. And here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the ordinary people. And here I
+was confronting texts that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was confronting texts that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was confronting texts that everyone
+could understand and everyone shared. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand and everyone shared. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand and everyone shared. I
+began to think about them more deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to think about them more deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to think about them more deeply
+and think more deeply about my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think more deeply about my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think more deeply about my own
+literary education which was narrow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary education which was narrow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary education which was narrow in
+some sense as as everyone in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense as as everyone in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense as as everyone in my
+generation was so educated. we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation was so educated. we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation was so educated. we we we
+were cut off from the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were cut off from the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were cut off from the historical
+implications of the texts we studied. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the texts we studied. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the texts we studied. So
+I began to fill that in as well as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began to fill that in as well as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began to fill that in as well as I
+began to learn more about television.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to learn more about television.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to learn more about television.
+And what I realized thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I realized thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I realized thinking about
+television was I couldn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television was I couldn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television was I couldn't understand
+television without the movies. So I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television without the movies. So I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television without the movies. So I then
+set on a sort of personal course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set on a sort of personal course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set on a sort of personal course of
+education and I read very deeply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and I read very deeply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and I read very deeply in
+movie history and movie scholarship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie history and movie scholarship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie history and movie scholarship and
+I you know amplified my own knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know amplified my own knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know amplified my own knowledge of
+movies tremendously by constant viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies tremendously by constant viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies tremendously by constant viewing
+of movies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies.
+uh mostly because I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly because I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly because I was trying to
+understand television ironically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand television ironically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand television ironically and
+then I began to develop a recognition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I began to develop a recognition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I began to develop a recognition of
+what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a
+remarkable cultural phenomenon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable cultural phenomenon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable cultural phenomenon the
+movies were. began to generate great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were. began to generate great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were. began to generate great
+respect for the great movie scholars who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the great movie scholars who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the great movie scholars who
+who it was a great era the se the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it was a great era the se the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it was a great era the se the late
+60s and early '7s for movie scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and early '7s for movie scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and early '7s for movie scholarship
+because it had become mature by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it had become mature by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it had become mature by that
+time and the people writing movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the people writing movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the people writing movie
+criticism in the United States certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism in the United States certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism in the United States certainly
+in the 1970s were very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s were very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s were very interesting
+critics schol critics and scholars the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics schol critics and scholars the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics schol critics and scholars the
+equivalent of the literary scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the literary scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the literary scholarship
+that I was used to that I aspired to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was used to that I aspired to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was used to that I aspired to
+write myself and so forth. So it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write myself and so forth. So it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write myself and so forth. So it was
+very exciting intellectually for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting intellectually for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting intellectually for me to
+have this experience. When I got back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this experience. When I got back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this experience. When I got back to
+Yale after my year's visitation, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale after my year's visitation, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale after my year's visitation, I
+introduced a course called literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a course called literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a course called literature
+and popular culture in which I explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and popular culture in which I explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and popular culture in which I explored
+these ideas in greater depth and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas in greater depth and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas in greater depth and in in
+with greater intensity. I read some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with greater intensity. I read some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with greater intensity. I read some
+bestsellers. I ended I ended the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers. I ended I ended the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers. I ended I ended the course
+by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the
+honeymooners. Um, and I remember I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeymooners. Um, and I remember I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeymooners. Um, and I remember I was
+teaching the course in in a room at Yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the course in in a room at Yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the course in in a room at Yale
+College called Lindsley Chittenden Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College called Lindsley Chittenden Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College called Lindsley Chittenden Hall
+in which the great Shakespeare lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the great Shakespeare lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the great Shakespeare lecture
+course had been taught for generations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course had been taught for generations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course had been taught for generations.
+And my course literature and popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my course literature and popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my course literature and popular
+culture was very popular with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture was very popular with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture was very popular with the
+students. I had a couple of hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. I had a couple of hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. I had a couple of hundred
+students and uh I was lecturing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and uh I was lecturing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and uh I was lecturing from the
+same podium that legendary uh figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same podium that legendary uh figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same podium that legendary uh figures
+had lectured on Shakespeare about. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lectured on Shakespeare about. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lectured on Shakespeare about. And
+one of these legendary professors, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these legendary professors, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these legendary professors, the
+man who had actually hired me at Yale,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who had actually hired me at Yale,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who had actually hired me at Yale,
+Maynard Mack, a great a great literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maynard Mack, a great a great literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maynard Mack, a great a great literary
+scholar, um, poked his head in while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar, um, poked his head in while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar, um, poked his head in while I
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+teaching the honeymooners. And I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the honeymooners. And I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the honeymooners. And I had
+actually draoned the media people at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draoned the media people at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draoned the media people at at
+at Yale to give me a realtore tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Yale to give me a realtore tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Yale to give me a realtore tape
+recorder so I could tape the stuff off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder so I could tape the stuff off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder so I could tape the stuff off
+the air. Max saw this and and uh later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air. Max saw this and and uh later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air. Max saw this and and uh later
+called me into his office and expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me into his office and expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me into his office and expressed
+great disappointment over the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great disappointment over the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great disappointment over the fact that
+I was polluting this this environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was polluting this this environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was polluting this this environment.
+So then I I when we then had a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I I when we then had a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I I when we then had a serious
+conversation and I said to him, what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and I said to him, what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and I said to him, what did
+you what did he actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what did he actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what did he actually think
+Shakespeare's environment was and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's environment was and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's environment was and that
+was when it struck me how narrow my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when it struck me how narrow my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when it struck me how narrow my
+education had been? because he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education had been? because he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education had been? because he really
+had not even though he was a great man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not even though he was a great man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not even though he was a great man
+and a great he knew the history but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a great he knew the history but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a great he knew the history but he
+somehow had managed to disconnect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow had managed to disconnect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow had managed to disconnect the
+literary power of Shakespeare from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary power of Shakespeare from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary power of Shakespeare from the
+fact that it was done on this incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was done on this incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was done on this incredibly
+popular stage and it was so sensational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular stage and it was so sensational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular stage and it was so sensational
+and it was so much more like uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was so much more like uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was so much more like uh uh
+television or the movies than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television or the movies than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television or the movies than it was
+like some process of sitting in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some process of sitting in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some process of sitting in a in a
+library in wood panel splendor reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library in wood panel splendor reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library in wood panel splendor reading
+words in silence. That's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in silence. That's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in silence. That's not what
+Shakespeare was. And that began to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare was. And that began to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare was. And that began to lead
+me into recognitions of the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into recognitions of the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into recognitions of the importance
+of popular culture, the fact that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of popular culture, the fact that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of popular culture, the fact that most
+high culture was a form of popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high culture was a form of popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high culture was a form of popular
+culture. I became much less apologetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. I became much less apologetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. I became much less apologetic
+than most teachers of popular culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most teachers of popular culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most teachers of popular culture
+are. And so when I came to MIT in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And so when I came to MIT in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And so when I came to MIT in the in
+the mid70s, I came to MIT in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid70s, I came to MIT in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid70s, I came to MIT in in in
+19 76 and I was already in the throws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 76 and I was already in the throws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 76 and I was already in the throws of
+this, but it was I think fortunate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but it was I think fortunate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but it was I think fortunate for
+me and fortunate for MIT in one sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and fortunate for MIT in one sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and fortunate for MIT in one sense
+because MIT's literature program was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MIT's literature program was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MIT's literature program was
+much more open than Yales had been and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more open than Yales had been and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more open than Yales had been and
+they were interested in my work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in my work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in my work on
+television and media. That was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and media. That was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and media. That was one
+reason they wanted me to come here. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they wanted me to come here. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they wanted me to come here. uh
+and it was much less hidebound about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was much less hidebound about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was much less hidebound about
+literary and historical study here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary and historical study here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary and historical study here. So
+it gave me a chance to sort of and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave me a chance to sort of and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave me a chance to sort of and I
+introduced a course in television then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a course in television then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a course in television then
+it was one of the very first courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of the very first courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of the very first courses in
+in in the American Academy that studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the American Academy that studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the American Academy that studied
+television programs for their content.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television programs for their content.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television programs for their content.
+Now that's common. It's thought to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's common. It's thought to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's common. It's thought to be of
+course everybody takes it for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course everybody takes it for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course everybody takes it for granted
+but at that time it was very rare thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at that time it was very rare thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at that time it was very rare thing.
+And what I also did was take a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I also did was take a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I also did was take a course
+that I inherited from my wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I inherited from my wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I inherited from my wonderful
+colleague still teaching here in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague still teaching here in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague still teaching here in his
+80s, Elvin Kyle, a course called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s, Elvin Kyle, a course called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s, Elvin Kyle, a course called the
+film experience, which was a a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film experience, which was a a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film experience, which was a a course
+that was not intended for all students,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not intended for all students,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not intended for all students,
+but a small one. And I transformed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a small one. And I transformed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a small one. And I transformed it
+into a a general introduction to film,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a general introduction to film,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a general introduction to film,
+and I've taught it almost every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've taught it almost every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've taught it almost every year
+since.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rBUFitIoE14.txt b/rBUFitIoE14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4fc3f6796c0f109d4f1ff8ab6b518a4a4c84487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rBUFitIoE14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've been spending quite a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been spending quite a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been spending quite a few lectures
+so far discussing some or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far discussing some or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far discussing some or at least
+regularity lemma it's applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma it's applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma it's applications and
+various variants of the regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various variants of the regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various variants of the regularity lemma
+so I want to spend one more lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to spend one more lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to spend one more lecture
+before moving on to a different topic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before moving on to a different topic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before moving on to a different topic to
+tell you about other extensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about other extensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about other extensions and
+other perspectives on similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other perspectives on similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other perspectives on similarities
+regularity lemma so hopefully you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma so hopefully you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma so hopefully you know
+you're all or become experts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all or become experts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all or become experts of the
+regularity lemma especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma especially with
+practice especially the next homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice especially the next homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice especially the next homework
+problem set where there will be plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set where there will be plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set where there will be plenty
+of problems for you to practice using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems for you to practice using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems for you to practice using
+the regularity level so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity level so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity level so one of the
+things that I'd like to discuss today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'd like to discuss today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'd like to discuss today is
+a hyper graph extension of the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hyper graph extension of the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hyper graph extension of the triangle
+removal Emma so as we saw the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal Emma so as we saw the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal Emma so as we saw the triangle
+removal Emma was one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal Emma was one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal Emma was one of the important
+application of similarities graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of similarities graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of similarities graph
+regularity lemma okay so that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma okay so that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma okay so that works
+inside graphs but now let's go to hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside graphs but now let's go to hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside graphs but now let's go to hyper
+graphs in particular even in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs in particular even in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs in particular even in the case of
+three uniform hyper graphs where okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uniform hyper graphs where okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uniform hyper graphs where okay so
+let's set some terminology so on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set some terminology so on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set some terminology so on our
+uniform hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or simply abbreviated as our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simply abbreviated as our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simply abbreviated as our graph
+consists of a vertex set an edge set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the edge set consists of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the edge set consists of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the edge set consists of our
+tuples so the edges are our element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuples so the edges are our element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuples so the edges are our element
+subsets of the vertex set so R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the vertex set so R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the vertex set so R equals
+the two corresponds to the graph case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two corresponds to the graph case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two corresponds to the graph case
+and you can talk about sub graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk about sub graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk about sub graphs
+density various counts all analogously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density various counts all analogously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density various counts all analogously
+to how we did it for graphs and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we did it for graphs and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we did it for graphs and you can
+imagine what the hyper graph tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what the hyper graph tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what the hyper graph tree
+removal lemma might look like so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal lemma might look like so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal lemma might look like so let me
+write down the statement for all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the statement for all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the statement for all our
+graph H and epsilon bigger than 0 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph H and epsilon bigger than 0 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph H and epsilon bigger than 0 there
+exists a delta such that ok so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a delta such that ok so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a delta such that ok so last time
+there was some complaints about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some complaints about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some complaints about
+sentences going on too long so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences going on too long so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences going on too long so let me
+try to cut sentences into smaller parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cut sentences into smaller parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cut sentences into smaller parts
+so if G is an end vertex our graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small number of copies of H so H S sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of copies of H so H S sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of copies of H so H S sub
+graphs then G can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H free so so far everything's still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H free so so far everything's still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H free so so far everything's still the
+same as in the graph case but now the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as in the graph case but now the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as in the graph case but now the in
+the graph case the number of edges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph case the number of edges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph case the number of edges is
+quadratic most quadratic here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic most quadratic here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic most quadratic here it's a
+most end to the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most end to the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most end to the arc
+so I want to make this graph this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to make this graph this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to make this graph this are
+graph H free by removing less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph H free by removing less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph H free by removing less than
+epsilon n to the our edges from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon n to the our edges from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon n to the our edges from all
+right so that's the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the statement of the
+hyper graph removal lemma so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph removal lemma so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph removal lemma so it's an
+extension of the graph removal among any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the graph removal among any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the graph removal among any
+questions about the statement so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the statement so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the statement so before
+discussing the proof let me show you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the proof let me show you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the proof let me show you why
+you might care about this statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might care about this statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might care about this statement and
+we used the triangle removal amma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used the triangle removal amma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used the triangle removal amma to
+deduce Roth's theorem remember there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce Roth's theorem remember there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce Roth's theorem remember there was
+a graph theoretic set up where start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph theoretic set up where start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph theoretic set up where start
+with a 3 AP free subset we set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 3 AP free subset we set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 3 AP free subset we set up a
+graph and then that graph has some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then that graph has some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then that graph has some nice
+properties that allows us to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that allows us to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that allows us to use a
+corollary of the triangle removal mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary of the triangle removal mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary of the triangle removal mo
+namely the corollary that says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the corollary that says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the corollary that says that if
+you have a graph where every edge sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a graph where every edge sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a graph where every edge sits
+on exactly one triangle then it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly one triangle then it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly one triangle then it has a
+sub quadratic number of edges so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub quadratic number of edges so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub quadratic number of edges so we can
+do a similar type of reduction showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a similar type of reduction showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a similar type of reduction showing
+that the hyper graph removal 'mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the hyper graph removal 'mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the hyper graph removal 'mom
+implies some Redis theorem so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies some Redis theorem so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies some Redis theorem so that's
+what we'll do so that's the deuce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sammarinese theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the hypergraph removal mmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hypergraph removal mmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hypergraph removal mmm
+so recall somewhere this theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall somewhere this theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall somewhere this theorem says
+that for every fixed positive integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every fixed positive integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every fixed positive integer
+okay if it's a subset of 1 to N that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's a subset of 1 to N that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's a subset of 1 to N that
+escapee free has no K term arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapee free has no K term arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapee free has no K term arithmetic
+progressions then the size of a is sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions then the size of a is sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions then the size of a is sub
+linear instead of illustrating how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear instead of illustrating how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear instead of illustrating how to do
+this proof or general K I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof or general K I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof or general K I'm just going
+to do it for the case of K equals to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for the case of K equals to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for the case of K equals to 4
+and you can look at the proof and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at the proof and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at the proof and it
+will be clear how to generalize so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be clear how to generalize so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be clear how to generalize so we'll
+just illustrate the proof for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just illustrate the proof for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just illustrate the proof for for a
+piece now before even showing you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece now before even showing you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece now before even showing you what
+this proof looks like you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof looks like you might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof looks like you might wonder
+do we really need the hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we really need the hyper graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we really need the hyper graph
+removal lemma could it be that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal lemma could it be that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal lemma could it be that with the
+graph removal amount and the more clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph removal amount and the more clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph removal amount and the more clever
+choice of a graph you could proof some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of a graph you could proof some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of a graph you could proof some
+rarities theorem using just that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarities theorem using just that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarities theorem using just that so we
+set up some graph previously where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up some graph previously where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up some graph previously where
+triangles correspond to three P's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles correspond to three P's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles correspond to three P's maybe
+you can set up some other graph where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set up some other graph where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set up some other graph where
+some other kinds of structure correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kinds of structure correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kinds of structure correspond
+to for a piece and it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for a piece and it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for a piece and it turns out the
+answer is emphatically no right so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is emphatically no right so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is emphatically no right so it is
+actually it's something so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's something so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's something so there's a
+very good reason for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good reason for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good reason for this
+that for these are things which we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for these are things which we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for these are things which we might
+go into more when we discuss additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more when we discuss additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more when we discuss additive
+combinatorics but for a piece it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics but for a piece it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics but for a piece it's a
+pattern that's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's sometimes called
+complexity to where it's three APs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to where it's three APs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to where it's three APs
+there's a pattern which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern which is called
+complexity one I won't go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity one I won't go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity one I won't go into the
+precise definitions of what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definitions of what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definitions of what this means
+but the message is that you cannot prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the message is that you cannot prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the message is that you cannot prove
+the for ap theorem with just graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for ap theorem with just graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for ap theorem with just graph
+machinery that you really have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that you really have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that you really have to use
+something stronger that there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stronger that there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stronger that there's there's
+a very real sense in which just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very real sense in which just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very real sense in which just the
+graph removal Emma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph removal Emma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph removal Emma is
+at least some relish theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some relish theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some relish theorem
+similarities regularity lemma is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma is not
+enough and so we really do have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so we really do have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so we really do have to go to
+hypergraphs and this extra layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraphs and this extra layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraphs and this extra layer of
+complexity like in this word sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity like in this word sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity like in this word sense of
+the complexity introduces also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity introduces also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity introduces also
+additional difficulties in there so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional difficulties in there so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional difficulties in there so that
+theorem is significantly harder than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is significantly harder than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is significantly harder than the
+graft removal em up so I won't even show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graft removal em up so I won't even show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graft removal em up so I won't even show
+you anything that's close to a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything that's close to a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything that's close to a complete
+proof but I will illustrate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but I will illustrate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but I will illustrate some of the
+ideas and highlight some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and highlight some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and highlight some of the
+difficulties today but deducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties today but deducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties today but deducing
+somewhere this theorem from the hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere this theorem from the hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere this theorem from the hyper
+graph removal lemma is actually not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph removal lemma is actually not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph removal lemma is actually not so
+bad so I will show you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so I will show you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so I will show you how to do that
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+so from the hyper graph removal em up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the hyper graph removal em up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the hyper graph removal em up
+even just for three uniform hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just for three uniform hyper graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just for three uniform hyper graph
+even for tetrahedron so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for tetrahedron so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for tetrahedron so instead of
+triangles you can tetrahedron we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles you can tetrahedron we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles you can tetrahedron we can
+have the following corollary analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following corollary analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following corollary analogous
+to all we have for triangles so if G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all we have for triangles so if G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all we have for triangles so if G is
+a free graph such that every edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free graph such that every edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free graph such that every edge is
+contained then G has a cubic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained then G has a cubic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained then G has a cubic number of
+edges so completely analogous to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so completely analogous to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so completely analogous to the one
+that we have for triangles and the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for triangles and the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for triangles and the proof
+is identical you read the proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical you read the proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical you read the proof and
+everything works exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works exactly the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works exactly the same way
+once you have to remove all Emma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have to remove all Emma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have to remove all Emma
+tetrahedron I mean the complete graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron I mean the complete graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron I mean the complete graph on
+four vertices a complete free graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices a complete free graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices a complete free graph on
+four vertices four vertices and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices four vertices and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices four vertices and you look
+at all possible triples of vertices all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all possible triples of vertices all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all possible triples of vertices all
+right so now let's prove similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's prove similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's prove similarities
+term at least the for AP case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term at least the for AP case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term at least the for AP case the
+general case is completely analogous of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case is completely analogous of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case is completely analogous of
+course you have to go to higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to go to higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to go to higher order
+instead of three graphs you have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three graphs you have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three graphs you have to look
+at our graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our graphs
+all right so just as in the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just as in the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just as in the proof of
+Roth's theorem we're gonna set up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roth's theorem we're gonna set up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roth's theorem we're gonna set up some
+particular three graph where let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular three graph where let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular three graph where let's look
+at a certain modulus so M being 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain modulus so M being 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain modulus so M being 6 and
+plus 1 I mean the exact number is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 I mean the exact number is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 I mean the exact number is not so
+important here I really just want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here I really just want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here I really just want that
+this number is bigger than 3n and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is bigger than 3n and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is bigger than 3n and its
+co-prime to 6 see some divisibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-prime to 6 see some divisibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-prime to 6 see some divisibility is
+by 2 & 3 that will be useful so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 & 3 that will be useful so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 & 3 that will be useful so let's
+build a four-part I'd 3 graph G where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a four-part I'd 3 graph G where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a four-part I'd 3 graph G where
+the for vertex parts X Y Z W they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for vertex parts X Y Z W they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for vertex parts X Y Z W they all
+have okay so M vertices each and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so M vertices each and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so M vertices each and I'll
+show you what the edges are so four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what the edges are so four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what the edges are so four
+vertices little X in big X and so on ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices little X in big X and so on ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices little X in big X and so on ok
+so here are the rules for putting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the rules for putting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the rules for putting in the
+edges so I'll just tell you exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so I'll just tell you exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so I'll just tell you exactly what
+they are so I put in an edge X Y Z if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so I put in an edge X Y Z if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so I put in an edge X Y Z if I
+know me F the following expression 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know me F the following expression 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know me F the following expression 3x
+plus 2y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so 3x plus 2y plus Z lies in a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 3x plus 2y plus Z lies in a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 3x plus 2y plus Z lies in a I
+put in the edge X Y W if I know me F 2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the edge X Y W if I know me F 2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the edge X Y W if I know me F 2 X
+plus y minus W missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so X Z W if and only if X minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so X Z W if and only if X minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so X Z W if and only if X minus Z
+minus 2w missing name and finally Y Z W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2w missing name and finally Y Z W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2w missing name and finally Y Z W
+if and only if minus y minus 2z minus 3w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the rules for putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the rules for putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the rules for putting in
+edges of this hyper graph okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of this hyper graph okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of this hyper graph okay so you
+have this hyper graph and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this hyper graph and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this hyper graph and you might
+wonder you know why did I choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder you know why did I choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder you know why did I choose this
+expression so if it's not clear yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so if it's not clear yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so if it's not clear yeah
+well soon be very clear why we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well soon be very clear why we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well soon be very clear why we do this
+just as in the proof of Ross theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in the proof of Ross theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in the proof of Ross theorem
+using triangle removal amount let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using triangle removal amount let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using triangle removal amount let's
+examine the tetrahedra in this free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the tetrahedra in this free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the tetrahedra in this free
+graph so what are the tetrahedra notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so what are the tetrahedra notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so what are the tetrahedra notice
+that X Y Z W is a tetrahedron all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X Y Z W is a tetrahedron all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X Y Z W is a tetrahedron all three
+triples are present if and only if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples are present if and only if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples are present if and only if all
+four of these expressions lie in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or just like an improver roster these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just like an improver roster these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just like an improver roster these
+four expressions form a for AP and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four expressions form a for AP and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four expressions form a for AP and the
+common difference is minus X minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common difference is minus X minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common difference is minus X minus y
+minus Z minus W okay so they were chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z minus W okay so they were chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z minus W okay so they were chosen
+to satisfy this property but furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this property but furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this property but furthermore
+notice that you know I can't just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you know I can't just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you know I can't just put
+any expressions and I put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any expressions and I put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any expressions and I put these
+expressions in with a very nice property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions in with a very nice property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions in with a very nice property
+that the eighth linear form does not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the eighth variable so each expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth variable so each expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth variable so each expression
+really corresponds to an edge in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really corresponds to an edge in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really corresponds to an edge in this
+three graph all right but we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three graph all right but we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three graph all right but we started
+with a set a that is for a p3 it follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set a that is for a p3 it follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set a that is for a p3 it follows
+that you don't have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have this kind of
+configurations unless the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations unless the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations unless the common
+difference is zero so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is zero so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is zero so the only
+tetrahedra correspond to these trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedra correspond to these trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedra correspond to these trivial
+for a piece and just as in the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece and just as in the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece and just as in the proof
+ross theorem that we saw from triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ross theorem that we saw from triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ross theorem that we saw from triangle
+removal lemma the conclusion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal lemma the conclusion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal lemma the conclusion is that
+every edge lies in exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge lies in exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge lies in exactly one
+tetrahedron and therefore by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron and therefore by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron and therefore by the
+corollary the number of edges is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary the number of edges is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary the number of edges is equal
+to little Olaf M cubed but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to little Olaf M cubed but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to little Olaf M cubed but on the other
+hand how many edges are there so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand how many edges are there so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand how many edges are there so for
+each of the four conditions here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the four conditions here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the four conditions here so for
+each of these four parts the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these four parts the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these four parts the number of
+edges is or you get to choose x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is or you get to choose x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is or you get to choose x and y
+whatever you want and the last variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want and the last variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want and the last variable
+has a choices so this implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a choices so this implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a choices so this implies that the
+size of a is little o of M and M Masson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a is little o of M and M Masson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a is little o of M and M Masson
+the same warders n and that proves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same warders n and that proves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same warders n and that proves the
+theorem any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem any questions so far
+yeah great questions where do we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great questions where do we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great questions where do we use the
+condition that M is co-prime to 6 does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that M is co-prime to 6 does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that M is co-prime to 6 does
+anyone know the answer great so to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know the answer great so to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know the answer great so to solve
+for the last variable we have to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last variable we have to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last variable we have to maybe
+divide by 2 or 3 and to do that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 2 or 3 and to do that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 2 or 3 and to do that you need
+to have co-prime mallove you with 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have co-prime mallove you with 6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have co-prime mallove you with 6 so
+I'm hiding a bit of details here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's a quick question so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a quick question so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a quick question so if you
+work all the details of this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all the details of this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all the details of this statement
+here every edge slicing exactly 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here every edge slicing exactly 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here every edge slicing exactly 1
+tetrahedron and also counting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron and also counting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron and also counting the number
+of edges but actually more especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges but actually more especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges but actually more especially
+the first sentence you need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sentence you need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sentence you need to actually
+do it just a tiny bit of work any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just a tiny bit of work any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just a tiny bit of work any more
+questions all right so this deduction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so this deduction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so this deduction is
+the same deduction that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same deduction that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same deduction that's the one that
+we did for triangles but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for triangles but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for triangles but you have to
+come up with a slightly different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a slightly different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a slightly different set of
+linear forms and usually if you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear forms and usually if you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear forms and usually if you're given
+a specific pattern you know you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific pattern you know you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific pattern you know you can play
+by hand and try to come up with this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand and try to come up with this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand and try to come up with this set
+of linear forms you can think about also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear forms you can think about also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear forms you can think about also
+how to do this generally and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this generally and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this generally and more
+generally this hypergraph removal em'ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this hypergraph removal em'ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this hypergraph removal em'ly
+using this type of ideas it allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this type of ideas it allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this type of ideas it allows you
+to reduce multi-dimensional similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce multi-dimensional similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce multi-dimensional similarity
+theorem so if you give me some pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so if you give me some pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so if you give me some pattern
+then a subset of the integer lattice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a subset of the integer lattice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a subset of the integer lattice in
+a fixed dimension avoiding that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed dimension avoiding that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed dimension avoiding that pattern
+must have density going to 0 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have density going to 0 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have density going to 0 so we
+stated this in the very first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this in the very first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this in the very first lecture
+and I won't smell all the details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't smell all the details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't smell all the details but
+you can follow this kind of framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow this kind of framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow this kind of framework
+and gave you that theorem and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave you that theorem and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave you that theorem and I will
+post a problem where you're asked to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a problem where you're asked to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a problem where you're asked to do
+this for a specific pattern namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a specific pattern namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a specific pattern namely that
+of a domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a domain
+x-squared an axis aligned square if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-squared an axis aligned square if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-squared an axis aligned square if you
+have that pattern in z2 we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that pattern in z2 we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that pattern in z2 we're thinking
+about how would you run this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how would you run this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how would you run this argument
+for that pattern in z2 yes okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that pattern in z2 yes okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that pattern in z2 yes okay okay
+it's question how close can be so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's question how close can be so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's question how close can be so you're
+asking what is the rate this little all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the rate this little all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the rate this little all
+and gifts let me address the case oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gifts let me address the case oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gifts let me address the case oh
+hold on to this question I will address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to this question I will address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to this question I will address
+it once I discuss what is known about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once I discuss what is known about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once I discuss what is known about
+hyper graph removal EMA and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph removal EMA and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph removal EMA and that's a
+great question and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question and there's a lot of
+mystery surrounding what happens there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery surrounding what happens there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery surrounding what happens there
+okay questions any others great so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions any others great so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions any others great so let's
+discuss this hyper graph removal a mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this hyper graph removal a mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this hyper graph removal a mom
+and as I had warned you already at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I had warned you already at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I had warned you already at the
+beginning of lecture this one is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of lecture this one is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of lecture this one is very
+difficult so I mentioned in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so I mentioned in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so I mentioned in the very
+first lecture that so the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture that so the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture that so the development of
+similarities regularity lemma was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma was a
+stroke of ingenuity but this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke of ingenuity but this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke of ingenuity but this one here
+and but but no we started the proof when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but but no we started the proof when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but but no we started the proof when
+we did a proof of similarities traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a proof of similarities traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a proof of similarities traffic
+alert in among in one lecture and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert in among in one lecture and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert in among in one lecture and once
+you understand it it's not so bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand it it's not so bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand it it's not so bad but
+it's you know you do the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know you do the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know you do the energy
+increment conceptually it so it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment conceptually it so it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment conceptually it so it's not so
+bad but that one there is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but that one there is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but that one there is actually
+incredibly difficult it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly difficult it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly difficult it's incredibly
+difficult both conceptually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult both conceptually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult both conceptually and
+technically but I want to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically but I want to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically but I want to at least
+illustrate some of the ideas and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate some of the ideas and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate some of the ideas and give
+you some sense of the difficulty like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sense of the difficulty like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sense of the difficulty like
+why is this difficult so as we imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this difficult so as we imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this difficult so as we imagine
+we have graph regularity and to proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have graph regularity and to proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have graph regularity and to proof
+hyper graph removal one would develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph removal one would develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph removal one would develop
+some kind of a hyper graph regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the basic idea in hypergraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea in hypergraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea in hypergraph
+regularity or just regularity in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity or just regularity in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity or just regularity in general
+is that I give you some arbitrary graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I give you some arbitrary graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I give you some arbitrary graph
+or hyper graph and you want to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hyper graph and you want to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hyper graph and you want to find some
+kind of partitioning some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of partitioning some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of partitioning some kind of
+regularization into some bounded number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization into some bounded number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization into some bounded number
+of pieces some bound amount of data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces some bound amount of data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces some bound amount of data so
+that that's a good approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a good approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a good approximation for the
+actual graph just like in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual graph just like in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual graph just like in a graph
+regularity case so let's try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity case so let's try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity case so let's try to do this
+like so what does this partition even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so what does this partition even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so what does this partition even
+look like so here's an attempt and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so here's an attempt and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so here's an attempt and of
+course I call it a temp because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I call it a temp because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I call it a temp because
+eventually it will not work but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will not work but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will not work but it's a
+very natural first thing to try and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural first thing to try and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural first thing to try and all
+right maybe it's I shouldn't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe it's I shouldn't call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe it's I shouldn't call it
+naive cos it's actually not I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive cos it's actually not I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive cos it's actually not I mean it's
+it's not it's not a bad idea to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a bad idea to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a bad idea to begin
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+okay so let's let's see so suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's see so suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's see so suppose you
+were given a three graph G I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given a three graph G I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given a three graph G I'm going to
+just to help you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to help you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to help you remember
+what's the uniformity of each graph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the uniformity of each graph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the uniformity of each graph I
+will denote in parentheses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denote in parentheses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denote in parentheses in the
+superscript I should just help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript I should just help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript I should just help you
+remember that this is a free graph so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this is a free graph so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this is a free graph so in
+geometry they also do this with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry they also do this with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry they also do this with many
+faults so if you put an N on top it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults so if you put an N on top it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults so if you put an N on top it's an
+N manifold okay but this 3 is for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N manifold okay but this 3 is for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N manifold okay but this 3 is for 3
+graph suppose we partition the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph suppose we partition the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph suppose we partition the vertex
+set of the street graph similar to proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the street graph similar to proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the street graph similar to proof
+of some radius regularity lemma so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some radius regularity lemma so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some radius regularity lemma so think
+about how the proof of similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the proof of similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the proof of similarity
+circular element goes right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular element goes right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular element goes right so you have
+this partition but in the proof you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition but in the proof you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition but in the proof you know
+there is this iterative refinement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this iterative refinement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this iterative refinement and
+each step you say well I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step you say well I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step you say well I have this
+notion of regularity if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity if it doesn't
+satisfied with regularity I can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with regularity I can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with regularity I can keep
+cutting things up further so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting things up further so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting things up further so what's the
+notion of regularity that might get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity that might get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity that might get you
+some kind of vertex partition you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of vertex partition you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of vertex partition you can
+anyone think of a notion of a regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone think of a notion of a regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone think of a notion of a regularity
+for three uniform hypergraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me try to rephrase what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me try to rephrase what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me try to rephrase what
+you're saying so if we have so some so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying so if we have so some so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying so if we have so some so
+notion of regularity let's say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity let's say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity let's say I have
+three vertex sets v1 v2 v3 and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertex sets v1 v2 v3 and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertex sets v1 v2 v3 and I want
+that the density between these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the density between these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the density between these three
+they do not differ from if I restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not differ from if I restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not differ from if I restrict
+these vertex sets to subsets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertex sets to subsets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertex sets to subsets that are
+not too small does this make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too small does this make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too small does this make sense so
+here this D is the fraction of triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this D is the fraction of triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this D is the fraction of triples
+that are edges of the hyper graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are edges of the hyper graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are edges of the hyper graph so
+this is the natural extension natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the natural extension natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the natural extension natural
+generalization of the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the notion of
+regularity that we saw earlier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity that we saw earlier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity that we saw earlier for
+graphs and indeed it's a very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and indeed it's a very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and indeed it's a very natural
+notion hence it is a nice notion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion hence it is a nice notion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion hence it is a nice notion and
+actually if you use this notion if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you use this notion if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you use this notion if you
+use more or less precisely what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more or less precisely what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more or less precisely what I've
+written you can run through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written you can run through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written you can run through the entire
+proof of similarities graph regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of similarities graph regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of similarities graph regularity
+lemma and produce a regularity theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and produce a regularity theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and produce a regularity theorem
+that tells you given an arbitrary three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you given an arbitrary three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you given an arbitrary three
+uniform hyper graph you can decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform hyper graph you can decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform hyper graph you can decompose
+the vertex set in such a way that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set in such a way that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set in such a way that most
+triples of vertex sets have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples of vertex sets have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples of vertex sets have this
+property right so the same proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right so the same proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right so the same proof
+as somewhere this regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somewhere this regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somewhere this regularity lemma
+implies okay so I all I won't write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies okay so I all I won't write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies okay so I all I won't write down
+the entire statement but you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire statement but you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire statement but you get the
+idea so for every epsilon there exist M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so for every epsilon there exist M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so for every epsilon there exist M
+such that we can partition into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can partition into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we can partition into the
+vertex set into at most M parts even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set into at most M parts even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set into at most M parts even
+equitable if you like so that a most an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable if you like so that a most an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable if you like so that a most an
+epsilon fraction of triples or parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon fraction of triples or parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon fraction of triples or parts are
+not epsilon regular in the sense that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not epsilon regular in the sense that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not epsilon regular in the sense that I
+just said it so literally it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said it so literally it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said it so literally it's the same
+proof right so you really look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof right so you really look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof right so you really look at the
+proof and you get that okay so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and you get that okay so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and you get that okay so so far
+everything seems pretty good pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why did I say initially that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did I say initially that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did I say initially that actually
+hypergraph regularity is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity is incredibly
+difficult so what it's not good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so what it's not good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so what it's not good about
+this one also remember in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also remember in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also remember in our
+application of the regularity method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the regularity method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the regularity method
+there were three steps partition cling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were three steps partition cling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were three steps partition cling
+and count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count
+okay so partition do partition cling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so partition do partition cling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so partition do partition cling or
+do some kind of cleaning but counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of cleaning but counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of cleaning but counting
+that's a big thing so and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big thing so and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big thing so and that's
+something that it wasn't so hard we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it wasn't so hard we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it wasn't so hard we had
+to do a little bit of work but it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little bit of work but it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little bit of work but it wasn't
+so hard you can ask is there a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard you can ask is there a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard you can ask is there a counting
+lemma associated to this regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma associated to this regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma associated to this regularity
+lemma and the answer is emphatically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and the answer is emphatically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and the answer is emphatically no
+and I want to convince you that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to convince you that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to convince you that for this
+notion of regularity there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity there is no
+counting lemma yes it is true so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting lemma yes it is true so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting lemma yes it is true so is this
+version true so this statement is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version true so this statement is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version true so this statement is true
+with this definition and you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition and you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition and you can prove
+it by literally rerunning the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by literally rerunning the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by literally rerunning the entire
+proof of similarities graph regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of similarities graph regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of similarities graph regularity
+lemma all right so the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma all right so the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma all right so the regularity
+statement I've written down is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement I've written down is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement I've written down is true but
+it is not useful for example it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not useful for example it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not useful for example it cannot
+be used to prove the tetrahedron remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to prove the tetrahedron remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to prove the tetrahedron remove
+all I'm up because if you try to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm up because if you try to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm up because if you try to run the
+same regularity proof of the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same regularity proof of the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same regularity proof of the removal
+lemma you run into the issue that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma you run into the issue that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma you run into the issue that you do
+not have a counting number okay so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a counting number okay so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a counting number okay so why
+is it that you do not have a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that you do not have a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that you do not have a counting
+lemma so let me show you an example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so let me show you an example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so let me show you an example and
+keep in mind that the notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the notions of
+regularity they are supposed to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity they are supposed to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity they are supposed to model
+the idea of pseudo randomness which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of pseudo randomness which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of pseudo randomness which is
+the topic we'll explore further length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic we'll explore further length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic we'll explore further length
+in the next chapter but the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next chapter but the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next chapter but the idea of
+pseudo randomness is that I want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo randomness is that I want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo randomness is that I want some
+graph which is not random but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is not random but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is not random but in some
+aspects look random so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects look random so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects look random so this is an
+important concept in mathematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept in mathematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept in mathematics and
+computer science and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and it's a very
+important idea but of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea but of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea but of course you can
+generate a pseudo-random object by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a pseudo-random object by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a pseudo-random object by just
+taking a random object and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a random object and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a random object and should
+hopefully satisfy some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully satisfy some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully satisfy some properties of
+pseudo randomness so let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo randomness so let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo randomness so let's see what this
+notion of regularity how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity how it works
+even for random hyper graphs what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for random hyper graphs what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for random hyper graphs what's a
+random hyper graph okay so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hyper graph okay so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hyper graph okay so there are
+different ways to generate a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to generate a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to generate a random
+hyper graph one way is to have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph one way is to have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph one way is to have a bunch
+of triples or appearing uniformly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples or appearing uniformly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples or appearing uniformly at
+random independently at random so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random independently at random so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random independently at random so I have
+bunch of possible triples I can make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of possible triples I can make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of possible triples I can make us
+I just each one I flip a coin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just each one I flip a coin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just each one I flip a coin but
+there's a different way and let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different way and let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different way and let me show
+you a different way to generate a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a different way to generate a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a different way to generate a random
+free graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give you two parameters P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you two parameters P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you two parameters P and Q
+they are constants between 0 & 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are constants between 0 & 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are constants between 0 & 1 so
+let's build first a graph so a random to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build first a graph so a random to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build first a graph so a random to
+graph child call g2 so this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph child call g2 so this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph child call g2 so this is just the
+erdos-renyi random graph GMP the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erdos-renyi random graph GMP the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erdos-renyi random graph GMP the usual
+one where you flip a coin for each edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you flip a coin for each edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you flip a coin for each edge
+so that each edge appears with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each edge appears with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each edge appears with
+probability P independently and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P independently and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P independently and now I
+make the actual throughout that one g3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the actual throughout that one g3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the actual throughout that one g3
+by including every triple so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle of GQ as an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle of GQ as an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle of GQ as an edge
+so here an edge mean it's a triple some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here an edge mean it's a triple some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here an edge mean it's a triple some
+edges three vertices in the hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges three vertices in the hyper graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges three vertices in the hyper graph
+with probability Q so it's a two-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability Q so it's a two-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability Q so it's a two-step
+process I first generate a random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I first generate a random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I first generate a random graph
+and then look at the triangles on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at the triangles on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at the triangles on top of
+that graph and each triangle I include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph and each triangle I include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph and each triangle I include
+as a triple with the probability Q if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a triple with the probability Q if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a triple with the probability Q if
+you like you can be even one so I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you can be even one so I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you can be even one so I do a
+random graph and my hyper graph is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph and my hyper graph is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph and my hyper graph is a set
+of triangles okay and let's compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triangles okay and let's compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triangles okay and let's compare this
+construction to the more naive version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction to the more naive version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction to the more naive version
+of a random hyper graph where we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random hyper graph where we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random hyper graph where we look at
+this hyper graph where I put in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hyper graph where I put in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hyper graph where I put in each
+triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appearing independently with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing independently with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing independently with probability
+P cube Q so these are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P cube Q so these are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P cube Q so these are two different
+constructions of random hypergraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions of random hypergraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions of random hypergraphs
+and you can check that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check that they have
+basically the same edge density alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same edge density alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same edge density alright
+so how many edges appear in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many edges appear in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many edges appear in the first
+one well the density of triangles in g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well the density of triangles in g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well the density of triangles in g2
+is P cubed and each of those triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P cubed and each of those triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P cubed and each of those triangles
+appear as an edge further with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as an edge further with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as an edge further with
+probability Q so they have similar edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Q so they have similar edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Q so they have similar edge
+densities and furthermore you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and furthermore you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and furthermore you can check
+that this condition here is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this condition here is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this condition here is true for
+both graphs right so both graphs satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both graphs right so both graphs satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both graphs right so both graphs satisfy
+this notion of epsilon regularity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of epsilon regularity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of epsilon regularity as
+just defined with high probability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined with high probability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined with high probability okay
+great so if you had a counting lemma it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so if you had a counting lemma it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so if you had a counting lemma it
+should give you some prediction as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you some prediction as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you some prediction as to
+the number of tetrahedra that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of tetrahedra that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of tetrahedra that come
+directly from the densities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the densities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the densities in
+particular they should be the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they should be the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they should be the same for
+these two constructions but are they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two constructions but are they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two constructions but are they the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the density of tetrahedra in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the density of tetrahedra in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the density of tetrahedra in the
+first case okay actually let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case okay actually let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case okay actually let's do the
+second case first in B okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case first in B okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case first in B okay so what's
+the density of tetrahedra so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of tetrahedra so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of tetrahedra so if I have
+four vertices so each of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices so each of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices so each of those three
+edges appear uniformly at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges appear uniformly at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges appear uniformly at random
+independently so the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so the density of
+tetrahedra is just the edge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedra is just the edge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedra is just the edge density
+raised to the power four what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power four what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power four what about the
+first one okay so in the first one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one okay so in the first one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one okay so in the first one to
+get a tetrahedra the underlying graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tetrahedra the underlying graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tetrahedra the underlying graph
+needs to have a k4 so P raise to 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have a k4 so P raise to 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have a k4 so P raise to 6 and
+then on top of that I want 4 Q's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on top of that I want 4 Q's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on top of that I want 4 Q's
+okay so P raise to 6 Q raise to 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so P raise to 6 Q raise to 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so P raise to 6 Q raise to 4 and
+when P is different these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when P is different these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when P is different these numbers are
+different so this is an example showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so this is an example showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so this is an example showing
+why there is no counting lemma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there is no counting lemma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there is no counting lemma because
+you have two different graphs that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different graphs that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different graphs that have
+the same type of regularity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of regularity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of regularity and
+densities but have vastly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities but have vastly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities but have vastly different
+densities of tetrahedra any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities of tetrahedra any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities of tetrahedra any questions
+about this example shows you at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this example shows you at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this example shows you at least
+why this naive attempt does not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this naive attempt does not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this naive attempt does not work
+this if you follow our regularity recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you follow our regularity recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you follow our regularity recipe
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but your any case it's dope it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your any case it's dope it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your any case it's dope it's good
+for something so it's you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something so it's you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something so it's you don't have a
+counting Lima for tetrahedra but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Lima for tetrahedra but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Lima for tetrahedra but
+actually you can still salvage something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can still salvage something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can still salvage something
+so it turns out there is a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out there is a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out there is a counting
+lemma if your graph H if this our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma if your graph H if this our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma if your graph H if this our graph
+H is linear okay so linear means every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is linear okay so linear means every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is linear okay so linear means every
+pair of edges intersecting at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of edges intersecting at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of edges intersecting at most one
+vertex so for example if you look at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so for example if you look at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so for example if you look at so
+that's hyper hyper graph where each line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hyper hyper graph where each line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hyper hyper graph where each line
+is an edge of triples okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an edge of triples okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an edge of triples okay so that's a
+linear hyper graph because each pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear hyper graph because each pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear hyper graph because each pair
+intersecting at most one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting at most one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting at most one vertex
+tetrahedron is not linear to phases of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron is not linear to phases of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron is not linear to phases of a
+tetrahedron can intersect in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron can intersect in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron can intersect in two
+vertices okay so you can try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay so you can try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay so you can try to prove
+that this is true and actually the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is true and actually the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is true and actually the proof
+is basically the same as the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same as the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same as the counting
+lemma that we saw for grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but of course how many edges can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course how many edges can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course how many edges can a
+linear hypergraph have you mean given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear hypergraph have you mean given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear hypergraph have you mean given a
+bounded number of vertices that's I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of vertices that's I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of vertices that's I'll
+leave you to think about it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you to think about it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you to think about it more
+questions but for the Guate we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but for the Guate we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but for the Guate we really
+care about naming tetrahedra which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about naming tetrahedra which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about naming tetrahedra which
+relates to some radius theorem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to some radius theorem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to some radius theorem this
+method does not work alright so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method does not work alright so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method does not work alright so what
+should we do what should we do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do what should we do instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do what should we do instead
+let's come up with a different notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come up with a different notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come up with a different notion of
+regularity and that's someone inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and that's someone inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and that's someone inspired
+by that example up there where we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that example up there where we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that example up there where we need
+to look at not just triple densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at not just triple densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at not just triple densities
+between three vertex sets but also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between three vertex sets but also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between three vertex sets but also what
+happens to triples that sit on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to triples that sit on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to triples that sit on top of a
+graph so we should come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we should come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we should come up with some
+notion of an edge density on top of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of an edge density on top of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of an edge density on top of two
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so given a B and C being edge sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a B and C being edge sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a B and C being edge sets a
+complete graph so these are graphs the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph so these are graphs the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph so these are graphs the a
+B and C you should think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C you should think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C you should think of them as
+graphs and a free graph G we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and a free graph G we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and a free graph G we can define
+this quantity D of ABC so there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity D of ABC so there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity D of ABC so there's always
+a hidden Jeep which I'll usually omit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden Jeep which I'll usually omit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden Jeep which I'll usually omit to
+be the fraction of triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XYZ where the XYZ or such that they sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ where the XYZ or such that they sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ where the XYZ or such that they sit
+on top of ABC so Y Z lie in a XZ lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of ABC so Y Z lie in a XZ lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of ABC so Y Z lie in a XZ lie in
+b XY line c okay so the fraction of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b XY line c okay so the fraction of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b XY line c okay so the fraction of such
+triples that are actually triples of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the case when ABC are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's asking what fraction of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asking what fraction of triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asking what fraction of triangles
+are edges of G but you are allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are edges of G but you are allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are edges of G but you are allowed to
+use three different sets so think of ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use three different sets so think of ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use three different sets so think of ABC
+s no red green blue I'm asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s no red green blue I'm asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s no red green blue I'm asking for
+fractions of red green blue triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of red green blue triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of red green blue triangles
+that are actually triples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually triples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually triples of the
+hydrograph alright so now we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrograph alright so now we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrograph alright so now we can try to
+come up with some notion of regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you might expect at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you might expect at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you might expect at this point we
+it's not sufficient to partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sufficient to partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sufficient to partition the
+vertex set instead what go further well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set instead what go further well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set instead what go further well
+partition the edge set of the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the edge set of the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the edge set of the complete
+graph and so will partition the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and so will partition the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and so will partition the set of
+pairs of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's partition edge set of the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's partition edge set of the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's partition edge set of the complete
+graph as a union of graphs such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as a union of graphs such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as a union of graphs such that we
+would like a similar type of regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like a similar type of regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like a similar type of regularity
+condition but for those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but for those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition but for those types of
+densities such that for most I J and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities such that for most I J and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities such that for most I J and K
+such that we have lots of triangles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we have lots of triangles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we have lots of triangles on
+top of these three graphs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of these three graphs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of these three graphs in the
+partition so for most i j k such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so for most i j k such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so for most i j k such that
+this is such the case they in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such the case they in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such the case they in this
+partition so this triple is regular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so this triple is regular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so this triple is regular in
+the sense that for all sub graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with not too few copies so not too few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not too few copies so not too few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not too few copies so not too few
+triangles on top of these ace one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles on top of these ace one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles on top of these ace one has
+that the density the triple density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the density the triple density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the density the triple density
+among the g's is similar to the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the g's is similar to the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the g's is similar to the triple
+density on top of the ace okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density on top of the ace okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density on top of the ace okay so I'm
+doing some kind of partition where G one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of partition where G one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of partition where G one
+it's like that G two that and G 3 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that G two that and G 3 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that G two that and G 3 yeah
+and what I'm saying is that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm saying is that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm saying is that if you take
+subsets of G 1 G 2 G 3 so that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of G 1 G 2 G 3 so that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of G 1 G 2 G 3 so that there are
+still lots of triangles right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still lots of triangles right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still lots of triangles right and that's
+analogous to this condition of a is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this condition of a is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this condition of a is not
+being too small then counting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being too small then counting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being too small then counting the number
+of triples to the fraction of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples to the fraction of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples to the fraction of those
+triangles that are edges of G that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that are edges of G that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that are edges of G that
+fraction is roughly the same when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is roughly the same when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is roughly the same when you
+pass down to sub-graphs okay don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass down to sub-graphs okay don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass down to sub-graphs okay don't worry
+about the specific details and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific details and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific details and I'm not
+going to try to give you the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to give you the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to give you the specific
+details but think about in analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but think about in analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but think about in analogy to
+instead of partitioning the vertex set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of partitioning the vertex set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of partitioning the vertex set
+we are partitioning the edge set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are partitioning the edge set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are partitioning the edge set of a
+complete graph but actually hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph but actually hyper graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph but actually hyper graph
+regularity involves one more step namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity involves one more step namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity involves one more step namely
+that we need to further regularize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these G's using so via partitioning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these G's using so via partitioning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these G's using so via partitioning the
+vertex F similar to what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex F similar to what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex F similar to what happens in
+similarities graph regularity lemma but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma but
+actually more similar to the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more similar to the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more similar to the strong
+regularity lemma that we discussed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma that we discussed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma that we discussed last
+time so the data of hypergraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the data of hypergraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the data of hypergraph
+regularity is not simply a partition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity is not simply a partition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity is not simply a partition of
+the vertex set but its twofold one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set but its twofold one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set but its twofold one is a
+partition of the edge set of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the edge set of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the edge set of the
+complete graph so a partition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph so a partition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph so a partition of the
+vertex pairs into pseudo random graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex pairs into pseudo random graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex pairs into pseudo random graphs
+so in two graphs so that the hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in two graphs so that the hyper graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in two graphs so that the hyper graph
+G sets pseudo randomly on top and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sets pseudo randomly on top and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sets pseudo randomly on top and on
+furthermore there's also a partition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there's also a partition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there's also a partition of
+the vertex set of G so that the graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set of G so that the graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set of G so that the graphs
+in part one are extremely pseudo random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect to this partition in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition in this
+idea of extremely random we saw in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of extremely random we saw in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of extremely random we saw in last
+lecture you have some the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you have some the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you have some the sequence of
+epsilonc that depend on how many parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilonc that depend on how many parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilonc that depend on how many parts
+you have in the first step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the first step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the first step of the
+regularity okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your question is what happens to triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is what happens to triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is what happens to triples
+of g's that do not have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g's that do not have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g's that do not have lots of
+triangles so they are similar to in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so they are similar to in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so they are similar to in in
+grass you have these small sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass you have these small sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass you have these small sets of
+vertices so you have to you have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so you have to you have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so you have to you have to deal
+with them somehow but I'm again leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them somehow but I'm again leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them somehow but I'm again leaving
+out all these technical details and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all these technical details and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all these technical details and in
+fact I'm writing down a very sketchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm writing down a very sketchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm writing down a very sketchy
+version of hypergraph regularity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of hypergraph regularity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of hypergraph regularity you
+could write down a more precise version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write down a more precise version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write down a more precise version
+you can find it in new de jure in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find it in new de jure in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find it in new de jure in fact
+can find more than one version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find more than one version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find more than one version of the
+statement of hypergraph regularity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of hypergraph regularity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of hypergraph regularity in
+literature and they're not all obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and they're not all obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and they're not all obviously
+equivalent it actually takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent it actually takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent it actually takes a lot of
+work even to show that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work even to show that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work even to show that different
+versions of the statement are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the statement are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the statement are equivalent
+to each other and it's still somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and it's still somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and it's still somewhat
+mysterious to you know what is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious to you know what is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious to you know what is the right
+you know the most natural formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the most natural formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the most natural formulation of
+hypergraph regularity that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity that's something
+that i think we still do not yet have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think we still do not yet have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think we still do not yet have a
+satisfactory answer there was a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory answer there was a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory answer there was a question
+earlier about bounds okay so what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about bounds okay so what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about bounds okay so what kind
+of bounds do you get for hypergraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounds do you get for hypergraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounds do you get for hypergraph
+regularity so let me address that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity so let me address that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity so let me address that issue
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what kind of pounds do you get well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kind of pounds do you get well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kind of pounds do you get well
+for summer this graph regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for summer this graph regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for summer this graph regularity lemma
+the pound is at our function because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pound is at our function because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pound is at our function because we
+had to iterate the exponential which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to iterate the exponential which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to iterate the exponential which
+comes out of the partitioning and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the partitioning and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the partitioning and in
+hypergraph regularity because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity because of this
+extremely pseudo-random so you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely pseudo-random so you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely pseudo-random so you are doing
+some kind of partitioning the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of partitioning the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of partitioning the first
+stage and then you are iterating that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and then you are iterating that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and then you are iterating that on
+top for the second stage similar to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top for the second stage similar to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top for the second stage similar to how
+we did strong regularity in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did strong regularity in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did strong regularity in the last
+lecture so the bounds for hypergraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the bounds for hypergraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the bounds for hypergraph
+regularity is also iterated power which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity is also iterated power which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity is also iterated power which
+we saw last time and this is no one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time and this is no one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time and this is no one the
+wowser okay so it's even worse than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wowser okay so it's even worse than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wowser okay so it's even worse than in
+the then graph regularity and just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then graph regularity and just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then graph regularity and just like
+in the case of graph irregularity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of graph irregularity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of graph irregularity this
+wowser type bound is necessary at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wowser type bound is necessary at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wowser type bound is necessary at least
+for most statements any of these useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most statements any of these useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most statements any of these useful
+statements of hyper graphs regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements of hyper graphs regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements of hyper graphs regularity
+what about the applications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the applications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the applications so
+applications to multidimensional cemani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to multidimensional cemani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to multidimensional cemani
+theorem okay so first of all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so first of all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so first of all to
+summarize a theorem well you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a theorem well you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a theorem well you can prove
+somewhere any turn this way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere any turn this way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere any turn this way and you
+would get inverse wowser type bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get inverse wowser type bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get inverse wowser type bounds
+which is it's not so great but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it's not so great but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it's not so great but there are
+better proofs so there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better proofs so there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better proofs so there are more
+efficient proofs quantitatively so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient proofs quantitatively so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient proofs quantitatively so for
+similarities theorem the best result for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem the best result for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem the best result for
+general K is due to cowers which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general K is due to cowers which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general K is due to cowers which tells
+you that a must be at most n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a must be at most n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a must be at most n over
+something that's log log and raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's log log and raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's log log and raised to
+power some constant C depending on K for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power some constant C depending on K for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power some constant C depending on K for
+K equals to 3 and 4 you can do somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K equals to 3 and 4 you can do somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K equals to 3 and 4 you can do somewhat
+better before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better before
+okay this is the best bounce so far but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the best bounce so far but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the best bounce so far but
+for multi dimensions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multi dimensions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multi dimensions for
+multi-dimensional patterns it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional patterns it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional patterns it turns out
+that well historically the first proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well historically the first proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well historically the first proof
+of the multi dimensional similarity term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the multi dimensional similarity term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the multi dimensional similarity term
+was done using organic theory which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done using organic theory which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done using organic theory which has
+even worse balance compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse balance compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse balance compared to this
+approach in that the organic theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in that the organic theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in that the organic theoretic
+proof gives no bounce because it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof gives no bounce because it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof gives no bounce because it has to
+use compactness arguments so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use compactness arguments so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use compactness arguments so they
+actually gave no quantity of bounce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave no quantity of bounce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave no quantity of bounce and
+one of the motivations for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the motivations for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the motivations for this
+hypergraph regularity method the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity method the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity method the removal
+lemma is to produce quantitative proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is to produce quantitative proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is to produce quantitative proof
+of multi-dimensional summary term so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multi-dimensional summary term so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multi-dimensional summary term so in
+general still the best bounds come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general still the best bounds come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general still the best bounds come from
+this removal mo so hypergraph removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this removal mo so hypergraph removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this removal mo so hypergraph removal
+lemma although in special cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma although in special cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma although in special cases and
+really not that many special cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that many special cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that many special cases but
+really just the case of a corner as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the case of a corner as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the case of a corner as we
+saw earlier you have somewhat better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier you have somewhat better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier you have somewhat better
+bounds or so for corner you have bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds or so for corner you have bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds or so for corner you have bounds
+which have density like poly log log but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have density like poly log log but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have density like poly log log but
+even for a geometric square we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for a geometric square we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for a geometric square we do not
+know any four-year analytic methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any four-year analytic methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any four-year analytic methods we
+do not know other methods and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know other methods and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know other methods and this is
+basically the best bound coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the best bound coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the best bound coming out of
+hypergraph regularity and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergraph regularity and there are
+serious obstructions to trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious obstructions to trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious obstructions to trying to use
+Fourier methods to do other patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier methods to do other patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier methods to do other patterns
+such as geometric square any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as geometric square any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as geometric square any questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what are the bound for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the bound for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the bound for higher
+degree uniformity do you so this is wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree uniformity do you so this is wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree uniformity do you so this is wow
+there's four three uniform and four for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four three uniform and four for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four three uniform and four for
+uniform you iterate wowzer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform you iterate wowzer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform you iterate wowzer
+so you go up in a command hierarchy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go up in a command hierarchy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go up in a command hierarchy you
+iterate wowzer you get a four uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate wowzer you get a four uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate wowzer you get a four uniform
+hyper graph regularity lemma and so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph regularity lemma and so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper graph regularity lemma and so okay
+let's take a short break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+so the second topic I want to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second topic I want to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second topic I want to discuss
+today is a different approach to proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is a different approach to proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is a different approach to proving
+similarly scraf regularity lemma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly scraf regularity lemma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly scraf regularity lemma and
+this is a good segue into our next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good segue into our next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good segue into our next topic
+which the next lecture which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the next lecture which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the next lecture which is about
+pseudo random graphs in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random graphs in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random graphs in particular the
+idea of the spectrum again values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the spectrum again values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the spectrum again values in
+particular play a central role so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular play a central role so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular play a central role so I want
+to consider a spectral approach giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider a spectral approach giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider a spectral approach giving
+an alternative way to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative way to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative way to prove the
+similarity regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you're already sick of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're already sick of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're already sick of the
+regularity lemma at this point so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma at this point so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma at this point so this
+will be the last topic regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the last topic regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the last topic regularity lemma
+for now although it will come up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now although it will come up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now although it will come up again
+later in this course when we discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this course when we discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this course when we discuss
+graph limits this is the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph limits this is the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph limits this is the last thing I
+want to say and just like the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say and just like the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say and just like the discussion
+about hyper graph regularity it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hyper graph regularity it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hyper graph regularity it will be
+somewhat sketchy so for so this idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat sketchy so for so this idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat sketchy so for so this idea I
+mean has appeared in literature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean has appeared in literature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean has appeared in literature in the
+past but it was popularized like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past but it was popularized like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past but it was popularized like many
+good things in life by Terry house block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things in life by Terry house block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things in life by Terry house block
+so it's a good place to look up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good place to look up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good place to look up a
+discussion of what I'm about to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of what I'm about to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of what I'm about to say okay
+so we saw the proof of regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw the proof of regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw the proof of regularity lemma
+via this iterated partitioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this iterated partitioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this iterated partitioning and
+keeping track of our progress through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of our progress through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of our progress through
+the use of an energy but here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of an energy but here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of an energy but here's a
+different perspective namely if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective namely if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective namely if we start
+with a graph G I can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a graph G I can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a graph G I can look at the
+adjacency matrix a sub G so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix a sub G so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix a sub G so this is the
+N by n matrix where n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by n matrix where n is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by n matrix where n is the number of
+vertices whose IJ entry is 0 if I is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices whose IJ entry is 0 if I is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices whose IJ entry is 0 if I is not
+adjacent to J + 1 if I is adjacent to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to J + 1 if I is adjacent to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to J + 1 if I is adjacent to J
+so this is a pretty standard thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty standard thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty standard thing to
+look at the Associated graph to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Associated graph to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Associated graph to this
+matrix so this graph here and so on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this graph here and so on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this graph here and so on it's
+a real symmetric matrix and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real symmetric matrix and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real symmetric matrix and that's
+always pretty nice symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pretty nice symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pretty nice symmetric matrices
+have lots of great properties that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of great properties that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of great properties that will
+be convenient to use in fact if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convenient to use in fact if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convenient to use in fact if you like
+myself if you're too used to working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself if you're too used to working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself if you're too used to working
+with symmetric matrices you'll forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with symmetric matrices you'll forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with symmetric matrices you'll forget
+that some of these properties actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these properties actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these properties actually
+do not apply in general to non symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not apply in general to non symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not apply in general to non symmetric
+matrices it is symmetric so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it is symmetric so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it is symmetric so so we're
+happy so for symmetric matrices we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so for symmetric matrices we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so for symmetric matrices we have
+a set of real eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have real eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have real eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have real eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors and for now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and for now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and for now let me
+enumerate the eigenvalues by lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate the eigenvalues by lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate the eigenvalues by lambda 1
+through lambda n so multiplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lambda n so multiplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lambda n so multiplicity
+included and I sort them according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included and I sort them according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included and I sort them according to
+the size of their absolute value so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of their absolute value so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of their absolute value so the
+spectral theorem tells us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral theorem tells us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral theorem tells us a
+decomposition so here again we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so here again we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so here again we're using
+that a is real symmetric so tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is real symmetric so tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is real symmetric so tells us
+that this matrix a can be written as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix a can be written as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix a can be written as the
+sum coming from the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum coming from the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum coming from the eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors where the uise uisce are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors where the uise uisce are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors where the uise uisce are
+the eigenvectors but i can choose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors but i can choose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors but i can choose them
+so that they form an orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they form an orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they form an orthogonal basis
+orthonormal basis so there are all unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis so there are all unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis so there are all unit
+vectors when I say the spectrum I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors when I say the spectrum I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors when I say the spectrum I mean
+this data also specifically this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data also specifically this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data also specifically this set of
+eigen values all right so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values all right so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values all right so let's go
+through some basic properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some basic properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some basic properties of the
+spectrum so first how big can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so first how big can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so first how big can the
+lambdas be so I claim that so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas be so I claim that so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas be so I claim that so first of
+all the sum of the absolute sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sum of the absolute sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sum of the absolute sum of the
+squares of these lambdas yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of these lambdas yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of these lambdas yes
+let me not even call this a lemma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not even call this a lemma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not even call this a lemma so
+it's observation so the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's observation so the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's observation so the sum of the
+squares is this one so this is the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares is this one so this is the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares is this one so this is the trace
+of a squared which is also the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a squared which is also the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a squared which is also the sum of
+the squares of the entries so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of the entries so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of the entries so here I'm
+always using that a is real symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum of squares of entries okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares of entries okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares of entries okay
+and I mean in the case when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean in the case when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean in the case when you have a
+being adjacency matrix this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adjacency matrix this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adjacency matrix this is simply
+twice the number of edges which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the number of edges which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the number of edges which is at
+most and squared always a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and squared always a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and squared always a good thing to
+remember okay so as a result the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so as a result the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so as a result the right
+eigen value cannot be bigger than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value cannot be bigger than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value cannot be bigger than what
+so you have heigen values right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have heigen values right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have heigen values right so
+they're sorted in decreasing order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sorted in decreasing order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sorted in decreasing order so
+the eigen now it cannot be too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen now it cannot be too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen now it cannot be too large
+particular it cannot be larger than and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it cannot be larger than and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it cannot be larger than and
+over good eye because otherwise the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over good eye because otherwise the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over good eye because otherwise the sum
+of the first I I can W squared would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first I I can W squared would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first I I can W squared would
+exceed n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed n squared
+so these things they do decay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things they do decay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things they do decay okay so
+second second observation is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second observation is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second observation is that if you
+have some epsilon and an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some epsilon and an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some epsilon and an arbitrary
+function so this is known as a growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is known as a growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is known as a growth
+function just that's just a name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just that's just a name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just that's just a name to
+worry about it so we'll call f so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it so we'll call f so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it so we'll call f so it's
+function from the positive integers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the positive integers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the positive integers the
+positive integers and for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers and for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers and for convenience
+I'm going to assume that f of J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that f of J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that f of J is
+always at least J for every J there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at least J for every J there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at least J for every J there
+exists some C which depends only on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some C which depends only on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some C which depends only on your
+epsilon and the score function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and the score function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and the score function so this
+growth function plays the same role as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth function plays the same role as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth function plays the same role as
+the sequence of decaying epsilon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of decaying epsilon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of decaying epsilon in the
+strong regularity lemma so there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity lemma so there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity lemma so there exist
+some constant bound such that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant bound such that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant bound such that for every
+graph G and a G as above so associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G and a G as above so associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G and a G as above so associated
+with the lambdas and use there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lambdas and use there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lambdas and use there exists
+a J less than C such that if I sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a J less than C such that if I sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a J less than C such that if I sum up
+the eigen values squared for eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen values squared for eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen values squared for eigen
+values I index between J and C F J this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I index between J and C F J this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I index between J and C F J this
+sum is fairly small it's at most epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is fairly small it's at most epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is fairly small it's at most epsilon
+and squared I'll let you ponder that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squared I'll let you ponder that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squared I'll let you ponder that for
+a second so choose your favorite growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second so choose your favorite growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second so choose your favorite growth
+function it can be as quickly growing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it can be as quickly growing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it can be as quickly growing as
+you can can be exponential tower or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can can be exponential tower or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can can be exponential tower or
+whatever and it's saying that I can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it's saying that I can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and it's saying that I can look
+up to a bounded point so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a bounded point so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a bounded point so that this
+stretch of spectrum squared is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of spectrum squared is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of spectrum squared is at most
+epsilon N squared question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the statement hopefully will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement hopefully will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement hopefully will become
+clear once I show you the proof all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear once I show you the proof all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear once I show you the proof all
+right okay so here's how you would prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so here's how you would prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so here's how you would prove
+it so you first let j1 equal to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you first let j1 equal to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you first let j1 equal to one and
+I obtained the subsequent J's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I obtained the subsequent J's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I obtained the subsequent J's by
+applying F 2 J alright so I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying F 2 J alright so I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying F 2 J alright so I claim that
+one cannot have this inequality violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cannot have this inequality violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cannot have this inequality violated
+for too many of GPS GIS so one cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too many of GPS GIS so one cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for too many of GPS GIS so one cannot
+have the sum going between J k and j k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sum going between J k and j k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sum going between J k and j k
+plus 1 for all K from 1 to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 for all K from 1 to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 for all K from 1 to 1 over
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you cannot have this because if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have this because if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have this because if you had
+this then you sum up all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you sum up all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you sum up all of these
+inequalities you would get that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities you would get that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities you would get that their
+total sum would exceed N squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum would exceed N squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum would exceed N squared which
+would violate the inequality about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would violate the inequality about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would violate the inequality about the
+sum of the squares of their spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of their spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of their spectrum and
+so therefore so thus to the claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore so thus to the claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore so thus to the claimed
+inequality so this is true star holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so this is true star holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so this is true star holds
+for some J equal to ji where J K where K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some J equal to ji where J K where K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some J equal to ji where J K where K
+is less than 1 over epsilon and this J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 1 over epsilon and this J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 1 over epsilon and this J
+in particular is less than or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is less than or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is less than or it's
+whatever it is it's bounded right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it's bounded right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it's bounded right so
+it's less than F applied to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost 1 over epsilon times okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 1 over epsilon times okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 1 over epsilon times okay so this
+should look somewhat familiar and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look somewhat familiar and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look somewhat familiar and you
+see you know so I asked you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know so I asked you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know so I asked you to think
+about it wrong how this proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it wrong how this proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it wrong how this proof of
+spectral the spectral proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral the spectral proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral the spectral proof of
+similarities graph regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma
+compared to the proof that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the proof that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the proof that we saw
+earlier and you should see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and you should see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and you should see where the
+analogous step is here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous step is here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous step is here this is the
+density it's the energy increment step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right okay so what's the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so what's the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so what's the regularity
+decomposition so I give you this graph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so I give you this graph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so I give you this graph I
+give you this adjacency matrix and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this adjacency matrix and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this adjacency matrix and I
+want to be able to find a partition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to find a partition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to find a partition but
+there's a different way to view a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different way to view a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different way to view a
+partition so let me this is I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so let me this is I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so let me this is I think a
+important idea which again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea which again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea which again is
+popularized by Mike Terry tell now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized by Mike Terry tell now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized by Mike Terry tell now
+instead of looking at things as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at things as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at things as a
+regularity partition we can view these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity partition we can view these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity partition we can view these
+ideas as regularity decompositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely I so pick J as in dilemma and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely I so pick J as in dilemma and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely I so pick J as in dilemma and I
+now write my adjacency matrix a sub G as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write my adjacency matrix a sub G as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write my adjacency matrix a sub G as
+a sum of three matrices which we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of three matrices which we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of three matrices which we'll call
+a structured plus a small plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structured plus a small plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structured plus a small plus a
+pseudo-random where a structured equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random where a structured equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random where a structured equals
+to the sum for basically that sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum for basically that sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum for basically that sum this
+sum here so this spectral decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but up to but only for the first J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but up to but only for the first J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but up to but only for the first J minus
+1 eigen values so those of you coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 eigen values so those of you coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 eigen values so those of you coming
+from I've taken classes in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I've taken classes in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I've taken classes in something
+like statistics my recognizes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like statistics my recognizes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like statistics my recognizes as a
+principal component analysis so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component analysis so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component analysis so this has
+many names it's a very powerful idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many names it's a very powerful idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many names it's a very powerful idea you
+look at the top spectral data and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the top spectral data and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the top spectral data and that
+should describe you most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should describe you most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should describe you most of the
+information that you care about about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you care about about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you care about about a
+graph or a matrix in general the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or a matrix in general the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or a matrix in general the small
+piece is the Samba only for J between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is the Samba only for J between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is the Samba only for J between so
+for I between J and 8th of J and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I between J and 8th of J and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I between J and 8th of J and the
+pseudo random piece is for I at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random piece is for I at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random piece is for I at least
+half of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we decompose this adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we decompose this adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we decompose this adjacency
+matrix into these three pieces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix into these three pieces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix into these three pieces and the
+question now is what does this have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is what does this have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is what does this have to
+do with similarities graph regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with similarities graph regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with similarities graph regularity
+lemma so what do the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so what do the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so what do the individual
+components correspond to in the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components correspond to in the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components correspond to in the version
+of the regularity lemma that you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regularity lemma that you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regularity lemma that you've seen
+and are now familiar with so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are now familiar with so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are now familiar with so here is
+what's going on so I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so I want to show you
+that this structured piece roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this structured piece roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this structured piece roughly
+corresponds to the partition so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the partition so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the partition so this is
+the bounded partition and the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounded partition and the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounded partition and the small
+piece roughly corresponds to the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece roughly corresponds to the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece roughly corresponds to the small
+fraction of irregular pairs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of irregular pairs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of irregular pairs and the
+pseudo random piece roughly corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random piece roughly corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random piece roughly corresponds
+to the idea of pseudo randomness between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of pseudo randomness between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of pseudo randomness between
+pairs all right first to understand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs all right first to understand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs all right first to understand like
+what the spectral data have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spectral data have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spectral data have anything to
+do with partitions let me remind you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with partitions let me remind you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with partitions let me remind you a
+basic fact about the how the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact about the how the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact about the how the spectrum
+how the eigenvalues of a real symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the eigenvalues of a real symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the eigenvalues of a real symmetric
+matrix relate to other properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix relate to other properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix relate to other properties of
+this matrix and namely this notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and namely this notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and namely this notion of a
+spectral radius or sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral radius or sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral radius or sometimes called
+spectral norm so so far I'm only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral norm so so far I'm only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral norm so so far I'm only going
+to discuss real symmetric matrices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss real symmetric matrices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss real symmetric matrices so
+many of the things I'll say are not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the things I'll say are not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the things I'll say are not true
+for if you're not in a real symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you're not in a real symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if you're not in a real symmetric
+case so the spectral radius spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the spectral radius spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the spectral radius spectral
+norm is the of a is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can value of a in absolute value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can value of a in absolute value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can value of a in absolute value and
+this quantity it turns out to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity it turns out to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity it turns out to be equal
+to the operator norm which is the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the operator norm which is the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the operator norm which is the norm
+of this a as a linear operator namely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this a as a linear operator namely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this a as a linear operator namely it
+has the Max or super it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the Max or super it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the Max or super it turns out to be
+a max of a V over length of a V divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a max of a V over length of a V divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a max of a V over length of a V divided
+by length V so if you hit it with a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by length V so if you hit it with a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by length V so if you hit it with a unit
+vector how far can you go so it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector how far can you go so it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector how far can you go so it's also
+equal to this bilinear form if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this bilinear form if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this bilinear form if you hit
+it from left and right by unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from left and right by unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from left and right by unit vectors
+how big can you get so for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big can you get so for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big can you get so for real
+symmetric matrices these quantities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices these quantities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices these quantities are
+equal to each other and that will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other and that will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other and that will be an
+essential fact for relating the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential fact for relating the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential fact for relating the spectral
+data with combinatorial quantities all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with combinatorial quantities all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with combinatorial quantities all
+right so if you give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you give me this
+decomposition how can I produce for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition how can I produce for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition how can I produce for you
+a partition basically you can look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure which has it stayed in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which has it stayed in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which has it stayed in its
+data a bounded number of eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data a bounded number of eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data a bounded number of eigenvectors
+and by rounding let's we can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by rounding let's we can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by rounding let's we can basically
+round these guys so when you round the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round these guys so when you round the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round these guys so when you round the
+individual values by rounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual values by rounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual values by rounding the
+coordinate values so let's pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+take only a bandit so let's say a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take only a bandit so let's say a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take only a bandit so let's say a small
+number of values so just to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of values so just to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of values so just to simplify
+things in your mind pretend for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your mind pretend for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your mind pretend for a second
+well of course this is far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course this is far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course this is far from the
+truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+pretend for a second that these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend for a second that these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend for a second that these guys are
+0 comma 1 valued of course that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma 1 valued of course that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma 1 valued of course that's not
+going to be the case but you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case but you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case but you know so
+your common 1 know plus minus 1 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your common 1 know plus minus 1 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your common 1 know plus minus 1 if you
+like ok so this is definitely not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ok so this is definitely not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ok so this is definitely not true
+but for the purpose of exposition let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the purpose of exposition let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the purpose of exposition let's
+pretend this is the case and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend this is the case and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend this is the case and you can
+more or less achieve it by rounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less achieve it by rounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less achieve it by rounding the
+individual values to to their nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual values to to their nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual values to to their nearby
+closest multiple of something then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest multiple of something then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest multiple of something then the
+level sets of these top eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level sets of these top eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level sets of these top eigenvectors
+they partition the vertex set into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they partition the vertex set into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they partition the vertex set into a
+bounded number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if you for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you for example in the
+simplified version where you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version where you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version where you only have
+plus minus 1 values for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus 1 values for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus 1 values for these
+eigenvectors then you have a most two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors then you have a most two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors then you have a most two to
+the J parts you may get some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J parts you may get some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J parts you may get some more
+because some epsilon but okay so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some epsilon but okay so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some epsilon but okay so for the
+purpose of illustration is let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of illustration is let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of illustration is let's not
+worry about that and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that and this is basically
+the regularity partition I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity partition I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity partition I want to show
+that this set here has very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set here has very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set here has very nice
+properties that they basically behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that they basically behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that they basically behave
+like the regularity partition we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the regularity partition we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the regularity partition we've
+gotten previously so what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten previously so what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten previously so what I would like
+to show is that the other two parts they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show is that the other two parts they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show is that the other two parts they
+do not contribute very much in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not contribute very much in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not contribute very much in a sense
+of our regularity partition so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our regularity partition so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our regularity partition so for
+example if you look at the pseudo-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at the pseudo-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at the pseudo-random
+keys if I hit it left and right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicator vectors of vertex sets how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator vectors of vertex sets how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator vectors of vertex sets how big
+can this number again so this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this number again so this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this number again so this number
+here is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is at most
+well the norm of U plus times the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the norm of U plus times the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the norm of U plus times the norm
+of this W which is just okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write down okay so the norm of indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down okay so the norm of indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down okay so the norm of indicator
+of you know I'm indicator W multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I'm indicator W multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I'm indicator W multiplied
+by the operator norm of pseudo-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the operator norm of pseudo-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the operator norm of pseudo-random
+part of a but these few guys here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a but these few guys here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a but these few guys here so
+there are most root n each so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are most root n each so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are most root n each so so this
+number here is at most and but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here is at most and but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here is at most and but we know
+from our hypothesis the pseudo-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our hypothesis the pseudo-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our hypothesis the pseudo-random
+part of a that the spectral norm is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a that the spectral norm is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a that the spectral norm is no
+more than this quantity over here and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this quantity over here and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this quantity over here and by
+choosing F appropriately large I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing F appropriately large I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing F appropriately large I can
+make sure that this number is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this number is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this number is extremely
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F to be large compared to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to be large compared to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to be large compared to the number of
+parts in the partition so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the partition so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in the partition so so this
+quantity is small and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is small and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is small and this is basically
+the notion of epsilon regularity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of epsilon regularity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of epsilon regularity that
+you saw in the usual version with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in the usual version with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in the usual version with a
+diversion of similarities regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion of similarities regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion of similarities regularity
+lemma I presented in the first version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma I presented in the first version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma I presented in the first version
+in the very first lecture that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very first lecture that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very first lecture that we
+discussed regularity this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed regularity this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed regularity this quantity here
+it's something which measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something which measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something which measures the
+difference between so for now if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between so for now if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between so for now if you for
+now for a second ignore the middle piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for a second ignore the middle piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for a second ignore the middle piece
+if you ignore the small piece then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ignore the small piece then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ignore the small piece then this
+is precisely the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the difference between the
+actual densities between U and W and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual densities between U and W and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual densities between U and W and the
+predicted density between U and W ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted density between U and W ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted density between U and W ok
+question is why is your square root here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is your square root here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is your square root here
+there should not be a square root good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should not be a square root good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should not be a square root good
+then becomes square root of ya so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes square root of ya so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes square root of ya so
+there's no square root buddy the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no square root buddy the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no square root buddy the length
+of this vector is the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vector is the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vector is the square root of the
+size of U which is a most end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay questions do we need this how smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions do we need this how smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions do we need this how smart
+we won this f of j2p so I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won this f of j2p so I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won this f of j2p so I want this
+quantity to be quite a bit smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to be quite a bit smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to be quite a bit smaller than
+let's say okay so basically I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say okay so basically I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say okay so basically I want to be
+less than F of N squared but F of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than F of N squared but F of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than F of N squared but F of and
+over the number of parts squared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of parts squared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of parts squared because
+this quantity is I say the the sizes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is I say the the sizes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is I say the the sizes of
+each part not precisely much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part not precisely much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part not precisely much less than
+so this quantity here is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity here is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity here is the size of
+each part and I want you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part and I want you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part and I want you think about the
+case when u and W they lie inside each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when u and W they lie inside each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when u and W they lie inside each
+part in which case I want the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in which case I want the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in which case I want the difference
+to be much less than epsilon times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be much less than epsilon times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be much less than epsilon times the
+size of the part squared questions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the part squared questions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the part squared questions it's
+the J different based on the graph yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J different based on the graph yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J different based on the graph yes
+and that's also the case for summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also the case for summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also the case for summer
+least regularity lemma similar these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least regularity lemma similar these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least regularity lemma similar these
+regularity lemma you don't know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma you don't know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma you don't know when you
+stop but you know that you stop before a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but you know that you stop before a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but you know that you stop before a
+certain point okay and finally what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point okay and finally what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point okay and finally what's
+happening with a small part of a so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with a small part of a so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with a small part of a so in a
+small the sum of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the sum of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the sum of the squares of the
+entries okay so this also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries okay so this also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries okay so this also has a
+convenient name it's called the hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient name it's called the hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient name it's called the hilbert
+smith norm so the sum of the squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smith norm so the sum of the squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smith norm so the sum of the squares of
+the entries it's we basically saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries it's we basically saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries it's we basically saw this
+calculation earlier is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation earlier is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation earlier is the sum of the
+squares of the eigen values in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the eigen values in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the eigen values in which
+case you know we've truncated all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know we've truncated all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know we've truncated all the
+other eigenvalue so the only eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other eigenvalue so the only eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other eigenvalue so the only eigenvalues
+left are between J and index between J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left are between J and index between J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left are between J and index between J
+and f of J and we chose J so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of J and we chose J so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of J and we chose J so that this
+number is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a small ass in a bunch of noise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a small ass in a bunch of noise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a small ass in a bunch of noise but
+adversarial noise if you will into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial noise if you will into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial noise if you will into your
+graph but only a very small amount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but only a very small amount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but only a very small amount the
+most Epsilon amount so it might destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it might destroy the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it might destroy the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it might destroy the epsilon
+regularity for let's say around epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity for let's say around epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity for let's say around epsilon
+fraction pairs but that's all it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction pairs but that's all it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction pairs but that's all it could
+do so all but an epsilon fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so all but an epsilon fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so all but an epsilon fraction of
+your pairs will still be epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pairs will still be epsilon regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pairs will still be epsilon regular
+and that is the consequence of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the consequence of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the consequence of some
+release graph regularity lemma that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release graph regularity lemma that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release graph regularity lemma that we
+saw earlier yep okay so question test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier yep okay so question test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier yep okay so question test
+large F have to be specialty F should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large F have to be specialty F should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large F have to be specialty F should be
+chosen if you want to achieve similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen if you want to achieve similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen if you want to achieve similar
+this graph regularity lemma you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph regularity lemma you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph regularity lemma you should
+find this F so that basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this F so that basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this F so that basically this
+inequality is true so f should be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is true so f should be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is true so f should be quite
+a bit larger than the number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit larger than the number of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit larger than the number of parts
+but if you choose even bigger values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you choose even bigger values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you choose even bigger values of
+F you can achieve more regularity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F you can achieve more regularity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F you can achieve more regularity and
+this is akin to what happened with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is akin to what happened with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is akin to what happened with
+strong regularity so there's this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity so there's this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity so there's this idea
+if you iterate one version regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you iterate one version regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you iterate one version regularity
+you can get a stronger version the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a stronger version the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a stronger version the
+regularity and there's some iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and there's some iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and there's some iteration
+happening over there so if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening over there so if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening over there so if you choose
+your F to be a much bigger function of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your F to be a much bigger function of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your F to be a much bigger function of J
+you can achieve a much stronger notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve a much stronger notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve a much stronger notion
+the regularity which is similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity which is similar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity which is similar and
+perhaps even equivalent to strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even equivalent to strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even equivalent to strong
+regularity that we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity that we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity that we discussed last time
+so you get to choose what F you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get to choose what F you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get to choose what F you want to
+put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of questions how do you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions how do you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions how do you make it
+equitable you can okay so so let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable you can okay so so let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable you can okay so so let me let
+me not discuss that so in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not discuss that so in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not discuss that so in this case you
+can now so I mean do very similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now so I mean do very similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now so I mean do very similar things
+to what we've done before but to massage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we've done before but to massage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we've done before but to massage
+the partitions it's not yeah so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions it's not yeah so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions it's not yeah so it's not
+entirely clear from this formulation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely clear from this formulation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely clear from this formulation but
+the message here is that there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message here is that there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message here is that there's just
+equivalence between operator norm on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between operator norm on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between operator norm on one
+hand and combinatorial discrepancy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and combinatorial discrepancy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and combinatorial discrepancy on
+the other hand and we'll explore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand and we'll explore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand and we'll explore this
+notion further in the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion further in the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion further in the next several
+lectures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rFUb1nvh3CQ.txt b/rFUb1nvh3CQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beffd661753b517925acd5f65edfa7454410c47e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rFUb1nvh3CQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we'll introduce a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we'll introduce a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we'll introduce a model
+with multiple parameters and multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple parameters and multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple parameters and multiple
+observations it is a model that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations it is a model that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations it is a model that appears
+in countless real-world applications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in countless real-world applications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in countless real-world applications but
+instead of giving you a general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you a general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you a general and
+abstract model we will talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract model we will talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract model we will talk about the
+specific context that has all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific context that has all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific context that has all the
+elements of the general model but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the general model but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the general model but it has
+the advantage of being concrete and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of being concrete and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of being concrete and we
+can also visualize the results the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also visualize the results the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also visualize the results the model
+is as follows somebody is holding a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows somebody is holding a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows somebody is holding a ball
+and throws it upwards this ball is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throws it upwards this ball is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throws it upwards this ball is going
+to follow a certain trajectory what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow a certain trajectory what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow a certain trajectory what kind
+of trajectory is it according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trajectory is it according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trajectory is it according to
+Newton's laws we know that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws we know that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws we know that it's going to
+be described by a quadratic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be described by a quadratic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be described by a quadratic function of
+time so here is a plot of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here is a plot of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here is a plot of such a
+quadratic function where this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function where this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function where this is the
+time axis and this variable here X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time axis and this variable here X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time axis and this variable here X is
+the vertical displacement of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical displacement of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical displacement of the ball
+the ball initially is at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball initially is at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball initially is at a certain
+location at a certain height theta 0 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location at a certain height theta 0 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location at a certain height theta 0 it
+is thrown upwards and it starts moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thrown upwards and it starts moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thrown upwards and it starts moving
+with some initial velocity theta 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some initial velocity theta 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some initial velocity theta 1 but
+because of the gravitational force it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the gravitational force it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the gravitational force it
+will start eventually going down so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start eventually going down so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start eventually going down so this
+parameter theta 2 which will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter theta 2 which will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter theta 2 which will actually be
+negative reflects the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reflects the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reflects the gravitational
+constant suppose now that you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant suppose now that you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant suppose now that you do not
+know these parameters you do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these parameters you do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these parameters you do not know
+exactly where the ball was when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the ball was when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the ball was when it was
+thrown you don't know what the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown you don't know what the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown you don't know what the exact
+velocity and perhaps you also live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and perhaps you also live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and perhaps you also live in a
+strange gravitational environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange gravitational environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange gravitational environment and
+you do not know the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not know the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not know the gravitational
+constant and you would like to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you would like to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you would like to estimate
+those quantities based on measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantities based on measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantities based on measurements
+if you are to follow the Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are to follow the Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are to follow the Bayesian
+inference methodology what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference methodology what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference methodology what you need to
+do is to model those variables as random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to model those variables as random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to model those variables as random
+variables and think of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and think of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and think of the actual
+realized values as realizations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized values as realizations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized values as realizations of these
+random variables and we also need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and we also need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and we also need some
+prior distributions for these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior distributions for these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior distributions for these random
+variables we should specify the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we should specify the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we should specify the joint
+PDF of these three random variables a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of these three random variables a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of these three random variables a
+common assumption here is to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common assumption here is to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common assumption here is to assume that
+the random variables involved are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables involved are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables involved are
+independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other
+and each one has a certain prior where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one has a certain prior where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one has a certain prior where
+do these priors come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these priors come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these priors come from
+if for example you know where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example you know where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example you know where is the
+person that's throwing the ball if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's throwing the ball if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's throwing the ball if you
+know their location within let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their location within let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their location within let's say a
+meter or so you should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter or so you should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter or so you should have a
+distribution for theta naught that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for theta naught that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for theta naught that
+describes your state of knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes your state of knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes your state of knowledge and
+which has a width or standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a width or standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a width or standard deviation
+of maybe a couple of meters so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe a couple of meters so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe a couple of meters so the
+priors are chosen to reflect whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors are chosen to reflect whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors are chosen to reflect whatever
+you know about the possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the possible values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the possible values of
+these parameters then what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters then what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters then what is going to
+happen is that you're going to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that you're going to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that you're going to observe
+the trajectory at certain points in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory at certain points in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory at certain points in time
+for example at a certain time t1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example at a certain time t1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example at a certain time t1 you
+make a measurement but your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement but your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement but your measurement
+is not exact it is noisy and you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exact it is noisy and you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exact it is noisy and you record
+a certain value at another time you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain value at another time you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain value at another time you make
+another measurement and you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another measurement and you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another measurement and you record
+another value at another time you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value at another time you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value at another time you make
+another measurement and you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another measurement and you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another measurement and you record
+another value and similarly you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value and similarly you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value and similarly you get
+multiple measurements on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple measurements on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple measurements on the basis of
+these measurements you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements you would like to
+estimate the parameters let us write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the parameters let us write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the parameters let us write
+down a model for these measurements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model for these measurements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model for these measurements we
+assume that the measurement is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the measurement is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the measurement is equal to
+the true position of the ball at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true position of the ball at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true position of the ball at the
+time of the measurement which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the measurement which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the measurement which is this
+quantity plus some noise and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity plus some noise and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity plus some noise and we
+introduce a model for these noise random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a model for these noise random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a model for these noise random
+variables we assume that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we assume that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we assume that we have a
+probability distribution for them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for them and we
+also assume that they're independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also assume that they're independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also assume that they're independent of
+each other and independent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and independent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and independent from the
+Thetas it is quite often that measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thetas it is quite often that measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thetas it is quite often that measuring
+devices when they try to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices when they try to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices when they try to measure
+something multiple times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something multiple times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something multiple times the
+corresponding noises will be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding noises will be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding noises will be independent
+so this is often a realistic assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is often a realistic assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is often a realistic assumption
+and in addition the noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition the noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition the noise in the
+measuring devices is usually independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring devices is usually independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring devices is usually independent
+from whatever randomness there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever randomness there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever randomness there is that
+determined the values of the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined the values of the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined the values of the phenomenon
+that you are trying to measure so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are trying to measure so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are trying to measure so these
+are pretty common and realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty common and realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty common and realistic
+assumptions let us take stock of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions let us take stock of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions let us take stock of what we
+have we have observations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have observations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have observations that are
+determined according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined according to this
+nation where WI or noise terms now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation where WI or noise terms now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation where WI or noise terms now let
+us make some more concrete assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us make some more concrete assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us make some more concrete assumptions
+we will assume that the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assume that the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assume that the random variables
+the Thetas are normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thetas are normal random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thetas are normal random variables
+and similarly the WS are normal as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the WS are normal as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the WS are normal as we
+said before they're all independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before they're all independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before they're all independent and
+to keep the formulas simple we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the formulas simple we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the formulas simple we will
+assume that the means of those random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the means of those random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the means of those random
+variables are 0 although the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are 0 although the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are 0 although the same
+procedure can be followed if the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure can be followed if the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure can be followed if the means
+are nonzero we would like to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonzero we would like to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonzero we would like to estimate
+the theta parameters on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta parameters on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta parameters on the basis of the
+observations we will use as usual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we will use as usual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we will use as usual the
+appropriate form of the Bayes rule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate form of the Bayes rule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate form of the Bayes rule which
+is this one the Bayes rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one the Bayes rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one the Bayes rule for
+continuous random variables the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables the only
+thing to notice is that in this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is that in this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is that in this notation
+here X is an N dimensional vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here X is an N dimensional vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here X is an N dimensional vector
+because we have n observations and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have n observations and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have n observations and theta
+in this example is a 3 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is a 3 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is a 3 dimensional
+vector because we have three unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector because we have three unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector because we have three unknown
+parameters so wherever you see a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so wherever you see a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so wherever you see a theta
+or an X without a subscript it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an X without a subscript it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an X without a subscript it should be
+interpreted as a vector now in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as a vector now in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as a vector now in order to
+calculate this posterior distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this posterior distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this posterior distribution we
+need to put our hands on the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put our hands on the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put our hands on the conditional
+density of X actually it's a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of X actually it's a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of X actually it's a joint
+density because X is a vector given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density because X is a vector given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density because X is a vector given the
+value of theta the arguments are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta the arguments are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta the arguments are pretty
+much the same as in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same as in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same as in our previous
+examples and it goes as follows suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and it goes as follows suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and it goes as follows suppose
+that I tell you the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I tell you the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I tell you the value of the
+parameters is here then we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is here then we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is here then we look at this
+equation this quantity is now a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this quantity is now a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this quantity is now a constant
+and we have a constant plus normal noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a constant plus normal noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a constant plus normal noise
+so X I is this normal noise whose mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X I is this normal noise whose mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X I is this normal noise whose mean
+is shifted by this constant so X I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shifted by this constant so X I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shifted by this constant so X I is
+going to be a normal random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a normal random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a normal random variable
+with a mean of theta 0 plus theta 1 TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mean of theta 0 plus theta 1 TI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mean of theta 0 plus theta 1 TI
+plus theta 2 TI squared and the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta 2 TI squared and the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta 2 TI squared and the variance
+equal to the variance of WI we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of WI we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of WI we know what
+the normal PDF is so we can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal PDF is so we can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal PDF is so we can write it
+down it's the usual exponential of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's the usual exponential of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's the usual exponential of a
+quadratic and in this quadratic we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and in this quadratic we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and in this quadratic we have
+X I minus the mean of the normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I minus the mean of the normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I minus the mean of the normal random
+variable that we're dealing with let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're dealing with let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're dealing with let us
+now continue and write down a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now continue and write down a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now continue and write down a formula
+for the posterior we first have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the posterior we first have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the posterior we first have this
+denominator term which does not involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator term which does not involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator term which does not involve
+any Thetas and as in previous examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Thetas and as in previous examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Thetas and as in previous examples
+does not really concern us here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not really concern us here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not really concern us here we have
+the joint PDF of the vector of Thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF of the vector of Thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF of the vector of Thetas
+there's three of them because we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three of them because we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three of them because we assume
+that the Thetas are independent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Thetas are independent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Thetas are independent the
+joint PDF factors as a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF factors as a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF factors as a product of
+individual PDFs and then we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual PDFs and then we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual PDFs and then we have here
+the joint PDF of X conditioned on theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF of X conditioned on theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PDF of X conditioned on theta
+now with the same argument as in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the same argument as in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the same argument as in our
+previous discussion of the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous discussion of the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous discussion of the case of
+multiple observations once I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple observations once I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple observations once I tell you
+the values of theta then the x i's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of theta then the x i's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of theta then the x i's are
+just functions of the noises the noises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just functions of the noises the noises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just functions of the noises the noises
+are independent so the x i's are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent so the x i's are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent so the x i's are also
+independent so in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so in the conditional
+universe where the value of theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where the value of theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where the value of theta is
+known the x i's are independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known the x i's are independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known the x i's are independent and
+therefore the joint PDF of the x i's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the joint PDF of the x i's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the joint PDF of the x i's is
+equal to the product of the marginal PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of the marginal PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of the marginal PDF
+so of each one of the x i's but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of each one of the x i's but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of each one of the x i's but this
+marginal PDF in the conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF in the conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDF in the conditional universe
+of the Excise is something that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Excise is something that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Excise is something that we have
+already calculated and so we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated and so we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated and so we know what
+each one of these densities is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these densities is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these densities is we can
+write them down and we obtain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down and we obtain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down and we obtain an
+expression of this form we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this form we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this form we have a
+normalizing constant in the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing constant in the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing constant in the beginning we
+have here a term that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a term that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a term that comes from the
+prior for theta not prior from theta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior for theta not prior from theta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior for theta not prior from theta one
+here is a typical term that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a typical term that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a typical term that comes from
+the density of X I which is this term up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of X I which is this term up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of X I which is this term up
+here so here is what we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here is what we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here is what we have so
+how should we now estimate theta if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we now estimate theta if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we now estimate theta if we
+wish to derive a point estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to derive a point estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to derive a point estimate the
+natural process is to look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural process is to look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural process is to look for the
+maximum posteriori probability estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum posteriori probability estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum posteriori probability estimate
+which will maximize this expression over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will maximize this expression over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will maximize this expression over
+theta find a set of theta parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta find a set of theta parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta find a set of theta parameters
+it's a three dimensional vector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a three dimensional vector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a three dimensional vector for
+which this quantity is largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this quantity is largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this quantity is largest
+equivalently we can look at the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently we can look at the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently we can look at the exponent
+get rid of the minus signs and minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the minus signs and minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the minus signs and minimize
+the quadratic function that we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic function that we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic function that we obtain
+here how does one minimize a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how does one minimize a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how does one minimize a quadratic
+function we take the derivatives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we take the derivatives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we take the derivatives with
+respect to each one of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each one of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each one of the parameters
+and set the derivative to zero we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set the derivative to zero we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set the derivative to zero we will
+get this way three equations and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this way three equations and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this way three equations and three
+unknowns and because it's a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and because it's a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and because it's a quadratic
+function of theta these derivatives will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta these derivatives will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta these derivatives will
+be linear functions of theta so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear functions of theta so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear functions of theta so these
+equations that we're dealing with will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we're dealing with will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we're dealing with will
+be linear equations so it's a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear equations so it's a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear equations so it's a system of
+three linear equations which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations which we can
+solve numerically and this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve numerically and this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve numerically and this is what is
+usually done in practice and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done in practice and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done in practice and this is
+exactly what it takes to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it takes to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it takes to calculate the
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+estimate in this particular example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate in this particular example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate in this particular example that
+we have discussed it turns out as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed it turns out as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed it turns out as we
+will discuss later that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss later that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss later that there are many
+interesting properties for this estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties for this estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties for this estimate
+and which are quite general
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rGAcOfOZToA.txt b/rGAcOfOZToA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9668d5689da56409db458fde6d33f49f30460542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rGAcOfOZToA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1864 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, let's finish
+up new material today, new
+
+material Monday, and then
+we're done with
+
+the kinetics unit.
+
+So, we're going to talk about
+temperature, collision theory,
+
+and activated complex
+theory today.
+
+So on the first day, we talked
+about kinetics, we talked
+
+about factors affecting the
+rates, and this was in your
+
+handout on that first lecture,
+but just to kind of review for
+
+a minute what we have
+talked about so far
+
+and where we're going.
+
+So these are some of the things
+we came up with are
+
+factors affecting the
+rates of reaction.
+
+People said mechanism affects
+the rate of reaction, so we
+
+talked about mechanism.
+
+Concentration of material,
+nature of material -- that
+
+pretty much fits in
+in every lecture.
+
+We've been talking some about
+that, say, if it's first order
+
+or second order, if you have a
+concentration term in there,
+
+or if you don't have a
+concentration term.
+
+The nature of the material,
+we're going to talk more about
+
+that today.
+
+Temperature is going to be the
+number one topic for today,
+
+and on Monday the number one
+topic is the use of catalysts
+
+to speed up reactions.
+
+So, by Monday we'll be
+done with this list.
+
+So, what about temperature.
+
+So temperature, when I said
+what affects the rate of
+
+reaction, temperature was one of
+the things that you yelled
+
+out at me, and that's very much
+true, it has one of the
+
+biggest effects on the
+rate of reactions.
+
+So when we were talking about
+the gas phase, there was an
+
+observation made that the
+reaction rates tend to
+
+increase as the temperature
+increases.
+
+And most of you can think about
+this and are aware of
+
+it, and today we're going
+to talk more about the
+
+quantitative affect of this,
+how much does the rate of a
+
+reaction increase when the
+temperature increases, how do
+
+you know what equation
+do you use.
+
+So, this idea has been
+around for awhile.
+
+So in 1889, Arrhenius plotted
+rate constants versus
+
+temperature, and he found that
+if he plotted the natural log
+
+of those rate constants versus
+inverse temperature, then he
+
+would get a straight line.
+
+So let's look at the
+plot that he had.
+
+So, he found that if he plotted
+natural log of the
+
+rate constants versus 1 over
+temperature, so units or
+
+kelvin to the minus 1, that
+he got a straight line.
+
+Which means that the rate
+constants are varying
+
+exponentially with inverse
+temperature.
+
+So you have to use a natural log
+to get a straight line, if
+
+you don't use natural log,
+you wouldn't get a
+
+straight line here.
+
+So, let's look at some of these
+terms that we have here,
+
+and here's our equation for the
+straight line, the natural
+
+log of k equals minus e a -- e
+a is activation energy, which
+
+we're going to talk a lot about
+today -- over r t, r is
+
+our friend the gas constant,
+and t is temperature, plus
+
+natural log of a.
+
+So what is a?
+
+A is called factor a or
+sometimes it's called
+
+pre-exponential factor, and had
+has the same units as k, k
+
+being the rate constant.
+
+So, let's think about this
+equation and this plot, and
+
+about factor A and this other
+term, activation energy.
+
+So, factor A and activation
+energy depend on the reaction
+
+being studied.
+
+So, it depends on the nature
+of the materials involved.
+
+So I said we'd talk again about
+nature of the material.
+
+So one kind of reaction's going
+to have one activation
+
+energy, another one will
+have a different one.
+
+So, let's think about
+this term, factor
+
+A. What is it exactly?
+
+Do you think it would be
+temperature dependent?
+
+What do you think?
+
+How many people think
+yes, it would
+
+be temperature dependent?
+
+How many people think no?
+
+Some people are not
+going to commit.
+
+The answer is no.
+
+So, let's think about
+what factor A is.
+
+So, factor A is the rate
+constant at some really,
+
+really large temperature.
+
+So, if we look at this plot,
+the natural log of k equals
+
+the natural log of A, or
+k equals A if you're
+
+along this axis here.
+
+If you're along that axis
+here, that's at zero, so
+
+that's when 1 over temperature
+equals zero, then the rate
+
+constant equals factor A. What
+would be true about the
+
+temperature for 1 over
+temperature to equal zero?
+
+Very big.
+
+So, at the biggest, hugest
+temperature you can imagine,
+
+the rate constant's going to
+equal A. And so, factor A
+
+depends on the nature of the
+material being studied and you
+
+would have to determine
+what that value is.
+
+But it's definitely not
+temperature dependent.
+
+It's the value of the rate
+constant at an enormous
+
+temperature.
+
+So, what about activation
+energy?
+
+Do you think that's temperature
+dependent?
+
+Why don't you tell me
+what you think.
+
+All right, let's take
+10 more seconds.
+
+All right, so I'd like you
+to discuss this amongst
+
+yourselves and see whether
+you're happy with this answer.
+
+All right, go ahead
+and vote again.
+
+All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+And the correct answer is?
+
+So, I think most of you will
+remember this answer.
+
+So the activation energy is
+not temperature dependent.
+
+You can calculate what the
+activation energy is by
+
+plotting the rate constants
+versus 1 over temperature, and
+
+then you get it from the
+slope of the line.
+
+So, activation energy depends on
+the nature of the material,
+
+but it isn't temperature
+dependent.
+
+So, we're going to talk a lot
+more about that today.
+
+Before we leave this, I just
+want to say one thing about a
+
+clicker question.
+
+So, at the end of last time, we
+had our first repeat winner
+
+for a clicker competition.
+
+So, we thought that we might
+have an opportunity for
+
+recitations to see if they can
+-- if some other recitation
+
+can get a second win.
+
+So on Monday we're going to
+have our final clicker
+
+competition, and if somebody
+else does tie, one section,
+
+that we'll have a final one-time
+clicker question
+
+that'll be a run-off.
+
+And whatever recitation wins, we
+have special prizes for the
+
+members of that recitation.
+
+So that's on Monday.
+
+So you may want to review
+catalysis on Monday, if you
+
+feel that you're in the running
+for the grand champion
+
+clicker recitation.
+
+All right, so let's
+go back to this.
+
+So we found out that no,
+activation energy is not
+
+temperature dependent.
+
+All right, so what are you going
+to see on your equation
+
+sheet on the final, you may
+see a couple of different
+
+forms that are all equivalent
+to each other.
+
+So here is the plot of
+a straight line.
+
+It will often be written with
+just natural log of a and e a
+
+over r t terms reversed.
+
+So that's as a straight line,
+and this is often what you see
+
+for the Araneus equation.
+
+You can also get rid of the
+natural logs and have the term
+
+here exponential, so you have
+k equals factor A times e to
+
+the minus, activation energy
+divided by r t.
+
+So, those are the equations,
+they're all equivalent to each
+
+other that you might see
+on your equation sheet.
+
+So, it's also true that
+non-gases can exhibit this
+
+kind of behavior, and let me
+just give you one example of a
+
+non-gas that exhibits this kind
+of behavior and you tell
+
+me what this is.
+
+What is that?
+
+Crickets.
+
+So crickets exhibit Arrhenius
+behavior.
+
+They will chirp faster as the
+temperature gets hotter.
+
+So if you're out camping,
+sometimes it can be in the
+
+summer, it can be actually be
+quite deafening, and you were
+
+very happy to go back to the
+city where you only have
+
+ambulances and cars going, and
+you don't have this incredible
+
+racket at night.
+
+You can actually calculate what
+the temperature is by
+
+counting the number of chirps
+of the crickets and using a
+
+little equation.
+
+I think it's you count for 14
+seconds and add 40 and that's
+
+the temperature in fahrenheit
+or something like that.
+
+So, not only gases do this
+kind of behavior.
+
+All right, so activation energy,
+we're going to be
+
+talking a lot about
+this today.
+
+So, what is it exactly.
+
+So let's think about two
+molecules coming together.
+
+So when two molecules come
+together, you have this
+
+bimolecular process going on,
+but every time two molecules
+
+come together, they're
+not going to go
+
+on and form a product.
+
+You're only going to form a
+product when those molecules
+
+have a critical amount
+of energy.
+
+When they have the energy which
+allows them to react,
+
+that activation energy.
+
+If they have enough energy when
+they come together, they
+
+will go on and form products.
+
+So, that's what activation
+energy is, it's this critical
+
+amount of energy that they need
+to react with each other.
+
+All right, so let's just think
+about what affects that
+
+critical amount of energy, and
+of course, temperature is
+
+going to be involved.
+
+So let's think about that.
+
+So if we have fraction of
+molecules on one side, and we
+
+have kinetic energy down here,
+let's think about how
+
+temperature is involved
+in this.
+
+So, at a low temperature, the
+fraction of molecules that are
+
+going to have enough energy to
+react is going to be less.
+
+And let's think about at a
+higher temperature, go like
+
+this, so this is high
+temperature, and we have low
+
+temperature up here.
+
+And then over here we would have
+our activation energy,
+
+the energy needed
+for a reaction.
+
+And you see, if you're at low
+temperature, only a small
+
+number of molecules are going
+to have enough energy to
+
+react, but if you're at higher
+temperature, a large number of
+
+molecules are going to have that
+critical energy to react.
+
+So, at low temperature, not
+many can react, at higher
+
+temperature, many more will have
+that energy -- will be
+
+able to overcome that activation
+energy, will have
+
+it and they can react.
+
+So, temperature plays
+a big role here.
+
+So we can use this idea of
+activation energy to predict a
+
+rate constant.
+
+Let's look at an example.
+
+So, often people have sucrose
+in their diet, and the
+
+hydrolysis of sucrose will form
+glucose and fructose as
+
+part of this digestive
+process.
+
+And we can think about the
+rates at which that would
+
+happen in the body.
+
+So normally, we're at 37
+degrees, that's normal body
+
+temperature, and we have the
+observed rate constant for
+
+that is 1 .
+
+0 times 10 to the minus 3
+per molar per second.
+
+But what happens if your body
+temperature is lowered, what
+
+happens if it was at 35 degrees,
+and to be able to
+
+answer that question, you need
+to know what the activation
+
+energy is for this process,
+and here it's 108
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+So, we want to ask the question,
+what is the new rate
+
+constant at 35 degrees?
+
+So, we can take our Arrhenius
+equations, and we can put a 1
+
+by the rate constant for
+temperature 1, and a 2 for the
+
+rate constant at
+temperature 2.
+
+Now we can combine
+these equations.
+
+Natural log of a cancels out,
+it's not temperature dependent
+
+so it doesn't stay in here.
+
+And so we can solve, we can
+subtract these two, or that's
+
+equivalent to dividing them,
+and so natural log of rate
+
+constant 2 over rate constant 1
+equals minus the activation
+
+energy over the gas constant
+times this temperature term.
+
+Does this look at
+all familiar?
+
+Does this look like some
+other equation you
+
+saw once upon a time?
+
+Do you remember what that
+equation was called?
+
+Van't Hoff equation, right.
+
+And there we were
+comparing what
+
+instead of rate constants?
+
+Equilibrium constants, and
+instead of e a, what term did
+
+we have here?
+
+Delta h, right.
+
+And it's good you remember that
+because we're going to
+
+come back to that at the
+end of today's class.
+
+So, we can use this equation
+and plug in the values.
+
+We put in our activation energy,
+and remember to pay
+
+attention to units, because if
+you're going to cancel your
+
+joules with a gas constant, you
+want to make sure you've
+
+converted your kilojoules to
+joules, and then we can plug
+
+everything in and
+solve for k 2.
+
+So, here k 2 is 7 .
+
+6 times 10 to the minus
+4 per molar per
+
+second, so it's slower.
+
+And this is one reason why it's
+really nice to have your
+
+body temperature stay the
+normal temperature.
+
+If you get too cold, your body
+processes, your enzymes are
+
+not functioning, everything
+is slowed down.
+
+And if you get too hot, that's
+not good either.
+
+So you really want to maintain
+it, and so for some of you who
+
+come to MIT from warmer
+climates, let me introduce you
+
+to the L.L. Bean catalog, they
+sell coats, they sell boots,
+
+and all sorts of things.
+
+So, this winter, when you come
+back for IAP, or for the term,
+
+you're well-prepared, and you
+don't have to prove that it's
+
+not good if your body
+temperature
+
+goes below 37 degrees.
+
+All right, let's think about
+what else this equation tells
+
+us, and the other thing it tells
+us is that if you have a
+
+very large activation energy,
+if this e a is a very, very
+
+big number, that means that your
+rate constants will be
+
+very sensitive to temperature.
+
+So if this is really, really
+big, there's going to be a big
+
+change in your rate constants
+as temperature changes.
+
+And keep that in mind,
+we're going to come
+
+back to that later.
+
+So, what do you think happens
+to the rate of an enzymatic
+
+reaction at liquid nitrogen
+temperatures?
+
+We looked at going from 37
+degrees to 35, liquid nitrogen
+
+is pretty cold.
+
+So, not a whole lot happens at
+liquid nitrogen temperatures
+
+as far as enzymes go, and I'll
+just mention, so it slows way
+
+down, that this is a trick that
+I use in my research.
+
+So we have crystals of enzymes,
+and we can try to get
+
+structures in particular states
+by taking the crystals
+
+that have enzyme in it, and
+starting a reaction, and then
+
+dunking the crystals in liquid
+nitrogen to kind of stop it at
+
+a particular stage, and then you
+look at what the structure
+
+looks like.
+
+So that's one use.
+
+So, we're going to also take a
+look at other reactions, we
+
+don't have any enzymes here,
+but some other things, and
+
+look at what happens when we
+get things to be very cold.
+
+[EXPERIMENTING]
+
+So, Dr. Taylor is pouring out
+some liquid nitrogen.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so what
+we're going to look at is a
+
+reaction that we can see
+pretty easily here.
+
+Have any of you used glow sticks
+before, maybe trick or
+
+treating or some other point.
+
+So basically, you may or may
+not know how they work.
+
+There's two compartments in
+glow sticks that have two
+
+different chemicals in them, and
+they're trade secrets so
+
+we can't put them
+on the board.
+
+But basically, what we have
+here is a reaction.
+
+A lot of reactions we know give
+off heat, or they give
+
+infrared light.
+
+Here we have a reaction
+that gives off
+
+energy as visible light.
+
+So would you call this an
+endothermic or an exothermic
+
+reaction here?
+
+Yeah, so this is an exothermic
+reaction.
+
+So just as Professor Drennan was
+talking about with slowing
+
+down enzymatic reactions we can
+think about if we can slow
+
+down this reaction.
+
+So, we're just going to put it
+in the liquid nitrogen -- so,
+
+keep an eye on this, we'll do
+several controls of different
+
+colors here.
+
+So, see if an orange glow
+stick works the same.
+
+What we're looking to
+see is if we can
+
+slow down this reaction.
+
+What would we see if we
+slowed it down or even
+
+if we stopped it?
+
+Yeah, we're not going to
+see anymore color.
+
+So are you starting to see
+color loss in this first
+
+reaction here?
+
+So, we'll try green,
+and yellow.
+
+So, it looks like this first
+one might have stopped
+
+already, you see there's
+no color anymore here.
+
+What would you expect if this
+heated back up to room
+
+temperature?
+
+Yeah, so hopefully, if you just
+keep your eye on this,
+
+we'll continue on with the
+lecturing, because I don't
+
+know how long it will take for
+it to warm back up the room
+
+temperature.
+
+But keep an eye and we'll see if
+we get the temperature back
+
+high enough to see
+the glow again.
+
+And since we do have a liquid
+nitrogen here, it's too hard
+
+to resist freezing a flower.
+
+This has nothing to do with
+kinetics -- we can't even try
+
+that connection.
+
+But we will be freeze
+a flower.
+
+OK, she will try making --
+good catharsis pre-exam.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, has
+anyone had liquid
+
+nitrogen applied to them?
+
+It's used in doctor's offices,
+if you want a little something
+
+removed perhaps, put a little
+liquid nitrogen
+
+on and burn it off.
+
+Good premed training for you.
+
+I think we're pretty
+frozen here.
+
+So it looks the same, but
+as you can see --
+
+[INAUDIBLE] --
+
+So I think that's all
+we can do [LAUGHTER]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So I actually heard
+something interesting on NPR
+
+about liquid nitrogen removing
+warts and things like that,
+
+and they were talking about how
+there was something that
+
+was actually better than liquid
+
+nitrogen for doing that.
+
+Did anyone hear the story about
+what the thing was that
+
+was better than liquid
+nitrogen?
+
+It was duct tape.
+
+And so some scientists had
+looked at what all the uses of
+
+duct tape are.
+
+And since most of you are
+planning on being scientists
+
+or engineers, duct tape will
+probably be an important part
+
+of your life in the future.
+
+And so, duct tape worked better
+than liquid nitrogen
+
+for removing warts.
+
+And they found that duct
+tape worked really well
+
+for a lot of things.
+
+There was only one thing
+they tried that it did
+
+not work well for.
+
+Anyone want to guess
+what that was?
+
+Repairing ducts, yes.
+
+Not really good -- there were
+many, many, many better ways
+
+to repair ducts than with duct
+tape, but I guess they decided
+
+that calling it wart removal
+tape was just not quite as
+
+catchy as duct tape,
+so it's still
+
+referred to as duct tape.
+
+OK, so when you lower the
+temperature, things
+
+tend to slow down.
+
+But if molecules are going to
+react, they need to have
+
+enough energy, they need to have
+a high enough temperature
+
+to overcome this activation
+energy.
+
+So that critical amount.
+
+So again, when the molecules
+come together, and let's just
+
+look at these for a minute, when
+they're coming together
+
+to react, and if they're going
+to react, there needs to be
+
+some energy associated with
+this, because you're probably
+
+going to have to break a bond,
+and that's going to take
+
+something, and then you
+may have to form a
+
+new bond, for example.
+
+So there needs to be a critical
+amount of energy, you
+
+need to be able to overcome that
+activation energy barrier
+
+for the molecules to react.
+
+So it always takes some energy
+for things to react and so you
+
+need to have enough energy.
+
+And so, if those molecules have
+that energy, they'll come
+
+together, react, and you'll
+form products.
+
+If they don't have that energy,
+they're just going to
+
+go back to what they were,
+unchanged reactants.
+
+So you need to have sufficient
+energy to overcome that
+
+activation energy barrier.
+
+So, this is just a little movie
+that shows two molecules
+
+coming together, and if they
+have enough energy to react,
+
+you will see a spark, and then
+the molecules will react.
+
+So, here we go.
+
+Molecule in red, in
+green, they're
+
+checking each other out.
+
+Do they have enough -- they had
+enough energy, and they
+
+reacted, and went
+on to product.
+
+All right, so let's talk about
+this activation energy barrier
+
+and these activated complexes.
+
+OK, so in this example, you have
+n o 2 plus c o, and they
+
+can come together and
+form n o plus c o 2.
+
+And that's going to take some
+amount of energy to react.
+
+And so, I'm drawing something
+that's called an activated
+
+energy diagram, and we have
+potential energy on one axis,
+
+and on the other we have what's
+called a reaction
+
+coordinate.
+
+And so, the reactants are going
+to have a certain amount
+
+of energy, so our reactants are
+going to have some amount
+
+of energy, and our products
+will have
+
+some amount of energy.
+
+But even though in this case the
+change, the products are
+
+lower in energy, and you have
+a delta e for the difference
+
+between the reactants and the
+products, they can't go
+
+directly to products.
+
+They have to overcome an
+activation energy barrier.
+
+So they have to overcome
+some kind of barrier
+
+before they can react.
+
+So, only ones that can overcome
+that barrier, that
+
+have enough energy to overcome
+this activation energy
+
+barrier, so the activation
+energy for the forward
+
+reaction, only those will
+be able to react.
+
+There's also an activation
+energy barrier for the reverse
+
+reaction on this side.
+
+So, if you go from products
+to reactants, you have to
+
+overcome that activation
+energy barrier.
+
+And up here, this is called the
+activated complex, so you
+
+have some kind of activated
+complex or transition state,
+
+so the molecules will come
+together, they'll form some
+
+kind of transition state
+up here, and then
+
+go down into products.
+
+OK, so most of you are sort of
+familiar with the concept, I
+
+think, of this activation
+energy, we've been talking
+
+about it, but the idea of an
+activation energy barrier, I
+
+think is something that probably
+all of you can
+
+personally connect with.
+
+So, for me, one of the things
+that I find really hard to do
+
+is get started writing
+a long National
+
+Institutes of Health grant.
+
+They're about 25 pages long,
+they're single spaced, font
+
+11, and they have point 5
+margins on every side of the
+
+page, and it's really dense,
+and it takes a long time to
+
+sort of get going on that.
+
+And so, there is deadlines, and
+MIT is very particular,
+
+you need to have it to the
+Office of Sponsored Research
+
+five full business days before
+it's due at the National
+
+Institutes of Health, and then
+the Department needs
+
+to sign off on it.
+
+And I'll be looking at my
+calendar and I have those
+
+dates marked, and checking how
+many days I have left, and
+
+eventually, just like getting
+started, it's like oh, there's
+
+so much to do, I have to read
+the literature, the new stuff
+
+that's come out on my topic.
+
+And I have to think about what
+projects I'm going to do in
+
+the future, and I have to write
+about the progress that
+
+I've made so far, which is not
+really what I want it to be.
+
+And so, I think a lot about how
+-- it's just overwhelming.
+
+But then eventually
+something happens.
+
+Either it's tremendous fear that
+there's so few days left
+
+and you just have to do it.
+
+Sometimes it's going and getting
+an enormous cup of
+
+coffee and sitting down.
+
+You know, people have been
+known to sort of chain
+
+themselves to their desk, like
+they're not going to get to
+
+get up until they've written the
+introduction to the grant.
+
+So, a lot you can connect
+with this.
+
+That any new thing you start,
+there's some barrier that you
+
+have to overcome to get
+started with it.
+
+And often once you're started
+it's not that bad, and some of
+
+you may be thinking, exam 1 was
+a long time ago, I recall
+
+there was a lot of material
+on exam 1.
+
+And it seems really scary.
+
+But then the fact that I mention
+the final exam over
+
+and over in class is helping you
+get that energy that you
+
+need to overcome that activation
+energy barrier and
+
+start studying, because once you
+start studying you go, Oh
+
+yeah, I remember this,
+this wasn't so bad.
+
+So you just need to get over
+that activation energy barrier
+
+and you're all set.
+
+So, molecules have to do the
+same thing, and the ones that
+
+have higher temperature have
+an easier time getting over
+
+that barrier.
+
+So, here we can talk about
+this general process.
+
+We can look at the individual
+numbers involved.
+
+So in this particular case,
+there's an activation energy
+
+for the forward reaction of 132
+kilojoules per mole, and
+
+there is an activation energy
+for the reverse reaction of
+
+358 kilojoules per mole.
+
+And there's also a delta e for
+the reaction, which is this
+
+line, from reactions to
+products, which in this case
+
+is minus 226 kilojoules
+per mole.
+
+So do you think this reaction is
+endothermic or exothermic?
+
+What do you think, exothermic
+or endothermic?
+
+It's exothermic, and if you look
+back in your notes, we
+
+talked a little bit about the
+relationship between delta h
+
+and delta e.
+
+And they're actually
+pretty similar.
+
+A delta h usually equals delta
+e plus a change in p v. So,
+
+for gases it's about 1% or 2%
+difference, and for solids,
+
+there's really negligible
+difference between
+
+delta e and delta h.
+
+So, they're pretty similar
+types of values.
+
+So, we can we can think about
+what delta e really is, and so
+
+delta e in terms of activation
+energy is going to be equal to
+
+the activation energy for the
+forward reaction minus the
+
+activation energy for the
+reverse reaction.
+
+And in this particular case,
+we have 226 kilojoules per
+
+mole is our delta e, and for our
+forward reaction, we have
+
+132 kilojoules per mole, and for
+the reverse reaction, the
+
+activation energy for the
+reverse reaction is 358
+
+kilojoules per mole, and so
+these should all equal up to
+
+each other.
+
+And so, if you know two of
+these values, you can
+
+calculate the third.
+
+And this is one of the equations
+that you have to
+
+memorize for the final, because
+it has, its sort of a
+
+conceptual thing that you need
+to understand what this
+
+diagram says, that this plus
+that is equal to that, that
+
+these all add up
+to each other.
+
+And if you have a negative value
+here, that means it's an
+
+exothermic reaction.
+
+So, this delta e is a change
+in internal energy of the
+
+system, and you can determine
+that value experimentally,
+
+say, with a calorimetry
+experiment.
+
+OK, so let's keep this in mind
+and go on and take a look at
+
+how this connects back with some
+other things that we have
+
+already talked about
+in this course.
+
+So, for an elementary reaction,
+and I think for all
+
+of us, there's always
+some activation
+
+energy barrier to overcome.
+
+There's always some positive
+activation energy to overcome.
+
+And because there's always
+this activation energy to
+
+overcome, increasing the
+temperature is always going to
+
+increase the rate of an
+elementary reaction.
+
+It's always going to make it
+easier to get over that
+
+activation energy barrier.
+
+But for an overall reaction,
+increasing the temperature may
+
+not increase the rate
+of the reaction.
+
+So let's consider why
+that would be true.
+
+So, here is a reaction that
+we've talked about before, we
+
+talked about this proposed
+mechanism where we have a fast
+
+reversible step and a
+slow second step.
+
+So we learned last time that
+we can write the rate of
+
+product formation from the
+second step, there are two
+
+molecules of n o 2 being formed,
+so we have 2 times k
+
+2, the concentration
+of n 2 o 2, and the
+
+concentration of o 2.
+
+But this is an intermediate, so
+we need to solve for that
+
+intermediate.
+
+So, in this case, we have a fast
+reversible first reaction
+
+and a slow second reaction.
+
+So this intermediate is going to
+build up, and it's going to
+
+be more or less an equilibrium
+with the reactants, because
+
+this is very fast, and only a
+little bit of this is siphoned
+
+off to make product, and so this
+creates an equilibrium
+
+type situation.
+
+So why don't you solve this
+intermediate for me, this is a
+
+review from the last class.
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+So, we can solve for this,
+equilibrium constant for the
+
+first step, products over
+reactants, and then if you
+
+solved for this, the
+intermediate here, which is
+
+the product in the first step,
+then it would be equal to k 1
+
+times n o squared.
+
+We can take that term and we can
+we can plug it in, so over
+
+here, we can substitute it into
+this equation, and so we
+
+have 2 k 2, big K 1 times
+n o squared times o 2.
+
+All right, so here
+is our rate then.
+
+And if you missed some of this,
+this was in the notes
+
+from before.
+
+So now let's think about the
+effect of temperature.
+
+So, k 2 is an elementary rate
+constant, and so its
+
+temperature -- if you increase
+the temperature,
+
+its rate will increase.
+
+So here again is our equation,
+the activation energy is
+
+always positive, there's always
+positive, there's
+
+always some barrier
+to overcome.
+
+So if you increase the
+temperature, you're always
+
+going to increase the
+elementary rate.
+
+Well, what about equilibrium
+constant?
+
+So we've talked about this back
+in chemical equilibrium
+
+that the effect of temperature
+on the equilibrium constant
+
+depends on whether the reaction
+is endothermic or
+
+exothermic.
+
+And you told me before, the
+equation, and that's the Van't
+
+Hoff equation shown here.
+
+And so look how similar
+those equations are.
+
+So for an elementary rate
+constant, we had e a, and for
+
+equilibrium constant, we're
+talking about delta h.
+
+So, if you have, here the
+reaction is exothermic, and if
+
+you increase the temperature
+of an exothermic reaction,
+
+what happens to k?
+
+It decreases.
+
+So, again, it would shift,
+then, to the endothermic
+
+direction, decreasing k.
+
+So let's look at this then.
+
+So we have in this k obs term,
+we have an elementary rate
+
+constant and an equilibrium
+constant, so if you if you
+
+increase the temperature, the
+rate constant increases, but
+
+the equilibrium constant
+is going to decrease.
+
+So, the magnitude of the
+increase or decrease depends
+
+on the size of the activation
+energy or the size of delta h.
+
+So for this particular example,
+there's no way that
+
+you would know this so I'm
+telling you, that the
+
+activation energy is a small
+number, or you might be able
+
+to look it up in your book,
+and delta h is a very big
+
+number and it's negative, it's
+an exothermic reaction.
+
+So if you have a very small
+number for e a, that means
+
+that the rate constant will
+increase only a little bit,
+
+it's not that sensitive to a
+change in temperature, because
+
+e a's a very small number.
+
+But if delta h is a big number,
+then the equilibrium
+
+constant would decrease a lot
+with temperature because this
+
+is a big number here.
+
+So in this particular example,
+increasing the temperature
+
+actually decreases the observed
+rate, because delta h
+
+is, in this particular example,
+a much bigger thing.
+
+So if you were given either
+numbers or some information
+
+like that, you should be able
+to rationalize what might be
+
+true about the rate of the
+reaction. so, a large
+
+activation energy means that
+the rate constant is very
+
+sensitive to changes
+in temperature.
+
+A large delta h means
+equilibrium constant is very
+
+sensitive to changes
+in temperature.
+
+And, as we've talked about, e
+a is always positive, so the
+
+elementary rates always increase
+with temperature,
+
+whereas delta h can be positive
+or negative, so
+
+equilibrium constants can
+increase or decrease with
+
+temperature.
+
+And here, the magnitude of
+delta h indicates the
+
+magnitude of the change, how
+much k will change, will it be
+
+a big change or a small change,
+whereas the sign of
+
+delta h indicates the direction
+of the change.
+
+So, just want to review one
+thing and then we'll
+
+stop for the day.
+
+So when a stress is applied to
+a system, an equilibrium, the
+
+system tends to try to
+minimize that stress.
+
+So we're back to LeChatelier's
+principle.
+
+And so, just one more clicker
+question and we'll
+
+stop for the day.
+
+So increasing the temperature
+is going to do what again?
+
+Again, thinking back
+to LeChatelier.
+
+And just 10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+So, we're going to finish up
+these notes on Monday.
+
+We're going to think about
+LeChatelier in a new way,
+
+we're going to think about it in
+terms of activation energy,
+
+which is really fun, because we
+tie back what we learned in
+
+the middle of course to what
+we're seeing now in the end of
+
+the course.
+
+All right, have a great
+weekend, everybody.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ryATZC_2ytw.txt b/ryATZC_2ytw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f9c78a52827d1b0a378798dec7d06a5e10e1b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ryATZC_2ytw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so last time
+we quantized this CV so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we quantized this CV so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we quantized this CV so let me just
+write down the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we quantize this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we quantize this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we quantize this series
+and so uh something is also just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh something is also just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh something is also just write
+down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is
+canonical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum
+density and then having tone intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then having tone intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then having tone intensity
+would be half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be half
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+under the classical equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's all uh so uh so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all uh so uh so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all uh so uh so we're not
+repeat the conversation procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the conversation procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the conversation procedure
+and we wrote down the most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wrote down the most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wrote down the most General
+solution at the quantum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're written by the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this factor is the convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor is the convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor is the convention
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k
+UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so from now on I will suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on I will suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on I will suppress
+the the Hat okay so so we're surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Hat okay so so we're surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Hat okay so so we're surprised
+hat you should always now view it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat you should always now view it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat you should always now view it as a
+Quantum field Quantum operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Quantum operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Quantum operators
+and the Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the UK is the complete side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the UK is the complete side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the UK is the complete side of
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the just the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the just the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the just the basis of
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+and uh so this is the most General so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this is the most General so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this is the most General so
+this is the complete solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete solution
+to the operator equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the operator equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the operator equation
+for for this operator Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this operator Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this operator Phi
+and then you can also find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also find it
+find this conjugate momentum density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this conjugate momentum density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this conjugate momentum density so
+the pi you can just take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi you can just take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi you can just take the derivative
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+so we're not writing explicit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we discuss that you can impose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss that you can impose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss that you can impose a
+computation a canonical commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation a canonical commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation a canonical commutation
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+which is that the Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the Phi
+PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX
+Pi p x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi p x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi p x Prime
+equal Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Q
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TX
+times pi TX Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times pi TX Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times pi TX Prime
+should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi
+TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime
+then given by the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so so that's what we did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so that's what we did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so that's what we did at the
+end of last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of last lecture
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then and then you can just plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you can just plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you can just plug it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+plug this plugin dot expression into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this plugin dot expression into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this plugin dot expression into
+here then you can find the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you can find the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you can find the computation
+relations between those integration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between those integration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between those integration so
+AK and AK dagger uh integrating constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK and AK dagger uh integrating constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK and AK dagger uh integrating constant
+instead of your operating equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of your operating equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of your operating equations
+they're constant operators okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're constant operators okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're constant operators okay
+and so when you plug them in then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you plug them in then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you plug them in then you
+find the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the canonical
+then you find the computation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find the computation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find the computation relation
+between a k and a dagger and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a k and a dagger and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a k and a dagger and then you
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and a dagger okay Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dagger okay Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dagger okay Prime
+is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero
+and the AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime dagger is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime dagger is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime dagger is equal to
+data functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data functions
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the wave space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now so now if you look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so now if you look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so now if you look at those
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+so the essentially looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the essentially looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the essentially looks
+they essentially we essentially find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially we essentially find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially we essentially find the
+infinite number of harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of harmonic oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of harmonic oscillators
+and each harmonicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each harmonicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each harmonicles
+oscillator labeled by by continuous by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator labeled by by continuous by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator labeled by by continuous by a
+set of continuous number k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of continuous number k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of continuous number k
+and then then the commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then the commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then the commutation relation
+you just like the Continuum generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just like the Continuum generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just like the Continuum generation
+of standard a a dagger equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard a a dagger equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard a a dagger equal to what
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they are independent because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are independent because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are independent because of this
+data function and if K is not equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function and if K is not equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function and if K is not equal to K
+Prime and then and then you get zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then and then you get zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then and then you get zero at
+the compute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see
+the story a little bit sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story a little bit sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story a little bit sharper
+then indeed we just get the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed we just get the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed we just get the infinite
+number of harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of harmonic oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of harmonic oscillators
+so these are just computation relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just computation relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just computation relations
+uh this still does not tell you we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this still does not tell you we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this still does not tell you we have
+a harmonic oscillator to see harmonicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic oscillator to see harmonicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic oscillator to see harmonicles
+we actually need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually need to calculate the
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+okay so so now let's try to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now let's try to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now let's try to calculate
+the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now we can try to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can try to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can try to calculate the
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so this is just uh uh you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just uh uh you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just uh uh you can just
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+straightforward they just plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward they just plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward they just plug that in
+okay just plug the plug that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just plug the plug that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just plug the plug that expression
+in okay we we wrote above and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay we we wrote above and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay we we wrote above and then you
+just plug in the expression for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the expression for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the expression for um
+for the uh for the Phi and the pi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh for the Phi and the pi okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh for the Phi and the pi okay
+into that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that equation
+and then you just straightforward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just straightforward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just straightforward to
+calculate it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it okay
+and that will not go through the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will not go through the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will not go through the details
+uh uh um it's a um yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um it's a um yeah it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um it's a um yeah it's a
+straightforward calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward calculation
+so so then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so then you find
+yeah maybe after uh some minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you find that the following answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that the following answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that the following answer
+so now you yeah when you plug them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you yeah when you plug them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you yeah when you plug them in
+then you find you can do actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find you can do actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find you can do actually do the
+spatial integral because you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial integral because you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial integral because you just have
+the plane wave okay you can just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane wave okay you can just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane wave okay you can just do the
+spatial integral and when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial integral and when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial integral and when you do the
+spatial integral then that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial integral then that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial integral then that gives you a
+data function momentum space Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function momentum space Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function momentum space Etc and
+then you can reduce everything into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can reduce everything into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can reduce everything into a
+single moment a single K integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moment a single K integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single moment a single K integral
+and then then what you find is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then what you find is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then what you find is you get
+Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+and then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find
+AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the then Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+dagger okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger okay
+so let me see yeah actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me see yeah actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me see yeah actually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah I think one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the standard expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the standard expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the standard expression
+for harmonicles later now okay actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for harmonicles later now okay actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for harmonicles later now okay actually
+it's exactly identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly identical
+to uh uh to you just sound yeah indigo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh to you just sound yeah indigo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh to you just sound yeah indigo
+is like a song Just song over continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a song Just song over continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a song Just song over continuum
+uh harmonic oscillators and each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh harmonic oscillators and each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh harmonic oscillators and each with
+frequency Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega k
+and and the each harmonic alternator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the each harmonic alternator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the each harmonic alternator is
+labeled by this number k okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by this number k okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by this number k okay
+and so so we can do from the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we can do from the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we can do from the standard
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+to write it actually as the uh to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it actually as the uh to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it actually as the uh to write
+as a commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can just write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go okay
+and then we just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just have this
+so we combine these two terms together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we combine these two terms together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we combine these two terms together
+and introduce a commutator okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce a commutator okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce a commutator okay just
+have a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dagger
+a and then plus the commutator between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then plus the commutator between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then plus the commutator between
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get that
+so in the standard story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the standard story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the standard story
+this is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one
+then you get the standard answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the standard answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the standard answer that
+you get Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get Omega
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+plus one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one half
+okay but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here
+so uh uh we can again yeah let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh we can again yeah let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh we can again yeah let me just
+write one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one more step
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+okay then Plus e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then Plus e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then Plus e0
+and now e0 is the sum of all the Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now e0 is the sum of all the Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now e0 is the sum of all the Zero
+Point Energy of all the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Energy of all the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point Energy of all the harmonic
+oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except the tricky thing is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the tricky thing is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the tricky thing is the following
+okay except now we have this commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay except now we have this commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay except now we have this commutative
+AK with AK dagger in the standard case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK with AK dagger in the standard case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK with AK dagger in the standard case
+this is equal to one but in Mobile case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one but in Mobile case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one but in Mobile case
+okay in our case when you said K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in our case when you said K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in our case when you said K Prime
+equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K
+we get the Delta zero okay so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the Delta zero okay so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the Delta zero okay so we get
+Delta zero so then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta zero so then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta zero so then we get
+instead two pack Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead two pack Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead two pack Cube
+Delta three zero and remember this zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta three zero and remember this zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta three zero and remember this zero
+is in in momentum space okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in in momentum space okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in in momentum space okay and so this
+is in k space not in the we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in k space not in the we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in k space not in the we have two
+kind of data functions but that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data functions but that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data functions but that function
+in k space that function coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in k space that function coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in k space that function coordinate
+space so so here I put the subscript K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so so here I put the subscript K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so so here I put the subscript K
+here means that this is the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means that this is the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means that this is the Delta
+function zero in in k space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function zero in in k space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function zero in in k space okay
+and so this is a Zero Point Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this Zero Point Energy is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Zero Point Energy is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Zero Point Energy is uh uh
+uh uh Divergent but we will comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Divergent but we will comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Divergent but we will comment on
+that a little bit later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit later okay
+do you have any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so so remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just make a couple remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make a couple remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make a couple remarks
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+so something interesting happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something interesting happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something interesting happens
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so when you plug when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you plug when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you plug when you look at
+expression for Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for Phi
+and the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pi
+both Phi and the pi depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Phi and the pi depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Phi and the pi depend on time
+explicitly okay so there's a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay so there's a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay so there's a Time
+dependence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence here
+and here we are only integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are only integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are only integrate over
+spatial Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Direction
+okay we only integrate our special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we only integrate our special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we only integrate our special
+Direction so so in terms of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so so in terms of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so so in terms of integration
+we don't do anything uh with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do anything uh with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do anything uh with time
+but what do you what do you but but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do you what do you but but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do you what do you but but what
+do you notice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you notice there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's not a visual of time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's not a visual of time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's not a visual of time dependence
+there's time dependence disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's time dependence disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's time dependence disappeared
+uh I do know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no the hamiltonian fire is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the hamiltonian fire is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the hamiltonian fire is time
+dependent high is time dependent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent high is time dependent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent high is time dependent if you
+plug if you plug those expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into here certainly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here certainly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here certainly this
+certainly inside there is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly inside there is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly inside there is dependent on
+time explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time explicitly
+this guy is dependent on time explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is dependent on time explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is dependent on time explicitly
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+but in the end after you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end after you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end after you do the
+integration of spatial directions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of spatial directions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of spatial directions then
+you find in the end of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in the end of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in the end of the time
+dependence actually cancel during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence actually cancel during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence actually cancel during the
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so so do you have a guess why somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so do you have a guess why somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so do you have a guess why somehow
+this should cancel yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should cancel yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should cancel yes
+exactly so so you have done in your PSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so so you have done in your PSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so so you have done in your PSAT
+that the time translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the time translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the time translation
+so this system is time translation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this system is time translation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this system is time translation a
+Time translation asymmetric and means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time translation asymmetric and means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time translation asymmetric and means
+that you should have the uh it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should have the uh it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should have the uh it means
+that the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the h
+okay it's a conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a conserved
+number okay it's a conserve the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay it's a conserve the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay it's a conserve the quantity
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+you see that this is independent of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is independent of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is independent of time
+this is a conserved quantity okay we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conserved quantity okay we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conserved quantity okay we see
+it explicitly okay so there's no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explicitly okay so there's no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explicitly okay so there's no time
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+H is a conserved quantity so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a conserved quantity so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a conserved quantity so this
+integration is absolutely crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if you don't do integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density is not okay it's only the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is not okay it's only the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is not okay it's only the total
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the second yeah image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the second yeah image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the second yeah image
+so yeah since I only have two common let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah since I only have two common let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah since I only have two common let
+me just call it one rather than call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just call it one rather than call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just call it one rather than call it
+zero so so the second comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so the second comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so the second comment
+he said then we've yeah just repeat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said then we've yeah just repeat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said then we've yeah just repeat we
+already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said
+you just create t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just create t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just create t
+of Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phi
+we see this creativity of five reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this creativity of five reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this creativity of five reduced
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to
+essentially a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay label it by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+okay so we call this Omega K is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we call this Omega K is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we call this Omega K is defined
+to be a square plus M squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as we mentioned the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact
+that we actually see infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually see infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually see infinite number of
+harmonic oscillator is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator is actually not
+surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising
+from the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective
+now this field Theory can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this field Theory can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this field Theory can be written
+as a Continuum limit of of a chain say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Continuum limit of of a chain say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Continuum limit of of a chain say
+of atoms are connected by Sprints okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms are connected by Sprints okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms are connected by Sprints okay
+so when you have a chain uh yeah we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a chain uh yeah we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a chain uh yeah we we
+draw down a one-dimensional system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw down a one-dimensional system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw down a one-dimensional system you
+can easily generalize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily generalize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily generalize to
+three-dimensional yeah it's so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional yeah it's so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional yeah it's so you have
+those chains of uh atoms connected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chains of uh atoms connected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chains of uh atoms connected by
+Spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring
+and they are just coupled oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are just coupled oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are just coupled oscillators
+and then you can just diagonalize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just diagonalize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just diagonalize them
+and each will find the normal spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each will find the normal spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each will find the normal spectrum
+and each of them just a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them just a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them just a harmonic
+oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+and so so when we find those solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so when we find those solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so when we find those solutions
+by doing free transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing free transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing free transform
+and essentially we are just diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially we are just diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially we are just diagonalize
+those uh interactions between those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh interactions between those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh interactions between those uh
+uh uh Sprints okay and uh yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Sprints okay and uh yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Sprints okay and uh yeah so that's
+why we get infinite harmonical switch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we get infinite harmonical switch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we get infinite harmonical switch so
+for from that kind of way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from that kind of way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from that kind of way to think about
+it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very
+it's totally unsurprising because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally unsurprising because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally unsurprising because the
+infinite number of harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of harmonic oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of harmonic oscillators
+but that's surprising it is surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's surprising it is surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's surprising it is surprising
+if you think about it from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it from the point of
+view of a field series okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a field series okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a field series okay so if you
+find that when you quantize a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that when you quantize a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that when you quantize a field
+Theory and then you find in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and then you find in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and then you find in the end you
+get a bunch of harmonic oscillator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of harmonic oscillator okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of harmonic oscillator okay
+and uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh before
+yeah before doing that it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before doing that it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before doing that it's hard to
+before you actually carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually carry out the
+quantization it's actually hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization it's actually hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization it's actually hard to
+anticipate that or if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate that or if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate that or if you don't have
+this uh intuition from this discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh intuition from this discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh intuition from this discrete
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you have any questions on this yes So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any questions on this yes So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any questions on this yes So
+when you say that there's an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say that there's an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say that there's an independent
+amount of amount of oscillator yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of amount of oscillator yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of amount of oscillator yeah
+saying that there's an infinite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there's an infinite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there's an infinite amount
+at any given point in space for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given point in space for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given point in space for that
+each given point in like a continual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each given point in like a continual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each given point in like a continual
+location there's one on one constellator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location there's one on one constellator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location there's one on one constellator
+yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+that's a very good question and uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question and uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question and uh so uh
+is at each point you have a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at each point you have a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at each point you have a harmonic
+oscillator yeah at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator yeah at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator yeah at each point
+essentially at each point you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at each point you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at each point you have a
+harmonic oscillator and and then they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and and then they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and and then they uh
+the connected in space yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes is there any reason why we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is there any reason why we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is there any reason why we didn't
+compute the K integral in e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the K integral in e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the K integral in e0
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sorry say it again so that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry say it again so that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry say it again so that the integral
+is yeah zero equals why didn't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah zero equals why didn't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah zero equals why didn't you just
+oh well this we cannot do this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well this we cannot do this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well this we cannot do this integral
+no up there the zero pointer all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no up there the zero pointer all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no up there the zero pointer all right
+right yeah maybe a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah maybe a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah maybe a talk
+about this uh a little bit later because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh a little bit later because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh a little bit later because
+the data we are we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data we are we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data we are we are going to
+elaborate on this a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on this a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on this a little bit later
+because we are going to uh uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are going to uh uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are going to uh uh try to
+give interpretation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give interpretation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give interpretation of this
+yes um in homework one we found that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um in homework one we found that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um in homework one we found that a
+hat was time dependent is a hat not time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat was time dependent is a hat not time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat was time dependent is a hat not time
+dependent here and is that why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent here and is that why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent here and is that why the
+hamiltonian is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is not
+time dependent yeah yeah it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent yeah yeah it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent yeah yeah it has a
+constant operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant operator
+yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because
+it's an integration constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integration constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integration constant
+of your operating equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+here at States for each harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at States for each harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at States for each harmonic
+oscillator in the qft yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in the qft yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in the qft yeah yeah yeah
+yeah there's analog of coherence State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's analog of coherence State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's analog of coherence State
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can uh uh yeah we will uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can uh uh yeah we will uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can uh uh yeah we will uh we will
+come you will see uh uh yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come you will see uh uh yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come you will see uh uh yeah this
+question will become clearer when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will become clearer when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will become clearer when we
+talk a little bit about the healable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the healable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the healable
+space yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's uh before we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's uh before we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's uh before we talk about the
+Hilbert space we need to talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space we need to talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space we need to talk about two
+things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here yeah here I have a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here yeah here I have a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here yeah here I have a DOT
+and the second thing so Hamilton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing so Hamilton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing so Hamilton is
+important quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important quantity
+so this is one of the conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of the conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of the conserved
+quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+so there are other conserved quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are other consumable quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other consumable quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other consumable quantities
+and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them
+is a conserved quantity corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a conserved quantity corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a conserved quantity corresponding to
+spatial translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial translation
+okay so the spatial translation give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the spatial translation give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the spatial translation give you
+conserved momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved momentum
+okay uh momentum conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so from spatial translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you get this conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get this conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get this conserved
+charge p i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again you should have done this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you should have done this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you should have done this in your
+homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+to have the following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3x
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so this is the loss charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the loss charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the loss charge
+for the for the conserved quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the conserved quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the conserved quantity
+associated with the spatial translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the spatial translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the spatial translation
+okay and we integrated as a space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we integrated as a space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we integrated as a space-time
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this should be interpreted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be interpreted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be interpreted as
+space-time momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+so here we have two momentum here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have two momentum here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have two momentum here you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confuse of them so this pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the canonical momentum conjugate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the canonical momentum conjugate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the canonical momentum conjugate to
+this canonical variable a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this canonical variable a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this canonical variable a
+pi is a Pi is the canonical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is a Pi is the canonical momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is a Pi is the canonical momentum
+conjugate to this uh um a field variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to this uh um a field variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to this uh um a field variable
+Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi
+and this is the general physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the general physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the general physical
+space-time momentum okay it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time momentum okay it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time momentum okay it's the
+momentum of your full system okay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of your full system okay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of your full system okay of
+your full physical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again we can just plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we can just plug this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we can just plug this in
+okay we can just plug in the expressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can just plug in the expressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can just plug in the expressive
+expression of Pi and Phi we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of Pi and Phi we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of Pi and Phi we already know
+it's time evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time evolution
+okay we already loaded time Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we already loaded time Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we already loaded time Evolution
+and then we can plug them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can plug them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can plug them in
+and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+then you find that the answer is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that the answer is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find that the answer is given
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+again after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after some
+smaller number of minutes calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of minutes calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of minutes calculation
+and then you find the answer is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find the answer is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find the answer is given by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case there's no Zero Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there's no Zero Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there's no Zero Point
+Energy we just have this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy we just have this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy we just have this expression
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the furthermore you also have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the furthermore you also have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the furthermore you also have a low
+range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the range symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then that will lead to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that will lead to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that will lead to say the
+conservative charge associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative charge associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative charge associated with
+snoring's transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snoring's transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snoring's transformation
+and again you can find it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can find it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can find it explicitly
+okay and uh so so your PSI 2 you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so your PSI 2 you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so your PSI 2 you will
+find the uh the expression of this mbmu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the expression of this mbmu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the expression of this mbmu
+say in terms of Phi and the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in terms of Phi and the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in terms of Phi and the pi
+and uh and then and then you can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then and then you can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then and then you can again
+Express this guy in terms of a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express this guy in terms of a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express this guy in terms of a and a
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+but I didn't have the guts to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't have the guts to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't have the guts to assign
+this the part of the preset so I used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the part of the preset so I used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the part of the preset so I used it
+as a bonus problem because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bonus problem because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bonus problem because that
+calculation involves a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation involves a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation involves a little bit the
+actual calculation yeah involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual calculation yeah involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual calculation yeah involves a
+little bit slightly more TD okay both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit slightly more TD okay both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit slightly more TD okay both in
+this calculation so let's use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation so let's use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation so let's use it as a
+bonus problem for those people who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus problem for those people who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus problem for those people who like
+to have some more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some more fun
+uh um yeah anyway uh uh uh so this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah anyway uh uh uh so this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah anyway uh uh uh so this you
+can uh uh will see it in your P set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so so and then then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so and then then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so and then then again
+Pi you see the explicitly that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi you see the explicitly that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi you see the explicitly that this is
+time independent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent okay
+uh is time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good and then the last scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then the last scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then the last scene
+so let's talk about this Zero Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about this Zero Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about this Zero Point
+Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this Zero Point Energy we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Zero Point Energy we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Zero Point Energy we can write
+it as a following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can yeah so this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can take it outside of this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can take it outside of this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can take it outside of this K
+integral okay this does not depend on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay this does not depend on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay this does not depend on K
+because yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just too high
+q33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q33
+zero so this is remember this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is remember this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is remember this is the
+case space a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case space a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case space a Delta function
+and then you have this 3K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so that's expression we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's try to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to understand what's
+the meaning of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of this term
+okay let's try to understand the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try to understand the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try to understand the meaning
+of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term
+do you understand the meaning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand the meaning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand the meaning of that
+term we need to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we need to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we need to do a little bit
+mathematical trick okay we need to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick okay we need to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick okay we need to a
+little bit mathematical trick so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit mathematical trick so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit mathematical trick so so
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+the definition of delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have 2 pi Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 2 pi Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 2 pi Q
+Delta 3K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 3K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 3K
+equal to the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X measure ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X measure ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X measure ikx
+okay so this is the definition of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the definition of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the definition of the uh
+essential definition of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential definition of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential definition of the data
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now now here we want to set k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now here we want to set k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now here we want to set k equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+okay so let's set k equal to zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's set k equal to zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's set k equal to zero here
+and then we find that these two Pi Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find that these two Pi Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find that these two Pi Q
+Theta zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta zero
+so let's remember this again in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's remember this again in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's remember this again in the case
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and then we just set k equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just set k equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just set k equal to zero
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then what is this if you say the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what is this if you say the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what is this if you say the k
+equal to zero you get what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero you get what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero you get what this
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah that's right you just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right you just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right you just get the
+volume of the full space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the full space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the full space okay
+the volume of the full space let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the full space let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the full space let's just
+imagine you uh in order to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you uh in order to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you uh in order to make sense
+this quantity you can put the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity you can put the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity you can put the uh the
+whole universe in the big box imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole universe in the big box imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole universe in the big box imagine
+the whole universe is in a big box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole universe is in a big box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole universe is in a big box and
+then this is the total volume okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the total volume okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the total volume okay
+and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now
+now since this is the volume now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since this is the volume now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since this is the volume now we have
+very good interpretation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good interpretation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good interpretation of this
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+and now we can write the e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can write the e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can write the e0
+as build volume times Epsilon zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as build volume times Epsilon zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as build volume times Epsilon zero and
+then this quantity the absolute zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this quantity the absolute zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this quantity the absolute zero
+then have the interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have the interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have the interpretation of the
+energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now this is energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this energy density we can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this energy density we can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this energy density we can write it
+in one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one more step
+so uh so continue to here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so continue to here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so continue to here so we
+converted one more step a plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted one more step a plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted one more step a plug in the
+exclusive value of Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive value of Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive value of Omega k
+so this is the uh just one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry I forgot too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I forgot too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I forgot too high
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Decay and then you have omega K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so that's what you get okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do you like this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I why are those two pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I why are those two pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I why are those two pictures
+equivalent because in that picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because in that picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because in that picture you
+don't get the volume sorry sorry say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the volume sorry sorry say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the volume sorry sorry say the
+game a watch to picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no because it's just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no because it's just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no because it's just a constant
+right just uh when you have an inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just uh when you have an inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just uh when you have an inventory
+of accounting always pull it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounting always pull it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounting always pull it out
+because that's a zero does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a zero does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a zero does not depend on
+K anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so how do you like this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so how do you like this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so how do you like this integral
+can you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do it
+good so so so it's fruitless to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so so it's fruitless to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so so it's fruitless to do this
+integral because this is Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it is very good reason for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is very good reason for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is very good reason for this
+Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+so this is just energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just energy density
+so essentially this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this is the energy
+per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+say it says in in some unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it says in in some unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it says in in some unit volume
+so let's imagine you have a unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's imagine you have a unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's imagine you have a unit volume
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember beside before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember beside before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember beside before this is
+corresponding to you take a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to you take a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to you take a discrete
+system with some light spacing a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with some light spacing a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with some light spacing a and
+then you take the lattice on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take the lattice on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take the lattice on each
+lattice point you have a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point you have a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point you have a harmonic
+oscillator and then you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and then you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and then you take that
+spacing a go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing a go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing a go to zero
+so that means for any unit volume when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means for any unit volume when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means for any unit volume when
+you take a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a zero
+you have infinite number of oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite number of oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite number of oscillators
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so essentially when you yeah you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially when you yeah you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially when you yeah you have
+the lattice of oscillators at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice of oscillators at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice of oscillators at each point
+yeah anyway I will not try to enjoy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyway I will not try to enjoy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyway I will not try to enjoy it
+and and then and then when you take L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then and then when you take L to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then and then when you take L to
+zero you have any unit word any volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you have any unit word any volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you have any unit word any volume
+unit you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you will have
+the number of oscillators go to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of oscillators go to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of oscillators go to infinity
+and that's where these Divergence come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where these Divergence come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where these Divergence come
+from okay it just comes from in field CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay it just comes from in field CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay it just comes from in field CV
+you have a Continuum degree Freedom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Continuum degree Freedom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Continuum degree Freedom so
+at each point you have a degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point you have a degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each point you have a degree of
+freedom and within any volume and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and within any volume and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and within any volume and then
+you definitely have infinite normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely have infinite normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely have infinite normal
+liquid Freedom okay so this is just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Continuum of liquid freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of liquid freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum of liquid freedom
+so this is the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first time
+you see a Divergent quantity in Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a Divergent quantity in Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a Divergent quantity in Quantum
+field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory
+but you will soon find that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume file you find this is the uh Lomo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume file you find this is the uh Lomo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume file you find this is the uh Lomo
+okay it will be a fact of life just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it will be a fact of life just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it will be a fact of life just you
+will see Divergence very commonly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see Divergence very commonly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see Divergence very commonly okay
+and so because you have continuing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because you have continuing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because you have continuing of
+this freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this freedom
+so so the whole thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the whole thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the whole thing about
+Quantum field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field series
+is to find a way to deal with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find a way to deal with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find a way to deal with those
+divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences
+okay and one of the one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one of the one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one of the one of the key
+difference between Quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Quantum field Theory
+and they just finite quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just finite quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just finite quantum mechanics
+or finite number because freedom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or finite number because freedom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or finite number because freedom is
+because of those divergences and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those divergences and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those divergences and the big
+part of quantum field theory is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of quantum field theory is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of quantum field theory is to
+understand how they treat those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they treat those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they treat those
+divergences and they actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and they actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and they actually don't
+affect your physics and but you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your physics and but you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your physics and but you do have
+to develop sometimes so sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop sometimes so sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop sometimes so sophisticated
+tricks to treat them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this infinite answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this infinite answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this infinite answer
+is also closely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also closely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also closely connected
+to a very famous program you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very famous program you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very famous program you may have
+heard it's called the cosmological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it's called the cosmological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it's called the cosmological
+constant problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant problem
+because this tells you that any Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this tells you that any Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this tells you that any Quantum
+field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory
+have an infinite say Zero Point Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite say Zero Point Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite say Zero Point Energy
+and so you may say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you may say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you may say okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in physics whenever we see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics whenever we see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics whenever we see something
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one thing you always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing you always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing you always do
+to uh to treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to treat it
+can you guess what is the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you guess what is the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you guess what is the thing you
+always do when you see infinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's one idea that's one idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's one idea that's one idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's one idea that's one idea but
+you subtract Infinity is very hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract Infinity is very hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract Infinity is very hard you
+know in your Calculus class When You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your Calculus class When You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your Calculus class When You
+Subtract infinity infinity you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subtract infinity infinity you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subtract infinity infinity you can get
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+right so you have to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have to be very careful
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+that's a lot of very good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed that's what we often do yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's what we often do yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's what we often do yes
+that's also indeed was over 42 all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also indeed was over 42 all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also indeed was over 42 all those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+you have to do one thing first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do one thing first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do one thing first
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's also very close you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's also very close you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's also very close you you need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah exactly you need to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly you need to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly you need to find a way to
+make it finite first and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it finite first and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it finite first and then you can
+subtract it and then you can yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it and then you can yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it and then you can yeah just
+like when you sum one plus one half plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you sum one plus one half plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you sum one plus one half plus
+one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third
+Etc you get infinite a series but but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc you get infinite a series but but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc you get infinite a series but but if
+you want to estimate the old yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to estimate the old yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to estimate the old yeah you
+get Divergence but you always try to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Divergence but you always try to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Divergence but you always try to cut
+it off the series and then approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off the series and then approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off the series and then approximate
+by finite answer and here is the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finite answer and here is the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finite answer and here is the similar
+okay so so here we always put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here we always put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here we always put some
+momentum cut off okay say let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum cut off okay say let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum cut off okay say let's say
+imagine the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the momentum
+it's smaller than some momentum say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller than some momentum say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller than some momentum say some
+value Lambda and I'm the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Lambda and I'm the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Lambda and I'm the corresponding
+to maybe to the scale which this Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe to the scale which this Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe to the scale which this Quantum
+feels it no longer apply because nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels it no longer apply because nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels it no longer apply because nobody
+told you that this Quantum field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that this Quantum field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that this Quantum field series
+should apply at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should apply at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should apply at all
+then scale because for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then scale because for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then scale because for example in this
+90s model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s model
+this scale will be one of the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale will be one of the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale will be one of the lattice
+spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing
+okay would be one over the last spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay would be one over the last spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay would be one over the last spacing
+anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so
+so once you cut it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you cut it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you cut it off
+still you get a pretty big number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you get a pretty big number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you get a pretty big number
+and you cannot ignore it because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cannot ignore it because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cannot ignore it because this is
+a physical Zero Point Energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical Zero Point Energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical Zero Point Energy in
+principle you can measure it okay but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can measure it okay but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can measure it okay but in
+real life we don't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life we don't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life we don't see it
+so we have Quantum Fields flying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Quantum Fields flying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Quantum Fields flying around
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+okay but we don't see this big vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we don't see this big vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we don't see this big vacuum
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+so this is called the cosmodial constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the cosmodial constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the cosmodial constant
+problem okay actually there was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay actually there was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay actually there was just a
+colloquium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquium
+last week about this course module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week about this course module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week about this course module
+related to this cosmology constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this cosmology constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this cosmology constant
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we can talk about healable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can talk about healable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can talk about healable
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can first Define the vacuum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can first Define the vacuum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can first Define the vacuum state
+so now what we will do is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Quantum field Theory itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can just ignore this e0 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just ignore this e0 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just ignore this e0 okay
+from now on we will just ignore this e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on we will just ignore this e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on we will just ignore this e0
+because this is just give you overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just give you overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just give you overall
+just give your constant which does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give your constant which does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give your constant which does not
+do anything okay it's like the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything okay it's like the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything okay it's like the potential
+energy in E and M uh yeah uh just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in E and M uh yeah uh just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in E and M uh yeah uh just like
+the unit yeah yeah just like the anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit yeah yeah just like the anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit yeah yeah just like the anyway
+and so from now on WE ignore this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from now on WE ignore this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from now on WE ignore this term
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so awesome I will just write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so awesome I will just write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so awesome I will just write the
+hamiltonian I just write this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the nature will be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nature will be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nature will be actually
+see examples okay later we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples okay later we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples okay later we will see
+examples actually this e0 can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples actually this e0 can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples actually this e0 can actually
+have physical implications okay but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have physical implications okay but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have physical implications okay but just
+for our current purpose we glow it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the lowest energy states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the lowest energy states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the lowest energy states
+then it's clear from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's clear from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's clear from here
+because this is just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just a constant
+so the lowest energy State ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is we often call the vacuum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we often call the vacuum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we often call the vacuum state
+means there's nothing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's nothing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's nothing there
+is given by AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by AK
+zero equal to zero defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero equal to zero defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero equal to zero defined to be
+for any k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the ground state satisfy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ground state satisfy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ground state satisfy which
+is the load by zero and then satisfy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the load by zero and then satisfy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the load by zero and then satisfy uh
+uh related by this AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related by this AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related by this AK
+and then the General State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the General State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the General State
+okay you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just
+so General States I have the foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so General States I have the foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so General States I have the foreign
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say I can write in K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can write in K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can write in K1
+so the K1 oscillator excited n times nk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the K1 oscillator excited n times nk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the K1 oscillator excited n times nk2
+and K uh okay the K2 oscillator cited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K uh okay the K2 oscillator cited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K uh okay the K2 oscillator cited in
+K2 times Etc okay which is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times Etc okay which is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times Etc okay which is given by
+which is proportional to say ak1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to say ak1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to say ak1
+dagger to the power and K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger to the power and K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger to the power and K1
+AKQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AKQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AKQ
+in K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just just like we have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just just like we have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just just like we have a nice
+number of harmonical structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of harmonical structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of harmonical structures
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you postulate
+yeah you postulates but but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you postulates but but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you postulates but but you can
+actually write it down and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write it down and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write it down and you can
+actually write down its wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write down its wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write down its wave function
+uh it just adds just as in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just adds just as in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just adds just as in the standard
+harmonical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonical structure
+a case you can uh starting from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case you can uh starting from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case you can uh starting from a a
+dagger say annihilated by a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger say annihilated by a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger say annihilated by a you can
+start from this equation to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from this equation to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from this equation to write down
+its wave function and here you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its wave function and here you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its wave function and here you can write
+down the wave function for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the wave function for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the wave function for for the
+vacuum states too in terms of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum states too in terms of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum states too in terms of five
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mean here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean here
+yeah here I'm just saying uh depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here I'm just saying uh depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here I'm just saying uh depends on
+which K are are excited uh uh uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which K are are excited uh uh uh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which K are are excited uh uh uh um yeah
+that's a very good question I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question I will
+comment on related issues very soon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on related issues very soon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on related issues very soon but
+here here I'm just write down some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I'm just write down some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I'm just write down some
+states yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states yeah
+yeah you excited K1 K2 yes I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you excited K1 K2 yes I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you excited K1 K2 yes I want
+I'm not saying that this is the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that this is the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that this is the uh uh
+um yeah you can have as many as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you can have as many as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you can have as many as you want
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right it's true Yeah by writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right it's true Yeah by writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right it's true Yeah by writing
+me uh when I write it this way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh when I write it this way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh when I write it this way it
+implies I only excites countable number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies I only excites countable number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies I only excites countable number
+of them yeah right but in principle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them yeah right but in principle yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them yeah right but in principle yeah
+we will soon touch a point which related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will soon touch a point which related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will soon touch a point which related
+to your question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question yeah
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+and so for example the simplest exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example the simplest exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example the simplest exciting
+state would be just excite one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me denote this by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me denote this by K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me denote this by K
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then the last simplest way just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last simplest way just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last simplest way just
+excites two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this cable and K2 can be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cable and K2 can be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cable and K2 can be the same
+okay if it is k1 K2 is the same and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it is k1 K2 is the same and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it is k1 K2 is the same and then
+just like the square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the square okay
+and here also I will not be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here also I will not be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here also I will not be very careful
+about the normalization okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we ask
+what are the physical interpretations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the physical interpretations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the physical interpretations of
+those States okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States okay so the
+now let's ask what are the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's ask what are the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's ask what are the physical
+interpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for this purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this purpose
+we can just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh their quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh their quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh their quantum numbers
+okay under say the hamiltonian and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under say the hamiltonian and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under say the hamiltonian and under
+the space-time momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space-time momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space-time momentum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for example or h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example or h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example or h0
+so if you act on H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you act on H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you act on H
+on zero then of course you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero then of course you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero then of course you get
+zero assuming we throw e0 away okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero assuming we throw e0 away okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero assuming we throw e0 away okay
+say ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ignore
+e0 so far okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh so for the ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh so for the ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh so for the ground state and
+the pi actually on zero of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi actually on zero of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi actually on zero of course it's
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so you can see it just because this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it just because this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it just because this type
+of AK here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AK here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AK here
+and so e also when we throw this away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so e also when we throw this away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so e also when we throw this away
+you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now now let's look at the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now let's look at the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now let's look at the excited
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so not a look at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so H action k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H action k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H action k
+so this answer is obvious because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this answer is obvious because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this answer is obvious because all
+different oscillators they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oscillators they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oscillators they are
+independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other
+and this just give you Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just give you Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just give you Omega k
+okay we can just use our result for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can just use our result for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can just use our result for
+harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now you can look at the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a space-time momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a space-time momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a space-time momentum
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+actually on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on here
+and then it has Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has Ki
+okay if you look at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when you do the ACT this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you do the ACT this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you do the ACT this
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+okay you asked this on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you asked this on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you asked this on that
+and then you can just use the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just use the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just use the standard
+trick into the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick into the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick into the commutator
+and then the particular k for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the particular k for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the particular k for this is
+chosen and then the eigen value will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and then the eigen value will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and then the eigen value will be
+just given by the that particular Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by the that particular Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by the that particular Ki
+okay so this is one type of calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one type of calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one type of calculation
+there and you should do it yourself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you should do it yourself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you should do it yourself okay
+a one minute calculation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one minute calculation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one minute calculation okay
+uh uh there's a data function it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's a data function it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's a data function it will be
+generated and then and then that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and then and then that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and then and then that will
+get rid of that integral and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that integral and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that integral and then you
+pick up this Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now this equation have very now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this equation have very now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this equation have very now has
+an obvious physical interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious physical interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious physical interpretation
+so that means that this state k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has space-time momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has space-time momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has space-time momentum
+so now I write down a four momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I write down a four momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I write down a four momentum
+Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is exactly the momentum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly the momentum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly the momentum of a
+relative basic particle on shell okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative basic particle on shell okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative basic particle on shell okay so
+this is the uh of a relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh of a relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh of a relativistic
+so this is a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operativistic particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because Omega K is equal to K square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Omega K is equal to K square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Omega K is equal to K square
+plus M Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M Square
+of mass m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah so so this means that the P-Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so this means that the P-Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so this means that the P-Square
+so this is full Vector square is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is full Vector square is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is full Vector square is equal
+to M yeah so this satisfies the P Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M yeah so this satisfies the P Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M yeah so this satisfies the P Square
+equal to minus M squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so we can just
+so it's very light or just to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very light or just to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very light or just to interpret
+this as a particle of mass m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a particle of mass m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a particle of mass m
+okay I think because the uh yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think because the uh yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think because the uh yeah you can
+just interpret it as a particle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interpret it as a particle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interpret it as a particle of
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so now let's look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at this one
+so again the calculation is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the calculation is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the calculation is very simple
+so you find for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you find for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find for that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find for that one
+okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one
+K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+the energy your energy just defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy your energy just defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy your energy just defined
+again you find this is the energy eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you find this is the energy eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you find this is the energy eigen
+state of the H okay so eigen state of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the H okay so eigen state of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the H okay so eigen state of H
+with energy eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy eigenvalue
+Omega K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega K1
+plus Omega K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it's a momentum eigen state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's a momentum eigen state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's a momentum eigen state
+of Pi with eigenvalue given by K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi with eigenvalue given by K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi with eigenvalue given by K1
+plus K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+H and the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and the p
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here so this mass is not zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here so this mass is not zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here so this mass is not zero right
+because Omega K is defined to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Omega K is defined to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Omega K is defined to be this
+let's defined by my theory defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's defined by my theory defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's defined by my theory defined by
+melagrancion yeah defined by melagrangea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melagrancion yeah defined by melagrangea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melagrancion yeah defined by melagrangea
+so this is the parameter of your of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the parameter of your of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the parameter of your of your
+uh uh uh yeah of Your Action yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the spacing gets smaller as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spacing gets smaller as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spacing gets smaller as you go
+to higher entire entries yeah for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher entire entries yeah for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher entire entries yeah for here
+it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniform
+okay here just for each K it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here just for each K it's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here just for each K it's uniform
+because when you add them together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you add them together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you add them together you
+get something very complicated yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something very complicated yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something very complicated yeah
+yeah but for each case just a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the very so the most natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the very so the most natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the very so the most natural way
+to interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just you have two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of four momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four momenta
+Omega K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega K1
+K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Omega K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly
+you can do this for for any state like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this for for any state like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this for for any state like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigenvectors of H and P so nk1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K2
+you catch it Etc so this corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you catch it Etc so this corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you catch it Etc so this corresponding
+to nk1 particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're all on shell okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on shell okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on shell okay uh
+on shell particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of momentum K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of momentum K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of momentum K1
+and nk2 as nk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nk2 as nk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nk2 as nk2
+particles over momentum K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles over momentum K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles over momentum K2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this tells you once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you once in
+okay so so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so um
+so now let me just make some remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this before I make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this before I make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this before I make my
+remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so so the first point is that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first point is that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first point is that now you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+this can describe any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can describe any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can describe any number of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so mathematically in our description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mathematically in our description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mathematically in our description
+there are harmonic oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are harmonic oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are harmonic oscillators
+but each but each excitation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each but each excitation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each but each excitation of the
+harmonic oscillators from the space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillators from the space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillators from the space time
+point of view corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view corresponding to a
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+okay so this is the a beautiful thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the a beautiful thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the a beautiful thing of
+this uh Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+due to because of the commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to because of the commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to because of the commutation
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ak-1 dagger AK 2 dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ak-1 dagger AK 2 dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ak-1 dagger AK 2 dagger
+equal to zero for any K1 K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have four symmetries so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have four symmetries so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have four symmetries so when you
+construct the state you can just commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the state you can just commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the state you can just commute
+them as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as you want
+okay so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means the
+so full symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in commuting all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commuting all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commuting all these different
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the General State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us
+these are bosons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bosons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bosons
+okay these are both zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the two is that all particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the positive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even though that e Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to K square plus M Square this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K square plus M Square this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K square plus M Square this
+equation have two solutions plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation have two solutions plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation have two solutions plus minus
+Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k
+but when you look at physical stage when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at physical stage when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at physical stage when
+you look at your state and look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your state and look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your state and look at an
+eigenvalue of state so all particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue of state so all particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue of state so all particles are
+physical energies okay so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical energies okay so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical energies okay so you don't have
+this negative energy problem associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative energy problem associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative energy problem associated
+with taking the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking the square root
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you have
+total energy of a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+sum of Energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of all the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this tells you there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you there's no
+interactions between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between them
+even if you have potential energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have potential energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have potential energies
+between particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between particles
+and then that will that will change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that will that will change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that will that will change the
+energy when you put the two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy when you put the two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy when you put the two particles
+together we are not no longer be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we are not no longer be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we are not no longer be the
+same over the sum of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same over the sum of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same over the sum of the individual
+energy for each particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for each particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for each particle
+and so that tells you uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that tells you uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that tells you uh there's no
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+so this is a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a theory
+of free particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a good starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh at least now we have particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no there's no way to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no there's no way to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no there's no way to change the
+momentum of a particle so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle so once you
+created that particle you just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that particle you just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that particle you just go
+straight uh yeah I just uh uh it just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight uh yeah I just uh uh it just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight uh yeah I just uh uh it just it
+does not change anymore momentum yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change anymore momentum yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change anymore momentum yeah
+for that particle is conserved is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particle is conserved is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particle is conserved is there
+a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's a way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a way uh
+after dealing with this free Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dealing with this free Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dealing with this free Theory and
+then we will consider the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will consider the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will consider the last
+Simple Theory and then that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple Theory and then that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple Theory and then that will
+introduce interactions and when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce interactions and when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce interactions and when you have
+interactions then the particle momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then the particle momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then the particle momentum
+can change yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change yeah
+yeah yes so the thing we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so the thing we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so the thing we call it
+particles are like localized in momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are like localized in momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are like localized in momentum
+space but not at all in position space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but not at all in position space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but not at all in position space
+good good yeah these are the momentum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good yeah these are the momentum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good yeah these are the momentum uh
+arguments yeah it's like the plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments yeah it's like the plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments yeah it's like the plane wave
+in in the long relativistic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the long relativistic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the long relativistic yeah
+try to mobilize it in position states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to mobilize it in position states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to mobilize it in position states
+like a gaussian weight package something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a gaussian weight package something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a gaussian weight package something
+kind of like that you still be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like that you still be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like that you still be able to
+commute things and yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute things and yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute things and yeah yeah
+so the commute scenes don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the commute scenes don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the commute scenes don't change
+because everything is filled about AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is filled about AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is filled about AK
+and they always commute and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always commute and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always commute and so that
+won't change but indeed we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change but indeed we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change but indeed we will talk
+about the wave packet to localize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave packet to localize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave packet to localize in
+space yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yeah
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so also so the last we will talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also so the last we will talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also so the last we will talk a
+little bit about the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit about the technical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he said so far we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said so far we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said so far we haven't talked about
+the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalization
+of such a state okay so now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a state okay so now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a state okay so now let's look
+at the normalization of a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let's just look at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's just look at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's just look at this stage
+okay this single particle State this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this single particle State this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this single particle State this
+look at this normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at the K with K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now if you take the overlap of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you take the overlap of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you take the overlap of this
+with the K Prime and then you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the K Prime and then you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the K Prime and then you can reduce
+this to the commutator of a k and AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the commutator of a k and AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the commutator of a k and AK
+Prime AK diagram AK Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime AK diagram AK Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime AK diagram AK Prime
+so you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will get
+just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these
+so again this is a five second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a five second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a five second
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+so you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you find this
+okay if you do the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you already did in your PSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you already did in your PSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you already did in your PSAT
+okay this thing is actually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this thing is actually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this thing is actually another
+lorenzing warrant okay this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenzing warrant okay this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenzing warrant okay this is not a
+good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing
+this is another good object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another good object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another good object
+on the Lorenz Transformations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Lorenz Transformations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Lorenz Transformations okay
+but when we construct State we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we construct State we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we construct State we would
+like to have our state to have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have our state to have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have our state to have good
+properties under low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties under low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties under low range
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+so so instead so we will choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instead so we will choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instead so we will choose a
+slightly different normalization okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different normalization okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different normalization okay
+so so instead of this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instead of this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instead of this state
+so we will uh uh Define the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will uh uh Define the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will uh uh Define the following
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+and we Define a k now without the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Define a k now without the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Define a k now without the vector
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+to be the square root 2 Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this k
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the
+Q square root of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AK dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK dagger
+actually on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on zero
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+if you compute the overlap with this k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute the overlap with this k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute the overlap with this k
+and K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Prime
+so now you have square root K square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have square root K square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have square root K square
+root Omega k for one of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Omega k for one of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Omega k for one of them and then
+you have square root k for two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have square root k for two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have square root k for two of them
+and then you have 2 Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you have two Pi Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have two Pi Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have two Pi Cube
+Delta three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta three
+okay K minus Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay K minus Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay K minus Prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now you have recognize this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have recognize this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have recognize this object
+from your P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your P set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your P set
+the Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega k
+multiply this guy actually have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this guy actually have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this guy actually have good
+lines transformation properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines transformation properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines transformation properties
+okay so this guy actually transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this guy actually transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this guy actually transformed
+nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+okay on the low range transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the low range transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the low range transformations
+so so this will be the normalization we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this will be the normalization we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this will be the normalization we
+will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use
+from now on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so these states have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these states have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these states have very
+so indeed you can show okay so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed you can show okay so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed you can show okay so so that
+will be I think in your PSAT three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be I think in your PSAT three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be I think in your PSAT three you
+should look forward to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look forward to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look forward to it
+so you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you act a low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you act a low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you act a low range transformation
+the Lambda is a low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda is a low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda is a low range transformation
+and U Lambda is the Quantum operator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U Lambda is the Quantum operator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U Lambda is the Quantum operator to
+generate that low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that low range transformation
+on such a state k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on such a state k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on such a state k
+and then you just get Lambda K and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just get Lambda K and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just get Lambda K and then
+the case the low range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case the low range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case the low range transformation
+acting on that k okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on that k okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on that k okay
+it's the Lowrance transformed k okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and but yeah you should see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but yeah you should see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but yeah you should see you
+maybe peace and sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so if I remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+so I'm not sure in this case here why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure in this case here why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure in this case here why we
+assume that w ET that Omega K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that w ET that Omega K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that w ET that Omega K is the
+same okay you have a data function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay you have a data function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay you have a data function here
+yeah because Omega K only depends on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because Omega K only depends on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because Omega K only depends on K
+only depends on the spatial part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions yes yes that inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yes yes that inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yes yes that inner
+product on the KK Prime music that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product on the KK Prime music that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product on the KK Prime music that's no
+we're in debt just if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in debt just if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in debt just if you're
+boosting one of the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting one of the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting one of the states
+um no just just this guy when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no just just this guy when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no just just this guy when you
+it's not about whether it's renting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about whether it's renting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about whether it's renting one
+it's not a rinse covering just when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a rinse covering just when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a rinse covering just when you
+transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it
+just this object when you transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this object when you transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this object when you transform it
+it turns it's very awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns it's very awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns it's very awkward
+does not have very you can transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have very you can transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have very you can transform it
+you can write down a transformation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down a transformation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down a transformation for
+this object it just does not transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object it just does not transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object it just does not transform
+nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+then that means if this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means if this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means if this does not
+transform nicely it means each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform nicely it means each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform nicely it means each of them
+don't transform nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't transform nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't transform nicely
+and then then just not convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then just not convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then just not convenient
+so so this one I have the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this one I have the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this one I have the properties
+that when I act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I act
+U and this scene and then actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and this scene and then actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and this scene and then actually you
+can just directly corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just directly corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just directly corresponding to the
+state with Lowrance transform a Lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with Lowrance transform a Lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with Lowrance transform a Lorenz
+transform and momentum yeah anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and momentum yeah anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and momentum yeah anything is
+very easy and this property does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy and this property does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy and this property does not
+apply to this one it does not apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to this one it does not apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to this one it does not apply to
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also talk about
+A Way Package okay so this is the uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Way Package okay so this is the uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Way Package okay so this is the uh a
+plane wave so this is like a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so this is like a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so this is like a plane wave
+this is the momentum magnet state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the momentum magnet state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the momentum magnet state
+so we can also consider General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say General single particle State we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say General single particle State we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say General single particle State we
+have the following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the following form we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the following form we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the following form we can
+write it as PSI just as a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as PSI just as a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as PSI just as a superposition
+of this k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this k
+again you only need to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you only need to integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you only need to integrate over
+spatial momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial momentum
+because only the spatial momentum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only the spatial momentum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only the spatial momentum are
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+and then then some fun some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then some fun some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then some fun some arbitrary
+function of K and then on this K okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K and then on this K okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K and then on this K okay so
+so any single particle State you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any single particle State you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any single particle State you should
+be able to write this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to write this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to write this way
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular
+by choosing appropriate FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing appropriate FK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing appropriate FK
+you can construct a local wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct a local wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct a local wave packet
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+so so choose K you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so choose K you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so choose K you can
+choose FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a localized wave packet in space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again we will have some exercise like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we will have some exercise like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we will have some exercise like
+this in your in your in your PSAT 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your in your in your PSAT 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your in your in your PSAT 3
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you could have
+objected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I call this to be a two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I call this to be a two particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I call this to be a two particle
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because each is a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each is a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each is a plane wave
+so essentially they they're not local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially they they're not local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially they they're not local
+they cover all space okay and in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cover all space okay and in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cover all space okay and in one
+sense they corresponding to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they corresponding to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they corresponding to two
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+so so now you can solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you can solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you can solve this problem
+Say by constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say by constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say by constructing
+say using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say dk1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 pi Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi Cube
+in K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by choosing appropriate function K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by choosing appropriate function K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by choosing appropriate function K1
+and K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this K1 K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can construct and construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to widely separated the wave package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to widely separated the wave package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to widely separated the wave package
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+widely separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again it's in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can really talk about so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really talk about so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really talk about so these
+are the genuine two particle States okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the genuine two particle States okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the genuine two particle States okay
+and uh and so that confirms actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so that confirms actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so that confirms actually
+this can should be a a interpreted yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can should be a a interpreted yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can should be a a interpreted yeah
+as the plane wave version of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the plane wave version of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the plane wave version of the two
+particle sticks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good good that's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good that's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good that's a very good question
+indeed there will be a problem in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there will be a problem in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there will be a problem in your
+PS3 which asks you to show this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS3 which asks you to show this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS3 which asks you to show this no
+I can state or there's no perfect look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can state or there's no perfect look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can state or there's no perfect look
+yeah so so you now write a basic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you now write a basic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you now write a basic quantum
+mechanics you have these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you have these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you have these states
+you have this wave function say we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this wave function say we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this wave function say we can
+localize at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize at the point
+but there's no analog of such kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no analog of such kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no analog of such kind of
+state in the in the relativistic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the in the relativistic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the in the relativistic case
+precisely because there's no position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because there's no position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because there's no position
+operate anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate anymore
+yeah yeah so you will explore this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you will explore this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you will explore this a
+little bit more later yourself yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more later yourself yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more later yourself yeah yeah
+just with this formalism you can explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this formalism you can explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this formalism you can explore
+all these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these questions
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+that's the key actually you have the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key actually you have the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key actually you have the you
+already have the power to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's say a little bit more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's say a little bit more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's say a little bit more on
+the structure of the Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the Hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the Hilbert space
+so here the structure of the healable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the structure of the healable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the structure of the healable
+space is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a little bit
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because there's no interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no interaction
+so you can just separate it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just separate it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just separate it into
+so the full healable space which I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the full healable space which I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the full healable space which I write
+as H script h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as H script h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as H script h
+then you can separate into the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can separate into the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can separate into the vacuum
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and then you have the one particle Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the one particle Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the one particle Cube
+space and then you have the two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you have the two particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you have the two particle
+heel spaces there oh they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel spaces there oh they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel spaces there oh they don't have
+anything to do with each other because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with each other because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with each other because
+because there's no interaction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in principle you have infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle you have infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle you have infinite number
+of them okay if you have even number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them okay if you have even number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them okay if you have even number of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so so if you restrict to always a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you restrict to always a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you restrict to always a finite
+number of particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles okay
+so the sets of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is two particle Etc so that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is two particle Etc so that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is two particle Etc so that's of
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+with a finite number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's called the fork space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in the fork space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the fork space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the fork space
+we only have state or finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have state or finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have state or finite number of
+particles okay but can have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay but can have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay but can have arbitrary
+number of them okay as large as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them okay as large as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them okay as large as you want
+time being 100 billion but but but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being 100 billion but but but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being 100 billion but but but we'll
+be finite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those k
+either this K or this K they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this K or this K they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this K or this K they are just
+plain wave normalized okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave normalized okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave normalized okay because the
+normalized by Daughter function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by Daughter function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by Daughter function
+so strictly speaking they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strictly speaking they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strictly speaking they are not
+normalizable States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable States
+okay and so speaking they're not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so speaking they're not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so speaking they're not in the
+physical healable space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical healable space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical healable space okay
+so strictly speaking k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strictly speaking k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strictly speaking k
+okay or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or any
+any uh those states of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh those states of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh those states of K
+or K1 K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or K1 K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or K1 K2
+are not normalizable the only plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not normalizable the only plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not normalizable the only plane wave
+limitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just tonight just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say PSI is equal to explain your ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say PSI is equal to explain your ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say PSI is equal to explain your ikx
+in non-related basic quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non-related basic quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non-related basic quantum mechanics
+are not normalizable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they are convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are convenient
+for various mathematical operations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various mathematical operations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various mathematical operations but
+they are but they don't corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are but they don't corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are but they don't corresponding to
+gender in physical States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender in physical States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender in physical States
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not
+genuine physical state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so feed the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so physical state we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physical state we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physical state we have to
+consider for example this kind of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for example this kind of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for example this kind of state
+and then you choose FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you choose FK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you choose FK
+so that is the normalizable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the normalizable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the normalizable okay
+so if we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take this
+and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we decide given by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the normalization of PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate it
+and then this is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+easily guess the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily guess the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily guess the answer
+so so when you do the overlap Etc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you do the overlap Etc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you do the overlap Etc you
+find this given by the modulus of FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this given by the modulus of FK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this given by the modulus of FK
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if you do the calculation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do the calculation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do the calculation to
+calculate the norm of that state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the norm of that state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the norm of that state you
+find it given by that and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it given by that and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it given by that and then you can
+choose this to be finite and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this to be finite and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this to be finite and then this
+will be a lamp side will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a lamp side will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a lamp side will be a
+normalizable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable state
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so so for this reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so for this reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so for this reason
+this can sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can sometimes
+we don't do it very often sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do it very often sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do it very often sometimes
+yes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+just a basis of FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+of f i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f i
+okay so I run some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I run some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I run some number
+and then this Alpha then you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this Alpha then you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this Alpha then you can Define
+Alpha I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+and then this will provide then alpha y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will provide then alpha y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will provide then alpha y
+we will provide a basis of a basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will provide a basis of a basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will provide a basis of a basis of
+the single particle illuminizable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a single particle state so here is a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single particle state so here is a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single particle state so here is a fun
+fact related to the earlier question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact related to the earlier question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact related to the earlier question uh
+I was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was asked
+so naively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively
+here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have
+if you look at the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so K from a basis okay let's even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K from a basis okay let's even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K from a basis okay let's even just
+look at the single particle States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the single particle States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the single particle States
+this k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k
+formal Continuum uncountable Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal Continuum uncountable Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal Continuum uncountable Continuum
+of basis of States okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis of States okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis of States okay
+uncountable continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable continue
+but once we impose this normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we impose this normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we impose this normalizable
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+means you need to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need to choose the
+normalizable f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable f
+and then you can show the basis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can show the basis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can show the basis of this
+normalizable F actually discountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable F actually discountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable F actually discountable
+so in the end the healable space the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end the healable space the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end the healable space the one
+dimensional the one particle Hebrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional the one particle Hebrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional the one particle Hebrew
+space is actually generated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is actually generated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is actually generated by a
+countable basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable basis
+okay just like in your ordinary quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like in your ordinary quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like in your ordinary quantum
+mechanics okay it's actually uh rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay it's actually uh rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay it's actually uh rather
+than uncountable a basis like in cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uncountable a basis like in cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uncountable a basis like in cake
+once you restrict normalizability and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you restrict normalizability and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you restrict normalizability and so
+this is a found mathematical fact okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's the last few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talk about conserved charges okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+of loss of charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say if an action is in one way if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say if an action is in one way if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say if an action is in one way if the
+acting is invariant under some symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting is invariant under some symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting is invariant under some symmetry
+some transformation some continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transformation some continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transformation some continuous
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+say say of the infinitesimal form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the alpha are the infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the alpha are the infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the alpha are the infinitesimal
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+so the alpha label different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the alpha label different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the alpha label different
+Transformations and a label different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and a label different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and a label different
+fields okay Alpha level different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields okay Alpha level different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields okay Alpha level different
+transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations
+and then you will get the conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will get the conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will get the conserved
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+JMU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JMU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JMU
+labeled by this Alpha so Alpha label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by this Alpha so Alpha label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by this Alpha so Alpha label
+different for each so Alpha label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for each so Alpha label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for each so Alpha label
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+symmetries for each Symmetry and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries for each Symmetry and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries for each Symmetry and then
+you have a conserved current okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a conserved current okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a conserved current okay which
+is satisfy the JMU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfy the JMU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfy the JMU
+Alpha equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the alpha we will do one two Accenture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha we will do one two Accenture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha we will do one two Accenture
+label different symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then you can write down your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can write down your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can write down your uh your
+local current so we derive a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local current so we derive a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local current so we derive a general
+formula for the loss of current is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the loss of current is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the loss of current is given
+by the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the form
+say partial l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atio I should mu Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atio I should mu Phi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atio I should mu Phi a
+and then f a alpha so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f a alpha so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f a alpha so this is
+essentially the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as before
+essentially I just add the index Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I just add the index Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I just add the index Alpha
+now to label you can have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to label you can have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to label you can have more than one
+symmetries okay and the matters K Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries okay and the matters K Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries okay and the matters K Mu
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative
+total derivative suppose Delta l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative suppose Delta l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative suppose Delta l
+is given by Epsilon Alpha mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by Epsilon Alpha mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by Epsilon Alpha mu
+okay Mu Alpha okay so so the K Mu Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Mu Alpha okay so so the K Mu Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Mu Alpha okay so so the K Mu Alpha
+is the that you read total derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the that you read total derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the that you read total derivative
+responding to that respect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to that respect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to that respect uh
+corresponding to that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the Q Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Q Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Q Alpha
+that would be the conserved charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the conserved charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the conserved charge
+for that current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that current
+okay so Zero's component okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Zero's component okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Zero's component okay
+so this is a classical story now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a classical story now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a classical story now I'm
+using a little bit more General rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a little bit more General rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a little bit more General rotation
+for each Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each Alpha
+so now the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the key thing is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the key thing is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the key thing is that at the
+quantum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that Quantum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first as we already seen in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as we already seen in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as we already seen in the case of
+the hamiltonian and the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian and the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian and the momentum
+operator so Q Alpha is times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so Q Alpha is times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so Q Alpha is times the
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+is a constant operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so so this is the reflect that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so this is the reflect that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so this is the reflect that this
+is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also a lot of the important property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a lot of the important property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a lot of the important property
+of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that when you act Q Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you act Q Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you act Q Alpha
+on your field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your field
+if you look at the commutator between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the commutator between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the commutator between
+this QR on your field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this QR on your field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this QR on your field
+it actually generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a transformation
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so if we have put a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so if we have put a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so if we have put a parameter
+here Epsilon Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it doesn't matter for for Q say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it doesn't matter for for Q say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it doesn't matter for for Q say
+say say it's Upstairs Downstairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say it's Upstairs Downstairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say it's Upstairs Downstairs and
+then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you just generate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you just generate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you just generate that
+transformation for f for five okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for f for five okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for f for five okay
+so this can be shown explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can show this explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can show this explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can show this explicitly
+I'll be running out of time now so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be running out of time now so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be running out of time now so so
+you can show explicitly just using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show explicitly just using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show explicitly just using this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+okay so let me just quickly outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just quickly outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just quickly outline
+or or the way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the way to do it
+so so if you say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at the zeros component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the zeros component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the zeros component of
+this J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this J
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the deals component of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to
+partial l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial l
+partial partial zero Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial zero Phi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial zero Phi a
+and f a alpha okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you can see that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think today we will not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think today we will not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think today we will not have to
+finish anyway uh yeah yeah let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish anyway uh yeah yeah let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish anyway uh yeah yeah let's just
+leave this to uh to the till next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this to uh to the till next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this to uh to the till next time
+yeah let me just say that the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just say that the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just say that the quantum
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+this will generate the infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will generate the infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will generate the infinitesimal
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+and then you can also experiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also experiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also experiate this
+Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube
+okay you can introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can introduce
+say expansion I 9.q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say expansion I 9.q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say expansion I 9.q
+so if Q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Q is the
+conserved charge and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved charge and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved charge and then you can
+experiate Q like this and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiate Q like this and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiate Q like this and then this
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+then generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when it acts on Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they generate finite Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate finite Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate finite Transformations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this takes you to find a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this takes you to find a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this takes you to find a prime
+okay the finite Transformations anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the finite Transformations anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the finite Transformations anyway
+so so so you know PSAT uh for PSI Q you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so you know PSAT uh for PSI Q you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so you know PSAT uh for PSI Q you
+will actually uh check yourself for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually uh check yourself for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually uh check yourself for a
+couple of simple examples and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of simple examples and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of simple examples and and you
+will see uh uh this works and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see uh uh this works and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see uh uh this works and in the
+next lecture we will give you a a give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we will give you a a give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we will give you a a give
+you a simple derivation to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a simple derivation to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a simple derivation to show this
+actually works okay uh it works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works okay uh it works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works okay uh it works in
+general
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s7bkHu27P5o.txt b/s7bkHu27P5o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1b4922a57d4587deba1aaf521039f9b26411d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7bkHu27P5o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is Shigeru miyagawa I teach at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Shigeru miyagawa I teach at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Shigeru miyagawa I teach at
+MIT in this brief presentation I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in this brief presentation I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in this brief presentation I would
+like to make some observations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make some observations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make some observations about
+media I'm particularly interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media I'm particularly interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media I'm particularly interested in
+forms of media that have emerged that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of media that have emerged that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of media that have emerged that
+have interactivity built into the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interactivity built into the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interactivity built into the design
+cdrom the internet and other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdrom the internet and other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdrom the internet and other forms of
+digital media Delivery Systems make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital media Delivery Systems make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital media Delivery Systems make it
+possible for users not only to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for users not only to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for users not only to consume
+media but also to create it this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media but also to create it this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media but also to create it this is what
+Bob mcaf in his online lecture calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob mcaf in his online lecture calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob mcaf in his online lecture calls
+Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community
+media I'm going to call it personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media I'm going to call it personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media I'm going to call it personal
+media to contrast it with mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media to contrast it with mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media to contrast it with mass
+media let me begin with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media let me begin with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media let me begin with something that
+happened at home last week I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at home last week I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at home last week I have a
+young daughter who isn't speaking quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young daughter who isn't speaking quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young daughter who isn't speaking quite
+yet but she has acquired many tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but she has acquired many tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but she has acquired many tools for
+communication one such tool that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication one such tool that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication one such tool that she
+uses often is the following whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses often is the following whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses often is the following whenever I
+do something that she likes such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that she likes such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that she likes such as
+singing one of her favorite songs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing one of her favorite songs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing one of her favorite songs and
+she wants me to repeat it she will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants me to repeat it she will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants me to repeat it she will do
+this ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ah
+ah she learned this from my wife and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah she learned this from my wife and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah she learned this from my wife and I
+when we say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say one more
+time she learned to amplify the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time she learned to amplify the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time she learned to amplify the message
+by using both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands recently my daughter has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands recently my daughter has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands recently my daughter has been
+allowed to watch some TV last week she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to watch some TV last week she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to watch some TV last week she
+was watching Sesame Street and at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was watching Sesame Street and at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was watching Sesame Street and at one
+point Big Bird sang a song and did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Big Bird sang a song and did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Big Bird sang a song and did a
+dance to go along with the song my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance to go along with the song my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance to go along with the song my
+daughter liked it and at end of the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter liked it and at end of the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter liked it and at end of the song
+and the dance she turned to Big Bird on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dance she turned to Big Bird on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dance she turned to Big Bird on
+the screen and went ah ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and went ah ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and went ah ah
+ah of course Big Bird didn't respond but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah of course Big Bird didn't respond but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah of course Big Bird didn't respond but
+instead went on to whatever was next on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead went on to whatever was next on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead went on to whatever was next on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+script my daughter turned to me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script my daughter turned to me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script my daughter turned to me with a
+puzzled look like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled look like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled look like what
+happened what happened was that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what happened was that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what happened was that my
+daughter discovered mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter discovered mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter discovered mass
+media in mass media there is a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in mass media there is a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in mass media there is a clear
+line of demarcation between those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of demarcation between those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of demarcation between those who
+produce the media and those who create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the media and those who create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the media and those who create
+it my daughter didn't realize this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my daughter didn't realize this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my daughter didn't realize this and
+she wanted to have a hand at producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to have a hand at producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to have a hand at producing
+Sesame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sesame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sesame
+Street she didn't know that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street she didn't know that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street she didn't know that the whole
+point of mass media is that you sit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of mass media is that you sit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of mass media is that you sit back
+and consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consume
+it this is because up until that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is because up until that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is because up until that time
+her whole world around her was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her whole world around her was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her whole world around her was a
+personal world where she could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal world where she could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal world where she could
+manipulate things and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare this illustration of mass media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this illustration of mass media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this illustration of mass media
+with another form of media that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another form of media that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another form of media that has
+spread throughout the youth culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread throughout the youth culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread throughout the youth culture of
+this world video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world video
+games in video games the whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in video games the whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in video games the whole idea is
+that you can control the action in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can control the action in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can control the action in the
+game in fact the more that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in fact the more that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in fact the more that you can
+control the better you are you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the better you are you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the better you are you get more
+points and you get bumped up to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and you get bumped up to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and you get bumped up to a more
+challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+level video games are an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level video games are an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level video games are an example of
+personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+media the point that I want to convey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the point that I want to convey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the point that I want to convey is
+this personal media in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this personal media in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this personal media in a variety of
+forms will increasingly encroach on mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms will increasingly encroach on mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms will increasingly encroach on mass
+media we find examples of this today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media we find examples of this today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media we find examples of this today in
+the US young people of today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US young people of today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US young people of today are
+watching much less TV than young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching much less TV than young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching much less TV than young people
+of 10 years ago as much as 100 hours per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 years ago as much as 100 hours per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 years ago as much as 100 hours per
+year less Don Tapscott who mentions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year less Don Tapscott who mentions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year less Don Tapscott who mentions this
+in his book growing up digital tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book growing up digital tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book growing up digital tells us
+that the young people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the young people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the young people who are
+interviewed for the survey said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed for the survey said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed for the survey said that
+they're watching much less TV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're watching much less TV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're watching much less TV and
+they're using the computer more to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using the computer more to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using the computer more to play
+video games and to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games and to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games and to use the
+internet in Japan the use of cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet in Japan the use of cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet in Japan the use of cell phones
+and particularly IM mode is growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly IM mode is growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly IM mode is growing at
+an explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosive
+rate IM mode is the use of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate IM mode is the use of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate IM mode is the use of the internet
+with your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your cell
+phone people in the industry tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone people in the industry tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone people in the industry tell me
+that young people in Japan are spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that young people in Japan are spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that young people in Japan are spending
+anywhere from $50 to as much as $200 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from $50 to as much as $200 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from $50 to as much as $200 a
+month on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month on
+imode and this has led to a decline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imode and this has led to a decline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imode and this has led to a decline in
+the revenues from mass media products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues from mass media products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues from mass media products
+such as comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as comic
+books comic books are a mammoth industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books comic books are a mammoth industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books comic books are a mammoth industry
+in Japan but with young people using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan but with young people using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan but with young people using
+more and more of their disposal income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of their disposal income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of their disposal income
+on IM mode and other forms of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on IM mode and other forms of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on IM mode and other forms of personal
+media we can expect that the revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media we can expect that the revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media we can expect that the revenues
+will continue to decline from mass media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to decline from mass media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to decline from mass media
+products I now want to turn to my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I now want to turn to my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I now want to turn to my own
+work work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work work with
+media I created a multimedia program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media I created a multimedia program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media I created a multimedia program
+called star festival with a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called star festival with a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called star festival with a team of
+media and curriculum Specialists from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and curriculum Specialists from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and curriculum Specialists from
+MIT and from other institutions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and from other institutions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and from other institutions in the
+Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+area star Festival is very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area star Festival is very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area star Festival is very much a
+personal media it's about my own story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal media it's about my own story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal media it's about my own story
+of a Japanese who grew up most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Japanese who grew up most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Japanese who grew up most of the
+time in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the United
+States what I want to tell you are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what I want to tell you are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what I want to tell you are some
+concrete examples of what I saw happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete examples of what I saw happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete examples of what I saw happen
+in the star Festival classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the star Festival classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the star Festival classrooms
+I can tell you that just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you that just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you that just about
+everything that I saw was a surprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I saw was a surprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I saw was a surprise and
+often it was exactly the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it was exactly the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it was exactly the opposite of
+what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I
+expected star Festival is a multimedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected star Festival is a multimedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected star Festival is a multimedia
+program it has video graphics soundtrack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it has video graphics soundtrack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it has video graphics soundtrack
+text and 300 original photographs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and 300 original photographs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and 300 original photographs from
+my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family
+collection these photographs are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection these photographs are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection these photographs are for the
+most part black and white and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part black and white and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part black and white and these
+photographs gave me the first clue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs gave me the first clue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs gave me the first clue that
+the kids using star Festival in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids using star Festival in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids using star Festival in a way
+that was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was completely
+unexpected I observed star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected I observed star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected I observed star Festival
+classrooms in Boston in other areas one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms in Boston in other areas one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms in Boston in other areas one
+day I was in a Kindergarten class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I was in a Kindergarten class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I was in a Kindergarten class in
+Boston and the teacher was using star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and the teacher was using star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and the teacher was using star
+Festival after a while the teacher told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival after a while the teacher told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival after a while the teacher told
+the kids go and play with star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids go and play with star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids go and play with star
+Festival the kids clicked around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the kids clicked around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the kids clicked around the
+program randomly for a while as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program randomly for a while as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program randomly for a while as if they
+were playing video games but then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were playing video games but then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were playing video games but then there
+arose spontaneously a consensus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose spontaneously a consensus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose spontaneously a consensus that
+they should look for a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should look for a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should look for a certain kind of
+photographs these photographs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs these photographs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs these photographs they
+decided to look for are photographs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to look for are photographs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to look for are photographs of
+me when I was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I was their
+age there are several photographs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age there are several photographs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age there are several photographs like
+that in Star Festival of when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Star Festival of when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Star Festival of when I was a
+kindergartener when the kids were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergartener when the kids were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergartener when the kids were
+satisfied that they found all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied that they found all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied that they found all of the
+photographs of me when I was their age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of me when I was their age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of me when I was their age
+then they went on to explore the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went on to explore the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went on to explore the rest of
+the multimedia space but with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multimedia space but with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multimedia space but with those
+photographs as a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs as a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs as a starting
+point now I thought that was neat but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now I thought that was neat but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now I thought that was neat but I
+didn't really understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really understand the
+significance of it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of it at the
+time later I was visiting the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time later I was visiting the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time later I was visiting the same
+school in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in the same
+building and I was in the fifth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and I was in the fifth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and I was in the fifth grade
+class and to my surprise the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and to my surprise the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and to my surprise the same thing
+was happening the fifth grade kids were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening the fifth grade kids were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening the fifth grade kids were
+going through the program looking for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the program looking for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the program looking for my
+photographs of when I was a fifth grader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of when I was a fifth grader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of when I was a fifth grader
+around age 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around age 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around age 10
+once they looked for all and found all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they looked for all and found all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they looked for all and found all
+of the photographs of me when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photographs of me when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photographs of me when I was
+their age then that became the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their age then that became the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their age then that became the beginning
+the starting point by which to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point by which to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point by which to explore
+the rest of star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of star
+Festival what did this mean well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival what did this mean well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival what did this mean well you
+could probably think of many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably think of many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably think of many ways to
+understand this for me what it signified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this for me what it signified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this for me what it signified
+is something fundamental to any form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something fundamental to any form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something fundamental to any form of
+media the notion of point of view point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the notion of point of view point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the notion of point of view point
+of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view
+from whose perspective is the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whose perspective is the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whose perspective is the media
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+presented the kids in Boston the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented the kids in Boston the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented the kids in Boston the
+kindergarteners and fifth graders found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarteners and fifth graders found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarteners and fifth graders found
+their own point of view in Star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own point of view in Star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own point of view in Star Festival
+the kindergarteners by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kindergarteners by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kindergarteners by
+finding my photographs of when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding my photographs of when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding my photographs of when I was a
+kindergartener and the same with fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergartener and the same with fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergartener and the same with fifth
+graders the important thing is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders the important thing is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders the important thing is that they
+found this point of view on their own it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this point of view on their own it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this point of view on their own it
+wasn't presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't presented to
+them by taking this point of view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by taking this point of view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by taking this point of view that
+they discovered they were able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered they were able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered they were able to go
+inside the program and beginning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the program and beginning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the program and beginning with
+that point of view that they established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point of view that they established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point of view that they established
+they were able to explore star Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to explore star Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to explore star Festival
+from that point of view that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point of view that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point of view that they
+selected on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected on their
+own this is fundamentally different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own this is fundamentally different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own this is fundamentally different from
+mass media in mass media you're watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass media in mass media you're watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass media in mass media you're watching
+something who the uh point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something who the uh point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something who the uh point of view of
+which was chosen by somebody else so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was chosen by somebody else so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was chosen by somebody else so you
+are never inside the program but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never inside the program but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never inside the program but you're
+always outside of it as a result you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always outside of it as a result you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always outside of it as a result you are
+not able to to manipulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to to manipulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to to manipulate the
+media for your own point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media for your own point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media for your own point of
+view personal media is a kind of media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view personal media is a kind of media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view personal media is a kind of media
+where the user is able to select his or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the user is able to select his or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the user is able to select his or
+her own point of view often it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own point of view often it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own point of view often it's the
+user's point of view or someone like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's point of view or someone like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's point of view or someone like the
+user the second point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the second point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the second point I want to make
+about personal media is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about personal media is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about personal media is the idea of
+appropriation to create personal media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation to create personal media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation to create personal media
+you need material stuff to build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need material stuff to build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need material stuff to build it
+with in personal media you take whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in personal media you take whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in personal media you take whatever
+you need to create the best best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to create the best best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to create the best best
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+media with more and more things becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media with more and more things becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media with more and more things becoming
+digital this idea of appropriation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital this idea of appropriation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital this idea of appropriation
+becomes easier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes easier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes easier and
+easier now this is completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier now this is completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier now this is completely different
+from mass media in mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mass media in mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mass media in mass
+media content is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media content is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media content is
+sacran it's even legally protected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacran it's even legally protected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacran it's even legally protected from
+appropriation by others it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation by others it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation by others it's called
+copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+recently we saw an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we saw an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we saw an example of what
+happens when a sacran content in mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a sacran content in mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a sacran content in mass
+media suddenly becomes available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media suddenly becomes available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media suddenly becomes available for
+personal use Napster allowed people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal use Napster allowed people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal use Napster allowed people to
+download music for their own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download music for their own personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download music for their own personal
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+library setting aside legal issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library setting aside legal issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library setting aside legal issues and
+there are many what Napster shows us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many what Napster shows us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many what Napster shows us is
+the power of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of personal
+media when people are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media when people are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media when people are able to
+appropriate things for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate things for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate things for their own
+personal use they will do it and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal use they will do it and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal use they will do it and with
+more and more Tools in digital media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more Tools in digital media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more Tools in digital media
+becoming available this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming available this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming available this is going to
+become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more
+common the dis the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common the dis the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common the dis the difference between
+what originated with you the user and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what originated with you the user and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what originated with you the user and
+what didn't will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't will become
+blurred let me tell you something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred let me tell you something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred let me tell you something that I
+saw in a star Festival classroom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in a star Festival classroom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in a star Festival classroom that
+illustrates this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates this notion of
+appropriation I was observing a seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation I was observing a seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation I was observing a seventh
+grade art class which was using star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade art class which was using star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade art class which was using star
+Festival the students were assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the students were assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the students were assigned to
+do an art project and the artistic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an art project and the artistic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an art project and the artistic model
+that the teachers G the teacher gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the teachers G the teacher gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the teachers G the teacher gave the
+students was a Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students was a Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students was a Japanese
+kokeshi a Japanese kokeshi is a wooden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kokeshi a Japanese kokeshi is a wooden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kokeshi a Japanese kokeshi is a wooden
+doll with a cylindrical body and a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll with a cylindrical body and a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll with a cylindrical body and a round
+head a traditional Japanese kokeshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head a traditional Japanese kokeshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head a traditional Japanese kokeshi
+reflects the image of the Japanese the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the image of the Japanese the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the image of the Japanese the
+skin is is light and often it's white to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin is is light and often it's white to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin is is light and often it's white to
+symbolize the traditional cosmetic Taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolize the traditional cosmetic Taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolize the traditional cosmetic Taste
+of Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Japanese
+women but the kesi that I saw produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women but the kesi that I saw produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women but the kesi that I saw produced
+in the seventh grade class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the seventh grade class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the seventh grade class was
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+different there were kesi of every color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there were kesi of every color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there were kesi of every color
+there was even a kesi a married couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was even a kesi a married couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was even a kesi a married couple
+kesi that was interracial black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kesi that was interracial black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kesi that was interracial black and
+white this represented the the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white this represented the the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white this represented the the producer
+of the kesi a girl who had interracial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kesi a girl who had interracial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kesi a girl who had interracial
+parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+what this girl did was to appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this girl did was to appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this girl did was to appropriate
+the model of kesi but made it into her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of kesi but made it into her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of kesi but made it into her
+own image her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parents now these dos were physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents now these dos were physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents now these dos were physical
+objects but the students could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but the students could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but the students could have done
+this just as well in digital form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just as well in digital form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just as well in digital form as
+personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+media the point that we see in personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the point that we see in personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the point that we see in personal
+media with this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media with this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media with this example is
+this people who are producing personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this people who are producing personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this people who are producing personal
+media media are not simply going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media media are not simply going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media media are not simply going to
+accept and consume media but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and consume media but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and consume media but they're
+going to appropriate things bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appropriate things bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appropriate things bits and
+pieces from sources their own and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces from sources their own and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces from sources their own and others
+to build their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build their own
+media the third and final point I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the third and final point I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the third and final point I like
+to make about personal media and star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make about personal media and star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make about personal media and star
+Festival is an all point we all like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival is an all point we all like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival is an all point we all like to
+tell our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell our own
+story i' like to show you a clip from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story i' like to show you a clip from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story i' like to show you a clip from
+Star Festival that has triggered many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Festival that has triggered many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Festival that has triggered many
+many stories from young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stories from young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stories from young people
+this is a site from Star Festival about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a site from Star Festival about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a site from Star Festival about
+my mother and her experiences in World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mother and her experiences in World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mother and her experiences in World
+War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+II there is an introduction to Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II there is an introduction to Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II there is an introduction to Star
+Festival which we placed on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival which we placed on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival which we placed on the same
+website that you're watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that you're watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that you're watching
+now the site that you just saw about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the site that you just saw about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the site that you just saw about my
+mother has triggered many stories from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother has triggered many stories from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother has triggered many stories from
+young people about their grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people about their grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people about their grandparents
+and ancestors suffering under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ancestors suffering under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ancestors suffering under the
+Japanese Occupation the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese Occupation the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese Occupation the German
+occupation and stories of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation and stories of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation and stories of about
+slavery some of the stories came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery some of the stories came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery some of the stories came from
+kids of Chinese and Korean ethnicity who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids of Chinese and Korean ethnicity who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids of Chinese and Korean ethnicity who
+talked about their grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about their grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about their grandparents
+suffering under the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering under the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering under the Japanese
+Occupation these stories were moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occupation these stories were moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occupation these stories were moving and
+painful and deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and deeply
+ironic in telling the stories of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic in telling the stories of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic in telling the stories of their
+grandparents they had appropriated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents they had appropriated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents they had appropriated the
+young K kids had appropriated bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young K kids had appropriated bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young K kids had appropriated bits and
+pieces from my mother's site which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces from my mother's site which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces from my mother's site which was a
+site of a Japanese who suffered during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of a Japanese who suffered during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of a Japanese who suffered during
+World War II to sum up I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II to sum up I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II to sum up I talked about
+the increasing spread of personal media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increasing spread of personal media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increasing spread of personal media
+I noted three features of personal media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I noted three features of personal media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I noted three features of personal media
+that I saw in Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I saw in Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I saw in Star
+Festival the ability to control point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the ability to control point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival the ability to control point of
+view the ability to appropriate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the ability to appropriate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the ability to appropriate things
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storytelling I'd like to finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling I'd like to finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling I'd like to finish this
+presentation by looking at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation by looking at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation by looking at some of the
+consequences of what I said for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of what I said for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of what I said for
+education and also for mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and also for mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and also for mass
+media first education there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media first education there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media first education there are two
+points I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I'd like to
+make the first point is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the first point is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the first point is that it is
+important that we Institute media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we Institute media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we Institute media
+literacy into the Core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy into the Core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy into the Core
+Curriculum this is a point that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curriculum this is a point that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curriculum this is a point that my
+colleague at MIT Henry Jenkins has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague at MIT Henry Jenkins has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague at MIT Henry Jenkins has been
+pushing for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing for some
+time young people are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time young people are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time young people are going to be
+spending more and more of their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending more and more of their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending more and more of their time
+creating personal media of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating personal media of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating personal media of different
+forms and not just for entertainment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and not just for entertainment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and not just for entertainment but
+for education as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for education as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for education as
+well they'll have at their disposal an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they'll have at their disposal an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they'll have at their disposal an
+increasing array of tools for creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing array of tools for creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing array of tools for creating
+personal media but they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal media but they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal media but they won't
+necessarily have the knowledge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have the knowledge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have the knowledge for
+creating sophisticated media they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating sophisticated media they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating sophisticated media they need
+be taught the KN how to create such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taught the KN how to create such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taught the KN how to create such
+media students will be very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media students will be very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media students will be very interested
+and highly motivated in being educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly motivated in being educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly motivated in being educated
+on media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on media
+literacy the second point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy the second point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy the second point about
+education is how we teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is how we teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is how we teach the
+kids we can think of the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids we can think of the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids we can think of the traditional
+classroom as one that reflects the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom as one that reflects the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom as one that reflects the world
+of mass media the teacher is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass media the teacher is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass media the teacher is the
+broadcaster of information and knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcaster of information and knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcaster of information and knowledge
+and the kids are the consumers of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kids are the consumers of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kids are the consumers of this
+knowledge but as the young people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but as the young people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but as the young people's
+attitude towards acquiring information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude towards acquiring information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude towards acquiring information
+and knowledge shifts from completely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge shifts from completely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge shifts from completely a
+mass media world to one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass media world to one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass media world to one that
+incorporates the personal media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates the personal media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates the personal media
+perspective the educational system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the educational system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the educational system will
+have to accommodate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to accommodate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to accommodate this
+shift young people are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift young people are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift young people are going to be
+learning some maybe most of uh what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning some maybe most of uh what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning some maybe most of uh what they
+learn in schools through creating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in schools through creating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in schools through creating and
+recreating their knowledge through forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreating their knowledge through forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreating their knowledge through forms
+of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal
+media and education will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and education will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and education will have to
+accommodate this form of learning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate this form of learning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate this form of learning which
+is very different from the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different from the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different from the traditional
+classroom for mass media the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom for mass media the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom for mass media the question is
+will mass media survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mass media survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mass media survive
+in the face of increasing encroachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face of increasing encroachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face of increasing encroachment
+from personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from personal
+media the answer is yes but mass media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the answer is yes but mass media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the answer is yes but mass media
+products will have to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products will have to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products will have to become
+consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently
+better the young people today are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the young people today are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the young people today are much
+more media heavy than the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more media heavy than the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more media heavy than the previous
+generations they're not just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations they're not just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations they're not just going to be
+looking at things like how the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things like how the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things like how the plot
+unfolds and how the characters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds and how the characters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds and how the characters are
+developed they're also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed they're also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed they're also going to be
+focused on much more technical aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on much more technical aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on much more technical aspect
+aspects of media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of media
+production a friend of mine told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production a friend of mine told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production a friend of mine told me
+about an experience she had with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an experience she had with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an experience she had with her
+10-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year-old
+son in viewing a movie with him she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son in viewing a movie with him she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son in viewing a movie with him she was
+surprised that while she was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that while she was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that while she was looking at
+things like plot and characters he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like plot and characters he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like plot and characters he was
+focused on technical aspects such as how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on technical aspects such as how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on technical aspects such as how
+the camera angles were being employed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera angles were being employed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera angles were being employed to
+push the story along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's it I thank you for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's it I thank you for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's it I thank you for listening
+if you have any questions or comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions or comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions or comments
+please feel free to email me
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sD0i6bWxmRY.txt b/sD0i6bWxmRY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb3af7648d686ac8520cc0948cee87dca194c1cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sD0i6bWxmRY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we developed the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we developed the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we developed the weak
+law of large numbers loosely speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers loosely speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers loosely speaking
+the weak law of large numbers says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak law of large numbers says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak law of large numbers says that
+if we have a sequence of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a sequence of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a sequence of independent
+random variables with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables with the same
+distribution then the average of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then the average of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then the average of these
+random variables which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables which is called the
+sample mean approaches the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean approaches the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean approaches the expected
+value of the distribution in this sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the distribution in this sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the distribution in this sense
+it reinforces our interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reinforces our interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reinforces our interpretation of the
+expected value as some kind of overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value as some kind of overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value as some kind of overall
+average the weak law of large numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the weak law of large numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the weak law of large numbers is
+the reason why polling works by asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why polling works by asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why polling works by asking
+many people about the value of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people about the value of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people about the value of some
+attribute and by taking the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute and by taking the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute and by taking the average of
+the responses we can get a good estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses we can get a good estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses we can get a good estimate
+of the average over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average over the entire
+population on the mathematical side in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population on the mathematical side in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population on the mathematical side in
+order to derive the weak law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to derive the weak law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to derive the weak law of large
+numbers we will first need to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we will first need to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we will first need to develop
+some inequalities namely the Markov and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inequalities namely the Markov and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inequalities namely the Markov and
+chebyshev inequalities both of them tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequalities both of them tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequalities both of them tell
+us something about tail probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about tail probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about tail probabilities
+suppose that a is a number then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a is a number then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a is a number then it is
+reasonable to expect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to expect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to expect that the
+probability that the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable
+exceeds a will be small when a is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds a will be small when a is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds a will be small when a is very
+large but how small the Markov and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but how small the Markov and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but how small the Markov and
+chebyshev inequalities give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequalities give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequalities give us some
+answers to this question based only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to this question based only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to this question based only on
+knowledge of the mean and the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the mean and the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the mean and the variance
+of the distribution finally we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution finally we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution finally we will have
+to deal with a technical issue the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a technical issue the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a technical issue the weak
+law of large numbers talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers talks about the
+convergence of a random variable to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a random variable to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a random variable to a
+number for this to make sense we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for this to make sense we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for this to make sense we need to
+define an appropriate notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define an appropriate notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define an appropriate notion of
+convergence we will introduce one such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we will introduce one such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we will introduce one such
+notion that goes under the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that goes under the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that goes under the name of
+convergence in probability and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability and we will
+see that in many respects it is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in many respects it is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in many respects it is similar
+to the common notion of convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the common notion of convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the common notion of convergence of
+numbers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slSy_ZDeWEg.txt b/slSy_ZDeWEg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8e9e418120db86fed0bdb74e049fd015ea72011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slSy_ZDeWEg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, I'm Jessica and today I'm going to
+be talking about a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about a chemical
+demonstration I like to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I like to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I like to call the
+steaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steaming
+gun. So, you've probably seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun. So, you've probably seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun. So, you've probably seen this
+before at the drugstore or in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before at the drugstore or in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before at the drugstore or in your
+house. It's called hydrogen peroxide,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. It's called hydrogen peroxide,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. It's called hydrogen peroxide,
+and it's the stuff you put on cuts, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the stuff you put on cuts, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the stuff you put on cuts, but
+it has many other uses as well, from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many other uses as well, from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many other uses as well, from
+bleaching things to powering rockets,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching things to powering rockets,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching things to powering rockets,
+depending on its concentration. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on its concentration. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on its concentration. The
+solution that you get at the drugstore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you get at the drugstore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you get at the drugstore
+is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually
+3%. So, it's called hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+peroxide, and its chemical formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide, and its chemical formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide, and its chemical formula is
+H2O2. So, the atoms are arranged like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O2. So, the atoms are arranged like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O2. So, the atoms are arranged like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+It sort of looks like water, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It sort of looks like water, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It sort of looks like water, but the
+extra oxygen makes the molecule more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra oxygen makes the molecule more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra oxygen makes the molecule more
+reactive. Now, if you leave it alone, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive. Now, if you leave it alone, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive. Now, if you leave it alone, it
+decomposes into water and oxygen. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes into water and oxygen. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes into water and oxygen. The
+equation looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. I'm going to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I'm going to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I'm going to balance
+it. Now, normally you can't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Now, normally you can't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Now, normally you can't see this
+reaction happening because at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happening because at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happening because at room
+temperature, it's very slow. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, it's very slow. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, it's very slow. But there
+are many ways to speed it up, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways to speed it up, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways to speed it up, like
+increasing the temperature or adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the temperature or adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the temperature or adding a
+catalyst. In this demonstration, MIT's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst. In this demonstration, MIT's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst. In this demonstration, MIT's
+Dr. John Dolan uses a catalyst to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr. John Dolan uses a catalyst to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr. John Dolan uses a catalyst to make
+the reaction go thousands of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction go thousands of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction go thousands of times
+faster than normal. Let's watch. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than normal. Let's watch. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than normal. Let's watch. So,
+we're going to do this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this experiment
+here. And basically, what we've got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And basically, what we've got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And basically, what we've got is
+we've got four bottles. We're each going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got four bottles. We're each going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got four bottles. We're each going
+to do the experiment in a bottle. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the experiment in a bottle. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the experiment in a bottle. We've
+got uh 50 mls of hydrogen peroxide here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh 50 mls of hydrogen peroxide here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh 50 mls of hydrogen peroxide here,
+and we're going to be using a man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be using a man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be using a man-made
+catalyst.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst.
+We're going to be using manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dioxide. And we're we're each going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide. And we're we're each going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide. And we're we're each going to
+take a scoop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. And we're going to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in.
+And you can set it down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can set it down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can set it down on the
+tray and just It's starting to work. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tray and just It's starting to work. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tray and just It's starting to work. You
+won't have to stand up to see this. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to stand up to see this. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to stand up to see this. It's
+You can start to see some condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can start to see some condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can start to see some condensed
+water vapor forming inside the flask.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor forming inside the flask.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor forming inside the flask.
+Oxygen bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxygen bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxygen bubbles
+are coming out. Now, we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out. Now, we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out. Now, we're just going to
+lightly hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, what happened? Dr. Dolan had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what happened? Dr. Dolan had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what happened? Dr. Dolan had
+hydrogen peroxide in the plastic bottle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide in the plastic bottle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide in the plastic bottle.
+Then he added a catalyst, some manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then he added a catalyst, some manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then he added a catalyst, some manganese
+dioxide or MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide or MN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide or MN
+O2 and got a plume of water vapor. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and got a plume of water vapor. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and got a plume of water vapor. So,
+let's talk about how a catalyst works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how a catalyst works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how a catalyst works.
+I'm going to draw a potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a potential energy
+diagram for this reaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for this reaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for this reaction.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's my potential energy diagram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's my potential energy diagram.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's my potential energy diagram.
+So I've got potential energy on the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got potential energy on the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got potential energy on the y-
+ais and the reaction coordinate or time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ais and the reaction coordinate or time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ais and the reaction coordinate or time
+on the x axis. The reactants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x axis. The reactants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x axis. The reactants are
+starting at this amount of energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at this amount of energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at this amount of energy and
+the products have this amount here. EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products have this amount here. EA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products have this amount here. EA
+that's the activation energy. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the activation energy. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the activation energy. It's the
+amount of energy you need to add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy you need to add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy you need to add to the
+reactants to make the reaction go. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to make the reaction go. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to make the reaction go. And
+delta H, that's the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H, that's the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H, that's the amount of energy
+that's released when the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's released when the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's released when the reaction
+happens. Now, let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Now, let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Now, let's see what happens
+when I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+catalyst. With a catalyst, my activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst. With a catalyst, my activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst. With a catalyst, my activation
+energy is a lot lower, and even a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a lot lower, and even a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a lot lower, and even a small
+reduction in activation energy can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in activation energy can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in activation energy can make
+the reaction go thousands of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction go thousands of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction go thousands of times
+faster than it normally would. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it normally would. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it normally would. But
+notice that regardless of whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that regardless of whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that regardless of whether or not
+you have a catalyst, the delta H, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a catalyst, the delta H, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a catalyst, the delta H, the
+amount of energy released in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy released in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy released in the
+reaction, doesn't change. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction, doesn't change. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction, doesn't change. So the
+catalyst only speeds up the reaction. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst only speeds up the reaction. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst only speeds up the reaction. It
+doesn't change the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the amount of energy
+released. Now take a look at this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released. Now take a look at this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released. Now take a look at this.
+Notice the size of the bottles. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice the size of the bottles. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice the size of the bottles. These
+are very exothermic reactions. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very exothermic reactions. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very exothermic reactions. The
+bottles have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles have basically
+uh shrunk down to uh a very very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shrunk down to uh a very very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shrunk down to uh a very very tiny
+size compared to the control bottles. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size compared to the control bottles. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size compared to the control bottles. So
+as you can see the catalyzed reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the catalyzed reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the catalyzed reaction
+releases so much heat that it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases so much heat that it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases so much heat that it actually
+melts the bottles and makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts the bottles and makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts the bottles and makes them
+smaller. Also the catalyst itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Also the catalyst itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Also the catalyst itself
+remains unchanged by the reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains unchanged by the reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains unchanged by the reaction and
+designing catalysts is actually a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing catalysts is actually a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing catalysts is actually a key
+sub field of chemistry. MIT's Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub field of chemistry. MIT's Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub field of chemistry. MIT's Richard
+Truck won the Nobel Prize working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truck won the Nobel Prize working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truck won the Nobel Prize working in
+this field. And remember how we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field. And remember how we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field. And remember how we used
+H2O2 on our cuts? Well, we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O2 on our cuts? Well, we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O2 on our cuts? Well, we have an
+enzyme in our bodies called catalase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in our bodies called catalase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in our bodies called catalase
+that does the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does the same thing as the
+manganese dioxide that Dr. Dolan used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese dioxide that Dr. Dolan used.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese dioxide that Dr. Dolan used.
+That's why when you put hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why when you put hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why when you put hydrogen
+peroxide on a cut, you see fizzing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide on a cut, you see fizzing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide on a cut, you see fizzing and
+bubbles. The catalase in your blood is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles. The catalase in your blood is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles. The catalase in your blood is
+breaking down the hydrogen peroxide. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down the hydrogen peroxide. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down the hydrogen peroxide. And
+according to recent studies, low levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to recent studies, low levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to recent studies, low levels
+of catalase may play a role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catalase may play a role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catalase may play a role in the
+graying process of human hair. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graying process of human hair. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graying process of human hair. If
+catalase levels are low, it can't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase levels are low, it can't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase levels are low, it can't break
+down all of the hydrogen peroxide in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all of the hydrogen peroxide in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all of the hydrogen peroxide in the
+blood. And that extra H2O2 starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood. And that extra H2O2 starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood. And that extra H2O2 starts to
+bleach your hair from the inside out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleach your hair from the inside out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleach your hair from the inside out. So
+to wrap up, catalysts don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap up, catalysts don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap up, catalysts don't change the
+products of the reaction or how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the reaction or how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the reaction or how much
+heat is released or absorbed. They only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is released or absorbed. They only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is released or absorbed. They only
+change the time it takes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the time it takes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the time it takes for the
+reaction to finish. All right, that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to finish. All right, that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to finish. All right, that's it
+for me today. I'll see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u-Ms5v20cVw.txt b/u-Ms5v20cVw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4610a47e5927487c6175ae95ac6ed25c85e6dc87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u-Ms5v20cVw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've done these demos in front of live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done these demos in front of live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done these demos in front of live
+audiences i remember one time i did one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences i remember one time i did one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences i remember one time i did one
+demo in front of alumni i forget what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in front of alumni i forget what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in front of alumni i forget what it
+was but it was good failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but it was good failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but it was good failure
+and this one little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one little kid
+he was only about four years old he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was only about four years old he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was only about four years old he
+raised his hand he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised his hand he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised his hand he said
+you win some and you lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today on chalk radio we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio we're talking about
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+5.310 laboratory chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.310 laboratory chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.310 laboratory chemistry
+this is a course that not only teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a course that not only teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a course that not only teaches
+students about hands-on science but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students about hands-on science but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students about hands-on science but also
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+because working in a lab is a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because working in a lab is a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because working in a lab is a lot like
+baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baking
+you can follow the recipe but your cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow the recipe but your cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow the recipe but your cake
+might still collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still collapse
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+in this episode we're joined by two mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode we're joined by two mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode we're joined by two mit
+educators who have helped shape this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators who have helped shape this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators who have helped shape this
+standout course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standout course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standout course
+they'll tell us more about what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell us more about what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell us more about what it looks
+like to support students with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to support students with various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to support students with various
+academic interests as they develop lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic interests as they develop lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic interests as they develop lab
+skills overcome setbacks and apply their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills overcome setbacks and apply their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills overcome setbacks and apply their
+studies to real world problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies to real world problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies to real world problems like
+water quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water quality
+i'm john dolan currently director of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm john dolan currently director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm john dolan currently director of the
+undergraduate chemistry teaching labs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate chemistry teaching labs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate chemistry teaching labs at
+mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+i'm sarah hewitt and i am a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sarah hewitt and i am a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sarah hewitt and i am a technical
+instructor in the chemistry department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor in the chemistry department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor in the chemistry department
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+for many of their students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of their students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of their students
+5-3-10 is the first time they step foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-3-10 is the first time they step foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-3-10 is the first time they step foot
+in a college-level chemistry lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a college-level chemistry lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a college-level chemistry lab
+and that can be a memorable experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a memorable experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a memorable experience
+the first thing you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would see
+are lines of student coat lockers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lines of student coat lockers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lines of student coat lockers
+and that's the first thing the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the first thing the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the first thing the students
+encounter when they when they enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter when they when they enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter when they when they enter the
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+it's here where they would put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here where they would put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here where they would put their
+bags and they stored their lab coats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags and they stored their lab coats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags and they stored their lab coats and
+their goggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goggles
+and you would soon see walking out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would soon see walking out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would soon see walking out into
+the lab that it's divided into twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab that it's divided into twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab that it's divided into twelve
+bays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bays
+each bay has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bay has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bay has
+six to seven fume hoods and desk space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six to seven fume hoods and desk space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six to seven fume hoods and desk space
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+up to 14 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 14 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 14 students
+and lots and lots of windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots of windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots of windows
+something i may have read a bit too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i may have read a bit too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i may have read a bit too much
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+you can correct me i always thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can correct me i always thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can correct me i always thought it
+was because in case there's an explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because in case there's an explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because in case there's an explosion
+they want like all the windows to blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want like all the windows to blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want like all the windows to blow
+out instead of like the walls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out instead of like the walls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out instead of like the walls of the
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+maybe i maybe i'm not explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+john went on to explain that yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john went on to explain that yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john went on to explain that yes you
+would see windows but explosions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see windows but explosions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see windows but explosions
+not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much
+anyway let's get back to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's get back to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's get back to what you
+actually would see in this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have some really neat instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some really neat instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some really neat instruments
+that the students can operate hands-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the students can operate hands-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the students can operate hands-on
+exactly what the students would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the students would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the students would
+experience in industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in industry
+carry 60 uv vis spectrometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry 60 uv vis spectrometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry 60 uv vis spectrometers
+state-of-the-art density meters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art density meters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art density meters and
+refractometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometers
+and one of the really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the really exciting
+instruments is an inductively coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments is an inductively coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments is an inductively coupled
+plasma mass spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma mass spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma mass spectrometer
+there are only two of these at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only two of these at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only two of these at mit
+and this instrument is used exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this instrument is used exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this instrument is used exclusively
+in 5310
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5310
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5310
+and the students actually use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students actually use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students actually use that
+to test their river samples to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test their river samples to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test their river samples to determine
+the concentration of 29 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of 29 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of 29 different
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+down to the part per trillion level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the part per trillion level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the part per trillion level
+so it's pretty exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty exciting
+the river sample testing is part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river sample testing is part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river sample testing is part of what
+makes 5310 unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 5310 unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 5310 unique
+students get to take their lab work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get to take their lab work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get to take their lab work
+right into boston's own charles river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into boston's own charles river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into boston's own charles river
+yes the most exciting experiment i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the most exciting experiment i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the most exciting experiment i think
+for most of the students is the ellen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the students is the ellen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the students is the ellen
+swallow richard's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow richard's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow richard's lab
+so the students actually go down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the students actually go down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the students actually go down to the
+river and take water samples and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and take water samples and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and take water samples and then
+they get to analyze those samples back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to analyze those samples back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to analyze those samples back
+up in the lab for dissolved oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the lab for dissolved oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the lab for dissolved oxygen
+phosphate concentration and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate concentration and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate concentration and a bunch of
+other elements so they get to learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements so they get to learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements so they get to learn a
+little bit about environmental chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about environmental chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about environmental chemistry
+and analytical chemistry and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analytical chemistry and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analytical chemistry and different
+techniques that we use for those types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we use for those types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we use for those types
+of analyses and the students really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analyses and the students really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analyses and the students really like
+that because it's very applicable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's very applicable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's very applicable to the
+charles river and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles river and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles river and
+to the boston environment and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boston environment and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boston environment and they can
+see it and say oh wow i'm actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and say oh wow i'm actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and say oh wow i'm actually doing
+something that's kind of useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's kind of useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's kind of useful and
+something that they always hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they always hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they always hear about
+how dirty the charles river used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dirty the charles river used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dirty the charles river used to be
+and they're actually kind of surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're actually kind of surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're actually kind of surprised
+when they do the lab now about how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do the lab now about how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do the lab now about how good
+the water quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water quality is
+you may have caught that sarah and john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have caught that sarah and john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have caught that sarah and john
+refer to this as the ellen swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to this as the ellen swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to this as the ellen swallow
+richards lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richards lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richards lab
+it's a namesake with significant meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a namesake with significant meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a namesake with significant meaning
+when i wrote this lab in 2010 i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i wrote this lab in 2010 i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i wrote this lab in 2010 i actually
+called it the charles river lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the charles river lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the charles river lab
+the reason i wrote the lab was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i wrote the lab was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i wrote the lab was to
+introduce an environmental component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce an environmental component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce an environmental component
+into the 5310 laboratory chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 5310 laboratory chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 5310 laboratory chemistry
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and sometime after i had wrote the lab i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometime after i had wrote the lab i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometime after i had wrote the lab i
+actually was walking through the halls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was walking through the halls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was walking through the halls
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+and somehow i ended up in the lobby of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow i ended up in the lobby of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow i ended up in the lobby of
+building two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building two
+and i looked up and i saw this plaque in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i looked up and i saw this plaque in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i looked up and i saw this plaque in
+this photo of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photo of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photo of this
+woman on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman on the wall
+and i started reading it and it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i started reading it and it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i started reading it and it said
+this was the first female student ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first female student ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first female student ever
+admitted to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted to mit
+who graduated in 1873.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who graduated in 1873.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who graduated in 1873.
+it was ellen swallow richards who was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ellen swallow richards who was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ellen swallow richards who was an
+industrial safety engineer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial safety engineer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial safety engineer and
+environmental chemist and it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental chemist and it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental chemist and it was really
+her work i think in 1887
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work i think in 1887
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work i think in 1887
+which led to the first state water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led to the first state water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led to the first state water
+quality standards in the nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality standards in the nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality standards in the nation
+and that was very significant and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very significant and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very significant and that
+kind of moved me to rename the charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moved me to rename the charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moved me to rename the charles
+river lab the ellen swallow richards lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river lab the ellen swallow richards lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river lab the ellen swallow richards lab
+the groundwork laid by ellen swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groundwork laid by ellen swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groundwork laid by ellen swallow
+richards has never been more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richards has never been more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richards has never been more important
+in a way that feels particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that feels particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that feels particularly
+relevant for my own community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for my own community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for my own community
+and likely for some of yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likely for some of yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likely for some of yours
+one of the local issues that has come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the local issues that has come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the local issues that has come up
+in the cambridge area and around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cambridge area and around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cambridge area and around the
+country is the issue of pfas which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is the issue of pfas which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is the issue of pfas which are
+per and polyfluoroalkyl substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per and polyfluoroalkyl substances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per and polyfluoroalkyl substances
+which are man-made chemicals that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are man-made chemicals that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are man-made chemicals that have
+been around for less than 100 years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for less than 100 years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for less than 100 years so
+they're relatively new but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relatively new but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relatively new but they
+encompass things like teflon and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompass things like teflon and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompass things like teflon and other
+chemicals like that that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals like that that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals like that that are involved in
+non-stick coatings for food and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stick coatings for food and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stick coatings for food and also in
+fire suppression technology because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire suppression technology because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire suppression technology because
+they're really flame resistant and stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really flame resistant and stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really flame resistant and stain
+resistant and stick resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and stick resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and stick resistant
+so now they're being detected in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they're being detected in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they're being detected in water
+supplies and in the food chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and in the food chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and in the food chain and
+scientists are pretty worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are pretty worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are pretty worried about
+their impact on human health and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their impact on human health and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their impact on human health and they're
+still not entirely sure what all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not entirely sure what all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not entirely sure what all of the
+impacts are but there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are but there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are but there's been a lot of
+research recently into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research recently into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research recently into
+detecting these in the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting these in the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting these in the environment and
+trying to figure out what their impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what their impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what their impact
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+on health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you might imagine most students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine most students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine most students
+aren't ready to go out into the field on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ready to go out into the field on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ready to go out into the field on
+day one of 5 30 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one of 5 30 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one of 5 30 10.
+the first step is learning how to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is learning how to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is learning how to be
+safe in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in the lab
+and learning how to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning how to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning how to interact with
+chemicals and instruments in the lab can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals and instruments in the lab can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals and instruments in the lab can
+be daunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be daunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be daunting
+they're coming in and they're afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming in and they're afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming in and they're afraid
+some of them have never ever been in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have never ever been in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have never ever been in a
+wet lab before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet lab before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet lab before
+you've got to make them feel really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make them feel really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make them feel really
+comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+even though they might be a fourth year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they might be a fourth year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they might be a fourth year
+student at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at mit
+graduating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating
+the really fun thing about 5310 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really fun thing about 5310 is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really fun thing about 5310 is that
+there isn't really a typical student we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't really a typical student we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't really a typical student we
+get students from all types of majors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get students from all types of majors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get students from all types of majors
+that take the course so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take the course so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take the course so it's a
+requirement for medical school and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for medical school and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for medical school and it's
+a requirement for the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement for the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement for the chemical
+engineering major so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering major so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering major so we get
+a bunch of chemical engineers and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of chemical engineers and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of chemical engineers and some
+med school or pre-med students but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med school or pre-med students but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med school or pre-med students but
+they all come from majors all across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all come from majors all across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all come from majors all across the
+institute which is really fun so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute which is really fun so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute which is really fun so even
+though a lot of them are have not taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though a lot of them are have not taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though a lot of them are have not taken
+a chemistry lab maybe since high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry lab maybe since high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry lab maybe since high school
+or ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ever
+they have a lot of science knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of science knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of science knowledge and
+knowledge of other things that is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of other things that is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of other things that is always
+kind of interesting sometimes after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting sometimes after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting sometimes after the
+lectures they'll come up and say oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures they'll come up and say oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures they'll come up and say oh this
+reminds me of something from my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of something from my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of something from my other
+class and that's how i learn a lot too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that's how i learn a lot too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that's how i learn a lot too
+just from talking to them and hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from talking to them and hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from talking to them and hearing
+about their experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their experiences
+they actually end up helping each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually end up helping each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually end up helping each other
+so some of them who say oh i've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of them who say oh i've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of them who say oh i've worked
+in a biology lab i might have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a biology lab i might have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a biology lab i might have more
+experience with pipetting can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with pipetting can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with pipetting can help
+students who maybe have not taken a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who maybe have not taken a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who maybe have not taken a lab
+class in many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in many years
+for beginner and experienced chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beginner and experienced chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beginner and experienced chemistry
+students alike 5310s labs are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students alike 5310s labs are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students alike 5310s labs are a
+challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+that means john and sarah have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means john and sarah have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means john and sarah have thought
+carefully about what kinds of support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about what kinds of support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about what kinds of support
+their students might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their students might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their students might need
+many many schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many schools
+use a lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lab manual
+and they use experiments that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use experiments that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use experiments that are very
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+published out and the students go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published out and the students go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published out and the students go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+maybe 12 experiments in a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 12 experiments in a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 12 experiments in a semester
+and they're very systematic in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're very systematic in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're very systematic in terms of
+the the types of experiments that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the types of experiments that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the types of experiments that are
+there they're traditional experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're traditional experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're traditional experiments
+but with mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with mit
+some of the experiments are multi-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the experiments are multi-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the experiments are multi-day
+multifaceted experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifaceted experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifaceted experiments
+that are actually put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually put together
+and can be quite challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be quite challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be quite challenging
+you know a typical experiment could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a typical experiment could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a typical experiment could be
+50 to 60 pages long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to 60 pages long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to 60 pages long
+in terms of helping them deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of helping them deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of helping them deal with
+frustration i believe in divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration i believe in divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration i believe in divide and
+conquer for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer for example
+one of the things that's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's very difficult
+and challenging and stressful might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenging and stressful might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenging and stressful might be
+writing up the lab report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing up the lab report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing up the lab report
+that might take them 10 to 15 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might take them 10 to 15 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might take them 10 to 15 hours of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so we teach them how to break this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we teach them how to break this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we teach them how to break this up
+to deal with small frustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with small frustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with small frustrations
+systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+do small parts of it early on and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do small parts of it early on and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do small parts of it early on and don't
+wait till the end to do the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till the end to do the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till the end to do the whole thing
+it's kind of like them working on tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like them working on tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like them working on tiny
+ant hills instead of a big mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant hills instead of a big mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant hills instead of a big mountain
+and so by forming these good habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by forming these good habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by forming these good habits
+they'll soon be able to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll soon be able to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll soon be able to deal with
+mountain-sized frustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain-sized frustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain-sized frustration
+i'm a product of mit and it works for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a product of mit and it works for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a product of mit and it works for me
+in addition to building the perseverance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to building the perseverance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to building the perseverance
+chemistry requires both students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry requires both students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry requires both students and
+instructors are also actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors are also actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors are also actively
+cultivating curiosity and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivating curiosity and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivating curiosity and making
+mistakes in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in the process
+students love diapers and as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students love diapers and as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students love diapers and as soon as you
+pull a diaper out that totally gets them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a diaper out that totally gets them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a diaper out that totally gets them
+relaxed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed and
+loosens them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosens them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosens them up
+the polymer demo is all about sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer demo is all about sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer demo is all about sodium
+polyacrylate and that's the diaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyacrylate and that's the diaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyacrylate and that's the diaper
+polymer that's the chemical in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that's the chemical in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that's the chemical in the
+diapers that absorbs the water at 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diapers that absorbs the water at 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diapers that absorbs the water at 800
+times its weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know when i do this demo i usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when i do this demo i usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when i do this demo i usually
+call on a volunteer and unbeknownst to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on a volunteer and unbeknownst to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on a volunteer and unbeknownst to
+the volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volunteer
+i've already put some powder in the cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already put some powder in the cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already put some powder in the cup
+and i start pouring water in a cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i start pouring water in a cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i start pouring water in a cup
+and i asked the volunteer to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked the volunteer to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked the volunteer to tell me
+when to stop when they tell me to stop i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to stop when they tell me to stop i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to stop when they tell me to stop i
+put a plastic cover on the cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plastic cover on the cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plastic cover on the cup
+and turn it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it over
+and then i put it on their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i put it on their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i put it on their head
+usually i ask them to hold it so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually i ask them to hold it so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually i ask them to hold it so they
+can assume any responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume any responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume any responsibility for
+for that water in the cup coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that water in the cup coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that water in the cup coming out
+but usually nothing comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually nothing comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually nothing comes out
+because the polymer has absorbed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polymer has absorbed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polymer has absorbed all the
+water right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right
+you get this beautiful globular polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this beautiful globular polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this beautiful globular polymer
+inside this cup and you knock it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this cup and you knock it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this cup and you knock it out
+into a dish and you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a dish and you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a dish and you can see it
+but i remember when i did this demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i remember when i did this demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i remember when i did this demo
+at one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of the
+mit parents visiting weekends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit parents visiting weekends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit parents visiting weekends
+and there were about 70 to 80 people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were about 70 to 80 people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were about 70 to 80 people in
+the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience
+and i asked for a volunteer to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked for a volunteer to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i asked for a volunteer to come down
+so he came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he came down
+but he didn't tell me soon enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't tell me soon enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't tell me soon enough to
+stop pouring the water in the cup so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop pouring the water in the cup so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop pouring the water in the cup so i
+just kept going till he said stop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kept going till he said stop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kept going till he said stop right
+so i covered the cup up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i covered the cup up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i covered the cup up
+very carefully turned it over on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully turned it over on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully turned it over on this
+hard plastic and i put it on his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard plastic and i put it on his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard plastic and i put it on his head
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the polymer and all the water when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer and all the water when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer and all the water when i
+pulled the card out it all came out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled the card out it all came out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled the card out it all came out and
+he messed up his hairdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he messed up his hairdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he messed up his hairdo
+it was a gooey gooey mess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a gooey gooey mess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a gooey gooey mess and
+the audience just loved it i mean we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience just loved it i mean we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience just loved it i mean we had
+to clean him up with paper towels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean him up with paper towels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean him up with paper towels
+you know in front of everybody so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in front of everybody so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in front of everybody so
+there's often unexpected fun in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often unexpected fun in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often unexpected fun in these
+live demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live demos
+yes i think that's one of the fun parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think that's one of the fun parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think that's one of the fun parts
+about the lab is that not everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lab is that not everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the lab is that not everything
+works even if it doesn't work always for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works even if it doesn't work always for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works even if it doesn't work always for
+demos but even in the lab you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos but even in the lab you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos but even in the lab you can have
+two students follow the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two students follow the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two students follow the exact same
+procedure and sometimes it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and sometimes it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and sometimes it just doesn't
+come out or they'll make one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out or they'll make one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out or they'll make one little
+error that they didn't even notice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that they didn't even notice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that they didn't even notice and
+then it won't work and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it won't work and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it won't work and so
+that is definitely something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is definitely something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is definitely something that we
+deal with a lot in the lab dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a lot in the lab dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a lot in the lab dealing with
+that frustration and having the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frustration and having the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frustration and having the students
+say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well
+trying to figure out what went wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what went wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what went wrong and
+how to fix it for next time but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fix it for next time but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fix it for next time but that is
+a big part of what happens in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big part of what happens in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big part of what happens in the lab
+and a big lesson i think that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big lesson i think that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a big lesson i think that comes out
+that's very unrelated to chemistry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very unrelated to chemistry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very unrelated to chemistry but
+very important for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for life
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+another important aspect of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important aspect of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important aspect of this course
+is its emphasis on science communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its emphasis on science communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its emphasis on science communication
+a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago
+we looked at the course and we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the course and we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the course and we saw the
+necessity of writing and for students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of writing and for students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of writing and for students to
+be able to communicate their their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to communicate their their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to communicate their their work
+to a general audience of non-scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a general audience of non-scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a general audience of non-scientists
+by working with writing rhetoric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by working with writing rhetoric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by working with writing rhetoric and
+professional communication instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communication instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional communication instructors
+students learn how to write and present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learn how to write and present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learn how to write and present
+the paper to a general audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper to a general audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper to a general audience
+we came up with a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with a bunch of different
+topics that are related to water quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that are related to water quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that are related to water quality
+and the charles river and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the charles river and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the charles river and all of the
+data that we gather for that lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we gather for that lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we gather for that lab
+students can choose which genre they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can choose which genre they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can choose which genre they
+would like to write so some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to write so some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to write so some examples
+that we have are there's a hospital memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have are there's a hospital memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have are there's a hospital memo
+about mercury levels and fish that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mercury levels and fish that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mercury levels and fish that we
+measure with our mercury analyzer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure with our mercury analyzer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure with our mercury analyzer so
+they can use the data to make arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use the data to make arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use the data to make arguments
+about that there are policy memos for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that there are policy memos for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that there are policy memos for
+the government talking about why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government talking about why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government talking about why it's
+important to limit phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to limit phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to limit phosphate
+concentration and pollution in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and pollution in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and pollution in the water
+it challenges them to think about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it challenges them to think about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it challenges them to think about how to
+communicate science in these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate science in these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate science in these different
+ways and the writing instructors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and the writing instructors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and the writing instructors have
+been amazing in helping them learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been amazing in helping them learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been amazing in helping them learn how
+to write in these different styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write in these different styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write in these different styles
+i never learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never learned
+to write science from a writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write science from a writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write science from a writing
+perspective it was always just in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it was always just in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it was always just in my
+science classes from other scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science classes from other scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science classes from other scientists
+and so i would recommend it to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i would recommend it to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i would recommend it to any other
+instructor to bring in writing help if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor to bring in writing help if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor to bring in writing help if
+you have it because it carries over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it because it carries over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it because it carries over to
+their lab reports too because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lab reports too because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lab reports too because they have
+all these skills of how to read their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these skills of how to read their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these skills of how to read their
+own work and how to assess it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work and how to assess it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work and how to assess it for
+clarity and all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity and all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity and all those things
+one thing about mit faculty that we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing about mit faculty that we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing about mit faculty that we love
+is their commitment to sharing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their commitment to sharing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their commitment to sharing their
+teaching materials with everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials with everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials with everyone
+i was curious what motivated sarah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was curious what motivated sarah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was curious what motivated sarah and
+john to do this sharing the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john to do this sharing the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john to do this sharing the course
+materials is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials is a
+really helpful resource to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful resource to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful resource to other
+instructors because i know i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors because i know i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors because i know i've
+benefited from talking to people that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefited from talking to people that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefited from talking to people that i
+went to graduate school with about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to graduate school with about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to graduate school with about what
+they're doing and going to conferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and going to conferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and going to conferences
+and learning from other people and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning from other people and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning from other people and so
+the more that we can share and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more that we can share and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more that we can share and make
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+these materials the more it can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials the more it can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials the more it can help
+other instructors and also to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other instructors and also to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other instructors and also to introduce
+more people to chemistry if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people to chemistry if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people to chemistry if they have
+their one experience of a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their one experience of a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their one experience of a chemistry
+course then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course then
+maybe they can go online and see hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they can go online and see hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they can go online and see hey
+maybe this other place is taught in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this other place is taught in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this other place is taught in a
+different way that's way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that's way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that's way more
+interesting or i think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or i think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or i think that that's
+something that i might like to do so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i might like to do so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i might like to do so i
+think it benefits everybody to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it benefits everybody to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it benefits everybody to be more
+open with what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open with what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open with what's going on
+opencourseware has such a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware has such a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware has such a good
+reputation in terms of people all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation in terms of people all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation in terms of people all over
+the world that actually turn to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that actually turn to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that actually turn to open
+courseware to open a course and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware to open a course and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware to open a course and actually
+learn the material from that course i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the material from that course i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the material from that course i've
+had students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had students
+freshman advisees who have come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman advisees who have come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman advisees who have come in
+who've learned everything that they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've learned everything that they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've learned everything that they know
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+opencourseware it's quite dramatic when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware it's quite dramatic when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware it's quite dramatic when
+you have a student come in and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a student come in and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a student come in and they
+literally can test out of every subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally can test out of every subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally can test out of every subject
+but they've learned all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've learned all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've learned all of those
+subjects from watching open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects from watching open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects from watching open courseware
+before we go i also asked sarah and john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go i also asked sarah and john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go i also asked sarah and john
+what they would like to ask you our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they would like to ask you our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they would like to ask you our
+listeners about teaching laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners about teaching laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners about teaching laboratory
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+yeah i think i'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think i'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think i'd be
+curious to know what demos some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious to know what demos some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious to know what demos some of the
+other educators do in their laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other educators do in their laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other educators do in their laboratory
+chemistry courses and also what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry courses and also what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry courses and also what types of
+non-traditional labs they're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional labs they're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional labs they're running
+i think my favorite question to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my favorite question to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my favorite question to ask
+other lab instructors is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lab instructors is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lab instructors is what is the
+purpose of teaching lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of teaching lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of teaching lab
+so a lot of people have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people have different
+answers to that which is always kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to that which is always kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to that which is always kind of
+interesting and then also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and then also another
+question that i've been thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i've been thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i've been thinking about
+is how to prepare students for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to prepare students for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to prepare students for what
+they're going to be doing next whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be doing next whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be doing next whether
+it's going into industry or academia or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going into industry or academia or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going into industry or academia or
+pre-med what can we do in the lab to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-med what can we do in the lab to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-med what can we do in the lab to
+help them with that whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them with that whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them with that whether it's
+chemistry related or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry related or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry related or not
+if you have insights to share please get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have insights to share please get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have insights to share please get
+in touch with me at the link in our show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me at the link in our show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me at the link in our show
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+i'll be sure to pass your ideas along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be sure to pass your ideas along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be sure to pass your ideas along to
+john sarah and other listeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john sarah and other listeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john sarah and other listeners
+if you're interested in learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in learning more
+about laboratory chemistry or remixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laboratory chemistry or remixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laboratory chemistry or remixing
+sarah and john's open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah and john's open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah and john's open educational
+resources in your own teaching head on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in your own teaching head on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in your own teaching head on
+over to our mit open courseware website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to our mit open courseware website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to our mit open courseware website
+thank you so much for listening until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+next time signing off from near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from near the
+charles river i'm your host sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles river i'm your host sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles river i'm your host sarah hansen
+from mit open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit open courseware
+truck radio's producers include myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck radio's producers include myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck radio's producers include myself
+red pachy and dave lashansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pachy and dave lashansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pachy and dave lashansky
+scriptwriting assistance from aubry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptwriting assistance from aubry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptwriting assistance from aubry
+callaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callaway
+show notes for this episode were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+by peter chipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peter chipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peter chipman
+the 5310 ocw core site was built by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5310 ocw core site was built by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5310 ocw core site was built by
+alicia frankie we're funded by mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alicia frankie we're funded by mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alicia frankie we're funded by mit open
+learning and supporters like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u4qQ1oIQcW8.txt b/u4qQ1oIQcW8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14018ae1b8539285fc8a3b66f92d04d7826398f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u4qQ1oIQcW8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10302 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um at the end of last time let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um at the end of last time let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um at the end of last time let
+me just restate uh the theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proved which was the varos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m test which uh you know I'll state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m test which uh you know I'll state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m test which uh you know I'll state in
+briefer form now as the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose
+FJ are a sequence of functions from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FJ are a sequence of functions from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FJ are a sequence of functions from some
+subset s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+um so that for all J there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that for all J there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that for all J there
+exists non- negative number M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists non- negative number M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists non- negative number M
+subj such that two things hold first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj such that two things hold first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj such that two things hold first off
+these M sub JS uh dominate The F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JS f subj of x is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS f subj of x is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS f subj of x is less than or equal to
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+subj and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two uh these M sub JS are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion
+is um the sequence of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the sequence of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the sequence of partial
+sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+converges uniformly so there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uniformly so there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uniformly so there exists some
+function f from s to R so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f from s to R so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f from s to R so that the
+partial sums converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums converge
+uniformly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a sequence of
+functions built up by the fjs by uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions built up by the fjs by uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions built up by the fjs by uh so
+um by just taking the sum of the first J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by just taking the sum of the first J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by just taking the sum of the first J
+equals 1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to n of
+them all right and so for example and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right and so for example and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right and so for example and I
+kind of went through this last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh
+if FJ ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if FJ ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if FJ ofx
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+equals our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals our old friend
+one cosine of 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cosine of 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cosine of 160
+JX over 4 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J then and let's say on R so s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r and uh a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things FJ of X for all X is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things FJ of X for all X is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things FJ of X for all X is less than or
+equal to 4us J because cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4us J because cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4us J because cosine of
+whatever you put into it is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you put into it is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you put into it is always
+bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since uh this is Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh this is Con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh this is Con
+converges this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this series which I'm writing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this series which I'm writing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this series which I'm writing uh
+this way which you should think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way which you should think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way which you should think of as a
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um of uh functions of of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of uh functions of of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of uh functions of of the partial
+sums which are functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums which are functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums which are functions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+converges uniformly on R okay not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uniformly on R okay not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uniformly on R okay not only
+that this function defined by I take X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function defined by I take X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function defined by I take X I
+stick it into here is continuous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into here is continuous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into here is continuous because
+last time uh we proved that the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh we proved that the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh we proved that the uniform
+limit of continuous functions is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of continuous functions is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of continuous functions is uh
+continuous this function here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous this function here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous this function here is the
+uniform limit of the partial sums which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform limit of the partial sums which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform limit of the partial sums which
+is just finitely many cosiness of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just finitely many cosiness of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just finitely many cosiness of things
+so that that's continuous so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's continuous so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's continuous so um this
+gives another proof of one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives another proof of one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives another proof of one of the things
+we we did by hand when we spoke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we did by hand when we spoke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we did by hand when we spoke about
+differentiability namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability namely that
+um that uh this function that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh this function that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh this function that we
+considered was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous Okay so let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Okay so let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Okay so let's go back to
+Power series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power series which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power series which
+was our original motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so I'm going to be saying that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'm going to be saying that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'm going to be saying that a
+series so let me again make this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me again make this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so let me again make this uh
+perfect clear when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect clear when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect clear when I
+say if you like uh make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you like uh make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you like uh make this a
+definition or really this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I was using this terminology up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was using this terminology up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was using this terminology up there
+in that theorem and uh when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that theorem and uh when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that theorem and uh when I was
+talking about this example afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this example afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this example afterwards
+but when I say A series involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I say A series involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I say A series involving
+functions converges uniformly I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converges uniformly I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converges uniformly I mean the
+partial sums converge uniformly so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+means there exist a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there exist a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there exist a function
+f such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and all of these are from s to r as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and all of these are from s to r as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and all of these are from s to r as
+well such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just so that there's no ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just so that there's no ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just so that there's no ambiguity
+all right so if I have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if I have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if I have a sequence of
+functions F subj and I form their series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F subj and I form their series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F subj and I form their series
+and I say that converges uniformly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say that converges uniformly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say that converges uniformly that
+means there exists some function f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there exists some function f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there exists some function f so
+that the sequence of partial sums these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence of partial sums these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence of partial sums these
+are now functions converges uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now functions converges uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now functions converges uniformly to
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+f okay that's what power series are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f okay that's what power series are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f okay that's what power series are
+right they're they're um Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're they're um Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're they're um Expressions
+involving a free variable X and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a free variable X and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a free variable X and there
+therefore you can think of them as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can think of them as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can think of them as you
+know a series involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a series involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a series involving
+functions so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let me just
+uh State the following theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh State the following theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh State the following theorem about
+when we have uh uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose we
+have uh a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence row which I will uh recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence row which I will uh recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence row which I will uh recall
+is defined to be the limit as J goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be the limit as J goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be the limit as J goes to
+Infinity A J one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j inverse if this limit is zero we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j inverse if this limit is zero we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j inverse if this limit is zero we uh
+say that the radius of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the radius of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the radius of convergence is
+infinity okay so if this is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so if this is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so if this is a finite
+number this is a meaningful expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is a meaningful expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is a meaningful expression
+if this is zero then this is short hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is zero then this is short hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is zero then this is short hand
+for saying um the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying um the radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying um the radius of convergence
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+okay so let's assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is then as long as I stay strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then as long as I stay strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then as long as I stay strictly
+inside the radius of con convergence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the radius of con convergence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the radius of con convergence I
+have uniform convergence okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uniform convergence okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uniform convergence okay this is
+the the statement of the theorem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the statement of the theorem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the statement of the theorem then
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RN zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row this power series now thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row this power series now thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row this power series now thought of
+as you know a series of functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know a series of functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know a series of functions of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+uh converg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converg
+is uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformly
+on x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x-
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+xot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xot plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xot plus
+r okay so the picture is um we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r okay so the picture is um we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r okay so the picture is um we have some
+radius of convergence X knot xot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence X knot xot plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence X knot xot plus
+row xot minus row if we take any closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row xot minus row if we take any closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row xot minus row if we take any closed
+interval basically inside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval basically inside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval basically inside of that
+strictly inside of that uh um interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly inside of that uh um interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly inside of that uh um interval
+then we have uniform convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have uniform convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have uniform convergence of the
+power series all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we'll prove this using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we'll prove this using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we'll prove this using the
+virus m test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let R be in zero row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then for all J and okay so the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all J and okay so the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all J and okay so the virus
+drawm test is for J equals starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawm test is for J equals starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawm test is for J equals starting from
+one and going to Infinity but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and going to Infinity but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and going to Infinity but you know
+you don't have to just like for series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to just like for series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to just like for series
+we don't have to start at one it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to start at one it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to start at one it can
+start at zero um so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J Union zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what do we have what we writing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we have what we writing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we have what we writing and
+for all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this interval where we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval where we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval where we want to show
+uniform convergence we have that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence we have that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence we have that uh this
+function a subj x - x knot to the J an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a subj x - x knot to the J an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a subj x - x knot to the J an
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+value what is this bounded by this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what is this bounded by this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what is this bounded by this is
+bounded by absolute value of AJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by absolute value of AJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by absolute value of AJ and
+then J and because X is in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then J and because X is in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then J and because X is in this interval
+its distance to X knot is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance to X knot is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance to X knot is less than or
+equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so R to the J so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R to the J so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R to the J so this will be
+my MJ that I'll use uh for the virus dra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my MJ that I'll use uh for the virus dra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my MJ that I'll use uh for the virus dra
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+okay let me put that in parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me put that in parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me put that in parenthesis
+because I may not use that MJ all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I may not use that MJ all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I may not use that MJ all right
+so uh these individual individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh these individual individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh these individual individual
+functions just polinomial are bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions just polinomial are bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions just polinomial are bounded by
+uh this number for each J um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I want to see if the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to see if the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to see if the series
+of uh involving these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh involving these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh involving these numbers
+converges so let me apply um the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to now this R the J to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to now this R the J to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to now this R the J to the
+one over J just becomes R and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over J just becomes R and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over J just becomes R and it can
+just come out of this limit and I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come out of this limit and I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come out of this limit and I pick
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+a to the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one over
+J and um this is equal to one over row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and um this is equal to one over row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and um this is equal to one over row
+right by uh uh so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by uh uh so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by uh uh so this is equal to
+um if you like I can put R over row as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you like I can put R over row as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you like I can put R over row as
+long as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as if
+row is less than infinity meaning if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is less than infinity meaning if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is less than infinity meaning if the
+radius of convergence is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence is less than
+infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+zero okay and what do we notice now R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and what do we notice now R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and what do we notice now R is
+less than row right R is coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than row right R is coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than row right R is coming from the
+closed interval zero up to the uh row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval zero up to the uh row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval zero up to the uh row
+not including row so this number so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not including row so this number so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not including row so this number so this
+is always less than one but this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than one but this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than one but this number
+is always less than one two as long as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than one two as long as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than one two as long as R
+is less than row which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than row which implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than row which implies
+that series sum from Jal 0 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that series sum from Jal 0 to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that series sum from Jal 0 to Infinity
+of AJ R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AJ R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AJ R to the
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+converges okay so now we have um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges okay so now we have um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges okay so now we have um the
+sequence of functions the the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions the the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions the the polinomial
+that we use to build up our power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to build up our power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to build up our power series
+each of them bounded by this number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them bounded by this number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them bounded by this number uh
+these numbers a subj absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers a subj absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers a subj absolute value
+times R to the J and these numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R to the J and these numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R to the J and these numbers uh
+are summable okay the series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are summable okay the series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are summable okay the series converges
+so by the virus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test this implies that the S power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+converges uniformly on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so as long as we stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so as long as we stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so as long as we stay
+within strictly within inside the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within strictly within inside the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within strictly within inside the radius
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+convergence we have uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we have uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we have uniform convergence
+of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series and therefore using the theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and therefore using the theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and therefore using the theorems
+that we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we proved
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+um we can differentiate and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can differentiate and integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can differentiate and integrate
+term by term uh the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so which follows immediately from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which follows immediately from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which follows immediately from this
+previous theorem and then what we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous theorem and then what we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous theorem and then what we uh
+proved last time which I'll State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now be a power series with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the first
+is for all C uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for all C uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for all C uh
+inside xus r R xot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside xus r R xot plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside xus r R xot plus
+r um the function given by the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r um the function given by the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r um the function given by the power
+series which I'm not going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which I'm not going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which I'm not going to call this
+F or anything I'm just going to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or anything I'm just going to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or anything I'm just going to refer to
+the power series directly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power series directly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power series directly this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at
+C and to compute the derivative you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and to compute the derivative you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and to compute the derivative you can
+just do it term by term meaning I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it term by term meaning I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it term by term meaning I can
+take the derivative inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of J equal 0 to Infinity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subj valuated at xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj valuated at xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj valuated at xal
+c um this is equal to Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um this is equal to Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um this is equal to Simply
+differentiating term by term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and number
+two for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for all
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+all a less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a less than
+b well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b well
+with xot minus row less than a less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with xot minus row less than a less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with xot minus row less than a less than
+b less than xot plus row so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b less than xot plus row so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b less than xot plus row so here I'm
+sticking to strictly with the inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to strictly with the inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to strictly with the inside the
+radius of convergence there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence there's
+the xot plus row xot minus row and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xot plus row xot minus row and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xot plus row xot minus row and so
+now I'm going to integrate over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to integrate over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to integrate over some
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+inside um then I can integrate term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um then I can integrate term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um then I can integrate term by
+term uh the integral from a to B sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh the integral from a to B sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh the integral from a to B sum
+from j = 0 to Infinity of a subj x - x j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j = 0 to Infinity of a subj x - x j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j = 0 to Infinity of a subj x - x j
+DX equals um and I'll just write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX equals um and I'll just write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX equals um and I'll just write it this
+way sum from J equals 0 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and in fact Let me let me just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact Let me let me just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact Let me let me just to
+to Really emphasize that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Really emphasize that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Really emphasize that we're
+interchanging limits here let me instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging limits here let me instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging limits here let me instead
+write this uh equivalently as sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this uh equivalently as sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this uh equivalently as sum from
+Jal 0 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jal 0 to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jal 0 to Infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+J D by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J D by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J D by
+DX of a subj x - x knot J evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of a subj x - x knot J evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of a subj x - x knot J evaluated at
+xal C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal C
+okay so for a power series I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for a power series I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for a power series I can
+interchange um the limits okay the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange um the limits okay the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange um the limits okay the limit
+being taking a derivative and the sum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taking a derivative and the sum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taking a derivative and the sum I
+can interchange and then I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interchange and then I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interchange and then I can also
+interchange the uh integration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the uh integration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the uh integration and the
+sum as long as I stay within the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum as long as I stay within the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum as long as I stay within the radius
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+convergence okay and this statement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence okay and this statement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence okay and this statement here
+is a pointwise um okay so let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pointwise um okay so let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pointwise um okay so let's uh let's
+see why one is the case two follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why one is the case two follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why one is the case two follows
+immediately from from um what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from from um what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from from um what we've
+proven and so this previous theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven and so this previous theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven and so this previous theorem and
+uh the theorem we have about integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theorem we have about integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theorem we have about integration
+and uniform convergence so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so first
+off um we know we have uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um we know we have uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um we know we have uniform
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+of uh the series strictly inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the series strictly inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the series strictly inside of the
+radius of convergence so how about uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence so how about uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence so how about uh we
+need to check to see if the uh formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check to see if the uh formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check to see if the uh formal
+derivative uh also has radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh also has radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh also has radius of
+convergence as well um equal to row so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim that the radius convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I can write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so the derivative of this guy is J *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the derivative of this guy is J *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the derivative of this guy is J *
+a subj * x - x to the jus1 so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subj * x - x to the jus1 so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subj * x - x to the jus1 so just
+shifting uh indes this is equal to * J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting uh indes this is equal to * J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting uh indes this is equal to * J +
+1 * x - x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * x - x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * x - x to the
+J so our claim is that this power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so our claim is that this power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so our claim is that this power series
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has radius of convergence equal to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has radius of convergence equal to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has radius of convergence equal to row
+the original radius of convergence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original radius of convergence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original radius of convergence so
+row is the radius of convergence of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is the radius of convergence of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is the radius of convergence of why
+did I come over here I still had a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I come over here I still had a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I come over here I still had a board
+left okay sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay sorry about that
+um the original Power Series has radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the original Power Series has radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the original Power Series has radius
+of convergence row what we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence row what we need to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence row what we need to show
+to prove part one is that um the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove part one is that um the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove part one is that um the radius
+of convergence of the derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence of the derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence of the derivatives of
+taking the derivatives inside also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivatives inside also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivatives inside also has
+radius of convergence row okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence row okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence row okay because
+then this would imply that this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would imply that this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would imply that this power
+series uh which is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh which is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh which is the derivative of
+that one converges uniformly on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one converges uniformly on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one converges uniformly on the same
+set so then we have uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so then we have uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so then we have uniform convergence
+of uh the power series and uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the power series and uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the power series and uniform
+convergence of the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the derivative of the
+power Series so by the theorem we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series so by the theorem we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series so by the theorem we proved
+in the last lecture um we would have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture um we would have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture um we would have uh
+that the derivative of the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of the power series
+equals the power series of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the power series of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the power series of the
+derivatives okay so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so I'm just going to
+focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this
+claim um and this again just follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim um and this again just follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim um and this again just follows
+from um you know what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um you know what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um you know what we know about
+limits and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we compute that if we take the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that if we take the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that if we take the limit as
+J goes to Infinity of now these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J goes to Infinity of now these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J goes to Infinity of now these are the
+coefficients for the new Power Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the new Power Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the new Power Series
+so AJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AJ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AJ +
+1 um J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 um J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 um J +
+1 raised to the 1 over J this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 raised to the 1 over J this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 raised to the 1 over J this is equal
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+limit J goes to Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub J + 1 now raised to the one over J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub J + 1 now raised to the one over J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub J + 1 now raised to the one over J
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+one J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one J +
+one one over J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one over J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one over J +
+one now all raise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now all raise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now all raise to
+um J + one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um J + one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um J + one over
+J okay now this was a special limit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay now this was a special limit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay now this was a special limit that
+we looked at last time okay um this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at last time okay um this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at last time okay um this the
+limit as J goes to INF not last time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as J goes to INF not last time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as J goes to INF not last time but
+way back when we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when we were looking at
+sequences the limit as J goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences the limit as J goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences the limit as J goes to
+Infinity of this guy is one okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of this guy is one okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of this guy is one okay so this
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals limit as J goes to Infinity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals limit as J goes to Infinity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals limit as J goes to Infinity um
+this goes to one this goes to one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to one this goes to one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to one this goes to one so you
+can actually say this you know converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually say this you know converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually say this you know converges
+to one as well so this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the J + one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J okay now you know strictly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay now you know strictly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay now you know strictly speaking
+you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have
+to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay
+so this thing also converges to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing also converges to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing also converges to what
+does it converge to this remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it converge to this remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it converge to this remember is
+so um where do we have it do we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um where do we have it do we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um where do we have it do we still
+have it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it up here
+so the radius well it's way over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the radius well it's way over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the radius well it's way over there
+so let me recall that the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me recall that the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me recall that the radius of
+convergence row uh let me put an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence row uh let me put an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence row uh let me put an inverse
+here this is equal to the Limit as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is equal to the Limit as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is equal to the Limit as you
+put a k goes to Infinity of a subk 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a k goes to Infinity of a subk 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a k goes to Infinity of a subk 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+K all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all
+right so this is the exponent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the exponent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the exponent is
+converging to one this is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to one this is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to one this is converging to
+uh row inverse again so I get row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh row inverse again so I get row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh row inverse again so I get row
+inverse to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+therefore this is supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is supposed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is supposed to be the
+radius one over the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one over the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one over the radius of
+convergence to uh the differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to uh the differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to uh the differentiated
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies of the differentiated power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies of the differentiated power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies of the differentiated power
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J is uh one over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is uh one over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is uh one over this
+limit one over that limit which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit one over that limit which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit one over that limit which we
+computed is to be is one over row uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed is to be is one over row uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed is to be is one over row uh
+which is the original radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the original radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the original radius of
+convergence okay so all this to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence okay so all this to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence okay so all this to say is
+that the radius of convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of convergence of the
+differentiated power series The formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated power series The formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated power series The formally
+differentiated power series is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated power series is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated power series is the same
+as the radius of convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the radius of convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the radius of convergence of the
+original Power series okay and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Power series okay and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Power series okay and therefore
+you have uniform convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uniform convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uniform convergence of the
+derivatives wherever you have uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives wherever you have uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives wherever you have uniform
+convergence of the original Power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the original Power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the original Power series
+and therefore by the theorem we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the theorem we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the theorem we proved
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um since both the derivatives and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since both the derivatives and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since both the derivatives and so
+since the power series and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the power series and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the power series and the
+derivative of the power series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the power series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the power series converges
+uniformly on the same set um the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series The Infinite sum so this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The Infinite sum so this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The Infinite sum so this guy is
+actually differentiable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually differentiable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually differentiable and the
+derivative of the power series is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the power series is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the power series is the
+power series of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series of the
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+okay but you can iterate this right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can iterate this right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can iterate this right um
+because I now have this power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I now have this power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I now have this power series
+with radius of convergence equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radius of convergence equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radius of convergence equal to the
+radius of convergence of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence of the original
+and then I can take a derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can take a derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can take a derivative of that
+and show that's uh has the same radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that's uh has the same radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that's uh has the same radius
+of convergence as the original so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence as the original so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence as the original so let me
+just leave this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave this as
+a remark and not stated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+iterating can prove that I want the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating can prove that I want the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating can prove that I want the K
+derivative of uh the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me
+say all X in here the K derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all X in here the K derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all X in here the K derivative of
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+series of uh differentiating term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of uh differentiating term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of uh differentiating term by
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this holds
+for all k equal 1 two and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all k equal 1 two and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all k equal 1 two and so on and so
+in particular if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if I
+evaluate at X knot this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at X knot this tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at X knot this tells me
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh K factorial a subk is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K factorial a subk is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K factorial a subk is equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+derivative of this function which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function which is the
+what you get out when you stick X into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out when you stick X into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out when you stick X into
+this p power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right and you can interpret this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can interpret this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can interpret this uh
+although we never called them tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we never called them tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we never called them tailor
+series um you know as a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um you know as a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um you know as a statement that
+every Power series is the tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Power series is the tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Power series is the tailor series
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+function okay at least in this setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay at least in this setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay at least in this setting
+that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've answered pretty um definitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've answered pretty um definitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've answered pretty um definitively
+at least for the scope of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the scope of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the scope of this class
+when we can interchange limits um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can interchange limits um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can interchange limits um we can
+do that as long as we have uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as long as we have uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as long as we have uniform
+convergence of the objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the objects that
+we uh interested in be it uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh interested in be it uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh interested in be it uh you know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+function continuous functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function continuous functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function continuous functions or
+function and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and its
+derivative um but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative um but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative um but there are
+more powerful statements out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful statements out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful statements out there that
+one can make especially when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can make especially when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can make especially when it comes to
+integration this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration this is why
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+um essentially why a different theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially why a different theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially why a different theory of
+integration was created or one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration was created or one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration was created or one reason
+why um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know hopefully um if I see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know hopefully um if I see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know hopefully um if I see some
+of you in 18102 which is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you in 18102 which is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you in 18102 which is what I'm
+teaching next semester um we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching next semester um we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching next semester um we'll get into
+that further when we dis discuss leag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that further when we dis discuss leag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that further when we dis discuss leag
+integration that was thought of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that was thought of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that was thought of uh
+because somehow remon integration is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow remon integration is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow remon integration is not
+complete the same way that the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the same way that the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the same way that the rational
+numbers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are not
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+um kind of reman integration is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of reman integration is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of reman integration is not
+complete leag integration is complete in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete leag integration is complete in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete leag integration is complete in
+a certain sense I'm being very vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense I'm being very vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense I'm being very vague
+here for a reason so but I'm just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a reason so but I'm just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a reason so but I'm just giving
+you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+um you know where this where you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know where this where you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know where this where you can go
+with this okay is what the next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this okay is what the next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this okay is what the next step is
+is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um at least improving when can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least improving when can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least improving when can you
+interchange uh two limits is is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange uh two limits is is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange uh two limits is is you know
+really a topic that's uh fundamental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a topic that's uh fundamental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a topic that's uh fundamental to
+the the study of in the study of leag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the study of in the study of leag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the study of in the study of leag
+integration and you have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and you have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and you have much more
+powerful theorems there than you do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful theorems there than you do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful theorems there than you do here
+um which allows you to prove you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which allows you to prove you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which allows you to prove you know
+interesting results and especially about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting results and especially about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting results and especially about
+for you Series in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you Series in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you Series in fact
+um you know if I had more time we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if I had more time we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if I had more time we would
+apply in fact some of the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in fact some of the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in fact some of the stuff that
+we've done here we could apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done here we could apply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done here we could apply to the
+study of 4 Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of 4 Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of 4 Series
+but um maybe we'll do that in 18102
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um maybe we'll do that in 18102
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um maybe we'll do that in 18102
+okay so I want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to now
+um prove The Last Theorem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prove The Last Theorem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prove The Last Theorem of the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+which is also due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also due to the
+Godfather so you know when we had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfather so you know when we had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfather so you know when we had these
+power Series so these are defining you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series so these are defining you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series so these are defining you
+know functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um very special types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very special types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very special types of
+functions what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what are called
+analytic um they are by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic um they are by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic um they are by definition
+essentially the limit of polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the limit of polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the limit of polinomial
+right they're the limit of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're the limit of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're the limit of these um
+finite sums of ajs * x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sums of ajs * x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sums of ajs * x -
+x0 uh raised to the J power that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 uh raised to the J power that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 uh raised to the J power that's a
+polinomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so
+for uh analytic functions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh analytic functions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh analytic functions which are
+these functions equal to uh Power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions equal to uh Power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions equal to uh Power series
+they are are the limits of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are are the limits of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are are the limits of uh
+polinomial but uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but uh that's a
+pretty small class of functions analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small class of functions analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small class of functions analytic
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+uh the virus stas proved this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the virus stas proved this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the virus stas proved this very
+interesting result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um actually something like this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually something like this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually something like this is true
+for all continuous functions so roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all continuous functions so roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all continuous functions so roughly
+speaking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking um
+proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that
+basically uh every continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh every continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh every continuous function
+is in some sense almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense almost a
+polinomial okay just as we saw for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay just as we saw for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay just as we saw for these
+analytic functions meaning defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic functions meaning defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic functions meaning defined by
+power series they are very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series they are very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series they are very close to
+being at least within their radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at least within their radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at least within their radius of
+convergence a polinomial in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence a polinomial in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence a polinomial in fact this is
+true for all continuous functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all continuous functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all continuous functions that
+uh not necessarily equal to a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not necessarily equal to a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not necessarily equal to a power
+series but um every continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but um every continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but um every continuous function
+is almost a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost a a
+polinomial and in what sense um do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and in what sense um do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and in what sense um do I
+mean that so this is barrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that so this is barrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that so this is barrus
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem which states the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which states the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which states the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+um if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if f is
+in a continuous function and on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous function and on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous function and on the unit
+inter interval say you can make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interval say you can make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interval say you can make it a
+just by rescaling the variables uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by rescaling the variables uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by rescaling the variables uh but
+I'll just state it for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just state it for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just state it for continuous
+functions on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+polinomial P sub n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+that P subn converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P subn converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P subn converges to
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in this sense you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in this sense you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in this sense you know um
+every continuous function is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every continuous function is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every continuous function is well
+approximated by polinomial so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by polinomial so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by polinomial so every
+continuous function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function um
+is close to being a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to being a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to being a polinomial
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right okay so I need to First prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I need to First prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I need to First prove
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um a couple of things that that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of things that that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of things that that will be
+needed so first off I'm only I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so first off I'm only I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so first off I'm only I'm going
+to look at only uh um so let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at only uh um so let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at only uh um so let me make
+some remarks before we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof so we're putting the proof on hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so we're putting the proof on hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so we're putting the proof on hold
+now so let let me just make a remark um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let let me just make a remark um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let let me just make a remark um
+I don't necessarily need to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't necessarily need to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't necessarily need to prove this
+statement for every F just for certain F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for every F just for certain F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for every F just for certain F
+and then for every F will follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for every F will follow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for every F will follow from
+this special class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we only need to consider we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we only need to consider we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we only need to consider we'll
+only consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case f of 0 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case f of 0 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case f of 0 equal
+0 and F of one equals 0 so f is0 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and F of one equals 0 so f is0 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and F of one equals 0 so f is0 at the
+end points why we're doing this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points why we're doing this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points why we're doing this is so
+that we can extend F to a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can extend F to a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can extend F to a continuous
+function outside of the unit interval by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function outside of the unit interval by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function outside of the unit interval by
+just setting it equal to Z uh zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just setting it equal to Z uh zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just setting it equal to Z uh zero okay
+um and so let's suppose we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so let's suppose we've proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so let's suppose we've proven
+this special case and we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special case and we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special case and we look at the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+casee then if I take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casee then if I take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casee then if I take any
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+now uh what do we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what do we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what do we know that there
+exists sequence of polinomial P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subn such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn such
+that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+pols piece of n converge uniformly to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols piece of n converge uniformly to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols piece of n converge uniformly to a
+small modification of F that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um this function here if I look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this function here if I look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this function here if I look at it
+it's a continuous function on 01 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a continuous function on 01 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a continuous function on 01 because
+I'm just modifying it by constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just modifying it by constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just modifying it by constants and
+then uh times x and then uh at F of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh times x and then uh at F of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh times x and then uh at F of one
+I get F of one minus F of 0 - F of 1 - F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get F of one minus F of 0 - F of 1 - F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get F of one minus F of 0 - F of 1 - F
+of 0 so I get 0o and at 0 I get F of 0 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 so I get 0o and at 0 I get F of 0 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 so I get 0o and at 0 I get F of 0 -
+0 f of 0 is 0us 0 * something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 f of 0 is 0us 0 * something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 f of 0 is 0us 0 * something I don't
+care equals 0 so there exist pols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care equals 0 so there exist pols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care equals 0 so there exist pols
+converging to this function now right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to this function now right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to this function now right if
+we've been able to prove the case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to prove the case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to prove the case just
+for uh F of 0 equals 0 and F of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh F of 0 equals 0 and F of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh F of 0 equals 0 and F of one
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so
+uniformly and therefore the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly and therefore the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly and therefore the polinomial
+is given by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by P
+subn uh of X Plus now X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn uh of X Plus now X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn uh of X Plus now X
+time F of 1 - F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time F of 1 - F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time F of 1 - F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so this is still if this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so this is still if this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so this is still if this was a
+polinomial so is adding this to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so is adding this to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so is adding this to it
+that's still a polinomial converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to F Tilda of X uniformly and this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F Tilda of X uniformly and this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F Tilda of X uniformly and this again
+this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Okay so
+the whole point of this remark is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of this remark is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of this remark is that
+we only need to consider the case f of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need to consider the case f of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need to consider the case f of 0
+equals 0 and F of 1 equals 0 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and F of 1 equals 0 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and F of 1 equals 0 okay and
+we're going to do that just so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that just so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that just so that we
+can extend F to a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extend F to a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extend F to a continuous function
+outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval all
+right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now the way we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the way we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the way we're going to build
+these polom that converge to F is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these polom that converge to F is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these polom that converge to F is by
+what's called an approximation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an approximation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an approximation to the
+identity okay um really I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay um really I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay um really I guess you
+could think of it as an approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it as an approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it as an approximation to
+the Delta function and I'll explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function and I'll explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function and I'll explain that
+in just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh for all in natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all in natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all in natural
+number Define c subn this will be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Define c subn this will be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Define c subn this will be uh the
+integral from minus1 to one 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus1 to one 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus1 to one 1 - x^2
+raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the
+N DX one over and then uh Q subn of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N DX one over and then uh Q subn of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N DX one over and then uh Q subn of X
+this is going to be equal to C subn * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to C subn * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to C subn * 1
+- x^2 raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x^2 raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x^2 raised to the
+N then a few simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um consequences are so first off this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consequences are so first off this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consequences are so first off this is
+the integral of a function which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of a function which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of a function which is not
+negative but it's positive at plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it's positive at plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it's positive at plenty of
+places between minus one and one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places between minus one and one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places between minus one and one and you
+proved in the homework that this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in the homework that this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in the homework that this means
+that the integral has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral has to be
+positive then the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then the first is
+uh all in natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all X and 01 so the first two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all X and 01 so the first two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all X and 01 so the first two of
+these uh observations are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh observations are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh observations are very
+clear q n of X is greater than so - 1:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear q n of X is greater than so - 1:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear q n of X is greater than so - 1:
+1 q n of X is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 q n of X is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 q n of X is bigger than or equal to
+zero so it's just C subn which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's just C subn which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's just C subn which is a
+positive number Time 1 - x^2 x^2 so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number Time 1 - x^2 x^2 so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number Time 1 - x^2 x^2 so X is
+between Min - one and 1 and therefore 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Min - one and 1 and therefore 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Min - one and 1 and therefore 1
+- x^2 is always non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+two is uh this is also pretty clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is uh this is also pretty clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is uh this is also pretty clear the
+integral from minus1 to one of Q subn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus1 to one of Q subn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus1 to one of Q subn of
+X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now why is this clear because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why is this clear because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why is this clear because this
+is equal to the integral of 1 - x^2 raed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the integral of 1 - x^2 raed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the integral of 1 - x^2 raed
+to the n * C to the N or C subn but C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n * C to the N or C subn but C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n * C to the N or C subn but C
+subn is the uh inverse of that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn is the uh inverse of that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn is the uh inverse of that integral
+so we should just pick up one now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should just pick up one now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should just pick up one now the
+third and less trivial thing which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and less trivial thing which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and less trivial thing which is uh
+important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all
+Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this function Q subin I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this function Q subin I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this function Q subin I mean this is
+just a polinomial uh converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a polinomial uh converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a polinomial uh converges to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+U on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U on the
+set Delta is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Delta is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Delta is less than
+so X such that Delta is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X such that Delta is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X such that Delta is bigger than or
+equal to the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the absolute value of x
+uh no Delta is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no Delta is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no Delta is less than or equal to the
+absolute value of x is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x is less than or
+equal to one okay so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one okay so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one okay so in other words
+here's minus one 1 0 Delta minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's minus one 1 0 Delta minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's minus one 1 0 Delta minus Delta
+if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look
+in these regions so in the you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these regions so in the you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these regions so in the you like the
+the union of those two intervals then Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of those two intervals then Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of those two intervals then Q
+subn This polinomial is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn This polinomial is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn This polinomial is converging to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uniformly uh as n goes to Infinity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly uh as n goes to Infinity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly uh as n goes to Infinity on
+uh on the union of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the union of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the union of these two
+intervals okay so what is the picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals okay so what is the picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals okay so what is the picture of
+what's going on what do these Q subin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on what do these Q subin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on what do these Q subin
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so here's minus one here's one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's minus one here's one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's minus one here's one so
+kind of the first one uh you know looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the first one uh you know looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the first one uh you know looks
+like some constant Time 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some constant Time 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some constant Time 1 - x^2
+so there's the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the first one
+and then as n keeps getting bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as n keeps getting bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as n keeps getting bigger and
+bigger you know this is zero at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you know this is zero at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you know this is zero at higher
+and higher order at one and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher order at one and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher order at one and minus one
+and getting pretty small near here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting pretty small near here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting pretty small near here and
+in fact according to three uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact according to three uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact according to three uh if I
+take any interval around zero and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any interval around zero and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any interval around zero and look
+outside of it as n goes to Infinity Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of it as n goes to Infinity Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of it as n goes to Infinity Q
+subn is going to zero uniformly so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn is going to zero uniformly so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn is going to zero uniformly so what
+it should look like is maybe the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should look like is maybe the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should look like is maybe the next
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+looks like that and then further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still like that so that um you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like that so that um you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like that so that um you know if
+I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look
+inside over here or over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside over here or over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside over here or over here
+um Q subn is going to zero uniformly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Q subn is going to zero uniformly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Q subn is going to zero uniformly so
+what you should think of is that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should think of is that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should think of is that um the
+Q subn as n goes to Infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q subn as n goes to Infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q subn as n goes to Infinity is
+something like a direct Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a direct Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a direct Delta function
+which is not exactly a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so again so let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so again so let me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so again so let me um
+reemphasize that uh and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemphasize that uh and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reemphasize that uh and this is in
+quotes you should think of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes you should think of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes you should think of Q
+subin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um acts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function X centered at x equals z okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X centered at x equals z okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X centered at x equals z okay
+so that's in quotes because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in quotes because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in quotes because that is
+meaningless but some of you who've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless but some of you who've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless but some of you who've taken
+physics know what a properties are of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics know what a properties are of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics know what a properties are of a
+Delta function um and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function um and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function um and you know the
+integral is one it's somehow zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is one it's somehow zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is one it's somehow zero
+everywhere away except for the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere away except for the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere away except for the origin
+and it's infinite there uh but somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's infinite there uh but somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's infinite there uh but somehow
+is integral one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integral one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integral one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these Q
+subn will show form an approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn will show form an approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn will show form an approximation to
+the identity in a certain sense but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity in a certain sense but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity in a certain sense but let
+me uh let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh let's prove
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove the only non-trivial one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the only non-trivial one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the only non-trivial one which is
+three right number one and two are clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right number one and two are clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right number one and two are clear
+based on how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how they're
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let's first estimate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's first estimate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's first estimate how
+big is this so this constant C subn we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is this so this constant C subn we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is this so this constant C subn we
+don't really know how what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how what it is
+explicitly but let's uh compute at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but let's uh compute at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but let's uh compute at least
+a rough size of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and then we'll use this to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then we'll use this to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then we'll use this to prove uh
+the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+part so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all in a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in a natural
+number uh the following inequality and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh the following inequality and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh the following inequality and X
+in - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in - 1
+1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1
+- x^2 raised to the N this is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x^2 raised to the N this is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x^2 raised to the N this is greater
+than or equal to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 minus
+nx2 okay now this if it's not so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nx2 okay now this if it's not so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nx2 okay now this if it's not so it
+shouldn't be like you know hit you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be like you know hit you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be like you know hit you in
+the face clear why this is true but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face clear why this is true but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face clear why this is true but one
+way you can prove it is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can prove it is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can prove it is that if you look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+function g ofx = 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function g ofx = 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function g ofx = 1 -
+x^2 n so first off this inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 n so first off this inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 n so first off this inequality is
+even in X doesn't matter if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in X doesn't matter if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in X doesn't matter if x is
+negative or positive so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive so let's look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on
+01 then what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 then what's the point
+uh I look at G of Z this is zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I look at G of Z this is zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I look at G of Z this is zero and if
+I compute G Prime of X this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compute G Prime of X this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compute G Prime of X this is equal to
+n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n *
+2x uh times what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x uh times what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x uh times what
+times 1 minus 1 - x^2 to the N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus 1 - x^2 to the N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus 1 - x^2 to the N minus one
+and this is always um less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is always um less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is always um less than or equal
+to one this thing in parentheses so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one this thing in parentheses so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one this thing in parentheses so this
+thing is always bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is always bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is always bigger than or equal to
+zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on
+01 so on 01 this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so on 01 this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so on 01 this function is
+increasing and its value at 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and its value at 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and its value at 0 0
+so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that which is exactly what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is exactly what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is exactly what we wanted to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we compute uh the size of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we compute uh the size of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we compute uh the size of C
+subn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn so
+to do that let me look at 1 over C subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that let me look at 1 over C subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that let me look at 1 over C subn
+if I want an upper bound on C subn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want an upper bound on C subn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want an upper bound on C subn I
+need to prove a lower bound on one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove a lower bound on one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove a lower bound on one over
+C subn so let's uh take one over C subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C subn so let's uh take one over C subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C subn so let's uh take one over C subn
+and find a lower Bound for it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find a lower Bound for it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find a lower Bound for it this is
+the integral from minus 1 to 1 of 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus 1 to 1 of 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus 1 to 1 of 1 -
+x^2 raised to the N DX now I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 raised to the N DX now I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 raised to the N DX now I can't
+remember if I made this a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if I made this a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if I made this a homework
+problem or not but for even functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or not but for even functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or not but for even functions uh
+integrating over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over um
+an interval even with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval even with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval even with respect to the
+origin this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin this is just
+twice I mean I'm sure you remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice I mean I'm sure you remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice I mean I'm sure you remember this
+from calculus it's not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculus it's not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculus it's not hard to
+prove with what we know of the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove with what we know of the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove with what we know of the change of
+variables formula and so on um that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables formula and so on um that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables formula and so on um that this
+is equal to twice times the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to twice times the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to twice times the integral
+from 0 to 1 of 1 - x^2 raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 of 1 - x^2 raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 of 1 - x^2 raised to the
+N okay now this is bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay now this is bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay now this is bigger than or equal
+to two times if I integrate to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two times if I integrate to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two times if I integrate to a certain
+point this certain point is chosen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this certain point is chosen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this certain point is chosen so
+that I get a result in the end that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get a result in the end that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get a result in the end that's uh
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now um now this is where I replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now um now this is where I replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now um now this is where I replace
+this by the smaller thing which is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the smaller thing which is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the smaller thing which is easy
+to integrate so this is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate so this is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate so this is greater than or
+equal to two integral Z One overun n 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two integral Z One overun n 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two integral Z One overun n 1
+minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+DX and I leave it to you to verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I leave it to you to verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I leave it to you to verify that
+with this choice of the end point what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this choice of the end point what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this choice of the end point what I
+get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is
+four uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh over
+three root n 1 over root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n um and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and therefore
+so and this is bigger than 1 over root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is bigger than 1 over root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is bigger than 1 over root n
+so I started with 1 over C subn and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I started with 1 over C subn and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I started with 1 over C subn and I
+showed that it was bigger than one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that it was bigger than one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that it was bigger than one over
+root n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore C subn is less than one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore C subn is less than one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore C subn is less than one over
+is C subn is less than the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C subn is less than the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C subn is less than the square root
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we'll use this to to um compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we'll use this to to um compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we'll use this to to um compute
+what we want in fact I mean we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in fact I mean we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in fact I mean we really
+just needed to show that c sub is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needed to show that c sub is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needed to show that c sub is
+bounded by um you know some polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by um you know some polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by um you know some polinomial
+in N but but this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N but but this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N but but this will
+suffice so we now want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+so let Delta be positive we now want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let Delta be positive we now want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let Delta be positive we now want to
+show that Q subn converges uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that Q subn converges uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that Q subn converges uniformly to
+zero on uh that set where the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on uh that set where the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on uh that set where the absolute
+value of x is less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x is less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x is less than or equal to one
+is bigger than or equal to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we note
+that um the following sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the following sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the following sequence converges
+to zero that uh square root of n * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that uh square root of n * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that uh square root of n * 1
+minus Delta squar raised to the N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta squar raised to the N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta squar raised to the N so
+should also put Deltas in 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sequence
+here converges to zero as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converges to zero as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converges to zero as n goes to
+Infinity now intuitively why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity now intuitively why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity now intuitively why is this
+this is because you know this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because you know this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because you know this is some
+number less than one raised to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than one raised to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than one raised to the nth
+power uh you know exponential always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh you know exponential always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh you know exponential always
+beats just a polinomial or you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats just a polinomial or you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats just a polinomial or you know a
+power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of
+n um if you want to see exactly why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um if you want to see exactly why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um if you want to see exactly why this
+is we could compute the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could compute the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could compute the limit as
+n goes to Infinity of this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity of this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity of this sequence
+raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised
+to 1/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/ n
+power then this is equal to the Limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power then this is equal to the Limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power then this is equal to the Limit as
+n goes to Infinity of n^ the 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity of n^ the 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity of n^ the 1/
+N 12 1 - Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 12 1 - Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 12 1 - Delta
+squar and this converges to one we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and this converges to one we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and this converges to one we prove
+that and so this equals 1 minus Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so this equals 1 minus Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so this equals 1 minus Delta s
+Which is less than one and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than one and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than one and we have this
+um you know theorem from uh our section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know theorem from uh our section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know theorem from uh our section
+on sequences that says if this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sequences that says if this limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sequences that says if this limit is
+less than one then the thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one then the thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one then the thing here
+converges to zero you know or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero you know or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero you know or you could
+interpret this as saying that the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this as saying that the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this as saying that the series
+with this as the individual terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this as the individual terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this as the individual terms
+converges and therefore um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and therefore um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and therefore um the
+individual terms have to converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terms have to converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terms have to converge to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so which implies limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which implies limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which implies limit as n goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+zero so now we have this and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now we have this and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now we have this and you know
+once we have this we'll have what uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have this we'll have what uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have this we'll have what uh we
+want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we want to prove uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to prove uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to prove uniform convergence
+on that set so let Epsilon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that set so let Epsilon be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that set so let Epsilon be
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+uh then since this uh sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then since this uh sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then since this uh sequence converges
+to zero there exists an m a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero there exists an m a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero there exists an m a natural
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so that for all n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for all n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for all n bigger than or equal
+to M uh Square < TK of n * 1 - Delta squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M uh Square < TK of n * 1 - Delta squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M uh Square < TK of n * 1 - Delta squ
+raised to the N is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the N is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the N is less than
+Epsilon and for all n bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and for all n bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and for all n bigger than or
+equal to M for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M for all
+X so that Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that Delta is
+between less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between less than
+one we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we get
+that um Q subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Q subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Q subn
+so it's non- negative minus zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's non- negative minus zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's non- negative minus zero in
+absolute value that's just Q subn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X ra to the N this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X ra to the N this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X ra to the N this is less than or equal
+to square root of n that's for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root of n that's for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root of n that's for this guy
+1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+x^2 um this is getting smaller as I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 um this is getting smaller as I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 um this is getting smaller as I get
+closer to one so it's biggest at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta and how we chose m is this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and how we chose m is this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and how we chose m is this is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now we're ready for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we're ready for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we're ready for the
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+of the Vos approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so suppose f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so suppose f is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so suppose f is continuous
+function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on
+01 F of 0al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 f of 1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um you know this polinomial here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this polinomial here is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this polinomial here is very
+concentrated at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at uh
+you know at zero so um well first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at zero so um well first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at zero so um well first off
+suppose F uh and it's continuous here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can check that if uh it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check that if uh it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check that if uh it's zero
+there and I extend it to be zero outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I extend it to be zero outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I extend it to be zero outside
+of 01 this is still a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 01 this is still a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 01 this is still a continuous
+function I'm just defining it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm just defining it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm just defining it this way
+because I want to write um certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to write um certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to write um certain
+symbols in a little bit without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols in a little bit without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols in a little bit without
+specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying
+exactly where the the bounds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the the bounds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the the bounds of the
+integration are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration are
+okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extend F by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend F by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend F by
+zero outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+01 and this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and this function f
+is continuous function on uh the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous function on uh the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous function on uh the real
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+line okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we Define now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we Define now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we Define now we're going to
+Define this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this uh
+polinomial sequence of polinomial P Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial sequence of polinomial P Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial sequence of polinomial P Sub
+in this is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is going to be equal to the
+integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+1 of f of T * Q subn of T minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 of f of T * Q subn of T minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 of f of T * Q subn of T minus X
+DT and just to remind you this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and just to remind you this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and just to remind you this is equal
+to the integral from 0 to 1 of f of T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from 0 to 1 of f of T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from 0 to 1 of f of T *
+C sub n 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C sub n 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C sub n 1
+- x - t^ 2 raised to the N DT okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x - t^ 2 raised to the N DT okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x - t^ 2 raised to the N DT okay so
+this is just um you know c subn times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just um you know c subn times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just um you know c subn times
+this thing if you expand everything out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing if you expand everything out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing if you expand everything out
+is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know using the binomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know using the binomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know using the binomial theorem
+this is equal to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to J
+equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm just going to put a sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to put a sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm just going to put a sum here
+meaning a finite sum uh some numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a finite sum uh some numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a finite sum uh some numbers uh
+a subj n times x uh know to the J time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subj n times x uh know to the J time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subj n times x uh know to the J time t
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the just some finite numbers a j K * x j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just some finite numbers a j K * x j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just some finite numbers a j K * x j
+t to the K all right all I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to the K all right all I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to the K all right all I'm saying is
+if you expand this out using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expand this out using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expand this out using the
+binomial theorem you get this the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem you get this the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem you get this the this
+polinomial in x subj t subk Okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in x subj t subk Okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in x subj t subk Okay and
+then this is getting integrated against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is getting integrated against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is getting integrated against
+um f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f of
+T all right DT and so this is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right DT and so this is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right DT and so this is in fact a
+polinomial right I'll give you a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial right I'll give you a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial right I'll give you a you
+know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it
+um Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay
+so let's let's write this out and be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's write this out and be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's write this out and be uh
+precise just so that you're convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise just so that you're convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise just so that you're convinced
+that it's a polinomial this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a polinomial this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a polinomial this is equal to
+the integral from 0 to one of f of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to one of f of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to one of f of T
+time C subn now we use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time C subn now we use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time C subn now we use uh
+um the binomial theorem this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the binomial theorem this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the binomial theorem this is equal to
+j0 to n n choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j0 to n n choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j0 to n n choose
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+then minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x - t^ 2 raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - t^ 2 raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - t^ 2 raised to
+the N minus J or I could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus J or I could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus J or I could put
+J 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT I'm not sure if this is even helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I'm not sure if this is even helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I'm not sure if this is even helping
+or anything but just just so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything but just just so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything but just just so that you
+see this is actually a polinomial f of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is actually a polinomial f of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is actually a polinomial f of T
+C subn sum from j = 0 to n and now sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C subn sum from j = 0 to n and now sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C subn sum from j = 0 to n and now sum
+from K = 0 to 2 J N choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K = 0 to 2 J N choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K = 0 to 2 J N choose
+J minus one to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus one to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus one to the J
+um now 2J choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now 2J choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now 2J choose
+k um Min - t to the K * x to the 2 j- is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+okay and then DT so I have all this junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then DT so I have all this junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then DT so I have all this junk
+integrated DT and then this is X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated DT and then this is X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated DT and then this is X to the
+2J minus K so that just pops out so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2J minus K so that just pops out so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2J minus K so that just pops out so this
+is a polinomial all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polinomial all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polinomial all
+right I mean this is a polinomial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is a polinomial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is a polinomial but
+then when it integrates against F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when it integrates against F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when it integrates against F of T
+this x to the 2 J minus K comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x to the 2 J minus K comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x to the 2 J minus K comes out of
+the integral and I get that times just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and I get that times just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and I get that times just
+all you know this becomes a sum of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know this becomes a sum of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know this becomes a sum of terms
+with x 2 Jus K uh outside this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x 2 Jus K uh outside this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x 2 Jus K uh outside this integral
+times F of T time you know integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times F of T time you know integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times F of T time you know integrated
+against minus 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against minus 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against minus 2 to the
+K all right I think I said more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all right I think I said more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all right I think I said more than I
+needed to there but uh so the point is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to there but uh so the point is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to there but uh so the point is p
+subn of X is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn of X is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn of X is um a
+polinomial now um we can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial now um we can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial now um we can write this
+slightly differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so P subn of X this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this as it was
+before now this we change variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now this we change variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now this we change variables and
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to um so we do U substitution now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um so we do U substitution now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um so we do U substitution now where
+U is equal to x minus t and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is equal to x minus t and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is equal to x minus t and then I'm
+going to um you know change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT so what I did here was a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables by setting U is equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by setting U is equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by setting U is equal to x
+minus t I guess you could if You' like T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t I guess you could if You' like T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t I guess you could if You' like T
+Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min -
+x and then I just recalled and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and then I just recalled and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and then I just recalled and then I
+just called U then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so I'm eventually looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I'm eventually looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I'm eventually looking at these
+polinomial only in the interval 01 so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial only in the interval 01 so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial only in the interval 01 so um
+okay so this is what it looks like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what it looks like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what it looks like um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know this f ofx plus t for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this f ofx plus t for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this f ofx plus t for T
+between minus X and and 1 - x it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus X and and 1 - x it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus X and and 1 - x it's
+actually zero outside of that so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero outside of that so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero outside of that so I can
+extend uh the integration to minus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend uh the integration to minus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend uh the integration to minus1 and
+one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again
+with the understanding that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the understanding that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the understanding that I've
+extended F to be zero outside of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+01 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so
+since f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals
+z or let me write it this way since f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z or let me write it this way since f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z or let me write it this way since f
+ofx plus tals Z for uh T not N - x and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx plus tals Z for uh T not N - x and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx plus tals Z for uh T not N - x and 1
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+okay all right so that was a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that was a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that was a lot of you
+know explaining um for some stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know explaining um for some stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know explaining um for some stuff but
+here let me get to the let me get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me get to the let me get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me get to the let me get to the
+point um what is piece of n really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um what is piece of n really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um what is piece of n really so
+um why should you expect this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why should you expect this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why should you expect this to
+converge to F so this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion so I said that um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so I said that um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so I said that um and this is
+for those who understood my comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who understood my comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who understood my comment
+about Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+um you know n q subn is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know n q subn is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know n q subn is very
+concentrated at uh zero at T equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at uh zero at T equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at uh zero at T equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you should think of as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you should think of as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you should think of as being
+approximately approximately like a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately approximately like a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately approximately like a Delta
+function at T if you don't know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at T if you don't know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at T if you don't know what a
+Delta function is or never heard of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function is or never heard of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function is or never heard of it
+then forget the rest of this uh remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then forget the rest of this uh remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then forget the rest of this uh remark
+but uh um then I'll say something so Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um then I'll say something so Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um then I'll say something so Q
+subn kind of looks like a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn kind of looks like a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn kind of looks like a Delta function
+and therefore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh
+minus1 of x + 2 t q n of T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 of x + 2 t q n of T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 of x + 2 t q n of T DT
+should look more and more like f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look more and more like f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look more and more like f ofx
+plus T Delta of T DT and what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T Delta of T DT and what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T Delta of T DT and what we know
+about uh direct Delta functions is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh direct Delta functions is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh direct Delta functions is that
+when you integrate him against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you integrate him against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you integrate him against a
+function you just pick up the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you just pick up the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you just pick up the function
+evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated
+at uh zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so you know that's kind of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so you know that's kind of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so you know that's kind of why
+you uh expect it I mean if you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh expect it I mean if you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh expect it I mean if you look back
+at this picture of what the qns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture of what the qns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture of what the qns are
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+like they are concentrating more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they are concentrating more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they are concentrating more and
+more at zero all right so all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at zero all right so all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at zero all right so all of the
+contribution to this integral here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this integral here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this integral here which
+defines these pols is happening at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines these pols is happening at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines these pols is happening at T
+equals 0 at T equals 0 I just pick pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 at T equals 0 I just pick pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 at T equals 0 I just pick pick
+up F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up F ofx
+okay so that's why you should kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why you should kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why you should kind of
+expect these polinomial meals to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these polinomial meals to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these polinomial meals to uh
+converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back to the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the thing I can finish on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the thing I can finish on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the thing I can finish on this
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board so this is a picture you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so this is a picture you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so this is a picture you should
+have seared in your mind this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seared in your mind this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seared in your mind this is what
+the Q Subs look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q Subs look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q Subs look
+like that they're concentrating all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they're concentrating all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they're concentrating all of
+their Mass right at the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Mass right at the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Mass right at the origin and
+therefore I should just pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I should just pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I should just pick up
+F uh at the point x since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F uh at the point x since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F uh at the point x since this is
+concentrating at the origin T equals 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating at the origin T equals 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating at the origin T equals 0 I
+should just pick up f ofx plus T at tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just pick up f ofx plus T at tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just pick up f ofx plus T at tal
+0 which is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which is f
+ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+okay y f ofx plus T not some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay y f ofx plus T not some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay y f ofx plus T not some constant
+times f ofx plus T that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f ofx plus T that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f ofx plus T that's because the
+integral uh of Q subn is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh of Q subn is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh of Q subn is uh
+one okay so now let's prove uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so now let's prove uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so now let's prove uh that the
+PN converge to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so let Epsilon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive since
+f is a continuous function on a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a continuous function on a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a continuous function on a closed
+and bounded interval we know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bounded interval we know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bounded interval we know that it's
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous and therefore there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and therefore there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and therefore there exists
+Delta positive such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta positive such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta positive such
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um how am I WR writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that if
+uh let's write it this way for all zy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's write it this way for all zy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's write it this way for all zy so
+that Z minus y less than Delta we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z minus y less than Delta we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z minus y less than Delta we get
+that F of Z minus F of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually we don't need uh okay so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't need uh okay so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't need uh okay so I mean
+we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't
+need so much uh so much of about F but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so much uh so much of about F but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so much uh so much of about F but
+we'll go with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go with this
+anyways um we really just know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways um we really just know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways um we really just know okay
+never mind I'll stop so we know that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind I'll stop so we know that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind I'll stop so we know that f
+is uniformly continuous so there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformly continuous so there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformly continuous so there exists
+a Delta so that I have this yeah so less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta so that I have this yeah so less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta so that I have this yeah so less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+um Epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Epsilon over
+2 okay so if z and y are within Delta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so if z and y are within Delta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so if z and y are within Delta to
+each other then F of Z and F of Y no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other then F of Z and F of Y no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other then F of Z and F of Y no
+matter what z and y are within Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what z and y are within Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what z and y are within Epsilon
+over two of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two of each
+other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+since f is continuous it has a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is continuous it has a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is continuous it has a maximum
+on this interval uh well I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval uh well I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval uh well I should say
+since f is a continuous function it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is a continuous function it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is a continuous function it has
+both a Max and a Min on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a Max and a Min on this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a Max and a Min on this interval
+and therefore um there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore um there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore um there exists some
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+c such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that f ofx is bounded by C for all X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now I have
+uh this Delta coming from the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Delta coming from the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Delta coming from the uniform
+continuity of F I have this C coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of F I have this C coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of F I have this C coming
+from the fact that it's bounded on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that it's bounded on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that it's bounded on this
+interval and now I'm going to choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and now I'm going to choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and now I'm going to choose my
+M for the uniform convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M for the uniform convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M for the uniform convergence of the
+polinomial just depending on these uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial just depending on these uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial just depending on these uh uh
+pieces of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of input
+then as we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as we showed
+since square root of n 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since square root of n 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since square root of n 1
+minus Delta squ and converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta squ and converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta squ and converges to
+zero this implies there exists an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this implies there exists an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this implies there exists an M
+natural number so that for all n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number so that for all n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number so that for all n bigger
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m i get that square < TK of n 1 - Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i get that square < TK of n 1 - Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i get that square < TK of n 1 - Delta
+2 raised to the N is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 raised to the N is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 raised to the N is less
+than uh Epsilon over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh Epsilon over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh Epsilon over H
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right I claim this m works that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I claim this m works that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I claim this m works that
+for all n bigger than or equal to M for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to M for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to M for
+all X and 01 PN minus f is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X and 01 PN minus f is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all X and 01 PN minus f is less than
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and for all n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for all n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for all n bigger than or equal to
+M for all X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M for all X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M for all X and
+01 uh if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh if we look
+at P subn of x minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at P subn of x minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at P subn of x minus F
+ofx we're going to use that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx we're going to use that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx we're going to use that uh you know
+this thing is an approximation into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is an approximation into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is an approximation into the
+identity meaning it's it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity meaning it's it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity meaning it's it's you
+know um essentially that it satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um essentially that it satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um essentially that it satisfies
+those three properties that I wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three properties that I wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three properties that I wrote a
+minute ago um so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago um so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago um so this is equal to
+integral from minus one to one of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus one to one of f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus one to one of f ofx
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ttimes q n of T DT minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx what's the the integral from minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx what's the the integral from minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx what's the the integral from minus1
+to one of qn subt that's equal to 1 so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of qn subt that's equal to 1 so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of qn subt that's equal to 1 so f
+ofx is times so this is you know all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is times so this is you know all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is times so this is you know all of
+analysis is writing one or zero in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is writing one or zero in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is writing one or zero in a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+way um not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um not all
+but so I can write this as f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I can write this as f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I can write this as f
+of x + T now minus f ofx * qn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T DT again because the integral of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT again because the integral of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT again because the integral of Q
+subn of T equals 1 all right so again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn of T equals 1 all right so again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn of T equals 1 all right so again if
+you just expand this out this is f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just expand this out this is f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just expand this out this is f ofx
+I'm integrating with respect to T so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating with respect to T so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating with respect to T so I
+just pick up what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before now by the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now by the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now by the triangle inequality
+for integrals this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integrals this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integrals this is less than or equal
+to the integral from minus one to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from minus one to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from minus one to one of
+f ofx + T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx + T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx + T
+minus F ofx times the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F ofx times the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F ofx times the absolute value of
+Q subn of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but since Q subn of T is non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since Q subn of T is non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since Q subn of T is non- negative
+that's just Q sub n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just Q sub n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just Q sub n of
+T and now I'm going to split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and now I'm going to split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and now I'm going to split this
+integral up into two part into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral up into two part into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral up into two part into two
+parts this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts this is equal to
+um a part where T is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a part where T is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a part where T is less than or equal
+to so should uh minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so should uh minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so should uh minus Delta
+Delta F ofx +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F ofx +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F ofx +
+tus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus
+FX Q subn of t d T and then plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX Q subn of t d T and then plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX Q subn of t d T and then plus the
+other part which I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part which I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part which I can write
+um as so it's a union of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as so it's a union of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as so it's a union of the two
+intervals now away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals now away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals now away from
+Delta and out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and out to
+one so so it's the sum of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so it's the sum of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so it's the sum of the integral
+over these two intervals which I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these two intervals which I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these two intervals which I'm going
+to write as the integral over um Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write as the integral over um Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write as the integral over um Delta
+less than or equal to T is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to T is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to T is less than or
+equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um time q n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+right now um T is between minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um T is between minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um T is between minus Delta
+and Delta and therefore x + T minus X an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta and therefore x + T minus X an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta and therefore x + T minus X an
+absolute value is less than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is less than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is less than Delta
+right so in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this uh
+in integral here I want to note that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integral here I want to note that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integral here I want to note that if
+T is in this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is in this interval here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is in this interval here
+um x + T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x + T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x + T
+minus x = t is less than Delta in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x = t is less than Delta in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x = t is less than Delta in this
+here so since this guy minus this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so since this guy minus this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so since this guy minus this guy is
+less than Delta an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Delta an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Delta an absolute value
+um I can use this uniform continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can use this uniform continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can use this uniform continuity
+part to say that this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to say that this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to say that this is less
+than Epsilon / 2 q n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon / 2 q n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon / 2 q n of
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT plus now the absolute value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus now the absolute value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus now the absolute value of this
+guy is less than by the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is less than by the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is less than by the triangle
+inequality is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is less than or equal to the
+sum of the absolute values Which is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the absolute values Which is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the absolute values Which is less
+than or equal to uh c 2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one and then 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay because that's bounded by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay because that's bounded by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay because that's bounded by C
+that's bounded by C so the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bounded by C so the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bounded by C so the absolute
+value of the difference is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the difference is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the difference is less than or
+equal to the sum of the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the absolute values
+which is bounded by each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded by each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded by each of those
+bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+okay now uh this is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh this is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh this is less than Epsilon
+over two integral from if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two integral from if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two integral from if I just
+integrate the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the whole
+thing from minus one to one that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from minus one to one that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from minus one to one that just
+gives me one plus 2 C * qn of T U on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one plus 2 C * qn of T U on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one plus 2 C * qn of T U on
+this interval is again so I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval is again so I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval is again so I shouldn't
+put Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Delta
+there 2 c um c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 c um c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 c um c
+subn 1 - Delta 2 raised to the N DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so there's no T here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's no T here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's no T here so this is
+equal to Epsilon / 2 because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon / 2 because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon / 2 because this
+integral is 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is 1 plus
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this um C subn remember is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um C subn remember is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um C subn remember is less than the
+square root of n * 1 - Delta 2 N times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n * 1 - Delta 2 N times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n * 1 - Delta 2 N times
+the integral over this region DT which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over this region DT which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over this region DT which I
+can make bigger by going from minus1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make bigger by going from minus1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make bigger by going from minus1 to
+1 that gives me two and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that gives me two and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that gives me two and this is equal to
+Epsilon / 2 + 4 C < TK n 1 - Delta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon / 2 + 4 C < TK n 1 - Delta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon / 2 + 4 C < TK n 1 - Delta 2
+N and this is less than Epsilon / 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and this is less than Epsilon / 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and this is less than Epsilon / 2 plus
+Epsilon / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon / 2
+equals Epsilon I think I have one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Epsilon I think I have one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Epsilon I think I have one minute
+to spare so um this was quite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spare so um this was quite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spare so um this was quite an
+experience teaching to an empty room um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience teaching to an empty room um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience teaching to an empty room um
+I hope you did get something out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you did get something out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you did get something out of this
+class um unfortunately I wasn't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um unfortunately I wasn't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um unfortunately I wasn't able to
+meet a lot of you and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet a lot of you and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet a lot of you and that's one of the
+best parts about teaching and being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best parts about teaching and being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best parts about teaching and being able
+to see um you grasp in real time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um you grasp in real time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um you grasp in real time what
+I'm talking about so hopefully uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about so hopefully uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about so hopefully uh this
+nightmare will end soon and um we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare will end soon and um we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare will end soon and um we'll get
+to see each other in the future
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u5BYTR-oKUg.txt b/u5BYTR-oKUg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f30dab2076e7737c511cb051401362261d572560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u5BYTR-oKUg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you very much for that warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you very much for that warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you very much for that warm
+introduction. Um I'm very happy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction. Um I'm very happy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction. Um I'm very happy to be
+here and uh I just wanted to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh I just wanted to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh I just wanted to start off
+by thanking Hamish and Lao for inviting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thanking Hamish and Lao for inviting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thanking Hamish and Lao for inviting
+me to come and speak with all of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to come and speak with all of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to come and speak with all of you uh
+on this last lecture um for this course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this last lecture um for this course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this last lecture um for this course.
+I think this course is a is a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this course is a is a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this course is a is a fantastic
+idea. Uh I think there should be um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. Uh I think there should be um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. Uh I think there should be um this
+kind of course taught much more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of course taught much more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of course taught much more often
+both here in North America and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both here in North America and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both here in North America and also
+throughout the world. And I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world. And I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world. And I think it's a
+great thing that it's being uh shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing that it's being uh shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing that it's being uh shared
+widely as well for others to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely as well for others to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely as well for others to to um
+consume what what is being talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume what what is being talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume what what is being talked about
+here. Secondly, I'd like to thank all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Secondly, I'd like to thank all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Secondly, I'd like to thank all of
+you for being here. I know it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for being here. I know it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for being here. I know it's uh it's
+the week of finals and you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week of finals and you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week of finals and you're probably
+very busy and it's a beautiful day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very busy and it's a beautiful day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very busy and it's a beautiful day
+outside. So uh it's nice to see um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. So uh it's nice to see um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. So uh it's nice to see um you
+coming to this course and I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to this course and I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to this course and I hope that
+you find the talk interesting and I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the talk interesting and I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the talk interesting and I look
+forward to learning a lot from you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to learning a lot from you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to learning a lot from you when
+we engage in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engage in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engage in a in a
+conversation. So other speakers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. So other speakers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. So other speakers that
+have been here over the past several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been here over the past several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been here over the past several
+weeks and months have talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and months have talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and months have talked about uh
+specific uh studies. They've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh studies. They've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh studies. They've talked
+about challenges when doing research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about challenges when doing research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about challenges when doing research in
+this field. um some have talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field. um some have talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field. um some have talked a lot
+about specific instruments, tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about specific instruments, tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about specific instruments, tools and
+have uh provided you with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh provided you with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh provided you with lots of
+insights and lots of things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights and lots of things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights and lots of things to think
+about. So what I thought I would do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So what I thought I would do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So what I thought I would do and
+and I spoke about this with with Hamish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I spoke about this with with Hamish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I spoke about this with with Hamish
+and Lao is that given that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lao is that given that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lao is that given that this is the
+last course that it might make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last course that it might make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last course that it might make some
+sense to take a little bit of a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to take a little bit of a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to take a little bit of a step
+back. So, I'm not going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. So, I'm not going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. So, I'm not going to be talking
+about a specific study per se or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific study per se or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific study per se or or a
+specific methodology, although I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific methodology, although I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific methodology, although I'd be
+happy to engage um on those levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to engage um on those levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to engage um on those levels
+afterward, but what I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward, but what I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward, but what I'm going to be
+talking about today is much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today is much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today is much more about
+monitoring and evaluation in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluation in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluation in terms of a
+perspective. So taking a perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. So taking a perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. So taking a perspective of
+use as the touchstone when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as the touchstone when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as the touchstone when you think
+about doing monitoring and evaluation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing monitoring and evaluation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing monitoring and evaluation in
+the field of health information systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of health information systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of health information systems
+e- health IT it's it's called many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e- health IT it's it's called many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e- health IT it's it's called many
+things but you know the use of ICTs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know the use of ICTs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know the use of ICTs
+within health systems in effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within health systems in effect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within health systems in effect.
+So before I get started, um in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before I get started, um in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before I get started, um in addition
+to what was already shared about me, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what was already shared about me, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what was already shared about me, I
+thought I'd just share a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd just share a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd just share a little bit more
+about what I'm not and what I am. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I'm not and what I am. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I'm not and what I am. Just
+so both of you get um both of you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of you get um both of you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of you get um both of you,
+there's more than two of us here. So all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than two of us here. So all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than two of us here. So all
+of you get a sense of where I'm coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you get a sense of where I'm coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you get a sense of where I'm coming
+from when I'm talking about this issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when I'm talking about this issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when I'm talking about this issue.
+I'll start with what I'm not. What I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start with what I'm not. What I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start with what I'm not. What I'm
+not is I am not a medical doctor and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is I am not a medical doctor and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is I am not a medical doctor and I
+know some of you in this room are. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of you in this room are. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of you in this room are. Uh I
+am not a health specialist per se. Um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am not a health specialist per se. Um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am not a health specialist per se. Um in
+terms of being a computer scientist, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of being a computer scientist, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of being a computer scientist, I
+am not that either. Although I I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am not that either. Although I I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am not that either. Although I I was in
+a former life. Uh what I am is I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a former life. Uh what I am is I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a former life. Uh what I am is I'm a
+social scientist that's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social scientist that's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social scientist that's interested in
+understanding systems, complex ones, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding systems, complex ones, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding systems, complex ones, um
+networks and understanding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and understanding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and understanding them
+particularly now for the last four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly now for the last four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly now for the last four or
+five years in the context of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years in the context of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years in the context of health
+systems. So that's my interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So that's my interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. So that's my interest and
+learning about them and learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about them and learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about them and learning how to
+evaluate them and what what can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them and what what can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them and what what can be done
+to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve
+them. Um so I'm generally a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um so I'm generally a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um so I'm generally a pretty
+informal speaker. So if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal speaker. So if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal speaker. So if you have
+something that you want to ask me, feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to ask me, feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to ask me, feel
+free to just put your hand up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to just put your hand up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to just put your hand up.
+Otherwise, there will be time at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, there will be time at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, there will be time at the end
+to um ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um ask some
+questions. Okay. So this is what I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Okay. So this is what I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Okay. So this is what I'll be
+covering today for about the next hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering today for about the next hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering today for about the next hour
+or so. Uh I'll be going over very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so. Uh I'll be going over very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so. Uh I'll be going over very
+quickly what IDRC is for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what IDRC is for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what IDRC is for those of you
+who might not be familiar with it. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might not be familiar with it. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might not be familiar with it. Then
+I'll be talking a little bit about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking a little bit about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking a little bit about um
+health systems research uh also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health systems research uh also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health systems research uh also called
+health policy and systems research or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health policy and systems research or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health policy and systems research or um
+can go by a bunch of other names. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go by a bunch of other names. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go by a bunch of other names. Then
+I'll move into a discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move into a discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move into a discussion about
+monitoring and evaluation and how IDRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluation and how IDRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluation and how IDRC
+as a as a donor agency funding research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a donor agency funding research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a donor agency funding research
+in this area um likes to work with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area um likes to work with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area um likes to work with our
+recipients and research partners on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipients and research partners on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipients and research partners on
+monitoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and
+evaluation. Then I'll dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. Then I'll dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. Then I'll dive into
+utilization focused evaluation um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization focused evaluation um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization focused evaluation um also
+sometimes called just use focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called just use focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called just use focused
+evaluation UF which is really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation UF which is really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation UF which is really kind of
+the main thing that I do want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that I do want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that I do want to get
+through uh this morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh this morning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh this morning.
+and developmental evaluation, DE is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developmental evaluation, DE is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developmental evaluation, DE is a is
+a type of UF. Sorry, I'll try not to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of UF. Sorry, I'll try not to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of UF. Sorry, I'll try not to use
+acronyms as much as possible, but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms as much as possible, but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms as much as possible, but these
+are really long um long words. So, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really long um long words. So, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really long um long words. So, uh
+and then I'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll talk a little bit about
+that. And what I want to do is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And what I want to do is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And what I want to do is then
+bring it down from the conceptual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it down from the conceptual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it down from the conceptual to
+talk a little bit and give some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit and give some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit and give some examples
+in terms of what some key evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what some key evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what some key evaluation
+questions might be and what they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions might be and what they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions might be and what they might
+look like because I always find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because I always find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because I always find that
+very helpful. And then I'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful. And then I'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful. And then I'll go back to
+some of the examples about health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples about health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples about health
+systems research. Uh e- health uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems research. Uh e- health uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems research. Uh e- health uh
+specifically is what I'll be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically is what I'll be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically is what I'll be looking at
+uh at IDRC and provide some applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at IDRC and provide some applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at IDRC and provide some applied
+examples of how they are in fact using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how they are in fact using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how they are in fact using
+UF within what they're doing. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UF within what they're doing. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UF within what they're doing. Okay. So
+I'll just uh get started then. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just uh get started then. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just uh get started then. So
+Canada's international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada's international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada's international development
+research center IDRC uh was established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research center IDRC uh was established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research center IDRC uh was established
+in 1970. So we just celebrated our 40th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1970. So we just celebrated our 40th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1970. So we just celebrated our 40th
+anniversary last year. Um what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary last year. Um what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary last year. Um what we do is
+we give research grants to developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give research grants to developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give research grants to developing
+country uh individuals and institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh individuals and institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh individuals and institutions
+to investigate locally relevant issues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate locally relevant issues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to investigate locally relevant issues.
+So essentially it's it's finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially it's it's finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially it's it's finding out
+what are the issues that that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the issues that that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the issues that that are most
+um uh important and then um finding ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh important and then um finding ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh important and then um finding ways
+with them to do some kind of applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them to do some kind of applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them to do some kind of applied
+research that can get them the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that can get them the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that can get them the kind of
+evidence which might be able to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence which might be able to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence which might be able to get the
+kind of influence that uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of influence that uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of influence that uh they're
+looking for. So in effect trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for. So in effect trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for. So in effect trying to
+build new knowledge uh strengthening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build new knowledge uh strengthening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build new knowledge uh strengthening
+research capacity and uh influencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research capacity and uh influencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research capacity and uh influencing
+policy and practice hopefully in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and practice hopefully in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and practice hopefully in the
+process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process.
+So, IDRC has six regional offices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, IDRC has six regional offices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, IDRC has six regional offices and
+yeah, you can see that uh around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you can see that uh around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you can see that uh around the
+world and our head office is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and our head office is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and our head office is uh in
+Ottawa, Canada, which is where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ottawa, Canada, which is where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ottawa, Canada, which is where I'm
+based. Okay. So, that's all of IDRC. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based. Okay. So, that's all of IDRC. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based. Okay. So, that's all of IDRC. You
+can go on our website. Yes. So, NRC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on our website. Yes. So, NRC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on our website. Yes. So, NRC is
+funded by the Canadian government. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded by the Canadian government. Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded by the Canadian government. Yes,
+in large part we are uh we also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large part we are uh we also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large part we are uh we also get
+funding uh some amounts from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding uh some amounts from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding uh some amounts from other
+foundations, but primarily we are funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations, but primarily we are funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations, but primarily we are funded
+by the government of Canada. Yeah, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the government of Canada. Yeah, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the government of Canada. Yeah, good
+question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.
+So research on health system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So research on health system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So research on health system
+strengthening at IDRC is is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening at IDRC is is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening at IDRC is is one of the
+many things that IDRC supports. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that IDRC supports. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that IDRC supports. But what
+I'll be talking about and I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about and I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about and I thought I
+wanted that this slide might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that this slide might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that this slide might be
+interesting because there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because there's there's a
+lot of discussion especially in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discussion especially in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discussion especially in the last
+few years about health systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years about health systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years about health systems and
+systems thinking and health systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking and health systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems thinking and health systems
+strengthening and all of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening and all of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening and all of that kind of
+stuff. But the concept of a system is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. But the concept of a system is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. But the concept of a system is is
+not new at all. I mean you all know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new at all. I mean you all know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new at all. I mean you all know that
+it's been around for a long time. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been around for a long time. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been around for a long time. But
+what's nice to see is that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice to see is that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice to see is that uh the
+thinking about a health system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a health system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a health system in a
+really systems way prevents the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really systems way prevents the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really systems way prevents the kind of
+potential problems that might come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problems that might come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problems that might come about
+if you if you focus a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you focus a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you focus a specific
+intervention in a silo uh which might in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in a silo uh which might in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in a silo uh which might in
+fact compromise the entire system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact compromise the entire system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact compromise the entire system as a
+whole. So here you have uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole. So here you have uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole. So here you have uh something
+from 1968 which talks about a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1968 which talks about a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1968 which talks about a system
+being understood as an arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being understood as an arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being understood as an arrangement of
+parts and their inter connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and their inter connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and their inter connections that
+come together for a purpose and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together for a purpose and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together for a purpose and that
+definitely does apply to a health system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely does apply to a health system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely does apply to a health system
+and then you have the definition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the definition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the definition there
+from WH which I won't read out but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from WH which I won't read out but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from WH which I won't read out but it's
+essentially explains what is comprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially explains what is comprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially explains what is comprised
+uh what what comprises a health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what what comprises a health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what what comprises a health
+system. So this is my attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So this is my attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So this is my attempt to
+visualize a little bit the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize a little bit the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize a little bit the kinds of
+considerations that I think um and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that I think um and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that I think um and there
+are more than these should be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more than these should be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more than these should be thought
+about when when doing any kind of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when when doing any kind of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when when doing any kind of health
+information systems uh or e- health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems uh or e- health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems uh or e- health
+intervention when applying uh ICTs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention when applying uh ICTs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention when applying uh ICTs
+within health systems. So, this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within health systems. So, this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within health systems. So, this isn't
+necessarily focusing on those those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily focusing on those those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily focusing on those those um
+parts of the health system like health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the health system like health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the health system like health
+financing or or other kind of blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing or or other kind of blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing or or other kind of blocks of
+the health system that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health system that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health system that you might have
+seen, but it's much more issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen, but it's much more issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen, but it's much more issues that
+that really do cut across um issues of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really do cut across um issues of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really do cut across um issues of,
+you know, what is the equity, what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what is the equity, what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what is the equity, what is
+the inequity in terms of the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequity in terms of the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequity in terms of the health
+system, who who's having access, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, who who's having access, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, who who's having access, who's
+not, why? uh issues around governance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, why? uh issues around governance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, why? uh issues around governance um
+who's who's making uh things happen who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's making uh things happen who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's making uh things happen who
+who controls the allocation of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who controls the allocation of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who controls the allocation of resources
+um how are the health systems being run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are the health systems being run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are the health systems being run
+services outcomes I mean all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services outcomes I mean all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services outcomes I mean all of these
+things you know about but I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know about but I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know about but I just put
+this slide up here just to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide up here just to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide up here just to illustrate
+that you know in certain shapes and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in certain shapes and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in certain shapes and form
+they should be thought about so why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be thought about so why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be thought about so why does
+this matter for health systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matter for health systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matter for health systems
+research because health systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research because health systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research because health systems are
+complex um Again, I think this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um Again, I think this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um Again, I think this isn't
+anything new, but because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new, but because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new, but because they are
+complex, they they depend on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex, they they depend on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex, they they depend on a number of
+different actors and factors that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors and factors that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors and factors that act
+and react at various times. Sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and react at various times. Sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and react at various times. Sometimes in
+ways that you don't expect. Uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you don't expect. Uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you don't expect. Uh sometimes
+in ways that you do expect. So they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that you do expect. So they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that you do expect. So they are
+dependent on activities, policies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on activities, policies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on activities, policies and
+institutions. Um they are rooted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Um they are rooted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Um they are rooted in
+people and ergo they are complex because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and ergo they are complex because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and ergo they are complex because
+once you add in human beings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you add in human beings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you add in human beings to
+anything, it just gets a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything, it just gets a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything, it just gets a lot more
+complex. uh it requires coordination. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex. uh it requires coordination. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex. uh it requires coordination. So
+understanding how um intervening in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how um intervening in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how um intervening in one
+part affects the other and um adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part affects the other and um adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part affects the other and um adaptation
+and learning are also very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning are also very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning are also very important and
+understanding that you know there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that you know there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that you know there there
+are times that certain parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times that certain parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are times that certain parts of the
+system you'll do something and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you'll do something and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you'll do something and and and
+it might compromise the other and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might compromise the other and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might compromise the other and and
+what kind of complimentarities are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of complimentarities are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of complimentarities are there
+that you might also be want to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might also be want to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might also be want to be aware
+of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of.
+So now I'm going to talk about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to talk about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to talk about another
+type of complex system which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of complex system which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of complex system which is a
+research network. Um, so and and I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research network. Um, so and and I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research network. Um, so and and I'm I'm
+talking about this because when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this because when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this because when I talk
+about evaluation and the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evaluation and the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evaluation and the examples that
+I'm going to use, I'll be I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use, I'll be I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use, I'll be I'll be
+talking about research networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about research networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about research networks that
+IDRC supports and how they as a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDRC supports and how they as a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDRC supports and how they as a complex
+system in and of themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in and of themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in and of themselves are
+examining the health system which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining the health system which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining the health system which is a
+complex system. So it's kind of layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system. So it's kind of layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system. So it's kind of layered
+um and but it's very interesting I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and but it's very interesting I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and but it's very interesting I think
+at least because here here you have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least because here here you have um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least because here here you have um a
+list of attributes from that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of attributes from that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of attributes from that uh that
+research networks can have. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research networks can have. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research networks can have. So this is a
+study that I worked on with Mary Jane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that I worked on with Mary Jane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that I worked on with Mary Jane
+Realel and Ricardo Wilson Growl. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realel and Ricardo Wilson Growl. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realel and Ricardo Wilson Growl. And
+what we did in 2007 2008 is we examined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did in 2007 2008 is we examined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did in 2007 2008 is we examined
+several IDRC supported um research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several IDRC supported um research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several IDRC supported um research
+networks. And of course there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. And of course there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. And of course there are many
+types of research networks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of research networks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of research networks that are
+funded even within IDRC and for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded even within IDRC and for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded even within IDRC and for sure
+outside. But these ones were were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. But these ones were were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. But these ones were were there
+there there are four of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are four of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are four of them
+specifically and they all involved ICTs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and they all involved ICTs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and they all involved ICTs
+being used in a certain context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in a certain context for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in a certain context for
+social change. Some was one was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social change. Some was one was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social change. Some was one was in
+education, one was in health, one was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, one was in health, one was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, one was in health, one was in
+uh censorship and surveillance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh censorship and surveillance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh censorship and surveillance and the
+other one was uh for local language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one was uh for local language um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one was uh for local language um
+localization essentially. So I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization essentially. So I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization essentially. So I'm not
+going to go through these but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through these but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through these but but the
+reason I put them up is just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I put them up is just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I put them up is just to show
+that even within a research network, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even within a research network, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even within a research network, one
+cannot say that one or two or three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say that one or two or three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say that one or two or three of
+these are the most important and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the most important and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the most important and the
+other ones don't matter or that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones don't matter or that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones don't matter or that they're
+they're all important in their own way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all important in their own way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all important in their own way.
+and just having a sense of when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just having a sense of when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just having a sense of when you when
+you when you do a when you uh are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you do a when you uh are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you do a when you uh are part
+of a research network that's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a research network that's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a research network that's trying to
+understand something you also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something you also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something you also need to
+understand the ways in which you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the ways in which you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the ways in which you are
+interacting with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with that
+system. So hope I'm not losing anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So hope I'm not losing anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So hope I'm not losing anyone
+yet and if I am just put your hand up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and if I am just put your hand up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and if I am just put your hand up.
+Um so I'll be talking about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I'll be talking about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I'll be talking about three
+specific IDRC supported networks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific IDRC supported networks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific IDRC supported networks um
+focusing on e- health. The first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on e- health. The first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on e- health. The first one is
+in the Latin American and Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Latin American and Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Latin American and Caribbean
+region called ESAC um which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region called ESAC um which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region called ESAC um which is actually
+a Spanish acronym uh where health is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Spanish acronym uh where health is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Spanish acronym uh where health is
+salude. So it's in English it's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salude. So it's in English it's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salude. So it's in English it's public
+e- health innovation and equity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e- health innovation and equity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e- health innovation and equity in the
+in the lac region. Um and in Africa I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lac region. Um and in Africa I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lac region. Um and in Africa I'll
+talk briefly about a network called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk briefly about a network called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk briefly about a network called
+Oasis which is open architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oasis which is open architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oasis which is open architecture
+standards and information systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and information systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and information systems which
+is a network that Hamish knows very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a network that Hamish knows very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a network that Hamish knows very well
+as he's part of it and uh the final one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he's part of it and uh the final one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he's part of it and uh the final one
+is in Asia and it is panacea which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Asia and it is panacea which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Asia and it is panacea which
+stands for panasian collaboration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for panasian collaboration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for panasian collaboration for
+evidence-based e- health adoption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence-based e- health adoption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence-based e- health adoption and
+application and um of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and um of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and um of course the
+researchers involved in this network do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers involved in this network do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers involved in this network do
+not think that ICTs are a panacea just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think that ICTs are a panacea just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think that ICTs are a panacea just
+happened to be a very clever acronym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be a very clever acronym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be a very clever acronym
+that that they came up with. So, quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that they came up with. So, quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that they came up with. So, quickly
+um I just wanted to describe each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to describe each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to describe each of the
+networks and how they're structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and how they're structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and how they're structured
+because that will be important when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will be important when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will be important when I go
+through the um monitoring and evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the um monitoring and evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the um monitoring and evaluation
+slides to come back and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides to come back and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides to come back and then you'll
+understand why I'm doing all of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why I'm doing all of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why I'm doing all of this.
+So, ESAC um essentially looks at health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, ESAC um essentially looks at health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, ESAC um essentially looks at health
+inequities and and that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities and and that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities and and that's the point
+where it starts you know recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it starts you know recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it starts you know recognizing
+that there are inequities throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are inequities throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are inequities throughout the
+region. Um and there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Um and there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Um and there are several
+hypotheses that they're examining. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that they're examining. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that they're examining. Some
+of which include the the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which include the the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which include the the fact that they
+feel there's there's a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel there's there's a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel there's there's a lack of
+sensitized stakeholders in that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitized stakeholders in that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitized stakeholders in that region
+who uh understand ICTs, understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh understand ICTs, understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh understand ICTs, understand
+public health, and understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health, and understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health, and understand the
+intersection of the two. So, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the two. So, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the two. So, one of the
+things that they're trying to do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they're trying to do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they're trying to do is uh
+support a network of young professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a network of young professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a network of young professionals
+who can then be based within the offices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can then be based within the offices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can then be based within the offices
+of the Pan-American Health Organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pan-American Health Organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pan-American Health Organization
+in the region to really act as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the region to really act as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the region to really act as those
+kind of sensitized individuals who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sensitized individuals who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sensitized individuals who who
+have an understanding who who continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an understanding who who continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an understanding who who continue
+to learn about it because that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about it because that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about it because that's that's
+the thing. If you don't know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing. If you don't know what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing. If you don't know what it's
+about, it's it's very hard to apply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, it's it's very hard to apply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, it's it's very hard to apply uh
+e- health or health um health it in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e- health or health um health it in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e- health or health um health it in any
+kind of informed way. Another one is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of informed way. Another one is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of informed way. Another one is is
+the lack of a supportive environment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of a supportive environment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of a supportive environment um
+and systems of incentives to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems of incentives to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems of incentives to promote
+innovation. So they're also interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. So they're also interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. So they're also interested
+in understanding the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding the process of
+innovation and how uh different actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and how uh different actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and how uh different actors
+and factors and and issues can influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factors and and issues can influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factors and and issues can influence
+that. So it is managed by uh PAHO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So it is managed by uh PAHO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So it is managed by uh PAHO and
+also the uh center for global e- health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the uh center for global e- health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the uh center for global e- health
+at the University of Toronto in Canada.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Toronto in Canada.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Toronto in Canada.
+So there's the the website there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the the website there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the the website there and
+this is um just a very rough sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um just a very rough sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um just a very rough sketch of
+you see the innovation chunk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the innovation chunk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the innovation chunk in the
+middle there and then you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there and then you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there and then you have different
+um uh elements around the sides that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh elements around the sides that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh elements around the sides that all
+interact with each other. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other. So this is
+really the kind of process that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of process that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of process that they're
+trying to learn from when they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn from when they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn from when they're doing
+this kind of work. So it's it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work. So it's it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work. So it's it is it is
+involved. There are a lot of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. There are a lot of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. There are a lot of moving
+parts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts.
+So and they they are right now using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and they they are right now using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and they they are right now using a
+utilization focused evaluation method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization focused evaluation method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization focused evaluation method
+specifically developmental evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically developmental evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically developmental evaluation
+which I'll talk about in a minute. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk about in a minute. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk about in a minute. So in
+Oasis um right now in the second phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oasis um right now in the second phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oasis um right now in the second phase
+of funding uh it is really a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funding uh it is really a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funding uh it is really a network of
+networks um a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks um a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks um a number of different
+projects that are underway doing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that are underway doing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that are underway doing their
+own kind of research but then learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of research but then learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of research but then learning
+from what's happening across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's happening across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's happening across the whole
+uh trying to build the evidence base. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to build the evidence base. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to build the evidence base. uh
+they do have five crosscutting areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have five crosscutting areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have five crosscutting areas of
+research which you'll see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research which you'll see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research which you'll see on the
+following slide. Uh the the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slide. Uh the the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slide. Uh the the open
+approach is is very much central. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is is very much central. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is is very much central. Um
+open architectures is is a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open architectures is is a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open architectures is is a big part of
+this work. um open source, open open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work. um open source, open open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work. um open source, open open
+standards and not just to promote it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and not just to promote it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and not just to promote it but
+to build up the skill sets and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up the skill sets and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up the skill sets and the and
+the workforce in Africa to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce in Africa to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce in Africa to be able to do
+these kinds of things and to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things and to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things and to understand
+through applied research what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through applied research what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through applied research what the what
+the benefits are and what the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits are and what the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits are and what the potential
+um uh issues might be with it. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh issues might be with it. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh issues might be with it. So the
+partners for this particular network,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners for this particular network,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners for this particular network,
+Jembi Health Systems based in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jembi Health Systems based in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jembi Health Systems based in South
+Africa is the network leader with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is the network leader with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is the network leader with uh
+they also lead up two of the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also lead up two of the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also lead up two of the sub
+projects. Partners in health Rwanda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Partners in health Rwanda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Partners in health Rwanda is
+uh doing one of the projects. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing one of the projects. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing one of the projects. Um
+Millennium Villages project um uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium Villages project um uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium Villages project um uh is
+doing one and then Rosa which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one and then Rosa which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one and then Rosa which is the
+open mobile consortium is also doing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open mobile consortium is also doing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open mobile consortium is also doing one
+part of the project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the project.
+So the Oasis network as a network has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Oasis network as a network has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Oasis network as a network has
+also catalyzed um andor nurtured other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also catalyzed um andor nurtured other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also catalyzed um andor nurtured other
+networks. So here's a very uh busy slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So here's a very uh busy slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So here's a very uh busy slide
+but essentially what it's trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what it's trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what it's trying to show
+is the way Oasis is is working. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way Oasis is is working. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way Oasis is is working. Um you
+have at the bottom you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the bottom you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the bottom you have all the
+different projects each doing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects each doing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects each doing their own
+research RQs and then there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research RQs and then there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research RQs and then there are some
+common issues that you'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common issues that you'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common issues that you'll see in the
+green the five issues there um that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the five issues there um that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the five issues there um that are
+being looked at by more than one of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being looked at by more than one of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being looked at by more than one of um
+these interventions. So trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interventions. So trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interventions. So trying to get
+that sense that you're not again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense that you're not again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense that you're not again just
+trying to get out of the silo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get out of the silo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get out of the silo of the
+system that you're in but also learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're in but also learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're in but also learning
+across different um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiences and they are right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and they are right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and they are right now in
+the process of developing their own UF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of developing their own UF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of developing their own UF
+which I'll talk about. Panacea is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk about. Panacea is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk about. Panacea is a is a
+12country network in Asia. Um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12country network in Asia. Um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12country network in Asia. Um what they
+have are multi-country research studies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are multi-country research studies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are multi-country research studies.
+So each of the studies look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each of the studies look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each of the studies look at a
+specific issue in more than one country.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific issue in more than one country.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific issue in more than one country.
+So um which is which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um which is which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um which is which is kind of
+interesting. It hasn't really been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. It hasn't really been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. It hasn't really been done
+that much. They have a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much. They have a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much. They have a very strong
+mentoring scheme and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring scheme and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring scheme and they have
+crosscutting thematic areas um including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscutting thematic areas um including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscutting thematic areas um including
+social and gender analysis outcomes free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and gender analysis outcomes free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and gender analysis outcomes free
+and open source software systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open source software systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open source software systematic
+reviews that they're doing issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews that they're doing issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews that they're doing issues of
+policy communications etc. So again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy communications etc. So again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy communications etc. So again,
+this is also a different structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a different structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a different structure in
+terms of what it is that they're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what it is that they're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what it is that they're that
+they're doing and how they they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and how they they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and how they they are
+trying to do it. So um again lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do it. So um again lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do it. So um again lots of
+stuff happening on this slide but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happening on this slide but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happening on this slide but just
+to show that each of the projects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that each of the projects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that each of the projects um
+which are kind of cryptic and I can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are kind of cryptic and I can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are kind of cryptic and I can talk
+more about them if you like but uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about them if you like but uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about them if you like but uh for
+instance cost benefit one is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance cost benefit one is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance cost benefit one is looking at
+uh computerization of hospitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computerization of hospitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computerization of hospitals and
+trying to understand what the costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what the costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what the costs are
+of doing it for certain certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it for certain certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it for certain certain uh
+functions and then having a control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then having a control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then having a control and
+a case uh intervention to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case uh intervention to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case uh intervention to see what's
+happening and you'll see there that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you'll see there that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you'll see there that the
+lead is uh based in Pakistan an but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead is uh based in Pakistan an but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead is uh based in Pakistan an but they
+also have other similar studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have other similar studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have other similar studies
+happening in the Philippines and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the Philippines and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the Philippines and in
+Afghanistan. So that's just an example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan. So that's just an example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan. So that's just an example,
+but just to show that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to show that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to show that each of these
+these topics looking at health outcomes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics looking at health outcomes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics looking at health outcomes,
+they thought it would be interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it would be interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought it would be interesting to
+have a have a multi-country perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a have a multi-country perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a have a multi-country perspective
+when they when they try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they try to understand
+it. And then you have the advisory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then you have the advisory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then you have the advisory and
+monitoring team. So the network itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring team. So the network itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring team. So the network itself
+is led by the Aakhan University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is led by the Aakhan University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is led by the Aakhan University in
+Pakistan and there are many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and there are many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and there are many others
+involved in the in the AMT, the advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the in the AMT, the advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the in the AMT, the advisory
+and monitoring team. And then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monitoring team. And then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monitoring team. And then you have
+the thematic areas that cut across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thematic areas that cut across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thematic areas that cut across all
+the projects below. So there's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects below. So there's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects below. So there's that's
+the second slide the same format but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second slide the same format but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second slide the same format but
+just to show the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show the other the other
+projects. Okay. So I'm going to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Okay. So I'm going to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects. Okay. So I'm going to pause
+for a minute. So that was a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute. So that was a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute. So that was a lot about
+health systems and specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health systems and specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health systems and specifically about
+IDRC supported work in e- health working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDRC supported work in e- health working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDRC supported work in e- health working
+through research networks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through research networks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through research networks.
+So what I'm going to talk about now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'm going to talk about now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'm going to talk about now is
+what I said I was going to talk about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said I was going to talk about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said I was going to talk about at
+the beginning which is monitoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning which is monitoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning which is monitoring and
+evaluation. So um before I go on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. So um before I go on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. So um before I go on any
+questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so
+far? No. Okay. Um purposes of evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? No. Okay. Um purposes of evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? No. Okay. Um purposes of evaluation
+generally there are two major ones. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there are two major ones. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there are two major ones. Uh
+one is accountability to see if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is accountability to see if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is accountability to see if you've
+done what you said you would do um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what you said you would do um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what you said you would do um and
+to what extent uh you have or haven't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent uh you have or haven't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent uh you have or haven't.
+And another one is learning to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another one is learning to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another one is learning to figure
+out okay well this is what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay well this is what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay well this is what we wanted to
+do this is what happened what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is what happened what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is what happened what can we
+learn from what actually happened from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from what actually happened from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from what actually happened from
+what we thought would happen and how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought would happen and how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought would happen and how can
+that improve what we might want to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that improve what we might want to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that improve what we might want to do in
+the future and generally most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and generally most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and generally most
+evaluations are a mix of the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations are a mix of the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations are a mix of the two and
+some might lean more towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some might lean more towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some might lean more towards
+accountability others might lean more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability others might lean more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability others might lean more
+towards learning but generally there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards learning but generally there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards learning but generally there is
+some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mix here I wanted to put up because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix here I wanted to put up because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix here I wanted to put up because they
+are the international standards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the international standards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the international standards of
+evaluation quality. Um they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation quality. Um they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation quality. Um they were
+initiated uh by the American evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated uh by the American evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated uh by the American evaluation
+association but are now uh accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association but are now uh accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association but are now uh accepted
+pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+internationally. Um so the four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally. Um so the four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally. Um so the four uh
+standards here are utility. So it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards here are utility. So it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards here are utility. So it has to
+be useful essentially any evaluation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful essentially any evaluation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful essentially any evaluation you
+do you have to make sure it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to make sure it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to make sure it's going to
+be used. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used. Um
+uh it it should be feasible. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it should be feasible. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it should be feasible. So it
+should it should be something that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it should be something that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it should be something that is is
+possible to do uh within the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do uh within the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do uh within the the the
+time that you have within the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you have within the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you have within the the
+funding available etc. Um the findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding available etc. Um the findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding available etc. Um the findings
+should be accurate. So accuracy is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accurate. So accuracy is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accurate. So accuracy is one
+of the one of the standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the standards and
+propriety which deals with issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propriety which deals with issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propriety which deals with issues of
+ethics. So when you when you go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics. So when you when you go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics. So when you when you go about
+doing an evaluation to be sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an evaluation to be sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an evaluation to be sure that you
+follow you adhere to ethical standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you adhere to ethical standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you adhere to ethical standards
+when you're doing so. And here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing so. And here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing so. And here you have
+a cartoon that um shows somebody with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartoon that um shows somebody with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartoon that um shows somebody with an
+indicator of 12 showing it off and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of 12 showing it off and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of 12 showing it off and then
+someone else says, "Oh, well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else says, "Oh, well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else says, "Oh, well that's
+fantastic, but what does it mean?" So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic, but what does it mean?" So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic, but what does it mean?" So
+that whole idea that you can have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole idea that you can have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole idea that you can have you
+always have to think about what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to think about what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to think about what is the
+use of what I'm doing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And before I get into um UF or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And before I get into um UF or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And before I get into um UF or any other
+specific approaches um when evaluating,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific approaches um when evaluating,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific approaches um when evaluating,
+I thought I'd take a minute to just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I'd take a minute to just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I'd take a minute to just talk
+a little bit about monitoring and eval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about monitoring and eval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about monitoring and eval
+monitoring and evaluation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluation because
+oftentimes they're they're spoken about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes they're they're spoken about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes they're they're spoken about
+in the same breath. You know, you hear M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same breath. You know, you hear M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same breath. You know, you hear M
+andD M andd all the time and definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andD M andd all the time and definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andD M andd all the time and definitely
+they go hand inand because it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go hand inand because it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go hand inand because it's hard to
+do one without the other, but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one without the other, but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one without the other, but there
+there is a distinction. Um, monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a distinction. Um, monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a distinction. Um, monitoring
+tends to be something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be something that happens
+throughout the life cycle. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the life cycle. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the life cycle. So, you're
+you're gathering data throughout. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gathering data throughout. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gathering data throughout. It's
+something that's happening generally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's happening generally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's happening generally.
+It's it's something that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's something that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's something that's done
+internally and it's meant to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally and it's meant to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally and it's meant to provide
+that continuous feedback to help you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous feedback to help you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous feedback to help you uh
+report back on how something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report back on how something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report back on how something's
+performing to uh to learn how to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing to uh to learn how to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing to uh to learn how to improve
+something. Whereas evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Whereas evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Whereas evaluation
+um it's much more episodic and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's much more episodic and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's much more episodic and time
+bound the the amount of time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the the amount of time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the the amount of time that you
+spend to actually evaluate. So when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend to actually evaluate. So when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend to actually evaluate. So when when
+you're evaluating, you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're evaluating, you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're evaluating, you're actually
+assessing the value of something, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing the value of something, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing the value of something, right?
+So it's it's something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it's something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it's something that you're
+you're making a you're you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a you're you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a you're you're taking the
+data that you have available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you have available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you have available and
+actually deciding something based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deciding something based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deciding something based on
+what you have. And that that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have. And that that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have. And that that might be
+something that takes two weeks. It might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes two weeks. It might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes two weeks. It might
+be something that might take a year. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that might take a year. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that might take a year. It
+really depends. But it is it isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends. But it is it isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends. But it is it isn't just
+gathering the data. It's knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering the data. It's knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering the data. It's knowing what
+you want to do with it once you have it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do with it once you have it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do with it once you have it.
+Um it can evaluation can be internal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it can evaluation can be internal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it can evaluation can be internal or
+external.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external.
+uh and it's about periodic feedback. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's about periodic feedback. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's about periodic feedback. So
+it doesn't happen to it doesn't rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen to it doesn't rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen to it doesn't rather
+have to happen just at the end which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to happen just at the end which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to happen just at the end which is
+more of a sumitive eval summitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a sumitive eval summitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a sumitive eval summitative
+evaluation. It can be formative which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. It can be formative which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation. It can be formative which
+happens um throughout and it helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um throughout and it helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um throughout and it helps you
+improve what you want to do as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve what you want to do as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve what you want to do as you move
+forward or it could be uh developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or it could be uh developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or it could be uh developmental
+which is something that is much more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that is much more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that is much more um
+the the um the framing of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the framing of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the framing of what you're
+doing might even change based on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing might even change based on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing might even change based on what's
+what's happened around you. So I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened around you. So I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened around you. So I'll talk
+about that more. So, I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more. So, I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more. So, I just wanted to
+put that up there because I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that up there because I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that up there because I find
+sometimes people conflate monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people conflate monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people conflate monitoring
+with evaluation and you think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with evaluation and you think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with evaluation and you think that when
+you have the data that you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the data that you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the data that you're doing the
+evaluation, but you you really do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation, but you you really do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation, but you you really do need
+to know what you need to do with it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what you need to do with it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what you need to do with it, but
+at the same time, you need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time, you need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time, you need to have the
+data there to to um to uh act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there to to um to uh act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there to to um to uh act on
+it. Some of the key evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Some of the key evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Some of the key evaluation
+challenges uh for any evaluation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges uh for any evaluation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges uh for any evaluation is
+really clarifying the values. So um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clarifying the values. So um both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clarifying the values. So um both
+in terms of um values of the evaluator,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um values of the evaluator,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um values of the evaluator,
+values of the the program that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the the program that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the the program that you're
+looking at, values of the respondent. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at, values of the respondent. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at, values of the respondent. So
+just to be very clear about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be very clear about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be very clear about that um
+trying not to compromise the the aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to compromise the the aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to compromise the the aspect
+of learning because sometimes the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning because sometimes the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning because sometimes the word
+evaluation kind of instills fear in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation kind of instills fear in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation kind of instills fear in some
+and they think oh my goodness someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think oh my goodness someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think oh my goodness someone's
+going to come here and judge me. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come here and judge me. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come here and judge me. And I
+think I think it's it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think it's it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think it's it's it's a it's a
+moment of learning that's often lost,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of learning that's often lost,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of learning that's often lost,
+which is unfortunate because that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unfortunate because that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unfortunate because that can be
+a time that you can learn about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time that you can learn about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time that you can learn about what's
+happening and what you can do to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and what you can do to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and what you can do to make
+things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen
+better. Um, another challenge is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um, another challenge is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um, another challenge is looking
+trying to establish a cause and effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to establish a cause and effect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to establish a cause and effect.
+So correlations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So correlations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So correlations um
+uh to find them is is challenging. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find them is is challenging. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find them is is challenging. It's
+not impossible. But especially in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impossible. But especially in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impossible. But especially in an
+open system when things do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open system when things do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open system when things do not
+necessarily happen in a very linear way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily happen in a very linear way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily happen in a very linear way,
+it can be challenging if you try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be challenging if you try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be challenging if you try to make
+them linear for the sake of evaluating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them linear for the sake of evaluating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them linear for the sake of evaluating.
+So that that can be a challenge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that can be a challenge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that can be a challenge.
+measuring development results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring development results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring development results of
+research. Um, by definition, when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. Um, by definition, when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. Um, by definition, when you're
+doing research in a a context that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research in a a context that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research in a a context that is um
+resource constrained, perhaps uh suffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constrained, perhaps uh suffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constrained, perhaps uh suffers
+from other things like being prone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other things like being prone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other things like being prone to
+earthquakes or floods or h perhaps being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes or floods or h perhaps being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes or floods or h perhaps being
+in a postconlict um situation. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a postconlict um situation. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a postconlict um situation. It is
+it's just difficult sometimes to isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just difficult sometimes to isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just difficult sometimes to isolate
+out what is really happening and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is really happening and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is really happening and what's
+not. So just to keep that in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. So just to keep that in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. So just to keep that in mind and
+and that can be a challenge and issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a challenge and issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be a challenge and issues
+of timing. Timing both in in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timing. Timing both in in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timing. Timing both in in the sense
+of having enough time to evaluate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having enough time to evaluate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having enough time to evaluate what
+it is you want to do. So keeping that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you want to do. So keeping that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you want to do. So keeping that in
+mind and not just thinking at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and not just thinking at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and not just thinking at the end
+maybe this is what I want to do. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is what I want to do. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is what I want to do. uh
+timing in terms of at what time within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing in terms of at what time within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing in terms of at what time within
+the life cycle of what you're doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of what you're doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of what you're doing you
+want to begin to actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin to actually think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin to actually think about
+okay well I do want to learn about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I do want to learn about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I do want to learn about these
+things so maybe I should start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so maybe I should start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so maybe I should start thinking
+about evaluation now instead of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evaluation now instead of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evaluation now instead of at the
+end and timing also in terms of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and timing also in terms of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and timing also in terms of um the
+results that you get from some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that you get from some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that you get from some of the
+interventions in terms of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in terms of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in terms of health
+information systems sometimes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems sometimes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems sometimes these
+interventions are maybe a year maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are maybe a year maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are maybe a year maybe
+three years maybe five years but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years maybe five years but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years maybe five years but the
+actual development outcomes might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual development outcomes might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual development outcomes might
+happen, you know, 10 years down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen, you know, 10 years down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen, you know, 10 years down the
+line. And and an example that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And and an example that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And and an example that's that's
+used a lot is the uh Tanzanian Essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot is the uh Tanzanian Essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot is the uh Tanzanian Essential
+Health Information Program, THIP, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Information Program, THIP, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Information Program, THIP, which
+um happened over 10 years ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um happened over 10 years ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um happened over 10 years ago in
+Tanzania and IDRC did support that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanzania and IDRC did support that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanzania and IDRC did support that
+initial work and some of the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial work and some of the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial work and some of the some of the
+outcomes in terms of the drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in terms of the drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in terms of the drop in
+mortality rate that happened. Some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality rate that happened. Some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality rate that happened. Some of it
+happened soon after, but a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened soon after, but a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened soon after, but a lot of the
+outcomes were not apparent until a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes were not apparent until a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes were not apparent until a long
+time afterward. So just to keep that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time afterward. So just to keep that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time afterward. So just to keep that in
+mind in terms of what's feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in terms of what's feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in terms of what's feasible and
+knowing what what it is that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what what it is that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what what it is that you want to
+evaluate within the time frame. Yes. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate within the time frame. Yes. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate within the time frame. Yes. Why
+was that? Why why did it happen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that? Why why did it happen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that? Why why did it happen like
+that? Well, just because what were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well, just because what were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well, just because what were these
+what were the interventions that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the interventions that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the interventions that led to
+these long Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long Yeah.
+separated. Well, in the case of Tanzania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. Well, in the case of Tanzania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. Well, in the case of Tanzania
+that I just mentioned, um what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just mentioned, um what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just mentioned, um what they were
+doing is they were distributing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they were distributing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they were distributing uh
+insecticide um uh um laden bed nets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecticide um uh um laden bed nets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecticide um uh um laden bed nets and
+because uh and and what they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh and and what they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh and and what they're trying
+to learn about is how um budgets were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about is how um budgets were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about is how um budgets were
+being allocated for specific things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being allocated for specific things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being allocated for specific things and
+because they didn't realize that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't realize that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't realize that these
+are the kinds of outcomes that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of outcomes that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of outcomes that come from
+certain actions that allocations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain actions that allocations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain actions that allocations were
+were not being informed by by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not being informed by by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not being informed by by these
+types of of um by this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of of um by this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of of um by this type of
+information. So, so in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So, so in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So, so in terms of being
+able to see a drop in mortality, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see a drop in mortality, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see a drop in mortality, you
+need to be monitoring what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be monitoring what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be monitoring what's happening
+for some time. So, so in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time. So, so in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time. So, so in that particular
+case, they were able to inform the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, they were able to inform the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, they were able to inform the ways
+in which planning was done um based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which planning was done um based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which planning was done um based on
+this this data, based on this evidence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this data, based on this evidence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this data, based on this evidence,
+but some of the longer term effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the longer term effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the longer term effects on
+what that means for for these kids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means for for these kids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means for for these kids are
+not apparent just because it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not apparent just because it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not apparent just because it wasn't
+within the time frame of what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the time frame of what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the time frame of what what the
+funding was, you know, but life goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding was, you know, but life goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding was, you know, but life goes on
+and and that's the thing. And sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's the thing. And sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's the thing. And sometimes
+the true outcomes you don't see it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true outcomes you don't see it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true outcomes you don't see it or
+the impact you know like outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact you know like outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact you know like outcomes are
+sometimes thought of as changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes thought of as changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes thought of as changes of
+behavior whereas the impact is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior whereas the impact is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior whereas the impact is changing
+of state. So actually having a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state. So actually having a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state. So actually having a change of
+state which sometimes takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which sometimes takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which sometimes takes
+longer. Any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+Okay. Utilization focused evaluation UF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Utilization focused evaluation UF.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Utilization focused evaluation UF.
+Um I actually I have a Oh no, I left it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I actually I have a Oh no, I left it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I actually I have a Oh no, I left it
+in your car. Uh I had uh two books I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your car. Uh I had uh two books I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your car. Uh I had uh two books I
+wanted to show you. Um anyway, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you. Um anyway, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you. Um anyway, um
+Michael Quinn Patton uh has written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Quinn Patton uh has written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Quinn Patton uh has written a
+great deal about this and I believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal about this and I believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal about this and I believe in
+the course readings that uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course readings that uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course readings that uh were
+distributed. There was a checklist uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. There was a checklist uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. There was a checklist uh in
+there that uh he has come up with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that uh he has come up with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that uh he has come up with which
+is based on some of his thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on some of his thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on some of his thinking and
+some of his writing. Um, and just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his writing. Um, and just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his writing. Um, and just so you
+know, some of what I'm talking about,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, some of what I'm talking about,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, some of what I'm talking about,
+you can find in those in those readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find in those in those readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find in those in those readings
+as well. Thinking about use and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Thinking about use and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Thinking about use and knowing
+that you're all very busy, I tried not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're all very busy, I tried not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're all very busy, I tried not
+to assign long um papers, so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign long um papers, so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign long um papers, so they're
+mostly slide decks. And I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly slide decks. And I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly slide decks. And I thought that
+might be more um more accessible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more um more accessible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more um more accessible and
+more useful for all of you. And they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful for all of you. And they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful for all of you. And they're
+they're on on the web actually. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on on the web actually. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on on the web actually. They're
+on the web actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web actually.
+Thank you, Hamish. So they're up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you, Hamish. So they're up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you, Hamish. So they're up on the
+website. utilization focused evaluation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website. utilization focused evaluation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website. utilization focused evaluation.
+Um, so this slide is really the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this slide is really the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this slide is really the essence
+of it. It's all about understanding who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. It's all about understanding who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. It's all about understanding who
+the intended users are and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended users are and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended users are and what the
+intended uses are, which sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended uses are, which sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended uses are, which sounds very
+common sensical. Um, but if I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sensical. Um, but if I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sensical. Um, but if I had the
+book with me, I'd show you the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book with me, I'd show you the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book with me, I'd show you the book is
+about this thick. So, and it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thick. So, and it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thick. So, and it's it's a
+great read, lots of examples, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great read, lots of examples, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great read, lots of examples, but I
+mean, even though it's very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, even though it's very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, even though it's very common
+sensical, there there's a lot to be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensical, there there's a lot to be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensical, there there's a lot to be said
+about truly thinking about the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about truly thinking about the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about truly thinking about the concept
+of user and uses as a as that touchstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user and uses as a as that touchstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user and uses as a as that touchstone
+as I mentioned throughout the life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned throughout the life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned throughout the life cycle
+of an evaluation. And I'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an evaluation. And I'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an evaluation. And I'll talk a little
+bit more about what it means to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about what it means to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about what it means to to do
+that um in the next few slides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in the next few slides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in the next few slides.
+So in terms of the focus of UF, I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in terms of the focus of UF, I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in terms of the focus of UF, I just
+wanted to be clear that this isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be clear that this isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be clear that this isn't a
+methodology. So it's not um I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology. So it's not um I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology. So it's not um I want to do
+a log frame or I want to do this. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log frame or I want to do this. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log frame or I want to do this. That's
+not the way it works. This is more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it works. This is more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it works. This is more of an
+approach. So really a a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. So really a a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. So really a a wide range of
+methodologies can fit under this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies can fit under this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies can fit under this. This
+is really when it comes to designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really when it comes to designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really when it comes to designing
+what it is you want to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you want to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you want to do and
+identifying the issues that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the issues that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the issues that you want to
+look at. And again thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at. And again thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at. And again thinking about that
+first standard that I showed you on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first standard that I showed you on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first standard that I showed you on that
+slide. thinking about the use of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide. thinking about the use of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide. thinking about the use of of what
+the findings are. So in terms of what UF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the findings are. So in terms of what UF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the findings are. So in terms of what UF
+can be used for, it can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for, it can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used for, it can be used for
+pretty much any kind of purpose. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any kind of purpose. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any kind of purpose. Um
+whether it's at the beginning of uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's at the beginning of uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's at the beginning of uh an
+intervention um near the end or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention um near the end or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention um near the end or some
+point in the middle or throughout. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the middle or throughout. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the middle or throughout. Uh
+the type of data that you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of data that you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of data that you can look at
+again it really doesn't matter. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it really doesn't matter. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it really doesn't matter. You
+don't have to stick to um any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to stick to um any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to stick to um any specific
+type. You can you can have mixed, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type. You can you can have mixed, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type. You can you can have mixed, you
+can have quantitative, you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have quantitative, you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have quantitative, you can have
+qualitative, you can you can have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative, you can you can have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative, you can you can have any
+kind uh any kind of uh design works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind uh any kind of uh design works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind uh any kind of uh design works
+fine. And in terms of what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. And in terms of what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. And in terms of what you want to
+look at, you can be looking at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at, you can be looking at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at, you can be looking at the cost
+of something. You can be looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something. You can be looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something. You can be looking at the
+outcomes of something. You can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of something. You can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of something. You can be
+looking at social change. I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at social change. I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at social change. I mean it it
+all it all works if you if you um use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it all works if you if you um use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it all works if you if you um use
+this kind of approach. And um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of approach. And um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of approach. And um and I
+should also mention that uh speaking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also mention that uh speaking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also mention that uh speaking on
+behalf of IDRC, what we generally try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of IDRC, what we generally try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of IDRC, what we generally try to
+do is we try to promote this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we try to promote this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we try to promote this kind of
+thinking for for the recipients and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for for the recipients and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for for the recipients and the
+partners that we work with because um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners that we work with because um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners that we work with because um we
+feel as though evaluations that are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel as though evaluations that are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel as though evaluations that are done
+purely to serve our needs or what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely to serve our needs or what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely to serve our needs or what what
+others might think our needs are might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others might think our needs are might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others might think our needs are might
+not be really in the best interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be really in the best interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be really in the best interest of
+what the change is that we all want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the change is that we all want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the change is that we all want to
+influence. Um so generally what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence. Um so generally what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence. Um so generally what we do is
+is we tell our research partners you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we tell our research partners you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we tell our research partners you own
+this process, you own this evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process, you own this evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process, you own this evaluation
+and we will be involved as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be involved as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be involved as much as you
+want us to be and we we are involved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to be and we we are involved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to be and we we are involved but
+mostly to just provide assistance or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to just provide assistance or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to just provide assistance or or
+talk about things or help guide where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about things or help guide where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about things or help guide where
+things are headed but but but we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are headed but but but we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are headed but but but we aren't
+really the user here. Okay, I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the user here. Okay, I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the user here. Okay, I just
+wanted to be clear about that. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be clear about that. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be clear about that. Um, so
+this image is really just to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is really just to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is really just to show that
+sometimes when you choose the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you choose the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you choose the method
+first, you might feel like there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, you might feel like there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, you might feel like there's this
+big weight around your ankle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big weight around your ankle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big weight around your ankle and you
+feel like you're you're just being held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're you're just being held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're you're just being held
+back and you can't really find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you can't really find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you can't really find out what
+you want to because you you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to because you you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to because you you have to use
+this this uh specific method that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh specific method that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh specific method that you've
+that you've opted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've opted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've opted
+for. Um, in Patton's book, he he kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um, in Patton's book, he he kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um, in Patton's book, he he kind of
+outlines a few of the the common traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines a few of the the common traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines a few of the the common traps
+and temptations. So even though I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temptations. So even though I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temptations. So even though I said
+that the whole idea of use is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole idea of use is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole idea of use is is very
+much common sense, um when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much common sense, um when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much common sense, um when it comes
+right down to it, when you get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down to it, when you get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down to it, when you get down to
+applying this this type of uh approach,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this this type of uh approach,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this this type of uh approach,
+it it can be challenging and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can be challenging and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can be challenging and it is
+somewhat of a mindset change that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of a mindset change that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of a mindset change that that
+you have to go through. So some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go through. So some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go through. So some of the
+the the common traps and temptations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the common traps and temptations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the common traps and temptations
+include when the evaluators themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include when the evaluators themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include when the evaluators themselves
+make uh think of themselves as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh think of themselves as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh think of themselves as the as
+the main uh intended users. uh they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh intended users. uh they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh intended users. uh they just
+assume it. Uh another one can be if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it. Uh another one can be if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it. Uh another one can be if uh
+when you're identifying users, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're identifying users, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're identifying users, you
+identify passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify passive
+audiences. So when when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences. So when when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences. So when when I talk about
+users, I'm not talking about somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users, I'm not talking about somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users, I'm not talking about somebody
+who might come across your website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might come across your website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might come across your website and
+who might happen to download what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might happen to download what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might happen to download what you
+did and who might happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and who might happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and who might happen to be
+interested. To me to me that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested. To me to me that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested. To me to me that's that's an
+audience. So that's an interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience. So that's an interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience. So that's an interested
+audience. When I'm talking about user,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience. When I'm talking about user,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience. When I'm talking about user,
+what I'm talking about are individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about are individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about are individuals
+who actually uh clearly want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually uh clearly want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually uh clearly want to use the
+findings and are willing to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings and are willing to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings and are willing to be involved
+in the process throughout. Um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process throughout. Um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process throughout. Um how
+intensive that is really depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive that is really depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive that is really depends on what
+their use value is on what they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their use value is on what they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their use value is on what they what
+they want to use it for. But part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to use it for. But part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to use it for. But part of the
+part of the idea behind UF is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the idea behind UF is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the idea behind UF is not only
+do you try to guide what you're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you try to guide what you're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you try to guide what you're what
+you're trying to find out by the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find out by the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find out by the users
+and the uses, but at the end of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uses, but at the end of it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uses, but at the end of it,
+you're actually part of this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually part of this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually part of this part of the
+process involves facilitating that use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process involves facilitating that use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process involves facilitating that use.
+So it's so once you're done, once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's so once you're done, once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's so once you're done, once you've
+written the study, it's not over. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the study, it's not over. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the study, it's not over. It's
+about finding ways to continue to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding ways to continue to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding ways to continue to work
+with the users and helping them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the users and helping them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the users and helping them to
+actually use the findings. So obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the findings. So obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the findings. So obviously
+if that means you you've identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that means you you've identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that means you you've identified
+audiences that are passive, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences that are passive, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences that are passive, it's
+probably not going to work very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to work very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to work very well.
+Um, and that's not to say that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that's not to say that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that's not to say that you can't
+have many interested audiences. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many interested audiences. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many interested audiences. I think
+that's great. But when going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great. But when going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great. But when going through
+this, you need to really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you need to really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you need to really think about
+user means they're engaged and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user means they're engaged and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user means they're engaged and and that
+involves an investment obviously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an investment obviously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an investment obviously and
+that that kind of negotiation has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of negotiation has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of negotiation has to
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+Um so targeting organizations as users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so targeting organizations as users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so targeting organizations as users
+can also be challenging because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be challenging because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be challenging because
+organizations although they tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations although they tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations although they tend to have
+a um comprehensive mandate and they act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um comprehensive mandate and they act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um comprehensive mandate and they act
+in a certain way, they can be rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain way, they can be rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain way, they can be rather
+opaque and they're they're kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque and they're they're kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque and they're they're kind of this
+this blob, right? And when if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blob, right? And when if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blob, right? And when if you really
+want them to use your findings, who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to use your findings, who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to use your findings, who is
+it within the organization that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it within the organization that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it within the organization that really
+wants to use the findings? And what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to use the findings? And what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to use the findings? And what if
+their mandate changes overnight, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mandate changes overnight, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mandate changes overnight, which
+you know happens? So that that can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know happens? So that that can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know happens? So that that can be a
+trap. it can work uh sometimes and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap. it can work uh sometimes and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap. it can work uh sometimes and I've
+seen it work but it it can be hard if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it work but it it can be hard if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it work but it it can be hard if
+you just leave it at that and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave it at that and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave it at that and don't
+think through about the uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through about the uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through about the uses
+um assuming that um the evaluation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assuming that um the evaluation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assuming that um the evaluation's
+funer is the primary stakeholder. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funer is the primary stakeholder. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funer is the primary stakeholder. So
+again, uh that can be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, uh that can be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, uh that can be the case
+sometimes. I mean, sometimes the funder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes. I mean, sometimes the funder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes. I mean, sometimes the funder
+is the main stakeholder and and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the main stakeholder and and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the main stakeholder and and maybe
+they're they're very much interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very much interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very much interested in
+uh the accountability and that's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the accountability and that's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the accountability and that's fine.
+But just clarifying those those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But just clarifying those those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But just clarifying those those values
+and assumptions early on will perhaps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumptions early on will perhaps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumptions early on will perhaps um
+uh help understand what the expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh help understand what the expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh help understand what the expectations
+are, but you shouldn't assume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, but you shouldn't assume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, but you shouldn't assume it
+necessarily. And in the case of IDRC,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. And in the case of IDRC,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. And in the case of IDRC,
+that's not the case. But that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case. But that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case. But that's just one
+one uh example. listen to them. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh example. listen to them. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh example. listen to them. Yeah,
+you should listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should listen to
+me. Um, and then waiting until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Um, and then waiting until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Um, and then waiting until the
+findings are in to identify intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings are in to identify intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings are in to identify intended
+users and intended uses. That's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and intended uses. That's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and intended uses. That's kind of
+like waiting for the study to finish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like waiting for the study to finish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like waiting for the study to finish and
+saying, well, my hypothesis were to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, well, my hypothesis were to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, well, my hypothesis were to do
+this and oh, look at the findings. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and oh, look at the findings. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and oh, look at the findings. They
+they happen to support it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen to support it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen to support it and that's
+great. Um, but in this case, if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Um, but in this case, if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Um, but in this case, if you do
+that, um, you're not really doing UF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, um, you're not really doing UF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, um, you're not really doing UF
+because you haven't engaged the users.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you haven't engaged the users.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you haven't engaged the users.
+if you only find out or you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only find out or you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only find out or you only
+identify them after the fact. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify them after the fact. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify them after the fact. So that
+that's something to watch for and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to watch for and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to watch for and then
+just simply don't call it this. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply don't call it this. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply don't call it this. It's
+it's something else. So uh taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else. So uh taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else. So uh taking a
+stance of standing above the messiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance of standing above the messiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance of standing above the messiness
+of people and politics. Now again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people and politics. Now again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people and politics. Now again if
+you're if you're looking at complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're looking at complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're looking at complex
+systems um health policies, health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um health policies, health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um health policies, health
+systems, health financing, health health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, health financing, health health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, health financing, health health
+services, I mean those are all pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services, I mean those are all pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services, I mean those are all pretty uh
+fraught with politics and people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraught with politics and people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraught with politics and people and the
+rest of it. So if you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it. So if you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it. So if you really want to
+have the findings be useful, perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the findings be useful, perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the findings be useful, perhaps
+it's it's a good thing to recognize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a good thing to recognize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a good thing to recognize what
+role that plays. And you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that plays. And you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that plays. And you don't
+necessarily need to go into the depths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to go into the depths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to go into the depths
+of it, but but to just assume that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it, but but to just assume that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it, but but to just assume that it's
+not there um might make the findings uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there um might make the findings uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there um might make the findings uh
+not very useful at all. Being co-opted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very useful at all. Being co-opted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very useful at all. Being co-opted
+by powerful stakeholders, I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by powerful stakeholders, I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by powerful stakeholders, I think that's
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+self-explanatory. Um identifying primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory. Um identifying primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory. Um identifying primary
+intended users but not involving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users but not involving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users but not involving them
+meaningfully. So this is something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfully. So this is something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfully. So this is something to
+watch for. So when you really identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for. So when you really identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for. So when you really identify
+the primary intended users uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary intended users uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary intended users uh and you
+don't talk to them again until the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk to them again until the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk to them again until the end
+of the study, then you really haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study, then you really haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study, then you really haven't
+engaged them at all. So when they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged them at all. So when they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged them at all. So when they don't
+use the findings, you can't really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the findings, you can't really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the findings, you can't really be
+upset with them because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset with them because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset with them because you didn't
+follow through on what you had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through on what you had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through on what you had had
+intended to do, which is which is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to do, which is which is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to do, which is which is have
+them really use the findings. Oh, sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them really use the findings. Oh, sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them really use the findings. Oh, sorry.
+I didn't see you there. Yes. Could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't see you there. Yes. Could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't see you there. Yes. Could you
+go back to the last? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the last? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the last? Yes.
+I was wondering how would you suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was wondering how would you suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was wondering how would you suggest
+want to like strike a balance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like strike a balance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like strike a balance between
+the second and the third party.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Yeah. So what um what he's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So what um what he's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So what um what he's asking
+is how how can you strike a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how how can you strike a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how how can you strike a balance
+between the second and the third point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the second and the third point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the second and the third point?
+So it's it's kind of a fine line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it's kind of a fine line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it's kind of a fine line that
+that a fine balance that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a fine balance that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a fine balance that has to be
+struck there. Um you're right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck there. Um you're right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck there. Um you're right but I
+think what what um what is meant here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what um what is meant here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what um what is meant here is
+that the third point is not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the third point is not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the third point is not being
+co-opted by powerful stakeholders.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-opted by powerful stakeholders.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-opted by powerful stakeholders.
+That's much more in terms of um defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's much more in terms of um defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's much more in terms of um defining
+the users and and understanding. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users and and understanding. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users and and understanding. So if
+if you've defined the users as a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've defined the users as a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've defined the users as a certain
+group and then a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then a powerful
+stakeholder tries to co-opt that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder tries to co-opt that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder tries to co-opt that and I
+know what you're saying. You're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're saying. You're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're saying. You're saying
+but in the real world that's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real world that's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real world that's the way it
+goes. So how how do you stop that? And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. So how how do you stop that? And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. So how how do you stop that? And I
+don't have an answer. It it just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an answer. It it just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an answer. It it just really
+depends on what it is you're evaluating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what it is you're evaluating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what it is you're evaluating.
+Is it a very sensitive topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it a very sensitive topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it a very sensitive topic that
+perhaps the powerful stakeholder is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the powerful stakeholder is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the powerful stakeholder is is
+has a vested interest in shaping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a vested interest in shaping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a vested interest in shaping the
+outcome for? And if that's the case, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for? And if that's the case, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for? And if that's the case, you
+can still sensitize stakeholders about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still sensitize stakeholders about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still sensitize stakeholders about
+what you're doing and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and they don't
+necessarily have to be the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be the primary
+intended users. So, um I'm sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users. So, um I'm sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users. So, um I'm sorry it's
+I'm not sure if that answers your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if that answers your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if that answers your
+question, but yeah, good enough. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, and as I mentioned before, UF is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and as I mentioned before, UF is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and as I mentioned before, UF is not
+uh is not a methodology. It is a it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not a methodology. It is a it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not a methodology. It is a it is
+an approach. So, I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach. So, I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach. So, I thought it would be
+helpful if I put a few methodologies up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if I put a few methodologies up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if I put a few methodologies up
+here that follow the utilization focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that follow the utilization focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that follow the utilization focused
+evaluation approach in actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation approach in actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation approach in actually
+providing some ways to to get the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing some ways to to get the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing some ways to to get the data
+and to analyze things and and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to analyze things and and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to analyze things and and to
+facilitate use. The first one is outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate use. The first one is outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate use. The first one is outcome
+mapping. Um I'm not going to talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping. Um I'm not going to talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping. Um I'm not going to talk a lot
+about each of these, but I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these, but I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these, but I'm happy to
+discuss them more if anybody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them more if anybody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them more if anybody wants to
+ask a question now or later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question now or later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question now or later.
+Essentially, outcome mapping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially, outcome mapping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially, outcome mapping is
+something that started um from IDRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that started um from IDRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that started um from IDRC
+several years ago, but has since kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years ago, but has since kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years ago, but has since kind of
+taken a life of its own. Uh and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a life of its own. Uh and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a life of its own. Uh and what it
+looks at is understanding who it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at is understanding who it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at is understanding who it is that
+you're trying to influence. So they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to influence. So they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to influence. So they they
+call it boundary partners understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it boundary partners understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it boundary partners understanding
+the feasibility of influencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasibility of influencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasibility of influencing
+influencing them rather which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing them rather which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing them rather which is what
+they call the sphere of influence. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the sphere of influence. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the sphere of influence. So um
+really having a sense of when you say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really having a sense of when you say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really having a sense of when you say um
+say you're a small project doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're a small project doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're a small project doing
+research in village A that's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in village A that's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in village A that's trying to
+compare something with village B C and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare something with village B C and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare something with village B C and D
+which is very interesting but then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very interesting but then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very interesting but then when
+you when you state what it is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you state what it is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you state what it is you want
+to influence if you say well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to influence if you say well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to influence if you say well I want to
+influence the uh Ministry of Health to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the uh Ministry of Health to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the uh Ministry of Health to
+change their their their health plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their their their health plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their their their health plan for
+the next five years that might be that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next five years that might be that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next five years that might be that's
+probably not within your sphere of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not within your sphere of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not within your sphere of
+influence depending on who you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence depending on who you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence depending on who you work with
+if you work with the minister's cousin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work with the minister's cousin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work with the minister's cousin
+or something maybe it is but um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something maybe it is but um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something maybe it is but um that
+those kinds of those kinds of ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of those kinds of ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of those kinds of ideas of
+understanding what the flow of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what the flow of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what the flow of changes
+are and then being able to understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then being able to understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then being able to understand so
+what are the kinds of changes that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kinds of changes that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kinds of changes that I
+might expect to see I might like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect to see I might like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect to see I might like to see
+and love to see so you have a sense of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and love to see so you have a sense of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and love to see so you have a sense of a
+a kind of um progression as as things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of um progression as as things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of um progression as as things
+happen most significant change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen most significant change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen most significant change is
+something that was developed by Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was developed by Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was developed by Rick
+Davies and Jess Dart um and this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davies and Jess Dart um and this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davies and Jess Dart um and this is this
+is really about Um it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really about Um it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really about Um it's it's a very
+participatory methodology that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory methodology that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory methodology that has
+people share stories and narratives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people share stories and narratives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people share stories and narratives to
+talk about what the changes have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what the changes have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what the changes have been
+that they've gone through and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've gone through and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've gone through and then
+there's this this pretty involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this pretty involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this pretty involved
+process of of kind of selecting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of of kind of selecting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of of kind of selecting things
+and and and and um finding out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and um finding out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and um finding out what the
+most significant changes. Um, I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant changes. Um, I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant changes. Um, I can't
+speak to that that much because I' i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to that that much because I' i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to that that much because I' i've
+only used it a bit, but I've worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used it a bit, but I've worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used it a bit, but I've worked with
+Jestart and it it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jestart and it it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jestart and it it's it's a very
+interesting methodology to have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting methodology to have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting methodology to have a look
+at if anyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if anyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if anyone's
+interested. And the last one I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested. And the last one I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested. And the last one I have here
+is gender evaluation methodology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gender evaluation methodology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gender evaluation methodology which
+is um run by APC uh the association for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um run by APC uh the association for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um run by APC uh the association for
+progressive communications and uh IDRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive communications and uh IDRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive communications and uh IDRC
+has also worked on this and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has also worked on this and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has also worked on this and it's really
+about um looking at ICT ford projects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um looking at ICT ford projects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um looking at ICT ford projects uh
+specifically with a focus on women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with a focus on women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with a focus on women's
+issues and and what the kind of gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and and what the kind of gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and and what the kind of gender
+sensitized ways um so not just women but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitized ways um so not just women but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitized ways um so not just women but
+I'm talking about masculinities as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about masculinities as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about masculinities as well
+as femininities etc. But given in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as femininities etc. But given in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as femininities etc. But given in the
+field of ICT ford, sometimes that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of ICT ford, sometimes that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of ICT ford, sometimes that can be
+left out of the conversation, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out of the conversation, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out of the conversation, this
+specific evaluation tool uh can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific evaluation tool uh can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific evaluation tool uh can help
+bring it back in in a very systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back in in a very systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back in in a very systematic
+way. Okay, key evaluation questions. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, key evaluation questions. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, key evaluation questions. Um
+so this these are just examples of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these are just examples of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these are just examples of six
+different types of questions you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of questions you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of questions you might
+want to ask. And these slides I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask. And these slides I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask. And these slides I've I've
+drawn on extensively from slides uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on extensively from slides uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on extensively from slides uh that
+have been done by Jess Dart. and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done by Jess Dart. and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done by Jess Dart. and we were
+doing a workshop together and um I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a workshop together and um I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a workshop together and um I just
+thought these slides were quite uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these slides were quite uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these slides were quite uh quite
+good. So I've borrowed some of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So I've borrowed some of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So I've borrowed some of them and
+modified them slightly. Uh the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified them slightly. Uh the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified them slightly. Uh the first one
+is if if you want to look at issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if if you want to look at issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if if you want to look at issues of
+impact which kind of goes back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact which kind of goes back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact which kind of goes back to what
+we were saying in terms of uh impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were saying in terms of uh impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were saying in terms of uh impact
+outcome those are very um they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome those are very um they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome those are very um they're not
+necessarily clearly um understood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily clearly um understood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily clearly um understood and
+that understood the same way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understood the same way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understood the same way by
+everybody. Um but here's a question. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Um but here's a question. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Um but here's a question. To
+what extent is it likely that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent is it likely that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent is it likely that the that
+the desired practice change will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired practice change will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired practice change will lead to
+improvement uh in the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement uh in the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement uh in the state of
+something? So less poverty, reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something? So less poverty, reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something? So less poverty, reduced
+mortality, improved water, etc. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality, improved water, etc. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality, improved water, etc. So it's
+it's quite a it's quite a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a it's quite a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a it's quite a change of
+state that you're actually looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you're actually looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you're actually looking at.
+Um and these are just questions. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and these are just questions. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and these are just questions. They're
+they're not the instrument. So of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the instrument. So of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the instrument. So of course
+once you establish what you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you establish what you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you establish what you want to look
+for. First you have to understand who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. First you have to understand who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. First you have to understand who's
+interested and why and if it's feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and why and if it's feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and why and if it's feasible
+for them to do what they want to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do what they want to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do what they want to do with
+it then working with them to through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then working with them to through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then working with them to through
+through the uses that they want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the uses that they want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the uses that they want to find
+out what it is you want to ask. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it is you want to ask. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it is you want to ask. And then
+comes the point where you think okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the point where you think okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the point where you think okay so
+what is the actual method that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual method that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual method that I want to
+use to to get the um information to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to to get the um information to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to to get the um information to to
+to um to move forward. So the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to move forward. So the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to move forward. So the second one
+is outcomes. uh to what extent did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is outcomes. uh to what extent did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is outcomes. uh to what extent did
+participating farmers change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating farmers change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating farmers change their
+practices around fertilizer management?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices around fertilizer management?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices around fertilizer management?
+Of course in the health this can uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course in the health this can uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course in the health this can uh be
+applied to any sector really. I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to any sector really. I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to any sector really. I mean in
+health it could be to what extent did um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health it could be to what extent did um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health it could be to what extent did um
+community health workers change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community health workers change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community health workers change their
+practices around registering uh women um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices around registering uh women um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices around registering uh women um
+or kids or something like that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kids or something like that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kids or something like that under
+five. Uh so it's it's just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five. Uh so it's it's just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five. Uh so it's it's just an example
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+modified. Uh if you want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified. Uh if you want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified. Uh if you want to look at the
+approach or the model that's being used,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or the model that's being used,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or the model that's being used,
+you can ask something like how does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask something like how does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask something like how does your
+how does our model of engagement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does our model of engagement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does our model of engagement and
+strengthening capacities compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening capacities compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening capacities compare with
+others. You know just an example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. You know just an example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. You know just an example if
+you're interested to know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested to know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested to know how to do
+things uh in a in a better way. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh in a in a better way. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh in a in a better way. If you
+want to look at issues of process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at issues of process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at issues of process to
+what extent were partners adequately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent were partners adequately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent were partners adequately
+engaged during the project development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged during the project development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged during the project development
+process. So if that is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. So if that is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. So if that is something that
+you wanted to do, maybe understanding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to do, maybe understanding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to do, maybe understanding um
+did this happen, how well did it happen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this happen, how well did it happen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this happen, how well did it happen,
+how how can it happen better in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can it happen better in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can it happen better in the
+future if it's something that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if it's something that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if it's something that we want to
+keep doing. Quality um to what extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing. Quality um to what extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing. Quality um to what extent
+did the quality of the research um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the quality of the research um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the quality of the research um
+outputs um or the findings themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs um or the findings themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs um or the findings themselves
+adhere to acceptable standards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to acceptable standards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to acceptable standards for
+policy papers? So if you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy papers? So if you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy papers? So if you happen to be
+someone uh who who works with the an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh who who works with the an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone uh who who works with the an an
+intervention that's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention that's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention that's interested in
+publishing the findings, it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing the findings, it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing the findings, it might be
+something to be asking yourselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be asking yourselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be asking yourselves in
+terms of the kind of research that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the kind of research that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the kind of research that's
+that's coming out of the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out of the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out of the work that
+you're doing. Cost effectiveness. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. Cost effectiveness. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. Cost effectiveness. This
+one's quite self-explanator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's quite self-explanator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's quite self-explanator
+self-explanatory. To what extent were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory. To what extent were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory. To what extent were
+the predicted costs balanced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted costs balanced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted costs balanced with the
+effectiveness of the intervention? So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of the intervention? So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of the intervention? So I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that's so those are just some examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so those are just some examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so those are just some examples.
+Um and what makes good key evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and what makes good key evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and what makes good key evaluation
+questions. One of the some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. One of the some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. One of the some of the things
+here uh for instance it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for instance it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for instance it should be
+specific enough to serve as a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific enough to serve as a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific enough to serve as a useful
+guide to you as you move forward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to you as you move forward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to you as you move forward because
+they I mean once you know who it's for,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I mean once you know who it's for,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I mean once you know who it's for,
+what it's for, and then you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's for, and then you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's for, and then you want to know
+what it is that you want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that you want to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that you want to know about
+it. It it should be specific enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It it should be specific enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It it should be specific enough to
+to move you down that path. But it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move you down that path. But it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move you down that path. But it also
+should be broad enough to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be broad enough to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be broad enough to be able to
+break down into different instruments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down into different instruments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down into different instruments.
+So it it shouldn't be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it shouldn't be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it shouldn't be something that
+you'd ask in a survey. So it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd ask in a survey. So it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd ask in a survey. So it shouldn't
+be that specific. It should be broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that specific. It should be broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that specific. It should be broad
+enough that you can you can find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can you can find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can you can find out
+more about it, look at it from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it, look at it from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it, look at it from um
+various perspectives. The data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various perspectives. The data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various perspectives. The data that you
+can bring to bear to answer should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring to bear to answer should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring to bear to answer should also
+be thought about. So if if you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought about. So if if you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought about. So if if you're asking
+something that perhaps is interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that perhaps is interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that perhaps is interesting to
+the intended users and for the use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended users and for the use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended users and for the use that
+they want um and is interesting in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want um and is interesting in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want um and is interesting in terms
+of of what it is they want to know. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what it is they want to know. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what it is they want to know. If
+you if you cannot bring the data to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you cannot bring the data to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you cannot bring the data to bear
+that's something that's that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that's that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that's that's that's a
+red flag. So if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red flag. So if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red flag. So if you're looking at
+something that is would involve years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is would involve years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is would involve years
+and years of of um monitoring something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years of of um monitoring something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years of of um monitoring something
+but you only have five weeks then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you only have five weeks then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you only have five weeks then you
+have to think about that before moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about that before moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about that before moving
+forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward.
+So they should be open-ended. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they should be open-ended. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they should be open-ended. Uh you
+shouldn't be able to answer them with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to answer them with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to answer them with no
+or yes. Um and of course they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yes. Um and of course they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yes. Um and of course they should
+lead to useful and credible findings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to useful and credible findings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to useful and credible findings.
+And the last point is um and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the last point is um and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the last point is um and of course
+there's no rule in terms of how many you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rule in terms of how many you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rule in terms of how many you
+should have. But I tend to uh think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have. But I tend to uh think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have. But I tend to uh think that
+2 to 4 or maybe like five uh is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to 4 or maybe like five uh is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to 4 or maybe like five uh is normally
+a good place to stop because after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good place to stop because after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good place to stop because after that
+if you really want to get a rich sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to get a rich sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to get a rich sense
+of what's happening you might compromise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening you might compromise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening you might compromise
+on that kind of um richness that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that kind of um richness that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that kind of um richness that could
+come out of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of it.
+developmental evaluation. Um, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental evaluation. Um, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental evaluation. Um, okay,
+before I So, this is really all about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I So, this is really all about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I So, this is really all about um
+when I talked before about complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked before about complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked before about complex
+systems, open systems, um, things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, open systems, um, things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, open systems, um, things that
+can happen that you're not prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen that you're not prepared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen that you're not prepared for
+necessarily. Developmental evaluation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. Developmental evaluation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. Developmental evaluation is
+again, um, I had another book here. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, um, I had another book here. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, um, I had another book here. Um,
+Michael Patton has written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Patton has written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Patton has written this
+interesting book that just came out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book that just came out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book that just came out this
+year on um this type of utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on um this type of utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on um this type of utilization
+focused evaluation which came out of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused evaluation which came out of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused evaluation which came out of his
+experiences when he would talk to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences when he would talk to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences when he would talk to um
+certain groups that he would work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups that he would work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups that he would work with
+and you know once once they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know once once they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know once once they realized
+well okay from this point on if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay from this point on if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay from this point on if we want
+to use this as a baseline and if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this as a baseline and if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this as a baseline and if we want
+to compare back with this in a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare back with this in a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare back with this in a year from
+now then you shouldn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then you shouldn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then you shouldn't really make
+drastic changes to what you're doing And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic changes to what you're doing And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic changes to what you're doing And
+the group he was working with, I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group he was working with, I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group he was working with, I can't
+remember their name right now, were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember their name right now, were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember their name right now, were were
+was was one that happened to change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was one that happened to change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was one that happened to change a
+lot. They're very dynamic and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. They're very dynamic and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. They're very dynamic and they
+changed things when when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed things when when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed things when when when the
+environment would ask for it or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would ask for it or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would ask for it or when
+when something was happening. And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something was happening. And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something was happening. And they
+found that very hard to deal with. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that very hard to deal with. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that very hard to deal with. Oh,
+so now we've been we've been so dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've been we've been so dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've been we've been so dynamic
+and changing and and now you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing and and now you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing and and now you're saying
+that we can't for, you know, x amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't for, you know, x amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't for, you know, x amount of
+time. So then so then he got thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So then so then he got thinking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So then so then he got thinking.
+it was like well maybe there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like well maybe there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like well maybe there is a way to
+continue evaluating in a way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue evaluating in a way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue evaluating in a way that you
+can get findings that are that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get findings that are that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get findings that are that are that
+are useful and that are rigorous um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are useful and that are rigorous um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are useful and that are rigorous um but
+doing it thinking about it as a more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it thinking about it as a more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it thinking about it as a more of
+an evolving uh process. So developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolving uh process. So developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolving uh process. So developmental
+evaluation kind of came out of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation kind of came out of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation kind of came out of that and
+I put up these two images, frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put up these two images, frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put up these two images, frameworks
+really that I find helpful in situating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that I find helpful in situating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that I find helpful in situating
+specific um ideas and projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific um ideas and projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific um ideas and projects and
+understanding how complex or complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how complex or complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how complex or complicated
+or simple they are. Um, so I won't spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simple they are. Um, so I won't spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simple they are. Um, so I won't spend
+a lot of time on this, but you'll see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time on this, but you'll see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time on this, but you'll see on
+the one uh the Stacy's agreement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one uh the Stacy's agreement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one uh the Stacy's agreement and
+certainty matrix, which has since been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty matrix, which has since been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty matrix, which has since been
+changed by some, but it looks at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by some, but it looks at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by some, but it looks at how
+certain you are that you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you are that you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you are that you can get the
+data to inform what it is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to inform what it is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to inform what it is you want to
+do. So how far from it or how close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So how far from it or how close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So how far from it or how close to
+it you are and then the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you are and then the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you are and then the level of
+agreement. So in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement. So in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement. So in terms of the
+stakeholders involved, how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders involved, how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders involved, how much
+agreement is there that you do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement is there that you do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement is there that you do really
+want to look at a certain issues and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at a certain issues and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at a certain issues and and
+how much of it is well I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it is well I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it is well I'm not really
+sure and this is good but next week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and this is good but next week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and this is good but next week we
+might not be interested anymore. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be interested anymore. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be interested anymore. So you
+see on the on the I guess it' be on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the on the I guess it' be on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the on the I guess it' be on your
+left hand side going up as as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side going up as as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side going up as as you get
+further away from having agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from having agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from having agreement
+things become a little bit more socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things become a little bit more socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things become a little bit more socially
+complicated. So you have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So you have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So you have to kind of
+navigate that. Um, as you get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate that. Um, as you get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate that. Um, as you get further
+away from having that certainty in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from having that certainty in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from having that certainty in terms
+of, you know, knowing you can get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, knowing you can get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, knowing you can get your
+hands on this and knowing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on this and knowing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on this and knowing that you can
+turn something around in a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn something around in a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn something around in a relatively
+planned and controlled environment, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned and controlled environment, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned and controlled environment, then
+you get into a space where you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into a space where you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into a space where you're more
+technically complicated. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically complicated. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically complicated. Um, and then
+when when you have high amounts of each,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you have high amounts of each,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you have high amounts of each,
+you kind of get into that zone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of get into that zone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of get into that zone of
+complexity. kind of sounds very Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity. kind of sounds very Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity. kind of sounds very Star
+Trekish, but um it's uh personally I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trekish, but um it's uh personally I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trekish, but um it's uh personally I I
+find this very helpful, like I said, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this very helpful, like I said, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this very helpful, like I said, as
+a tool to think about things. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool to think about things. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool to think about things. I I
+haven't ever actually used it um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't ever actually used it um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't ever actually used it um in
+terms of a study and actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a study and actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a study and actually kind of
+gotten into a lot of depth into it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten into a lot of depth into it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten into a lot of depth into it, but
+um it has been done and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has been done and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has been done and this kind of
+thinking is is is very central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is is is very central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is is is very central to
+complexity theory and and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory and and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory and and that kind of
+stuff. And the one here, this framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. And the one here, this framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. And the one here, this framework
+by Curtsen Snowden, um is similar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Curtsen Snowden, um is similar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Curtsen Snowden, um is similar in the
+sense that it looks at um what is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it looks at um what is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it looks at um what is known
+and unknown uh sorry known, knowable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unknown uh sorry known, knowable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unknown uh sorry known, knowable,
+complex and chaos. And it looks much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and chaos. And it looks much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and chaos. And it looks much
+more at the centrality of things and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the centrality of things and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the centrality of things and how
+relationships um how strong they are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships um how strong they are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships um how strong they are or
+how weak they are and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how weak they are and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how weak they are and and how
+understanding the ways in which the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the ways in which the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the ways in which the the
+systems are operating how you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are operating how you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are operating how you might want
+to uh move forward with um uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh move forward with um uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh move forward with um uh in terms
+of learning about it. Yes. So just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning about it. Yes. So just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning about it. Yes. So just a
+comment on the the graph on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on the the graph on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on the the graph on the on the
+left there. Yes. Um I was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there. Yes. Um I was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there. Yes. Um I was I think
+looking particularly at the chaos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking particularly at the chaos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking particularly at the chaos and
+the massive avoidance. I didn't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massive avoidance. I didn't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massive avoidance. I didn't mention
+that because I was avoiding it. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I was avoiding it. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I was avoiding it. Thanks.
+Well, I think it's interesting though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I think it's interesting though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I think it's interesting though
+because we had a number of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had a number of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had a number of people in
+this course talking about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course talking about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course talking about some of the
+challenges evaluation and that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges evaluation and that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges evaluation and that in fact
+it was very difficult to do evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very difficult to do evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very difficult to do evaluation
+in some situations and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some situations and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some situations and I think the
+alternative view and that's actually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative view and that's actually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative view and that's actually put
+forward by the action lab here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by the action lab here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by the action lab here is that
+you can actually kind of plum a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually kind of plum a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually kind of plum a line
+into complicated situations and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complicated situations and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complicated situations and also
+other you know other evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know other evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know other evaluations
+approaches where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches where
+a little bit more than you did before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more than you did before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more than you did before.
+It actually moves you closer to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It actually moves you closer to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It actually moves you closer to being
+able to make better decisions. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make better decisions. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make better decisions. So that
+massive avoidance is probably a not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive avoidance is probably a not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive avoidance is probably a not a
+great idea because I think a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea because I think a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea because I think a small
+amount of information just being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information just being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information just being able to
+gather very broad statistics could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather very broad statistics could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather very broad statistics could
+actually really help decision. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really help decision. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really help decision. Um I
+agree and I think but in terms of chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and I think but in terms of chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and I think but in terms of chaos
+and I think this was a workshop that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this was a workshop that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this was a workshop that I
+went to on the framework here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to on the framework here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to on the framework here on the
+right where they said chaos is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where they said chaos is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where they said chaos is is very
+um is very ephemeral in the state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is very ephemeral in the state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is very ephemeral in the state that
+in the sense that rather the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that rather the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that rather the state of
+chaos is normally not a state that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos is normally not a state that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos is normally not a state that you
+expect to be functioning in although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to be functioning in although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to be functioning in although I
+some of you look at me and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you look at me and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you look at me and say well
+actually I've functioned in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I've functioned in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I've functioned in this state
+for a long time but the state of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time but the state of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time but the state of true
+you know in in the truest form of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in the truest form of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in the truest form of the uh
+sense of the heard chaos is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the heard chaos is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the heard chaos is supposed to
+be something that doesn't last for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that doesn't last for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that doesn't last for a
+long time. You you kind of come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. You you kind of come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. You you kind of come out of
+it in one way or the other. So, um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one way or the other. So, um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one way or the other. So, um but
+that's it's a good point in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a good point in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a good point in terms of
+there are ways to I don't like the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to I don't like the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to I don't like the idea
+of of of overuse of the word. Oh, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of overuse of the word. Oh, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of overuse of the word. Oh, this
+is too complex. It's chaos and I can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too complex. It's chaos and I can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too complex. It's chaos and I can't I
+can't do anything about it. I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about it. I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about it. I can't
+learn anything about it. So, so yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything about it. So, so yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything about it. So, so yes,
+there are ways around it and I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways around it and I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways around it and I would be
+interested to learn more about the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to learn more about the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to learn more about the kind
+of work that these guys are doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that these guys are doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that these guys are doing.
+Um developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um developmental
+evaluation generally is works well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation generally is works well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation generally is works well when
+you're trying to understand the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to understand the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to understand the process
+of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation
+um in the sense that you know innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that you know innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that you know innovation
+is also a word that's understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a word that's understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a word that's understood
+differently by different people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently by different people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently by different people but
+generally I like to think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I like to think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I like to think about it as
+the the um social value of of knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um social value of of knowledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um social value of of knowledge.
+So to take knowledge from a the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to take knowledge from a the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to take knowledge from a the point
+where it's actually being developed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's actually being developed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's actually being developed to
+kind of bringing it into u having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bringing it into u having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bringing it into u having some
+sort of social value. Uh it works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of social value. Uh it works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of social value. Uh it works well
+when you're in a constant state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in a constant state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in a constant state of
+development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and
+adaptation. Um when the environment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation. Um when the environment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation. Um when the environment is
+changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and
+unpredictable when the entire framing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable when the entire framing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable when the entire framing of
+an issue that you had thought of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that you had thought of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that you had thought of at the
+outset has drastically changed or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset has drastically changed or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset has drastically changed or you
+think it might change and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might change and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might change and um uh
+adaptations uh that uh so when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations uh that uh so when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations uh that uh so when when
+things change in terms of participants,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change in terms of participants,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change in terms of participants,
+partners and contexts. So this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and contexts. So this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and contexts. So this comes
+from the McConnell Foundation who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the McConnell Foundation who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the McConnell Foundation who's
+doing a lot of interesting work in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of interesting work in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of interesting work in this
+in this area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area.
+Um and in terms of situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and in terms of situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and in terms of situations
+where using DE could be appropriate. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where using DE could be appropriate. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where using DE could be appropriate. Um
+definitely early on when you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely early on when you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely early on when you're really
+designing something and you you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing something and you you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing something and you you have a
+sense of what you're looking at, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what you're looking at, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what you're looking at, but if
+you want to continue evaluating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to continue evaluating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to continue evaluating and
+learning from it as you go to shape what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from it as you go to shape what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from it as you go to shape what
+it is you want to do, that that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you want to do, that that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you want to do, that that might be
+a time to to use it. Pro um radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time to to use it. Pro um radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time to to use it. Pro um radical
+program redesign. Um so when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program redesign. Um so when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program redesign. Um so when you know
+that you take something that's existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take something that's existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take something that's existing
+now and you want to significantly modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you want to significantly modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you want to significantly modify
+things. So you want to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So you want to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So you want to understand the
+processes the the things you choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes the the things you choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes the the things you choose to
+change and the ones that you don't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the ones that you don't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the ones that you don't and
+maybe if you want to systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you want to systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you want to systematically
+think about what that has meant in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that has meant in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that has meant in terms
+of effectiveness in terms of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effectiveness in terms of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effectiveness in terms of performance
+in terms of uh incentives etc. program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh incentives etc. program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh incentives etc. program
+rep program replication is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep program replication is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep program replication is also
+something where if something is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where if something is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where if something is very
+successful in one uh specific context um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in one uh specific context um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in one uh specific context um
+this is something that I think um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that I think um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that I think um we
+suffer from in this field as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from in this field as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from in this field as well as
+others where you know if something's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others where you know if something's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others where you know if something's um
+very very successful in a certain place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very successful in a certain place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very successful in a certain place
+a certain country a certain um part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain country a certain um part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain country a certain um part of
+it then these anecdotes come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then these anecdotes come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then these anecdotes come out
+sometimes there are some really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are some really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are some really strong
+research that is done whether it's RCTs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that is done whether it's RCTs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that is done whether it's RCTs
+or whether it's some other form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether it's some other form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether it's some other form to
+really show that this this kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really show that this this kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really show that this this kind of work
+has been very effective. Um but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very effective. Um but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very effective. Um but when you
+when you replicate it um in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you replicate it um in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you replicate it um in another
+context, obviously things change. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context, obviously things change. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context, obviously things change. So if
+if you want to keep monitoring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to keep monitoring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to keep monitoring those
+kinds of nuances and changes even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nuances and changes even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nuances and changes even when
+you're trying to replicate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to replicate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to replicate something
+that is relatively similar, DE can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relatively similar, DE can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relatively similar, DE can be
+something that that is um that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that is um that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that is um that can be
+useful. complex issues. Um, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. complex issues. Um, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. complex issues. Um, for example,
+issues of homelessness uh is it's a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of homelessness uh is it's a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of homelessness uh is it's a and
+poverty overall. It's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty overall. It's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty overall. It's it's a very
+multiffactorial um um complex thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiffactorial um um complex thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiffactorial um um complex thing that
+you're trying to address. So, DE can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to address. So, DE can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to address. So, DE can
+perhaps help you keep your eye on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps help you keep your eye on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps help you keep your eye on uh
+things as they evolve. Issues of crisis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as they evolve. Issues of crisis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as they evolve. Issues of crisis.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so for example after an earthquake or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example after an earthquake or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example after an earthquake or uh
+a flood or something like that when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flood or something like that when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flood or something like that when it
+it is perhaps interesting you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is perhaps interesting you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is perhaps interesting you might have
+the intention to do x y and zed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intention to do x y and zed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intention to do x y and zed because
+that's what's needed at that time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's needed at that time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's needed at that time but
+perhaps as things move along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as things move along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as things move along and
+different powerful stakeholders perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different powerful stakeholders perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different powerful stakeholders perhaps
+or others come in and and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or others come in and and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or others come in and and change the
+game really you might have to rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game really you might have to rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game really you might have to rethink
+what it is you're doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you're doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you're doing.
+So here are uh two uh three books in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here are uh two uh three books in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here are uh two uh three books in
+terms of um resources that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um resources that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um resources that you might
+want to have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a look
+at. Okay, I know I I I only have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. Okay, I know I I I only have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. Okay, I know I I I only have 10
+minutes left and I will make it in time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left and I will make it in time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left and I will make it in time.
+Uh so we're going to go back to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we're going to go back to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we're going to go back to those
+three examples that I had mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples that I had mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples that I had mentioned
+earlier. Um so just to remind you, Oasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. Um so just to remind you, Oasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. Um so just to remind you, Oasis
+was the open architecture standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the open architecture standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the open architecture standards and
+information systems project in Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems project in Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems project in Africa
+and Panacea was the 12country uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Panacea was the 12country uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Panacea was the 12country uh
+research network in Asia. Oops, did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research network in Asia. Oops, did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research network in Asia. Oops, did I do
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+So in terms of Oasis 2, they are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in terms of Oasis 2, they are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in terms of Oasis 2, they are using
+UF now. They have identified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UF now. They have identified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UF now. They have identified the
+intended users uh which was which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users uh which was which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users uh which was which was a
+very interesting uh conversation and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting uh conversation and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting uh conversation and all
+of these things it sounds simple after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things it sounds simple after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things it sounds simple after
+the fact but when you're really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact but when you're really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact but when you're really doing
+the negotiating and finding out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiating and finding out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiating and finding out okay so
+is it are are we really the users here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it are are we really the users here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it are are we really the users here?
+Who else should be involved? How much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who else should be involved? How much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who else should be involved? How much
+time will this take for me? um what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will this take for me? um what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will this take for me? um what do I
+want from this? So anyway, uh right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want from this? So anyway, uh right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want from this? So anyway, uh right now
+the four project leaders in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four project leaders in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four project leaders in the network
+have been identified as the or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been identified as the or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been identified as the or have
+identified themselves as the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified themselves as the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified themselves as the primary
+intended users and are in the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users and are in the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended users and are in the midst of
+discussing their intended uses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing their intended uses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing their intended uses and
+perhaps Hamish can can share a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps Hamish can can share a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps Hamish can can share a little
+bit about his experience with you if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about his experience with you if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about his experience with you if if
+you're interested to know. um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested to know. um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested to know. um and the
+proposed areas uh still being discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed areas uh still being discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed areas uh still being discussed
+uh and will need to be confirmed but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and will need to be confirmed but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and will need to be confirmed but uh
+capacity building and interoperability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity building and interoperability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity building and interoperability
+issues among the network are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues among the network are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues among the network are some of the
+things that are are being talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are are being talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are are being talked
+about. So I don't expect you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So I don't expect you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So I don't expect you to read
+this but it's just to uh show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's just to uh show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's just to uh show you that
+the panacea network that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panacea network that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panacea network that I mentioned
+they've actually completed this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've actually completed this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've actually completed this. So
+they've spent over a year thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've spent over a year thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've spent over a year thinking about
+as a network what is it that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a network what is it that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a network what is it that we want to
+know about ourselves. So they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about ourselves. So they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about ourselves. So they they
+selected the entire network as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the entire network as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the entire network as their
+user group. So 25 individuals are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user group. So 25 individuals are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user group. So 25 individuals are being
+involved in this. So you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this. So you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this. So you can imagine
+it's been very um dynamic but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been very um dynamic but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been very um dynamic but it's it's
+been it's been very engaging 25 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it's been very engaging 25 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it's been very engaging 25 uh
+primary intended users and they chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary intended users and they chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary intended users and they chose to
+uh use what they wanted to use was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use what they wanted to use was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use what they wanted to use was they
+wanted to use this kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use this kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use this kind of information
+to help them understand how to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them understand how to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them understand how to move
+forward as a network continuing to do e-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward as a network continuing to do e-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward as a network continuing to do e-
+health research in the region. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health research in the region. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health research in the region. So the
+three areas was uh were collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three areas was uh were collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three areas was uh were collaboration
+and teamwork, capacity building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teamwork, capacity building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teamwork, capacity building and
+knowledge management. And then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge management. And then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge management. And then finally
+developmental evaluation is being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental evaluation is being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental evaluation is being used
+in ESAC which is uh the network in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ESAC which is uh the network in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ESAC which is uh the network in the
+Latin American region. Uh I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin American region. Uh I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin American region. Uh I showed you
+that schematic where they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that schematic where they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that schematic where they had the
+innovation in the middle and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the middle and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in the middle and various
+actors and factors around the the edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and factors around the the edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and factors around the the edges.
+Um and this this project only started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this this project only started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this this project only started a
+few months ago. So this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months ago. So this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months ago. So this is an example
+where it's early on and they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's early on and they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's early on and they want to
+continue learning as they go and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue learning as they go and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue learning as they go and they
+want to understand what's happening. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand what's happening. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand what's happening. So
+it's not uncommon for DE for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uncommon for DE for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uncommon for DE for the
+evaluator to actually be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator to actually be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator to actually be part of the
+team because it is it is a very um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team because it is it is a very um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team because it is it is a very um uh
+iterative um close relationship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative um close relationship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative um close relationship that
+they have. So in this case there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have. So in this case there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have. So in this case there is a
+facilitator who is working alongside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator who is working alongside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitator who is working alongside the
+team and who who comes and kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and who who comes and kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and who who comes and kind of um
+understands what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what's happening in the
+meetings because oftentimes three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings because oftentimes three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings because oftentimes three years
+down the line it's hard to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line it's hard to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line it's hard to remember the
+things that influenced you to go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that influenced you to go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that influenced you to go a
+certain way or not go down a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way or not go down a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way or not go down a certain
+path. So so this kind of um accompanying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. So so this kind of um accompanying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. So so this kind of um accompanying
+relationship seems to be interesting. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship seems to be interesting. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship seems to be interesting. So
+I'm done now uh three slides. Um why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done now uh three slides. Um why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done now uh three slides. Um why why
+would poor people need ICTs is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would poor people need ICTs is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would poor people need ICTs is something
+that people don't ask as much now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people don't ask as much now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people don't ask as much now but
+some people still do ask that um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people still do ask that um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people still do ask that um my
+answer is that uh development is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that uh development is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that uh development is not a
+zero- sum game. So it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero- sum game. So it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero- sum game. So it's not about
+understanding why they need ID uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why they need ID uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why they need ID uh why
+they need ICTs but more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need ICTs but more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need ICTs but more about
+understanding how they are using ICTs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how they are using ICTs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how they are using ICTs
+already uh how it's embedded within what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh how it's embedded within what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh how it's embedded within what
+they do within their their their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do within their their their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do within their their their lives
+and their livelihoods and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their livelihoods and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their livelihoods and trying to
+understand how best way ways how to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how best way ways how to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how best way ways how to best
+mitigate negative outcomes and ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate negative outcomes and ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate negative outcomes and ways to
+improve positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve positive
+outcomes and in order to do so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and in order to do so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and in order to do so I think
+that requires an understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires an understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires an understanding of
+systems and complexities that underlly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and complexities that underlly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and complexities that underlly
+these systems. So, how's that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems. So, how's that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems. So, how's that for
+timing? Is that okay? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing? Is that okay? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing? Is that okay? Okay.
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uL31gpFdarc.txt b/uL31gpFdarc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45ef7d22da63ca87c7146ad4e174ddd7cdc175d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uL31gpFdarc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now examine what conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now examine what conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now examine what conditional
+probabilities are good for we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are good for we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are good for we have
+already discussed that they are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed that they are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed that they are used to
+revise a model when we get new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise a model when we get new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise a model when we get new
+information but there is another way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but there is another way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but there is another way in
+which they arise we can use conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they arise we can use conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they arise we can use conditional
+probabilities to build a multistage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to build a multistage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to build a multistage
+model of a probabilistic experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of a probabilistic experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of a probabilistic experiment we
+will illustrate this through an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will illustrate this through an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will illustrate this through an example
+involving the detection of an object up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the detection of an object up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the detection of an object up
+in the sky by a radar we will keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky by a radar we will keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky by a radar we will keep our
+example very simple on the other hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example very simple on the other hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example very simple on the other hand it
+turns out to have all the basic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to have all the basic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to have all the basic elements
+of a real-world model so we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real-world model so we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real-world model so we are looking
+up in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the sky
+and either there's an airplane flying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either there's an airplane flying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either there's an airplane flying up
+there or not let us call event a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or not let us call event a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or not let us call event a the
+event that an airplane is indeed flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that an airplane is indeed flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that an airplane is indeed flying
+up there and we have two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and we have two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and we have two possibilities
+either event a occurs or the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either event a occurs or the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either event a occurs or the complement
+of a occurs in which case nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a occurs in which case nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a occurs in which case nothing is
+flying up there we also at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying up there we also at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying up there we also at this point we
+can also assign some probabilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also assign some probabilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also assign some probabilities to
+these two possibilities let us say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two possibilities let us say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two possibilities let us say that
+through prior experience perhaps or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through prior experience perhaps or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through prior experience perhaps or some
+other knowledge we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other knowledge we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other knowledge we know that the
+probability that something is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that something is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that something is indeed
+flying up there is 5% and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying up there is 5% and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying up there is 5% and with
+probability 95% nothing is flying now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 95% nothing is flying now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 95% nothing is flying now we
+also have a radar that looks up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a radar that looks up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a radar that looks up there
+and there are two things that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two things that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two things that can happen
+either something registers on the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either something registers on the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either something registers on the radar
+screen or nothing registers of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or nothing registers of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or nothing registers of course if
+it's a good radar probably event B will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good radar probably event B will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good radar probably event B will
+tend to go together with event K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go together with event K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go together with event K but
+it's also possible that the radar will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also possible that the radar will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also possible that the radar will
+make some mistakes and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some mistakes and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some mistakes and so we have
+various possibilities if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various possibilities if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various possibilities if there is a
+plane up there it's possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane up there it's possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane up there it's possible that the
+radar will detect it in which case event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar will detect it in which case event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar will detect it in which case event
+B will also happen but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B will also happen but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B will also happen but it's also
+conceivable that the radar will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that the radar will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that the radar will not
+detect it in which case we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it in which case we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it in which case we have a
+so-called miss and so a plane is flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called miss and so a plane is flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called miss and so a plane is flying
+up there but the radar means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there but the radar means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there but the radar means
+it did not detect it another possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did not detect it another possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did not detect it another possibility
+is that nothing is flying up there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that nothing is flying up there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that nothing is flying up there but
+the radar does detect something and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar does detect something and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar does detect something and this
+is a situation that's called a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a situation that's called a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a situation that's called a false
+alarm finally there's the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm finally there's the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm finally there's the possibility
+that nothing is flying up there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing is flying up there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing is flying up there and the
+Raider did not see anything either now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider did not see anything either now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider did not see anything either now
+let us focus on this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us focus on this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us focus on this particular
+situation suppose that event a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation suppose that event a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation suppose that event a has
+occurred so we are living inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so we are living inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so we are living inside this
+particular universe in this universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular universe in this universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular universe in this universe
+there are two possibilities and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two possibilities and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two possibilities and we can
+assign probabilities to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign probabilities to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign probabilities to these two
+possibilities so let's say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so let's say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so let's say that if
+something is flying up there our radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is flying up there our radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is flying up there our radar
+will find it with probability 99% but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find it with probability 99% but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find it with probability 99% but
+we'll also miss it with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also miss it with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also miss it with probability one
+percent what's the meaning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent what's the meaning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent what's the meaning of this
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+99% well this is a probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% well this is a probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% well this is a probability that
+applies to a situation where an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a situation where an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a situation where an airplane
+is up there so it is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up there so it is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up there so it is really a
+conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability
+it's the conditional probability that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional probability that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional probability that we
+will detect something the radar will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will detect something the radar will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will detect something the radar will
+detect the plane given that the plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the plane given that the plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the plane given that the plane is
+already flying up there and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already flying up there and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already flying up there and similarly
+this 1% can be thought of as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1% can be thought of as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1% can be thought of as the
+conditional probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability that the
+complement of B occurs so the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of B occurs so the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of B occurs so the radar
+doesn't see anything given that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see anything given that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see anything given that there is
+a plane up in the sky we can assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane up in the sky we can assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane up in the sky we can assign
+similar probabilities to and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar probabilities to and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar probabilities to and the other
+under the other scenario if there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the other scenario if there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the other scenario if there is no
+plane there is a probability that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there is a probability that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there is a probability that there
+will be a false alarm and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a false alarm and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a false alarm and there is a
+probability that the Raider will not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the Raider will not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the Raider will not see
+anything those four numbers here are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything those four numbers here are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything those four numbers here are in
+essence the specs of our radar they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence the specs of our radar they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence the specs of our radar they
+describe how the radar behaves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how the radar behaves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how the radar behaves in a
+world in which an airplane has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which an airplane has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which an airplane has been
+placed in the sky and some other numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in the sky and some other numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in the sky and some other numbers
+that describe how the radar behaves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe how the radar behaves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe how the radar behaves in a
+world where nothing is flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where nothing is flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where nothing is flying
+up in the sky so we have described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the sky so we have described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the sky so we have described
+various probabilistic properties of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various probabilistic properties of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various probabilistic properties of our
+model but is it a complete model can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but is it a complete model can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but is it a complete model can we
+calculate anything that we might wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate anything that we might wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate anything that we might wish to
+calculate let us look at this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate let us look at this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate let us look at this question
+can we calculate the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we calculate the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we calculate the probability that
+both a and B occur it's this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a and B occur it's this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a and B occur it's this particular
+scenario here how can we calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario here how can we calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario here how can we calculate it
+well let us remember the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let us remember the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let us remember the definition of
+conditional probabilities the pro'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities the pro'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities the pro'
+conditional probability of an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of an event
+given another event is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given another event is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given another event is the probability
+of their intersection divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their intersection divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their intersection divided by the
+probability of the conditioning event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the conditioning event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the conditioning event
+but this doesn't quite help us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this doesn't quite help us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this doesn't quite help us because
+we if we try to calculate the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we try to calculate the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we try to calculate the numerator
+we do not have the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not have the value of the
+probability of a given B we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given B we have the
+value of the probability of B given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the probability of B given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the probability of B given a
+what can we do well we notice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we do well we notice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we do well we notice that we
+can use this definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this definition of conditional
+probabilities but use it in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but use it in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but use it in the reverse
+direction interchanging the roles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction interchanging the roles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction interchanging the roles of a
+and B if we interchange the roles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B if we interchange the roles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B if we interchange the roles of a
+and B our definition leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B our definition leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B our definition leads to the
+following expression the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following expression the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following expression the conditional
+probability of B given a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a is the
+probability that both events occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that both events occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that both events occur
+divided by the probability again of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probability again of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probability again of the
+conditioning event therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning event therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning event therefore the
+probability that a and B occur is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a and B occur is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a and B occur is equal
+to the probability that a occurs times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability that a occurs times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability that a occurs times
+the conditional probability that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability that B
+occurs given that a occurred and in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs given that a occurred and in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs given that a occurred and in our
+example this is point zero five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is point zero five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is point zero five times
+the conditional probability that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability that B
+occurs which is 0.99 so we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs which is 0.99 so we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs which is 0.99 so we can calculate
+the probability of this particular event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this particular event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this particular event
+by multiplying probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying probabilities and
+conditional probabilities along the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities along the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities along the path
+in this tree diagram that leads us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree diagram that leads us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree diagram that leads us here
+and we can do the same for any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do the same for any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do the same for any other
+leaf in this diagram so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf in this diagram so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf in this diagram so for example the
+probability that this happens is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this happens is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this happens is going
+to be the probability of this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the probability of this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the probability of this event
+times the conditional probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the conditional probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the conditional probability of B
+complement given that a complement has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement given that a complement has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement given that a complement has
+occurred how about a different question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred how about a different question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred how about a different question
+what is the probability the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability the total
+probability that the radar sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the radar sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the radar sees
+something let us try to identify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let us try to identify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let us try to identify this
+event the radar can see something under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event the radar can see something under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event the radar can see something under
+two scenarios there is the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scenarios there is the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scenarios there is the scenario
+where there is a plate up in the sky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a plate up in the sky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a plate up in the sky and
+the radar sees it and there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar sees it and there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar sees it and there is another
+scenario where nothing is up in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where nothing is up in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where nothing is up in the sky
+but the radar thinks that it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the radar thinks that it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the radar thinks that it sees
+something so these two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so these two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so these two possibilities
+together make up the event B and so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together make up the event B and so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together make up the event B and so to
+calculate the probability of B we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability of B we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability of B we need
+to add the probabilities of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the probabilities of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the probabilities of these two
+events for the first event we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events for the first event we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events for the first event we already
+calculated it its 0.05 times 0.99 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it its 0.05 times 0.99 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it its 0.05 times 0.99 for
+the second possibility we need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second possibility we need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second possibility we need to do a
+similar calculation the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar calculation the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar calculation the probability that
+this occurs is equal to 0.95 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurs is equal to 0.95 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurs is equal to 0.95 times the
+conditional probability of B occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of B occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of B occurring
+under the scenario where a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the scenario where a complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the scenario where a complement
+has occurred and this is 0.1 if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred and this is 0.1 if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred and this is 0.1 if we add
+those two numbers together the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers together the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers together the answer
+turns out to be zero point one four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be zero point one four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be zero point one four four
+five finally last question which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five finally last question which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five finally last question which is
+perhaps the most interesting one suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most interesting one suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most interesting one suppose
+that the radar registered something what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radar registered something what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radar registered something what
+is the probability that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that there is an
+airplane out there how do we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane out there how do we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane out there how do we do this
+calculation well we can start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation well we can start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation well we can start from the
+definition of condition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of condition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of condition of the
+conditional probability of a given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a given B
+and note that we already have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that we already have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that we already have in our
+hands both the numerator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands both the numerator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands both the numerator and the
+denominator so the numerator is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so the numerator is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so the numerator is this
+number 0.05 times 0.99 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 0.05 times 0.99 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 0.05 times 0.99 and the
+denominator is zero one four four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is zero one four four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is zero one four four five
+and we can use our calculators to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use our calculators to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use our calculators to see
+that the answer is approximately zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is approximately zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is approximately zero
+point three four so there is a thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three four so there is a thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three four so there is a thirty
+four percent probability that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent probability that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent probability that an
+airplane is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is there
+given that the red that the radar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the red that the radar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the red that the radar has
+seen or thinks that it sees something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen or thinks that it sees something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen or thinks that it sees something so
+it's the numerical value of this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the numerical value of this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the numerical value of this answer
+is somewhat interesting because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat interesting because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat interesting because it's
+pretty small even though we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small even though we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small even though we have a very
+good radar that tells us the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good radar that tells us the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good radar that tells us the right thing
+99 percent of the time under one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 percent of the time under one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 percent of the time under one
+scenario and ninety percent under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and ninety percent under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and ninety percent under the
+under scenario despite that given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under scenario despite that given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under scenario despite that given that
+the radar has seen something this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar has seen something this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radar has seen something this is not
+really convincing or compelling evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really convincing or compelling evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really convincing or compelling evidence
+that there is an airplane up there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an airplane up there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an airplane up there the
+probability that there's an airplane up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there's an airplane up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there's an airplane up
+there is only thirty four percent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only thirty four percent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only thirty four percent in a
+situation where the radar thinks that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the radar thinks that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the radar thinks that it
+has seen something so in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen something so in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen something so in the next few
+segments we are going to revisit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments we are going to revisit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments we are going to revisit these
+three calculations and see how they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three calculations and see how they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three calculations and see how they can
+generalize in fact a large part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize in fact a large part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize in fact a large part of what
+is to happen in the remainder of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to happen in the remainder of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to happen in the remainder of this
+class will be elaboration on these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class will be elaboration on these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class will be elaboration on these three
+ideas there are three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas there are three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas there are three types of
+calculations that will show up over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that will show up over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that will show up over and
+over of course in more complicated forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over of course in more complicated forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over of course in more complicated forms
+but the basic ideas are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic ideas are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic ideas are essentially
+captured in this simple example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uLbqhIp3ahc.txt b/uLbqhIp3ahc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a565f3e33d91de8b9751b769d56e0c80445cfd56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uLbqhIp3ahc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we'll be talking about the diode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll be talking about the diode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll be talking about the diode and
+charge separation inside of a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge separation inside of a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge separation inside of a solar
+cell. So at the end of last class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. So at the end of last class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. So at the end of last class we
+ended with this little demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended with this little demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended with this little demonstration
+right here where after much discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where after much discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where after much discussion
+about uh band gaps and light absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh band gaps and light absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh band gaps and light absorption
+we agreed that uh that little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agreed that uh that little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agreed that uh that little piece of
+silicon there should be absorbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon there should be absorbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon there should be absorbing the
+light and charges free charges should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and charges free charges should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and charges free charges should be
+uh generated inside of the silicon. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generated inside of the silicon. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generated inside of the silicon. uh
+but without some fixed field some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without some fixed field some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without some fixed field some
+built-in field inside of the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in field inside of the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in field inside of the silicon
+material uh it was impossible to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh it was impossible to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh it was impossible to measure
+any current output once we shown light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any current output once we shown light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any current output once we shown light
+on it and that made sense um there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and that made sense um there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and that made sense um there were
+free charges being generated but uh due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charges being generated but uh due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charges being generated but uh due
+to brownie in motion there was no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brownie in motion there was no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brownie in motion there was no net
+charge flow uh they were just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flow uh they were just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flow uh they were just moving
+around but no net movement and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but no net movement and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but no net movement and as a
+result there was no current now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result there was no current now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result there was no current now if we
+attached the batteries uh in series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached the batteries uh in series uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached the batteries uh in series uh
+the batteries applied a field across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batteries applied a field across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batteries applied a field across
+this little piece of silicon resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little piece of silicon resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little piece of silicon resulting
+in current flow uh in more precisely dri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in current flow uh in more precisely dri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in current flow uh in more precisely dri
+drift current uh across that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift current uh across that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift current uh across that piece of
+silicon. And uh today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon. And uh today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon. And uh today we're going to be
+talking about how uh the uh solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how uh the uh solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how uh the uh solar cell
+device has a built-in electric field. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device has a built-in electric field. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device has a built-in electric field. So
+obviously we don't want an external uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we don't want an external uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we don't want an external uh
+power source. We don't want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power source. We don't want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power source. We don't want to have a
+set of batteries attached. That kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of batteries attached. That kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of batteries attached. That kind of
+defeats the purpose of a of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeats the purpose of a of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeats the purpose of a of an
+autonomous uh energy generation device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous uh energy generation device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous uh energy generation device.
+U we'll be talking about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we'll be talking about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we'll be talking about how the
+built-in field inside of a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in field inside of a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in field inside of a solar cell
+comes into being. uh we as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into being. uh we as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into being. uh we as we've
+followed in the last few classes we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed in the last few classes we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed in the last few classes we will
+be discussing uh physics when it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discussing uh physics when it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discussing uh physics when it is
+necessary taking a very engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary taking a very engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary taking a very engineering
+approach to this uh so as to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to this uh so as to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to this uh so as to keep
+everybody uh from a business background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh from a business background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh from a business background
+from a mechanical engineering background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanical engineering background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanical engineering background
+and from a material science background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from a material science background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from a material science background
+on the same page uh we will uh have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page uh we will uh have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page uh we will uh have uh
+in lecture I think n plus2 a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture I think n plus2 a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture I think n plus2 a very uh
+physicsy uh lecture we'll be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicsy uh lecture we'll be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicsy uh lecture we'll be getting
+into the nitty-gritty of semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nitty-gritty of semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nitty-gritty of semiconductor
+physics and how it relates to solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and how it relates to solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and how it relates to solar cell
+devices. So for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices. So for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices. So for those of you who are
+already experts in this material, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already experts in this material, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already experts in this material, uh
+bear with me and again try to relate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me and again try to relate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me and again try to relate it
+to the solar cell device. You may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solar cell device. You may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solar cell device. You may not
+have had that connection in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had that connection in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had that connection in previous
+lectures in previous classes. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in previous classes. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in previous classes. So we'll
+jump right on in. Uh to remind everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump right on in. Uh to remind everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump right on in. Uh to remind everybody
+you're here in the fundamentals. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here in the fundamentals. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here in the fundamentals. We'll
+be getting to the technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting to the technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting to the technologies and
+crosscutting themes after we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscutting themes after we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscutting themes after we really have
+a good solid understanding of how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good solid understanding of how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good solid understanding of how a
+solar cell works. The conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell works. The conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell works. The conversion
+efficiency is the output energy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is the output energy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is the output energy versus
+the input. We have our inputs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input. We have our inputs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input. We have our inputs in the
+solar spectrum, the outputs in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum, the outputs in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum, the outputs in charge
+collection. And we've been steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection. And we've been steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection. And we've been steadily
+making progress down uh toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress down uh toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress down uh toward the
+outputs. Here we discussed the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs. Here we discussed the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs. Here we discussed the solar
+spectrum, then light absorption, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum, then light absorption, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum, then light absorption, then
+charge exitation, and finally now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge exitation, and finally now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge exitation, and finally now we're
+on to charge drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to charge drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to charge drift and
+diffusion. So we have um the uh total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. So we have um the uh total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. So we have um the uh total
+solar cell efficiency as a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiency as a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiency as a product of
+all the individual processes and any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the individual processes and any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the individual processes and any one
+of these processes can kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these processes can kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these processes can kill the
+efficiency of the device. That's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the device. That's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the device. That's why
+it's important to think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to think about your
+device like so. And just not to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device like so. And just not to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device like so. And just not to make
+this introduction so boring, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduction so boring, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduction so boring, I want to
+really emphasize this point. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasize this point. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasize this point. So I'm
+making it over and over again, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it over and over again, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it over and over again, but I
+wanted to relate this to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to relate this to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to relate this to other
+engineering uh devices as well. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh devices as well. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh devices as well. Uh
+namely today it's a Toyota Prius. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely today it's a Toyota Prius. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely today it's a Toyota Prius. Um
+these are all the components inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the components inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the components inside of a
+Prius that have to work well for the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius that have to work well for the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius that have to work well for the car
+to function. Right? If uh one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to function. Right? If uh one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to function. Right? If uh one of these
+components, let's say this one, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components, let's say this one, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components, let's say this one, the
+inverter, uh is broken or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter, uh is broken or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter, uh is broken or not
+functioning well, uh you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning well, uh you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning well, uh you're not going to
+have the car uh in an autonomous mode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the car uh in an autonomous mode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the car uh in an autonomous mode.
+So in a similar manner, in a solar cell,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in a similar manner, in a solar cell,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in a similar manner, in a solar cell,
+we have to have all the different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to have all the different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to have all the different pieces
+working well together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well together.
+So the essence of charge separation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the essence of charge separation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the essence of charge separation,
+we're going to begin our exploration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to begin our exploration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to begin our exploration of
+charge separation using uh the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge separation using uh the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge separation using uh the diode
+analogy. And just to situate everybody,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. And just to situate everybody,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. And just to situate everybody,
+I've uh I brought in a number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've uh I brought in a number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've uh I brought in a number of uh
+small discrete components uh small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small discrete components uh small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small discrete components uh small
+diodes. Uh those are the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes. Uh those are the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes. Uh those are the ones that are
+uh orang-ish um that have two leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orang-ish um that have two leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orang-ish um that have two leads
+coming out. Uh there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out. Uh there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out. Uh there are a bunch of
+transistors in here as well. Those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors in here as well. Those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors in here as well. Those have
+three little uh leads coming out. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three little uh leads coming out. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three little uh leads coming out. You'll
+be able to distinguish them. But just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to distinguish them. But just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to distinguish them. But just to
+situate ourselves, these are dodes. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situate ourselves, these are dodes. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situate ourselves, these are dodes. Uh
+the essence of a diode is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of a diode is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of a diode is that you have
+a dissimilar uh uh material uh on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dissimilar uh uh material uh on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dissimilar uh uh material uh on either
+side of of of the of the device. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of of of the of the device. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of of of the of the device. Uh
+that's why I've worn these dissimilar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've worn these dissimilar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've worn these dissimilar
+colors today to denote that uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors today to denote that uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors today to denote that uh on
+different sides. And of course, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sides. And of course, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sides. And of course, you have
+this mixed region in the middle. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mixed region in the middle. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mixed region in the middle. Um we
+have here an N and a P on either side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here an N and a P on either side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here an N and a P on either side.
+Uh and if current is is attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and if current is is attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and if current is is attempting to
+flow in one direction, it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in one direction, it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in one direction, it will be
+barred, but if it attempts to flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barred, but if it attempts to flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barred, but if it attempts to flow in
+the other direction, uh it will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction, uh it will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction, uh it will go
+through rather easily. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through rather easily. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through rather easily. That's the
+essence of what a diode is. Um how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of what a diode is. Um how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of what a diode is. Um how is it
+made? Well, we're manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made? Well, we're manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made? Well, we're manufacturing
+materials of the same uh uh base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials of the same uh uh base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials of the same uh uh base
+element, let's say silicon, but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, let's say silicon, but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, let's say silicon, but we're
+doing something special to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something special to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something special to the material
+uh to add particular types of charges on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to add particular types of charges on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to add particular types of charges on
+either side. We call doping. We'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side. We call doping. We'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side. We call doping. We'll get
+to that in a few slides. Why do we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a few slides. Why do we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a few slides. Why do we care
+about diodes? Well, this is the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diodes? Well, this is the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diodes? Well, this is the essence
+of charge separation. Uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge separation. Uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge separation. Uh and this is
+what drives the voltage inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drives the voltage inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drives the voltage inside of a
+solar cell device. That's why we care.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device. That's why we care.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device. That's why we care.
+It's uh pretty important for at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh pretty important for at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh pretty important for at least
+understanding the traditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the traditional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the traditional uh
+semiconductor-based uh solar cells like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor-based uh solar cells like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor-based uh solar cells like
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+here. So uh for those history folks, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So uh for those history folks, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So uh for those history folks, I
+figured I would uh add a a quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured I would uh add a a quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured I would uh add a a quick uh
+description. You typically see the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description. You typically see the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description. You typically see the diode
+represented like this in an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented like this in an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented like this in an equivalent
+circuit diagram, a little triangle and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit diagram, a little triangle and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit diagram, a little triangle and a
+line orthogonal to the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line orthogonal to the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line orthogonal to the direction of the
+current path. And uh does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current path. And uh does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current path. And uh does anybody know
+where that comes from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from?
+No. All right. So, uh back in the day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. All right. So, uh back in the day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. All right. So, uh back in the day of
+of that, um we uh used to have vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that, um we uh used to have vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that, um we uh used to have vacuum
+tube components for a lot of our uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube components for a lot of our uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube components for a lot of our uh say
+the the the discrete components within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the discrete components within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the discrete components within
+our our circuits. Uh in the in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our circuits. Uh in the in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our circuits. Uh in the in the case
+of of um a diode, you could envision a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um a diode, you could envision a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um a diode, you could envision a
+very simple one where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple one where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple one where you have a
+filament that uh by thermionic emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament that uh by thermionic emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament that uh by thermionic emission
+heats electrons off of the filament and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats electrons off of the filament and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats electrons off of the filament and
+then they're collected by this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're collected by this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're collected by this uh this
+other uh collector up top. uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh collector up top. uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh collector up top. uh if you
+remember our epidemology in Greek anna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our epidemology in Greek anna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our epidemology in Greek anna
+is above kata is below katatums right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above kata is below katatums right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above kata is below katatums right
+katatonic below. So the anode up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katatonic below. So the anode up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katatonic below. So the anode up above
+is collecting these electrons and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is collecting these electrons and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is collecting these electrons and then
+the electron flow is moving like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron flow is moving like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron flow is moving like this
+which means that our current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that our current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that our current flow
+defined as the flow of positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the flow of positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the flow of positive charge
+is moving in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in the opposite direction and
+that's why we have um a similar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have um a similar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have um a similar uh
+representation right here from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right here from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation right here from our
+vacuum technology. You could envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum technology. You could envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum technology. You could envision
+also a point uh where the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a point uh where the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a point uh where the field is
+concentrated at that tip uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at that tip uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at that tip uh and
+electrons are are are spreading off. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are are are spreading off. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are are are spreading off. So
+uh learning objectives today is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning objectives today is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning objectives today is going to
+be rather intense, rather dense and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rather intense, rather dense and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rather intense, rather dense and so
+we will be uh trying to hold as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be uh trying to hold as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be uh trying to hold as much as
+possible in our RAM so that by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in our RAM so that by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in our RAM so that by the end
+of class uh we can really truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class uh we can really truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class uh we can really truly
+understand the solar cell it entirety.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the solar cell it entirety.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the solar cell it entirety.
+If you get lost along the way, uh come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you get lost along the way, uh come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you get lost along the way, uh come
+back to these learning objectives. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to these learning objectives. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to these learning objectives. Uh
+they're like flagposts along the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like flagposts along the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like flagposts along the way,
+right? So you can find yourself again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you can find yourself again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you can find yourself again.
+Um what we're going to do first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what we're going to do first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what we're going to do first is
+describe how the conductivity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how the conductivity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how the conductivity of a
+semiconductor can be modified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor can be modified by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor can be modified by the
+intentional introduction of dopins. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional introduction of dopins. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional introduction of dopins. Uh
+what this means is we're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is we're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is we're going to learn
+how to create uh the N and the P over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So uh if we look at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So uh if we look at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So uh if we look at a a
+semiconductor such as silicon, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor such as silicon, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor such as silicon, this is a
+little piece of silicon right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of silicon right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of silicon right here.
+Here's a silicon based solar cell. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a silicon based solar cell. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a silicon based solar cell. Uh
+it's a fairly easy uh semiconductor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly easy uh semiconductor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly easy uh semiconductor to
+understand. It's what's called a unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. It's what's called a unary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. It's what's called a unary
+semiconductor. means it's comprised of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor. means it's comprised of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor. means it's comprised of
+one element silicon right here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element silicon right here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element silicon right here in the
+periodic table. This is just an excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table. This is just an excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table. This is just an excerpt
+from the rightmost side of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rightmost side of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rightmost side of the periodic
+table. And silicon has uh four veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. And silicon has uh four veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. And silicon has uh four veence
+electrons. So it forms what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So it forms what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So it forms what are called
+sp3 hybridized orbitals when it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybridized orbitals when it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybridized orbitals when it's in a
+crystal structure. It uh it has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure. It uh it has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure. It uh it has four
+bonds with its nearest neighbors all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with its nearest neighbors all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with its nearest neighbors all of
+equivalent type and those are coalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent type and those are coalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent type and those are coalent
+bonds. So you can envision that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. So you can envision that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. So you can envision that if you
+were to introduce an atom and substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to introduce an atom and substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to introduce an atom and substitute
+out one silicon atom in that lattice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one silicon atom in that lattice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one silicon atom in that lattice for
+something else that has five veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that has five veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that has five veence
+electrons such as a phosphorus, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons such as a phosphorus, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons such as a phosphorus, right?
+It's almost of equivalent size. So those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost of equivalent size. So those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost of equivalent size. So those
+material scientists in the room from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material scientists in the room from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material scientists in the room from the
+humorry rules, you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorry rules, you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorry rules, you should be able to
+estimate that the missibility is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that the missibility is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that the missibility is rather
+large. In other words, that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. In other words, that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. In other words, that you could
+mix in a high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix in a high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix in a high concentration of
+phosphorus into your silicon given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus into your silicon given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus into your silicon given the
+similar uh size and and and similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh size and and and similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh size and and and similar
+atomic structure uh electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic structure uh electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic structure uh electronic structure
+rather. So you substitute here a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. So you substitute here a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. So you substitute here a group
+five element meaning silicon is a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five element meaning silicon is a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five element meaning silicon is a group
+four element as is carbon, germanmanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four element as is carbon, germanmanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four element as is carbon, germanmanium
+and tin. So we substitute in a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tin. So we substitute in a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tin. So we substitute in a group
+five element say a phosphorus atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five element say a phosphorus atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five element say a phosphorus atom in
+for one of our silicon atoms right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of our silicon atoms right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of our silicon atoms right here.
+And this phosphorus atom will have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this phosphorus atom will have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this phosphorus atom will have four
++ one veence electrons. So those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one veence electrons. So those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one veence electrons. So those four
+veence electrons will bond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons will bond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons will bond to the
+silicon atoms the nearest neighbors. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atoms the nearest neighbors. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atoms the nearest neighbors. And
+that one extra veence electron will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one extra veence electron will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one extra veence electron will be
+left over. It'll have nobody to bond to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over. It'll have nobody to bond to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over. It'll have nobody to bond to.
+We'll describe mathematically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll describe mathematically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll describe mathematically what
+happens to that electron in a minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to that electron in a minute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to that electron in a minute.
+But in principle, just intuitively, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in principle, just intuitively, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in principle, just intuitively, you
+should be able to understand that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to understand that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to understand that that
+electron should be able to be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron should be able to be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron should be able to be removed
+rather easily and move around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather easily and move around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather easily and move around the
+lattice with relative ease. Likewise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice with relative ease. Likewise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice with relative ease. Likewise,
+instead of moving one to the right, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of moving one to the right, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of moving one to the right, if
+we move one to the left into a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move one to the left into a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move one to the left into a group
+three column here, we can dope our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three column here, we can dope our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three column here, we can dope our
+material with a boron atom. Let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with a boron atom. Let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with a boron atom. Let's say
+substituting one silicon atom for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting one silicon atom for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting one silicon atom for a
+boron atom. Boron has three veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron atom. Boron has three veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron atom. Boron has three veence
+electrons. Now uh those three will form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Now uh those three will form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Now uh those three will form
+bonds with three silicon atoms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with three silicon atoms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with three silicon atoms and then
+you'll have a missing bond uh a missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a missing bond uh a missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a missing bond uh a missing
+electron if you will that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron if you will that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron if you will that will be a
+hole. So with phosphorus or group five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole. So with phosphorus or group five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole. So with phosphorus or group five
+elements in silicon we can dope uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in silicon we can dope uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in silicon we can dope uh the
+material with electrons and with group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with electrons and with group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with electrons and with group
+three elements in silicon we can dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements in silicon we can dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements in silicon we can dope
+the material with holes. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material with holes. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material with holes. And this is
+interesting because now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because now we can
+arbitrarily change the density of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily change the density of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily change the density of charge
+carriers in our bands as long as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers in our bands as long as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers in our bands as long as these
+holes and electrons can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and electrons can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and electrons can become
+dissociated from the doped atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated from the doped atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated from the doped atoms and
+move freely around the lattice. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move freely around the lattice. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move freely around the lattice. So
+that's a big question. How easy is it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big question. How easy is it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big question. How easy is it to
+remove that electron around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that electron around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that electron around the
+phosphorus atom? If you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom? If you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom? If you want to think
+about this electron uh just from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this electron uh just from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this electron uh just from a a
+quantum mechanical sense, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical sense, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical sense, you could
+almost envision that this electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost envision that this electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost envision that this electron is
+attracted to the phosphorus atom because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to the phosphorus atom because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to the phosphorus atom because
+the phosphorus has one extra proton than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphorus has one extra proton than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphorus has one extra proton than
+this the silicon one, right? So it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the silicon one, right? So it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the silicon one, right? So it has a
+positive charge here in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge here in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge here in the in in the
+nucleus and here's a negative charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and here's a negative charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and here's a negative charge and
+in net they balance out. But if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in net they balance out. But if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in net they balance out. But if the
+electron goes too far away, it'll feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes too far away, it'll feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes too far away, it'll feel
+that attractive potential back and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attractive potential back and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attractive potential back and be
+drawn back toward the phosphorus atom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn back toward the phosphorus atom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn back toward the phosphorus atom.
+So the big question is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the big question is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the big question is what is the
+binding energy of that electron to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of that electron to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of that electron to the
+phosphorus atom? And a simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom? And a simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom? And a simple way to
+think about it is through a hydrogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is through a hydrogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is through a hydrogenic
+uh model. If you consider a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh model. If you consider a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh model. If you consider a hydrogen
+atom uh to have an electron surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh to have an electron surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh to have an electron surrounding
+it uh then uh that uh binding energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh then uh that uh binding energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh then uh that uh binding energy is
+well defined. But in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined. But in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined. But in the case of a
+phosphorus atom within a silicon lice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom within a silicon lice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom within a silicon lice,
+it's a little trickier, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little trickier, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little trickier, right? Because
+now we have to worry about um now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to worry about um now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to worry about um now we
+have to worry about the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the electron
+screening coming from the other elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening coming from the other elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening coming from the other elements
+in our lattice. And we also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lattice. And we also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lattice. And we also have to
+worry about a property of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about a property of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about a property of the electron
+in a crystal uh which changes the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a crystal uh which changes the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a crystal uh which changes the uh the
+the mobility of that electron through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility of that electron through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility of that electron through
+the crystal. So uh what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal. So uh what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal. So uh what we do is we
+treat this as a uh hydrogen atom uh 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this as a uh hydrogen atom uh 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this as a uh hydrogen atom uh 13.6
+uh eV binding energy but then we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eV binding energy but then we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eV binding energy but then we do a
+couple of things. We account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things. We account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things. We account for
+electron screening and we account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron screening and we account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron screening and we account for
+that what we call effective mass. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we call effective mass. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we call effective mass. We'll
+get back to this in a few lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this in a few lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this in a few lectures and
+describe exactly what this is here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe exactly what this is here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe exactly what this is here. We
+need a little bit more semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit more semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit more semiconductor
+physics to understand that in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics to understand that in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics to understand that in its
+entirety. But think about an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety. But think about an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety. But think about an electron
+moving in a crystal as moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a crystal as moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a crystal as moving
+differently than moving in free space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than moving in free space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than moving in free space in
+a vacuum. That's what this term here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum. That's what this term here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum. That's what this term here is
+about. This other term, the epsilon, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. This other term, the epsilon, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. This other term, the epsilon, is
+rather straightforward. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather straightforward. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather straightforward. It's the
+electron screening. It's the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron screening. It's the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron screening. It's the fact that
+you have so many other electrons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so many other electrons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so many other electrons in your
+system here that's screening the charge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here that's screening the charge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here that's screening the charge.
+It's screening the electron from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's screening the electron from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's screening the electron from that
+positive the extra positive charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the extra positive charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the extra positive charge in
+the nucleus here. And so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus here. And so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus here. And so it becomes
+easier for that electron to move away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for that electron to move away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for that electron to move away.
+This is about a factor of of 0.1. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is about a factor of of 0.1. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is about a factor of of 0.1. the
+effective mass and that's about a 100th.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective mass and that's about a 100th.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective mass and that's about a 100th.
+And so overall we're reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so overall we're reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so overall we're reducing the
+binding energy by about a factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy by about a factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy by about a factor of a
+thousand down to about 10 me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand down to about 10 me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand down to about 10 me in
+practice. So if we were to run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. So if we were to run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. So if we were to run through
+the calculation for silicon the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation for silicon the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation for silicon the binding
+energy of that electron around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that electron around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that electron around the
+phosphorus atom in the silicon lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom in the silicon lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom in the silicon lattice
+would be around 10 me on that order. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around 10 me on that order. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around 10 me on that order. And
+that is very very small compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very very small compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very very small compared to the
+thermal energy in your system just uh KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy in your system just uh KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy in your system just uh KT
+Boltzman's constant times the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzman's constant times the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzman's constant times the uh the
+temperature in Kelvin. We have a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in Kelvin. We have a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in Kelvin. We have a thermal
+energy somewhere in the order of 26 meb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy somewhere in the order of 26 meb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy somewhere in the order of 26 meb
+and that's enough to dissociate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's enough to dissociate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's enough to dissociate that
+electron and allow it to move freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and allow it to move freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and allow it to move freely
+throughout the lattice. Question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the lattice. Question is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the lattice. Question is that
+electron screening related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron screening related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron screening related to the
+dialectric constant at all? Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant at all? Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric constant at all? Yes,
+absolutely. Mhm. Yeah, I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely. Mhm. Yeah, I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely. Mhm. Yeah, I just had a
+conceptual question about um the holes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual question about um the holes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual question about um the holes.
+Yes. Um so I understand that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um so I understand that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um so I understand that I can
+imagine an electron you know moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an electron you know moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an electron you know moving
+around in the lattice does but I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the lattice does but I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the lattice does but I imagine
+that a whole moving would be break like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a whole moving would be break like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a whole moving would be break like
+forming a bond break or I guess breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a bond break or I guess breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a bond break or I guess breaking
+and forming bonds over and over. So is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forming bonds over and over. So is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forming bonds over and over. So is
+that actually happen or are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually happen or are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually happen or are the
+electrons more free to move? Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons more free to move? Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons more free to move? Yeah. So
+it's an excellent question. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an excellent question. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an excellent question. Uh the
+question if I if I may paraphrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if I if I may paraphrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if I if I may paraphrase
+relates to the whole and electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the whole and electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the whole and electron
+mobilities. How easy is it for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilities. How easy is it for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilities. How easy is it for them to
+move around the lattice? And typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around the lattice? And typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around the lattice? And typically
+the whole mobility is about a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole mobility is about a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole mobility is about a third of
+the electron mobility in silicon. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron mobility in silicon. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron mobility in silicon. So
+absolutely it it is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it it is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it it is a little bit more
+difficult for those holes to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for those holes to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for those holes to move
+around. Holes as you may recall are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Holes as you may recall are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Holes as you may recall are
+quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi
+particles. Okay. So we have uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. Okay. So we have uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. Okay. So we have uh an
+understanding of doping um rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of doping um rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of doping um rough
+understanding at this point. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding at this point. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding at this point. We
+understand that if we dope a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that if we dope a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that if we dope a certain
+type of material let's say our end type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of material let's say our end type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of material let's say our end type
+material uh with phosphorus we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh with phosphorus we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh with phosphorus we have an
+excess of electrons. And if we dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of electrons. And if we dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of electrons. And if we dope
+another type of material with an excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of material with an excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of material with an excess
+of say boron uh we would then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say boron uh we would then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say boron uh we would then uh
+introduce a large number of holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a large number of holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a large number of holes and
+the material might have a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material might have a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material might have a majority
+conductivity through our holes. Hence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity through our holes. Hence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity through our holes. Hence we
+call it pt type. N and p comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it pt type. N and p comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it pt type. N and p comes from
+negative and positive negative being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and positive negative being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and positive negative being the
+electron charge and positive being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge and positive being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge and positive being the
+whole charge. Right? So that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole charge. Right? So that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole charge. Right? So that's where the
+n and p type come from. Great. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and p type come from. Great. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and p type come from. Great. So now
+pictorially we're going to draw a PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially we're going to draw a PN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially we're going to draw a PN
+junction or PN uh junction with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction or PN uh junction with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction or PN uh junction with our
+fixed and mobile charges. Okay. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and mobile charges. Okay. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and mobile charges. Okay. So let's
+start out with a simple review of Gaus's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with a simple review of Gaus's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with a simple review of Gaus's
+law. Um spatially variant fixed charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. Um spatially variant fixed charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. Um spatially variant fixed charge
+creates an electric field. What do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an electric field. What do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an electric field. What do I
+mean by that? I mean that if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that? I mean that if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that? I mean that if you have uh
+a high concentration of fixed charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high concentration of fixed charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high concentration of fixed charge
+over here and a lower concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and a lower concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and a lower concentration of
+fixed charge over here, an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed charge over here, an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed charge over here, an electric
+field will develop. And that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will develop. And that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will develop. And that's the
+expression right there that relates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right there that relates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right there that relates uh
+that describes uh this in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes uh this in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes uh this in mathematical
+terms where we're using kai here as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms where we're using kai here as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms where we're using kai here as our
+electric field. We're using kai instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. We're using kai instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. We're using kai instead
+of e. You probably remember your physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e. You probably remember your physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e. You probably remember your physics
+textbooks using e as the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks using e as the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks using e as the electric field
+because we're going to reserve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to reserve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to reserve that
+variable for the electron energy. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for the electron energy. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for the electron energy. That
+that'll come in uh in several slides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll come in uh in several slides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll come in uh in several slides uh
+forward. So uh the charge density will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. So uh the charge density will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. So uh the charge density will
+be given by that row and the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by that row and the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by that row and the material
+permitivity by our our our epsilon. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity by our our our epsilon. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity by our our our epsilon. And
+an example is a capacitor. Here all I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example is a capacitor. Here all I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example is a capacitor. Here all I've
+done is is uh expanded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is is uh expanded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is is uh expanded the
+dimensionality of of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of of the derivative
+here. Uh I'm looking at the capacitor. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh I'm looking at the capacitor. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh I'm looking at the capacitor. I
+have fixed charge on either side and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fixed charge on either side and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fixed charge on either side and I
+have electric field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field in
+between. Now this right here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Now this right here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Now this right here um
+obviously in in in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in in in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in in in the case of a
+capacity you're under high vacuum. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you're under high vacuum. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you're under high vacuum. Uh
+just as a very quick aside uh this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a very quick aside uh this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a very quick aside uh this is I
+I I can't resist. This is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't resist. This is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't resist. This is really an
+interesting uh historical note. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh historical note. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh historical note. This
+space right here in the diode as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right here in the diode as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right here in the diode as we
+recall uh where you have the thermionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall uh where you have the thermionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall uh where you have the thermionic
+emission of the electrons going off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of the electrons going off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of the electrons going off to
+the other plate. This space right inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other plate. This space right inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other plate. This space right inside
+of here is called the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here is called the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here is called the space charge
+region. Keep that name in mind. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Keep that name in mind. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Keep that name in mind. We're
+going to come back to it in a in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to it in a in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to it in a in in
+several slides. So a bit of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several slides. So a bit of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several slides. So a bit of history
+there. So we have the capacitor um as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So we have the capacitor um as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So we have the capacitor um as as
+our as our prime example. We have fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our as our prime example. We have fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our as our prime example. We have fixed
+charge on either side and electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on either side and electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on either side and electric field
+in between. And note that the the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between. And note that the the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between. And note that the the charge
+will move parallel to the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move parallel to the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move parallel to the electric field
+if there's no electric field. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no electric field. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no electric field. In other
+words, if we're just exciting charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if we're just exciting charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if we're just exciting charge
+inside of a bare piece of silicon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a bare piece of silicon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a bare piece of silicon with
+no electric field applied, imagine our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electric field applied, imagine our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electric field applied, imagine our
+batteries here are taken out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries here are taken out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries here are taken out of the
+circuit, we'll have simple browning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit, we'll have simple browning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit, we'll have simple browning
+motion of those photoexited electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of those photoexited electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of those photoexited electrons
+until they decay back down into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they decay back down into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they decay back down into their
+ground state. However, if we apply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state. However, if we apply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state. However, if we apply an
+electric field, now we have the brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field, now we have the brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field, now we have the brownian
+motion, but superimposed on top of it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion, but superimposed on top of it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion, but superimposed on top of it a
+certain drift uh of the electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain drift uh of the electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain drift uh of the electrons in
+response to that electric field. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that electric field. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that electric field. And we
+can describe this mathematically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe this mathematically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe this mathematically as
+well. uh the drift currents for holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. uh the drift currents for holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. uh the drift currents for holes
+and electrons being described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons being described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons being described by the
+charge Q. Note that the charge Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Q. Note that the charge Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Q. Note that the charge Q is
+going to be different for the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different for the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different for the electrons
+and the holes uh mean the same value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the holes uh mean the same value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the holes uh mean the same value but
+negative or positive. The mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive. The mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive. The mobility
+uh mobility of holes and mobility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mobility of holes and mobility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mobility of holes and mobility of
+electrons, the density of holes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, the density of holes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, the density of holes or
+electrons and then finally the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then finally the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then finally the electric
+field right here. And the reason in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right here. And the reason in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right here. And the reason in this
+equation you typically see uh the Q's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you typically see uh the Q's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you typically see uh the Q's
+being uh the same value here although no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh the same value here although no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh the same value here although no
+minus sign is is is put in front is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign is is is put in front is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign is is is put in front is
+because under the same electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because under the same electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because under the same electric field
+you'll have electrons drifting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have electrons drifting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have electrons drifting in this
+direction and holes drifting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and holes drifting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and holes drifting in the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+direction. So it's important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So it's important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So it's important to keep
+these signs straight in your mind. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signs straight in your mind. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signs straight in your mind. Yeah.
+Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question.
+Absolutely. So P and N denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So P and N denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So P and N denote the
+concentrations of free electrons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of free electrons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of free electrons or
+freehole actually free holes or free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freehole actually free holes or free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freehole actually free holes or free
+electrons respectively. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons respectively. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons respectively. So you can
+almost think of P as being synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost think of P as being synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost think of P as being synonymous
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+density of boron atoms. If every uh hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of boron atoms. If every uh hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of boron atoms. If every uh hole
+is ionized meaning dissociated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ionized meaning dissociated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ionized meaning dissociated from the
+dopant atom and free to move around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant atom and free to move around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant atom and free to move around the
+crystal then the density of holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal then the density of holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal then the density of holes and
+the density of boron atoms is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of boron atoms is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of boron atoms is going to
+be almost identical. Likewise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost identical. Likewise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost identical. Likewise for
+phosphorus atoms and or the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms and or the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms and or the the the
+donor atoms and the electrons you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor atoms and the electrons you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor atoms and the electrons you'll
+have almost an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost an equal
+number. So that's uh right here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So that's uh right here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So that's uh right here the the
+the n is related to to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n is related to to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n is related to to the number of
+electrons that are free to move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are free to move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are free to move around
+the crystal. The p the number or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal. The p the number or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal. The p the number or the
+density of uh holes that are free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of uh holes that are free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of uh holes that are free to
+move around the crystal and uh these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around the crystal and uh these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around the crystal and uh these uh
+are given in units of uh number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given in units of uh number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given in units of uh number of
+particles charge carriers per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles charge carriers per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles charge carriers per unit
+volume. So per centime cubed let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. So per centime cubed let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. So per centime cubed let's say
+question. You shine a light on it does I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. You shine a light on it does I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. You shine a light on it does I
+mean you're creating more holes. So is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're creating more holes. So is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're creating more holes. So is
+that not on the same order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not on the same order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not on the same order of magnitude
+as the number of holes introduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of holes introduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of holes introduced by
+doping? Yeah, absolutely. So um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping? Yeah, absolutely. So um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping? Yeah, absolutely. So um the
+density of of of holes and electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of of of holes and electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of of of holes and electrons
+here in the dark is dictated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the dark is dictated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the dark is dictated by the
+dopant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant
+density. Where are we right here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. Where are we right here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. Where are we right here for
+instance the dopant density if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the dopant density if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the dopant density if we add
+light that's a complicating factor we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's a complicating factor we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's a complicating factor we're
+um to the the the the intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the the the the intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the the the the intrinsic
+population of of uh of electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of of uh of electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of of uh of electrons and
+holes and the dopant concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and the dopant concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and the dopant concentration of
+electrons and holes we are adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes we are adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes we are adding a
+photogenerated population as well. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogenerated population as well. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogenerated population as well. Let's
+leave that for next lecture and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that for next lecture and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that for next lecture and try to
+simplify things. So we just discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things. So we just discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things. So we just discussed
+the diode in the dark. Perhaps we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode in the dark. Perhaps we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diode in the dark. Perhaps we turn
+the light off here just for uh just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light off here just for uh just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light off here just for uh just for
+effect. So uh we're trying to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. So uh we're trying to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. So uh we're trying to take this
+piece by piece so that we can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by piece so that we can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by piece so that we can really
+construct everything and not add too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct everything and not add too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct everything and not add too
+much into the pot at one time. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into the pot at one time. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into the pot at one time. Um I
+wanted to discuss uh the uh notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to discuss uh the uh notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to discuss uh the uh notion of
+electron drift and I also wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron drift and I also wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron drift and I also wanted to
+review the concept of diffusion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the concept of diffusion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the concept of diffusion which
+everyone should be familiar with. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should be familiar with. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should be familiar with. Uh
+this is the reason why we're breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why we're breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why we're breathing
+right now and why all the uh air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and why all the uh air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and why all the uh air
+molecules aren't in that uh crowded into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules aren't in that uh crowded into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules aren't in that uh crowded into
+that corner of the room. uh it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corner of the room. uh it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corner of the room. uh it's because
+of fixed law uh the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed law uh the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed law uh the process of
+diffusion. If we have a concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. If we have a concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. If we have a concentration of
+a particular species in one spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular species in one spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular species in one spatial
+location, the natural tendency through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location, the natural tendency through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location, the natural tendency through
+random motion is for that concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random motion is for that concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random motion is for that concentration
+to distribute itself uh equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribute itself uh equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribute itself uh equally
+throughout. And this is described very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. And this is described very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. And this is described very
+nicely by fixed law. If we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely by fixed law. If we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely by fixed law. If we want to
+describe a current to it, uh we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a current to it, uh we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a current to it, uh we would
+then describe the current of holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then describe the current of holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then describe the current of holes and
+the current of electrons uh by again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current of electrons uh by again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current of electrons uh by again the
+the charge the diffusivity. Uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge the diffusivity. Uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge the diffusivity. Uh this is a
+quantity uh typically given in units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh typically given in units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh typically given in units of
+centimeters squared per second and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared per second and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared per second and the
+gradient in other words the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in other words the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in other words the uh
+concentration gradient uh in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient uh in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient uh in this case
+in one dimension. And that's uh again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one dimension. And that's uh again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one dimension. And that's uh again uh
+uh should be review for most folks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be review for most folks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be review for most folks from
+physics. And so we can see here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. And so we can see here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. And so we can see here two
+different methods of currents uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of currents uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of currents uh two
+different methods of current flow inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of current flow inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of current flow inside
+of a semiconductor device. We can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a semiconductor device. We can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a semiconductor device. We can have
+uh diffusion or we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diffusion or we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diffusion or we can have
+drift. Drift occurs when there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift. Drift occurs when there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift. Drift occurs when there's an
+electric field present and diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field present and diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field present and diffusion
+occurs when uh well in this case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs when uh well in this case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs when uh well in this case we can
+diffusion can occur in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion can occur in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion can occur in the absence of
+electric field simply when there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field simply when there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field simply when there is a
+concentration gradient present. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient present. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient present. So we
+can envision just quickly that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can envision just quickly that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can envision just quickly that if we
+have an electric field confined to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electric field confined to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electric field confined to a
+certain region of our solar cell device,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain region of our solar cell device,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain region of our solar cell device,
+the electric field will be dominant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field will be dominant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field will be dominant in
+one portion and if the rest of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one portion and if the rest of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one portion and if the rest of our
+device we uh don't have a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we uh don't have a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we uh don't have a strong
+electric field uh but the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field uh but the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field uh but the electrons
+nevertheless can sense the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless can sense the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless can sense the electric
+field far away because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field far away because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field far away because of the
+concentration gradient diffusion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient diffusion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient diffusion can
+drive those electrons can drive those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive those electrons can drive those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive those electrons can drive those
+electron toward the electric field. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron toward the electric field. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron toward the electric field. So
+in our solar cell device the uh ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our solar cell device the uh ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our solar cell device the uh ratio of
+drift and diffusion current will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and diffusion current will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and diffusion current will change
+as a function of distance from the PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of distance from the PN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of distance from the PN
+junction from the built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction from the built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction from the built-in
+field. Okay. So I want everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Okay. So I want everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Okay. So I want everybody to
+upload into the RAM the checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload into the RAM the checkerboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload into the RAM the checkerboard
+example that we went through because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we went through because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we went through because
+this will be important uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be important uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be important uh for
+understanding the next few slides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the next few slides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the next few slides.
+So let's imagine these N and Ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's imagine these N and Ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's imagine these N and Ptype
+materials are in contact but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are in contact but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are in contact but there's
+this imaginary barrier right between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imaginary barrier right between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imaginary barrier right between
+them right and so we have uh here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and so we have uh here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and so we have uh here are
+are ptype materials here are N type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ptype materials here are N type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ptype materials here are N type
+materials and let's parse through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and let's parse through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and let's parse through this
+figure let's let's spend let's dwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure let's let's spend let's dwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure let's let's spend let's dwell
+just a minute so we have this imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute so we have this imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute so we have this imaginary
+boundary between ptype material over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between ptype material over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary between ptype material over
+here and N type material the boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and N type material the boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and N type material the boundary is
+right here in the middle the blue dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle the blue dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle the blue dots
+here are representing mobile holes holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are representing mobile holes holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are representing mobile holes holes
+that are free to move around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are free to move around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are free to move around the
+material and While there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and While there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and While there's this
+imaginary barrier here, these holes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary barrier here, these holes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary barrier here, these holes are
+just moving in brownie motion. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving in brownie motion. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving in brownie motion. There's
+no net current. There's no net charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net current. There's no net charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net current. There's no net charge
+flow. These minus signs that are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. These minus signs that are left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. These minus signs that are left
+behind are the boron atoms. The boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind are the boron atoms. The boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind are the boron atoms. The boron
+atoms have one less proton in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have one less proton in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have one less proton in their
+nucleus than the silicon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus than the silicon atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus than the silicon atoms
+do. And so the whole plus the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And so the whole plus the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And so the whole plus the uh
+negative charge that's uh within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge that's uh within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge that's uh within the
+boron atom core, if you will, uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron atom core, if you will, uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron atom core, if you will, uh that
+combination is neutral. So we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is neutral. So we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is neutral. So we haven't
+perturbed the net charge of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed the net charge of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed the net charge of the entire
+system. But locally, if we draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. But locally, if we draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. But locally, if we draw a little
+circle around these two, for instance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around these two, for instance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around these two, for instance,
+the boron atom that's fixed, that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boron atom that's fixed, that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boron atom that's fixed, that's not
+moving. The boron atom is bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving. The boron atom is bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving. The boron atom is bound to the
+neighboring silicon atoms. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring silicon atoms. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring silicon atoms. It's not
+moving around. And the hole, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around. And the hole, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around. And the hole, which is
+free to move around the material, now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to move around the material, now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to move around the material, now we
+have net charge neutrality. But if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have net charge neutrality. But if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have net charge neutrality. But if that
+hole moves too far away, then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole moves too far away, then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole moves too far away, then you could
+have a field building up. Right? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a field building up. Right? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a field building up. Right? Okay.
+On the other side, very similar. Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other side, very similar. Here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other side, very similar. Here we
+have phosphorus atoms embedded within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have phosphorus atoms embedded within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have phosphorus atoms embedded within
+our silicon lattice. The phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our silicon lattice. The phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our silicon lattice. The phosphorus
+atoms have one extra proton in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have one extra proton in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have one extra proton in the
+nucleus than the silicon atoms do. Hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus than the silicon atoms do. Hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus than the silicon atoms do. Hence
+we denote that as a positive uh charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote that as a positive uh charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote that as a positive uh charge
+right here. And there's an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. And there's an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. And there's an extra
+electron associated with the phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron associated with the phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron associated with the phosphorus
+atoms. Now as those electrons move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Now as those electrons move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Now as those electrons move
+around when it's in isolation again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when it's in isolation again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when it's in isolation again
+there's no net charge flow. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net charge flow. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net charge flow. There's no
+current uh and we have uh a situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh and we have uh a situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh and we have uh a situation of
+uh net charge neutrality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh net charge neutrality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh net charge neutrality.
+question is what happens if we remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what happens if we remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what happens if we remove
+the barrier in between the two? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier in between the two? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier in between the two? Let me
+ask you just a basic question. Would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you just a basic question. Would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you just a basic question. Would the
+phosphorus atoms diffuse over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms diffuse over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms diffuse over to the
+side?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side?
+Probably not, right? Because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not, right? Because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not, right? Because the
+phosphorus atoms are bound to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms are bound to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms are bound to four
+silicon neighbors. Those bonds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon neighbors. Those bonds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon neighbors. Those bonds are
+really tough. It's probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tough. It's probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tough. It's probably not going to
+break um unless you heat it up to pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break um unless you heat it up to pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break um unless you heat it up to pretty
+high temperature. But the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature. But the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature. But the electrons are
+free to move around. They're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to move around. They're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to move around. They're in the
+conduction band. They're able to move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band. They're able to move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band. They're able to move.
+uh and because the binding energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because the binding energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because the binding energy to the
+phosphorus atoms is on that order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms is on that order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atoms is on that order of 10
+me on that order uh the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on that order uh the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on that order uh the thermal energy
+here at room temperature is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at room temperature is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at room temperature is enough to
+dissociate them and to allow those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate them and to allow those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate them and to allow those
+electrons to move away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to move away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to move away from the
+phosphorus atom uh thanks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom uh thanks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus atom uh thanks to the
+screening potential of the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening potential of the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening potential of the surrounding
+lattice and thanks to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and thanks to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and thanks to the fact that the
+electrons inside of a crystal are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons inside of a crystal are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons inside of a crystal are more
+easily uh can more easily move than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh can more easily move than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh can more easily move than in
+vacuum. So when we remove that boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum. So when we remove that boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum. So when we remove that boundary
+in between what begins to happen? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between what begins to happen? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between what begins to happen? So
+we've removed the boundary. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've removed the boundary. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've removed the boundary. We have
+these two materials in direct contact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two materials in direct contact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two materials in direct contact.
+The nuclei are not moving. The fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The nuclei are not moving. The fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The nuclei are not moving. The fixed
+charge associated with the boron atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge associated with the boron atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge associated with the boron atoms
+in this side and the phosphorus atoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this side and the phosphorus atoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this side and the phosphorus atoms on
+that side are not moving. However, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side are not moving. However, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side are not moving. However, the
+instant you remove this boundary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant you remove this boundary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant you remove this boundary in
+between there is a high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there is a high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there is a high concentration of
+electrons over here and a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over here and a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over here and a very low
+concentration of electrons over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of electrons over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of electrons over there
+which means that you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you will have a
+diffusion process. Right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion process. Right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion process. Right? So the
+concentration gradient drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient drives the
+electrons over to the side. Likewise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over to the side. Likewise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over to the side. Likewise,
+holes are being driven from here over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes are being driven from here over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes are being driven from here over to
+here. Now notice what happens. Holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now notice what happens. Holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now notice what happens. Holes
+carry a positive charge. The fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a positive charge. The fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a positive charge. The fixed
+charge from the phosphorus is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge from the phosphorus is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge from the phosphorus is also
+positive. So you have a buildup of net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So you have a buildup of net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So you have a buildup of net
+positive charge on this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge on this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge on this side of the
+junction. Electrons are negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. Electrons are negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. Electrons are negative charge
+carriers. The boron atoms have a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers. The boron atoms have a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers. The boron atoms have a net
+negative charge here. And so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge here. And so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge here. And so you have a
+net negative charge building up on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net negative charge building up on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net negative charge building up on this
+side. And now you have a field beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. And now you have a field beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. And now you have a field beginning
+to develop, an electric field. And at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop, an electric field. And at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop, an electric field. And at
+some point this built-in electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point this built-in electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point this built-in electric field
+will counteract the diffusion process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will counteract the diffusion process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will counteract the diffusion process.
+Right? The diffusion current is driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The diffusion current is driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The diffusion current is driving
+electrons in this direction, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this direction, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this direction, but the
+field will be driving them back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will be driving them back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will be driving them back the
+other way. And it's that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way. And it's that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way. And it's that equilibrium
+that establishes the P and junction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that establishes the P and junction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that establishes the P and junction.
+It's that equilibrium that defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that equilibrium that defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that equilibrium that defines the
+width of this region here, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this region here, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this region here, this
+transition region, which comes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region, which comes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region, which comes in a
+variety of names. The transition region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of names. The transition region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of names. The transition region
+is also called the depletion region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also called the depletion region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also called the depletion region and
+it's also called the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called the space charge
+region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region.
+Interesting, huh? How these words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting, huh? How these words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting, huh? How these words and
+terms come back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come back into
+use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use.
+So that's the essence of the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the essence of the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the essence of the formation
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+junction. We have this diffusion process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. We have this diffusion process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. We have this diffusion process
+that drives the carriers from this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives the carriers from this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives the carriers from this side
+into this side. And then as we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this side. And then as we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this side. And then as we have the
+electrons moving over here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons moving over here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons moving over here and uh
+summing to the uh the the boron nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing to the uh the the boron nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing to the uh the the boron nuclei
+that are left behind once the holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are left behind once the holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are left behind once the holes
+likewise have moved over to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise have moved over to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise have moved over to the other
+side. We have a buildup of net negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. We have a buildup of net negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. We have a buildup of net negative
+charge on this side, a buildup of net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on this side, a buildup of net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on this side, a buildup of net
+positive charge on that side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge on that side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge on that side and the
+establishment of a built-in electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of a built-in electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of a built-in electric
+field. That's cool. It takes a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. That's cool. It takes a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. That's cool. It takes a while to
+really get it. Uh and so the chessboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get it. Uh and so the chessboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get it. Uh and so the chessboard
+example was brilliant. I thank Joe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was brilliant. I thank Joe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was brilliant. I thank Joe for
+that. Um, and hopefully this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, and hopefully this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, and hopefully this as well
+reinforces several of those concepts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforces several of those concepts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforces several of those concepts.
+Um, and uh, it might take some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, it might take some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, it might take some time
+studying it on your own or setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying it on your own or setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying it on your own or setting up
+special office hours with Joe or coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special office hours with Joe or coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special office hours with Joe or coming
+to my office hours on Mondays. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my office hours on Mondays. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my office hours on Mondays. Um, but
+whatever it takes. Um, make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes. Um, make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes. Um, make sure that
+you understand this concept well. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this concept well. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this concept well. Uh,
+the fundamental uh, say the gaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental uh, say the gaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental uh, say the gaining
+intuition about the concept. Um, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about the concept. Um, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about the concept. Um, we'll
+be getting into the math soon. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting into the math soon. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting into the math soon. And if
+you don't have a good solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a good solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a good solid
+understanding of the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the the the the
+intuition of of where charges are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of of where charges are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of of where charges are moving
+around, it becomes less easy, let's say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, it becomes less easy, let's say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, it becomes less easy, let's say,
+to uh really get the math. Okay. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh really get the math. Okay. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh really get the math. Okay. So, we
+have um a a a buildup of net charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a a a buildup of net charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a a a buildup of net charge in
+either side of the junction. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the junction. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the junction. We have a
+buildup of net negative charge on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of net negative charge on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of net negative charge on one
+side of the junction and a buildup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the junction and a buildup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the junction and a buildup of
+net positive charge in the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net positive charge in the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net positive charge in the other side of
+the junction. And this line right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction. And this line right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction. And this line right here
+is meant to represent that uh dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to represent that uh dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to represent that uh dividing
+line uh where the two materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh where the two materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh where the two materials
+initially came together. So the dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially came together. So the dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially came together. So the dashed
+line is meant to represent the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is meant to represent the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is meant to represent the real
+charge distribution and the boxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution and the boxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution and the boxed
+colored uh rectangles. The rectal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored uh rectangles. The rectal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored uh rectangles. The rectal linear
+boxes are meant to represent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes are meant to represent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes are meant to represent an
+approximation that we'll use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we'll use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we'll use for the
+rest of today's class. Uh we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of today's class. Uh we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of today's class. Uh we're making
+successive approximations here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive approximations here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive approximations here because
+we want uh the mathematics to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want uh the mathematics to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want uh the mathematics to be
+manageable. Um you can of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable. Um you can of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable. Um you can of course uh
+discretize this entire uh uh u um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize this entire uh uh u um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize this entire uh uh u um uh
+this entire u material in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire u material in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire u material in one dimension
+for instance and do a finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and do a finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and do a finite element
+solution. We'll show you the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. We'll show you the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. We'll show you the equations
+that you can use to do that later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use to do that later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use to do that later on in
+today's class. So we have the net charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class. So we have the net charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class. So we have the net charge
+distribution on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on either side of the
+junction shown here. Right? We also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction shown here. Right? We also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction shown here. Right? We also
+have as a result of that next charge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a result of that next charge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a result of that next charge a
+net charge an electric field. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge an electric field. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge an electric field. And this
+goes back to uh to Gaus's law or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to uh to Gaus's law or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to uh to Gaus's law or the
+derivative form thereof. And so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative form thereof. And so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative form thereof. And so we have
+here a uh a built-in electric field as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a uh a built-in electric field as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a uh a built-in electric field as
+you can see. Uh and the field reaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see. Uh and the field reaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see. Uh and the field reaches a
+maximum right here in the middle. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum right here in the middle. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum right here in the middle. So
+that kind of makes sense. If you're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of makes sense. If you're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of makes sense. If you're too
+far away from that junction, you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from that junction, you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from that junction, you're not
+going to if you're a charge carrier,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if you're a charge carrier,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if you're a charge carrier,
+you're not going to see the field. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to see the field. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to see the field. But
+if you're right there in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're right there in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're right there in the middle of
+that junction, my boy, that that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that junction, my boy, that that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that junction, my boy, that that field
+is going to be very strong. You'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be very strong. You'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be very strong. You'll be
+swept out of there pretty quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out of there pretty quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out of there pretty quickly.
+That's why the field reaches a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why the field reaches a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why the field reaches a maximum
+right here in the middle. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle. So that
+intuitively makes a lot of sense. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively makes a lot of sense. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively makes a lot of sense. Now if
+we take one further integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take one further integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take one further integral of the
+electric field here, the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field here, the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field here, the electric field
+arai, if we integrate our arcs, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arai, if we integrate our arcs, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arai, if we integrate our arcs, we will
+get the potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the potential.
+And this potential right here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this potential right here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this potential right here uh
+essentially follows this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially follows this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially follows this uh this
+wavelike curve where you have a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike curve where you have a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike curve where you have a lower
+potential on this side and a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on this side and a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on this side and a higher
+potential on that side. And if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on that side. And if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on that side. And if we take
+this potential and translate it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential and translate it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential and translate it into
+something that we can understand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can understand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can understand which
+is electron energy by multiplying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electron energy by multiplying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electron energy by multiplying that
+potential by Q and Q in the case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential by Q and Q in the case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential by Q and Q in the case of an
+electron is a negative number. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a negative number. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a negative number. That's
+why we're flipping this boom. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're flipping this boom. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're flipping this boom. Right? So
+we're flipping this upside down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're flipping this upside down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're flipping this upside down because
+we're multiplying this value here by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're multiplying this value here by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're multiplying this value here by a
+negative number. Now what we can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number. Now what we can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number. Now what we can see is
+that there's an energy gain for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an energy gain for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an energy gain for the
+electron by going from the pside to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron by going from the pside to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron by going from the pside to the
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+side right that's the uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right that's the uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right that's the uh this is the
+electron energy obviously um if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy obviously um if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy obviously um if if you
+give them an opportunity all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them an opportunity all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them an opportunity all the
+electrons would want to come down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would want to come down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would want to come down to
+this side but why wouldn't all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side but why wouldn't all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side but why wouldn't all of them
+come down over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of diffusion right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of diffusion right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of diffusion right so there's
+that balance of the two effects so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that balance of the two effects so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that balance of the two effects so there
+is a net energy gain for the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a net energy gain for the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a net energy gain for the electrons
+but uh diffusion is what's driving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh diffusion is what's driving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh diffusion is what's driving some
+of the electrons back across the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons back across the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons back across the other
+side of the junction. It's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the junction. It's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the junction. It's that
+equilibrium which is establishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is establishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is establishing the
+final uh um the final energy band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh um the final energy band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh um the final energy band
+diagram of the P and junction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of the P and junction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of the P and junction which is
+really looking something very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking something very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking something very much like
+that. So this right here uh describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this right here uh describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this right here uh describes
+for you how you go from atoms and charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you how you go from atoms and charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you how you go from atoms and charge
+carriers up at the top to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers up at the top to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers up at the top to charge
+distribution, electric field, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution, electric field, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution, electric field, uh
+potential and finally electron energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and finally electron energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and finally electron energy.
+Yes. Are these four diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Are these four diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Are these four diagrams
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+for electrons? Like would the would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons? Like would the would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons? Like would the would the
+whole ones be the first of that? Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole ones be the first of that? Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole ones be the first of that? Sure.
+So if you wanted to look at in in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you wanted to look at in in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you wanted to look at in in terms
+of whole energy uh what uh this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whole energy uh what uh this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whole energy uh what uh this equation
+here would be equally valid, but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be equally valid, but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be equally valid, but your
+charge would be a positive value. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge would be a positive value. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge would be a positive value. And so
+you'd have a curve that looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a curve that looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a curve that looked very
+similar to this one right here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this one right here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this one right here where
+there'd be a net energy gain for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a net energy gain for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a net energy gain for the
+holes to go onto the other side. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes to go onto the other side. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes to go onto the other side. And
+that's what establishes the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what establishes the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what establishes the uh the
+separation of charge. So the bottom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of charge. So the bottom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of charge. So the bottom one
+is the only one that would change if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that would change if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that would change if you
+looked at it. That's correct. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it. That's correct. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it. That's correct. Yep.
+Everything else identical. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything else identical. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything else identical. So this is
+important. It's electron energy. And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's electron energy. And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's electron energy. And and
+this jump right here confuses a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jump right here confuses a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jump right here confuses a lot of
+folks because in in books they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks because in in books they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks because in in books they don't
+often describe very clearly what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often describe very clearly what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often describe very clearly what is
+potential and what is energy. Uh almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and what is energy. Uh almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and what is energy. Uh almost
+using those two terms interchangeably.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those two terms interchangeably.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those two terms interchangeably.
+But it's that that Q the the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's that that Q the the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's that that Q the the fact that
+the electron has a negative charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron has a negative charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron has a negative charge that
+uh sets things right. Okay, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sets things right. Okay, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sets things right. Okay, this is
+pretty important. This is the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important. This is the foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important. This is the foundation
+the fundamental of of how a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental of of how a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental of of how a P and
+junction comes into being. Um and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction comes into being. Um and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction comes into being. Um and uh the
+summary of our understanding so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of our understanding so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of our understanding so far is
+that when light here we go when light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when light here we go when light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when light here we go when light
+creates an electron whole pair a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an electron whole pair a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an electron whole pair a P and
+junction can separate the positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction can separate the positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction can separate the positive and
+negative charges because of the built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges because of the built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges because of the built-in
+electric field. Let me repeat that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. Let me repeat that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. Let me repeat that one
+more time. When light creates an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time. When light creates an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time. When light creates an
+electron whole pair, a P and junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron whole pair, a P and junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron whole pair, a P and junction
+potentially can separate the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially can separate the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially can separate the positive
+and negative charges because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative charges because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative charges because of that
+built-in electric field. For very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in electric field. For very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in electric field. For very
+small light intensities, very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small light intensities, very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small light intensities, very small
+light intensities such that um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light intensities such that um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light intensities such that um you can
+think of that photogenerated carrier as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that photogenerated carrier as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that photogenerated carrier as
+a perturbation to the system. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perturbation to the system. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perturbation to the system. Not
+fundamentally altering the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally altering the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally altering the energy levels
+yet. It does eventually happen. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. It does eventually happen. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. It does eventually happen. But if
+you have say one photon coming into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have say one photon coming into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have say one photon coming into your
+material exciting electron over here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material exciting electron over here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material exciting electron over here,
+that electron can move down uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron can move down uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron can move down uh can be
+swept out of the device because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out of the device because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out of the device because of that
+built-in electric field. Again, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in electric field. Again, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in electric field. Again, uh
+assuming that we have a very low very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have a very low very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have a very low very
+small impact on the uh electrostatics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small impact on the uh electrostatics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small impact on the uh electrostatics of
+our system that it's just a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system that it's just a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system that it's just a small
+perturbation, maybe one single electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation, maybe one single electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation, maybe one single electron
+in our system is not going to affect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our system is not going to affect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our system is not going to affect you
+much because we have 10^ the 23 uh or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because we have 10^ the 23 uh or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because we have 10^ the 23 uh or so
+uh uh atoms per cubic centimeter. um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh atoms per cubic centimeter. um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh atoms per cubic centimeter. um we
+have a very small perturbation to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small perturbation to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small perturbation to our
+system. Uh that charge carrier will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Uh that charge carrier will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Uh that charge carrier will be
+swept out uh very quickly. The built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out uh very quickly. The built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept out uh very quickly. The built-in
+electric field is established at a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is established at a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is established at a P and
+junction because of the balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction because of the balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction because of the balance of
+electron and whole electron and whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and whole electron and whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and whole electron and whole
+drift and diffusion currents. Let me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and diffusion currents. Let me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and diffusion currents. Let me be
+more precise about this one point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise about this one point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise about this one point right
+here because the built-in electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the built-in electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the built-in electric field
+is established at a P and junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established at a P and junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established at a P and junction
+because of the balance of electron drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the balance of electron drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the balance of electron drift
+and diffusion. We talked about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion. We talked about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion. We talked about that but
+whole drift and diffusion as well. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drift and diffusion as well. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drift and diffusion as well. So if
+we go back over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back over to
+here, notice how the electron drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, notice how the electron drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, notice how the electron drift and
+drift and diffusion are opposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and diffusion are opposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and diffusion are opposed and
+equal well and equal and opposite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well and equal and opposite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well and equal and opposite to the
+whole diffusion and drift. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole diffusion and drift. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole diffusion and drift. So let's
+think about it from this perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it from this perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it from this perspective
+right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back
+here. This is clear. Our electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is clear. Our electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is clear. Our electron
+diffusion is going in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is going in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is going in that direction
+because we have a high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a high concentration of
+electrons that tend to move toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that tend to move toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that tend to move toward the
+low concentration regime. So our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentration regime. So our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentration regime. So our
+electron diffusion current is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron diffusion current is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron diffusion current is pointing
+toward the left. Our whole diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the left. Our whole diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the left. Our whole diffusion
+current is pointing to the right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is pointing to the right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is pointing to the right and the
+whole drift current because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drift current because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drift current because of this
+built-in field is pointing opposite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in field is pointing opposite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in field is pointing opposite the
+whole diffusion. So the whole drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole diffusion. So the whole drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole diffusion. So the whole drift
+current would be pointing to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current would be pointing to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current would be pointing to the left
+whereas the electron drift current would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the electron drift current would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the electron drift current would
+be pointing to the right. So we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pointing to the right. So we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pointing to the right. So we have in
+total four currents here. The way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total four currents here. The way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total four currents here. The way to
+think about it would be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it would be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it would be for example
+let's take the electrons first electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the electrons first electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the electrons first electron
+drift or electron diffusion and drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift or electron diffusion and drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift or electron diffusion and drift
+counteract and then you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract and then you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract and then you can take the
+holes whole diffusion and drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes whole diffusion and drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes whole diffusion and drift
+counteract right they're all balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract right they're all balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract right they're all balanced
+and this is uh resulting in zero net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh resulting in zero net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh resulting in zero net
+current flow uh when you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow uh when you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow uh when you have no
+illumination and no external field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and no external field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and no external field
+applied to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to that
+device that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's pretty
+nifty so the built-in electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nifty so the built-in electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nifty so the built-in electric field is
+established at the P and junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established at the P and junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established at the P and junction
+because of the balance of drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the balance of drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the balance of drift and
+diffusion currents for both electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion currents for both electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion currents for both electrons
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holes. So, we have a small in-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. So, we have a small in-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. So, we have a small in-class
+exercise. I'd like you to take out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. I'd like you to take out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. I'd like you to take out these
+and I'd like you to work in pairs uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like you to work in pairs uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like you to work in pairs uh so
+that if anybody reaches a a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if anybody reaches a a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if anybody reaches a a small
+stumbling block, you can help each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbling block, you can help each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbling block, you can help each other
+uh work through the uh the problems. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work through the uh the problems. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work through the uh the problems. So,
+first off, let's focus on this upper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off, let's focus on this upper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off, let's focus on this upper uh
+left hand portion right here uh as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand portion right here uh as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand portion right here uh as shown
+right there. This is a replica of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there. This is a replica of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there. This is a replica of the
+sheet that you should have in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet that you should have in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet that you should have in front of
+you. So what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So what we're doing is we're
+dividing we're considering the P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing we're considering the P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing we're considering the P and
+junction under no bias. That means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction under no bias. That means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction under no bias. That means that
+we're not applying a battery to our P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not applying a battery to our P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not applying a battery to our P
+and junction. Right? So we have a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and junction. Right? So we have a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and junction. Right? So we have a P and
+junction and we don't attach a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction and we don't attach a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction and we don't attach a battery
+in series. We just have the P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series. We just have the P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series. We just have the P and
+junction under zero bias conditions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction under zero bias conditions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction under zero bias conditions. So
+the way we'd represent that um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'd represent that um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'd represent that um in that
+equivalent or model circuit diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent or model circuit diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent or model circuit diagram
+right here is notice how we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is notice how we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is notice how we have these
+little lines uh extending from the P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lines uh extending from the P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lines uh extending from the P and
+the N regions and going above. uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N regions and going above. uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N regions and going above. uh those
+represent the external circuit outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the external circuit outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the external circuit outside
+of the actual device. The device would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual device. The device would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual device. The device would
+be uh this one right here where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh this one right here where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh this one right here where we have
+P and our N. We have our positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and our N. We have our positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and our N. We have our positive and
+negative charges here representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges here representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges here representing the
+uh the uh charges that have built up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh charges that have built up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh charges that have built up uh
+in that space charge region that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space charge region that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space charge region that are
+creating the built-in electric field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the built-in electric field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the built-in electric field.
+And under no bias conditions, I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And under no bias conditions, I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And under no bias conditions, I'll give
+you the answer. It's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer. It's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer. It's pretty
+straightforward. We would just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. We would just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. We would just draw a
+straight line across right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line across right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line across right there
+bridging that external circuit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging that external circuit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging that external circuit because
+there is no external bias. There is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no external bias. There is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no external bias. There is no
+battery applied. And so from an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery applied. And so from an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery applied. And so from an energy
+band diagram, E versus X, our E being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band diagram, E versus X, our E being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band diagram, E versus X, our E being
+the electron energy in this case, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron energy in this case, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron energy in this case, uh,
+and our ptype material being on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our ptype material being on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our ptype material being on this
+side and our ntype material being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and our ntype material being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and our ntype material being on
+that side. Let's draw the energy band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side. Let's draw the energy band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side. Let's draw the energy band
+diagram. Just like we've done, uh, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Just like we've done, uh, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Just like we've done, uh, or
+we've alluded to so far, uh, sketch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've alluded to so far, uh, sketch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've alluded to so far, uh, sketch out
+the energy band diagram for this P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy band diagram for this P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy band diagram for this P and
+junction. And I'll give you a hint. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. And I'll give you a hint. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. And I'll give you a hint. It's
+going to look something very similar uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look something very similar uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look something very similar uh,
+to that right there, except that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that right there, except that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that right there, except that you'll
+have to take into account both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take into account both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take into account both the
+conduction and veance bands, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and veance bands, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and veance bands, right?
+because they're both affected in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both affected in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both affected in a
+similar manner uh to that. So why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar manner uh to that. So why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar manner uh to that. So why don't
+you go ahead and give it your best um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead and give it your best um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead and give it your best um
+draw the uh energy band diagram uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the uh energy band diagram uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the uh energy band diagram uh uh in
+terms of the electron energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the electron energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the electron energy and
+position. Notice your pt type on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Notice your pt type on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Notice your pt type on one
+side, n type on on the other. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, n type on on the other. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, n type on on the other. You can
+assume that the uh point of division is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the uh point of division is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the uh point of division is
+like right here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right here in the
+middle. And for those who are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. And for those who are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. And for those who are a little
+quick, you can go on and draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick, you can go on and draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick, you can go on and draw the
+relative magnitudes of electron drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitudes of electron drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitudes of electron drift
+and diffusion currents. So, why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion currents. So, why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion currents. So, why don't we
+give that a a quick little shot? Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a a quick little shot? Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a a quick little shot? Maybe
+30 seconds to uh uh think about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds to uh uh think about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds to uh uh think about it and
+another 30 seconds to draw and chat over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 30 seconds to draw and chat over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 30 seconds to draw and chat over
+it with your uh colleagues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we want to draw the band diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we want to draw the band diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we want to draw the band diagram
+just to make sure everybody's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure everybody's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure everybody's on the
+same page. So, we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page. So, we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page. So, we're going to be
+starting out with our veance band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out with our veance band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out with our veance band and
+our conduction band over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conduction band over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conduction band over here.
+And as we move toward our space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we move toward our space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we move toward our space charge
+region, as we move toward our depletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region, as we move toward our depletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region, as we move toward our depletion
+region, our transition region here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region, our transition region here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region, our transition region here in
+the middle, um, we're going to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle, um, we're going to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle, um, we're going to see some
+effect, right? We're going to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect, right? We're going to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect, right? We're going to see some
+bending of the bands, if you will,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of the bands, if you will,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of the bands, if you will,
+right? So your your question is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So your your question is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So your your question is to
+figure out does do the bands do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out does do the bands do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out does do the bands do
+something like this or do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this or do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this or do they do
+something like that, right? Do the bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, right? Do the bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, right? Do the bands
+go up or do they bend down? And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up or do they bend down? And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up or do they bend down? And that
+should be uh a relatively easy copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh a relatively easy copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh a relatively easy copy and
+paste from two slides prior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The correct answer is indeed we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The correct answer is indeed we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The correct answer is indeed we have the
+band bending down like this. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending down like this. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending down like this. Right? So
+we would have uh the bands higher on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have uh the bands higher on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have uh the bands higher on one
+side lower on the other. Uh the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lower on the other. Uh the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lower on the other. Uh the electron
+energy is higher on the ptype side than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is higher on the ptype side than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is higher on the ptype side than
+the ntype side. So if we add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ntype side. So if we add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ntype side. So if we add one
+electron to our system for example uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to our system for example uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to our system for example uh a
+photogenerated carrier from a one photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogenerated carrier from a one photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogenerated carrier from a one photon
+coming into our device uh that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into our device uh that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into our device uh that electron
+have the natural tendency to go onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the natural tendency to go onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the natural tendency to go onto
+this side would be swept down. Um note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side would be swept down. Um note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side would be swept down. Um note
+that the uh net current flow inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh net current flow inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh net current flow inside of
+the device in the absence of an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device in the absence of an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device in the absence of an external
+exitation like light or uh a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation like light or uh a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation like light or uh a battery
+pack over here an external bias voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack over here an external bias voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack over here an external bias voltage
+source the net current flow is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source the net current flow is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source the net current flow is zero
+because electron diffusion is pointed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electron diffusion is pointed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electron diffusion is pointed in
+that direction and electron drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and electron drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and electron drift
+pointed in that direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in that direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in that direction.
+Okay. All right. Good. So now that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Good. So now that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Good. So now that we've
+done now that we've done one example, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now that we've done one example, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now that we've done one example, uh
+I wanted to oh one last thing. So whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to oh one last thing. So whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to oh one last thing. So whole
+diffusion. So this is electron diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. So this is electron diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion. So this is electron diffusion
+pointing to the left and and electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the left and and electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the left and and electron
+drift pointing to the right. Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift pointing to the right. Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift pointing to the right. Whole
+diffusion is pointing to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is pointing to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is pointing to the right and
+whole drift pointing to the left as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drift pointing to the left as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drift pointing to the left as one
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+expect. Let's try these two right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect. Let's try these two right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect. Let's try these two right now.
+Forward bias and reverse bias. And your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forward bias and reverse bias. And your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forward bias and reverse bias. And your
+trick is to figure out if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to figure out if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to figure out if you have a
+battery for instance. If the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery for instance. If the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery for instance. If the battery
+looks like this, right? This would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this, right? This would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this, right? This would be
+positive terminal and negative terminal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive terminal and negative terminal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive terminal and negative terminal.
+If you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have a
+battery, which way would you align the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery, which way would you align the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery, which way would you align the
+battery to induce a forward bias or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery to induce a forward bias or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery to induce a forward bias or
+reverse bias? This is perhaps it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse bias? This is perhaps it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse bias? This is perhaps it's
+perhaps a little bit uh beyond uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a little bit uh beyond uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a little bit uh beyond uh my
+expectation of what you would uh get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of what you would uh get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of what you would uh get.
+Let me add that for you. Let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me add that for you. Let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me add that for you. Let me just
+give that to you right here. The forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to you right here. The forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to you right here. The forward
+bias would look like that. The reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias would look like that. The reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias would look like that. The reverse
+bias would look like that. Okay. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias would look like that. Okay. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias would look like that. Okay. And now
+the big question is what do the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question is what do the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question is what do the band
+diagrams look like? How would these how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams look like? How would these how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams look like? How would these how
+would these look?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we forward
+bias, if we forward bias our device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias, if we forward bias our device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias, if we forward bias our device and
+we inject electrons into this side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we inject electrons into this side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we inject electrons into this side right
+here, what would what would happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, what would what would happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, what would what would happen to
+our band? What would you expect would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our band? What would you expect would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our band? What would you expect would
+happen? We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? We'll
+uh we'll prove this out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll prove this out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll prove this out in
+the in the next few slides, but I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the next few slides, but I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the next few slides, but I I want
+to get see if how people's intuition are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get see if how people's intuition are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get see if how people's intuition are
+is doing this morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So as you bias a device, you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as you bias a device, you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as you bias a device, you're you're
+shifting one level relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting one level relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting one level relative to the
+other. And so the basic question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And so the basic question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And so the basic question that
+you have to answer is should it shift up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to answer is should it shift up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to answer is should it shift up
+or should it shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should it shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should it shift
+down under forward and reverse bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down under forward and reverse bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down under forward and reverse bias
+conditions. Spend a minute, talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Spend a minute, talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Spend a minute, talk to your
+neighbor, discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor, discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor, discuss
+it. All right, folks. Why don't we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. All right, folks. Why don't we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. All right, folks. Why don't we uh
+why don't we tie it in?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should be able to get band diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to get band diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to get band diagrams
+that look something like that. Saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look something like that. Saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look something like that. Saw
+several of you have already begun uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of you have already begun uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of you have already begun uh
+reaching this this consensus here. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching this this consensus here. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching this this consensus here. um
+rationale an easy way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale an easy way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale an easy way to think about
+this is if our battery is aligned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if our battery is aligned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if our battery is aligned with
+our P and junction in that way and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our P and junction in that way and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our P and junction in that way and we're
+injecting electrons into one side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting electrons into one side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting electrons into one side we
+then have a large electron diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have a large electron diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have a large electron diffusion
+current right we have the band shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right we have the band shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right we have the band shifting
+in this direction now the barrier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction now the barrier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction now the barrier the
+energy barrier for the electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier for the electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier for the electrons to
+overcome to go from the region of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome to go from the region of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome to go from the region of high
+concentration to the region of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to the region of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to the region of low
+concentration is smaller and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is smaller and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is smaller and you'll get
+a larger diffusion current as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger diffusion current as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger diffusion current as a result
+more electrons will be moving over from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electrons will be moving over from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electrons will be moving over from
+that ntype silicon into the ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ntype silicon into the ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ntype silicon into the ptype
+silicon and uh the drift current will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and uh the drift current will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and uh the drift current will be
+smaller. Um notice here the the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Um notice here the the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. Um notice here the the balance
+of the two if you add them together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two if you add them together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two if you add them together uh
+you have a net electron flow in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a net electron flow in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a net electron flow in that
+direction which means you have a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which means you have a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which means you have a net
+current flow as defined by the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow as defined by the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow as defined by the flow of
+positive charges in the other direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charges in the other direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charges in the other direction.
+A lot of definitions to keep straight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of definitions to keep straight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of definitions to keep straight.
+Whereas in the reverse bias here, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas in the reverse bias here, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas in the reverse bias here, you're
+shifting the bands like so. The drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the bands like so. The drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the bands like so. The drift
+current because you have the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because you have the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because you have the large
+electric field, the drift current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field, the drift current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field, the drift current will
+be uh increased, but only slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh increased, but only slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh increased, but only slightly
+because there's a limited number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a limited number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a limited number of of
+of carriers here that you can pull from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carriers here that you can pull from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carriers here that you can pull from
+from from the the ptype material. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the the ptype material. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the the ptype material. And
+the diffusion current is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current is going to be
+drastically reduced because now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically reduced because now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically reduced because now the
+energy barrier is so large that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier is so large that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier is so large that the
+electrons have a very hard time getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have a very hard time getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have a very hard time getting
+from the ntype material into the ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ntype material into the ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ntype material into the ptype
+material and the net current flow is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the net current flow is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the net current flow is in
+the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+direction. Does this make intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Does this make intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Does this make intuitive
+sense to folks? Ashley? Yeah. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to folks? Ashley? Yeah. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to folks? Ashley? Yeah. So when
+you attach the um battery or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach the um battery or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach the um battery or whatever
+that would be. Yeah. Is the minus side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be. Yeah. Is the minus side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be. Yeah. Is the minus side
+injecting electrons in the device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting electrons in the device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting electrons in the device and
+injecting. Okay. So in between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting. Okay. So in between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting. Okay. So in between these two
+the the the easiest way to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the easiest way to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the easiest way to go from
+battery to electron energy band diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery to electron energy band diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery to electron energy band diagram
+is to follow the same sequence that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to follow the same sequence that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to follow the same sequence that we
+did over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did over
+here. Right? And if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Right? And if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Right? And if you're thinking
+battery and you're thinking positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and you're thinking positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and you're thinking positive and
+negative, you're shifting the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative, you're shifting the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative, you're shifting the potential
+of one side relative to the other. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one side relative to the other. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one side relative to the other. Then
+take that potential shift and flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that potential shift and flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that potential shift and flip it
+for the electron. Right? I mean I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron. Right? I mean I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron. Right? I mean I follow
+okay why that why the diagrams are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why that why the diagrams are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why that why the diagrams are the
+way they are. But is it is it I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are. But is it is it I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are. But is it is it I guess
+conceptually accurate to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually accurate to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually accurate to think of the
+negative side as putting more electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side as putting more electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side as putting more electrons
+into the n side. one could uh the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the n side. one could uh the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the n side. one could uh the way I
+prefer to think about it is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to think about it is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to think about it is that you're
+changing the energy levels the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the energy levels the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the energy levels the potential
+one relative to the other and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one relative to the other and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one relative to the other and as a
+consequence you have more electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence you have more electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence you have more electrons
+flowing from that end side uh to the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from that end side uh to the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from that end side uh to the P
+pside and that's what's pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pside and that's what's pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pside and that's what's pulling the
+current uh through the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's it's it's almost a tail wagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's it's almost a tail wagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's it's almost a tail wagging
+dog wagging tail but I I would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog wagging tail but I I would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog wagging tail but I I would take a
+slight preference toward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight preference toward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight preference toward uh
+understanding it from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it from the perspective of
+if you change the potential one relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the potential one relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the potential one relative
+to the other and allow for a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other and allow for a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other and allow for a greater
+diffus fusion current that those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus fusion current that those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus fusion current that those that
+motion of electrons the electron moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of electrons the electron moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of electrons the electron moving
+from here to here uh will pull current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here uh will pull current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here uh will pull current
+through the entire circuit and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire circuit and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire circuit and that's
+what you'll be measuring with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll be measuring with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll be measuring with your
+external uh essentially all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh essentially all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh essentially all of the
+electrons in the circuit are are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the circuit are are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the circuit are are moving
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+for advice we've proposed field that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advice we've proposed field that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advice we've proposed field that was
+set up by exactly we are opposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up by exactly we are opposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up by exactly we are opposing the
+field that was set up by the uh balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that was set up by the uh balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that was set up by the uh balance
+of the drift and diffusion currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drift and diffusion currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drift and diffusion currents
+initially yeah under the first bias how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially yeah under the first bias how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially yeah under the first bias how
+come the many electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come the many electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come the many electrons in the
+antiaterial aren't pulled through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiaterial aren't pulled through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiaterial aren't pulled through the
+entire circuit and reinjected into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire circuit and reinjected into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire circuit and reinjected into the
+ptype side. Yes, certainly. So, um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype side. Yes, certainly. So, um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype side. Yes, certainly. So, um the
+uh reverse bias condition is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reverse bias condition is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reverse bias condition is such that
+the uh battery is aligned to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh battery is aligned to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh battery is aligned to prevent
+that, right? Um that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right? Um that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right? Um that's that's what
+perhaps one one simple way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one one simple way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one one simple way of thinking
+about it. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. You're
+um yeah, I think that would be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah, I think that would be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah, I think that would be the the
+way I would describe it most accurately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I would describe it most accurately.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I would describe it most accurately.
+could um and you are uh dragging some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um and you are uh dragging some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um and you are uh dragging some of
+the electrons out through the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons out through the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons out through the external
+circuit. But what is what is driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. But what is what is driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. But what is what is driving the
+current is uh is is mostly the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is uh is is mostly the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is uh is is mostly the drift
+current is pulling carriers from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is pulling carriers from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is pulling carriers from uh
+essentially through your external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially through your external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially through your external
+circuit because carriers are moving from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit because carriers are moving from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit because carriers are moving from
+the P pype to the N type and creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P pype to the N type and creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P pype to the N type and creating
+that charge imbalance resulting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charge imbalance resulting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charge imbalance resulting in the
+drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+current. Why don't we continue moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. Why don't we continue moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. Why don't we continue moving on
+just a little bit because uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit because uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit because uh we have
+some nice demos we'd like to get to. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice demos we'd like to get to. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice demos we'd like to get to. I
+do know this is really really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know this is really really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know this is really really important
+and I would welcome you actually urge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would welcome you actually urge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would welcome you actually urge
+you encourage you to come uh to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encourage you to come uh to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encourage you to come uh to some of
+the office hours and uh our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office hours and uh our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office hours and uh our our
+recitation as well. I'd like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation as well. I'd like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation as well. I'd like to uh
+continue moving forward for the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue moving forward for the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue moving forward for the benefit
+of several of those uh who may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several of those uh who may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several of those uh who may have seen
+similar material in the past. U but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar material in the past. U but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar material in the past. U but let
+me before we we move too far ahead on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me before we we move too far ahead on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me before we we move too far ahead on
+our IV characteristics. We still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our IV characteristics. We still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our IV characteristics. We still don't
+know how to map an IV characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to map an IV characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to map an IV characteristic of
+uh of of that device. We don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of that device. We don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of that device. We don't know how
+the current voltage I current V voltage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current voltage I current V voltage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current voltage I current V voltage.
+We don't know how the current voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know how the current voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know how the current voltage
+response is going to look like for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is going to look like for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is going to look like for that
+particular device. But we do know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular device. But we do know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular device. But we do know that
+under no bias conditions, we're at bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under no bias conditions, we're at bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under no bias conditions, we're at bias
+voltage equals zero. So V is at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage equals zero. So V is at zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage equals zero. So V is at zero.
+And we know that we have no net current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know that we have no net current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know that we have no net current
+flow. And so our current is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. And so our current is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. And so our current is going to be
+at zero as well. And so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero as well. And so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero as well. And so we know that
+we're going to have one point on our IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have one point on our IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have one point on our IV
+curve that's going to be situated at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's going to be situated at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's going to be situated at 0
+0. Likewise, in this case over here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Likewise, in this case over here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Likewise, in this case over here, we
+have electron diffusion driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron diffusion driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron diffusion driving the
+circuit and in the other we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and in the other we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and in the other we have
+electron drift which is in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron drift which is in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron drift which is in the opposite
+direction. And so we would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And so we would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And so we would expect that
+the current flow in I under forward bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow in I under forward bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow in I under forward bias
+conditions. Forward bias is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Forward bias is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Forward bias is positive
+would be somewhere up here. And likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be somewhere up here. And likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be somewhere up here. And likewise
+under reverse bias that our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under reverse bias that our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under reverse bias that our current
+would be opposite the sign. So whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be opposite the sign. So whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be opposite the sign. So whereas
+we had positive current over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had positive current over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had positive current over here we
+would expect negative current over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect negative current over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect negative current over
+there. Right? So our IV characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Right? So our IV characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Right? So our IV characteristic
+is going to look something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look something like a
+combination of that one point right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of that one point right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of that one point right here
+and some function up in this quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some function up in this quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some function up in this quadrant
+and some function down in this quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some function down in this quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some function down in this quadrant
+just by glancing at the net current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by glancing at the net current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by glancing at the net current
+flows and the the the the type of bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the the the the type of bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the the the the type of bias
+that we've applied to our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've applied to our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've applied to our uh
+diode. We'll come back to this uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode. We'll come back to this uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode. We'll come back to this uh at the
+end of class and confirm it using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of class and confirm it using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of class and confirm it using those
+small apparatus over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small apparatus over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small apparatus over there.
+So current flow in a P and junction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So current flow in a P and junction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So current flow in a P and junction.
+We're going to describe the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to describe the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to describe the nature of
+the drift, diffusion, illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift, diffusion, illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift, diffusion, illumination
+currents in a diode. You show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in a diode. You show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in a diode. You show the
+direction in magnitude in the dark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in magnitude in the dark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in magnitude in the dark.
+Eventually we'll do this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually we'll do this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually we'll do this under
+illumination as well, but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination as well, but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination as well, but let's just
+focus in the dark. In fact, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in the dark. In fact, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in the dark. In fact, we've
+already done this. I've already I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this. I've already I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this. I've already I've
+already tricked you into doing learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already tricked you into doing learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already tricked you into doing learning
+objective number three on your own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective number three on your own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective number three on your own uh
+before even describing the math. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before even describing the math. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before even describing the math. Uh but
+I will show you the mathematics as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will show you the mathematics as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will show you the mathematics as well
+so that you have the complete picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you have the complete picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you have the complete picture.
+We have the diffusion current. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have the diffusion current. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have the diffusion current. This is
+the essence of diffusion current. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of diffusion current. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of diffusion current. We
+talked about fixed law as well for holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about fixed law as well for holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about fixed law as well for holes
+and for electrons. We have our drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for electrons. We have our drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for electrons. We have our drift
+current. We spoke about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. We spoke about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. We spoke about the nature of
+the drift current as well uh for holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift current as well uh for holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift current as well uh for holes
+and electrons. And we know that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons. And we know that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons. And we know that by
+combining the two we can describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the two we can describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the two we can describe the
+net current flow across a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net current flow across a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net current flow across a P and
+junction. So by combining the two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. So by combining the two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. So by combining the two by
+combining drift and diffusion drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining drift and diffusion drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining drift and diffusion drift and
+diffusion for electrons and holes we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion for electrons and holes we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion for electrons and holes we can
+describe the current flow across that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the current flow across that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the current flow across that P
+and junction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and junction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and junction.
+So when the the electric field is large,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when the the electric field is large,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when the the electric field is large,
+the drift current term is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift current term is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift current term is going to
+dominate. If you have a large field,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate. If you have a large field,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate. If you have a large field,
+that's going to be the dominant current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the dominant current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the dominant current
+uh uh uh uh source if you will. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh source if you will. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh source if you will. And when
+the electric field is small, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is small, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is small, uh
+diffusion is going to dominate. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is going to dominate. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is going to dominate. So if we
+have a device like this right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a device like this right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a device like this right here and
+if I told you that the built-in electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I told you that the built-in electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I told you that the built-in electric
+field was located pushed up toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field was located pushed up toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field was located pushed up toward the
+top 100th of the device. So it's located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 100th of the device. So it's located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 100th of the device. So it's located
+very close to the surface. You might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the surface. You might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the surface. You might
+surmise that the drift current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surmise that the drift current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surmise that the drift current is going
+to be uh having a large influence or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh having a large influence or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh having a large influence or if
+you're a single electron you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a single electron you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a single electron you'll have a
+large you'll feel the influence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you'll feel the influence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you'll feel the influence of the
+electric field near the front surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field near the front surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field near the front surface of
+the device and deep within the bulk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device and deep within the bulk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device and deep within the bulk uh
+the diffusion current is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion current is going to be
+driving the carriers toward that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the carriers toward that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the carriers toward that
+junction. There's a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. There's a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. There's a relationship between
+the mobility and the diffusivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility and the diffusivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility and the diffusivity of
+carriers. It's known as the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers. It's known as the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers. It's known as the Einstein
+relation. uh and that's given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation. uh and that's given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation. uh and that's given to you
+over there on the right hand side for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there on the right hand side for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there on the right hand side for a
+band conductor. Uh note that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band conductor. Uh note that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band conductor. Uh note that if you have
+this is an advanced concept but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an advanced concept but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an advanced concept but if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+uh dispersive hopping mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dispersive hopping mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dispersive hopping mechanism for
+instance uh you may need to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh you may need to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh you may need to become a
+little bit more sophisticated and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more sophisticated and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more sophisticated and how
+you relate the diffusivity of a carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relate the diffusivity of a carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relate the diffusivity of a carrier
+to your mobility. But let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mobility. But let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mobility. But let's assume that
+is valid for nice well- behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid for nice well- behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid for nice well- behaved
+semiconductors. It's just a warning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors. It's just a warning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors. It's just a warning for
+those who work on organic materials. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who work on organic materials. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who work on organic materials. Um
+I'm happy to talk to you more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to talk to you more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to talk to you more about that
+in a bit. So again we have Gaus's law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit. So again we have Gaus's law.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit. So again we have Gaus's law.
+Um the question is what is that electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the question is what is that electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the question is what is that electric
+field right what is our kai what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right what is our kai what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right what is our kai what is our
+built-in electric field well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in electric field well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in electric field well we know
+that the charge density is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charge density is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charge density is going to be
+comprised of the uh free hole density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of the uh free hole density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of the uh free hole density
+the free electron density the fixed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free electron density the fixed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free electron density the fixed uh
+density of uh of of our donor atoms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of uh of of our donor atoms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of uh of of our donor atoms you
+could think of these as the phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of these as the phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of these as the phosphorus
+the ionized phosphorus atoms and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionized phosphorus atoms and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionized phosphorus atoms and our
+fixed density of ionized acceptor atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed density of ionized acceptor atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed density of ionized acceptor atoms
+we can also think of this as our boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also think of this as our boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also think of this as our boron
+atoms in silicon and so that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in silicon and so that is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in silicon and so that is our
+fixed or actually not our fixed um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed or actually not our fixed um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed or actually not our fixed um these
+are fixed charges, these are mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed charges, these are mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed charges, these are mobile
+charges, but under equilibrium they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges, but under equilibrium they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges, but under equilibrium they've
+distributed themselves in a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed themselves in a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed themselves in a certain way
+that is our charge density, our row, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our charge density, our row, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our charge density, our row, and
+that will figure into Gaus's law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will figure into Gaus's law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will figure into Gaus's law and
+allow us to calculate our kai. And so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to calculate our kai. And so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to calculate our kai. And so in
+suma, we have here our kai as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suma, we have here our kai as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suma, we have here our kai as a function
+of of of dx. We have an expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of dx. We have an expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of dx. We have an expression that
+relates the electric field to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the electric field to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the electric field to the
+density of dopant atoms inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of dopant atoms inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of dopant atoms inside of our
+material. Note that we made one critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Note that we made one critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Note that we made one critical
+assumption going from here to here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption going from here to here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption going from here to here where
+we went from the ionized uh donor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went from the ionized uh donor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went from the ionized uh donor and
+acceptor concentration to the uh total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor concentration to the uh total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor concentration to the uh total
+dopant concentration. We're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant concentration. We're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant concentration. We're assuming
+that everything is ionized again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is ionized again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is ionized again because
+the ionization energy because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy because the
+binding energy of those free carriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of those free carriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy of those free carriers to
+their uh dopant atoms is so small that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh dopant atoms is so small that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh dopant atoms is so small that
+under KT under thermal energy uh at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under KT under thermal energy uh at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under KT under thermal energy uh at room
+temperature it's enough to dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's enough to dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's enough to dissociate
+the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the
+charge. Okay. So we've gotten to here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge. Okay. So we've gotten to here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge. Okay. So we've gotten to here.
+We can describe quantitatively using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can describe quantitatively using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can describe quantitatively using
+this approximation. Using the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation. Using the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation. Using the box
+function approximation, we can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximation, we can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximation, we can describe
+the electric field quantitatively. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field quantitatively. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field quantitatively. And
+now we have to get to the potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to get to the potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to get to the potential and
+finally electron energy as well. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally electron energy as well. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally electron energy as well. So we
+do a little bit of accounting. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of accounting. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of accounting. If we
+want to account for all of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for all of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for all of the electrons
+flowing through our system, um we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through our system, um we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through our system, um we would
+have to consider as well in any voxil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider as well in any voxil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider as well in any voxil of
+our material and any unit volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our material and any unit volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our material and any unit volume of a
+material, we have electrons going in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, we have electrons going in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, we have electrons going in,
+electrons coming out and within it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming out and within it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming out and within it we
+could have electrons being generated say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have electrons being generated say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have electrons being generated say
+by light or electrons recombining,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by light or electrons recombining,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by light or electrons recombining,
+meaning they're losing their energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're losing their energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're losing their energy and
+falling back into a ground state where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling back into a ground state where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling back into a ground state where
+they're bound. And that's this U term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bound. And that's this U term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bound. And that's this U term
+right here. And so the continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. And so the continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. And so the continuity
+equations are essentially a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are essentially a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are essentially a set of
+accounting equations that just describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting equations that just describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting equations that just describe
+the difference the the the net change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference the the the net change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference the the the net change
+going in and out if something changes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and out if something changes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and out if something changes on
+either surface is because you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either surface is because you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either surface is because you either
+added carriers or took them away. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added carriers or took them away. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added carriers or took them away. And
+the way you add is by shining light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you add is by shining light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you add is by shining light on
+your sample and generating more carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample and generating more carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample and generating more carriers
+G for instance that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G for instance that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G for instance that's one way of
+generating carriers by adding light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carriers by adding light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carriers by adding light or
+or recombination. And one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recombination. And one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recombination. And one way of
+recombining is for example uh through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombining is for example uh through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombining is for example uh through a
+defect in our material where the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in our material where the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in our material where the uh
+electron is moving along it finds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is moving along it finds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is moving along it finds a
+defect and it falls back into a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect and it falls back into a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect and it falls back into a ground
+state. So continuity equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So continuity equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So continuity equations are
+nothing more nothing less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more nothing less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more nothing less than
+housekeeping bookkeeping. But it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping bookkeeping. But it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping bookkeeping. But it's very
+important as you'll see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as you'll see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as you'll see in the next
+slide right here where we combine five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right here where we combine five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right here where we combine five
+equations that describe current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that describe current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that describe current
+transport and semicondu in in a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and semicondu in in a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and semicondu in in a P and
+junction. We have drift and diffusion up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. We have drift and diffusion up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction. We have drift and diffusion up
+here. Those are the equations we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Those are the equations we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Those are the equations we just
+saw. We have the equation describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw. We have the equation describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw. We have the equation describing the
+electric field and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and we have our
+accounting equations down here. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting equations down here. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting equations down here. And if
+we look at these equations in in unison,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at these equations in in unison,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at these equations in in unison,
+we'll notice that oh well, we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll notice that oh well, we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll notice that oh well, we have our
+uh our whole current uh appearing twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our whole current uh appearing twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our whole current uh appearing twice
+here. We have our electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have our electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have our electric field
+appearing in two cases. Oopsie, sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back there. Uh we have our electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there. Uh we have our electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there. Uh we have our electric
+field appearing in those three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field appearing in those three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field appearing in those three equations
+right here. And we have a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. And we have a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. And we have a system of
+nonlinear equations as a result. uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations as a result. uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations as a result. uh it
+is not possible to solve these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible to solve these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible to solve these uh
+analytically in their entirety. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically in their entirety. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically in their entirety. We'll
+have to make a series of assumptions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a series of assumptions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a series of assumptions to
+really uh get to the the full solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh get to the the full solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh get to the the full solution.
+But it's uh possible to solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's uh possible to solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's uh possible to solve them
+numerically uh using computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically uh using computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically uh using computer
+simulations. Uh this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations. Uh this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations. Uh this is important
+because we want to be able to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to be able to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to be able to define the
+current uh coming out of our solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh coming out of our solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh coming out of our solar cell
+device. Right? Without solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. Right? Without solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. Right? Without solving these
+equations, we really don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, we really don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, we really don't understand
+what the current is uh out of a a P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the current is uh out of a a P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the current is uh out of a a P and
+junction out of a solar cell under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction out of a solar cell under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction out of a solar cell under
+different bias conditions. That's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bias conditions. That's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bias conditions. That's why
+these equations right here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important. What I want to do is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. What I want to do is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. What I want to do is not to
+just dwell on the current. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dwell on the current. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dwell on the current. I want to
+emphasize that to calculate the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that to calculate the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that to calculate the voltage
+across a semiconductor to sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a semiconductor to sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a semiconductor to sorry a
+semiconductor device a P and junction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device a P and junction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device a P and junction uh
+uh based solar cell to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based solar cell to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based solar cell to calculate the
+voltage across a solar cell we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across a solar cell we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across a solar cell we have to
+understand a little bit more. So far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit more. So far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit more. So far
+we've been assuming that each electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been assuming that each electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been assuming that each electron
+is um is is is a a unique individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is is is a a unique individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is is is a a unique individual
+that an electron over here is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an electron over here is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an electron over here is a small
+perturbation to a larger system and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation to a larger system and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation to a larger system and that
+it will flow down uh based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will flow down uh based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will flow down uh based on that
+electric field. For a voltage we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. For a voltage we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. For a voltage we're
+really talking about an ensemble of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about an ensemble of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about an ensemble of
+electrons all of the electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons all of the electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons all of the electrons in the
+system. And so we have to define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And so we have to define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And so we have to define some
+chemical potential for our system. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential for our system. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential for our system. We
+have to define some uh um one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to define some uh um one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to define some uh um one could
+think of it as an average energy uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as an average energy uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as an average energy uh for
+our system. So let me define chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system. So let me define chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system. So let me define chemical
+potential for you. Um in a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for you. Um in a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for you. Um in a semiconductor
+if we add if we describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add if we describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add if we describe the
+semiconductor if our here's our veance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor if our here's our veance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor if our here's our veance
+band and our conduction band this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and our conduction band this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and our conduction band this is our
+band gap right here in between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap right here in between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap right here in between the two
+bands that's described by E subG our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands that's described by E subG our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands that's described by E subG our
+conduction band veance band and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band veance band and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band veance band and these
+little red dots here are representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little red dots here are representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little red dots here are representing
+our coalently bonded electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our coalently bonded electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our coalently bonded electrons in the
+ground state at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state at zero
+Kelvin. If we heat this material up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin. If we heat this material up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin. If we heat this material up just
+a little bit, there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit, there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit, there will be some
+fraction of carriers moving across into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of carriers moving across into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of carriers moving across into
+the conduction band uh just uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band uh just uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band uh just uh through
+simple probability and uh we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probability and uh we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probability and uh we'll get to
+the precise equation that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precise equation that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precise equation that describes the
+probability distribution function in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function in a
+few lectures but for now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures but for now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures but for now let's just
+assume that a certain number uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that a certain number uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that a certain number uh through
+thermal processes are able to be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal processes are able to be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal processes are able to be excited
+across the band gap. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the band gap. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the band gap. So these are
+thermally excited electrons and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally excited electrons and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally excited electrons and we call
+these this the intrinsic carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this the intrinsic carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this the intrinsic carrier
+concentration. So these carriers up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So these carriers up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So these carriers up here
+are free to move around the crystal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to move around the crystal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to move around the crystal.
+They can conduct electricity. They can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can conduct electricity. They can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can conduct electricity. They can
+conduct charge. We could measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct charge. We could measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct charge. We could measure a
+current flowing through if we applied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing through if we applied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing through if we applied a
+bias voltage across material like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias voltage across material like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias voltage across material like this.
+Those are are charge carriers. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are are charge carriers. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are are charge carriers. These
+holes as well. And so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes as well. And so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes as well. And so this is the
+intrinsic carrier concentration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic carrier concentration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic carrier concentration.
+To give you an order of magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To give you an order of magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To give you an order of magnitude of the
+intrinsic carrier concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic carrier concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic carrier concentration in
+silicon, it's around 10^ the 10 carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon, it's around 10^ the 10 carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon, it's around 10^ the 10 carriers
+per cubic centimeter. That's 1 over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter. That's 1 over 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter. That's 1 over 10
+the 12 uh uh per atom. So each atom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 uh uh per atom. So each atom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 uh uh per atom. So each atom of
+silicon is generating roughly 1 over 10^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is generating roughly 1 over 10^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is generating roughly 1 over 10^
+the 12 free carriers due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 free carriers due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 free carriers due to this
+process. Very small concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Very small concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Very small concentration of
+free carriers in the material. is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free carriers in the material. is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free carriers in the material. is around
+5 * 10 the 22 atoms per cubic centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 * 10 the 22 atoms per cubic centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 * 10 the 22 atoms per cubic centimeter
+and only 10^ the 10 free carriers per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 10^ the 10 free carriers per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 10^ the 10 free carriers per
+cubic centimeter due to this thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic centimeter due to this thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic centimeter due to this thermal
+process at room temperature. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at room temperature. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at room temperature. So it's a
+very small effect uh uh in in in silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small effect uh uh in in in silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small effect uh uh in in in silicon
+as you shrink your band gap uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you shrink your band gap uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you shrink your band gap uh the
+energy necessary to excite across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy necessary to excite across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy necessary to excite across the
+band gap becomes less and since you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap becomes less and since you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap becomes less and since you have
+more uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh thermal
+carriers. So the chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers. So the chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers. So the chemical potential is
+describing the average energy necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the average energy necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the average energy necessary
+to remove an infantessimally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove an infantessimally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove an infantessimally small
+quantity of electrons to the system. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of electrons to the system. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of electrons to the system. And
+again infantesimally small quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again infantesimally small quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again infantesimally small quantity
+meaning it's a mere perturbation. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's a mere perturbation. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's a mere perturbation. You're
+not changing the volume. You're not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing the volume. You're not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing the volume. You're not not
+changing the electrostatics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the electrostatics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the electrostatics of the
+system. You're just adding one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. You're just adding one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. You're just adding one electron
+to the system or taking it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system or taking it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system or taking it away and
+determining how much uh energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining how much uh energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining how much uh energy was
+required. And so we describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required. And so we describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required. And so we describe that
+chemical potential. We call it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential. We call it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential. We call it by a
+different name. We call it firmy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name. We call it firmy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name. We call it firmy level
+but it is the exact same thing. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is the exact same thing. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is the exact same thing. It's the
+energy necessary to remove that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy necessary to remove that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy necessary to remove that electron
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+material. So you can envision that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So you can envision that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So you can envision that it's
+going to be the the firmy level on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the the firmy level on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the the firmy level on
+either side of the P and junction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the P and junction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the P and junction that
+will determine the voltage output of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine the voltage output of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine the voltage output of our
+solar cell device. And that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device. And that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device. And that's why we
+want to be able to calculate this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to calculate this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to calculate this.
+So let's look first off what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look first off what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look first off what happens to
+our firmy level when we dope our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our firmy level when we dope our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our firmy level when we dope our
+material when we intentionally add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material when we intentionally add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material when we intentionally add in
+this case uh boron atoms to make it pype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh boron atoms to make it pype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh boron atoms to make it pype
+or phosphorus atoms to make the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phosphorus atoms to make the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phosphorus atoms to make the material
+n type what happens well we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n type what happens well we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n type what happens well we end up
+shifting our firmy level toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting our firmy level toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting our firmy level toward the
+veance band or shifting the firmy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veance band or shifting the firmy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veance band or shifting the firmy level
+toward the conduction band by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the conduction band by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the conduction band by the
+addition of holes or electrons an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of holes or electrons an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of holes or electrons an easy
+way to think about it without getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it without getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it without getting
+into complicated semiconductor math is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complicated semiconductor math is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into complicated semiconductor math is
+the following if I'm adding adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if I'm adding adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if I'm adding adding more
+electrons to my system by doping at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to my system by doping at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to my system by doping at it
+end type essentially I'm shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end type essentially I'm shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end type essentially I'm shifting the
+energy level up right it's an easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level up right it's an easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level up right it's an easy way
+to think about it if I'm removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it if I'm removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it if I'm removing the
+electrons from the system by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from the system by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from the system by adding
+holes down here then I'm shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes down here then I'm shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes down here then I'm shifting the
+fmy level down easy way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy level down easy way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy level down easy way to think about
+it we'll get to the the math actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll get to the the math actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll get to the the math actually if
+you're really curious uh I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really curious uh I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really curious uh I think I
+included one slide of the the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included one slide of the the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included one slide of the the derivation
+of the precise chemical potential uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the precise chemical potential uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the precise chemical potential uh so
+you can walk through that as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk through that as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk through that as well so
+voltage across a P and junction under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across a P and junction under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across a P and junction under
+zero bias conditions this is in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bias conditions this is in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bias conditions this is in the dark
+and without a battery pack attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without a battery pack attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without a battery pack attached to
+it. So this is an unperturbed P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So this is an unperturbed P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So this is an unperturbed P and
+junction just uh in the dark uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction just uh in the dark uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction just uh in the dark uh without
+um uh any external uh bias. We have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh any external uh bias. We have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh any external uh bias. We have the
+firmy level constant throughout both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy level constant throughout both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmy level constant throughout both the
+ptype and the ntype uh flat. Notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype and the ntype uh flat. Notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype and the ntype uh flat. Notice the
+bands are bending. So the distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands are bending. So the distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands are bending. So the distance of
+the firmmy level from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmmy level from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmmy level from the from the
+veance band here is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veance band here is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veance band here is smaller than the
+distance from the fermy level to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the fermy level to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the fermy level to the
+veance band in the end type material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veance band in the end type material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veance band in the end type material.
+That's because in the end type material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because in the end type material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because in the end type material
+we have more electrons and we're pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have more electrons and we're pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have more electrons and we're pushing
+the firmware level higher right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmware level higher right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firmware level higher right the
+vacuum level follows these bands just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level follows these bands just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum level follows these bands just
+happens to be way up there and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be way up there and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be way up there and so the
+amount of energy necessary to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy necessary to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy necessary to remove the
+electron from the system to remove it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the system to remove it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the system to remove it to
+the vacuum level changes from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum level changes from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum level changes from from the
+pt type to the n type but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pt type to the n type but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pt type to the n type but for the
+purposes of our of our diagram right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our of our diagram right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our of our diagram right
+here we're drawing the firmy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're drawing the firmy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're drawing the firmy level
+constant throughout now um we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant throughout now um we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant throughout now um we have that
+transition region the depletion region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region the depletion region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region the depletion region
+the space charge region all synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space charge region all synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space charge region all synonymous
+same thing we that transition region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we that transition region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we that transition region
+here in the middle. So if we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle. So if we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle. So if we begin
+quantifying the different uh parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying the different uh parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying the different uh parameters
+here, we have a firmy level uh distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we have a firmy level uh distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we have a firmy level uh distance
+from the veance band. So that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the veance band. So that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the veance band. So that's this
+distance right here. We have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right here. We have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right here. We have the
+distance between the firmy level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the firmy level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the firmy level and the
+conduction band and the end type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band and the end type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band and the end type
+material. And then we have our built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And then we have our built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And then we have our built-in
+potential. And when we multiply our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. And when we multiply our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. And when we multiply our
+built-in potential by Q, we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in potential by Q, we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in potential by Q, we get an
+energy essentially an energy gain across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy essentially an energy gain across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy essentially an energy gain across
+that uh across that P and junction. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh across that P and junction. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh across that P and junction. So
+that quantity here is equal to the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity here is equal to the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity here is equal to the band
+gap minus these two parameters minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap minus these two parameters minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap minus these two parameters minus
+this minus that. And so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus that. And so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus that. And so you can see that
+the built-in potential across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in potential across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in potential across the
+junction is benefited by higher doping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction is benefited by higher doping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction is benefited by higher doping.
+The higher we dope our material, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The higher we dope our material, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The higher we dope our material, the
+more we shift our firmy level toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we shift our firmy level toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we shift our firmy level toward
+either band and the greater the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either band and the greater the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either band and the greater the
+separation uh we get, the smaller this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation uh we get, the smaller this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation uh we get, the smaller this
+quantity is, the smaller that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is, the smaller that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is, the smaller that quantity
+is, and the more our built-in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, and the more our built-in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, and the more our built-in potential
+approximates the actual band gap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates the actual band gap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates the actual band gap of the
+material. This built-in potential will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. This built-in potential will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. This built-in potential will
+relate to it won't be identical to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to it won't be identical to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to it won't be identical to be
+associated with our maximum voltage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with our maximum voltage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with our maximum voltage that
+we can get out of the device. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get out of the device. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get out of the device. And so
+we'll want to engineer our material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want to engineer our material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want to engineer our material in
+such a way so as to maximize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way so as to maximize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way so as to maximize that
+quantity. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. That's
+important. The um relation between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. The um relation between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. The um relation between our
+built-in potential and the dopant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in potential and the dopant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in potential and the dopant
+density is shown here. For now, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is shown here. For now, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is shown here. For now, you'll
+have to take my word for it. I'm sparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take my word for it. I'm sparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take my word for it. I'm sparing
+you uh a lot of semiconductor physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh a lot of semiconductor physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh a lot of semiconductor physics is
+written on the next slide right here. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the next slide right here. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the next slide right here. If
+you care to look in some detail, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care to look in some detail, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care to look in some detail, it's
+also described in, I believe, chapter 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also described in, I believe, chapter 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also described in, I believe, chapter 2
+in Martin Green's textbook. Um, but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Martin Green's textbook. Um, but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Martin Green's textbook. Um, but for
+now, let's assume that the built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, let's assume that the built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, let's assume that the built-in
+junction potential is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction potential is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction potential is a function of the
+dopant concentrations. Just by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant concentrations. Just by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant concentrations. Just by our
+intuition, if we're adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition, if we're adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition, if we're adding more
+electrons to one side, we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to one side, we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to one side, we're going to be
+shifting the firmy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the firmy energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the firmy energy
+up. Okay, so uh the voltage across the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay, so uh the voltage across the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay, so uh the voltage across the P
+and junction. Um, now let's bias our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and junction. Um, now let's bias our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and junction. Um, now let's bias our
+device. We have under zero bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. We have under zero bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. We have under zero bias
+conditions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this
+expression. Sorry, there we go. Under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Sorry, there we go. Under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Sorry, there we go. Under
+zero bias conditions, we have uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bias conditions, we have uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bias conditions, we have uh that
+expression there. And under biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression there. And under biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression there. And under biased
+conditions, now we have an applied bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, now we have an applied bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, now we have an applied bias
+voltage, our V sub A. We're applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage, our V sub A. We're applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage, our V sub A. We're applying a
+bias voltage. We've effectively shifted,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias voltage. We've effectively shifted,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias voltage. We've effectively shifted,
+notice here, we've shifted our bands one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here, we've shifted our bands one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here, we've shifted our bands one
+relative to the other, right? So we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other, right? So we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other, right? So we've
+shifted this side up by a certain V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted this side up by a certain V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted this side up by a certain V
+suba. And now if you'll notice um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suba. And now if you'll notice um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suba. And now if you'll notice um the uh
+the the quantities here, we have a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantities here, we have a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantities here, we have a um a
+separation of the firmy energy on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the firmy energy on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the firmy energy on one
+side to the other. There is a bias now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the other. There is a bias now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to the other. There is a bias now
+across this device. There is a driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this device. There is a driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this device. There is a driving
+force for electrons uh to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force for electrons uh to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force for electrons uh to go and
+complete an external circuit to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete an external circuit to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete an external circuit to travel
+through the external circuit because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the external circuit because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the external circuit because the
+electrons that are over here have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are over here have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are over here have a
+higher energy net than the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy net than the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy net than the electrons
+over there. The ensemble on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there. The ensemble on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there. The ensemble on
+average the transition region likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the transition region likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the transition region likewise
+will get smaller. Sorry for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get smaller. Sorry for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get smaller. Sorry for that
+animation. But if we keep track here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. But if we keep track here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation. But if we keep track here,
+the transition region becomes smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition region becomes smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition region becomes smaller
+under forward bias because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under forward bias because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under forward bias because we're
+depleting we're removing uh the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleting we're removing uh the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleting we're removing uh the uh the
+amount of charge that was over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of charge that was over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of charge that was over here.
+We're squeezing it back. We're reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're squeezing it back. We're reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're squeezing it back. We're reducing
+that barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barrier
+height. And so over here, if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. And so over here, if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. And so over here, if we go back
+to this diagram, you can now draw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this diagram, you can now draw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this diagram, you can now draw in
+what's written in these red circles. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written in these red circles. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written in these red circles. You
+can draw in the actual uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw in the actual uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw in the actual uh uh uh
+depletion width, the width of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion width, the width of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion width, the width of the space
+charge region on your diagrams. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region on your diagrams. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region on your diagrams. Just
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+I'll give you a just a second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a just a second to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a just a second to
+complete that diagram there. Under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that diagram there. Under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that diagram there. Under
+reverse bias likewise the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse bias likewise the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse bias likewise the width of the
+depletion region will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase and the depletion region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and the depletion region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and the depletion region is
+increasing. The built-in charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. The built-in charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. The built-in charge is
+increasing. The amount of band bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. The amount of band bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. The amount of band bending
+is increasing and the amount of drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing and the amount of drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing and the amount of drift
+current also increasing. So it all fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current also increasing. So it all fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current also increasing. So it all fits
+together. It's beginning to really come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. It's beginning to really come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. It's beginning to really come
+together nicely in one nice picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together nicely in one nice picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together nicely in one nice picture in
+our minds. So, um, yes, one question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our minds. So, um, yes, one question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our minds. So, um, yes, one question.
+Yeah. Um, so I understand that for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, so I understand that for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, so I understand that for our
+solar cell, we wouldn't want to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell, we wouldn't want to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell, we wouldn't want to actually
+use a battery to drive current. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a battery to drive current. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a battery to drive current. Let's
+get to eliminated current next class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to eliminated current next class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to eliminated current next class.
+For now, um, we'll just focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For now, um, we'll just focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For now, um, we'll just focus on the
+battery. Yeah. So, the I guess so should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery. Yeah. So, the I guess so should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery. Yeah. So, the I guess so should
+we not quite yet understand what why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we not quite yet understand what why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we not quite yet understand what why why
+forward bias and reverse bias applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias and reverse bias applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias and reverse bias applies to
+operating? Let let's leave that for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating? Let let's leave that for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating? Let let's leave that for next
+class. For now, let's assume that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. For now, let's assume that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. For now, let's assume that the uh
+illumination current, if you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current, if you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current, if you really want
+to satisfy your curiosity, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy your curiosity, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy your curiosity, your
+illumination current is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination current is going to be one
+additional arrow uh to this. It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional arrow uh to this. It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional arrow uh to this. It's going
+to be in addition to everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in addition to everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in addition to everything else
+that's going on, but the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on, but the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on, but the majority of the
+field is going to be created by what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is going to be created by what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is going to be created by what is
+doped into the material. Right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped into the material. Right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped into the material. Right? So,
+think of think of the illumination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of think of the illumination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of think of the illumination for
+now as a small perturbation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a small perturbation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a small perturbation to the
+system. That's the easiest way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. That's the easiest way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. That's the easiest way to think
+about it to justify to yourself why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it to justify to yourself why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it to justify to yourself why we
+need to understand first the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand first the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand first the solar cell
+in the dark and then because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark and then because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark and then because of that
+small perturbation we can treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbation we can treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbation we can treat it as a
+linear superposition of effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear superposition of effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear superposition of effects and
+we'll add the illumination next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add the illumination next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add the illumination next class
+but uh bear with me for the in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh bear with me for the in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh bear with me for the in the dark
+first because if we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because if we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because if we really don't
+understand this we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this we're not going to
+understand fully how the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fully how the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fully how the solar cell
+operates in the light either. So next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates in the light either. So next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates in the light either. So next
+we'll draw the IV response. we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw the IV response. we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw the IV response. we'll we'll
+want to really get to this last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to really get to this last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to really get to this last point
+right here where we can draw the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where we can draw the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where we can draw the current
+voltage response. Um, and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage response. Um, and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage response. Um, and we want to
+recognize that minority carrier flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that minority carrier flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that minority carrier flux is
+what's regulating the current. So to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's regulating the current. So to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's regulating the current. So to do
+this well, to do this properly, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well, to do this properly, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well, to do this properly, we have
+to shift our focus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift our focus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift our focus from
+uh from here where we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from here where we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from here where we were talking about
+ensembles and and um uh uh uh and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensembles and and um uh uh uh and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensembles and and um uh uh uh and and uh
+individual particles. Here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual particles. Here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual particles. Here we're going
+to be uh discussing in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh discussing in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh discussing in terms of uh
+carrier densities on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier densities on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier densities on either side of the
+junction uh densities of electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction uh densities of electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction uh densities of electrons and
+holes. And unfortunately I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. And unfortunately I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. And unfortunately I'm going to
+have to move rather quickly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move rather quickly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move rather quickly through
+these slides. This is the essence of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides. This is the essence of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides. This is the essence of uh
+why a solar cell behaves uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a solar cell behaves uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a solar cell behaves uh like a
+diode. And it's really something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode. And it's really something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode. And it's really something that is
+best done by studying on your own. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best done by studying on your own. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best done by studying on your own. Uh
+I'm happy to walk you through the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to walk you through the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to walk you through the most
+salient points, the most uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient points, the most uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient points, the most uh important
+approximations that we have along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that we have along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that we have along the
+way. But this is best understood by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. But this is best understood by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. But this is best understood by
+going home, looking the up the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going home, looking the up the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going home, looking the up the readings
+on stellar and walking through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar and walking through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar and walking through the
+derivation uh yourself. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation uh yourself. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation uh yourself. It's not
+something that very easily I can convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that very easily I can convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that very easily I can convey
+uh a series of equations in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a series of equations in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a series of equations in in the
+class. So uh before we we go into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So uh before we we go into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So uh before we we go into uh
+into detail into current flows, I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail into current flows, I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail into current flows, I wanted
+to touch on this uh width of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch on this uh width of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch on this uh width of the space
+charge region. We can describe the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region. We can describe the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region. We can describe the width
+of the space charge region now by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space charge region now by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space charge region now by the
+built-in uh uh bias uh across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in uh uh bias uh across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in uh uh bias uh across the
+junction, the applied bias right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction, the applied bias right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction, the applied bias right here
+and some fundamental material properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some fundamental material properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some fundamental material properties
+as well. And this little epsilon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. And this little epsilon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. And this little epsilon right
+here is um essentially the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um essentially the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um essentially the um the
+dilectric constant and the per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilectric constant and the per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilectric constant and the per the
+vacuum permitivity a constant. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum permitivity a constant. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum permitivity a constant. And so
+you want to take that into account when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take that into account when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take that into account when
+you're running uh your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running uh your actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running uh your actual
+calculations. It's very easy to be off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. It's very easy to be off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. It's very easy to be off
+uh on the width of the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the width of the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the width of the space charge
+region by several orders of magnitude uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region by several orders of magnitude uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region by several orders of magnitude uh
+if you don't uh do the proper accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't uh do the proper accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't uh do the proper accounting
+for the uh those um fixed variables. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh those um fixed variables. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh those um fixed variables. And
+so if you walk through the the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you walk through the the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you walk through the the equations
+to describe the width of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the width of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the width of the space
+charge region, you'll find that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region, you'll find that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge region, you'll find that in a
+typical solar cell device, it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical solar cell device, it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical solar cell device, it's on the
+order of a micron. And this is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a micron. And this is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a micron. And this is related
+to one of your homework problems. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of your homework problems. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of your homework problems. So
+stash that away somewhere in your brain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash that away somewhere in your brain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash that away somewhere in your brain.
+It's on the order of a micron. The width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's on the order of a micron. The width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's on the order of a micron. The width
+of that space charge region typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that space charge region typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that space charge region typically
+could be on on that order. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be on on that order. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be on on that order. So, it's
+going to be some multiple. Um, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some multiple. Um, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some multiple. Um, and the
+reason that's interesting is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's interesting is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's interesting is because the
+entire solar cell device is about 100 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire solar cell device is about 100 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire solar cell device is about 100 to
+200 microns. That's for a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 microns. That's for a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 microns. That's for a crystal
+silicon device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon device.
+Um, that means that in a crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that means that in a crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that means that in a crystal and
+silicon device, the diffusion current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon device, the diffusion current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon device, the diffusion current is
+what's driving most of the current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's driving most of the current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's driving most of the current flow
+inside of the solar cell. If our solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the solar cell. If our solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the solar cell. If our solar
+cell is much much thinner, say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is much much thinner, say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is much much thinner, say in the
+order of a micron, then our drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a micron, then our drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a micron, then our drift
+current would be dominating. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current would be dominating. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current would be dominating. Um this is
+a more advanced topic and we'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more advanced topic and we'll return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more advanced topic and we'll return
+to that when we describe the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that when we describe the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that when we describe the differences
+between thin film operation and crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between thin film operation and crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between thin film operation and crystal
+and silicon solar cell operation. Device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon solar cell operation. Device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon solar cell operation. Device
+capacitance for those who are running uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance for those who are running uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance for those who are running uh
+experimental uh uh uh measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh uh uh measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh uh uh measurements and
+want to uh determine the RC time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh determine the RC time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh determine the RC time
+constant necessary to have the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant necessary to have the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant necessary to have the device
+settle into a a measurable state that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle into a a measurable state that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle into a a measurable state that's
+there. Um and the capacitance uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um and the capacitance uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um and the capacitance uh is
+described again by uh the various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described again by uh the various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described again by uh the various uh
+properties as well as the built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as well as the built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as well as the built-in
+potential which is related to the dopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is related to the dopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is related to the dopen
+density. Okay. So under zero bias we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. Okay. So under zero bias we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. Okay. So under zero bias we
+have a concentration of holes on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concentration of holes on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concentration of holes on one
+side of our junction that's high in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of our junction that's high in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of our junction that's high in the
+ptype material. The concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype material. The concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype material. The concentration of
+holes is high and it's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes is high and it's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes is high and it's approximately
+equal to the acceptor concentration. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the acceptor concentration. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the acceptor concentration. On
+the end type side of our junction, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end type side of our junction, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end type side of our junction, the
+whole population is drastically reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population is drastically reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population is drastically reduced
+and the flip side our our our electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the flip side our our our electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the flip side our our our electron
+concentration is very high and it drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is very high and it drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is very high and it drops
+uh into the ptype side. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the ptype side. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the ptype side. So we have
+predominantly holes on this side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly holes on this side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly holes on this side,
+predominantly electrons in that side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly electrons in that side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly electrons in that side,
+but a small concentration of uh holes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a small concentration of uh holes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a small concentration of uh holes on
+the ntype side and a small concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ntype side and a small concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ntype side and a small concentration
+of electrons on the ptype side and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons on the ptype side and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons on the ptype side and we
+call this the minority carrier and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this the minority carrier and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this the minority carrier and we
+call that the majority carrier. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the majority carrier. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the majority carrier. the
+majority carrier is in the majority, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority carrier is in the majority, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority carrier is in the majority, the
+minority carrier in the minority. And an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier in the minority. And an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier in the minority. And an
+interesting thing happens when we bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing happens when we bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing happens when we bias
+our device. When we bias our solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our device. When we bias our solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our device. When we bias our solar cell
+device, populations of both carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, populations of both carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, populations of both carriers
+increase, but because this is on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase, but because this is on a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase, but because this is on a log
+scale, uh we're increasing this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, uh we're increasing this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, uh we're increasing this um this
+uh uh uh shall we say the minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh shall we say the minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh shall we say the minority
+carrier concentration uh in an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration uh in an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration uh in an absolute
+sense by a lot. And it's because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense by a lot. And it's because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense by a lot. And it's because of this
+drastic uptick in the minority carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic uptick in the minority carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastic uptick in the minority carrier
+concentration right at the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right at the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right at the edge of the
+space charge region that we have current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space charge region that we have current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space charge region that we have current
+flow across that junction. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow across that junction. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow across that junction. And that's
+described um by a series of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um by a series of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um by a series of equations
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Um let's see the the the the way to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see the the the the way to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see the the the the way to walk
+through the derivation. Uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivation. Uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivation. Uh there's a
+series of approximations to make. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of approximations to make. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of approximations to make. Uh
+think of it in terms of um of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of um of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of um of electron
+and whole uh fluxes on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whole uh fluxes on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whole uh fluxes on either side of
+the junction. uh you can make a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction. uh you can make a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction. uh you can make a series
+of assumptions as to what currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions as to what currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions as to what currents
+matter and which don't. Uh you can of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and which don't. Uh you can of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and which don't. Uh you can of
+course make the assumptions as to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course make the assumptions as to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course make the assumptions as to the
+charge distribution as well fixed using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution as well fixed using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution as well fixed using
+that box potential and um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that box potential and um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that box potential and um you can
+consider uh the cases in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh the cases in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh the cases in which the
+minority carrier concentration here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier concentration here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier concentration here is
+is is dominating um to be the regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is dominating um to be the regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is dominating um to be the regions of
+interest for uh current generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for uh current generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for uh current generation
+inside of our device. And so if we walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of our device. And so if we walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of our device. And so if we walk
+through again the uh diffusion equation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through again the uh diffusion equation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through again the uh diffusion equation,
+the diffusion of carriers at the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of carriers at the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of carriers at the edge of
+the space charge region and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space charge region and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space charge region and from the
+previous slides here add our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides here add our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides here add our
+approximations in we will ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in we will ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in we will ultimately
+derive an expression that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive an expression that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive an expression that has an
+exponential relation between current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relation between current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relation between current and
+our voltage. And if we continue through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our voltage. And if we continue through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our voltage. And if we continue through
+the uh the series of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the series of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the series of of of of
+calculations including the continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations including the continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations including the continuity
+equation for accountability, we wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for accountability, we wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for accountability, we wind up
+with an expression that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an expression that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an expression that looks like this
+right here where the total current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where the total current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where the total current
+flowing through the device will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through the device will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through the device will be equal
+to the electron current at the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron current at the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron current at the edge of
+our space charge region coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our space charge region coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our space charge region coming from the
+uh ptype side. the whole concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ptype side. the whole concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ptype side. the whole concentration
+coming from the end type side, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the end type side, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the end type side, the
+addition of the two together and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of the two together and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of the two together and that's
+effectively this equation right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this equation right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this equation right here
+where we have an exponential relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an exponential relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an exponential relation
+between current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between current and
+voltage. So um again this we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage. So um again this we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage. So um again this we really need
+to go home uh and study and if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home uh and study and if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home uh and study and if you'd
+like to do this pictorially I provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do this pictorially I provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do this pictorially I provide
+you that link right there so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that link right there so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that link right there so you can see
+it visually. If you're more of a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it visually. If you're more of a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it visually. If you're more of a math
+type, uh, chapters three and four, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type, uh, chapters three and four, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type, uh, chapters three and four, uh,
+actually chapter four in Martin Green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually chapter four in Martin Green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually chapter four in Martin Green is
+is is probably the best place to go. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is probably the best place to go. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is probably the best place to go. And
+the important thing to keep in mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing to keep in mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing to keep in mind is
+that in the PN junction, the uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the PN junction, the uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the PN junction, the uh, the
+current flow across that junction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow across that junction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow across that junction is
+determined by the minority current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the minority current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the minority current
+minority carrier current flow at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier current flow at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier current flow at the
+edge of the space charge region. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the space charge region. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the space charge region. And
+that's why we wind up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we wind up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we wind up with the
+exponential relation between voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relation between voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relation between voltage and
+current. I decided the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. I decided the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. I decided the best way to
+emphasize this voltage current relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this voltage current relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this voltage current relation
+is actually to measure it, to run it, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually to measure it, to run it, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually to measure it, to run it, to
+do it. Um, and we have around 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. Um, and we have around 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. Um, and we have around 10 minutes
+left before the end of class. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left before the end of class. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left before the end of class. Do you
+think that it's time for our demo?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's time for our demo?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's time for our demo?
+Cutting it kind of short, huh? Tuesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting it kind of short, huh? Tuesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting it kind of short, huh? Tuesday.
+Probably wait for Tuesday on the demo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably wait for Tuesday on the demo.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably wait for Tuesday on the demo.
+Okay. So, we're going to run the demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we're going to run the demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we're going to run the demos
+on Tuesday, I suppose. Um, because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday, I suppose. Um, because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday, I suppose. Um, because we're
+running a little bit short on time. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little bit short on time. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little bit short on time. I
+know David is really disappointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know David is really disappointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know David is really disappointed
+because he's been working hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's been working hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's been working hard to get
+these in perfect ship shaped condition,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in perfect ship shaped condition,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in perfect ship shaped condition,
+but we'll have uh another couple of days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll have uh another couple of days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll have uh another couple of days
+to work out some of the bugs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out some of the bugs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out some of the bugs in the
+software so we don't need to restart it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so we don't need to restart it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so we don't need to restart it
+every time we uh take a new IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we uh take a new IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we uh take a new IV
+measurement. Um but by and large what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement. Um but by and large what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement. Um but by and large what
+we'll do is we'll measure uh the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is we'll measure uh the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is we'll measure uh the current
+voltage relation for a real solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage relation for a real solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage relation for a real solar cell
+device and we'll see that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and we'll see that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and we'll see that it it
+definitely does follow uh at least under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely does follow uh at least under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely does follow uh at least under
+forward bias conditions this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias conditions this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias conditions this exponential
+relation. So as V goes forward, as V,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation. So as V goes forward, as V,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation. So as V goes forward, as V,
+this V over here is our uh our applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V over here is our uh our applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V over here is our uh our applied
+bias condition. As our V increases, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias condition. As our V increases, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias condition. As our V increases, we
+have that exponential uh current output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that exponential uh current output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that exponential uh current output
+from our device. As V goes towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our device. As V goes towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our device. As V goes towards a
+negative number, uh we have pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number, uh we have pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number, uh we have pretty much
+a flatlining of our current. It goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flatlining of our current. It goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flatlining of our current. It goes
+into a slightly negative condition. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a slightly negative condition. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a slightly negative condition. Um
+and uh a flatlining of the current. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a flatlining of the current. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a flatlining of the current. So
+if we look at this again right here, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this again right here, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at this again right here, our
+I versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I versus
+V, our I versus V. Now we can plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V, our I versus V. Now we can plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V, our I versus V. Now we can plot the
+same equation or essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation or essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation or essentially the same
+curve on all three of these. We'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve on all three of these. We'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve on all three of these. We'll want
+to plot the same curve, this one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the same curve, this one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the same curve, this one over
+here. And for now, let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And for now, let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And for now, let's assume that
+this big lump over here is a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big lump over here is a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big lump over here is a constant.
+Um, and so we just need to plot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so we just need to plot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so we just need to plot an
+exponential function, something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function, something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function, something similar
+to this right here. Whoop. And under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this right here. Whoop. And under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this right here. Whoop. And under
+zero bias conditions, we'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bias conditions, we'll be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bias conditions, we'll be right
+there at 0 0. Under forward bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at 0 0. Under forward bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at 0 0. Under forward bias
+conditions, we'll be further up. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, we'll be further up. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, we'll be further up. And the
+reverse bias conditions will be uh down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse bias conditions will be uh down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse bias conditions will be uh down
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+and one let me let me give you a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one let me let me give you a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one let me let me give you a second
+just to to draw this down uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to draw this down uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to draw this down uh and and
+please do we'll be validating it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do we'll be validating it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do we'll be validating it to
+ourselves on Tuesday my sincere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on Tuesday my sincere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on Tuesday my sincere
+apologies for not having enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies for not having enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies for not having enough time to
+really go into the uh the demos as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into the uh the demos as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into the uh the demos as well
+but suffice to say the following under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suffice to say the following under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suffice to say the following under
+forward bias conditions when we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias conditions when we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias conditions when we reduce
+the barrier height between the n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier height between the n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier height between the n and the
+ptype side we're now allowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype side we're now allowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype side we're now allowing that
+diffusion current from the n to the p to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current from the n to the p to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current from the n to the p to
+take over and as we reduce the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over and as we reduce the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over and as we reduce the barrier
+more and more and more. We have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more. We have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more. We have this
+exponentially increasing density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing density of
+electrons flowing through uh our system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons flowing through uh our system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons flowing through uh our system.
+And that's why we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why we have this
+exponentially increasing uh uh curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing uh uh curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing uh uh curve
+here. As we reverse bias our device,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. As we reverse bias our device,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. As we reverse bias our device,
+we're uh we're increasing the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh we're increasing the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh we're increasing the barrier
+height for the uh electrons to to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height for the uh electrons to to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height for the uh electrons to to pass
+over. So our diffusion current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. So our diffusion current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. So our diffusion current
+uh practically vanishes and our drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh practically vanishes and our drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh practically vanishes and our drift
+current stays more or less constant all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stays more or less constant all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stays more or less constant all
+the way throughout because there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way throughout because there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way throughout because there's only
+a finite uh carrier density a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite uh carrier density a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite uh carrier density a finite
+minority carrier concentration inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier concentration inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier concentration inside of
+the ptype silicon the thermally excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ptype silicon the thermally excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ptype silicon the thermally excited
+carriers for instance that are finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers for instance that are finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers for instance that are finding
+their way to the junction and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to the junction and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to the junction and being
+drifted across and that concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifted across and that concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifted across and that concentration is
+is virtually finite. At some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is virtually finite. At some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is virtually finite. At some point
+you'll reverse biases so much that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll reverse biases so much that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll reverse biases so much that um
+the carriers will begin tunneling across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carriers will begin tunneling across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carriers will begin tunneling across
+from the uh veilance band into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh veilance band into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh veilance band into the
+conduction band over here and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band over here and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band over here and you'll
+have a a catastrophic failure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a catastrophic failure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a catastrophic failure of your
+device. But that's um more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. But that's um more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. But that's um more of an
+advanced uh point. Yeah. So does the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh point. Yeah. So does the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh point. Yeah. So does the X
+indicate um the coordinate of IV at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate um the coordinate of IV at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate um the coordinate of IV at
+steady state? So the the the entire line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state? So the the the entire line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state? So the the the entire line
+represents the uh IV characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the uh IV characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the uh IV characteristic
+under all bias conditions. The x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all bias conditions. The x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all bias conditions. The x
+represents the uh the um current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the uh the um current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the uh the um current and
+voltage for this particular operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage for this particular operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage for this particular operating
+point on the solar cell on on the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the solar cell on on the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the solar cell on on the IV
+characteristic. So if you're under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic. So if you're under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic. So if you're under
+forward bias condition, in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias condition, in other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward bias condition, in other words,
+your V is positive, um you will have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your V is positive, um you will have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your V is positive, um you will have a a
+positive current flow through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive current flow through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive current flow through your
+device, positive current flow, electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, positive current flow, electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, positive current flow, electrons
+flowing that way. And under reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing that way. And under reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing that way. And under reverse
+bias, notice the sign of the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias, notice the sign of the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias, notice the sign of the current is
+flipped because now the electrons used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped because now the electrons used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped because now the electrons used
+to be going that way. The electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be going that way. The electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be going that way. The electrons are
+predominantly moving the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly moving the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly moving the other
+direction. the net current flow is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. the net current flow is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. the net current flow is in
+the opposite direction and the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction and the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction and the voltage
+is also changing sign. You can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also changing sign. You can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also changing sign. You can say okay
+I'm going to put myself at this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put myself at this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put myself at this voltage
+and exactly and that's important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly and that's important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly and that's important because
+we want to be able to describe what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to describe what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to describe what our
+uh what our current voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what our current voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what our current voltage
+characteristic is of a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is of a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is of a solar cell
+because the product of the two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product of the two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product of the two is the
+power for efficiency. We want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for efficiency. We want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for efficiency. We want to know
+what the power out of our solar cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the power out of our solar cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the power out of our solar cell is
+and it's the product of current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the product of current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the product of current and
+voltage that will give us the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that will give us the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that will give us the power of
+our solar cell device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solar cell device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solar cell device.
+Time for a few questions actually. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time for a few questions actually. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time for a few questions actually. Um
+about five minutes of of Q&A since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes of of Q&A since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes of of Q&A since we
+had to forgo the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demo. Promise me you'll do one thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo. Promise me you'll do one thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo. Promise me you'll do one thing.
+Promise me you'll go home and sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Promise me you'll go home and sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Promise me you'll go home and sometime
+between now and Tuesday you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and Tuesday you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and Tuesday you're going to
+read through these chapters and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through these chapters and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through these chapters and do the
+derivations that will uh work through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations that will uh work through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations that will uh work through to
+this ideal diode equation right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ideal diode equation right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ideal diode equation right here
+because this is pretty important and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is pretty important and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is pretty important and you
+have to convince yourself that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convince yourself that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convince yourself that that's
+indeed the case. I can wave my hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case. I can wave my hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case. I can wave my hands and
+phenomenologically describe okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically describe okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically describe okay we have
+an energy barrier. I kind of get it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy barrier. I kind of get it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy barrier. I kind of get it. I
+should have an exponential probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an exponential probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an exponential probability
+of passing over an energy barrier from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passing over an energy barrier from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passing over an energy barrier from
+at least from quantum mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from quantum mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from quantum mechanics that
+kind of makes sense. So I kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense. So I kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense. So I kind of get
+how if I forward bias my device, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if I forward bias my device, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if I forward bias my device, I'll
+have an exponentially increasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an exponentially increasing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an exponentially increasing uh
+diffusion current. I get that if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current. I get that if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current. I get that if I go
+into reverse bias conditions, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reverse bias conditions, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reverse bias conditions, there's
+just a just a finite density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a just a finite density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a just a finite density of
+carriers, minority carriers in my ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers, minority carriers in my ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers, minority carriers in my ptype
+material. If I'm if I'm not say shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. If I'm if I'm not say shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. If I'm if I'm not say shining
+light on the material, I'm not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the material, I'm not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the material, I'm not changing
+that concentration by much. And I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concentration by much. And I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concentration by much. And I'm uh
+I'm going to flatline. Uh yes, they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to flatline. Uh yes, they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to flatline. Uh yes, they'll
+be drifting across u but they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drifting across u but they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drifting across u but they'll be
+limited more by their ability to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited more by their ability to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited more by their ability to reach
+the junction. And um once you I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction. And um once you I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction. And um once you I mean you
+can handwave all you want but uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handwave all you want but uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handwave all you want but uh this is
+really oopsie the uh the equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oopsie the uh the equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oopsie the uh the equations that
+describe the ideal diode equation those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the ideal diode equation those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the ideal diode equation those
+are really where it's at that with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really where it's at that with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really where it's at that with that
+equation you can really understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can really understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can really understand uh
+how material properties will impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how material properties will impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how material properties will impact
+solar cell performance let's say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell performance let's say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell performance let's say yes
+question I have a question about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have a question about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have a question about about
+um in that uh in for for all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that uh in for for all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that uh in for for all three
+the type side are the And if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type side are the And if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type side are the And if you're just
+changing where the end type is it both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing where the end type is it both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing where the end type is it both
+of them are open. Exactly. Yep. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are open. Exactly. Yep. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are open. Exactly. Yep. Yep.
+Absolutely. So it's u what the the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So it's u what the the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So it's u what the the point
+was uh here um what we've done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh here um what we've done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh here um what we've done for
+simplicity is shifting one side relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity is shifting one side relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity is shifting one side relative
+to the other. Uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other. Uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other. Uh in
+um yeah in in energy see energy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in in energy see energy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in in energy see energy is a
+funny thing because you can redefine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing because you can redefine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing because you can redefine
+your zero. Um uh yeah. So depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your zero. Um uh yeah. So depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your zero. Um uh yeah. So depending on
+where you're you're defining your zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're you're defining your zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're you're defining your zero
+point at um you can move things relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at um you can move things relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at um you can move things relative
+to each other. But let's let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other. But let's let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other. But let's let's assume
+that um you're you're changing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you're you're changing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you're you're changing both
+sides relative to some universal ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides relative to some universal ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides relative to some universal ground
+potential uh that's uh off on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh that's uh off on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh that's uh off on an
+external component of your circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sure. So um when you solve silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. So um when you solve silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. So um when you solve silicon
+before how do you know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before how do you know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before how do you know that it
+is my guess is that it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my guess is that it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my guess is that it could be
+more tissue because the size is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tissue because the size is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tissue because the size is pretty
+different size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size.
+That's a great question. So the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a great question. So the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a great question. So the question
+was um when you dope your material what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um when you dope your material what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um when you dope your material what
+are the experimental methods that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the experimental methods that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the experimental methods that you
+can use to really determine whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to really determine whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to really determine whether or
+not the atoms have have occupied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the atoms have have occupied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the atoms have have occupied a
+substitutional position? Um, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional position? Um, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional position? Um, one of the
+methods is called Rutherford back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is called Rutherford back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is called Rutherford back
+scattering uh where we uh or channeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering uh where we uh or channeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering uh where we uh or channeling
+ion channeling where you introduce uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channeling where you introduce uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channeling where you introduce uh
+ions down your lattice and if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions down your lattice and if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions down your lattice and if there is
+an atom here for example an interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom here for example an interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom here for example an interstitial
+site it'll scatter some fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site it'll scatter some fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site it'll scatter some fraction of
+those introduced ions back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those introduced ions back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those introduced ions back at the
+detector. Um and so the the channeling u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector. Um and so the the channeling u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector. Um and so the the channeling u
+channeling is one uh characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling is one uh characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling is one uh characterization
+method for determining the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for determining the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for determining the uh
+interstitial to substitutional ratio uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial to substitutional ratio uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial to substitutional ratio uh
+inside of a a semiconducting material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a a semiconducting material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a a semiconducting material.
+Um another uh way that we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um another uh way that we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um another uh way that we have very
+strong evidence that boron is occupying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that boron is occupying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that boron is occupying
+a substitutional site not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substitutional site not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substitutional site not an
+interstitial site is uh we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial site is uh we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial site is uh we can calculate
+the uh the binding energy of this hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the binding energy of this hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the binding energy of this hole
+uh to the boron atom here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the boron atom here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the boron atom here on the
+substitutional site. Um in principle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional site. Um in principle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional site. Um in principle if
+the interstitial was also if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitial was also if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitial was also if it was a
+charge to defect uh we could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to defect uh we could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to defect uh we could calculate
+the uh the binding energy of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the binding energy of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the binding energy of of of the
+charge to that defect and um density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to that defect and um density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to that defect and um density
+functional theory could tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory could tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory could tell you which
+is the more likely given your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the more likely given your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the more likely given your
+experimental observation that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental observation that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental observation that you get
+about one hole for every one boron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one hole for every one boron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one hole for every one boron atom
+inside of your sample. Boron has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your sample. Boron has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your sample. Boron has been
+studied to death in silicon. It's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied to death in silicon. It's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied to death in silicon. It's pretty
+well known that it's substitutional. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known that it's substitutional. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known that it's substitutional. But
+if you're working with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're working with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're working with a new
+semiconducting material, you never know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material, you never know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting material, you never know.
+You have to run the experiments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, question under bias in the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, question under bias in the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, question under bias in the band
+diagrams are the uh the P and sides far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams are the uh the P and sides far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams are the uh the P and sides far
+away from the region region are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the region region are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the region region are those
+bands actually do they actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands actually do they actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands actually do they actually have a
+slope to them because of the applied uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope to them because of the applied uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope to them because of the applied uh
+field. Yeah. So uh the question was far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Yeah. So uh the question was far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Yeah. So uh the question was far
+away from from the um the space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from from the um the space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from from the um the space charge
+region here do these bands have a slope?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here do these bands have a slope?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here do these bands have a slope?
+Uh my argument would be that uh if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh my argument would be that uh if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh my argument would be that uh if we go
+back to the way we derive um oopsie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the way we derive um oopsie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the way we derive um oopsie
+there we go the way we derive this band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go the way we derive this band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go the way we derive this band
+to begin with uh it's predicated upon an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with uh it's predicated upon an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with uh it's predicated upon an
+electric field which is predicated upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field which is predicated upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field which is predicated upon
+a charge distribution. So the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge distribution. So the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge distribution. So the big
+question the biggest question is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the biggest question is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the biggest question is what is
+this real charge distribution look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real charge distribution look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real charge distribution look like?
+Most of the time it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the time it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the time it's relatively
+concentrated to to that uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated to to that uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated to to that uh the the the
+the near space charge region. If you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near space charge region. If you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near space charge region. If you get
+too far away, okay, yes, this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far away, okay, yes, this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far away, okay, yes, this this
+decays exponentially, but it be it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays exponentially, but it be it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays exponentially, but it be it falls
+below the background intrinsic carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the background intrinsic carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the background intrinsic carrier
+concentration and effectively doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and effectively doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and effectively doesn't
+matter. But under applied bias, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. But under applied bias, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. But under applied bias, is
+there? Yes. Usually they're just drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? Yes. Usually they're just drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? Yes. Usually they're just drawn
+like flat, but is it just such a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flat, but is it just such a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flat, but is it just such a small
+effect? They just drawn flat anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect? They just drawn flat anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect? They just drawn flat anyway.
+Yeah. So under applied bias, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So under applied bias, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So under applied bias, what
+happens to these charge distributions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to these charge distributions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to these charge distributions?
+Well, if you reverse bias it, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you reverse bias it, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you reverse bias it, you're
+essentially increasing the amount of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially increasing the amount of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially increasing the amount of of
+charge on either side of the junction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on either side of the junction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on either side of the junction.
+If you forward bias, you're reducing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you forward bias, you're reducing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you forward bias, you're reducing it.
+And so under forward bias probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so under forward bias probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so under forward bias probably you
+wouldn't see the effect you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see the effect you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see the effect you're
+describing. Under reverse bias um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing. Under reverse bias um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing. Under reverse bias um the
+the the width of the space charge region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the width of the space charge region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the width of the space charge region
+let's say increases from let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say increases from let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say increases from let's call it
+one micron to three microns right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron to three microns right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron to three microns right and
+the thickness of the entire device is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the entire device is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the entire device is
+200 microns. So still I think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 microns. So still I think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 microns. So still I think it would
+be a relatively small effect uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a relatively small effect uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a relatively small effect uh several
+tens of microns away from the junction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of microns away from the junction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of microns away from the junction.
+It really depends on the length scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really depends on the length scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really depends on the length scale
+the geometry of your device relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of your device relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of your device relative to
+the length scale of your space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length scale of your space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length scale of your space charge
+region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region.
+Good. Well, to give you time to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Well, to give you time to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Well, to give you time to reach
+your next class. Thank you. We'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next class. Thank you. We'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next class. Thank you. We'll come
+back on Tuesday and we'll have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on Tuesday and we'll have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on Tuesday and we'll have a great
+demo set up for you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uaa4P-kkLrA.txt b/uaa4P-kkLrA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f16702af5fba7edcd5583ce7647a8da9d5a593a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uaa4P-kkLrA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+our topic is deviation from the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our topic is deviation from the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our topic is deviation from the mean
+meaning the probability that a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the probability that a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the probability that a random
+variable returns a value that differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable returns a value that differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable returns a value that differs
+significantly from its mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly from its mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly from its mean
+now the Markov bound gave you a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Markov bound gave you a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Markov bound gave you a uh a
+course bound on the probability that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course bound on the probability that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course bound on the probability that R
+was overly large uh using very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was overly large uh using very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was overly large uh using very little
+information about R not surprisingly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about R not surprisingly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about R not surprisingly if
+you know a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a little bit more about the
+distribution of R then simply that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of R then simply that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of R then simply that it's
+not negative uh you can State tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative uh you can State tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative uh you can State tighter
+bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+and this was noticed by a mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was noticed by a mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was noticed by a mathematician
+named chebychev and he has a a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named chebychev and he has a a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named chebychev and he has a a band
+called The Chubby Chef bat now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Chubby Chef bat now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Chubby Chef bat now it's
+interesting that the Markov bound even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that the Markov bound even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that the Markov bound even
+though it's very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's very weak
+and seems not very useful the chebychev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seems not very useful the chebychev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seems not very useful the chebychev
+band which generally gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band which generally gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band which generally gives you a
+significantly stronger and valuably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly stronger and valuably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly stronger and valuably
+stronger bound on the probability that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger bound on the probability that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger bound on the probability that a
+random variable differs much from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable differs much from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable differs much from its
+mean is actually a trivial corollary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is actually a trivial corollary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is actually a trivial corollary of
+markov's theorem so it's just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov's theorem so it's just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov's theorem so it's just a very
+simple ingenious way to use markov's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ingenious way to use markov's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ingenious way to use markov's
+bound to derive chubby Chef's band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to derive chubby Chef's band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to derive chubby Chef's band
+and let's look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at how
+so we're interested in the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're interested in the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're interested in the probability
+that a random variable R differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable R differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable R differs from
+its mean by an amount X the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean by an amount X the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean by an amount X the distance
+between R and its mean the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and its mean the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and its mean the absolute
+value of R minus mu is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R minus mu is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R minus mu is greater than or
+equal to X we're trying to get a grip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X we're trying to get a grip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X we're trying to get a grip on
+that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability
+as a function of X now the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of X now the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of X now the point is that
+the the event that the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the event that the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the event that the distance between
+R and its random and its mean is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and its random and its mean is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and its random and its mean is greater
+or equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to X
+another way to say that is to square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that is to square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that is to square
+both sides of this inequality it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of this inequality it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of this inequality it says
+that the uh event that R minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh event that R minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh event that R minus mu
+squared is greater than or equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is greater than or equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is greater than or equal to x
+squared happens these two events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared happens these two events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared happens these two events are
+just different ways of saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different ways of saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different ways of saying the same
+thing so therefore their probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so therefore their probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so therefore their probabilities
+are equal trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal trivially
+now what's nice about this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's nice about this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's nice about this is of course
+that R minus mu squared is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R minus mu squared is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R minus mu squared is a
+non-negative random variable to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative random variable to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative random variable to which
+markov's theorem applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov's theorem applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov's theorem applies
+the square of a real number is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of a real number is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of a real number is always
+going to be non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be non-negative
+so let's just apply markov's theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just apply markov's theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just apply markov's theorem to
+this new random variable R minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new random variable R minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new random variable R minus mu
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+and what does Mark Huff's bound tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does Mark Huff's bound tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does Mark Huff's bound tell us
+about this probability that the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this probability that the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this probability that the square
+variable is greater than or equal to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is greater than or equal to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is greater than or equal to an
+amount x squared well just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount x squared well just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount x squared well just plug in
+Markov and it tells you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov and it tells you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov and it tells you that this
+probability that the square variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the square variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the square variable is
+bigger than a by x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it's as big as x squared is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's as big as x squared is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's as big as x squared is simply
+the expectation of that squared variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that squared variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that squared variable
+divided by x squared this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by x squared this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by x squared this is just
+applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying
+markups bound to this variable R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups bound to this variable R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups bound to this variable R minus
+mu squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu squared
+now this numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this numerator
+is a weird thing to stare at expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weird thing to stare at expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weird thing to stare at expectation
+of R minus mu squared and may not seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R minus mu squared and may not seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R minus mu squared and may not seem
+very memorable but you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very memorable but you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very memorable but you should remember
+it because it's so important it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's so important it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's so important it has a
+million moment name all its own it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million moment name all its own it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million moment name all its own it's
+called the variance of R and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the variance of R and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the variance of R and this is an
+extra bit of information about the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bit of information about the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bit of information about the shape
+of the distribution of r that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution of r that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution of r that turns out
+to allow you to State much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to State much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to State much more powerful
+theorems in general about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in general about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in general about the
+probability that R deviates from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R deviates from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R deviates from its
+mean by a given amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a given amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a given amount
+so we could just restate the chebychev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could just restate the chebychev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could just restate the chebychev
+bound just replacing that expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound just replacing that expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound just replacing that expectation
+formula in terms of its its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in terms of its its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in terms of its its name
+variance of R this is what the chebychev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of R this is what the chebychev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of R this is what the chebychev
+bound says the the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound says the the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound says the the probability that the
+different distance between R and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distance between R and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distance between R and its
+mean is greater than both X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is greater than both X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is greater than both X is the
+variance of r divided by x squared where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of r divided by x squared where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of r divided by x squared where
+variance of R is the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of R is the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of R is the expectation of the
+square of R minus mu now the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of R minus mu now the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of R minus mu now the very
+important aspect technical aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect technical aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect technical aspect of the
+chubby Chef bound is that we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chubby Chef bound is that we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chubby Chef bound is that we're getting
+an inverse Square reduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse Square reduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse Square reduction in the
+probability remember with Markov uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability remember with Markov uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability remember with Markov uh the
+denominator was uh behaving lineally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator was uh behaving lineally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator was uh behaving lineally and
+here it behaves quadratically so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it behaves quadratically so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it behaves quadratically so these
+bounds get get smaller much more rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds get get smaller much more rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds get get smaller much more rapidly
+as we ask about the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we ask about the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we ask about the probability of
+differing by a larger amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing by a larger amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing by a larger amount
+the variance of R maybe in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of R maybe in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of R maybe in a way that
+will help you remember it is to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you remember it is to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you remember it is to remember
+another name that it has it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name that it has it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name that it has it's called the
+mean square error if you think of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square error if you think of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square error if you think of R
+minus mu as the error uh that R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu as the error uh that R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu as the error uh that R is
+making and how much it differs from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and how much it differs from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and how much it differs from what
+it ought to be then and we Square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ought to be then and we Square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ought to be then and we Square it and
+then we take the average so we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take the average so we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take the average so we're taking
+the the mean of the squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mean of the squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mean of the squared errors
+and here we're back to restating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're back to restating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're back to restating the
+Markov Bound in terms of the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov Bound in terms of the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov Bound in terms of the variance
+the variance has one difficulty with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance has one difficulty with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance has one difficulty with it
+and that leads us to want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads us to want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads us to want to look at
+another object which is just the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object which is just the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object which is just the square
+root of the variance called the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the variance called the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the variance called the standard
+deviation so you wonder why I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so you wonder why I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so you wonder why I mean if
+you understand variance what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand variance what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand variance what's the point
+of taking the square root and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking the square root and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking the square root and working
+with that and the answer is simply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and the answer is simply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and the answer is simply that
+the if you think of r as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you think of r as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you think of r as a random
+variable whose values have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable whose values have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable whose values have some
+Dimension like it's seconds or dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension like it's seconds or dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension like it's seconds or dollars
+then R the variance of R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R the variance of R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R the variance of R is the
+expectation of a square variable of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a square variable of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a square variable of R
+minus mu squared which means its units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu squared which means its units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu squared which means its units
+are second squared or dollar squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are second squared or dollar squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are second squared or dollar squared or
+whatever and the variance of R itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and the variance of R itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and the variance of R itself is
+a squared value which is uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared value which is uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared value which is uh not
+reflecting the magnitude of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the magnitude of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the magnitude of the uh of
+the distance that you expect the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that you expect the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that you expect the kind of
+errors that you expect are to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that you expect are to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that you expect are to make the
+distance that you expect R to be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that you expect R to be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that you expect R to be from
+its mean so we can get the units of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean so we can get the units of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean so we can get the units of uh
+the of this quantity back into matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of this quantity back into matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of this quantity back into matching
+the units of all are and also get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of all are and also get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of all are and also get a
+number that's closer to the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's closer to the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's closer to the kind of
+variance that you'd expect to observe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that you'd expect to observe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that you'd expect to observe by
+just taking the square root and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the square root and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the square root and it's
+called the standard deviation of R if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standard deviation of R if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standard deviation of R if it
+helps you any the standard deviation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you any the standard deviation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you any the standard deviation is
+also called the root mean square error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the root mean square error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the root mean square error
+and you might have heard that phrase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might have heard that phrase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might have heard that phrase it
+comes up all the time in discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up all the time in discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up all the time in discussions of
+of experimental error so again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experimental error so again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experimental error so again we're
+taking the error means the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the error means the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the error means the distance
+between the random variable and its mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the random variable and its mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the random variable and its mean
+we're squaring it we're taking its the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're squaring it we're taking its the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're squaring it we're taking its the
+expectation of that squared error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that squared error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that squared error and
+then we're taking the square root of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're taking the square root of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're taking the square root of it
+it's the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the standard deviation
+so going back to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to understand what the
+standard deviation means intuitively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation means intuitively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation means intuitively in
+terms of a familiar shaped uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a familiar shaped uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a familiar shaped uh
+distribution function for a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for a random
+variable R suppose that R is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable R suppose that R is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable R suppose that R is a random
+variable that has this fairly standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has this fairly standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has this fairly standard
+kind of bell curved shape or gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bell curved shape or gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bell curved shape or gaussian
+shape that it's got one hump it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that it's got one hump it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that it's got one hump it's
+unimodal and it kind of trails off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal and it kind of trails off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal and it kind of trails off with
+some moderate rate as you get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some moderate rate as you get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some moderate rate as you get further
+and further away from the mean well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further away from the mean well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further away from the mean well the
+mean of of a distribution that's shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of of a distribution that's shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of of a distribution that's shaped
+like this it's symmetric around that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's symmetric around that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's symmetric around that uh
+that high point is that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high point is that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high point is that's going to be
+the mean by symmetry it's equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean by symmetry it's equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean by symmetry it's equally likely
+to be well the values average out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well the values average out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well the values average out to
+this middle value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this middle value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this middle value
+standard deviation in a for a curve like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation in a for a curve like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation in a for a curve like
+this is going to be an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an interval
+that you can interpret as an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can interpret as an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can interpret as an interval
+around the mean and the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mean and the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mean and the probability that
+you're within that interval is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're within that interval is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're within that interval is fairly
+high for standard distributions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high for standard distributions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high for standard distributions now
+we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that
+the championship bound is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the championship bound is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the championship bound is not going to
+tell us much about for an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us much about for an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us much about for an arbitrary
+unknown distribution but in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown distribution but in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown distribution but in general for
+the typical distributions you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical distributions you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical distributions you expect to
+find that the standard deviation tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the standard deviation tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the standard deviation tells
+you that that's where you're most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's where you're most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's where you're most likely
+to be when you take a random value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be when you take a random value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be when you take a random value of
+the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable
+so let's return to the chubby Chef bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's return to the chubby Chef bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's return to the chubby Chef bound
+as we've stated it and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've stated it and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've stated it and I'm just
+replacing here I'm restating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing here I'm restating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing here I'm restating the
+championship bound just replacing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship bound just replacing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship bound just replacing the
+variance of R in the numerator by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of R in the numerator by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of R in the numerator by the
+square of its square root by Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of its square root by Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of its square root by Sigma
+squared r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared r
+it's a useful way to restate it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful way to restate it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful way to restate it because
+by restating it this way it motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by restating it this way it motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by restating it this way it motivates
+another reformulation of hwf bound as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reformulation of hwf bound as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reformulation of hwf bound as we
+reformulated the markup bound previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulated the markup bound previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulated the markup bound previously
+in terms of a multiple of something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a multiple of something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a multiple of something I'm
+going to replace X by a constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace X by a constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace X by a constant times
+the standard deviation so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation so I'm going to
+see the probability that the error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the probability that the error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the probability that the error is
+greater than or equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a constant
+times the standard deviation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the standard deviation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the standard deviation and this
+term is going to simplify once X is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to simplify once X is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to simplify once X is is a
+constant times the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the standard deviation
+the standard the aviations are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard the aviations are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard the aviations are going to
+cancel out and I'm just going to wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and I'm just going to wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and I'm just going to wind up
+with 1 over x squared so let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 over x squared so let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 over x squared so let's just do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+uh there's the formula the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the formula the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the formula the probability
+that the distance of R from its mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance of R from its mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance of R from its mean is
+greater than or equal to a multiple C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a multiple C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a multiple C of
+its standard deviation is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its standard deviation is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its standard deviation is less than or
+equal to 1 over c squared so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over c squared so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over c squared so it's
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+more much more rapidly smaller as C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much more rapidly smaller as C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much more rapidly smaller as C
+grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows
+let's look at how what that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how what that means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how what that means for
+just some numbers to make the thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some numbers to make the thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some numbers to make the thing a
+little bit more real what this assertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more real what this assertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more real what this assertion
+is telling us is that R is probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is that R is probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is that R is probably not
+going to return a value that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return a value that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return a value that's a
+significant multiple of its standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant multiple of its standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant multiple of its standard
+deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+for example what does this formula tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what does this formula tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what does this formula tell
+us about the probability that R is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the probability that R is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the probability that R is going
+to be uh greater than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh greater than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh greater than or equal to one
+standard deviation away from its mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation away from its mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation away from its mean
+well it actually tells us nothing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it actually tells us nothing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it actually tells us nothing that's
+the case in which it's no good because C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in which it's no good because C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in which it's no good because C
+is one it's just telling us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one it's just telling us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one it's just telling us that the
+probability is at most one which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is at most one which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is at most one which we
+always know because probabilities are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always know because probabilities are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always know because probabilities are at
+most one but if I ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one but if I ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one but if I ask what's the
+probability that uh the mean the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that uh the mean the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that uh the mean the error
+of R is greater than or equal to twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R is greater than or equal to twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R is greater than or equal to twice
+the standard deviation then this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation then this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation then this theorem
+is telling me something non-trivial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me something non-trivial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me something non-trivial it's
+telling me that the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that the probability that
+it's twice the deviation is one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's twice the deviation is one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's twice the deviation is one over two
+squared or one quarter an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or one quarter an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or one quarter an arbitrary
+random variable with standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with standard deviation
+Sigma is going to exceed twice the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is going to exceed twice the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is going to exceed twice the error
+is going to exceed twice the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to exceed twice the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to exceed twice the standard
+deviation of most a quarter of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of most a quarter of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of most a quarter of the time
+three times at most a ninth of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times at most a ninth of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times at most a ninth of the time
+four times at most the sixteenth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times at most the sixteenth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times at most the sixteenth of a
+time so the the qualitative message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the the qualitative message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the the qualitative message to
+take away is that for any random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away is that for any random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away is that for any random
+variable whatsoever as long as it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable whatsoever as long as it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable whatsoever as long as it has a
+standard deviation Sigma then and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation Sigma then and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation Sigma then and you
+can say some definite things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say some definite things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say some definite things about the
+probability that the random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable is
+going to take a value that differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a value that differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a value that differs
+by a large multiple of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a large multiple of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a large multiple of the standard
+deviation from its mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from its mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from its mean
+that probability is going to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is going to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is going to be small
+and get smaller and rapidly smaller as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get smaller and rapidly smaller as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get smaller and rapidly smaller as
+the multiple of the standard standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple of the standard standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple of the standard standard
+deviation continues
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/udnyuHzJsjM.txt b/udnyuHzJsjM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ef59331e70939b93ec319dd42fe109d00e010ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/udnyuHzJsjM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2026 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to take a few
+minutes at the start of
+
+today's lecture to wrap
+up a few more
+
+things about debugging.
+
+And then I'll move on
+to the main event.
+
+Just a few small points.
+
+First of all, keep in mind that
+the bug is probably not
+
+where you think it is.
+
+Because if a bug were there,
+you'd have already found it.
+
+There are some simple things
+that you should always look at
+
+when you're looking for bugs.
+
+Reversed order of arguments.
+
+You might have a function that
+takes to floats and you just
+
+passed them in the
+wrong order.
+
+You may have noticed that when
+Professor Grimson and I used
+
+examples in class, we were
+pretty careful how we name our
+
+parameters.
+
+And I often end up using the
+same names for the actuals and
+
+the formals.
+
+And this just helps me not get
+confused about what order to
+
+do things in.
+
+Spelling.
+
+These are just dumb little
+things to look for.
+
+Did you spell all the
+identifiers the way
+
+you think you did.
+
+The problem is, when you
+read code you see what
+
+you expect to see.
+
+And if you've typed in l when
+you should've typed a 1, or a
+
+1 when you should've typed an
+l, you're likely to miss it.
+
+If you've made a mistake with
+upper and lower case.
+
+Things like that.
+
+So just be very careful
+looking at that.
+
+Initialization.
+
+A very common bug is to
+initialize a variable.
+
+Go through a loop, and then
+forget to reinitialize it when
+
+it needs to be reinitialized
+again.
+
+So it's initialized outside
+the loop when it should be
+
+initialized inside the loop.
+
+Or conversely, inside the
+loop when it should
+
+be outside the loop.
+
+So look carefully at when
+variables are being
+
+initialized.
+
+Object versus value equality.
+
+Particularly when you use double
+equals, are you asking
+
+whether you've got the same
+object or the same value?
+
+They mean very different things,
+as we have seen.
+
+Keep track of that.
+
+Related to that is aliasing.
+
+And you'll see that, by the way,
+on the problem set that
+
+we're posting tomorrow.
+
+Where we're going to ask you
+to just look at some code,
+
+that there's some issues there
+with the fact that you alias
+
+things, maybe on purpose,
+maybe on accident.
+
+And by that I mean two different
+ways to get to the
+
+same value, the same object.
+
+Frequently that introduces
+bugs into the program.
+
+A particular instance of that
+is deep versus shallow copy.
+
+When you decide to make a copy
+of something like a list, you
+
+have to think hard about are you
+only copying the top level
+
+of the list, but if it's, say,
+a list that contains a list,
+
+are you also getting
+a new copy of
+
+everything it contains?
+
+It doesn't matter if it's a list
+of integers or a list of
+
+strings or a list of tuples, but
+it matters a lot if it's a
+
+list of lists.
+
+Or a list of anything that
+could be mutable.
+
+So when you copy, what
+are you getting?
+
+When you copy a dictionary,
+for example.
+
+Think through all of that.
+
+And again, a related problem
+that people run into is
+
+side-effects.
+
+You call a function and it
+returns a value, but maybe it,
+
+on purpose or on accident,
+modifies one of the actual
+
+parameters.
+
+So you could each make
+a list of things.
+
+Every experienced programmer
+over time develops a personal
+
+model of the mistakes
+they make.
+
+I know the kinds of things
+I get wrong.
+
+And so when I'm looking for a
+bug, I always say, oh, have
+
+you done this dumb thing
+you always do.
+
+So be a little bit
+introspective.
+
+Keep track of the mistakes
+you make.
+
+And if your program doesn't
+work, that should be your
+
+first guess.
+
+Couple of other hints.
+
+Keep a record of what
+you've tried.
+
+People will look at things and
+they'll come in and that'll
+
+talk to a TA, and the TA will
+say, did you try this?
+
+And the person will
+say, I don't know.
+
+That leads you to end up
+doing the same thing
+
+over and over again.
+
+This gets back to my main theme
+of Tuesday, which is be
+
+systematic.
+
+Know what you've already tried,
+don't waste your time
+
+trying it again.
+
+Think about reconsidering
+your assumptions.
+
+A huge one is, are you actually
+running the code
+
+you're looking at
+in your editor.
+
+This is a mistake I make
+all the time in Python.
+
+I sit there in idle, and
+I edit some code.
+
+I then click on the shell,
+rather than hitting F5, try
+
+and run it and say, it's
+not doing what I
+
+thought I should do.
+
+And I'll sit there staring at
+the output, staring at the
+
+code, not realizing that
+that output was not
+
+produced by that code.
+
+It's a mistake I've learned
+that I make.
+
+It's an easy one to
+make in Python.
+
+Lots of assumptions like that.
+
+You thought you knew what the
+built-in function sort did,
+
+method sort did.
+
+Well, does it do what
+you think it does?
+
+Does append do what
+you think it does?
+
+Go back and say, alright,
+I've obviously, some
+
+assumption is not right.
+
+When you're debugging somebody
+else's code, debug the code,
+
+not the comments.
+
+I've often made the mistake
+of believing the comments
+
+somebody wrote in your code
+about what some function does.
+
+Sometimes it's good
+to believe it.
+
+But sometimes you
+have to read it.
+
+Important thing.
+
+When it gets really
+tough, get help.
+
+Swallow your pride.
+
+Any one of my graduate students
+will tell you that
+
+from time to time I walk into
+their office and say, do you
+
+have a minute?
+
+And if they foolishly say yes,
+I drag them back to my office
+
+and say I'm stuck on this bug,
+what am I doing wrong?
+
+And it's amazing what -- well,
+a, they're smarter than I am
+
+which helps.
+
+But even if they weren't smarter
+than I am, just a
+
+fresh set of eyes.
+
+I've read through the same thing
+twenty times and I've
+
+missed something obvious.
+
+Someone who's never seen it
+before looks at and says, did
+
+you really mean to do this?
+
+Are you sure you didn't want to
+do for i in range of list,
+
+rather than for i in list?
+
+That sort of thing.
+
+Makes a big difference to just
+get that set of eyes.
+
+And in particular, try and
+explain to somebody else what
+
+you think the program
+is doing.
+
+So I'll sit there with the
+student and I'll say, I'm
+
+going to try and explain to
+you why what I think this
+
+program is doing.
+
+And probably 80% of the time,
+halfway through my
+
+explanation, I say,
+oh, never mind.
+
+I'm embarrassed.
+
+And I send them away.
+
+Because just the act of
+explaining it to him or her
+
+has helped me understand it.
+
+So when you're really stuck,
+just get somebody.
+
+And try and explain to them why
+you think your program is
+
+doing what it's doing.
+
+Another good thing to do
+when you're really
+
+stuck is walk away.
+
+Take a break.
+
+Come back and look at it with
+fresh eyes of your own.
+
+Effectively, what you're doing
+here is perhaps trading
+
+latency for efficiency.
+
+It may, if you go back, come
+back and two hours later,
+
+maybe you'll, it'll take you
+at least two hours to have
+
+found the bugs, because you've
+been away for two hours.
+
+And maybe if you'd stayed there
+and worked really hard
+
+you'd have found it an hour
+and fifty eight minutes.
+
+But is it really worth
+the two minutes?
+
+This is another reason, by
+the way, to start it
+
+long before it's due.
+
+That you actually have the
+leisure to walk away.
+
+All right.
+
+What do you do when you've
+found the bug and
+
+you need to fix it?
+
+Remember the old saw,
+haste makes waste.
+
+I don't know this but I'll bet
+Benjamin Franklin said this.
+
+Don't rush into anything.
+
+Think about the fix, don't make
+the first change that
+
+comes to mind and
+see if it works.
+
+Ask yourself, will it fix all
+of the symptoms you've seen?
+
+Or if not, are the symptoms
+independent, will at least fix
+
+some of them?
+
+What are the ramifications
+of the proposed change.
+
+Will it break other things?
+
+That's a big issue.
+
+You can fix one thing, you
+break something else.
+
+So think through what this
+change might break.
+
+Does it allow you to tidy
+up other things?
+
+This is important, I
+think, that code
+
+should not always grow.
+
+We all have a tendency to
+fix code by adding code.
+
+And the program just gets bigger
+and bigger and bigger.
+
+The more code you have, the
+harder it is to get it right.
+
+So, sometimes, what you need
+to, so you just pull back.
+
+And say, well, let me
+just tidy things up.
+
+That, by the way, is also
+a good debugging tool.
+
+Sometimes when I'm really stuck,
+I say, alright let me
+
+stop looking for the bug.
+
+Let me just clean up the
+code a little bit.
+
+Make my program prettier.
+
+And in the process of tidying it
+up and making it prettier,
+
+I'll often by accident
+find the bug.
+
+So it's a good trick
+to remember.
+
+Finally, and this is very
+important, make sure that you
+
+can revert.
+
+There's nothing more frustrating
+then spending four
+
+hours debugging, and realizing
+at the end of four hours your
+
+program is worse than it
+was when you started.
+
+And you can't get back to where
+it was when you started.
+
+So if you look at one of my
+directories, you'll find that
+
+I've been pretty anal about
+saving old versions.
+
+I can always pretty much get
+back to some place I've been.
+
+So if I've made a set of changes
+and I realize I've
+
+broken something that used to
+work, I can find a version of
+
+the code in which it used to
+work, and figure out what was
+
+going on there.
+
+Disk space is cheap.
+
+Don't hesitate to save
+your old versions.
+
+It's a good thing.
+
+Alright, that's the end of my,
+maybe sermon is the right word
+
+on debugging.
+
+Polemic, I don't know.
+
+I hope it will be helpful.
+
+And I hope you'll remember some
+of these things as you
+
+try and get your programs
+to work.
+
+I now want to get back to
+algorithms. And where we've
+
+sort of been for a while,
+and where we
+
+will stay for a while.
+
+More fundamentally, I want to
+get back to what I think of as
+
+the main theme of 6.00, which
+is taking a problem and
+
+finding some way to formulate
+the problem so that we can use
+
+computing to help us
+get an answer.
+
+And in particular, we're going
+to spend the next few lectures
+
+looking at a class of problems
+known as optimization
+
+problems. In general,
+every optimization
+
+problem is the same.
+
+It has two parts.
+
+Some function that you're either
+attempting to maximize
+
+or minimize the value of.
+
+And these are duals.
+
+And some set of constraints
+that must be honored.
+
+Possibly an empty set
+of constraints.
+
+So what are some of the classic
+optimization problems?
+
+Well one of the most well-known
+is the so-called
+
+shortest path problem.
+
+Probably almost every one
+of you has used a
+
+shortest path algorithm.
+
+For example, if you go to
+Mapquest, or Google Maps and
+
+ask how do I get from
+here to there.
+
+You give it the function,
+probably in this case to
+
+minimize, and it gives you
+a choice of functions.
+
+Minimize time, minimize
+distance.
+
+And maybe you give it a
+set of constraints.
+
+I don't want to drive
+on highways.
+
+And it tries to find the
+shortest way, subject to those
+
+constraints, to get from Point
+A to Point B. And there are
+
+many, many other instances
+of this kind of thing.
+
+And tomorrow it's recitation,
+we'll spend quite a bit of
+
+time on shortest
+path problems.
+
+Another classic optimization
+problem is
+
+the traveling salesman.
+
+Actually, I should probably,
+be modern, call it the
+
+traveling salesperson, the
+traveling salesperson problem.
+
+So the problem here, roughly, is
+given, a number of cities,
+
+and say the cost of traveling
+from city to city by airplane,
+
+what's the least cost round
+trip that you can find?
+
+So you start at one place, you
+have to go to a number of
+
+other places.
+
+End up where you started.
+
+It's not quite the same as the
+shortest path, and figure out
+
+the way to do that
+that involves
+
+spending the least money.
+
+Or the least time, or
+something else.
+
+What are some of the other
+classic optimization problems?
+
+There's bin packing.
+
+Filling up some container with
+objects of varying size and,
+
+perhaps, shape.
+
+So you've got the trunk of
+your car and you've got a
+
+bunch of luggage.
+
+More luggage than can
+actually fit in.
+
+And you're trying to figure
+out what order
+
+to put things in.
+
+And which ones you can put in.
+
+How to fill up that bin.
+
+Very important in shipping.
+
+People use bin packing
+algorithms to figure out, for
+
+example, how to load
+up container ships.
+
+Things of that nature.
+
+Moving vans, all sorts of
+things of that nature.
+
+In biology and in natural
+language processing and many
+
+other things, we see a lot of
+sequence alignment problems.
+
+For example, aligning DNA
+sequences, or RNA sequences.
+
+And, one we'll spend a fair
+amount of time on today and
+
+Tuesday is the knapsack
+problem.
+
+In the old days people used to
+call backpacks knapsacks.
+
+So we old folks sometimes even
+still make that mistake.
+
+And the problem there is, you've
+got a bunch of things.
+
+More than will fit into the
+knapsack, and you're trying to
+
+figure out which things to
+take and which things to
+
+leave. As you plan
+your hiking trip.
+
+How much water should
+you take.
+
+How many blankets?
+
+How much food?
+
+And you're trying to optimize
+the value of the objects you
+
+can take subject to the
+constraint that the backpack
+
+is of finite size.
+
+Now, why am I telling
+you all of this at
+
+this lightning speed?
+
+It's because I want you to think
+about it, going forward,
+
+about the issue of problem
+reduction.
+
+We'll come back to this.
+
+What this basically means is,
+you're given some problem to
+
+solve, that you've never
+seen before.
+
+And the first thing you do is
+ask is it an instance of some
+
+problem that other people
+have already solved?
+
+So when the folks at Mapquest
+sat down to do their program,
+
+I guarantee you somebody opened
+an algorithms book and
+
+said, what have other
+people done to solve
+
+shortest path problems?
+
+I'll rely on fifty years of
+clever people rather than
+
+trying to invent my own.
+
+And so frequently what we try
+and do is, we take a new
+
+problem and map it onto an old
+problem so that we can use an
+
+old solution.
+
+In order to be able to do that,
+it's nice to have in our
+
+heads an inventory of previously
+solved problems. To
+
+which we can reduce the
+current problem.
+
+So as we go through this
+semester, we'll look at,
+
+briefly or not so briefly,
+different previously solved
+
+problems in the hope that at
+some time in your future, when
+
+you have a problem to deal
+with, you'll say, I know
+
+that's really like
+shortest path, or
+
+really like graph coloring.
+
+Let me just take my problem and
+turn it into that problem,
+
+and use an existing solution.
+
+So we'll start looking in detail
+at one problem, and
+
+that's the knapsack problem.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Where do I want to start?
+
+Oh yes, OK.
+
+So far, we've been looking
+at problems that
+
+have pretty fast solutions.
+
+Most optimization problems do
+not have fast solutions.
+
+That is to say, when you're
+dealing with a large set of
+
+things, it takes a while to
+get the right answer.
+
+Consequently, you have to
+be clever about it.
+
+Typically up till now, we've
+looked at things that can be
+
+done in sublinear time.
+
+Or, at worst, polynomial time.
+
+We'll now look at a problem that
+does not fall into that.
+
+And we'll start with
+what's called the
+
+continuous knapsack problem.
+
+So here's the classic
+formulation.
+
+Assume that you are a burglar.
+
+And you have a backpack that
+holds, say, eight pounds'
+
+worth of stuff.
+
+And you've now broken into a
+house and you're trying to
+
+decide what to take.
+
+Well, let's assume in the
+continuous world, what you is
+
+you walk into the house and you
+see something like four
+
+pounds of gold dust. And you
+see three pounds of silver
+
+dust, and maybe ten
+pounds of raisins.
+
+And I don't actually
+know the periodic
+
+table entry for raisins.
+
+So I'll have to write it out.
+
+Well, how would you solve
+this problem?
+
+First, let's say, what
+is the problem?
+
+How can we formulate it?
+
+Well, let's assume that what
+we want to do is, we have
+
+something we want to optimize.
+
+So we're looking for
+a function to
+
+maximize, in this case.
+
+What might that function be?
+
+Well, let's say it's some number
+of, some amount of, the
+
+cost of the value of gold.
+
+Times however many
+pounds of gold.
+
+Plus the cost of silver times
+however many - no, gold, is a
+
+g, isn't it.
+
+Pounds of silver, plus the
+cost of raisins times the
+
+number of pounds of raisins.
+
+So that's the function
+I want to optimize.
+
+I want to maximize
+that function.
+
+And the constraint is what?
+
+It's that the pounds of gold
+plus the pounds of silver plus
+
+the pounds of raisins is
+no greater than eight.
+
+So I've got a function to
+maximize and a constraint that
+
+must be obeyed.
+
+Now, the strategy here
+is pretty clear.
+
+As often is for the continuous
+problem.
+
+What's the strategy?
+
+I pour in the gold till
+I run out of gold.
+
+I pour in the silver until
+I run out of silver.
+
+And then I take as many raisins
+as will fit in and I
+
+leave. Right?
+
+I hope almost every one of you
+could figure out that was the
+
+right strategy.
+
+If not, you're not well suited
+to a life of crime.
+
+What I just described is an
+
+instance of a greedy algorithm.
+
+In a greedy algorithm, at
+every step you do what
+
+maximizes your value
+at that step.
+
+So there's no planning ahead.
+
+You just do what's ever best.
+It's like when someone gets
+
+their food and they start
+by eating dessert.
+
+Just to make sure they
+get to the best part
+
+before they're full.
+
+In this case, a greedy algorithm
+actually gives us
+
+the best possible solution.
+
+That's not always so.
+
+Now, you've actually all
+
+implemented a greedy algorithm.
+
+Or are in the process thereof.
+
+Where have we implemented a
+greedy algorithm, or have been
+
+asked to do a greedy
+algorithm?
+
+Well, there are not that many
+things you guys have been
+
+working on this semester.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly right.
+
+So what you were doing there,
+it was a really good throw.
+
+But it was a really good answer
+you gave. So I'll
+
+forgive you the bad hands.
+
+You were asked to choose
+the word that gave
+
+you the maximum value.
+
+And then do it again with
+whatever letters you had left.
+
+Was that guaranteed to win?
+
+To give you the best
+possible scores?
+
+No.
+
+Suppose, for example, you had
+the letters this, doglets.
+
+Well, the highest scoring word
+might have been something like
+
+Doges, these guys used to rule
+Venice, but if you did that
+
+you'd been left with the letters
+l and t, which are
+
+kind of hard to use.
+
+So you've optimized
+the first step.
+
+But now you're stuck
+with something
+
+that's not very useful.
+
+Whereas in fact, maybe you would
+have been better to go
+
+with dog, dogs, and let.
+
+So what we see here is an
+example of something very
+
+important and quite general.
+
+Which was that locally optimal
+decisions do not always lead
+
+to a global optimums. So you
+can't just repeatedly do the
+
+apparently local thing
+and expect to
+
+necessarily get to it.
+
+Now, as it happens with the
+continuous knapsack problem as
+
+we've formulated it,
+greedy is good.
+
+But let's look for a slight
+variant of it, where greedy is
+
+not so good.
+
+And that's what's called the
+zero-one knapsack problem.
+
+This is basically a discrete
+version of
+
+the knapsack problem.
+
+The formulation is that we have
+n items and at every step
+
+we have to either take
+the whole item
+
+or none of the item.
+
+In the continuous problem, the
+gold dust was assumed to be
+
+infinitely small.
+
+And so you could take as much
+of it as you wanted.
+
+Here it's as if you
+had gold bricks.
+
+You get to take the whole brick
+or no brick at all.
+
+Each item has a weight and a
+value, and we're trying to
+
+optimize it as before.
+
+So let's look at an example of
+a zero-one knapsack problem.
+
+Again we'll go back
+to our burglar.
+
+So the burglar breaks into the
+house and finds the following
+
+items available.
+
+And you'll see in your handout
+a list of items and their
+
+value and how much,
+what they weight.
+
+Finds a watch, a nice Bose
+radio, a beautiful Tiffany
+
+vase, and a large
+velvet Elvis.
+
+And now this burglar finds, in
+fact, two of each of those.
+
+Person is a real velvet Elvis
+fan and needed two
+
+copies of this one.
+
+Alright, and now he's trying
+to decide what to take.
+
+Well if the knapsack were large
+enough the thief would
+
+take it all and run, but let's
+assume that it can only hold
+
+eight pounds, as before.
+
+And therefore the thief
+has choices to make.
+
+Well, there are three types of
+thieves I want to consider:
+
+the greedy thief, the
+slow thief, and you.
+
+We'll start with the
+greedy thief.
+
+Well, the greedy thief follows
+the greedy algorithm.
+
+What do you get if you follow
+the greedy algorithm?
+
+What's the first thing
+the thief does?
+
+Takes the most valuable item,
+which is a watch.
+
+And then what does
+he do after that?
+
+Takes another watch.
+
+And then?
+
+Pardon?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: And then?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Not unless he wants to break
+the vase into little pieces
+
+and stuff it in the corners.
+
+The backpack is now
+full, right?
+
+There's no more room.
+
+So the greedy thief take
+that and leaves.
+
+But it's not an optimal
+solution.
+
+What should the thief
+have done?
+
+What's the best thing
+you can do?
+
+Instead of taking that
+one vase, the thief
+
+could take two radios.
+
+And get more value.
+
+So the greedy thief, in some
+sense, gets the wrong answer.
+
+But maybe isn't so dumb.
+
+While greedy algorithms are not
+guaranteed to get you the
+
+right answer all the
+time, they're often
+
+very good to use.
+
+And what they're good about is,
+they're easy to implement.
+
+And they're fast to run.
+
+You can imagine coding
+the solution up
+
+and it's pretty easy.
+
+And when it runs, it's pretty
+fast. Just takes the most
+
+valuable, the next most
+valuable, the next most
+
+valuable, I'm done.
+
+And the thief leaves,
+and is gone.
+
+So that's a good thing.
+
+On the other hand, it's often
+the case in the world that
+
+that's not good enough.
+
+And we're not looking for an OK
+solution, but we're looking
+
+for the best solution.
+
+Optimal means best. And that's
+what the slow thief does.
+
+So the slow thief thinks
+the following.
+
+Well, what I'll do is I'll
+put stuff in the
+
+backpack until it's full.
+
+I'll compute its value.
+
+Then I'll empty the backpack
+out, put another combination
+
+of stuff compute its value,
+try all possible ways of
+
+filling up the backpack, and
+then when I'm done, I'll know
+
+which was the best. And that's
+the one I'll do.
+
+So he's packing and unpacking,
+packing and unpacking, trying
+
+all possible combinations of
+objects that will obey the
+
+constraint.
+
+And then choosing the winner.
+
+Well, this is like an algorithm
+we've seen before.
+
+It's not greedy.
+
+What is this?
+
+What category of algorithm
+is that?
+
+Somebody?
+
+Louder?
+
+STUDENT: Brute force.
+
+PROFESSOR: Brute force,
+exhaustive
+
+enumeration, exactly.
+
+We're exhausting all
+possibilities.
+
+And then choosing the winner.
+
+Well, that's what the
+slow thief tried.
+
+Unfortunately it took so long
+that before he finished the
+
+owner returned home, called the
+police and the thief ended
+
+up in jail.
+
+It happens.
+
+Fortunately, while sitting in
+jail awaiting trial, the slow
+
+thief decided to figure
+what was wrong.
+
+And, amazingly enough, he
+had studied mathematics.
+
+And had a blackboard
+in the cell.
+
+So he was able to work it out.
+
+So he first said, well, let me
+try and figure out what I was
+
+really doing and why
+it took so long.
+
+So first, let's think about what
+was the function the slow
+
+thief was attempting
+to maximize.
+
+The summation, from i equals 1
+to n, where n is the number of
+
+items, so I might label watch
+1-0, watch 2-2, I don't care
+
+that they're both watches.
+
+They're two separate items.
+And then what I want to
+
+maximize is the sum of the price
+of item i times whether
+
+or not I took x i.
+
+So think of x as a vector
+of 0's and 1's.
+
+Hence the name of the problem.
+
+If I'm going to keep that item,
+item i, if I'm going to
+
+take it, I give it a 1.
+
+If I'm not going to take
+it I give it a 0.
+
+And so I just take the value of
+that item times whether or
+
+not it's 0 or 1.
+
+So my goal here is to choose x
+such that this is maximized.
+
+Choose x such that that function
+is maximized, subject
+
+to a constraint.
+
+And the constraint, is it the
+sum from 1 to n of the weight
+
+of the item, times x i, is less
+than or equal to c, the
+
+maximum weight I'm allowed
+to put in my backpack.
+
+In this case it was eight.
+
+So now I have a nice, tidy
+mathematical formulation of
+
+the problem.
+
+And that's often the first step
+in problem reduction.
+
+Is to go from a problem that has
+a bunch of words, and try
+
+and write it down as a nice,
+tight mathematical
+
+formulation.
+
+So now I know the formulation
+is to find x, the vector x,
+
+such that this constraint
+is obeyed and
+
+this function is maximized.
+
+That make sense to everybody?
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Great.
+
+So as the thief had thought,
+we can clearly solve this
+
+problem by generating all
+possible values of x and
+
+seeing which one solves
+this problem.
+
+But now the thief started
+scratching his head and said,
+
+well, how many possible
+values of x are there?
+
+Well, how can we think
+about that?
+
+Well, a nice way to think
+about that is to
+
+say, I've got a vector.
+
+So there's the vector with
+eight 0's in it.
+
+Three, four, five, six,
+seven, eight.
+
+Indicating I didn't take
+any of the items.
+
+There's the vector, and again
+you'll see this in your
+
+handout, says I only took
+the first item.
+
+There's the one that says I
+only took the second item.
+
+There's the one that says
+I took the first
+
+and the second item.
+
+And at the last,
+I have all 1's.
+
+This series look like anything
+familiar to you?
+
+These are binary
+numbers, right?
+
+Eight digit binary numbers.
+
+Zero, one, two, three.
+
+What's the biggest number
+I can represent
+
+with eight of these?
+
+Somebody?
+
+Well, suppose we had
+decimal numbers.
+
+And I said I'm giving you
+three decimal digits.
+
+What's the biggest number you
+can represent with three
+
+decimal digits?
+
+Pardon?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Which is roughly what?
+
+10 to the?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Exactly right.
+
+So, in this case it's
+2 to the 8th.
+
+Because I have eight digits.
+
+But exactly right.
+
+More generally, it's
+2 to the n.
+
+Where n is the number of
+possible items I have to
+
+choose from.
+
+Well, now that we've figured
+that out, what we're seeing is
+
+that the brute force algorithm
+is exponential.
+
+In the number of items we
+have to choose from.
+
+Not in the number that we take,
+but the number we have
+
+to think about taking.
+
+Exponential growth
+is a scary thing.
+
+So now we can look at
+these two graphs,
+
+look at the top one.
+
+So there, we've compared n
+squared, quadratic growth,
+
+which by the way Professor
+Grimson told you was bad, to,
+
+really bad, which is
+exponential growth.
+
+And in fact, if you look at
+the top figure it looks as
+
+exponential or, quadratic isn't
+even growing at all.
+
+You see how really fast
+exponential growth is?
+
+You get to fifteen items and
+we're up at seventy thousand
+
+already and counting.
+
+The bottom graph has exactly
+the same data.
+
+But what I've done is, I've use
+the logarithmic y-axis.
+
+Later in the term, we'll spend
+quite a lot of time talking
+
+about how do we visualize
+data.
+
+How do we make sense of data.
+
+I've done that because you can
+see here that the quadratic
+
+one is actually growing.
+
+It's just growing a
+lot more slowly.
+
+So the moral here
+is simple one.
+
+Exponential algorithms are
+typically not useful. n does
+
+not have to get very big for
+exponential to fail.
+
+Now, imagine that you're trying
+to pack a ship and
+
+you've got ten thousand
+items to choose from.
+
+2 to the 10,000 is a
+really big number.
+
+So what we see immediately,
+and the slow thief decided
+
+just before being incarcerated
+for years and years, was that
+
+it wasn't possible to
+do it that way.
+
+He threw up his hands and
+said, it's an unsolvable
+
+problem, I should have been
+greedy, there's no
+
+good way to do this.
+
+That gets us to the
+smart thief.
+
+Why is this thief smart?
+
+Because she took 600.
+
+And she learned that in fact
+there is a good way to solve
+
+this problem.
+
+And that's what we're going
+to talk about next.
+
+And that's something called
+dynamic programming.
+
+A lot of people think this is
+a really hard and fancy
+
+concept, and they teach in
+advanced algorithms classes.
+
+And they do, but in fact
+as you'll see it's
+
+really pretty simple.
+
+A word of warning.
+
+Don't try and figure out
+why it's called dynamic
+
+programming.
+
+It makes no sense at all.
+
+It was invented by a
+mathematician called Bellman.
+
+And he was at the time being
+paid by the Defense Department
+
+to work on something else.
+
+And he didn't want them to
+know what he was doing.
+
+So he made up a name that he
+was sure they would have no
+
+clue what it meant.
+
+Unfortunately, we now have
+lived with it forever, so
+
+don't think of it as actually
+being anything dynamic
+
+particularly.
+
+It's just a name.
+
+It's very useful, and why we
+spend time on it for solving a
+
+broad range of problems that
+on their surface are
+
+exponentially difficult.
+
+And, in fact, getting very
+fast solutions to them.
+
+The key thing in dynamic
+programming, and we'll return
+
+to both of these, is you're
+looking for a situation where
+
+there are overlapping
+sub-problems and what's called
+
+optimal substructure.
+
+Don't expect to know what
+these mean yet.
+
+Hopefully by the end of the day,
+Tuesday, they will both
+
+make great sense to you.
+
+Let's first look at
+the overlapping
+
+sub-problems example.
+
+You have on your handout,
+a recursive
+
+implementation of Fibonacci.
+
+Which we've seen before.
+
+What I've done is I've augmented
+it with this global
+
+called num calls just so I can
+keep track of how many times
+
+it gets called.
+
+And let's see what happens
+if we call fib of 5.
+
+Well, quite a few steps.
+
+What's the thing that you notice
+about this output?
+
+There's something here that
+should tip us off that maybe
+
+we're not doing this the most
+efficient way possible.
+
+I called fib with 5 and then
+it calls it with 4.
+
+And then that call
+calls fib with 3.
+
+So I'm doing 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0.
+
+And I'm doing 1, 2.
+
+Well, what we see is I'm calling
+fib a lot of times
+
+with the same argument.
+
+And it makes sense.
+
+Because I start with fib of 5,
+and then I have to do fib of 4
+
+and fib of 3.
+
+Well, fib of 4 is going to also
+have to do a fib of 3 and
+
+a fib of 2 and a fib of
+1, and a fib of 0.
+
+And then the fib of 3 is going
+to do a fib of 2 and a fib of
+
+1 and a fib of 0.
+
+And so I'm doing the same thing
+over and over again.
+
+That's because I have what
+are called overlapping
+
+sub-problems. I have used divide
+and conquer, as we seen
+
+before, to recursively break it
+into smaller problems. But
+
+the smaller problem of fib of
+4 and the smaller problem of
+
+fib of 3 overlap with
+each other.
+
+And that leads to a lot of
+redundant computation.
+
+And I've done fib of 5, which
+is a small number.
+
+If we look at some other things,
+for example, let's get
+
+rid of this.
+
+Let's try see fib of 10.
+
+Well, there's a reason I chose
+10 rather than, say, 20.
+
+Here fib got called 177 times.
+
+Roughly speaking, the analysis
+of fib is actually quite
+
+complex, of a recursive fib.
+
+And I won't go through it, but
+what you can see is it's more
+
+or less, it is in fact,
+exponential.
+
+But it's not 2 to
+the something.
+
+It's a more complicated thing.
+
+But it grows quite quickly.
+
+And the reason it does is
+because of this overlapping.
+
+On Tuesday we'll talk about a
+different way to implement
+
+Fibonacci, where the growth will
+be much less dramatic.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vES9nISxtjk.txt b/vES9nISxtjk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cbd82a26a3bbeae6890769a64fe4b772a0f990d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vES9nISxtjk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um there were some other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there were some other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there were some other questions
+uh sort of running along this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of running along this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of running along this general
+idea of the fact that the information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the fact that the information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the fact that the information in
+DNA doesn't go even though it encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA doesn't go even though it encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA doesn't go even though it encodes
+the information for proteins goes via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information for proteins goes via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information for proteins goes via
+this RNA intermediate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RNA intermediate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RNA intermediate.
+Someone asked what was the M? The M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone asked what was the M? The M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone asked what was the M? The M is
+for messenger. Uh the idea being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for messenger. Uh the idea being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for messenger. Uh the idea being that
+since the DNA at least in ukarots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the DNA at least in ukarots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the DNA at least in ukarots the
+DNA was in the nucleus uh and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was in the nucleus uh and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was in the nucleus uh and proteins
+were made out in the cytoplasm somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made out in the cytoplasm somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made out in the cytoplasm somehow
+that information had to be carried from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information had to be carried from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information had to be carried from
+the nucleus where the DNA was out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus where the DNA was out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus where the DNA was out to the
+cytoplasm and that's where the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm and that's where the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm and that's where the term
+messenger was because the RNA was seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger was because the RNA was seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger was because the RNA was seen
+as something that would carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that would carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that would carry the
+information out. Now, a point here, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out. Now, a point here, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out. Now, a point here, it's
+really critical because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical because we're going to
+continue to talk about gene regulation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to talk about gene regulation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to talk about gene regulation,
+and that is that when a cell is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that when a cell is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that when a cell is making
+one of these messenger RNAs, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these messenger RNAs, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these messenger RNAs, it doesn't
+make one single copy of of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one single copy of of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one single copy of of the entire
+all the uh genes that are in the um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh genes that are in the um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh genes that are in the um in
+the genome on on one RNA. Instead, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome on on one RNA. Instead, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome on on one RNA. Instead, it
+does it either one gene at a time, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it either one gene at a time, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it either one gene at a time, which
+is the usual case, or occasionally, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the usual case, or occasionally, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the usual case, or occasionally, as
+we see in the lac operon, a little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the lac operon, a little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the lac operon, a little tiny
+cluster of DNA that have related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of DNA that have related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of DNA that have related
+functions. And the beauty of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. And the beauty of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. And the beauty of that is
+that it then enables the cell to um dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it then enables the cell to um dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it then enables the cell to um dial
+in how much protein is being made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how much protein is being made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how much protein is being made in
+part at least by determining how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at least by determining how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at least by determining how much
+RNA is being made. See, I can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is being made. See, I can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is being made. See, I can either
+make no RNA and not make the protein at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no RNA and not make the protein at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no RNA and not make the protein at
+all or make a little RNA, a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or make a little RNA, a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or make a little RNA, a little
+protein, or if it's a really thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein, or if it's a really thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein, or if it's a really thing you
+need very large quantities of, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need very large quantities of, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need very large quantities of, you can
+really crank out a lot of RNA and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crank out a lot of RNA and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crank out a lot of RNA and make a
+lot of protein. So, the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of protein. So, the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of protein. So, the potential is
+there for regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for regulation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for regulation.
+And in bacteria, as I said, it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in bacteria, as I said, it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in bacteria, as I said, it's it's
+for for almost all bacterial genes, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for almost all bacterial genes, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for almost all bacterial genes, it's
+pretty straightforward. You can look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward. You can look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward. You can look in
+the DNA and if at least if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA and if at least if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA and if at least if you know
+where to start see the the start of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to start see the the start of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to start see the the start of a
+protein you can just use that table the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you can just use that table the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you can just use that table the
+genetic code and read off the sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code and read off the sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code and read off the sequence.
+But higher ukariats in particular higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But higher ukariats in particular higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But higher ukariats in particular higher
+ukarots have this odd business that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukarots have this odd business that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukarots have this odd business that what
+seemed odd and surprising that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed odd and surprising that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed odd and surprising that when you
+look at their genes many of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their genes many of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their genes many of them you
+can't do that because it's as if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that because it's as if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that because it's as if there's
+extra bits of DNA stuck in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bits of DNA stuck in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bits of DNA stuck in the middle
+and in some cases you heard it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases you heard it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases you heard it could be
+really huge amounts of DNA. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge amounts of DNA. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge amounts of DNA. So that
+there is this extra thing where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this extra thing where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this extra thing where there's
+a a pre- messenger RN uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pre- messenger RN uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pre- messenger RN uh
+messenger RNA and this RNA splicing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and this RNA splicing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and this RNA splicing we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+uh has to take place to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has to take place to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has to take place to generate the
+messenger RNA and once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and once you have the
+messenger RNA then the ribosome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA then the ribosome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA then the ribosome and the
+charged tna uh acids can charged tRNAs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged tna uh acids can charged tRNAs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged tna uh acids can charged tRNAs
+can be used to make uh the proteins when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to make uh the proteins when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to make uh the proteins when
+Someone asked what all that extra DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone asked what all that extra DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone asked what all that extra DNA is
+for. I mean, we still don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. I mean, we still don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. I mean, we still don't fully
+understand that. Uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that. Uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that. Uh there are some
+regulatory sequences and regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory sequences and regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory sequences and regulatory
+actors that are buried in that non-oding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors that are buried in that non-oding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors that are buried in that non-oding
+DNA. But another thing may be that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA. But another thing may be that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA. But another thing may be that this
+is just the way it's worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the way it's worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the way it's worked in
+evolution. And as long as it works,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution. And as long as it works,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution. And as long as it works,
+there's no driving force necessarily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no driving force necessarily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no driving force necessarily to
+get rid of it. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it. If you look at
+microorganisms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms,
+for example, yeast is a ukariat uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, yeast is a ukariat uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, yeast is a ukariat uh that
+like ecoli has to replicate pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ecoli has to replicate pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ecoli has to replicate pretty fast
+in order to compete with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to compete with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to compete with other
+microorganisms for its it's in um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms for its it's in um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms for its it's in um the
+food and whatnot in its environment. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and whatnot in its environment. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and whatnot in its environment. And
+it has relatively little of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has relatively little of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has relatively little of this uh
+inter these extra sequences intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter these extra sequences intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter these extra sequences intervening
+sequences compared to what we find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences compared to what we find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences compared to what we find in
+our DNA. I gave you the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our DNA. I gave you the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our DNA. I gave you the example of
+factor 8. It didn't really particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 8. It didn't really particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 8. It didn't really particularly
+matter what it was uh in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what it was uh in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what it was uh in the sense that
+it was just an example of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just an example of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just an example of something that
+has a lot of of intervening sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of of intervening sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of of intervening sequence.
+What it is though, it's part it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it is though, it's part it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it is though, it's part it's one of
+the a set of proteins that are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a set of proteins that are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a set of proteins that are involved
+in clotting of your blood. When you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clotting of your blood. When you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clotting of your blood. When you when
+you uh cut yourself, we have this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh cut yourself, we have this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh cut yourself, we have this system
+that prevents us from bleeding to death.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents us from bleeding to death.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents us from bleeding to death.
+Unless you have hemophilia or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unless you have hemophilia or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unless you have hemophilia or something
+like that where there's a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where there's a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where there's a problem with
+the the clotting uh system then a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the clotting uh system then a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the clotting uh system then a set of
+very complex set of things happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex set of things happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex set of things happen and
+factor 8 is one of the several proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 8 is one of the several proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 8 is one of the several proteins
+that play critical roles uh in that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play critical roles uh in that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play critical roles uh in that.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+somebody asked uh I talked about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked uh I talked about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked uh I talked about a few
+things that were this was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were this was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were this was sort of the
+dogma. This is how information was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma. This is how information was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma. This is how information was
+thought to go. And then how uh Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to go. And then how uh Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to go. And then how uh Dave
+Baltimore found there was reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore found there was reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore found there was reverse
+transcriptise that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptise that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptise that went
+took it could take an RNA and make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it could take an RNA and make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it could take an RNA and make a a
+DNA copy. And the question was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA copy. And the question was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA copy. And the question was they
+didn't understand how the dogma can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand how the dogma can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand how the dogma can
+change. I mean that's sort of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. I mean that's sort of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. I mean that's sort of what I'm
+trying to emphasize a lot in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to emphasize a lot in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to emphasize a lot in this course
+is what I'm teaching you is what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm teaching you is what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm teaching you is what uh
+human experimentation and thought has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experimentation and thought has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experimentation and thought has
+brought up till spring of 2005 of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up till spring of 2005 of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up till spring of 2005 of terms
+in biology. Some of the the sort of dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology. Some of the the sort of dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology. Some of the the sort of dis
+basic discoveries were made in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic discoveries were made in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic discoveries were made in physics
+so long ago that it's very unlikely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long ago that it's very unlikely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long ago that it's very unlikely that
+you'll come in and discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come in and discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come in and discover that the
+Newtonian mechanics you learned in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics you learned in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics you learned in a
+freshman is not operative anymore when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman is not operative anymore when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman is not operative anymore when
+you're a senior. But you can have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a senior. But you can have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a senior. But you can have these
+ma still have these massive revolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma still have these massive revolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma still have these massive revolutions
+in biology where just suddenly whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology where just suddenly whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology where just suddenly whole
+things like RNA splicing emerge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like RNA splicing emerge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like RNA splicing emerge from the
+the woodwork almost overnight and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woodwork almost overnight and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woodwork almost overnight and that's
+in fact what happened with uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what happened with uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what happened with uh that
+that's what happened with reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened with reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened with reverse
+transcriptise. So I was sort of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptise. So I was sort of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptise. So I was sort of in a
+sense it's almost a joke that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's almost a joke that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's almost a joke that that uh
+Crick called it dogma. He didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick called it dogma. He didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crick called it dogma. He didn't know
+what he was doing but it sort of took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was doing but it sort of took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was doing but it sort of took
+that property on. And I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property on. And I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property on. And I'm trying to
+caution you that even though some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you that even though some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you that even though some of you
+would like me to stick to just facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like me to stick to just facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like me to stick to just facts
+that you know we're continually learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we're continually learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we're continually learning
+and there are discoveries being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are discoveries being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are discoveries being made
+even as we're going on with this course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as we're going on with this course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as we're going on with this course.
+Now I used that told you that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I used that told you that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I used that told you that there were
+certain viruses HIV being the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain viruses HIV being the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain viruses HIV being the one I
+really emphasized that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasized that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasized that have this
+property. Their genetic material is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Their genetic material is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Their genetic material is not
+DNA it's RNA and the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA it's RNA and the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA it's RNA and the reverse
+transcriptise makes a double strand copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptise makes a double strand copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptise makes a double strand copy
+that inserts into the organism's DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inserts into the organism's DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inserts into the organism's DNA and
+becomes a permanent part. And I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a permanent part. And I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a permanent part. And I try to
+caution you. That's why safe sex is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you. That's why safe sex is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you. That's why safe sex is such
+a big deal because if you get infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal because if you get infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal because if you get infected
+with HIV, you'll have it for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with HIV, you'll have it for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with HIV, you'll have it for the rest of
+your life. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life. Uh the
+um someone asked and I mentioned there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um someone asked and I mentioned there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um someone asked and I mentioned there
+were some cancer genes or cancer viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some cancer genes or cancer viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some cancer genes or cancer viruses
+and someone said, "Well, if if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone said, "Well, if if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone said, "Well, if if you do
+that, how can you cure cancer?" Uh well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, how can you cure cancer?" Uh well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, how can you cure cancer?" Uh well,
+in fact, uh we're lucky in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, uh we're lucky in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, uh we're lucky in the sense
+that there are we don't have to contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are we don't have to contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are we don't have to contend
+at this point in a in a major way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in a in a major way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in a in a major way with
+human cancer viruses. That would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cancer viruses. That would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cancer viruses. That would be more
+of a problem, but your cats have to. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem, but your cats have to. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem, but your cats have to. You
+may have heard of leukemia, feline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of leukemia, feline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of leukemia, feline
+leukemia virus. This is a virus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia virus. This is a virus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia virus. This is a virus of the
+same It's a retro virus of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same It's a retro virus of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same It's a retro virus of the same
+class and cats infected with it have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and cats infected with it have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and cats infected with it have it
+in their saliva. Although it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their saliva. Although it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their saliva. Although it can be
+transmitted amongst pets in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted amongst pets in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted amongst pets in the same
+household, the big problem is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household, the big problem is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household, the big problem is usually
+cat fights and then you get a scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat fights and then you get a scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat fights and then you get a scratch
+and then it gets in. So if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it gets in. So if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it gets in. So if you have a
+cat, you probably take it to the vet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat, you probably take it to the vet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat, you probably take it to the vet and
+get it vaccinated. And one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it vaccinated. And one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it vaccinated. And one of the the
+reasons is you're trying to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons is you're trying to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons is you're trying to get it
+vaccinated against a leukem feline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinated against a leukem feline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccinated against a leukem feline
+leukemia virus. And it's just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia virus. And it's just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia virus. And it's just sort of
+like that story I told you with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that story I told you with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that story I told you with the uh
+um the streptococcus that if your immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the streptococcus that if your immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the streptococcus that if your immune
+system has seen the thing beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has seen the thing beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has seen the thing beforehand
+then if you if you actually get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you if you actually get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you if you actually get an
+infection it has a very quick response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection it has a very quick response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection it has a very quick response
+and your cat doesn't get infected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your cat doesn't get infected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your cat doesn't get infected by the
+virus and therefore doesn't become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and therefore doesn't become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and therefore doesn't become a
+candidate for uh getting leukemia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate for uh getting leukemia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate for uh getting leukemia in
+later life. Okay. So at least there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later life. Okay. So at least there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later life. Okay. So at least there's an
+effort to try and respond to at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to try and respond to at least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to try and respond to at least uh
+a few of things very some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of things very some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of things very some very
+interesting and thoughtful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and thoughtful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and thoughtful
+uh questions. So let me I want to now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions. So let me I want to now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions. So let me I want to now go
+back to talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to talk a little bit more about
+this issue of regulation because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of regulation because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of regulation because that is
+one of the real secrets uh to life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the real secrets uh to life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the real secrets uh to life and
+it's the ability of organisms to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ability of organisms to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ability of organisms to turn on
+and off certain functions and to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off certain functions and to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off certain functions and to have
+riostats where they can control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riostats where they can control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riostats where they can control it
+control the levels of expression but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the levels of expression but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the levels of expression but all
+of this has to be in the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this has to be in the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this has to be in the DNA
+and so one of the before people knew how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the before people knew how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the before people knew how
+this worked it's a little mysterious And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked it's a little mysterious And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked it's a little mysterious And
+maybe one way you might think about it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one way you might think about it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one way you might think about it,
+well, if I have a gene that encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, if I have a gene that encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, if I have a gene that encodes
+something for lactose metabolism and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for lactose metabolism and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for lactose metabolism and I
+tell you there's a sequence upstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you there's a sequence upstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you there's a sequence upstream of
+this and somehow this gene is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and somehow this gene is regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and somehow this gene is regulated
+depending on whether I put lactose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether I put lactose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether I put lactose in
+the in the medium or not. How's it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the medium or not. How's it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the medium or not. How's it going
+to work? Is the lactose does it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work? Is the lactose does it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work? Is the lactose does it have to
+fit into little holes in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into little holes in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into little holes in between the
+letters of the genetic code? Sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of the genetic code? Sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of the genetic code? Sort of the
+way GAMO originally thought about it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way GAMO originally thought about it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way GAMO originally thought about it or
+is there some other mechanism? And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some other mechanism? And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some other mechanism? And what
+you'll see here is one of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see here is one of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see here is one of the general
+strategies that that uh evolution has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that that uh evolution has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that that uh evolution has
+chosen is although the in there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen is although the in there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen is although the in there's
+regulatory information in the DNA DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory information in the DNA DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory information in the DNA DNA
+isn't a particularly good molecule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a particularly good molecule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a particularly good molecule for
+recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing
+uh things but what it is good at is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things but what it is good at is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things but what it is good at is it's
+encoding proteins. So the trick is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding proteins. So the trick is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding proteins. So the trick is to
+have some proteins made whose role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some proteins made whose role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some proteins made whose role in
+life is to be or are to be regulators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is to be or are to be regulators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is to be or are to be regulators.
+uh so that this is what is underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that this is what is underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that this is what is underlying
+this system um that I'll I started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system um that I'll I started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system um that I'll I started to
+tell you about on Friday. So remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta galactoides is the enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta galactoides is the enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta galactoides is the enzyme that
+takes lactose which is galactose beta 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose and I somebody said it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and I somebody said it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and I somebody said it's easy to
+get them mixed up. I apologize but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them mixed up. I apologize but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them mixed up. I apologize but
+that's those are the names and cleaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are the names and cleaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are the names and cleaves.
+It just breaks the the bond to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just breaks the the bond to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just breaks the the bond to give
+glactose plus glucose. Both of those can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glactose plus glucose. Both of those can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glactose plus glucose. Both of those can
+be metabolized by or ordinary elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be metabolized by or ordinary elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be metabolized by or ordinary elements
+of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um
+find in in most cells. But taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in in most cells. But taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in in most cells. But taking
+lactose which you also know as as milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose which you also know as as milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose which you also know as as milk
+sugar because it's in milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar because it's in milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar because it's in milk
+uh needs this extra function. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needs this extra function. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needs this extra function. And if
+you're lactose intolerant, as a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lactose intolerant, as a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lactose intolerant, as a fraction
+of you will be because that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will be because that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will be because that is quite
+common in the in the human population,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the in the human population,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the in the human population,
+then although you had the enzyme when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then although you had the enzyme when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then although you had the enzyme when
+you were a baby, it's been shut off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a baby, it's been shut off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a baby, it's been shut off in
+your body since then and it causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body since then and it causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body since then and it causes
+problems because if you eat lactose,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because if you eat lactose,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because if you eat lactose,
+drink milk or something, the lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink milk or something, the lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink milk or something, the lactose
+goes right through your your stomach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right through your your stomach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right through your your stomach and
+ends up in your intestine and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up in your intestine and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up in your intestine and there are
+bacteria in there that are able to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria in there that are able to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria in there that are able to break
+it open and when they do that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it open and when they do that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it open and when they do that leads to
+gas and some other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and some other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and some other sort of
+uncomfortableness. illnesses that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortableness. illnesses that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortableness. illnesses that are
+associated with uh with lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh with lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh with lactose
+intolerance. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerance. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerance. So
+what as I'd said the major finding was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what as I'd said the major finding was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what as I'd said the major finding was
+that this enzyme beta galactoidase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this enzyme beta galactoidase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this enzyme beta galactoidase or
+beta gal was regulated that if you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta gal was regulated that if you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta gal was regulated that if you grow
+ecoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecoli
+on glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was no beta gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no beta gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no beta gal
+and if you grow them on lactose as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you grow them on lactose as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you grow them on lactose as the
+carbon source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source
+then there was high there were high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was high there were high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was high there were high
+levels in beta gal and that then uh led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in beta gal and that then uh led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in beta gal and that then uh led
+uh Jacqu Manol and Franis Jacob the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jacqu Manol and Franis Jacob the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jacqu Manol and Franis Jacob the two
+French scientists I mentioned to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French scientists I mentioned to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French scientists I mentioned to begin
+studying this problem and it like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this problem and it like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this problem and it like so
+many things in biology they were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things in biology they were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things in biology they were working
+on a huge problem how are genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a huge problem how are genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a huge problem how are genes
+regulated but it wasn't so evident at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated but it wasn't so evident at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated but it wasn't so evident at
+the beginning what they were doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning what they were doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning what they were doing was
+this very modest thing of why is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very modest thing of why is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very modest thing of why is why
+does uh betagalactoides there in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh betagalactoides there in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh betagalactoides there in one
+condition and not another just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and not another just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and not another just a little
+problem in bacterial metabolism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in bacterial metabolism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in bacterial metabolism and
+ultimately it gave us the roots to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it gave us the roots to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it gave us the roots to this
+answer of how uh the answer to how genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of how uh the answer to how genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of how uh the answer to how genes
+are regulated and I'm just have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regulated and I'm just have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are regulated and I'm just have to leave
+out all the beautiful stuff that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the beautiful stuff that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the beautiful stuff that led to
+what they found but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found but let me just
+recapitulate what I put on the board the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate what I put on the board the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate what I put on the board the
+other day it turned out that the lack z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day it turned out that the lack z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day it turned out that the lack z
+gene this is the gene that encodes beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene this is the gene that encodes beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene this is the gene that encodes beta
+galactoides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's the sequence that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the sequence that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the sequence that has the
+sequence of codons that if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of codons that if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of codons that if you could
+start at the beginning and go along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the beginning and go along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the beginning and go along and
+just put all the amino acids in you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put all the amino acids in you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put all the amino acids in you'd
+end up with beta glyctoidase. That unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with beta glyctoidase. That unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with beta glyctoidase. That unit
+of of genetic information which called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of genetic information which called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of genetic information which called
+the lax gene is let's put it here. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lax gene is let's put it here. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lax gene is let's put it here. Then
+there was there were two other genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was there were two other genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was there were two other genes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+just downstream of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the DNA and this unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DNA and this unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DNA and this unit of
+uh is made as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messenger RNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA.
+So this is a little bit different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a little bit different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a little bit different than
+what I told you. It's not just one gene.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I told you. It's not just one gene.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I told you. It's not just one gene.
+It's actually two or three. And since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually two or three. And since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually two or three. And since
+bacteria try and do everything very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria try and do everything very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria try and do everything very
+efficiently because they're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently because they're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently because they're growing
+quickly, this means it can uh turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly, this means it can uh turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly, this means it can uh turn on
+three genes of related function very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three genes of related function very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three genes of related function very
+efficiently. The the use when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently. The the use when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently. The the use when you have
+several genes that are uh expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several genes that are uh expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several genes that are uh expressed
+using one messenger RNA as I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one messenger RNA as I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one messenger RNA as I said that
+the the genes are said to be organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the genes are said to be organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the genes are said to be organized
+in an operon. But the key point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an operon. But the key point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an operon. But the key point that we
+talked about before is if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before is if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before is if you're going
+to have these genes expressed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these genes expressed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these genes expressed,
+everything has to be written in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to be written in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to be written in the in
+the DNA. And it's not using the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA. And it's not using the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA. And it's not using the genetic
+code. It's using other words that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. It's using other words that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. It's using other words that are
+written there. And you've seen this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there. And you've seen this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there. And you've seen this word
+now in several lectures. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in several lectures. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in several lectures. That's a
+promoter. And that means to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+and to stop the messenger RNA, there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to stop the messenger RNA, there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to stop the messenger RNA, there has
+to be something at the other end. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something at the other end. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something at the other end. And
+I'll show you the sequence of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you the sequence of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you the sequence of at least
+one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these uh
+promoters in a minute. Um, this means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoters in a minute. Um, this means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoters in a minute. Um, this means to
+stop transcription, to stop making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop transcription, to stop making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop transcription, to stop making the
+vRNA copy. If you didn't have sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vRNA copy. If you didn't have sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vRNA copy. If you didn't have sequences
+like that, the cell wouldn't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, the cell wouldn't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, the cell wouldn't know where
+should I begin the RNA and where does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I begin the RNA and where does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I begin the RNA and where does it
+end? And since there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end? And since there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end? And since there are many many
+genes, there have to be many promoters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes, there have to be many promoters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes, there have to be many promoters
+and many terminators. And the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many terminators. And the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many terminators. And the other
+point I tried to hammer home the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I tried to hammer home the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I tried to hammer home the other
+day is although the genetic code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is although the genetic code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is although the genetic code is
+universal, you can take that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal, you can take that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal, you can take that little
+table and read the sequence of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and read the sequence of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and read the sequence of human
+proteins or ecoli proteins, these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or ecoli proteins, these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or ecoli proteins, these other
+languages that are written using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are written using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are written using this
+four-letter nucleic acid alphabet are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-letter nucleic acid alphabet are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-letter nucleic acid alphabet are
+not universal. So what the sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not universal. So what the sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not universal. So what the sequences
+that E.coli uses for a promoter, a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that E.coli uses for a promoter, a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that E.coli uses for a promoter, a start
+transcription, are very different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription, are very different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription, are very different than
+what our bodies use as a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our bodies use as a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our bodies use as a start
+transcription thing. And when when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription thing. And when when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription thing. And when when we
+get to the recominant DNA stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the recominant DNA stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the recominant DNA stuff that
+that will be an issue. So this messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an issue. So this messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an issue. So this messenger
+RNA is then made is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is then made is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is then made is used to
+make make proteins. This would be beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make make proteins. This would be beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make make proteins. This would be beta
+galactoidase or the lac z gene product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactoidase or the lac z gene product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactoidase or the lac z gene product
+and these other genes make.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other genes make.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other genes make.
+So these are proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are proteins
+here. You see this flow of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You see this flow of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You see this flow of information
+from the DNA through the messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the DNA through the messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the DNA through the messenger RNA
+down to being made into proteins. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to being made into proteins. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to being made into proteins. In the
+case of bacteria, there's no nucleus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of bacteria, there's no nucleus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of bacteria, there's no nucleus.
+Everything's in one big pot. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything's in one big pot. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything's in one big pot. So that
+messenger RNA doesn't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA doesn't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA doesn't have to go
+anywhere, but it's all there and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere, but it's all there and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere, but it's all there and it gets
+translated to give copies of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated to give copies of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated to give copies of the of the
+protein. Uh so as I said somehow if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. Uh so as I said somehow if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. Uh so as I said somehow if the
+uh cell is going to now regulate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cell is going to now regulate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cell is going to now regulate whether
+these genes are expressed or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are expressed or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are expressed or not
+depending on whether lactose is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether lactose is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether lactose is present
+and the way they do it makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they do it makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they do it makes perfect
+sense. Don't bother to make the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Don't bother to make the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Don't bother to make the enzyme
+if there's no lactose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no lactose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no lactose in the
+neighborhood and if and only make it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and if and only make it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and if and only make it if
+it's present. So how are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's present. So how are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's present. So how are they going to
+do that? Is the lactose going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? Is the lactose going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? Is the lactose going to come
+along and stick into some little hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and stick into some little hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and stick into some little hole
+here or something? that that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or something? that that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or something? that that's not a
+general strategy and it wouldn't work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy and it wouldn't work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy and it wouldn't work if
+you look at the structure of of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure of of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure of of DNA
+anyway. It wouldn't have access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. It wouldn't have access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. It wouldn't have access to the
+sequence of bases. So what was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bases. So what was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bases. So what was um
+what was discovered was that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was discovered was that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was discovered was that there was
+another gene very close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's called lac I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called lac I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called lac I
+and the protein that it encodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein that it encodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein that it encodes is
+called the lac repressor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And since it's a gene, it has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a promoter, a start transcription. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a promoter, a start transcription. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a promoter, a start transcription. But
+this one, be careful now, don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, be careful now, don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, be careful now, don't get
+yourself mixed up. This is for the lacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself mixed up. This is for the lacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself mixed up. This is for the lacy
+gene not this is a different promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene not this is a different promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene not this is a different promoter
+over here for this this thing. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for this this thing. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for this this thing. And then
+there is also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also then
+a terminator or a stop transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again this is for the lacy gene. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is for the lacy gene. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is for the lacy gene. So
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets made into a messenger RNA as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets made into a messenger RNA as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets made into a messenger RNA as well
+and this gets translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein
+that's known as lac repressor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what that lac repressor uh has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what that lac repressor uh has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what that lac repressor uh has is
+the ability to bind to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to bind to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to bind to a particular
+sequence in DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in DNA
+that's located right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bind this is a binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bind this is a binding site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bind this is a binding site
+right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for lack repressor. So, let me just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lack repressor. So, let me just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lack repressor. So, let me just try
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+blow that up just a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow that up just a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow that up just a little bit because
+this could be a little bit confusing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a little bit confusing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a little bit confusing.
+So, here's the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this lac z YA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lac z YA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lac z YA
+operon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon.
+Here's the beginning of the lac gene.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the beginning of the lac gene.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the beginning of the lac gene.
+And so this is where the RNA pymerase,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is where the RNA pymerase,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is where the RNA pymerase,
+the machine that's going to make the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine that's going to make the RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine that's going to make the RNA
+copy, has to bind. And here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy, has to bind. And here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy, has to bind. And here's the
+binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for lac repressor or the laci.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac repressor or the laci.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac repressor or the laci.
+protein. So, how does how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. So, how does how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. So, how does how does this
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+work? And I sort of posed that as as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? And I sort of posed that as as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? And I sort of posed that as as an
+issue for those of you who had followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for those of you who had followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for those of you who had followed
+it to at least to that that point. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to at least to that that point. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to at least to that that point. So,
+let's consider the two situations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the two situations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the two situations that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+if there's no lactose present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What we know from be from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we know from be from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we know from be from just
+scientists knew from experimentation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists knew from experimentation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists knew from experimentation was
+there was no betagalactoidase activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no betagalactoidase activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no betagalactoidase activity
+inside the cell. You could crack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell. You could crack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell. You could crack them
+open and you wouldn't find this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and you wouldn't find this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and you wouldn't find this enzyme
+there. And when you added lactose, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And when you added lactose, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And when you added lactose, they
+knew from that experiment I described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew from that experiment I described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew from that experiment I described in
+Friday it was synthesized denovo. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday it was synthesized denovo. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday it was synthesized denovo. So if
+there's no lactose present and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no lactose present and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no lactose present and what
+happens is we have the lacy gene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we have the lacy gene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we have the lacy gene the
+messenger RNA is being made. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA is being made. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA is being made. This
+lacressor is being made.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here's the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for lac Z Y A. And here's the sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac Z Y A. And here's the sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac Z Y A. And here's the sequence.
+And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repressor goes up and binds to that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor goes up and binds to that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor goes up and binds to that. And
+by binding to this particular sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by binding to this particular sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by binding to this particular sequence,
+what it does is it covers up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it covers up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it covers up the
+promoter. It covers up the start signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter. It covers up the start signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter. It covers up the start signal.
+the signal says start transcription here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal says start transcription here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal says start transcription here
+because with me it's a relatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with me it's a relatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with me it's a relatively simple
+strategy. It's just by lack repressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. It's just by lack repressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. It's just by lack repressor
+having that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that um
+ability to bind to a particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to bind to a particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to bind to a particular sequence
+it's able to prevent the RNA train uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to prevent the RNA train uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to prevent the RNA train uh
+pulymerase from seeing the promoter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulymerase from seeing the promoter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulymerase from seeing the promoter and
+therefore it's able to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's able to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's able to prevent
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the RNA from being made. So there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA from being made. So there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA from being made. So there's no
+messenger RNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA.
+And if there's no messenger RNA over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if there's no messenger RNA over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if there's no messenger RNA over
+over here, then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, then there's no
+betagalactoides being made.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is this an exercise in futility? Why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this an exercise in futility? Why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this an exercise in futility? Why is
+the cell gone and made this useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell gone and made this useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell gone and made this useless
+protein that isn't doing anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that isn't doing anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that isn't doing anything in
+terms of helping it metabolize lactose?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of helping it metabolize lactose?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of helping it metabolize lactose?
+But now take a look at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now take a look at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now take a look at the system
+compared to what I I described when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what I I described when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what I I described when we
+were first doing it. What if if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were first doing it. What if if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were first doing it. What if if we had
+to do all the regulation directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all the regulation directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all the regulation directly with
+the DNA, we have this problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA, we have this problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA, we have this problem that
+lactose would somehow have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose would somehow have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose would somehow have to be able to
+see a sequence in DNA and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a sequence in DNA and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a sequence in DNA and somehow
+determine what happened. But what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what happened. But what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what happened. But what this
+cell has done now, it's set this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell has done now, it's set this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell has done now, it's set this system
+up so that the ability to make lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that the ability to make lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that the ability to make lactose
+or not lactose is conditional on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not lactose is conditional on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not lactose is conditional on this
+protein called the lac repressor. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called the lac repressor. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called the lac repressor. If
+lacressor is is bound as it's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacressor is is bound as it's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacressor is is bound as it's shown
+here, it's basically covering up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it's basically covering up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it's basically covering up the
+promoter. The cell can't make RNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter. The cell can't make RNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter. The cell can't make RNA and
+can't make betagalactoidase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make betagalactoidase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make betagalactoidase.
+If it was absent, if we just got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was absent, if we just got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was absent, if we just got rid of
+lac repressor, then you the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lac repressor, then you the promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lac repressor, then you the promoter
+would be exposed and the cell could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exposed and the cell could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exposed and the cell could
+could make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make um
+uh could make betagalactoides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could make betagalactoides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could make betagalactoides.
+And so it's now lacressor that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's now lacressor that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's now lacressor that has the
+conditionality. It's in essence a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionality. It's in essence a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionality. It's in essence a sensor
+for for can be at least be considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for can be at least be considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for can be at least be considered a
+sensor for whether lactose is present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor for whether lactose is present.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor for whether lactose is present.
+And indeed that is the property that lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed that is the property that lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed that is the property that lac
+repressor has. It's able to bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor has. It's able to bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor has. It's able to bind
+lactose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose.
+So if we think if lactose is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we think if lactose is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we think if lactose is present
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this lacy gene is a pretty uninteresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lacy gene is a pretty uninteresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lacy gene is a pretty uninteresting
+reg uninteresting from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg uninteresting from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg uninteresting from the standpoint of
+regulation in the sense that it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in the sense that it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in the sense that it's made
+all the time cell just continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time cell just continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time cell just continually
+cranks out a bit of of lac repressor. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranks out a bit of of lac repressor. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranks out a bit of of lac repressor. It
+doesn't need very much. It just needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need very much. It just needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need very much. It just needs to
+make enough so that the one binding site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make enough so that the one binding site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make enough so that the one binding site
+for lac repressor has somebody bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac repressor has somebody bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac repressor has somebody bound to
+it. So can get away with pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So can get away with pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So can get away with pretty low
+levels. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over here then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promoter
+then we have the lag cy gene and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the lag cy gene and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the lag cy gene and so on
+here and there is the binding sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there is the binding sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there is the binding sequence
+right right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right there.
+But lac this lacressor has the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But lac this lacressor has the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But lac this lacressor has the ability
+to bind lactose which I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind lactose which I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind lactose which I'm going to draw
+as a little triangle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a little triangle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a little triangle here
+even though you know it's a disaccharide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know it's a disaccharide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know it's a disaccharide
+and has a different property but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a different property but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a different property but the
+fundamental uh characteristic of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental uh characteristic of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental uh characteristic of of uh
+the lacressor binding lactose is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lacressor binding lactose is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lacressor binding lactose is it
+undergoes a change in confirmation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a change in confirmation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a change in confirmation. So
+if it's got a binding pocket and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's got a binding pocket and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's got a binding pocket and and
+lactose fits into that binding pocket,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose fits into that binding pocket,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose fits into that binding pocket,
+those alpha helyses and beta sheets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those alpha helyses and beta sheets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those alpha helyses and beta sheets and
+so on move around a little bit. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on move around a little bit. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on move around a little bit. And what
+happens then is it perturbs the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then is it perturbs the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then is it perturbs the part of
+the protein that would normally be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein that would normally be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein that would normally be able
+to recognize this DNA sequence. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize this DNA sequence. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize this DNA sequence. And this
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't bind to the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence up here. And I'll give I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence up here. And I'll give I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence up here. And I'll give I'll
+tell you the special name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the special name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the special name for that
+binding site. It's just one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding site. It's just one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding site. It's just one of these
+terms that you'll see in biology. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that you'll see in biology. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that you'll see in biology. And so
+everything has to be given a name. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to be given a name. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to be given a name. It's
+called an an operator for historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an an operator for historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an an operator for historical
+reasons. But in any case, this the lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. But in any case, this the lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. But in any case, this the lac
+repressor once it's got is hanging onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor once it's got is hanging onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor once it's got is hanging onto
+a lactose, it's unable to bind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lactose, it's unable to bind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lactose, it's unable to bind this
+sequence. That means that the start site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. That means that the start site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. That means that the start site
+for transcription is made and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription is made and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription is made and so you get
+the messenger RNA made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger RNA made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger RNA made
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you get betaglactoidase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get betaglactoidase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get betaglactoidase
+present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit complicated, but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit complicated, but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit complicated, but sort of
+underlying it is this idea that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is this idea that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is this idea that now the
+cell is using a protein rather than DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is using a protein rather than DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is using a protein rather than DNA
+to tell whether whether lactose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether whether lactose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether whether lactose is
+present. And hopefully you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. And hopefully you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. And hopefully you can see this
+is really general now because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really general now because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really general now because you can
+design a regular regulatory protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a regular regulatory protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a regular regulatory protein and
+basically it's got to have two things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's got to have two things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's got to have two things.
+It's got to have a part that talks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's got to have a part that talks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's got to have a part that talks to
+the DNA and recognizes some sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA and recognizes some sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA and recognizes some sequence and
+it's got to have another part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have another part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have another part that
+senses whatever it is histadine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses whatever it is histadine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses whatever it is histadine
+temperature you know you name it. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you know you name it. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you know you name it. Uh but
+you can design once you understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can design once you understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can design once you understand that
+design principle then you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design principle then you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design principle then you can begin to
+see how it is that the cell is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it is that the cell is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it is that the cell is able to
+turn genes on and off just by encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn genes on and off just by encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn genes on and off just by encoding
+information in the DNA. And one, as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the DNA. And one, as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the DNA. And one, as I
+say, one of the big tricks there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, one of the big tricks there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, one of the big tricks there is to
+let the protein do the sensing for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the protein do the sensing for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the protein do the sensing for you.
+Now, um, I just want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, um, I just want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, um, I just want to give you a
+little bit of a, um, a blowup of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a, um, a blowup of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a, um, a blowup of of what
+this thing looks like because sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing looks like because sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing looks like because sort of
+all I've done is kind of put it here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've done is kind of put it here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've done is kind of put it here as
+a is a as a sequence. I've called it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a as a sequence. I've called it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a as a sequence. I've called it a
+promoter. So what a promoter then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again it means the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for transcription the process of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription the process of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription the process of making
+RNA and I've tried to stress that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA and I've tried to stress that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA and I've tried to stress that this
+is not these promoters are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not these promoters are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not these promoters are not
+universal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+when I tell you this for ecoli, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you this for ecoli, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you this for ecoli, this is
+what a promoter for E.coli looks like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a promoter for E.coli looks like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a promoter for E.coli looks like,
+but it doesn't look at all like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't look at all like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't look at all like a
+promoter in our bodies. And so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter in our bodies. And so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter in our bodies. And so it's
+basically a word that's written using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a word that's written using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a word that's written using
+this nucleic acid alphabet. And it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleic acid alphabet. And it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleic acid alphabet. And it looks
+something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's Ttga Gaca.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's Ttga Gaca.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's Ttga Gaca.
+And then there's about 17 base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's about 17 base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's about 17 base pairs
+that can be just about anything. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be just about anything. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be just about anything. And
+then there's T A T A a T. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's T A T A a T. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's T A T A a T. And then
+there's another little bit here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another little bit here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another little bit here that's
+about 10 base pairs long. And then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 base pairs long. And then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 base pairs long. And then this
+is the start of the mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the start of the mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the start of the mRNA
+which is usually given the convention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually given the convention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually given the convention of
+being called this the uh the plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being called this the uh the plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being called this the uh the plus one
+position. So this you'll notice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So this you'll notice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So this you'll notice this is
+sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+this this word I've called it written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this word I've called it written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this word I've called it written
+that says start transcription is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says start transcription is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says start transcription is even
+got two parts to it and this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two parts to it and this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two parts to it and this is usually
+referred to the minus10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to the minus10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to the minus10
+uh region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh region
+of the promoter and this is the minus35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the promoter and this is the minus35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the promoter and this is the minus35
+region because that's the the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because that's the the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because that's the the distance
+from the start of transcription. It may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start of transcription. It may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start of transcription. It may
+may seem sort of weird to you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem sort of weird to you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem sort of weird to you to see
+what I'm telling you is sort of a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm telling you is sort of a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm telling you is sort of a word
+word written in the nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word written in the nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word written in the nucleic acid
+language. It's got some bits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. It's got some bits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. It's got some bits in the
+middle that don't um that don't matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle that don't um that don't matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle that don't um that don't matter.
+But remember the DNA is a helix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember the DNA is a helix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember the DNA is a helix and
+things going around like this. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going around like this. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going around like this. So if you
+were just to take a DNA helix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just to take a DNA helix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just to take a DNA helix and then
+lay something down on one side of it, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay something down on one side of it, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay something down on one side of it, it
+would contact it here. It wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would contact it here. It wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would contact it here. It wouldn't
+contact it there. And then when it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact it there. And then when it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact it there. And then when it came
+back up again, it would contact it here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up again, it would contact it here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up again, it would contact it here.
+And so as these things hang on along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as these things hang on along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as these things hang on along the
+sides of DNA, it's very it's not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of DNA, it's very it's not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of DNA, it's very it's not at all
+uncommon to find this sort of broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon to find this sort of broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon to find this sort of broken
+where you can have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can have something that
+matters, something that doesn't matter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters, something that doesn't matter,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters, something that doesn't matter,
+and something that matters. Again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that matters. Again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that matters. Again,
+the uh the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the RNA
+uh polymerase in E.coli,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a machine. It's got four proteins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are the the core that's the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the the core that's the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the the core that's the part
+that actually synthesizes the RNA plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually synthesizes the RNA plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually synthesizes the RNA plus
+one protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is known as the sigma subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as the sigma subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as the sigma subunit
+and it has the special job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of recognizing the promoter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so when we start asking where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we start asking where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we start asking where does
+this regulatory sequence that the uh lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regulatory sequence that the uh lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regulatory sequence that the uh lac
+repressor bind sit in all of this, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor bind sit in all of this, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor bind sit in all of this, it
+turns out that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence for binding lac repressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlap. collapse with this minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap. collapse with this minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap. collapse with this minus 10
+region. So when the lac repressor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. So when the lac repressor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. So when the lac repressor is
+sitting down, it's covering up a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down, it's covering up a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down, it's covering up a very
+important part of transcription. Guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of transcription. Guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of transcription. Guys
+with me? Okay. So uh this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me? Okay. So uh this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me? Okay. So uh this is an
+interesting kind of um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of um kind of
+regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's given the general term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative regulation. And the reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative regulation. And the reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative regulation. And the reason uh
+that term is applied, it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term is applied, it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term is applied, it means that the
+regulatory protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interferes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes
+with transcription.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And let me just let's take a a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me just let's take a a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me just let's take a a brief
+foray just to into into we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foray just to into into we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foray just to into into we're going to
+talk about genetics as our next subject.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about genetics as our next subject.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about genetics as our next subject.
+And I think maybe we can uh can let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think maybe we can uh can let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think maybe we can uh can let you
+sort of already get a sense of how some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of already get a sense of how some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of already get a sense of how some
+of this was figured out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a substance called Xgal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substance called Xgal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substance called Xgal,
+which is a galactose with some chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a galactose with some chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a galactose with some chemical
+entity hanging off that's colorless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity hanging off that's colorless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity hanging off that's colorless
+and but it yet it's it's a substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it yet it's it's a substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it yet it's it's a substrate
+whose bond can be cleaved by beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose bond can be cleaved by beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose bond can be cleaved by beta
+galactoides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactoides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactoides
+and it gives galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives galactose
+plus the free X entity and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the free X entity and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the free X entity and this is
+colored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a very useful thing for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a very useful thing for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a very useful thing for uh
+bacterial geneticists. Someone said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial geneticists. Someone said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial geneticists. Someone said they
+didn't thought this was too much lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't thought this was too much lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't thought this was too much lab
+stuff, but I think if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, but I think if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, but I think if you don't have
+some sense of how this is done, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of how this is done, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of how this is done, uh
+experimentally uh I'm not doing a too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally uh I'm not doing a too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally uh I'm not doing a too
+good a job of conveying you how how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a job of conveying you how how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a job of conveying you how how we
+learn all this kind of thing. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all this kind of thing. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all this kind of thing. This
+doesn't come out of a textbook. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out of a textbook. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out of a textbook. And so
+if we since if we grow plates uh ecol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we since if we grow plates uh ecol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we since if we grow plates uh ecol
+ecoli on plates that have glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecoli on plates that have glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecoli on plates that have glucose
+plus xgal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus xgal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus xgal
+the colonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonies
+would be colorless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be colorless.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be colorless.
+And if we were to grow them on plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we were to grow them on plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we were to grow them on plates
+that had lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had lactose
+plus Excal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Excal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Excal,
+then all of the colonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of the colonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of the colonies
+would be colored because they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be colored because they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be colored because they're making
+beta galactoides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta galactoides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta galactoides.
+And part of the way that this stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And part of the way that this stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And part of the way that this stuff that
+I've been telling you was figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been telling you was figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been telling you was figured out
+was back by bacterial geneticists doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was back by bacterial geneticists doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was back by bacterial geneticists doing
+looking for something. What they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something. What they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something. What they looked
+for was back here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for was back here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for was back here on
+this plate that had excal. Almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plate that had excal. Almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plate that had excal. Almost all
+the colonies were colorless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These were colored because they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were colored because they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were colored because they could
+make betaglactoides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make betaglactoides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make betaglactoides.
+So, if I gave you a plate, some plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I gave you a plate, some plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I gave you a plate, some plates
+of this, you looked in the lab and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this, you looked in the lab and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this, you looked in the lab and then
+you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found
+a colored colony.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a mutant. I'll I'll define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a mutant. I'll I'll define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a mutant. I'll I'll define these
+terms for you very shortly, but it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for you very shortly, but it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for you very shortly, but it's got
+an alteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the DNA
+that affects the regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of beta gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta gal
+or the pro this lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the pro this lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the pro this lac
+the product of the lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the lac
+gene.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene.
+Now, on the basis of what I've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, on the basis of what I've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, on the basis of what I've told you
+about this model, can you guys come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this model, can you guys come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this model, can you guys come up
+with two types of things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two types of things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two types of things,
+two two places or kinds of mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two places or kinds of mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two places or kinds of mutations
+that could break this system that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could break this system that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could break this system that would
+lead to betaglactoides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to betaglactoides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to betaglactoides
+being on even though there's no lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on even though there's no lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on even though there's no lactose
+in the medium?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium?
+Anybody see one of them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody see one of them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody see one of them?
+Why is it off?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is it off?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is it off?
+because lac repressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lac repressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lac repressor
+in a wild type strain it's because lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wild type strain it's because lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wild type strain it's because lac
+repressor is bound to that sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor is bound to that sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor is bound to that sequence and
+it's shutting off transcription.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shutting off transcription.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shutting off transcription.
+So we had a variant that could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had a variant that could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had a variant that could now
+transcribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe
+even though no like Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though no like Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though no like Yeah.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's a good idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we could somehow mutate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we could somehow mutate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we could somehow mutate that
+little binding sequence in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little binding sequence in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little binding sequence in a way that
+didn't screw up everything else,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't screw up everything else,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't screw up everything else,
+then even though there was lac uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even though there was lac uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even though there was lac uh
+lacressor being made,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacressor being made,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacressor being made,
+if it couldn't bind here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it couldn't bind here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it couldn't bind here because the
+sequence had been changed, then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence had been changed, then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence had been changed, then you'd
+get it made. That's exactly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it made. That's exactly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it made. That's exactly right.
+That's one of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one of them.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If there was a problem making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If there was a problem making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If there was a problem making
+lacy, what would happen? Well, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacy, what would happen? Well, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacy, what would happen? Well, if we
+couldn't make this, then it couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make this, then it couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make this, then it couldn't
+bind there and we'd be on. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind there and we'd be on. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind there and we'd be on. That's the
+other class. Can you think of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other class. Can you think of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other class. Can you think of a kind of
+mutation that we learned about, think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that we learned about, think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that we learned about, think
+back to the genetic code, that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the genetic code, that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the genetic code, that would
+that would prevent uh lacressor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would prevent uh lacressor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would prevent uh lacressor from
+being made?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to give you a clue. There were 61
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give you a clue. There were 61
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give you a clue. There were 61
+codons encoded for amino acids. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, that would work. Yeah. If we messed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, that would work. Yeah. If we messed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, that would work. Yeah. If we messed
+up the promoter, that's a sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the promoter, that's a sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the promoter, that's a sophisticated
+answer. Yeah. If we messed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Yeah. If we messed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Yeah. If we messed up the
+promoter for making lacy, that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter for making lacy, that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter for making lacy, that would
+that would certainly make give that. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would certainly make give that. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would certainly make give that. Can
+you think of another type of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of another type of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of another type of thing that
+would affect the lackey gene would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would affect the lackey gene would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would affect the lackey gene would
+prevent lace eye from being made?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Some Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If the sequence was wrong so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If the sequence was wrong so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If the sequence was wrong so the
+thing could bind that would be good. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could bind that would be good. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could bind that would be good. The
+one I'm trying to tease out of you, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm trying to tease out of you, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm trying to tease out of you, but
+I I won't take longer now, is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I won't take longer now, is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I won't take longer now, is remember
+those three stop codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three stop codons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three stop codons
+that didn't code for anything? It should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't code for anything? It should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't code for anything? It should
+be one of those at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of those at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of those at the end of the
+protein, but if you changed one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein, but if you changed one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein, but if you changed one of the
+amino acid codons into a stop codon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid codons into a stop codon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid codons into a stop codon,
+that would also prevent you from making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would also prevent you from making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would also prevent you from making
+it. So, there are at least a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, there are at least a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, there are at least a couple of
+things, couple of kinds of mutations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, couple of kinds of mutations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, couple of kinds of mutations.
+And what I've sort of done here is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I've sort of done here is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I've sort of done here is I've
+skipped all the evidence, given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped all the evidence, given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped all the evidence, given you the
+model, and I I can't give you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, and I I can't give you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, and I I can't give you all the
+evidence that led to this, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that led to this, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that led to this, which is a
+pretty wellestablished model. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wellestablished model. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wellestablished model. I don't
+think this is going to change likely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to change likely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to change likely.
+We've been studying it for so long. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been studying it for so long. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been studying it for so long. But
+this is the kind of evidence on which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of evidence on which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of evidence on which it
+was based. It was by people finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based. It was by people finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based. It was by people finding
+things and figuring out that parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and figuring out that parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and figuring out that parts of
+the machinery were broken and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery were broken and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery were broken and then
+working working on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working working on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working working on.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+there's another kind of regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of regulation
+known as positive regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And for a long time people thought every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for a long time people thought every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for a long time people thought every
+thought maybe everything was negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe everything was negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe everything was negative
+regulation. But it turns out positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation. But it turns out positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation. But it turns out positive
+regulation is far more common. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is far more common. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is far more common. In this
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the regulatory protein instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory protein instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory protein instead of
+inhibiting transcription assists with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting transcription assists with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting transcription assists with
+the transcription and there is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription and there is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription and there is uh it
+turned out after people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out after people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out after people have been
+studying the uh um the betaglactoidase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the uh um the betaglactoidase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the uh um the betaglactoidase
+system for a number of years that it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for a number of years that it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for a number of years that it had
+a positive control system superimposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive control system superimposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive control system superimposed
+or together with the negative regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or together with the negative regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or together with the negative regulatory
+system. The same thing engineers do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The same thing engineers do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The same thing engineers do all
+the time. Pile up regulatory circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Pile up regulatory circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Pile up regulatory circuits
+and get all kinds of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get all kinds of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get all kinds of additional
+conditionalities. And the uh thing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionalities. And the uh thing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionalities. And the uh thing I've
+told you so far was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you so far was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you so far was
+if we asked whether beta gal is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we asked whether beta gal is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we asked whether beta gal is present
+and the carbon source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is glucose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is low or or not there. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is low or or not there. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is low or or not there. If it's
+lactose,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose,
+it's high. But if cells were grown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high. But if cells were grown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high. But if cells were grown on
+both glucose plus lactose,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then beta galactoidase is low again. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then beta galactoidase is low again. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then beta galactoidase is low again. And
+this makes some physiological sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes some physiological sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes some physiological sense
+because uh E.coli likes to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh E.coli likes to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh E.coli likes to use
+galactose. It's its favorite food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose. It's its favorite food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose. It's its favorite food
+source. And so if it's got its favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. And so if it's got its favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. And so if it's got its favorite
+food source around, then it doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food source around, then it doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food source around, then it doesn't need
+to uh it doesn't want to make proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it doesn't want to make proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it doesn't want to make proteins
+that are used to eat all its sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to eat all its sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to eat all its sort of
+less favorite food source. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less favorite food source. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less favorite food source. So there's a
+nice conditionality here. In order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice conditionality here. In order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice conditionality here. In order for
+it, the circuitry is set up so that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, the circuitry is set up so that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, the circuitry is set up so that only
+it only makes um the enzyme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only makes um the enzyme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only makes um the enzyme for
+metabolizing lactose when the cell needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing lactose when the cell needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing lactose when the cell needs
+uh realizes its favorite food source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh realizes its favorite food source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh realizes its favorite food source
+isn't there. and then it senses there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there. and then it senses there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there. and then it senses there's
+lactose. So only under those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose. So only under those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose. So only under those conditions
+does it make the enzymes for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make the enzymes for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make the enzymes for making
+lactose. And again that uh the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose. And again that uh the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose. And again that uh the way this
+circuitry uh works the so this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry uh works the so this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry uh works the so this positive
+regulation needs two things. It once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation needs two things. It once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation needs two things. It once
+again it needs a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it needs a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it needs a protein
+that's this one has given the name CRP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one has given the name CRP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one has given the name CRP
+and again it's something that's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's something that's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's something that's able to
+bind to a sequence in DNA and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to a sequence in DNA and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to a sequence in DNA and then it's
+also got a conditionality. it's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a conditionality. it's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a conditionality. it's able to
+recognize something else. And what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize something else. And what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize something else. And what this
+one recognizes is a small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recognizes is a small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recognizes is a small molecule
+that's known as cyclic AM. It's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as cyclic AM. It's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as cyclic AM. It's just the
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ribo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribo
+mono phosphate that you that you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mono phosphate that you that you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mono phosphate that you that you've seen
+before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's looped around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's looped around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's looped around
+and formed an esther bond here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and formed an esther bond here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and formed an esther bond here. And
+that's why it's called cyclicmp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's called cyclicmp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's called cyclicmp.
+But the important thing um about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the important thing um about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the important thing um about this is
+that it the levels of cyclic AM are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it the levels of cyclic AM are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it the levels of cyclic AM are
+dependent on glucose. So if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on glucose. So if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on glucose. So if you have
+high glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have low cyclic AMP and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have low cyclic AMP and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have low cyclic AMP and if you have
+low glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have high
+cyclic AMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic AMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic AMP
+and Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again is what can happen. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is what can happen. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is what can happen. So this is the
+promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for lac zya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac zya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lac zya
+and here's the start of the lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the start of the lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the start of the lac
+z gene. And I've told you this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z gene. And I've told you this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z gene. And I've told you this is where
+the the operator would be be binding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the operator would be be binding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the operator would be be binding.
+This CRP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein is able to bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a site that's even a little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site that's even a little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site that's even a little bit further
+upstream of the uh lax gene than is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream of the uh lax gene than is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream of the uh lax gene than is the
+uh than is the promoter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than is the promoter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than is the promoter.
+And the idea of this uh this is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea of this uh this is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea of this uh this is that if
+this CRP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this CRP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this CRP
+lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just by itself, it doesn't bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by itself, it doesn't bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by itself, it doesn't bind to the
+DNA,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA,
+but it it has a little binding pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it has a little binding pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it has a little binding pocket
+that senses the levels of cyclic AMP. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that senses the levels of cyclic AMP. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that senses the levels of cyclic AMP. So
+if the cell is starving for glucose,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cell is starving for glucose,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cell is starving for glucose,
+there's high levels of cyclic AMP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's high levels of cyclic AMP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's high levels of cyclic AMP,
+then the CRP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the CRP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the CRP
+bound to cyclic AM,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is capable of binding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capable of binding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capable of binding to this
+sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence.
+Well, that sounds weird, but what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that sounds weird, but what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that sounds weird, but what we've
+again got now is we've got a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again got now is we've got a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again got now is we've got a protein
+that whose binding to DNA is conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whose binding to DNA is conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whose binding to DNA is conditional
+to something inside the cell. And rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something inside the cell. And rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something inside the cell. And rather
+than getting in the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than getting in the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than getting in the way,
+what this does, if you have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does, if you have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does, if you have a situation
+where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CRP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRP
+with cyclic AMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cyclic AMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cyclic AMP
+bound to it and it's next door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to it and it's next door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to it and it's next door
+to this promoter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this promoter,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this promoter,
+what it's able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's able to do
+is help RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymerase recognize the promoter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this helps RNA pymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas when we were talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when we were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when we were talking about the
+lac repressor what it was doing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lac repressor what it was doing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lac repressor what it was doing if you
+recall was getting in the way of RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall was getting in the way of RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall was getting in the way of RNA
+pymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pymerase
+and this actually has a a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually has a a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually has a a relatively
+simple sort of um molecular explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sort of um molecular explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sort of um molecular explanation
+for what's what's going on. The RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's what's going on. The RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's what's going on. The RNA
+polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The best sequence for the minus10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The best sequence for the minus10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The best sequence for the minus10
+region of the promoter that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the promoter that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the promoter that I showed you
+over on the other board is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the other board is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the other board is something
+with the sequence t a t a a t. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sequence t a t a a t. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sequence t a t a a t. So the
+RNA polymerase machinery is it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA polymerase machinery is it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA polymerase machinery is it can
+recognize more than one sequence. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize more than one sequence. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize more than one sequence. But if
+it sees a promoter that has a minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees a promoter that has a minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees a promoter that has a minus 10
+region that is T A T A T it really binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is T A T A T it really binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is T A T A T it really binds
+well and that would be a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that would be a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that would be a very strong
+promoter and you get lots of messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter and you get lots of messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter and you get lots of messenger
+RNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA.
+Now the lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the lac
+Z promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z promoter
+actually has two nucleotides that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two nucleotides that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two nucleotides that are
+different. It's T A T GT T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a very weak promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in this lack system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this lack system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this lack system
+if we got rid of lacressor entirely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got rid of lacressor entirely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got rid of lacressor entirely.
+So that the promoter was just exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the promoter was just exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the promoter was just exposed
+all the time. As I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time. As I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time. As I've
+as I showed you uh up here, I've left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I showed you uh up here, I've left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I showed you uh up here, I've left
+out a detail in this first part in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a detail in this first part in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a detail in this first part in that
+this promoter is not very strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promoter is not very strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promoter is not very strong and
+we'd only get a little bit of RNA and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd only get a little bit of RNA and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd only get a little bit of RNA and a
+little bit of protein. And so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of protein. And so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of protein. And so what the
+cell does is if it knows there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell does is if it knows there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell does is if it knows there's no
+galactose, knows there's no glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose, knows there's no glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose, knows there's no glucose
+around and cyclic AMP levels are high,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and cyclic AMP levels are high,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and cyclic AMP levels are high,
+then it uses the binding of this CRP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it uses the binding of this CRP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it uses the binding of this CRP to
+here to assist the RNA plyase and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to assist the RNA plyase and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to assist the RNA plyase and get
+on. Now I understand this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Now I understand this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Now I understand this is a bit
+complicated. Some of you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Some of you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Some of you probably have
+it. Some of you will be lost and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Some of you will be lost and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Some of you will be lost and you'll
+have to sit and look at your textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit and look at your textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit and look at your textbook
+for a little while. But it comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while. But it comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while. But it comes down to
+something few couple of really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something few couple of really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something few couple of really simple
+principles. One is to detect what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles. One is to detect what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles. One is to detect what's
+going on. The cell makes a regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. The cell makes a regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. The cell makes a regulatory
+protein. The regulatory protein binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. The regulatory protein binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein. The regulatory protein binds
+DNA and it also senses something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and it also senses something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and it also senses something.
+And these things can work in two ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these things can work in two ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these things can work in two ways.
+They can either bind DNA and get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can either bind DNA and get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can either bind DNA and get in the
+way. It can be a negative regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It can be a negative regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It can be a negative regulatory
+element or they can bind to DNA and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element or they can bind to DNA and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element or they can bind to DNA and they
+can help something happen be a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help something happen be a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help something happen be a positive
+regulatory element. All the rest is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory element. All the rest is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory element. All the rest is just
+the details of lack. And I could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of lack. And I could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of lack. And I could we
+could spend the entire course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could spend the entire course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could spend the entire course on
+regulation and barely scratch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and barely scratch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and barely scratch the
+surface. But it's one of the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. But it's one of the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. But it's one of the huge
+secrets of life that cells are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets of life that cells are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets of life that cells are able to
+individually turn on different genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually turn on different genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually turn on different genes in
+different ways in different times, have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways in different times, have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways in different times, have
+reostats for levels, coordinate great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reostats for levels, coordinate great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reostats for levels, coordinate great uh
+sets of genes in response to to various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of genes in response to to various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of genes in response to to various
+stimuli. Okay. See you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vP-oRQqmeg4.txt b/vP-oRQqmeg4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17eac5a627d95ab0614647dbdf6699ebede5c834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vP-oRQqmeg4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2212 @@
+We're going to start.
+
+We are going to start studying
+today, and for quite a while,
+
+the linear second-order
+differential equation with
+
+constant coefficients.
+In standard form,
+
+it looks like,
+there are various possible
+
+choices for the variable,
+unfortunately,
+
+so I hope it won't disturb you
+much if I use one rather than
+
+another.
+I'm going to write it this way
+
+in standard form.
+I'll use y as the dependent
+
+variable.
+Your book uses little p and
+
+little q.
+I'll probably switch to that by
+
+next time.
+But, for today,
+
+I'd like to use the most
+neutral letters I can find that
+
+won't interfere with anything
+else.
+
+So, of course call the constant
+coefficients,
+
+respectively,
+capital A and capital B.
+
+I'm going to assume for today
+that the right-hand side is
+
+zero.
+So, that means it's what we
+
+call homogeneous.
+The left-hand side must be in
+
+this form for it to be linear,
+it's second order because it
+
+involves a second derivative.
+These coefficients,
+
+A and B, are understood to be
+constant because,
+
+as I said, it has constant
+coefficients.
+
+Of course, that's not the most
+general linear equation there
+
+could be.
+In general, it would be more
+
+general by making this a
+function of the dependent
+
+variable, x or t,
+whatever it's called.
+
+Similarly, this could be a
+function of the dependent
+
+variable.
+Above all, the right-hand side
+
+can be a function of a variable
+rather than simply zero.
+
+In that case the equation is
+called inhomogeneous.
+
+But it has a different physical
+meaning, and therefore it's
+
+customary to study that after
+this.
+
+You start with this.
+This is the case we start with,
+
+and then by the middle of next
+week we will be studying more
+
+general cases.
+But, it's a good idea to start
+
+here.
+Your book starts with,
+
+in general, some theory of a
+general linear equation of
+
+second-order,
+and even higher order.
+
+I'm asking you to skip that for
+the time being.
+
+We'll come back to it next
+Wednesday, it two lectures,
+
+in other words.
+I think it's much better and
+
+essential for your problems at
+for you to get some experience
+
+with a simple type of equation.
+And then, you'll understand the
+
+general theory,
+how it applies,
+
+a lot better,
+I think.
+
+So, let's get experience here.
+The downside of that is that
+
+I'm going to have to assume a
+couple of things about the
+
+solution to this equation,
+how it looks;
+
+I don't think that will upset
+you too much.
+
+So, what I'm going to assume,
+and we will justify it in a
+
+couple lectures,
+that the general solution,
+
+that is, the solution involving
+arbitrary constants,
+
+looks like this.
+y is equal-- The arbitrary
+
+constants occur in a certain
+special way.
+
+There is c one y one plus c two
+y two.
+
+So, these are two arbitrary
+constants corresponding to the
+
+fact that we are solving a
+second-order equation.
+
+In general, the number of
+arbitrary constants in the
+
+solution is the same as the
+order of the equation because if
+
+it's a second-order equation
+because if it's a second-order
+
+equation, that means somehow or
+other, it may be concealed.
+
+But you're going to have to
+integrate something twice to get
+
+the answer.
+And therefore,
+
+there should be two arbitrary
+constants.
+
+That's very rough,
+but it sort of gives you the
+
+idea.
+Now, what are the y1 and y2?
+
+Well, as you can see,
+if these are arbitrary
+
+constants, if I take c2 to be
+zero and c1 to be one,
+
+that means that y1 must be a
+solution to the equation,
+
+and similarly y2.
+So, where y1 and y2 are
+
+solutions.
+Now, what that shows you is
+
+that the task of solving this
+equation is reduced,
+
+in some sense,
+to finding just two solutions
+
+of it, somehow.
+All we have to do is find two
+
+solutions, and then we will have
+solved the equation because the
+
+general solution is made up in
+this way by multiplying those
+
+two solutions by arbitrary
+constants and adding them.
+
+So, the problem is,
+where do we get that solutions
+
+from?
+But, first of all,
+
+or rather, second or third of
+all, the initial conditions
+
+enter into the,
+I haven't given you any initial
+
+conditions here,
+but if you have them,
+
+and I will illustrate them when
+I work problems,
+
+the initial conditions,
+well, the initial values are
+
+satisfied by choosing c1 and c2,
+are satisfied by choosing c1
+
+and c2 properly.
+So, in other words,
+
+if you have an initial value
+problem to solve,
+
+that will be taken care of by
+the way those constants,
+
+c, enter into the solution.
+Okay, without further ado,
+
+there is a standard example,
+which I wish I had looked up in
+
+the physics syllabus for the
+first semester.
+
+Did you study the
+spring-mass-dashpot system in
+
+8.01?
+I'm embarrassed having to ask
+
+you.
+You did?
+
+Raise your hands if you did.
+Okay, that means you all did.
+
+Well, just let me draw an
+instant picture to remind you.
+
+So, this is a two second
+review.
+
+I don't know how they draw the
+picture.
+
+Probably they don't draw
+picture at all.
+
+They have some elaborate system
+here of the thing running back
+
+and forth.
+Well, in the math,
+
+we do that all virtually.
+So, here's my system.
+
+That's a fixed thing.
+Here's a little spring.
+
+And, there's a little car on
+the track here,
+
+I guess.
+So, there's the mass,
+
+some mass in the little car,
+and motion is damped by what's
+
+called a dashpot.
+A dashpot is the sort of thing,
+
+you see them in everyday life
+as door closers.
+
+They're the thing up above that
+you never notice that prevent
+
+the door slamming shut.
+So, if you take one apart,
+
+it looks something like this.
+So, that's the dash pot.
+
+It's a chamber with a piston.
+This is a piston moving in and
+
+out, and compressing the air,
+releasing it,
+
+is what damps the motion of the
+thing.
+
+So, this is a dashpot,
+it's usually called.
+
+And, here's our mass in that
+little truck.
+
+And, here's the spring.
+And then, the equation which
+
+governs it is,
+let's call this x.
+
+I'm already changing,
+going to change the dependent
+
+variable from y to x,
+but that's just for the sake of
+
+example, and because the track
+is horizontal,
+
+it seems more natural to call
+it x.
+
+There's some equilibrium
+position somewhere,
+
+let's say, here.
+That's the position at which
+
+the mass wants to be,
+if the spring is not pulling on
+
+it or pushing on it,
+and the dashpot is happy.
+
+I guess we'd better have a
+longer dashpot here.
+
+So, this is the equilibrium
+position where nothing is
+
+happening.
+When you depart from that
+
+position, then the spring,
+if you go that way,
+
+the spring tries to pull the
+mass back.
+
+If it goes on the site,
+the spring tries to push the
+
+mass away.
+The dashpot,
+
+meanwhile, is doing its thing.
+And so, the force on the,
+
+m x double prime.
+That's by Newton's law,
+
+the force, comes from where?
+Well, there's the spring
+
+pushing and pulling on it.
+That force is opposed.
+
+If x gets to be beyond zero,
+then the spring tries to pull
+
+it back.
+If it gets to the left of zero,
+
+if x gets to be negative,
+that that spring force is
+
+pushing it this way,
+wants to get rid of the mass.
+
+So, it should be minus kx,
+and this is from the spring,
+
+the fact that is proportional
+to the amount by which x varies.
+
+So, that's called Hooke's Law.
+Never mind that.
+
+This is a law.
+That's a law,
+
+Newton's law,
+okay, Newton,
+
+Hooke with an E,
+and the dashpot damping is
+
+proportional to the velocity.
+It's not doing anything if the
+
+mass is not moving,
+even if it's stretched way out
+
+of its equilibrium position.
+So, it resists the velocity.
+
+If the thing is trying to go
+that way, the dashpot resists
+
+it.
+It's trying to go this way,
+
+the dashpot resists that,
+too.
+
+It's always opposed to the
+velocity.
+
+And so, this is a dash pot
+damping.
+
+I don't know whose law this is.
+So, it's the force coming from
+
+the dashpot.
+And, when you write this out,
+
+the final result,
+therefore, is it's m x double
+
+prime plus c x prime,
+it's important to see where the
+
+various terms are,
+plus kx equals zero.
+
+And now, that's still not in
+
+standard form.
+To put it in standard form,
+
+you must divide through by the
+mass.
+
+And, it will now read like
+this, plus k divided by m times
+
+x equals zero.
+And, that's the equation
+
+governing the motion of the
+spring.
+
+I'm doing this because your
+problem set, problems three and
+
+four, ask you to look at a
+little computer visual which
+
+illustrates a lot of things.
+And, I didn't see how it would
+
+make, you can do it without this
+interpretation of
+
+spring-mass-dashpot,
+--
+
+-- but, I think thinking of it
+of these constants as,
+
+this is the damping constant,
+and this is the spring,
+
+the constant which represents
+the force being exerted by the
+
+spring, the spring constant,
+as it's called,
+
+makes it much more vivid.
+So, you will note is that those
+
+problems are labeled Friday or
+Monday.
+
+Make it Friday.
+You can do them after today if
+
+you have the vaguest idea of
+what I'm talking about.
+
+If not, go back and repeat
+8.01.
+
+So, all this was just an
+example, a typical model.
+
+But, by far,
+the most important simple
+
+model.
+Okay, now what I'd like to talk
+
+about is the solution.
+What is it I have to do to
+
+solve the equation?
+So, to solve the equation that
+
+I outlined in orange on the
+board, the ODE,
+
+our task is to find two
+solutions.
+
+Now, don't make it too trivial.
+There is a condition.
+
+The solution should be
+independent.
+
+All that means is that y2
+should not be a constant
+
+multiple of y1.
+I mean, if you got y1,
+
+then two times y1 is not an
+acceptable value for this
+
+because, as you can see,
+you really only got one there.
+
+You're not going to be able to
+make up a two parameter family.
+
+So, the solutions have to be
+independent, which means,
+
+to repeat, that neither should
+be a constant multiple of the
+
+other.
+They should look different.
+
+That's an adequate explanation.
+Okay, now, what's the basic
+
+method to finding those
+solutions?
+
+Well, that's what we're going
+to use all term long,
+
+essentially,
+studying equations of this
+
+type, even systems of this type,
+with constant coefficients.
+
+The basic method is to try y
+equals an exponential.
+
+Now, the only way you can
+fiddle with an exponential is in
+
+the constant that you put up on
+top.
+
+So, I'm going to try y equals e
+to the rt.
+
+Notice you can't tell from that
+what I'm using as the
+
+independent variable.
+But, this tells you I'm using
+
+t.
+And, I'm switching back to
+
+using t as the dependent
+variable.
+
+So, T is the independent
+variable.
+
+Why do I do that?
+The answer is because somebody
+
+thought of doing it,
+probably Euler,
+
+and it's been a tradition
+that's handed down for the last
+
+300 or 400 years.
+Some things we just know.
+
+All right, so if I do that,
+as you learned from the exam,
+
+it's very easy to differentiate
+exponentials.
+
+That's why people love them.
+It's also very easy to
+
+integrate exponentials.
+And, half of you integrated
+
+instead of differentiating.
+So, we will try this and see if
+
+we can pick r so that it's a
+solution.
+
+Okay, well, I will plug in,
+then.
+
+Substitute, in other words,
+and what do we get?
+
+Well, for y double prime,
+I get r squared e to the rt.
+
+That's y double prime
+
+because each time you
+differentiate it,
+
+you put an extra power of r out
+in front.
+
+But otherwise,
+do nothing.
+
+The next term will be r times,
+sorry, I forgot the constant.
+
+Capital A times r e to the rt,
+
+and then there's the last term,
+B times y itself,
+
+which is B e to the rt.
+
+And, that's supposed to be
+equal to zero.
+
+So, I have to choose r so that
+this becomes equal to zero.
+
+Now, you see,
+the e to the rt
+
+occurs as a factor in every
+term, and the e to the rt
+
+is never zero.
+And therefore,
+
+you can divide it out because
+it's always a positive number,
+
+regardless of the value of t.
+So, I can cancel out from each
+
+term.
+And, what I'm left with is the
+
+equation r squared plus ar plus
+b equals zero.
+
+We are trying to find values of
+
+r that satisfy that equation.
+And that, dear hearts,
+
+is why you learn to solve
+quadratic equations in high
+
+school, in order that in this
+moment, you would be now ready
+
+to find how spring-mass systems
+behave when they are damped.
+
+This is called the
+characteristic equation.
+
+The characteristic equation of
+the ODE, or of the system of the
+
+spring mass system,
+which it's modeling,
+
+the characteristic equation of
+the system, okay?
+
+Okay, now, we solve it,
+but now, from high school you
+
+know there are several cases.
+And, each of those cases
+
+corresponds to a different
+behavior.
+
+And, the cases depend upon what
+the roots look like.
+
+The possibilities are the roots
+could be real,
+
+and distinct.
+That's the easiest case to
+
+handle.
+The roots might be a pair of
+
+complex conjugate numbers.
+That's harder to handle,
+
+but we are ready to do it.
+And, the third case,
+
+which is the one most in your
+problem set is the most
+
+puzzling: when the roots are
+real, and equal.
+
+And, I'm going to talk about
+those three cases in that order.
+
+So, the first case is the roots
+are real and unequal.
+
+If I tell you they are unequal,
+and I will put down real to
+
+make that clear.
+Well, that is by far the
+
+simplest case because
+immediately, one sees we have
+
+two roots.
+They are different,
+
+and therefore,
+we get our two solutions
+
+immediately.
+So, the solutions are,
+
+the general solution to the
+equation, I write down without
+
+further ado as y equals c1 e to
+the r1 t plus c2 e to the r2 t.
+
+There's our solution.
+Now, because that was so easy,
+
+and we didn't have to do any
+work, I'd like to extend this
+
+case a little bit by using it as
+an example of how you put in the
+
+initial conditions,
+how to put in the c.
+
+So, let me work a specific
+numerical example,
+
+since we are not going to try
+to do this theoretically until
+
+next Wednesday.
+Let's just do a numerical
+
+example.
+So, suppose I take the
+
+constants to be the damping
+constant to be a four,
+
+and the spring constant,
+I'll take the mass to be one,
+
+and the spring constant to be
+three.
+
+So, there's more damping here,
+damping force here.
+
+You can't really talk that way
+since the units are different.
+
+But, this number is bigger than
+that one.
+
+That seems clear,
+at any rate.
+
+Okay, now, what was the
+characteristic equation?
+
+Look, now watch.
+Please do what I do.
+
+I've found in the past,
+even by the middle of the term,
+
+there are still students who
+feel that they must substitute y
+
+equals e to the rt,
+and go through that whole
+
+little derivation to find that
+you don't do that.
+
+It's a waste of time.
+I did it that you might not
+
+ever have to do it again.
+Immediately write down the
+
+characteristic equation.
+That's not very hard.
+
+r squared plus 4r plus three
+equals zero.
+
+And, if you can write down its
+
+roots immediately,
+splendid.
+
+But, let's not assume that
+level of competence.
+
+So, it's r plus three times r
+plus one equals zero.
+
+Okay, you factor it.
+
+This being 18.03,
+a lot of the times the roots
+
+will be integers when they are
+not, God forbid,
+
+you will have to use the
+quadratic formula.
+
+But here, the roots were
+integers.
+
+It is, after all,
+only the first example.
+
+So, the solution,
+the general solution is y
+
+equals c1 e to the negative,
+notice the root is minus three
+
+and minus one,
+minus 3t plus c2 e to the
+
+negative t.
+
+Now, suppose it's an initial
+value problem.
+
+So, I gave you an initial
+condition.
+
+Suppose the initial conditions
+were that y of zero were one.
+
+So, at the start,
+
+the mass has been moved over to
+the position,
+
+one, here.
+Well, we expected it,
+
+then, to start doing that.
+But, this is fairly heavily
+
+damped.
+This is heavily damped.
+
+I'm going to assume that the
+mass starts at rest.
+
+So, the spring is distended.
+The masses over here.
+
+But, there's no motion at times
+zero this way or that way.
+
+In other words,
+I'm not pushing it.
+
+I'm just releasing it and
+letting it do its thing after
+
+that.
+Okay, so y prime of zero,
+
+I'll assume, is zero.
+
+So, it starts at rest,
+but in the extended position,
+
+one unit to the right of the
+equilibrium position.
+
+Now, all you have to do is use
+these two conditions.
+
+Notice I have to have two
+conditions because there are two
+
+constants I have to find the
+value of.
+
+All right, so,
+let's substitute,
+
+well, we're going to have to
+calculate the derivative.
+
+So, why don't we do that right
+away?
+
+So, this is minus three c1 e to
+the minus 3t minus c2 e to the
+
+negative t.
+
+And now, if I substitute in at
+zero, when t equals zero,
+
+what do I get?
+Well, the first equation,
+
+the left says that y of zero
+should be one.
+
+And, the right says this is
+one.
+
+So, it's c1 plus c2.
+
+That's the result of
+substituting t equals zero.
+
+How about substituting?
+
+What should I substitute in the
+second equation?
+
+Well, y prime of zero is zero.
+
+So, if the second equation,
+when I put in t equals zero,
+
+the left side is zero according
+to that initial value,
+
+and the right side is negative
+three c1 minus c2.
+
+You see what you end up with,
+therefore, is a pair of
+
+simultaneous linear equations.
+And, this is why you learn to
+
+study linear set of pairs of
+simultaneous linear equations in
+
+high school.
+These are among the most
+
+important.
+Solving problems of this type
+
+are among the most important
+applications of that kind of
+
+algebra, and this kind of
+algebra.
+
+All right, what's the answer
+finally?
+
+Well, if I add the two of them,
+I get minus 2c1 equals one.
+
+So, c1 is equal to minus one
+half.
+
+And, if c1 is minus a half,
+
+then c2 is minus 3c1.
+
+So, c2 is three halves.
+
+The final question is,
+what does that look like as a
+
+solution?
+Well, in general,
+
+these combinations of two
+exponentials aren't very easy to
+
+plot by yourself.
+That's one of the reasons you
+
+are being given this little
+visual which plots them for you.
+
+All you have to do is,
+as you'll see,
+
+set the damping constant,
+set the constants,
+
+set the initial conditions,
+and by magic,
+
+the curve appears on the
+screen.
+
+And, if you change either of
+the constants,
+
+the curve will change nicely
+right along with it.
+
+So, the solution is y equals
+minus one half e to the minus 3t
+
+plus three halves e to the
+negative t.
+
+How does it look?
+
+Well, I don't expect you to be
+able to plot that by yourself,
+
+but you can at least get
+started.
+
+It does have to satisfy the
+initial conditions.
+
+That means it should start at
+one, and its starting slope is
+
+zero.
+So, it starts like that.
+
+These are both declining
+exponentials.
+
+This declines very rapidly,
+this somewhat more slowly.
+
+It does something like that.
+If this term were a lot,
+
+lot more negative,
+I mean, that's the way that
+
+particular solution looks.
+How might other solutions look?
+
+I'll draw a few other
+possibilities.
+
+If the initial term,
+if, for example,
+
+the initial slope were quite
+negative, well,
+
+that would have start like
+this.
+
+Now, just your experience of
+physics, or of the real world
+
+suggests that if I give,
+if I start the thing at one,
+
+but give it a strongly negative
+push, it's going to go beyond
+
+the equilibrium position,
+and then come back again.
+
+But, because the damping is
+big, it's not going to be able
+
+to get through that.
+The equilibrium position,
+
+a second time,
+is going to look something like
+
+that.
+Or, if I push it in that
+
+direction, the positive
+direction, that it starts off
+
+with a positive slope.
+But it loses its energy because
+
+the spring is pulling it.
+It comes and does something
+
+like that.
+So, in other words,
+
+it might go down.
+Cut across the equilibrium
+
+position, come back again,
+it do that?
+
+No, that it cannot do.
+I was considering giving you a
+
+problem to prove that,
+but I got tired of making out
+
+the problems set,
+and decided I tortured you
+
+enough already,
+as you will see.
+
+So, anyway, these are different
+possibilities for the way that
+
+can look.
+This case, where it just
+
+returns in the long run is
+called the over-damped case,
+
+over-damped.
+Now, there is another case
+
+where the thing oscillates back
+and forth.
+
+We would expect to get that
+case if the damping is very
+
+little or nonexistent.
+Then, there's very little
+
+preventing the mass from doing
+that, although we do expect if
+
+there's any damping at all,
+we expect it ultimately to get
+
+nearer and nearer to the
+equilibrium position.
+
+Mathematically,
+what does that correspond to?
+
+Well, that's going to
+correspond to case two,
+
+where the roots are complex.
+The roots are complex,
+
+and this is why,
+let's call the roots,
+
+in that case we know that the
+roots are of the form a plus or
+
+minus bi.
+There are two roots,
+
+and they are a complex
+conjugate.
+
+All right, let's take one of
+them.
+
+What does a correspond to in
+terms of the exponential?
+
+Well, remember,
+the function of the r was,
+
+it's this r when we tried our
+exponential solution.
+
+So, what we formally,
+this means we get a complex
+
+solution.
+The complex solution y equals e
+
+to this, let's use one of them,
+let's say, (a plus bi) times t.
+
+The question is,
+
+what do we do that?
+We are not really interested,
+
+I don't know what a complex
+solution to that thing means.
+
+It doesn't have any meaning.
+What I want to know is how y
+
+behaves or how x behaves in that
+picture.
+
+And, that better be a real
+function because otherwise I
+
+don't know what to do with it.
+So, we are looking for two real
+
+functions, the y1 and the y2.
+But, in fact,
+
+what we've got is one complex
+function.
+
+All right, now,
+a theorem to the rescue:
+
+this, I'm not going to save for
+Wednesday because it's so
+
+simple.
+So, the theorem is that if you
+
+have a complex solution,
+u plus iv, so each of these is
+
+a function of time,
+u plus iv is the complex
+
+solution to a real differential
+equation with constant
+
+coefficients.
+Well, it doesn't have to have
+
+constant coefficients.
+It has to be linear.
+
+Let me just write it out to y
+double prime plus A y prime plus
+
+B y equals zero.
+
+Suppose you got a complex
+solution to that equation.
+
+These are understood to be real
+numbers.
+
+They are the damping constant
+and the spring constant.
+
+Then, the conclusion is that u
+and v are real solutions.
+
+In other words,
+having found a complex
+
+solution, all you have to do is
+take its real and imaginary
+
+parts, and voila,
+you've got your two solutions
+
+you were looking for for the
+original equation.
+
+Now, that might seem like
+magic, but it's easy.
+
+It's so easy it's the sort of
+theorem I could spend one minute
+
+proving for you now.
+What's the reason for it?
+
+Well, the main thing I want you
+to get out of this argument is
+
+to see that it absolutely
+depends upon these coefficients
+
+being real.
+You have to have a real
+
+differential equation for this
+to be true.
+
+Otherwise, it's certainly not.
+So, the proof is,
+
+what does it mean to be a
+solution?
+
+It means when you plug in A (u
+plus iv) plus,
+
+prime,
+plus B times u plus iv,
+
+what am I supposed to get?
+
+Zero.
+Well, now, separate these into
+
+the real and imaginary parts.
+What does it say?
+
+It says u double prime plus A u
+prime plus B u,
+
+that's the real part of
+this expression when I expand it
+
+out.
+And, I've got an imaginary
+
+part, too, which all have the
+coefficient i.
+
+So, from here,
+I get v double prime plus i
+
+times A v prime plus 
+i times B v.
+
+So, this is the imaginary part.
+Now, here I have something with
+
+a real part plus the imaginary
+part, i, times the imaginary
+
+part is zero.
+Well, the only way that can
+
+happen is if the real part is
+zero, and the imaginary part is
+
+separately zero.
+So, the conclusion is that
+
+therefore this part must be
+zero, and therefore this part
+
+must be zero because the two of
+them together make the complex
+
+number zero plus zero i.
+Now, what does it mean for the
+
+real part to be zero?
+It means that u is a solution.
+
+This, the imaginary part zero
+means v is a solution,
+
+and therefore,
+just what I said.
+
+u and v are solutions to the
+real equation.
+
+Where did I use the fact that A
+and B were real numbers and not
+
+complex numbers?
+In knowing that this is the
+
+real part, I had to know that A
+was a real number.
+
+If A were something like one
+plus i,
+
+I'd be screwed,
+I mean, because then I couldn't
+
+say that this was the real part
+anymore.
+
+So, saying that's the real
+part, and this is the imaginary
+
+part, I was using the fact that
+these two numbers,
+
+constants, were real constants:
+very important.
+
+So, what is the case two
+solution?
+
+Well, what are the real and
+imaginary parts 
+
+of (a plus b i) t?
+Well, y equals e to the at +
+
+ibt.
+Okay, you've had experience.
+
+You know how to do this now.
+That's e to the at
+
+times, well, the real part is,
+well, let's write it this way.
+
+The real part is e to the at
+times cosine b t.
+
+Notice how the a and b enter
+
+into the expression.
+That's the real part.
+
+And, the imaginary part is e to
+the at times the sine of bt.
+
+And therefore,
+
+the solution,
+both of these must,
+
+therefore, be solutions to the
+equation.
+
+And therefore,
+the general solution to the ODE
+
+is y equals, now,
+you've got to put in the
+
+arbitrary constants.
+It's a nice thing to do to
+
+factor out the e to the at.
+
+It makes it look a little
+better.
+
+And so, the constants are c1
+cosine bt and c2 sine bt.
+
+Yeah, but what does that look
+like?
+
+Well, you know that too.
+This is an exponential,
+
+which controls the amplitude.
+But this guy,
+
+which is a combination of two
+sinusoidal oscillations with
+
+different amplitudes,
+but with the same frequency,
+
+the b's are the same in both of
+them, and therefore,
+
+this is, itself,
+a purely sinusoidal
+
+oscillation.
+So, in other words,
+
+I don't have room to write it,
+but it's equal to,
+
+you know.
+It's a good example of where
+
+you'd use that trigonometric
+identity I spent time on before
+
+the exam.
+Okay, let's work a quick
+
+example just to see how this
+works out.
+
+Well, let's get rid of this.
+Okay, let's now make the
+
+damping, since this is showing
+oscillations,
+
+it must correspond to the case
+where the damping is less strong
+
+compared with the spring
+constant.
+
+So, the theorem is that if you
+have a complex solution,
+
+u plus iv, so each of these is
+a function of time,
+
+u plus iv is the
+complex solution to a real
+
+differential equation with
+constant coefficients.
+
+A stiff spring,
+one that pulls with hard force
+
+is going to make that thing go
+back and forth,
+
+particularly at the dipping is
+weak.
+
+So, let's use almost the same
+equation as I've just concealed.
+
+But, do you remember a used
+four here?
+
+Okay, before we used three and
+we got the solution to look like
+
+that.
+Now, we will give it a little
+
+more energy by putting some
+moxie in the springs.
+
+So now, the spring is pulling a
+little harder,
+
+bigger force,
+a stiffer spring.
+
+Okay, the characteristic
+equation is now going to be r
+
+squared plus 4r plus five is
+equal to zero.
+
+And therefore,
+if I solve for r,
+
+I'm not going to bother trying
+to factor this because I
+
+prepared for this lecture,
+and I know, quadratic formula
+
+time, minus four plus or minus
+the square root of b squared,
+
+16, minus four times five,
+16 minus 20 is negative four
+
+all over two.
+And therefore,
+
+that makes negative two plus or
+minus, this makes,
+
+simply, i.
+2i divided by two,
+
+which is i.
+So, the exponential solution is
+
+e to the negative two,
+you don't have to write this
+
+in.
+You can get the thing directly.
+
+t, let's use the one with the
+plus sign, and that's going to
+
+give, as the real solutions,
+e to the negative two t times
+
+cosine t,
+and e to the negative 2t times
+
+the sine of t.
+
+And therefore,
+the solution is going to be y
+
+equals e to the negative 2t
+times
+
+(c1 cosine t plus c2 sine t).
+
+If you want to put initial
+conditions, you can put them in
+
+the same way I did them before.
+Suppose we use the same initial
+
+conditions: y of zero 
+equals one,
+
+and y prime of zero equals one,
+equals zero,
+
+let's say, wait,
+blah, blah, blah,
+
+zero, yeah.
+Okay, I'd like to take time to
+
+actually do the calculation,
+but there's nothing new in it.
+
+I'd have to take,
+calculate the derivative here,
+
+and then I would substitute in,
+solve equations,
+
+and when you do all that,
+just as before,
+
+the answer that you get is y
+equals e to the negative 2t,
+
+so,
+choose the constants c1 and c2
+
+by solving linear equations,
+and the answer is cosine t,
+
+so, c1 turns out to be one,
+and c2 turns out to be two,
+
+I hope.
+Okay, I want to know,
+
+but what does that look like?
+Well, use that trigonometric
+
+identity.
+The e to the negative 2t
+
+is just a real
+factor which is going to
+
+reproduce itself.
+The question is,
+
+what is cosine t plus 2 sine t
+look like?
+
+What's its amplitude as a pure
+oscillation?
+
+It's the square root of one
+plus two squared.
+
+Remember, it depends on looking
+
+at that little triangle,
+which is one,
+
+two, this is a different scale
+than that.
+
+And here is the square root of
+five, right?
+
+And, here is phi,
+the phase lag.
+
+So, it's equal to the square
+root of five.
+
+So, it's the square root of
+five times e to 
+
+the negative 2t,
+and the stuff inside is the
+
+cosine of, the frequency is one.
+Circular frequency is one,
+
+so it's t minus phi,
+where phi is this angle.
+
+How big is that,
+one and two?
+
+Well, if this were the square
+root of three,
+
+which is a little less than
+two, it would be 60 infinity.
+
+So, this must be 70 infinity.
+So, phi is 70 infinity plus or minus
+
+five, let's say.
+So, it looks like a slightly
+
+delayed cosine curve,
+but the amplitude is falling.
+
+So, it has to start.
+So, if I draw it,
+
+here's one, here is,
+let's say, the square root of
+
+five up about here.
+Then, the square root of five
+
+times e to the negative 2t
+looks maybe
+
+something like this.
+So, that's square root of five
+
+e to the negative 2t.
+
+This is cosine t,
+but shoved over by not quite pi
+
+over two.
+It starts at one,
+
+and with the slope zero.
+So, the solution starts like
+
+this.
+It has to be guided in its
+
+amplitude by this function out
+there, and in between it's the
+
+cosine curve.
+But it's moved over.
+
+So, if this is pi over two,
+the first time it crosses,
+
+it's 72 infinity to the right 
+of that. So, if this is pi 
+
+over two, it's pi over two plus 
+70 infinity where it crosses.
+
+So, it must be doing something
+like this.
+
+And now, on the other side,
+it's got to stay within the
+
+same amplitude.
+So, it must be doing something
+
+like this.
+Okay, that gets us to,
+
+if this is the under-damped
+case, because if you're trying
+
+to do this with a swinging door,
+it means the door's going to be
+
+swinging back and forth.
+Or, our little mass now hidden,
+
+but you could see it behind
+that board, is going to be doing
+
+this.
+But, it never stops.
+
+It never stops.
+It doesn't realize,
+
+but not in theoretical life.
+So, this is the under-damped.
+
+All right, so it's like
+Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
+
+That's too hot,
+and this is too cold.
+
+What is the thing which is just
+right?
+
+Well, that's the thing you're
+going to study on the problem
+
+set.
+So, just right is called
+
+critically damped.
+It's what people aim for in
+
+trying to damp motion that they
+don't want.
+
+Now, what's critically damped?
+It must be the case just in
+
+between these two.
+Neither complex,
+
+nor the roots different.
+It's the case of two equal
+
+roots.
+So, r squared plus Ar plus B
+
+equals zero
+has two equal roots.
+
+Now, that's a very special
+equation.
+
+Suppose we call the root,
+since all of these,
+
+notice these roots in this
+physical case.
+
+The roots always turn out to be
+negative numbers,
+
+or have a negative real part.
+I'm going to call the root a.
+
+So, r equals negative a,
+the root.
+
+a is understood to be a
+positive number.
+
+I want that root to be really
+negative.
+
+Then, the equation looks like,
+the characteristic equation is
+
+going to be r plus a,
+right, if the root is negative
+
+a, squared because it's a double
+root.
+
+And, that means the equation is
+of the form r squared plus two
+
+times a r plus a squared equals
+zero.
+
+In other words,
+the ODE looked like this.
+
+The ODE looked like y double
+prime plus 2a y prime
+
+plus, in other words,
+
+the damping and the spring
+constant were related in this
+
+special wake,
+that for a given value of the
+
+spring constant,
+there was exactly one value of
+
+the damping which produced this
+in between case.
+
+Now, what's the problem
+connected with it?
+
+Well, the problem,
+unfortunately,
+
+is staring us in the face when
+we want to solve it.
+
+The problem is that we have a
+solution, but it is y equals e
+
+to the minus at.
+I don't have another root to
+
+get another solution with.
+And, the question is,
+
+where do I get that other
+solution from?
+
+Now, there are three ways to
+get it.
+
+Well, there are four ways to
+get it.
+
+You look it up in Euler.
+That's the fourth way.
+
+That's the real way to do it.
+But, I've given you one way as
+
+problem number one on the
+problem set.
+
+I've given you another way as
+problem number two on the
+
+problem set.
+And, the third way you will
+
+have to wait for about a week
+and a half.
+
+And, I will give you a third
+way, too.
+
+By that time,
+you won't want to see any more
+
+ways.
+But, I'd like to introduce you
+
+to the way on the problem set.
+And, it is this,
+
+that if you know one solution
+to an equation,
+
+which looks like a linear
+equation, in fact,
+
+the piece can be functions of
+t.
+
+They don't have to be constant,
+so I'll use the books notation
+
+with p's and q's.
+y prime plus q y equals zero.
+
+If you know one solution,
+there's an absolute,
+
+ironclad guarantee,
+if you'll know that it's true
+
+because I'm asking you to prove
+it for yourself.
+
+There's another of the form,
+having this as a factor,
+
+one solution y one,
+let's call it,
+
+y equals y1 u is
+another solution.
+
+And, you will be able to find
+u, I swear.
+
+Now, let's, in the remaining
+couple of minutes carry that out
+
+just for this case because I
+want you to see how to arrange
+
+the work nicely.
+And, I want you to arrange your
+
+work when you do the problem
+sets in the same way.
+
+So, the way to do it is,
+the solution we know is e to
+
+the minus at.
+So, we are going to look for a
+
+solution to this differential
+equation.
+
+That's the differential
+equation.
+
+And, the solution we are going
+to look for is of the form e to
+
+the negative at times u.
+
+Now, you're going to have to
+make calculation like this
+
+several times in the course of
+the term.
+
+Do it this way.
+y prime equals,
+
+differentiate,
+minus a e to the minus a t u
+
+plus e to the minus a
+t u prime.
+
+And then, differentiate again.
+
+The answer will be a squared.
+
+You differentiate this:
+a squared e to the negative at
+
+u.
+I'll have to do this a little
+
+fast, but the next term will be,
+okay, minus,
+
+so this times u prime,
+and from this are you going to
+
+get another minus.
+So, combining what you get from
+
+here, and here,
+you're going to get minus 2a e
+
+to the minus a t u prime.
+
+And then, there is a final
+term, which comes from this,
+
+e to the minus a t u double
+prime.
+
+Two of these,
+because of a piece here and a
+
+piece here combine to make that.
+And now, to plug into the
+
+equation, you multiply this by
+one.
+
+In other words,
+you don't do anything to it.
+
+You multiply this line by 2a,
+and you multiply that line by a
+
+squared, and you add them.
+
+On the left-hand side,
+I get zero.
+
+What do I get on the right?
+Notice how I've arrange the
+
+work so it adds nicely.
+This has a squared times this,
+
+plus 2a times that,
+plus one times that makes zero.
+
+2a times this plus one times
+this makes zero.
+
+All that survives is e to the a
+t u double prime,
+
+and therefore,
+e to the minus a t u double
+
+prime is equal to zero.
+
+So, please tell me,
+what's u double prime?
+
+It's zero.
+So, please tell me,
+
+what's u?
+It's c1 t plus c2.
+
+Now, that gives me a whole
+
+family of solutions.
+Just t would be enough because
+
+all I am doing is looking for
+one solution that's different
+
+from e to the minus a t.
+
+And, that solution,
+therefore, is y equals e to the
+
+minus a t times t.
+
+And, there's my second
+solution.
+
+So, this is a solution of the
+critically damped case.
+
+And, you are going to use it in
+three or four of the different
+
+problems on the problem set.
+But, I think you can deal with
+
+virtually the whole problem set,
+except for the last problem,
+
+now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vhLqp3eIkU4.txt b/vhLqp3eIkU4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bfd81ad1e6b95241ebd0fef305d6e36af06ceb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vhLqp3eIkU4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3248 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today, I'd
+like to wrap together
+
+and summarize everything that
+we have been doing the last 10,
+
+12 lectures.
+
+So the idea started by saying
+that you take something
+
+like a magnet, you
+change its temperature.
+
+You go from one phase
+that is paramagnet
+
+at some critical temperature
+Tc to some other phase that
+
+is a ferromagnet.
+
+Naturally, the
+direction of magnetism
+
+depends whether you put on a
+magnetic field and went to 0.
+
+So there's a lot of
+these transitions
+
+that involve ferromagnet.
+
+There were a set of other
+transitions that involved,
+
+for example, superfluids
+or superconductivity.
+
+And the most common
+example of phase
+
+transition being
+liquid gas, which
+
+has a coexistence line
+that also terminates
+
+at the critical point.
+
+So you have to turn
+it around a little bit
+
+to get a coexistence
+line like this.
+
+Fine.
+
+So there are phase transitions.
+
+The interesting thing was that
+when people did successively
+
+better and better
+experiments, they
+
+found that the singularities
+in the vicinity
+
+of these critical
+points are universal.
+
+That is, it doesn't matter
+whether you have iron, nickel,
+
+or some other thing that is
+undergoing ferromagnetism.
+
+You can characterize the
+divergence of the heat capacity
+
+to an exponent alpha, which
+ferromagnets is minus 0.12.
+
+For superfluids, we said
+that people even take things
+
+on satellites to calculate
+this exponent to much
+
+higher accuracy than
+I have indicated.
+
+For the case of liquid gas,
+there is a true divergence
+
+and the exponent is around 0.11.
+
+There are a whole set
+of other exponents
+
+that I also mentioned.
+
+There is the exponent beta for
+how the magnetization vanishes.
+
+And the values here
+were 0.37, 0.35, 0.33.
+
+There is the divergence of
+the susceptibility gamma that
+
+is characterized
+through exponents
+
+that are 1.39, 1.32, 1.24.
+
+And there is a divergence
+of the correlation length
+
+characterized by exponents
+[INAUDIBLE] 0.71, 0.67, 0.63.
+
+So there is this
+table of pure numbers
+
+that don't depend on the
+property of the material
+
+that you are looking at.
+
+And the fact that you don't
+have this material dependence
+
+suggests that these pure
+numbers are some characteristics
+
+of the collective
+behavior that gives rise
+
+to what's happening at
+this critical point.
+
+And we should be able to
+devise some kind of a theory
+
+to understand
+that, maybe extract
+
+these nice, pure numbers,
+which are certainly embedded
+
+in the physics of the problem
+that we are looking at.
+
+So the first idea that
+we explored conceptually
+
+due to lambda probably,
+probably others,
+
+is that we should construct
+the statistical field.
+
+That is, what is
+happening is irrespective
+
+of whether we are dealing with
+nickel or iron, et cetera.
+
+So the properties of
+the microscopic elements
+
+should disappear
+and we should be
+
+focusing on the quantity that is
+undergoing a phase transition.
+
+And that quantity, we said, is
+some kind of a magnetization.
+
+And what distinguishes
+the different systems is
+
+that for ferromagnet,
+it's certainly
+
+a three-component system.
+
+But in general, for superfluid
+we would have a phase.
+
+And that's a
+two-component object,
+
+so we introduced
+this parameter n
+
+that characterized the symmetry
+of the order parameter.
+
+And in the same way,
+we said let's look
+
+at things that are
+embedded in space.
+
+That is, in general,
+d dimensional.
+
+So our specification of
+the statistical field
+
+was on the basis
+of these things.
+
+And the idea of lambda was
+to construct a probability
+
+for this field,
+configurations across space.
+
+Once we had that, we could
+calculate a partition function,
+
+let's say, by integrating
+over all configurations
+
+of this field of some
+kind of a weight.
+
+And we constructed the weight.
+
+We wrote something as beta
+H was an integral d dx.
+
+And then we put a whole
+bunch of things in here.
+
+We said we could have something
+like t over 2m squared.
+
+We had gradient of m squared.
+
+Potentially, we could
+have higher derivatives
+
+staying at the
+order of m squared.
+
+And so this list
+of things that I
+
+could put that are all order of
+m squared is quite extensive.
+
+Then I could have things
+that are fourth order,
+
+like u m to the fourth.
+
+And we saw that when we
+performed this renormalization
+
+group last time around, that a
+term that we typically had not
+
+paid attention to was generated.
+
+Something that was,
+again, order of m
+
+to the fourth, but had
+a structure maybe like m
+
+squared gradient of m
+squared, or some other form
+
+of the two-derivative operator.
+
+This is OK.
+
+There could be other
+types of things
+
+that have four m's in it.
+
+And you could have something
+that is m to the sixth, m
+
+to the eighth, et cetera.
+
+So the idea of lambda was to
+include all kinds of terms
+
+that you can put.
+
+But actually, we have
+already constrained terms.
+
+So the idea of
+lambda is all terms
+
+consistent with some
+constraints that you put.
+
+What are the
+constraint that we put?
+
+We put locality in that we wrote
+this as an integral over x.
+
+We considered symmetry.
+
+So if I am at the 0
+field limit, I only
+
+have terms that are proportional
+to m squared, rotationally
+
+symmetric.
+
+And there is something
+else that is implicit,
+
+which is analyticity.
+
+What do I mean?
+
+I mean that there is,
+in some sense here,
+
+a space of parameters
+composed of all
+
+of these coefficients--
+t, k, u, v.
+
+And these are
+supposed to represent
+
+what is happening to my
+system that I have in mind
+
+as I change the temperature.
+
+And so in principle, if I
+do some averaging procedure
+
+and arrive at this description,
+all of these parameters
+
+presumably will be
+functions of temperature.
+
+And the statement
+is that the process
+
+of coarse gaining the
+degrees of freedom
+
+and averaging to arrive
+at this description
+
+and the corresponding
+parameters involves
+
+finite number of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And adding and
+integrating finite numbers
+
+of degrees of freedom can only
+lead to analytical functions.
+
+So the statement here is
+that this set of parameters
+
+are analytical functions.
+
+So given this
+construction by lambda,
+
+we should be able to figure
+out if this is correct,
+
+what is happening and where
+these numbers come from.
+
+So what did we attempt?
+
+The first thing
+that we attempted
+
+was to do saddle point.
+
+And we saw that
+doing so just looking
+
+at the most probable state
+fails because fluctuations
+
+were important.
+
+We tried to break
+the Hamiltonian
+
+into a part that was
+quadratic and Gaussian.
+
+And we could calculate
+everything about it,
+
+and then treating everybody
+else as a perturbation.
+
+And when we
+attempted to do that,
+
+we found that
+perturbation theory
+
+failed below four dimensions.
+
+So at this stage, it
+was kind of an impasse
+
+in that as far as
+physics is concerned,
+
+we feel that this thing
+captures all of the properties
+
+that you need in
+order to somehow
+
+be able to explain
+those phenomena.
+
+Yet, we don't have
+the mathematical power
+
+to carry out the integrations
+that are implicit in this.
+
+So then the idea was, can
+we go around it somehow?
+
+And so the next set of
+things that we introduced
+
+were basically
+versions of scaling.
+
+And quite a few
+statistical physicists
+
+were involved with that.
+
+Names such as [INAUDIBLE],
+Fisher, and number of others.
+
+And the idea is that
+if we also consider,
+
+let's say, introducing a
+magnetic field direction here
+
+and look at the singularities
+in the plane that involves
+
+those two that is necessary
+to also characterize
+
+some of these other
+things such as gamma,
+
+then you have a singular
+part for the free energy that
+
+is a function of how
+far you go away from Tc.
+
+So this t now stands
+for T minus Tc.
+
+And how far you go along the
+direction that breaks symmetry.
+
+And the statement was
+that all of the results
+
+were consistent with the form
+that depended on really two
+
+exponents that could
+be bonded together
+
+into the behavior
+of the singular
+
+part of the free
+energy or the singular
+
+part of the
+correlation function.
+
+And essentially, this
+approach immediately
+
+leads to exponent identities.
+
+And these exponent identities
+we can go back and look
+
+at the table of numbers
+that we have up there.
+
+And we see that they
+are correct and valid.
+
+But well, what are the
+two primary exponents?
+
+How can we obtain them?
+
+Well, going and looking at this
+scaling behavior a little bit
+
+further, one could trace back to
+some kind of a self-similarity
+
+that should exist right
+at the critical point.
+
+That is, the
+correlation functions,
+
+et cetera at the
+critical point should
+
+have this kind of
+scaling variance.
+
+And then the question
+is, can we somehow manage
+
+to use that property,
+that looking at things
+
+at different scales at
+the critical points,
+
+should give you the
+same thing to divine
+
+what these exponents are.
+
+So the next stage
+in this progression
+
+was the work of Kadanoff in
+introducing the idea of RG.
+
+And the idea of RG was to
+basically average things
+
+further.
+
+Here, implicit in
+the calculation
+
+that we had was some kind of a
+short distance [INAUDIBLE] a.
+
+And if we average
+between a and b a,
+
+then presumably these parameters
+mu would change to something
+
+else-- mu prime--
+that correspond
+
+to rescaling by a factor of b.
+
+And these mu primes
+would be a function
+
+of the original set
+of parameters mu.
+
+And then Kadanoff's idea was
+that the scaling variant points
+
+would correspond to the points
+where you have no changed.
+
+And that if you then
+deviated from that point,
+
+you would have some
+characteristic scale
+
+in the problem.
+
+And you could capture
+what was happening
+
+by looking at essentially how
+the changes, delta mu prime,
+
+were related to the
+changes delta mu.
+
+So essentially, linearizing
+these relationships.
+
+So there would be some kind of
+a linearized transformation.
+
+And then the eigenvalues
+of this transformation
+
+would determine how many
+relevant quantities you should
+
+have.
+
+Now, the physics, the entire
+physics of the process,
+
+then comes into play here.
+
+That the experiments
+tell us that you can,
+
+let's say, take superfluid and
+it has this phase transition.
+
+You change the pressure of
+it, it still has that phase
+
+transition-- slightly
+different temperature,
+
+but it's the same
+phase transition.
+
+You can add some
+impurities to it
+
+as you did in one
+of the problems.
+
+You still have the
+phase transition.
+
+So basically, the existence
+of a phase transition
+
+as a function of one parameter
+that is temperature-like
+
+is pretty robust.
+
+And if we think about that in
+the language of fixed point,
+
+it meant that along
+the symmetry direction,
+
+there should be only
+one relevant eigenvalue.
+
+So this construction
+that Kadanoff proposed
+
+is nice and fine, but
+one has to demonstrate
+
+that, indeed, this infinite
+number of parameters
+
+can be boiled down
+to a fixed point.
+
+And that fixed point has
+only one relevant direction.
+
+So the next step
+in this progression
+
+was Wilson who did perturbative
+version of this procedure.
+
+So the idea was that we can
+certainly solve beta H0.
+
+And beta H0 is really a bunch
+of Gaussian independent modes
+
+as long as we look at
+things in Fourier space.
+
+So in Fourier space,
+we have a bunch
+
+of modes that exist over
+some [INAUDIBLE] zone.
+
+And as long as we are looking
+at some set of wavelengths
+
+and no fluctuation shorter
+than that wavelength has been
+
+allowed, there is
+a maximum to here.
+
+And the procedure of
+averaging and increasing
+
+this minimum wavelength
+then corresponds
+
+to integrating out modes that
+are sitting outside lambda
+
+over v and keeping modes
+that we call m tilde that
+
+live within 0 to lambda over p.
+
+And if we integrate
+these modes--
+
+so if I rewrite this integration
+as an integration over Fourier
+
+modes, do this
+decomposition, et cetera--
+
+what I find is that
+my-- after I integrate.
+
+So step 1, I do a
+coarse graining.
+
+I find a Hamiltonian
+that governs
+
+the coarse-grained modes.
+
+Well, if I integrate
+out the sigma modes
+
+and treat them as
+Gaussians, then there
+
+will be a contribution to
+the free energy trivially
+
+from those modes proportional
+to volume, presumably.
+
+Since these modes
+and these modes
+
+don't couple at the Gaussian
+level, at the Gaussian level
+
+we also have beta H0 acting on
+these modes that I have kept.
+
+And the hard part is, of
+course, the interaction
+
+between these
+types of modes that
+
+are governed by all of
+these non-linearities
+
+that we have over here.
+
+And we kind of can formally
+write that as minus log of e
+
+to the minus u that depends
+on m tilde and sigma
+
+when I integrate out
+in the Gaussian weight
+
+the modes that are
+the sigma parameters.
+
+So that's formally correct.
+
+This is some complicated
+function of m tilde
+
+after I get rid of
+the sigma variables.
+
+But presumably, if I
+were to expand and write
+
+this in powers of m tilde
+and powers of gradient,
+
+it will reproduce back
+the original series.
+
+Because I said that the original
+series includes everything
+
+that could possibly
+be generated.
+
+This is presumably, after
+I do all of these things,
+
+still consistent with
+symmetries and so will
+
+generate those kinds of terms.
+
+But of course to
+evaluate it, then we
+
+have to do perturbation.
+
+And so we can start expanding
+this in powers of u.
+
+And the first term
+would be u, assuming
+
+that u is a small quantity.
+
+Then minus 1/2 u squared minus
+u average squared and so forth.
+
+And of course, this RG
+has two other steps.
+
+After I have
+performed this step,
+
+I have to do rescaling,
+which in Fourier space
+
+means I blow up q.
+
+So q I will replace
+with b inverse q prime.
+
+And renormalize, which
+meant that in Fourier space
+
+I replace m with z m prime.
+
+So after I do these
+procedures, what do I find?
+
+I find that to
+whatever order I go,
+
+I start with some
+original Hamiltonian
+
+that includes all terms
+consistent with symmetries.
+
+And I generate a new
+log of probability.
+
+It's not really a Hamiltonian.
+
+It's the kind of
+effective free energy.
+
+It's the log of the probability
+of these configurations.
+
+So now I should be able to
+read this transformation of how
+
+I go from mu to mu prime.
+
+So let's go through
+this list and do it.
+
+So t prime is something
+that in Fourier space
+
+went with one
+integration over q.
+
+So I got b to the minus d.
+
+There's two factors
+of m, so it's
+
+a z square type of contribution.
+
+And at the 0 order
+from here, I have my t.
+
+And then when I did the
+average, from the average
+
+of u I got a contribution
+that was proportional to u.
+
+There was a degeneracy of 4.
+
+There were two kinds of diagrams
+that were contributing to it,
+
+and then I had the integral
+from lambda over b to lambda,
+
+d dk 2 pi to the d 1 over
+t plus t plus k k squared.
+
+And just to remind you
+the kind of diagrams
+
+that were contributing
+to this, one of them
+
+was something like
+this and the other one
+
+was something like this.
+
+This one that had a closed
+loop gave me the factor of n
+
+and the other gave me
+what was eventually
+
+the eighth that I
+have observed here.
+
+So this is what we
+found at order of u.
+
+We went on and
+calculated the u squared.
+
+And the u squared will give
+me another contribution.
+
+There is a coefficient out here
+that also similarly involves
+
+integrals.
+
+The integrals will depend on t.
+
+They will depend on k.
+
+They will depend on this
+lambda that I'm integrating.
+
+They will depend
+on t, et cetera.
+
+So there is some function here.
+
+And we argued last time that
+we don't need to evaluate it,
+
+but let's write it down.
+
+And let's make sure that
+it doesn't contribute.
+
+But this is only looking
+at the effect of this u.
+
+And I know that I have
+all of these other terms.
+
+So presumably, I
+will get something
+
+that will be of the order
+of, let's say, v squared uv.
+
+I will certainly get something
+that is of the order of u6.
+
+If I think of u6 as something
+that has six legs associated
+
+with it, I can
+certainly join two
+
+of these legs, two of these
+legs and have something
+
+that is two legs leftover, just
+as I did getting from the u4 m
+
+to the 4 2m squared.
+
+I certainly can do that.
+
+So there is all kinds of higher
+order terms here in principle
+
+that we have to keep track of.
+
+Now, the next term in
+the series is the k.
+
+Compared to the t-terms, it
+had two additional factor
+
+of gradients.
+
+When we do everything, it turns
+out that it will be minus 2
+
+because of the two gradients
+that became q squared.
+
+It's still second order
+in m, so I would get this.
+
+And then I start with k.
+
+Now, the interesting
+and important thing
+
+is that when we do the
+calculation at order of u,
+
+we don't get any
+correction to k.
+
+The only diagrams that
+could have contributed to k
+
+were diagrams of this variety.
+
+But diagrams of
+this variety, we saw
+
+that when I performed those
+integrals the result just
+
+doesn't depend on q.
+
+It only corrected
+the constant term
+
+that is proportional
+to t squared.
+
+But that structure
+will not preserve.
+
+If I go to order
+of u squared, there
+
+will be some kind
+of a correction that
+
+is order of u squared.
+
+And we kind of had in the
+table in the table of 6
+
+by 6 things that I
+had a diagram that
+
+gives contribution such as this.
+
+That, in fact, look
+something like this.
+
+So basically, this is
+a four-point vertex,
+
+a four-point vertex.
+
+I joined them.
+
+I make these kinds
+of calculation.
+
+Now, once you do
+that, you'll find
+
+that the difference
+between this diagram
+
+and let's say that diagram
+is that the momentum that
+
+goes in here, q, will have
+to just go through here
+
+and there is no influence
+on it on the momentum
+
+that I'm integrating.
+
+Whereas, if you look
+at this diagram,
+
+you will find that it
+is possible to have
+
+a momentum that going in here
+and gets a contribution over
+
+here.
+
+And so the calculation, if I
+were to do at higher order,
+
+will have in the
+denominator a product of two
+
+of these factors,
+but one of them
+
+will explicitly depend on q.
+
+And if I expanded
+in powers of q,
+
+I will get a correction
+that will appear here.
+
+It will not change
+our life as we
+
+will see what it's good
+to know that it is there.
+
+And there be higher-order
+corrections here, too.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are the
+functions a1 and a2
+
+just labeled as such to
+make our lives easier
+
+or because they don't have any
+sort of universality with them?
+
+PROFESSOR: Both.
+
+They don't carry at this
+order in the expansion
+
+any information for
+what we will need,
+
+but I have to show
+it to you explicitly.
+
+So right now, I keep
+them as placeholders.
+
+If, at the end of
+the day, we find
+
+that our answers will
+depend on these quantities,
+
+then we have to go back
+and calculate them.
+
+But ultimately, the reason
+that we won't need them
+
+is what I described last time.
+
+That we will calculate
+exponents only to lowest order
+
+in 4 minus epsilon-- 4
+minus d, which is epsilon.
+
+And that all of these
+u's at the fixed point
+
+will be of the order of epsilon.
+
+So both of these
+terms are terms that
+
+are order of epsilon
+squared and will
+
+be ignorable at
+level of epsilon.
+
+But so far I haven't talked
+anything about epsilon,
+
+so I may as well keep it.
+
+And similarly, l prime
+would be something
+
+that goes with q
+to the fourth if I
+
+were to Fourier transform it.
+
+So this would be b
+to the d minus 4.
+
+It is still z squared.
+
+It will be proportional to l.
+
+It will have exactly these
+kinds of corrections also.
+
+And I can keep going with the
+list of all second-order terms.
+
+Now, then we got to u prime.
+
+u prime was a fourth
+order, fourth power of m.
+
+So it carried z to the fourth.
+
+It involved three
+derivatives in q space,
+
+so it gave me b to the minus 3d.
+
+And then to the lowest order
+when I did the expansion
+
+from u, one of the
+terms that I got
+
+was the original
+potential evaluated
+
+for m tilde rather
+than the original m.
+
+So I always will get this term.
+
+And then I noticed that when
+I go and calculate things
+
+at second order--
+and we explicitly
+
+did that-- we got a
+term that was minus 4 u
+
+squared n plus 8 integral
+lambda over b to lambda
+
+d dk 2 pi to the d 1
+over t plus k k squared.
+
+And presumably, these
+series also continue.
+
+The whole thing squared.
+
+It was a squared propagator
+that was appearing over here.
+
+And again, reminding
+you that these
+
+came from diagrams that were--
+some of it was like this.
+
+There was a loop that
+gave us the factor of n.
+
+And then there were things
+like this one or this one.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And those gave out this huge
+number compared to this.
+
+Now, if I had included this
+term that is proportional to v,
+
+presumably I would
+have gotten corrections
+
+that are order of uv.
+
+If I go to higher
+orders, I will certainly
+
+get things that are
+of the order of u6.
+
+I will certainly get things
+that are of the order of u cubed
+
+and so forth.
+
+So there is a whole
+bunch of corrections
+
+that in principle,
+if I am supposed
+
+to include everything and
+keep track of everything,
+
+I should include.
+
+Now, the v itself, v prime,
+has two additional derivatives
+
+with respect to u.
+
+So it will be b to
+the minus 3d minus 2.
+
+It's a z to the
+fourth type of term.
+
+It is v, and then it will
+certainly get corrections at,
+
+say, at order of
+uv and so forth.
+
+And what else did I
+write down in the series?
+
+I can write as many as we
+like. u prime to the 6.
+
+This is something that
+goes with 6 powers of z
+
+and will have 5 derivatives.
+
+Sorry, 5 integrations in q.
+
+So it will give me
+b to the minus 5d.
+
+And again, presumably I
+will have u6 minus order
+
+of something like u squared
+v and all kinds of things.
+
+All right.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in the calculation
+of terms like k prime and l
+
+prime, you have factors
+like b minus d minus 2.
+
+Is it minus 2 or plus 2?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So these came from Fourier
+transforming this entity.
+
+When I Fourier transform,
+I get integral dd q.
+
+I will have t plus
+k q squared plus l q
+
+to the fourth, et cetera.
+
+And my task is that
+whenever I see q,
+
+I replace it with
+p inverse q prime.
+
+So this would be
+b to the minus d.
+
+This would be b to the minus 2.
+
+This would be b to the minus 4.
+
+So that's how it comes.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Anything else?
+
+OK.
+
+So then we had to choose
+what this factor of z is.
+
+And we said, let's
+choose it such
+
+that k prime is the same as k.
+
+But k prime over k we can see
+is z squared b to the minus
+
+d minus 2.
+
+If I divide through by
+this k, then I will get 1,
+
+and then something here
+which is order of u squared.
+
+Now, we will justify later
+why u in order to be small
+
+so that I can make
+a construction that
+
+is perturbative in u will
+be of the order of epsilon.
+
+But in any case, if I
+want to in some sense
+
+keep the lowest order
+in u, at this order
+
+I am justified to
+get rid of this term.
+
+And when I do that
+to this order,
+
+I will find that z is b
+to the 1 plus d over 2.
+
+And probably in
+principle, corrections
+
+that will be of the order of
+this epsilon to the squared.
+
+So I do that choice.
+
+Secondly, I'll make my
+b to be infinitesimal.
+
+And so that means that
+mu prime at scale b,
+
+the set of parameters--
+each parameter
+
+would be basically mu plus
+a small shift d mu by dl.
+
+And then I can recast
+these jumps by factors of b
+
+that I have up there
+to flow equations.
+
+And so what do I get?
+
+For the first one,
+we got dt by dl.
+
+And I had chosen z squared to
+be b to the minus d minus 2.
+
+So compared to the
+original one, it's
+
+just two more factors of b.
+
+Two more factors of
+b will give me 2t.
+
+And then I will have to deal
+with that integration evaluated
+
+when b is very
+small, which means
+
+that I have to just
+evaluate it on the shell.
+
+So I will have 4u n plus 2
+kd lambda to the d divided
+
+by t plus k lambda squared
+plus higher-orders terms
+
+in this propagator.
+
+And then I will
+have, presumably,
+
+some a1-looking
+quantity, but evaluated
+
+on the shell that
+depends on u squared,
+
+and then I will have
+higher-order terms.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm kind
+of curious on why
+
+we choose k equals
+k prime instead
+
+of the constant in front of any
+of the other gradient terms.
+
+Why is k equals k prime better
+than l equals l prime or--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+We discussed this in the
+context of the Gaussian model.
+
+So what we saw for
+the Gaussian model is
+
+that if I choose
+l prime to be l,
+
+then I will have k
+prime being b squared k
+
+and t prime will be
+b to the fourth t.
+
+So I will have two
+relevant directions.
+
+So I want to have, in some
+sense, the minimal levels
+
+of direction guided by
+the experimental fact
+
+that you do whatever you
+like and you see the phase
+
+transition, except that you
+have to change one parameter.
+
+There could be something else.
+
+There could very well--
+somebody comes to me later
+
+and describes some kind
+of a phase transition
+
+that requires two
+relevant directions.
+
+And the physics of it may guide
+me to make the other choice.
+
+But for the problem that
+I'm telling you right now,
+
+the physics guides me
+to make this choice.
+
+There is no equation
+for k because we already
+
+set that to be 0.
+
+Let's write the equation for u.
+
+So four u, z to the
+fourth becomes 4 plus 2d.
+
+And then minus 3d
+becomes 4 minus d u.
+
+And then the next
+order term becomes
+
+minus 4 u squared n plus 8 kd
+lambda to the d t plus k lambda
+
+squared and so
+fourth squared when
+
+I evaluate that
+integral on the shell.
+
+And then I will have
+higher-order terms.
+
+So this is where this idea
+of making an expansion
+
+in dimensions come into play.
+
+Because we want to have
+these sets of equations
+
+somehow under control, we
+need to have a small parameter
+
+in which we are
+making an expansion.
+
+And ultimately, we will be
+looking at the fixed point.
+
+And the fixed point
+occurs at u star.
+
+That is, of the
+order of 4 minus d.
+
+Otherwise, there is no
+small control parameter.
+
+So the suggestion, actually,
+that goes to Fisher
+
+was to organize the expansion as
+a power series in this quantity
+
+epsilon.
+
+And eventually then, ask what
+the properties of these series
+
+are as a function of epsilon.
+
+So then I have all those others.
+
+I forgot, actually, to
+write l, by dt by dl.
+
+Well, compared to k, it
+has two additional factor
+
+of gradients, which means that
+it will start with minus 2l.
+
+And then we said that
+it will get corrections
+
+that are of the
+order of u squared,
+
+and uv, and such things.
+
+dv by dl.
+
+I mean, compared to this
+term, compared to u,
+
+it has two more gradients
+in the construction.
+
+So it's dimension will
+be minus 2 plus epsilon.
+
+And then we'll get directions
+of the order of, presumably,
+
+u squared, uv, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And then, what else did I write?
+
+I wrote something
+about d u6 by dl.
+
+d u6 by dl, I have to substitute
+for z 1 plus d over 2.
+
+Subtract 5d.
+
+Rewrite d as 4 minus epsilon.
+
+Once you do that, you will
+find that it becomes minus 2
+
+plus 2 epsilon.
+
+Let me just make sure that I
+am not saying something wrong.
+
+Yeah, u6 plus order
+of uv and so forth.
+
+So there is this whole
+set of parameters
+
+that are being changed as a
+function of-- going away--
+
+changing the rescaling
+by a factor of b
+
+is 1 plus an infinitesimal.
+
+So this is the flow of
+parameter in this space.
+
+So then to confirm
+the ideas of Kadanoff,
+
+we have to find the fixed point.
+
+And there is clearly
+a fixed point
+
+when all of these
+parameters are 0.
+
+If they are 0, nothing changes.
+
+And I'm back to
+the Gaussian model,
+
+which is described
+by just gradient of m
+
+squared type of theory.
+
+So this is the fixed
+point that corresponds
+
+to t star, u star, l star,
+v star, all of the things
+
+that I can think
+of, are equal to 0.
+
+It's a perfectly good fixed
+point of the transformation.
+
+It doesn't suit us
+because it actually
+
+has still two
+relevant directions.
+
+It's obvious that if I
+make a small change in u,
+
+then in dimensions less than
+4, u is a relevant direction
+
+and t is a relevant direction.
+
+Two directions does not describe
+the physics that I want.
+
+But there is fortunately
+another fixed point,
+
+the one that we call the
+O n fixed point because it
+
+explicitly depends
+on the parameter n.
+
+And what I need to do is
+to set this equal to 0.
+
+And if I set that equal
+to 0, what do I get?
+
+I get u star just
+manipulating this.
+
+It is proportional to epsilon.
+
+1u drops out.
+
+It is proportional to
+epsilon The coefficient has
+
+a factor of 1 over 4 n plus 8.
+
+Basically, the inverse of this.
+
+And then also, the
+inverse of all of that.
+
+So I have t star plus k lambda
+squared and so forth squared
+
+divided by kd lambda to the d.
+
+Then, what I need to do is to
+set the second equation to 0.
+
+You can see that
+this is a term that
+
+is order of epsilon squared now.
+
+Whereas, this is a term
+that is order of epsilon.
+
+So for calculating the
+position of the fixed point,
+
+I don't need this parameter.
+
+And what do I get?
+
+I will get that t star is minus
+2 n plus 2 kd lambda to the d
+
+divided by t star plus k
+lambda squared and so forth.
+
+Times u star.
+
+u star is epsilon 4 n plus
+8 t star plus k lambda
+
+squared and so forth squared.
+
+Divided by kd lambda to the d.
+
+Again, I'm calculating
+everything correctly
+
+to order of epsilon.
+
+So since t star is
+order of epsilon,
+
+I can drop it over here.
+
+So my u star is, in fact,
+epsilon divided by 4 n plus 8.
+
+And then this
+combination k lambda
+
+squared and so forth squared
+divided by kd lambda to the d.
+
+And doing the same
+thing up here,
+
+my t star is epsilon n plus
+2 divided by 2 n plus 8.
+
+It has an overall minus sign.
+
+The kd parts cancel.
+
+And one of these
+factors cancel, so I
+
+will get k lambda
+squared squared.
+
+Sorry, no square here.
+
+And both of these
+will get corrections
+
+that are order of
+epsilon squared
+
+that I haven't calculated.
+
+Now, let's make sure that
+it was justified for me
+
+to focus on these two parameters
+and look at everything else
+
+as being not important before.
+
+Well, look at these equations.
+
+This equation says that
+if I had a term that
+
+was order of u squared
+evaluated at a fixed point,
+
+it would be epsilon squared.
+
+So l star would be of the
+order of epsilon squared.
+
+You can check that
+v star would be
+
+of the order of epsilon squared.
+
+A lot of those things will be
+of the order of epsilon squared.
+
+v star.
+
+And actually, if you
+look at it carefully,
+
+you'll find that things
+like u6 will be even worse.
+
+They would start at order of
+epsilon cubed and so forth.
+
+So quite systematically in this
+small parameter that Fisher
+
+introduced, we see that what has
+happened is that we have a huge
+
+set of parameters, these mu's.
+
+But we can focus
+on the projection
+
+in the parameter space t and u.
+
+And in that parameter
+space, we certainly always
+
+have the Gaussian fixed point.
+
+But as long as I am in
+dimensions less than 4,
+
+the Gaussian fixed
+point is not only
+
+relevant in the t-direction
+by a factor of 2,
+
+but it also is relevant
+in another direction.
+
+There is an eigen-direction
+that is slightly shifted
+
+with respect to t equals to 0.
+
+It's not just the u-axis.
+
+Along that direction,
+it moves away.
+
+Here you have an
+eigenvalue of 2.
+
+Here you have an
+eigenvalue of epsilon.
+
+So that's the
+Gaussian fixed point.
+
+But now we found
+another fixed point,
+
+which is occurring
+for some positive u
+
+star and some negative u star.
+
+This is the o n fixed point.
+
+Kind of just by
+the continuity, you
+
+would expect that if
+things are going into here,
+
+it probably makes sense that
+it should be going like here
+
+and this should be a
+negative eigenvalue.
+
+But one can
+explicitly check that.
+
+So basically, the
+procedure to check that
+
+is to do what I told you.
+
+I have to construct a
+linearized matrix that
+
+relates delta mu going
+away from this fixed point
+
+to what happens under rescaling.
+
+So basically, under rescaling
+I will find that if I set my mu
+
+to be mu star plus a
+small change delta mu,
+
+then it will be moving away.
+
+And I can look at how,
+let's say, delta t changes,
+
+how delta u changes,
+how delta l changes,
+
+the whole list of parameters
+that I have over here.
+
+The linearized matrix
+will relate them
+
+to the vector that
+corresponds to delta t,
+
+delta u, blah, blah.
+
+So I have to go back to
+these recursion relations,
+
+make small changes in
+all of the parameters,
+
+linearize the result,
+construct that matrix,
+
+and then evaluate the
+eigenvalues of that matrix.
+
+Again, consistency to the
+order that I have done things.
+
+And for example, one of the
+things that we saw last time
+
+is that there will
+be an element here
+
+that corresponds
+to the change in u
+
+if I make a change in delta t.
+
+There is such a contribution.
+
+If I make a change delta t with
+respect to the fixed point,
+
+I will get a
+derivative from here.
+
+But that derivative
+multiplies u squared.
+
+Evaluated at the
+fixed point means
+
+that I will get a
+term down here that
+
+is order of epsilon squared.
+
+And then the second
+element here,
+
+what happens if I
+make a change in u?
+
+Well, I will get a epsilon here.
+
+And then I get a
+subtraction from here.
+
+And this subtraction
+we evaluated last time
+
+and it turned out to be
+epsilon minus 2 epsilon.
+
+So the relevance
+that we had over here
+
+became an irrelevance
+that I wanted.
+
+So there is some matrix
+element in this corner.
+
+But since this is 0, as we
+discussed if I look at this 2
+
+by 2 block, it doesn't
+affect this eigenvalue.
+
+Since I did not evaluate
+this eigenvalue last time,
+
+I'll do it now.
+
+So in order to
+calculate the yt, what
+
+I need to do is to
+see what happens
+
+if I change t to t plus delta t.
+
+So I have to take a
+derivative with respect to t.
+
+From the first
+one, I will get 2.
+
+From the second term, I will
+get minus 4 u n plus 2 kd
+
+lambda to the d-- what is
+in the denominator squared.
+
+So t plus k lambda squared
+and so forth squared.
+
+But I have to evaluate
+this at the fixed point.
+
+So I put a u star here.
+
+I put a u star here.
+
+Since u star is already
+order of epsilon,
+
+this order of epsilon
+term I can ignore.
+
+And so what I have here is 2
+minus 4 n plus 2 epsi-- OK.
+
+Now, let's put u star.
+
+u star I have up here.
+
+It is epsilon divided
+by 4 n plus 8.
+
+I have k lambda squared
+and so forth squared.
+
+kd lambda to the d.
+
+So I substituted the u star.
+
+I had the n plus 2.
+
+So now I have the
+kd lambda to the d.
+
+And I have this
+whole thing squared.
+
+And you see that all of
+these things cancel out.
+
+And the answer is
+simply 2 minus n
+
+plus 2 epsilon
+divided by n plus 8.
+
+And somehow, I feel that
+I made a factor of-- no,
+
+I think that's fine.
+
+Double check.
+
+Yep.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's see what happened.
+
+We have identified two
+fixed points, Gaussian
+
+and in dimensions
+less than 4, the O n.
+
+Associated with
+this are a number
+
+of operators that tell me-- or
+eigen-directions that tell me
+
+if I go away from the fixed
+point, whether I would go back
+
+or I would go away.
+
+And so for the
+Gaussian, these just
+
+have the names of the parameters
+that we have to set non-zero.
+
+So their names are things like
+t, u, l, v, u6, and so forth.
+
+And the value of these
+exponents we can actually
+
+get without doing anything
+because what is happening here
+
+is just dimensional analysis.
+
+So if I simply replace
+m by something,
+
+m prime, gradients or
+integrations with some power
+
+of distance b, I can
+very easily figure out
+
+what the dimensions of
+these quantities are.
+
+They are 2, epsilon, minus 2,
+minus 2 plus epsilon, minus 2
+
+plus 2 epsilon, and so forth.
+
+So this is simple
+dimensional analysis.
+
+And in some sense, these
+correspond to their dimensions
+
+of the theory of the
+variables that you have.
+
+Problem with it as a description
+of what I see in experiments
+
+is the presence of two
+relevant directions.
+
+Now, we found a new
+fixed point that
+
+is under control to
+order of epsilon.
+
+And what we find is
+that this exponent
+
+for what was analogous to t
+shifted to be 2 minus n plus 2
+
+over n plus 8 epsilon.
+
+While the one that was
+epsilon shifted by minus 2
+
+epsilon and became
+minus epsilon.
+
+What I see is a pattern
+that essentially all that
+
+can happen, since I'm doing
+a perturbation in epsilon,
+
+is that these quantities
+can at most change
+
+by order of epsilon.
+
+So this was minus 2 becomes
+minus 2 plus order of epsilon.
+
+This becomes minus 2
+plus order of epsilon.
+
+It will not necessarily
+be minus 2 plus epsilon.
+
+It could be minus 2 minus
+7 epsilon plus 11 epsilon.
+
+Maybe even epsilon
+squared, I don't know.
+
+But the point is
+that clearly, even
+
+if I put all the
+infinity of parameters,
+
+as long as I am in 3.999
+dimension, at this fixed point
+
+I only have one
+relevant direction.
+
+So it does describe the
+physics that I want, at least
+
+in this perturbative sense
+of the epsilon expansion.
+
+And so I have my yt.
+
+Actually, in order to
+get all of the exponents,
+
+I really need two.
+
+I need yt and maybe yh.
+
+But yh is very simple.
+
+If I were to add to this
+magnetic field term,
+
+then in Fourier representation
+it just goes and sits over here
+
+at q equals to 0.
+
+And when I do all
+of my rescalings,
+
+et cetera, the only
+thing that happens to it
+
+is that it just picks
+the factor of z.
+
+And we've shown that z is
+b to the 1 plus d over 2
+
+plus order of epsilon squared.
+
+And so essentially,
+we also have our yh.
+
+So I can even add
+it to this table.
+
+There is a yh.
+
+There is a magnetic field.
+
+The corresponding yh is 1 plus
+d over 2 for the Gaussian.
+
+It is 1 plus d over 2 plus order
+of epsilon squared for the O n
+
+model.
+
+So now we have
+everything that we need.
+
+We can compute
+things in principle.
+
+We find, first of
+all, that if I look
+
+at the divergence of the
+correlation length, essentially
+
+we saw that under
+rescaling yt tells us
+
+that if our magnetic field
+is 0, how I get thrown away
+
+from the fixed point over here.
+
+There is a relevant
+direction out here
+
+that we've discovered whose
+eigenvalue here is no longer 2.
+
+It is 2 minus this formula
+that we've calculated.
+
+And presumably again,
+if I go and look
+
+at my set of parameters,
+what I have is that
+
+in this infinite dimensional
+space, as I reduce temperature,
+
+I will be going from,
+say, one point here,
+
+then lower temperature
+would be here,
+
+lower temperature would be here.
+
+So there would be a trajectory
+as a function of shifting
+
+temperature, which at some
+point that trajectory hits
+
+the basin of attraction of this
+O n fixed point that we found.
+
+And then being
+away from here will
+
+have a projection
+along this axis.
+
+And we can relate that to
+the divergence of, say,
+
+the correlation length
+to the free energy.
+
+Our u was 1 over yt.
+
+It is the inverse
+of this object.
+
+So let's say this
+is-- if I divide,
+
+I have 1/2 1 minus
+n plus 2 over 2 n
+
+plus 8 epsilon raised
+to the minus 1 power.
+
+And to be consistent, I
+should really only expand this
+
+to the order of epsilon.
+
+So I have 1/2 plus 1/4 n
+plus 2 n plus 8 epsilon.
+
+So what does it tell me?
+
+Well, it tells me that
+Gaussian fixed point,
+
+the correlation length
+exponent was 1/2.
+
+We already saw that.
+
+We see that when we
+go to this O n model,
+
+the correlation length exponent
+becomes larger than 1/2.
+
+I guess that agrees
+with our table.
+
+And I guess we can
+try to estimate
+
+what values we would get if
+we were to put n equals to 1,
+
+n equals to 2, et cetera.
+
+So this is n equals to 1.
+
+If I put epsilon equals to
+1, what do I get for mu?
+
+I will get 1/2 plus 1/4 of 3/9.
+
+So that's 1/12.
+
+So that would give me
+something like 0.58.
+
+All right.
+
+Not bad for a
+low-order expansion
+
+coming from 4 to something
+that's in three dimensions.
+
+What happens if I
+go to n equals to 2?
+
+OK, so correction is
+4/10 divided by 4.
+
+So it's 0.1.
+
+So I would get 0.6.
+
+What happens if I
+put n equals to 3?
+
+I will get 5 divided by 44.
+
+And I believe that gives
+me something like 61.
+
+So it gets worse when I
+go to larger values of n,
+
+but it does capture a trend.
+
+Experimentally, we
+see that mu becomes
+
+larger as you go from 1 to 2
+or 3-component order parameter.
+
+That trend is already captured
+by this low-order expansion.
+
+Once you have mu, you can,
+for example, calculate alpha.
+
+Alpha is 2 minus d mu.
+
+So you do 2 minus your
+d is 4 minus epsilon.
+
+Your mu is this 1/2 1 plus
+1/8 n plus 2 n plus 8 epsilon.
+
+1/2, sorry.
+
+And you do the algebra
+and I'll write the answer.
+
+It is 4 minus n epsilon
+divided by 2 n plus 8.
+
+OK, and let me check.
+
+So if I now substitute
+epsilon equals
+
+to 1 for these different
+values of n, what I get
+
+are for alpha 0.17, 0.11, 0.06.
+
+I don't know, maybe I have
+a factor of 2 missing,
+
+or whatever.
+
+But these numbers, I
+think, are correct.
+
+So you can see that in
+reality alpha is positive
+
+for the liquid gas
+system n equals to 1.
+
+It is more or less 0.
+
+This is the logarithmic
+lambda point for superfluids.
+
+And then it becomes negative,
+clearly, for magnets.
+
+The formula that we have
+predicts all of these numbers
+
+to be positive, but it
+gets the right trend
+
+that as you go to
+larger values of n,
+
+the value of the
+exponent alpha calculated
+
+at this order in epsilon
+expansion becomes lower.
+
+So that trend is captured.
+
+So at this stage,
+I guess I would
+
+say that the
+problem that I posed
+
+is solved in the same
+sense that I would
+
+say we have solved for the
+energy levels of the helium
+
+atom.
+
+Certainly, you can sort
+of ignore the interaction
+
+between electrons and
+calculate hydrogenic energies.
+
+And then you can do
+perturbation in the strength
+
+of the interaction and
+get corrections to that.
+
+So essentially, you know the
+trends and you know everything.
+
+And we have been
+able to sort of find
+
+the physical structure
+that would give us
+
+a root to calculating
+what these exponents are.
+
+We see that the
+exponents are really
+
+a function of dimensionality
+and the symmetry of the order
+
+parameter.
+
+All of the trends are captured,
+but the numerical values,
+
+not surprisingly,
+at this low order
+
+have not been
+captured very well.
+
+So presumably, you would
+need to do the same thing
+
+that you would do
+for the helium atom.
+
+You could do to higher and
+higher order calculations.
+
+You could do simulations.
+
+You could do all
+kinds of other things.
+
+But the conceptual
+foundation is basically
+
+what we have laid out here.
+
+OK, there is one thing
+that-- well, many things that
+
+remain to be answered.
+
+One of them is--
+well, how do you
+
+know that there isn't a
+fixed point somewhere else?
+
+You calculated things
+perturbatively.
+
+The answer is that once you
+do higher-order calculations,
+
+et cetera, you find that
+your results converge,
+
+more or less, better and better
+to the results of simulations
+
+or experiments, et cetera.
+
+So there is no
+evidence from whatever
+
+we know that there
+is need for something
+
+that I would call
+a strong coupling,
+
+non-perturbative fixed point.
+
+It's not a proof.
+
+We can't prove that
+there isn't such a thing.
+
+But there is apparently
+no need for such a thing
+
+to discuss what is
+observed experimentally.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You told us last time
+that in order for the mu fixed
+
+point to make sense, we must
+have epsilon very small.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But now we're
+putting epsilon back to 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So when people inevitably
+ask me this question,
+
+I give them the following
+two functions of epsilon.
+
+One of them is e to
+the epsilon over 100
+
+and the other is e
+to the 100 epsilon.
+
+Do I know if I put epsilon
+of 1 a priori whether or not
+
+putting epsilon equals to 1 is
+a good thing for the expansion
+
+or not?
+
+I don't.
+
+And so I don't know
+whether it is bad
+
+and I don't know
+whether it is good,
+
+unless I calculate many
+more terms in the series
+
+and discuss what the
+convergence of the series is.
+
+AUDIENCE: Epsilon is 4 minus d
+is supposed to be an integer.
+
+We just--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you're worried
+about its integerness as
+
+opposed to treating
+it as a continuum?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's OK when you
+first assume it [INAUDIBLE].
+
+At the end of the day,
+it must be an integer.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the example somebody was
+asking me also last time
+
+that I have in mind is
+you've learned n factorial
+
+to be the product of 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+And you know it for whatever
+integer that you would like,
+
+you do the multiplication.
+
+But we've also established that
+n factorial is an integral 0
+
+to infinity dx x to
+the n e to the minus x.
+
+And so the question
+is now, can I
+
+talk about 4.111
+factorial or not?
+
+Can I expand 4.11
+factorial close
+
+to what I have 4 assuming the
+form of this so-called gamma
+
+function?
+
+So the gamma function
+is a function of n
+
+that at integer values it
+falls on whatever we know,
+
+but it has a perfect
+analytic continuation
+
+and I can in principle evaluate
+4 factorial by expanding
+
+around 3 and the derivatives
+of the gamma function
+
+evaluated at 3.
+
+AUDIENCE: But these
+kind of integers
+
+don't have anything
+with dimensionality.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, where did our
+dimensionality come from?
+
+Our dimensionality
+appears in our expressions
+
+because we have to do
+integrals of this form.
+
+And what do we do?
+
+We replace this with a
+surface area, which actually
+
+involves the
+factorial by the way.
+
+And then we have k
+to the d minus 1 dk.
+
+So these integrals are
+functions of dimension
+
+that have exactly the same
+properties as the gamma
+
+function and the n factorial.
+
+They're perfectly
+well expandable.
+
+And they do have singularities.
+
+Actually, it turns out
+the gamma functions also
+
+have singularities at
+minus 1, things like that.
+
+Our functions have singularities
+at two dimensions and so forth.
+
+But the issue of convergence
+is very important.
+
+So let's say that there were
+some powerful field theories.
+
+And in order to do
+calculations at higher orders,
+
+you need to go and
+do field theory.
+
+And you calculate
+the exponent gamma.
+
+And I will write the gamma
+exponent for the case of n
+
+equals to 1.
+
+And the series for that is 1
+plus-- if we sort of go and do
+
+all of our calculations to
+lowest order, gamma is 2 mu.
+
+So it will simply be twice
+what we have over here.
+
+And the first correction is,
+indeed, 167 times epsilon.
+
+The next one is 0.077
+epsilon squared.
+
+The next one is
+minus-- problematic--
+
+049 epsilon cubed.
+
+Next one, 180 epsilon
+to the fourth.
+
+Next one-- and I think
+this is as far as people
+
+have calculated things--
+epsilon to the fifth.
+
+Then, let's put
+epsilon equals to 1
+
+and see what we get
+at the various orders.
+
+So clearly, I start with 1.
+
+Next order I will get 1.167.
+
+At the next order,
+I will get 1.244.
+
+It's getting there, huh?
+
+And the next order
+I will get 1.195.
+
+Then I will get 1.375.
+
+And then I will get 0.96.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+So this is the signature of what
+is called an asymptotic series,
+
+something that as you evaluate
+more therms gets closer
+
+to the expected
+result, but then starts
+
+to move away and oscillate.
+
+Yet, there are tricks.
+
+And if you know your tricks,
+you can put epsilon equals to 1
+
+in that series and do
+clever enough terms
+
+to get 1.2385 minus plus 0.0025.
+
+So the trick is called
+Borel summation.
+
+So one can show that if you go
+to high orders in this series,
+
+asymptotically the terms in
+the series scale like, say,
+
+the p-th term in the series will
+scale as p factorial, something
+
+like a to the power of p and
+some coefficient in front.
+
+So if I write the general
+term in this series
+
+f sub p epsilon to
+the p, my statement
+
+is that the magnitude of f sub
+p asymptotically for p much
+
+larger than 1 going to
+infinity has this form.
+
+So clearly, because
+of this p factorial,
+
+this is growing too rapidly.
+
+But what you can do is you
+can rewrite this series, which
+
+is sum over p f of p epsilon
+of p using this integral that I
+
+had over here for p factorial.
+
+So I multiply and
+divide by p factorial.
+
+So it becomes a sum over p f
+of p epsilon of p integral 0
+
+to infinity dx x to
+the p e to the minus x
+
+divided by p factorial.
+
+And the fp over p factorial
+gets rid of this factor.
+
+So then you can recast
+this as the integral
+
+from 0 to infinity
+dx e to the minus x.
+
+And what you do is you sum
+the series f of p divided by p
+
+factorial epsilon x
+raised to the power of p.
+
+And it turns out that this is
+called some kind of a Borel
+
+function corresponding
+to this series.
+
+And as long as the terms in your
+series only diverge this badly,
+
+people can make sense of this
+function, Borel function.
+
+And then you perform
+the integration,
+
+and then you come
+up with this number.
+
+So that's one thing to note.
+
+The other thing
+to note is I said
+
+that what I want to do
+for my perturbation theory
+
+to make sense is for
+this u star to be small.
+
+And I said that the
+knob that we have
+
+is for epsilon to be small.
+
+But there is, if you look at
+that expression, another knob.
+
+I can make n going to infinity.
+
+So if n becomes very
+large-- so that also
+
+can make the thing small.
+
+So there is an
+alternative expansion.
+
+Rather than going with
+epsilon going to 0,
+
+you go to what is called
+a spherical model.
+
+That is, an infinite
+number of components,
+
+and then do in
+expansion in 1 over n.
+
+And so then you
+basically-- what you
+
+are interested is things
+that are happening
+
+as a function of d and n.
+
+And you have-- above
+4, you know that you
+
+are in the Gaussian world.
+
+At n goes to infinity, you
+have this O n type of models.
+
+And you find that these models
+actually only make sense
+
+in dimensions that
+are larger than 2.
+
+So you can then perturbatively
+come either from here
+
+or you can come from
+here and you try to get
+
+to the exponents you
+are interested over here
+
+or over here.
+
+So basically, that's the story.
+
+And for this work,
+I think, as I said,
+
+Wilson did this pertubative RG.
+
+Michael Fisher
+was the person who
+
+focused it into an
+epsilon expansion.
+
+And in 1982, Wilson got the
+Nobel Prize for the work.
+
+Potentially, it
+could have been also
+
+awarded to Fisher and Kadanoff
+for their contributions
+
+to this whole story.
+
+So that's the end of
+this part of the course.
+
+And now that we have
+established this background,
+
+we will try to get the exponents
+and the statistical behavior
+
+by a number of
+other perspectives.
+
+So basically, this
+was a perspective
+
+and a route that gave an answer.
+
+And hopefully, we'll be
+able to complement it
+
+with other ways of
+looking at the story.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vsAzc7GvQSs.txt b/vsAzc7GvQSs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f275e7b7368b13c98b0ac3b843717acec14243b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vsAzc7GvQSs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we jump into our let's understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we jump into our let's understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we jump into our let's understand
+the data each entry of this dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data each entry of this dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data each entry of this dataset
+corresponds to a census tract a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a census tract a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a census tract a
+statistical division of the area that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical division of the area that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical division of the area that is
+used by researchers to break down towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by researchers to break down towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by researchers to break down towns
+and cities as a result there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cities as a result there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cities as a result there will
+usually be multiple census tracts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually be multiple census tracts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually be multiple census tracts per
+town lon and lat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town lon and lat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town lon and lat
+have a longitude and latitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a longitude and latitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a longitude and latitude of the
+center of a census tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of a census tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of a census tract
+Madhvi is the median value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madhvi is the median value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madhvi is the median value of
+owner-occupied homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner-occupied homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner-occupied homes
+measured in thousands of dollars Krim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in thousands of dollars Krim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in thousands of dollars Krim is
+the per capita crime rate Zn is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the per capita crime rate Zn is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the per capita crime rate Zn is related
+to how much of a land is zoned for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how much of a land is zoned for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how much of a land is zoned for large
+residential properties Indus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential properties Indus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential properties Indus is
+proportion of area used for industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of area used for industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of area used for industry
+Chas is one if a census tract is next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chas is one if a census tract is next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chas is one if a census tract is next to
+the Charles River which I drew before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Charles River which I drew before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Charles River which I drew before
+Knox is a concentration of nitrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knox is a concentration of nitrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knox is a concentration of nitrous
+oxides in the air a measure of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides in the air a measure of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides in the air a measure of air
+pollution RM is the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution RM is the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution RM is the average number of
+rooms for dwelling age is a proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms for dwelling age is a proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms for dwelling age is a proportion
+of owner-occupied units built before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of owner-occupied units built before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of owner-occupied units built before
+1940 this is a measure of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 this is a measure of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 this is a measure of health
+attractors from Santa's employment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors from Santa's employment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors from Santa's employment in
+Boston red is a measure of closeness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston red is a measure of closeness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston red is a measure of closeness to
+important highways tax is a property tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important highways tax is a property tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important highways tax is a property tax
+per ten thousand dollars of value and Pt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ten thousand dollars of value and Pt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ten thousand dollars of value and Pt
+ratio is a pupil-teacher ratio by town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is a pupil-teacher ratio by town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is a pupil-teacher ratio by town
+let's switch over to our now so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch over to our now so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch over to our now so let's
+begin to analyze a data set with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to analyze a data set with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to analyze a data set with our
+first of all we'll load the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we'll load the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we'll load the data set
+into the Boston variable if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Boston variable if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Boston variable if we look at
+the structure of the Boston data set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the Boston data set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the Boston data set we
+can see all the variables we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all the variables we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all the variables we talked
+about before there are five hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before there are five hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before there are five hundred and
+six out of asians corresponding to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six out of asians corresponding to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six out of asians corresponding to five
+hundred and six census tracts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and six census tracts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and six census tracts in the
+Greater Boston area we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater Boston area we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater Boston area we are interested in
+building a model initially of how prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model initially of how prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model initially of how prices
+vary by location across the region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary by location across the region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary by location across the region so
+let's first see how the points are laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first see how the points are laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first see how the points are laid
+out using the plot commands we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out using the plot commands we can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out using the plot commands we can plot
+the latitude and longitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude and longitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude and longitude of
+about points out each of our census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about points out each of our census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about points out each of our census
+tracts this picture might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts this picture might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts this picture might be a little
+bit meaningless to you if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit meaningless to you if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit meaningless to you if you're not
+familiar with the Massachusetts Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the Massachusetts Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the Massachusetts Boston
+area but I can tell you that the dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but I can tell you that the dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but I can tell you that the dense
+central core of points corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central core of points corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central core of points corresponds to
+boston city cambridge city and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston city cambridge city and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston city cambridge city and other
+close in urban cities still let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in urban cities still let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in urban cities still let's try
+and relate it back to that picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relate it back to that picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relate it back to that picture we
+saw in the first video where i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first video where i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first video where i showed
+you the river and where MIT was so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the river and where MIT was so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the river and where MIT was so we
+want to show all the points that lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show all the points that lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show all the points that lie
+along Charles River in a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along Charles River in a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along Charles River in a different color
+we had the variable Chas that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the variable Chas that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the variable Chas that tells us
+if a point is on the child's River or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a point is on the child's River or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a point is on the child's River or
+not so to put points on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so to put points on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so to put points on an
+already-existing plot we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already-existing plot we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already-existing plot we can use the
+points command which looks very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points command which looks very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points command which looks very simple
+similar to the plot command except it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the plot command except it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the plot command except it
+operates on a plot that already exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on a plot that already exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on a plot that already exists
+so let's plot just the points where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot just the points where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot just the points where the
+Charles River variable is set to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now after now it looks pretty much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now after now it looks pretty much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now after now it looks pretty much like
+the plot command but here's where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot command but here's where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot command but here's where it's
+about to get interesting we can pass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get interesting we can pass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get interesting we can pass a
+color such as blue to plot all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color such as blue to plot all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color such as blue to plot all these
+points in blue and this would plot blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in blue and this would plot blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in blue and this would plot blue
+hollow circles on top of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circles on top of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circles on top of the black
+hollow circles which would look alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circles which would look alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circles which would look alright
+but I think I'd much prefer to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I'd much prefer to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I'd much prefer to have
+solid blue dots to control how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid blue dots to control how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid blue dots to control how the
+points are plotted we use the PCH option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are plotted we use the PCH option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are plotted we use the PCH option
+which you can read about more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can read about more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can read about more in the
+help documentation for the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help documentation for the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help documentation for the points
+command but I'm going to use PCH 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command but I'm going to use PCH 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command but I'm going to use PCH 19
+which is a solid version of a dots we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a solid version of a dots we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a solid version of a dots we
+already have on our plot so I run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have on our plot so I run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have on our plot so I run this
+command you see we have some blue dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command you see we have some blue dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command you see we have some blue dots
+in our plot now these are the census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our plot now these are the census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our plot now these are the census
+tracts that lie along the Charles River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts that lie along the Charles River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts that lie along the Charles River
+but maybe it's a little bit confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's a little bit confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's a little bit confusing
+and you'd like to know where MIT is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd like to know where MIT is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd like to know where MIT is in
+this picture so we can do that too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so we can do that too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so we can do that too I
+looked up what the census tract the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up what the census tract the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up what the census tract the MIT
+is in which since the straight MIT is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in which since the straight MIT is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in which since the straight MIT is in
+and it senses its census tract 3 5 3 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it senses its census tract 3 5 3 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it senses its census tract 3 5 3 1
+so let's plot that we add another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot that we add another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot that we add another point
+the latitude of MIT which is in tract 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude of MIT which is in tract 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude of MIT which is in tract 3
+5 3 1 and the latitude of MIT which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 3 1 and the latitude of MIT which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 3 1 and the latitude of MIT which is
+in census tracts 3 5 3 1 I'm gonna plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in census tracts 3 5 3 1 I'm gonna plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in census tracts 3 5 3 1 I'm gonna plot
+this one in red so we can tell it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in red so we can tell it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in red so we can tell it apart
+from the other Charles River dots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other Charles River dots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other Charles River dots and
+again I'm gonna use a solid dot to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm gonna use a solid dot to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm gonna use a solid dot to do it
+can you see it on the little picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see it on the little picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see it on the little picture
+it's a little bit dud right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit dud right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit dud right in the
+middle that's exactly what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle that's exactly what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle that's exactly what we were
+looking at from the pitcher and in video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at from the pitcher and in video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at from the pitcher and in video
+1 what other things can we do well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what other things can we do well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what other things can we do well this
+data set was originally constructed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set was originally constructed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set was originally constructed to
+investigate questions about how air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate questions about how air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate questions about how air
+pollution affects prices so the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution affects prices so the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution affects prices so the air
+pollution variable is this NOx variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution variable is this NOx variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution variable is this NOx variable
+let's let's have a look at a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's have a look at a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's have a look at a kind of a
+distribution of NOx Boston knops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of NOx Boston knops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of NOx Boston knops
+so we see that the minimum value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that the minimum value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that the minimum value is
+0.385 the maximum value is 0.87
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.385 the maximum value is 0.87
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.385 the maximum value is 0.87
+and the median and the mean are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the median and the mean are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the median and the mean are about
+0.53 0.55 so let's just use a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.53 0.55 so let's just use a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.53 0.55 so let's just use a value of
+0.5 5 as kind of in the middle and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 5 as kind of in the middle and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 5 as kind of in the middle and we'll
+look at just for census tracts that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just for census tracts that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just for census tracts that have
+above-average pollution so we'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above-average pollution so we'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above-average pollution so we'll use the
+points command again to pull to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points command again to pull to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points command again to pull to plot
+just those points whoops so points the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those points whoops so points the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those points whoops so points the
+latitude and the longitude first so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude and the longitude first so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude and the longitude first so we
+want the census tracts with NOx levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the census tracts with NOx levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the census tracts with NOx levels
+greater than or equal to 0.55 we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 0.55 we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 0.55 we want
+the latitude of those same census tracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude of those same census tracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude of those same census tracts
+again only if an ox is greater than 0.55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again only if an ox is greater than 0.55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again only if an ox is greater than 0.55
+and I guess a suitable pollution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess a suitable pollution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess a suitable pollution for
+nasty pollution will be a bright green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty pollution will be a bright green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty pollution will be a bright green
+and again we'll use the solid dots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we'll use the solid dots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we'll use the solid dots so
+you can see it's pretty much the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's pretty much the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's pretty much the same as
+that other commands Wow okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other commands Wow okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other commands Wow okay so those
+are all the points that I got above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the points that I got above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the points that I got above
+average pollution looks like my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pollution looks like my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pollution looks like my office
+is right in the middle now it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right in the middle now it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right in the middle now it kind of
+makes sense though because though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense though because though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense though because though it's a
+dense urban core of Boston if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense urban core of Boston if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense urban core of Boston if you think
+anywhere where pollution would be you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere where pollution would be you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere where pollution would be you'd
+think it'd be where the most cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'd be where the most cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'd be where the most cars and
+most people are so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are so that's kind of
+interesting now before we do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now before we do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now before we do anything
+more we should prep look at how prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we should prep look at how prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we should prep look at how prices
+vary over the area as well so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary over the area as well so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary over the area as well so let's
+let's make a new plot because this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a new plot because this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a new plot because this one's
+got a few too many things on it so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a few too many things on it so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a few too many things on it so we'll
+just plot again the longitude and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plot again the longitude and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plot again the longitude and the
+latitude for all census tracts they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude for all census tracts they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude for all census tracts they kind
+of resets our plot if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resets our plot if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resets our plot if we look at the
+have a distribution of the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distribution of the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distribution of the housing
+prices Boston mid V we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices Boston mid V we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices Boston mid V we see that the
+minimum price and remember the units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum price and remember the units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum price and remember the units are
+thousands of dollars so the median value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars so the median value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars so the median value
+of unoccupied homes and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unoccupied homes and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unoccupied homes and thousands of
+dollars so the minimum is around five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so the minimum is around five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so the minimum is around five
+the maximum is around 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum is around 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum is around 50
+so let's plot again only this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot again only this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot again only this sort of
+above average price points so we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average price points so we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average price points so we'll go
+points Boston lon Boston mid V above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points Boston lon Boston mid V above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points Boston lon Boston mid V above
+let's see what median 21.2 we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what median 21.2 we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what median 21.2 we can also
+plot later shoot Boston mid the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot later shoot Boston mid the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot later shoot Boston mid the greater
+than equal to 21 point two will reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to 21 point two will reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to 21 point two will reuse
+that red color we use for MIT and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that red color we use for MIT and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that red color we use for MIT and one
+more time will do solid dots so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time will do solid dots so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time will do solid dots so what we
+see now all the census tracks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now all the census tracks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now all the census tracks with
+above-average housing prices as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above-average housing prices as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above-average housing prices as you can
+see it's definitely not simple this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's definitely not simple this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's definitely not simple this
+plots the census tracts of above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots the census tracts of above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots the census tracts of above
+original none and below average mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original none and below average mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original none and below average mixed
+interests in between each other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests in between each other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests in between each other but
+there are some patterns for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some patterns for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some patterns for example
+looking at dense black bit in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at dense black bit in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at dense black bit in the middle
+that corresponds to most of the city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to most of the city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to most of the city of
+Boston especially the southern parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston especially the southern parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston especially the southern parts of
+the city also on the Cambridge side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city also on the Cambridge side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city also on the Cambridge side of
+the reverb is a big chunk of the air of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverb is a big chunk of the air of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverb is a big chunk of the air of
+darts to the black that are not red that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darts to the black that are not red that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darts to the black that are not red that
+are also presumably below average so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also presumably below average so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also presumably below average so
+there's definitely some structure to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely some structure to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely some structure to it
+but it's certainly not simple in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly not simple in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly not simple in
+relation to latitude and longitude at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to latitude and longitude at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to latitude and longitude at
+least we are explore this more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we are explore this more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we are explore this more in the
+next video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vvsFk4u_FeU.txt b/vvsFk4u_FeU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f30da190e6798d03d41aa1149250b09b4c03a88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vvsFk4u_FeU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14448 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+license. Additional information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Additional information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have with us today. Actually, before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have with us today. Actually, before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have with us today. Actually, before
+I introduce today's speaker, I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce today's speaker, I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce today's speaker, I'd like to
+remind everybody that next Monday,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind everybody that next Monday,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind everybody that next Monday,
+Stephen Moga and Will Stacy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Moga and Will Stacy will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Moga and Will Stacy will be
+talking about photography and its role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about photography and its role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about photography and its role
+in uh documenting and rebuilding uh New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh documenting and rebuilding uh New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh documenting and rebuilding uh New
+Orleans.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans.
+Today's speaker is Wendy Ewald. Wendy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's speaker is Wendy Ewald. Wendy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's speaker is Wendy Ewald. Wendy uh
+has an MIT connection. She graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an MIT connection. She graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an MIT connection. She graduated
+from Antioch College and then came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Antioch College and then came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Antioch College and then came to
+MIT to study photography with minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to study photography with minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to study photography with minor
+white was uh a really wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white was uh a really wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white was uh a really wonderful
+program, legendary program. It was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program, legendary program. It was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program, legendary program. It was uh
+and uh I look forward to hearing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I look forward to hearing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I look forward to hearing more
+about that. Maybe not part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. Maybe not part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. Maybe not part of this
+lecture, but um Wendy has been, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, but um Wendy has been, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, but um Wendy has been, as you
+saw from the the poster, has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw from the the poster, has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw from the the poster, has been
+working with children uh in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with children uh in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with children uh in her
+photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+for most of her career. and her talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of her career. and her talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of her career. and her talk
+tonight is titled um secret games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is titled um secret games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is titled um secret games
+collaborations with children. Uh for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations with children. Uh for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations with children. Uh for her
+work in um working with children in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in um working with children in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in um working with children in
+photographing their own place uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing their own place uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing their own place uh and
+linking that to uh to education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking that to uh to education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking that to uh to education and
+literacy. Uh Wendy has is a recipient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy. Uh Wendy has is a recipient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy. Uh Wendy has is a recipient of
+many awards for this work including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many awards for this work including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many awards for this work including the
+MacArthur Fellowship. So thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MacArthur Fellowship. So thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MacArthur Fellowship. So thank you for
+coming this evening and welcome Wendy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming this evening and welcome Wendy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming this evening and welcome Wendy.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+All right, I'm going to sit down. I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to sit down. I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to sit down. I wish
+I was sitting there instead of up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sitting there instead of up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sitting there instead of up here.
+But um anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um anyway,
+so um I thought that what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I thought that what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I thought that what might be
+useful is to kind of look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is to kind of look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is to kind of look at at
+different um phases of my work because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um phases of my work because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um phases of my work because I
+have been since 1969,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been since 1969,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been since 1969,
+you know, since I was here um working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, since I was here um working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, since I was here um working
+collaboratively and at that time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively and at that time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively and at that time that
+wasn't something that um people did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't something that um people did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't something that um people did.
+Now, it's it's somewhat of a fashion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's it's somewhat of a fashion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's it's somewhat of a fashion in
+in in the art world. Um, but so I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the art world. Um, but so I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the art world. Um, but so I'm I'm
+going to start with with the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with with the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with with the most recent
+project that I'm working on right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that I'm working on right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that I'm working on right now.
+And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+it's in Margate, England. And um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in Margate, England. And um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in Margate, England. And um I'm
+also going to read little bits of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to read little bits of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to read little bits of things
+that that that people have said um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that people have said um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that people have said um that
+I've worked with um to give you more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've worked with um to give you more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've worked with um to give you more of
+a context for for the work. Um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a context for for the work. Um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a context for for the work. Um and this
+is um I'm going to read first something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um I'm going to read first something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um I'm going to read first something
+that Ali Rea um one of my collaborators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ali Rea um one of my collaborators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ali Rea um one of my collaborators
+uh in Margate England said in this short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Margate England said in this short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Margate England said in this short
+world of two days why do you walk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of two days why do you walk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of two days why do you walk so
+proudly even if you become a Sullean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proudly even if you become a Sullean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proudly even if you become a Sullean in
+the end you will still die. I wish for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you will still die. I wish for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you will still die. I wish for
+the rights of all children of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of all children of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of all children of the world
+to be respected. I hope for a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be respected. I hope for a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be respected. I hope for a bright
+future for all children. My name is Ali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future for all children. My name is Ali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future for all children. My name is Ali
+Resa. I was born in Afghanistan Ghazni.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resa. I was born in Afghanistan Ghazni.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resa. I was born in Afghanistan Ghazni.
+Because of problems in Afghanistan, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because of problems in Afghanistan, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because of problems in Afghanistan, I
+could not continue my life there. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not continue my life there. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not continue my life there. I
+really don't want to tell anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to tell anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to tell anything about
+it. There was chaos in Afghanistan. My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. There was chaos in Afghanistan. My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. There was chaos in Afghanistan. My
+life was in danger. I wanted to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was in danger. I wanted to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was in danger. I wanted to get away
+from all the pain I had suffered to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the pain I had suffered to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the pain I had suffered to live
+in a free country.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free country.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free country.
+So Margate um is a seaside town which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Margate um is a seaside town which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Margate um is a seaside town which is
+down at the heels and um it's cold. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the heels and um it's cold. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the heels and um it's cold. Um
+it was once a grand place um but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was once a grand place um but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was once a grand place um but now
+there are a lot of decrepit Edwardian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of decrepit Edwardian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of decrepit Edwardian
+hotels. Um most of them are empty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels. Um most of them are empty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels. Um most of them are empty and
+boarded up and um but for the past um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarded up and um but for the past um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarded up and um but for the past um
+for quite a few years um the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a few years um the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a few years um the British
+Home Office has been um housing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Home Office has been um housing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Home Office has been um housing um
+asylum seekers in in these hotels in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asylum seekers in in these hotels in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asylum seekers in in these hotels in in
+Margate. Um and um also it's become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margate. Um and um also it's become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margate. Um and um also it's become a
+place for people in Britain to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for people in Britain to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for people in Britain to start
+their lives over again. Um people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives over again. Um people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives over again. Um people who
+who may be from Northern Ireland or who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who may be from Northern Ireland or who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who may be from Northern Ireland or who
+were um fleeing a situation in in in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um fleeing a situation in in in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um fleeing a situation in in in of
+domestic violence um because there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic violence um because there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic violence um because there's all
+this temporary housing there. Um so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temporary housing there. Um so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temporary housing there. Um so um I
+did a project where I worked with um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a project where I worked with um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a project where I worked with um a
+number of of children um both asylum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of children um both asylum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of children um both asylum
+seekers and and and British children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seekers and and and British children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seekers and and and British children
+trying to look at the the idea of asylum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at the the idea of asylum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at the the idea of asylum
+and the idea of starting one's life over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of starting one's life over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of starting one's life over
+and to expand the idea the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to expand the idea the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to expand the idea the traditional
+idea of asylum. Um and also I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of asylum. Um and also I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of asylum. Um and also I wanted to
+make present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make present
+um these people in this community who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these people in this community who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these people in this community who
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+they're more than ignored. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more than ignored. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more than ignored. They're
+people don't really accept that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really accept that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really accept that they're
+there. Um there's a lot of tension. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um there's a lot of tension. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um there's a lot of tension. Um
+they think that asylum seekers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that asylum seekers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that asylum seekers are
+getting a free ride. Um they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a free ride. Um they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a free ride. Um they don't want
+them housed in their community. So um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them housed in their community. So um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them housed in their community. So um I
+made portraits of of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made portraits of of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made portraits of of each of the
+children I was working with. um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children I was working with. um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children I was working with. um their
+faces uh with a 4x5, the the backs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces uh with a 4x5, the the backs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces uh with a 4x5, the the backs of
+their heads and the objects they brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads and the objects they brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads and the objects they brought
+with them. I also um uh taught them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them. I also um uh taught them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them. I also um uh taught them how
+to use um Polaroid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use um Polaroid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use um Polaroid um
+positive negative film um to photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative film um to photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative film um to photograph
+their impressions of their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their impressions of their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their impressions of their new
+environment. They made maps of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. They made maps of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. They made maps of places
+they had um come from and maps of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had um come from and maps of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had um come from and maps of their
+new home. And um and then I also made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new home. And um and then I also made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new home. And um and then I also made
+interviews with them and you see along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with them and you see along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with them and you see along
+the side are are the words that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side are are the words that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side are are the words that they
+have they have written. Um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they have written. Um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they have written. Um and then the
+first group we put along the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first group we put along the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first group we put along the um
+uh the seaw wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the seaw wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the seaw wall
+um and there were about six young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there were about six young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there were about six young
+people's suites of these photographs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's suites of these photographs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's suites of these photographs.
+And then in May I'm I'm going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in May I'm I'm going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in May I'm I'm going to go back
+and and there these a new group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there these a new group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there these a new group of
+images are going to go up but more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images are going to go up but more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images are going to go up but more into
+town.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town.
+Now, one thing about doing work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one thing about doing work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one thing about doing work like
+this, obviously, it is very public and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, obviously, it is very public and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, obviously, it is very public and
+um unfortunately after um while we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately after um while we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately after um while we were
+hanging um this first set of images, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging um this first set of images, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging um this first set of images, the
+um the tube was bombed in in London. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tube was bombed in in London. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tube was bombed in in London. Um
+and so the situation became more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the situation became more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the situation became more more
+tense. Um and um a week after we put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense. Um and um a week after we put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense. Um and um a week after we put up
+the images, um two of them were petrol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images, um two of them were petrol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images, um two of them were petrol
+bombed. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombed. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombed. Um
+uh there was a a suite of images of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a a suite of images of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a a suite of images of a
+girl from South Africa. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl from South Africa. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl from South Africa. Um and
+her face and the back of her head were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her face and the back of her head were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her face and the back of her head were
+burned, but the objects were um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned, but the objects were um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned, but the objects were um were
+left alone. And the objects were her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left alone. And the objects were her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left alone. And the objects were her
+flip-flops and a copy of the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flops and a copy of the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flops and a copy of the principles
+of Islam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Islam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Islam.
+Um, I also at at at that point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I also at at at that point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I also at at at that point um
+I was uh I linked to a National Front um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh I linked to a National Front um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was uh I linked to a National Front um
+website. Um and National Front is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website. Um and National Front is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website. Um and National Front is the
+Fascist Party in in England. Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fascist Party in in England. Um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fascist Party in in England. Um and um
+there were there was lots of all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were there was lots of all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were there was lots of all around
+these there appeared fascist graffiti.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there appeared fascist graffiti.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there appeared fascist graffiti.
+So, it's going to be interesting to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's going to be interesting to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's going to be interesting to go
+back now that time has passed and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now that time has passed and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now that time has passed and um and
+see what the reception of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the reception of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the reception of the second
+wave is is going to be. Um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is is going to be. Um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is is going to be. Um but um
+this is a girl um who came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a girl um who came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a girl um who came from the
+Congo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congo
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+she uh and her family have um since gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uh and her family have um since gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uh and her family have um since gone
+underground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they um their appeals their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um their appeals their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um their appeals their initial
+appeals for asylum were turned down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals for asylum were turned down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals for asylum were turned down and
+they became nervous and went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became nervous and went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became nervous and went
+underground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground.
+This is uh a boy named Yuri from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh a boy named Yuri from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh a boy named Yuri from
+Bellarus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bellarus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bellarus.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and he chose his religious icons for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he chose his religious icons for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he chose his religious icons for me
+to photograph. And um Yuri um was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photograph. And um Yuri um was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photograph. And um Yuri um was a very
+uh difficult kid to work with, very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difficult kid to work with, very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difficult kid to work with, very um
+emotional, very uh attached to to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional, very uh attached to to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional, very uh attached to to me and
+my co-workers. Um it was difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my co-workers. Um it was difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my co-workers. Um it was difficult to
+leave in the evening without a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave in the evening without a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave in the evening without a a very
+squeezing hug from him. And u when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing hug from him. And u when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing hug from him. And u when we
+left um it was it was very sad. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um it was it was very sad. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um it was it was very sad. Um I
+worked with them for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with them for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with them for um
+for a number of weeks and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of weeks and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of weeks and they were
+housed in a hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housed in a hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housed in a hotel
+um that called the Nand Rock Hotel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that called the Nand Rock Hotel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that called the Nand Rock Hotel which
+was um a place where um TS Elliott wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um a place where um TS Elliott wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um a place where um TS Elliott wrote
+um part of the wasteland and it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the wasteland and it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the wasteland and it was the
+the grand old hotel in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand old hotel in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand old hotel in the in the
+community. Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Um and um
+it was an amazing place because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an amazing place because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an amazing place because there
+were people from all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people from all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people from all over the world
+there coming and going. Um and some 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there coming and going. Um and some 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there coming and going. Um and some 6
+months later um Yuri and his mother were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later um Yuri and his mother were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later um Yuri and his mother were
+um moved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moved.
+Um they were given a house um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they were given a house um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they were given a house um an
+apartment um in the north of England and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment um in the north of England and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment um in the north of England and
+I went to visit him and he was a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to visit him and he was a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to visit him and he was a totally
+transformed um person. Um, no longer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed um person. Um, no longer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed um person. Um, no longer was
+was he uh clingy and uh he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he uh clingy and uh he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he uh clingy and uh he was
+confident. He spoke English. He was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident. He spoke English. He was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident. He spoke English. He was
+going to school. Uh he had changed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to school. Uh he had changed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to school. Uh he had changed his
+name to George. Um and it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to George. Um and it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to George. Um and it was an
+incredible transformation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible transformation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible transformation.
+Um then a couple of months later when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then a couple of months later when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then a couple of months later when I
+went back to England, I called his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to England, I called his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to England, I called his
+mother again and I said, "How are you?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother again and I said, "How are you?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother again and I said, "How are you?"
+And they all have cell phones. Um, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they all have cell phones. Um, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they all have cell phones. Um, and I
+said, and she said, "Well, 5050."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, and she said, "Well, 5050."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, and she said, "Well, 5050."
+Um, because her English wasn't so good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, because her English wasn't so good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, because her English wasn't so good.
+And they had been they they hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had been they they hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had been they they hadn't
+gotten one of their papers in on time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten one of their papers in on time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten one of their papers in on time.
+They had been removed from from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They had been removed from from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They had been removed from from their
+apartment and put in a detention center.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment and put in a detention center.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment and put in a detention center.
+Um, and were waiting in a um were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and were waiting in a um were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and were waiting in a um were in a
+house in a hotel near the airport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in a hotel near the airport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in a hotel near the airport the
+day that I called them. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that I called them. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that I called them. And so I
+arranged to meet with them the next day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to meet with them the next day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to meet with them the next day.
+and um at their hotel and when I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um at their hotel and when I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um at their hotel and when I called
+again I never got them again. So I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I never got them again. So I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I never got them again. So I can
+only assume that they were deported.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is Ali Resa um from Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is Ali Resa um from Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is Ali Resa um from Afghanistan
+and he's going to school and doing fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to school and doing fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to school and doing fine
+but not without a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not without a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not without a very difficult
+passage. He came out of Afghanistan by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage. He came out of Afghanistan by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage. He came out of Afghanistan by
+himself. He lost everybody in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. He lost everybody in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. He lost everybody in his
+family.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so initially I worked with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so initially I worked with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so initially I worked with them.
+They couldn't speak English and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They couldn't speak English and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They couldn't speak English and I did
+interviews with them. And then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with them. And then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with them. And then by the
+time that I met with them again, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I met with them again, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I met with them again, they
+could speak English. So their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could speak English. So their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could speak English. So their initial
+interviews were translated and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews were translated and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews were translated and then they
+picked um passages that they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked um passages that they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked um passages that they wanted to
+um place on their portraits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And um this is Zakias. And these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um this is Zakias. And these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um this is Zakias. And these are the
+ones that were burned. Um she's a 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that were burned. Um she's a 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that were burned. Um she's a 10 10
+year she's a 10-year-old girl who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year she's a 10-year-old girl who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year she's a 10-year-old girl who
+actually lives in in the town with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lives in in the town with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lives in in the town with with
+her family. Um they moved and settled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her family. Um they moved and settled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her family. Um they moved and settled in
+in Margate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we also as um part of the uh launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also as um part of the uh launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also as um part of the uh launch
+of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the initial
+images um the the children worked with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images um the the children worked with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images um the the children worked with a
+local artist to um create a um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local artist to um create a um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local artist to um create a um an
+installations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations
+um with their photographs and their as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with their photographs and their as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with their photographs and their as
+you can see their suitcases. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see their suitcases. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see their suitcases. This is
+Zakia's and um those are her flip-flops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zakia's and um those are her flip-flops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zakia's and um those are her flip-flops
+when she was little that she brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was little that she brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was little that she brought
+with her from South Africa and her doll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her from South Africa and her doll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her from South Africa and her doll
+etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I initially came to uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I initially came to uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I initially came to uh the first
+time I worked on this scale was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I worked on this scale was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I worked on this scale was in
+Richmond, Virginia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond, Virginia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond, Virginia.
+And I was invited by um Virginia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was invited by um Virginia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was invited by um Virginia
+Commonwealth University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonwealth University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonwealth University
+um and um the local community that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um the local community that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um the local community that
+surrounds um BCU um to do a project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounds um BCU um to do a project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounds um BCU um to do a project.
+There was a series of um discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a series of um discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a series of um discussions
+about communities in crisis and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communities in crisis and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communities in crisis and uh the
+um the Carver community which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Carver community which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Carver community which is
+adjacent to VCU was a very um poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to VCU was a very um poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to VCU was a very um poor
+community historically. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community historically. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community historically. Um,
+while I was there, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was there, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was there, um,
+there was a, uh, dead body found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a, uh, dead body found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a, uh, dead body found in the
+in the, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the, um,
+in the foyer. Um, there was lots of, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foyer. Um, there was lots of, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foyer. Um, there was lots of, uh,
+uh, drug activity because 95 cut through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, drug activity because 95 cut through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, drug activity because 95 cut through
+the community. Um, and, um, there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community. Um, and, um, there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community. Um, and, um, there was a
+a fire that destroyed quite a few homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire that destroyed quite a few homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire that destroyed quite a few homes
+that was started at VCU. um they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was started at VCU. um they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was started at VCU. um they were
+building a new building and didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a new building and didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a new building and didn't have
+the um correct permits and um there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um correct permits and um there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um correct permits and um there was
+some problems with how they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems with how they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems with how they were
+building and uh so the it actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and uh so the it actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and uh so the it actually was
+the one of the art buildings caught on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the art buildings caught on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the art buildings caught on
+fire and then the fire jumped over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire and then the fire jumped over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire and then the fire jumped over the
+the u street that separates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u street that separates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u street that separates the
+community from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community from um
+from VCU and burnt down quite a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from VCU and burnt down quite a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from VCU and burnt down quite a few of
+the homes. Um my project there was to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homes. Um my project there was to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homes. Um my project there was to um
+create these portraits in between VCU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these portraits in between VCU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these portraits in between VCU
+and um and the Carver community um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and the Carver community um both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and the Carver community um both
+as a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a um
+as an homage or as a um to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an homage or as a um to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an homage or as a um to show the
+people in the community plus the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the community plus the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the community plus the people
+outside the community who actually lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the community who actually lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the community who actually lived
+in that community. And um the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that community. And um the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that community. And um the community
+was uh very excited about having images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh very excited about having images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh very excited about having images
+of its young people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its young people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its young people um
+this size on on homes and on on pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size on on homes and on on pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size on on homes and on on pieces
+of the university. This is on um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the university. This is on um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the university. This is on um the
+home of one of the community leaders. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is on on uh a business that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on on uh a business that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on on uh a business that is is
+between the two communities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this boy has chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this boy has chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this boy has chosen
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+an object to represent his community his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object to represent his community his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object to represent his community his
+mother's yearbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's yearbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's yearbook
+and um and has chosen to write this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and has chosen to write this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and has chosen to write this on
+the back of his head.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is the old Jefferson clothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the old Jefferson clothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the old Jefferson clothing
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+right on the edge of the community. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the edge of the community. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the edge of the community. And
+um Savante chose his his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Savante chose his his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Savante chose his his um
+grandmother's African drum to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother's African drum to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother's African drum to represent
+his community.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his community.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his community.
+And um I love the fact that it's on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um I love the fact that it's on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um I love the fact that it's on this
+building with the bust of Jefferson. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for me I had always worked inside in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for me I had always worked inside in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for me I had always worked inside in
+galleries and this was a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galleries and this was a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galleries and this was a um
+you know a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a different way of
+collaborating with with the community.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with with the community.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with with the community.
+not only collaborating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only collaborating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only collaborating
+um to make the work but also in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make the work but also in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make the work but also in a way
+that they could participate in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could participate in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could participate in in the
+viewing of it and it could change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing of it and it could change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing of it and it could change their
+community. Um these stayed up for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Um these stayed up for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. Um these stayed up for a year
+and a half. Um the community didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half. Um the community didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half. Um the community didn't want
+them to be taken down and they have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be taken down and they have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be taken down and they have them
+now and and they're building a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and they're building a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and they're building a community
+center and they want to put them up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and they want to put them up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and they want to put them up in
+the community center. Um, we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community center. Um, we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community center. Um, we were
+worried when we put them up that they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried when we put them up that they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried when we put them up that they um
+they would be written on because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be written on because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be written on because there's
+a good bit of graffiti around, but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good bit of graffiti around, but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good bit of graffiti around, but that
+never happened. And uh sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happened. And uh sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happened. And uh sometimes people
+would think that the writing on the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think that the writing on the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think that the writing on the that
+the kids did was actually graffiti and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids did was actually graffiti and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids did was actually graffiti and
+would call up and say, "Hey, you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call up and say, "Hey, you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call up and say, "Hey, you better
+go look at those banners." So, um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at those banners." So, um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at those banners." So, um people
+were very protective of it. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very protective of it. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very protective of it. And then the
+the community itself raised money to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community itself raised money to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community itself raised money to do
+um a book as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But it was a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it was a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it was a completely different
+community than the one in in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community than the one in in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community than the one in in England
+was a community that's in pieces. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a community that's in pieces. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a community that's in pieces. Um
+this was the African-American community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the African-American community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the African-American community
+was united had actually fought against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was united had actually fought against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was united had actually fought against
+the university to um remain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university to um remain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university to um remain a
+residential community. So at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential community. So at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential community. So at this point
+the university has to ask the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university has to ask the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university has to ask the community
+permission to move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to move into the
+neighborhood. Um, and so it's it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood. Um, and so it's it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood. Um, and so it's it's been
+a pretty pretty successful partnership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty pretty successful partnership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty pretty successful partnership
+recently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is on the VCU parking lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But I started uh working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I started uh working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I started uh working
+in Kentucky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kentucky.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kentucky.
+Well, I actually started working before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I actually started working before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I actually started working before
+that, but in um in the early 70s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but in um in the early 70s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but in um in the early 70s um
+and um I worked in Appalachia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I worked in Appalachia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I worked in Appalachia
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+this is a self-portrait that one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a self-portrait that one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a self-portrait that one of my
+students um took and it's called it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um took and it's called it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um took and it's called it's a
+picture of me with the statue behind me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of me with the statue behind me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of me with the statue behind me.
+So anyway, to kind of back up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anyway, to kind of back up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anyway, to kind of back up a little
+bit, um when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um working, I was really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working, I was really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um working, I was really interested in
+how people use images and what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people use images and what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people use images and what are they
+what are they for? Um and does that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they for? Um and does that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they for? Um and does that um
+change actually what the images are? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change actually what the images are? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change actually what the images are? And
+when I when I had a son um 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I had a son um 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I had a son um 10 years ago
+and um when he was um going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um when he was um going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um when he was um going into
+kindergarten, I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten, I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten, I um
+had to um decide we had to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to um decide we had to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to um decide we had to decide
+whether he was going to go into pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he was going to go into pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he was going to go into pre
+kindergarten or kindergarten. I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten or kindergarten. I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten or kindergarten. I wanted
+him to go into pre kindergarten. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to go into pre kindergarten. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to go into pre kindergarten. And um
+but they asked him to make a drawing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they asked him to make a drawing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they asked him to make a drawing to
+determine whether he should um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether he should um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether he should um which
+kindergarten he should go in. and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten he should go in. and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten he should go in. and he
+made a kindergarten of a man with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a kindergarten of a man with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a kindergarten of a man with a
+heart and and a soul. And he was I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and and a soul. And he was I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and and a soul. And he was I guess
+he was three or four at the time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was three or four at the time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was three or four at the time. And
+they hadn't seen a drawing like that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't seen a drawing like that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't seen a drawing like that of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+that a child that like that age had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a child that like that age had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a child that like that age had
+made. So they decided that he needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. So they decided that he needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. So they decided that he needed to
+go into the into the kindergarten. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the into the kindergarten. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the into the kindergarten. Um,
+and then when he started out, um, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when he started out, um, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when he started out, um, all
+the rooms, and you probably have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rooms, and you probably have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rooms, and you probably have seen
+this, um, had little drawings, had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, um, had little drawings, had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, um, had little drawings, had
+little cutouts, uh, with each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cutouts, uh, with each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cutouts, uh, with each of the
+kids' names on them. Well, in his room,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids' names on them. Well, in his room,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids' names on them. Well, in his room,
+um, they had owls that were brown and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, they had owls that were brown and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, they had owls that were brown and,
+um, the names were written in black on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the names were written in black on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the names were written in black on
+on these brown owls and, um, they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these brown owls and, um, they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these brown owls and, um, they were
+very difficult to read. Um, and inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to read. Um, and inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to read. Um, and inside
+the classroom, the same thing. They had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom, the same thing. They had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom, the same thing. They had
+cubbies with these owls high up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubbies with these owls high up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubbies with these owls high up with
+their names written on them. And and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names written on them. And and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names written on them. And and for
+kids who were who were just starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who were who were just starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who were who were just starting to
+read, it was impossible to um decipher.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read, it was impossible to um decipher.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read, it was impossible to um decipher.
+And for kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for kids
+also, I think, are are very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also, I think, are are very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also, I think, are are very complex
+visual thinkers. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual thinkers. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual thinkers. Um, and
+when people start to um work with kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people start to um work with kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people start to um work with kids
+beyond kindergarten, they really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond kindergarten, they really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond kindergarten, they really don't
+think much about the visual culture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think much about the visual culture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think much about the visual culture um
+of of childhood. Sometimes there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of childhood. Sometimes there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of childhood. Sometimes there are um
+art enrich art enrichment classes, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art enrich art enrichment classes, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art enrich art enrichment classes, but
+they don't uh approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't uh approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't uh approach the
+sophistication that kids are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication that kids are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication that kids are really
+capable of. Um, and they see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of. Um, and they see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of. Um, and they see what's
+around them. They process it. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them. They process it. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them. They process it. I can
+remember my my son when he was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my my son when he was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my my son when he was very very
+little looking looking looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little looking looking looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little looking looking looking at an
+object and then looking at a at a 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then looking at a at a 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then looking at a at a 2D
+representation of it and just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of it and just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of it and just being
+fascinated you know even before that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated you know even before that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated you know even before that he
+c he could talk. Um so really my art has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c he could talk. Um so really my art has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c he could talk. Um so really my art has
+kind of grown out of certain questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of grown out of certain questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of grown out of certain questions
+that that come out of um that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that come out of um that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that come out of um that kind of
+thinking about that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that kind of
+representation. And I since I've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. And I since I've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. And I since I've worked
+over 30 years in all different places,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 30 years in all different places,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 30 years in all different places,
+um I've seen many different things. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've seen many different things. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've seen many different things. And
+so I'm I am an artist, but my work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I am an artist, but my work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I am an artist, but my work is
+really in intertwined with with being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in intertwined with with being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in intertwined with with being a
+teacher. Um and so that's why I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher. Um and so that's why I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher. Um and so that's why I call it
+secret games because really it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret games because really it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret games because really it's the the
+kids and I are playing are playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and I are playing are playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and I are playing are playing
+visual games and and I know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual games and and I know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual games and and I know what they're
+capable of. Um and um and they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of. Um and um and they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of. Um and um and they they're
+not censoring themselves in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not censoring themselves in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not censoring themselves in the way that
+that that adults do. Um and also I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that adults do. Um and also I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that adults do. Um and also I was
+very interested about what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested about what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested about what are the
+distinctions between things. What what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between things. What what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between things. What what
+is the distinction between child and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distinction between child and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distinction between child and
+adult and photographer and subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult and photographer and subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult and photographer and subject and
+um documentary photography and art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um documentary photography and art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um documentary photography and art and
+um and and in schools you know how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in schools you know how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in schools you know how are
+schools how is the education in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools how is the education in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools how is the education in our
+schools constructed? Um it's largely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools constructed? Um it's largely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools constructed? Um it's largely a
+white middle class um linear thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white middle class um linear thinking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white middle class um linear thinking.
+It's tidy. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's tidy. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's tidy. Um
+and uh it's sort of dedicated to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's sort of dedicated to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's sort of dedicated to doing
+things the right way. But although many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the right way. But although many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the right way. But although many
+of the students um in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students um in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students um in American
+classrooms are are neither white nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms are are neither white nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms are are neither white nor
+middle class. Um so I what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class. Um so I what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class. Um so I what I was
+interested in in was finding ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in was finding ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in was finding ways of
+bringing my students world into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing my students world into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing my students world into the
+classroom. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom. Um,
+and the but the pictures I began to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the but the pictures I began to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the but the pictures I began to see
+were not pictures that I'd seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not pictures that I'd seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not pictures that I'd seen before
+of of children. Um, they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of children. Um, they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of children. Um, they are very
+different than innoc quote innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than innoc quote innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than innoc quote innocent
+um portrayals of of children who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um portrayals of of children who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um portrayals of of children who might
+be adorable in middle class um tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adorable in middle class um tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adorable in middle class um tableau
+or or victims of poverty or war. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or victims of poverty or war. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or victims of poverty or war. Um, and
+I think that these things are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that these things are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that these things are sort of
+packaged ideas of of of childhood. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged ideas of of of childhood. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged ideas of of of childhood. And
+um, that's not what what I was seeing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that's not what what I was seeing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that's not what what I was seeing.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example, this is this is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, this is this is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, this is this is um a
+photograph by Ruby Cornet and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph by Ruby Cornet and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph by Ruby Cornet and it's a
+self-portrait and it's called I asked my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-portrait and it's called I asked my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-portrait and it's called I asked my
+sister to take a picture of me on Easter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister to take a picture of me on Easter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister to take a picture of me on Easter
+morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is a picture that Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a picture that Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a picture that Freddy
+Childers took of of himself. I mean, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Childers took of of himself. I mean, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Childers took of of himself. I mean, he
+probably set it up and then asked his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably set it up and then asked his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably set it up and then asked his
+brother or sister to actually shoot it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother or sister to actually shoot it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother or sister to actually shoot it.
+And it's called self-portrait with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's called self-portrait with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's called self-portrait with a
+picture of my biggest brother Everett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of my biggest brother Everett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of my biggest brother Everett
+who killed himself when he came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who killed himself when he came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who killed himself when he came back
+from Vietnam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Vietnam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Vietnam.
+And um Freddy was six at the time. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um Freddy was six at the time. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um Freddy was six at the time. He
+was in first grade.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in first grade.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in first grade.
+Um and um the picture he's holding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um the picture he's holding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um the picture he's holding of
+his brother was actually when his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brother was actually when his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brother was actually when his
+brother was six as well. And Freddy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother was six as well. And Freddy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother was six as well. And Freddy um
+went to a one room school. It was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a one room school. It was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a one room school. It was one of
+two one one room schools still left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one one room schools still left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one one room schools still left in
+in Kentucky at that point. Um, and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kentucky at that point. Um, and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kentucky at that point. Um, and there
+were eight grades and uh the kids were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were eight grades and uh the kids were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were eight grades and uh the kids were
+working with with Polaroid cameras. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with with Polaroid cameras. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with with Polaroid cameras. Um,
+and we didn't have a dark room at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't have a dark room at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't have a dark room at that
+point because there was no place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because there was no place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because there was no place in the
+one room. There was just a wood a wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one room. There was just a wood a wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one room. There was just a wood a wood
+stove in the middle for heat. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing
+I would do, let me go back to this. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do, let me go back to this. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do, let me go back to this. The
+first thing I would do would be to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I would do would be to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I would do would be to ask
+them to make self-portraits. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make self-portraits. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make self-portraits. This is
+kind of I started working there in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I started working there in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I started working there in um
+I think 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was developing as a way of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was developing as a way of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was developing as a way of working
+within schools at that point and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within schools at that point and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within schools at that point and I
+discovered that if you um teach writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that if you um teach writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that if you um teach writing
+along with photography that that they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with photography that that they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with photography that that they'll
+that teachers and schools will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teachers and schools will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teachers and schools will let you
+do pretty much whatever you want to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pretty much whatever you want to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pretty much whatever you want to do.
+And uh so it was a strategy. Um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so it was a strategy. Um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so it was a strategy. Um I was
+much more interested in the images. I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interested in the images. I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interested in the images. I um
+and I also thought the writing could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also thought the writing could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also thought the writing could
+help the students focus on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the students focus on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the students focus on what they
+would take. Um so they wouldn't, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take. Um so they wouldn't, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take. Um so they wouldn't, you
+know, just run off home with the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just run off home with the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just run off home with the camera
+without any idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any idea.
+Well, I sort of discovered that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I sort of discovered that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I sort of discovered that that was
+actually a pretty good idea and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty good idea and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty good idea and that you
+could go both ways. that the kids could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go both ways. that the kids could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go both ways. that the kids could
+also write after they had the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write after they had the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write after they had the pictures
+because as you know, photography is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you know, photography is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you know, photography is is
+an art of of detail. And um what kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art of of detail. And um what kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art of of detail. And um what kids
+have trouble with when they're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble with when they're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble with when they're learning
+how to write is writing from details. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write is writing from details. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write is writing from details. Um
+and also it was a way of bringing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it was a way of bringing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it was a way of bringing their
+own homes and the things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own homes and the things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own homes and the things that were
+important to them into the classroom as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to them into the classroom as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to them into the classroom as
+subject matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the second thing I would ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the second thing I would ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the second thing I would ask them to
+do was to photograph their families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which was something they loved loved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was something they loved loved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was something they loved loved to
+do. And this uh photograph is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And this uh photograph is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And this uh photograph is called
+Mommy and Daddy by Martha Campbell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mommy and Daddy by Martha Campbell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mommy and Daddy by Martha Campbell.
+And these kids were um this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these kids were um this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these kids were um this is from a
+not from the one room school. It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the one room school. It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the one room school. It's it's
+from a small consolidated school. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a small consolidated school. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a small consolidated school. Um and
+these kids were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were um
+taking inatic cameras home which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking inatic cameras home which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking inatic cameras home which they
+were little cassette was 126 film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were little cassette was 126 film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were little cassette was 126 film was
+wonderful film. It was a plus x film. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful film. It was a plus x film. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful film. It was a plus x film. Um
+and you would it had 12 shots in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would it had 12 shots in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would it had 12 shots in it.
+You'd put this cassette in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd put this cassette in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd put this cassette in the back of
+the inmatic and close it up and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inmatic and close it up and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inmatic and close it up and if
+another kid came along and opened the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kid came along and opened the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kid came along and opened the
+back it was fine. um only the shot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it was fine. um only the shot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it was fine. um only the shot that
+that was about to be exposed um would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was about to be exposed um would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was about to be exposed um would be
+ruined. Um and then they brought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruined. Um and then they brought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruined. Um and then they brought the
+film back into the classroom and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film back into the classroom and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film back into the classroom and uh I
+had built a dark room and there it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had built a dark room and there it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had built a dark room and there it was
+basically a box with a um a plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a box with a um a plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a box with a um a plastic
+black plastic top on it. Um and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black plastic top on it. Um and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black plastic top on it. Um and they
+would develop and and print. And I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would develop and and print. And I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would develop and and print. And I was
+fortunate to be able to work with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to be able to work with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to be able to work with these
+kids, some of these kids for five years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids, some of these kids for five years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids, some of these kids for five years.
+Um, so I saw them from when they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I saw them from when they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I saw them from when they were in
+the fourth grade uh through the 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth grade uh through the 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth grade uh through the 8th
+grade. Um, and then we we eventually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade. Um, and then we we eventually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade. Um, and then we we eventually did
+this book together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book together.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so also another thing that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also another thing that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also another thing that was very
+important to these kids were animals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to these kids were animals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to these kids were animals.
+They were rural kids. They're they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were rural kids. They're they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were rural kids. They're they were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh they the animals were pets, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they the animals were pets, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they the animals were pets, but they
+were also food. And um this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also food. And um this picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also food. And um this picture is
+is uh called My Daddy is Measuring Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh called My Daddy is Measuring Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh called My Daddy is Measuring Our
+Hog um by Joy Ingram. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hog um by Joy Ingram. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hog um by Joy Ingram. And um
+Thanksgiving is traditionally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving is traditionally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving is traditionally um
+butchering time. So this was um taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butchering time. So this was um taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butchering time. So this was um taken in
+November.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And one of the things that I I am the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the things that I I am the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the things that I I am the
+oldest of six kids. Um, I was around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest of six kids. Um, I was around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest of six kids. Um, I was around a
+lot of kids in Kentucky, my neighbors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of kids in Kentucky, my neighbors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of kids in Kentucky, my neighbors,
+and I often watched them and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I often watched them and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I often watched them and thought
+about um their intense creativity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um their intense creativity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um their intense creativity when
+when they're playing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're playing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're playing and uh
+was wondering how I could access that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wondering how I could access that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wondering how I could access that
+photographically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographically.
+Um, and um, so I kind of struck on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and um, so I kind of struck on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and um, so I kind of struck on the
+idea of of asking them to photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of asking them to photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of asking them to photograph
+their dreams as kind of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dreams as kind of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dreams as kind of being a
+um, a way that I could I could put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, a way that I could I could put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, a way that I could I could put it
+that they might understand. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might understand. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might understand. Um, and so
+to start off, we went in our dark room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off, we went in our dark room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off, we went in our dark room
+and uh turned out the the light in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh turned out the the light in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh turned out the the light in there
+and and told each other dreams and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and told each other dreams and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and told each other dreams and there
+were some scary dreams and uh to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some scary dreams and uh to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some scary dreams and uh to create
+a um an atmosphere that was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um an atmosphere that was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um an atmosphere that was um
+comfortable for them to to share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable for them to to share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable for them to to share their
+dreams with each other. Um and uh then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams with each other. Um and uh then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams with each other. Um and uh then I
+asked them to make images of of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to make images of of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to make images of of those
+things. And um for some kids it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And um for some kids it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And um for some kids it was like
+you know just turning on the light. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just turning on the light. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just turning on the light. They
+they knew exactly what they wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew exactly what they wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew exactly what they wanted to do
+and for other kids it was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for other kids it was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for other kids it was something that
+was very very difficult. Um this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very difficult. Um this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very difficult. Um this is um
+by Alan Shepard and it's called I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alan Shepard and it's called I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alan Shepard and it's called I
+Dreamed I Killed My Best Friend Ricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreamed I Killed My Best Friend Ricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreamed I Killed My Best Friend Ricky
+Dixon. And um Allan and Ricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dixon. And um Allan and Ricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dixon. And um Allan and Ricky
+had had a um fight over um knives. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a um fight over um knives. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a um fight over um knives. Um
+they'd swap hunting knives because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd swap hunting knives because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd swap hunting knives because all
+these kids had um had knives and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids had um had knives and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids had um had knives and a lot
+of them actually had guns too for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them actually had guns too for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them actually had guns too for
+hunting. And um they each thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting. And um they each thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting. And um they each thought the
+other one had tricked them. So they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had tricked them. So they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had tricked them. So they had
+stopped talking and um Allan had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped talking and um Allan had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped talking and um Allan had this
+dream um about Ricky and then asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream um about Ricky and then asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream um about Ricky and then asked
+Ricky to enact it for him. And in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricky to enact it for him. And in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricky to enact it for him. And in the in
+the making of the photograph, the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of the photograph, the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of the photograph, the two of
+them made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them made up
+um and continued their friendship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um this is by Denise Dixon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is by Denise Dixon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is by Denise Dixon
+who uh is the most talented student I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh is the most talented student I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh is the most talented student I've
+ever worked with. I don't know what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever worked with. I don't know what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever worked with. I don't know what has
+happened to her. She moved away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to her. She moved away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to her. She moved away from the
+mountains. And um this is called I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains. And um this is called I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains. And um this is called I am
+Dolly Parton.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolly Parton.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolly Parton.
+And Denise's only photographs pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Denise's only photographs pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Denise's only photographs pretty
+much were um self-portraits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much were um self-portraits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much were um self-portraits and
+photographs of her twin brothers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of her twin brothers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of her twin brothers who
+were younger than she was. Um but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were younger than she was. Um but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were younger than she was. Um but she
+did many self-portraits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did many self-portraits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did many self-portraits.
+This is another one um called a girl uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another one um called a girl uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another one um called a girl uh
+the girl with the snake around her. I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl with the snake around her. I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl with the snake around her. I am
+the girl with the snake around her her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl with the snake around her her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl with the snake around her her
+neck. And I don't know if you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck. And I don't know if you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck. And I don't know if you guys know
+who Cindy Sherman is. Do you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Cindy Sherman is. Do you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Cindy Sherman is. Do you know who
+she is? Well, I always say that Denise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is? Well, I always say that Denise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is? Well, I always say that Denise
+did these before Cindy Sherman did her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these before Cindy Sherman did her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these before Cindy Sherman did her
+pictures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures.
+Only Denise really they're more moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only Denise really they're more moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only Denise really they're more moving
+to me because Denise really believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me because Denise really believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me because Denise really believes
+she's those people in in that moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's those people in in that moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's those people in in that moment.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and this is another one of her pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another one of her pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another one of her pictures
+of and it's called um, Philip and Jamie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and it's called um, Philip and Jamie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and it's called um, Philip and Jamie
+are creatures from outer space in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creatures from outer space in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creatures from outer space in their
+spaceship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship.
+And um, she worked very hard to uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um, she worked very hard to uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um, she worked very hard to uh,
+create the effects that she wanted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the effects that she wanted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the effects that she wanted.
+There's nothing um, unintentional about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing um, unintentional about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing um, unintentional about
+any of this. Um, and uh, you can see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this. Um, and uh, you can see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this. Um, and uh, you can see if
+you look at at her contact sheets, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at at her contact sheets, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at at her contact sheets, um,
+she experimented with a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she experimented with a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she experimented with a lot of different
+materials before she got the stockings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials before she got the stockings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials before she got the stockings
+right to get that that look. Um, and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to get that that look. Um, and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to get that that look. Um, and,
+um, she made some long very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, she made some long very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, she made some long very long
+complicated dreams too. Um, and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated dreams too. Um, and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated dreams too. Um, and we had
+an exhibition at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhibition at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhibition at the University of
+Kentucky. Um, we had many exhibitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky. Um, we had many exhibitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky. Um, we had many exhibitions.
+We had one at the International Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had one at the International Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had one at the International Center
+of Photography and uh in Chicago and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Photography and uh in Chicago and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Photography and uh in Chicago and um
+but the the one at at University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the one at at University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the one at at University of
+Kentucky um we took most of the kids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky um we took most of the kids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky um we took most of the kids and
+Denise's mother came as well because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denise's mother came as well because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denise's mother came as well because she
+was very proud of Denise's photography.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very proud of Denise's photography.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very proud of Denise's photography.
+Um and um during the opening she stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um during the opening she stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um during the opening she stood
+next to that picture the whole time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to that picture the whole time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to that picture the whole time to
+tell anyone who looked at it that her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell anyone who looked at it that her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell anyone who looked at it that her
+kids really didn't look that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But um you know there's something I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um you know there's something I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um you know there's something I knew
+that there was something about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was something about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was something about these
+pictures that I hadn't seen in in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that I hadn't seen in in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that I hadn't seen in in other
+photographs um before um either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs um before um either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs um before um either
+photographs of of Appalach or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of of Appalach or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of of Appalach or actually
+earlier I worked in Canada. Um they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I worked in Canada. Um they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I worked in Canada. Um they they
+were different than documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different than documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different than documentary
+pictures. Um, and uh, it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures. Um, and uh, it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures. Um, and uh, it's interesting
+now um, I'm starting to get because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um, I'm starting to get because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um, I'm starting to get because of
+the internet get back in touch with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet get back in touch with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet get back in touch with a
+lot of these people who are now in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these people who are now in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these people who are now in in
+their 40s. And um, it's uh, interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 40s. And um, it's uh, interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 40s. And um, it's uh, interesting
+to hear, you know, what what that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear, you know, what what that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear, you know, what what that kind
+of meant to them or or how it fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meant to them or or how it fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meant to them or or how it fit into
+their um, into their lives. and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um, into their lives. and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um, into their lives. and we're
+about to reprint the book which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to reprint the book which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to reprint the book which which
+was now 25 years ago I guess that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now 25 years ago I guess that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now 25 years ago I guess that we did
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um then I I went to I did lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then I I went to I did lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then I I went to I did lots of things
+but but I went to India um in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I went to India um in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I went to India um in the early
+90s. Um and um for me that was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s. Um and um for me that was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s. Um and um for me that was a very
+important experience because I I lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important experience because I I lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important experience because I I lived
+in a village um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a village um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a village um
+in Gujarat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Gujarat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Gujarat
+um and um I worked with kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um I worked with kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um I worked with kids
+20 kids in that village um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 kids in that village um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 kids in that village um and
+those kids didn't have any pictures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kids didn't have any pictures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kids didn't have any pictures.
+Nobody in the village had any pictures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody in the village had any pictures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody in the village had any pictures.
+There were no newspapers with pictures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no newspapers with pictures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no newspapers with pictures.
+There were no books with pictures. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no books with pictures. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no books with pictures. Um
+there were no snapshots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no snapshots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no snapshots.
+Um the images that there were were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the images that there were were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the images that there were were um
+laminated um colorful laminated pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laminated um colorful laminated pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laminated um colorful laminated pictures
+of the gods um that were on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gods um that were on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gods um that were on their
+houses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses.
+And um so when I started working um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so when I started working um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so when I started working um I
+had to everybody wanted to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to everybody wanted to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to everybody wanted to be involved
+and I was working with a um a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was working with a um a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was working with a um a local
+organization and um and the elders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and um and the elders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and um and the elders in
+the village said that they thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village said that they thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village said that they thought that
+I should um create a um a kind of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should um create a um a kind of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should um create a um a kind of test
+to see who should who should be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see who should who should be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see who should who should be in the
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+And uh so I asked each one of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so I asked each one of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so I asked each one of of the
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+what they wanted to take pictures of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wanted to take pictures of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wanted to take pictures of um
+why they wanted to take pictures and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they wanted to take pictures and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they wanted to take pictures and to
+look through my camera and tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through my camera and tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through my camera and tell me what
+they could see. And what I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could see. And what I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could see. And what I started
+discovering um was that they all said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering um was that they all said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering um was that they all said
+they wanted to photograph the gods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to photograph the gods.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to photograph the gods.
+And um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so
+I was really perplexed and as as were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was really perplexed and as as were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was really perplexed and as as were
+the people from the community who not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people from the community who not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people from the community who not
+from the community but from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the community but from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the community but from the
+organization who were working with me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization who were working with me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization who were working with me.
+And finally we said okay well so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally we said okay well so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally we said okay well so what is
+a photo and um which was the word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo and um which was the word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo and um which was the word that
+was being used in Gujarati and um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being used in Gujarati and um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being used in Gujarati and um they
+showed us the laminated pictures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us the laminated pictures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us the laminated pictures of the
+gods. So what I had to do um which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods. So what I had to do um which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods. So what I had to do um which was
+such a privilege to be able to do was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a privilege to be able to do was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a privilege to be able to do was to
+was to tell them to show them what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to tell them to show them what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to tell them to show them what a
+camera could do. And um I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera could do. And um I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera could do. And um I had
+fortunately had Polaroid positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately had Polaroid positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately had Polaroid positive
+negative film so I could I took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative film so I could I took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative film so I could I took a
+picture of each one of them um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of each one of them um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of each one of them um and
+showed them the negative and gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them the negative and gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them the negative and gave them
+the the print. Um and I just asked each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the print. Um and I just asked each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the print. Um and I just asked each
+one of them to sit how they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them to sit how they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them to sit how they wanted to
+sit. So I did a whole series of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit. So I did a whole series of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit. So I did a whole series of pictures
+of them and it was the first time they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and it was the first time they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and it was the first time they'd
+looked at a camera and the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a camera and the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a camera and the first time
+you know the camera had had looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the camera had had looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the camera had had looked at
+them and I was just doing it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I was just doing it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I was just doing it as a
+teaching tool. Um but then later on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching tool. Um but then later on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching tool. Um but then later on I
+realized that there was a kind of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there was a kind of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there was a kind of power
+to um to the images um because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to the images um because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to the images um because of that
+you know first intense gaze and so I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first intense gaze and so I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first intense gaze and so I use
+them in a in subsequently in a book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a in subsequently in a book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a in subsequently in a book that
+I did um and then I paired paired them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did um and then I paired paired them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did um and then I paired paired them
+with uh interviews I did with the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh interviews I did with the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh interviews I did with the kids
+um at the end of the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the project
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and this is Hazmuk one of the kids and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Hazmuk one of the kids and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Hazmuk one of the kids and I
+just read you a little tiny bit of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read you a little tiny bit of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read you a little tiny bit of of uh
+I think if I can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if I can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if I can find it
+of of one uh because it also context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of one uh because it also context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of one uh because it also context
+became very important for these images.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very important for these images.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became very important for these images.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+I you know needed to explain really who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know needed to explain really who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know needed to explain really who
+these kids were. Not that just that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were. Not that just that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kids were. Not that just that they
+were taking pictures but who they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking pictures but who they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking pictures but who they were
+was as important as as what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as important as as what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as important as as what they were
+taking pictures of. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures of. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures of. Um,
+so he's 14 and uh a member of the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's 14 and uh a member of the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's 14 and uh a member of the farmer
+cast and he says, "I got married two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast and he says, "I got married two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast and he says, "I got married two
+months ago. It was a nice day. We all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago. It was a nice day. We all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago. It was a nice day. We all
+went to my wife's village on a tractor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to my wife's village on a tractor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to my wife's village on a tractor.
+No one danced, but people sang. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one danced, but people sang. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one danced, but people sang. I
+enjoyed it. I married Gali from Vasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed it. I married Gali from Vasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed it. I married Gali from Vasa
+near Doda. My sister married a fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Doda. My sister married a fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Doda. My sister married a fellow
+from Vasna. And when we visit, I'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Vasna. And when we visit, I'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Vasna. And when we visit, I'd see
+Gali fetching water. I had no idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gali fetching water. I had no idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gali fetching water. I had no idea that
+I would marry her, but she knew. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would marry her, but she knew. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would marry her, but she knew. I
+didn't even know her name. When I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even know her name. When I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even know her name. When I got
+engaged, Gali's relatives came here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged, Gali's relatives came here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged, Gali's relatives came here to
+the village. Her father brought me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village. Her father brought me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village. Her father brought me a
+turban, a letter, and a piece of paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turban, a letter, and a piece of paper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turban, a letter, and a piece of paper.
+Then he put a coconut in my hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then he put a coconut in my hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then he put a coconut in my hand and
+brought me a bowl of butter to drink.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought me a bowl of butter to drink.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought me a bowl of butter to drink.
+Her father's a rich man, so she brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her father's a rich man, so she brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her father's a rich man, so she brought
+lots of money and gold ornaments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money and gold ornaments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money and gold ornaments with
+her. Golly wears village skirts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her. Golly wears village skirts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her. Golly wears village skirts and
+sars. She's tall. Maybe I'll grow to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars. She's tall. Maybe I'll grow to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars. She's tall. Maybe I'll grow to be
+a tall fellow like her, but short boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tall fellow like her, but short boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tall fellow like her, but short boys
+get married, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get married, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get married, too.
+She's 13 and I am 14. I like her. She's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's 13 and I am 14. I like her. She's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's 13 and I am 14. I like her. She's
+goodnatured and good-looking. I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodnatured and good-looking. I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodnatured and good-looking. I took
+four or five pictures of her standing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five pictures of her standing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five pictures of her standing by
+the door. I'd like to bring her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door. I'd like to bring her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door. I'd like to bring her to
+photography class, but she'll feel shy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography class, but she'll feel shy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography class, but she'll feel shy.
+She doesn't fight with me. She always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She doesn't fight with me. She always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She doesn't fight with me. She always
+respects me, and when she doesn't, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects me, and when she doesn't, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects me, and when she doesn't, I'll
+send her away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send her away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send her away.
+Eventually, I'll go to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually, I'll go to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually, I'll go to my
+father-in-law's place to live. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father-in-law's place to live. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father-in-law's place to live. They have
+a scooter and two cycles over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scooter and two cycles over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scooter and two cycles over there.
+I'll need a kid. Also, I want only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need a kid. Also, I want only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need a kid. Also, I want only one
+son. No, both. A son and a daughter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son. No, both. A son and a daughter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son. No, both. A son and a daughter.
+I'll name the boy Mahesh and the girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll name the boy Mahesh and the girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll name the boy Mahesh and the girl
+Wendy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy.
+I don't have any brothers and sisters at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have any brothers and sisters at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have any brothers and sisters at
+home, so I like it when she comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home, so I like it when she comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home, so I like it when she comes to
+say, "I have three sisters, but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I have three sisters, but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I have three sisters, but they are
+married. One brother died in an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married. One brother died in an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married. One brother died in an accident
+and one drowned. He was a lame fellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one drowned. He was a lame fellow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one drowned. He was a lame fellow.
+Neither of his legs worked. When he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neither of his legs worked. When he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neither of his legs worked. When he
+walked to the fields on crutches, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked to the fields on crutches, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked to the fields on crutches, he
+always passed a dump. One day it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always passed a dump. One day it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always passed a dump. One day it was
+filled with water and he fell into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with water and he fell into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with water and he fell into it
+and drowned. I dream about my brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drowned. I dream about my brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drowned. I dream about my brothers
+that died. So at night I covered myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that died. So at night I covered myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that died. So at night I covered myself
+with the blanket to keep away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the blanket to keep away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the blanket to keep away the
+dreams. When my heart beats the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams. When my heart beats the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams. When my heart beats the dream
+comes out. It shouts from the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out. It shouts from the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out. It shouts from the whole
+body. I'm coming out and then it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. I'm coming out and then it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. I'm coming out and then it comes
+out. On Dvali I dreamed that I went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. On Dvali I dreamed that I went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. On Dvali I dreamed that I went up
+to the sun in a balloon. I saw two goats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sun in a balloon. I saw two goats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sun in a balloon. I saw two goats
+standing on the edge of the sun and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the edge of the sun and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the edge of the sun and they
+tried to butt me away. We are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to butt me away. We are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to butt me away. We are all
+dreaming. But in the morning when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming. But in the morning when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming. But in the morning when we
+open our eyes, the dreams are all gone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open our eyes, the dreams are all gone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open our eyes, the dreams are all gone.
+Last night I dreamed I had a girl in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last night I dreamed I had a girl in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last night I dreamed I had a girl in my
+pocket.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the the form of the book also became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the form of the book also became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the form of the book also became
+very important to me as as a way of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to me as as a way of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to me as as a way of um
+of contextualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contextualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contextualizing
+um the images. Um, and there on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the images. Um, and there on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the images. Um, and there on the left
+you see one of the photos and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see one of the photos and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see one of the photos and uh and
+then I wrote about the experience of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wrote about the experience of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wrote about the experience of of
+working together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and um each of the sections was uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um each of the sections was uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um each of the sections was uh was
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+by prayers um that were um used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by prayers um that were um used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by prayers um that were um used in the
+process of working together. And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of working together. And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of working together. And and
+this is um this is a prayer which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um this is a prayer which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um this is a prayer which was
+recited at the dedication of the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recited at the dedication of the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recited at the dedication of the dark
+room because we built a dark room. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because we built a dark room. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because we built a dark room. Um
+there were only mud houses. So we um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were only mud houses. So we um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were only mud houses. So we um we
+built a a a cinder block dark room with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a a a cinder block dark room with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a a a cinder block dark room with
+a tin roof um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tin roof um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tin roof um
+uh in the barber's front yard. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the barber's front yard. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the barber's front yard. The
+barber was one of the village elders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barber was one of the village elders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barber was one of the village elders and
+um he um agreed to let us have the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he um agreed to let us have the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he um agreed to let us have the that
+piece of land for 10 years rentree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of land for 10 years rentree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of land for 10 years rentree.
+if at the end of the 10 years um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at the end of the 10 years um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at the end of the 10 years um he
+could have the building. And um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the building. And um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have the building. And um so it
+was a it was a big day when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a it was a big day when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a it was a big day when when the
+dark room was o was opened and um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark room was o was opened and um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark room was o was opened and um it was
+lots of um ceremony and speeches and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of um ceremony and speeches and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of um ceremony and speeches and and
+this was this was part of it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was part of it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was part of it. And
+another thing that was it was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that was it was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that was it was quite
+remarkable about these kids is I it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable about these kids is I it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable about these kids is I it was
+very difficult for them to photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for them to photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for them to photograph
+there because everybody wanted their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because everybody wanted their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because everybody wanted their
+photograph to be taken and um so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph to be taken and um so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph to be taken and um so it was
+hard for them to isolate the figure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to isolate the figure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to isolate the figure or
+isolate something. Um and um so towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate something. Um and um so towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate something. Um and um so towards
+the end of the project um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the project um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the project um they
+spontaneously some of the kids started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously some of the kids started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously some of the kids started
+cutting up the images. Um and um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting up the images. Um and um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting up the images. Um and um this is
+the result of of one of those projects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of of one of those projects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of of one of those projects.
+They they used everything every bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they used everything every bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they used everything every bit of
+the the process, the uh the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the process, the uh the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the process, the uh the paper that
+that um that wrapped around the film,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that wrapped around the film,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that wrapped around the film,
+the box, um the leader um and uh I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box, um the leader um and uh I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box, um the leader um and uh I got
+books um with archival paper um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um with archival paper um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books um with archival paper um from
+Gandhi Ashram for for them to to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandhi Ashram for for them to to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandhi Ashram for for them to to work
+on. Um so it it it was a case of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Um so it it it was a case of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Um so it it it was a case of sort of
+following where they wanted to go. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following where they wanted to go. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following where they wanted to go. Um
+and then eventually when I did do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually when I did do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually when I did do this
+book which is called I dreamed I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which is called I dreamed I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which is called I dreamed I had a
+girl in my pocket. Um there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl in my pocket. Um there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl in my pocket. Um there was a
+section of my photographs, a section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of my photographs, a section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of my photographs, a section of
+their photographs. Um so it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their photographs. Um so it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their photographs. Um so it was really
+about this collaboration. It was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this collaboration. It was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this collaboration. It was about
+the village but it was all also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village but it was all also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village but it was all also about
+how we had worked together. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we had worked together. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we had worked together. Um and so
+the the picture on the right is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the picture on the right is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the picture on the right is my
+picture. The picture on the left is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. The picture on the left is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. The picture on the left is um
+uh Sajan's picture. and um she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sajan's picture. and um she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sajan's picture. and um she's
+photographed the wedding of the girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed the wedding of the girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed the wedding of the girl
+whose face is cut off in the front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose face is cut off in the front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose face is cut off in the front and
+the boy in the center of the picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy in the center of the picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy in the center of the picture.
+And so they um just want to say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so they um just want to say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so they um just want to say one more
+thing. One of the great things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. One of the great things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. One of the great things about
+working with them is that they really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with them is that they really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with them is that they really um
+believed strongly that making an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed strongly that making an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed strongly that making an image
+was giving respect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was giving respect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was giving respect.
+And um so every piece of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so every piece of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so every piece of the process
+also they related to that. And when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they related to that. And when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they related to that. And when they
+developed film when they would agitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed film when they would agitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed film when they would agitate
+the film they would pray because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film they would pray because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film they would pray because it
+reminded them of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded them of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded them of of the
+of the argy which is part part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argy which is part part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argy which is part part of the
+the prayer ceremony. And um in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prayer ceremony. And um in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prayer ceremony. And um in the dark
+room we had a um a uh bulb that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we had a um a uh bulb that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we had a um a uh bulb that we
+painted red for our safe light. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted red for our safe light. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted red for our safe light. And um
+they called that God's bulb. Um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called that God's bulb. Um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called that God's bulb. Um but it
+was it was a privilege for me to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a privilege for me to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a privilege for me to get to
+understand photography through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand photography through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand photography through their
+eyes and to have to explain it from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and to have to explain it from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and to have to explain it from um
+from the basic viewpoint of making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the basic viewpoint of making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the basic viewpoint of making of
+giving respect by making an image.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving respect by making an image.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving respect by making an image.
+M and then I went to um Polaroid sent me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and then I went to um Polaroid sent me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and then I went to um Polaroid sent me
+to Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mexico
+um and um to do um create an exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um to do um create an exhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um to do um create an exhibition
+um and I this was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this actually I think was in ' 92 and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually I think was in ' 92 and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually I think was in ' 92 and um
+I worked in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked in um
+four different communities, two indig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different communities, two indig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different communities, two indig
+indigenous communities ities and two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous communities ities and two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous communities ities and two um
+Latino or or two communities of Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latino or or two communities of Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latino or or two communities of Spanish
+descent um in Chiapas. And it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent um in Chiapas. And it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent um in Chiapas. And it was the
+year before the um the um revolt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before the um the um revolt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before the um the um revolt in
+Chiapas. Um and uh it was the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chiapas. Um and uh it was the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chiapas. Um and uh it was the first time
+I I asked kids actually to use positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I asked kids actually to use positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I asked kids actually to use positive
+negative film. I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative film. I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative film. I thought it would be
+something that would be very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be very difficult
+because with these cameras you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with these cameras you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with these cameras you have to
+um measure the distance and um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um measure the distance and um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um measure the distance and um you know
+you can't see it and uh also they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see it and uh also they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see it and uh also they had to
+carry a bucket of sodium salt with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a bucket of sodium salt with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a bucket of sodium salt with them
+when they shot to put the negatives in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they shot to put the negatives in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they shot to put the negatives in.
+It was pretty comp complicated. Um, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was pretty comp complicated. Um, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was pretty comp complicated. Um, what
+I found, however, is that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found, however, is that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found, however, is that's a great
+thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+because the kids had to work hard to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the kids had to work hard to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the kids had to work hard to um
+learn how to command the material and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to command the material and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to command the material and um
+they were certainly up to it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were certainly up to it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were certainly up to it and it
+slowed their process down so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed their process down so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed their process down so they could
+think about what it was that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it was that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it was that they were
+going to do. Um this is a photograph by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. Um this is a photograph by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. Um this is a photograph by
+one Jesus Morio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Jesus Morio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Jesus Morio
+and um it's called here is my cousin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's called here is my cousin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's called here is my cousin
+Mary with the skulls and fruit for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary with the skulls and fruit for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary with the skulls and fruit for the
+day of the dead. I always have asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the dead. I always have asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the dead. I always have asked the
+kids to make titles for their pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to make titles for their pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to make titles for their pictures
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with the idea that these photographs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea that these photographs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea that these photographs are
+going to be seen by people and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seen by people and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seen by people and then if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um make um any kind of verbal context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make um any kind of verbal context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make um any kind of verbal context
+for a photograph um then you can direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a photograph um then you can direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a photograph um then you can direct
+people to what it is that you want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to what it is that you want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to what it is that you want them
+to see to further give them control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see to further give them control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see to further give them control over
+over the image. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the image. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the image. Um,
+and Juan Jesus is actually um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Juan Jesus is actually um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Juan Jesus is actually um one of the
+better photographers and he was blind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better photographers and he was blind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better photographers and he was blind in
+one eye and had a hard time seeing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye and had a hard time seeing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye and had a hard time seeing out
+of the other eye. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other eye. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other eye. And um
+he said what he really liked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said what he really liked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said what he really liked about
+taking pictures was that when kids would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures was that when kids would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures was that when kids would
+talk about experiences that they'd had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about experiences that they'd had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about experiences that they'd had
+together, they would always say, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, they would always say, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, they would always say, "Oh,
+you remember when we saw that? Oh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember when we saw that? Oh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember when we saw that? Oh, you
+remember that guy? You remember what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that guy? You remember what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that guy? You remember what he
+looked like?" And those weren't things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like?" And those weren't things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like?" And those weren't things
+he could those weren't common memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could those weren't common memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could those weren't common memories
+he could have because he didn't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have because he didn't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have because he didn't see the
+same things. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things. And so,
+um, by having the photographs, he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, by having the photographs, he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, by having the photographs, he could
+go back and talk with his friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and talk with his friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and talk with his friends and
+also look closely and see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look closely and see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look closely and see some of the
+things that they that they were seeing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is by Teresa Lopez called My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is by Teresa Lopez called My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is by Teresa Lopez called My
+Dog Walking in the Patio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And of course, every different camera,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, every different camera,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, every different camera,
+different kind of film um affected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of film um affected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of film um affected the
+the process affected the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process affected the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process affected the the the
+photographs, but also the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs, but also the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs, but also the process of
+working together. Um this is by Nicasio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together. Um this is by Nicasio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together. Um this is by Nicasio
+Perez and it's called My Sister Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perez and it's called My Sister Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perez and it's called My Sister Is
+Braiding Her Hair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is by Vladimir Stalin Besil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is by Vladimir Stalin Besil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is by Vladimir Stalin Besil
+Vagas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagas
+and it's called the hens are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the hens are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the hens are going into
+the kitchen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here again the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this one is called My Sister Carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is called My Sister Carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is called My Sister Carrying
+the Water and it's by Luis Ernnandez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Water and it's by Luis Ernnandez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Water and it's by Luis Ernnandez
+Gomez.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And for a lot of these kids, they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for a lot of these kids, they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for a lot of these kids, they didn't
+have any photographs. They never had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any photographs. They never had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any photographs. They never had any
+photographs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs.
+This is one of my favorite photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one of my favorite photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one of my favorite photographs
+of all times, I think. and it's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all times, I think. and it's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all times, I think. and it's by
+Sebastian Gomez Ernnandez and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian Gomez Ernnandez and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian Gomez Ernnandez and it's
+called the devil is spying on the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the devil is spying on the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the devil is spying on the girls
+and I have no idea how he was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have no idea how he was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have no idea how he was able to
+make that you know how the kid got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that you know how the kid got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that you know how the kid got
+because I wasn't there you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wasn't there you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wasn't there you know when
+these were made um how the kid got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were made um how the kid got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were made um how the kid got up
+there um but um in Mayan culture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um but um in Mayan culture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um but um in Mayan culture um
+dreams are extremely important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams are extremely important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams are extremely important um
+whatever happens in in a dream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens in in a dream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens in in a dream is
+considered as real as waking reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as real as waking reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as real as waking reality
+Um, so when I asked when I let them know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so when I asked when I let them know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so when I asked when I let them know
+that we would be um I would be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would be um I would be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would be um I would be asking
+them to to photograph dreams, they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to photograph dreams, they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to photograph dreams, they were
+very excited. And all I had to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited. And all I had to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited. And all I had to say is
+fantas and and uh the next day they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantas and and uh the next day they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantas and and uh the next day they they
+arrived with um masks that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived with um masks that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived with um masks that they had
+made. And this is one of the masks. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. And this is one of the masks. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. And this is one of the masks. They
+didn't have any materials. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any materials. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any materials. So the the
+masks were made from the back of cracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks were made from the back of cracker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks were made from the back of cracker
+boxes. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes. Um,
+and they're, you know, beautiful masks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're, you know, beautiful masks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're, you know, beautiful masks.
+And but I said, "Well, you know, why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but I said, "Well, you know, why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but I said, "Well, you know, why did
+you um make the horns coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um make the horns coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um make the horns coming out of the
+the jaw? Why why didn't they come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jaw? Why why didn't they come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jaw? Why why didn't they come out of
+the, you know, the top of the head?" And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the top of the head?" And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the top of the head?" And
+he said, "Oh, I don't know. It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said, "Oh, I don't know. It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said, "Oh, I don't know. It just
+looked good to me that way."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked good to me that way."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked good to me that way."
+Um and then later um I was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then later um I was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then later um I was actually
+sharing a um a house with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing a um a house with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing a um a house with a
+anthropologist and um she pointed out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologist and um she pointed out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologist and um she pointed out to
+me images in the Mayan glyphs where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me images in the Mayan glyphs where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me images in the Mayan glyphs where the
+these things of that shape come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things of that shape come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things of that shape come out of
+the jaws. And then I began to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jaws. And then I began to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jaws. And then I began to think
+about well you know where do these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well you know where do these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well you know where do these ideas
+come from? They um they are embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from? They um they are embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from? They um they are embedded in
+the c visual ideas are embedded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c visual ideas are embedded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c visual ideas are embedded in the
+culture. Um and uh anything that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. Um and uh anything that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. Um and uh anything that that
+that a child comes up with is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a child comes up with is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a child comes up with is for a
+reason. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is uh called Wolfman and His
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh called Wolfman and His
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh called Wolfman and His
+Enemy by Javier Baptista.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enemy by Javier Baptista.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enemy by Javier Baptista.
+And these kids went to great lengths to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these kids went to great lengths to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these kids went to great lengths to
+to make their dream photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their dream photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their dream photographs
+realistic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know, and they're use also using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and they're use also using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and they're use also using a
+very difficult process where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult process where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult process where they're
+measuring the distance and they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the distance and they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the distance and they got to
+hold it steady. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called um
+Sebastian was punished for 8 hours by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian was punished for 8 hours by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian was punished for 8 hours by
+Dominga Gonzalez Castanos.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominga Gonzalez Castanos.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominga Gonzalez Castanos.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and you know she could have gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know she could have gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know she could have gotten the
+point across by putting a couple of runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point across by putting a couple of runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point across by putting a couple of runs
+of rope around him, but that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rope around him, but that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rope around him, but that's not what
+she wanted to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to do.
+And usually when kids see this, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And usually when kids see this, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And usually when kids see this, they
+they won't believe that it's not real.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um I did many other things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um I did many other things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um I did many other things but
+another um experience which was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um experience which was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um experience which was very
+important to me was was working in Saudi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to me was was working in Saudi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to me was was working in Saudi
+Arabia um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabia um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabia um
+which I did in 1997.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did in 1997.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did in 1997.
+Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I
+at a certain point I be I became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain point I be I became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain point I be I became very
+interested in how people see imi see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how people see imi see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how people see imi see
+photographic images in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic images in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic images in different
+cultures and different countries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and different countries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and different countries in the
+world. So I was sort of uh trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. So I was sort of uh trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. So I was sort of uh trying to go
+to as many different kinds of places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as many different kinds of places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as many different kinds of places and
+I was very interested in working in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was very interested in working in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was very interested in working in um
+the Muslim world and I I worked in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Muslim world and I I worked in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Muslim world and I I worked in uh in
+Morocco um for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco um for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco um for um
+I guess in 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in 1995
+um and uh it was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it was um
+it was a wonderful experience but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a wonderful experience but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a wonderful experience but it was
+quite difficult. Um I made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult. Um I made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult. Um I made some
+mistakes. Um, I asked the kids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Um, I asked the kids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Um, I asked the kids to
+photograph their families first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph their families first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph their families first of all
+because I thought that would be where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I thought that would be where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I thought that would be where
+they would be most comfortable and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be most comfortable and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be most comfortable and they
+let me know later that that was not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know later that that was not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know later that that was not what
+I should have done. What they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have done. What they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have done. What they said they
+wanted to photograph were monuments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to photograph were monuments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to photograph were monuments.
+And I didn't understand what they meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I didn't understand what they meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I didn't understand what they meant
+by monuments. And I thought, "Oh, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by monuments. And I thought, "Oh, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by monuments. And I thought, "Oh, that's
+a very unckidlike idea. It's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very unckidlike idea. It's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very unckidlike idea. It's it's a
+received idea from the culture." and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received idea from the culture." and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received idea from the culture." and um
+um you know they they need to loosen up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they they need to loosen up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they they need to loosen up
+and be more playful. Those were my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more playful. Those were my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more playful. Those were my
+stereotypical ideas. Um and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical ideas. Um and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical ideas. Um and in fact
+that's probably what they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably what they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably what they should have
+done to to begin with. Um I also asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to to begin with. Um I also asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to to begin with. Um I also asked
+them to photograph in in the commu their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to photograph in in the commu their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to photograph in in the commu their
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+and uh everyone assured me that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh everyone assured me that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh everyone assured me that was
+fine. you know that there would be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. you know that there would be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. you know that there would be no
+problems, they could do it. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, they could do it. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, they could do it. And the
+photographs came back all blurry and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs came back all blurry and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs came back all blurry and I
+couldn't figure out why because I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't figure out why because I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't figure out why because I knew
+that they were very, you know, skillful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were very, you know, skillful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were very, you know, skillful
+and um in fact there had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in fact there had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in fact there had been a
+catastrophe out on the street and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe out on the street and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe out on the street and people
+were yelling at them, throwing rocks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were yelling at them, throwing rocks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were yelling at them, throwing rocks at
+them. They were trying to trick people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. They were trying to trick people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. They were trying to trick people.
+They were up for it. They were very, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were up for it. They were very, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were up for it. They were very, you
+know, that didn't bother them. Um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that didn't bother them. Um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that didn't bother them. Um but I
+felt horrible. Um, and so I finally had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt horrible. Um, and so I finally had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt horrible. Um, and so I finally had
+I finally got the translator that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I finally got the translator that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I finally got the translator that I was
+working with to um to for for all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with to um to for for all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with to um to for for all of us
+to have a discussion which I could tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a discussion which I could tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a discussion which I could tape
+so that I could actually get it trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I could actually get it trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I could actually get it trans
+translated uh word by word so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh word by word so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh word by word so that I
+would know exactly what was going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know exactly what was going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know exactly what was going on so
+people weren't trying to be nice to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't trying to be nice to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't trying to be nice to me
+and saying that there was no problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying that there was no problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying that there was no problem.
+Um, so, um, one of the people I met when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, um, one of the people I met when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, um, one of the people I met when
+I was in in Morocco was, uh, um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in in Morocco was, uh, um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in in Morocco was, uh, um, the
+cultural attache because in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural attache because in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural attache because in order to do
+all this work, I had to bring cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work, I had to bring cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work, I had to bring cameras
+and film and everything through customs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and film and everything through customs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and film and everything through customs.
+I don't know that I I I could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that I I I could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that I I I could do it
+anymore really. Um, so I would get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore really. Um, so I would get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore really. Um, so I would get the
+diplomatic pouch um, somehow or another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic pouch um, somehow or another.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic pouch um, somehow or another.
+And um so the the woman who was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so the the woman who was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so the the woman who was in
+Morocco who helped me out was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco who helped me out was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco who helped me out was then
+stationed in Saudi Arabia and said wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationed in Saudi Arabia and said wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationed in Saudi Arabia and said wrote
+me and said well you know would you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and said well you know would you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and said well you know would you come
+work with women and girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with women and girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with women and girls
+and um so I said sure and it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so I said sure and it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so I said sure and it was very
+difficult to get a visa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get a visa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get a visa.
+um I was going with my my husband and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was going with my my husband and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was going with my my husband and my
+son and that wasn't they weren't happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son and that wasn't they weren't happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son and that wasn't they weren't happy
+about that that I was the primary worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that I was the primary worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that I was the primary worker
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh and also the fact that women were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and also the fact that women were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and also the fact that women were
+going to make photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make photographs
+um was uh problematic. There is a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was uh problematic. There is a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was uh problematic. There is a house
+uh something called the house of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something called the house of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something called the house of
+photography though in Saudi Arabia. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography though in Saudi Arabia. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography though in Saudi Arabia. Um
+and there's a men's group and a women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a men's group and a women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a men's group and a women's
+group and so they um the women's group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so they um the women's group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so they um the women's group
+asked to have a a woman photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to have a a woman photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to have a a woman photographer
+come and work with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and work with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and work with them.
+So, uh, I decided to ask them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, I decided to ask them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, I decided to ask them to make
+self-portraits and photograph their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-portraits and photograph their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-portraits and photograph their
+dreams because it was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams because it was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams because it was something that
+they could do, um, within, um, within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do, um, within, um, within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do, um, within, um, within
+their families. They wouldn't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their families. They wouldn't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their families. They wouldn't have to go
+out. Um, and, um, this is one of those,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um, and, um, this is one of those,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um, and, um, this is one of those,
+um, self-portraits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, self-portraits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, self-portraits.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they in order to uh show them publicly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in order to uh show them publicly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in order to uh show them publicly,
+of course, they couldn't have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, they couldn't have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, they couldn't have their
+faces in them. So, um she's used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces in them. So, um she's used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces in them. So, um she's used the
+chair to obscure her face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair to obscure her face.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair to obscure her face.
+And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh
+it's by um it's a series uh um called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by um it's a series uh um called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by um it's a series uh um called
+Who Am I? 19 um 70 to 1997.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who Am I? 19 um 70 to 1997.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who Am I? 19 um 70 to 1997.
+Um and um so I think there were about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um so I think there were about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um so I think there were about a
+dozen images and um she's uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen images and um she's uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen images and um she's uh looking at
+different books in which represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different books in which represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different books in which represent
+different part parts and stages in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part parts and stages in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part parts and stages in her
+life and then has placed different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and then has placed different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and then has placed different
+objects next to her. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these were all taken withinatics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were all taken withinatics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were all taken withinatics I
+mean with um point and shoots. um Kodak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with um point and shoots. um Kodak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with um point and shoots. um Kodak
+had um donated the film and processing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um donated the film and processing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um donated the film and processing.
+They I they were interested in creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They I they were interested in creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They I they were interested in creating
+a market in in Saudi Arabia. So I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market in in Saudi Arabia. So I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market in in Saudi Arabia. So I had to
+meet with the Kodak executives while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with the Kodak executives while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with the Kodak executives while I
+was there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there.
+Um so I also wanted to photograph them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I also wanted to photograph them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I also wanted to photograph them
+and um this is one of the pictures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is one of the pictures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is one of the pictures that
+I that I made. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I made. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I made. Um, and
+we negotiated quite early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we negotiated quite early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we negotiated quite early on
+how to make these pictures so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make these pictures so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make these pictures so that they
+could be published. It was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be published. It was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be published. It was very
+important that that they be published.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that that they be published.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that that they be published.
+Um, and um, this is also Naen, but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and um, this is also Naen, but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and um, this is also Naen, but this
+is how Naen wanted me to photograph her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how Naen wanted me to photograph her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how Naen wanted me to photograph her
+by photographing her daughter. And um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by photographing her daughter. And um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by photographing her daughter. And um,
+and I suggested she add her hands. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suggested she add her hands. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suggested she add her hands. Um
+and I had started actually in India um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had started actually in India um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had started actually in India um
+giving the um the black and white large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the um the black and white large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the um the black and white large
+format negatives to the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format negatives to the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format negatives to the people who were
+in them uh to alter in any way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them uh to alter in any way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them uh to alter in any way that they
+wanted to do to do it. um to um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do to do it. um to um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do to do it. um to um sort of
+laid there even if I made an image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid there even if I made an image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid there even if I made an image that
+they that they um laid claim to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they um laid claim to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they um laid claim to that
+image by putting their own marks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image by putting their own marks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image by putting their own marks on the
+negative. Um so this is what she wrote.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Um so this is what she wrote.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Um so this is what she wrote.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and I don't know what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know what the what the
+Arabic is but the English says when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic is but the English says when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic is but the English says when I
+were a lady.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and one of the women that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and one of the women that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and one of the women that I was
+fortunate to work with was a writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to work with was a writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to work with was a writer
+named Raja Alm. Um, who's continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Raja Alm. Um, who's continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Raja Alm. Um, who's continued to
+be a a a great friend and correspondent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a a a great friend and correspondent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a a a great friend and correspondent.
+And, um, she's actually a well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, um, she's actually a well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, um, she's actually a well-known
+writer in in the, um, Arab world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer in in the, um, Arab world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer in in the, um, Arab world.
+Um, and, uh, this is, um, a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and, uh, this is, um, a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and, uh, this is, um, a picture of
+her holding the book of dreams. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her holding the book of dreams. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her holding the book of dreams. Um, and
+then she wrote on her abaya all around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she wrote on her abaya all around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she wrote on her abaya all around.
+I don't know if I have what she wrote.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if I have what she wrote.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if I have what she wrote.
+Um, but when these were first published,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but when these were first published,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but when these were first published,
+I asked her to write a piece to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked her to write a piece to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked her to write a piece to uh
+accompany them. And I'll just read you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany them. And I'll just read you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany them. And I'll just read you a
+little bit of it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it. Um,
+in this case, photography turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case, photography turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case, photography turned out to
+be something more. It began when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something more. It began when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something more. It began when we
+allowed an outsider to see behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed an outsider to see behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed an outsider to see behind the
+veil. Then assuming the role of hunters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil. Then assuming the role of hunters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil. Then assuming the role of hunters
+put us in another realm and gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us in another realm and gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us in another realm and gave us a
+place to stand that was powerful enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stand that was powerful enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stand that was powerful enough
+to alter the male controlled orbits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alter the male controlled orbits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alter the male controlled orbits we
+move in. When we took our cameras into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in. When we took our cameras into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in. When we took our cameras into
+the street, people reacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street, people reacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street, people reacted with
+sincerity and entertain new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincerity and entertain new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincerity and entertain new
+possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities.
+The bodies they had lived in so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bodies they had lived in so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bodies they had lived in so long
+opened to whatever experiences they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened to whatever experiences they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened to whatever experiences they
+might encounter. They seemed oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encounter. They seemed oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encounter. They seemed oblivious
+to the dangers of intrusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dangers of intrusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dangers of intrusion or
+captivity. They opened up and posed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captivity. They opened up and posed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captivity. They opened up and posed
+happily, smiling at the camera's charm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily, smiling at the camera's charm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily, smiling at the camera's charm
+and at our courage in openly pursuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at our courage in openly pursuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at our courage in openly pursuing
+stories in circumstances that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in circumstances that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in circumstances that are
+ordinarily closed. By posing, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily closed. By posing, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily closed. By posing, they
+allowed us to steal their souls. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to steal their souls. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to steal their souls. And in
+the very act of announcing our power, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very act of announcing our power, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very act of announcing our power, we
+women gained power over the men.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is a picture that that Raja
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a picture that that Raja
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a picture that that Raja
+took of of herself. And it it was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took of of herself. And it it was great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took of of herself. And it it was great
+working with these women. Um they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these women. Um they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these women. Um they had
+never uh I think there was one woman who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uh I think there was one woman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uh I think there was one woman who
+was a photographer but everyone else had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a photographer but everyone else had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a photographer but everyone else had
+never taken pictures. Um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never taken pictures. Um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never taken pictures. Um you know
+including Raja and they I worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Raja and they I worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Raja and they I worked with
+them in really very similar ways to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in really very similar ways to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in really very similar ways to how
+I worked with children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um this is another one of her pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is another one of her pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is another one of her pictures
+and it's called twin sisters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called twin sisters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called twin sisters.
+So they had to find symbols in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they had to find symbols in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they had to find symbols in a lot of
+ways to represent themselves which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to represent themselves which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to represent themselves which was
+very interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting.
+This is her actual sister um Shadya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is her actual sister um Shadya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is her actual sister um Shadya
+who's a painter and um it says I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a painter and um it says I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a painter and um it says I used to
+dream my paintings before but now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream my paintings before but now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream my paintings before but now they
+dream me I think. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream me I think. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream me I think. And um
+Shadia um came to me to be photographed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadia um came to me to be photographed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadia um came to me to be photographed
+with um markings that drawings that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um markings that drawings that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um markings that drawings that she
+had put on her face. And then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had put on her face. And then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had put on her face. And then when I
+gave her the negative, then she added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave her the negative, then she added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave her the negative, then she added
+this second layer of of drawings. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second layer of of drawings. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second layer of of drawings. Um and
+um these look as silver prints. They're,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these look as silver prints. They're,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these look as silver prints. They're,
+you know, like 50 by 50 in by 60 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like 50 by 50 in by 60 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like 50 by 50 in by 60 in
+inches. And they're they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches. And they're they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches. And they're they're pretty
+incredible. and they had this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible. and they had this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible. and they had this sort of
+depth to them because of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth to them because of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth to them because of the different
+layers of markings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we decided um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we decided um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we decided um
+to have an exhibition pretty early on. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an exhibition pretty early on. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an exhibition pretty early on. I
+only could work I only could get a visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only could work I only could get a visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only could work I only could get a visa
+to be there for two weeks. So we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there for two weeks. So we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there for two weeks. So we did
+everything in in two weeks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in in two weeks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in in two weeks.
+And um but we decided to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um but we decided to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um but we decided to have an
+exhibition in Saudi Arabia. There had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in Saudi Arabia. There had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in Saudi Arabia. There had
+never been any photographs shown before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been any photographs shown before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been any photographs shown before
+by women. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by women. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by women. And um
+so we had to decide um who it was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to decide um who it was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to decide um who it was going
+to be for um because if it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for um because if it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for um because if it was going to
+be for just women, then they could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for just women, then they could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for just women, then they could use
+any of the pictures they had. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the pictures they had. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the pictures they had. Um but
+they decided they wanted it to be for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided they wanted it to be for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided they wanted it to be for um
+for a complete audience. And so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a complete audience. And so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a complete audience. And so then we
+had to begin the process of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to begin the process of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to begin the process of of um
+of deciding what we could use and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deciding what we could use and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deciding what we could use and what
+we couldn't use. And that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't use. And that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't use. And that was actually
+pretty painful um well probably more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty painful um well probably more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty painful um well probably more for
+me because I wasn't used to it. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because I wasn't used to it. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because I wasn't used to it. Um and
+also for some of the younger girls um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for some of the younger girls um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for some of the younger girls um
+who were told that they couldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were told that they couldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were told that they couldn't use
+certain pictures. Um so um for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pictures. Um so um for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pictures. Um so um for example,
+this didn't get used but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't get used but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't get used but um
+um but this one did. Um, and this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this one did. Um, and this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this one did. Um, and this is um
+by one of the I took it of of Joanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of the I took it of of Joanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of the I took it of of Joanna
+holding her little sister. And um her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding her little sister. And um her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding her little sister. And um her
+little sister is younger um than seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sister is younger um than seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sister is younger um than seven
+or eight, which is about the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight, which is about the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight, which is about the time when
+their faces start having to be covered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their faces start having to be covered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their faces start having to be covered.
+And uh but Joanna put that beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh but Joanna put that beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh but Joanna put that beautiful
+veil marking all on her and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil marking all on her and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil marking all on her and and
+everything except for her little sister.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except for her little sister.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except for her little sister.
+Um, but when it came time to um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but when it came time to um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but when it came time to um,
+publish it, she asked me to add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it, she asked me to add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it, she asked me to add more
+lines to her face to further protect her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to her face to further protect her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to her face to further protect her
+face. And it was actually very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face. And it was actually very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face. And it was actually very difficult
+for me to do, but I did it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and this is um, by the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this is um, by the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this is um, by the one
+photographer in the in the group, Noah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer in the in the group, Noah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer in the in the group, Noah
+Khalib. Um, and it's called Sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khalib. Um, and it's called Sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khalib. Um, and it's called Sleeping
+with My Shoes. And it's a it's a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with My Shoes. And it's a it's a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with My Shoes. And it's a it's a dream
+image. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image. Um
+so the first night we um there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first night we um there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first night we um there were
+three openings. Um and I actually wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three openings. Um and I actually wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three openings. Um and I actually wasn't
+there but they all called me um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they all called me um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they all called me um from
+from the opening. Um the first night was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the opening. Um the first night was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the opening. Um the first night was
+for women, the second night was for men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women, the second night was for men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women, the second night was for men
+and the third night was for families.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third night was for families.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third night was for families.
+And they did a catalog and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they did a catalog and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they did a catalog and one of the
+princesses sponsored it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princesses sponsored it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princesses sponsored it.
+And this is called crying for my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is called crying for my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is called crying for my face
+also by Noa which I think symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by Noa which I think symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by Noa which I think symbolically
+is such a wonderful image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+just I'll go quickly through some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'll go quickly through some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'll go quickly through some of
+these um later things when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um later things when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um later things when I started
+working on specific issues and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on specific issues and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on specific issues and this was
+at a time when uh in Durham, North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time when uh in Durham, North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time when uh in Durham, North
+Carolina where I've worked a lot um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolina where I've worked a lot um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolina where I've worked a lot um when
+two school systems were merging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two school systems were merging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two school systems were merging and
+African-American kids and white kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American kids and white kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American kids and white kids
+were going to be going to school for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be going to school for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be going to school for the
+first time and there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and there was a lot of
+trepidation. So I designed a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trepidation. So I designed a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trepidation. So I designed a project
+that I thought would be educationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought would be educationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought would be educationally
+interesting plus conceptually. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting plus conceptually. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting plus conceptually. Um and so
+I asked them to write about themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked them to write about themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked them to write about themselves
+as write a self-portrait and then write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as write a self-portrait and then write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as write a self-portrait and then write
+another one as if they were a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one as if they were a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one as if they were a member of
+the other race. And so this is a a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other race. And so this is a a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other race. And so this is a a kid
+Damian Barnett um who's African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damian Barnett um who's African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damian Barnett um who's African-American
+and he's written I'm light-skinned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's written I'm light-skinned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's written I'm light-skinned and
+have black hair etc as his himself. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have black hair etc as his himself. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have black hair etc as his himself. And
+then as as white Brent he says I am 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as as white Brent he says I am 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as as white Brent he says I am 11
+years old. I'm the only child. My name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old. I'm the only child. My name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old. I'm the only child. My name
+is Brent. I go swimming etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Brent. I go swimming etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Brent. I go swimming etc.
+And then I asked them to bring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I asked them to bring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I asked them to bring things
+from home so that they could po pose as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from home so that they could po pose as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from home so that they could po pose as
+each of theirelves. So, and on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of theirelves. So, and on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of theirelves. So, and on the left
+he is a a white only child and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a a white only child and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a a white only child and on the
+right he's himself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is Antonio Gunter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is Antonio Gunter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is Antonio Gunter
+um who's imagined himself as white as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's imagined himself as white as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's imagined himself as white as
+being homeless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being homeless.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being homeless.
+And uh when I was able to talk to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh when I was able to talk to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh when I was able to talk to him
+about it after we made the pictures, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it after we made the pictures, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it after we made the pictures, he
+said that he imagined uh being white was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he imagined uh being white was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he imagined uh being white was
+to not have a community in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have a community in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have a community in the way that
+he had a community as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a community as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a community as an
+African-American.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is Heather who's imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is Heather who's imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is Heather who's imagining
+herself as jumping rope as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself as jumping rope as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself as jumping rope as an
+African-American and reading as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American and reading as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American and reading as as a
+white um girl. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white um girl. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white um girl. And
+all of the reading photographs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reading photographs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reading photographs were
+white, whether they were by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white, whether they were by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white, whether they were by
+African-Americans or whether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans or whether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans or whether they were
+by whites. In the beginning when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by whites. In the beginning when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by whites. In the beginning when I
+started doing this and uh then after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing this and uh then after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing this and uh then after the
+merger um things changed because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger um things changed because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger um things changed because this
+was done for many years. I other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done for many years. I other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done for many years. I other people
+did it as well as as I did it. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it as well as as I did it. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it as well as as I did it. And this
+is an African-American boy, Gregory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an African-American boy, Gregory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an African-American boy, Gregory
+Blake. Imagining to be white is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blake. Imagining to be white is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blake. Imagining to be white is to be
+aggressive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive.
+So he added I all those lines all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he added I all those lines all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he added I all those lines all those
+beautiful lines. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful lines. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful lines. Um
+he he posed I took the picture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he posed I took the picture and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he posed I took the picture and then
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is um Xavier Vine and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is um Xavier Vine and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is um Xavier Vine and I'll just
+read you this is really short little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you this is really short little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you this is really short little
+thing he says about himself. I am silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he says about himself. I am silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he says about himself. I am silly
+have dark brown hair. I'm scared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dark brown hair. I'm scared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dark brown hair. I'm scared of
+snakes. I like dancing and singing. Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snakes. I like dancing and singing. Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snakes. I like dancing and singing. Five
+I like to swim. Six I like track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to swim. Six I like track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to swim. Six I like track and
+field. Seven, I like to talk on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Seven, I like to talk on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Seven, I like to talk on the
+phone. Eight, I like to play with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone. Eight, I like to play with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone. Eight, I like to play with my
+dog. Nine, my favorite team is North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog. Nine, my favorite team is North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog. Nine, my favorite team is North
+Carolina. 10, my favorite food is pizza.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolina. 10, my favorite food is pizza.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolina. 10, my favorite food is pizza.
+Um, if I was white, one, I will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if I was white, one, I will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if I was white, one, I will change
+my name to Jonathan on Family Matters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name to Jonathan on Family Matters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name to Jonathan on Family Matters.
+Two, people will call me a saltine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two, people will call me a saltine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two, people will call me a saltine.
+Three, I will be a rock star on stage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three, I will be a rock star on stage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three, I will be a rock star on stage.
+Four, I will stay in school. Five, going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four, I will stay in school. Five, going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four, I will stay in school. Five, going
+to funerals will be different. And six,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to funerals will be different. And six,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to funerals will be different. And six,
+I would like going to Greek restaurants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's Brandy Bishop imagining she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's Brandy Bishop imagining she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's Brandy Bishop imagining she's
+a white girl imagining she's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white girl imagining she's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white girl imagining she's an
+African-American princess with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American princess with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American princess with her
+castle behind her.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is finally when things began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is finally when things began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is finally when things began to
+change after a couple of years of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change after a couple of years of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change after a couple of years of of
+merger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger.
+And now this is a project that um the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this is a project that um the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this is a project that um the at
+University of North Carolina is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of North Carolina is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of North Carolina is a big
+teacher training program and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher training program and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher training program and the
+teaching fellows do do this project um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching fellows do do this project um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching fellows do do this project um
+as they before they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they before they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they before they get their
+certification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then lastly, I the last book I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly, I the last book I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly, I the last book I did
+is called American Alphabets and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called American Alphabets and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called American Alphabets and it's uh
+looking at what uh America is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what uh America is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what uh America is through
+language and uh there's four it includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and uh there's four it includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and uh there's four it includes
+four different alphabets um uh Arabic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different alphabets um uh Arabic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different alphabets um uh Arabic uh
+Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish
+um English um white girls and English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English um white girls and English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English um white girls and English um
+African-American middle school students.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American middle school students.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American middle school students.
+Um, and this the the white girls were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this the the white girls were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this the the white girls were
+done at Andover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they chose the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they chose the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they chose the words
+and I made the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made the pictures
+with Polaroid and them directing me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Polaroid and them directing me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Polaroid and them directing me and
+then and then they they chose the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then they they chose the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then they they chose the color
+backgrounds and uh wrote the letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and uh wrote the letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and uh wrote the letters and
+the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then also there included um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also there included um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also there included um they
+wrote definitions their own definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote definitions their own definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote definitions their own definitions
+for the words and um sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the words and um sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the words and um sentences
+using the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh this is the Arabic alphabet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is the Arabic alphabet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is the Arabic alphabet um
+which I did on um on silk that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did on um on silk that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did on um on silk that you can
+digitally on silk that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally on silk that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally on silk that you can see
+through and it's at the this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and it's at the this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and it's at the this is an
+installation at the Queens Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation at the Queens Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation at the Queens Museum
+um and I worked with um with middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I worked with um with middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I worked with um with middle
+school students in um in Queens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is the word um amar um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the word um amar um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the word um amar um which
+means to command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the word neighbor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this was um the installation opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was um the installation opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was um the installation opened
+um right before the Iraqi war started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right before the Iraqi war started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right before the Iraqi war started
+and um we had Arab family day and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we had Arab family day and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we had Arab family day and it was
+um it's a wonderful day. Um the lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a wonderful day. Um the lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a wonderful day. Um the lots of
+people from the community and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the community and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the community and the
+parents were there and they all talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents were there and they all talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents were there and they all talked
+underneath the banners about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the banners about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the banners about what it
+meant to them to see their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to them to see their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to them to see their their
+language um monumentalized in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um monumentalized in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um monumentalized in in that
+way and respected in that way. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and respected in that way. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and respected in that way. And uh
+this is shimm or smell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And they had to figure out how to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had to figure out how to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had to figure out how to use um
+these markers are also on the negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these markers are also on the negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these markers are also on the negative.
+So they had to figure out how to use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they had to figure out how to use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they had to figure out how to use you
+know a yellow marker to you know create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a yellow marker to you know create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a yellow marker to you know create
+blue etc. So it's quite complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is uh diminish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which I thought was a great one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is kitab or book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is the first time these kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the first time these kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the first time these kids
+had never been together as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been together as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been together as a group
+before. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And uh
+something they were very pleased about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is the school lunch. Sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the school lunch. Sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the school lunch. Sorry,
+it's backwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's it. The slides. So any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's it. The slides. So any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's it. The slides. So any
+questions? I'd be happy to answer. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? I'd be happy to answer. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? I'd be happy to answer. I
+have a question. I was curious back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question. I was curious back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question. I was curious back to
+the beginning where you were showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning where you were showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning where you were showing the
+photographs in Margate and uh near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs in Margate and uh near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs in Margate and uh near the
+Virginia Commonwealth University on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Commonwealth University on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Commonwealth University on
+buildings and walls and uh as part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and walls and uh as part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and walls and uh as part of a
+neighborhood, a place. And the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood, a place. And the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood, a place. And the question
+that rose in my mind was who selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rose in my mind was who selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rose in my mind was who selected
+the sites for these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites for these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites for these different
+photographs to be put up?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs to be put up?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs to be put up?
+Yeah. Um well in in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um well in in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um well in in um
+Richmond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond
+um it was a com combination. Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was a com combination. Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was a com combination. Um, I
+talked to the kids about where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to the kids about where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to the kids about where they
+wanted them and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted them and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted them and um
+um one of the the big sites they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the the big sites they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the the big sites they really
+wanted was uh was Kroger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was uh was Kroger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was uh was Kroger's
+um because there was a new Kroger's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there was a new Kroger's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there was a new Kroger's and
+also VCU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also VCU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also VCU
+and we did those um but there were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did those um but there were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did those um but there were also
+other sites that we did use and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sites that we did use and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sites that we did use and and
+there were um people in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were um people in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were um people in the community
+that wanted them on their houses. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wanted them on their houses. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wanted them on their houses. So,
+the one you saw in the house, there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you saw in the house, there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you saw in the house, there were
+there were two community leaders um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two community leaders um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two community leaders um that
+definitely wanted them on their houses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wanted them on their houses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wanted them on their houses.
+Um two older women and and we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um two older women and and we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um two older women and and we used
+those. And then there were some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. And then there were some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. And then there were some other
+then we got into the idea of like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we got into the idea of like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we got into the idea of like where
+was this walk going to go? Um and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this walk going to go? Um and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this walk going to go? Um and so we
+identified some other buildings that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified some other buildings that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified some other buildings that it
+would make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense
+um you know to to use. Um, but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to to use. Um, but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to to use. Um, but I think
+the core of them, the majority of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of them, the majority of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of them, the majority of them
+were ones that people wanted. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ones that people wanted. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ones that people wanted. Um, and
+then there were like three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were like three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were like three different
+maybe businesses, three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe businesses, three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe businesses, three or four
+businesses that we asked um if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that we asked um if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that we asked um if we could
+And who did those negotiations? Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And who did those negotiations? Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And who did those negotiations? Oh,
+involved with that? Um, no, no, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with that? Um, no, no, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with that? Um, no, no, it was
+um it was the um the leaders of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was the um the leaders of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was the um the leaders of the
+community group and the um contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community group and the um contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community group and the um contemporary
+art space that I was working with who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art space that I was working with who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art space that I was working with who
+did that. Yeah, I wish that the kids had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that. Yeah, I wish that the kids had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that. Yeah, I wish that the kids had
+been more involved in that. Um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more involved in that. Um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more involved in that. Um because
+they were in in school also, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in in school also, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in in school also, it was
+difficult to do that. Um and even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do that. Um and even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do that. Um and even when
+they went up um they weren't there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went up um they weren't there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went up um they weren't there when
+they went up. Um, so I made sure that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went up. Um, so I made sure that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went up. Um, so I made sure that in
+Margate they were they were there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margate they were they were there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margate they were they were there when
+when they went up and and also we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went up and and also we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went up and and also we went
+around and they you know said where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and they you know said where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and they you know said where they
+wanted things and um so um you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted things and um so um you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted things and um so um you know that
+was much better but I the when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much better but I the when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much better but I the when I was
+doing enrichment I really sort of didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing enrichment I really sort of didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing enrichment I really sort of didn't
+know what I was doing the or how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I was doing the or how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I was doing the or how it was
+going to go and it was quite it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go and it was quite it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go and it was quite it was
+quite scary actually um doing it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite scary actually um doing it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite scary actually um doing it the
+first time and I was worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and I was worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and I was worried about the
+kids how are the kids going to feel? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids how are the kids going to feel? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids how are the kids going to feel? Um
+and uh you know not having them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know not having them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know not having them there
+with me was difficult but um in in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me was difficult but um in in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me was difficult but um in in fact
+they all loved it and they brought their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all loved it and they brought their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all loved it and they brought their
+families there and it was um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families there and it was um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families there and it was um and then
+they also began to get nicknames based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also began to get nicknames based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also began to get nicknames based
+on their building. Um so there's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their building. Um so there's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their building. Um so there's one of
+the girls was called Kroger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls was called Kroger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls was called Kroger.
+Um but there was a there was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but there was a there was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but there was a there was a really
+difficult moment um in in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult moment um in in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult moment um in in the beginning
+because the first site we put up um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first site we put up um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first site we put up um one
+of the girls had written um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the girls had written um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the girls had written um I
+my grandma likes African stuff and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandma likes African stuff and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandma likes African stuff and I
+think there was there was an African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was there was an African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was there was an African
+mask that that she used and uh someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask that that she used and uh someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask that that she used and uh someone
+um as soon as we put it up someone first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as soon as we put it up someone first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as soon as we put it up someone first
+of all thought that they were ads,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all thought that they were ads,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all thought that they were ads,
+which I sort of was interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I sort of was interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I sort of was interested in that
+idea that they did sort of look almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they did sort of look almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they did sort of look almost
+like ads, or you could think that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ads, or you could think that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ads, or you could think that, but
+they weren't. And uh and then when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't. And uh and then when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't. And uh and then when this
+person found out no that they it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person found out no that they it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person found out no that they it wasn't
+an ad but that it came actually came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ad but that it came actually came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ad but that it came actually came
+from the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the community
+um he was insensed over the word stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was insensed over the word stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was insensed over the word stuff
+that it was disrespectful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was disrespectful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was disrespectful
+and uh and that sort of he he led a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that sort of he he led a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that sort of he he led a sort
+of campaign about this and and uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of campaign about this and and uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of campaign about this and and uh then
+there was another image where a girl had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another image where a girl had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another image where a girl had
+written about her community and She had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about her community and She had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about her community and She had
+written she had written it as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written she had written it as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written she had written it as a as a
+poem, but it was in dialect, I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem, but it was in dialect, I guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem, but it was in dialect, I guess.
+And and so then he seized upon that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so then he seized upon that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so then he seized upon that and
+how that was disrespectful. And um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that was disrespectful. And um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that was disrespectful. And um and
+he threatened the school and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he threatened the school and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he threatened the school and um the
+principal said, you know, deal with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal said, you know, deal with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal said, you know, deal with it.
+And uh so the the community leaders um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so the the community leaders um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so the the community leaders um
+got different factions together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got different factions together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got different factions together
+including him and people from the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including him and people from the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including him and people from the school
+and they held a prayer meeting um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they held a prayer meeting um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they held a prayer meeting um to
+pray for the success of the meeting. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pray for the success of the meeting. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pray for the success of the meeting. And
+then and then we talked with him and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then we talked with him and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then we talked with him and it
+it it was it was really difficult. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was it was really difficult. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was it was really difficult. And
+then finally I said, "Well, have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally I said, "Well, have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally I said, "Well, have you
+ever read Tony Morrison? you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever read Tony Morrison? you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever read Tony Morrison? you know, you
+know how, you know, she writes and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how, you know, she writes and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how, you know, she writes and how
+she uses language and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uses language and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uses language and that
+helped him understand that it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped him understand that it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped him understand that it was all
+right for a child to write, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for a child to write, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for a child to write, you know,
+use their own self-expression in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their own self-expression in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their own self-expression in in that
+way. And but that was the one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And but that was the one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And but that was the one problem
+that we It's interesting because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we It's interesting because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we It's interesting because those
+are such intimate portraits in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such intimate portraits in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such intimate portraits in such
+public places. I know I know I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public places. I know I know I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public places. I know I know I know I
+was terrified. I was really I I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was terrified. I was really I I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was terrified. I was really I I hadn't
+understood I mean I understood it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood I mean I understood it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood I mean I understood it but
+you know when you are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you are involved in
+something it you see it I mean I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it you see it I mean I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it you see it I mean I I was
+by myself when they were sort of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself when they were sort of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself when they were sort of coming
+down but yeah yeah did you have um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but yeah yeah did you have um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but yeah yeah did you have um an
+exhibition in Mexico and in India and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in Mexico and in India and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in Mexico and in India and if
+so can you talk more about the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you talk more about the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you talk more about the community
+action as well as Saudi Arabia um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action as well as Saudi Arabia um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action as well as Saudi Arabia um the
+men's day versus women versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men's day versus women versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men's day versus women versus the
+families can you talk what the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families can you talk what the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families can you talk what the community
+response was Yeah, in India it was uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response was Yeah, in India it was uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response was Yeah, in India it was uh we
+we had one in um in the school which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one in um in the school which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one in um in the school which was
+uh two two rooms but there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two two rooms but there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two two rooms but there was nothing
+in the rooms. There was a dirt floor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rooms. There was a dirt floor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rooms. There was a dirt floor and
+so um I um strung clothes lines up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I um strung clothes lines up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I um strung clothes lines up and
+um the we got some cardboard and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the we got some cardboard and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the we got some cardboard and the
+kids pasted their pictures on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids pasted their pictures on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids pasted their pictures on the
+cardboard and then they wrote titles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard and then they wrote titles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard and then they wrote titles on
+them and then we used um clothes pins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we used um clothes pins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we used um clothes pins
+and hung them from the from the clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hung them from the from the clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hung them from the from the clothes
+pins and um it was a huge thing. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins and um it was a huge thing. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins and um it was a huge thing. Um,
+people came from all villages around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came from all villages around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people came from all villages around.
+Um, people wore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, people wore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, people wore
+ceremonial dress. I had to wear a sari.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremonial dress. I had to wear a sari.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremonial dress. I had to wear a sari.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+I mean, I wish all my openings were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, I wish all my openings were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, I wish all my openings were like
+that. It was I thought they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It was I thought they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It was I thought they were going
+to break down the door before we got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break down the door before we got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break down the door before we got it
+up. Um, it was it was so much excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Um, it was it was so much excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Um, it was it was so much excitement
+and um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um,
+you know, officials gave speeches. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, officials gave speeches. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, officials gave speeches. Um it
+was a big it was a big big thing. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big it was a big big thing. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big it was a big big thing. Um and
+uh in Mexico we did have one in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Mexico we did have one in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Mexico we did have one in in the
+town. In Mexico it was more problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town. In Mexico it was more problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town. In Mexico it was more problematic
+because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um
+uh Polaroid in Mexico was unhappy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Polaroid in Mexico was unhappy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Polaroid in Mexico was unhappy about
+the fact that I worked in in Chiapas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I worked in in Chiapas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I worked in in Chiapas
+with um indigenous people. And although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um indigenous people. And although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um indigenous people. And although
+they loved the pictures and um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they loved the pictures and um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they loved the pictures and um they
+didn't want them to be shown in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want them to be shown in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want them to be shown in in
+Mexico because they didn't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico because they didn't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico because they didn't want to be
+associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated
+um and um so anyway that so so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um so anyway that so so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um so anyway that so so there was
+actually it was a exhibition that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was a exhibition that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was a exhibition that went
+to many places in in this country um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many places in in this country um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many places in in this country um and
+it it's been shown in the community but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's been shown in the community but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's been shown in the community but
+it's never been shown in a in a museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never been shown in a in a museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never been shown in a in a museum
+in Mexico which I think is a shame. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but um but that's not Polaroid's fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but that's not Polaroid's fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but that's not Polaroid's fault
+here. it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. it. Um
+and uh yeah, it it was also during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah, it it was also during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah, it it was also during a
+time when um when Mexico had had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when um when Mexico had had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when um when Mexico had had um
+given Polaroid a huge order um to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Polaroid a huge order um to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Polaroid a huge order um to make
+the the machines for to clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the machines for to clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the machines for to clean up the
+voting registration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting registration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting registration.
+Um so it was, you know, politically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it was, you know, politically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it was, you know, politically they
+thought that they were doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that they were doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that they were doing something
+nice for for Mexico by sending me there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice for for Mexico by sending me there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice for for Mexico by sending me there.
+And then I did something that was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I did something that was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I did something that was you
+know politically incorrect as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know politically incorrect as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know politically incorrect as far as
+they were concerned. But I do always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were concerned. But I do always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were concerned. But I do always
+have um you know exhibitions in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um you know exhibitions in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um you know exhibitions in in in
+the community. Um but that one in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community. Um but that one in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community. Um but that one in India
+I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think was
+my favorite. in your Dur in your Durham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite. in your Dur in your Durham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite. in your Dur in your Durham
+project uh photography and literacy have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh photography and literacy have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh photography and literacy have
+you seen any impact given that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen any impact given that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen any impact given that you've
+been there over the years have you seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there over the years have you seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there over the years have you seen
+any impact on the place itself?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any impact on the place itself?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any impact on the place itself?
+Well, I think you know that's somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I think you know that's somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I think you know that's somebody
+that something that it would be great if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that it would be great if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that it would be great if
+somebody actually looked into because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually looked into because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually looked into because it
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+it has been like at least 15 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been like at least 15 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been like at least 15 years and
+we have an archive for example I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an archive for example I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an archive for example I I guess
+actually since 1989 we have an archive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually since 1989 we have an archive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually since 1989 we have an archive
+of of uh children's work um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh children's work um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh children's work um you know
+every year um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year um and um
+uh there are some of the schools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some of the schools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some of the schools that
+we've worked in who who've actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked in who who've actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked in who who've actually um
+centered their pedagogy around the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered their pedagogy around the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered their pedagogy around the idea
+of making pictures and and and bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making pictures and and and bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making pictures and and and bringing
+the home lives into the classroom. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home lives into the classroom. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home lives into the classroom. Um
+but you know, no one's ever kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, no one's ever kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, no one's ever kind of
+studied it, but it it is a lot of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it, but it it is a lot of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it, but it it is a lot of kids
+have have uh have had experience in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have uh have had experience in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have uh have had experience in in
+different grade levels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. You said you recently got in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You said you recently got in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You said you recently got in touch
+with some of your some of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of your some of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of your some of the students
+that you photographed. I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you photographed. I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you photographed. I don't remember
+where it was found out in Kentucky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was found out in Kentucky.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was found out in Kentucky.
+Yeah. What are what are they have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What are what are they have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What are what are they have any of
+them pursued photography? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them pursued photography? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them pursued photography? No.
+No, I've never found out found anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I've never found out found anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I've never found out found anybody
+who who has, which is uh which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who has, which is uh which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who has, which is uh which makes
+complete sense to me. I mean, it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sense to me. I mean, it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sense to me. I mean, it's never
+been something, you know, I've been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been something, you know, I've been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been something, you know, I've been that
+interested in. And I mean I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. And I mean I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. And I mean I just think
+it's you know it photography is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it photography is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it photography is this
+great medium that you don't need hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great medium that you don't need hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great medium that you don't need hand
+eye coordination that you do for drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye coordination that you do for drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye coordination that you do for drawing
+or you know music and so um kids can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know music and so um kids can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know music and so um kids can
+really um learn it quickly and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um learn it quickly and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um learn it quickly and and and
+use it to its full potential. Um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to its full potential. Um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to its full potential. Um but um
+there uh people have been getting in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh people have been getting in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh people have been getting in in
+actually in touch in touch with me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in touch in touch with me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in touch in touch with me and
+there have been a series of meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a series of meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a series of meetings
+actually um um which is great timing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um um which is great timing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um um which is great timing for
+me because I I really want to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because I I really want to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because I I really want to see what
+they're doing and and write another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and and write another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and and write another
+piece when we reprint this book. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece when we reprint this book. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece when we reprint this book. Um but
+uh one of the the people is now a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the the people is now a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the the people is now a um
+uh high school principal and um she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high school principal and um she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high school principal and um she was
+interviewed recently. I mean, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed recently. I mean, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed recently. I mean, I've
+emailed her, but but she's emailed me,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed her, but but she's emailed me,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed her, but but she's emailed me,
+but um and um she uses uh photography in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and um she uses uh photography in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and um she uses uh photography in
+her teaching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her teaching.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her teaching.
+Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+um she says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she says that
+um you know during the doing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know during the doing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know during the doing the work
+that we did sort of allowed her to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did sort of allowed her to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did sort of allowed her to think
+that she could go beyond um what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could go beyond um what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could go beyond um what she
+thought was going to be the life for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was going to be the life for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was going to be the life for
+her. Um because actually when I stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her. Um because actually when I stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her. Um because actually when I stopped
+working with the kids um it was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the kids um it was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the kids um it was another
+it took me 5 years to find a publisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me 5 years to find a publisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me 5 years to find a publisher
+to publish this this first book. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish this this first book. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish this this first book. Um, but
+I was very discouraged when I stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was very discouraged when I stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was very discouraged when I stopped
+working with them because I I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with them because I I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with them because I I thought
+that as soon as they hit puberty,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as soon as they hit puberty,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as soon as they hit puberty,
+the sort of potential that they that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of potential that they that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of potential that they that
+they'd had as as photographers, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd had as as photographers, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd had as as photographers, as
+creative, uh, beings was was over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative, uh, beings was was over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative, uh, beings was was over
+because for a lot of them, um, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a lot of them, um, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a lot of them, um, like
+Denise, she really stopped taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denise, she really stopped taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denise, she really stopped taking
+pictures when she got in 8th grade. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures when she got in 8th grade. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures when she got in 8th grade. and
+and I it was really difficult for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I it was really difficult for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I it was really difficult for me and
+she knew it was difficult for me and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knew it was difficult for me and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knew it was difficult for me and so
+it was embarrassing and um but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was embarrassing and um but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was embarrassing and um but uh in
+fact I found out that um through contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I found out that um through contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I found out that um through contact
+later that that actually these kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that that actually these kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that that actually these kids
+didn't um do what I had anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't um do what I had anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't um do what I had anticipated
+which would be that the girls would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be that the girls would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be that the girls would have
+been housewives and the the guys would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been housewives and the the guys would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been housewives and the the guys would
+have been coal miners that their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been coal miners that their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been coal miners that their lives
+were a lot more varied and and quite A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot more varied and and quite A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot more varied and and quite A
+few of them went to university. Um, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them went to university. Um, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them went to university. Um, one
+of them uh went to graduate school at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh went to graduate school at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh went to graduate school at
+UNC. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNC. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNC. Um,
+so it was interesting to to see and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was interesting to to see and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was interesting to to see and I
+I'm I'm hoping actually to go back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm hoping actually to go back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm hoping actually to go back this
+summer when they have another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer when they have another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer when they have another one of
+these uh meetings where they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh meetings where they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh meetings where they bring
+together the the people who are now, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the the people who are now, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the the people who are now, you
+know, in their 40s. I can't imagine it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in their 40s. I can't imagine it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in their 40s. I can't imagine it.
+And uh and I think um my 10-year-old son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh and I think um my 10-year-old son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh and I think um my 10-year-old son
+has agreed to uh film it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has agreed to uh film it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has agreed to uh film it.
+So it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it should be
+interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. I have a couple of questions. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I have a couple of questions. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I have a couple of questions. You
+already mentioned about somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned about somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned about somebody
+mistaking a photograph for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaking a photograph for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaking a photograph for an
+advertisement or something. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement or something. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement or something. What would
+you think of of putting these up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of of putting these up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of of putting these up in in
+extremely sort of urban metropolitical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely sort of urban metropolitical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely sort of urban metropolitical
+environments which are proliferated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments which are proliferated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments which are proliferated you
+know all the images right and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the images right and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the images right and then it's
+so easy because of so many sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy because of so many sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy because of so many sort of
+things like them being black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like them being black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like them being black and white
+also because of of advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because of of advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because of of advertising
+photography apprehending these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography apprehending these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography apprehending these things
+like Benitin and then there is this blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Benitin and then there is this blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Benitin and then there is this blur
+of whether you can recognize something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you can recognize something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you can recognize something
+as as coming from a community or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as coming from a community or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as coming from a community or from
+real experiences as opposed to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiences as opposed to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiences as opposed to something
+that is just, you know, taken up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just, you know, taken up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just, you know, taken up by
+another form, right? Just used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form, right? Just used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form, right? Just used for
+purely aesthetic purposes. But what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely aesthetic purposes. But what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely aesthetic purposes. But what what
+are your thoughts on because what then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your thoughts on because what then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your thoughts on because what then
+happens is that it it kind of diminishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that it it kind of diminishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that it it kind of diminishes
+the possibility of downtown city centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of downtown city centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of downtown city centers
+as being these museum spaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being these museum spaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being these museum spaces.
+I think it's great to do that. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's great to do that. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's great to do that. I mean,
+that's really why I wanted to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really why I wanted to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really why I wanted to do that.
+That's why I made them in black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why I made them in black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why I made them in black and
+white so that they would be different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so that they would be different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white so that they would be different.
+Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+um and I think and I also wanted them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think and I also wanted them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think and I also wanted them to
+to look a little bit like ads so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look a little bit like ads so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look a little bit like ads so that
+you sort of you know you had you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of you know you had you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of you know you had you looked
+at them and then and then you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and then and then you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and then and then you had to
+look again. I think that would be fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again. I think that would be fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again. I think that would be fine.
+I think it depends on how you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it depends on how you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it depends on how you make the
+images. Um, I mean, something like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images. Um, I mean, something like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images. Um, I mean, something like these
+are very simple, so they're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple, so they're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple, so they're not actually
+what ads look like. And and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ads look like. And and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ads look like. And and the
+technology, well, if you get up close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, well, if you get up close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, well, if you get up close to
+these, um, you can see all the pores in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, um, you can see all the pores in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, um, you can see all the pores in
+the skin, you know, cuz they're shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin, you know, cuz they're shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin, you know, cuz they're shot
+with 4x5 and um, so so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 4x5 and um, so so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 4x5 and um, so so that they
+actually look like you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look like you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look like you're looking at
+somebody. They don't look like an ad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody. They don't look like an ad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody. They don't look like an ad.
+And I think it would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it would be very
+interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+Do you have any what plans of trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you have any what plans of trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you have any what plans of trading
+them to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people? Yeah. No, I'd love to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? Yeah. No, I'd love to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? Yeah. No, I'd love to do that.
+No, I don't have any plans at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I don't have any plans at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I don't have any plans at the
+moment. Somebody has to pay for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Somebody has to pay for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Somebody has to pay for it.
+That's the other. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the other. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the other. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. My
+other question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you talked about how when they reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you talked about how when they reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you talked about how when they reach
+puberty kind of there's a lapse which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puberty kind of there's a lapse which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puberty kind of there's a lapse which
+raises the question obviously cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the question obviously cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the question obviously cognitive
+scientists look at it but you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists look at it but you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists look at it but you're working
+with children you consistently have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with children you consistently have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with children you consistently have been
+about the nature of creativity I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of creativity I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of creativity I mean
+how much of this is innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this is innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this is innocent
+thought something that every human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought something that every human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought something that every human being
+possesses and then there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses and then there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses and then there is something
+that transitions into adult and makes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transitions into adult and makes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transitions into adult and makes an
+artist put it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist put it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist put it very
+Mhm. Can you is it possible to sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. Can you is it possible to sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. Can you is it possible to sense it
+in children? Well, I mean I s can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children? Well, I mean I s can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children? Well, I mean I s can you
+can you tell this will not lapse at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell this will not lapse at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell this will not lapse at
+puberty? No, but but I I don't know. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puberty? No, but but I I don't know. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puberty? No, but but I I don't know. Uh
+I mean it we're used to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it we're used to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it we're used to thinking about
+this in music, right? In but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in music, right? In but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in music, right? In but we're not
+um used to it. I mean maybe Picasso, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um used to it. I mean maybe Picasso, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um used to it. I mean maybe Picasso, you
+know, if you you see Picasso's early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you you see Picasso's early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you you see Picasso's early
+drawings and you know they're they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings and you know they're they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings and you know they're they are
+incredible. Yeah. But particularly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible. Yeah. But particularly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible. Yeah. But particularly with
+photography because there it's Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography because there it's Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography because there it's Yes.
+Because you can do it. Anybody can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you can do it. Anybody can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you can do it. Anybody can do
+it. Yeah. Well, I mean something I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Yeah. Well, I mean something I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Yeah. Well, I mean something I would
+love to find Denise someday and to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to find Denise someday and to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to find Denise someday and to see
+what's what's the last thing I knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the last thing I knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the last thing I knew that
+she became a nurse practitioner. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she became a nurse practitioner. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she became a nurse practitioner. But the
+thing is with with her, I could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is with with her, I could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is with with her, I could tell
+from the first role of film that she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first role of film that she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first role of film that she had
+a distinctive sense of of composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinctive sense of of composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinctive sense of of composition
+and it was consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was consistent
+um you know for four years anyway until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know for four years anyway until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know for four years anyway until
+until she stopped. And there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until she stopped. And there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until she stopped. And there were other
+kids that that was true for as well. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that that was true for as well. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that that was true for as well. Um,
+and and I think that the reason why she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that the reason why she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that the reason why she
+stopped was because there was nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped was because there was nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped was because there was nothing in
+her culture um that would lead her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her culture um that would lead her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her culture um that would lead her to
+think that she should become a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that she should become a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that she should become a a
+photographer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know I don't know if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know if there was
+whether she she would have become one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether she she would have become one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether she she would have become one
+but um I don't know what the theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I don't know what the theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I don't know what the theories
+are on on child prodigies but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on on child prodigies but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on on child prodigies but the the
+one child prodigy that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one child prodigy that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one child prodigy that there is
+documented in in photography is Lique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented in in photography is Lique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented in in photography is Lique
+um who started when when he was seven I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who started when when he was seven I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who started when when he was seven I
+I think um and it was you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um and it was you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um and it was you know very
+early on in in photography so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in in photography so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in in photography so it was
+actually quite you know, difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite you know, difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite you know, difficult to
+use the camera, etc. But he um as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the camera, etc. But he um as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the camera, etc. But he um as a
+child he was a great photographer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child he was a great photographer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child he was a great photographer and
+probably maybe till he was around 20 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably maybe till he was around 20 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably maybe till he was around 20 or
+23 and he and he I don't think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and he and he I don't think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and he and he I don't think he's
+still alive anymore, but um he became he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive anymore, but um he became he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive anymore, but um he became he
+continued to be a photographer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to be a photographer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to be a photographer and a
+painter, but he was never as good as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter, but he was never as good as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter, but he was never as good as as
+he was when he was a child.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was when he was a child.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was when he was a child.
+And he was great as a child.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he was great as a child.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he was great as a child.
+I think we'll end there on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll end there on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll end there on that
+wonderful note. Thank you so much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wZ0LCQV9jvY.txt b/wZ0LCQV9jvY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7977c789cb223d7f9e100c2dc254a3c6beba4073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wZ0LCQV9jvY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1432 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When you have a group of two or three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have a group of two or three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have a group of two or three,
+come grab a soldering iron and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come grab a soldering iron and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come grab a soldering iron and your
+solar cells from me and choose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells from me and choose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells from me and choose like
+somewhere in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this room
+to work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work.
+We're just we're staying in here first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do you want us to overlay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want us to overlay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want us to overlay?
+Yeah, we don't touch this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we don't touch this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we don't touch this.
+Oh, you don't you're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, you don't you're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, you don't you're not actually
+soldering directly. Yeah, you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering directly. Yeah, you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering directly. Yeah, you don't want
+to overlay it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlay it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlay it.
+So, these three conducts will be viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these three conducts will be viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these three conducts will be viral
+and these will be serious, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will be serious, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will be serious, right?
+Yeah. you generally want to go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. you generally want to go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. you generally want to go like
+you the way you would generally do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the way you would generally do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the way you would generally do it is
+you would so I think it's less critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would so I think it's less critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would so I think it's less critical
+that you cover this entire set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cover this entire set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cover this entire set.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so if you cover a little bit of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you cover a little bit of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you cover a little bit of it and
+solder to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder to that
+and the back is also like all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back is also like all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back is also like all of this is
+conductive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive.
+Uh the only reason the tabs are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the only reason the tabs are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the only reason the tabs are there
+are because the tabs are easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because the tabs are easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because the tabs are easier to
+solder to and so it's just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder to and so it's just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder to and so it's just more
+convenient. Um and you don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient. Um and you don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient. Um and you don't really need
+to solder to all of them individually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solder to all of them individually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solder to all of them individually.
+You can only s like at minimal if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can only s like at minimal if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can only s like at minimal if you
+wanted to s like do it really minimally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to s like do it really minimally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to s like do it really minimally,
+you could just do like a solder from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just do like a solder from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just do like a solder from or
+a wire from there to there and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire from there to there and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire from there to there and that
+would work like that would be fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work like that would be fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work like that would be fine.
+But the reason that they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the reason that they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the reason that they have a lot of
+them is because if something cracks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is because if something cracks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is because if something cracks or
+something like that and you can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and you can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and you can't tell
+if you have a wire running across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a wire running across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a wire running across your
+wire is not going to crack because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire is not going to crack because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire is not going to crack because these
+are fragile. Uh and so you have more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fragile. Uh and so you have more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fragile. Uh and so you have more and
+you also have more contacts. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have more contacts. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have more contacts. So
+Okay. So, you're you're you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you're you're you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you're you're you can you
+should feel free to wire it however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to wire it however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to wire it however you
+want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want.
+And then we're going to test them later,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're going to test them later,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're going to test them later,
+too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, we put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or do you want to cut it off in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you want to cut it off in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you want to cut it off in small
+strips?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips?
+I'm trying I'm trying to think if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying I'm trying to think if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying I'm trying to think if that
+would work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work.
+Connect these two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connect these two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connect these two.
+Yeah, but I don't know. Like, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but I don't know. Like, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but I don't know. Like, I don't
+know if that would work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that would work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that would work.
+It'd be a full circuit. Yeah, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'd be a full circuit. Yeah, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'd be a full circuit. Yeah, but I
+don't know if you can do that across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you can do that across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you can do that across a
+specific cell. Like I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cell. Like I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cell. Like I feel like
+that wouldn't work because I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't work because I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't work because I mean it
+would it would definitely make sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would definitely make sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would definitely make sense if
+you took two of them and you did one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took two of them and you did one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took two of them and you did one one
+way and you did the other was you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you did the other was you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you did the other was you had
+them going in two different patterns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them going in two different patterns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them going in two different patterns on
+one side. So you were connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side. So you were connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side. So you were connecting
+positive to negative to positive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to negative to positive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to negative to positive to
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+and then on the other one you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the other one you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the other one you were
+connecting negative to positive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting negative to positive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting negative to positive to
+negative to positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative to positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative to positive.
+Uhhuh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uhhuh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uhhuh.
+on top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top.
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+this on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. Do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Do we
+That's how you would traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+titanium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium.
+Oh, no. It was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. It was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. It was going to
+go to Can you use the scissors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Exactly what I'm talking about. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly what I'm talking about. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly what I'm talking about. Yeah, I
+hate that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate that.
+Then it tries to burn the butter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You have to do this side too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you should also probably cut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should also probably cut this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should also probably cut this
+shorter because this is electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter because this is electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter because this is electric
+conductive even though like even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive even though like even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive even though like even though
+it's not tabbed like the entire surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not tabbed like the entire surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not tabbed like the entire surface
+is electrically conductive. So if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electrically conductive. So if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electrically conductive. So if it's
+touching it's going to short.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching it's going to short.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching it's going to short.
+So like this part like you only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like this part like you only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like this part like you only need
+this one to touch. Is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one to touch. Is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one to touch. Is that what you're
+saying?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying?
+No. Uh well that is true. So the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Uh well that is true. So the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Uh well that is true. So the thing
+is that um all of these are like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um all of these are like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um all of these are like this is
+all one surface that's electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one surface that's electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one surface that's electrically
+conductive. The tabs are just there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive. The tabs are just there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive. The tabs are just there to
+make it easier to solder onto or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier to solder onto or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier to solder onto or
+supposedly make it easier to solder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly make it easier to solder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly make it easier to solder
+onto. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto. Um
+but the thing is that if you have two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that if you have two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that if you have two of
+these like right next to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like right next to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like right next to each other and
+uh they're like the back like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're like the back like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're like the back like there's a
+wire touching like this wire is touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire touching like this wire is touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire touching like this wire is touching
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+then you're going to short your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to short your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to short your
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah.
+So that part all you need to do is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that part all you need to do is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that part all you need to do is from
+here like this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heard my crack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are we supposed to do both sides?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are we supposed to have both sides?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are really pretty in the sun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So yeah, so when you're checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, so when you're checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, so when you're checking
+voltage, you need to like sort of do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage, you need to like sort of do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage, you need to like sort of do it
+in parallel like check it across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel like check it across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel like check it across an
+element to see how much voltage is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to see how much voltage is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to see how much voltage is being
+dropped.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped.
+So in this circuit, the only so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this circuit, the only so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this circuit, the only so you have
+this like battery. This is the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like battery. This is the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like battery. This is the source
+and then the only load is this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the only load is this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the only load is this thing.
+And so this is going to be dropping all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is going to be dropping all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is going to be dropping all
+of the voltage that is being collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the voltage that is being collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the voltage that is being collected
+by this by the solar panel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this by the solar panel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this by the solar panel.
+You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You
+getting anything?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting anything?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting anything?
+Is it getting any current? You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it getting any current? You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it getting any current? You don't
+have it in current this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in current this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in current this one.
+Uh, I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I mean the
+You're right. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.36.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's milliamps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's milliamps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's milliamps.
+Volts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volts.
+Oh, volts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, volts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, volts.
+Yeah, we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you don't need the volts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need the volts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need the volts.
+Yeah, because this become this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because this become this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because this become this becomes
+like the finishing. Oh, so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the finishing. Oh, so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the finishing. Oh, so in that case
+we're are we Oh, no. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're are we Oh, no. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're are we Oh, no. We're going to
+still check.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still check.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still check.
+Yeah, we'll check the voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we'll check the voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we'll check the voltage across
+this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one.
+Got two 2.4 for the whole thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got two 2.4 for the whole thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got two 2.4 for the whole thing.
+Excellent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent.
+Nice work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole cell one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole cell one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole cell one.
+Um, what was the resistance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what was the resistance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what was the resistance?
+100 ohms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It should change it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should change it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should change it.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+No, it was still wired across.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it was still wired across.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it was still wired across.
+Can we just Yeah. Can we just go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we just Yeah. Can we just go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we just Yeah. Can we just go inside
+and do a data switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a data switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a data switch
+all those three numbers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those three numbers?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those three numbers?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I'm sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I'm sorry.
+I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess
+I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we
+cover up a quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover up a quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover up a quarter of
+Are we going to do a cover on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we going to do a cover on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we going to do a cover on one of
+these?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these?
+Do you want to just cover the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want to just cover the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want to just cover the quarter
+panel for the first one? We didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel for the first one? We didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel for the first one? We didn't
+actually do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that.
+Sure. Let's do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Let's do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Let's do that.
+We just covered one entire cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Same effect, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same effect, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same effect, right?
+Sure.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wt7UJckgvxs.txt b/wt7UJckgvxs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..401f98ff432d029466a289e8c13fa4889d2be9ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wt7UJckgvxs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we just start this review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we just start this review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we just start this review
+session. Um so any questions on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session. Um so any questions on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session. Um so any questions on anything
+from chapter 1, anything from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter 1, anything from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter 1, anything from those
+first seven lectures is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first seven lectures is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first seven lectures is very very
+welcome. Um so this morning finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome. Um so this morning finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome. Um so this morning finish the
+what the serious part of what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the serious part of what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the serious part of what we'll do
+in the chapter with positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chapter with positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chapter with positive definite
+matrices and we'll see a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we'll see a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we'll see a lot of those
+fortunately they're the best. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately they're the best. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately they're the best. Uh so
+questions about I I hope you look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about I I hope you look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about I I hope you look in the
+book at other homework at other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book at other homework at other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book at other homework at other problems
+in the problem sets as well as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem sets as well as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem sets as well as the the
+ones I suggest and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I suggest and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I suggest and uh
+uh then I can anyway ready for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I can anyway ready for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I can anyway ready for any
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+So I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have a question
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the homework
+which problem is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which problem is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which problem is it
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section
+Okay. Section 1.6, problem 27. What have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Section 1.6, problem 27. What have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Section 1.6, problem 27. What have
+I done there? Oh, okay. That's good. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I done there? Oh, okay. That's good. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I done there? Oh, okay. That's good. So,
+it's about positive definite matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about positive definite matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about positive definite matrices.
+May I just put on the board what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May I just put on the board what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May I just put on the board what the
+central question is? Uh, just put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central question is? Uh, just put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central question is? Uh, just put these
+matrices up. We we're we're given that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices up. We we're we're given that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices up. We we're we're given that H
+and K are positive definite. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K are positive definite. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K are positive definite. And then
+the question is, what about these block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is, what about these block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is, what about these block
+matrices? Do I call them M and N?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices? Do I call them M and N?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices? Do I call them M and N?
+uh one is the block matrix that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is the block matrix that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is the block matrix that looks
+like that and another one is the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and another one is the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and another one is the block
+matrix that looks like this. So those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that looks like this. So those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that looks like this. So those
+are both symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both symmetric.
+They're they're in the right we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're they're in the right we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're they're in the right we we're
+allowed to ask are they positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to ask are they positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to ask are they positive
+definite or negative definite because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or negative definite because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or negative definite because
+they pass the first requirement. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pass the first requirement. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pass the first requirement. They're
+symmetric. We can discuss them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. We can discuss them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. We can discuss them because
+of course h and k each were symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course h and k each were symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course h and k each were symmetric.
+The transpose of this would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The transpose of this would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The transpose of this would bring
+kranspose down here, but that's K. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kranspose down here, but that's K. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kranspose down here, but that's K. So
+all good. So the question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good. So the question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good. So the question now
+um the question is when you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is when you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is when you say to
+connectivisualize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question.
+Good question. So this guy has let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So this guy has let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So this guy has let's
+take igen values first. So this guy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take igen values first. So this guy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take igen values first. So this guy has
+some igen values say lambda 1 to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some igen values say lambda 1 to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some igen values say lambda 1 to lambda
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and this guy we'll suppose they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy we'll suppose they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy we'll suppose they're the
+same size though they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size though they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size though they don't have to be
+maybe I shouldn't but I will this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I shouldn't but I will this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I shouldn't but I will this has
+some other values uh what maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other values uh what maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other values uh what maybe
+uh e1 to en for igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e1 to en for igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e1 to en for igen value
+and then the question is okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question is okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question is okay what about
+the igen values of that block of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values of that block of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values of that block of that
+combination and what about this so It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and what about this so It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and what about this so It's
+a it's a good question I think for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a good question I think for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a good question I think for all
+of us to practice what just came up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us to practice what just came up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us to practice what just came up in
+the lecture the idea of block matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture the idea of block matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture the idea of block matrices
+you know sort of what uh what so looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of what uh what so looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of what uh what so looking
+here at ien values I could also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at ien values I could also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at ien values I could also look at
+pivots um uh pivots yeah pivots would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots um uh pivots yeah pivots would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots um uh pivots yeah pivots would be
+interesting to look at too maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at too maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at too maybe I'll
+start with pivots can I just did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with pivots can I just did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with pivots can I just did you
+think what would be the pivots of M if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what would be the pivots of M if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what would be the pivots of M if I
+started elimination on M what will I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started elimination on M what will I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started elimination on M what will I see
+for for pivots?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for pivots?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for pivots?
+Uh well, I start up in the right up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, I start up in the right up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, I start up in the right up up
+in the usual left hand corner and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the usual left hand corner and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the usual left hand corner and work
+down. So, what am I going to see first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So, what am I going to see first?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So, what am I going to see first?
+I'm going to see the pivots of H. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see the pivots of H. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see the pivots of H. It
+won't even know by the time I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even know by the time I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even know by the time I get
+halfway there, it won't even have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway there, it won't even have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway there, it won't even have seen
+K. And then that'll be fine. And then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And then that'll be fine. And then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And then that'll be fine. And then uh
+this will be Oh, yeah. What What's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be Oh, yeah. What What's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be Oh, yeah. What What's going
+to happen? This is all zeros. So never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen? This is all zeros. So never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen? This is all zeros. So never
+get touched. Right? So when I get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get touched. Right? So when I get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get touched. Right? So when I get down
+to the second half, I see all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second half, I see all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second half, I see all zeros
+here. K is still going to be sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. K is still going to be sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. K is still going to be sitting
+right there. Nothing happened because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there. Nothing happened because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there. Nothing happened because
+when I did these eliminations, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did these eliminations, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did these eliminations, I I
+nothing changed with K. So the the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changed with K. So the the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changed with K. So the the rest
+of the pivots will be the pivots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pivots will be the pivots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pivots will be the pivots of
+K. Good. Okay. Now, we might hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. Good. Okay. Now, we might hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. Good. Okay. Now, we might hope for
+the same thing with ENE values. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with ENE values. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with ENE values. And
+probably that's going to happen. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that's going to happen. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that's going to happen. I think
+when we have see this is like a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have see this is like a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have see this is like a diagonal
+matrix and actually what words would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and actually what words would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and actually what words would I
+use block diagonal I'd call that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use block diagonal I'd call that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use block diagonal I'd call that matrix
+block diagonal and it's those are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagonal and it's those are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagonal and it's those are very
+nice matrices that tells us that the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice matrices that tells us that the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice matrices that tells us that the big
+matrix for all practical purposes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for all practical purposes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for all practical purposes is
+breaking up into these smaller blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up into these smaller blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up into these smaller blocks
+actually mat lab will search for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mat lab will search for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mat lab will search for uh a
+way to jig to reorder the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to jig to reorder the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to jig to reorder the rows and
+columns to get that in case It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns to get that in case It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns to get that in case It's
+possible. So here it's in front of us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. So here it's in front of us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. So here it's in front of us.
+So I think the igen values. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think the igen values. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think the igen values. Yeah. So
+let's see if we can figure out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure out that that
+lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1
+I believe is also an igen vector of mig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe is also an igen vector of mig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe is also an igen vector of mig
+value of m. So it was an igen value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of m. So it was an igen value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of m. So it was an igen value of
+h. So that this the fact that it's a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h. So that this the fact that it's a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h. So that this the fact that it's a has
+that igen value lambda one means what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that igen value lambda one means what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that igen value lambda one means what?
+that h times this time some vector y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h times this time some vector y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h times this time some vector y is
+lambda 1 y right that was what if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 y right that was what if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 y right that was what if that's
+an igen value it's got an igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen value it's got an igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen value it's got an igen vector
+and let's call it y now here's this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call it y now here's this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call it y now here's this is a
+good question what's the I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question what's the I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question what's the I believe that
+this block matrix also has igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block matrix also has igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block matrix also has igen value
+lambda 1 and what's its igen vector what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and what's its igen vector what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and what's its igen vector what
+could I multiply m by to at lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I multiply m by to at lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I multiply m by to at lambda 1
+times the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the same thing.
+Can you see what of course I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you see what of course I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you see what of course I'm thinking
+that y is going to help but it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y is going to help but it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y is going to help but it's uh
+grown now. So what what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown now. So what what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown now. So what what would be the
+igen vector here when I multiply by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector here when I multiply by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector here when I multiply by m
+it'll just come out right with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just come out right with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just come out right with the same
+igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value
+y1 or y rather and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 or y rather and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 or y rather and then
+and then zero good y zero because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then zero good y zero because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then zero good y zero because if I
+multiply can I put in what m really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply can I put in what m really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply can I put in what m really is
+the the h and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the h and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the h and k
+h there k there when I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h there k there when I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h there k there when I do that
+multiplication I get lambda 1 y when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I get lambda 1 y when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I get lambda 1 y when I
+do this mult multiplication. See, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this mult multiplication. See, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this mult multiplication. See, I'm
+just that's a zero block zero. So, I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's a zero block zero. So, I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's a zero block zero. So, I get
+a zero. Perfect. So, the igen vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero. Perfect. So, the igen vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero. Perfect. So, the igen vectors of
+H just sit with a zero in the other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H just sit with a zero in the other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H just sit with a zero in the other in
+the K part as uh and produce an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K part as uh and produce an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K part as uh and produce an igen
+vector of the block matrix with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the block matrix with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the block matrix with the same
+lambda 1. So, you can see then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1. So, you can see then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1. So, you can see then we get
+the whole picture. the the IGEN values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole picture. the the IGEN values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole picture. the the IGEN values
+are are just sitting there and the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are just sitting there and the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are just sitting there and the igen
+vectors are there. Uh now maybe you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are there. Uh now maybe you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are there. Uh now maybe you got
+all that and wanted well I haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that and wanted well I haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that and wanted well I haven't said
+anything about N. Yeah. Yeah. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about N. Yeah. Yeah. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about N. Yeah. Yeah. Sorry.
+Everybody thinks more about N. So what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody thinks more about N. So what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody thinks more about N. So what's
+the thing with N? What would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing with N? What would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing with N? What would you say
+about N? If you look at that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about N? If you look at that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about N? If you look at that matrix
+suppose I don't even tell you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I don't even tell you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I don't even tell you it's
+positive definite at first. Would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite at first. Would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite at first. Would you
+say that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that looks like a
+invertible or singular matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible or singular matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible or singular matrix?
+Everybody's going to say singular. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody's going to say singular. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody's going to say singular. Okay.
+And uh and what how do why why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh and what how do why why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh and what how do why why would you
+say that's singular?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's singular?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's singular?
+Well, it's determinate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's determinate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's determinate.
+I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+you know the the determinant of a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the determinant of a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the determinant of a block
+matrix. I just so this morning I said do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I just so this morning I said do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I just so this morning I said do
+do whatever you like with block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever you like with block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever you like with block
+matrices. But I have to admit that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. But I have to admit that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. But I have to admit that if I
+had a bunch of general blocks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of general blocks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of general blocks,
+uh, if I had to take the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, if I had to take the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, if I had to take the determinant of
+that, and of course everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, and of course everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, and of course everybody's
+remembering professor Strang doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering professor Strang doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering professor Strang doesn't
+like determinants. If if I had to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like determinants. If if I had to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like determinants. If if I had to take
+the determinant, I would have to I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant, I would have to I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant, I would have to I'd
+have to do the whole thing. I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the whole thing. I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the whole thing. I couldn't
+do the determinant the separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the determinant the separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the determinant the separate
+determinants would not tell me the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants would not tell me the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants would not tell me the story
+usually. So determinants are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually. So determinants are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually. So determinants are a bit
+tricky. But of course, but up here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. But of course, but up here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. But of course, but up here the
+determinant will come out zero. I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant will come out zero. I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant will come out zero. I guess
+uh what I would hope you your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I would hope you your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I would hope you your your
+internal test for a singular matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal test for a singular matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal test for a singular matrix is
+are the columns independent and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the columns independent and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the columns independent and then the
+matrix is invertible or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is invertible or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is invertible or are they
+dependent? Do you have some uh com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent? Do you have some uh com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent? Do you have some uh com
+columns that are in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are in the same direction
+as other columns? Same direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as other columns? Same direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as other columns? Same direction as
+combinations of other columns. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of other columns. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of other columns. If you
+look at the columns of that, say column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the columns of that, say column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the columns of that, say column
+one. So column one is the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So column one is the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So column one is the the first
+column of K repeated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of K repeated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of K repeated.
+What do you think about the columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think about the columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think about the columns of
+that matrix that block matrix M?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix that block matrix M?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix that block matrix M?
+Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do
+you see that other that same column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that other that same column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that other that same column
+showing up again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up again?
+Yeah. Yeah. That very same column which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. That very same column which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. That very same column which
+is the first column of K again twice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first column of K again twice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first column of K again twice is
+going to show up right there. First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up right there. First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up right there. First
+column of K again. So this thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of K again. So this thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of K again. So this thing this
+matrix has two identical columns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has two identical columns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has two identical columns.
+No way it could be invertible. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No way it could be invertible. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No way it could be invertible. And in
+fact you can tell me what vector I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can tell me what vector I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can tell me what vector I'm
+always saying are the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always saying are the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always saying are the columns
+independent here. know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent here. know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent here. know they're
+dependent. And then you can tell me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent. And then you can tell me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent. And then you can tell me an
+X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X.
+I I want to know an So this is my block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to know an So this is my block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to know an So this is my block
+matrix N. I want to know an X so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix N. I want to know an X so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix N. I want to know an X so that
+the result is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's that's really my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's really my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's really my
+it's my same indication that now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my same indication that now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my same indication that now what we
+found two identical columns. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found two identical columns. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found two identical columns. What would
+be the X?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the X?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the X?
+one. Well, you have to tell me more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Well, you have to tell me more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Well, you have to tell me more than
+one minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one
+because I got a big X there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got a big X there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got a big X there.
+Yeah, it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it'll be
+one. Yeah, I got to make it big enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Yeah, I got to make it big enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Yeah, I got to make it big enough.
+But essentially, it's the one minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But essentially, it's the one minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But essentially, it's the one minus one.
+Thanks. And enough zeros in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. And enough zeros in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. And enough zeros in there and
+enough zeros in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough zeros in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough zeros in there.
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So that would be a
+that vector would the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector would the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector would the fact that that
+vector gets taken to zero is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector gets taken to zero is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector gets taken to zero is the same
+thing as saying that one of this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying that one of this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying that one of this column
+minus one of this column gives zero. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of this column gives zero. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of this column gives zero. In
+other words, the columns are the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, the columns are the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, the columns are the same.
+And of course by doing this we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course by doing this we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course by doing this we're seeing
+uh the one and minus one could have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one and minus one could have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one and minus one could have gone
+into position two there position three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into position two there position three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into position two there position three.
+So we've got a whole bunch of vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got a whole bunch of vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got a whole bunch of vectors.
+This this matrix n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this matrix n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this matrix n
+This k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This k
+has got a whole lot of vectors that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a whole lot of vectors that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a whole lot of vectors that it
+takes to zero. What I would say it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to zero. What I would say it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to zero. What I would say it has a
+large null space and a large space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large null space and a large space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large null space and a large space of
+vectors that it takes to zero. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that it takes to zero. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that it takes to zero. Yeah. So
+this is that's a really useful exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's a really useful exercise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's a really useful exercise.
+I'm delighted you asked and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm delighted you asked and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm delighted you asked and now I'm
+ready for more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for more.
+Similarly, could you um argue instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, could you um argue instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, could you um argue instead of
+using the columns, could you say do row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the columns, could you say do row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the columns, could you say do row
+reduction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction?
+Could do exactly row reduction. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could do exactly row reduction. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could do exactly row reduction. Yeah, I
+should look to see what would happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look to see what would happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look to see what would happen to
+elimination. Well, elimination would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination. Well, elimination would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination. Well, elimination would go
+swimmingly along for the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmingly along for the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmingly along for the first part
+because it's only looking here. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only looking here. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only looking here. But then
+what do what would I have? Yeah. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what would I have? Yeah. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what would I have? Yeah. What
+would I have after the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I have after the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I have after the first half of
+elimination?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination?
+What would Well, I'd have whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would Well, I'd have whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would Well, I'd have whatever that
+I suppose whatever that K changed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose whatever that K changed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose whatever that K changed to
+elimination. What should we call it? U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination. What should we call it? U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination. What should we call it? U
+or something it you know eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something it you know eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something it you know eliminated
+when I did these row steps that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did these row steps that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did these row steps that matrix
+turned into this upper triangular matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into this upper triangular matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into this upper triangular matrix
+and maybe you can tell me what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you can tell me what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you can tell me what would
+have h what will have happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h what will have happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h what will have happened at the
+same time to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to the rest
+what will have what will I see sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will have what will I see sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will have what will I see sitting
+here if I'm if I just do ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I'm if I just do ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I'm if I just do ordinary
+elimination and I'm just looking there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and I'm just looking there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and I'm just looking there
+and using the pivots and so on I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the pivots and so on I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the pivots and so on I'll see
+it'll be still it'll be you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be still it'll be you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be still it'll be you because
+whatever I do on on the left side I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I do on on the left side I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I do on on the left side I'm
+doing to the whole row and now the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to the whole row and now the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to the whole row and now the main
+point is what will I see now elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what will I see now elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what will I see now elimination
+keep going keep going do elimination to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going keep going do elimination to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going keep going do elimination to
+clear out this column this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear out this column this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear out this column this this whole
+bunch right elimination so I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch right elimination so I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch right elimination so I'm seeing
+you know this is and now what am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is and now what am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is and now what am I going
+to see in that corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in that corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in that corner
+all zeros right right yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros right right yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros right right yeah so that's
+telling me that uh you know the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that uh you know the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that uh you know the the the
+the matrix is really got just is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is really got just is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is really got just is just
+got half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got half
+of the half igen value is positive half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the half igen value is positive half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the half igen value is positive half
+of the pivots are positive the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pivots are positive the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pivots are positive the second
+half all zeros. Yeah. Yeah. So the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all zeros. Yeah. Yeah. So the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all zeros. Yeah. Yeah. So the igen
+val so I I guess here I found an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+val so I I guess here I found an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+val so I I guess here I found an igen
+vector with what igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with what igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with what igen value
+that that's looking like an igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's looking like an igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's looking like an igen vector
+to me if we're thinking igen vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me if we're thinking igen vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me if we're thinking igen vectors.
+And what's the igen value that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the igen value that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the igen value that goes with
+it? zero because nx is 0x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? zero because nx is 0x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? zero because nx is 0x.
+You can either think of as nx= 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can either think of as nx= 0 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can either think of as nx= 0 if
+you're thinking about systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about systems of
+equations or nx= 0x if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or nx= 0x if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or nx= 0x if you're thinking
+that that guy is a vector with igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that guy is a vector with igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that guy is a vector with igen
+value zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero.
+Yeah. So I'm pretty happy. I mean many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I'm pretty happy. I mean many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I'm pretty happy. I mean many
+of you will have spotted this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have spotted this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have spotted this probably
+perhaps all but I'm happy that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps all but I'm happy that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps all but I'm happy that's a
+example that just shows uh the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that just shows uh the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that just shows uh the you know
+how you have to think big with block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you have to think big with block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you have to think big with block
+matrices I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I guess
+good okay on that or yeah sure what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay on that or yeah sure what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay on that or yeah sure what else
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+so my question is about if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question is about if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question is about if you're just
+given a matrix of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a matrix of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a matrix of numbers
+okay look at it what's a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay look at it what's a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay look at it what's a good way of
+this is fixed fixed or this is fixed. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fixed fixed or this is fixed. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fixed fixed or this is fixed. I
+understand that the four example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the four example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the four example
+matrices we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we started out
+that's true and that's really all I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true and that's really all I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true and that's really all I've
+done so far is those four examples. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is those four examples. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is those four examples. I
+don't I think that language of fix fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think that language of fix fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think that language of fix fix
+and fix free really comes I mean I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix free really comes I mean I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix free really comes I mean I I
+used it early about those four matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it early about those four matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it early about those four matrices
+but it's really going to show up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really going to show up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really going to show up at the
+next lecture Friday when I have a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture Friday when I have a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture Friday when I have a line
+of springs and uh and u and the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of springs and uh and u and the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of springs and uh and u and the matrices
+that come out of that. So we'll Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of that. So we'll Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of that. So we'll Friday
+will get finally beyond those first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get finally beyond those first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get finally beyond those first four
+uh fifth matrix will appear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fifth matrix will appear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fifth matrix will appear in this
+course finally uh uh right of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course finally uh uh right of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course finally uh uh right of course
+it's going to be related to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be related to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be related to the first
+ones naturally because but we'll move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones naturally because but we'll move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones naturally because but we'll move to
+we'll see something new and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see something new and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see something new and then we'll
+see the fixed free idea again for those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the fixed free idea again for those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the fixed free idea again for those.
+Yeah. So if if I can wait till Friday,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if if I can wait till Friday,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if if I can wait till Friday,
+you'll see some different ones. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some different ones. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some different ones. Yeah.
+Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good
+questions, thoughts about Yeah, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions, thoughts about Yeah, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions, thoughts about Yeah, you can
+ask about anything. Maybe I can ask. Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about anything. Maybe I can ask. Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about anything. Maybe I can ask. Are
+are are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are you
+any thoughts about the pace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts about the pace of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts about the pace of the
+course?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course?
+Uh is this a sort of a heavy dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh is this a sort of a heavy dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh is this a sort of a heavy dose of
+linear algebra? Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra? Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra? Right.
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+has it come at a of course the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it come at a of course the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it come at a of course the answer
+maybe depends on how much you had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe depends on how much you had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe depends on how much you had seen
+before but uh so those who haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but uh so those who haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but uh so those who haven't seen
+very much linear algebra at all really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much linear algebra at all really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much linear algebra at all really
+got uh quite a bit quickly here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh quite a bit quickly here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh quite a bit quickly here uh
+because many courses on linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many courses on linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many courses on linear algebra
+never reach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never reach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never reach this
+key idea of positive definitess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea of positive definitess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea of positive definitess that
+ties it all together. Uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties it all together. Uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties it all together. Uh so so
+you've seen quite a bit really. Um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen quite a bit really. Um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen quite a bit really. Um of
+course we've concentrated on symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've concentrated on symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've concentrated on symmetric
+matrices and there's a whole like garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and there's a whole like garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and there's a whole like garden
+or forest or zoo of matrices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or forest or zoo of matrices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or forest or zoo of matrices of
+different types and we've seen so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types and we've seen so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types and we've seen so what
+matrices have we seen symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have we seen symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have we seen symmetric matrices
+and then their en vectors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their en vectors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their en vectors were
+orthogonal and we could say orthonormal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and we could say orthonormal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and we could say orthonormal.
+So that gave us uh um that I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gave us uh um that I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gave us uh um that I don't know
+if you remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember this
+part which when we wrote it down I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which when we wrote it down I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which when we wrote it down I said
+big deal that's very important that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal that's very important that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal that's very important that's
+this principle axis theorem that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle axis theorem that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle axis theorem that you're
+these Q's what kind of a matrix is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Q's what kind of a matrix is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Q's what kind of a matrix is Q
+it's the vector matrix and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vector matrix and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vector matrix and for a
+symmetric matrix so this is the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix so this is the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix so this is the igen
+vector matrix and what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector matrix and what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector matrix and what do we know about
+it in the special case of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the special case of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the special case of um
+symmetric K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric K.
+What what do we know specially about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what do we know specially about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what do we know specially about the
+igen vectors? Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors? Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors? Then
+they're orthogonal. We can make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're orthogonal. We can make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're orthogonal. We can make them
+orthonormal. So this will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal. So this will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal. So this will be an
+orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix
+and and and that and that was a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and that and that was a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and that and that was a matrix
+with Q transpose was the same as Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q transpose was the same as Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q transpose was the same as Q
+inverse. Normally we would see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Normally we would see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Normally we would see the
+inverse there but for these we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse there but for these we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse there but for these we can put
+the transpose. So that's here's one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose. So that's here's one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose. So that's here's one type
+of matrix symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix symmetric
+very important here's another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important here's another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important here's another type of
+matrix orthogonal matrices and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix orthogonal matrices and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix orthogonal matrices and of course
+many many other varieties well here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other varieties well here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other varieties well here we
+have a very nice matrix so that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice matrix so that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice matrix so that matrix
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+diagonal right that's just the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal right that's just the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal right that's just the igen
+values so that's a diagonal matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that's a diagonal matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that's a diagonal matrix and
+what do we know if k is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know if k is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know if k is positive
+definite let's just this was for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite let's just this was for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite let's just this was for any
+symmetric one so what's special if k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric one so what's special if k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric one so what's special if k is
+positive definite. What somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite. What somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite. What somehow the
+positive definitess should show up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definitess should show up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definitess should show up here
+and what where does it show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what where does it show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what where does it show
+positive values exactly the the Q we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values exactly the the Q we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values exactly the the Q we
+don't could be any the any Q would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't could be any the any Q would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't could be any the any Q would be
+fine but we would see positive IGEN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but we would see positive IGEN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but we would see positive IGEN
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+oh here's a little point about IGEN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's a little point about IGEN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's a little point about IGEN
+values uh suppose I have my matrix K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh suppose I have my matrix K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh suppose I have my matrix K and
+it's got some igen values now let me add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some igen values now let me add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some igen values now let me add
+four times the identity to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What
+what are the igen values now? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen values now? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen values now? What are
+the igen vectors now? What what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors now? What what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors now? What what's what's
+changed and and how and and what hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and and how and and what hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and and how and and what hasn't
+changed? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed? So
+because that's a pretty easy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a pretty easy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a pretty easy the
+identity matrix is always the easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix is always the easy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix is always the easy one
+for us to know what's happening. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to know what's happening. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to know what's happening. So what
+is happening to the igen values? Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening to the igen values? Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening to the igen values? Now if
+K had these igen values lambda, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K had these igen values lambda, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K had these igen values lambda, what are
+the igen values of k + 4 i?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You add,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You add,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You add,
+you add four. Yes. The igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add four. Yes. The igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add four. Yes. The igen values of
+this are this the igen values of k + 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are this the igen values of k + 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are this the igen values of k + 4.
+That is that is just like shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is that is just like shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is that is just like shifting the
+matrix. You could think of it as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. You could think of it as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. You could think of it as you
+know adding four along the diagonal will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adding four along the diagonal will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know adding four along the diagonal will
+add four and that's because and the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add four and that's because and the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add four and that's because and the igen
+vectors would be exactly the same ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors would be exactly the same ones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors would be exactly the same ones.
+I would have kx would agree with lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have kx would agree with lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have kx would agree with lambda
+x and 4 iix would agree with 4x. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and 4 iix would agree with 4x. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and 4 iix would agree with 4x. So that
+proves it. Uh so that's yeah good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves it. Uh so that's yeah good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves it. Uh so that's yeah good good
+to see what's what you can do that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what's what you can do that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what's what you can do that's
+what the the limited number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the limited number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the limited number of things
+that you're allowed to do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're allowed to do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're allowed to do without
+changing the igen vectors and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the igen vectors and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the igen vectors and therefore
+you can spot the igen values right away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spot the igen values right away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spot the igen values right away.
+The limited things you can invert you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The limited things you can invert you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The limited things you can invert you
+can shift like this you could square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shift like this you could square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shift like this you could square it
+cube it take powers things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube it take powers things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube it take powers things like that.
+Yeah. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to look to you now for give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look to you now for give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look to you now for give me
+a lead on something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lead on something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lead on something that
+is interesting or or not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting or or not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting or or not.
+Yes, thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, thanks.
+I don't I don't know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I don't know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I don't know if you want to
+spend time on this, but I was ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on this, but I was ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on this, but I was ahead
+through the book and at the end of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the book and at the end of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the book and at the end of you
+have this harmonic oscillator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this harmonic oscillator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this harmonic oscillator.
+Oh, I see. Okay. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I see. Okay. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I see. Okay. Yes.
+Um and I think if you went over it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and I think if you went over it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and I think if you went over it a
+little bit, it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+I see. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see. All right.
+Okay. So, that's page 64 of the book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that's page 64 of the book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that's page 64 of the book.
+Well, so that's a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so that's a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so that's a problem that
+physicists love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists love
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and it and it's yeah, I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and it's yeah, I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and it's yeah, I don't know how
+much I can say about it here to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I can say about it here to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I can say about it here to tell the
+truth. Yeah. Ju just to mention uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. Yeah. Ju just to mention uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. Yeah. Ju just to mention uh see
+do they use a minus sign on the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they use a minus sign on the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they use a minus sign on the probably
+they do. So they're they're uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do. So they're they're uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do. So they're they're uh uh
+equation is minus the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is minus the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is minus the second derivative
+of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u
+uh plus x2 * u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus x2 * u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus x2 * u
+and they are interested in the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are interested in the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are interested in the igen
+values equal lambda u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values equal lambda u.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values equal lambda u.
+Okay. Well, so the only one the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so the only one the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so the only one the the the
+case that we've done in class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we've done in class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we've done in class was
+without this x2 u term, right? The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this x2 u term, right? The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this x2 u term, right? The the
+the important the most important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important the most important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important the most important the
+absolutely most important case is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely most important case is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely most important case is just
+second derivative of u= lambda* u. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of u= lambda* u. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of u= lambda* u. The
+igen values were or what were the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values were or what were the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values were or what were the igen
+vectors in that case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in that case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in that case?
+What were the igen vectors of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What were the igen vectors of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What were the igen vectors of the second
+derivative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative?
+uh before there was any um x² u any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before there was any um x² u any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before there was any um x² u any
+potent potential showing up they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent potential showing up they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent potential showing up they were
+just ss and cosiness right ss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ss and cosiness right ss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ss and cosiness right ss and
+cosiness have the property that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness have the property that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness have the property that if you
+take two derivatives you get them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two derivatives you get them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two derivatives you get them back
+with some factor lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some factor lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some factor lambda
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let me just look at that problem without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just look at that problem without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just look at that problem without
+saying much about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying much about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying much about it.
+First of all, the first thing I I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, the first thing I I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, the first thing I I I want
+to know is have I got a linear problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is have I got a linear problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is have I got a linear problem
+here? Have I got a linear equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Have I got a linear equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Have I got a linear equation?
+Because that's where I talk about igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's where I talk about igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's where I talk about igen
+value. So in the matrix case I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So in the matrix case I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So in the matrix case I have a
+matrix K times an igen vector that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K times an igen vector that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K times an igen vector that's you
+know that that matrix represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that matrix represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that matrix represents
+something linear. If I have Yeah, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something linear. If I have Yeah, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something linear. If I have Yeah, it's
+just all the rule all the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all the rule all the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all the rule all the rules of
+addition work here. Here it is linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition work here. Here it is linear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition work here. Here it is linear.
+It is linear. Uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see what I'm trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I'm trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I'm trying to say is
+the fact of the fact that we have a ve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of the fact that we have a ve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of the fact that we have a ve
+what I that I just call that a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I that I just call that a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I that I just call that a variable
+coefficient. And that that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient. And that that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient. And that that's what we're
+going to see in chapter two. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in chapter two. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in chapter two. the
+material or something could could lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or something could could lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or something could could lead
+to some dependence on X, but U is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some dependence on X, but U is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some dependence on X, but U is still
+there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just
+linearly. So that this is in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly. So that this is in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly. So that this is in other
+words, this is a perfect uh perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this is a perfect uh perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this is a perfect uh perfectly
+okay linear operator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay linear operator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay linear operator.
+And am I imagining that it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And am I imagining that it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And am I imagining that it's positive
+definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite?
+Let's see. This part with the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. This part with the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. This part with the minus sign
+was positive definite, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was positive definite, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was positive definite, right?
+Well, at least semidefinite. I now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, at least semidefinite. I now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, at least semidefinite. I now know
+uh so so let me just remember the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so let me just remember the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so let me just remember the most
+important case. If I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case. If I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case. If I look at this
+equation dc u dx^2 equals equals lambda*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dc u dx^2 equals equals lambda*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dc u dx^2 equals equals lambda*
+u. So that's the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So that's the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So that's the igen
+value function problem for our good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function problem for our good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function problem for our good
+friend. What do I say about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend. What do I say about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend. What do I say about about the
+igen values now? What what can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values now? What what can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values now? What what can you tell
+me about the igen values of that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about the igen values of that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about the igen values of that?
+Mostly positive because they were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mostly positive because they were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mostly positive because they were sort
+of omega squares. Uh but I I mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega squares. Uh but I I mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega squares. Uh but I I mean zero
+could be an igen value, right? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an igen value, right? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an igen value, right? What
+would the igen function be for lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the igen function be for lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the igen function be for lambda
+equals 0?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh if I wanted to get zero here, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if I wanted to get zero here, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if I wanted to get zero here, if I
+wanted a zero on the right side, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a zero on the right side, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a zero on the right side, what
+could what functions u could give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could what functions u could give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could what functions u could give me
+zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero?
+Well, constant function. Yeah, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, constant function. Yeah, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, constant function. Yeah, a
+constant function is certainly there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant function is certainly there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant function is certainly there.
+Okay. Is is a possibility, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Is is a possibility, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Is is a possibility, right? But
+anyway, that's this is I would say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, that's this is I would say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, that's this is I would say this
+is positive semidefinite at least. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive semidefinite at least. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive semidefinite at least. And
+this part th this how do I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part th this how do I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part th this how do I think about
+that as a big matrix? I think of it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a big matrix? I think of it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a big matrix? I think of it sort
+of like a big matrix with x squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a big matrix with x squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a big matrix with x squar
+running down the diagonal like uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down the diagonal like uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down the diagonal like uh of
+course yeah with a matrix you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah with a matrix you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah with a matrix you could say
+walking down the diagonal because it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the diagonal because it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the diagonal because it's n
+steps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for
+differential equations maybe running is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations maybe running is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations maybe running is
+the right word because it's like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word because it's like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word because it's like there's
+no it doesn't jump it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it doesn't jump it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it doesn't jump it's just
+uh all the way from zero squared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the way from zero squared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the way from zero squared to
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+Anyway, that would be that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, that would be that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, that would be that would
+correspond to a diagonal matrix but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a diagonal matrix but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a diagonal matrix but uh
+but not constant diagonal diagonal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not constant diagonal diagonal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not constant diagonal diagonal but
+not constant diagonal because this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant diagonal because this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constant diagonal because this x
+squar number is changing. It would, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar number is changing. It would, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar number is changing. It would, you
+know, it's like a it's like a spring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's like a it's like a spring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's like a it's like a spring.
+It's like a bunch of springs in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like a bunch of springs in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like a bunch of springs in which
+the first spring is maybe has a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first spring is maybe has a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first spring is maybe has a spring
+constant of one and then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of one and then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of one and then we have a
+tighter spring and then a very tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter spring and then a very tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter spring and then a very tight
+spring and so on more and more uh higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and so on more and more uh higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and so on more and more uh higher
+and higher constants there. Well, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher constants there. Well, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher constants there. Well, I'm
+just speaking very roughly here. uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speaking very roughly here. uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speaking very roughly here. uh just
+just to sort of because variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to sort of because variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to sort of because variable
+coefficient variable material properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient variable material properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient variable material properties
+springs of different uh elasticities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs of different uh elasticities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs of different uh elasticities are
+are we're ready to to move to that. Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we're ready to to move to that. Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we're ready to to move to that. Our
+problems up to now the springs were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems up to now the springs were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems up to now the springs were all
+the same. The bar if it was a bar was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. The bar if it was a bar was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. The bar if it was a bar was
+uniform and now this would be a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and now this would be a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and now this would be a step
+forward. Uh but now of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. Uh but now of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. Uh but now of course this
+specific problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem
+just happens to have a solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to have a solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to have a solution that
+physicists love right I mean it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists love right I mean it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists love right I mean it has a
+meaning to physicists not to not to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to physicists not to not to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to physicists not to not to me
+and and uh the iigen functions have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the iigen functions have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the iigen functions have a
+meaning and they're famous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and they're famous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and they're famous functions
+it's just like it's just glorious so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like it's just glorious so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like it's just glorious so so
+you could say that's the special problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that's the special problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that's the special problem
+the way we had four special matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we had four special matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we had four special matrices in
+18085 that would be a similar special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 that would be a similar special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 that would be a similar special
+problem in in uh quantum mechanics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in uh quantum mechanics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in uh quantum mechanics.
+Yeah. Okay. Let's turn to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Let's turn to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Let's turn to something
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+uh different questions about any topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different questions about any topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different questions about any topic
+or I can ask some and you can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can ask some and you can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can ask some and you can take this
+maybe that's one way to review. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one way to review. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one way to review. Go
+ahead. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Thanks.
+Number 20 of 1.6. Ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number 20 of 1.6. Ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number 20 of 1.6. Ah
+1.6 is a section. Oh no, that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 is a section. Oh no, that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 is a section. Oh no, that's positive
+definite note. So I'm okay with that. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite note. So I'm okay with that. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite note. So I'm okay with that. Uh
+I think I see that I did ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I see that I did ask you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I see that I did ask you a
+question from on the homework from 1.7.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from on the homework from 1.7.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from on the homework from 1.7.
+Uh but it's which I may not get to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it's which I may not get to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it's which I may not get to cover
+in lecture, but go give it a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture, but go give it a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture, but go give it a shot
+anyway. So what's 20?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay. That's yeah that's good. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. That's yeah that's good. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. That's yeah that's good. Okay
+without multiplying out the matrix. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without multiplying out the matrix. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without multiplying out the matrix. So
+it's it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's this
+q lambda qranspose. So I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q lambda qranspose. So I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q lambda qranspose. So I'm telling you
+in that question what q lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that question what q lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that question what q lambda and
+qranspose are. I'm the q is this cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qranspose are. I'm the q is this cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qranspose are. I'm the q is this cosine
+s minus s cosine. The lambda is 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus s cosine. The lambda is 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus s cosine. The lambda is 2 and
+five I think in that question. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I think in that question. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I think in that question. And the
+qranspose of course is cosine s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qranspose of course is cosine s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qranspose of course is cosine s minus
+sin cosine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I've told you that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I've told you that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I've told you that those are the
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+then you could multiply those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could multiply those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could multiply those together
+to get k. But you can tell me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get k. But you can tell me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get k. But you can tell me this is
+you know this is like k exposed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is like k exposed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is like k exposed.
+the matrix is like we we're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is like we we're told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is like we we're told
+more than we would know if I multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than we would know if I multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than we would know if I multiply it
+all together I wouldn't see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together I wouldn't see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together I wouldn't see that the
+igen vectors are these guys that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors are these guys that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors are these guys that the
+igen values are these guys so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are these guys so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are these guys so what
+without looking to see what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking to see what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking to see what uh
+so what are the igen values of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the igen values of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the igen values of this
+matrix K if we multiplied it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K if we multiplied it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K if we multiplied it all
+together uh what what would the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh what what would the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh what what would the igen
+values actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually be
+two and five, right? Because we built it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and five, right? Because we built it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and five, right? Because we built it
+up that way. What would the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that way. What would the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that way. What would the determinant
+be? Now, what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Now, what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Now, what do we know about
+determinants?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants?
+It would be 10 is the right answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be 10 is the right answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be 10 is the right answer.
+What's the right way to see that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the right way to see that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the right way to see that?
+Well, the determinant is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the determinant is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the determinant is always the
+product of the values, isn't it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the values, isn't it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the values, isn't it?
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. These guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. These guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. These guys have
+determinant one anyway. And uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant one anyway. And uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant one anyway. And uh if I
+hadn't normalized so this had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't normalized so this had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't normalized so this had some
+bigger determinant this would have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger determinant this would have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger determinant this would have some
+smaller determinant. So they'll their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller determinant. So they'll their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller determinant. So they'll their
+inverses their determinants will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses their determinants will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses their determinants will give me
+the one and there's the 10. What else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and there's the 10. What else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and there's the 10. What else
+could I ask about or did I ask about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I ask about or did I ask about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I ask about or did I ask about for
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+The en vectors. Okay. The igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The en vectors. Okay. The igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The en vectors. Okay. The igen vectors
+of the matrix. What are they?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix. What are they?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix. What are they?
+They're these columns. They're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're these columns. They're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're these columns. They're sitting
+here for us. There are those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for us. There are those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for us. There are those two
+columns, right? And would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns, right? And would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns, right? And would you like to
+just check that if that I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check that if that I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check that if that I believe that
+column is an igen vector and which do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is an igen vector and which do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is an igen vector and which do
+you think two or five is its igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think two or five is its igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think two or five is its igen value
+that goes with this first column?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with this first column?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with this first column?
+Everybody's going to say two. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody's going to say two. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody's going to say two. And that's
+right. Yeah. Okay. And and do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah. Okay. And and do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah. Okay. And and do you want
+me to just take that matrix times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to just take that matrix times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to just take that matrix times this
+proposed vector and just see it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed vector and just see it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed vector and just see it's going
+to work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work?
+Suppose I just do all that uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I just do all that uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I just do all that uh and and
+just see sure enough this will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see sure enough this will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see sure enough this will be an
+igen vector. So what do I have at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector. So what do I have at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector. So what do I have at this
+point? Can you do this times this first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point? Can you do this times this first?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point? Can you do this times this first?
+What do I get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I get?
+Uh c^2 + s^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh c^2 + s^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh c^2 + s^2 is
+1 and minus cs + cs is 0. So at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus cs + cs is 0. So at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus cs + cs is 0. So at that
+point I have 1 zero. Now comes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I have 1 zero. Now comes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I have 1 zero. Now comes this
+matrix. So what do I have after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So what do I have after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So what do I have after that
+matrix speaks up? Two 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix speaks up? Two 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix speaks up? Two 0.
+And now I take 2 * this. And what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I take 2 * this. And what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I take 2 * this. And what do I
+get? Or or that matrix times the two 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? Or or that matrix times the two 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? Or or that matrix times the two 0.
+Do you how do you multiply a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you how do you multiply a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you how do you multiply a matrix
+times that two 0 vector? Here's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that two 0 vector? Here's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that two 0 vector? Here's a good
+way to think of it. It's two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of it. It's two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of it. It's two times the
+first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column
+and zero * the second. So it's two. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero * the second. So it's two. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero * the second. So it's two. The
+net result of the whole deal was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net result of the whole deal was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net result of the whole deal was two
+times that first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that first column
+which is exactly saying that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly saying that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly saying that this is an
+iggon vector. When I did all that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iggon vector. When I did all that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iggon vector. When I did all that it
+came back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back again
+scaled by two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by two.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So that's a that's a good example. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a that's a good example. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a that's a good example. And
+then is the matrix positive definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the matrix positive definite?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the matrix positive definite?
+That's connects to today's lecture. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's connects to today's lecture. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's connects to today's lecture. Uh
+what test would you use to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what test would you use to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what test would you use to show that the
+matrix is positive definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is positive definite?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is positive definite?
+The igen values. Yeah, the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The igen values. Yeah, the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The igen values. Yeah, the igen values
+are sitting there. Two and five both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting there. Two and five both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting there. Two and five both
+positive. If I changed one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. If I changed one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. If I changed one of those
+signs, then it would no longer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs, then it would no longer be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs, then it would no longer be
+positive definite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite.
+It would still be symmetric. I'd still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would still be symmetric. I'd still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would still be symmetric. I'd still
+have the igen vectors, but an igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the igen vectors, but an igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the igen vectors, but an igen value
+would have jumped to minus five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have jumped to minus five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have jumped to minus five.
+Yeah, good. I I think this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good. I I think this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good. I I think this sort of
+helps. I I guess I hope that as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps. I I guess I hope that as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps. I I guess I hope that as I'm
+doing these things, you're ahead of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things, you're ahead of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things, you're ahead of me
+or with me in the calculation and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with me in the calculation and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with me in the calculation and and
+just you just have to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just have to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just have to do a bunch of
+these to get confidence, you know, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to get confidence, you know, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to get confidence, you know, that
+you're got the right thing. Okay. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're got the right thing. Okay. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're got the right thing. Okay. Yes.
+Can I ask about number 24?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I ask about number 24?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I ask about number 24?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+1.624. Is that also a homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.624. Is that also a homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.624. Is that also a homework problem
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+It is a homework problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is a homework problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is a homework problem.
+All right. But you guys are reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But you guys are reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But you guys are reading the
+rest of the book, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the book, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the book, right?
+Not only the homework question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only the homework question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only the homework question.
+Ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+oh dear 24 that's a very good question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh dear 24 that's a very good question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh dear 24 that's a very good question.
+I um saw a section in the book about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um saw a section in the book about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um saw a section in the book about
+about this. Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. Yeah
+about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but I looking at the two equations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I looking at the two equations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I looking at the two equations I
+couldn't see how to expand one into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see how to expand one into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see how to expand one into the
+other. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Okay.
+And how many?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many?
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+It's a good question. And if today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a good question. And if today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a good question. And if today's
+lecture had been Well, it ran a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture had been Well, it ran a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture had been Well, it ran a little
+late, but if we ran another 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late, but if we ran another 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late, but if we ran another 20 minutes
+late, I could have done this. So, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late, I could have done this. So, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late, I could have done this. So, what's
+I'll just say what's in that problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say what's in that problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say what's in that problem and
+then uh we'll see it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we'll see it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we'll see it um
+again. Uh so, uh what's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Uh so, uh what's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Uh so, uh what's in that
+question? All right, let me Let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? All right, let me Let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? All right, let me Let me write
+down what it is. So I have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what it is. So I have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what it is. So I have a positive
+definite matrix K, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrix K, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrix K, right?
+And then I've got its energy which let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I've got its energy which let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I've got its energy which let's
+see am I calling I'm using u rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see am I calling I'm using u rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see am I calling I'm using u rather than
+X. So let's use u. Okay. So the so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. So let's use u. Okay. So the so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. So let's use u. Okay. So the so my
+uranspose ku that's the or like xrpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose ku that's the or like xrpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranspose ku that's the or like xrpose
+kx today that is this bowlshaped figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx today that is this bowlshaped figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx today that is this bowlshaped figure
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+well the the my image of if I graph this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the my image of if I graph this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the my image of if I graph this
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+u u1 u2 maybe up to un all in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u1 u2 maybe up to un all in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u1 u2 maybe up to un all in the base
+and now I have the picture so I'm in n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have the picture so I'm in n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have the picture so I'm in n +
+one dimensions the other dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensions the other dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensions the other dimension is
+this one. Then that's the one where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. Then that's the one where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. Then that's the one where I
+get this bowlshaped guy. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this bowlshaped guy. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this bowlshaped guy. Okay.
+All right. And I've called that energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And I've called that energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And I've called that energy.
+In many many physical problems, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In many many physical problems, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In many many physical problems, there's
+a factor of a half. And and this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of a half. And and this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of a half. And and this it's
+going to be nice to have that factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nice to have that factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nice to have that factor of
+a half. So that won't change anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half. So that won't change anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half. So that won't change anything.
+Just half as big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just half as big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just half as big.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So the where what is the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the where what is the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the where what is the what is the
+minimum value of that of that energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value of that of that energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value of that of that energy and
+where what is the minimum value of this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what is the minimum value of this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what is the minimum value of this?
+If I said minimize that you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I said minimize that you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I said minimize that you could do it
+right away it'd be at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away it'd be at zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away it'd be at zero.
+Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+I'm going to introduce a linear term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce a linear term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce a linear term.
+This was a quadratic term. It had u ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was a quadratic term. It had u ^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was a quadratic term. It had u ^
+squ in it. So the linear term is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ in it. So the linear term is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ in it. So the linear term is going
+to be uranspose f is the shorthand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uranspose f is the shorthand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uranspose f is the shorthand for
+it. And of course we all know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And of course we all know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And of course we all know that that
+stands for u1 * f_sub_1 u2 all minus u2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for u1 * f_sub_1 u2 all minus u2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for u1 * f_sub_1 u2 all minus u2
+* f_sub_2 and so on. However many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* f_sub_2 and so on. However many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* f_sub_2 and so on. However many
+dimensions I'm in. You let's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions I'm in. You let's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions I'm in. You let's you can
+imagine I'm in two dimensions. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm in two dimensions. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm in two dimensions. So it's
+minus u1 f_sub_1 minus u2 f_sub_2. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because so what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because so what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because so what I'm saying is that
+minimizing just this was like too easy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing just this was like too easy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing just this was like too easy,
+right? The answer was zero. Nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The answer was zero. Nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The answer was zero. Nobody's
+interested in that for for very long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that for for very long.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that for for very long.
+But now it is much more interesting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now it is much more interesting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now it is much more interesting when
+I get a linear term in there. And uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a linear term in there. And uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a linear term in there. And uh so
+what happens now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now?
+Well, the effect of that linear term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the effect of that linear term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the effect of that linear term is
+to shift that bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift that bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift that bowl
+uh you sort of over and down a little so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you sort of over and down a little so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you sort of over and down a little so
+that instead of sitting where I drew it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of sitting where I drew it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of sitting where I drew it,
+let me erase it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me erase it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me erase it.
+The if I if I now graph this function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The if I if I now graph this function,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The if I if I now graph this function,
+this is my function of u. This is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my function of u. This is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my function of u. This is still
+the most important part, but now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important part, but now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important part, but now I have
+uh a first order term and the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a first order term and the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a first order term and the result is
+it still goes through here, right? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still goes through here, right? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still goes through here, right? Why
+does it still go through the that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it still go through the that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it still go through the that same
+point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point?
+Because if I take U1 and two to be zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if I take U1 and two to be zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if I take U1 and two to be zero,
+I get zero. So I still get zero there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get zero. So I still get zero there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get zero. So I still get zero there.
+But it the bowl is shifted. It's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it the bowl is shifted. It's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it the bowl is shifted. It's more
+like something here. And it has a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something here. And it has a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something here. And it has a it
+still has a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has a minimum
+because this is still the allimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is still the allimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is still the allimp
+important term but it's just moved over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term but it's just moved over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term but it's just moved over
+and down. So it has the the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down. So it has the the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down. So it has the the minimum
+value it actually goes below zero. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it actually goes below zero. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it actually goes below zero. But
+but if I look at it if I'm sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I look at it if I'm sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I look at it if I'm sitting at
+the minimum and looking I'm seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum and looking I'm seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum and looking I'm seeing a
+bowl going up. Right? So that that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl going up. Right? So that that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl going up. Right? So that that just
+to I hope that picture shows. And now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I hope that picture shows. And now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I hope that picture shows. And now of
+course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the
+that's the geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the geometry.
+In other words, the same geometry just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the same geometry just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the same geometry just
+move the thing over and down. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the thing over and down. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the thing over and down. But the
+algebra is where is the minimum? What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is where is the minimum? What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is where is the minimum? What is
+the value of that minimum? And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that minimum? And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that minimum? And this
+problem 24 asks was is one way to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 24 asks was is one way to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 24 asks was is one way to do the
+minimum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? One one way to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? One one way to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? One one way to do it.
+But actually, if if you didn't want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But actually, if if you didn't want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But actually, if if you didn't want if
+you didn't like linear well, I won't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't like linear well, I won't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't like linear well, I won't say
+didn't like linear algebra, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like linear algebra, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like linear algebra, that's
+against my religion. Uh, so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against my religion. Uh, so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against my religion. Uh, so if you if
+you like calculus and you said, "Wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like calculus and you said, "Wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like calculus and you said, "Wait a
+minute. If you give me something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. If you give me something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. If you give me something you
+want me to minimize, what will I do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to minimize, what will I do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to minimize, what will I do?
+I'll set derivatives to zero."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll set derivatives to zero."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll set derivatives to zero."
+And can I just jump to the answer? If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And can I just jump to the answer? If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And can I just jump to the answer? If I
+set Oh, I've got what derivatives do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Oh, I've got what derivatives do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Oh, I've got what derivatives do I
+set to zero now for the minimum here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's it's the first derivatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's the first derivatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's the first derivatives and
+their first derivatives with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first derivatives with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first derivatives with respect to
+so what I'm d by this is I look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm d by this is I look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm d by this is I look at I
+look at df d what I you see I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at df d what I you see I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at df d what I you see I've already
+given it away. These are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it away. These are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it away. These are going to be
+partial derivatives. Why is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives. Why is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives. Why is that?
+because I've got two directions. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got two directions. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got two directions. So I
+have a dfdu1 equals z and a dfdu2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dfdu1 equals z and a dfdu2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dfdu1 equals z and a dfdu2 equals
+z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z.
+In other words, when I sit here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, when I sit here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, when I sit here at the
+bottom, I'm seeing this whole bowl above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom, I'm seeing this whole bowl above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom, I'm seeing this whole bowl above
+me, if I in the if I go along the U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, if I in the if I go along the U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, if I in the if I go along the U2
+direction, it should go up. And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, it should go up. And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, it should go up. And if I
+come along the U1 direction, goes up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along the U1 direction, goes up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along the U1 direction, goes up.
+But it's flat at the bottom both ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what's my point here? I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what's my point here? I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what's my point here? I've got two
+I'm going to if if you like calculus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to if if you like calculus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to if if you like calculus,
+you get to two you'll get to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to two you'll get to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to two you'll get to two
+equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations.
+And I just want to say what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I just want to say what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I just want to say what those
+equations are because they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are because they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are because they're all
+important. They're just somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. They're just somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. They're just somehow
+suppose we just suppose we only had U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we just suppose we only had U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we just suppose we only had U1
+and nothing else. Then this would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else. Then this would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else. Then this would just
+be a parabola. I would and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a parabola. I would and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a parabola. I would and and the
+derivative of this would be at 12 ku^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this would be at 12 ku^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this would be at 12 ku^2.
+If suppose I'm just n is one. I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If suppose I'm just n is one. I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If suppose I'm just n is one. I'm only
+in one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one.
+So what's the derivative of 12 ku 2? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the derivative of 12 ku 2? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the derivative of 12 ku 2? The
+derivative. So I'm looking for the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So I'm looking for the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So I'm looking for the if
+this was 12 ku ^2 and I took the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was 12 ku ^2 and I took the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was 12 ku ^2 and I took the u
+derivative respect to u it would be it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to u it would be it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to u it would be it'
+be ku. And it works here in the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ku. And it works here in the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ku. And it works here in the matrix
+case. And what would be the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And what would be the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And what would be the derivative
+of u transpose of u * f? If u was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u transpose of u * f? If u was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u transpose of u * f? If u was just a
+number and f was just if u was just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and f was just if u was just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and f was just if u was just one
+thing and f was a single number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and f was a single number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and f was a single number the
+derivative would be f. Yeah, it' be f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative would be f. Yeah, it' be f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative would be f. Yeah, it' be f.
+So the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative
+that that's the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's I've jumped to the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I've jumped to the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I've jumped to the answer that
+these This set of two or n equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these This set of two or n equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these This set of two or n equations in
+matrix language it would just be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language it would just be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language it would just be and
+I'll even write it better as ku equal f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even write it better as ku equal f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll even write it better as ku equal f.
+That's that tells me where the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that tells me where the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that tells me where the minimum
+is. The the minimizing guy is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. The the minimizing guy is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. The the minimizing guy is so this is
+in the base and then it the the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the base and then it the the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the base and then it the the thing is
+dropping down. And I I still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down. And I I still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down. And I I still have to
+figure out what what's the bottom value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what's the bottom value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what's the bottom value.
+But I've but I've now identified where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I've but I've now identified where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I've but I've now identified where
+the minimum occurs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum occurs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum occurs.
+So you got two questions about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you got two questions about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you got two questions about a
+minimum. Where is it? You know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. Where is it? You know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. Where is it? You know what
+value of u gives the minimum? And at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of u gives the minimum? And at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of u gives the minimum? And at
+that point at that lowest point, how low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point at that lowest point, how low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point at that lowest point, how low
+is it? Yeah. So my the the most the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it? Yeah. So my the the most the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it? Yeah. So my the the most the one
+thing you got to remember is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got to remember is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got to remember is that when
+you minimize that quadratic you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize that quadratic you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize that quadratic you get that
+system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations
+and then of course the answer you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the answer you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the answer you have
+to solve that system. But that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that system. But that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that system. But that you know
+this goes back to what I said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to what I said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to what I said at the
+first moment first minute of today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first moment first minute of today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first moment first minute of today that
+we have two ways of looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two ways of looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two ways of looking at a
+problem. Usually we go directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Usually we go directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Usually we go directly to the
+equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations.
+Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes
+the problem is comes naturally to us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is comes naturally to us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is comes naturally to us as
+a minimum problem. You know like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum problem. You know like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum problem. You know like we have
+to minimize the cost. We want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the cost. We want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the cost. We want to build a
+new school or something and uh so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new school or something and uh so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new school or something and uh so we've
+got some cost function that we minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some cost function that we minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some cost function that we minimize
+that will lead through calculus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will lead through calculus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will lead through calculus or
+linear algebra to this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I've done everything but answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've done everything but answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've done everything but answer the
+question 24 which was in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 24 which was in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 24 which was in a way
+well so we haven't seen we only checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we haven't seen we only checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we haven't seen we only checked
+the one by one case to see that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one by one case to see that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one by one case to see that this was
+that that's the right equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the right equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the right equations
+derivative equals zero and now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equals zero and now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equals zero and now you could
+use calculus as I said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use calculus as I said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use calculus as I said but
+if I answer that question well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I answer that question well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I answer that question well let me
+just do a little I the idea is of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a little I the idea is of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a little I the idea is of that
+question 24 so that was what 1 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 24 so that was what 1 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 24 so that was what 1 point
+6.24 24 or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.24 24 or something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.24 24 or something.
+Is that right? Yeah. Uh is that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that right? Yeah. Uh is that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that right? Yeah. Uh is that I could
+rewrite this to make it clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this to make it clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this to make it clear.
+And how did I what? So this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how did I what? So this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how did I what? So this is I think
+it's U minus K inverse F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose K time U minus K inverse F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose K time U minus K inverse F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose K time U minus K inverse F.
+It's and then a minus f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's and then a minus f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's and then a minus f2
+frpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frpose
+k inverse f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually my best friend in China told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my best friend in China told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my best friend in China told me
+this trick uh and uh I didn't give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick uh and uh I didn't give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick uh and uh I didn't give him
+credit for it in the book okay but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for it in the book okay but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for it in the book okay but I
+should have done all right I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done all right I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done all right I just think
+that if you multiply all this out you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you multiply all this out you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you multiply all this out you'll
+get this it's it's what I would call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this it's it's what I would call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this it's it's what I would call an
+identity That just simply means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity That just simply means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity That just simply means that
+it's just true for every U. It's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just true for every U. It's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just true for every U. It's true
+for everything. Do can I try to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything. Do can I try to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything. Do can I try to multiply
+some of that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that out
+just so you kind of see it? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you kind of see it? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you kind of see it? Uh
+my question was more about like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question was more about like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question was more about like the same
+rules of distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of distribution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of distribution.
+Yeah, that's what I mean. Multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's what I mean. Multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's what I mean. Multiplied
+out. You got to just you this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. You got to just you this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. You got to just you this thing
+would give me four terms. It'd be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me four terms. It'd be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me four terms. It'd be this
+transpose times that times that, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times that times that, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times that times that, which
+is my guy here. And then I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my guy here. And then I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my guy here. And then I'll have
+something. It's just like numbers. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. It's just like numbers. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. It's just like numbers. Then
+this thing times that times this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times that times this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times that times this and
+this thing times that times that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times that times that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times that times that and
+this thing times that times that. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times that times that. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing times that times that. Let me
+do that last one. What happens when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that last one. What happens when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that last one. What happens when I do
+when I do the 1/2 and this transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do the 1/2 and this transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do the 1/2 and this transpose
+times the K times this? So I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the K times this? So I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the K times this? So I'm using the
+distributive whatever laws let let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive whatever laws let let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive whatever laws let let's
+just do that particular term and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that particular term and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that particular term and see
+what we're getting. So I have a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're getting. So I have a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're getting. So I have a half of
+the minus k inverse f transpose. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus k inverse f transpose. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus k inverse f transpose. So how
+do I write that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I write that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I write that?
+Well shoot um well it's something times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well shoot um well it's something times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well shoot um well it's something times
+something transpose. So what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something transpose. So what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something transpose. So what do I have
+to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do?
+Opposite order. So I have a minus an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opposite order. So I have a minus an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opposite order. So I have a minus an F
+transpose and a K inverse transpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and a K inverse transpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and a K inverse transpose.
+Yeah, you're seeing all this stuff. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you're seeing all this stuff. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you're seeing all this stuff. And
+then comes the K. And then comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes the K. And then comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes the K. And then comes the
+minus. Oh, again the minus. So that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Oh, again the minus. So that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Oh, again the minus. So that'll
+be a plus, right? Time K inverse time F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a plus, right? Time K inverse time F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a plus, right? Time K inverse time F.
+So that's one of the terms. That's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one of the terms. That's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one of the terms. That's one
+of the terms that shows up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terms that shows up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terms that shows up.
+And what is what good is that one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is what good is that one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is what good is that one?
+So that's one. And that's the you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one. And that's the you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one. And that's the you could
+say that's the longest term. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's the longest term. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's the longest term. That's
+that's the one with the messiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one with the messiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one with the messiest
+messiest term. But you can fix it. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiest term. But you can fix it. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiest term. But you can fix it. What
+would you do with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do with that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do with that?
+K * K inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * K inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * K inverse is
+identity. So we can forget that. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. So we can forget that. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. So we can forget that. And now
+we're there. That's a half frose F on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're there. That's a half frose F on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're there. That's a half frose F on
+this side. Oh, what's K inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. Oh, what's K inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. Oh, what's K inverse
+transpose?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose?
+It's the same as K inverse because K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the same as K inverse because K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the same as K inverse because K is
+symmetric. So it's inverse is symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. So it's inverse is symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. So it's inverse is symmetric.
+So that transpose doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that transpose doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that transpose doesn't change the
+matrix. In other words, this term was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. In other words, this term was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. In other words, this term was
+put there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put there
+will show up and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up and this term
+is oh no sorry I was going to goof here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh no sorry I was going to goof here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh no sorry I was going to goof here.
+I was going to say this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say this is the same as
+this but it's not right. Why not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's not right. Why not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's not right. Why not?
+Because it's positive and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's positive and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's positive and this guy is
+negative. So, what's has my good friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So, what's has my good friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So, what's has my good friend
+Professor Lynn messed up? No. Uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Lynn messed up? No. Uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Lynn messed up? No. Uh, the
+where do you think what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think what's going to
+happen now? The the other the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now? The the other the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now? The the other the the two
+that I didn't do. You see the 1/2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't do. You see the 1/2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't do. You see the 1/2 U
+transpose ku is here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose ku is here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose ku is here.
+Then comes this one which I didn't do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then comes this one which I didn't do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then comes this one which I didn't do.
+And then another one that I didn't do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then another one that I didn't do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then another one that I didn't do.
+And then this one that I did. when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this one that I did. when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this one that I did. when I
+they'll all be the same. So they'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll all be the same. So they'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll all be the same. So they'll all
+contribute with their plus sign or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute with their plus sign or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute with their plus sign or minus
+sign and the net result will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the net result will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the net result will be a
+perfect match. Yeah. So I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match. Yeah. So I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match. Yeah. So I won't
+wear out your patience by doing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear out your patience by doing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear out your patience by doing that.
+But I do want to make the point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I do want to make the point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I do want to make the point what
+what was what was professor Lynn's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was what was professor Lynn's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was what was professor Lynn's point
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+suggesting to write it in this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting to write it in this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting to write it in this more
+complicated way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way.
+His point was we could see this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+His point was we could see this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+His point was we could see this is just
+a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+doesn't depend on u. And now I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on u. And now I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on u. And now I can see
+what value of u would make this as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value of u would make this as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value of u would make this as small
+as possible. Remember I'm still trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible. Remember I'm still trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible. Remember I'm still trying
+to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize
+This part I can't make it big or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This part I can't make it big or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This part I can't make it big or
+smaller. It's fixed. It's you that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. It's fixed. It's you that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. It's fixed. It's you that I can
+play with. So what U should I choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with. So what U should I choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with. So what U should I choose to
+make this part small?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this part small?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this part small?
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+Are you with me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you with me?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you with me?
+What U will make this big mess as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What U will make this big mess as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What U will make this big mess as small
+as I can get it. And how small can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can get it. And how small can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can get it. And how small can I get
+it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+If I take u to be k inverse f then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take u to be k inverse f then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take u to be k inverse f then this
+is zero this is zero I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero this is zero I get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero this is zero I get zero
+and that's my claim that u= k inverse f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my claim that u= k inverse f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my claim that u= k inverse f
+is the best possible is the minimizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best possible is the minimizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best possible is the minimizer
+and how do I know that I can't make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I know that I can't make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I know that I can't make this
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+negative than than the zero I can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than than the zero I can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than than the zero I can get it
+down to zero by by getting by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero by by getting by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero by by getting by making
+that to be the zero vector. But how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be the zero vector. But how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be the zero vector. But how do I
+know I can't make it below zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can't make it below zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can't make it below zero?
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+this this matrix K is positive definite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this matrix K is positive definite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this matrix K is positive definite.
+Yeah, it's the K is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's the K is positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's the K is positive definite
+and I'm sitting here with some XRpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sitting here with some XRpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sitting here with some XRpose
+and some X, right? The X has this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some X, right? The X has this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some X, right? The X has this sort
+of messy form, but it's an X and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messy form, but it's an X and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messy form, but it's an X and here's
+its transpose. So this is an xrpose kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose. So this is an xrpose kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose. So this is an xrpose kx
+and can't be brought below zero when k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can't be brought below zero when k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can't be brought below zero when k
+is positive definite. Good. Okay. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive definite. Good. Okay. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive definite. Good. Okay. Well,
+so we said a good bit about positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said a good bit about positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said a good bit about positive
+definite here, but happy to think. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite here, but happy to think. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite here, but happy to think. Yeah.
+Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks.
+You introduced four ways to define I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You introduced four ways to define I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You introduced four ways to define I
+mean find the definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean find the definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean find the definition.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+and in fact finally a fifth one. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact finally a fifth one. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact finally a fifth one. I'm
+especially curious what is the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially curious what is the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially curious what is the relation
+between number four and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between number four and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between number four and other
+exactly and I thanks perfect question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and I thanks perfect question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and I thanks perfect question
+and I let me answer it clearly each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I let me answer it clearly each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I let me answer it clearly each of
+those five tests is completely decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five tests is completely decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five tests is completely decides
+positive definite so the five tests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so the five tests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so the five tests are
+all equivalent if a matrix passes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent if a matrix passes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equivalent if a matrix passes one
+test it passes all five yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it passes all five yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it passes all five yeah so that's
+great right so we just do whichever test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right so we just do whichever test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right so we just do whichever test
+we want if we're or or whichever way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want if we're or or whichever way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want if we're or or whichever way we
+want to understand the matrix. I I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the matrix. I I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the matrix. I I I was
+going to add uh uh this I I didn't say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add uh uh this I I didn't say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add uh uh this I I didn't say a
+lot about this one. Can I just add a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about this one. Can I just add a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about this one. Can I just add a uh
+a note about a mat lab command?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note about a mat lab command?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note about a mat lab command?
+uh the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the command
+uh C H O L of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the first letters in in the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first letters in in the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first letters in in the name
+Kleski. So ch is the first four letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kleski. So ch is the first four letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kleski. So ch is the first four letters
+of the of this name and that's a mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of this name and that's a mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of this name and that's a mat lab
+command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+and if I input a if I give it if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I input a if I give it if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I input a if I give it if I've
+defined a matrix that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a matrix that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a matrix that's positive
+definite and I use that command out will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and I use that command out will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and I use that command out will
+pop an an a one one one particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop an an a one one one particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop an an a one one one particular a
+that works one out will pop an a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works one out will pop an a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works one out will pop an a that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+makes this work. It'll be a square a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this work. It'll be a square a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this work. It'll be a square a and
+it'll be upper triangular. So it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be upper triangular. So it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be upper triangular. So it out
+will pop. So this command is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop. So this command is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop. So this command is very very
+close to the lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the lu
+uh but it's just sort of the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's just sort of the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's just sort of the appropriate
+version symmetriized version of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version symmetriized version of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version symmetriized version of uh the
+of elimination when when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elimination when when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elimination when when you have a
+positive definite symmetric matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite symmetric matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite symmetric matrix.
+If your matrix is not positive definite,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If your matrix is not positive definite,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If your matrix is not positive definite,
+the mat lab will tell you so. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mat lab will tell you so. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mat lab will tell you so. Yeah. So
+that it produces one particular A. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it produces one particular A. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it produces one particular A. There
+are many A's that would work, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many A's that would work, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many A's that would work, but
+there's one there's one particular upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one there's one particular upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one there's one particular upper
+triangular one. It's just related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular one. It's just related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular one. It's just related to the
+usual U. Uh but yes, thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, no, I only I only even get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, I only I only even get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, I only I only even get into that
+ballpark if the matrix is symmetric. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark if the matrix is symmetric. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark if the matrix is symmetric. I
+don't touch it otherwise. Yeah. So I'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch it otherwise. Yeah. So I'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch it otherwise. Yeah. So I'
+I've my matrix is symmetric before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've my matrix is symmetric before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've my matrix is symmetric before I
+begin. So I know good things about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin. So I know good things about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin. So I know good things about it.
+And here I'm asking for more. Here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here I'm asking for more. Here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here I'm asking for more. Here I'm
+asking are the pivots all positive? Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking are the pivots all positive? Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking are the pivots all positive? Are
+the igen values all positive? Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values all positive? Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values all positive? Yeah. So
+that's more. But I you you I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more. But I you you I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more. But I you you I could think
+of some uh interpretation that would for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some uh interpretation that would for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some uh interpretation that would for
+non-ymmetric matrices, but it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ymmetric matrices, but it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ymmetric matrices, but it it has
+problems. So I'd rather just leave it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So I'd rather just leave it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So I'd rather just leave it.
+Yeah. Stay with symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Stay with symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Stay with symmetric.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. Well, that's two hours of uh lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, that's two hours of uh lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, that's two hours of uh lots
+of linear algebra. Uh I'm hoping you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra. Uh I'm hoping you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra. Uh I'm hoping you're
+going to like the mat lab problem. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like the mat lab problem. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like the mat lab problem. Uh
+would you like to see what it'll be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to see what it'll be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to see what it'll be?
+Just just just so you just well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just just just so you just well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just just just so you just well uh
+well yeah I I'll just tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I I'll just tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I I'll just tell you what the
+equation will be. So it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be. So it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be. So it'll be a
+differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation.
+All right. Yes. Oh dear. What is it? Oh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Yes. Oh dear. What is it? Oh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Yes. Oh dear. What is it? Oh.
+Uh so it's a differential equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so it's a differential equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so it's a differential equation with
+a minus u prime that we know and love.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus u prime that we know and love.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus u prime that we know and love.
+And what else has it got?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what else has it got?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what else has it got?
+Oh yes, right. Oh, so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yes, right. Oh, so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yes, right. Oh, so here's the
+problem. And uh here's the equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it has the minus up prime the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has the minus up prime the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has the minus up prime the second
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+and it has a first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a first derivative
+equal whatever. In fact, the the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal whatever. In fact, the the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal whatever. In fact, the the example
+will choose a delta function there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose a delta function there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose a delta function there. So
+what am I talking about here? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I talking about here? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I talking about here? I'm
+talking this would be This would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking this would be This would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking this would be This would be a
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+and this would be anybody met these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be anybody met these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be anybody met these
+things before this that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before this that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before this that would be a
+convection. So that's a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection. So that's a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection. So that's a first
+derivative. That's an anti-ymmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. That's an anti-ymmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. That's an anti-ymmetric.
+So I'm uh the mat lab problem is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm uh the mat lab problem is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm uh the mat lab problem is now
+going to create the difference matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create the difference matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create the difference matrix
+for that. So the symmetric part will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. So the symmetric part will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. So the symmetric part will be
+our old friend K. But now we've got a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old friend K. But now we've got a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old friend K. But now we've got a uh
+the the convection term is appearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the convection term is appearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the convection term is appearing and
+it's going to be anti-ymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be anti-ymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be anti-ymmetric
+and if v is big it's gets more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if v is big it's gets more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if v is big it's gets more and more
+important. So what happens what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So what happens what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So what happens what happens
+with equations like this? So for really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equations like this? So for really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equations like this? So for really
+this is like the first time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the first time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the first time in the
+course that we've allowed this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that we've allowed this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that we've allowed this first
+derivative term to pop up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term to pop up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term to pop up but
+nevertheless uh we can we can see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless uh we can we can see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless uh we can we can see a lot
+of what's happening and uh and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening and uh and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening and uh and and how
+to deal with those equations. I mean, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with those equations. I mean, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with those equations. I mean, if
+you ask uh a chemical engineer, anybody,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask uh a chemical engineer, anybody,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask uh a chemical engineer, anybody,
+they're always dealing with, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always dealing with, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always dealing with, you know,
+is a flow like the Charles River is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flow like the Charles River is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flow like the Charles River is
+flowing along that's coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing along that's coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing along that's coming from the
+velocity there, but at the same time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there, but at the same time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there, but at the same time,
+stuff is diffusing in it. It's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is diffusing in it. It's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is diffusing in it. It's it's just
+a constant problem in true true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant problem in true true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant problem in true true
+applications and it's this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and it's this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and it's this is the best
+model, I think. Yeah. So, you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, I think. Yeah. So, you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, I think. Yeah. So, you'll see
+that uh and and uh I'm pleased about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and and uh I'm pleased about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and and uh I'm pleased about
+that as you'd see. Okay, any last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you'd see. Okay, any last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you'd see. Okay, any last
+question? I'm always happy. Well, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? I'm always happy. Well, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? I'm always happy. Well, I'll
+see you Friday then. Thanks for coming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you Friday then. Thanks for coming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you Friday then. Thanks for coming.
+That's right.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xWa5_OXI6VM.txt b/xWa5_OXI6VM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb819081e0acc5c75858183ec35fb2f4c7f86f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xWa5_OXI6VM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2077 @@
+Okay, that's,
+so to speak,
+
+the text for today.
+The Fourier series,
+
+and the Fourier expansion for f
+of t,
+
+so f of t, if it looks like
+this should be periodic,
+
+and two pi should be a period.
+Sometimes people rather
+
+sloppily say periodic with
+period two pi,
+
+but that's a little ambiguous.
+So, this period could also be
+
+pi or a half pi or something
+like that as well.
+
+The an's and bn's are
+calculated according to these
+
+formulas.
+Now, we're going to need in
+
+just a minute a consequence of
+those formulas,
+
+which, it's not subtle,
+but because there are formulas
+
+for an and bn,
+it follows that once you know f
+
+of t,
+the an's and bn's are
+
+determined.
+Or, to put it another way,
+
+a function cannot have two
+different Fourier series.
+
+Or, to put it yet another way,
+if f of t,
+
+if two functions are equal,
+you'll see why I write it in
+
+this rather peculiar form.
+Then, the Fourier series for f
+
+is the same as the Fourier
+series for g.
+
+And, the reason is because if f
+is equal to g,
+
+then this integral with an f
+there is the same as the
+
+integral with a g there.
+And therefore,
+
+the an's come out to be the
+same.
+
+In the same way,
+the bn's come out to be the
+
+same.
+So, the Fourier series are the
+
+same, coefficient by
+coefficient, for f and g.
+
+Now, my ultimate goal-- let's
+all put down the argument since
+
+there are formulas,
+since we have formulas for an
+
+and bn.
+Now, a consequence of that is,
+
+well, let me first say,
+what I'm aiming at is you will
+
+be amazed at how long it's going
+to take me to get to this.
+
+I just want to calculate the
+Fourier series for some rather
+
+simple periodic function.
+It's going to look like this.
+
+So, here's pi,
+and here's negative pi.
+
+So, the function which just
+looks like t in between those
+
+two, so, it goes up to,
+it's a function,
+
+t, more or less,
+goes up to pi here,
+
+minus pi there.
+But, of course,
+
+it's got to be periodic of
+period two pi.
+
+Well, then, it just repeats
+itself after that.
+
+After this, it just does that,
+and so on.
+
+It's a little ambiguous what
+happens at these endpoints.
+
+Well, let's not worry about
+that for the moment,
+
+and frankly,
+it won't really matter because
+
+the integrals don't care about
+what happens in individual
+
+points.
+So, there's my f of t.
+
+Now, I, of course,
+could start doing it right
+
+away.
+But, you will quickly find,
+
+if you start doing these
+problems and hacking around with
+
+them, that the calculations seem
+really quite long.
+
+And therefore,
+in the first half of the
+
+period, the first half of the
+period I want to show you how to
+
+shorten the calculations.
+And in the second half of the
+
+period, after we've done that
+and calculated this thing
+
+successfully,
+I hope, I want to show you how
+
+to remove various restrictions
+on these functions,
+
+how to extend the range of
+Fourier series.
+
+Well, one obvious thing,
+for example,
+
+is suppose the function isn't
+periodic of period two pi.
+
+Suppose it has some other
+period.
+
+Does that mean there's no
+formula?
+
+Well, of course not.
+There's a formula.
+
+But, we need to know what it
+is, particularly in the
+
+applications,
+the period is rarely two pi.
+
+It's normally one,
+or something like that.
+
+But, let's first of all,
+I'm sure what you will
+
+appreciate is how the
+calculations can get shortened.
+
+Now, the main way of shortening
+them is by using evenness and
+
+oddness.
+And, what I claim is this,
+
+that if f of t is an
+even function,
+
+remember what that means,
+that f of negative t is equal
+
+to f of t.
+Cosine is a good example,
+
+of course, cosine nt;
+are all these
+
+functions are even functions.
+If f of t is even,
+
+then its Fourier series
+contains only the cosine terms.
+
+In other words,
+half the calculations you don't
+
+have to do if you start with an
+even function.
+
+That's what I mean by
+shortening the work.
+
+There are no odd terms,
+or let's put it positively.
+
+All the bn's are zero.
+Now, one way of doing this
+
+would be to say,
+well, y to the bn zero,
+
+well, we've got formulas,
+and fool around with the
+
+formula for the bn,
+and think about a little bit,
+
+and finally decide that that
+has to come out to be zero.
+
+That's not a bad way,
+and it would remind you of some
+
+basic facts about integration,
+about integrals.
+
+Instead of doing that,
+I'm going to apply my little
+
+principle that if two functions
+are the same,
+
+then their Fourier series have
+to be the same.
+
+So, the argument I'm going to
+give is this,
+
+so, I'm going to try to prove
+this statement now.
+
+And, I'm going to use the facts
+on the first board to do it.
+
+So, what is f of minus t?
+
+Well, if that's equal to f of
+t, then in terms of the
+
+Fourier series,
+how do I get the Fourier series
+
+for f of minus t?
+Well, I take the Fourier series
+
+for f of t, and substitute t
+equals minus t.
+
+Now, what happens when I do
+that?
+
+So, the Fourier series for this
+looks like a zero over two
+
+plus summation what?
+Well, the an cosine nt,
+
+that does not change
+because when I change t to
+
+negative t,
+the cosine nt does
+
+not change, stays the same
+because it's an even function.
+
+What happens to the sine term?
+Well, the sine of negative nt
+
+is equal to minus the
+sine of nt.
+
+So, the other terms,
+the sine terms change sign.
+
+So, all that's the result of
+substituting t for negative t
+
+and f of t.
+
+On the other hand,
+what's f of t itself?
+
+Well, f of t itself is what
+happened before that.
+
+Now it's got a plus sign
+because nothing was done to the
+
+series.
+Well, if the function is even,
+
+then those two right hand sides
+are the same function.
+
+In other words,
+they're like my f of t equals g
+
+of t. And therefore,
+
+the Fourier series on the left
+must be the same.
+
+In other words,
+if these are equal,
+
+therefore, these have to be
+equal, too.
+
+Now, there's no problem with
+the cosine terms.
+
+They look the same.
+On the other hand,
+
+the sine terms have changed
+sign.
+
+Therefore, it must be the case
+that bn is always equal to
+
+negative bn for all n.
+That's the only way this series
+
+can be the same as that one.
+Now, if bn is equal to negative
+
+bn,
+that implies that bn is zero.
+
+Zero is the only number which
+
+is equal to its negative.
+And so, by this argument,
+
+in other words,
+using the uniqueness of Fourier
+
+series, we conclude that if the
+function is even,
+
+then its Fourier series can
+only have cosine terms in it.
+
+Now, you say,
+hey, that's obvious.
+
+The cosine, that's just a point
+of logic.
+
+But, this is a mathematics
+course, after all.
+
+It's not just about
+calculation.
+
+Many of you would say,
+yeah, of course that's obvious
+
+because cosines are even,
+and the sines are odd.
+
+I say, yeah,
+and so why does that make it
+
+true?
+Well, the cosine's even.
+
+Plus t into minus t,
+and what you are proving
+
+is the converse.
+The converse is obvious.
+
+Yeah, obvious,
+I don't care.
+
+If the right-hand side is the
+sum of the functions,
+
+well, so is the left.
+But I'm saying it the other way
+
+around.
+If the left is an even
+
+function, why does the
+right-hand side have to have
+
+only even terms in it?
+And, this is the argument which
+
+makes that true.
+Now, there is a further
+
+simplification because if you've
+got an even function,
+
+oh, by the way,
+of course the same thing is
+
+true for the odd,
+I ought to put that down,
+
+and so also,
+if f of t is odd,
+
+then I think one of these
+proofs is enough.
+
+The other you can supply
+yourself.
+
+That will imply that all the
+an's are zero,
+
+even including this first one,
+a zero,
+
+and by the same reasoning.
+
+So, an even function uses only
+cosines for its Fourier
+
+expansion.
+An odd function uses only
+
+sines.
+Good.
+
+But, we still have to,
+suppose we got an even
+
+function.
+We've still got to calculate
+
+this integral.
+Well, even that can be
+
+simplified.
+So, the second stage of the
+
+simplification,
+again, assuming that we have an
+
+even or odd function,
+and by the way,
+
+[LAUGHTER].
+Totally unauthorized.
+
+So, if f of t is even,
+what we'd like to do now is
+
+simplify the integral a little.
+And, there is an easy way to do
+
+that, because,
+look, if f of t is an even
+
+function, then so is f of t
+cosine nt,
+
+is also even.
+Imagine, we could make little
+
+rules about an even function
+times an even function is an
+
+even function.
+There are general rules of that
+
+type, and some of you know them,
+and they are very useful.
+
+But, let's just do it ad hoc
+here.
+
+If I change t to negative
+t here,
+
+I don't change the function
+because it's even.
+
+And, I don't change the cosine
+because that's even.
+
+So, if I change t to negative
+t, I don't change the function.
+
+Either factor that function,
+and therefore I don't change
+
+the product of those two things
+either.
+
+So, it's also even.
+Now, what about an even
+
+function when you integrate it?
+Here's a typical looking even
+
+function, let's say,
+something like,
+
+I don't know,
+wiggle, wiggle,
+
+again.
+Here's our better even
+
+function.
+All right, so,
+
+minus pi to pi,
+even, even though the t-axis is
+
+somewhat curvy.
+So, there is an even function.
+
+The point is that if you
+integrate an even function from
+
+negative pi to pi,
+I think you all know even from
+
+calculus you were taught to do
+this simplification.
+
+Don't do that.
+Instead, integrate from zero to
+
+pi, and double the answer.
+Why should you do that?
+
+The answer is because it's
+always nice to have zero as one
+
+of the limits of integration.
+I trust to your experience,
+
+I don't have to sell that.
+Minus pi is a particularly
+
+unpleasant lower limit of
+integration because you are sure
+
+to get in trouble with negative
+signs.
+
+There are bound to be at least
+three negative signs floating
+
+around.
+And, if you miss one of them,
+
+you'll get the wrong signs of
+answer.
+
+The answer will have the wrong
+sign.
+
+So, the way the formula from
+this simplifies is that an,
+
+instead of integrating from
+negative pi to pi,
+
+I can integrate only from zero
+to pi, and double the answer.
+
+So, our better formula is this.
+If the function is even,
+
+this is the formula you should
+use: zero to pi,
+
+f of t cosine nt dt.
+
+Of course, I don't have to tell
+
+you what bn should be because bn
+will be zero.
+
+And, in the same way,
+if f is odd,
+
+the same reasoning shows that
+bn-- of course,
+
+an will be zero this time.
+But it will be bn that will be
+
+two over pi times the integral
+from zero to pi of f of t sine
+
+nt dt.
+
+Maybe we'd better just a word
+
+about that since,
+why is that so?
+
+If it's odd,
+doesn't that mean things become
+
+zero?
+If you integrate an odd
+
+function like that,
+the integral over minus pi to
+
+pi, you get zero.
+Well, but this is not an odd
+
+function.
+This is an odd function,
+
+and this is an odd function.
+But the product of two odd
+
+functions is an even function.
+Odd times odd is even.
+
+I said I wasn't going to give
+you those rules,
+
+but since this is the one which
+trips everybody up,
+
+maybe I'd better say it just
+justbecause it looks wrong.
+
+Right, this is odd.
+That's odd.
+
+Think about it.
+If I change t to negative t,
+
+this multiplies by
+minus one.
+
+This multiplies by minus one.
+And therefore,
+
+the product multiplies by minus
+one times minus one.
+
+In other words,
+it multiplies by plus one.
+
+Nothing happens,
+so it stays the same.
+
+Why does nobody believe this,
+even though it's true?
+
+It's because they are thinking
+about numbers.
+
+Everybody knows that an odd
+number times an odd number is an
+
+odd number.
+So, I'm not multiplying numbers
+
+here, which also I'll put them
+in boxes to indicate that they
+
+are not numbers.
+How's that?
+
+Brand-new invented notation.
+The box means caution.
+
+The inside is not a number,
+it's the word odd or even.
+
+It's just a symbolic statement
+that the product of an odd
+
+function and an odd function is
+an even function.
+
+Even times even is even.
+What's odd times even?
+
+Yes, it has to get equal time.
+Obviously, something must come
+
+out to be odd,
+right.
+
+Okay, so, now that we've got
+our two simplifications,
+
+we are ready to do this
+problem.
+
+Instead of attacking it with
+the original formulas,
+
+we are going to think about it
+and attack it with our better
+
+formulas.
+So, now we are going to
+
+calculate the Fourier series for
+f of t.
+
+The first thing I see,
+so f of t is our little thing
+
+here.
+Well, first of all,
+
+what kind of function is it:
+odd, even, or neither?
+
+Most functions are neither,
+of course.
+
+But, fortunately in the
+applications,
+
+functions tend to be one or the
+other.
+
+Or, they can be converted into
+one to the other.
+
+Maybe if I get a chance,
+I'll show you a little how,
+
+or the recitations will.
+So, this function is odd.
+
+Okay, half the work just
+disappeared.
+
+I don't have to calculate any
+an's.
+
+They will be zero.
+So, I only have to calculate
+
+bn, and I'll calculate them by
+my better formula.
+
+So, it's two over pi times the
+integral from zero to pi,
+
+and what I have to integrate,
+well, now, finally you've got
+
+to integrate something.
+From zero to pi,
+
+this is the function,
+t.
+
+So, I have to integrate t times
+sine of nt dt.
+
+Okay,
+
+so this is why you learned
+integration by parts,
+
+one of many reasons why you
+learned integration by parts,
+
+so that you wouldn't have to
+pull out your little calculators
+
+to do this.
+Okay, now, let's do it.
+
+So, it's two over pi.
+
+Let's solve that away so we can
+forget about it.
+
+And, what's then left is just
+the evaluation of the integral
+
+between limits.
+So, if I integrate by parts,
+
+I'll want to differentiate the
+t, and integrate the sign,
+
+right?
+So, the first step is you don't
+
+do the differentiation.
+You only do the integration.
+
+So, that integrates to be
+cosine nt over n,
+
+more or less.
+The only thing is,
+
+if I differentiate this,
+I get negative sine nt
+
+instead of,
+so, I want to put a negative
+
+sign in front of all this.
+And, I will evaluate that
+
+between the limits,
+zero and pi,
+
+and then subtract what you get
+by doing both things,
+
+both the differentiation and
+the integration.
+
+So, I subtract the integral
+from zero to pi.
+
+I now differentiate the t,
+and integrate.
+
+Well, I just did the
+integration.
+
+That's negative cosine nt over
+n.
+
+You see how the negative signs
+pile up?
+
+And, if this is negative pi
+instead of zero,
+
+it's at that point when it
+starts to lose heart.
+
+You see three negative signs,
+and then when you substitute,
+
+you're going to have to put in
+still something else negative,
+
+and you just have the feeling
+you're going to make a mistake.
+
+And, you will.
+Okay, now all we have to do is
+
+a little evaluation.
+Let's see, at the lower limit I
+
+get zero, here.
+Let's right away,
+
+as two over pi.
+At the lower limit,
+
+I get zero.
+That's nice.
+
+At the upper limit,
+I get minus pi over n times the
+
+cosine of n pi.
+
+Now, once and for all,
+the cosine of n pi--
+
+If you like to make
+separate steps out of
+
+everything, okay,
+I'll let you do it this time,
+
+--
+-- but in the long run,
+
+it's good to remember that
+that's negative one to the n'th
+
+power
+The cosine of pi is minus one .
+
+The cosine of two pi is plus
+one,
+
+three pi, minus one,
+and so on.
+
+So, at the upper limit,
+we get minus pi over n,
+
+oh, I didn't finish the
+calculation, times the cosine of
+
+n pi,
+which is minus one to the n'th
+
+power.
+And now, how about the other
+
+guy?
+Shall we do in our heads?
+
+Well, I can do it in my head,
+but I'm not so sure about your
+
+heads.
+Maybe just this once we won't.
+
+What is it?
+It's plus sine nt,
+
+right?
+So, I combined the two negative
+
+signs to a plus sign by putting
+one this way and the other one
+
+that way.
+And then, if I integrate that
+
+now, it's sine nt divided by n
+squared,
+
+right?
+And that's evaluated between
+
+zero and pi.
+And of course,
+
+the sign function vanishes at
+both ends.
+
+So, that part is simply zero.
+And so, the final answer is
+
+that bn is equal to,
+well, the pi's cancel.
+
+This minus combines with those
+n to make one more.
+
+And so, the answer is two over
+n times minus one to the n plus
+
+first power.
+
+And therefore,
+the final result is that our
+
+Fourier series,
+the Fourier series for f of t,
+
+that funny function
+is, the Fourier series is
+
+summation bn,
+which is two,
+
+put the two out front because
+it's in every term.
+
+There's no reason to repeat it,
+minus one to the n plus first
+
+power over n times the sign of
+nt.
+
+That's summed from one to
+
+infinity.
+Let's stop and take a look at
+
+that for a second.
+Does that look right?
+
+Okay, here's our function.
+
+Here's our function.
+What's the first term of this?
+
+When n is one,
+this is plus one.
+
+So, the first term is sine t.
+
+What's the next term?
+When n is two,
+
+this is negative.
+So, it's minus one to the third
+
+power.
+So, that's negative one over
+
+two.
+So, it's minus one half sine
+
+two t,
+and then it obviously continues
+
+in the same way plus a third
+sign three t.
+
+Now, watch carefully because
+what I'm going to say in the
+
+next minute is the heart of
+Fourier series.
+
+I've given you that visual to
+look at to try to reinforce
+
+this, but it's really very
+important, as you go to the
+
+terminal yourself and do that
+work, simple as it is,
+
+and pay attention now.
+Now, if you think
+
+old-fashioned,
+i.e.
+
+if you think taylor series,
+you're not going to believe
+
+this because you will say,
+well, let's see,
+
+these go on and on.
+Obviously, it's the first term
+
+that's the important one.
+That's two sine t.
+
+Now, the derivative,
+two sine t, sine t would
+
+exactly follow the pink curve.
+Sine t would look like this.
+
+Two sine t goes up
+with the wrong angle.
+
+The first term,
+in other words,
+
+does this.
+It's going off with the wrong
+
+slope.
+Now, that's the whole point of
+
+Fourier series.
+Fourier series is not trying to
+
+approximate the function at zero
+at the central starting point
+
+the way Taylor series do.
+Fourier series tries to treat
+
+the whole interval,
+and approximate the function
+
+nicely over the entire interval,
+in this case,
+
+minus pi to pi,
+as well as possible.
+
+Taylor series concentrates at
+this point, does it the best it
+
+can at this point.
+Then it tries,
+
+with the next term,
+to do a little better,
+
+and then a little better.
+The whole philosophy is
+
+entirely different.
+Taylor series are used for
+
+analyzing what a function of
+looks like which you stick close
+
+to the base point.
+Fourier series analyze what a
+
+function looks like over the
+whole interval.
+
+And, to do that,
+you should therefore aim to,
+
+so the first approximation is
+going to look like that,
+
+going to have entirely the
+wrong slope.
+
+But, the next one will subtract
+off something which sort of
+
+helps to fix it up.
+I can't draw this.
+
+That's why I'm sending you to
+the visual because the visual
+
+draws them beautifully.
+And, it shows you how each
+
+successive term corrects the
+Fourier series,
+
+and makes the sum a little
+closer to what you started with.
+
+So, the next guy would,
+let's see, so it's 2t.
+
+So, I'm subtracting off,
+probably I'm just guessing,
+
+but I don't dare draw this.
+I haven't prepared to draw it,
+
+and I know I'll get it wrong.
+So, okay, your exercise.
+
+But, it'll look better.
+It'll go, maybe,
+
+something like,
+let's see, it has to end up...
+
+some of it gets subtracted
+off...
+
+I don't know what it looks
+like.
+
+When you use the visual at the
+computer terminal,
+
+I've asked you to use it three
+times on a variety of functions.
+
+I think this is maybe even one
+of them.
+
+Notice that you can set the
+parameter, you can set the
+
+coefficients independently.
+In other words,
+
+you can go back and correct
+your works, improving the
+
+earlier coefficients,
+and it won't affect anything
+
+you did before.
+But, the most vivid way to do
+
+it is to try to get,
+visually, by moving the slider,
+
+to try to get the very best
+value for the first coefficient
+
+you can, and look at the curve.
+Then get the very best value
+
+for the second coefficient and
+see how that improves the
+
+approximation,
+and the third,
+
+and so on.
+And, the point is,
+
+watch the approximations
+approaching the function nicely
+
+over the whole interval instead
+of concentrating all their
+
+goodness at the origin the way a
+Taylor series would.
+
+Now, there is still one
+mathematical point left.
+
+It's that equality sign,
+which is wrong.
+
+Why is it wrong?
+Well, what I'm saying is that
+
+if I add that the series,
+it adds up to f of t.
+
+Now, it almost does but not
+quite.
+
+And, I'd better give you the
+rule, the theorem.
+
+Of all the theorems in this
+course that aren't being proved,
+
+this is the one that would be
+most outside the scope of this
+
+course, the one which I would
+most like to prove,
+
+in fact, just because I'm a
+mathematician but wouldn't dare.
+
+The theorem tells you when a
+Fourier series converges to the
+
+function you started with.
+And, the essence of it is this.
+
+If f is continuous,
+is a continuous function,
+
+let's give the point,
+it's confusing just to keep
+
+calling it t.
+If you like,
+
+call it t, but I think it would
+be better to call it t zero
+
+just to indicate I'm
+looking at a specific point.
+
+So, if the function is
+continuous there,
+
+the value of f of t is
+equal to, the Fourier series
+
+converges, and it's equal to its
+Fourier series,
+
+the sum of the Fourier series
+at t zero.
+
+And, the fact that I can even
+use the word sum means that the
+
+Fourier series converges.
+In other words,
+
+when you add up all these guys,
+you don't go to infinity or get
+
+something which just oscillates
+around crazily.
+
+They really do add up to
+something.
+
+Now, if f is not continuous at
+t zero,
+
+this emphatically will not be
+the case.
+
+It will definitely not,
+but by far, the kinds of
+
+discontinuities which occur in
+the applications are ones like
+
+in this picture,
+where the discontinuities are
+
+jump discontinuities.
+They are almost always jump
+
+discontinuities.
+And, in that case,
+
+in other words,
+they are isolated.
+
+The function looks good here
+and here, but there's a break.
+
+Typically, electrical engineers
+just don't leave a gap because
+
+they like, I don't know why.
+But electrical engineer,
+
+and others of his or her ilk
+would draw that function like
+
+this, like a rip saw tooth.
+Even those vertical lines have
+
+no meaning whatever,
+but they make people look
+
+happier.
+So, if f has a jump
+
+discontinuity at t zero,
+and as I said,
+
+that's the most important kind,
+then f of t,
+
+then the Fourier series adds up
+to, converges to,
+
+it converges,
+and it converges to the mid
+
+point of the jump.
+Let me just write it out in
+
+words like that,
+the midpoint of the jump.
+
+That's the way we'll be using
+it in this course.
+
+There's a notation for this,
+and it's in your book.
+
+But, those of you who would be
+interested in such things would
+
+know it anyway.
+So, let's just call it the
+
+midpoint of the jump.
+So, if I ask you,
+
+to what does this converge?
+In other words,
+
+this series,
+what this shows is that the
+
+series, I'll write it out in the
+abbreviated form,
+
+summation minus one to the n
+plus one over n sine nt,
+
+what's the sum of the series?
+
+What is it?
+Let's call this not 
+
+little f of t.
+Let's call it capital F of t.
+
+I want to know,
+
+what's the graph of capital F
+of t?
+
+Well, the initial thing is to
+say, well, it must be the same
+
+as the graph of the function you
+started with.
+
+And, my answer is almost,
+but not quite.
+
+In fact, what will its graph
+look like?
+
+Well, regardless of what
+definition I made for the
+
+endpoints of those pink lines,
+this function will converge to
+
+the following.
+From here to here,
+
+I'll draw it.
+I won't put in minus pi's.
+
+I'll leave that to your
+imagination.
+
+So, there's a hole at the end
+here.
+
+In other words,
+the end of the line is not
+
+included.
+And, the end of this line,
+
+regardless of whether it was
+included to start with or not,
+
+it's not now.
+And here, similarly,
+
+I start it here with a hole,
+and then go down parallel to
+
+the function,
+t, slope one.
+
+And now, how do I fill in,
+so the missing places,
+
+this is the point,
+pi.
+
+This is the point,
+negative pi,
+
+and there are similar points as
+I go out.
+
+Well, since the function is
+continuous here,
+
+the Fourier series will
+converge to this orange line.
+
+But here, there's a jump
+discontinuity,
+
+and therefore,
+the Fourier series,
+
+this function converges to the
+midpoint of the jump,
+
+in other words,
+to here.
+
+This function,
+in other words,
+
+converges to this very
+discontinuous looking function,
+
+and rather odd how these points
+are, I say, but in this case,
+
+I can prove to you that it
+converges here by calculating
+
+it.
+Look, this is the point,
+
+pi.
+What happens when you plug in t
+
+equals pi?
+You get everyone of these terms
+
+is zero, and therefore the sum
+is zero.
+
+So, it certainly converges,
+and it converges to zero.
+
+Now, that's a general theorem.
+It's rather difficult to prove.
+
+You would have to take,
+again, an analysis course.
+
+But, I don't even get to it in
+the analysis course which I
+
+teach.
+If I had another semester I'd
+
+get to it, but I can't get
+everything.
+
+Anyway, we're not going to get
+to it this semester to your
+
+infinite relief.
+But, you should know the
+
+theorem anyway.
+People will expect you to know
+
+it.
+Well, that was half the period,
+
+and in the remaining half,
+you're going to stay a long
+
+time today.
+Okay, no, don't panic.
+
+I have to extend the Fourier
+series.
+
+Okay, let me give you the hurry
+up version indicating the two
+
+ways in which it needs to be
+extended.
+
+Extension number one --
+
+The period is not two pi,
+but two times,
+
+I'll keep the two just to make
+the formulas look as similar as
+
+possible to the old ones.
+The period, let's say,
+
+instead of two pi,
+is two times L.
+
+Now, I think you know enough
+mathematics by this point to
+
+sort of, I hope you can sort of
+shrug and say,
+
+well, you know,
+isn't that just kind of like
+
+changing the units on the
+t-axis?
+
+You're just stretching.
+Yeah, right.
+
+All you do is make a change of
+variable.
+
+Now, should we make it nicely?
+I think I'll give you the final
+
+answer, and then I'll try to
+decide while I'm writing it down
+
+how much I'll try to make the
+argument.
+
+First of all,
+the main thing to get is,
+
+if the period is not pi but L,
+what are the natural versions
+
+of the cosine and sine to use?
+Use the natural functions.
+
+Natural has no meaning,
+but it's psychologically
+
+important.
+In other words,
+
+what kind of function should
+replace that?
+
+I'll certainly have a t here.
+What do I put in front?
+
+I'll keep the n also.
+The question is,
+
+what do I fix?
+What should I put here in
+
+between in order to make the
+thing come out,
+
+so that it has period 2L?
+You probably should learn to do
+
+this formally as well as just
+sort of psyching it out,
+
+and taking a guess,
+or memorizing the answer.
+
+If this is the t-axis,
+here is t and L,
+
+zero and L.
+What you want to do is make a
+
+change of variable to the u-axis
+where the axis is the same.
+
+This is still the point.
+But, L, now,
+
+on the u coordinate,
+has the name pi.
+
+Now, so I'm just describing a
+change of variable on the axis.
+
+What's the one that does this?
+Well, when t is L,
+
+u should be pi.
+So, t should be L over pi.
+
+When u is pi,
+
+t is L, and vice versa.
+How about expressing u in
+
+terms, well, then u is equal to
+pi over L times t.
+
+That's the backwards form of
+
+writing it, or the forward form,
+depending upon how you like to
+
+think of these things.
+Okay, so the cosine should be
+
+pi over L times t,
+in order that when t be L,
+
+it should be like cosine of n
+pi,
+
+which is what we would have
+had.
+
+So, if t is equal to L,
+in other words,
+
+where is this from?
+What am I trying to say?
+
+That's the function.
+This one is probably a little
+
+easier to see.
+Where is this one zero?
+
+The sine functions that we used
+before was zero at zero pi,
+
+two pi, three pi.
+Where is this one zero?
+
+It's zero at zero.
+When t is equal to L,
+
+it's zero.
+When t is equal to 2L,
+
+so, this is the right thing.
+
+So, it's zero.
+It's periodic,
+
+and it's zero plus or minus L
+plus or minus 2L.
+
+And, in fact,
+formally you can verify that
+
+it's periodic with period 2L.
+So, in other words,
+
+we want a Fourier expansion to
+use these functions as the
+
+natural analog of what would be
+up there.
+
+So, the period of our function
+is 2L, and the formula is,
+
+I'll give you the formula.
+It's f of t equals
+
+identical summation,
+an, except you'll use these as
+
+the natural functions instead of
+cosine nt and sine
+
+nt. So, n pi t over L
+
+plus bn, okay,
+I'm tired, but I'll put it in
+
+anyway, n pi t over L.
+
+Yeah, but of course,
+what about the formulas for an?
+
+Somebody up there is watching
+over us.
+
+Here are the formulas.
+They are exactly what you would
+
+guess if somebody said produce
+the formulas in ten seconds,
+
+and you'd better be right,
+and you didn't have time to
+
+calculate.
+You say, well,
+
+it must be, let's do the cosine
+series.
+
+Okay, let's not do a cosine.
+So, it's one over L
+
+times the integral from negative
+L, in other words,
+
+wherever you see an L,
+wherever you see a pi,
+
+just put an L times the f of t
+cosine, and now we'll use our
+
+new function,
+not the old one.
+
+I submit that's an easy,
+if you know the first formula,
+
+then this would be an easy one
+to remember.
+
+All you do is change pi to L
+everywhere.
+
+Except, you got to remember
+this part.
+
+Make it a function periodic of
+period 2L, not 2pi.
+
+And similarly,
+bn is similar.
+
+It looks just the same way.
+And, how about,
+
+and the same even-odd business
+goes, too, so that if f of t,
+
+for example,
+is even, and has period 2L,
+
+then the function,
+then the best formula for the
+
+an will not be that one.
+It will be two over L,
+
+and where you integrate only
+from zero to L,
+
+f of t cosine.
+
+So, now, the bn's will be zero,
+and you'll just have positive,
+
+etc.
+for L.
+
+As I say, this is important
+case, particularly if the period
+
+is two, in other words,
+if the half period is one
+
+because in the literature,
+frequently one is used as the
+
+standard normal reference,
+not pi.
+
+Pi is convenient mathematically
+because it makes the cosines and
+
+sines look simple.
+But, in actual calculation,
+
+it tends to be where L is one.
+So, usually you have a pi here.
+
+You don't have just nt.
+Well, I should do a
+
+calculation, but instead of
+doing that, let me give you the
+
+other extension.
+Fortunately,
+
+there are plenty of
+calculations in your book.
+
+So, let me give you in the last
+couple of minutes the other
+
+extension.
+This is going to be a very
+
+important one for us next time.
+Typically, in applications,
+
+well, I mean,
+the first thing,
+
+periodic functions are nice,
+but let's face it.
+
+Most functions aren't periodic,
+I have to agree.
+
+So, all this theory is just
+about periodic functions?
+
+No.
+It's about functions.
+
+Really, it's about functions
+where the interval on which you
+
+are interested in them is
+finite.
+
+It's a finite interval,
+not functions which go to
+
+infinity.
+For those, you will have to use
+
+Fourier transforms,
+Fourier transforms,
+
+not Fourier series.
+But, if you are interested in a
+
+function on a finite interval,
+then you can use Fourier series
+
+even though the function isn't
+periodic because you can make it
+
+periodic.
+So, what you do is,
+
+if f of t is on,
+let's take the interval from
+
+zero to L.
+That's a sample finite
+
+interval.
+I can always change the
+
+variable to make the interval
+from zero to L.
+
+I can even make it from zero to
+one, but that's a little too
+
+special.
+It would be a little awkward.
+
+So, if a function is defined on
+a finite interval,
+
+the way to apply the Fourier
+series to it is make a periodic
+
+extension.
+Now, since I have so little
+
+time, I'm just going to get away
+with murder by just drawing
+
+pictures.
+So, let me give you a function.
+
+Here's my function defined on
+zero to L, colored chalk if you
+
+please.
+Let's make it the function t
+
+squared,
+and let's make L equal to one.
+
+That function is not periodic.
+If I let it go off,
+
+it would just go off to
+infinity and never repeat its
+
+values, except on the left-hand
+side.
+
+But, I'm not even going to let
+it be on the left hand side.
+
+It's only defined from zero to
+one as far as I'm concerned.
+
+Okay, that function has an even
+periodic extension.
+
+And, its graph looks like this
+extended to be an even function.
+
+Okay, now, that means from zero
+to negative L,
+
+you've got to make it look
+exactly as it looked on the
+
+right-hand side.
+Otherwise, it would be even.
+
+And now, what do I do?
+Well, now I've got,
+
+from minus L to L.
+So, all I'm allowed to do is
+
+keep repeating the values.
+In other words,
+
+apply the theory of Fourier
+series to this guy,
+
+use a cosine series because
+it's an even function,
+
+and then everything you want to
+do, you say, okay,
+
+all the rest of this is
+garbage.
+
+I only really care about it
+from here to here.
+
+And, that's what you will plug
+into your differential equation
+
+on the right-hand side,
+just that part of it,
+
+just this part of it.
+How about the odd extension?
+
+What would that look like?
+Okay, the odd extension,
+
+here I start like this.
+And now, to extend it to be an
+
+odd function,
+I have to make it go down in
+
+exactly the same way it went up.
+And, what do I do here?
+
+I have to make it start
+repeating its values so it will
+
+look like this.
+So, the odd extension is going
+
+to be discontinuous in this
+case.
+
+And, what's the Fourier series
+going to converge to?
+
+Well, in each case,
+to the average,
+
+to the midpoint of the jump,
+and the odd extension looks
+
+like this, and this will give me
+assigned series.
+
+Okay, you've got lots of
+problems to do.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xh_LCHvzp-Q.txt b/xh_LCHvzp-Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e5420eb4804726b851d196176fca264d3f76ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xh_LCHvzp-Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's now consider how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now consider how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now consider how to find the
+velocity of the center of mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the center of mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the center of mass of a
+wheel that's rolling without slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel that's rolling without slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel that's rolling without slipping
+down an inclined plane so let's draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an inclined plane so let's draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an inclined plane so let's draw a
+picture here's the wheel it starts at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's the wheel it starts at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's the wheel it starts at T
+equals zero and this is an angle C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and this is an angle C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and this is an angle C and
+at some later time T final the wheel has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some later time T final the wheel has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some later time T final the wheel has
+dropped a distance H along the inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped a distance H along the inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped a distance H along the inclined
+plane and now let's figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and now let's figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and now let's figure out what is
+the velocity of the center of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the center of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the center of mass of
+the wheel when it gets to the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel when it gets to the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel when it gets to the bottom and
+we are now going to apply our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now going to apply our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now going to apply our energy
+arguments now the first thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments now the first thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments now the first thing we have to
+realize is is a very subtle point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is is a very subtle point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is is a very subtle point here
+is that there can be friction and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there can be friction and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there can be friction and we saw
+that when a wheel is rolling without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a wheel is rolling without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a wheel is rolling without
+slipping there can be static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping there can be static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping there can be static friction
+between ethylic instant the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ethylic instant the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ethylic instant the contact
+point between the wheel and the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between the wheel and the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between the wheel and the ground
+there is a gravitational force and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a gravitational force and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a gravitational force and a
+normal force now static friction does no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force now static friction does no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force now static friction does no
+work because the point is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because the point is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because the point is always
+instantaneously at rest and f dot d s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously at rest and f dot d s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously at rest and f dot d s is
+zero because the object is at rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the object is at rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the object is at rest and
+so the D s is zero so our static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the D s is zero so our static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the D s is zero so our static
+friction does no work and therefore from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction does no work and therefore from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction does no work and therefore from
+our energy principle that the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy principle that the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy principle that the external
+work equals e final minus V initial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals e final minus V initial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals e final minus V initial we
+have no external work and so our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no external work and so our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no external work and so our energy
+is constant now how do we analyze our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant now how do we analyze our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant now how do we analyze our
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+well I've set things up so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've set things up so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've set things up so I'm going to
+choose my potential energy to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose my potential energy to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose my potential energy to be zero
+when it's at the bottom and that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's at the bottom and that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's at the bottom and that our
+initial energy is only equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy is only equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy is only equal to
+potential energy if the wheel has a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy if the wheel has a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy if the wheel has a mass
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+gravitational force down the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force down the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force down the potential
+energy initially is MGH the final energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy initially is MGH the final energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy initially is MGH the final energy
+is only kinetic energy the wheel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only kinetic energy the wheel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only kinetic energy the wheel is
+rolling with omega final its center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling with omega final its center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling with omega final its center of
+mass is moving with V center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is moving with V center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is moving with V center of mass
+final and we just saw that the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and we just saw that the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and we just saw that the kinetic
+energy has two contributions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy has two contributions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy has two contributions the
+translational kinetic energy one-half M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational kinetic energy one-half M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational kinetic energy one-half M
+we'll just call this final squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just call this final squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just call this final squared and
+we'll make that V final just to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make that V final just to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make that V final just to make it
+easier and it has the kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and it has the kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and it has the kinetic energy of
+rotation now the rolling without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation now the rolling without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation now the rolling without
+slipping condition is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping condition is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping condition is that the
+translational center of mass speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational center of mass speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational center of mass speed is
+equal to the radius of the wheel R times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the radius of the wheel R times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the radius of the wheel R times
+the angular speed Omega final so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular speed Omega final so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular speed Omega final so I can
+write e final as one-half M plus IC M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write e final as one-half M plus IC M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write e final as one-half M plus IC M
+over R squared times the final squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared times the final squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared times the final squared
+where I'm just replacing Omega final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm just replacing Omega final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm just replacing Omega final
+equals V final over R and therefore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V final over R and therefore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V final over R and therefore that
+the kinetic energy by the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy by the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy by the energy
+principle tells us that initial equals e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells us that initial equals e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle tells us that initial equals e
+final so MGH equals one-half times M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final so MGH equals one-half times M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final so MGH equals one-half times M
+plus IC M over R squared V final squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus IC M over R squared V final squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus IC M over R squared V final squared
+so we can find that V final is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can find that V final is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can find that V final is equal to
+the square root of 2mg H divided by M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2mg H divided by M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2mg H divided by M
+plus 1/2 cm R squared and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 cm R squared and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 cm R squared and that is the
+final speed of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final speed of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final speed of the center of mass
+translational velocity of the wheel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational velocity of the wheel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational velocity of the wheel as
+it dropped a height H
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xvv_edVc-ME.txt b/xvv_edVc-ME.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..280ae82e6e3b2ac43ea65f71dc26dffc70873951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xvv_edVc-ME.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the students are also expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the students are also expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the students are also expected to
+write papers the papers are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write papers the papers are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write papers the papers are in the
+format of Physical Review Letters which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of Physical Review Letters which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of Physical Review Letters which
+i think is a really valuable thing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is a really valuable thing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is a really valuable thing for a
+couple of reasons first of all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of reasons first of all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of reasons first of all they
+actually learn what's called ley Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn what's called ley Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn what's called ley Tech
+which is the system of laying out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the system of laying out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the system of laying out the
+papers also they discover how incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers also they discover how incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers also they discover how incredibly
+hard it is to fit what you have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is to fit what you have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is to fit what you have done
+into four pages and I'm pretty strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four pages and I'm pretty strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four pages and I'm pretty strict
+they have to follow the PRL guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to follow the PRL guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to follow the PRL guidelines
+they're not allowed to go over on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowed to go over on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowed to go over on their
+papers but they also learn a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but they also learn a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers but they also learn a lot about
+what the elements of a paper are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the elements of a paper are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the elements of a paper are like
+for example how do you write an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example how do you write an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example how do you write an abstract
+a lot of people have trouble writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have trouble writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have trouble writing an
+abstract they don't want to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract they don't want to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract they don't want to give the
+answer away early and the abstract has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer away early and the abstract has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer away early and the abstract has
+the answer in it so they are so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in it so they are so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in it so they are so they're
+really bothered by doing that they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bothered by doing that they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bothered by doing that they also
+tend to write these more like you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to write these more like you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to write these more like you would
+write a book report so they have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book report so they have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book report so they have a whole
+history section at the beginning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history section at the beginning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history section at the beginning which
+is not what a paper is about and so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what a paper is about and so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what a paper is about and so so I
+think it's really a very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really a very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really a very valuable
+experience for them to learn to write I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for them to learn to write I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for them to learn to write I
+I really like teaching writing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like teaching writing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like teaching writing I
+actually teach a writing course here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually teach a writing course here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually teach a writing course here
+that's a communications intensive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a communications intensive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a communications intensive in the
+major so I'm a little bit unusual this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major so I'm a little bit unusual this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major so I'm a little bit unusual this
+way I don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I don't mind
+grading all of the papers which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading all of the papers which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading all of the papers which I think
+that a lot of people don't want to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people don't want to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people don't want to teach
+junior lab because they don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior lab because they don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior lab because they don't want to be
+faced with grading these papers but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with grading these papers but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with grading these papers but I
+think we've got a very good way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've got a very good way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've got a very good way of doing
+it we have a rubric and the rubric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we have a rubric and the rubric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we have a rubric and the rubric is
+what we use to make sure that we are try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we use to make sure that we are try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we use to make sure that we are try
+to stay as even as we can on all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay as even as we can on all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay as even as we can on all of the
+students all the students have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all the students have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all the students have the
+rubric also it always makes me laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric also it always makes me laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric also it always makes me laugh
+because I hand out the rubric I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I hand out the rubric I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I hand out the rubric I say this
+is what I'm grading you on and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm grading you on and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm grading you on and then the
+first paper comes in for this short for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper comes in for this short for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper comes in for this short for
+the short labs and of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short labs and of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short labs and of course they
+haven't read the rubric and check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't read the rubric and check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't read the rubric and check the
+paper against it and luckily that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper against it and luckily that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper against it and luckily that paper
+doesn't count for anything because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count for anything because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count for anything because I
+always write across the top if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always write across the top if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always write across the top if you read
+the rubric you would find out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubric you would find out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubric you would find out that you
+need this like a section on your errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this like a section on your errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this like a section on your errors
+or things like that and and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that and and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that and and I think that
+the students really like that aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students really like that aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students really like that aspect of
+it another thing that I do to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another thing that I do to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another thing that I do to try to
+make sure that all the grading is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that all the grading is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that all the grading is even
+and fair is that I grade all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fair is that I grade all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fair is that I grade all of the
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+and mark them up and also my TA grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mark them up and also my TA grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mark them up and also my TA grades
+all of the papers and marks them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the papers and marks them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the papers and marks them up and
+then we get together and we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get together and we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get together and we compare
+notes and make sure that we've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and make sure that we've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and make sure that we've seen the
+same things in them and decide on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things in them and decide on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things in them and decide on what
+the grade is going to be
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yVkt3Px4KHA.txt b/yVkt3Px4KHA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f4ff6a4dbbcb427d459f369073f7fa93d4be0b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yVkt3Px4KHA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1976 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today's focus is
+probability and statistics.
+
+So let's start with
+probability.
+
+Let's look at probability
+for binary variables.
+
+What do you mean by
+a binary variable?
+
+It can take only two outcomes.
+
+So it can take only
+two values.
+
+For example, it could be 0 or
+1, head or tail, on or off.
+
+So we are going to call this
+variable A, for instance.
+
+So A could be H, or A is equal
+to T. But that could happen.
+
+That event could happen with
+a certain probability.
+
+So by that, I mean the
+probabilities, like we are
+
+expressing the belief that the
+
+particularly event could happen.
+
+So we could assign
+a value to that.
+
+That is the probability
+of A taking value H.
+
+So here, the values
+of A and B--
+
+sorry, here, the value of A can
+be either H or T, which
+
+means it has only two
+possible outcomes.
+
+That's why we call it
+a binary variable.
+
+However, P of A is equal to H
+can lie anywhere from 0 and 1,
+
+including 0 and 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: They don't
+have to be even?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: They don't
+have to be even?
+
+PROFESSOR: Even?
+
+AUDIENCE: Even chance, even
+probability, like the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry, I didn't
+get your question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Even though they're
+binary, don't you need be able
+
+to have the same probability?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we'll
+look at that later.
+
+Like, this particular event
+can take a particular
+
+probability.
+
+And we'll look at that
+particular case later.
+
+But in general, a probability
+will always lie
+
+between 0 and 1.
+
+And it can take any value
+between 0 and 1 since the
+
+range it can take is continuous,
+sorry discrete.
+
+However, the value the variable
+can take is going to
+
+be discrete.
+
+It can take only H or T. So
+that's why you call it a
+
+binary variable.
+
+For example, take
+a deck of cards.
+
+Here, the value could be, for
+example if you consider only
+
+one particular suit,
+then it can be any
+
+one of those 13 values.
+
+So there, this variable
+is not binary.
+
+However, the probability of a
+particular event happening is
+
+always between 0 and 1.
+
+Now, let's look at some
+probability, like what you
+
+asked earlier is whether they
+will be equal, whether the
+
+probably of head and
+tail can be equal.
+
+So let's represent the
+probability of A of H. This
+
+can be between 0 and 1.
+
+What is the probability
+of A not happening?
+
+So we call it by A bar.
+
+Given P of A, can you
+give me P of A bar?
+
+AUDIENCE:1 minus P of A.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1 minus P of A.
+If there are two events
+
+happening, for example, you're
+throwing two coins, then we
+
+can consider their joint
+probabilities.
+
+So let's say we have a coin, A,
+and this coin, B. So this
+
+coin can take two values.
+
+And so this coin can take
+another two values.
+
+Sorry.
+
+We know A can take H with
+probability, say I assume it's
+
+unbiased, so it'll be 1/2.
+
+All these are going to be 1/2.
+
+What's the probability of HT?
+
+So now, we are considering a
+joint event, P of A is equal
+
+to H and P of B is equal to
+T. So in probability, we
+
+represent it by something
+like this.
+
+P A- do you know what is that?
+
+P A intersection B, you want
+both events to happen.
+
+That will be P of A. And in this
+case, it's P of B. So we
+
+could simply say it's 1/4.
+
+Why is this possible?
+
+It's because these two events
+are independent.
+
+The coin A getting head
+doesn't affect
+
+coin B getting a tail.
+
+So it doesn't have
+any influence.
+
+That's why these two events
+are independent.
+
+The dependent events are a
+bit complex, to analyze.
+
+Let's skip them at the moment.
+
+So we know all these
+probabilities
+
+are going to be 1/4.
+
+So we looked at a particular
+condition here.
+
+That is, A taking head
+and B taking tail.
+
+What about the condition, what
+about the case where either A
+
+or B takes a head?
+
+How can we represent that?
+
+So it will be something like A
+is equal to H or B is equal to
+
+H. Oh, probability at least
+1, so by that, I can also
+
+represent something like this.
+
+OK, here, this is sufficient
+anyway.
+
+So what are the possibility
+events?
+
+So these three events could give
+rise to this probability.
+
+It's better if you can represent
+this in a diagram.
+
+So let's go and represent
+this in a diagram.
+
+This is A and this is B
+getting, say, head.
+
+In one case, both
+can take head.
+
+That is, this particular
+condition, intersection we
+
+earlier looked at.
+
+So what is this whole thing?
+
+That is, either A gets
+H or B gets H,
+
+which is this condition.
+
+We call it P of A union B. Ok.
+
+Is there an efficient way of
+finding this rather than
+
+writing down all
+possible cases?
+
+Is there an efficient way of
+finding P of A union B?
+
+From high school maths,
+probably?
+
+No idea?
+
+OK.
+
+P of A union B is equal to P of
+A plus P of B minus P of A
+
+intersection B. Because if you
+consider P of A, you would
+
+have taken this full circle.
+
+When you take P of
+B, you would have
+
+taken this full circle.
+
+So which means you're counting
+this area twice.
+
+So here, we deduct it once.
+
+OK?
+
+Great.
+
+So this is the basics
+of the probability.
+
+Now, actually we looked at two
+events, two joint events here.
+
+But we should have
+a formal way of
+
+looking at multiple events.
+
+So how can we do that?
+
+The first way is doing
+it by trees.
+
+Let's say we represent
+the outcome of the
+
+first trial by a branch.
+
+We can represent the outcome of
+the second trial by another
+
+branch from these two
+previous branches.
+
+So this would be
+H HH HT TH TT.
+
+And we know this could happen
+with probability 1/2.
+
+So we know it's, again,
+1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2.
+
+So this is 1/4.
+
+Suppose we want to do this for
+an outcome of throwing dice.
+
+Then, probably we would
+have 6 branches here.
+
+Which, again, forks into
+another 36 branches.
+
+So there should be another
+easier way.
+
+For that, we could use a second
+method call grid.
+
+We could simply put
+that in a diagram.
+
+So this is the first trial.
+
+And this will be our
+second trial.
+
+So now, we can represent any
+possible outcome on this grid.
+
+For example, can give you me an
+example where you throw the
+
+same number in both
+the trials?
+
+Then, what would be the layout
+of it in this grid?
+
+Throwing the same number
+in both the trials.
+
+Here's the first trial.
+
+This, the second.
+
+Then it would be the diagonal.
+
+If you want to calculate the
+probability, do you know the
+
+probability is the ratio between
+the outcomes we expect
+
+over all possible outcomes?
+
+So here, we know there will
+be 6 instances in this
+
+highlighted area.
+
+Compare that, 36 to
+all possibilities.
+
+So it'll be simpler 6/36.
+
+How can you find the probability
+of getting a
+
+cumulative total of, say, 6?
+
+Then again, it would
+be very simple.
+
+It could be 1, 5; 2, 4;
+3, 3; 4, 2; 1, 5.
+
+All right?
+
+So it'll be 5 by 36.
+
+OK?
+
+So either by using trees or
+grid, you can easily find the
+
+probabilities.
+
+Now, let's look at a few
+concrete examples.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Suppose we are throwing
+three coins.
+
+Then, what is the probability
+of one particular outcome in
+
+that trial, in all
+three trials?
+
+What is the probability,
+assuming that these are
+
+unbiased coins?
+
+What is the probability of
+one particular outcome?
+
+Because how many possible
+outcomes are there if you are
+
+throwing three coins?
+
+Consider this tree.
+
+First, it splits into 2.
+
+Then, it splits into 4.
+
+Then?
+
+8, all right?
+
+OK, so there are 8 possible
+outcomes.
+
+So each outcome will have
+the probability 1/8.
+
+so what is the probability of
+heads appearing exactly twice?
+
+How can you do that?
+
+Of course, you can write
+the tree and count.
+
+What is the easier way
+of doing that?
+
+Since we know this count, since
+we know this probability
+
+of a particular event
+happening?
+
+How can we come up with
+the probability of
+
+getting exactly 2 heads?
+
+It could be head, head, or
+tail-- so this is by
+
+enumerating all the
+possible outcomes.
+
+So it could have been head,
+head, tail, where me put the
+
+tail only at the end.
+
+It could have been
+head, tail, head.
+
+Or it could have been
+tail, head, head.
+
+In these three cases, you're
+getting exactly 2 heads.
+
+So we are enumerating all
+possible outcomes.
+
+And we know each possible
+outcome will take the
+
+probability 1/8.
+
+So the total probability
+here is 3/8.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is one way of handling
+a probability question.
+
+You can do that only because
+these are independent events.
+
+And you can sum them.
+
+We'll come to that later.
+
+Suppose you are rolling
+two four-sided dice.
+
+And assuming they're fair,
+how many possible
+
+outcomes are there?
+
+Two four-sided dice, and
+assuming that each of them are
+
+fair-- that means unbiased--
+
+how many possible outcomes
+are there?
+
+Consider this tree.
+
+First, it branches into 4, OK?
+
+In the first trial, it's a
+four-sided dice, so there are
+
+4 possible outcomes.
+
+So it branches into 4.
+
+Then, each branch will,
+in turn, fork
+
+into another 4 branches.
+
+So there are totally
+16 outcomes.
+
+So what is the probability
+of rolling a 2 and a 3?
+
+What is the probability of
+rolling a 2 and a 3?
+
+Not in a given order, not
+in the given order.
+
+Can anyone give the answer?
+
+OK, let's see.
+
+So we have to roll
+a 2 and a 3.
+
+So which means it could have
+been 2, 3, or 3, 2.
+
+And we know the probability
+of each event is 1/16.
+
+So this will be 1/16.
+
+And this will be 1/16.
+
+So the total probability
+is 1/8.
+
+What is the probability of
+getting the sum of the rolls
+
+an odd number?
+
+What is the probability of
+getting an odd number as sum
+
+of the rolls?
+
+Now, this is getting a bit
+tricky because now it's maybe
+
+a bit harder to enumerate
+all possible cases.
+
+So how can we do that?
+
+There should be a short cut.
+
+AUDIENCE: It can either
+be odd or even.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can either
+get odd or even.
+
+PROFESSOR: It can be either
+odd or even, right?
+
+So it will be 1/2.
+
+OK, there's another trick we
+might be able to use to get
+
+the answers quickly.
+
+What is the probability of the
+first roll being equal to the
+
+second roll?
+
+In the same line,
+you can think.
+
+What is the probability of
+getting the first roll equal
+
+to the second roll?
+
+It's quite similar to this.
+
+Any ideas?
+
+It's a four-sided dice.
+
+There are 4 possible outcomes.
+
+This is one case where it could
+be 1, 1, or it could be
+
+2, 2, or 3, 3, or 4, 4.
+
+And if it's inside a dice,
+it would be n, right?
+
+So if it's n-sided dice, there
+and n possible outcomes
+
+desired, and totally
+n by n outcomes.
+
+So you get 1/n probability.
+
+What is the probability of at
+least 1 roll equal to 4?
+
+At least 1 roll equal to 4?
+
+This is very interesting.
+
+These type of questions,
+you'll get in
+
+that Psets, I know.
+
+Probably in the quiz, too.
+
+What is the probability
+of getting at least 1
+
+roll equal to 4?
+
+OK, so what are the
+possible outcomes?
+
+First roll, could be a 4.
+
+And the second roll
+could be anything.
+
+Or it could be 4, and
+the first roll
+
+could have been anything.
+
+Or both could have been 4, but
+we would have considered that
+
+here, as well.
+
+So what we had to do is we had
+to calculate this probability
+
+and this probability, add them,
+and deduct this, because
+
+this would have been
+double counted.
+
+It's quite like, this
+intersection.
+
+We want to remove that, and we
+want to find the union OK?
+
+So what is this probability?
+
+Since we don't care about the
+second roll, we have to care
+
+only about the first roll,
+our first roll
+
+getting 4, which is 1/4.
+
+And this is 1/4 similarly.
+
+And this is 1/4 by
+1/4, so 1/16.
+
+So it'll be 1/2 minus 1/16.
+
+And when you give the answers,
+if it's hard, you can just
+
+leave it like this.
+
+So this is what we call giving
+the answers as formula instead
+
+of giving exact fractions.
+
+Because sometimes it might be
+hard to find the fraction.
+
+Suppose it's something like 1
+over, say, 2 to the power 5
+
+and a 3 to the 2, something
+like this.
+
+Or we'll say 5.
+
+You're not supposed to give the
+exact value in this amount
+
+or even the fractions.
+
+You can give such formulas.
+
+You can give something like
+this, too, to give the inverse
+
+probability of that
+not happening.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Let's move into a little bit
+more complicated example.
+
+A pack of cards--
+
+what is the probability
+of getting an ace?
+
+Anyone?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 out of 2?
+
+PROFESSOR: 1 out of 2?
+
+AUDIENCE: out of 52.
+
+PROFESSOR: Not a particular--
+
+an ace, yes, just ace.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it 4 out of 52?
+
+PROFESSOR: 4/52, yes.
+
+Or if you consider one
+suit, it would have
+
+been like 1/13, right?
+
+You could have considered
+one suit, and out of--
+
+OK.
+
+It's the same analysis, right?
+
+OK.
+
+What is the probability of
+getting a specific card, which
+
+means, say, the ace of hearts?
+
+It's what she said,
+yeah, 1/52.
+
+What is the probability
+of not getting an ace?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 minus--
+
+PROFESSOR: 1/13.
+
+OK, this is where me make you
+solve the inverse probability.
+
+OK, so that will come into
+play very often.
+
+OK, now let's get into two
+decks of playing cards.
+
+OK, what is the sample size?
+
+What is the sample size
+of drawing cards from
+
+two decks of cards?
+
+Two cards, actually.
+
+You're going to draw two cards
+from two different decks.
+
+Sorry?
+
+OK.
+
+What is the sample size of
+drawing a card from one deck?
+
+There are 52 possible
+outcomes.
+
+So for each outcome here, we
+have 52 outcomes there, right?
+
+So it's 52 by 52.
+
+It's like the tree, but here,
+we have 52 branches.
+
+So eventually, you will
+have 52 by 52.
+
+This is where you can't
+enumerate all
+
+the possible cases.
+
+So you should have a way
+to find the final
+
+probability, OK?
+
+So in this case, what is the
+probability of getting at
+
+least one ace?
+
+What's the probability of
+getting at least one ace?
+
+This is, again, similar
+to this case.
+
+Remember this diagram.
+
+It's called Venn diagram.
+
+Remember this.
+
+So what is the probability of
+getting at least one ace,
+
+which means you could have got
+the ace from the first deck,
+
+or the second deck, or both.
+
+But if you're getting from both,
+you have to deduct it
+
+because otherwise, you would
+have double counted it.
+
+So getting an ace from the
+first deck is 1/13.
+
+Second deck, 1/13.
+
+Getting from both
+is 1/52 by 52.
+
+Sorry, 1/13 by 1/13.
+
+Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you adding them?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's what
+I explained earlier.
+
+You're doing two trials.
+
+You could have got the
+ace from here.
+
+And this could have
+been anything.
+
+You could have got the ace from
+here, and this could have
+
+been anything.
+
+You could have got
+an ace from both.
+
+So you should add these two
+probabilities because we need
+
+a case where at least
+one card is ace.
+
+But the problem is, this could
+have happened here and here.
+
+And so you will deduct it.
+
+What is the probability of
+getting neither card--
+
+what is the probability of
+neither card being an ace?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 minus that?
+
+PROFESSOR: 1 minus
+this, exactly.
+
+OK, you're getting comfortable
+with the
+
+inverse probability now.
+
+What's the probability of two
+cards from the same suit?
+
+What is the probability
+of getting two cards
+
+from the same suit?
+
+Now, it's getting interesting.
+
+Two cards from the same suit.
+
+So how can we think
+about this?
+
+Of course, you can enumerate all
+possible cases and count.
+
+We don't want to do that.
+
+OK, you're going to use the grid
+here to visualize this.
+
+OK?
+
+It could have been a
+spades, or hearts,
+
+or clubs, or a diamond.
+
+So we want two cards of
+the same suit, right?
+
+So it's 4/16 possible
+outcomes.
+
+Do you see that?
+
+So see, we are using
+all the tools
+
+available at our disposal--
+
+trees, grids, counting, Ven
+diagrams, inverse probability.
+
+Yeah, you should be able to
+do that to get the answers
+
+quickly because you could have
+actually done-- you could have
+
+done something like this, too.
+
+But it will take more
+time, right?
+
+So this will be a simpler way
+of visualizing things.
+
+What is the probability of
+getting neither card a diamond
+
+nor a club?
+
+Neither card is diamond
+nor club.
+
+That is tricky.
+
+But since we have this grid, we
+can easily visualize that.
+
+So if neither card is diamond
+nor club, then it could have
+
+been only these two
+values, right?
+
+Which is, again, 4/16.
+
+So there are 4 possible cases.
+
+OK?
+
+So what is the summary?
+
+What is the take home
+message here?
+
+In probability, the probability
+of the belief, or
+
+the way of expressing
+the belief, of a
+
+particular event happening.
+
+Now, there could be several
+possible outcomes.
+
+Out of those possible outcomes,
+you have a certain
+
+number of desired outcomes.
+
+How can you find that?
+
+You can either enumerate
+all of them.
+
+You can put them in a tree, or
+you can put them in a grid.
+
+Or you can use some sort of Venn
+diagram and come up with
+
+some sort of analysis.
+
+Here, we start with our belief
+that the coin is unbiased, or
+
+we have a fair chance
+of drawing any card
+
+from the deck of cards.
+
+So we have all these unbiased
+beliefs, or beliefs about the
+
+characteristics of each trial.
+
+So we start from that.
+
+Then, we find the probability
+of a particular event
+
+happening in a certain
+number of trials.
+
+But what if you don't have the
+knowledge about the coin?
+
+What if you don't know whether
+it's fair or not?
+
+What if you don't know P of A is
+equal to H is equal to 1/2?
+
+Suppose you don't know that.
+
+Suppose it's P. How
+can you find it?
+
+What you could do is you
+could simulate this.
+
+You can throw coin several
+times and count the total
+
+number of heads you get, OK?
+
+So it could be n of heads
+over n trial will
+
+give you the P, right?
+
+This is a way of finding the
+probabilities through a
+
+certain number of trials.
+
+It's like simulating
+the experiments.
+
+It's called Monte Carlo
+simulation.
+
+And using that, we try
+to find a particular
+
+parameter of the model.
+
+You know how they actually found
+the value of pi at the
+
+beginning, pi?
+
+It's again using a Monte
+Carlo simulation.
+
+What you could do is for a given
+radius, you can actually
+
+check whether it lies within
+a circle or not.
+
+You can simulate the Monte
+Carlo simulation.
+
+And given this radius, you can
+come up with a particular
+
+location at random and check
+whether it's within this
+
+boundary or not, OK?
+
+So then, you know the outcome.
+
+You know the outcomes, right?
+
+So suppose this is n_a, And
+the total outcome is n_t.
+
+This gives you the
+area, right?
+
+We know this is r-squared,
+and this is pi r-squared.
+
+Sorry.
+
+When this is 4 r-squared,
+this is 2r, right?
+
+So using this, you can
+easily calculate pi.
+
+So now, since we are going to
+come up with these parameters
+
+through repeating the trials, we
+need to have a standardized
+
+way of finding these
+parameters.
+
+We can't simply say
+this, right?
+
+Take this example.
+
+You know this MIT
+shuttle right?
+
+A shuttle arriving at the
+right time, or the time
+
+difference between the arrival
+and the actual quoted time can
+
+be plotted in a graph.
+
+So if you put that it is
+spread around 0, right?
+
+Probably, or we hope so.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, from this, we can see that
+actually the mean of this
+
+simulation will give you the
+expected difference in the
+
+time, the expected difference
+in the arrival time from the
+
+actual quoted time.
+
+And we hope this expectation
+to be 0.
+
+We call that mean.
+
+Means is taking the average.
+
+But this distribution might
+actually give you some
+
+information, some extra
+information, as well.
+
+That is, how well we can
+actually believe this, how
+
+much we can rely on this.
+
+If the spread is greater,
+something like this, then
+
+probably you might actually not
+trust the system, right?
+
+Although the mean is 0,
+it's going to come
+
+early or late, right?
+
+Which means it's useless.
+
+Similarly, in this case, we have
+a spread around mean 0.
+
+But if you take the score, the
+marks you get for 600, it
+
+could be something like this.
+
+It's not centered
+around 0, right?
+
+Hopefully.
+
+It's probably, say, 50.
+
+Then, we actually want the
+spread to be small or large?
+
+We want the spread to be large
+because we want to distinguish
+
+the levels, right?
+
+The students' level
+of understanding.
+
+600.
+
+Anyway, so the spread determines
+what is the
+
+variation percent in their
+distribution of the scores?
+
+We measure that by a variable
+called standard deviation.
+
+In this case, this particular
+sample will be different from
+
+its mean by a particular
+value, right?
+
+We can express that as
+x_i minus its mean.
+
+Let's call the mean mu.
+
+So this would be
+the difference.
+
+Standard deviation is summing
+up all the differences.
+
+But the problem is, when you sum
+up the differences, it'll
+
+be 0, right?
+
+The total summation of the
+differences will be 0 if
+
+that's how you get the mean
+because if you expand this,
+
+it'll be something
+like this, right?
+
+Which will be n mu.
+
+Should be equal to 0.
+
+So we have to sum, or
+actually take the
+
+differences into account.
+
+So, let's square this.
+
+So now, it will no
+longer be 0.
+
+Now, this gives 0,
+the differences.
+
+It's the squared sum of the
+differences averaged across
+
+all the samples.
+
+We call this variance.
+
+And the square root of
+
+variance is standard deviation.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, having a standard
+deviation--
+
+so we know the standard
+deviation tells you how spread
+
+the distribution is.
+
+But can we actually rely only
+on the standard deviation to
+
+determine the consistency
+of some event?
+
+Can we?
+
+Probably not.
+
+Suppose take two examples,
+one is the scores, 50.
+
+And suppose the standard
+deviation is minus
+
+10, plus 10, OK?
+
+So the standard deviation
+is 10 here.
+
+Suppose it lies in this form.
+
+Consider another example, the
+weight, the weight of the
+
+people, like say at MIT.
+
+And suppose it's centered
+around 150.
+
+Now, if the standard deviation
+is, say, 10, then the standard
+
+deviation 10 here and the
+standard deviation 10 here
+
+don't convey the same
+message, OK?
+
+So we need to have a different
+way of expressing the
+
+consistency of a distribution.
+
+So we represent it by
+coefficient of variation,
+
+which is equal to the standard
+deviation divided by mean.
+
+Now here, it will be 10/150.
+
+Here, it will be 10/50.
+
+So we know this is more
+consistent than this.
+
+The weights of the students at
+MIT, it's more consistent than
+
+the marks you might get,
+or you get, for 600.
+
+It might be true.
+
+Now, what is for the use of
+the standard deviation?
+
+How can we use that?
+
+Let's look at this graph where
+suppose the mean is 0 and the
+
+standard deviation is, say, 5.
+
+Consider another example where
+standard deviation is 10.
+
+It might have been
+like this, OK?
+
+Now, before that, let me sort
+of digress a little bit so I
+
+can explain this better.
+
+We can take the outcome of a
+particular event as a sample
+
+in our distribution.
+
+So suppose you're
+throwing a die.
+
+So you get an outcome.
+
+You can represent that outcome
+as a distribution, OK?
+
+So here, there's x, which
+can take 1 to, say, 6.
+
+And we can represent x_i as
+a sample point in our
+
+distribution.
+
+So I don't know, it might be
+uniform, probably, we hope.
+
+So it's with 1/6 probability,
+we always take
+
+one of these values.
+
+OK.
+
+But this might not be the
+case with all events.
+
+OK, so what I'm trying to say
+here is you can actually
+
+represent the outcome of the
+trial in the distribution.
+
+Or you can also represent the
+probability of something
+
+happening in a distribution.
+
+How does it work?
+
+OK, in this case, we
+throw our dice.
+
+We get an outcome.
+
+We go and put it
+in the x-axis.
+
+It could be between 1 and 6.
+
+And it takes this
+distribution.
+
+In addition, what you could
+do is you could
+
+have, say, 100 trials.
+
+So you throw a coin.
+
+You take 100 trials.
+
+You get the mean, you get the
+probability of getting a head.
+
+And you have that mean, right?
+
+So probability of getting
+a head for 100
+
+trials, say, 0.51.
+
+You do another 100 trials,
+you got another one.
+
+So you have now another
+distribution.
+
+So there's a distribution
+of probabilities.
+
+So you can have a distribution
+of probabilities, or you can
+
+have a distribution
+for the events.
+
+We handle these two cases
+in the p-set.
+
+So probably you should be able
+to distinguish those two.
+
+Anyway, so here in this
+particular example, let's take
+
+this as our mu.
+
+Let's take this as our
+standard deviation.
+
+And for the first distribution,
+let's take the
+
+standard deviation to be 5.
+
+When the standard deviation
+is great, it's
+
+going to be more spread.
+
+It's going to be more
+distributed than the former.
+
+So here, say the standard
+deviation is 10.
+
+The standard deviation is a
+way of expressing how many
+
+items, how many samples are
+going to lie between those
+
+particular boundaries.
+
+So for a normal distribution, we
+know the exact area, exact
+
+probability of things
+happening.
+
+If there's no mu, we know within
+the first standard
+
+deviation, there will be 68%
+of events lie in that area.
+
+Within two standard
+deviations--
+
+OK, one standard
+deviation, 68%.
+
+Two standard deviations
+on either side,
+
+it's going to be 95%.
+
+Three standard deviations,
+it's going to be 99%.
+
+So suppose you conducted
+so many trials.
+
+And you get the values.
+
+And in the distribution, suppose
+mu, mean, is 10, and
+
+the standard deviation
+is, say, 1.
+
+So now, with 99% confidence, we
+can say then the outcome of
+
+the next trial is going
+to be between what?
+
+7 and 13, right?
+
+So this is where finding the
+distribution and standard
+
+deviation helps us giving
+a confidence interval,
+
+expressing our belief of that
+particular event happening.
+
+We will look at a few examples
+because you might need this in
+
+your p-set.
+
+So this particular
+function you have
+
+already seen in the lecture.
+
+But we need to understand
+this particular part.
+
+Suppose you have a probability
+of something happening.
+
+Suppose you estimated
+the probability
+
+of something happening.
+
+Suppose you're given the
+coin is biased, OK?
+
+Sorry, unbiased.
+
+So we know p of H
+is equal to 1/2.
+
+How can we simulate
+an outcome?
+
+How can you simulate an outcome
+and see whether it's a
+
+head or a tail with this
+particular probability?
+
+We do that by calling this
+function, random.random(),
+
+which is going to give you a
+random value between 0 and 1.
+
+And you're going to
+check whether it's
+
+below this or not.
+
+If it's below this, we
+can take it as head.
+
+If it's not, it's tail.
+
+And this will happen with
+probability 1/2, because the
+
+random function is going to
+return a value between 0 and 1
+
+with equal probabilities.
+
+It's uniform probabilities.
+
+So to simulate a head or tail,
+you call that function.
+
+You write the expression
+like that, OK?
+
+Then, if you consider this
+example, for a certain number
+
+of flips, we simulate
+the event.
+
+And we count the number
+of heads we obtain.
+
+And also from that, you
+can calculate the
+
+number of tails as well.
+
+If you know the total flips, you
+know the number of tails.
+
+Using that, we are taking
+two ratios.
+
+Now, the ratio between the
+heads and tails, and the
+
+difference between
+heads and tails.
+
+We are doing this for certain
+number of trials.
+
+And we're going to take the mean
+and standard deviation of
+
+these trials, OK?
+
+So here in our distribution,
+what are we considering?
+
+What is going to build our
+distribution here?
+
+The ratios, right?
+
+The ratios of the events.
+
+And we simulated certain number
+of trials to get those
+
+events, OK?
+
+Only if you simulate certain
+number of trials, you can
+
+actually summarize the outcome
+of the events in mean and
+
+standard deviation.
+
+This is exactly like the
+difference in the times of the
+
+bus arriving and the
+quoted times.
+
+Let's check this example.
+
+Let's plot this and see.
+
+It's going to take a while.
+
+OK, that's another thing I want
+to explain here because
+
+since you're going to
+be going to plot--
+
+we are going to use PyLab
+extensively and plot graphs.
+
+You'll need to put a title and
+labels to all the plots you're
+
+generating.
+
+Plus, you can use this
+text to actually put
+
+the text in the graph.
+
+We will show that in a while.
+
+Plus--
+
+here, sorry.
+
+If you want to change the axis
+to log-log scale, you can call
+
+this comma at the end after
+calling the plot.
+
+Because you might sometimes need
+to change the axis to log
+
+scale in x and y-axis.
+
+So this is the mean,
+heads versus tails.
+
+And if you can see it, the mean
+tends to be 1 when we
+
+have a large number of flips.
+
+So to get the consistency,
+we need to simulate
+
+large number of trials.
+
+Then only it will tend to be
+close to the mean, OK?
+
+This is sort of a way of
+checking the evolution of the
+
+series by actually doing it for
+a certain number of flips
+
+at every time.
+
+So it's quite like
+a scatter plot.
+
+A scatter plot is like plotting
+the outcomes of our
+
+experiments.
+
+Suppose it's x1 and
+x2 in a graph.
+
+So we are going to say--
+
+so for example, suppose you
+have a variable, and the
+
+variable causes an outcome--
+
+a probability of the coin flip,
+so p of H. And it can
+
+result in a certain number of
+heads appearing, say n of H.
+
+Now, you can do a scatter plot
+between these two variables.
+
+And it will be probably
+a spread.
+
+But we know that if you increase
+the probability of
+
+heads, the number of heads is
+going to increase as well.
+
+So it would be probably
+something like this.
+
+From this, we can assume
+that it's linear or
+
+something like that.
+
+But the scatter plot is actually
+representing the
+
+outcomes of the trial versus
+some other variable in the
+
+graph and visualize it.
+
+And let me show the last
+graph, and we'll
+
+be done with that.
+
+So this, again, we actually
+know, instead of putting a
+
+scatter plot, we're actually
+giving the distribution as a
+
+histogram and printing a
+text box in the graph.
+
+This might be useful if you want
+to display something on
+
+your graph.
+
+I guess we will be uploading
+the code to the site.
+
+So you can check the code
+if you want later, OK?
+
+Sure.
+
+See you next week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yaPEIFAb4W4.txt b/yaPEIFAb4W4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52176c2dab7a62e5e9de814ce6cc823b4d6d896c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yaPEIFAb4W4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everyone my name is charlene my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone my name is charlene my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone my name is charlene my
+name is therese and we're here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is therese and we're here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is therese and we're here to
+present a muse a music capturing game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present a muse a music capturing game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present a muse a music capturing game
+so you're going for a walk and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going for a walk and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going for a walk and you put
+on both ar glasses and turn on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ar glasses and turn on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ar glasses and turn on your
+phone and open up the emu's app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and open up the emu's app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and open up the emu's app
+as you walk with your bose air glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you walk with your bose air glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you walk with your bose air glasses
+you will hear a melody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will hear a melody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will hear a melody
+to your right you turn towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your right you turn towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your right you turn towards the
+melody to get a better hearing of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody to get a better hearing of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody to get a better hearing of it and
+if you like it you double tap on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like it you double tap on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like it you double tap on your
+glasses to capture the melody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses to capture the melody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses to capture the melody
+if you feel the melody it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you feel the melody it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you feel the melody it's not
+something that you like you can shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you like you can shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you like you can shake
+your head and let it go and by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head and let it go and by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head and let it go and by the end
+of the walk you will have to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the walk you will have to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the walk you will have to capture
+a series of melody and compose your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of melody and compose your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of melody and compose your own
+little soundtrack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little soundtrack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little soundtrack
+that you experience during your walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you experience during your walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you experience during your walk
+so here's a little video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a little video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a little video of
+fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we can do the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can do the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can do the demo
+uh so the demo is set up where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the demo is set up where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the demo is set up where
+if you take 10 step and it's in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take 10 step and it's in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take 10 step and it's in a very
+high sensitivity for the step counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sensitivity for the step counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sensitivity for the step counter
+because we're doing this indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing this indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing this indoor
+to trigger a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trigger a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trigger a sound
+and it's ready for everyone to try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ready for everyone to try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ready for everyone to try it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a very simple ui to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very simple ui to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very simple ui to indicate
+how many melodies you encounter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many melodies you encounter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many melodies you encounter how many
+step you took and then how many maori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you took and then how many maori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you took and then how many maori
+capture the whole experience is aimed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the whole experience is aimed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the whole experience is aimed to
+be phones down heads up and just for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be phones down heads up and just for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be phones down heads up and just for you
+to walk you don't really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk you don't really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk you don't really want to be
+distracted first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted first of all
+it's really just too enhanced and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just too enhanced and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just too enhanced and to
+kind of capture the moment as you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of capture the moment as you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of capture the moment as you walk
+so let me turn get on the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn get on the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn get on the app
+here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go
+you should connect and then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should connect and then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should connect and then you can just
+slip the phone around your pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is not head direction dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not head direction dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not head direction dependent
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+one direction or the other it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction or the other it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction or the other it doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+it doesn't matter so the audio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter so the audio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter so the audio is
+spatialized we experiment with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatialized we experiment with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatialized we experiment with we
+experiment a couple times with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a couple times with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a couple times with
+specialized music in order for the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized music in order for the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized music in order for the user
+to kind of distinguish uh between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of distinguish uh between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of distinguish uh between like
+the new cell and the sound that they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new cell and the sound that they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new cell and the sound that they uh
+capture but during our testing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture but during our testing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture but during our testing we do
+find out it does make the walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out it does make the walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out it does make the walking
+experience more uncomfortable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience more uncomfortable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience more uncomfortable because
+they would like to face the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to face the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to face the direction
+they're walking at and so i'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're walking at and so i'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're walking at and so i'll keep
+turning their head around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning their head around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning their head around
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+specialization in the moving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization in the moving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization in the moving uh
+when they're moving isn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're moving isn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're moving isn't as
+reasonable for the user to do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for the user to do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for the user to do as a
+request so we cut that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and one thing that the more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and one thing that the more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and one thing that the more and
+more we worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we worked on
+this game we wanted to focus on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game we wanted to focus on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game we wanted to focus on is
+kind of distinguish it from just playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distinguish it from just playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distinguish it from just playing
+your normal music and have it more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal music and have it more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your normal music and have it more of a
+like meditative and almost reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like meditative and almost reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like meditative and almost reflective
+experience and really make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and really make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and really make sure that
+you're picking the sounds that speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking the sounds that speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking the sounds that speak to
+you so that way at the end when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that way at the end when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that way at the end when you have
+this song it's kind of connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song it's kind of connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song it's kind of connected to a
+memory or whatever specific feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory or whatever specific feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory or whatever specific feeling that
+you're having at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having at the time
+one big caveat all the music that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big caveat all the music that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big caveat all the music that's in
+the app is something that we compose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the app is something that we compose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the app is something that we compose and
+we're not we're not composer so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we're not composer so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we're not composer so the
+music itself isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music itself isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music itself isn't
+uh it's like the one we pick up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like the one we pick up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like the one we pick up that's
+open source online and the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source online and the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source online and the one that we
+kind of like dropped our own like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like dropped our own like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like dropped our own like little
+drum set run being so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum set run being so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum set run being so they're not
+a wide set of it so it's not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide set of it so it's not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide set of it so it's not super
+descriptive of everyone's experience at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive of everyone's experience at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive of everyone's experience at
+that time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so
+don't don't hate on the music too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+oh god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so implementation evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implementation evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implementation evolution
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+through our user testing um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our user testing um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our user testing um the
+how to experience is it working well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to experience is it working well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to experience is it working well
+yeah great so feel free if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great so feel free if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great so feel free if you want to
+try it later on come on try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it later on come on try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it later on come on try it
+originally we had several implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally we had several implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally we had several implementation
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+having specialized music where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having specialized music where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having specialized music where we
+described having the new audio coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described having the new audio coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described having the new audio coming in
+different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction
+the previous iteration when i first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous iteration when i first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous iteration when i first
+started the idea is that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the idea is that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the idea is that in order to
+capture music we want you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture music we want you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture music we want you to actually
+face the direction of the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the direction of the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the direction of the music
+you kind of be looking at it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of be looking at it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of be looking at it with your
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with the frame because you're hearing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frame because you're hearing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frame because you're hearing in
+the direction of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then as we use the test we realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then as we use the test we realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then as we use the test we realize
+again having while moving forward and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again having while moving forward and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again having while moving forward and be
+and dictate what the user's head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dictate what the user's head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dictate what the user's head
+direction be is not a reasonable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction be is not a reasonable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction be is not a reasonable thing
+to ask so we cut that part down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask so we cut that part down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask so we cut that part down
+the user just had the option later on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user just had the option later on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user just had the option later on to
+change how many steps they want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how many steps they want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how many steps they want to take
+just a range between low amount of step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a range between low amount of step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a range between low amount of step
+depending on the environment to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the environment to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the environment to a higher
+amount of step for the music to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of step for the music to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of step for the music to be
+generated so if going for a long walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so if going for a long walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so if going for a long walk
+they don't want to be bombarded with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to be bombarded with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to be bombarded with a
+bunch of new music coming up they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of new music coming up they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of new music coming up they sell
+like the longer generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the longer generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the longer generation
+if they are indoor for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are indoor for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are indoor for example if you
+just want to take a short walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to take a short walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to take a short walk around
+office and snowing outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and snowing outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and snowing outside
+then you do a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do a short
+iteration short generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so one of our main research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one of our main research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one of our main research
+questions during this process was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions during this process was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions during this process was
+how we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can create
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+mind space using only audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind space using only audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind space using only audio
+to make the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the player
+more meditative and reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meditative and reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meditative and reflective
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+at first so we drew like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first so we drew like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first so we drew like a lot of
+inspiration from a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration from a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration from a lot of different
+places so i think obviously first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so i think obviously first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so i think obviously first is
+pokemon go so originally we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pokemon go so originally we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pokemon go so originally we were
+thinking um have a phone ar component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um have a phone ar component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um have a phone ar component
+and you walk around and in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you walk around and in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you walk around and in addition to
+hearing the the sounds also have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing the the sounds also have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing the the sounds also have like a
+little sprite character where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sprite character where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sprite character where you would
+point your phone there and then capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point your phone there and then capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point your phone there and then capture
+on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone
+but we found that that really drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we found that that really drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we found that that really drew a
+person out of their own head and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person out of their own head and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person out of their own head and put
+them in more of a virtual world which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in more of a virtual world which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in more of a virtual world which
+was kind of the opposite of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the opposite of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the opposite of what we
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+yeah so then another thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then another thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then another thing that we
+started thinking about was meditation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about was meditation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about was meditation
+and how when people meditate a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how when people meditate a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how when people meditate a very
+common way to do that is to count to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to do that is to count to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to do that is to count to
+your breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your breathing
+so one way that we wanted to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way that we wanted to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way that we wanted to implement
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+with audio is have a consistent cadence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with audio is have a consistent cadence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with audio is have a consistent cadence
+so you kind of match your steps to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of match your steps to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of match your steps to it
+and it's that like rhythmic meditative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that like rhythmic meditative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that like rhythmic meditative
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and we found that it really helped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that it really helped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that it really helped out
+the users to get into that mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users to get into that mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users to get into that mindset
+and then during some play testing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then during some play testing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then during some play testing we
+found in the beginning people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the beginning people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the beginning people were
+really stressed out and it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stressed out and it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stressed out and it's a lot of
+things going on new sounds a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on new sounds a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on new sounds a lot of
+decisions that they have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that they have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that they have to make
+and people were saying that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were saying that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were saying that was really
+intense but the more that they played it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense but the more that they played it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense but the more that they played it
+it became almost second nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became almost second nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became almost second nature and
+players were really able to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players were really able to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players were really able to get into
+that mindset as soon as they put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mindset as soon as they put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mindset as soon as they put on the
+glasses and wanted to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and wanted to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and wanted to make these
+decisions and make their own creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and make their own creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and make their own creation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the user that we've been asking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user that we've been asking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user that we've been asking around
+having people who are really into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people who are really into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people who are really into
+confusing music and people who are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing music and people who are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing music and people who are more
+interesting and like just having music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and like just having music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and like just having music
+in their life in general and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their life in general and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their life in general and one thing
+that as we work with the instructor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we work with the instructor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we work with the instructor it
+was the differentiation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the differentiation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the differentiation between
+confusing music and almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing music and almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing music and almost like the
+experience of bird watching where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of bird watching where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of bird watching where you
+have spur the moment encounter and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spur the moment encounter and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spur the moment encounter and you
+can choose to capture it or let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose to capture it or let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose to capture it or let it go
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we want to emphasize the feeling of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to emphasize the feeling of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to emphasize the feeling of you
+can sing the music but you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sing the music but you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sing the music but you don't want to
+very sprout the moment inside like keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sprout the moment inside like keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sprout the moment inside like keep
+tweaking it and premeditating over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking it and premeditating over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking it and premeditating over the
+experience and recomposing over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and recomposing over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and recomposing over and over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+yeah so that leads into our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that leads into our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that leads into our next
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+which was about control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was about control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was about control so
+how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does
+the level of control that you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of control that you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of control that you give the
+user affect the user experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user affect the user experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user affect the user experience so
+as you were saying we had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were saying we had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were saying we had a lot of
+different musical backgrounds of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different musical backgrounds of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different musical backgrounds of play
+testers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers
+so that can be frustrating for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be frustrating for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be frustrating for people
+don't know a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a lot about
+music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music or
+it was just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just kind of
+changing the experience in a way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the experience in a way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the experience in a way that we
+didn't want it um so also if you uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want it um so also if you uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want it um so also if you uh give
+the user the option as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user the option as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user the option as
+of like as soon as you get a sound you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like as soon as you get a sound you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like as soon as you get a sound you
+can change all these different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change all these different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change all these different things
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+it made walks much longer and drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made walks much longer and drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made walks much longer and drew
+people out of the experience because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out of the experience because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out of the experience because you
+don't want to wait until the end to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to wait until the end to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to wait until the end to be
+like oh that thing that i caught like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh that thing that i caught like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh that thing that i caught like 10
+minutes ago like what can i do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago like what can i do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago like what can i do with it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it was kind of derailing the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of derailing the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of derailing the experience
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+presenting it more as kind of bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting it more as kind of bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting it more as kind of bird
+watching experience really helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching experience really helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching experience really helped
+align everyone's expectations so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align everyone's expectations so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align everyone's expectations so that
+everyone would enjoy it and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would enjoy it and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would enjoy it and kind of
+dealing with what you get and making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with what you get and making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with what you get and making the
+most about of what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most about of what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most about of what you get
+also supported our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also supported our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also supported our
+our goal of having it as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal of having it as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal of having it as like a
+meditative experience and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditative experience and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditative experience and kind of
+analogous to life you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to life you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to life you just
+make the most of what you get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most of what you get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most of what you get and
+have something beautiful in the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something beautiful in the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something beautiful in the end so
+it was really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really exciting
+so the future iteration of what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the future iteration of what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the future iteration of what i want
+to do is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is more
+right now the current set of music is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the current set of music is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the current set of music is at
+a particular vpn but sometimes on a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular vpn but sometimes on a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular vpn but sometimes on a slow
+day you want a slower melody or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you want a slower melody or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you want a slower melody or you
+found faster you want like a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found faster you want like a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found faster you want like a higher
+pumping one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping one
+we would like to have an option for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to have an option for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to have an option for the
+user to kind of choose that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user to kind of choose that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user to kind of choose that in the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ideally it's a input that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally it's a input that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally it's a input that's more
+intuitive so it's i have the input so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so it's i have the input so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so it's i have the input so
+it's hard to if i tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to if i tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to if i tell you
+for someone who's not musically inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone who's not musically inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone who's not musically inclined
+if i tell you oh putting into the vpn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i tell you oh putting into the vpn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i tell you oh putting into the vpn of
+your choice they're not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice they're not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice they're not going to be able
+to kind of have an idea of a 140 bpm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of have an idea of a 140 bpm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of have an idea of a 140 bpm
+versus like 120 vpn how that feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like 120 vpn how that feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like 120 vpn how that feels
+instead we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we want to be able to
+incorporate more sensors such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate more sensors such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate more sensors such as the
+gyroscope or accelerometer to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope or accelerometer to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope or accelerometer to kind of
+like track their head knot to the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like track their head knot to the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like track their head knot to the beat
+that they want so if they want a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want so if they want a faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want so if they want a faster
+b1 they could like shake their head a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 they could like shake their head a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 they could like shake their head a
+little bit faster also b1 it'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster also b1 it'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster also b1 it'd be a
+malware hashtag and from the tracking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware hashtag and from the tracking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware hashtag and from the tracking of
+the b you kind of pre-select what music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b you kind of pre-select what music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b you kind of pre-select what music
+you want to be able to offer to the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to offer to the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to offer to the user
+so in the future we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the future we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the future we want to be able to
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+passively track users uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively track users uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively track users uh
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+emotional state with the physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional state with the physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional state with the physiological
+sensor that's embedded onto the ar frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor that's embedded onto the ar frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor that's embedded onto the ar frame
+and this way have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this way have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this way have a more
+continuous experience yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous experience yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous experience yeah
+yeah and then right now it's all it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then right now it's all it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then right now it's all it's a
+very personalized experience and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very personalized experience and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very personalized experience and one
+thing that we wanted to implement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we wanted to implement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we wanted to implement in the
+future is start to build a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is start to build a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is start to build a community
+around that so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that so right now
+at the end of your walk you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of your walk you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of your walk you have this
+song and you can just save it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and you can just save it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and you can just save it for
+yourself but in the future we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but in the future we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but in the future we'd like to
+have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+kind of as an open platform for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as an open platform for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as an open platform for a
+community of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of other
+users on the app and then maybe someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users on the app and then maybe someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users on the app and then maybe someone
+has this really nice beat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this really nice beat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this really nice beat and then
+someone else could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else could
+they could collaborate and add vocals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could collaborate and add vocals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could collaborate and add vocals or
+like and make songs or just share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and make songs or just share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and make songs or just share with
+your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends
+so the whole idea started out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole idea started out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole idea started out with the
+feeling that music can capture emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that music can capture emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that music can capture emotion
+or like a certain moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a certain moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a certain moment
+and we want to be able to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to be able to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to be able to kind of
+incorporate that into everyone's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into everyone's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into everyone's life
+and that's the goal of in views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the goal of in views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the goal of in views
+hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yh6pjvu5tAM.txt b/yh6pjvu5tAM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ca6e5ef293b3d011aeba7222c81d557afee78f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yh6pjvu5tAM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everybody today we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody today we're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody today we're going to um
+spend the bulk of our time uh making up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the bulk of our time uh making up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the bulk of our time uh making up
+for sort of for lost lab time lost time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of for lost lab time lost time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of for lost lab time lost time
+uh coding and doing implementing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coding and doing implementing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coding and doing implementing some of
+the ideas that we have but first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that we have but first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that we have but first we're
+going to step back to um just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to step back to um just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to step back to um just a little
+bit on the the quiz apologies for taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the the quiz apologies for taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the the quiz apologies for taking
+a while to get it back to you but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while to get it back to you but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while to get it back to you but now
+you have it and the quiz is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it and the quiz is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it and the quiz is sort of the
+opposite right of the um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite right of the um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite right of the um of the
+Practical side it's the more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical side it's the more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical side it's the more of the
+theoretical side so I wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical side so I wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical side so I wanted to talk
+about a couple aspects of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a couple aspects of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a couple aspects of that um
+somebody's going to remind me put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's going to remind me put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's going to remind me put the
+screen back down Paul's not here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen back down Paul's not here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen back down Paul's not here today
+um so please do that um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so please do that um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so please do that um some of the
+Practical aspects on the quiz in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical aspects on the quiz in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical aspects on the quiz in space
+um first you know why are authors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first you know why are authors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first you know why are authors and
+articles important why why am I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles important why why am I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles important why why am I really
+sensing that you know not just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing that you know not just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing that you know not just you know
+what the three contexts are or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the three contexts are or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the three contexts are or what
+optic is but really whose idea this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic is but really whose idea this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic is but really whose idea this is
+and there's really two reasons one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really two reasons one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really two reasons one the
+field is small the field is small and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is small the field is small and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is small the field is small and if
+you're working in it and it's it's young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in it and it's it's young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in it and it's it's young
+like like not young as y'all or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like not young as y'all or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like not young as y'all or it's
+even older than than me but but young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even older than than me but but young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even older than than me but but young
+like Mo almost everyone who has come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mo almost everyone who has come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mo almost everyone who has come up
+with the great ideas that have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the great ideas that have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the great ideas that have changed
+the field are still living and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field are still living and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field are still living and people
+you can meet um the but more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can meet um the but more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can meet um the but more importantly
+um and so some of the uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so some of the uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so some of the uh some of the
+guest speakers that we've had recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest speakers that we've had recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest speakers that we've had recently
+have appeared it's campus preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have appeared it's campus preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have appeared it's campus preview
+weekend so we got to close this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend so we got to close this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend so we got to close this um
+otherwise it'll get loud okay but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it'll get loud okay but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it'll get loud okay but some
+of the speakers that we've seen have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speakers that we've seen have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speakers that we've seen have
+actually already appeared in articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already appeared in articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already appeared in articles
+that we've been reading and things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been reading and things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been reading and things so
+these are names that will keep popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are names that will keep popping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are names that will keep popping
+up again and um when when David here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again and um when when David here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again and um when when David here on
+talks about Carol Crum hunel who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about Carol Crum hunel who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about Carol Crum hunel who was
+after the uh the quiz but you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the uh the quiz but you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the uh the quiz but you know that
+this is a name that oh I've already read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a name that oh I've already read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a name that oh I've already read
+that the other um first reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other um first reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other um first reason is that
+uh I don't know if you saw on one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if you saw on one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if you saw on one of our
+um guest speakers on music uh cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guest speakers on music uh cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guest speakers on music uh cognition
+a lot of times there were you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times there were you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times there were you know these
+nice pretty pictures of I don't know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pretty pictures of I don't know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pretty pictures of I don't know can
+I draw a light bulb or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw a light bulb or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw a light bulb or something like
+that and some idea and things and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and some idea and things and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and some idea and things and over
+in the corner you you would see like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner you you would see like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner you you would see like um
+Devin's 20 19 or whatever right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devin's 20 19 or whatever right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devin's 20 19 or whatever right and
+those are just um ways there industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just um ways there industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just um ways there industry
+shortcuts for how you can learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts for how you can learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts for how you can learn more
+about a particular topic so I don't tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular topic so I don't tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular topic so I don't tend
+to talk with footnotes maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk with footnotes maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk with footnotes maybe I should
+more uh Strunk and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh Strunk and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh Strunk and white
+2004 um and uh you know but but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 um and uh you know but but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 um and uh you know but but these
+are things that that people do uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that that people do uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that that people do uh quite
+often and it's because um here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and it's because um here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and it's because um here's the
+worst thing about almost every article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst thing about almost every article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst thing about almost every article
+you'll read whether in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read whether in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read whether in science
+engineering Humanities Arts um that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Humanities Arts um that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Humanities Arts um that like
+I'm telling you to read these articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you to read these articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you to read these articles
+and things but then the Articles aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things but then the Articles aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things but then the Articles aren't
+actually written for you to read I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written for you to read I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written for you to read I mean
+it's so ironic right you why why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so ironic right you why why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so ironic right you why why do we
+write and publish research for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and publish research for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and publish research for the most
+part we're publishing research to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we're publishing research to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we're publishing research to talk
+to or to argue with or push back on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or to argue with or push back on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or to argue with or push back on or
+develop the theory of somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the theory of somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the theory of somebody else
+who's living so these these um Scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's living so these these um Scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's living so these these um Scholars
+tend to talk to each other quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to talk to each other quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to talk to each other quite a bit
+and so what they're doing when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they're doing when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they're doing when they're
+putting these names down is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these names down is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these names down is really
+there's a there's a seat here today if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a seat here today if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a seat here today if
+you'd like U okay and um what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like U okay and um what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like U okay and um what they're
+really doing is trying to uh trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing is trying to uh trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing is trying to uh trying to
+argue against something that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue against something that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue against something that you might
+not already know so when somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not already know so when somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not already know so when somebody's
+presenting an idea they're really saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting an idea they're really saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting an idea they're really saying
+um hey I've got a better idea than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hey I've got a better idea than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hey I've got a better idea than this
+other person and so they're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person and so they're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person and so they're always going
+to be talking about names of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about names of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about names of other
+people and so it's just just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so it's just just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so it's just just kind of
+good to get that so that's um something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to get that so that's um something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to get that so that's um something
+there uh the other question I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the other question I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the other question I think that
+can come up in the context of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up in the context of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up in the context of these um
+quizzes based primarily on the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes based primarily on the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes based primarily on the readings
+and these sort of abstract things is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these sort of abstract things is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these sort of abstract things is why
+are there so many darn old articles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there so many darn old articles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there so many darn old articles in
+this class why um are you doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class why um are you doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class why um are you doing a lot of
+citations of things that are 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations of things that are 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations of things that are 10 years
+old 25 years old and then you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old 25 years old and then you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old 25 years old and then you got the
+iliac Suite um what is that 70 77 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iliac Suite um what is that 70 77 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iliac Suite um what is that 70 77 years
+years old now uh so what's the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old now uh so what's the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old now uh so what's the point of
+getting into it uh I so I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into it uh I so I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into it uh I so I've been
+teaching for a while and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for a while and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for a while and one of the
+there's one lecture that um I love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one lecture that um I love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one lecture that um I love the
+topic um and I hope you'll love it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um and I hope you'll love it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um and I hope you'll love it too
+when we get to it but I hate giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to it but I hate giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to it but I hate giving this
+lecture it's the lecture on practical AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's the lecture on practical AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's the lecture on practical AI
+in um in music and why is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in music and why is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in music and why is that it's
+because the various techniques that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the various techniques that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the various techniques that I've
+um been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um been
+teaching have changed so often that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching have changed so often that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching have changed so often that
+they're not really relevant two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really relevant two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really relevant two years
+later so I'm I'm going to be um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so I'm I'm going to be um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so I'm I'm going to be um you know
+thinking about oh okay NE this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about oh okay NE this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about oh okay NE this weekend
+it's time to update everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to update everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to update everything from
+tensor flow which was so state-of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor flow which was so state-of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor flow which was so state-of
+the-art three years ago and I wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the-art three years ago and I wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the-art three years ago and I wrote a
+whole lecture around it to um for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture around it to um for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture around it to um for those
+who know this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know this P
+torch which I'm using now and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torch which I'm using now and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torch which I'm using now and it really
+means that there's a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a lot of things that
+we'll be spending time in that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be spending time in that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be spending time in that class
+that if P torch ends up not being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if P torch ends up not being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if P torch ends up not being the
+the super great um thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super great um thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super great um thing that you're
+going to be using for the rest of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using for the rest of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using for the rest of your
+life because of GPT or whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life because of GPT or whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life because of GPT or whatever else
+that's coming out those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out those types of
+information will get stale pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information will get stale pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information will get stale pretty fast
+but the notion of things like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the notion of things like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the notion of things like um
+equality and equivalence and and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and equivalence and and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and equivalence and and how you
+can put equivalence classes I hope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put equivalence classes I hope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put equivalence classes I hope will
+stay with you even if you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with you even if you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with you even if you're not doing
+anything with music or or even anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with music or or even anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with music or or even anything
+with comp computation I hope there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with comp computation I hope there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with comp computation I hope there
+things that will stay with you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that will stay with you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that will stay with you for the
+rest of your life and that you'll it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your life and that you'll it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your life and that you'll it'll
+sort of change how you make an outlook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of change how you make an outlook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of change how you make an outlook
+on the world so that's a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world so that's a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world so that's a little bit um
+why this class has a good amount of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this class has a good amount of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this class has a good amount of it I
+figure if it's something that inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure if it's something that inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure if it's something that inspired
+me 15 years ago and it's still inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 15 years ago and it's still inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 15 years ago and it's still inspiring
+me today it has a good chance that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me today it has a good chance that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me today it has a good chance that it'll
+still be relevant inspirational uh in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be relevant inspirational uh in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be relevant inspirational uh in 10
+20 30 years from now for those who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 years from now for those who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 years from now for those who um
+did the work on the Glo Global rule um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the work on the Glo Global rule um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the work on the Glo Global rule um
+somebody somebody remind somebody uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody somebody remind somebody uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody somebody remind somebody uh
+remind us what the global rule is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us what the global rule is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us what the global rule is and
+what first where where does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply want to take a guess Matthew do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply want to take a guess Matthew do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply want to take a guess Matthew do
+you want to take a guess or calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take a guess or calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take a guess or calling
+somebody else Counterpoint Counterpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else Counterpoint Counterpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else Counterpoint Counterpoint
+great super so it's Counterpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rule Rule and um what's it trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule Rule and um what's it trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule Rule and um what's it trying to
+maximize in Counterpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just trying to
+think let try to maximize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind that's it you want to try it um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that's it you want to try it um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that's it you want to try it um I
+guess it's like trying to maximize like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's like trying to maximize like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's like trying to maximize like
+the musical or like how good it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical or like how good it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical or like how good it sounds
+Max musicality absolutely great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+super and it does this ironically trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super and it does this ironically trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super and it does this ironically trying
+to maximize musicality came down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize musicality came down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize musicality came down to
+giving a formula right or giving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a formula right or giving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a formula right or giving uh
+giving a set of formulas and and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a set of formulas and and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a set of formulas and and where
+do we begin with the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule remember last start from the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule remember last start from the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule remember last start from the end
+and go backwards and look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go backwards and look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go backwards and look at um
+specifically do you have what three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically do you have what three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically do you have what three
+possibilities of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backwards now you have two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards now you have two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards now you have two possibilities
+because you can't repeat notes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't repeat notes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't repeat notes in this
+context so you can be trying here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so you can be trying here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so you can be trying here and
+here against some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here against some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here against some
+other thing David Luen would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing David Luen would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing David Luen would actually
+not be happy with me he always did his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be happy with me he always did his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be happy with me he always did his
+counterpoints in Alto cluff but we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpoints in Alto cluff but we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpoints in Alto cluff but we'll do
+it in um in trouble and base so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in um in trouble and base so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in um in trouble and base so yeah
+you're trying to figure out okay if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out okay if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out okay if we
+end it here and the previous note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it here and the previous note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it here and the previous note is
+here what are the other notes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what are the other notes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what are the other notes that we
+can do so we have um traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so we have um traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so we have um traditional
+Counterpoint rules but we also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint rules but we also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint rules but we also have this
+notion that every note that appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that every note that appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that every note that appears in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+line must at some point find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line must at some point find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line must at some point find
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember every everybody quiet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember every everybody quiet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember every everybody quiet because
+they all know this so easily or because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all know this so easily or because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all know this so easily or because
+uh it's a little little foggy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a little little foggy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a little little foggy
+easy foggy okay good that's good good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy foggy okay good that's good good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy foggy okay good that's good good I
+I prefer silence when it's foggy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prefer silence when it's foggy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prefer silence when it's foggy because
+then I know uh what to do next so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know uh what to do next so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know uh what to do next so uh in
+order to get maximum musicality he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get maximum musicality he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get maximum musicality he
+talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+about what begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what begins
+with he wants what kind of lines smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with he wants what kind of lines smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with he wants what kind of lines smooth
+smooth lines so we want smooth lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth lines so we want smooth lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth lines so we want smooth lines so
+if at some point you have a d here a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at some point you have a d here a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at some point you have a d here a low
+D and we're going to get to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and we're going to get to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and we're going to get to see what
+kind what are the notes that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind what are the notes that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind what are the notes that we need to
+see after this oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just turned red okay what are the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned red okay what are the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned red okay what are the notes
+that we need to see after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to see after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to see after
+this what's a note we need to see after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's a note we need to see after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's a note we need to see after
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+d what's that e e good good so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d what's that e e good good so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d what's that e e good good so if we
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+e then what happens if we have another D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e then what happens if we have another D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e then what happens if we have another D
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+that what are we going to need after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what are we going to need after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what are we going to need after the
+D at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D at some
+point what go ahead another E another E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what go ahead another E another E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what go ahead another E another E
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so
+basically whenever you have a note you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whenever you have a note you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whenever you have a note you
+have to have after it every note between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have after it every note between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have after it every note between
+here not every uh every dionic note not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not every uh every dionic note not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not every uh every dionic note not
+right not every chronic note you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not every chronic note you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not every chronic note you're not
+going to need a d SHP at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need a d SHP at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need a d SHP at some point
+every dionic note between here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dionic note between here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dionic note between here and the
+final Cadence note that's why it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Cadence note that's why it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Cadence note that's why it was a
+little bit easier to work backwards now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to work backwards now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to work backwards now
+why is this rule um why was this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this rule um why was this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this rule um why was this rule
+important for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this
+class this one this one might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this one this one might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this one this one might be a
+silent because it's pretty easy cuz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent because it's pretty easy cuz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent because it's pretty easy cuz is
+almost everything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything in this
+class who can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what kind of thing can apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what kind of thing can apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what kind of thing can apply this
+rule computer okay so that you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule computer okay so that you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule computer okay so that you can have
+an Al it can all be done the ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Al it can all be done the ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Al it can all be done the ironic
+thing where're maximizing musicality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where're maximizing musicality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where're maximizing musicality
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+algorithms um great so that's about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um great so that's about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um great so that's about all
+I want on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want on that
+um and people who uh who chose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people who uh who chose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people who uh who chose that
+problem uh those tended to do pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh those tended to do pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh those tended to do pretty
+well now let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now let's get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+equality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and
+equivalence and almost everybody chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and almost everybody chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and almost everybody chose
+to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this
+one um what's the name associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um what's the name associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um what's the name associated with
+this without looking down Dimitri is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without looking down Dimitri is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without looking down Dimitri is the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+name TCO let's try to spell it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name TCO let's try to spell it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name TCO let's try to spell it together
+give me a t give me a y give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a t give me a y give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a t give me a y give me
+a m give me a o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m give me a o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m give me a o
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+z k k q q deat q he'd like that um no D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z k k q q deat q he'd like that um no D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z k k q q deat q he'd like that um no D
+much Co right uh so it's this one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Co right uh so it's this one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Co right uh so it's this one's a
+little bit hard and I would not uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard and I would not uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard and I would not uh you
+know whatever uh basically one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever uh basically one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever uh basically one of the
+things I try to do is um I put in optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I try to do is um I put in optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I try to do is um I put in optic
+and whatever you put and see if Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever you put and see if Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever you put and see if Google
+could find the author on the first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find the author on the first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find the author on the first um
+thing so that uh on the first page I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that uh on the first page I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that uh on the first page I and
+um just remember that if you put in Wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just remember that if you put in Wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just remember that if you put in Wolf
+Gang Mo mustard it finds Mozart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gang Mo mustard it finds Mozart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gang Mo mustard it finds Mozart so
+Google's pretty good at this but um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google's pretty good at this but um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google's pretty good at this but um okay
+so Demitri tko's uh optic almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Demitri tko's uh optic almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Demitri tko's uh optic almost
+everybody got uh o optic op uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got uh o optic op uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got uh o optic op uh
+octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+t i and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t i and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t i and C
+good I know this was like back my hand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I know this was like back my hand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I know this was like back my hand I
+just don't know how to spell the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know how to spell the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know how to spell the word
+optic um and then most people thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic um and then most people thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic um and then most people thank you
+for including my little contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for including my little contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for including my little contribution of
+spelling on the list um a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling on the list um a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling on the list um a lot of people
+great now so people did really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now so people did really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now so people did really really
+great on that here are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great on that here are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great on that here are some of the
+things that though were a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that though were a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that though were a little bit
+harder um I think I might have thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder um I think I might have thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder um I think I might have thrown
+some people for a loop and I didn't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people for a loop and I didn't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people for a loop and I didn't try
+to you know grade too hard on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know grade too hard on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know grade too hard on this
+because I realized oh I didn't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I realized oh I didn't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I realized oh I didn't do the
+greatest job on this in lecture so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest job on this in lecture so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest job on this in lecture so was
+the difference between equality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between equality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between equality and
+equivalence when we talk about sameness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence when we talk about sameness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence when we talk about sameness
+which one do you think we're most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you think we're most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you think we're most likely
+talking about votes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about votes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about votes for
+equality same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality same
+equivalents we have more un equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents we have more un equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents we have more un equivalence
+yeah I might not have done as well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I might not have done as well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I might not have done as well on
+this um I think of sameness as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I think of sameness as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I think of sameness as having
+more to do with equality in some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to do with equality in some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to do with equality in some some
+sense and equivalence meaning sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and equivalence meaning sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and equivalence meaning sort of
+can be grouped together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we could say it can be grouped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could say it can be grouped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could say it can be grouped
+together in some logical connection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in some logical connection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in some logical connection or
+can be grouped together connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be grouped together connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be grouped together connected with
+some in some logical way and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some logical way and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some logical way and uh the
+other thing that I think I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I think I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I think I probably
+Falls a little bit on me because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls a little bit on me because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls a little bit on me because uh
+didn't come out as clearly is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come out as clearly is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come out as clearly is that when
+we're talking about same some people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about same some people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about same some people and
+you got full credit if you did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got full credit if you did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got full credit if you did this
+talked about sort of the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sort of the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sort of the big picture
+this is same in every conceivable way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is same in every conceivable way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is same in every conceivable way so
+are this piece is the same as this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this piece is the same as this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this piece is the same as this other
+piece in every conceivable way um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in every conceivable way um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in every conceivable way um and
+you know that that's one way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's one way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's one way that we can
+think of sort of a grand scale equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sort of a grand scale equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sort of a grand scale equality
+the problem is um that you you all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is um that you you all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is um that you you all are
+really smart and you all know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart and you all know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart and you all know how to
+conceive of things that that can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive of things that that can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive of things that that can break
+that right you know you know I I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you know you know I I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you know you know I I hit
+play on this um on this recording and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play on this um on this recording and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play on this um on this recording and
+then I hit play on this recording again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I hit play on this recording again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I hit play on this recording again
+but one of them happened um 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of them happened um 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of them happened um 10 minutes
+later and one of them was played through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and one of them was played through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and one of them was played through
+on speakers that had uh had uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on speakers that had uh had uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on speakers that had uh had uh 10
+minutes more of um wear and tear on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes more of um wear and tear on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes more of um wear and tear on them
+or something so you know you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so you know you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so you know you can always
+conceive a way it's different so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive a way it's different so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive a way it's different so maybe
+that's not as good but but we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not as good but but we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not as good but but we might
+think of equality of aspects of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of equality of aspects of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of equality of aspects of of
+something equality of aspects of um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equality of aspects of um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equality of aspects of um you
+know that uh I'm trying to think you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh I'm trying to think you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh I'm trying to think you all
+are sitting down so I'm trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting down so I'm trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting down so I'm trying to think
+maybe maybe Jake is you know that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe Jake is you know that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe Jake is you know that we are
+not exactly the same but but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the same but but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the same but but I think
+we're approximately the same height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're approximately the same height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're approximately the same height
+maybe we're the same height let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're the same height let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're the same height let's say
+that we are so we are same in height or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are so we are same in height or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are so we are same in height or
+something like that so two notes could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so two notes could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so two notes could
+be same in frequency equal in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same in frequency equal in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same in frequency equal in frequency
+so that's we tend to use equality for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we tend to use equality for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we tend to use equality for
+some sort of attribute of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of attribute of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of attribute of something that
+is identical or the or you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical or the or you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical or the or you know not
+cannot be distinguished from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be distinguished from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be distinguished from each other
+whereas equivalents we tend to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas equivalents we tend to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas equivalents we tend to think
+of as things that we can group together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as things that we can group together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as things that we can group together
+none of us are the same in um in any you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us are the same in um in any you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us are the same in um in any you
+know in in any real deep great way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in any real deep great way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in any real deep great way but
+we all um could be lumped under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all um could be lumped under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all um could be lumped under the
+equivalence class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class of
+MIT 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT 21
+m383 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m383 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m383 students
+right and it kind of tells you also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it kind of tells you also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it kind of tells you also that
+equivalence classes might be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes might be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes might be um
+overlapping some of you might be also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping some of you might be also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping some of you might be also uh
+MIT you know 6 uh 042 students together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you know 6 uh 042 students together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you know 6 uh 042 students together
+or you could be in something else um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could be in something else um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could be in something else um so
+they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be
+overlapping then the the hardest part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping then the the hardest part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping then the the hardest part I
+think on this problem that snagged a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on this problem that snagged a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on this problem that snagged a
+bunch of people is um where um in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people is um where um in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people is um where um in what
+contexts uh equivalence classes might um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts uh equivalence classes might um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts uh equivalence classes might um
+you know might uh be used and why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know might uh be used and why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know might uh be used and why not
+but we might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as one chord arpeggiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as one chord arpeggiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as one chord arpeggiated
+and as an as the same chord or yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an as the same chord or yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an as the same chord or yeah I
+guess I just use same in an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I just use same in an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I just use same in an equivalent
+sense so may maybe maybe I'm less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so may maybe maybe I'm less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so may maybe maybe I'm less uh
+dogmatic that as an equivalent chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogmatic that as an equivalent chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogmatic that as an equivalent chord
+even though one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though one of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+was going up and the other one was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going up and the other one was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going up and the other one was going
+down so we might think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we might think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we might think that the
+permutation doesn't matter in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation doesn't matter in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation doesn't matter in that
+particular class when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class when we're talking
+about what chord did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what chord did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what chord did I
+apegate and then later we might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apegate and then later we might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apegate and then later we might say well
+you know direction is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know direction is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know direction is another
+equivalence class did it go up or did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class did it go up or did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class did it go up or did it
+go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down
+um and contexts for when you might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and contexts for when you might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and contexts for when you might use
+one and when you might not use one a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when you might not use one a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when you might not use one a lot
+of times the context that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the context that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times the context that where
+equivalence classes come in it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes come in it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes come in it's sort of
+a little kind of too obvious in a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little kind of too obvious in a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little kind of too obvious in a class
+called computational music theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computational music theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computational music theory and
+Analysis the equivalence classes tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis the equivalence classes tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis the equivalence classes tend
+not come in very as often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come in very as often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come in very as often in
+performance than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance than in
+analysis so um I think uh you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so um I think uh you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so um I think uh you know some
+uh more than one person wrote um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than one person wrote um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than one person wrote um you
+know well that you can think of a per a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well that you can think of a per a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well that you can think of a per a
+performance where um cardinality doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance where um cardinality doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance where um cardinality doesn't
+matter and yeah might have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and yeah might have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and yeah might have written
+something like um well if you play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like um well if you play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like um well if you play that
+measure three times because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure three times because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure three times because that's
+what's written I only play at once uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written I only play at once uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written I only play at once uh
+it's going to matter for our performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to matter for our performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to matter for our performance
+last way but we might not think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last way but we might not think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last way but we might not think of the
+cardinality as mattering if if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality as mattering if if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality as mattering if if we're
+trying to do a search on does this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a search on does this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a search on does this piece
+have any diminished Triads you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any diminished Triads you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any diminished Triads you know we
+don't really care how many major Triads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care how many major Triads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care how many major Triads
+and how many minor but in that case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many minor but in that case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many minor but in that case we
+might just be lumping everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be lumping everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be lumping everything in
+under the type of Triad equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the type of Triad equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the type of Triad equivalence
+class and not counting how many um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and not counting how many um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and not counting how many um the
+particular uh one but but we use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh one but but we use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh one but but we use these
+all the time in real life so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in real life so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in real life so uh the
+example that kind of popped into my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that kind of popped into my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that kind of popped into my head
+today is um you know if you um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is um you know if you um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is um you know if you um if you're
+going to uh Taylor Swift um you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh Taylor Swift um you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh Taylor Swift um you know if
+you if you're going to be analyzing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're going to be analyzing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're going to be analyzing a
+Taylor Swift song and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor Swift song and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor Swift song and you're going to
+look at the harmonic structure of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the harmonic structure of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the harmonic structure of it
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+matter presumably if if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter presumably if if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter presumably if if if you're
+listening to Taylor Swift's recording or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to Taylor Swift's recording or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to Taylor Swift's recording or
+if you're listening to a cover band one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're listening to a cover band one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're listening to a cover band one
+that's trying to be faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trying to be faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trying to be faithful
+for harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure not really right you hope a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure not really right you hope a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure not really right you hope a
+good cover band is trying to sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cover band is trying to sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cover band is trying to sound like
+that trying to use the same harmonies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trying to use the same harmonies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trying to use the same harmonies so
+we could come up with a cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could come up with a cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could come up with a cover
+band equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band equivalence
+class cover maybe we just call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class cover maybe we just call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class cover maybe we just call it the
+cover equivalence class which applies if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover equivalence class which applies if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover equivalence class which applies if
+you're doing harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing harmonic
+analysis does it matter whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis does it matter whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis does it matter whether you're
+seeing Taylor Swift or cover band if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing Taylor Swift or cover band if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing Taylor Swift or cover band if you
+just paid 9 $900 for front row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just paid 9 $900 for front row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just paid 9 $900 for front row
+tickets yeah it does so we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets yeah it does so we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets yeah it does so we can think of
+live performance as a place where cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live performance as a place where cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live performance as a place where cover
+equivalence doesn't exist now we mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence doesn't exist now we mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence doesn't exist now we mostly
+talked about Pitch equivalence so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Pitch equivalence so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Pitch equivalence so that's
+um a big thing there um that so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big thing there um that so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a big thing there um that so that we
+might be thinking too much about pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be thinking too much about pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be thinking too much about pitch
+and not enough about duration equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not enough about duration equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not enough about duration equivalent
+not enough about bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough about bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough about bigger
+things the other uh thing just to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the other uh thing just to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the other uh thing just to talk
+about is that often when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that often when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that often when we're talking
+about these pitch equivalences like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these pitch equivalences like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these pitch equivalences like
+octave or cardinality or things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave or cardinality or things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave or cardinality or things we're
+not really thinking about the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really thinking about the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really thinking about the um the
+sort of I don't know the the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I don't know the the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I don't know the the scale of
+the piece right we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece right we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece right we're not really
+thinking does this piece have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking does this piece have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking does this piece have the same
+number of notes as this piece if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of notes as this piece if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of notes as this piece if we
+apply cardinality equivalents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply cardinality equivalents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply cardinality equivalents or
+something right but we might be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right but we might be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right but we might be thinking
+about does this chord have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about does this chord have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about does this chord have the same
+number of unique pitch classes if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unique pitch classes if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unique pitch classes if we're
+applying octave permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying octave permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying octave permutation
+transposition and card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition and card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition and card
+ity so that level um comes up quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ity so that level um comes up quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ity so that level um comes up quite a
+bit I think there's one place where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think there's one place where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think there's one place where we
+have um where we do tend to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um where we do tend to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um where we do tend to think of
+equivalence classes on a peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes on a peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence classes on a peace
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+sometimes that's when you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's when you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's when you have you know
+uh I don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know uh
+Beethoven's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven's
+uh third Symphony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third Symphony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third Symphony
+in no e flat major sorry of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no e flat major sorry of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no e flat major sorry of course this
+is this isn't a music history class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this isn't a music history class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this isn't a music history class on
+on the history of ban but that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the history of ban but that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the history of ban but that we do
+tend to group pieces in classical music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to group pieces in classical music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to group pieces in classical music
+by key um the other place where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by key um the other place where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by key um the other place where that
+immediately comes ahead where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately comes ahead where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately comes ahead where there
+might be equivalence classes of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be equivalence classes of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be equivalence classes of um of
+pieces is a DJ might have a beats per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces is a DJ might have a beats per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces is a DJ might have a beats per
+minute equivalence class where you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute equivalence class where you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute equivalence class where you want
+to group together all songs with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group together all songs with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group together all songs with the
+same BPM so you can switch between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same BPM so you can switch between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same BPM so you can switch between them
+so uh think on that um any any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh think on that um any any thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh think on that um any any thoughts
+or questions on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or questions on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or questions on on this
+um and thank you to the person who gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and thank you to the person who gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and thank you to the person who gave
+me the opportunity to explore the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the opportunity to explore the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the opportunity to explore the um
+permutation equivalence class on Happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Birthday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birthday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birthday um
+okay last last one talk about the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last last one talk about the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last last one talk about the three
+contexts um this one uh I uh was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts um this one uh I uh was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts um this one uh I uh was a
+little bit harder some people uh got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder some people uh got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder some people uh got uh
+it was by Elanor suffrage field and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was by Elanor suffrage field and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was by Elanor suffrage field and some
+people um thought it was the decently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um thought it was the decently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um thought it was the decently
+similar about the same time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar about the same time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar about the same time in the
+semester article by Nicholas cook and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester article by Nicholas cook and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester article by Nicholas cook and if
+you wrot wrote that you know you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrot wrote that you know you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrot wrote that you know you were
+getting some credit because you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some credit because you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some credit because you were
+really in the in the right ballpark um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the in the right ballpark um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the in the right ballpark um
+so she talks about the three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she talks about the three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she talks about the three main
+contexts he talks about are you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts he talks about are you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts he talks about are you can read
+them off we're better say them out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off we're better say them out first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off we're better say them out first
+one symbolic the symbolic is one is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbolic the symbolic is one is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbolic the symbolic is one is well
+we'll get it is there but not one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get it is there but not one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get it is there but not one one of
+her terms we can that ends up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her terms we can that ends up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her terms we can that ends up being the
+problematic one but yeah we'll keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic one but yeah we'll keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic one but yeah we'll keep that
+one else what's that graphical graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else what's that graphical graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else what's that graphical graphical
+yep graphical and what's the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep graphical and what's the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep graphical and what's the opposite
+what's what do we contrast graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what do we contrast graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what do we contrast graphical
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+with sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sound
+good and then the logical is what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then the logical is what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then the logical is what she
+has and and so symbolic will be in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and and so symbolic will be in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and and so symbolic will be in there
+things um one of the the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um one of the the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um one of the the things that
+came up a lot in the quiz was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up a lot in the quiz was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up a lot in the quiz was that
+people were immediately uh going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were immediately uh going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were immediately uh going to a
+higher level than what she was intending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level than what she was intending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level than what she was intending
+so when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we think about
+graphical this is sort of a graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical this is sort of a graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical this is sort of a graphical
+context for representing music right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for representing music right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for representing music right but
+in her mind what is the graphical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her mind what is the graphical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her mind what is the graphical thing
+I just created here anyone want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just created here anyone want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just created here anyone want to take
+a guess don't go too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess don't go too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess don't go too
+high Circle in a line Circle in a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Circle in a line Circle in a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Circle in a line Circle in a line
+is going to say okay great a circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to say okay great a circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to say okay great a circle and
+a line so by the time you move that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line so by the time you move that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line so by the time you move that to
+um Professor you drew a quarter note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor you drew a quarter note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor you drew a quarter note
+with a stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stem
+down stem down on the third space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stem down on the third space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stem down on the third space and
+you know with this context you draw c um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with this context you draw c um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with this context you draw c um
+you've already been moving to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already been moving to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already been moving to The
+Logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logical
+domain similarly when you hear a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain similarly when you hear a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain similarly when you hear a sound
+so I I can only represent sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I can only represent sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I can only represent sound right
+now well I can do I can do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well I can do I can do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well I can do I can do it in the
+sound domain but you know in the graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound domain but you know in the graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound domain but you know in the graphic
+domain of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of sound
+um you don't necessarily yet hear oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't necessarily yet hear oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't necessarily yet hear oh I
+hear a c maybe you can say or I hear an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a c maybe you can say or I hear an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a c maybe you can say or I hear an
+a maybe you can say uh if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maybe you can say uh if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maybe you can say uh if you're an
+oscillator in your head you can say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in your head you can say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in your head you can say I
+hear something oscillating at 440 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear something oscillating at 440 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear something oscillating at 440 times
+per second but then to move that to an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second but then to move that to an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second but then to move that to an a
+for octave 4 is motion to The Logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for octave 4 is motion to The Logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for octave 4 is motion to The Logical
+domain so this I don't think I was clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so this I don't think I was clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so this I don't think I was clear
+enough on maybe maybe eler selfish field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on maybe maybe eler selfish field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on maybe maybe eler selfish field
+wasn't enough or we we just need to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't enough or we we just need to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't enough or we we just need to read
+it a little bit more closely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more closely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more closely and
+similarly um even things like instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly um even things like instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly um even things like instrument
+I hear an instrument you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear an instrument you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear an instrument you're already
+moving to The Logical domain you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to The Logical domain you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to The Logical domain you might
+uh if you're if you're a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're if you're a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're if you're a signal
+processor be saying oh I'm hearing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor be saying oh I'm hearing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor be saying oh I'm hearing a
+waveform where only the odd partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform where only the odd partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform where only the odd partial
+harmonics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are
+present and then your memory bank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and then your memory bank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and then your memory bank is
+saying oh I'm hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh I'm hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh I'm hearing
+clarinet so those are the odd partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinet so those are the odd partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinet so those are the odd partials
+right I don't teach that class yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't teach that class yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't teach that class yeah I
+think that's right um okay so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right um okay so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right um okay so because
+elements of The Logical domain we were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of The Logical domain we were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of The Logical domain we were a
+lot of our answers were transferring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our answers were transferring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our answers were transferring to
+the sound or the graphical domain The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound or the graphical domain The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound or the graphical domain The
+Logical domain got uh care sort of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logical domain got uh care sort of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logical domain got uh care sort of um uh
+sort of kingled up with the next higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kingled up with the next higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kingled up with the next higher
+domain here the next more abstract thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain here the next more abstract thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain here the next more abstract thing
+which in this case I'm going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case I'm going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case I'm going to call it
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+domain um we can call it the hair I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain um we can call it the hair I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain um we can call it the hair I'm
+going to actually try to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually try to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually try to write this
+without looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at
+mudic domain which is sort of the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mudic domain which is sort of the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mudic domain which is sort of the study
+of the construction of meaning or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the construction of meaning or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the construction of meaning or the
+conceptualization of meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization of meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization of meaning it's
+actually a pretty cool word if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty cool word if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty cool word if you don't
+know it but I don't like it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it but I don't like it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it but I don't like it too much
+because my whole life I've had I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my whole life I've had I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my whole life I've had I know
+blow hards if I can say that word who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow hards if I can say that word who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow hards if I can say that word who
+who uh who just miss who use hermeneutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who just miss who use hermeneutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who just miss who use hermeneutic
+and throw it around everywhere oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw it around everywhere oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw it around everywhere oh I'm
+having a hermeneutic construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a hermeneutic construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a hermeneutic construction of
+meaning it's like well no that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's like well no that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's like well no that's just
+what that means um if you learn up learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means um if you learn up learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means um if you learn up learn
+your hermeneutics of hermeneutics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hermeneutics of hermeneutics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hermeneutics of hermeneutics so
+I'll often just call it the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll often just call it the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll often just call it the meaning
+domain and so you might be um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and so you might be um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and so you might be um you know
+that your logical sound domain you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your logical sound domain you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your logical sound domain you've
+heard and your graphical domain you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard and your graphical domain you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard and your graphical domain you saw
+a whole bunch of things on page and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of things on page and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of things on page and your
+logical domain said o uh there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical domain said o uh there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical domain said o uh there's a whole
+bunch of randomly spaced staccato a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of randomly spaced staccato a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of randomly spaced staccato a or
+even randomly spaced might be too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even randomly spaced might be too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even randomly spaced might be too too
+far down um so at this level you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far down um so at this level you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far down um so at this level you might
+say oh the title of the piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh the title of the piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh the title of the piece is
+fireflies and this is a depiction of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireflies and this is a depiction of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireflies and this is a depiction of how
+the fireflies are coming and out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fireflies are coming and out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fireflies are coming and out so
+there is a next level of domain to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a next level of domain to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a next level of domain to have
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um difficulty is that um there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficulty is that um there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficulty is that um there's this
+word semantic that came up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word semantic that came up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word semantic that came up a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+semantic sorry I'm writing over it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic sorry I'm writing over it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic sorry I'm writing over it but
+I'm writing there for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing there for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing there for a particular
+reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that Elanor suffrage field kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that Elanor suffrage field kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that Elanor suffrage field kind of
+uses to imply this level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to imply this level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to imply this level of
+understanding that that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that that's sort of the
+greater meaning of things so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater meaning of things so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater meaning of things so it's a
+fourth uh context there but over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth uh context there but over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth uh context there but over time
+it's kind of been migrated up in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of been migrated up in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of been migrated up in music
+um information retrieval to be closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information retrieval to be closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information retrieval to be closer to
+the logical domain so people will s say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logical domain so people will s say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logical domain so people will s say
+you know oh I don't want to you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oh I don't want to you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oh I don't want to you know I I
+I I don't want to know exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want to know exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want to know exactly how
+you're going to draw it on the page I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw it on the page I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw it on the page I
+want to know it's semantically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know it's semantically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know it's semantically uh
+quarter note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter note
+C5 or something and so this term I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 or something and so this term I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 or something and so this term I'm
+going to try to avoid too much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to avoid too much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to avoid too much because
+it's being used in sort of two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being used in sort of two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being used in sort of two very
+different um contexts here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um contexts here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um contexts here okay
+questions on this or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion okay I know we want to uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion okay I know we want to uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion okay I know we want to uh get
+to some coding and get to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some coding and get to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some coding and get to some other
+things but thanks for um thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but thanks for um thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but thanks for um thanks for
+sticking with all of this oh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with all of this oh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with all of this oh and and
+there was one thing that came up uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one thing that came up uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one thing that came up uh and
+a really good answer that made me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good answer that made me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good answer that made me uh
+realize that I I definitely didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that I I definitely didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that I I definitely didn't say
+this in class that um she says most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in class that um she says most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in class that um she says most
+notation formats focus on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation formats focus on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation formats focus on one of these
+or represent music representations focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or represent music representations focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or represent music representations focus
+on one of these things so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these things so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of these things so yeah
+definitely the CD um you know focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the CD um you know focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the CD um you know focused on
+sound and the um you know the this PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and the um you know the this PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and the um you know the this PDF
+of Music focuses on graphics and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Music focuses on graphics and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Music focuses on graphics and things
+like that but um the the one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but um the the one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but um the the one way that
+that article has aged is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that article has aged is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that article has aged is that now
+nowadays we have so many formats that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays we have so many formats that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays we have so many formats that
+try to do encode two or more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do encode two or more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do encode two or more of these
+things together so that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together so that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together so that you might have
+music XML which is encoding some pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML which is encoding some pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML which is encoding some pixel
+placements of notes also and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placements of notes also and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placements of notes also and also
+encoding um you can do links to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding um you can do links to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding um you can do links to the to
+the waveform of something and even um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform of something and even um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform of something and even um
+going from CD to MP3 and modern formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from CD to MP3 and modern formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from CD to MP3 and modern formats
+yes it encodes the sound but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it encodes the sound but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it encodes the sound but it also
+encodes some of the metadata the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes some of the metadata the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes some of the metadata the year
+composed and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed and things like that and
+nowadays they can even be um putting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays they can even be um putting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays they can even be um putting you
+know recommendations to other songs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know recommendations to other songs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know recommendations to other songs or
+something like that cool okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that cool okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that cool okay let's
+let's let's come back because with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's come back because with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's come back because with um
+want to want to make some things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to want to make some things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to want to make some things we've
+been been in theory mode for too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been been in theory mode for too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been been in theory mode for too long
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+we last class we ended by doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we last class we ended by doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we last class we ended by doing some
+algorithm composition with random walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm composition with random walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm composition with random walks
+and so I just um here's a random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just um here's a random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just um here's a random walk
+composition that I wrote in 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition that I wrote in 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition that I wrote in 10 minutes
+once and I always want to say one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and I always want to say one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and I always want to say one or two
+things on it maybe you hate it maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on it maybe you hate it maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on it maybe you hate it maybe you
+like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so one of the things I did in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things I did in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things I did in my
+aesthetic on the piece just to say a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic on the piece just to say a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic on the piece just to say a a
+few little things on it is that I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few little things on it is that I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few little things on it is that I gave
+um a large amount of gravity toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a large amount of gravity toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a large amount of gravity toward
+whatever note which to kind of transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever note which to kind of transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever note which to kind of transpose
+to make it more dissonant whatever note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it more dissonant whatever note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it more dissonant whatever note
+something started on when it went away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something started on when it went away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something started on when it went away
+it was really really likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really really likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really really likely to get
+pulled back to where it came from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back to where it came from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back to where it came from so
+that's why you'll see just a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you'll see just a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you'll see just a few things
+that kind of get perturbed out of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of get perturbed out of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of get perturbed out of way
+and then as the piece goes on in within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the piece goes on in within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the piece goes on in within
+each section the gravity got weaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each section the gravity got weaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each section the gravity got weaker and
+weaker and so that kind of let it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker and so that kind of let it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker and so that kind of let it have
+um I don't know kind of the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know kind of the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know kind of the opposite of
+a linian global rule that things got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linian global rule that things got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linian global rule that things got um
+a little bit farther out as it went the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit farther out as it went the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit farther out as it went the
+other thing that um I couldn't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that um I couldn't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that um I couldn't believe
+when I when I first I was like oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I first I was like oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I first I was like oh I
+think this will be a good idea write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will be a good idea write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will be a good idea write the
+code write the code generate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code write the code generate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code write the code generate you know
+put and it sounded just a mess tot maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and it sounded just a mess tot maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and it sounded just a mess tot maybe
+it still sound like a mess to you but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still sound like a mess to you but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still sound like a mess to you but um
+but putting in these art uh staccato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but putting in these art uh staccato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but putting in these art uh staccato
+marks made all the difference for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks made all the difference for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks made all the difference for making
+it more of a percussion percussive piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more of a percussion percussive piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more of a percussion percussive piece
+so you can um do things like that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can um do things like that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can um do things like that if you
+want your pieces to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your pieces to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your pieces to be a little bit more
+uh interesting yeah is there some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting yeah is there some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting yeah is there some form
+of articulation label that you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articulation label that you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articulation label that you could use
+to avoid having to seado every note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid having to seado every note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid having to seado every note
+um you could yeah in in modern thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could yeah in in modern thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could yeah in in modern thing you
+would say um you dot dot dot then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say um you dot dot dot then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say um you dot dot dot then you
+probably say stat Sim staccato similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say stat Sim staccato similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say stat Sim staccato similarly
+staccato throughout or probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staccato throughout or probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staccato throughout or probably you
+would just tell a performer you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just tell a performer you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just tell a performer you know if
+you're talking about actual humans all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about actual humans all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about actual humans all
+notes smaller than whole notes are stua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes smaller than whole notes are stua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes smaller than whole notes are stua
+tiimo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiimo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiimo or
+something is is it possible to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is is it possible to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is is it possible to implement
+that in this graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this graphical
+software uh or does the med play not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software uh or does the med play not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software uh or does the med play not
+recognize it doesn't recognize when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it doesn't recognize when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it doesn't recognize when you
+when you start talking to the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start talking to the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start talking to the thing
+you'll ever more expressive as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever more expressive as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever more expressive as it goes
+yeah the midi just ignores that um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the midi just ignores that um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the midi just ignores that um for
+the most part I mean maybe that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part I mean maybe that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part I mean maybe that's the
+Great learn uh large language model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great learn uh large language model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great learn uh large language model uh
+thing to the the first the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the the first the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the the first the first thing
+that takes a mer score it's midi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a mer score it's midi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a mer score it's midi and
+give it all of the his rehearsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marks all that stuff it's like oh I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks all that stuff it's like oh I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks all that stuff it's like oh I must
+I must turn myself into fire and perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must turn myself into fire and perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must turn myself into fire and perform
+this uh in this way and yeah maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in this way and yeah maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in this way and yeah maybe that
+would be kind of interesting uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of interesting uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of interesting uh I
+thought of that thanks for the idea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of that thanks for the idea um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of that thanks for the idea um
+yeah so so we don't have that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so we don't have that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so we don't have that type of
+thing besides when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing besides when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing besides when you're doing
+computation things one one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation things one one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation things one one of the things
+is it's pretty cheap to you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's pretty cheap to you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's pretty cheap to you know in a
+loop put staccato on every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop put staccato on every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop put staccato on every single
+thing yeah great so anyhow want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah great so anyhow want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah great so anyhow want to spend
+time of that just a little um amuse Bo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of that just a little um amuse Bo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of that just a little um amuse Bo
+before getting to go ahead and open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting to go ahead and open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting to go ahead and open up
+Jupiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter
+um give you a second or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we got we're sort of uh have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got we're sort of uh have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got we're sort of uh have a bunch
+of little things that we haven't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little things that we haven't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little things that we haven't uh
+gotten to yet that I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to yet that I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to yet that I want to make sure
+that um that we can get to um reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that we can get to um reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that we can get to um reminder
+that the problem set is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem set is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem set is sort of a
+Russian nesting doll of unlocking tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian nesting doll of unlocking tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian nesting doll of unlocking tools
+so that please pay very close attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that please pay very close attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that please pay very close attention
+on each of the questions on what tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of the questions on what tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of the questions on what tools
+have been unlocked but um if I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been unlocked but um if I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been unlocked but um if I'm telling
+you well you now have access to cord now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well you now have access to cord now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well you now have access to cord now
+you have access to Roman numeral I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to Roman numeral I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to Roman numeral I
+should at least introduce these to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least introduce these to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least introduce these to you
+right I can't remember if I introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can't remember if I introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can't remember if I introduce
+chord very briefly um or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord very briefly um or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord very briefly um or if
+um or if if we didn't I maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if if we didn't I maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if if we didn't I maybe I don't
+think we did um probably need some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did um probably need some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did um probably need some other
+things uh I'm going to import chord note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh I'm going to import chord note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh I'm going to import chord note
+pitch for now so go ahead and do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch for now so go ahead and do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch for now so go ahead and do that I
+put the screen down even it's all good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the screen down even it's all good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the screen down even it's all good
+um okay so what the the hardest way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what the the hardest way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what the the hardest way that
+you can create a chord is let's say C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a chord is let's say C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a chord is let's say C
+equals note. note C I'm giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals note. note C I'm giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals note. note C I'm giving you the
+hardest way so maybe you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest way so maybe you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest way so maybe you don't want to
+do this because I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because I'm going to give you
+the easier way in a bit or if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easier way in a bit or if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easier way in a bit or if you just
+get behind um note G oh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get behind um note G oh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get behind um note G oh I should
+probably give them octaves shouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give them octaves shouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give them octaves shouldn't I
+C4 E4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 E4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 E4
+G4 and then we'll say CH for chord cha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G4 and then we'll say CH for chord cha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G4 and then we'll say CH for chord cha
+um remember that chord is a bad name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember that chord is a bad name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember that chord is a bad name for
+variable chord. pitch chord. chord uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable chord. pitch chord. chord uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable chord. pitch chord. chord uh
+lowercase chord indicates it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase chord indicates it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase chord indicates it is
+a module uppercase means class good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a module uppercase means class good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a module uppercase means class good and
+so we're getting object to that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting object to that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting object to that so we
+could do c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do c
+oops apparently there's a button for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops apparently there's a button for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops apparently there's a button for
+Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+search uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ceg and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceg and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceg and do
+that um the other thing that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the other thing that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the other thing that you can do
+and you can actually thank Dimitri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually thank Dimitri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually thank Dimitri
+tachko for for bugging me on Mike why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tachko for for bugging me on Mike why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tachko for for bugging me on Mike why
+can't I just do this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I just do this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I just do this okay
+so that's more often how you're how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's more often how you're how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's more often how you're how
+you're going to doing things when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to doing things when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to doing things when you're
+coding here but obviously um when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding here but obviously um when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding here but obviously um when you're
+doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something
+algorithmically quite often you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmically quite often you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmically quite often you're going
+to have notes you can also start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have notes you can also start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have notes you can also start with
+pitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches
+here um some of the things to say chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um some of the things to say chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um some of the things to say chords
+uh you can iterate over them for thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can iterate over them for thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can iterate over them for thing
+in ch print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ch print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ch print
+thing and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you get the
+notes and that each of the notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and that each of the notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and that each of the notes are
+there you can change um the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can change um the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can change um the duration of
+one note in a chord and not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note in a chord and not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note in a chord and not the other
+but uh that doesn't work to to too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that doesn't work to to too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that doesn't work to to too well
+you're um let's create a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um let's create a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um let's create a second
+chord weird equals chord. cord oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord weird equals chord. cord oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord weird equals chord. cord oh I
+don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh
+E3 G5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 G5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 G5
+five uh what are we going to do let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh what are we going to do let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh what are we going to do let's
+put in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+D7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D7
+C 8 it's a pry weird chord I know I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 8 it's a pry weird chord I know I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 8 it's a pry weird chord I know I'll
+put in a B9 in there just because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a B9 in there just because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a B9 in there just because I know
+exactly what that will put in uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what that will put in uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what that will put in uh this is
+the the function that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function that you're going to
+wish you had access to on one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish you had access to on one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish you had access to on one of them
+the root function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we I'll kind of get that uh this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll kind of get that uh this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll kind of get that uh this one
+might not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have a
+name common name diminish minor ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name common name diminish minor ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name common name diminish minor ninth
+chord is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord is that
+correct we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doow that one went too high okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doow that one went too high okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doow that one went too high okay let's
+let's oh because it's an E3 no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's oh because it's an E3 no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's oh because it's an E3 no that
+actually might be correct because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might be correct because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might be correct because it has
+to fit it all on one staff when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit it all on one staff when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit it all on one staff when you do
+this maybe instead of e3 um let's say e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe instead of e3 um let's say e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe instead of e3 um let's say e
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+five six H octaves don't matter five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six H octaves don't matter five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six H octaves don't matter five
+five six six it'll sort it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us yeah that looks a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah that looks a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah that looks a little bit better
+uh easier though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easier though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easier though
+is uh close and weird guess I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh close and weird guess I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh close and weird guess I'll call it
+equals weird do closed position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay
+and so who remembers what closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so who remembers what closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so who remembers what closed
+position is from 301 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah it's yeah it's all within within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's yeah it's all within within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's yeah it's all within within
+one octave um there's actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one octave um there's actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one octave um there's actually two
+different um things some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um things some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um things some some
+definitions allow the base note to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions allow the base note to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions allow the base note to be in
+a different octave and um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different octave and um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different octave and um and then the
+but that the top notes are all as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the top notes are all as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the top notes are all as close
+together as you can get yeah and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as you can get yeah and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as you can get yeah and that
+that can be pretty useful for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be pretty useful for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be pretty useful for an
+analysis type of task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis type of task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis type of task
+right so we can oh let's we'll choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can oh let's we'll choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can oh let's we'll choose a
+different um Bo piece today I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um Bo piece today I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um Bo piece today I'm I'm
+sorry I'm not keeping up my promise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm not keeping up my promise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm not keeping up my promise to
+do uh a bit more than just Bach but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh a bit more than just Bach but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh a bit more than just Bach but it
+make does make things go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make does make things go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make does make things go a little bit
+faster this will say Bach equals Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this will say Bach equals Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this will say Bach equals Corpus
+so I'm importing Corpus sorry um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm importing Corpus sorry um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm importing Corpus sorry um I
+should be talking around Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be talking around Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be talking around Corpus
+bwv 269 this is going to be one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bwv 269 this is going to be one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bwv 269 this is going to be one of our
+favorite ones uh coming up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ones uh coming up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite ones uh coming up for a
+bit I think it's 269 do I have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think it's 269 do I have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think it's 269 do I have the right
+template out yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right
+um and um so one of the things we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um so one of the things we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um so one of the things we can do
+is we can get so what I call it Bach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can get so what I call it Bach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can get so what I call it Bach
+let's do bach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do bach.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do bach.
+cify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cify
+doow thank you we've encountered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doow thank you we've encountered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doow thank you we've encountered this
+but we haven't really talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't really talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't really talked about it
+very much and I'm going to need to zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much and I'm going to need to zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much and I'm going to need to zoom
+out for a second or you can do this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a second or you can do this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a second or you can do this on
+your own or maybe I'll I'll just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own or maybe I'll I'll just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own or maybe I'll I'll just do this
+bach. measures so we remember this BRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bach. measures so we remember this BRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bach. measures so we remember this BRS
+with a pickup yep 0 through four. show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pickup yep 0 through four. show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pickup yep 0 through four. show
+cify is slow enough so you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cify is slow enough so you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cify is slow enough so you probably
+shouldn't call it every single time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't call it every single time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't call it every single time
+bo. in fact might as well make the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo. in fact might as well make the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo. in fact might as well make the one
+the part that's faster uh go first bl.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that's faster uh go first bl.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that's faster uh go first bl.
+measure 04. cify doow you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure 04. cify doow you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure 04. cify doow you don't have to
+am I going too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going too fast
+today yes I am good thank you for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes I am good thank you for having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes I am good thank you for having
+the courage to nod we do it so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courage to nod we do it so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courage to nod we do it so we're
+going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing
+and I just want to make sure that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to make sure that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to make sure that we can
+kind of get I can't really tell tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get I can't really tell tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get I can't really tell tell if
+that's a g but it does look about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a g but it does look about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a g but it does look about but
+that does look about an octave below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does look about an octave below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does look about an octave below
+that note and I do know that that's a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that note and I do know that that's a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that note and I do know that that's a g
+and so yep so it's taking at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yep so it's taking at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yep so it's taking at every
+moment what's sometimes called a salami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what's sometimes called a salami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what's sometimes called a salami
+slice which is to say every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice which is to say every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice which is to say every time
+something changes there is a new chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something changes there is a new chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something changes there is a new chord
+created so we can see here that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created so we can see here that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created so we can see here that there's
+nothing that changes here in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that changes here in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that changes here in between
+here and here so this is a chord this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here so this is a chord this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here so this is a chord this is
+a chord but here this will need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chord but here this will need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chord but here this will need to be
+made into two chords in order to um deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into two chords in order to um deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into two chords in order to um deal
+with it and we can kind of see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and we can kind of see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and we can kind of see here that
+this works um it's rather hard to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works um it's rather hard to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works um it's rather hard to figure
+out what chords these things are so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what chords these things are so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what chords these things are so what
+did we just learn yeah what's MXL um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we just learn yeah what's MXL um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we just learn yeah what's MXL um
+it's it's a music XML format that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a music XML format that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a music XML format that um
+that is compressed music XML it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is compressed music XML it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is compressed music XML it's kind
+of nice that music XML all compressed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice that music XML all compressed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice that music XML all compressed so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+music XML takes up a a lot for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML takes up a a lot for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML takes up a a lot for um
+notation format not a lot for video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation format not a lot for video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation format not a lot for video
+format or something um not a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format or something um not a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format or something um not a lot for
+something in the sound domain but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the sound domain but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the sound domain but a lot
+for something in The Logical domain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something in The Logical domain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something in The Logical domain um
+things so but it compresses incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so but it compresses incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so but it compresses incredibly
+well anybody who um who works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anybody who um who works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anybody who um who works on
+compression algorithms might find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression algorithms might find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression algorithms might find that
+interesting so a lot of people compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so a lot of people compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so a lot of people compress
+their music XML good question okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their music XML good question okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their music XML good question okay so
+what's something we can we just learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something we can we just learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something we can we just learned
+that we can do to um to help make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do to um to help make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do to um to help make this a
+little bit easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to
+read to figure out what chords are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read to figure out what chords are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read to figure out what chords are
+happening get after to compress yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening get after to compress yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening get after to compress yeah yep
+somebody want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want
+to what was use to compress the chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what was use to compress the chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what was use to compress the chords
+just learn close position good so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn close position good so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn close position good so let's
+say uh CHF for cified is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh CHF for cified is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh CHF for cified is
+Bach dot here we'll just make we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bach dot here we'll just make we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bach dot here we'll just make we'll just
+do a little ex 0 through four. cify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and make sure that that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that that's the same as
+before I did type it right yep okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I did type it right yep okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I did type it right yep okay so
+how am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to do
+this actually let's let's before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually let's let's before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually let's let's before I do
+that let's just look at it in um text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's just look at it in um text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's just look at it in um text
+show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show.
+text an instrument 3 four yep and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text an instrument 3 four yep and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text an instrument 3 four yep and we
+have all these chords within measure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these chords within measure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these chords within measure so
+we want to put all of these chords into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to put all of these chords into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to put all of these chords into
+Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos
+position what's our favorite three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position what's our favorite three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position what's our favorite three
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+word that we're going to start with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that we're going to start with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that we're going to start with four
+four great so let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four great so let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four great so let's do this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for my chord in what what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my chord in what what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my chord in what what do we call
+that we call that CHF for CHF do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call that CHF for CHF do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call that CHF for CHF do
+something whisper to your neighbor what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whisper to your neighbor what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whisper to your neighbor what
+the answer should be and then we'll shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer should be and then we'll shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer should be and then we'll shut
+it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who votes for the next who votes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who votes for the next who votes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who votes for the next who votes for the
+next thing being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Colin no nobody who votes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin no nobody who votes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colin no nobody who votes for
+recurse who votes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flatten who gos for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten who gos for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten who gos for something
+else okay something else but bracket the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay something else but bracket the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay something else but bracket the
+cord class ah yeah bracket on the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord class ah yeah bracket on the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord class ah yeah bracket on the cord
+class which is equivalent to anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is equivalent to anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is equivalent to anyone
+remember recurse recurse and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember recurse recurse and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember recurse recurse and get
+Elements by class so yeah that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by class so yeah that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by class so yeah that would be
+really really great the other thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really great the other thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really great the other thing by
+the way this is a case where flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is a case where flatten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is a case where flatten
+isn't going to be too bad either because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be too bad either because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be too bad either because
+we don't really care what order we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care what order we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care what order we're
+getting them we're going to put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them we're going to put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them we're going to put them all
+into closed position um so for my chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into closed position um so for my chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into closed position um so for my chord
+in this thing we can do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing we can do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing we can do something like
+this um we say Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um we say Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um we say Clos
+position oh shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position oh shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position oh shoot
+but that returns a new thing and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that returns a new thing and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that returns a new thing and we
+don't have a stream to put it in um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a stream to put it in um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a stream to put it in um a
+lot of these things that that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things that that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things that that change
+streams and change chords and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and change chords and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and change chords and stuff like
+that has an in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an in place
+option it also has something Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it also has something Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it also has something Force
+octave and we'll say Force octave equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave and we'll say Force octave equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave and we'll say Force octave equals
+four and that's something that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and that's something that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and that's something that's pretty
+useful that says now you're shrinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful that says now you're shrinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful that says now you're shrinking
+everything to be within one octave let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to be within one octave let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to be within one octave let's
+not have you do your own transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have you do your own transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have you do your own transpose
+function or something after there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or something after there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or something after there just
+put it all into four so hopefully this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all into four so hopefully this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all into four so hopefully this
+works I don't should that be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I don't should that be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I don't should that be running
+close position on my cour not oh thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close position on my cour not oh thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close position on my cour not oh thank
+you thank you the this class is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you the this class is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you the this class is like a
+like a running um example of how two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a running um example of how two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a running um example of how two
+people coding code uh faster than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coding code uh faster than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coding code uh faster than two
+two people coding together code more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people coding together code more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people coding together code more
+code faster than uh than two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code faster than uh than two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code faster than uh than two people
+coding separately maybe not 17 well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding separately maybe not 17 well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding separately maybe not 17 well it's
+probably too many but yeah um so they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too many but yeah um so they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too many but yeah um so they I
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+figure out the time to fix this the tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the time to fix this the tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the time to fix this the tie
+algorithm when you do close position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm when you do close position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm when you do close position
+because obviously it's kind of cool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously it's kind of cool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously it's kind of cool that
+it finds that oh there's there's a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds that oh there's there's a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds that oh there's there's a tie
+that was opened but then this got moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was opened but then this got moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was opened but then this got moved
+to here something so great so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here something so great so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here something so great so now we
+have a certain number of chords here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain number of chords here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain number of chords here um
+that're Happening Here uh what key do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that're Happening Here uh what key do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that're Happening Here uh what key do we
+think the piece is in now that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the piece is in now that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the piece is in now that we can
+see it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it more
+easily g g g major good good and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily g g g major good good and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily g g g major good good and so now
+we can start putting Roman numerals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start putting Roman numerals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start putting Roman numerals on
+things what we call this in G major the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what we call this in G major the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what we call this in G major the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one four four four six four in first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one four four four six four in first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one four four four six four in first
+inversion six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion six six
+yep six five first inversion five first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep six five first inversion five first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep six five first inversion five first
+inversion now then there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion now then there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion now then there's certain
+things that we have to be like o but was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we have to be like o but was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we have to be like o but was
+that we go all the way back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we go all the way back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we go all the way back up to
+here no okay good that it what's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no okay good that it what's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no okay good that it what's hard to
+tell is if that was a passing tone or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell is if that was a passing tone or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell is if that was a passing tone or if
+that was which one of these two was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was which one of these two was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was which one of these two was the
+passing tone in that case can you see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing tone in that case can you see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing tone in that case can you see my
+pointer yeah which one of those two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer yeah which one of those two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer yeah which one of those two is
+the passing tone there great so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passing tone there great so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passing tone there great so we can
+go um there and we can do this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um there and we can do this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um there and we can do this here
+we'll get to how we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to how we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to how we can have the
+computer do all this for us in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer do all this for us in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer do all this for us in just a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+um questions or anything I should go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions or anything I should go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions or anything I should go a
+little bit more slowly yeah John if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more slowly yeah John if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more slowly yeah John if we
+four OCT to be four in fifth OCT why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four OCT to be four in fifth OCT why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four OCT to be four in fifth OCT why do
+we have some notes in the fifth off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some notes in the fifth off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some notes in the fifth off
+that's that's great it what it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's great it what it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's great it what it says is
+it forc the lowest note to be an octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forc the lowest note to be an octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forc the lowest note to be an octave
+4 and so since it it can go up to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and so since it it can go up to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and so since it it can go up to an
+octave um yeah so that's that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave um yeah so that's that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave um yeah so that's that's the the
+case where it's the highest here it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where it's the highest here it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where it's the highest here it does
+mean if you do uh compositions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you do uh compositions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you do uh compositions where
+you're putting chords in closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting chords in closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting chords in closed
+positions and jumping them around uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and jumping them around uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and jumping them around uh it
+can it can sound very jumpy so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it can sound very jumpy so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it can sound very jumpy so that's
+one examples here great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one examples here great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one examples here great
+any I think else I should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any I think else I should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any I think else I should have been
+going with this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this let
+me okay um let's dur the chord class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay um let's dur the chord class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay um let's dur the chord class for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second chord.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chord.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chord.
+chord oops actually I should be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord oops actually I should be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord oops actually I should be just
+during the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the one of the
+chords so some of the things um are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords so some of the things um are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords so some of the things um are are
+things that you've already seen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you've already seen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you've already seen um
+because chords are music 21 object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chords are music 21 object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chords are music 21 object
+obviously they have a duration you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they have a duration you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they have a duration you know
+how to deal with it they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with it they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with it they don't have a
+DOT pitch object they have a attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT pitch object they have a attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT pitch object they have a attribute
+they have a DOT pitches which gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a DOT pitches which gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a DOT pitches which gives you
+all the pitches there but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pitches there but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pitches there but there's some
+kind of um things can be tonic can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um things can be tonic can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um things can be tonic can this
+chord be a tonic in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord be a tonic in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord be a tonic in some
+key what chords can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tonics what kinds of chords what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonics what kinds of chords what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonics what kinds of chords what
+equivalence class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence class of
+chords major major chords and minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords major major chords and minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords major major chords and minor
+minor chords great super so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor chords great super so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor chords great super so um that's
+some of the things um does the chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things um does the chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things um does the chord
+contain a seventh I think weird does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a seventh I think weird does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a seventh I think weird does
+right do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+seventh true but um do we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh true but um do we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh true but um do we still have
+that first one yep CH contains seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first one yep CH contains seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first one yep CH contains seventh
+so you'll find that there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll find that there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll find that there's all these
+slightly useful things in here um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly useful things in here um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly useful things in here um I
+don't know what see is it an augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what see is it an augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what see is it an augmented
+Triad is an augmented sixth is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad is an augmented sixth is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad is an augmented sixth is it a
+French augmented six is a half diminish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French augmented six is a half diminish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French augmented six is a half diminish
+augmented sixth a l of these things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented sixth a l of these things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented sixth a l of these things here
+is it transpositionally symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it transpositionally symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it transpositionally symmetrical
+these things come up um quite a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things come up um quite a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things come up um quite a bit and
+you can put the same pitch more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put the same pitch more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put the same pitch more than
+once into a cord so sometimes you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once into a cord so sometimes you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once into a cord so sometimes you want
+to remove the Redundant pitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the Redundant pitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the Redundant pitches
+redundant pitch classes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant pitch classes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant pitch classes and so
+on um sometimes you might have weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um sometimes you might have weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um sometimes you might have weird
+chords that you want to respell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords that you want to respell and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords that you want to respell and so
+on so these are some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so these are some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so these are some of the things that
+are kind of useful in here and um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of useful in here and um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of useful in here and um if we
+want to talk about uh on top ology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about uh on top ology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about uh on top ology
+errors here CH do3 gives you the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors here CH do3 gives you the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors here CH do3 gives you the third
+ch. fth gives you the fifth and ch. base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch. fth gives you the fifth and ch. base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch. fth gives you the fifth and ch. base
+gives you a bound method of something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a bound method of something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a bound method of something so
+that's something I wish I I wish I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I wish I I wish I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I wish I I wish I could
+figure out how to change that these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to change that these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to change that these were
+done differently early on and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done differently early on and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done differently early on and it's a
+little too late sometimes to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too late sometimes to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too late sometimes to change
+things just like it's a little too late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just like it's a little too late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just like it's a little too late
+to change how certain words in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change how certain words in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change how certain words in English
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+spelled Okay cool so that's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled Okay cool so that's the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled Okay cool so that's the end of
+the introduction to chords unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction to chords unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction to chords unless
+there's people want to do something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people want to do something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people want to do something with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them what's that Roman numeral Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's that Roman numeral Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's that Roman numeral Roman
+numerals we'll get to Roman numerals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals we'll get to Roman numerals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals we'll get to Roman numerals in
+just just a second so great so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just a second so great so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just a second so great so we're
+definitely going to get to Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to get to Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to get to Roman
+numerals but first a small um a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals but first a small um a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals but first a small um a small
+leftover from um from our work on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover from um from our work on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover from um from our work on um
+cognition and keys and the probone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and keys and the probone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and keys and the probone
+method by anyone know if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method by anyone know if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method by anyone know if you know the
+author what Carol Carol Kum hunel great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author what Carol Carol Kum hunel great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author what Carol Carol Kum hunel great
+yep uh py was one of the people who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep uh py was one of the people who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep uh py was one of the people who who
+referenced um this yeah the proone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced um this yeah the proone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced um this yeah the proone
+method by uh crun Crum hunel car Crum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method by uh crun Crum hunel car Crum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method by uh crun Crum hunel car Crum
+hunel um and so we're going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunel um and so we're going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunel um and so we're going to do is I'm
+going to get us two two pieces here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get us two two pieces here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get us two two pieces here um
+you don't have to um do this part if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to um do this part if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to um do this part if you
+don't you you actually at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you you actually at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you you actually at this point in
+the semester you don't have to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester you don't have to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester you don't have to type
+anything that I'm typing unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I'm typing unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I'm typing unless it's
+helpful for you maybe in the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for you maybe in the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for you maybe in the first part
+is good so this is the um a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good so this is the um a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good so this is the um a particular
+little jig we're going to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little jig we're going to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little jig we're going to be working
+with a lot of jigs um in the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of jigs um in the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of jigs um in the next time
+that we do some coding together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do some coding together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do some coding together so
+that's a nice little 98 jig a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice little 98 jig a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice little 98 jig a little bit
+unusual uh what what key does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual uh what what key does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual uh what what key does it look
+like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's
+in yeah you always have to you can let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah you always have to you can let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah you always have to you can let
+let people give us chance to to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let people give us chance to to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let people give us chance to to do it
+yep major here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep major here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep major here and
+um and then we'll get a piece by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we'll get a piece by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we'll get a piece by the
+20th Century composer Arnold schernberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th Century composer Arnold schernberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th Century composer Arnold schernberg
+um schernberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schernberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schernberg
+Opus uh s h o n b r g slop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opus uh s h o n b r g slop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opus uh s h o n b r g slop
+us19 movement 6 all on word I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us19 movement 6 all on word I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us19 movement 6 all on word I know it's
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard I wish I had another title that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I wish I had another title that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I wish I had another title that we
+can do it's a little piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece great and Adam what key is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece great and Adam what key is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece great and Adam what key is it
+in no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no one
+knows okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows okay
+um yeah so this is this is a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so this is this is a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so this is this is a rather
+ambiguous piece you know just just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous piece you know just just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous piece you know just just so
+you can get it a tiny bit in your ear um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it a tiny bit in your ear um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it a tiny bit in your ear um
+just the first couple chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first couple chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first couple chords
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something wrong on there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong on there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong on there's a
+cluff change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+missing yeah I know there's something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing yeah I know there's something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing yeah I know there's something a
+little bit wrong in in this encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wrong in in this encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wrong in in this encoding
+anyhow um little bit ambiguous ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow um little bit ambiguous ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow um little bit ambiguous ambiguous
+piece so what I want to do is let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so what I want to do is let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so what I want to do is let's get
+into uh unlocking some key analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh unlocking some key analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh unlocking some key analysis
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um what we can do is we we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what we can do is we we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what we can do is we we call it
+jig right yep K1 our first key will be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jig right yep K1 our first key will be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jig right yep K1 our first key will be K
+jig do analy analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so
+that's that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's pretty good
+now in addition to analyzing key there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition to analyzing key there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition to analyzing key there's
+specific a number of people have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific a number of people have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific a number of people have um
+implemented their own analysis thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented their own analysis thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented their own analysis thing so
+we'll you'll have to get this so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you'll have to get this so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you'll have to get this so we're
+going to run through a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run through a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run through a bunch of
+different methods crom hunt the key the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods crom hunt the key the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods crom hunt the key the
+standard key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method and um simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and um simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and um simple
+so key is something I put a guarantee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key is something I put a guarantee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key is something I put a guarantee to
+people using um using music 21 one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using um using music 21 one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using um using music 21 one that
+that will be whatever I think is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be whatever I think is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be whatever I think is giving
+the best results and I'll try to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best results and I'll try to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best results and I'll try to keep
+improving it and get that Crum huntel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving it and get that Crum huntel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving it and get that Crum huntel is
+exactly Carol k hunel um protone method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly Carol k hunel um protone method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly Carol k hunel um protone method
+with the exact same things there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exact same things there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exact same things there um
+which was learned it we learned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was learned it we learned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was learned it we learned the
+different weights the different amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights the different amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights the different amount
+um how important the tonic is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how important the tonic is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how important the tonic is how
+important the third is how important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the third is how important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the third is how important the
+fifth is and the key how did she learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth is and the key how did she learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth is and the key how did she learn
+that proone protone so that she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proone protone so that she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proone protone so that she was
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people just just getting people's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just just getting people's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just just getting people's um
+people's reaction to how far and out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's reaction to how far and out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's reaction to how far and out so
+it's based on cognition the essn um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on cognition the essn um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on cognition the essn um one
+was based on labeled keys for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based on labeled keys for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based on labeled keys for the entire
+Essen folk song Repertory which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essen folk song Repertory which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essen folk song Repertory which you've
+um we've used a couple times on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've used a couple times on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've used a couple times on things
+uh and it's come up in this class quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's come up in this class quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's come up in this class quite
+a bit and so people used that database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and so people used that database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and so people used that database
+on the ones that were labeled in the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ones that were labeled in the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ones that were labeled in the key
+to learn not from not from people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn not from not from people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn not from not from people but
+from um what number of notes were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um what number of notes were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um what number of notes were in a
+piece that was labeled as in F what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that was labeled as in F what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that was labeled as in F what
+number of things were labeled as an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things were labeled as an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things were labeled as an e
+and all of these weights by the way have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these weights by the way have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these weights by the way have
+these weird um numbers like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weird um numbers like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weird um numbers like you know the
+tonic 6.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonic 6.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonic 6.2
+38 make it too much like Pi 2 pi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 make it too much like Pi 2 pi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 make it too much like Pi 2 pi or
+something so these really long complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so these really long complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so these really long complex
+um complex numbers on on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um complex numbers on on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um complex numbers on on things like
+that um where Craig sap who's come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um where Craig sap who's come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um where Craig sap who's come up in
+this class A couple times for making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class A couple times for making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class A couple times for making the
+Rosetta Stone things I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosetta Stone things I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosetta Stone things I think it was
+Craig sap who came up with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Craig sap who came up with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Craig sap who came up with a very simple
+he's like no we we can we can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like no we we can we can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like no we we can we can just use
+one 1 01 .5 and I think everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 01 .5 and I think everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 01 .5 and I think everything in
+his waiting is either zero or .5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his waiting is either zero or .5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his waiting is either zero or .5 and
+he's like it's much easier to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like it's much easier to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like it's much easier to remember
+much easier to program and it works he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to program and it works he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to program and it works he
+thought uh even better so we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh even better so we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh even better so we have all
+these in here so we'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in here so we'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in here so we'll do this
+um here you don't need to know python F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you don't need to know python F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you don't need to know python F
+string formats but I'm going to give 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string formats but I'm going to give 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string formats but I'm going to give 20
+letters for the method and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters for the method and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters for the method and then we'll
+analyed using that method here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyed using that method here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyed using that method here actually
+we'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do
+this key out I'll make this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key out I'll make this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key out I'll make this a little bit
+easier to read so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read so we'll
+call Key out equals jig do analyze using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Key out equals jig do analyze using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Key out equals jig do analyze using
+the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops method thank you I put method in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops method thank you I put method in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops method thank you I put method in a
+string I'm a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methodists so when you put the jig into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodists so when you put the jig into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodists so when you put the jig into
+there everybody agrees it's D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everybody agrees it's D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everybody agrees it's D
+major that makes pretty good sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major that makes pretty good sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major that makes pretty good sense right
+you would not trust any algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not trust any algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not trust any algorithm that
+came up with a result other than D major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a result other than D major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a result other than D major
+for this entire piece this is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this entire piece this is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this entire piece this is the whole
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+right but let's see what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's see what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's see what happens when we
+give it sherberg so I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it sherberg so I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it sherberg so I'm going to just
+copy and paste the copy and paste method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste the copy and paste method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste the copy and paste method
+for coding quickly in class and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coding quickly in class and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coding quickly in class and they
+call Se I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Se I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Se I
+think and here we end up with quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and here we end up with quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and here we end up with quite a
+bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of
+distinctions maybe E minor and a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions maybe E minor and a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions maybe E minor and a minor
+aren't too far apart but we even have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too far apart but we even have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too far apart but we even have a
+major key in there so depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major key in there so depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major key in there so depending on how
+you do your waiting different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your waiting different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your waiting different things
+could be better there's always the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better there's always the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better there's always the goal
+of trying to come up with a better key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to come up with a better key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to come up with a better key
+analysis routine and the other main uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis routine and the other main uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis routine and the other main uh
+unsolved uh task in this domain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved uh task in this domain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved uh task in this domain is
+pieces aren't always just in one key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces aren't always just in one key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces aren't always just in one key and
+I'm not talking about Charles eyeses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about Charles eyeses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about Charles eyeses
+with multi tonality and things talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multi tonality and things talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multi tonality and things talking
+about pieces change Keys throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pieces change Keys throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pieces change Keys throughout the
+piece and sometimes it's easy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and sometimes it's easy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and sometimes it's easy they
+change the key signature at that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the key signature at that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the key signature at that moment
+but quite often pieces change keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but quite often pieces change keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but quite often pieces change keys
+without giving key signature can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving key signature can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving key signature can you
+have a method that says well it begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a method that says well it begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a method that says well it begins
+in E and then it goes to a then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E and then it goes to a then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E and then it goes to a then it goes
+to C major and then it goes some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C major and then it goes some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C major and then it goes some other
+place can you detect where all those key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place can you detect where all those key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place can you detect where all those key
+changes are so that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes are so that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes are so that's something that
+people have worked on it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worked on it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worked on it a little bit
+but it's still an unsolved General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem anything um any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anything um any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anything um any questions on
+these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of
+things by the way you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by the way you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by the way you can you can
+there's a bunch of other things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of other things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of other things you can
+use uh on analyzing like you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh on analyzing like you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh on analyzing like you can get the
+pitch range and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch range and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch range and stuff like that
+but that works oh and I'll just say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that works oh and I'll just say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that works oh and I'll just say on
+this last one um key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last one um key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last one um key
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+alternative was it I can never alt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative was it I can never alt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative was it I can never alt
+alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate
+interpretations gives you a list of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations gives you a list of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations gives you a list of so
+this is one C major gives you a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one C major gives you a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one C major gives you a list
+from the next most likely to by far are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the next most likely to by far are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the next most likely to by far are
+the least likely in fact let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least likely in fact let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least likely in fact let's do that
+on The Jig um we'll run The Jig one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on The Jig um we'll run The Jig one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on The Jig um we'll run The Jig one more
+time um what do we call it K1 yeah so K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um what do we call it K1 yeah so K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um what do we call it K1 yeah so K1
+is The Jig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is The Jig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is The Jig
+key and K1 to Al alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and K1 to Al alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and K1 to Al alternate
+interpretations yep so so if it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations yep so so if it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations yep so so if it's not in
+D Major it might be in B minor yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Major it might be in B minor yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Major it might be in B minor yeah it
+might be depending on what second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be depending on what second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be depending on what second
+section is very unlikely to be an A flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is very unlikely to be an A flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is very unlikely to be an A flat
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+okay um great with the last 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um great with the last 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um great with the last 10 minutes
+but I'm always happy to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm always happy to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm always happy to slow down
+questions come back talk no okay sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come back talk no okay sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come back talk no okay sure
+great so let's um let's get um what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so let's um let's get um what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so let's um let's get um what what
+we all want which is Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all want which is Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all want which is Roman
+numerals so go ahead and from music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals so go ahead and from music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals so go ahead and from music 21
+import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Roman and try tring to find where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman and try tring to find where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman and try tring to find where I have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+part broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up here we go okay within Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here we go okay within Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here we go okay within Roman
+um we can say RN equals roman. Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can say RN equals roman. Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can say RN equals roman. Roman
+numeral what are the two parts of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral what are the two parts of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral what are the two parts of a
+Roman numeral that computer's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numeral that computer's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numeral that computer's going to
+need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to um in order to to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um in order to to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um in order to to figure out what
+pitches there are sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yep
+and yep we'll call that the figure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yep we'll call that the figure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yep we'll call that the figure the
+string representing things like one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string representing things like one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string representing things like one five
+things and the key so what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the key so what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the key so what you can do is
+if you had a key object I think we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a key object I think we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a key object I think we still
+have one K1 we can pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one K1 we can pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one K1 we can pass that
+in and get this four and D major the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and get this four and D major the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and get this four and D major the
+other thing what what we'll often do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing what what we'll often do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing what what we'll often do
+when we're coding in class is I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're coding in class is I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're coding in class is I'll just
+give it a capital D for D major low D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a capital D for D major low D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a capital D for D major low D
+would be D minor and that works just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be D minor and that works just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be D minor and that works just as
+well if you're actually writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're actually writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're actually writing a
+program unfortunately one of the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program unfortunately one of the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program unfortunately one of the least
+optimized things is creating a new key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized things is creating a new key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized things is creating a new key
+object it's about an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it's about an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it's about an order of magnitude
+slower than it should be in an idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than it should be in an idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than it should be in an idealized
+world so it is helpful to reuse your key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so it is helpful to reuse your key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so it is helpful to reuse your key
+object if you're going to keep using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object if you're going to keep using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object if you're going to keep using it
+over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over
+again okay so we have Roman numeral four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so we have Roman numeral four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so we have Roman numeral four
+in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D
+Major somebody this side of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Major somebody this side of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Major somebody this side of the room
+what's what pitches are we going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what pitches are we going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what pitches are we going to be
+expecting Roman numeral 4 in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting Roman numeral 4 in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting Roman numeral 4 in D
+Major yep oh gbd gbd you g to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Major yep oh gbd gbd you g to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Major yep oh gbd gbd you g to say that
+good good so what we can do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good so what we can do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good so what we can do is uh
+gbd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gbd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gbd
+and what octave should they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in do that do that more gesturally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do that do that more gesturally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do that do that more gesturally so
+that we can get back you went doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get back you went doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get back you went doesn't
+matter it doesn't matter it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it doesn't matter it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it doesn't matter it doesn't
+matter right so there's this weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right so there's this weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right so there's this weird thing
+that happens that when we want to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens that when we want to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens that when we want to put a
+pitch onto um you know onto a staff or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch onto um you know onto a staff or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch onto um you know onto a staff or
+something we need to give it an octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we need to give it an octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we need to give it an octave
+we need to sort of rify at that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to sort of rify at that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to sort of rify at that moment
+but it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't matter
+right so um here's the first question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um here's the first question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um here's the first question on
+on this is what kinds of when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is what kinds of when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is what kinds of when we say
+that um we have the same Roman numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we have the same Roman numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we have the same Roman numeral
+here as the same Roman numeral here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the same Roman numeral here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the same Roman numeral here what
+what kinds of equivalence classes are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of equivalence classes are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of equivalence classes are we
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about if I say that you know well Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I say that you know well Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I say that you know well Roman
+numeral four equals Roman numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral four equals Roman numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral four equals Roman numeral
+4 want to throw through some equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 want to throw through some equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 want to throw through some equivalence
+classes on pitches or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes somebody throw an easy one we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes somebody throw an easy one we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes somebody throw an easy one we just
+because we just said one octave octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just said one octave octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just said one octave octave
+good so that's definitely one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's definitely one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's definitely one
+yeah go peration permutation yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go peration permutation yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go peration permutation yeah it
+doesn't really matter what order there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what order there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what order there
+uh there's I'll come back with octave on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's I'll come back with octave on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's I'll come back with octave on
+on just just a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just just a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just just a little bit because
+there's the caveat but later so everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the caveat but later so everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the caveat but later so everyone
+try to figure out caveat on that um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out caveat on that um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out caveat on that um what
+else cardinality right I mean is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else cardinality right I mean is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else cardinality right I mean is I
+almost wrote on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost wrote on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost wrote on that
+um yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is one in C major but so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one in C major but so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one in C major but so is this
+and so is this and so is this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is this and so is this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is this and so is this doesn't
+really matter how many notes we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter how many notes we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter how many notes we have
+good now when we're just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now when we're just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now when we're just talking about
+uh Roman numeral like four what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Roman numeral like four what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Roman numeral like four what's the
+other thing that were that we sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that were that we sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that were that we sort of in
+in there for what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there for what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there for what do you think about
+yeah whether it's major or minor whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whether it's major or minor whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whether it's major or minor whether
+it's major or minor yep so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's major or minor yep so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's major or minor yep so we have
+something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's try to think some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try to think some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try to think some of these
+things and um do we have the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and um do we have the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and um do we have the the same
+blant um octave equivalent the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blant um octave equivalent the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blant um octave equivalent the one that
+we've been thinking of that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been thinking of that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been thinking of that you've
+already coded what's what's my caveat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+octave yeah like chord inversion chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave yeah like chord inversion chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave yeah like chord inversion chord
+inversion yeah we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion yeah we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion yeah we have this this
+different kind of inversion where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of inversion where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of inversion where this
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one first inversion one uh what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one first inversion one uh what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one first inversion one uh what is it
+1 a 1 B if you're um if you're British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a 1 B if you're um if you're British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a 1 B if you're um if you're British
+one six if you're American yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six if you're American yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six if you're American yep
+um yeah so we um we have we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so we um we have we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so we um we have we have this
+unusual um thing where which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual um thing where which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual um thing where which is very
+usual for us as musicians or as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual for us as musicians or as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual for us as musicians or as people
+have taken traditional class but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken traditional class but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken traditional class but a
+little bit different for the um for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different for the um for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different for the um for that
+well the Octave of this doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Octave of this doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Octave of this doesn't matter
+in itself this could be you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself this could be you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself this could be you know we can
+move this up to sorry this like all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this up to sorry this like all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this up to sorry this like all over
+in the corner g e g c it's still one six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner g e g c it's still one six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner g e g c it's still one six
+so there's something about the octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something about the octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something about the octave
+that doesn't matter but there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't matter but there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't matter but there's sort of
+we don't have we might say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have we might say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have we might say uh
+base pitch equivalents so we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pitch equivalents so we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pitch equivalents so we always
+going to be creating new equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be creating new equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be creating new equivalence
+classes on things and so there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on things and so there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes on things and so there's a very
+unusual equivalence class we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual equivalence class we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual equivalence class we also have a
+kind of limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited
+transposition equivalence class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition equivalence class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition equivalence class right
+that I can write ceg and say it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write ceg and say it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write ceg and say it's one
+but I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write D FSH a and call it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as I say that one is one in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I say that one is one in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I say that one is one in C
+major and one is one in D Major so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and one is one in D Major so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and one is one in D Major so that
+there's kind of this abstraction out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of this abstraction out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of this abstraction out of
+um that it's that transposition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's that transposition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's that transposition it's
+measured according to distance from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note not not not a note like C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note not not not a note like C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note not not not a note like C or
+something a conceptual note tonic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a conceptual note tonic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a conceptual note tonic yeah
+so we want to have things that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to have things that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to have things that are the
+difference from the tonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the tonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the tonic
+um so I think this might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think this might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think this might actually be
+different on yours than um than on mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on yours than um than on mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on yours than um than on mine
+because I'm running the beta version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm running the beta version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm running the beta version
+that I haven't still haven't got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't still haven't got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't still haven't got the
+bugs out uh so you can see Roman numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs out uh so you can see Roman numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs out uh so you can see Roman numeral
+comes from some abstract class called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from some abstract class called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from some abstract class called
+Harmony which also represents chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony which also represents chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony which also represents chord
+symbols which I will not get to today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols which I will not get to today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols which I will not get to today
+and um and it comes from chord I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and it comes from chord I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and it comes from chord I think
+you're missing chord base probably for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing chord base probably for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing chord base probably for
+most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people
+or maybe no it's there it's there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe no it's there it's there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe no it's there it's there okay
+great couldn't remember what version got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great couldn't remember what version got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great couldn't remember what version got
+that in great um so with our Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in great um so with our Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in great um so with our Roman
+numeral four we can get back its figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral four we can get back its figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral four we can get back its figure
+is four well that's you know not telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four well that's you know not telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four well that's you know not telling
+you too much let's get another one we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much let's get another one we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much let's get another one we'll
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+rn1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn1
+equals roman. Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals roman. Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals roman. Roman
+numeral flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral flat
+26 in C major what's another word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 in C major what's another word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 in C major what's another word for
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+26 remember flat major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 remember flat major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 remember flat major
+26 don't worry if you don't know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 don't worry if you don't know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 don't worry if you don't know this
+because this is something that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that some
+people may know but it's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may know but it's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may know but it's the next
+semester beyond the prere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep it's traditionally taught the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's traditionally taught the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's traditionally taught the same
+week as augmented sixth CHT so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week as augmented sixth CHT so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week as augmented sixth CHT so everybody
+or the week before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the week before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the week before it
+uh that's a type of it's named after an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a type of it's named after an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a type of it's named after an
+emperor or no it's not it's named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emperor or no it's not it's named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emperor or no it's not it's named after
+City a Neapolitan cord uh so it's named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City a Neapolitan cord uh so it's named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City a Neapolitan cord uh so it's named
+not not Napoleon chord sorry named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not Napoleon chord sorry named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not Napoleon chord sorry named after
+the city of Naples um very very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of Naples um very very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of Naples um very very cool
+chord if we had two more minutes I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord if we had two more minutes I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord if we had two more minutes I would
+play it um so here's something here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it um so here's something here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it um so here's something here uh
+it's has a six at the end so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's has a six at the end so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's has a six at the end so what do we
+call it what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it what's the
+inversion first inversion so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion first inversion so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion first inversion so you can
+call inversion and put it as uh one see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call inversion and put it as uh one see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call inversion and put it as uh one see
+it's a little bit strange that it has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit strange that it has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit strange that it has um
+inversion takes some time to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion takes some time to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion takes some time to calculate
+on very complex chords so it's uh method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very complex chords so it's uh method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very complex chords so it's uh method
+but we can get that it's Roman numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can get that it's Roman numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can get that it's Roman numeral
+alone this is a little bit wordy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone this is a little bit wordy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone this is a little bit wordy I
+should have come up with it thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have come up with it thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have come up with it thing is
+two and it's front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it's front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it's front
+alteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accidental is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat so um that it's a two with a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so um that it's a two with a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so um that it's a two with a flat
+in front of it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the things we can do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we can do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we can do just
+looking at the last moment let's we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the last moment let's we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the last moment let's we what
+you'll probably be wanting is Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably be wanting is Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably be wanting is Roman
+dot Roman numeral from chord so given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Roman numeral from chord so given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Roman numeral from chord so given a
+chord and a key what's the Roman numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and a key what's the Roman numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and a key what's the Roman numeral
+so uh we still have weird no we let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we still have weird no we let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we still have weird no we let's
+start with ch in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with ch in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with ch in C
+major my ceg is still there great what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major my ceg is still there great what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major my ceg is still there great what
+would that be in here let's just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be in here let's just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be in here let's just do this
+for for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for s
+in a b CDE e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b CDE e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b CDE e
+FG we'll print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FG we'll print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FG we'll print
+this print the Roman numeral in the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this print the Roman numeral in the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this print the Roman numeral in the as
+I'm using S for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step does that make that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step does that make that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step does that make that make
+sense some odd odd chords in there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense some odd odd chords in there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense some odd odd chords in there right
+but you can figure out these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can figure out these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can figure out these types of
+things here and so we get um we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here and so we get um we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here and so we get um we can even
+do roman. Roman numeral from chord I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do roman. Roman numeral from chord I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do roman. Roman numeral from chord I
+almost always when I'm using this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always when I'm using this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always when I'm using this a lot
+um abbreviate this so RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um abbreviate this so RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um abbreviate this so RN
+rnfc FC equals that so I can just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnfc FC equals that so I can just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnfc FC equals that so I can just do it
+romal from chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weird oops should give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key here we go sharp one half diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key here we go sharp one half diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key here we go sharp one half diminished
+flat 7 6 flat 5 flat 3 um so music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat 7 6 flat 5 flat 3 um so music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat 7 6 flat 5 flat 3 um so music 21
+will try to find all these things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to find all these things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to find all these things for
+you um I've kept you over so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I've kept you over so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I've kept you over so I'm not
+going to uh show you how you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh show you how you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh show you how you can run
+this on every cord in a Bo piece put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on every cord in a Bo piece put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on every cord in a Bo piece put it
+as the dot lyric and then reshow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the dot lyric and then reshow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the dot lyric and then reshow the
+piece we'll leave that as an exercise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece we'll leave that as an exercise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece we'll leave that as an exercise uh
+for take home and um might come into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for take home and um might come into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for take home and um might come into a
+class later so thanks everybody e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yvB7-meTXSI.txt b/yvB7-meTXSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28bf63d979f69fc5cfe261d26f5bfb2320a59bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yvB7-meTXSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I just got these from s Yun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I just got these from s Yun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I just got these from s Yun
+some of you wanted to see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you wanted to see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you wanted to see those
+simulations using screen characters sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations using screen characters sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations using screen characters sort
+of watching these robotic characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of watching these robotic characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of watching these robotic characters
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+motivations that have Dynamics similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to what is suggested first from eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is suggested first from eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is suggested first from eth
+ethological studies but also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethological studies but also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethological studies but also from
+studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+hypothalamic neurons so I will post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic neurons so I will post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic neurons so I will post
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should post them under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should post them under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should post them under the
+hypothalamus chapter but uh maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus chapter but uh maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus chapter but uh maybe I'll
+just send them by email to all of you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send them by email to all of you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send them by email to all of you so
+you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we finished with the chapter 26 material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finished with the chapter 26 material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finished with the chapter 26 material
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+the introduction to hippoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction to hippoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction to hippoc
+cample and other llymic system Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample and other llymic system Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample and other llymic system Pathways
+particularly the Pape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the Pape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the Pape
+circuit and we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and we'll come back to that
+right after this a little section here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this a little section here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this a little section here
+on hormonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hormonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hormonal
+influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences
+because I want to deal with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to deal with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to deal with both
+hippocampus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and
+then amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then amydala
+and the more anterior Parts the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more anterior Parts the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more anterior Parts the ventral
+striatum before we go on to Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum before we go on to Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum before we go on to Corpus
+Statum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex so the major topics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so the major topics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex so the major topics this
+little unit are sexual differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unit are sexual differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unit are sexual differentiation
+of the especially the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the especially the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the especially the human
+hypothalamus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus uh
+emergence of male female brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of male female brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of male female brain
+differences and determinance of sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and determinance of sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and determinance of sexual
+orientation the studies have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation the studies have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation the studies have been done
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+then a little bit on bird song because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little bit on bird song because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little bit on bird song because
+of the importance of hormonal as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the importance of hormonal as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the importance of hormonal as well as
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determines and the discoveries that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines and the discoveries that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines and the discoveries that have
+been made in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field other relevant topics concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field other relevant topics concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field other relevant topics concerning
+actions of estrogen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions of estrogen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions of estrogen on the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the use of organotypic cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the use of organotypic cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the use of organotypic cultures
+usually slice cultures where they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually slice cultures where they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually slice cultures where they look
+at effects on of hormones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at effects on of hormones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at effects on of hormones on
+differentiation of neurons that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation of neurons that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation of neurons that's how we
+know that it's probably not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's probably not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's probably not just
+hypothalamus not just a few areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus not just a few areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus not just a few areas that
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+been things that have been discovered so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been things that have been discovered so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been things that have been discovered so
+far but they discovered that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but they discovered that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but they discovered that for example
+the catacol amine systems in tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catacol amine systems in tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catacol amine systems in tissue
+culture are influenced by sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture are influenced by sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture are influenced by sexual
+hormones as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a related topic is the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a related topic is the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a related topic is the effects of
+thyroid hormones and here this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid hormones and here this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid hormones and here this is an
+important one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one because
+thyroid particular thyroid hormones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid particular thyroid hormones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid particular thyroid hormones are
+known to be very important in brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be very important in brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be very important in brain
+development and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abnormalities in thyroid for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities in thyroid for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities in thyroid for example
+consistently lead to deficiencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently lead to deficiencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently lead to deficiencies in
+Celler development but other brain areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celler development but other brain areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celler development but other brain areas
+can be affected as well mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be affected as well mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be affected as well mostly
+T4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and one reason
+that's in recent years that's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in recent years that's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in recent years that's there's
+been more attention to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more attention to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more attention to this is
+because of pollutants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of pollutants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of pollutants that
+mimic that bind the thyroid receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic that bind the thyroid receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic that bind the thyroid receptors
+and when this happens in the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when this happens in the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when this happens in the nervous
+system during development it can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system during development it can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system during development it can cause
+brain abnormalities there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain abnormalities there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain abnormalities there's some
+evidence from animals but uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from animals but uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from animals but uh that was
+the topic that led me to work with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic that led me to work with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic that led me to work with uh
+Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric
+Monty on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty on
+the brains of uh sea mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brains of uh sea mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brains of uh sea mammals
+particularly uh the Atlantic white s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly uh the Atlantic white s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly uh the Atlantic white s
+side of dolphin and also we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of dolphin and also we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of dolphin and also we did some
+work on the California Sea line Califor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the California Sea line Califor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the California Sea line Califor
+California sea lions not because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California sea lions not because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California sea lions not because of
+thyroid hormone but because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid hormone but because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid hormone but because of their
+exposure to pollutants natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to pollutants natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to pollutants natural
+pollutants that they encounter in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants that they encounter in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants that they encounter in their
+environment in Southern California that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in Southern California that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in Southern California that
+cause brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abnormalities they can they can wipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities they can they can wipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities they can they can wipe
+practically wipe about the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically wipe about the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically wipe about the hippocampus
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example this is Monty here uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is Monty here uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is Monty here uh this was
+his PhD thesis I was one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD thesis I was one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD thesis I was one of his
+committee members and he worked closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee members and he worked closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee members and he worked closely
+with me for part of his project because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me for part of his project because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me for part of his project because
+he needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needed
+to uh he was basically doing the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh he was basically doing the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh he was basically doing the control
+studies for his stud his work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies for his stud his work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies for his stud his work on
+pollutant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutant the
+fix uh and he needed help in identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix uh and he needed help in identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix uh and he needed help in identifying
+various structures from the MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various structures from the MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various structures from the MRI
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+so I went down to Woods Hole a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went down to Woods Hole a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went down to Woods Hole a number of
+times and he also sent me images to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and he also sent me images to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and he also sent me images to help
+him with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him with the
+identifications and that resulted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifications and that resulted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifications and that resulted in
+some Publications if you look up Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Publications if you look up Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Publications if you look up Eric
+Monty online or Monty and myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty online or Monty and myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty online or Monty and myself and
+there were a couple other authors too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a couple other authors too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a couple other authors too
+people at woodo that were involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at woodo that were involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at woodo that were involved in
+some way and getting the brains will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used and I just mentioned this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and I just mentioned this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and I just mentioned this one
+website because it's particularly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website because it's particularly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website because it's particularly good
+for the thyroid hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thyroid hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thyroid hormone
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we if we're interested in sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we're interested in sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we're interested in sex
+differences between male and female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between male and female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between male and female
+brains particularly in humans what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains particularly in humans what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains particularly in humans what are
+the three factors that are likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three factors that are likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three factors that are likely to
+play a role what are the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role what are the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role what are the things that we
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+for hormonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hormonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hormonal
+effects genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects genetic
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+and environment learning of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environment learning of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environment learning of some
+sort U and we know from many studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort U and we know from many studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort U and we know from many studies
+that although all three have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although all three have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although all three have
+effects uh when it comes to sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh when it comes to sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh when it comes to sexual
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment doesn't seem to have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment doesn't seem to have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment doesn't seem to have is
+isn't a major determinant at all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a major determinant at all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a major determinant at all it's
+genetic effects and hormonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects so the neur anatomical studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so the neur anatomical studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so the neur anatomical studies
+of sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sex
+differences received a big impetus when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences received a big impetus when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences received a big impetus when
+there was a neuroscientist who was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a neuroscientist who was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a neuroscientist who was also
+a gayman working at Harvard a lot of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gayman working at Harvard a lot of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gayman working at Harvard a lot of his
+work was with hubel and weasel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh began working on this topic and he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh began working on this topic and he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh began working on this topic and he he
+was able to obtain results of homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to obtain results of homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to obtain results of homosexual
+males and normal males and started doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males and normal males and started doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males and normal males and started doing
+comparisons and of course he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and of course he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and of course he was
+concerned with male female differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with male female differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with male female differences
+as well and that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and that led to
+uh to a lot of a whole series of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a lot of a whole series of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a lot of a whole series of studies
+not just this was not just by him but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just this was not just by him but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just this was not just by him but by
+others as well so I just want to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well so I just want to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well so I just want to review
+some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that
+here uh his name is Simon L very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh his name is Simon L very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh his name is Simon L very good
+neuroscientist ell VY I think Capital VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist ell VY I think Capital VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist ell VY I think Capital VA
+y Simon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Simon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Simon
+L very good neuroscientist and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L very good neuroscientist and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L very good neuroscientist and good
+friend of a lot of us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of a lot of us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of a lot of us in
+neuroscience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay that just summarizes what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said I showed I believe I reproduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I showed I believe I reproduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I showed I believe I reproduced
+this table in the book because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table in the book because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table in the book because this is
+from Schwab's studies Martin Schwab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Schwab's studies Martin Schwab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Schwab's studies Martin Schwab has
+done a lot of work on this topic and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work on this topic and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work on this topic and his
+his studies are often referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his studies are often referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his studies are often referred to
+because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he
+was one of the earlier ones to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the earlier ones to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the earlier ones to really
+put emphasis on it in his work and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put emphasis on it in his work and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put emphasis on it in his work and he
+collected all these data these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected all these data these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected all these data these are
+references he refer ref to in his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references he refer ref to in his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references he refer ref to in his paper
+if you look it up his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look it up his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look it up his
+TI Trends and Neuroscience paper back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI Trends and Neuroscience paper back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI Trends and Neuroscience paper back in
+'95 and he lists these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'95 and he lists these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'95 and he lists these different
+diseases because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases because there
+were and for all of them there were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and for all of them there were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and for all of them there were the
+frequency of occurrence was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of occurrence was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of occurrence was different
+for males and females look how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for males and females look how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for males and females look how
+asymmetric it is for like anorexia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric it is for like anorexia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric it is for like anorexia
+nervosa 93% female 7%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervosa 93% female 7%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervosa 93% female 7%
+male or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male or
+bulimia one particular type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulimia one particular type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulimia one particular type of
+schizophrenia whereas most types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia whereas most types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia whereas most types of
+schizophrenia only 27% female 73% male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia only 27% female 73% male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia only 27% female 73% male
+but for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type it's different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it's different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it's different and
+then look at the ones that males are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at the ones that males are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at the ones that males are
+dominant dislexia is very well known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant dislexia is very well known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant dislexia is very well known for
+that sleep apnea t syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's a very good question I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a very good question I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a very good question I don't
+know the answer but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer but that's
+uh I mentioned in when I listed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mentioned in when I listed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mentioned in when I listed these
+extra credit that if you can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit that if you can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit that if you can come up
+with something like that a question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like that a question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like that a question that
+you can find something something please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find something something please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find something something please
+do so and we'll give you extra credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and we'll give you extra credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and we'll give you extra credit
+for it be useful for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it be useful for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it be useful for the whole
+class but because of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but because of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but because of these kinds of
+differences I mean it becomes obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean it becomes obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I mean it becomes obvious
+that there has to be differences in male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be differences in male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be differences in male
+and female brains and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and female brains and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and female brains and one of those
+differences could actually be structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences could actually be structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences could actually be structural
+of course we're more concerned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're more concerned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're more concerned with the
+structural differences but with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural differences but with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural differences but with any
+differences could cause functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences could cause functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences could cause functional
+differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so
+a place to start is well when are when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to start is well when are when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to start is well when are when
+are there differences in gal hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there differences in gal hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there differences in gal hormone
+levels when are they at a peak that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when are they at a peak that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when are they at a peak that
+is in during human development there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in during human development there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in during human development there's
+actually three different periods when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three different periods when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three different periods when
+they reach a peak one is the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reach a peak one is the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reach a peak one is the early
+prenatal first half of gestation during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prenatal first half of gestation during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prenatal first half of gestation during
+the formation that's the period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation that's the period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation that's the period when
+genitalia are forming uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genitalia are forming uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genitalia are forming uh then
+perinatally there's another Peak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perinatally there's another Peak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perinatally there's another Peak and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the levels are lower again until puberty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels are lower again until puberty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels are lower again until puberty
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+when the differences were most familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the differences were most familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the differences were most familiar
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+here but if you look for structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you look for structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you look for structural
+differences in the hypothalamus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the hypothalamus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the hypothalamus the
+studies that have been done indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that have been done indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that have been done indicate
+that at least for the sexually dimorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least for the sexually dimorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least for the sexually dimorphic
+nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus one
+that's received the most attention uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's received the most attention uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's received the most attention uh
+the differences don't appear until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences don't appear until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences don't appear until about
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+four so that that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so that that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so that that's when the
+hormonal Peaks are going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal Peaks are going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal Peaks are going down
+okay and uh so this is first of all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so this is first of all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so this is first of all I
+should show you where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show you where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show you where it
+is this is a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a a a
+section that is about at this level or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that is about at this level or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that is about at this level or
+just anterior to this level in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just anterior to this level in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just anterior to this level in these
+diagrams these are Black White versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams these are Black White versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams these are Black White versions
+of the color ones I used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the color ones I used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the color ones I used in the
+book but here are the curves and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but here are the curves and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but here are the curves and you can
+see there's some scatter but the males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's some scatter but the males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's some scatter but the males
+are in the solid points and the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the solid points and the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the solid points and the female
+brains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are
+in the open circles and uh for the males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open circles and uh for the males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open circles and uh for the males
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the squares indicate the homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the squares indicate the homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the squares indicate the homosexual
+men and you note that they when it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and you note that they when it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and you note that they when it when
+this nucleus is concerned homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus is concerned homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus is concerned homosexual
+brains are not the homosexual males are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are not the homosexual males are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are not the homosexual males are
+don't show female brain characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show female brain characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show female brain characteristics
+at all they fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all they fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all they fit the
+curve of changing size of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of changing size of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of changing size of this
+nucleus size number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons uh they put the male curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons uh they put the male curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons uh they put the male curve and
+the differences you can see here up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences you can see here up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences you can see here up here
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is if we take this as when they appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we take this as when they appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we take this as when they appear
+That's about four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's about four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's about four years
+old before that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old before that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old before that there are no
+differences that have been seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that have been seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that have been seen in
+hypothalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's called the sexually dimorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called the sexually dimorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called the sexually dimorphic
+nucleus the preoptic of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the preoptic of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the preoptic of the human
+hypothalamus so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anterior what is a problem with doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior what is a problem with doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior what is a problem with doing
+this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+it's a major technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major technical
+Factor the problem is if you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the problem is if you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the problem is if you you're
+looking at volume of brain tissue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at volume of brain tissue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at volume of brain tissue uh
+there's a lot of factors that can affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of factors that can affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of factors that can affect
+that and one of them that will affect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one of them that will affect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one of them that will affect it
+is in fact even your ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact even your ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact even your ability to
+differentiate the nucleus can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the nucleus can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the nucleus can be
+affected just by the tissue fixation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected just by the tissue fixation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected just by the tissue fixation it
+varies so much in human tissue it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies so much in human tissue it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies so much in human tissue it's not
+like doing a study of rats or or monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doing a study of rats or or monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doing a study of rats or or monkeys
+where you can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can control
+that uh there laws the laws differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there laws the laws differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there laws the laws differ in
+different areas but you you don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas but you you don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas but you you don't just
+profuse human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profuse human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profuse human
+beings the only really well-fixed human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings the only really well-fixed human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings the only really well-fixed human
+tissue we have that appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue we have that appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue we have that appears in the
+textbooks is from a guy that committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks is from a guy that committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks is from a guy that committed
+suicide by drinking from Malahide and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide by drinking from Malahide and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide by drinking from Malahide and he
+has a beautiful tissue in his digestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a beautiful tissue in his digestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a beautiful tissue in his digestive
+tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract
+sorry so it's a it's a big problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so it's a it's a big problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so it's a it's a big problem for
+brain I don't know of anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I don't know of anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I don't know of anybody who's
+committed suicide by perusing his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed suicide by perusing his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed suicide by perusing his his
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body okay and of course it varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay and of course it varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay and of course it varies with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tissue the fixative used as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue the fixative used as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue the fixative used as well but
+mostly just time before fixation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just time before fixation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just time before fixation so the
+solution is to do cell counts and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is to do cell counts and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is to do cell counts and use
+only only brains where you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only brains where you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only brains where you can actually
+identify the structure not just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the structure not just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the structure not just have to
+go by CL gross location but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by CL gross location but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by CL gross location but actually
+identify it from the C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify it from the C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify it from the C of
+architecture the problem is that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the problem is that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the problem is that's a lot
+harder to do than just looking at volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do than just looking at volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do than just looking at volume
+if you do a series of cross-sections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a series of cross-sections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a series of cross-sections and
+take the area of a nucleus at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the area of a nucleus at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the area of a nucleus at each point
+you know and integrate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and integrate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and integrate over the
+structure you'll get a good estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you'll get a good estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you'll get a good estimate of
+the volume but these factors make cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume but these factors make cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume but these factors make cell
+number to be much better but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to be much better but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to be much better but there are
+good methods for estimating number where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good methods for estimating number where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good methods for estimating number where
+you don't have to look at every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to look at every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to look at every single
+section uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh and you
+count one of the problems there is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count one of the problems there is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count one of the problems there is you
+want to count only cells say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count only cells say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count only cells say that
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+nucleis so you don't count the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleis so you don't count the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleis so you don't count the cell
+twice because it's cut through more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because it's cut through more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because it's cut through more than
+once in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sections okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look for cell groups that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look for cell groups that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look for cell groups that are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+uh additional structures besides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh additional structures besides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh additional structures besides that
+sexually dimorphic nucleus preoptic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually dimorphic nucleus preoptic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually dimorphic nucleus preoptic area
+been found and there is a a nucleus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found and there is a a nucleus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found and there is a a nucleus that
+first discovered in rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first discovered in rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first discovered in rats
+verified in humans that does differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified in humans that does differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified in humans that does differ
+according to sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to sexual
+orientation and then there are sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and then there are sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and then there are sex
+differences in the CNS outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the CNS outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the CNS outside the
+hypothalamus too these have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus too these have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus too these have been
+discovered by u in particularly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by u in particularly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by u in particularly by
+magnetic resonance imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance imaging
+methods okay so this is the one I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay so this is the one I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay so this is the one I showed
+you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is
+that it's also it's called the sexually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's also it's called the sexually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's also it's called the sexually
+dimorphic nucleus now but the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimorphic nucleus now but the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimorphic nucleus now but the earlier
+name was the intertial interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was the intertial interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was the intertial interstitial
+nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus
+interstitial because it's among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial because it's among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial because it's among the
+fibers of the uh of the medor corbran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bundle all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle all
+right but here is the another nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but here is the another nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but here is the another nucleus
+that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be
+different in gay men from normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in gay men from normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in gay men from normal
+men uh so I had have some of those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men uh so I had have some of those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men uh so I had have some of those uh
+that's the super chmatic nucleus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the super chmatic nucleus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the super chmatic nucleus which
+we talked about before because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before because it's a
+site of some of these neurons have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of some of these neurons have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of some of these neurons have
+that roughly 24-hour Rhythm they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly 24-hour Rhythm they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly 24-hour Rhythm they
+represent biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent biological
+clock so here was the initial report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock so here was the initial report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock so here was the initial report
+which was a paper in Schwab and Hoffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a paper in Schwab and Hoffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a paper in Schwab and Hoffman
+and brain research back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brain research back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brain research back in
+1990 they reported an enlarged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 they reported an enlarged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 they reported an enlarged
+supermatic nucleus homosexual men um 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermatic nucleus homosexual men um 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermatic nucleus homosexual men um 1.7
+times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as
+large compared to controls contain 2.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to controls contain 2.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to controls contain 2.1
+times as many cells so it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as many cells so it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as many cells so it's a pretty
+striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+difference the sexually dimorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the sexually dimorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the sexually dimorphic
+nucleus doesn't differ among homosexuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus doesn't differ among homosexuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus doesn't differ among homosexuals
+and normals in either volume or cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normals in either volume or cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normals in either volume or cell
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+uh it basically doesn't support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it basically doesn't support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it basically doesn't support the
+original idea that they were testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea that they were testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea that they were testing
+that homosexual men have a female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homosexual men have a female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homosexual men have a female
+hypothalamus that's not true at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+uh but of course among homosexual males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course among homosexual males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course among homosexual males
+they they're some of them are certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're some of them are certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're some of them are certainly
+more maleik and some of them are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more maleik and some of them are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more maleik and some of them are more
+female like and they don't these Studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female like and they don't these Studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female like and they don't these Studies
+have sort of ignored that I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of ignored that I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of ignored that I'm not sure
+why seems to me that that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important they did find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they did find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they did find
+the male and females do differ in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male and females do differ in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male and females do differ in the
+supermatic nucleus just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermatic nucleus just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermatic nucleus just by
+shape uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape uh of the
+nucleus also changes with age and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus also changes with age and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus also changes with age and with
+Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but this was their first report that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this was their first report that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this was their first report that
+said homosexuals don't have a female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said homosexuals don't have a female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said homosexuals don't have a female
+hypothalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would you answer this question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you answer this question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you answer this question now
+what appears to be a major cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears to be a major cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears to be a major cause of
+variation in sexual orientation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humans you could say hormones but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you could say hormones but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you could say hormones but in
+fact there's more data that indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's more data that indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's more data that indicate
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+genetic Dean Hammer of the NIH was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic Dean Hammer of the NIH was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic Dean Hammer of the NIH was the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+to to get clear evidence for genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get clear evidence for genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get clear evidence for genetic
+differences and that's been reported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and that's been reported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and that's been reported by
+others but we'll talk more about genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but we'll talk more about genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but we'll talk more about genetic
+differences in a few minutes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in a few minutes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in a few minutes there are
+other sex differences in the brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sex differences in the brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sex differences in the brains
+reported that are harder to study u i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported that are harder to study u i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported that are harder to study u i
+remember a study in rats and in hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a study in rats and in hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a study in rats and in hamsters
+that shows that I think it was first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that I think it was first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that I think it was first in
+hamsters where they show difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters where they show difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters where they show difference in
+dendritic length in certain nuclei of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic length in certain nuclei of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic length in certain nuclei of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hypothalamus what does that mean if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus what does that mean if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus what does that mean if the
+dendrites are longer there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites are longer there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites are longer there are also
+differences in spines like spine length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in spines like spine length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in spines like spine length
+spine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine
+density well what are dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing that's for axons are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's for axons are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's for axons are making
+synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic
+connections the spines generally won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections the spines generally won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections the spines generally won't
+exist unless those connections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist unless those connections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist unless those connections are
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+uh so differences in spines and in indic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so differences in spines and in indic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so differences in spines and in indic
+link applies implies differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link applies implies differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link applies implies differences in
+connections or or numbers of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or or numbers of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or or numbers of connections
+so even if the cell number is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if the cell number is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if the cell number is the same
+there could be differences and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be differences and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be differences and that's
+what the studies of dendritic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the studies of dendritic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the studies of dendritic length
+indicate that we can't very you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that we can't very you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that we can't very you can't
+get that kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that kind of data
+on human brains adult brains GOI doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on human brains adult brains GOI doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on human brains adult brains GOI doesn't
+work well particularly in poorly fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well particularly in poorly fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well particularly in poorly fixed
+tissue but it doesn't work very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue but it doesn't work very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue but it doesn't work very well in
+mature brains at all it works better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature brains at all it works better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature brains at all it works better in
+younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brains so there's probably a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains so there's probably a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains so there's probably a lot more
+sexual dimorphism than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual dimorphism than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual dimorphism than
+we're than have really we've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're than have really we've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're than have really we've really
+found so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay let's go to a different area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay let's go to a different area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay let's go to a different area
+where there's is a very clear sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's is a very clear sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's is a very clear sexual
+differences this has been found by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences this has been found by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences this has been found by a
+totally different group of investigators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different group of investigators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different group of investigators
+people were initially studying rats uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were initially studying rats uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were initially studying rats uh
+and looking at the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the spinal cord
+they found the seal dimorphic area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the seal dimorphic area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the seal dimorphic area in
+the sacral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sacral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sacral
+region the nucleus of the buo bulbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the nucleus of the buo bulbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the nucleus of the buo bulbo
+cavernosus or bulbo spongiosis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavernosus or bulbo spongiosis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavernosus or bulbo spongiosis it's
+sometimes called This is the muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called This is the muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called This is the muscle
+involved in in engorgement of genitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in in engorgement of genitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in in engorgement of genitals
+both males and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both males and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both males and
+females but the nucleus is considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females but the nucleus is considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females but the nucleus is considerably
+bigger in Nails probably because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in Nails probably because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in Nails probably because the the
+organ is bigger the muscle is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ is bigger the muscle is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ is bigger the muscle is bigger
+okay and the there are other differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the there are other differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the there are other differences
+too um I mentioned Imaging methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um I mentioned Imaging methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um I mentioned Imaging methods
+confirmed what was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed what was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed what was known
+from brain collections earlier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from brain collections earlier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from brain collections earlier that the
+size of the Corpus chlorosome is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the Corpus chlorosome is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the Corpus chlorosome is larger
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+females the fact is the larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females the fact is the larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females the fact is the larger the
+smaller corpos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller corpos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller corpos
+Clos size in males indicates that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos size in males indicates that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos size in males indicates that the
+male brain may be more compartmentalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male brain may be more compartmentalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male brain may be more compartmentalized
+less integrated between the hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less integrated between the hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less integrated between the hemispheres
+that in females and in fact there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in females and in fact there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in females and in fact there is
+behavioral data to indicate greater left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral data to indicate greater left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral data to indicate greater left
+hemisphere dominance in language for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere dominance in language for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere dominance in language for
+example males that's why um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example males that's why um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example males that's why um the
+frequency of severe Aphasia after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of severe Aphasia after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of severe Aphasia after
+lesions of the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions of the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions of the left
+hemisphere euphasia tends to be worse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere euphasia tends to be worse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere euphasia tends to be worse in
+males than in females females are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males than in females females are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males than in females females are much
+more likely to have some language in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to have some language in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to have some language in the
+right hemisphere as well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and there are there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and there are there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and there are there are various
+structural details that differ too for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural details that differ too for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural details that differ too for
+example if you look especially we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look especially we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look especially we know
+it for the plum temporal this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the plum temporal this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the plum temporal this is right
+around the auditory region of Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the auditory region of Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the auditory region of Cortex
+there are a number of differences if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of differences if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of differences if you
+look under galaburda in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look under galaburda in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look under galaburda in in the
+literature uh another good homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh another good homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature uh another good homework
+project Al gbera has worked for years at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project Al gbera has worked for years at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project Al gbera has worked for years at
+the Beth Israel Hospital here in Boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beth Israel Hospital here in Boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beth Israel Hospital here in Boss
+Boston has done a number of studies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston has done a number of studies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston has done a number of studies on
+human brains in more recent years he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brains in more recent years he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brains in more recent years he's
+done Less on humans but in fact I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done Less on humans but in fact I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done Less on humans but in fact I think
+he made his biggest impact by his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made his biggest impact by his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made his biggest impact by his
+studies of human brains he worked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of human brains he worked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of human brains he worked uh
+under Norman gwin for a long time very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Norman gwin for a long time very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Norman gwin for a long time very
+well-known behavioral neurologist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known behavioral neurologist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known behavioral neurologist in
+Boston he died a number of years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston he died a number of years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston he died a number of years ago but
+Al was much younger and I've met him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al was much younger and I've met him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al was much younger and I've met him
+fairly recently I know he's still active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently I know he's still active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recently I know he's still active
+but he's doing most of his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's doing most of his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's doing most of his work
+experimental work on rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now but he discovered for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but he discovered for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but he discovered for example that
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+dyslexic males who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyslexic males who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyslexic males who
+died uh it was very common to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died uh it was very common to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died uh it was very common to find
+abnormalities in the left hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities in the left hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities in the left hemisphere
+little collections of cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little collections of cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little collections of cells that
+appeared not to have migrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared not to have migrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared not to have migrated
+normally he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found not in normal males but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found not in normal males but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found not in normal males but in
+severely dyslexic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely dyslexic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely dyslexic
+males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and we think that because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we think that because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we think that because of the
+hormonal differences between males and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal differences between males and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal differences between males and
+females during development that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females during development that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females during development that that
+happens more in males you don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens more in males you don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens more in males you don't get it
+as much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much in
+females and then we I just note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females and then we I just note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females and then we I just note here
+there are brain size differences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are brain size differences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are brain size differences that
+are not dependent on body cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not dependent on body cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not dependent on body cells
+size the male brains being larger from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the male brains being larger from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the male brains being larger from
+early in development I thought at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in development I thought at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in development I thought at first
+it had to do simply with body structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had to do simply with body structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had to do simply with body structures
+uh in females that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't are not related to brain size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't are not related to brain size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't are not related to brain size and
+inovation patterns at all but in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovation patterns at all but in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovation patterns at all but in fact it
+seems that these the differences appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that these the differences appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that these the differences appear
+according to the Imaging work anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the Imaging work anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the Imaging work anyway
+most recent ones I could find indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent ones I could find indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent ones I could find indicate
+that there's little change after about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's little change after about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's little change after about
+age five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I expected it would occur more after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expected it would occur more after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expected it would occur more after
+sexual maturity but that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual maturity but that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual maturity but that's not the case
+so that's a difference that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a difference that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a difference that we don't
+fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how many of you have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many of you have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many of you have heard of
+Fernando Nom in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fernando Nom in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fernando Nom in his
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+after sorry before after reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after sorry before after reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after sorry before after reading the
+chapter oh no I want to know if you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter oh no I want to know if you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter oh no I want to know if you knew
+about him before you encountered it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him before you encountered it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him before you encountered it in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chapter at least for the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter at least for the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter at least for the older
+neuroscientists he's very well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists he's very well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists he's very well known
+because the the findings made such a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the findings made such a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the findings made such a big
+splash when they came out and it's led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splash when they came out and it's led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splash when they came out and it's led
+to a lot of the work using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of the work using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of the work using
+Birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds
+uh as models of plastic it behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as models of plastic it behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as models of plastic it behavioral
+change and because of its relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and because of its relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and because of its relation to
+language there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there are a number of
+parallels uh to the way human language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels uh to the way human language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels uh to the way human language
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+controlled uh with singing birds the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled uh with singing birds the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled uh with singing birds the way
+bird song is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird song is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird song is
+control were a couple of major findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control were a couple of major findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control were a couple of major findings
+out of that layb this is this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that layb this is this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that layb this is this is one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pictures of uh I think this one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of uh I think this one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of uh I think this one is in
+the book where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book where
+there's shows sections uh just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's shows sections uh just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's shows sections uh just from the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+hemisphere and there is there are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and there is there are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and there is there are big
+hemispheric differences they have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheric differences they have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheric differences they have left
+hemosphere dominance for bird song just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemosphere dominance for bird song just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemosphere dominance for bird song just
+like we have left hemisphere dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have left hemisphere dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have left hemisphere dominance
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+language so this is from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so this is from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so this is from the left
+hemisphere of a canary brain the male on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere of a canary brain the male on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere of a canary brain the male on
+the left here and the female on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left here and the female on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left here and the female on the
+right see that the very big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right see that the very big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right see that the very big difference
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus pretty easy
+quantify and then the same here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify and then the same here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify and then the same here for
+zebra finches where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra finches where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra finches where
+the it stands out even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it stands out even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it stands out even
+more but again very big difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but again very big difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but again very big difference and
+you find the differences in numbers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the differences in numbers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the differences in numbers as
+well as in the size of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as in the size of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as in the size of this particular
+cell group this is the nucleus robustus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell group this is the nucleus robustus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell group this is the nucleus robustus
+or robust nucleus of the arop palum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or robust nucleus of the arop palum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or robust nucleus of the arop palum it's
+app appears to be homologous to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app appears to be homologous to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app appears to be homologous to the
+amydala or part of the amydala in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala or part of the amydala in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala or part of the amydala in
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there reason the looks like I you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there reason the looks like I you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there reason the looks like I you said
+that not that there's difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not that there's difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not that there's difference in the
+number of cells but is there a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells but is there a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells but is there a reason
+even though it's smaller in the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's smaller in the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's smaller in the female
+you know the cell population look denser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cell population look denser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cell population look denser
+then it doesn't yeah there are still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't yeah there are still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't yeah there are still a
+lot of questions about the females of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions about the females of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions about the females of
+course they've concentrated on the males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they've concentrated on the males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they've concentrated on the males
+the singing species but I'll mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singing species but I'll mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singing species but I'll mention
+some other things that where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things that where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things that where they
+find for example the cycles of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for example the cycles of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for example the cycles of these
+cell numbers it doesn't affect just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell numbers it doesn't affect just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell numbers it doesn't affect just this
+nucleus but other areas too and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but other areas too and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but other areas too and it
+occurs a lot in females as well as males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs a lot in females as well as males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs a lot in females as well as males
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+don't it's not as well studied but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's not as well studied but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's not as well studied but of
+course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in
+evolution What's the sex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution What's the sex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution What's the sex that's
+orchestrating the whole thing it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrating the whole thing it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrating the whole thing it's of
+course the females because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the females because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the females because they are
+choosing males according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing males according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing males according to their
+singing so they have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing so they have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing so they have to be able to
+perceive the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive the details of
+Birdsong so what we need is more studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birdsong so what we need is more studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birdsong so what we need is more studies
+of details of the auditory system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of details of the auditory system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of details of the auditory system and
+auditory perception in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory perception in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory perception in the
+females okay this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females okay this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females okay this is one of the
+Scientific American figures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scientific American figures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scientific American figures that
+Fernando notal published back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fernando notal published back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fernando notal published back in
+'89 he shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'89 he shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'89 he shows
+here a drawing of the sering like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a drawing of the sering like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a drawing of the sering like the
+vocal cords of the bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal cords of the bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal cords of the bird
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh the the major brain Pathways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the major brain Pathways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the major brain Pathways the
+higher vocal Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher vocal Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher vocal Center
+here but let's the diagram here makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let's the diagram here makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let's the diagram here makes it
+a little easier to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little easier to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little easier to see
+uh it doesn't show the auditory pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't show the auditory pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't show the auditory pathway
+but it shows field L which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows field L which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows field L which is the
+equivalent of the auditory cortex of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the auditory cortex of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the auditory cortex of the
+bird uh the thalamic nucleus that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird uh the thalamic nucleus that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird uh the thalamic nucleus that gets
+the auditory input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory input from
+the the uh codal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh codal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh codal
+midbrain the equivalent of the inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain the equivalent of the inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain the equivalent of the inferior
+calculus and the bird projects the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and the bird projects the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and the bird projects the field
+L it's got three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it's got three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it's got three main
+layers and that nucleus projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and that nucleus projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and that nucleus projects to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+area in the misop palum the higher vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the misop palum the higher vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the misop palum the higher vocal
+Center often just called HBC it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center often just called HBC it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center often just called HBC it's
+sexually dimorphic as is nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually dimorphic as is nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually dimorphic as is nucleus
+robustus here on the output side it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustus here on the output side it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustus here on the output side it gets
+output directly from the higher vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output directly from the higher vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output directly from the higher vocal
+Center and there are Pathways then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and there are Pathways then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and there are Pathways then that
+descend either directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend either directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend either directly to the
+hypoglossal nucleus which innovates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglossal nucleus which innovates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglossal nucleus which innovates the
+searings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searings
+uh particularly particular part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particularly particular part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particularly particular part of the
+hypoglossal nucleus does that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglossal nucleus does that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypoglossal nucleus does that but it
+also there's a Less Direct pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a Less Direct pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a Less Direct pathway
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+the this inter cicular nucleus is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this inter cicular nucleus is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this inter cicular nucleus is this
+is basically the bird's inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the bird's inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the bird's inferior
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+area it doesn't look like a little Hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it doesn't look like a little Hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it doesn't look like a little Hill
+so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+don't we don't really call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't really call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we don't really call it the
+inferior ccus very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior ccus very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior ccus very
+much but some of them some of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but some of them some of the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but some of them some of the terms
+are still used the melan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still used the melan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still used the melan
+terms okay well there's also a Less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay well there's also a Less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay well there's also a Less
+Direct and even more interesting pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direct and even more interesting pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direct and even more interesting pathway
+and it's the one that's involved most in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the one that's involved most in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the one that's involved most in
+learning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singing uh these are the two sexually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing uh these are the two sexually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing uh these are the two sexually
+dimorphic structures we talked about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimorphic structures we talked about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimorphic structures we talked about but
+there's another sexually dimorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another sexually dimorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another sexually dimorphic
+nucleus here in the striatum it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here in the striatum it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here in the striatum it's just
+called area X it gets the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called area X it gets the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called area X it gets the projection
+from the higher vocal Center which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the higher vocal Center which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the higher vocal Center which
+remember also projects directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember also projects directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember also projects directly to the
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+robustus they leave that one out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustus they leave that one out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustus they leave that one out here
+they're just showing a Less Direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just showing a Less Direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just showing a Less Direct
+pathway it goes to the stri striatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it goes to the stri striatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it goes to the stri striatal
+area here which as in mammals the strum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here which as in mammals the strum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here which as in mammals the strum
+has a pathway through it output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pathway through it output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pathway through it output
+neurons to the phms and the thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons to the phms and the thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons to the phms and the thalamic
+structure it goes to projects to a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it goes to projects to a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it goes to projects to a kind
+of motor cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor cortical
+area okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay it's
+the called el
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the called el
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the called el
+Elman is the lateral magnos cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elman is the lateral magnos cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elman is the lateral magnos cellular
+nucleus of the anterior Nido palum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the anterior Nido palum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the anterior Nido palum the
+nitop palum is that area that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitop palum is that area that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitop palum is that area that's
+neocortical equivalent but it's subali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortical equivalent but it's subali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortical equivalent but it's subali
+the neurons don't migrate the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons don't migrate the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons don't migrate the same in
+birds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds and
+mammals but it is equivalent so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals but it is equivalent so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals but it is equivalent so that
+would be most like the motor cortex like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be most like the motor cortex like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be most like the motor cortex like
+brozer and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brozer and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brozer and it has
+outputs to nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robustus which then has these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustus which then has these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustus which then has these two
+Pathways reaching the hypoglossal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus and that we we know that lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that we we know that lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that we we know that lesions
+in these structures can can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these structures can can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these structures can can basically
+the bigger the lesion the more syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the lesion the more syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the lesion the more syllables
+the bird loses to his singing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird loses to his singing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird loses to his singing very
+dependent on those structures it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on those structures it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on those structures it's a
+kind of you can say it's a kind of habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you can say it's a kind of habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you can say it's a kind of habit
+learning it's a stotle type of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's a stotle type of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's a stotle type of learning
+okay and I'm sure much of our speech is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm sure much of our speech is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm sure much of our speech is
+just like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+in one of one of the papers notom wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of one of the papers notom wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of one of the papers notom wrote
+what called a brain for All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what called a brain for All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what called a brain for All
+Seasons because these morphological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seasons because these morphological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seasons because these morphological
+differences in these structures vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in these structures vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in these structures vary
+from season to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from season to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from season to
+season and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season and
+uh as does as do the levels of the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as does as do the levels of the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as does as do the levels of the male
+hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh here they're uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here they're uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here they're uh they're
+plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically the syllables the animal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the syllables the animal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the syllables the animal and
+the volume of these two structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of these two structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of these two structures the
+higher vocal Center and the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher vocal Center and the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher vocal Center and the nucleus
+robustness now this of course when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness now this of course when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness now this of course when the
+bird's very young the hormone levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's very young the hormone levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's very young the hormone levels
+haven't appeared yet hormone differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't appeared yet hormone differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't appeared yet hormone differences
+but when they do you get the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they do you get the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they do you get the growth of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+structures uh and it's during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh and it's during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh and it's during this
+period when you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you see the
+rise uh and the size of these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise uh and the size of these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise uh and the size of these structures
+that the bird is learning the syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bird is learning the syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bird is learning the syllables
+of his song by listening basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his song by listening basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his song by listening basically to
+his father and uh it reaches the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father and uh it reaches the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father and uh it reaches the peak
+and then it doesn't change during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it doesn't change during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it doesn't change during the
+period when the song is not changing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when the song is not changing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when the song is not changing so
+it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer
+plastic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic and
+then when you enter a period of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you enter a period of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you enter a period of plastic
+song again the size of these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song again the size of these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song again the size of these structures
+goes way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes way down
+again okay so they're largest when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so they're largest when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so they're largest when the
+song is stable when the animal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song is stable when the animal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song is stable when the animal has
+learned the songs and he's using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the songs and he's using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the songs and he's using those
+structures to control the singing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to control the singing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to control the singing and
+this is another way it's been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way it's been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way it's been studied
+where they they plotted the changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they plotted the changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they plotted the changing
+levels of testosterone and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of testosterone and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of testosterone and then the
+number of syllables see them increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of syllables see them increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of syllables see them increasing
+During the period of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During the period of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+During the period of plastic
+song and then as testosterone levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and then as testosterone levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and then as testosterone levels
+rise again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise again
+here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he
+loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the this this uh he loses no new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this uh he loses no new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this uh he loses no new
+syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables
+appearing and the cycle repeats this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing and the cycle repeats this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing and the cycle repeats this the
+cycle you see here this is from May to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you see here this is from May to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you see here this is from May to
+May so that's the full year and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May so that's the full year and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May so that's the full year and then
+that cycle is repeated but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cycle is repeated but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cycle is repeated but then the
+other big Discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big Discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big Discovery
+was birth of neurons that migrate just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was birth of neurons that migrate just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was birth of neurons that migrate just
+like in development here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in development here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in development here you see
+migrating neurons here where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating neurons here where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating neurons here where they're
+showing gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing gal
+processes staining with a G fiary AIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes staining with a G fiary AIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes staining with a G fiary AIC
+protein and then neurons moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and then neurons moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and then neurons moving along
+them and uh this is from apprciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh this is from apprciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh this is from apprciated
+pyodine study from that scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyodine study from that scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyodine study from that scientific
+America an article that has particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America an article that has particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America an article that has particularly
+nice illustrations and here he shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice illustrations and here he shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice illustrations and here he shows you
+inject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the
+thyine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyine
+uh so you're labeled the dividing cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you're labeled the dividing cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you're labeled the dividing cells
+and if you look at the brain just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the brain just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the brain just one
+day later you'll see where you'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day later you'll see where you'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day later you'll see where you'd expect
+them they're all you label the cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're all you label the cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're all you label the cells in
+the ventricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventricular
+layer okay now remember these aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay now remember these aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay now remember these aren't
+babies anymore this isn't when the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies anymore this isn't when the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies anymore this isn't when the brain
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+formed uh and this is happening every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed uh and this is happening every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed uh and this is happening every
+season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season
+look at them after 8 days they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them after 8 days they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them after 8 days they're
+beginning to migrate after 15 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to migrate after 15 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to migrate after 15 days
+they've moved out into much of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've moved out into much of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've moved out into much of the end
+brain uh at 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh at 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh at 40
+days they've not only moved well away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days they've not only moved well away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days they've not only moved well away
+from where they were born here at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where they were born here at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where they were born here at The
+ventricle but they're the one shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle but they're the one shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle but they're the one shown in
+red are differentiating into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red are differentiating into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red are differentiating into
+neurons and as I said this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and as I said this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and as I said this is actually
+the total emphasis was on males at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total emphasis was on males at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total emphasis was on males at the
+beginning but it turns out there's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but it turns out there's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but it turns out there's quite
+a bit of cirth like this in the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of cirth like this in the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of cirth like this in the female
+too and even though we know that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and even though we know that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and even though we know that I I
+don't it's simply not been studied as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's simply not been studied as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's simply not been studied as
+much uh because we can't correlate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh because we can't correlate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh because we can't correlate it
+with the singing the births the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the singing the births the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the singing the births the female
+isn't doing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't doing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't doing much
+singing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so a couple of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a couple of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a couple of things that
+indicate that there's a lot of sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that there's a lot of sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that there's a lot of sex
+differences you probably haven't found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you probably haven't found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you probably haven't found
+yet uh and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh and certainly
+haven't uh one is that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't uh one is that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't uh one is that if you look at
+most of this was in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this was in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this was in vitro
+work look at the differentiation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work look at the differentiation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work look at the differentiation of the
+midbrain dopamine neurons it's affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain dopamine neurons it's affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain dopamine neurons it's affected
+by sex steroids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sex steroids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sex steroids in
+culture and she found an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and she found an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and she found an interaction
+between the estrogens and neatr they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the estrogens and neatr they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the estrogens and neatr they're
+affecting the growth hormones directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the growth hormones directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the growth hormones directly
+so in fact there's hormone sex hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there's hormone sex hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there's hormone sex hormone
+receptors in many parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in many parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in many parts of the brain
+including many areas that we've not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including many areas that we've not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including many areas that we've not seen
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear structural dimorphism but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear structural dimorphism but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear structural dimorphism but that
+doesn't mean the neurons aren't being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean the neurons aren't being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean the neurons aren't being
+affected even though they may not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected even though they may not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected even though they may not change
+in the gross structures that we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gross structures that we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gross structures that we look at
+neur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anatomically so what in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically so what in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically so what in addition to
+hormonal factors may explain may feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal factors may explain may feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal factors may explain may feel
+male female differences is it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male female differences is it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male female differences is it only
+hormones that we need to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones that we need to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones that we need to look at and
+that is all people thought they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all people thought they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all people thought they had to
+look at for many years they assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for many years they assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for many years they assume
+that brains of males and females are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brains of males and females are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brains of males and females are
+similar they're basically all female and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they're basically all female and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they're basically all female and
+then the male brains differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the male brains differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the male brains differentiate
+because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+testosterone and if you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone and if you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone and if you remove the
+gonads of a male the brain just stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonads of a male the brain just stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonads of a male the brain just stays
+female and that was the picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and that was the picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and that was the picture that
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+learned okay and then Jean expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned okay and then Jean expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned okay and then Jean expression
+studies came along and this fellow Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies came along and this fellow Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies came along and this fellow Eric
+vain out at uh UCLA started publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vain out at uh UCLA started publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vain out at uh UCLA started publishing
+his results on gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his results on gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his results on gene expression
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+and they were doing they could compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were doing they could compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were doing they could compare
+the expression of over 12,000 genes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of over 12,000 genes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of over 12,000 genes with
+their screening method impairing male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their screening method impairing male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their screening method impairing male
+and female brains using embryonic mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and female brains using embryonic mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and female brains using embryonic mice
+and they started long before the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started long before the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started long before the animals
+develop sex organs and they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop sex organs and they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop sex organs and they found that
+54 genes were expressed in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 genes were expressed in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 genes were expressed in different
+amounts in male and female Mouse brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts in male and female Mouse brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts in male and female Mouse brains
+prior to any hormonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to any hormonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to any hormonal
+influence and 18 of them were expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence and 18 of them were expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence and 18 of them were expressed
+at higher levels in the male brains 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher levels in the male brains 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher levels in the male brains 36
+were expressed at higher levels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expressed at higher levels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expressed at higher levels in the
+female brain that was published back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female brain that was published back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female brain that was published back in
+2003 yes these gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 yes these gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 yes these gen
+necessarily uh no no they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh no no they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh no no they're not
+all there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there the
+differenes app I I'm not sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differenes app I I'm not sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differenes app I I'm not sure you can
+look here in these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here in these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here in these papers
+U to see if they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U to see if they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U to see if they tried
+to be more specific but you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more specific but you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more specific but you see when
+they first discovered these they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first discovered these they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first discovered these they didn't
+even know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proteins these things are coding for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins these things are coding for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins these things are coding for and
+they uh it was this large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh it was this large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh it was this large scale
+screening method they were using but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening method they were using but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening method they were using but
+that's just the first step in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the first step in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the first step in trying to
+understand what's going on uh in 1990
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on uh in 1990
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on uh in 1990
+they did identify one on the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did identify one on the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did identify one on the Y
+chromosome they call it Sr y it's a sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome they call it Sr y it's a sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome they call it Sr y it's a sex
+determining region on the Y chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining region on the Y chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining region on the Y chromosome
+it's also known as the test determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also known as the test determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also known as the test determining
+Gene that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene that same
+gene is found in the being expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is found in the being expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is found in the being expressed in
+the substanti and rats it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substanti and rats it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substanti and rats it's
+involved in dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in dopamine
+secretion in fact if you reduce the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretion in fact if you reduce the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretion in fact if you reduce the gene
+activity you get a Parkinson's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity you get a Parkinson's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity you get a Parkinson's like
+syndrome which is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it could explain why men are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could explain why men are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could explain why men are more
+susceptible to Parkinson's disease than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to Parkinson's disease than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to Parkinson's disease than
+women but still women get it and women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women but still women get it and women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women but still women get it and women
+produce plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce plenty of
+dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine
+uh even if they're not expressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if they're not expressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if they're not expressing that
+Gene so obviously they're other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene so obviously they're other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene so obviously they're other
+determinant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so
+that's and here is the problem I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and here is the problem I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and here is the problem I just
+wanted to note here it's a disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to note here it's a disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to note here it's a disturbing
+part of modern molecular sell molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of modern molecular sell molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of modern molecular sell molecular
+work that often you you hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that often you you hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that often you you hear about
+something this early and then you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this early and then you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this early and then you stop
+learning about it the reason is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about it the reason is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about it the reason is people
+delay their publication because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay their publication because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay their publication because they
+want to patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything people get greedy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything people get greedy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything people get greedy and the
+drug companies are often dominating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug companies are often dominating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug companies are often dominating the
+game and so I think we would know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so I think we would know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so I think we would know a lot
+more now if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now if this
+weren't people weren't so convinced they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't people weren't so convinced they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't people weren't so convinced they
+were going to make a lot of money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to make a lot of money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to make a lot of money from
+it sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say well you can't basically they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you can't basically they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you can't basically they won't
+publish it until they're sure that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it until they're sure that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it until they're sure that they
+patented everything you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented everything you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented everything you know or
+initiated the patent there a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated the patent there a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated the patent there a whole
+procedure it follows then yes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure it follows then yes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure it follows then yes you can
+publish but if you publish too early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish but if you publish too early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish but if you publish too early
+then everybody else will get a get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everybody else will get a get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everybody else will get a get
+started on it and maybe they can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on it and maybe they can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on it and maybe they can work
+faster than you so people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you so people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you so people just
+delay they keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay they keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay they keep it
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+it's true even in the field I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true even in the field I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true even in the field I was
+working in for so long the regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in for so long the regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in for so long the regeneration
+work again people are so convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work again people are so convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work again people are so convinced
+they've got some big finding that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got some big finding that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got some big finding that's
+going to make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a lot of
+money all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money all right
+uh I don't claim to be Lily white either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't claim to be Lily white either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't claim to be Lily white either
+because I got involved in that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got involved in that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got involved in that for a
+little while but then I stopped I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while but then I stopped I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while but then I stopped I
+decided it was just darting the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided it was just darting the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided it was just darting the way I
+did science I didn't want it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the differences in sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the differences in sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the differences in sexual
+orientation might be explained in gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation might be explained in gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation might be explained in gene
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they found in mothers of homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they found in mothers of homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they found in mothers of homosexual
+men there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men there's some
+skewing of X chromosome in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing of X chromosome in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing of X chromosome in
+activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation
+uh but it would only explain results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it would only explain results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it would only explain results for
+only a subgroup of gay men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a subgroup of gay men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a subgroup of gay men
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh it's even been reported that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's even been reported that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's even been reported that such
+skewing is not transmitted to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing is not transmitted to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing is not transmitted to The
+Offspring so that's been up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Offspring so that's been up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Offspring so that's been up in the air
+uh perhaps the and you can look under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perhaps the and you can look under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perhaps the and you can look under
+vain you'll see the more recent things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vain you'll see the more recent things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vain you'll see the more recent things
+that he's been publishing and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's been publishing and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's been publishing and this is
+Dean Hammer of the NIH by the way first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean Hammer of the NIH by the way first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean Hammer of the NIH by the way first
+discovered the genetic difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the genetic difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the genetic difference
+genetic differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic differences
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the ex chromosome is inactivated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the ex chromosome is inactivated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the ex chromosome is inactivated in
+uh during normal development and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during normal development and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during normal development and the
+skewing can vary a lot how asymmetric it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing can vary a lot how asymmetric it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing can vary a lot how asymmetric it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that's there was an abor they claimed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there was an abor they claimed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there was an abor they claimed to
+get this extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this extreme
+skewing in mothers of homosexual men but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing in mothers of homosexual men but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing in mothers of homosexual men but
+I I report the finding here in case some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I report the finding here in case some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I report the finding here in case some
+of you may want to see what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may want to see what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may want to see what's happened
+to that you know and I didn't follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you know and I didn't follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you know and I didn't follow it
+up this year I didn't look any further I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this year I didn't look any further I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this year I didn't look any further I
+was looking at a lot of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at a lot of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at a lot of other things
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and I don't think I put this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I don't think I put this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I don't think I put this in the
+book If I had I would have done a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book If I had I would have done a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book If I had I would have done a lot
+more looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more looking at
+it there's a lot of other quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's a lot of other quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's a lot of other quantitative
+variations in human brains including sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in human brains including sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in human brains including sex
+differences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh
+and they've been found to have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been found to have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been found to have both
+genetic and environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic and environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic and environmental
+Origins they vary a lot from one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins they vary a lot from one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins they vary a lot from one part of
+the brain to another for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain to another for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain to another for example the
+cerebellum seems to show a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum seems to show a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum seems to show a lot of
+variation and they think it shows more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and they think it shows more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and they think it shows more
+variation than other structures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation than other structures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation than other structures because
+experiential factors make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential factors make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential factors make a big
+difference uh that was rapaport's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh that was rapaport's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh that was rapaport's uh
+suggestion she's given a lot of talks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion she's given a lot of talks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion she's given a lot of talks on
+this she's she's I given one talk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this she's she's I given one talk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this she's she's I given one talk here
+but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
+recently she had very large numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently she had very large numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently she had very large numbers in
+her studies so it's we think it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her studies so it's we think it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her studies so it's we think it's pretty
+reliable a lot of the things she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reporting they find differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting they find differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting they find differences between
+this has been known for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been known for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been known for a very long time
+there all kinds of studies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of studies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of studies on
+differences between schizophrenic brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between schizophrenic brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between schizophrenic brains
+and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normal
+brains uh but in fact they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains uh but in fact they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains uh but in fact they're quite
+variable and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's so many studies of schizophrenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many studies of schizophrenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many studies of schizophrenia
+that indicate this that and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate this that and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate this that and the other
+kind of thing that explains what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that explains what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that explains what
+schizophrenia is that you begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is that you begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is that you begin to
+realize after a while that it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize after a while that it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize after a while that it's because
+there is no explanation there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no explanation there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no explanation there's just a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+variation so we don't have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so we don't have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so we don't have a final
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+there uh except perhaps for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh except perhaps for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh except perhaps for certain
+schizophrenics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics
+uh but one thing that really surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one thing that really surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one thing that really surprised
+people was this young people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people was this young people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people was this young people with
+attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
+they find region specific differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find region specific differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find region specific differences
+between people without it and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people without it and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people without it and people
+with it and of course it varies with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and of course it varies with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and of course it varies with the
+severity as well so the fact is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity as well so the fact is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity as well so the fact is there's
+a lot of individual differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of individual differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of individual differences in
+brains and some of it the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and some of it the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and some of it the fact that it's
+correlated remember doesn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated remember doesn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated remember doesn't prove
+anything about cause okay okay it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about cause okay okay it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about cause okay okay it only
+makes a suggestion that it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a suggestion that it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a suggestion that it may be
+related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the
+causes but don't don't be too quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes but don't don't be too quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes but don't don't be too quick
+to things appear in the newspapers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things appear in the newspapers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things appear in the newspapers all
+the time usually published by medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time usually published by medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time usually published by medical
+residents who find some correlation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents who find some correlation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents who find some correlation or
+other and they publish it there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they publish it there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they publish it there's a lot
+of pressure to publish in medicine when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure to publish in medicine when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure to publish in medicine when
+you're early in your career because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're early in your career because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're early in your career because you
+get better jobs if you publish them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better jobs if you publish them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better jobs if you publish them but
+people go too far and inter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go too far and inter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go too far and inter in
+correlations in other words there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations in other words there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations in other words there's no
+experiment done to prove any causitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment done to prove any causitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment done to prove any causitive
+relationship okay so I just these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay so I just these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay so I just these are
+the kinds of things you should review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things you should review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things you should review
+here and uh if you like roomie there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh if you like roomie there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh if you like roomie there's
+one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his
+PS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think we're at the end of the hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we're at the end of the hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we're at the end of the hour
+so we'll be talking now about the hippoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll be talking now about the hippoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll be talking now about the hippoc
+cample formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample formation
+next time and then finally we'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and then finally we'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and then finally we'll say a
+few things about the amigdala and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about the amigdala and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about the amigdala and
+ventral striatum before we go on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral striatum before we go on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral striatum before we go on to the
+the dorsal Statum okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z3SmljnD_nQ.txt b/z3SmljnD_nQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91a6e37563f648fa868008e845bd54b716175ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z3SmljnD_nQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so I've worked hard over the weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've worked hard over the weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've worked hard over the weekend
+figured out what I was doing last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what I was doing last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what I was doing last time
+and what I'm doing this time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm doing this time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm doing this time and
+improved the notes so you'll get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the notes so you'll get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the notes so you'll get a new
+set of notes on the last lecture and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of notes on the last lecture and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of notes on the last lecture and on
+this one and I kind of got to got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and I kind of got to got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and I kind of got to got a
+better picture of what we're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture of what we're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture of what we're doing and
+that board is aiming to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board is aiming to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board is aiming to describe the
+large picture of what we're doing last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large picture of what we're doing last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large picture of what we're doing last
+time and this time so last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this time so last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this time so last time was
+about changes in a inverse when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about changes in a inverse when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about changes in a inverse when a
+changed this time is about changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this time is about changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this time is about changes in
+eigenvalues and changes in singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and changes in singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and changes in singular
+values when a changes you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when a changes you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when a changes you can imagine
+this is a natural important situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a natural important situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a natural important situation
+matrices move and therefore their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices move and therefore their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices move and therefore their
+inverses change their eigenvalues change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses change their eigenvalues change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses change their eigenvalues change
+their singular values change and it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their singular values change and it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their singular values change and it you
+hope for a formula well so we did have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for a formula well so we did have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for a formula well so we did have a
+formula for last time for the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for last time for the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for last time for the change in
+the inverse matrix so that's and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix so that's and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix so that's and I
+didn't get every U and V transpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get every U and V transpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get every U and V transpose in
+the right place in the video but or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place in the video but or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place in the video but or in
+the first version of the notes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first version of the notes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first version of the notes but I
+hope that there'll be the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that there'll be the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that there'll be the formula that
+that Woodberry morrison formula will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Woodberry morrison formula will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Woodberry morrison formula will be
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+this time ok so so I won't go back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time ok so so I won't go back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time ok so so I won't go back over
+that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part
+but I realize also there there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I realize also there there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I realize also there there's another
+question that we can answer when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we can answer when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we can answer when the
+change is very small when the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is very small when the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is very small when the change in
+a is da or Delta a of a small change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is da or Delta a of a small change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is da or Delta a of a small change and
+that's of course what calculus is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course what calculus is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course what calculus is about
+so I have to sort of parallel topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to sort of parallel topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to sort of parallel topics
+here what is the derivative when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the derivative when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the derivative when the
+changes of of it is infinitesimal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of of it is infinitesimal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of of it is infinitesimal and
+what is the actual change when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual change when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual change when the
+change is finite size okay so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is finite size okay so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is finite size okay so now let me
+say what we can do and what we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what we can do and what we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what we can do and what we can't do
+for oh I'll start out by figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oh I'll start out by figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oh I'll start out by figuring out
+what the derivative is for the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the derivative is for the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the derivative is for the inverse
+so that's like completing the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like completing the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like completing the last time
+for infinitesimal changes then I'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infinitesimal changes then I'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infinitesimal changes then I'll move
+on to changes in the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to changes in the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to changes in the eigenvalues and
+singular values and there you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and there you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and there you cannot
+expect an exact formula we had a we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect an exact formula we had a we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect an exact formula we had a we had
+a formula that was exact apart from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that was exact apart from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that was exact apart from any
+typos for this and we'll find a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos for this and we'll find a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos for this and we'll find a formula
+for this and we'll find a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and we'll find a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and we'll find a formula for
+that and for that well that one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and for that well that one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and for that well that one will
+come from this one so so this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from this one so so this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from this one so so this will be a
+highlight today how do the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight today how do the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight today how do the eigen values
+change when the matrix changes but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when the matrix changes but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when the matrix changes but we
+won't be able to do parallel to this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do parallel to this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do parallel to this we
+won't be able to oh well we will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to oh well we will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to oh well we will be able
+to do something for finite changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something for finite changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something for finite changes
+that's important the mathematics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important the mathematics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important the mathematics would
+have to keep hitting it that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep hitting it that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep hitting it that problem
+until it got somewhere so I won't get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it got somewhere so I won't get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it got somewhere so I won't get an
+exact formula for the change that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact formula for the change that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact formula for the change that's too
+much but I'll get inequalities how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but I'll get inequalities how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but I'll get inequalities how big
+that change could be what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change could be what can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change could be what can I say
+about it so these are that's highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so these are that's highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so these are that's highly
+interesting may I start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting may I start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting may I start with the
+completing the last lecture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the last lecture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the last lecture what
+the derivative of the inverse so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the inverse so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the inverse so I'm
+thinking here so what's the setup the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here so what's the setup the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here so what's the setup the
+setup is my matrix a depends on time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is my matrix a depends on time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is my matrix a depends on time on
+T and it has an inverse a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and it has an inverse a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and it has an inverse a inverse
+depends on T and if I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on T and if I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on T and if I know this
+dependence in other words if I know da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in other words if I know da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in other words if I know da
+DT how much what how the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT how much what how the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT how much what how the matrix is
+depending on T then I hope I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on T then I hope I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on T then I hope I could
+figure out what the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the derivative of a
+inverse is that we should be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is that we should be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is that we should be able to do
+this so let me just start with the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me just start with the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me just start with the it's
+not hard and it complements this one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard and it complements this one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard and it complements this one by
+doing the calculus case the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the calculus case the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the calculus case the the
+infinitesimal change so I want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal change so I want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal change so I want to get to
+that I'm given I'm given I can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm given I'm given I can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm given I'm given I can figure
+out the change in a and my job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the change in a and my job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the change in a and my job is to
+find a change the derivative of this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a change the derivative of this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a change the derivative of this a
+and of a inverse okay so here's a handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity and I just put this here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and I just put this here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and I just put this here so
+here's my useful identity I want to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my useful identity I want to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my useful identity I want to so
+as last time I start with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as last time I start with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as last time I start with a with a
+finite change its calculus always does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite change its calculus always does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite change its calculus always does
+that right starts with a delta T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right starts with a delta T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right starts with a delta T and
+then it goes to zero so so here I'm up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to zero so so here I'm up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to zero so so here I'm up
+at the full size change so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the full size change so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the full size change so I think that
+this is equal to B inverse a minus B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to B inverse a minus B a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to B inverse a minus B a
+inverse and that's if it's true it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and that's if it's true it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and that's if it's true it's a
+pretty cool formula and look it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool formula and look it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool formula and look it is true
+because over on this right hand side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because over on this right hand side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because over on this right hand side I
+have B inverse times a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B inverse times a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have B inverse times a a
+versus the identity so that's my B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the identity so that's my B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the identity so that's my B
+inverse and I have the minus the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and I have the minus the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and I have the minus the B
+inverse B is the identity there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse B is the identity there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse B is the identity there is a
+inverse it's good right so so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's good right so so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's good right so so that is a
+from that well we I could actually learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that well we I could actually learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that well we I could actually learn
+from that the the rank of this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the the rank of this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the the rank of this equals
+the rank of this that's that's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank of this that's that's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank of this that's that's a point
+that I made from the big formula but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made from the big formula but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made from the big formula but now
+we can see it from easy formula I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it from easy formula I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it from easy formula I'm
+assuming that B and a everywhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that B and a everywhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that B and a everywhere here
+I'm assuming that a and b are invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that a and b are invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that a and b are invertible
+matrices so when i multiply by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so when i multiply by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so when i multiply by an
+invertible matrix that does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible matrix that does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible matrix that does not change
+the rank so the those have the same rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank so the those have the same rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank so the those have the same rank
+but I'm gonna get further than that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna get further than that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna get further than that I
+want to find this okay so how do I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find this okay so how do I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find this okay so how do I go
+how do I go forward with that job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I go forward with that job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I go forward with that job to
+find the derivative of the universe well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the derivative of the universe well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the derivative of the universe well
+I'm gonna let I'm gonna call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna let I'm gonna call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna let I'm gonna call this a
+change in a inverse and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in a inverse and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in a inverse and over here
+I'll have V will be yeah okay see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have V will be yeah okay see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have V will be yeah okay see right
+yeah so B inverse will be this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so B inverse will be this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so B inverse will be this is really
+this is a plus Delta a inverse and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plus Delta a inverse and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plus Delta a inverse and this
+is well that's a minus B so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well that's a minus B so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well that's a minus B so that's
+really minus Delta a minus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minus Delta a minus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minus Delta a minus right
+the change is from A to B is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change is from A to B is the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change is from A to B is the change
+here I'm looking at this the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm looking at this the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm looking at this the difference
+a minus B so it's minus a change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus B so it's minus a change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus B so it's minus a change and
+here I have a inverse I haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have a inverse I haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have a inverse I haven't done
+anything except to introduce this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except to introduce this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except to introduce this Delta
+for the and get me out of it and brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the and get me out of it and brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the and get me out of it and brought
+Delta in okay now I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta in okay now I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta in okay now I want to do
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+so I'm thinking of B as being you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm thinking of B as being you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm thinking of B as being you know a
+little a little there's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little there's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little there's a sort of a
+delta T and I'm gonna divide by both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and I'm gonna divide by both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and I'm gonna divide by both
+sides by delta T I have to do this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by delta T I have to do this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by delta T I have to do this if I
+want and now I'll let Delta T go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and now I'll let Delta T go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and now I'll let Delta T go to zero
+so this is calculus appears finally are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is calculus appears finally are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is calculus appears finally are
+I won't say our enemy calculus but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't say our enemy calculus but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't say our enemy calculus but but
+there's a sort of like competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of like competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of like competition
+between linear algebra and calculus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between linear algebra and calculus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between linear algebra and calculus for
+for college mathematics calculus has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for college mathematics calculus has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for college mathematics calculus has had
+far far too much time and attention it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far far too much time and attention it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far far too much time and attention it's
+like it gets three or four semesters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it gets three or four semesters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it gets three or four semesters of
+calculus for people who don't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus for people who don't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus for people who don't get any
+linear algebra I'm glad this won't be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra I'm glad this won't be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra I'm glad this won't be on
+the video but I'm afraid it will anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video but I'm afraid it will anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video but I'm afraid it will anyway
+of course calculus is fine in its place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course calculus is fine in its place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course calculus is fine in its place
+okay so here's its place now let Delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's its place now let Delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's its place now let Delta t
+go to zero so what does this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero so what does this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero so what does this equation
+become it just ends and everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become it just ends and everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become it just ends and everybody knows
+that as the limit as delta T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the limit as delta T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the limit as delta T goes to
+zero I replace Delta's by the Delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I replace Delta's by the Delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I replace Delta's by the Delta so
+this Delta a divided by delta T that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta a divided by delta T that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta a divided by delta T that has
+a meaning each the top has a meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meaning each the top has a meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meaning each the top has a meaning and
+the bottom has a mean but then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom has a mean but then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom has a mean but then in the
+limit it's a ratio that has a meaning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's a ratio that has a meaning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's a ratio that has a meaning so
+da by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da by itself
+I don't attach a meaning to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't attach a meaning to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't attach a meaning to that's
+infinitesimal it's the limit so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal it's the limit so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal it's the limit so that's
+why I wanted a delta over a delta so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted a delta over a delta so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted a delta over a delta so I
+could do calculus so what happens now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do calculus so what happens now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do calculus so what happens now as
+delta T goes to zero and of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T goes to zero and of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T goes to zero and of course as
+delta T goes to zero that carries Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T goes to zero that carries Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T goes to zero that carries Delta
+a to zero so that becomes a inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to zero so that becomes a inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to zero so that becomes a inverse and
+what does this approach as delta T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this approach as delta T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this approach as delta T goes
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+da/dt with that minus sign oh I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da/dt with that minus sign oh I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da/dt with that minus sign oh I've got
+to remember the minus sign minus sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the minus sign minus sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the minus sign minus sign is
+in here - I'm bringing out the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here - I'm bringing out the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here - I'm bringing out the minus
+sign then this was a inverse as we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then this was a inverse as we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then this was a inverse as we had
+and that da/dt and that's a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that da/dt and that's a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that da/dt and that's a inverse
+that's our formula a nice formula which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our formula a nice formula which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our formula a nice formula which
+sort of belongs in people's knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of belongs in people's knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of belongs in people's knowledge
+you recognize that if a was a 1 by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that if a was a 1 by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that if a was a 1 by 1
+matrix we could call it X instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we could call it X instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we could call it X instead of a
+if a if a there's a 1 by 1 matrix X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a if a there's a 1 by 1 matrix X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a if a there's a 1 by 1 matrix X then
+I'm seeing the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the formula for the
+derivative of 1 over X write a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 1 over X write a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 1 over X write a inverse
+just a 1 by 1 case it's just 1 over X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a 1 by 1 case it's just 1 over X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a 1 by 1 case it's just 1 over X so
+the derivative of 1 or maybe T I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of 1 or maybe T I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of 1 or maybe T I should
+be saying if if a is just T then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying if if a is just T then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying if if a is just T then the
+derivative of 1 over T with respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 1 over T with respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 1 over T with respect to T
+is is minus 1 over T squared right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is minus 1 over T squared right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is minus 1 over T squared right I've
+just the one by one case we know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the one by one case we know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the one by one case we know that's
+what calculus does and now we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what calculus does and now we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what calculus does and now we're able to
+do that n by n case so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that n by n case so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that n by n case so that's that's
+just like good and then it's it sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like good and then it's it sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like good and then it's it sir
+parallel to formulas like this which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to formulas like this which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to formulas like this which are
+where this delta a is not gone to 0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this delta a is not gone to 0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this delta a is not gone to 0 it's
+full size but low-rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full size but low-rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full size but low-rank
+that was the point actually the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the point actually the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the point actually the formula
+would be it would apply if the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it would apply if the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it would apply if the rank
+wasn't low but the interest is in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't low but the interest is in low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't low but the interest is in low
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+are we good for this that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we good for this that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we good for this that's really the
+completion of last times lecture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of last times lecture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of last times lecture with
+with derivatives ok ok come in come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with derivatives ok ok come in come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with derivatives ok ok come in come back
+to here to the new thing now lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to the new thing now lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to the new thing now lambdas
+let's focus on lambdas eigenvalues how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on lambdas eigenvalues how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on lambdas eigenvalues how
+does the eigen value change when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the eigen value change when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the eigen value change when the
+matrix changes how does the eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix changes how does the eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix changes how does the eigen value
+change when the matrix changes so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when the matrix changes so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when the matrix changes so I have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+possibilities one is small change when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities one is small change when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities one is small change when
+I'm doing calculus and I'm letting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing calculus and I'm letting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing calculus and I'm letting a
+delta T go to zero the other is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T go to zero the other is full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T go to zero the other is full
+size order one change where I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size order one change where I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size order one change where I will not
+be able to give you a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give you a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give you a formula for the
+new lambdas but I'll be able to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new lambdas but I'll be able to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new lambdas but I'll be able to tell you
+important facts about them so that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important facts about them so that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important facts about them so that's so
+this is this is today's lecture now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is today's lecture now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is today's lecture now you
+could say that's the completion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that's the completion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that's the completion of
+Friday's lecture what about D lambda DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture what about D lambda DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture what about D lambda DT
+it's a nice formula and it's a proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice formula and it's a proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice formula and it's a proof is
+fun - I was very happy about this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun - I was very happy about this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun - I was very happy about this proof
+okay so I guess calculus is showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess calculus is showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess calculus is showing up
+here on this middle board so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this middle board so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this middle board so how do I
+start with the eigenvalues well start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the eigenvalues well start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the eigenvalues well start
+with what I know so so these are facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I know so so these are facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I know so so these are facts
+you could say that I have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that I have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that I have to get the
+eigenvalues into it and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues into it and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues into it and of course
+eigenvalues have to come with eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues have to come with eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues have to come with eigen
+vectors so I'll again use a of T it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so I'll again use a of T it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so I'll again use a of T it'll
+be depending on T and an eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be depending on T and an eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be depending on T and an eigen vector
+that depends on T is an eigen value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on T is an eigen value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on T is an eigen value that
+depends on T times an eigen vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on T times an eigen vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on T times an eigen vector that
+depends on T great a fact one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on T great a fact one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on T great a fact one that we
+plan to take the derivative of somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to take the derivative of somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to take the derivative of somehow
+there's also a second fact that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a second fact that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a second fact that comes
+into play here what's the deal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play here what's the deal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play here what's the deal on the
+eigenvalues of a transpose they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a transpose they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a transpose they're the
+same the eigenvalues of a transpose are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the eigenvalues of a transpose are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the eigenvalues of a transpose are
+the same as the eigen values of a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the eigen values of a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the eigen values of a are
+the eigenvectors the same not usually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors the same not usually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors the same not usually of
+course if the matrix was symmetric then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if the matrix was symmetric then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if the matrix was symmetric then
+a and a transpose are just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a transpose are just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a transpose are just the same
+thing so they would have so a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so they would have so a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so they would have so a transpose
+would have that eigenvalue but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have that eigenvalue but generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have that eigenvalue but generally
+eigenvector but it generally it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector but it generally it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector but it generally it has a
+different eigenvector and it really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigenvector and it really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigenvector and it really to
+keep it sort of separate from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it sort of separate from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it sort of separate from this one
+let's call it y it'll have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it y it'll have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it y it'll have the same
+eigenvalue I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue I'm going to call
+why but I'm gonna make it a row vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but I'm gonna make it a row vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but I'm gonna make it a row vector
+because a transpose is what instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a transpose is what instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a transpose is what instead of
+writing down a transpose I'm gonna stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a transpose I'm gonna stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a transpose I'm gonna stay
+with a but put the eigenvalue on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a but put the eigenvalue on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a but put the eigenvalue on the
+left side so here here's the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side so here here's the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side so here here's the eigenvalue
+eigenvector for a on the left and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector for a on the left and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector for a on the left and it has
+the same eigenvalue times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigenvalue times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigenvalue times that
+eigenvector but that i in vector is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector but that i in vector is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector but that i in vector is a
+row I am very of course this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I am very of course this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I am very of course this is an
+equality between rows a row times my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between rows a row times my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between rows a row times my
+matrix gives a row so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix gives a row so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix gives a row so that's the
+eigenvalues of that it has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of that it has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of that it has the same
+eigenvalue so this is this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so this is this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so this is this is totally
+parallel to that totally parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to that totally parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to that totally parallel and
+maybe there's sort of less definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's sort of less definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's sort of less definitely
+less seen but it's just the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less seen but it's just the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less seen but it's just the same thing
+for a transpose you use everybody sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transpose you use everybody sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transpose you use everybody sees
+if I transpose this equation then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I transpose this equation then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I transpose this equation then I've
+got something that looks like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that looks like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that looks like that but
+I'd rather have it this way now one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather have it this way now one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather have it this way now one more
+thing about these one more fact I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about these one more fact I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about these one more fact I need
+there's there has to be some I some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there has to be some I some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there has to be some I some
+normalization how long how what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization how long how what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization how long how what should
+be the length of the right now X could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the length of the right now X could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the length of the right now X could
+have any lengths Y could have any length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any lengths Y could have any length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any lengths Y could have any length
+and there's a natural normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a natural normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a natural normalization
+which is y transpose times X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is y transpose times X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is y transpose times X equal to
+one that normalizes the to doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that normalizes the to doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that normalizes the to doesn't tell
+me the length of X or the length of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the length of X or the length of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the length of X or the length of Y
+but it tells me the key saying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tells me the key saying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tells me the key saying they're
+lengths of both so what I've what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of both so what I've what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of both so what I've what I've
+got there is tracking along one eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there is tracking along one eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there is tracking along one eigen
+value and it's pair of eigen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it's pair of eigen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it's pair of eigen vectors and
+you're always welcome to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always welcome to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always welcome to think of the
+symmetric case when y and X are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case when y and X are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case when y and X are the same
+and then I would call them Q oh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I would call them Q oh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I would call them Q oh well I
+would call them Q if it was a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call them Q if it was a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call them Q if it was a symmetric
+matrix but I would have if yeah so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but I would have if yeah so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but I would have if yeah so if
+it's a symmetric matrix I would call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symmetric matrix I would call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symmetric matrix I would call the
+both eigenvectors would be called q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both eigenvectors would be called q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both eigenvectors would be called q
+and this would be saying that queue is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be saying that queue is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be saying that queue is a
+unit vector right so this is all stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector right so this is all stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector right so this is all stuff
+we know and actually maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know and actually maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know and actually maybe I should
+write it in in matrix notation just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in in matrix notation just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in in matrix notation just so
+cuz it's important so if that's for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's important so if that's for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's important so if that's for one
+eigenvector this is for all of them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector this is for all of them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector this is for all of them at
+once everybody's with it the x's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once everybody's with it the x's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once everybody's with it the x's are the
+columns of X and I need to mull aMDA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of X and I need to mull aMDA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of X and I need to mull aMDA is
+the diagonal matrix of lambdas and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal matrix of lambdas and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal matrix of lambdas and it
+has to sit on the right so that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to sit on the right so that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to sit on the right so that it will
+multiply those columns so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those columns so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those columns so this is like
+all all eigenvectors at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all eigenvectors at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all eigenvectors at once
+what would this one be this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would this one be this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would this one be this would be
+like Y transpose a equals a Y transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Y transpose a equals a Y transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Y transpose a equals a Y transpose
+Y s equals o and probably these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y s equals o and probably these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y s equals o and probably these are
+multiplied it's funny I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it's funny I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it's funny I don't want to
+put what I'm I feel wrong if I write Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put what I'm I feel wrong if I write Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put what I'm I feel wrong if I write Y
+transpose here like here the X was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose here like here the X was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose here like here the X was on
+the right and on the left and album one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and on the left and album one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and on the left and album one
+oh it yeah y transpose yeah okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it yeah y transpose yeah okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it yeah y transpose yeah okay so what
+do I put lambda Y transpose and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put lambda Y transpose and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put lambda Y transpose and what do
+I put here what does this translate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put here what does this translate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put here what does this translate to
+if I if this was for a one eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if this was for a one eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if this was for a one eigenvector
+for all of them at once it's just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them at once it's just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them at once it's just gonna
+translate to Y transpose X equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to Y transpose X equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to Y transpose X equal the
+identity this is pretty basic stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity this is pretty basic stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity this is pretty basic stuff but
+stuff somehow we don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff somehow we don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff somehow we don't always
+necessarily see okay those are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily see okay those are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily see okay those are the key
+facts and now I plan to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and now I plan to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and now I plan to take the
+derivative take the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative take the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative take the derivative with
+respect to lambda oh okay I can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to lambda oh okay I can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to lambda oh okay I can derive
+one more fact so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more fact so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more fact so this
+formula this is formula one formula one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is formula one formula one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is formula one formula one
+just says what do I get if I hit this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says what do I get if I hit this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says what do I get if I hit this on
+the left by Y transpose can I do that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left by Y transpose can I do that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left by Y transpose can I do that Y
+transpose of T a of T X of T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of T a of T X of T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of T a of T X of T equals
+lambda of T that's us that's a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda of T that's us that's a number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda of T that's us that's a number so
+I can always bring that out but in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always bring that out but in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always bring that out but in front
+of the inner product the vector notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner product the vector notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner product the vector notation
+are you good for that I'm pleading like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you good for that I'm pleading like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you good for that I'm pleading like
+everything I've done is totally okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I've done is totally okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I've done is totally okay and
+now I have a improvement to make on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a improvement to make on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a improvement to make on this
+right hand side which is so what is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side which is so what is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side which is so what is y
+transpose times X it's 1 so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times X it's 1 so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times X it's 1 so let's
+remember that it's 1 so in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's 1 so in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's 1 so in other words I
+have got a formula for lambda of T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got a formula for lambda of T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got a formula for lambda of T the
+eigen value as time changes the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value as time changes the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value as time changes the matrix
+changes its eigen values change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its eigen values change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its eigen values change
+according to this formula its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this formula its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this formula its
+eigenvectors change according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors change according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors change according to this
+formula and it's left eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's left eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's left eigenvectors
+change according to that formula isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change according to that formula isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change according to that formula isn't
+that so where everything here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so where everything here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so where everything here is
+aboveboard and now what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboveboard and now what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboveboard and now what's the point
+the point is I'm gonna find this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I'm gonna find this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I'm gonna find this the
+derivative so I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I'm going to take the
+derivative of that equation and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that equation and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that equation and see what
+I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+that's that'll be the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that'll be the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that'll be the formula for the
+derivative of an eigen value and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an eigen value and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an eigen value and it's
+it's amazingly it's not that widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazingly it's not that widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazingly it's not that widely
+known it's of course it's classical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known it's of course it's classical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known it's of course it's classical but
+it's not always part of courses so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always part of courses so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always part of courses so these
+this is as time varies the matrix varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as time varies the matrix varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as time varies the matrix varies
+a and therefore its eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and therefore its eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and therefore its eigenvalues
+and it's eigenvectors very so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's eigenvectors very so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's eigenvectors very so we're
+gonna find D lambda DT it's one level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find D lambda DT it's one level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find D lambda DT it's one level of
+difficulty more to find DX DT that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty more to find DX DT that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty more to find DX DT that the
+derivative of the eigenvector or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the eigenvector or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the eigenvector or the
+second derivative of the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the eigenvalue
+though those kind of come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though those kind of come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though those kind of come together and
+I'm not gonna go there I'm just gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go there I'm just gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go there I'm just gonna do
+the one great thing here take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one great thing here take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one great thing here take the
+derivative of that equation shall I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that equation shall I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that equation shall I do
+it over there so here we go so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over there so here we go so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over there so here we go so I want to
+compute D lambda DT and I'm using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute D lambda DT and I'm using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute D lambda DT and I'm using this
+formula for lambda there so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for lambda there so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for lambda there so I've got
+three things that depend on T and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things that depend on T and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things that depend on T and I'm
+taking the derivative of their product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of their product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of their product
+so I'm gonna use the product rule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna use the product rule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna use the product rule right
+now it takes a I'll apply the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it takes a I'll apply the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it takes a I'll apply the product
+rule to that derivative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to that derivative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to that derivative okay
+take the derivative of the first guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the first guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the first guy
+times a times X take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a times X take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a times X take the derivative of
+the second guy times the second guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second guy times the second guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second guy times the second guy and
+the third guy Y transpose of T a of T DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third guy Y transpose of T a of T DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third guy Y transpose of T a of T DX
+DT okay we are one minute away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay we are one minute away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay we are one minute away from a
+great formula and I'm really happy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great formula and I'm really happy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great formula and I'm really happy if
+you allow me to say it that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow me to say it that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow me to say it that that the
+formula comes by just putting taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula comes by just putting taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula comes by just putting taking
+those facts we know putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those facts we know putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those facts we know putting them
+together into this expression that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into this expression that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into this expression that we
+also know and that this is like lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know and that this is like lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know and that this is like lambda
+equals X inverse ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals X inverse ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals X inverse ax
+that's diagonalizing thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's diagonalizing thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's diagonalizing thing and then
+taking the derivative so what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative so what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative so what do I get
+if I take that derivative well this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take that derivative well this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take that derivative well this term
+I'm going to keep like I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep like I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep like I'm not going to
+play with that everybody's clear that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with that everybody's clear that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with that everybody's clear that's
+a number here's a matrix the ADT is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number here's a matrix the ADT is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number here's a matrix the ADT is a
+matrix the derivative I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the derivative I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the derivative I take the
+derivative of it every entry in a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of it every entry in a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of it every entry in a here's
+it's a column vector its eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a column vector its eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a column vector its eigen vector
+and here's a row vector so Rho times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a row vector so Rho times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a row vector so Rho times
+matrix times column is a number one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times column is a number one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times column is a number one by
+one and actually that's my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and actually that's my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and actually that's my answer
+that's my answer so I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my answer so I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my answer so I'm saying that
+these two terms cancel each other out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms cancel each other out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms cancel each other out
+those two terms add to zero and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two terms add to zero and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two terms add to zero and that
+this is the right answer for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right answer for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right answer for for the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+that's a nice formula so to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice formula so to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice formula so to find the
+derivative of an eigen value you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an eigen value you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an eigen value you take
+the rate the matrix is changing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the matrix is changing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the matrix is changing you
+multiply by the Oregon vector and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the Oregon vector and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the Oregon vector and by the
+left eigen vector it gives you a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left eigen vector it gives you a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left eigen vector it gives you a number
+and that's the D lambda DT okay so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the D lambda DT okay so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the D lambda DT okay so why
+do those two guys add to zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those two guys add to zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those two guys add to zero that's
+that's all that remains here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that remains here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that remains here and then
+this topic is ended with this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic is ended with this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic is ended with this nice
+formula okay so I want to simplify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so I want to simplify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so I want to simplify that
+simplify that and show that they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify that and show that they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify that and show that they cancel
+each other okay so what is ax its lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other okay so what is ax its lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other okay so what is ax its lambda
+X so this guy is nothing but it's lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this guy is nothing but it's lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this guy is nothing but it's lambda
+that depends on time of course times dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time of course times dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time of course times dy
+DT D Y transpose DT I'm just copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT D Y transpose DT I'm just copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT D Y transpose DT I'm just copying
+that ax is lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax is lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax is lambda X
+sorry I didn't mean to make that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't mean to make that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't mean to make that look
+hard okay with that ax is lambda X and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay with that ax is lambda X and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay with that ax is lambda X and I
+am perfectly safe because lambda is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am perfectly safe because lambda is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am perfectly safe because lambda is just
+a number to bring it out to the left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number to bring it out to the left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number to bring it out to the left so
+it's not getting doesn't look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not getting doesn't look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not getting doesn't look like it's
+in the way and what about this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way and what about this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way and what about this other
+term so I have y transpose au y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I have y transpose au y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I have y transpose au y
+transpose a what's that what's Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a what's that what's Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a what's that what's Y
+transpose a that's the combination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a that's the combination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a that's the combination that
+I know Y transpose a a a let Y is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Y transpose a a a let Y is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Y transpose a a a let Y is that
+left eigenvector y transpose a is brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left eigenvector y transpose a is brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left eigenvector y transpose a is brings
+out a lambda so this also brings out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a lambda so this also brings out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a lambda so this also brings out a
+lambda times y transpose x dx/dt okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times y transpose x dx/dt okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times y transpose x dx/dt okay I
+just use ax equal lambda X there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use ax equal lambda X there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use ax equal lambda X there that
+was really nothing now what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really nothing now what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really nothing now what do I do
+can you I want this to be zero can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you I want this to be zero can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you I want this to be zero can you
+see it happening it's a it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it happening it's a it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it happening it's a it's a great
+pleasure to see it happening so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to see it happening so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to see it happening so what do
+I have here what's my first step now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here what's my first step now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here what's my first step now
+bring would bring lambda outside that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring would bring lambda outside that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring would bring lambda outside that's
+not zero we don't know what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero we don't know what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero we don't know what that is
+bring lambda outside there times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring lambda outside there times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring lambda outside there times the
+whole thing so for some wonderful reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing so for some wonderful reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing so for some wonderful reason
+I believe that this number which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that this number which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that this number which is a
+roll times at column a row times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll times at column a row times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll times at column a row times a
+column two terms there I believe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two terms there I believe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two terms there I believe they
+knock each other out and they that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock each other out and they that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock each other out and they that
+result is zero and why why because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is zero and why why because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is zero and why why because I
+come back to the this is this board has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the this is this board has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the this is this board has
+all that I know and here's why transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that I know and here's why transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that I know and here's why transpose
+times X equal one and how does that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X equal one and how does that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X equal one and how does that help
+me because what I'm seeing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because what I'm seeing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because what I'm seeing in that
+square in that and those brackets is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in that and those brackets is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in that and those brackets is the
+derivative of Y transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Y transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Y transpose X
+so it's the derivative of one therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the derivative of one therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the derivative of one therefore
+zero so this is the derivative of one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is the derivative of one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is the derivative of one it
+equals zero those two terms knock each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero those two terms knock each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero those two terms knock each
+other out and leave just the nice term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other out and leave just the nice term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other out and leave just the nice term
+that we're seeing so the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're seeing so the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're seeing so the derivative of
+the eigenvalue just just to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue just just to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue just just to have one
+more look at it before we leave it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more look at it before we leave it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more look at it before we leave it the
+derivative of the eigenvalue is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the eigenvalue is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the eigenvalue is this
+formula it's the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's the rate at which the
+matrix is changing times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is changing times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is changing times the
+eigenvectors on right and left sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors on right and left sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors on right and left sometimes
+they're called the right eigenvector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the right eigenvector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the right eigenvector in
+the left eigenvector at at the time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left eigenvector at at the time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left eigenvector at at the time t
+yeah so a is so we're not seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so a is so we're not seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so a is so we're not seeing in this
+d lambda DT in other words does is not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d lambda DT in other words does is not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d lambda DT in other words does is not I
+don't need to I get a nice formula which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to I get a nice formula which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to I get a nice formula which
+doesn't involve the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the derivative of the
+eigenvector that's the beauty of it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that's the beauty of it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that's the beauty of it if I
+want to go up should take the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go up should take the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go up should take the next step
+I tried this weekend but it's a mess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried this weekend but it's a mess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried this weekend but it's a mess if
+it would be to take there so I've this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be to take there so I've this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be to take there so I've this
+is my formula and D lambda DT equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my formula and D lambda DT equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my formula and D lambda DT equals
+this and I can take the next derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I can take the next derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I can take the next derivative
+of that and it will involve the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and it will involve the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and it will involve the second
+day DT squared right but it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day DT squared right but it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day DT squared right but it will also
+involve DX DT and dy DT and it in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve DX DT and dy DT and it in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve DX DT and dy DT and it in fact
+the pseudo-inverse even shows up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudo-inverse even shows up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudo-inverse even shows up it's
+it's a another step and I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a another step and I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a another step and I'm not going
+that far because we've got the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far because we've got the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far because we've got the the best
+formula there okay so now that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula there okay so now that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula there okay so now that has
+answered this question and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered this question and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered this question and I could
+answer that question the same way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question the same way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question the same way it
+would involve a transpose a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve a transpose a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve a transpose a and the
+singular vectors instead of involving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors instead of involving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors instead of involving a
+and the eigenvectors maybe that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvectors maybe that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvectors maybe that's a
+suitable exercise I don't know I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable exercise I don't know I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable exercise I don't know I haven't
+done it myself what I want to do is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it myself what I want to do is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it myself what I want to do is this
+now now it's say what can we say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it's say what can we say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it's say what can we say about
+the change in the eigenvalue and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the eigenvalue and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the eigenvalue and I'll
+just stay first of all with eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay first of all with eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay first of all with eigenvalues
+when the change is like Rank 1 that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the change is like Rank 1 that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the change is like Rank 1 that way
+this is a perfect example when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfect example when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfect example when the
+change is Rank 1 so so so I'm really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is Rank 1 so so so I'm really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is Rank 1 so so so I'm really so
+what can we say about the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say about the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say about the eigenvalues
+let's take the top the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the top the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the top the largest
+eigenvalue or all of them all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue or all of them all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue or all of them all of them
+lambda J all of them of a plus a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda J all of them of a plus a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda J all of them of a plus a rank
+one matrix UV transpose oh let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one matrix UV transpose oh let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one matrix UV transpose oh let me make
+it let's let's do the nice case here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's let's do the nice case here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's let's do the nice case here a
+nice case because if I allow a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice case because if I allow a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice case because if I allow a general
+matrix a I have to worry about does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a I have to worry about does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a I have to worry about does it
+have enough eigenvectors you know can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough eigenvectors you know can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough eigenvectors you know can it
+diagonalize all that stuff let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize all that stuff let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize all that stuff let's make
+let's make it a symmetric matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it a symmetric matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it a symmetric matrix and
+let's make the rank one change symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make the rank one change symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make the rank one change symmetric
+too so the question is what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so the question is what can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so the question is what can I say
+about the eigenvalues of after a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eigenvalues of after a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eigenvalues of after a rank
+one change so again this isn't calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one change so again this isn't calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one change so again this isn't calculus
+now because the change that I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the change that I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the change that I'm making
+is as fully as is a true vector and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as fully as is a true vector and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as fully as is a true vector and not
+a differential okay and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential okay and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential okay and I'm not going to
+have an exact formula for the new eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an exact formula for the new eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an exact formula for the new eigen
+values as I said but what I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as I said but what I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as I said but what I am going to
+do is write down the beautiful facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is write down the beautiful facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is write down the beautiful facts
+that are known about that and here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are known about that and here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are known about that and here they
+are so first of all the eigen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so first of all the eigen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so first of all the eigen values are
+in descending order we use descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in descending order we use descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in descending order we use descending
+order for singular values let's use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for singular values let's use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for singular values let's use them
+also for an eigen value so lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for an eigen value so lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for an eigen value so lambda 1
+is greater equal to lambda 2 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater equal to lambda 2 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater equal to lambda 2 greater
+equal lambda 3 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda 3 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda 3 and so on
+Oh give me give me a yeah give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh give me give me a yeah give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh give me give me a yeah give me an
+idea well what do you expect from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea well what do you expect from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea well what do you expect from from
+that rank one change so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rank one change so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rank one change so that that
+changes Rank 1 can you tell me any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes Rank 1 can you tell me any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes Rank 1 can you tell me any more
+about that change you you transpose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that change you you transpose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that change you you transpose what
+kind of a matrix is uu transpose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix is uu transpose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix is uu transpose it's
+rank 1 but we can say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank 1 but we can say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank 1 but we can say more
+it is possum Ettrick of course and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possum Ettrick of course and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possum Ettrick of course and it is
+yeah positive semi definite positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah positive semi definite positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah positive semi definite positive
+semi definite this is a positive change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite this is a positive change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite this is a positive change
+uu transpose is the typical rank 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu transpose is the typical rank 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu transpose is the typical rank 1
+positive semi definite it couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite it couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite it couldn't be
+positive definite because it's only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite because it's only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite because it's only got
+Rank 1 what are the eigen what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank 1 what are the eigen what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank 1 what are the eigen what's the
+eigenvector of that matrix yeah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of that matrix yeah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of that matrix yeah let's
+just why not here we can do this in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just why not here we can do this in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just why not here we can do this in two
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+so uu transpose that's a matrix I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uu transpose that's a matrix I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uu transpose that's a matrix I'm
+asking you to think about and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think about and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think about and it's a
+full n by n matrix column times a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full n by n matrix column times a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full n by n matrix column times a row
+tell me an eigenvector of that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an eigenvector of that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an eigenvector of that matrix
+yes you if I multiply my matrix by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you if I multiply my matrix by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you if I multiply my matrix by you
+I get what do I get I get some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get what do I get I get some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get what do I get I get some number
+times U and what is that number lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U and what is that number lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U and what is that number lambda
+is that lambda happens to be u transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that lambda happens to be u transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that lambda happens to be u transpose
+U and what is the so that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and what is the so that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and what is the so that's different
+from uu transpose this was a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uu transpose this was a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uu transpose this was a matrix
+everybody uses 18 over 6 5 now that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses 18 over 6 5 now that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses 18 over 6 5 now that's a
+number and what can you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what can you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what can you tell me about
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+it is greater well even more greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is greater well even more greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is greater well even more greater
+than 0 greater because this is a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 greater because this is a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 greater because this is a true
+vector so this is greater than 0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so this is greater than 0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so this is greater than 0 it's
+the only eigenvalue all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only eigenvalue all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only eigenvalue all the other
+eigenvalues of the of that of that rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the of that of that rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the of that of that rank
+one matrix are 0 but the one non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one matrix are 0 but the one non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one matrix are 0 but the one non-zero
+eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen
+value is over on the plus side it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is over on the plus side it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is over on the plus side it's you
+transpose you we all recognize that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you we all recognize that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you we all recognize that as
+the lengths of U squared it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of U squared it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of U squared it's certainly
+positive so we do have a positive semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we do have a positive semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we do have a positive semi
+definite matrix what would your guess be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrix what would your guess be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrix what would your guess be
+of the effect on the eigenvalues of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effect on the eigenvalues of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effect on the eigenvalues of a so
+so I'm coming back to my real problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm coming back to my real problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm coming back to my real problem I
+can values of s sorry yes I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can values of s sorry yes I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can values of s sorry yes I have a
+symmetric matrices I'm saying symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices I'm saying symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices I'm saying symmetric
+what is your guess if I have a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your guess if I have a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your guess if I have a symmetric
+matrix and I add on uu transpose what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I add on uu transpose what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I add on uu transpose what do
+you imagine that does to the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine that does to the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine that does to the eigenvalues
+you're gonna get it right just say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get it right just say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get it right just say it
+what happens to the eigenvalues of s if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the eigenvalues of s if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the eigenvalues of s if
+I add on uu transpose they will they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add on uu transpose they will they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add on uu transpose they will they'll
+be more positive they'll go up this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more positive they'll go up this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more positive they'll go up this is a
+positive thing it's like adding 17 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive thing it's like adding 17 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive thing it's like adding 17 to
+something right it moves up so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it moves up so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it moves up so therefore
+what I believe is so these now I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I believe is so these now I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I believe is so these now I have so
+yeah I've got two sets of eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've got two sets of eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've got two sets of eigenvalues
+now one is the argument of s the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one is the argument of s the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one is the argument of s the other
+is the eigenvalues the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvalues the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvalues the different
+eigenvalues of s so what I can't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of s so what I can't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of s so what I can't call
+them both lambdas or I'm in trouble so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both lambdas or I'm in trouble so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both lambdas or I'm in trouble so
+let me let me start so I'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me start so I'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me start so I'll call the
+need so one other do you have a favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so one other do you have a favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so one other do you have a favorite
+other Greek letter for the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Greek letter for the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Greek letter for the eigenvalues
+of s gamma okay as long as you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s gamma okay as long as you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s gamma okay as long as you say a
+Greek letters I have some idea how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek letters I have some idea how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek letters I have some idea how to
+write Zeta it seems to me like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Zeta it seems to me like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Zeta it seems to me like the
+world's toughest letter to write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's toughest letter to write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's toughest letter to write and
+electrical engineers can coolly flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers can coolly flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers can coolly flush
+alpha Zeta but like I've never succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Zeta but like I've never succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Zeta but like I've never succeeded
+so so all right what did you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all right what did you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all right what did you say
+gamma J of the original okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma J of the original okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma J of the original okay so those
+are the eigenvalues of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues of the original
+these are the eigenvalues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the eigenvalues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the eigenvalues of the
+modified and we're expecting the lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and we're expecting the lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and we're expecting the lambdas
+to be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be big
+than the gammas oh it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the gammas oh it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the gammas oh it's just a
+qualitative statement and it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative statement and it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative statement and it's true
+each lambda is bigger than the gamma oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lambda is bigger than the gamma oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lambda is bigger than the gamma oh
+sorry yeah yeah each lambda by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah yeah each lambda by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah yeah each lambda by adding
+this stuff the lambdas are bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff the lambdas are bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff the lambdas are bigger than
+so I'll just write that lambdas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just write that lambdas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just write that lambdas are
+bigger than gammas and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than gammas and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than gammas and that's a
+fundamental fact which we could prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact which we could prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact which we could prove
+but a little more is known of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a little more is known of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a little more is known of course the
+question is how much bigger how much can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how much bigger how much can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how much bigger how much can
+they be way bigger well I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be way bigger well I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be way bigger well I don't believe
+they could be bigger by more than more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be bigger by more than more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be bigger by more than more
+than that number myself but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that number myself but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that number myself but there's
+there's there's better news than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's better news than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's better news than that so
+the lambdas are bigger than the gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambdas are bigger than the gammas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambdas are bigger than the gammas
+so lambda 1 is bigger than gamma 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lambda 1 is bigger than gamma 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lambda 1 is bigger than gamma 1 so
+this is of this is the S Plus u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of this is the S Plus u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of this is the S Plus u u
+transpose matrix and this these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose matrix and this these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose matrix and this these are the
+eigenvalues of the S matrix lambda 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the S matrix lambda 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the S matrix lambda 1 is
+bigger than gamma 1 but look what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than gamma 1 but look what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than gamma 1 but look what's
+happening in this line of text here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this line of text here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this line of text here I'm
+saying that gamma 1 that lambda 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that gamma 1 that lambda 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that gamma 1 that lambda 2 is
+smaller than gamma 1 isn't that neat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than gamma 1 isn't that neat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than gamma 1 isn't that neat the
+eigenvalues go up but they don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues go up but they don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues go up but they don't just
+like go anywhere and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go anywhere and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go anywhere and that's called
+interlacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is one of those wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those wonderful
+theorems that makes your heart happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that the idea that if I do a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the idea that if I do a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the idea that if I do a rank
+one change then the I and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one change then the I and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one change then the I and it's a
+positive change then the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive change then the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive change then the eigen values
+increase but they don't increase the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but they don't increase the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but they don't increase the new
+eigen value is below the new second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value is below the new second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value is below the new second
+eigen value it doesn't pass up the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value it doesn't pass up the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value it doesn't pass up the old
+first eigen value and the new third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first eigen value and the new third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first eigen value and the new third
+eigen value doesn't pass up the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value doesn't pass up the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value doesn't pass up the old
+second eigen does yeah yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second eigen does yeah yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second eigen does yeah yeah so that's
+the that's the interlacing theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the interlacing theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the interlacing theorem that
+associated with the names of famous mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the names of famous mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the names of famous mass
+guys that's just of course you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that's just of course you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that's just of course you have to
+say that's beautiful while we're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's beautiful while we're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's beautiful while we're writing
+down such a theorem make a guess of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down such a theorem make a guess of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down such a theorem make a guess of what
+the theorem would be if I do a rank to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem would be if I do a rank to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem would be if I do a rank to
+change suppose I do an A yes sorry s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change suppose I do an A yes sorry s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change suppose I do an A yes sorry s
+staying symmetric and I do a rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying symmetric and I do a rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying symmetric and I do a rank one
+change but then I also do a rank to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but then I also do a rank to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but then I also do a rank to
+change say W w transpose okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change say W w transpose okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change say W w transpose okay so what's
+the deal here what do I know about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal here what do I know about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal here what do I know about that
+the change matrix the Delta s here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change matrix the Delta s here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change matrix the Delta s here I
+know it's rank is 2 I'm assuming you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's rank is 2 I'm assuming you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's rank is 2 I'm assuming you and
+W were not in the same direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W were not in the same direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W were not in the same direction so
+that's a rank 2 matrix and what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rank 2 matrix and what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rank 2 matrix and what can you
+tell me about the eigenvalues of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about the eigenvalues of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about the eigenvalues of that
+Rank 2 matrix so it's got n eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank 2 matrix so it's got n eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank 2 matrix so it's got n eigenvalues
+because it's an N by n matrix but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an N by n matrix but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an N by n matrix but how
+many nonzero eigenvalues has it got too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nonzero eigenvalues has it got too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nonzero eigenvalues has it got too
+because it's rank is to the rank tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's rank is to the rank tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's rank is to the rank tells
+you the number of nonzero eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number of nonzero eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number of nonzero eigenvalues
+when matrices are symmetric it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when matrices are symmetric it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when matrices are symmetric it doesn't
+tell you enough if matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you enough if matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you enough if matrices are
+unsymmetric eigenvalues can be weird so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric eigenvalues can be weird so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric eigenvalues can be weird so
+stay symmetric here ok so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay symmetric here ok so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay symmetric here ok so that that
+this has a Chazz two nonzero eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a Chazz two nonzero eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a Chazz two nonzero eigenvalues
+and can you tell me their sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you tell me their sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you tell me their sign
+what is that matrix positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that matrix positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that matrix positive
+semi-definite yes of course it is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite yes of course it is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite yes of course it is of
+course so this was and this was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so this was and this was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so this was and this was and
+together it certainly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it certainly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it certainly is
+so now I've added a rank two positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've added a rank two positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've added a rank two positive
+definite positive semi definite matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite positive semi definite matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite positive semi definite matrix
+and now just I'm not going to rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now just I'm not going to rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now just I'm not going to rewrite
+this line but what would you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line but what would you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line but what would you expect to
+be true you would expect the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true you would expect the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true you would expect the eigenvalues
+increase but how big could lambda three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but how big could lambda three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but how big could lambda three
+are sorry gamma yeah so gamma 2 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sorry gamma yeah so gamma 2 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sorry gamma yeah so gamma 2 let's
+follow gamma 2 so so now well maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow gamma 2 so so now well maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow gamma 2 so so now well maybe I
+should use another two the Greeks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use another two the Greeks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use another two the Greeks have
+any other letters than lambda and gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other letters than lambda and gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other letters than lambda and gamma
+who see all of that who knows that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who see all of that who knows that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who see all of that who knows that each
+one I can write alpha good alpha yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can write alpha good alpha yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can write alpha good alpha yes
+alpha right so alpha as the eigen alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha right so alpha as the eigen alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha right so alpha as the eigen alpha
+is the eigenvalues of this this ring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvalues of this this ring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvalues of this this ring to
+change okay now what am I going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay now what am I going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay now what am I going to be
+able to say can I say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say can I say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say can I say anything about
+this well of course alpha 1 is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well of course alpha 1 is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well of course alpha 1 is bigger
+than lambda 1 which was bigger than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lambda 1 which was bigger than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lambda 1 which was bigger than I
+mean I can measure going up right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I can measure going up right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I can measure going up right I'm
+adding positive definite or positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding positive definite or positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding positive definite or positive
+semi definite stuff there's no way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite stuff there's no way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite stuff there's no way I can
+guys can start going down on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can start going down on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can start going down on me
+so alpha 1 is greater or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha 1 is greater or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha 1 is greater or equal to the
+lambda 1 which had just a rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 which had just a rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 which had just a rank one
+change which is greater equal to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which is greater equal to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which is greater equal to the to
+the MU was it mu gamma gamma 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MU was it mu gamma gamma 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MU was it mu gamma gamma 1 which is
+a and that's yeah and so on okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that's yeah and so on okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that's yeah and so on okay now
+let's see is alpha 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see is alpha 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see is alpha 1 is
+one bigger than alpha what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bigger than alpha what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bigger than alpha what am i
+struggling to to write down here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to to write down here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to to write down here well
+what could I say well what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could I say well what can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could I say well what can I say
+that that reflects the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that reflects the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that reflects the fact that that
+this lambda - no sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda - no sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda - no sorry
+it reflects so gamma one went up who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects so gamma one went up who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects so gamma one went up who
+camera one was bigger than lambda two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera one was bigger than lambda two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera one was bigger than lambda two
+that was the point here gamma one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the point here gamma one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the point here gamma one is
+bigger so so this was sort of easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so so this was sort of easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so so this was sort of easy
+because I'm adding stuff I expected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm adding stuff I expected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm adding stuff I expected the
+lambdas to go up this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas to go up this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas to go up this is where the
+theorem is that it didn't go up so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that it didn't go up so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that it didn't go up so far
+as to pass or sorry the the lambda two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to pass or sorry the the lambda two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to pass or sorry the the lambda two
+which went up didn't pass up gamma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which went up didn't pass up gamma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which went up didn't pass up gamma 1
+lambda 2 didn't pass up gamma 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 didn't pass up gamma 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 didn't pass up gamma 1 and now
+let me write those words down now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write those words down now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write those words down now the
+Alpha 2 well it could could alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 well it could could alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 well it could could alpha to
+pass up lambda 1 and what about alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass up lambda 1 and what about alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass up lambda 1 and what about alpha 3
+so so let me say what I believe I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me say what I believe I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me say what I believe I think
+alpha 2 which is like 1 behind but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 which is like 1 behind but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 which is like 1 behind but I'm
+adding rank - I think alpha 2 could pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding rank - I think alpha 2 could pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding rank - I think alpha 2 could pass
+up lambda 1 it could pass lambda 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up lambda 1 it could pass lambda 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up lambda 1 it could pass lambda 1 but
+alpha 3 can't I believe that alpha 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 3 can't I believe that alpha 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 3 can't I believe that alpha 3 is
+smaller than lambda 1 so alpha 3 smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than lambda 1 so alpha 3 smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than lambda 1 so alpha 3 smaller
+than then then gamma wasn't the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than then then gamma wasn't the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than then then gamma wasn't the original
+yeah okay Oh anyway I'll get it right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay Oh anyway I'll get it right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay Oh anyway I'll get it right in
+the notes you you you know what question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes you you you know what question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes you you you know what question
+I'm asking and that's for me that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking and that's for me that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking and that's for me that's the
+important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing
+now there is a little matter of why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a little matter of why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a little matter of why is
+this true this is the good case let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this true this is the good case let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this true this is the good case let me
+give you another example of interlacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another example of interlacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another example of interlacing
+can I do that it's it's it it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do that it's it's it it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do that it's it's it it really
+comes from this but let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this but let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this but let me give you an
+other example that's just striking so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example that's just striking so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example that's just striking so I
+have a symmetric matrix n by n call it s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a symmetric matrix n by n call it s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a symmetric matrix n by n call it s
+and then I throw away the last row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I throw away the last row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I throw away the last row and
+column so in here is s n minus 1 the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so in here is s n minus 1 the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so in here is s n minus 1 the big
+matrix was SN the this is a this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was SN the this is a this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was SN the this is a this one is
+of size n minus 1 okay so it's got sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n minus 1 okay so it's got sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n minus 1 okay so it's got sort
+of less degrees of freedom because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less degrees of freedom because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less degrees of freedom because the
+last degree of freedom got removed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last degree of freedom got removed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last degree of freedom got removed and
+what do you think about the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about the eigenvalues
+of this the N minus 1 eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the N minus 1 eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the N minus 1 eigenvalues of
+this and the n eigenvalues of that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the n eigenvalues of that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the n eigenvalues of that they
+interlace so the eigenvalues so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlace so the eigenvalues so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlace so the eigenvalues so so this
+has eigen values lambda 1 this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has eigen values lambda 1 this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has eigen values lambda 1 this would
+have an eigenvalue smaller than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eigenvalue smaller than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eigenvalue smaller than that
+this would have an eigenvalue lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have an eigenvalue lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have an eigenvalue lambda 2
+this would have an eigenvalue smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have an eigenvalue smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have an eigenvalue smaller
+than that and so on just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and so on just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and so on just the same
+interlacing and basically for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlacing and basically for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlacing and basically for the same
+reason that when you like it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that when you like it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that when you like it's like it's
+this is this this reduction to size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this reduction to size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this reduction to size n
+minus 1 is like I'm saying xn has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is like I'm saying xn has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is like I'm saying xn has to be
+0 in the energy or any any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in the energy or any any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in the energy or any any of those
+expressions and the fact of making xn be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and the fact of making xn be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and the fact of making xn be
+0 is a like a 1 constraint taking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is a like a 1 constraint taking one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is a like a 1 constraint taking one
+degree of freedom away it reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom away it reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom away it reduces the
+eigen values but not by two okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values but not by two okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values but not by two okay now I
+have one final mystery and let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one final mystery and let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one final mystery and let me try to
+tell you what it worried me no what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it worried me no what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it worried me no what is
+it that worried me yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that worried me yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that worried me yes
+suppose this you that supposes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this you that supposes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this you that supposes this
+change this u this change that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this u this change that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this u this change that I'm
+making suppose it's actually the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making suppose it's actually the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making suppose it's actually the second
+eigenvector of s so so can I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of s so so can I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of s so so can I kind of
+write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you is actually the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you is actually the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you is actually the second
+eigenvector of s where I mean by that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of s where I mean by that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of s where I mean by that so
+I mean that s times U is lambda 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that s times U is lambda 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that s times U is lambda 2 times
+u okay okay now I look at and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u okay okay now I look at and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u okay okay now I look at and I'm gonna
+change it s + uu transpose that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it s + uu transpose that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it s + uu transpose that's what
+I've been looking at and that moves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been looking at and that moves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been looking at and that moves the
+eigenvalues up but what worries me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues up but what worries me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues up but what worries me is
+like if I multiply this by 20 some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I multiply this by 20 some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I multiply this by 20 some big
+number I'm gonna move that eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm gonna move that eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm gonna move that eigenvalue
+way up way past I'm like I got worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up way past I'm like I got worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up way past I'm like I got worried
+about this this inequality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this inequality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this inequality right
+if I but when I add this that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I but when I add this that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I but when I add this that's that
+same U is lambda 2 plus 20 you write su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same U is lambda 2 plus 20 you write su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same U is lambda 2 plus 20 you write su
+is lambda 2 u and this 20 is 20 U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambda 2 u and this 20 is 20 U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambda 2 u and this 20 is 20 U is a
+unit vector so yes you see my worry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector so yes you see my worry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector so yes you see my worry here
+I'm doing a Rank 1 change but it's moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing a Rank 1 change but it's moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing a Rank 1 change but it's moved
+in eigen value way way up so how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eigen value way way up so how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eigen value way way up so how could
+this danger this this statement be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this danger this this statement be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this danger this this statement be true
+so I'm just I've just figured out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just I've just figured out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just I've just figured out here
+what what gamete well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what gamete well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what gamete well yeah
+you see my question I could leave it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my question I could leave it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my question I could leave it as
+a question to answer next time let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question to answer next time let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question to answer next time let me do
+that and I'll put it on online so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll put it on online so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll put it on online so you'll
+see it clearly it looks like and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it clearly it looks like and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it clearly it looks like and it it
+happens that this eigen vector now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that this eigen vector now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that this eigen vector now has
+eigen value lambda 2 plus 20 why doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value lambda 2 plus 20 why doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value lambda 2 plus 20 why doesn't
+that blow away this statement okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blow away this statement okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blow away this statement okay I'll
+put that because it's sort of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that because it's sort of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that because it's sort of coming
+with with minus 10 seconds to go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with minus 10 seconds to go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with minus 10 seconds to go in the
+class so so let's leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so so let's leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so so let's leave that
+a discussion of this for next time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion of this for next time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion of this for next time and
+then but I'm happy with this lecture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but I'm happy with this lecture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but I'm happy with this lecture if
+you are the last lecture I got using V's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the last lecture I got using V's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the last lecture I got using V's
+mixed up and it's not reliable here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up and it's not reliable here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up and it's not reliable here I
+like the proof of D lambda DT and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the proof of D lambda DT and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the proof of D lambda DT and we're
+started on this topic - good thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zNPK_t03zds.txt b/zNPK_t03zds.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86e4064583e79791be56835e7589c254d05e7d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zNPK_t03zds.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today
+we're going to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a look at
+homogeneous equations with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equations with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equations with constant
+coefficients and specifically the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and specifically the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and specifically the case
+where we have real roots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have real roots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have real roots.
+And we'll start the problem off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll start the problem off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll start the problem off by
+looking at the equation x dot dot + 8x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the equation x dot dot + 8x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the equation x dot dot + 8x
+dot + 7x= z. And we're asked to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 7x= z. And we're asked to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 7x= z. And we're asked to find the
+general solution to this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution to this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution to this differential
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+And then we also have the question, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also have the question, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also have the question, do
+all the solutions go to zero as t goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions go to zero as t goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions go to zero as t goes
+to infinity?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity?
+And then for part B, we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then for part B, we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then for part B, we're going to take
+a look at just the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at just the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at just the differential equation
+y dot= ky. So this is the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y dot= ky. So this is the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y dot= ky. So this is the same equation
+that we've seen in uh past recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in uh past recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in uh past recitations
+and we're just going to show that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just going to show that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just going to show that we can
+use this this method to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this this method to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this this method to solve this
+differential equation and obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and obtain the
+same result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result.
+And then lastly, we're asked or we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly, we're asked or we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly, we're asked or we're
+told that we have eight roots to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that we have eight roots to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that we have eight roots to an
+eighth order differential equation. -43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth order differential equation. -43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth order differential equation. -43
+-21 0 1 2 and 3. And we're asked what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-21 0 1 2 and 3. And we're asked what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-21 0 1 2 and 3. And we're asked what is
+the general solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution.
+So why don't you take a moment and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why don't you take a moment and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why don't you take a moment and try
+and work these problems out and I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work these problems out and I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work these problems out and I'll be
+back in a minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back.
+Okay, so we're asked to find the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're asked to find the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're asked to find the general
+solution to x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 8 x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 x dot
++ 7 x = z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 7 x = z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 7 x = z.
+And we we see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we we see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we we see that this is a
+differential equation. It's linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. It's linear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. It's linear and
+it has constant coefficients. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has constant coefficients. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has constant coefficients. And
+whenever we have a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we have a differential equation
+that's linear with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's linear with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's linear with constant
+coefficients,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients,
+uh, one of the standard ways to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, one of the standard ways to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, one of the standard ways to generate
+the solution is to seek what sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is to seek what sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is to seek what sometimes
+mathematicians call an ansat,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians call an ansat,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians call an ansat,
+but it's to try a solution of the form x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's to try a solution of the form x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's to try a solution of the form x
+is equal to a constant time e to the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a constant time e to the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a constant time e to the s
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+And if we substitute a solution in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we substitute a solution in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we substitute a solution in of
+this form,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form,
+we see that taking the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that taking the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that taking the second derivative
+of this uh this function pulls down two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh this function pulls down two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh this function pulls down two
+s's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One derivative pulls down one s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We have no derivatives here. And we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have no derivatives here. And we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have no derivatives here. And we also
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+on each term a factor of C * E to the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each term a factor of C * E to the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each term a factor of C * E to the S
+st.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st.
+And we want this to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want this to be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want this to be zero.
+So specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So specifically
+C E to the ST can't be zero for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C E to the ST can't be zero for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C E to the ST can't be zero for all
+time. So the only way that this can hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So the only way that this can hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So the only way that this can hold
+is if S^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if S^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if S^2
++ 8 S
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 S
++ 7 = Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 7 = Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 7 = Z.
+So what this means is if we choose s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this means is if we choose s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this means is if we choose s to
+solve this polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this polomial
+then x= c e to the s t will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x= c e to the s t will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x= c e to the s t will be a
+solution and this will be a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this will be a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this will be a solution for
+any constant c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant c.
+Okay. So what are the roots to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what are the roots to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what are the roots to this
+differential equa or to this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equa or to this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equa or to this algebraic
+equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well we can factoriize it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well we can factoriize it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well we can factoriize it.
+The roots are going to be -7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The roots are going to be -7 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The roots are going to be -7 and
+negative 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And notice how this this whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And notice how this this whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And notice how this this whole process
+has turned a differential equation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has turned a differential equation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has turned a differential equation into
+a simpler algebraic equation. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simpler algebraic equation. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simpler algebraic equation. So if we
+can solve the algebraic equation then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve the algebraic equation then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve the algebraic equation then we
+can solve the differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we've just showed that we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've just showed that we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've just showed that we can take
+any constant times e to the s t provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant times e to the s t provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant times e to the s t provided
+s is equal to -1 or -7. So the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to -1 or -7. So the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to -1 or -7. So the general
+solution is going to be some constant c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is going to be some constant c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is going to be some constant c1
+* eus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* eus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* eus t
+plus c2 can be a different constant eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c2 can be a different constant eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c2 can be a different constant eus
+7t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7t.
+So notice how there's two constants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So notice how there's two constants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So notice how there's two constants in
+the final solution. And the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final solution. And the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final solution. And the reason
+there's two constants is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two constants is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two constants is because we
+started out with a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with a second order
+differential equation. So in some sense,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. So in some sense,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. So in some sense,
+for each order of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each order of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each order of the differential
+equation, we always have one constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, we always have one constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, we always have one constant.
+It's almost as if for each time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost as if for each time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost as if for each time we
+integrate, we have a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate, we have a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate, we have a constant of
+integration. And so at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. And so at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. And so at the end of the
+day, we have two constants in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, we have two constants in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, we have two constants in our
+general solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution.
+uh as part of uh part a we're also asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as part of uh part a we're also asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as part of uh part a we're also asked
+for any solution to this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any solution to this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any solution to this differential
+equation does the solution go to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does the solution go to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does the solution go to zero as
+t goes to infinity well the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t goes to infinity well the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t goes to infinity well the general
+solution has this form so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has this form so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has this form so for any
+constant c1 and c2 the solution is c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant c1 and c2 the solution is c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant c1 and c2 the solution is c1
+eus t plus c2 eus 7t and we see that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus t plus c2 eus 7t and we see that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus t plus c2 eus 7t and we see that no
+matter what c1 and c2 are this term as t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what c1 and c2 are this term as t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what c1 and c2 are this term as t
+goes to infinity is multiplied by eus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity is multiplied by eus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity is multiplied by eus t
+which goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes to zero
+and the second term also goes to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term also goes to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term also goes to zero.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so as t goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as t goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as t goes to infinity
+both e to the minus t and e - 7t both go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both e to the minus t and e - 7t both go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both e to the minus t and e - 7t both go
+to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero.
+So that means that any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that any constant
+* eus t plus any constant* e - 7t must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* eus t plus any constant* e - 7t must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* eus t plus any constant* e - 7t must
+also go to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go to zero.
+So hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of t goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of t goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of t goes to zero
+as t goes to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay for part b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the differential equation y dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the differential equation y dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the differential equation y dot
+equals negative k y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals negative k y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals negative k y.
+And this is the first order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the first order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the first order linear
+differential equation with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+coefficients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients.
+And we're going to use the same trick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to use the same trick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to use the same trick.
+We let y is equal to c * e to the s t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We let y is equal to c * e to the s t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We let y is equal to c * e to the s t.
+And we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we see that
+the characteristic equation in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation in this case
+it's not a polomial. It's just s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a polomial. It's just s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a polomial. It's just s
+is equal to k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we get y is equal to c e to the kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get y is equal to c e to the kt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get y is equal to c e to the kt
+is the general solution. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the general solution. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the general solution. And this is
+exactly what we had in previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had in previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had in previous uh
+recitations when we used for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations when we used for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations when we used for example
+integrating factors to solve this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factors to solve this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factors to solve this very
+same differential equation. So this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same differential equation. So this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same differential equation. So this just
+shows that we can use this the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that we can use this the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that we can use this the same
+method uh to solve first order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh to solve first order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh to solve first order linear
+differential equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now lastly, we're given eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now lastly, we're given eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now lastly, we're given eight
+roots to an eighth order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots to an eighth order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots to an eighth order differential
+equation. An eighth order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. An eighth order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. An eighth order differential
+equation with constant coefficients. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with constant coefficients. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with constant coefficients. So
+I'll just write out the roots again. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just write out the roots again. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just write out the roots again. So
+we're told the roots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told the roots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told the roots are
+-4, -3,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4, -3,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4, -3,
+-2, 1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2, 1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2, 1,
+0, 1, 2, and 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0, 1, 2, and 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0, 1, 2, and 3.
+And in general the solution to an eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general the solution to an eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general the solution to an eighth
+order differential equation whose roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation whose roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation whose roots
+to the characteristic polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the characteristic polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the characteristic polomial
+uh are -4 through 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are -4 through 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are -4 through 3.
+The general solution x of t is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The general solution x of t is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The general solution x of t is going to
+be a constant c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant c1
+time e to the first the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the first the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the first the power of the
+first root which will be -4t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first root which will be -4t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first root which will be -4t
+plus c2 eus 3t. And of course we we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c2 eus 3t. And of course we we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c2 eus 3t. And of course we we take
+different constants for each term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constants for each term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constants for each term.
+C3 eus 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus c4 e minus t plus c5. And now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c4 e minus t plus c5. And now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c4 e minus t plus c5. And now for
+this term it should be e to the 0 t. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term it should be e to the 0 t. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term it should be e to the 0 t. But
+e to the 0 t is just one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 0 t is just one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 0 t is just one.
+So the zero root is just going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the zero root is just going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the zero root is just going to give
+us a constant c5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a constant c5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a constant c5.
+Then we have c6 to the t plus c7 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we have c6 to the t plus c7 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we have c6 to the t plus c7 to the
+e 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2t
+and then plus c 8 e to the 3t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus c 8 e to the 3t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus c 8 e to the 3t.
+So the solution has eight terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the solution has eight terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the solution has eight terms and
+eight constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight constants.
+And just for fun we can ask does every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just for fun we can ask does every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just for fun we can ask does every
+solution to this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this differential equation
+go to zero as t goes to infinity? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero as t goes to infinity? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero as t goes to infinity? And
+the answer is no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no.
+In fact, although each term with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, although each term with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, although each term with a
+negative root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does go to zero as t goes to infinity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go to zero as t goes to infinity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go to zero as t goes to infinity,
+there are three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three terms
+that go to positive infinity as t goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to positive infinity as t goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to positive infinity as t goes
+to infinity. And there's one term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity. And there's one term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity. And there's one term that
+just stays constant. So in general as t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays constant. So in general as t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays constant. So in general as t
+grows goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows goes to infinity
+these terms will become very large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms will become very large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms will become very large and
+won't necessarily go to zero. Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily go to zero. Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily go to zero. Well
+they'll never go to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll never go to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll never go to zero.
+So I'd just like to conclude there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'd just like to conclude there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'd just like to conclude there and
+I'll see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zOmTVlqqdEU.txt b/zOmTVlqqdEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64d7b198feca1fd778294e15f67568196e075e52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zOmTVlqqdEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so on a scale of zero to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so on a scale of zero to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so on a scale of zero to ten
+how energetic is everyone feeling I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how energetic is everyone feeling I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how energetic is everyone feeling I'm
+going to count to three and then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count to three and then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count to three and then is that
+super familiar face hey Cody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super familiar face hey Cody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super familiar face hey Cody
+yeah so on the count of three I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so on the count of three I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so on the count of three I want
+everyone to say a number between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to say a number between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to say a number between zero
+and ten about how much energy you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten about how much energy you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten about how much energy you're
+feeling about being here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about being here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about being here today
+so I don't want to project I'm feeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to project I'm feeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to project I'm feeling a
+little bit low energy so I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit low energy so I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit low energy so I don't want to
+project so if you guys feel good tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so if you guys feel good tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so if you guys feel good tell me
+you feel good so that I know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel good so that I know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel good so that I know that it's
+not my internal state is not your state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my internal state is not your state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my internal state is not your state
+it's really important to gauge these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to gauge these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to gauge these
+things sometimes alright so one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sometimes alright so one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sometimes alright so one two
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+all right there was a gradient and mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there was a gradient and mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there was a gradient and mr.
+but all right that's good nobody went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right that's good nobody went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right that's good nobody went
+down to three which is about where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to three which is about where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to three which is about where I am
+unless there was any threes out there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there was any threes out there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there was any threes out there if
+there are come talk to me after there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are come talk to me after there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are come talk to me after there's
+support services and we can go like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support services and we can go like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support services and we can go like we
+can go together and get a little pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go together and get a little pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go together and get a little pumped
+up um but yes so again I want social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um but yes so again I want social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um but yes so again I want social
+interaction today so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction today so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction today so we're going to do
+something quicker than yesterday but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quicker than yesterday but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quicker than yesterday but I
+want people to introduce yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people to introduce yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people to introduce yourself and
+say random animal and make that animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say random animal and make that animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say random animal and make that animals
+noise if you can or attempt to so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise if you can or attempt to so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise if you can or attempt to so like
+if I'm you know I'm Kyle and I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm you know I'm Kyle and I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm you know I'm Kyle and I it
+doesn't even have to I'm trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to I'm trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to I'm trying to make
+it rhyme or like have alliteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rhyme or like have alliteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rhyme or like have alliteration
+doesn't even have to be that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be that I'm going
+to say Kyle cat me out that that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say Kyle cat me out that that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say Kyle cat me out that that's most
+okay meow that's more like what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay meow that's more like what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay meow that's more like what an
+actual cat says that's not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cat says that's not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cat says that's not what we
+represent cat saying yes so try to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cat saying yes so try to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cat saying yes so try to look
+around and figure out people's names and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and figure out people's names and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and figure out people's names and
+maybe one other things something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one other things something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one other things something
+personal about us that we can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal about us that we can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal about us that we can get to
+know some type of thing what's what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some type of thing what's what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some type of thing what's what's it
+good great all right what you're hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good great all right what you're hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good great all right what you're hoping
+to have for dinner tonight thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for dinner tonight thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for dinner tonight thank you
+alright so Kyle probably Thai food but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so Kyle probably Thai food but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so Kyle probably Thai food but
+that's because it's my default and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it's my default and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it's my default and I
+never know what else to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know what else to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know what else to do
+so Thai food all right so yes I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Thai food all right so yes I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Thai food all right so yes I probably
+pasta just like just uh anybody not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta just like just uh anybody not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta just like just uh anybody not know
+what Soylent is not Soylent Green know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Soylent is not Soylent Green know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Soylent is not Soylent Green know
+it right it has all the nutrients that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it has all the nutrients that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it has all the nutrients that a
+human needs to survive and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human needs to survive and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human needs to survive and you just
+drink it you never have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink it you never have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink it you never have to worry about
+food and my favorite animal prairie dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and my favorite animal prairie dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and my favorite animal prairie dog
+I don't really know what's that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know what's that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know what's that anybody
+you think oh that was nice cool alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think oh that was nice cool alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think oh that was nice cool alright
+thank you so today at some point you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so today at some point you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so today at some point you're
+gonna break up into groups and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna break up into groups and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna break up into groups and at some
+point I'm gonna do a pop quiz and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm gonna do a pop quiz and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm gonna do a pop quiz and you're
+gonna have to tell me the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to tell me the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to tell me the names of the
+people in your group because I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your group because I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your group because I forgot to
+do that yesterday and I wonder how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that yesterday and I wonder how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that yesterday and I wonder how many
+of you know the names of the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the names of the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the names of the people that
+were in your group I'm not gonna ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in your group I'm not gonna ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in your group I'm not gonna ask you
+today I'm not gonna ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm not gonna ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm not gonna ask you about
+yesterday but today I will ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday but today I will ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday but today I will ask you about
+that so I mean some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I mean some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I mean some of you may have
+known the names thumbs up if you did
\ No newline at end of file